United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office Of
The Administrator
(A-101F6)
EPA 101/F-90/049
February 1991
Distribution Of
Heavy Metal Loadings
To The South Fork
Couer d'Alene River
In Northern Idaho
#90-6306
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DISCLAIMER
This report was furnished to the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency by the student identified on the cover page, under a National
Network for Environmental Management Studies fellowship.
The contents are essentially as received from the author. The
opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed are those of the author
and not necessarily those of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Mention, if any, of company, process, or product names is
not to be considered as an endorsement by the U.S. Environmental
«\ Protection Agency.
V)
01
Vi
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulpi-arH iotk <-,
Chicago, !L 60604 359,5 ' ^ F/00f
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DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METAL LOADINGS TO THE
SOUTH PORK COEUR D'ALENE RIVER IN NORTHERN IDAHO
Final Report
Submitted to U.S. EPA Region 10
for the
National Network for Environmental Management Studies
NNEMS Program
by Callie A. Ridolfi
University of Washington
Department of Civil Engineering
November 30, 1990
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
1.0 INTRODUCTION 2
1.1 Background 4
1.2 Metals of Concern 6
1.2.1 Arsenic 6
1.2.2 Cadmium 6
1.2.3 Copper 6
1.2.4 Lead 7
1.2.5 Mercury 7
1.2.6 Zinc 7
2.0 METHODS 8
2.1 EPA Water Quality Monitoring Data 11
2.2 Bunker Hill Remedial Investigation 11
2.3 NPDES Discharge Information 12
2.4 Cataldo Gaging Station 12
2.5 Calculation of Metal Loadings 14
3.0 RESULTS ' 15
3.1 Metals Concentrations 15
3.2 Metal Loadings 17
4.0 DISCUSSION 19
4.1 Arsenic Loading 19
4.2 Cadmium Loading 22
4.3 Copper Loading 22
4.4 Lead Loading 23
4.5 Zinc Loading 27
5.0 CONCLUSION 28
REFERENCES 29
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LIST OF FIGURES
No.
1. Map of South Fork Coeur d'Alene River Basin 3
2. Diagram of South Fork Sampling Stations 10
3. 1986-87 Low-Flow Loadings of Cadmium, Lead, and Zinc 20
4. 1988 High-Flow Loadings of Cadmium, Lead, and Zinc 21
5. Bar Graph of Low-Flow Loadings of Cadmium by River-Mile 24
6. Bar Graph of High-Flow Loadings of Cadmium by River-Mile 24
7. Bar Graph of Low-Flow Loadings of Lead by River-Mile 25
8. Bar Graph of High-Flow Loadings of Lead by River-Mile 25
9. Bar Graph of Low-Flow Loadings of Zinc by River-Mile 26
10. Bar Graph of High-Flow Loadings of Zinc by River-Mile 26
LIST OF TABLES
No. Page
1. South Fork Coeur d'Alene Basin Sample Sites 8
2. South Fork Coeur d'Alene Basin Point Source Discharges 13
3. EPA Water Quality Standards and Criteria 16
4. 1986 Low-Flow Metals Loading Results 18
5. 1987 Low-Flow Metals Loading Results 18
6. 1988 High-Flow Metals Loading Results 19
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ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to determine the current distribution
of metals loadings to the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River in
northern Idaho. Water quality and flow data obtained from EPA
Region 10 for September 1986 and September 1987 are used to
determine loadings during the low-flow season. Data from May of
1988 are used to determine loadings for the high-flow season.
Total and dissolved loads of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead,
mercury, and zinc are calculated for the river and tributary
streams. For the point-source discharges, loadings are calculated
using average flow rates and metals concentrations as recorded on
monthly NPDES discharge monitoring reports. Diagrams of the South
Fork River basin showing sample locations and total metals loadings
for cadmium, lead, and zinc are compiled.
Because most of the point sources of metals to the South Fork have
been effectively controlled, water quality degradation in the basin
is in large part a result of non-point sources and remobilization
of floodplain and river bed sediment. Tailings are dispersed
throughout the floodplain and continue to degrade the waters by
their availability to leaching and erosion. Impacts to the river
are greatest during high flows which result in an increase in
contaminant loads to the river. Water quality also becomes
critical for aquatic life during low-flow periods when metal
concentrations peak.
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DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METAL LOADINGS TO THE
SOUTH FORK COEUR D'ALENE RIVER IN NORTHERN IDAHO
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This study examines the distribution of heavy metals loadings to
the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River in northern Idaho under low- and
high-flow conditions. Water quality and flow data obtained from
EPA Region 10 for the September 1986 through May 1988 time period
are examined to evaluate the primary sources of heavy metal
pollutants to the river.
The study area encompasses the drainage basin of the South Fork
Coeur d'Alene River from above the town of Mullan to downstream of
the confluence of the South Fork and the main stem of the Coeur
d'Alene River at Cataldo. The study area is shown on Figure 1.
The South Fork Coeur d'Alene River has its headwaters in the
Bitterroot Mountain Range on the continental divide near the Idaho-
Montana border and lies entirely within Shoshone County, Idaho.
The South Fork drains an area of about 300 square miles and flows
westward for approximately 30 miles to its confluence with the
North Fork. From this confluence near Cataldo, the Coeur d'Alene
River flows an additional 35 miles into Lake Coeur d'Alene.
The study area includes the cities of Wallace, Osburn, Kellogg,
Wardner, Smelterville, and Pinehurst. Mineral production is the
primary industry in the area, which is known as the Coeur d'Alene
Mining District. For over a century, metals such as gold, silver,
lead, copper, zinc, cadmium, and antimony have been extracted from
numerous mines and processed at various mills in the area. Metals
refining has occurred at various facilities located in the drainage
basin of the South Fork, including a lea"d smelter; zinc plant;
cadmium, silver, and antimony refineries; and a phosphoric acid and
phosphate fertilizer plant.
The South Fork Coeur d'Alene River has had a history of water
quality problems due to metals pollution from mineral production
activities. Since the passage of the Clean Water Act, discharge
limits have been imposed on point dischargers of pollution to the
river. Following a long-term monitoring program, EPA determined
(Hornig et al., 1988) that in 1986, the low-flow metals loadings to
the river were primarily a result of non-permitted sources. The
objective of this study was to examine data that was most recently
collected by U.S. EPA, U.S. Geological Survey, and Dames & Moore to
evaluate the current heavy metal loadings to the South Fork Coeur
d'Alene River.
The author wishes to acknowledge the support and direction provided
by David Frank of U.S. EPA's Region 10 Environmental Services
Division and by Richard Horner of the University of Washington
Department of Civil Engineering. The author also acknowledges the
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Coeur D'AleneAiver
/
Cataldo
SOOTH FORK COEOR D'ALOX
NORTH
5 MILES
sco/« 1-250,000
Figure 1. Map of the South Fork Coeur d1Alene River Basin.
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assistance of Bill Bogus of the Ambient Monitoring and Analysis
Branch in using the EPA Region 10 database, and of Vaughn Blethen,
Ken Mosbaugh, and Bella Patheal of the Region 10 Water Division for
providing the NPDES data used in the study.
1.1 Background
Water quality problems in the South Fork have been caused by direct
discharge of mine waters, mill tailings, and industrial wastes by
the mining companies from the 1880's until the 1960's. In 1964, it
was estimated that an average of 2217 tons per day of tailings
slurries were discharged to the South Fork (Cornell et al., 1964).
The Bunker Hill Superfund Site is a 21-square mile area that lies
within the study area. This three-by-seven mile rectangular-shaped
site is aligned in an east-west direction along the river from
Elizabeth Park at the upstream end to the City of Pinehurst on the
western and downstream end. Major features of the Superfund Site
include the actively operating zinc mine, mill, concentrator,
associated tailings disposal facilities, and an abandoned smelter
complex. The smelter complex includes a lead smelter; electrolytic
zinc plant; silver and cadmium refining plants; a phosphoric acid
and phosphate fertilizer plant; and associated wastes, buildings,
and impoundments.
The first tailings pond in the river basin was built in 1927 for
the Bunker Hill Operation between the towns of Pinehurst and
Smelterville. By December of 1968, tailings ponds had been built
by the other milling operations. These ponds resulted in a
significant reduction in the amount of suspended solids discharged
to the river. However, the many years of heavy-metal-contaminated
discharges have impacted the river sediments from Mullan to Coeur
d'Alene Lake.
In 1978 the Idaho Water Resources Board evaluated the resource
management problems of the South Fork Couer d'Alene River Basin and
developed a plan for rehabilitation of the area. The component
materials found in the floodplain of the river were mapped on
aerial photographs. Extensive tailings deposits were found to
exist in the floodplain near the cities of Kellogg and Osburn, at
Cataldo Flats, and in various tributary gulches. The floodplain
was determined to be composed of a mixture of alluvium and tailings
throughout most of the basin. Tailings deposited downstream of the
South Fork at Cataldo Flats had made the area unsuitable for
agricultural use (Eisenbarth and Wrigley, 1978).
The U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service has recently mapped the
soils of the basin and has classified the chemically treated ores
from the milling process as "slickens" which are located in basins,
flood plains, and valley floors of the study area. The "slickens"
soils are detrimental to plant growth due to heavy metals
concentrations (USDA, 1989). Tailings deposited in the flood plain
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of the South Fork are unstable and erode easily during high flows.
Suspended sediment continues to be deposited in slow reaches of the
river. During high flows, loadings of metals to the river increase
although concentrations of metals in the water decrease as a result
of dilution. During low-flow periods, however, the heavy metal
concentrations in the South Fork are high enough to be toxic to
most aquatic plants and animals. In comparison to the North Fork
of the river, species diversity and quantity are much lower in the
South Fork due to high concentrations of zinc, copper, and lead in
the waters downstream of Mullan (Eisenbarth and Wrigley, 1978).
Concentrations of zinc and cadmium in the South Fork have remained
at levels detrimental to aquatic life, even years after tailings
pond installations. Water quality data collected from December
1968 through March 1970 (Mink et al., 1971) showed that significant
increases in mean zinc concentrations in the South Fork were a
result of inflows from the Lucky Friday settling pond at Mullan,
from seepages through historic mine wastes deposited in Canyon
Creek, and from Government Gulch, which is the site of the
abandoned zinc and cadmium refining plants within the Bunker Hill
Complex. Lake Creek, Nine Mile Creek, and Big Creek were found to
produce no significant loading of zinc to the South Fork at that
time. Levels of cadmium in the water below Canyon Creek and
Government Gulch were above recommended limits for fish.
Impacts of historic minerals-related discharges to Lake Coeur
d'Alene have been documented. A 1987 study by the U. S. Geological
Survey of water quality in the lake was instituted in part because
of trace element water quality problems resulting from mining and
ore-processing activities in the basin. Bottom sediments in the
lake contain high concentrations of cadmium, lead, and zinc.
Hypolimnetic (near the bottom) waters in the lake contained
concentrations of total recoverable cadmium which exceeded the
chronic toxicity criteria on some occasions. Total recoverable
lead concentrations exceeded the acute toxicity criteria in several
samples. Total recoverable zinc concentrations exceeded the acute
and chronic toxicity criteria throughout the study (Woods, 1989) .
Bibliographies of literature and studies related to the Coeur
d'Alene River basin have been compiled by the U.S. EPA and others
(U.S. EPA, 1985; Wai et al., 1985; and Savage, 1986). Recent
interest in the environmental problems in the basin has resulted in
the formation of the Coeur d'Alene River Basin Interagency Group,
with members from various federal, state, and local agencies, the
Coeur d'Alene Indian Tribe, and individual property owners. The
group's purpose is to assist in coordinating basin studies and
recommending future work on the Coeur d'Alene River. Also, the EPA
Region 10 has recently proposed to add the South Fork to its Clean
Water Act Section 304-L "short list" of waters not expected to meet
water quality standards due to minerals-related discharges from the
study area.
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1.2 Metals of Concern
1.2.1 Arsenic
Arsenic is a rare but ubiquitous element that is extremely mobile
in natural waters. Arsenic cycles through the aquatic environment
in the sediment, the water column, and the biota. Adsorption and
desorption with sediment dominate the arsenic cycle. Adsorption is
the controlling mechanism in acidic, aerobic fresh waters.
Sediments and the ocean are the primary sinks for arsenic. Arsenic
may form organic complexes. Arsenic's chemical speciation is very
important in determining its distribution, mobility, toxicity, and
aquatic fate. The +3 and +5 valence states of arsenic are the most
common in natural waters. The +3 state is more toxic than the +5
state. For this reason, the speciation is important in determining
its toxicity. Arsenic is toxic to and bioaccumulated by biota
(Callahan, Slimak, and others; 1979).
1.2.2 Cadmium
Cadmium is a relatively rare element. When associated with lead
and zinc ores, cadmium occurs naturally as a sulfide salt. Its
source in aquatic systems is generally from mining and smelting
operations. It has no biological benefit and is toxic to aquatic
life and mammals (U.S. EPA, 1988).
Transport of cadmium in natural waters is controlled by the ion
speciation, mainly the divalent cation. Cadmium forms both
inorganic and organic complexes. Sorption processes are important
in the transport and partitioning of cadmium and in determining its
potential for remobilization. The most important factor in
reducing the cadmium load in waters is sorption. Cadmium is more
mobile in acidic water than in alkaline water. Cadmium is strongly
accumulated through both food and water by fresh water organisms,
and may even displace zinc (an essential element) in certain
enzymes (Callahan, Slimak, and others; 1979).
1.2.3 Copper
Copper is found in most natural waters at concentrations not known
to have any toxic effects to humans or aquatic life. Decreased
water hardness enhances the toxicity of copper. Copper is an
essential trace element (U.S. EPA, 1988).
Processes which control the fate of copper in natural waters are:
complex formation, sorption, and bioaccumulation. Copper is
present mainly as the divalent cation in water and has a strong
tendency to form inorganic and organic complexes. This is most
important in determining its aquatic fate. In fact, even if total
copper concentrations are high, complexation, precipitation, and
adsorption to particulates can reduce dissolved copper
concentrations to very low levels. Copper has an affinity for
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hydrous oxides of manganese and iron, carbonate minerals, organic
matter, and clays. Sorption to these materials effects a decrease
in the dissolved phase and thus, reduces its mobility. In
addition, copper is strongly accumulated by biota (Callahan,
Slimak, and others; 1979).
1.2.4 Lead
Lead enters the waters through dust fallout, precipitation,
leaching, erosion of soil, street runoff, and municipal or
industrial waste discharges. It is toxic to animals and humans
and has been found to accumulate in body tissues. Lead has no
nutritional or other beneficial value to living organisms. In
waters, the toxicity of lead is affected by pH, hardness, presence
of other metals, and organic matter (U.S. EPA, 1988).
Lead is not very soluble in water. Lead has a strong tendency to
form complexes with organic matter and to sorb with the particulate
phases in the aquatic environment. The ligands of river water
complex with almost all the dissolved lead is such systems. Lead
is more mobile in acidic waters. In alkaline waters, lead is
removed from the dissolved phase very quickly. Above pH 7, most of
the lead is in the solid phase. The process of sorption is a
controlling mechanism in the fate of lead in the aquatic
environment, reducing dissolved lead levels and causing an
enrichment of lead in the sediment. Lead is accumulated by aquatic
biota (Callahan, Slimak, and others; 1979).
1.2.5 Mercury
Mercury is extremely toxic to humans and is acquired by aquatic
organisms through direct contact or through the food chain. The
fate of mercury in natural water is controlled by its strong
affinity for adsorption onto inorganic and organic particulates
which causes its removal from the water. Sediments are the major
sink for mercury in the aquatic environment. Dissolved mercury is
removed from the water within a short time, generally near its
source. Mercury is a liquid at normal temperatures and is not very
soluble in water. Mercury is bound strongly with sediment in river
water and can be transported through sedimentary mobilization.
Mercury is strongly accumulated by biota (Callahan, Slimak, and
others; 1979).
1.2.6 Zinc
At moderately low concentrations, zinc is a beneficial and
essential element for human and animal metabolism. It usually
occurs in nature as a sulfide, often associated with sulfides of
other metals. The solubility and toxicity of zinc is influenced by
pH and other factors in the aquatic environment (U.S. EPA, 1988).
Speciation of the zinc ion controls its transport and fate in
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natural waters. Of the heavy metals, zinc is one of the most
mobile. The zinc ion and compounds of zinc formed with the ligands
of surface waters are soluble in acidic or neutral waters. In
reducing environments, precipitation of zinc sulfide will control
its mobility. In most cases, zinc will be present as a divalent
cation and will be easily adsorbed. The tendency for sorption is
dependant on pH and salinity of the water and the nature of the
sorbent. If pH exceeds 7, zinc will generally be removed from
solution. Below pH 6, little zinc will be adsorbed. Zinc is
strongly accumulated by all organisms, even when it occurs in low
concentrations (Callahan, Slimak, and others; 1979).
2.0 METHODS
Water quality data for the period of interest were compiled from
the following sources:
1) EPA Region 10 chemical data from water monitoring during 1986
late-summer low-flow conditions (U.S. EPA Region 10 files).
2) Water quality data collected by Dames & Moore in 1987 and 1988
to support the Superfund Remedial Investigation at the Bunker Hill
Site (Dames '& Moore, 1990) .
3) National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
discharge monitoring reports for permitted discharges in the South
Fork drainage (U.S. EPA Region 10 files).
4) U.S. Geological Survey discharge and water quality data from the
Cataldo gaging station on the Coeur d'Alene River (U.S. EPA Region
10 files).
Table 1 is a list of the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River (SFCDR)
Basin sampling locations listed in order of distance downstream
from the basin headwaters. A diagram (not to scale) showing the
relationship of the sampling locations to the basin is displayed on
Figure 2.
TABLE 1. SOUTH FORK COEUR D'ALENE BASIN SAMPLE SITES
STATION(l) STATION NAME AND LOCATION
153541 SFCDR at culvert in Shoshone Park above Mullan
153368 SFCDR below Lucky Friday #003 Tailings Pond
SF-1 SFCDR above Mullan 30 ft upstream from old hwy bridge
153097 SFCDR 100 ft above Canyon Creek at Wallace
153125 Canyon Creek at mouth at Wallace
153132 Nine Mile Creek at mouth at Wallace
153100 SFCDR 100 ft above Lake Creek
153137 Lake Creek at mouth
8
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153104
153147
SF-2
03E009
153148
IG-1
MC-2
MC-1
153108
JC-1
SF-3
03Z038
CC-1
03#061
CIA-1
03#062
CIA-2
03#063
03#064
03#065
03#066
SF-4
153362
03Y001
153165
BC-2
BC-1
03Y002
153152
GG-3
GG-2
GG-1
153110
SF-5
SF-6
153333
SF-7
153207
PC-2
LP-1
PC-1
SF-8
153023
153019
NF-1
112WRD
153018
SFCDR at bridge above Big Creek
Big Creek at mouth
SFCDR at downstream side of bridge at Elizabeth Park
SFCDR above Kellogg
Milo Creek near mouth
Italian Gulch near mouth
Milo Creek near mouth
Milo Creek 30 ft upstream from water supply intake
SFCDR at Bunker Avenue Bridge at Kellogg
Jackass Creek near mouth
SFCDR downstream of New Street Bridge at Kellogg
Cook Creek near mouth
Cook Creek near mouth
Bunker Hill CIA Seep #1 to SFCDR
Bunker Hill CIA Seep #1 to SFCDR
Bunker Hill CIA Seep #2 to SFCDR
Bunker Hill CIA Seep #2 to SFCDR
Bunker Hill CIA Seep #3 to SFCDR
Bunker Hill CIA Seep #4 to SFCDR
Bunker Hill CIA Seep #5 to SFCDR
Bunker Hill CIA Seep #6 to SFCDR
SFCDR 250 ft upstream from confluence with Bunker Crk
SFCDR 100 ft upstream from confluence with Bunker Crk
Bunker Creek at Bunker Hill Company monitor
Bunker Creek at mouth
Bunker Creek near mouth
Bunker Creek above Central Treatment Plant outfall
Government Gulch at Bunker Hill Company monitor
Government Gulch at mouth
Government Gulch at mouth
Government Gulch above Zinc Plant
Government Gulch 100 ft upstream of supply intake
SFCDR at Airport Avenue Bridge near Smelterville
SFCDR 250 ft upstream from Smelterville theater road
SFCDR above Page STP outfall near west end of runway
SFCDR above Pine Creek
SFCDR above Pine Creek
Pine Creek near mouth
Pine Creek near mouth
Little Pine Creek upstream from Pinehurst
Pine Creek above Pinehurst
SFCDR upstream from the railroad bridge below Pine Crk
SFCDR at mouth
North Fork CDR above confluence with SFCDR at Enaville
North Fork CDR 300 ft above confluence with SFCDR
USGS Gaging Station near Cataldo
Coeur D'Alene River near 1-90 Bridge at Cataldo
{1} The source of station numbers are as follows:
The 6-digit alphanumeric codes are STORET station numbers,
except 112WRD which is a USGS station number.
All other station numbers are from Dames & Moore (1990).
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Star Morning
a
19394
RI/FS sampling station (1987-8)
o EPA sampling station (1986)
EPA a RI/FS station
NPDES discharge
water supply intake
D Mine-Mill operation
Figure 2. Diagram of the Soi
10
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2.1 EPA Water Quality Monitoring Data
Beginning in 1972 and following passage of the Clean Water Act,
which required limits on point source discharges, EPA Region 10
began a chemical monitoring program on the South Fork Coeur d'Alene
River (Hornig et al., 1988). From 1972 until 1986, late-summer
low-flow monitoring for heavy metals was conducted. During the
most recent monitoring period, metals analysis of fish tissue and
sediment was also performed on samples collected from the entire
drainage basin, including Lake Coeur d'Alene. Heavy metals of
concern to EPA have been zinc, cadmium, and copper for aquatic life
and lead and cadmium for human and animal health.
Total and dissolved parameters were analyzed during the 14-year
term. Samples collected for total metals analysis were unfiltered.
Samples collected for determination of dissolved metals were
filtered in the field with a 0.45 micrometer filter. Values for
total and dissolved metals were found to be nearly equal during
low-flow sampling periods (Hornig et al., 1988) . For this reason,
dissolved metals were not analyzed for most of the EPA monitoring
stations in 1986. The data acquired from the EPA low-flow studies
are available on the Region 10 STORET database management system.
Water quality data for 1986 for the South Fork basin downstream to
Cataldo were used for this study.
2.2 Bunker Hill Remedial Investigation
A Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS) at the Bunker
Hill Superfund Site has been ongoing since 1987, when the prior
owner-operator of the facility signed an EPA Order on Consent to
conduct the investigation under the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA, also
known as Superfund). Dames & Moore is conducting the studies on
behalf of Gulf Resources and Chemical Corporation. Surface water
monitoring was performed during 1987 and 1988 and some of the data
are available on the EPA Region 10 STORET computerized database
system.
Surface water data from the investigation have been reported and
summarized (Dames & Moore, 1990). Analysis of samples collected
during September 1987 and May 1988 were used for this study. Water
samples were collected beginning in August 1987 and until October
1988 and were analyzed for dissolved and total priority pollutant
metals. Baseline samples were collected manually from 8 stations
on the South Fork and on numerous tributaries in September and
December 1987 and in April, May, August, and October 1988.
Depending on depth of the water, samples were collected at South
Fork stations using either the equal-width depth-integrated or the
grab method. The channel size determined the width increment and
samples were generally taken from at least six points along the
stream channel section. Composite water samples taken for total
11
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metals analysis were unfiltered. Samples collected for
determination of dissolved metals were filtered with a 0.45
micrometer filter.
Dames & Moore established two stream gaging stations with
continuous flow recorders on the South Fork at the upstream and
downstream boundaries of the Superfund site. In addition to these
stations at Elizabeth Park and Pinehurst, stream gaging stations
were established near the mouth of two major tributaries to the
South Fork on Bunker Creek and Government Gulch. The South Fork
drainage area is 178 square miles at the Elizabeth Park station and
is 284 square miles upstream of Pinehurst. At the City of Kellogg
within the Bunker Hill site, the river drains an area of 194 square
miles. The annual mean precipitation during the period from 1951
to 1980 was 30 inches at Kellogg. Average flow in the South Fork
at Kellogg during the U.S.G.S. period of record from 1975 to 1982
was 371 cfs. From September 1987 to August 1988, the annual
precipitation was 73 percent of the 30-year average (1951-1980) at
22 inches. Minimum flow during the investigation was 42 cfs at
Elizabeth Park and 60 cfs at Pinehurst. Peak flows occurred in
mid-April with a second lower peak occurring in May 1988 (Dames &
Moore,. 1990) .
2.3 NPDES Discharge Information
Discharge Monitoring Reports (DMRs) and Fact Sheets related to the
NPDES permitted discharges were obtained from the EPA Region 10
Water Permits and Compliance Branch. The Fact Sheets were examined
to determine the locations of the discharges. Average monthly flow
rates for the point sources were reported in cubic feet per second
(cfs) or millions of gallons per day (mgd). Depending on the NPDES
permit requirements for each discharge, sampling and analysis for
total metals was done on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis. Mean
monthly concentrations reported in the DMRs in units of micrograms
or milligrams per liter (ug/1 or mg/1) were used to determine the
loadings of metals from each discharge. The monthly periods
examined were September 1 to 30, 1986; September 1 to 30, 1987; and
May 1 to 30, 1988. Table 2 lists the NPDES identification numbers
for the discharges which were permitted during the study period
1986 through 1988.
2.4 Cataldo Gaging Station
Data from the U.S.G.S. instantaneous stream flow gaging station
located at Cataldo were used for this study (U.S. EPA Region 10
STORET database). Samples were collected during 1987 and 1988 and
waters were analyzed for dissolved metals. Stream flows at
Cataldo, downstream of the confluence of the South Fork with the
North Fork Coeur d'Alene River, were 312 cfs on September 2, 1987
and 2,420 cfs May 25, 1988. The pH at this station was 7.1 in
September 1987 and 6.6 in May 1988.
12
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TABLE 2. SOUTH FORK COEUR D'ALENE BASIN POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES
IDENTIFICATION RIVER
NUMBER MILES
ID0000175#001 27.8
ID0000175#002 26.6
ID0000167#002 26.3
ID0000167#001 19.1
ID0000108 18.7
ID0025429 18.0
ID0000027#001 17.1
ID0000027#002 15.3
ID0000159 13.1
ID0000060#001 11.2
ID0000060#002 11.2
ID0000078#006 5.4
ID0000078#002 5.4
ID0000078#009 5.0
ID0000078#008 5.0
ID0000078#002 5.0
ID0020117 (STP-1) 3.2
ID0021300 (PTP-1) 3.1
DESCRIPTION
Hecla Mining Company at Mullan
Lucky Friday No. 3 Tailings Pond
Hecla Mining Company at Mullan
Lucky Friday No. 2 Tailings Pond
Hecla Mining Company at Mullan
Morning Tunnel Outfall
Hecla Mining Company at Canyon Creek
Goldback Mines at Nine Mile Creek
Asarco Inc. at Daly Creek
Asarco Inc. Galena Mine at Lake Creek
Asarco Inc. Coeur Mine at Osburn
Asarco Inc. Consolidated Silver Mine
at Osburn
Sunshine Mining Company Tailings Pond
at Big Creek
Sunshine Mining Company Cooling Water
at Big Creek
Bunker Hill Mining Central Treatment
Plant at Bunker Creek (CTP-1)
Bunker Hill Bunker Creek Monitoring
Station
Bunker Hill Number 96 Mine Tunnel
Discharge
Bunker Hill Booster Station Overflow
Bunker Hill Goverment Gulch
Monitoring Station
Smelterville Sewage Treatment Plant
SFCD Sewer Dist. Page Treatment Plant
13
-------
2.5 Calculation of Metal Loadings
Flow in cfs and metal loadings in Ibs/day were calculated for each
ambient water monitoring station and each point source discharge.
Tables displaying the loadings of arsenic, cadmium-, copper, lead,
mercury, and zinc were compiled onto spreadsheets and are included
in the report appendix. Field measurements of electrical
conductivity (EC) and pH for each sampling location are shown in
the appendix tables. Sampling locations are listed in order of
distance downstream from the headwaters.
Loadings based on total metal concentrations were calculated for
the 1986, 1987, and 1988 ambient water quality monitoring stations
by STORET. Dissolved metals loadings were also calculated for
September 1987 and May 1988 because dissolved data was available
for those months. Printouts containing the STORET information were
obtained, and the loadings were tabulated in order of decreasing
river-miles. For stations in which more than one sample was
collected during the month of interest, the loadings were
calculated using the arithmetic average concentration and measured
pH and EC were arithmetically averaged. For metals concentrations
which were below the laboratory detection limit, loadings were
calculated using the detection limit as the sample concentration.
Loadings for the point sources were calculated from the data
reported in the NPDES monthly discharge monitoring reports.
Average monthly flow was converted from units of millions of
gallons per day (MGD) to cubic feet per second (cfs) for each
discharge. Metal loadings were calculated using the average
monthly constituent concentration and one of the following
formulas:
LOAD (Ibs/day) = average flow (CFS) * concentration (ug/1) * 0.0054
LOAD (Ibs/day) = average flow (MGD) * concentration (mg/1) * 8.35
In cases for which pH ranges were reported, the mean pH for the
month was listed. The appendix tables list all the relevant
information available for each location. In 1986, metals
concentration data were available for certain stations sampled for
the fish tissue and aquatic toxicity study. However, flow rates
were not available for all of these stations. If flow rates were
not measured at the station, loadings were not calculated.
The loadings for each station along the South Fork were examined in
conjunction with Figure 2 to determine the incremental load (in Ibs
per day) of each metal contributed to the river along each reach.
Then the loadings calculated for the tributaries and point
discharges were noted to determine the amount contributed by each
particular source to the South Fork. In the case where a
particular source for a loading could not be identified, the load
was interpreted to have come from the entire reach. For cases in
14
-------
which portions of the river's total load could be tied to one or
more identifiable sources, those loads were subtracted from the
total reach load to determine the portion of the load coming from
non-point sources along the reach of the river.
Stick-type figures were developed to display the cadmium, lead, and
zinc loading results for the low-flow and high-flow periods,
respectively (Horner et al., 1986). Loadings that were attributed
to an identifiable source were shown as a tributary load on the
figures. Loadings shown for an entire reach of the river are the
metals contributed along the reach that cannot be linked to a
specific source.
Tables summarizing the loading results for arsenic, cadmium,
copper, lead, and zinc were compiled for each month of interest.
Limited loading data were available for mercury. For the majority
of samples for^which data were available, undetectable quantities
of mercury were reported.
3.0 RESULTS
This discussion of results is limited to interpretations made and
loadings calculated from the data collected from the South Fork
Coeur d'Alene River Basin during 3 month-long periods: September
1986, September 1987, and May 1988.
3.1 Water Quality
Total metals concentration ranges in milligrams per liter (mg/1)
for pollutants in the South Fork waters for September 1986 were:
Cadmium0.004 to 0.029 mg/1; Copper0.015 to 0.026 mg/1; Lead
0.007 to 0.188 mg/1; Zinc0.496 to 2.91 mg/1. Cadmium
concentrations were highest at the Airport Avenue bridge near
Smelterville. Lead concentrations were highest near the mouth of
the South Fork, and zinc concentrations were highest at the station
just upstream of Pine Creek. The September 1987 concentration
ranges for pollutants were: Cadmium0.002 to 0.015 mg/1; Lead
0.019 to 0.048 mg/1; and Zinc0.02 to 2.91 mg/1. The highest
cadmium concentration was at the Elizabeth Park station (SF-2).
The concentration of lead and zinc was highest at the station just
upgradient from Pine Creek (SF-7). The station upstream of Mullan
(SF-1) had the lowest concentration of these metals. In May of
1988, total metals concentrations in mg per liter ranged as
follows: Cadmium0.004 to 0.012; Lead0.005 to 0.188 and Zinc
0.020 to 0.806. The highest concentrations were found at the
station above Pine Creek (SF-6 and SF-7) for cadmium and below Pine
Creek (SF-8) for lead and zinc.
The EPA primary and secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels for the
National Drinking Water Regulations (see 40 CFR Part 141 and 143,
July 1, 1990) and Aquatic Life Criteria (acute and chronic) are
15
-------
shown in Table 3 for the six metals of concern. Concentrations of
cadmium at the Elizabeth Park station (SF-2) and downstream
exceeded primary drinking water standards in September 1986 and
September 1987. Aquatic Life Criteria for cadmium were exceeded at
Kellogg (SF-3) and downstream stations in September 1986, September
1987, and May 1988. Lead exceeded the primary drinking water
standard during high-flow in 1988 at the downstream end of the
Bunker Hill Superfund Site (SF-8) and exceeded the Aquatic Life
Criteria at Elizabeth Park (SF-2) and stations downstream on the
South Fork to Pinehurst (SF-8) only during the high-flow period.
Aquatic Life Criteria for zinc were exceeded during all three
months from Elizabeth Park (SF-2) downstream to Pinehurst (SF-8)
and were not exceeded above Mullan (SF-1). Secondary drinking
water standards for zinc were never exceeded.
TABLE 3. EPA WATER QUALITY STANDARDS AND CRITERIA {1}
Constituent As Cd Cu Pb Hg Zn
National Drinking Water Standards, Maximum Contaminant Levels (mq/1)
Primary 0.05 0.01
Secondary 1.0
Fresh Water Aquatic Life Criteria(mg/1)
Acute
at Hardness (as CaCO3):
50 mg/1 0.36 0.0018 0.0092
100 mg/1 0.36 0.0039 0.018
200 mg/1 0.36 0.0086 0.034
Chronic
at Hardness (as CaCO3):
50 mg/1 0.19 0.00066 0.0065
100 mg/1 0.19 0.0011 0.012
200 mg/1 0.19 0.002 0.021
0.05
0.002
5.0
0.034
0.082
0.2
0.0013
0.0032
0.0077
0.0024 0.065
0.0024 0.12
0.0024 0.21
0.000012 0.059
0.000012 0.11
0.000012 0.19
(1} U.S. EPA, 1988
Total and dissolved concentrations ranges for the constituents were
very similar except for cadmium and lead. Maximum dissolved lead
during the above time periods was 0.015 mg/1, orders of magnitude
less than the total concentrations. This may be explained in part
by the poorly soluble nature of lead and its tendency to sorb with
the particulate phase.
Dissolved metals concentrations from the Cataldo station were
arsenic of 1 ug/1 on May 15, 1987; cadmium ranging from 2 to 4 ug/1
from October 1986 to May 1988; lead ranging from below 5 to 13 ug/1
16
-------
in May of 1987; and concentrations for zinc of 280 to 860 ug/1 from
October 1986 to May of 1988.
3.2 Metal Loadings
Total metals loadings in pounds per day of arsenic, cadmium,
copper, lead, and zinc were calculated for September 1986 and 1987
and May of 1988. Mercury loadings were calculated for May 1988
only because mercury was not detected during the low-flow months.
Tables 4, 5, and 6 summarize percentages of the total load at the
most downstream station contributed by each reach, tributary, or
point source. Positive values of percentage loading contributed
indicate that loadings are occurring along that particular reach of
the river as a result of point or non-point sources or from
remobilization of river bed or floodplain sediments. Negative
values in Tables 4, 5, and 6 indicate that a particular metal
loading has decreased in that reach. Mechanisms for this process
are adsorption to particulates or river bed sediments, ion
exchange, and precipitation or decrease in flow.
Table 4 shows the percentage of the total load found at the Cataldo
station contributed by each identified source area in September,
1986. Table 5 shows the percentage of the total load found in the
waters of the South Fork below Pine Creek contributed by each
source area in September 1987. Table 6 shows the percentage of the
total load for each of the five constituents found in the South
Fork below Pine Creek in May 1988. Also shown in Table 6 is a
ratio comparison of the load contributed to the Coeur d'Alene River
by the North Fork and the South Fork. The ratio compares the total
metals load at the SF-8 and NF-1 stations.
Since only dissolved metals data for 1987 and 1988 were available
for the Cataldo station, dissolved loadings were calculated for
stations along the South Fork for September 1987 and May 1988 in
order to compare the total dissolved loadings of metals at Cataldo
to those which originate in the South Fork. See the report
appendix for more detailed total and dissolved loadings information
for each of the three months for South Fork river reaches,
tributaries, and point sources at each station.
17
-------
TABLE 4. 1986 LOW-FLOW TOTAL METALS LOADING RESULTS
Percentage of Basin-Wide Loading Contributed by Each Reach
SOURCE Arsenic
South Fork:
Above Mullan
RM 27.5 to 19.4
Canyon Creek
Nine Mile Creek
RM 19.4 to 17.4
RM 17.4 to 8.3
Milo Creek
RM 8.3 to 6.9
RM 6.9 to 5.5
Bunker Creek
Government Gulch
RM 5.5 to 4.9
RM 4.9 to 2.4
RM 2.4 to 0.4
Pine Creek
North Fork
Confluence
to Cataldo
25
25
0
0
-25
0
0
-25
25
0
0
25
-50
25
0
25
50
Cadmium
0
8
33
8
1
8
0
-8
0
25
17
16
0
-8
0
8
8
CoDoer
0
0
0
0
50
0
0
50
-100
0
0
50
50
50
0
200
-250
Lead
0
0
250
50
100
-150
50
-150
-50
0
100
0
150
350
0
50
-650
Zinc
0
4
29
7
2
8
tr
-12
24
5
2
3
14
-7
tr
tr
21
Load at Cataldo (%) 100 100 100 100 100
tr metals loading accounts for less than 0.5 % of total load
TABLE 5. 1987 LOW-FLOW TOTAL METALS LOADING RESULTS
Percentage of Basin-wide Loading Contributed by Each Reach
SOURCE
Arsenic
Cadmium
Lead
Zinc
Above Mullan
RM 27.5 to 9.1
RM 9.1 to 6.9
CIA Seep #1
CIA Seep #2
RM 6.9 to 5.5
Bunker Creek
Government Gulch
RM 5.5 to 4.9
RM 4.9 to 3.4
RM 3.4 to 2.4
Page Treatment Plant
RM 2.4 to 1.3
Pine Creek
11
67
0
0
11
-78
0
0
67
0
11
0
0
11
0
100
-25
0
0
0
0
25
0
-25
25
0
0
0
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
67
-27
0
0
-7
7
13
7
-7
40
7
-14
7
tr
66
-21
9
41
-26
tr
3
6
8
16
tr
-2
tr
South Fork Basin (%) 100
100
100
100
100
18
-------
TABLE 6. 1988 HIGH-FLOW TOTAL METALS LOADING RESULTS
Percentage of Basin-Wide Loading Contributed by Each Reach
SOURCE Arsenic Cadmium Copper Lead Mercury Zinc
Above Mullan
ID0000060 #001
RM 27.5 to 9.1
Milo Creek
RM 9.1 to 6.5
CIA Seep #1
Bunker Creek
Government Gulch
RM 6.5 to 4.9
Pine Creek
RM 4.9 to 1.3
9
0
47
0
6
0
3
0
3
34
-3
6
0
33
0
11
0
6
6
0
25
14
7
1
47
1
4
0
0
0
6
35
-2
tr
0
6
2
2
0
0
0
4
1
84
0
0
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
50
tr
"tr
42
1
6
2
1
1
14
3
29
South Fork Basin (%) 100
South Fork (Ibs/day) 32
North Fork (Ibs/day) 6
SF:NF LOAD RATIO
5:1
100
36
5
7:1
100
97
17
6:1
100
867
11
79:1
100
2
0
2:0
100
4585
23
199:1
4.0 DISCUSSION
Figure 3 is a diagram of the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River Basin
which displays the low-flow loadings of cadmium, lead, and zinc in
Ibs per day calculated for the months of September 1986 and 1987.
The high-flow loadings of cadmium, lead, and zinc which occurred
during May 1988 are shown in Figure 4. Bar graphs depicting
loadings of cadmium, lead, and zinc by river-mile are presented as
Figure 5 through 10. Arsenic, copper, and mercury are not shown on
the diagrams because the low-flow loadings of these metals were
generally less than five pounds per day in any reach of the river.
Mercury was undetected during the low-flow periods.
4.1 Arsenic Loading
Arsenic is the only constituent for which there is a low-flow
loading from a source upstream of Mullan. During September 1986,
1 Ib per day of arsenic came from upstream of Mullan, 1 Ib per day
came from sources between Mullan and Canyon Creek, and 1 Ib per day
was contributed by the North Fork. Results were similar for the
month of September 1987 when 1 Ib per day was contributed from
sources upstream of Mullan, 6 Ibs per day from non-point sources
upstream of Kellogg, and 3 Ibs per day were contributed to the
Couer d'Alene from the North Fork. All of the arsenic contributed
to the river upstream of Canyon Creek cycled out of the waters,
19
-------
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Figure 4. 1988 High-Flow Loading, of Cadmium. Lead, and Zinc.
-------
most likely through adsorption or precipitation in the sediments,
by the time the waters reached river-mile 6.9, downstream of Milo
Creek. None of the tributaries contributed arsenic load to the
South Fork, except in 1987 when Pine Creek was determined to be a
source of 1 Ib per day. Sources below the confluence with the
North Fork provided a loading of 2 Ibs per day to the river during
September 1986.
Loads contributed during high flow are approximately three times
higher than the arsenic loads detected during the low-flow months.
During the high-flow month of May 1988, a total of 32 Ibs per day
of arsenic were contributed by sources on the South Fork, the
majority coming from non-point sources and erosion of floodplain
sediments between Mullan and Kellogg. Pine Creek contributed a
third (11 Ibs per day) of the total South Fork load. The North
Fork contributed 6 Ibs per day of arsenic, or one-fifth of the load
provided by the South Fork basin waters.
4.2 Cadmium Loading
No cadmium load was contributed to the South Fork from upstream of
Mullan during September 1986 or September 1987. Canyon Creek is
the source of approximately one-third of the low-flow cadmium load
in the South Fork, as evidenced by the September 1986 monitoring
data. Other potentially major sources of cadmium include the
Central Treatment Plant effluent to Bunker Creek (3 Ibs per day in
1986) and Government Gulch (2 Ibs per day in 1986) and non-point
sources between river-mile 5.5 and 6.9, between the CIA and below
Government Gulch. Low-flow cadmium loadings decreased in the reach
of the South Fork between Kellogg and the CIA, possibly due to
sorption with sediments. Up to 1 Ib per day of cadmium came from
sources on the North Fork, compared with 12 Ibs per day originating
from the South Fork in September 1986. Figure 5 displays the low-
flow cadmium loadings to the river during September 1986 and
September 1987.
During May 1988, the South Fork contributed 36 Ibs per day and the
North Fork 5 Ibs per day of cadmium to the Coeur d'Alene River.
High-flow cadmium loadings are shown in Figure 6. Sources upstream
of Mullan provided 6 percent of the total South Fork load to the
Coeur d'Alene River. Non-point sources or erosion of floodplain
sediments between Mullan and Kellogg provided one-third of the
South Fork's total load. Pine Creek, which was not a source of
cadmium during the low-flow months, contributed 25 percent (9 Ibs
per day) of the South Fork cadmium load during high flow. High-
flow loadings of cadmium from the South Fork below Pine Creek in
May 1988 were three to six times higher than the low-flow loadings
measured during September 1986 and 1987.
4.3 Copper Loading
No low-flow loadings of copper were detected above Mullan at river-
22
-------
mile 29.0 in September 1986. Non-point sources of copper between
Mullan and Kellogg account for the relatively minor (1 to 2 Ibs per
day) of copper loading in the South Fork upstream of the CIA. A
total low-flow load of 3 Ibs per day was contributed to the Coeur
d'Alene River by the South Fork, compared to the 2 to 4 Ibs per day
provided by the North Fork. The similarity of the North Fork and
South Fork loadings during low-flow conditions may be explained by
the widespread distribution of copper in rocks in the region.
High-flow loadings of copper were markedly higher than those for
the low-flow months. The South Fork loading, measured below Pine
Creek, totalled 97 Ibs per day of copper, compared to the September
1987 loading of 1 Ib per day at that station. During the May 1988
high-flow period, most of the copper loading came from non-point
sources upstream of Kellogg, which contributed 47 Ibs per day.
Milo Creek was the source of 1 Ib per day of copper, and Pine Creek
was the source of 34 Ibs per day of copper during May 1988. The
South Fork loading of copper was six times the 17 Ibs per day
contributed by the North Fork.
4.4 Lead Loading
Low-flow lead loadings are shown in Figure 7. There were no lead
loadings contributed to the South Fork from upstream of Canyon
Creek during the low-flow months (see Figure 3). Canyon Creek and
Nine Mile Creek contributed 5 and 1 Ibs per day of lead,
respectively, to the South Fork as measured during September 1986.
An additional 2 Ibs per day was contributed by non-point sources
along the river from Canyon Creek to downstream of Daly Gulch.
Milo Creek contributed 1 Ib per day of lead in 1986, and less than
0.5 Ibs per day in 1987. Nearly all the lead contributed by the
above-mentioned sources drops out of the waters in the reach
downstream from Osburn to river-mile 5.5 at Bunker Creek.
Bunker Creek and Pine Creek were not sources for lead during the
low-flow months. A loading of 2 Ibs per day of lead was calculated
for the NPDES discharge monitoring station in Government Gulch
during both of the September periods. Non-point sources or erosion
of river bed sediment along the South Fork downstream of Government
Gulch were a source of 10 Ibs per day of lead in September 1986 and
5 Ibs per day in September 1987. During the September months, the
South Fork lead load to the Coeur d'Alene River was 14 to 15 Ibs
per day. The North Fork contributed 1 Ib per day of lead during
the low-flow month in 1986 and 3 Ibs per day of lead in 1987.
Over eight hundred pounds per day of lead was contributed to the
South Fork by non-point sources and erosion of river bed sediments
during the high-flow month of May 1988. Figure 8 is a bar chart
showing the high-flow lead loadings. The lead load at SF-8
downstream of Pine Creek was 867 Ibs per day, compared to 11 Ibs
per day at NF-1 on the North Fork. Lead has an affinity for
binding with sediments. For this reason, loadings of lead during
23
-------
SOUTH FORK COEUR D'ALENE RIVER
LOW-FLOW CADMIUM LOADINGS
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^__^ MILES ABOVE NORTH FORK CONFLUENCE
\7~7\ SEPTEMBER 19B6 r\\] SEPTEMBER 19B7
Figure 5. Bar Graph of Low-Flow Loadings of Cadmium by River-Mile
SOUTH FORK COEUR D'ALENE RIVER
HIGH-FLOW CADMIUM LOADINGS
1
£
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4.9
6.5
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27.5
24
Figure 6
MILES ABOVE NORTH FORK CONFLUENCE
V /\ MAY 19S8
Bar Graph of High-Flow Loadings of Cadmium by River-Mile.
-------
SOUTH FORK COEUR D'ALENE RIVER
LOW-FLOW LEAD LOADINGS
I
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\
\
\
\
\
\
X
\
\
\
\
\
s,
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
~
/
/
/
/
/
/
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
^
q
7
/
/
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
y
/
/
7\ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
7
/
/
/
/
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^
7"
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
R
-5.3 0.4 1.3 2.4 3.4 4.9 5.5 6.5 6.9 8.3 9.1 11.4 17.4 19.427.5 29.0
MILES ABOVE NORTH FORK CONFLUENCE
"
Figure 7
900
BOO
_ _
IT/I SEPTEMBER 1986 ("\\1 SEPTEMBER 19B7
Bar Graph of Low-Flow Loadings of Lead by River-Mile,
SOUTH FORK COEUR D'ALENE RIVER
HIGH-FLOW LEAD LOADINGS
1
a.
v>
C*.
I
0.
700 -
600 -
500 -
400 -
"T
6.5
WT//
9.1
27.5
Figure 8.
MILES ABOVE NORTH FORK CONFLUENCE
17/1 MAY 1988
Bar Graph of High-Flow Loadings of Lead by River-Mile.
25
-------
SOUTH FORK COEUR D'ALENE RIVER
1
0.
Q-S
0- 0
)
ONIOVO1
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
O.B
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
O.t
0
LOW-FLOW ZINC LOADINGS
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
X"
X
\
\
X
X
X
\
X
X
X
\
\
X
X,
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
J
/
/
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/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
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/
/
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\1
\
X
X
X
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X
X
X
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\
X
X
T
X
X
X
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X
X
X
X
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X
X
^
/
/
/
/
/
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/
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/
/
/I
/
/
/
X
X
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X
X
X
X
\
\
X
/
/
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/
/
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/
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/
^
X
X
X
X
X
X
_.
/
/
/
y
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
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/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
XI
\
\
X
X
X
X
\
X
X
^_^
/
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/
v\
-5.3 0.4- 1.3 2.4- 3.4- 4,9 5.5 6.5 6.9 8.3 9.1 11.4 17.4 19.4 27.5 29.0
MILES ABOVE NORTH FORK CONFLUENCE
Figure 9
_
\7/\ SEPTEMBER 19B6 x SEPTEMBER 19B7
Bar Graph of Low-Flow Loadings of Zinc by River-Mile,
SOUTH FORK COEUR D'ALENE RIVER
HIGH -FLOW ZINC LOADINGS
1
ll
o
4.9
6.5
9.1
27.5
MILES ABOVE NORTH FORK CONFLUENCE
1771 MAY 19BB
Figure 10. Bar Graph of High-Flow Loadings of Zinc by River-Mile.
26
-------
high-flow runoff events may be especially large due to stream bank
erosion and bed-load sediment movement. The greatest lead loading
to the river, 730 Ibs per day, was contributed from non-point
sources and erosion of floodplain sediment along the river between
Government Gulch and Pinehurst. This reach runs through an area
known locally as Smelterville Flats. Although tributaries upstream
of Milo Creek were not sampled during May 1988, it was determined
that Milo Creek contributed 15 Ibs per day; Page Treatment Plant
effluent contributed 1 Ib per day; and Pine Creek contributed 11
Ibs per day. Bunker Creek and Government Gulch provided no lead
loading to the South Fork during the high-flow month. However, a
portion of the runoff from these drainages is diverted into ponds
or to the Central Treatment Plant.
4.5 Zinc Loading
Low-flow zinc loadings are shown in Figures 3 and 9. During
September 1986, some 29 percent of the total zinc load measured at
Cataldo came from non-point sources in Canyon Creek, and 7 percent
came from Nine Mile Creek. In September 1987, 66 percent of
Cataldo's total zinc load came from non-point sources upstream of
Kellogg. Between SF-3 at river-mile 6.9 upstream of the CIA and
SF-4 at river mile 5.5, 360 Ibs per day of zinc was contributed in
September 1986, and 220 Ibs per day were contributed in September
1987. The most-likely source of these low-flow zinc loads is the
CIA tailings impoundment (see Figure 3). In addition, more than
200 Ibs per day of zinc were contributed by non-point sources
between river-mile 4.9 below Government Gulch and river-mile 2.4
upstream of Pine Creek. Overall, the South Fork contributed
between 900 and 1200 Ibs per day of zinc to the Coeur d'Alene River
during the September low-flow months. In comparison, from one (1)
to three (3) Ibs per day of zinc were contributed by the North
Fork.
More than 2 tons of zinc per day were contributed to the Coeur
d'Alene River during the high-flow month of May 1988, compared with
23 Ibs per day contributed by the North Fork. High-flow zinc
loadings are shown in Figures 4 and 10. Sources between Mullan and
Kellogg accounted for 1900 Ibs per day of zinc, and sources in
Smelterville Flats provided 1300 Ibs per day of zinc to the South
Fork. As calculated at SF-8, high flow loadings of zinc were
nearly five times higher during high-flow than during the September
1987 low-flow month.
27
-------
5.0 CONCLUSION
Because most of the point sources of metals to the South Fork have
been effectively controlled, the water quality degradation in the
basin is in large part a result of non-point sources and
remobilization of floodplain sediment. Tailings are dispersed
throughout the floodplain and continue to degrade the waters by
their availability to leaching and erosion. Impacts to the river
are greatest during high flow because increased river flow rates
and surface water runoff to the river channel result in an increase
in contaminant loads to the river. Water quality also becomes
critical for aquatic life during low-flow periods when metal
concentrations peak. Low-flow concentrations of zinc and cadmium
remain above levels for protection of aquatic life set by national
criteria.
Canyon Creek is a major source of cadmium, lead, and zinc loading
to the South Fork during low-flow periods. The data suggest that
Canyon Creek may also provide the bulk of the high-flow loadings of
metals other than lead to the South Fork. Pine Creek is also a
source of loadings of arsenic, cadmium, and copper. Loadings of
mercury were detected in two reaches of the South Fork and only
during high-flows.
Sources within the Bunker Hill Superfund Site boundaries contribute
loadings of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc to the river
during low-flow. In addition to these constituents, mercury is
contributed during high-flow periods. The Central Impoundment Area
(CIA) is a major source of zinc during low-flow periods when metal
concentrations in the river become elevated. During low- and high-
flow periods, the Smelterville Flats area downstream of Government
Gulch is a source of lead, most probably due to stream bank erosion
and bed load movement.
A portion of the heavy metal loadings are a result of resuspension
of contaminated river sediment. Consequently, some loadings of
heavy metals will continue indefinately in the absence of very
extensive, and perhaps impractical, basin-wide remediation efforts.
However, relatively large loadings come from specific sources, and
mitigative measures focused on areas such as Canyon Creek, Pine
Creek, the Central Impoundment Area, and Smelterville Flats should
be given consideration. Long-term monitoring in the South Fork
river basin could be used to determine the water quality impacts
and overall effectiveness of specific mitigative measures.
28
-------
REFERENCES
Callahan, Michael A., Slimak, Michael W., and others. Water-
Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants Volume I:
Metals and Inorganics. EPA-440/4-79-029a. Versar Incorporated for
the U. S. EPA Office of Water Planning and Standards. December
1979.
Cornell, Rowland, Hayes & Merryfield (CH2M). Mine. Industrial and
Domestic Waste Disposal Study for the South Fork Coeur D'Alene
River. October 1964.
Dames & Moore. Bunker Hill RI/FS Revised Data Evaluation Report:
Surface Water. Document No. 15852-PD169/27110. May 9, 1990.
Eisenbarth, Fred and Wrigley, Jim. A Plan to Rehabilitate the
South Fork Coeur d'Alene River. Idaho Water Resources Board, 1978.
Gross, Michael R. "Reclamation Plans for Abandoned Mill Tailing
Impoundments in the South Fork Coeur D'Alene River Basin." M.S.
Thesis, University of Idaho Graduate School, April 1982.
(Mimeographed.)
Homer, R. R. ; Mar, B. W. ; Reinelt, L. E. ; Richey, J. S.; and Lee,
J.M. "Design of Monitoring Programs for Determination of
Ecological Change Resulting from Nonpoint Source Water Pollution in
Washington State." Final Report, Washington State Dept. of
Ecology, Olympia, Washington, 1986.
Hornig, C. Evan; Terpening, David A.; and Bogue, M. William. Coeur
d'Alene BasinEPA Water Quality Monitoring (1972-1986). U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency Region 10 Environmental Services
Division. Seattle, September 1988.
Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, Division of Environment.
"S.F. Coeur d'Alene River Tributaries: Shoshone County." Water
Quality Summary No.22. Boise, October 1980.
Idaho Division of Health and Welfare, Division of Environment and
University of Idaho, College of Mines. Abandoned Mine Tailings:
Reclamation Alternatives for Idaho. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency Grant No. 68-01-4352. January 1980.
Mink, Leland L.; Williams, Roy E.; and Wallace, Alfred T. Effect
of Industrial and Domestic Effluents on the Water Quality of the
Coeur D'Alene River Basin1969. 1970. Idaho Bureau of Mines and
Geology, Pamphlet 149, March 1971.
Savage, Nancy L. A Topical Review of Environmental Studies in the
Coeur d'Alene River-Lake System. Idaho Water Resources Research
Institute. University of Idaho. Moscow, 1986.
29
-------
U. S. Department of Agriculture. Interim Soil Survey of Silver
Valley Area, Idaho; Part of Shoshone County. Soil Conservation
Service. Boise, June 1989.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Database of studies
related to the Bunker Hill Superfund Site." On PCINFO Software,
unpublished. Seattle, 1985.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. "National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Discharge Monitoring Reports:
September 1986, September 1987, and May 1988" for the following
.facility identification numbers and permitees: ID0000167, Hecla
Mining Co.; ID0000060, Sunshine Mining Co.; ID0020567, Central
Shoshone County Water District; ID0000078, Bunker Hill Mining Co.
(U.S.) Inc.; ID0000175, Hecla Mining Co.; ID0021296, South Fork
Coeur d'Alene Sewer District; ID0000027, Asarco Inc.; ID0022071,
Central Shoshone County Water District; ID0000159, Asarco Inc.;
ID0020117, City of Smelterville; ID0021300, South Fork Coeur
d'Alene Sewer District; ID0025429, Asarco Inc.; ID0000108,
Goldback Mines Corp.; ID0024899, Silver Corp. of America.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. "National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Fact Sheets" for the following
facilities: ID0000060, Sunshine Mining Co. dated 7/17/90;
ID0020117, City of Smelterville dated 6/6/85; ID0021296 and
ID0021300, Mullan and Page Wastewater Treatment Facilities dated
7/3/85; ID0000078, Bunker Limited Partnership dated 2/4/86;
ID0000027, Asarco Inc. dated 8/26/88; ID0025429, Callahan Mining
Corporation dated 2/27/90; ID0000108, Goldback Mines Corporation
dated 7/1/83; ID0024899 Bunker Chance Mining Company dated
7/29/77; ID0000175, Hecla Mining Company dated 4/25/77. Obtained
from Region 10 Water Permits and Compliance Section, July 1990.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. STORET data computer
printouts for water chemistry for 1986 through 1988 at stations in
the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River basin. Obtained from Region 10
Water Quality and Analysis Branch, July 1990.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Water Quality Standards
Criteria Summaries; A Compilation of State/Federal Criteria. EPA
440/5-88/014 for Cadmium; EPA 440/5-88/027 for Copper; EPA 440/5-
88/030 for Lead; and EPA 440/5-88/019 for Zinc. Office of Water
Regulations and Standards. September 1988.
Wai, C.M.; Hutchison, S.G.; Kauffman, J.D.; and Hutchison, F.I. A_
Bibliography of Environmental Studies of the Coeur d'Alene Mining
Area. Idaho. University of Idaho. Moscow, September 1985.
Woods, Paul F. Hypolimnetic Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen,
Nutrients, and Trace Elements in Coeur D'Alene Lake. Idaho. Water
Resources Investigations Report 89-4032. U.S. Geological Survey,
Boise, 1989.
30
-------
APPENDIX
TO
DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METAL LOADINGS TO THE
SOUTH FORK COEUR D'ALENE RIVER IN NORTHERN IDAHO
31
-------
LOADINGS FOR LOW-FLOW MONTH OF SEPTEMBER 1986
SOUTH FORK COEUR D'ALENE RIVER STATIONS
Ave Flow Total Loading (Ibs/day)
pH Field EC
STATION
153541
153368
153097
153100
153104
03E009
153108
153362
153110
153333
153023
153018
RM
29.0
27.5
19.4
17.4
11.4
8.3
6.9
5.5
4.9
2.4
0.4
-5.3
TRIBUTARIES TO
153125
153132
153137
153147
153148
03Z038
03#061
03#062
031063
03#064
03#065
03#066
03Y001
153165
03Y002
153152
153207
153019
19.1
18.7
17.1
11.2
7.8
6.2
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.6
5.6
5.4
5.4
5.0
5.0
2.3
0.0
(cfs)
6.
27.
54.
59.
78.
73.
70.
78.
86.
97.
332.
1
1
8
8
0
9
8
3
6
8
0
THE SOUTH
15.
3.
0.
6.
1.
-'-
2.
6.
0.
0.
8.
234.
3
9
7
2
1
7
6
5
6
8
0
As
1
2
1
2
1
0
1
2
0
1
4
FORK
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
Cd
0
1
6
7
7
6
6
13
13
12
12
4
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
1
Cu
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
1
2
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
Pb Hg
0
0
8
5
5 0
3
2
4
7 0
14
2
5
1
0
0
1
0 0
0 0
0
1
Zn
_-
61
644
712
769
591
956
1098
1312
1204
1533
446
113
0
0
2
--
17
70
15
14
5
1
6
7
7
7
8
7
7
7
6
8
7
6
6
7
7
7
.35
.92
.50
.77
.14
.38
.56
.05
.70
.54
.71
.22
.28
--
.27
.57
.42
(US)
45
130
135
138
140
183
299
287
--
98
99
285
210
--
206
900
1010
1090
620
162
170
750
1250
100
87
32
--
NPDES POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES
10000175 27.8
20000175 26.6
20000167
10000167
10002549
10000027
0000159
10000060
20000060
60000078
20000078
90000078
80000078
20000078
0020117
0021300
26.3
19.1
18.0
17.1
13.1
11.2
11.2
5.4
5.4
5.0
5.0
5.0
3.2
3.1
0.5
0.0
0.8
0.3
0.4
0.9
0.0
5.3
3.7
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.8
3.8
7.80
0
0
0
0
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
29
39
7.80
7.20
8.40
6.70
7.80
7.20
2
0
32
7.30
7.10
6.90
0 = loading less than 0.5 pounds per day
= parameter was not measured
925
113
32
-------
LOADINGS FOR LOW-FLOW MONTH OF SEPTEMBER 1987
SOUTH FORK COEUR D'ALENE RIVER STATIONS
Ave Flow Total Loading (Ibs/day)
STATION RM (cfs) As Cd Cu Pb Hg
SF-1
SF-2
SF-3
SF-4
SF-5
SF-6
SF-7
SF-8
27.5
9.1
6.5
5.5
4.9
3.4
2.4
1.3
TRIBUTARIES TO THE
MC-1
MC-2
CIA-1
CIA-2
BC-1
BC-2
GG-1
GG-2
GG-3
PC-1
LP-1
PC-2
NF-1
7.8
7.8
6.0
6.0
5.4
5.4
5.0
5.0
5.0
2.3
2.3
2.3
0.0
NPDES POINT SOURCE
10000175
20000175
20000167
10000167
10025429
10000027
10000027
0000159
10000060
20000060
60000078
CTP-1
20000078
90000078
80000078
20000078
STP-1
PTP-1
27.8
26.6
26.3
19.1
18.0
17.1
15.3
13.1
11.2
11.2
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.0
5.0
5.0
3.2
3.1
7.7
51.6
52.5
51.3
54.1
52.2
61.3
72.9
SOUTH
0.6
0.9
1.6
3.3
0.0
2.4
0.8
0.3
0.1
7.8
0.1
5.9
25.8
1
7
7
1
7
7
8
9
FORK
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
3
DISCHARGES
0.0
0.5
0.0
0.8
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
3.5
3.4
2.6
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.0
3.4
__
-
0
0
0
0
0
4
3
3
4
3
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
11
7
6
10
9
16
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
pH Field EC
Zn (US)
105
195
210
255
375
360
355
325
15
85
1050
1150
120
1750
25
40
285
40
70
35
35
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
619
425
648
736
815
963
941
0
2
87
385
0
2
0
0
8
6
0
4
3
8
7
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
7
8
7
7
4
7
7
7
7
.00
.90
.30
.40
.50
.70
.30
.40
.40
.70
.20
.00
.90
.30
.30
.00
.40
.30
.40
.30
.50
0
1
0
0
4
23
4
0
24
0
1
7.55
7.70
8.20
7.70
7.70
8.60
9.30
6.10
6.30
4.70
7.10
7.30
1750
850
50
160
390
265
0 = loading less than 0.5 pounds per day
= parameter was not measured
33
-------
LOADINGS FOR HIGH-FLOW MONTH OF MAY 1988
SOUTH FORK COEUR D'ALENE RIVER STATIONS
Ave Flow Total Loading (Ibs/day)
STATION RM (cfs) As Cd Cu Pb Hg Zn
SF-1
SF-2
SF-3
SF-5
SF-8
27.5
9.1
6.5
4.9
1.3
TRIBUTARIES TO
MC-2
IG-1
JC-1
CC-1
CIA-1
BC-1
BC-2
GG-2
GG-3
PC-1
LP-1
PC- 2
NF-1
7.8
7.5
6.9
6.2
6.0
5.4
5.4
5.0
5.0
2.3
2.3
2.3
0.0
84.3
667.0
726.0
801.0
1186.0
THE SOUTH
9.4
0.3
1.0
0.2
1.3
0.0
3.7
1.9
1.7
419.0
1.5
417.0
212.0
3
18
20
22
32
FORK
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
11
0
11
6
2
14
18
22
36
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
9
0
9
5
7
54
59
65
97
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
34
0
34
17
3
61
93
126
867
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
0
11
11
NPDES POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES
10000175
20000175
20000167
10000167
10000108
10025429
10000027
0000159
10000060
20000060
60000078
CTP-1
20000078
20000078
90000078
80000078
20000078
STP-1
PTP-1
27.8
26.6
26.3
19.1
18.7
18.0
17.1
13.2
11.2
11.2
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
3.2
3.1
0.5
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.9
1.0
0.0
1.7
0.0
4.4
4.3
5.3
2.0
0.0
0.0
2.1
0.4
3.9
0
0
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
3
0
0
0
_
0
__
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
__
0
__
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
__
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
1930
2246
3071
4585
36
0
0
0
113
0
29
1
51
145
0
153
23
1
1
0
0
7
5
10
33
2
0
65
7
7
7.20
7.15
7.15
7.55
7.25
6.60
7.40
7.30
7.40
6. 15
6.80
8.20
6.90
6.30
7.30
7.40
7.30
7.20
7.30
7.30
6.60
7.30
7.20
_.
8.15
6.55
6.40
6.30
6.10
7.50
7.30
pH Field EC
(US)
35
68
58
90
78
40
90
50
110
1375
135
1425
40
115
20
65
25
25
1475
1100
13
65
310
205
0 = loading less than 0.5 pounds per day
= parameter was not measured
34
-------
DISSOLVED LOADINGS FOR LOW-FLOW PERIOD IN 1987
SOUTH FORK COEUR D'ALENE RIVER STATIONS
STATION
Ave Flow
RM (cfs)
Total Loading (Ibs/day)
As Cd Cu Pb Hg
SF-1 27.5
SF-2
SF-3
SF-4
SF-5
SF-6
SF-7
SF-8
9.1
6.5
5.5
4.9
3.4
2.4
1.3
CATALOG -3.5 3
TRIBUTARIES
MC-1
MC-2
CIA-1
CIA-2
BC-1
BC-2
GG-1
GG-2
GG-3
PC-1
LP-1
PC-2
NF-1
NPDES POINT
STP-1
PTP-1
TO THE
7.8
7.8
6.0
6.0
5.4
5.4
5.0
5.0
5.0
2.3
2.3
2.3
0.0
SOURCE
3.2
3.1
7.7
51.6
52.5
51.3
54.1
52.2
61.3
72.9
12.0
SOUTH
0.6
0.9
1.6
3.3
0.0
2.4
0.8
0.3
0.1
7.8
0.1
5.9
25.8
1
7
7
1
7
7
8
9
2
FORK
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
3
DISCHARGES
0.0
3.4
0
0
0
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
1
5
5
5
6
5
6
2
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
3
0
0
pH Field EC
Zn (US)
105
195
210
255
375
360
355
325
133
15
85
1050
1150
120
1750
25
40
285
40
70
35
35
390
265
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
624
405
618
684
820
970
933
1078
0
2
89
394
0
1
0
0
9
6
0
3
3
0
1
8.00
7.90
8.30
7.40
7.50
7.70
7.30
7.40
7.10
7.40
7.70
6.20
6.00
7.90
8.30
7.30
7.00
4.40
7.30
7.40
7.30
7.50
7.10
7.30
0 = loading less than 0.5 pounds per day
35
-------
DISSOLVED LOADINGS FOR HIGH-FLOW PERIOD IN 1988
SOUTH FORK COEUR D'ALENE RIVER STATIONS
Ave Flow Total Loading (Ibs/day)
STATION RM (cfs) As Cd Cu Pb Hg Zn
pH Field EC
(US)
SF-1 27.5
SF-2
SF-3
SF-5
SF-8
9.1
6.5
4.9
1.3
CATALDO -3.5
TRIBUTARIES
MC-1
MC-2
IG-1
JC-1
CC-1
CIA-1
BC-1
BC-2
GG-2
GG-3
PC-1
LP-1
PC-2
NF-1
NPDES POINT
STP-1
PTP-1
TO
7.8
7.8
7.5
6.9
6.2
6.0
5.4
5.4
5.0
5.0
2.3
2.3
2.3
0.0
84.3
667.0
726.0
801.0
1186.0
2420.0
THE SOUTH
9.4
0.3
1.0
0.2
1.3
0.0
3.7
1.9
1.7
419.0
1.5
417.0
212.0
3
18
20
22
32
13
FORK
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
11
0
11
6
2
16
16
27
28
26
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
9
0
9
5
SOURCE DISCHARGES
3.2
3.1
0.4
3.9
0
0
0
0
7
54
59
65
97
13
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
34
0
34
17
0
0
3
14
36
39
52
65
13
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
0
11
6
0
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
2040
2305
3084
4461
3659
39
0
0
0
122
0
29
1
55
149
0
155
23
4
6
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
7
7
7
6
6
7
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
.20
.15
.15
.55
.25
.60
.60
.40
.30
.40
.15
.80
.20
.90
.30
.30
.40
.30
.20
.50
.30
40
90
50
110
1375
135
1425
40
115
20
65
25
25
310
205
0 = loading less than 0.5 pounds per day
5, Ubrary (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard i?»h c,
Chicago, IL 60604-3590' * F/00f
36
------- |