unneo states Administration And EPA 205-R-94-001
Environmental Protection Resources Management February 1994
Agency (Mail Code: 3302)
f/EPA FISCAL YEAR 1995
JUSTIFICATION OF APPROPRIATION
ESTIMATES FOR COMMITTEE ON
APPROPRIATIONS
Recycled/Recyclable
Printed on paper that contains
at least 50% recycled fiber
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
SUBJECT INDEX 1
SUMMARY 1-1
AIR 2-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Air Quality Research 2-13
Acid Deposition Research 2-30
Global Change Research 2-37
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Air Quality and Stationary Source Planning and Standards 2-45
Emission Standards and Technology Assessment 2-46
State Program Guidance and Air Standards Development 2-49
Mobile Source Air Pollution Control and Fuel Economy 2-53
Mobile Source Program Implementation 2-55
Emission Standards, Technical Assessment and Characterization . 2-57
Testing, Technical and Administrative Support 2-61
Emissions and Fuel Economy Compliance 2-63
Resource Assistance for State, Local & Tribal Programs 2-67
Resource Assistance for State, Local & Tribal Programs ... 2-68
Air Quality Management Implementation 2-73
Air Quality Management Implementation 2-74
Trends Monitoring and Progress Assessment 2-78
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 2-79
Air Quality and Emissions Data Management and Analysis . . . . 2-81
Atmospheric Programs 2-86
Acid Rain Program 2-87
Stratospheric Protection Program 2-90
Global Change Program 2-92
Indoor Air Program 2-96
Indoor Air Program 2-97
ENFORCEMENT
Enforcement 2-103
Stationary Source Enforcement 2-104
Mobile Source Enforcement 2-107
RADIATION 3.!
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Radiation Research 3.9
Radiation Research 3-11
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Radiation Criteria, Standards and Guidelines 3-15
Radiation Criteria, Standards and Guidelines 3-16
Radiation Program Implementation 3-20
Radiation Program Implementation 3-21
Radon Action Program Implementation 3-23
Radiation Environmental Impact Assessment 3-26
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Table of Contents
(Continued)
Page
Radon Action Program 3-27
Radiation Environmental Impact Assessment 3-30
Radon State Grant Program 3-32
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Implementation 3-34
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Implementation 3-35
WATER QUALITY 4-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Water Quality Research 4-9
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Water Quality and Grants Program Management 4-27
Great Lakes Program 4-28
Chesapeake Bay Program 4-31
Engineering & Analysis 4-34
Engineering and Analysis 4-35
Grants Assistance Programs 4-37
Control Agency Resource Supplementation (Section 106) 4-38
Clean Lakes Program 4-40
Water Quality Strategies Implementation 4-42
Wetlands Protection 4-44
Nonpoint Source Management Grants . 4-46
Wetlands Implementation Program Grants 4-48
Ocean Disposal Permits 4-49
Water Quality Criteria, Standards & Applications 4-51
Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention
Oil Spills Trust Fund 4-54
Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis 4-55
Coastal Environment Management 4-56
Assessment and Watershed Protection 4-59
Municipal Source Pollution 4-64
Municipal Pollution Control 4-65
ENFORCEiffiNT
Water Quality Enforcement 4-69
Water Quality Enforcement 4-70
Water Quality Permit Issuance 4-73
Permit Issuance 4-74
DRINKING WATER 5-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Drinking Water Research 5-9
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Criteria, Standards and Guidelines 5-21
Drinking Water Implementation 5-22
Drinking Water Criteria 5-25
State Program Resource Assistance 5-27
Public Water Systems Supervision Program Grants 5-28
Underground Injection Control Program Grants 5-31
Special Studies and Demonstrations 5-32
Ground Water Protection 5-34
Ground Water Protection ..... 5-35
ENFORCEMENT
Drinking Water Enforcement 5-39
Drinking Water Enforcement 5-40
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Table of Contents
(Continued)
Page
WATER INFRASTRUCTURE r-1
Water Infrastructure 6-5
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund ..... £-6
Special Needs Programs 6-7
Clean Water State Revolving Fund 6-8
Mexican Border Projects 6-9
Water Quality Management Cooperative Agreements 6-10
PESTICIDES 7-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Pesticides Research 7-9
Pesticides Research 7-13
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Registration, Special Registration and Tolerances . 7-25
Registration, Special Registration and Tolerances ....... 7-26
Generic Chemical Review 7-30
Generic Chemical Review 7-31
Pesticides Program Implementation 7-34
Pesticides Program Implementation 7-35
Pesticides Program Implementation Grants .. 7-38
ENFORCEMENT
Pesticides Enforcement .... 7-41
Pesticides Enforcement Grants 7-42
Pesticides Enforcement 7-43
TOXIC SUBSTANCES S-l
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Toxics Substances Research 8-9
Toxics Substances Research 8-13
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Toxic Substances - Financial Assistance 8-27
Asbestos-in-Schools Loans and Grants 8-28
Toxic Substances Strategies 8-29
Chemical Testing 8-31
Existing Chemical Review , 8-32
New Chemical Review 8-36
Asbestos-in-Buildings 8-37
Regional Toxics Program . 8-38
OPPTS Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know ....... 8-41
OPPTS Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know 8-42
ENFORCEMENT
Toxic Substances Enforcement , 8-45
Toxic Substances Enforcement 8-46
Toxic Substances Enforcement Grants . 8-48
OPPTS Emergency Planning & Community Right to Know Enforcement . ] 8-49
OPPTS Emergency Planning & Community Right to Know Enforcement 8-50
HAZARDOUS WASTE 5.^
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Hazardous Waste Research 9.9
Hazardous Waste Research ..... 9_12
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL I
Waste Management Regulations, Guidelines and Policies 9-25
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Table of Contents
(Continued)
Page
Regulations, Guidelines and Policies - Hazardous Waste .... 9-27
Regulations, Guidelines and Policies - Air and Radiation . . . 9-30
Regulations, Guidelines and Policies - Water 9-31
Regulations, Guidelines & Policies - Underground Storage Tanks 9-32
Financial Assistance 9-35
Hazardous Waste Management Financial Assistance to States . . . 9-36
Underground Storage Tanks State Grants 9-40
Hazardous Waste Management Strategies Implementation 9-41
Hazardous Waste Management Strategies Implementation 9-42
Emergency Planning/Community Right-to-know - Title III 9-45
ENFORCEMENT
Hazardous Waste Enforcement 9-51
Hasardous Waste Enforcement 9-52
MULTIMEDIA ' 10-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Multimedia Research 10-9
Multimedia Research 10-13
Headquarters Expenses 10-33
Lab & Field Expenses 10-35
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Environmental Review and Coordination 10-37
Cooperative Environmental Management 10-43
Academic Training Grants 10-46
Regional Multimedia Programs . 10-48
Analytical Environmental Services 10-51
Environmental Education Program 10-54
Border Environmental Activities 10-57
Pollution Prevention Activities . 10-60
Office of Pollution Prevention 10-61
Pollution Prevention State Grants 10-62
Pollution Prevention Projects 10-63
ENFORCEMENT
Enforcement Policy and Technical Support 10-65
Enforcement Policy and Operations 10-69
Criminal Enforcement Program 10-71
Technical Support 10-76
Federal Facilities Enforcement 10-79
Sector and Multimedia Compliance 10-83
Regulatory Enforcement 10-87
Enforcement Capacity and Outreach 10-91
Hazardous Waste-Site Remediation Enforcement 10-93
Pesticides Enforcement Grants 10-95
Toxic Substances Enforcement Grants 10-96
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT 11-1
MISSION AND POLICY MANAGEMENT
Mission and Policy Management 11-9
Mission and Policy Management - Research and Development ... 11-13
Mission and Policy Management - Enforcement 11-14
Mission and Policy Management - Solid Waste
and Emergency Response 11-15
Mission and Policy Management - Policy, Planning & Evaluation . 11-16
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Table of Contents
(Continued)
Page
Mission and Policy Management - Administration and Resources
Management 11-17
Mission and Policy Management - General Counsel , 11-18
Mission and Policy Management - International Activities ... 11-18
Mission and Policy Management - Inspector General 11-19
Mission and Policy Management - Air and Radiation 11-19
Mission and Policy Management - Water 11-20
Mission and Policy Management - Prevention, Pesticides
and Toxic Substances 11-22
AGENCY MANAGEMENT
Office of the Administrator/Executive Offices 11-25
Environmental Education and Training Foundation 11-29
Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization , . . . 11-30
Risk Assessment and Management Commission 11-31
Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs 11-31
Office of Communications, Education, and Public Affairs .... 11-32
Office of Executive Support 11-34
Office of Regional Operations and State/Local Relations .... 11-35
Office of Executive Secretariat 11-36
Immediate Office of the Administrator 11-37
Administrator's Representation Fund . 11-38
Office of Civil Rights 11-39
Science Advisory Board 11-40
Office of Administrative Law Judges 11-41
Office of Administration and Resources Management ... 11-43
Financial Management - Headquarters 11-46
Office of the Comptroller 11-47
Office of Environmental Equity 11-48
Human Resources Management 11-49
Organization and Health Services 11-51
Contracts and Grants Management - Headquarters 11-53
Facilities Management and Services . 11-54
Information Systems and Services 11-55
Office of General Counsel 11-57
Office of General Counsel 11-58
Office of International Activities 11-61
Office of International Activities 11-62
Office of the Inspector General 11-65
Office of the Inspector General 11-66
Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation 11-69
Office of Policy Analysis 11-71
Office of Regulatory Management and Evaluation 11-76
Office of Strategic Planning & Environmental Data 11-79
REGIONAL MANAGEMENT
Regional Management 11-83
Resource Management - Regions ....... 11-35
Contracts and Grants Management - Regions 11-85
Regional Counsel 11-86
Regional Management 31-87
Planning, Evaluation and Analysis - Regions 11-88
Financial Management - Regions 11-90
Human Resources Management - Regions 11-90
Administrative Management - Regions 11-91
SUPPORT COST
Support Costs 11-93
Lab Support - Pesticides and Toxic Substances 11-95
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Table of Contents
(Continued)
Page
Professional Training 11-96
Nationwide Support Services 11-97
Headquarters Support Services 11-98
Regional Support Services 11-99
Lab Support - Air and Radiation 11-100
Automated Data Processing Support Costs 11-100
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 12-1
New Facilities 12-4
New Facilities 12-5
Repairs and Improvements 12-6
Repairs and Improvements 12-7
SUPERFUND 13-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Hazardous Substance Research 13-11
Hazardous Substance Research 13-14
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESPONSE
Hazardous Substance Response 13-25
Hazardous Spill and Site Response 13-26
Hazardous Substance Response - Support 13-35
Hazardous Substance Response - Office of Water 13-36
Hazardous Substance Response - Office of Air and Radiation . . 13-37
Hazardous Substance Response - Interagency 13-40
Department of Health and Human Services 13-42
Department of Justice 13-45
United States Coast Guard 13-46
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 13-47
Department of the Interior 13-48
Federal Emergency Management Agency 13-49
Occupational Safety and Health Administration 13-50
ENFORCEMENT
Hazardous Substance Response - Enforcement 13-51
Hazardous Substance Technical Enforcement 13-53
Hazardous Substance Legal Enforcement 13-55
Hazardous Substance Criminal Enforcement Program 13-58
Hazardous Substance Technical Support 13-60
Hazardous Substance Federal Facilities Enforcement 13-62
Hazardous Substance Site Remediation Enforcement 13-66
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
Hazardous Substance Management and Support 13-69
Hazardous Substance Financial Management - Headquarters .... 13-74
Hazardous Substance Financial Management - Regions 13-75
Hazardous Substance Administrative Management - Headquarters . 13-76
Hazardous Substance Administrative Management - Regions .... 13-77
Hazardous Substance Contracts and Grants
Management - Headquarters 13-78
Hazardous Substance Contracts and Grants
Management. - Regions 13-79
Hazardous Substance Support Services - Nationwide/Headquarters 13-80
Hazardous Substance Support Services - Regions 13-80
Hazardous Substance Automated Data Processing Support 13-81
Hazardous Substance Legal Services - Headquarters 13-81
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Table of Contents
(Continued)
Page
Hazardous Substance Legal Services - Regions ......... 13-82
Hazardous Substance - Office of the Inspector General 13-83
Hazardous Substance - Mission and Policy Management - OIG ... 13-85
Hazardous Substance - Office of Policy, Planning & Evaluation . 13-86
Hazardous Substance - Office of the Comptroller 13-88
Hazardous Substance - Office of the Administrator 13-89
Hazardous Substance - Office of Research and Development . . . 13-91
Hazardous Substance - Analytical Environmental Services .... 13-92
LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS 14-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
LUST Research 14-5
LUST Research 14-6
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
LUST Guidelines and Implementation 14-9
LUST Guidelines and Implementation 14-10
ENFORCEMENT
LUST Enforcement 14-13
LUST Legal Enforcement 14-14
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
LUST Management and Support 14-17
LUST Support Services - Headquarters/Nationwide 14-19
LUST Administrative Management - Headquarters 14-19
LUST Administrative Management - Regions 14-20
Legal Services - Office of General Counsel ..... 14-20
LUST - Office of the Inspector General 14-21
OIL SPILLS RESPONSE 15-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Oil Spill Response Research 15-5
Oil Spills Response Research 15-7
OIL SPILLS TRUST FUND
OPA - Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention 15-9
OPA - Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention 15-10
ENFORCEMENT
OPA - Enforcement 15-13
OPA - Enforcement Policy and Operations 15-14
OPA - Criminal Enforcement Program 15-15
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
OPA - Management and Support 15-17
Office of Administrative Law Judges (Oil Pollution Act) .... 15-16
Oil Spill Response - Nationwide Support Services 15-18
Oil Spill Response - Headquarters Support Services ...... 15-19
Oil Spill Response - Regional Support Services 15-19
NON APPROPRIATED FUNDS ........ 16-1
FIFRA Revolving Fund 16-1
Tolerance Revolving Fund 16-4
AGENCY USER FEES 17-1
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Table of Contents
(Continued)
Page
ADMINISTRATIVE CEILINGS 18-1
SPECIAL ANALYSES
EPA ORGANIZATIONAL CHART 19-1
EPA REGIONAL OFFICES - LOCATIONS 19-2
SUMMARY OF RESOURCES - BY APPROPRIATION 19-3
SUMMARY OF RESOURCES - BY MEDIA 19-7
SUMMARY OF RESOURCES - BY FUNCTION 19-11
OBJECT CLASSIFICATION - BY APPROPRIATION 19-21
PERMANENT POSITIONS BY GRADE - BY APPROPRIATION 19-27
AVERAGE GRADE AND SALARY 19-36
SUMMARY OF STATE GRANTS 19-37
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Alphabetic Subject Index
Face
Academic Training Grants 10-45,46
Accidental Release Provisions 9-3,6,46-49
Acid Deposition (Acid Rain) 2-3,4-7,9,11,
30-35,68-71,86-89,
104,105;10-16,69,
87,88
Administrative Actions 15-3
Administrative Law Judges 11-3,41;15-3
ADP Technical Support 11-4,56,67,91,98
Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Registry (ATSDR) 13-2,7,40,42-45
Agriculture Chemicals 4-20,23;5-14;7-20;
8-21;13-23
Air Emission Standards (RCRA) 2-9,46,50,57-61,
68,69,75-78,83,
84;4-20;9-6,8,
18,28,55;10-6,7,
68,69,74,83,85,86,
89;ll-76,78
Air Quality Monitoring 2-3,4,8,13-15,17, 22,
23,26-29,45,46,69-
73,76-83;10-57
Air Toxics 2-3,4,5,9,12,15,20,
21,25,26,46-49,68-
71,75-77,84,105,
107;4-30;8-5,13,
18;10-69,73,87,88;
11-71,75
Alaskan Native Villages 4-67,68
Allowances, Sulfur-dioxide- 2-3,6,88
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) 13-56,57
Alternative Fuels 2-4,9,15,25-27,70;
9-15;ll-74
Antimicrobial Strategy 7-4,5,26-28
Aquatic Organisms 4-19,-15-7
Area Contingency Plan 15-4
Asbestos Accreditation Programs 8-6,8,24,28,35,38
Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA) .... 8-3,38,50;10-83,
85,86
Asbestos-in-Buildings 2-70,71;8-8,29,
30,37,38
Asbestos-in-Schools Loans and Grants 8-27,28,38;10-95
Asbestos Research 2-9;8-19, 38
Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act (ASHAA) 8-3,28,38;10-83,85
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B
Base Closure 13-5,26,57,63,65
Basel Convention/Agreements 9-4,53;10-39 , 89
Basic Research Grant 13-43,44,45
Beach Cleanup 4-50,51,57,58;15-6,7
Best Available Control Measures (BACM) 2-52,75,76
Biological Pesticides 7-27
Bioremediation 8-11,37;
9-6,10,11,18;
13-7,18,22;14-8;
15-4,6,7,
Bioremediation Field Demonstration Site 13-22
Biotechnology 7-7,17
Boilers and Industrial Furnances (BIFs) 9-37,55
Buildings and Facilities 12-1
C
Center for Environmental Research 10-27;13-21
CERCLA 13-
CERCLA Section 104 13-44
CERCLA Section 106 13-4,46
CERCLA Section 120 13-5
CERCLA (Superfund) 3-3,19;4-46;8-3,18 ;
9-49;13-l,6,53,75
Certification and Training (C&T) 7-6,35,38
Chemical Dispersants 13-18;15-3
Chemical Emergency Planning 9-5,48
Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board . . . . 9-6,47
Chesapeake Bay Program (GBP) 2-15,30,47;4-17,21,
27,31;7-20;9-37,
38,54;10-43,49,69
Chief Finacial Officer's Act (CFO) 2-11-46,67,79;13 . 85
Class I Wells - Non-Hazardous Waste 5-36,36
Class II Wells - Oil and Gas 5-31
Class V Wells - Shallow Infection 5-31,36,41;10-88
Clean Air Act (CAA) 2-1,3;3-1,3,17,21,36;
9-3,6,46;10-4,6,
10,26,38,50,69,73,
81,86,88;17-2
Clean Fuels 2-4,58,68
Clean Lakes 4-2,7,37,40,60
Clean Vehicles 2-3,4,7,57
Clean Water Act, Section 311 15-3,11,14
Clean Water SRF 4-1,25,35,41,45,
46,56,76;6-3-5,
8,10;10-6,69,
73,84,87
Climate Change Action Plan 2-7,57,59,92-95;
11-6,71,74,75,77
Coastal Ecosystems 4-13,14,20
Coastal Environment Management 4-56,57
Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments (CZARA) . . 4-47,60,62
10
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Colonias 4-67,68;6-4,7,
9-10;10-58
Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) 4-39,52,65-67,71.
74;6-3,4,8-10;
10-27,88;ll-74
Community Environmental Response
Facilitation Act (CERFA) 13-62,63,65
Community Right-to-Know (CAA) 8-42-44,50-52;9-45
Compliance Audit Program (CAP), Section 8(e) 8-7
Compliance Inspections 8-46-48,50,51;13-92
Comprehensive State Ground Water
Protection Programs (CSGWPPs) 4-39;5-36,37
Consent Decrees 13-4,5,36,45,46,55,68
Consulting Services - Air 2-9
Consulting Services - Pesticides 7-4,7
Contaminated Sediments 4-5,17,18,29,30,35;
5-13;10-18,27,28;
13-15,21
Contingency Plans 4-39;13-50;15-3,4,
10-12
Contract Lab Program (CLP) 13-27,33
Contracts and Grants Management 11-85
,Con-trol Technology Guideline (CTG) 2-48
Cooperative Environmental Management 10-43,44
Cooperative Agreements - LUST 14-2,20,21
Copying 11-35,98,99
Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army (COE) 4-49,50,66,68;13-31
Corrective Action 4-67;9-4,5,7,8,15,18,
29,31,33,36-40,
52-55;10-6,79,
81,82,93-95;13-6;
14-3,4,10,11,14
Cost Recovery 13-4,7,9,10,30,45,
46,53-57,66-68,
74-76,79
Council on Sustainable Development 11-5
Credit Reform 8-1,27-29,38
Criminal Enforcement Program 13-2,5,46,51,52,58,
59,60,61;15-4,15
Criminal Investigations 10-2,6,65-67,69,
71-76,78,84,87;
13-9,10,59,60
Cross Programs 13-24
D
Data Call-in 16-3
De Micromis Settlements 13-5,56,57
De Minimis Settlements 13-5,45,54-57,67,68
Defense Base Closure & Realignment Act of 1990 . . . . 1-5;13-5;
Delivery of Analytical Services (DAS) 13-27
Department of Defense (DOD) 3-18; 13-5
Department of Health & Human Services (HHS) 13-7
Department of Interior (DOI) 13-7;10-41
11
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Department of Justice (DOJ) 10-5,6,72,88 ; 13-7 ;
15-11,12
Department of Transportation 2-92;13-7;15-10
Design for the Environment (DE) 8-3,33,36
Dietary Risk Exposure System 7-32
Drinking Water Implementation 5-22,23,29
Drinking Water Protection Area (DWPA) 5-36
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) 1-6;4-67;5-3;6-6
E
Ecological Risk Assessment 8-14,16;10-15,17,
18,22,40;ll-72
Ecological Risk Assessment Methods 8-15,16;10-2,15,41
Ecosystems 2-9,23,34,37,40,43;
4-3,5,10,13,14,16,
17,19,20,38,59,62,
74,75,76;5-12;6-8;
8-5,14,52;9-13;
10-17,18,38,40,49,
52,58,69,70,88;
11-6,36,63,71,73
Ecosystems Protection Research Program 2-9,32,33;4-5,13,15 ,
17;5-12,13;7-7,13,
15,16;8-5,14,15;
9-13,14;13-14,15,16
Effluent Guidelines 7-19,36,37;8-34;
10-23,90
Effluent Guidelines Task Force 7-19,36,37;8-34;
10-23,90
Emergency Exemptions 13-29,48,50;15-9,
10,14
Emergency Planning and Community
Right-to-Know (EPCRA) 8-5,42,50,51;9-3,45,
46,48;10-80,81,84,
86,87
Emergency Preparedness 13-7,29,48,50,79,89
Emergency Response Team (ERT) 3-30;9-49;13-18;15-10
Endangered Species Act (ESA) 10-38,40;11-58,59,76
Enforcement 2-1,3,7,63,64,66,
103-107;3-21,22;
4-2,3,7,39,47,51,
56,69-72;5-2-7,
17,24,28-32,39-42;
7-2,4,6,41-44;9-4,
5,8,32-34,36-40,
46-49,51-55;10-2,
3,5-8,38,50-52,
58,62,64,65-97;
11-3,9,10,11,14,15,
34,38-41,54-56,58,
62,66,78,98,99;
14-3,13,14,15,21;
15-3,4,10-15,18;
16-2,3
12
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Enforcement - Air 10-4,6,10,19,26,
41,70,73,84,89
Enforcement - Hazardous Waste 10-24,40,53,69
73,89,90
Enforcement - LUST 14-3,13-15
Enforcement - Superfund 10-65,66,67,79-82,
93-95;13-2,3,5,9,
10,26,31-33,37,38,
45,46,50,52-68,74,
78,79,82-85,89,
92,93
Enforcement First 13-4
Environmental Appeals Board 11-38
Environmental Defense Fund (EOF) 9-28
Environmental Education 3-22,37;10-26,55
Environmental Education and Training Foundation .... 11-29
Environmental Equity/Justice 3-6,43;9-4,48
Environmental Justice 3-57,87;9-22,28,31
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) 2-33,3-15,92;5-3;9-3
Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring 3-38
Environmental Review and Coordination 10-4,37,38
Environmental Services Division (ESD) 3-89,92;12-7,71
Environmental Statistics 11-6,79
Environmental Technology Initiative (ETI) 11-5,63:10-3,10,13,24
EPCRA - Research Support 8-5
EPCRA - Toxic Release Inventory 8-5,44,50;10-80
Existing Chemical Review 8-7,32
Exploratory Grant Centers 9-22;10-2,28;13-22
F
Facility Response Plans 1-5;15-3,4,10,11,12
Fast Track Cleanup Program 13-5,65
Federal Coordinating Council for Science,
Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET) 7-17,18,20
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 13-7,42,49;15-12
Federal Facilities Env. Restoration
Dialogue Committee (FFERDC) 13-64,65
Federal Facility Compliance 10-6,71,75
Federal Facility Enforcement 10-6,65,66,67;13-5,
32,51,52,56, 58,
62,63
Federal Facility Tracking System (FFTS) 13-63,64
Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act (FFDCA) 7-3;17-1
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,
and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA '88) 7-1-7,15,30,31,
32,33,35,42,
43;16-1,2
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center 10-74,76;13-58
Federal Managers Financial Integrity Act (FMFIA) . . . 3-31;7-21,44
FIFRA Revolving Fund 7-1,2,30;16-1
Financial Assistance 2-90,91;4-60,65,67;
6-3;8-4,27,28;9-35,
36;10-25,26;11-30
13
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Financial Audits 11-67,90;13-83,84;
14-21,22
Financial Responsibility Requirements 14-3,4
Fish Consumption Advisories 4-52,54
Five Year Strategy 4-28,29,30;14-7
Free-product Recovery 14-7
Freedom Of Information Act (FOIA) 11-4,7,17,19,35,37,
87;13-63,82,86
Fuel Cell 2-18,19
Fuel Economy 2-10,53,54,55,57,
61,62,63,65,66,107
G
Geographic Information Systems (CIS) 4-20,58,60;5-37;7-16;
13-16;8-16;9-14;
11-55
Global Climate Change (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) . . . 2-18,37,40,41,57,59,
92,93;4-19
GLOBE Program 11-5,33
Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) 7-43-45;8-47;10-85,86
Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) 11-5,37,46,74,79,88
Grand Canyon Visibility Commission 2-26,29,70,71
Great Lakes National Program Office (GLNPO) 4-29-31
Great Lakes Program 2-20,47,70,80,82;
4-14,17,27-31,53,54,
57,58; 8-14; 10-38,
69; 11-56
Green Programs (Lights, Computers, etc.) 2-7,92-94
Groundwater - Pesticides . . . 7-3,6,15,20,35-38;
16-2
Groundwater - Protection 7-26,36,38; 4-35
Groundwater Activities 5-15,16 ; 8-17; 9-6,14
Groundwater Research 5-18
Guidelines - LUST 9-32,43; 4-9,10,20,21
Gulf of Mexico 4-4,13,19,57-59; 9-38
H
Habitat Restoration Strategy 4-29,32; 10-49
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) 9-3-6,8,29,38,53;
10-93,94; 14-3
Hazardous Waste Enforcement 1-2;9-4,5,8,33-40,
46-49,51,52;
10-90,93,94
Hazardous Waste Identification Rule (HWIR) 9-15,27,30
Hazardous Waste Permitting 9-3-5,18,27,28,36,
37,39,42,44
Hazardous Waste Research 9-6,9,10,12,17
Health Assessments 2-25,26; 13-7,42,44
Health Effects 7-2,7,18-20,22;8-5,
21,22;10-20
14
-------
Health Effects - Drinking Water 5-16,26
Health Effects Institute - Air 2-26
Health Risk Assessment 2-16; 8-6,22;10-3,
21,22; 11-78
Health Research - Superfund 13-44
High Performance Computing & Communication (HPCC) . . 10-3,13,29-31,35;
11-101
In-use Emission Factors 2-2,61
Incineration " 2-20;9-10,19,28;
10-27;13-17,22,31
Incinerators 9-28,29
Indian Tribes 2-69,70;4-39,40,46,
53,67;9-29,43;
10-75,95,96
Indian Tribes/Nations 13-3,28;14-29,50,64;
29,43
Indoor Air 2-3,8;10-19,23,27
Innovative/Alternatives Technologies 7-21;8-22,34,;9-10;
13-7
Innovative Technologies 4-23;7-21;8-22,34;
9-10;10-7,14,23,
44,77,86;11-16
Inspection and Maintenance Program - Air 2-4,55,57
Integrated Contracts Management System 11-46,47
Interagency Agreements (IAG) 10-24
International Activities 2-6,27,40,41;4-30,
50,59;9-4,5,20; 10-
4,26,39
Investigations (Superfund) 4-49;9-47;10-6,52,68 ,
73,77,94;11-4,14;
13-5,6,9
L
Lab/Data Integrity 3-31;10-78
Labelling 8-33
Lakewide Management Plans (LaMPs) 4-29,57
Land Disposal Regulation 9-4,5,6,29
Land Disposal Restrictions Rule 9-6
Large Lakes and Rivers Research 4-14
Lead and Copper Rule 8-2,13
Lead and Other Heavy Metals 8-2,13;10-3,27,88
Lead Substitute Fee - Gasoline Additives 17-3
Lead Substitute Gasoline Additives 17-3
Leak Detection Requirements 9-5,11,15
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks 9-3,5,15,32
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks
Research (L.U.S.T.) 14-2,5
Listing/Delisting 9-5,28,30,39,55;
13-7,27,84
15
-------
M
Maintenance Fee 7-31;16-2,3;17-1
Management - Agency 11-3,25-29,43-46,
57,58,61,62,65,66,
69-71
Marine 2-37,38,40,42,43,49,
59,63;4-5,10,12,13,
17,25,50,51,56-59;
5-13;10-18
Material Weaknesses 7-4,27,44;11-47,56,68
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 2-5,46-49,82-84
Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLG) 5-25
Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL) 5-16
Methane Emissions 2-32,93,94
Mexican Border 1-6;2-69,70,72,
75-77,80-82;
4-65-68;6-3-5,7,
9,10;9-37,38,46,
49;10-3,38-40,69-71,
73,78,87,90;11-21,79
Minority Academic Institutions Research 9-22;10-25,26;
ll-33;13-22
Minority Research Program 13-
Mission and Policy Management 11-3,9-20,22,62,66
Mobile Source Enforcement 2-107
Montreal Protocol 1-4;2-3,6,19,40,42,
90,91,95
Motor Vehicle Emissions Laboratory 2-61
Motor Vehicle Testing Fee 17-2
Municipal Solid Waste 9-10,12,16
Municipal Solid Waste Research 9-29,30,43
Municipal Waste Incineration 9-4,10,11,16,17,19,
28,29,37,39,42,43,
52,55
N
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) .... 2-3,5,8,22-24,50,51,
68,69,71,82
National Association of Attorney Generals (NAAG) ... 13-66
National Contingency Plan (NCP) 13-3,33,53,66,82
National Emission Standards - Hazardous Air 2-19,76;3-16,21;10-69
National Enforcement Investigation Center (NEIC) . . . 11-14,15;13-60,67
National Enforcement Training Institute (NETI) .... 10-70,76,78,91,94;
13-57,60,67
National Environmental Service Officer(NESO) 13-89
National Estuary Program 4-56,57
National Exposure Registry 13-43
National Fire Academy 13-49
National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEAS) ... 7-19
National Institute of Environmental and
Health Sciences (NIEHS) 2-23;13-7,42
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 2-37;11-5;13-40,42,47
16
-------
National Oil and Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan 15-3
National Performance Review (NPR) 1-2;3-4;4-76;11-49,
77;13-74
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations 5-24,30,33
National Priorities List 13-3,16,27,42,54,
62,89
National Resources Defense Council (NRDC) 4-35,36,55
National Response Center 13-47
National Response System 13-7,32,43,48
National Response Team 13-32,43,46
National Rural Water Association (NRWA) 5-32
National Sediment Inventory 4-52,53
National Water Quality Inventory 4-60
National Wetlands Conservation Alliance 4-45
Near Coastal Waters 4-47,56
NEEDS Survey 4-66,68;6-7
NEPA Compliance Program 10-4,38,40
Neurotoxicology Research 3-2,20;8-21
New Chemical Follow-up 8-36;17-1
New Facilities 12-4,5
New Headquarters 1-4;11-7,52,55,99;
12-5
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) 2-4,11,83
Nitrogen Oxide 2-4,22,25,33,46,
48;10-27
Non-state Entities 4-4;14-4
Nonpoint Source 4-3,5,10,11,17,19,
20,31,32,39,42,
46-48,52,56-60,
67,75,76
North American Commission for
Environmental Cooperation 10-4;11-62
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 10-39,70,78,92;11-6,
62,63,64,75,79,80
NPDES Permit Fees 4-8,38,39,40,48,
70,72,74,75,76;
ll-77;17-2
Nutrient Reduction Strategy 4-32,33
0
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) . 13-7,50
Office of Administration and Resources Management . . . 10-30;11-5,17,68
Office of Enforcement 5-2;7-2;10-5,50,65,
66,67,69,79,81,82,
84,85,89,91,93,96,
97;ll-12,14;13-74;
15-3
Office of General Counsel 1-1,3,4;4-21;22-11,
19,66:13-6,72,73,
80,83,84,85;19-21
Office of Inspector General 1-1, 3,4;4-21;11-11,
19,66;13-6,72,73,
80,83-85;14-21
17
-------
Office of Policy Analysis (OPA) 13-88;15-3,5,9,10,
13,17
Office of Small & Disadvantaged
Business (OSDBU) 11-25,27,28,30
Oil Pollution Act 13-88;15-3,5,9,
10,13,17
Oil Spill l-l,2,3,5;ll-2,27,
76,93,94,98,99,100;
15-1-14,17,18,19
Oil Spill Trust Fund - Support 10-1,2,65,66,70,78;
15-1,2,5,7,9,13,17,
18
On-Scene Monitoring 15-12
On-Scene Coordinators 13-7,17,24,29,46,47
Operating Expense 10-3,33-36
Operational Guidance 15-10,15,35,70
Operator Training - Water Quality 4-66,68
Outreach Materials 2-5;3-18,19;4-3,4;
14-3,4
Ozone l-4;2-3,4,6,8,9,ll,
15,17-19,22-25,
40,42,43,49-52,
- - - 55,56,58,59,68-71,
74,76,79-84,86,
90,91,104,105,106;
10-70,83,88;ll-73
Ozone Depleating Compounds (ODC) 2-6,15,19,43,91,95
P
Particulate Matter (PM-10) 2-3,8,16,22,47,
56,68,74,79;10-20
Pesticide Disposal 7-31,33,39
Pesticide Registration and Maintenance Fee 17-1
Pesticide Tolerance Fee 16-1,4
Pesticides in Groundwater 1-2,5-15-17;7-1,
5,6,15,17,28,35,
36,38,40,43,44,46;
10-96;16-2
Pesticides Labelling 8-33;11-73;16-2
Pesticides Program Implementation 7-1
Pesticides Reregistration Fee 16-1,4
Petroleum Hydrocarbons 1-5,6;2-59;9-5,10 ,
28,39;11-76;13-1,
19;14-1,6-8,21
Petroleum Response Program 1-5;9-10;11-76;15-1,2
Pipeline 9-15,37;13-4,7
Policy and Guidance - Hazardous Waste 9-8,17,18
Pollution Prevention 1-2,8,9,13
Pollution Prevention- Air 2-1,4,5,8,21,27,47,
48,57,94,105
Pollution Prevention- Hazardous Waste 9-4,5,18-20,28,32,37,
39,49,54,55
18
-------
Pollution Prevention- Multi Media 10-2,4,6,7,10,22-26,
29,30,40,49,58,
60,62-64,73,76,77,
79,80
Pollution Prevention- Management and Support 11-3,33,34,38,52,62,
63,71-74,76,77,79,
88
Pollution Prevention- Oil Spill Trust Fund 15-10,14
Pollution Prevention- Pesticides 7-3-5,33,34,36,37,
39,40,42-44,47,48,
50
Pollution Prevention- Superfund 13-87
Pollution Prevention- Toxics 8-3-5,18,34,36,37,
39,40,42-44,47,
48,50
Pollution Prevention- Water 4-4,19,22,23,29,31,
32,37,47,49,51,58,
62,63,66,67,71,72,
75,77;5-4,35;6-4,
10,11
Pollution Prosecution Act 1-7;10-2,6,38,69,
72,74,75,84,86,87,
91;13-2, 59,60
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBS) 4-13,54;8-
5,7,21,33,46,48:9-
11,16,21;10-90,
96;12-3;13-19
Potentially Responsible Parties (PRP) 1-9;13-3,4,7-10,29-
32,45,46,53-57,66-
68
POTW Requirements - Hazardous Waste 4-72,77
Pre-Manufacture Notice (PMN) 7-21,22
Pre-Manufacture Notice Fees 17-1
Pretreatment 1-8;2-2,18;4-38,40,
68,70,72,73,75,76;
6-1,10,ll;10-74
Procurement Fraud Division 11-67;13-85
Protocol Development 1-4;2-3,6,19,27,28,
40,42,59,90,91,95,
99,101,106;3-31;4-
10,19;5-24;7-10,
11,16,18,19;8-11,
16,24;15-6-8
Public Water Systems Supervision (PWSS) 5-24,27-30,35,36
19
-------
Q.
Quality Assurance 2-8,20,29,35,37,
39,44,62,63,69-71,
80-82;3-3,12,29,
32,35;4-22,24;
5-17,19,23;7-23;
8-22,25,31;9-16-18,
22;10-3,6,28-32,
52,79:11-46,47;
13-54,67,74,92
Radioactive Waste 3-3,5;10-6,79;13-65;
16-19,35,36
Radioactive Emergency Response Plans 3-21,22
Radionuclide NESHAPS 2-12,71,104-106;3-
4,16,17,19,21-23,32
Radionuclide Rule 5-25
Radon Action Program 3-3,4,20,23,24,26-
29,39,40,56,59,60,62-
65
Radon Proficiency and Testing Fee 17-2
Radon State Grants 3-26
RCRA Regulation Reform 9-5,29,37,42,43;11-74
Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT) .... 2-76
Recalcitrant Owners 13-12;14-14
Recycling 1-13;2-6,87,88,
91,103,;3-13;
8-38;9-4,5,7,16,
27,28,29,30,43,44;
10-29,70,83;ll-66,
69;13-16,19
Regional Contingency Plans 15-11
Regional Improvement Projects 13-
Regional Management 11-3,4,6,33,78,79,81
Regional Multimedia Programs 10-4,48,49,52,70,90
Regional Technical Enforcement Program 10-70,88
Regional Toxics Program 8-4,28,29,37,38,39
Registration (of Pesticides) 10-20
Remedial Action Contract (RAG) 13-30,31
Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) 4-29,31,57-59;13-38
Remedial Design/Remedial Actions (RD/RA) 13-4,30-32,55,64
Remedial Investigation/Feasability Studies (RI/FS) . . 13-4,26,31,32,36,53,
56,64,84
Remedial Support 13-26,31
Remedy Selection 1-5,9-53,54;10-6,94,
95;13-3,4,18,30,32,
55
Removal Orders 15-12
Removal Support 13-26
20
-------
Reorganization 1-2;2-2,63,64,104,
105,107;4-2;5-
2,40;7-2,42-44;8-
2,46-48,50,51;9-46,
47,52;10-2,3, 5,
39,69, 76,77,84,
85,89,91-93,95-97;
13-2,26,33,53-57,
60,62,63,66,67;15-
2,10,11,14
Repairs and Improvements 12-6,7
Reports to Congress - Hazardous Waste 9-8,47
Reregistration (of Pesticides) 7-3-5,8,27,29,31-
33,44
Research and Development - LUST 14-2
Research and Development - Oil Spills 15-4
Research and Development - Superfund 13-3,14,19,22
Research to Improve Health Risk
Assessments (RIHRA) 10-21,22
Residential Lead-based Paint Hazard 8-3,4,24,35,46
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 4-25;9-3-5,7,8,15,
18,27-29,31,36-39,
42,43,53,55;10-
6,7,30,68-70,75,
79, 81,82,84,86,87,
90,93-95;11-41,42,
74;13-13,59,60;
Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act, Sections 7007, 8001 14-4
Response Management 13-26,32-34
Responsible Parties 13-3,30,53,55,61,
66,85
Responsive Electronic Link and Access
Interface (RELAI) 13-33
Risk Assessments 13-15,20,37,38
S
SACM l-5;13-4,27,28,
30,34,37,55,56,57
Safety Health and Environmental
Management Division (SHEMD) 13-76
San Juan Puerto Rico 15-7
SARA 8-3,5,18,19;9-43,
48;13-5,30,45,58,
59,83,84;14-13
Science Advisory Board (SAB) 2-25;4-15,20;5-14,
15;10-15;11-9,41
Screening Information Data Set (SIDS) 8-8,31,32,34,35
Secondary Treatment 1-6;4-57,58,66,71;
6-3,7,8,9
Section 106 - Water Quality 4-37-39
Section 305(b) 4-4,60,61
Section 311(a) 13-45
21
-------
Senior Environmental Employees (SEE) Program 8-38;11-34
Significant New Use Rule (SNUR) 8-7,36
Site Characterization 13-7,16,18,93
Site Remediation Enforcement Program 13-55,60,67,68
Six Coastal Cities - WIF 6-9
Sludge - Wastewater 4-5,7,8,22,25,38,
40,50,51,53,54,
66-68,72,74-77
Small Business Development Act of 1982 2-28,35;4-23;5-18;
7-21;8-22;14-40
Small Business Innovation Research 2-28,35;4-23;5-19;
7-21;9-20;10-3,
13,25;13-21
Small Systems - Drinking Water 5-4,22-24,28-30,33,41
Soil Vacuum Extraction 14-8
Sole Source Aquifer . 5-36,37
Solid Waste (RCRA) 2-5,46;9-1,3,12,28,
30,43,79;10-90,
93;ll-72,74;13-59;
14-3
Source Reduction 4-62;8-3;9-4,16,30;
10-4,22,63
Source Reduction Review Project (SRRP) 8-33,34;10-23,61
Source Water Protection 5-4,5,35,36,41
Special Needs Programs 6-7
Special Reviews 7-5,31-33;16-3
Special Studies and Demonstrations 5-32
Spill Prevention and Response Plans 15-3
Spill Prevention Control and Counter Measures (SPCC) . 15-4,11
State Authorizations 9-42
State Grants - Hazardous Waste 9-36
State Grants - Pesticides 7-6,38,42
State Implementation Plans (SIPS) 2-3,22,50,55,
57,68,74,79;4-33,
47,59;9-5,36;10-96
State/Local Emergency Response Commissions 13-89
State Operating Permits 2-50;9-36,38;10-88
State Revolving Funds 1-1;4-65;6-3,6,8,10;
10-40;ll-54,67,74
State Wetland Conservation Plans 4-45,48
Stationary Source Enforcement 2-104-107
Statute of Limitations (SOL) 13-4,54,68
STORET 4-5,60-62
Stormwater 4-8,10,22,38-40,
44,46,48,52,65,
66,74-77;6-3,4;
8-11;11-74
Strategic Plan 4-62,63;10-49,
79,84,86
Strategic Target Activities for Results
System (STARS) 11-81;13-87
Stratospheric Ozone 2-3,6,9,11,19,
42,43,71,86,90-92
22
-------
Streamlining 1-5;2-82,104;
4-5,12,38,74,76;
5-12;9-4,5,27,
33;10-38,69,87,93;
11-5,14,19,46,49,50
77,96;13-3,6,24,
25,29,57,75;14-3,10
Structure Activity Relationships (SAR) 7-22,;8-10,11,23;9-17
Subsurface Contamination 5-5,17;9-14;14-7
Subtitle D Criteria 9-43
Supercomputer Center 11-101
Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model (SACM) 1-5;13-4,27,28,
30,34,37,55-57
Superfund Administrative Improvements 13-55-57
Superfund Amendments Reauthorization
Act of 1986 (SARA) 3-3;8-3,5,18;9-3,
43,48;ll-20;13-3,
5,30,45,58,59,83,
84;14-3,20
Superfund Contract Laboratory Program 13-85
Superfund Innovative Technology Program (SITE) .... 1-12;13-7,12,13,17,18
Superfund Regional Contracting Officers (RCOs) .... 13-79
Superfund Technical Support Center 13-37-39
Support Costs 8-46,50:11-3,4,31,
34,37,39,41,
87,93,95,97,98
13-2,80;14-19,20
Support Services 2-61;10-33-36,78;
11-3,4,7,13,35,
52,54,91,97-100;
13-61,76,77,80,
81;15-17-19
Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) 5-24,28,29,40;
10-88
T
Technical Assistance 2-47,49,56,69,70,72,
75,76,77,80,87,91,93;
3-5,17,21-23, 31,32;
4-4,6,13,22,44,45,
48,51,52,58,61,62,
67,68,76;5-3-5,22,
24,28,30,32,33,36,37,
40;6-6;7-6,32,33;8-3,
4,34,37-39,44,46,
47;9-4-6,15,28-30,
33,43,47,48;10-31,
39-42,52,62-64,77,
79,81,82,85,86;
11-6,30,49,50-53,63,
64,77,78;13-4-6,17,
18, 28-31,36-39,43,
47-50,61-63,65,76-79,
86-88;14-3,4,10,14;
23
-------
Technical Assistance Grants (TAGs) 13-6,31,32,79;8 - 38
Technical Bulletins 15-10
Technical Enforcement 9-53; 10-6,83,85,87,
93-95; 13-31,51-54,
66,67
Technical Support - LUST 14-5,7,8,21
Technology Transfer 2-29,35,44,97;3-12;
4-24,29,48;5-19,24;
7-23;8-25,43;9-6,
18,20,22,43;10-
26,32,36,80;11-
21,35,36;13-17,21-
23,33,44
Test Guidelines 7-21;8-23
Test Rules 8-31
33/50 Program 8-33,34,35,39,40
Tijuana International Treatment Plant 6-9,10
Title III - Hazardous Waste 2-48;9-3,5,45-49;8-3,
5,8,18,19,41,49
Title X 10-96
Tolerance Revolving Fund 16-4
Tolerances 7-4,25-27,29;16-4,5
Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDLs) 4-3,4,39,52,53,60-62
Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) 8-3,5,8,18,19,39,40,
42-44,50,51;10-80
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) 8-3,31,33,35,39,40,
46-48,50, 51; 10-
6,7,69, 70,73,84-
87,89,90, 96;17-1
Toxic Strategy 10-75
Toxicity 2-25;4-18,39,40,52
-54:7-10,11,16,19,
20,22,35,39;8-10,
11,15,16,21,24,35,
43;9-14,17,19,29,
39,55;10-10-12,14,
21,22;13-16,36,
43;15-7
Toxicological Profiles 13-43,44
Trichloroethylene 7-17;8-17;13-20,44
Tropospheric Ozone 1-4;2-8,17,22,23,
37,40
2,4,5-T/Silver 7-5,31-33
U
Ultraviolet Radiation (UVB) 2-37,38,43
Underground Injection Control 5-5,18,31,36,37,41
Underground Storage Tanks Grants 9-40
Underground Storage Tanks - Regulations
and Guidelines 9-25,26,32,33
Underground Storage Tanks (UST) Program 9-3,5,34;11-76;
12-7;13-13;
14-3,6-8
24
-------
Unilateral Administrative Orders (UAO) 13-4,30,55,57
United Kingdom's Warren Springs Laboratory 15-8
United States Coast Guard (USCG) 4-50;9-4,53;13-7,29,
42,46,47;15-3,10,
11,12,14
V
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) 2-4,16,28,47,68,74,
80,104;8-35;9-18;
10-21,24,27;13-13
Volume Reduction Unit (VRU) 13-18
Voluntary Compliance 9-33;10-5,6,73;11-31;
13-58; 14-3,14
W
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) 3-3,16,34,35; 9-27,
28,42,42; 10-45
Waste Minimization 9-3,4,7,16,17,28,42,
43; 10-25; 11-52
Waste Minimization and Combustion Strategy 9-3,4,27,36
Water Quality Cooperative Agreements (104 b) 4-68;6-2-4,9,10
Water Quality Research 4-5,9,10,12
Water Quality Standards 4-3,31,38-40,48,49,
53,56,66,75,77
Water Resources Development Act (WRDA) 4-53
Watersheds 4-3-5,14-17,19,20,
31,38-41,44-49, 52-
54,56,58-62,65-67,70-
72,74-76;5-13,14;6-3,
4,8,9;7-10,ll,14-16;
8-10,14,16; 13-14-16
Wellhead Protection 5-4,5,10,11,17,18,33,
35,36,37;7-37
Wetlands 4-3,4,32,33,44-49,58,
68; 9-ll,13;10-38,49,
73,88
Wetlands Plan 4-44-46
Wetlands Research 4-5,10,11,15-17,19;
8-15; 10-18,26,27;
13-15
Wetlands Section 404 4-45,46
Worker Protection 7-6,33,35-40, 42-45;
10-90,96
Worker Safety Training Grants 13-43-45
Working Capital Fund 11-5,46,47
Y
Yosemite National Park 14-22
25
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EPA Administrative and Operating Expense Ceiling Data
R&D
The 1995 President's Budget requests $55,067,000, an increase of $4,500,000
from 1994, for laboratory and headquarters operating expenses in the Research and
Development account. This is based on the definition used in FY 1994, not the
global definition used in other accounts. The operating expense request supports
two components:
o Headquarters expenses fund operational expenses in ORD's headquarters
offices, including supplies, materials, equipment, training, printing,
ORD-wide data systems, automated data processing services, and
miscellaneous support services.
o Laboratory expenses fund specialized supplies and materials, scientific
and technical equipment, ADP support and services, facilities expenses,
facilities repair and improvement projects under $75,000, scientific and
engineering training, and miscellaneous support services.
The increase in 1995 reflects additional resources for two key research
initiatives: to acquire a massively parallel computer for the High Speed
Computing and Communication (HPCC) program and to establish a high speed
interconnection between the Agency computer centers in Michigan and North
Carolina. The massively parallel computer will support increased computational
requirements for multi-pollutant and multi-media assessment tools, and aid the
study of complex environmental issues. The high speed interconnection will be
established to provide a basic foundation for use of advanced environmental
assessment tools and to aid technology transfer to State environmental programs.
Object
Class
Program Expenses
Operating Expenses
Program Contracts
Administrative
Contracts
Total
FY 1994
Current
Estimate
20,377.0
15,978.6
5,106.9
9,137.5
50,600.0
FY 1995
President's
Budget
28,128.8
10,387.0
6,666.1
9,885.1
55,067.0
Difference
FY 1995
vs. FY
1994
7,751.8
-5,591.6
1,559.2
747.6
4,467.0
18-1
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EPA Administrative and Operating Expense Ceiling Data
AC&C
The 1995 President's Budget requests $316,722,500, an increase of
$33,722,500 from 1994, for administrative and operating expenses in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance Account. The administrative and operating
expense ceiling request supports two components: "support related costs" and
"other costs."
The 1995 President's Budget contains $267.3 million for AC&C Agency-wide
administrative expense support services, $194.9 million in Operating Expenses and
$72.4 million in Administrative Contracts. This is an overall increase of $33.6
million over the 1994 level for these activities, an increase of $31.6 million
in Operating Expenses and an increase of $2.0 million in Administrative
Contracts. This increase includes funding mandatory support increases for cost
escalations in such items as rent and direct leases paid to GSA in Headquarters
and the Regions ($+27.5 million) and development of data integration efforts
(+$5.0 million). Support services include: Nationwide Support for rent and
direct leases, FTS, and postage; Headquarters Support for facilities operations
and maintenance, security, and utilities; ADP Support for ADP mainframe and other
ADP related support to the Agency; Regional Support that provides the Regional
Offices with necessary support services; and Professional Training for training
and development to professional, technical, and support staff.
Object Class
Operating Expenses
Administrative
Contracts
Total
FY 1994
Current
Estimate
184,230.2
98,769.8
283,000.0
FY 1995
President' s
Budget
218,712.9
98,009.6
316,722.5
Difference
FY 1995
vs .
FY 1994
34,482.7
-760.2
33,722.5
18-2
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EPA Administrative and Operating Expense Ceiling Data
SUPERFUND
The FY 1995 President's Budget requests $348,674,600, an increase of
$68,674,600 from 1994, for the Superfund administrative ceiling. The Superfund
administrative ceiling is comprised of resources in the PC&B, Travel, Operating
Expenses, and Administrative Contracts object classes. A portion of the increase
from 1994 to 1995 is attributable to Contractor Conversion resources that have
been shifted into the Superfund account based upon an Agency-wide average PC&B
and travel cost per workyear. The Agency is shifting resources previously used
for contracts to resources for new Federal employees as part of EPA's Contract
Reform Initiative.
The FY 1995 President's Budget requests $252,578,400, an increase of
$32,463,500 from 1994, for Personnel, Compensation and Benefits (PC&B) costs in
the Superfund account. The growth in Superfund PC&B is due to fully funding the
workforce in 1995 and the annualization of locality pay. The increased cost of
fully funding the workforce is due in part to the conversion of contractor
resources to Federal employees in the Superfund account. In addition, expected
growth for retirement, benefits and other payroll costs has also been applied.
The FY 1995 President's Budget requests $12,584,900 for Travel in the
Superfund Account. The increase in FY 1995 travel resources reflects the cost
of travel needs of new federal employees converted from contractor resources.
The FY 1995 President's Budget requests $58,026,700, an increase of
$29,916,200 from 1994, for Operating Expenses in the Superfund Account.
Operating Expenses support two components: "support related costs" and "other
costs." The increase in Operating Expenses is due primarily to support related
costs ($26.8 million). The increase in other costs ($3.1 million) is due to
increases in such activities as telecommunications, ADP, and printing.
The 1995 Budget contains $64.7 million dollars for Superfund administrative
expense support services, $52.9 million in Operating Expenses and $11.7 million
in Administrative Contracts. The total support services increase over the 1994
level for these activities is $26.4 million, $26.8 million in Operating Expenses
and a decrease of $421 thousand in Administrative Contracts. The 1995 increase
in Operating Expenses for support related services of $26.8 million reflects the
restoration of Superfund support service reductions made in 1994 and the
Superfund program's share of mandatory support increase for cost escalations in
rent and direct leases paid to GSA. Superfund support services include:
Headquarters Support for facilities operations and maintenance, security, and
utilities; ADP Support for ADP mainframe and other ADP related support to the
Agency; and Regional Support that provides the Regional Offices with necessary
support services.
18-3
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The FY 1995 President's Budget requests $25,484,600, an increase of
$2,095,700 from 1994, for Administrative Contracts. The increase is for
development and operations of information systems.
Object Class
Personnel , Compensation
and Benefits
Travel Personal
Operating Expenses
Administrative
Contracts
Total
FY 1994
Current
Estimate
220,114.9
8,385.7
28,110.5
23,388.9
280,000.0
FY 1995
President's
Budget
252,578.4
12,584.9
58,026.7
25,484.6
348,674.6
Difference
FY 1995
vs .
FY 1994
32,463.5
4,199.2
29,916.2
2,095.7
68,674.6
18-4
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EPA Administrative and Operating Expense Ceiling Data
LUST
The FY 1995 President's Budget requests $8,737,700, an increase of
$1,337,700 from 1994, for the LUST administrative ceiling. The LUST
administrative ceiling is comprised of resources in the PC&B, Travel, Operating
Expenses, and Administrative Contracts object classes.
The FY 1995 President's Budget requests $6,495,100, an increase of
$1,084,600 from 1994, for Personnel, Compensation and Benefits (PC&B) costs in
the LUST account. The growth in LUST is due to fully funding the workforce in
1995 and the annualization of locality pay. In addition, expected growth for
retirement, benefits and other payroll costs has been applied.
The FY 1995 President's Budget requests $845,500 for Travel in the LUST
account. The increase in FY 1995 travel resources is due to an escalation in the
level of site responses.
The FY 1995 President's Budget requests $836,000 for operating expenses in
the LUST account, an increase of $208,900 over 1994. Operating Expenses support
two components: "support related costs" and "other costs."
The 1995 President's Budget contains $1.0 million for LUST administrative
expense support services, an increase of $239 thousand over the 1994 level for
these activities. The increase is due to cost escalations in such support
services as security, ADP, printing, and telecommunications. Charges are made
directly against the LUST appropriation to support non-discretionary support
activities. LUST support services include: Headquarters Support for facilities
operations and maintenance, security, and utilities; Nationwide Support for rent
and direct leases, FTS, and postage; and Regional Support that provides the
Regional Offices with necessary support services.
The FY 1995 President's Budget requests $560,000 for LUST Administrative
Contracts, a decrease of $71,000.
Object Class
Personnel , Compensation
and Benefits
Travel Personal
Operating Expenses
Administrative
Contracts
Total
FY 1994
Current
Estimate
5,410.5
730.3
627.3
631.9
7,400.0
FY 1995
President's
Budget
6,495.1
845.5
836.2
560.9
8,737.7
Difference
FY 1995
vs .
FY 1994
1,084.6
115 2
208 <}
-71.0
1,337 7
18-5
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EPA Administrative and Operating Expense Ceiling Data
OIL SPILL RESPONSE
The FY 1995 President's Budget requests $9,527,600, an increase of
$1,877,600 from 1994, for the Oil Spills administrative ceiling. The Oil Spills
administrative ceiling is comprised of resources in the PC&B, Travel, Operating
Expenses, and Administrative Contracts object classes. A portion of the increase
from 1994 to 1995 is attributable to Contractor Conversion resources that have
been shifted into the Oil Spills account based upon an Agency-wide average PC&B
and travel cost per workyear. The Agency is shifting resources previously used
for contracts to resources for new Federal employees as part of EPA's Contract
Reform Initiative.
The FY 1995 President's Budget requests $8,224,800, an increase of
$1,585,800 from 1994, for Personnel, Compensation and Benefits (PC&B) costs in
the Oil Spills account. The growth in the Oil Spills PC&B is due to fully
funding the workforce in 1995 and the annualization of locality pay. The
increased cost of fully funding the workforce is due in part to the conversion
of contractor resources to Federal employees in the Oil Spills program. In
addition, expected growth for retirement, benefits and other payroll costs has
also been applied.
The FY 1995 President's Budget requests $525,700 for Travel in the Oil
Spills account. FY 1995 travel resources were doubled from FY 1994 ceiling
levels on a cost per workyear basis in order to fully fund the travel needs of
the program. The increase in 1995 travel resources also reflects the cost of
travel needs of new Federal employees converted from contractor resources.
The FY 1995 President's Budget requests $727,000 for Operating Expenses in
the Oil Spills Account, a decrease of $90,000 from 1994. Operating Expenses
support two components: "support related costs" and "other costs."
The 1995 President's Budget contains $563 thousand in administrative
expenses for Oil Spills Response administrative expenses support services, an
increase of $30 thousand over the 1994 level for these activities. Charges are
made directly against the Oil Spills Response appropriation to support non-
discretionary support activities. Oil Spills support services include.
Headquarters Support for facilities operations and maintenance, security, and
utilities; Nationwide Support for rent and direct leases, FTS, and postage, and
Regional Support that provides the Regional Offices with necessary support
services.
18-6
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The FY 1995 President's Budget requests $50,100 for Oil Spills
Administrative Contracts, an increase of $46,100 from 1994. The increase is for
development and operations of data processing systems, program development, and
non-program specific training.
Object Class
Personnel , Compensation
and Benefits
Travel Personal
Operating Expenses
Administrative
Contracts
Total
FY 1994
Current
Estimate
6,639.0
189.7
817.3
4.0
7,650.0
FY 1995
President's
Budget
8,224.8
525.7
727.0
50.1
9,527.6
Difference
FY 1995
vs .
FY 1994
1,585.8
336.0
-90.3
46.1
1-, 877.6
18-7
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
SUMMARY 1-1
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
FISCAL YEAR 1995 BUDGET SUMMARY
The President's 1995 Budget request for the Environmental Protection Agency
totals $7,162,610,000 supported by 19,418 workyears. These resources include
$3,051,233,000 for the Agency's environmental operating programs; $1,499,692,000
for the Superfund program; $76,685,000 for the Leaking Underground Storage Tank
(LUST) program; $2,650,000,000 for the Water Infrastucture Financing and Drinking
Water State Revolving Fund programs. When compared with the Agency Total current
estimate, the President's request represents an overall increase of 503,683,000
and 793 workyears. The following chart provides a summary of budget authority
for EPA's eleven appropriations:
Budget Authority
(dollars in thousands)
1994
Enacted
850,625.0
1994
Current
Estimate
1995
President
Request
Increase/
Decrease
1994 vs 1995
850,625.0 963,255.0 +112,630.0
Program and
Research Operations
Office of the
Inspector General
Research & Development
Abatement, Control
and Compliance
Buildings & Facilities
Oil Spill Response
Hazardous Substance
Superfund
DIG Hazardous Substance
. Superfund
LUST Trust Funds
OIG LUST Trust Funds
Water Infrastructure
Financing3
Pesticide Registration
Fees
AGENCY TOTAL 6,658,927.0 6,658,927.0 7,162,610.0
I/ Includes $15,384.0 to be transferred to the IG account.
2/ Includes $669.0 to be transferred to the IG account.
3/ Includes Drinking Water State Revolving Fund.
1,
1,
2,
27
338
352
18
21
480
i c.
J. O
76
477
,647
,701
,535
,000
,239
,853
970
I £. 1 O
,379
669
,000
0
.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
A
• W
.0
1
* J_
.0
.0
27
338
1,352
18
21
1,480
1 fi
XO
75
2,477
,647
,701
,535
,000
,239
,853
97ft
I £. 1 O
,379
669
U U 7
,000
0
.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
A
. w
.0
1
1 J.
.0
.0
29
363
1,527
43
23
1,499,
76,
2,650
(15 ,i
, 141 . 0
,860.0
,632.0
,870.0
,475.0
692.0,
685. 02
,000.0
000.0)
+1,
+25,
+175,
+25,
+2,
+18,
'
+1,
+173,
-15,
493
159
097
870
236
839
97ft
£. I O
306
P.C.Q
\j\jy
000
000
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1
. X
.0
.0
503,683.0
1-1
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APPROPRIATIONS HIGHLIGHTS
The 1995 President's Budget Request for the Environmental Protection Agency
reflects a new generation of environmental protection and demonstrates the
President's commitment to protect human health and the environment. The Agency's
budget includes initiatives for pollution prevention, environmental justice,
partnerships with other governmental and private groups, ecosystem protection,
improved science and a focus on high risk problems. This budget request provides
the resources necessary to continue to make progress in environmental protection.
In 1995 the Agency will emphasize a new policy agenda throughout its
programs. Highlights include the reorganization of the Offici of Enforcement and
contractor conversion to reduce the Agency's reliance on contractors in certain
key areas.
Office of Enforcement reorganization
Headquarters enforcement functions are now being organized under the Office
of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA) for fiscal years 1994 and 1995 and
beyond. Final regional enforcement program decisions for the OECA reorganization
have not yet been completed; therefore the regional components remain the same
as those included the FY 1994 President's budget. The new enforcement framework
fundamentally reorients the Agency's enforcement program by: placing greater
emphasis on multi-media, whole facility approaches to enforcement; addressing
compliance problems that pervade certain sectors of the regulated community;
improving the targeting of enforcement resources, particularly for eco-system
protection and geographic initiatives; and, building the capacity of State, local
and tribal enforcement authorities. In 1995, the President's Budget requests
$461 million and 4268 workyears for the enforcement function. Within this
amount, $72.5 million and 329 workyears have been shifted from media headquarters
program offices into OECA.
Contractor Conversion
Over the past few years, EPA has become increasingly concerned with its
growing-dependence on contract support for many of its critical activities. This
view has also been shared by many outside the Agency. Afier taking a hard look
at the level of contract support provided, EPA is requesting a major shift in the
mix of contract to workforce funding in FY 1995. This request is part of the
Agency's Contract Reform Initiative and is also in response to the Vice
Presidents' National Performance Review recommendations on improving contracts
management.
For FY 1995, EPA requests a shift in the mix of contract and workforce
resources to address its growing over reliance on contract support. EPA proposes
a total reduction in contract funding of $64,644,000 and a commensurate total
increase in workforce funding of $64,664,000 with 900 workyears. This
represents, from the 1994 current estimate, a reduction in contract funding of:
(a) $18,865,000 in the Research and Development appropriation; (b) $25,747,200
in the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation; (c) $17,855,000 in the
Superfund appropriation; (d) $2,176,800 in the Oil Spills Response appropriation.
Correspondingly, it represents an increase in workforce funding of: (a)
1-2
-------
$44,612,200 in the Program and Research Operations appropriation to fund an
additional 620 workyears; (b) $17,855,000 to the Superfund appropriation to fund
an additional 250 workyears; and (c) $2,176,800 to the Oil Spills Response
appropriation workforce budget object class to fund an additional 30 workyears.
This proposal comes with an high degree of support by the Administration,
especially given other Administration initiatives to reduce the size of the
Federal workforce. This "contract conversion" proposal signifies the seriousness
o± the Administration to improve the EPA's abilities to meet its statutory
environmental mandates with in-house expertise. Given that this proposal will be
budget neutral by shifting resources previously used for contracts to the
workforce, it should prove to be a better approach in defining the most effective
mix of contract to in-house resources for EPA.
The Agency will work tirelessly to achieve full use of the 900 contractor
conversion workyears in FY 1995. This will require a massive effort by many
parts of the Agency. In the event that in FY 1995 we fall slightly below our
goal, we are requesting transfer authority from the Program and Research
Operations account to the Abatement, Control, and Compliance and Research and
Development accounts and a waiver from the personnel, ccfc^ensation and benefits
object class floors in the Superfund and Oil Spills Response accounts. These
measures will ensure that all funds are used and no work interruptions occur.
The following briefly describes the 1995 request, the purpose and the major
changes from the Agency's 1994 estimates for each of EPA's appropriations.
PROGRAM AND RESEARCH OPERATIONS
The Agency's 1995 request of $963,255,000 represents an increase of
$112,630,000 over the 1994 current estimate for Program and Research Operations.
This year, this appropriation finances salaries and travel associated with
administering the' opera, zing programs within the Agency. It incorporates
personnel, compensation and benefit costs and travel. The increase ensures that
the Agency "fully funds" the workforce and provides funding for contractor
conversion.
OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL
The Agency requests a total of $45,194,000 for the Office of the Inspector
General (OIG). The request is broken out by appropriation account as follows: DIG
general appropriation $29,141,000 of which $26,346,900 is for the program and
$2,794,100 is for support costs; Hazardous Substance Trust Fund appropriation
$15,384,000 of which $13,889,400 is for the program and $1,494,600 is for support
costs; and Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST) Trust Fund appropriation
$669,000 of which $596,000 is for the program and $73,000 is for support costs.
The OIG is responsible for conducting audits and investigations of EPA's
programs and administrative and financial activities to ensure that programs are
delivered in an effective, efficient, and economical manner and in compliance
with applicable laws and regulations. OIG audits and investigations assist the
1-3
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Agency in identifying areas where improvements can significantly contribute to
EPA fulfilling its complex mission. The DIG will continue to focus its Superfund
and LUST resources on financial and performance audits and investigations,
particularly in the area of procurement and acquisition management, including
contracts, grants, and cooperative and interagency agreements.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
For 1995, EPA is requesting $363,860,000 for the Research and Development
appropriation, an increase of $25,159,000 over the 1994 current estimate. This
appropriation finances research contracts, grants and agreements with
universities and private industry, as well as in-house activities, to produce the
scientific knowledge and technologies necessary for regulating, preventing and
abating research.
The Agency's 1995 Budget Request for research and development increases
reflect the Agency's commitment to developing a sound scientific basis for
understanding ecosystem protection through monitoring, assessment and targeted
geographic approaches. These enhancements address demands for innovative
environmental technology at home and abroad; closing the information gap on human
exposure to environmental pollutants; and researching the toxic effects of
pesticides on children. Additionally, the Agency is dedicating increased
resources to air quality research in the areas of tropospheric ozone and
particulate matter. Finally, resources are "e urst id for, the purchase of a
supercomputer and high speed communications data link.
ABATEMENT. CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE
The Agency is requesting $1,527,632,000 for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation, an increase of $175,097,000 over the 1994 current
estimate. This appropriation funds contracts, grants, cooperative agreements for
pollution abatement, control and compliance activities, and administrative
activities of the operating programs. The 1995 request includes resources to
implement the President's Climate Change Action Plan, the environmental side
agreements to the No^ -*i American Free Trade Agreement including funding for the
newly established Commission on Environmental Cooperation, EPA's share of the
full U.S. payment to the Montreal Protocol Facilitation Fund, Emergency Planning
and Community right to know and other strategic investments that will result in
significant environmental returns.
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
The Agency is requesting $43,870,000 for the Buildings and Facilities
appropriation to correct deficiencies in facilities infrastructure. This
represents an increase of $25,870,000 above the FY 1994 current estimate. EPA's
ongoing and proposed new construction will be managed through desigr and
construction phases. Included in these plans are the site preparation and
Phase I construction of a new government-owned science center to replace the
existing Central Regional Laboratory in Annapolis, MD and Office of Pesticide
Programs Laboratory in Beltsville, MD and build-out of associated with new
Headquarters complex at and near the Federal Triangle site in Washington, DC.
Additionally, it will continue the repair and improvement and program at existing
laboratories and offices to ensure the health and safety of EPA employees.
1-4
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OIL SPILL RESPONSE
The 1995 President's Budget provides $23,475,000 for the Oil Spills
Response appropriation. This account, with its increase of $2,236,000 over 1994,
provides additional resources to support the review of Oil Pollution Act mandated
facility response plans for facilities that store petroleum. In order to provide
nationwide capability for containment and removal of releases that occur, the
1995 Oil Spills Response program will focus on preventing harmful releases of oil
into the environment, providing local and state response training drills, and
updating Area Contingency Plans across the country. The Agency will continue to
work with other federal and state agencies tb enforce compliance with the Oil
Pollution Act.
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE SUPERFUND
The President's 1995 Budget request of $1,499,692,000 for Superfund
represents an increase of $2,561,000 (including the IG Superfund amount) from the
1994 current estimate. Workyears for the Superfund program would increase to
4,376. Workforce increases are due to the major contractor conversion reform
initiative, of which 250 Federal workyears would go to Superfund. The Agency also
absorbed a reduction in Superfund workyears as a result of the government-wide
initiative to reduce the Federal workforce and sLreamline operations. The
Agency's Superfund budget includes $15.4 million for the Office of the Inspector
General, which was in a separate appropriation in 1994.
A priority of the Superfund Enforcement program is to continue to maximize
cleanup financing by those responsible for polluting. The Agency will place
special emphasis on monitoring existing settlements for compliance and reaching
settlements with small volume waste contributors at Superfund sites. The
Department of Justice will receive $32.2 million to ensure adequate support for
the Superfund caseload.
The Agency will fully implement in 1995 results of improvement initiatives
designed to streamline and expedite the cleanup process. The Agency's goal is
to achieve 650 completed cleanups at National Priority List sites by the year
2000. The Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model (SACM), focusing on streamlining
and accelerating cleanups, will continue in 1995. Specifically, SACM streamlines
the site assessment and remedy selection processes, increases the use of removal
authority to reduce risks quickly, and brings responsible parties into the
cleanup process sooner. The Administration is proposing legislation to reform
the Superfund program. Proposed reforms to the current liability system will
reduce litigation and related transaction costs for the private sector, enhance
the program's fairness, speed cleanups, and promote economic development.
Reforms to the existing remedy selection process will also reduce cleanup costs
without sacrificing human health or the environment. Because the Administration
was still finalizing jhe Superfund legislation reforms when the 1995 budget was
finalized, the current request does not reflect these reforms.
The Agency will work to ensure expeditious cleanup at closing military
bases, prior to their use by the private sector, pursuant to The Defense Base
Closure and Realignment Act of 1990. Funding to support additional workyears in
1994 and 1995 is provided through a reimbursable agreement with the Department
of Defense.
1-5
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LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS (LUST)
The Agency requests $76,685,000 in 1995 for the Leaking Underground Storage
Tank program. This represents an increase of 636,900 (including the IG LUST
amount). This appropriation supports an effective state and federal response
program for the prevention and remediation of releases from leaking underground
storage tanks containing petroleum. In 1995, the Agency continues to support
state and territory efforts to develop and implement comprehensive LUST programs
by providing Federal assistance through cooperative agreements, which comprise
85% of the total LUST budget. The Agency is continuing to emphasize an
enforcement strategy that focuses on finding responsible parties to finance
corrective actions. In 1995, the Agency will concentrate on assisting states in
developing new and innovative technologies for low-cost remediation.
WATER INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING
The 1995 budget request is $2,650,000,000 for Water Infrastructure
Financing. This request includes $1,600,000,000 for the Clean Water State
Revolving Fund, of which $21,500,000 will be set aside for grants authorized
under section 104 (b)(3) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act; $700,000,000
for Drinking Water State Revolving Funds, which requires authorizing legislation;
$150,000,000 for Mexican Border projects which includes $52,500,000 for
construction at the International Wastewater Treatment Plant to treat Tijuana
sewage that currently flows into the United States at San Diego; $50,000,000 for
U.S. colonias and an additional $47,500,000 for several other high priority
border wastewater projects; $100,000,000 for the construction of secondary
treatment for one or more cities with extraordinary secondary treatment needs and
high user charges; and $100,000,000 for non-point source grants.
1-6
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Appropriation
(dollars in thousands)
Actual
1993
President's
Budget
1994
Enacted
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Request
1995
Program and Research Operations
Budget Authority $827,607.0 $859,170.4 $850.625.0 $850,625.0 $963,255.0
Obligations 814,253.2 859,170.4 850,625.0 850,625.0 963.255.0
Outlays 875,200.0 880.982.0 861,021.0 861,021.0 959.082.0
Permanent Workyears 12,949.4 13,587.7 13,587.7 13,587.7 14,224.2
Total Workyears 13,510.3 13,587.7 13,587.7 13,587.7 14,224.2
Ofllce of Inspector General (General Funds')
Budget Authority $26,419.0 $28,246.3 $27,647.9 $27,647.9 . $29,141.0
Obligations 25,000.3 28.246.3 27,647.9 27,647.9 29,141.0
Outlays 21,775.0 27,629.0 27,211.0 27,211.0 28.775.0
Permanent Workyears 271.4 301.0 301.0 301.0 301.0
Total Workyears 273.0 301.0 301.0 301.0 301.0
Research and Development
Budget Authority $323,000.0 $353,565.0 $338,701.0 ' $338,701.0 $363,860.0
Obligations 317,229.9 353,565.0 338,701.0 338,701.0 363,860.0
Outlays 293,141.0 343,039.0 337,836.0 337,836.0 354,586.0
Abatement Control & Compliance
Budget Authority $1,337,215.0 $1,367,535.1 $1,352,535.0 $1,352,535.0 $1,527,632.0
Obligations 1,298,274.3 1,367,535.1 1,352,535.0 1,352,535.0 1,527,632.0
Outlays 1,256,395.0 1,365,541.0 1,343,578.0 1,343,578.0 1,433,057.0
BiillHIniT* and Facilities
Budget Authority $134,300.0 $18,000.0 $18,000.0 $18,000.0 $43,870.0
Obligations 53,203.6 18,000.0 18,000.0 18,000.0 43,870.0
Outlays 21,493.0 79,894.0 79,594.0 79,594.0 66,461.0
Oil SpID Response
Budget Authority $20,700.0 $21,239.0 $21,239.0 $21,239.0 $23,475.0
Obligations 18,503.8 21,239.0 $21,239.0 $21,239.0 $23,475.0
Outlays 6,222.0 19,155.0 19,430.0 19,430.0 21,650.0
Permanent Workyears 73.3 89.6 89.6 89.6 121.8
Total Workyears 77.5 89.6 89.6 89.6 121.8
Asbestos Loan Program
Budget Authority $31,225.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0
Obligations 26,776.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Outlays 9,731.0 18,524.0 17,192.0 17,192.0 8,941.0
Hazardous Substance Supcrftmd
Budget Authority $1,573,528.0 $1,496,400.0 $1,480,853.0 $1,480,853.0 $1,499,692.0
Obligations 1,639,566.2 1,496,400.0 1,480,853.0 1,480,853.0 1,499,692.0
Outlays 1,407,031.0 1,598,724.0 1,597,944.0 1,597,944.0 1,585,979.0
Permanent Workyears 3,451.7 3,597.4 3,597.4 3,597.4 3,761.9
Total Workyears 3,589.7 3,597.4 3,597.4 3,597.4 3,761.9
1-7
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Appropriation
(dollars in thousands)
Actual
1993
President's
Budget
1994
Enacted
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Request
1995
L.U.S.T Trust Fund
Budget Authority $83,000.0 $75,379.0 $75,379.0 $75,379.0 $76,685.0
Obligations 74,439.7 75,379.0 75,379.0 75,379.0 76,685.0
Outlays 79,606.0 75,315.0 77.589.0 77.589.0 76.909.0
Permanent Workyears 81.7 96.1 96.1 96.1 95.1
Total Workyears 84.7 96.1 96.1 %.l 95.1
Office of Inspector General - Superftmd
Budget Authority $15,770.0 $16,278.6 $16,278.0 $16,278.0 - $0.0
Obligations 13,353.5 16,278.6 16,278.0 16,278.0 0.0
Outlays 11,039.0 15,914.0 15,3?'. 15,337.0 0.0
Permanent Workyears 101.6 154.5 154.5 154.5 143.5
Total Workyears 102.2 154.5 154.5 154.5 143.5
Office of Inspector General - L.U.S.T.
Budget Authority $610.0 $669.1 $669.1 ' $669.1 $0.0
Obligations 398.7 669.1 669.1 669.1 0.0
Outlays 427.0 621.0 621.0 621.0 0.0
Permanent Workyears 3.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5
Total Workyears 3.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5
Water Infrastructure Financing
Budget Authority ' 2,5.0,C O.C $2,127,000.0 $2,477,000.0 $2,477,000.0 $2,650,000.0
Obligations 2,600,690.2 2,127,000.0 2,477,000.0 2,477,000.0 2,650,000.0
Outlays 2,129,558.0 2,588,971.0 2,385,047.0 2,385,047.0 2,388,663.0
Tolerances Revolving Fund
Obligations $1,526.0 $1,400.0 $1,500.0 $1,500.0 $1,500.0
Outlays (489.0) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Miscellaneous Contributed Funds
Obligations $4.0 $10.0 $10.0 $10.0 $10.0
Outlays 0.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
Reregistration & Expedited
Processing Revolving Fund - FIFRA
Obligations $15,574.0 $15,650.0 $15,650.0 $15,650.0 $9,290.0
Outlays 4,148.0 1,357.0 1,684.0 1,684.0 (289.0)
Permanent Workyears 183.8 206.0 206.0 206.0 204.0
Total Workyears! 191.9 206.0 206.0 206.0 2040
Asbestos in Schools Fund
Outlays $5,684.0 $4,000.0 $10,532.0 $10,532.0 $1.5640
1-8
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Appropriation
(dollars in thousands)
Actual
1993
President's
Budget
1994
Enacted
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Request
1995
Reimbursements - PRO
Obligations $8,661.0 $25,000.0 $25,000.0 $25.000.0 $25,000.0
Permanent Workyears 100.1 110.0 110.0 110.0 88.0
Total Workyears 102.5 110.0 110.0 110.0 88.0
Reimbursements - Superfund
Obligations $23.980.0 $30,000.0 $60,000.0 $60,000.0 $60,000.0
Permanent Workyears 8.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Total Workyears 8.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Reimbursements - R&D
Obligations $14,412.0 $25,000.0 $30,000.0 $30.000.0 $30,000.0
Reimbursements - AC&C
Obligations $23,371.0 $50,000.0 $60,000.0 $60,000.0 $60,000.0
Reimbursements - Oil Spill Response
Obligations $0.0 $0.0 $1,500.0 $1,500.0 $1,500.0
Reimbursements • IG
Obligations • $300.0 $0.0 $300.0 $300.0 $300.0
Pesticides Registration Fees
(Receipts requiring Approp Action1)
Budget Authority ,, $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 ($15,000.0)
Outlays 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (15,000.0)
Allocation Accounts
Permanent Workyears 408.0 375.0 375.0 375.0 371.0
Total Workyears 408.0 375.0 375.0 375.0 371.0
TOTAL. EPA
Budget Authority $6,923,374.0 $6,363,482.5 $6,658,927.0 $6,658,927.0 $7,162,610.0
Obligations 6,969,517.9 6,510,542.5 6,852,887.0 6,852,887.0 7,365,210.0
Outlays 6,120,961.0 7,019,676.0 6,774,626.0 6,774,626.0 6,9'0 188.0
Permanent Workyears 17,632.1 18,624.8 18,624.8 18,624.8 19,418.0
Total Workyears 18,350.9 18,624.8 18,624.8 18,624.8 19,418.0
1-9
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1-10
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyean
By Media
(dollars in thousands)
Actual
1993
President's
Budget
1994
Enacted
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Air
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays.
Permanent Woricyears....
Total Woricyears
$517,234.0
510,029.8
503,755.0
2,169.2
2,260.1
$551,674.8
551,674.8
552,118.2
2,301.5
2,301.5
$525,429.9
525,429.9
521,243.0
2,301.5
2,301.5
$529,384.2
529,384.2
518,517.6
2^09.5
2^09.5
$606,480.8
606,480.8
582,944.9
2,249.8
2,249.8
Radiation
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays.
Permanent Woricyears..
Total Woricyears.
$34,591.0
37,183.5
37,845.1
217.4
223.4
$35,348.5
35,348.5
35,675.0
209.7
209.7
$33,536.6
33,536.6
33,524.1
209.7
209.7
$32,597.3
32,597.3
32,163.2
227.1
227.1
$46,914.8
46,914.8
45,193.5
234.7
234.7
Water Quality
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Woricyears..,
Total Woricyears
$489,641.3
477,959.0
429,648.7
2,198.0
2,291.6
$464,403.2
464,403.2
441,977.2
2,206.9
2,206.9
$470,467.2
470,467.2
444,837.2
2,206.9
2,206.9
$464,459.0
' 464,459.0
439,183.9
2,170.8
2,170.8
$496,030.0
496,030.0
462,874.3
2,068.4
2,068.4
Drinking Water
Budget Authority.
Obligations
Outlays.
Permanent Woricyears...
Total Woricyears
$149,557.5
142,867.8
147,896.4
'35.7
768.6
$143,849.8
143,849.8
144,707.2
768.0
768.0
$154,726.9
154,726.9
152,575.6
768.0
768.0
$152,000.2
152,000.2
150,347.8
756.2
756.2
$146,061.0
146,061.0
143,976.2
765.2
765.2
Water Infrastructure Financing
Budget Authority. $2,500,000.0 $2,047,000.0 $2,397,000.0 $2,397,000.0 $2,550,000.0
Obligations...- 2,552,114.0 2,047,000.0 2,397,000.0 2,397,000.0 2,550,000.0
Outlays 2,104,058.0 2,534,171.0 2,330,247.0 2,330,247.0 2,309,263.0
Pesticides
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Woricyears...
Total Woricyears
$122,530.6
119,952.6
120,351.3
867.5
891.9
$124,415.5
124,415.5
125,476.7
866.9
866.9
$123,533.8
123,533.8
123,255.4
866.9
866.9
$117,639.0
117,639.0
118,655.7
826.7
826.7
$103,537.5
103,537.5
102,544.4
799.4
799.4
Toric Substances
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Woricyears...
Total Woricyears
$154,787.0
148,973.7
146,118.0
821.7
852.6
$139,077.2
139,077.2
158,505.4
841.9
841.9
$141,178.7
141,178.7
159,664.9
841.9
841.9
$133,977.7
133,977.7
151,708.5
793.6
793.6
$129,479.7
129,479.7
133,573.4
771.5
771.5
1-11
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyean
By Media
(dollar* in thousands)
Actual
1993
President's
Budget
1994
Enacted
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Hazardous Waste
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears
$323,073.1
306,270.6
325,850.9
1,518.6
1,594.4
$320,463.1
320,463.1
322,161.9
1,601.2
1,601.2
$306,441.7
306,441.7
304,617.3
1,601.2
1,601.2
$291,012.5
291,012.5
295,604.3
1,533.9
.,533.9
$321,177.7
321,177.7
311,379.5
1,479.3
1,479.3
Multimedia
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears
$256,681.9
254,537.0
218,772.3
925.5
975.0
$322,009.6
322,009.6
315,994.4
1,094.9
1,094.9
$321,286.7
321,286.7
322,514.0
1,094.9
1,094.9
$361,511.1
361,511.1
362,170.6
1,384.3
1,384.3
$459,352.1
459,352.1
437,278.5
1,518.8
1,518.8
Management and Support
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
$568,071.2
550,840.2
549,414.6
3,267.3
3,429.2
$587,275.0
587,275.0
593,899.0
3,434.7
3,434.7
$572,907.5
$572,907.5
$579,406.5
3,434.7
3,434.7
$566,927.3
$566,927.3
$562,945.3
3,423.6
3,423.6
674,854.5
674,854.5
$644,076.3
3,463.1
3,463.1
Buildings and Facilities
Budget Authority
Outlays
$134,300.0
53,203.6
21,493.1
$18,000.0
18,000.0
79,894.0
$18,000.0
18,000.0
79,594.0
$18,000.0
18,000.0
79,594.0
$43,870.0
43,870.0
66,461.0
Hazardous Substance Snperftuid
Budget Authority $1,589,298.0 $1,512,678.0 $1,497,131.6 $1,497,131.6 $1,499,692.0
Obligations 1,652,919.7 1,512,678.0 1,497,131.6 1,497,131.6 1,499,692.0
Outlays _ 1,426,207.2 1,614,664.4 1,613,281.0 1,623,213.9 1,585,979.0
Permanent Workyears 3,472.2 3,668.9 3,668.9 3,668.9 3,573,4
Total Workyears 3,610.9 3,668.9 3,668.9 3,668.9 3,573.4
L.U.S.T.
Budget Authority.
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears
$83,610.0
74,838.4
80,206.5
82.5
85.7
$76,048.1
76,048.1
75,909.6
100.6
100.6
$76,048.1
76,048.1
78,210.0
100.6
100.6
$76,048.1
76,048.1
78,618.2
100.6
100.6
$76,685.0
76,685.0
76,909.0
99.6
99.6
OU Spill Response
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
$21,239.0
21,2390
19,155.0
876
87.6
$21,239.0
21,239.0
19,430.0
87.6
87.6
$21,239.0
21,239.0
19,430.0
87.6
87.6
$23,475 0
23,475.0
21,650.0
89.8
898
1-1°.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Media
(dollars in thousands)
Tolerances Revolving Fund
Obligations
Outlays
Miscellaneous Contributed Funds
Obligations
Outlays. ... .
Reregistration & EipedJted
Processing Revolving Fund - FIFRA
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears .
Asbestos In Schools Fund
Outlays.
Reimbursements - PRO
Obligations
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears . . .
Reimbursements - Superfond
Obligations
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Reimbursements - IG
Obligations
Reimbursements -RAO
Obligations
Reimbursements - AC&C
Obligations
Reimbursements - Oil Spill Response
Obligations.. .
Pesticides Registration Fees
•Receipts requiring Approp Action)
Actual
1993
$1,526.0
' (489.0)
$4.0
0.0
$15,574.0
4,148.0
183.8
191.9
$5,684.0
$8,661.0
94.1
96.5
$23,980.0
8.1
8.1
$300.0
$14,412.0
$23,371.0
$0.0
President's
Budget
1994
$1,400.0
0.0
$10.0
10.0
$15,650.0
1,357.0
206.0
206.0
$4,000.0
$25,000.0
100.0
100.0
$30,000.0
100.0
100.0
$0.0
$25,000.0
$50,000.0
to n
Jkl/.U
Enacted
1994
$1,500.0
0.0
$10.0
10.0
$15,650.0
1,684.0
.1
206.0
206.0
$10,532.0
$25,000.0
100.0
100.0
$60,000.0
100.0
100.0
$300.0
$30,000.0
$60,000.0
ti
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Media
(dollars in thousands)
Actual
1993
President's
Budget
1994
Enacted
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Request
1995
Contractor Conversion
Permanent Workyears C.O 0.0 O.C 0.0 900.0
Total Workyears 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 900.0
Non-Celling FTE
Permanent Workyears 663.0 661.0 661.0 661.0 651.0
Total Workyears 663.0 661.0 661.0 661.0 651.0
Allocation Accounts
Permanent Workyears 408.0 375.0 375.0 375.0 371.0
Total Workyears 408.0 375.0 375.0 375.0 371.0
TOTAL. EPA
Budget Authority $6,923,374.0 $6.363.482.5 $6,658,927.0 $6,658,927.0 $7,162,610.0
Obligations 6,969,517.9 6,510,542.5 6,852,887.0 6,852,887.0 7,365,210.0
Outlays 6,120,961.0 7,019,676.0 j,T «,6 5.0 6,774,626.0 6,910,388.0
Permanent Workyears 17,632.1 18,624.8 18,624.8 18,624.8 19,418.0
Total Workyears 18,350.9 18,624.8 18,624.8 18,624.8 19,418.0
1-14
-------
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FUNCTION
Changes in Programmatic Emphasis
The EPA's research and development program supports the Agency's statutory
and regulatory responsibilities to protect human health and the environment. The
1995 budget will continue to emphasize high priority areas such as environmental
technology, long-term research on integrated ecosystem management, and research
investigating human health risks and the environment.
Significant changes to the research reflect specific increases to support
the President's Environmental Technology Initiative, the National Human Health
Exposure Assessment Survey, research on PM10 and Tropospheric Ozone, Ecosystems
Protection research, the National Science and Technology Council's High
Performance Computing and Communications program, and the Agency's support for
research on the U.S./Mexico Border. In addition, a substantial portion of the
Acid Deposition program will be shifted into the Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment Program (EMAP) as part of the transition to integrated Ecosystems
Protection research.
The 1995 Budget Request also reflects ORD's support for several government-
wide programs, such as the 2% set-aside of Research aiid Development Appropriation
(R&D) resources to support the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program.
Changes to the Program and Research Operations Appropriation (PRO) reflect the
President's initiative to reduce the size of the Federal workforce and the cost
of government, and the reallocation of existing research functions and workforce
costs to provide greater accuracy in accounting for and planning workforce usage.
The funding of these priorities has resulted in increases to the Multimedia and
Pesticides Media. Funding for the Air, Water Quality, Hazardous Waste and Toxic
Substances has decreased.
Justification of Increases Across the Media
A summary of the 1995 changes in each media in the Research Function
follows:
Air Research
For Air Research, the total request is $116,326,100 and 398.2 workyears,
a reduction of $11,380,600 and 54.6 workyears. This includes a base redirection
of resources from acid deposition monitoring research to the Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP). While the resources will be redirected
into EMAP, the originally planned research will still occur and will benefit the
acid deposition program. The remainder of the Acid Deposition resources will be
eliminated. In addition, a shift in resources within Criteria Air, Air Toxics
and other non-Air Quality research areas will go to support increased research
in the areas of Tropospheric Ozone and Particulate Matter. Reductions will also
be made in the Global Climate Change and Stratospheric Ozone mitigation programs.
Water Quality Research
In Water Quality Research, the total request is $25,238,600 and 158.9
workyears, a reduction of $4,106,800 and 55.3 workyears. The decrease in
workyears represents a reallocation of existing research functions and work
1-15
-------
costs, and reflects the government-wide mandate to support the Small Business
Innovative Research (SBIR) program and to reduce the federal workforce. Funding
associated with the workyear reduction totals $3.3 million. In 1995, several
issue areas within Water Quality will be consolidated into the new Ecosystems
Protection research issue, reflecting a shift but not a reduction to existing
research functions. The Agency will integrate its research efforts under
Ecosystems Protection which emphasizes the need to study natural systems using
an integrated ecological and geographically focused management approach.
Drinking Water Research
The Drinking Water Research request is $18,849,300 and 150.7 vorkyears, a
reduction of $730,500 and 6.9 workyears. The reduction in workyears represents
a reallocation of existing research functions and workforce as well as a
reflection of the government-wide mandate to reduce the federal workforce. EPA
will initiate a long-term research program to address concerns about alternative
disinfectant processes and microbial risks, so that supportable regulations can
be promulgated. Emphasis in the research program will shift toward disinfectant
by-products and microbes with specific focus on supporting the disinfectant rule,
information collection and interim standards.
Hazardous Waste Research
For Hazardous Waste Research, the total request is $28,579,100 and 170.7
workyears, a reduction of $3,392,000 and 31.0 workyears primarily in municipal
solid waste. Ecosystem Protection will be scaled from a national focus to
include effects to hazardous waste on specific representative watershed areas.
Surface Cleanup research will support waste site characterization and RCRA
corrective actions. Bioremediation research continues on the use of micro-
organisms in the cleanup of hazardous wastes.
Pesticides Research
In Pesticides Reserr-h *"he total request is $15,623,300 and 85.0
workyears, an increase of $1,288,300 and a decrease of 4.0 workyears. The Agency
will increase human exposure research efforts to address the toxics effects of
pesticides on children. Research emphasis will be on predicting the total human
exposure from multiple pathways and methods to monitor inhalation. Health
effects "research will focus on neurogenerative diseases and their association to
pesticides. The Agency will complete a biotechnology demonstration on degrading
trichlorethylene in groundwater.
Radiation Research
Radiation research is reduced 0.6 workyears to 58.9 workyears due to the
Government-wide workforce reduction. These scientific support staff provide
irfrr^.ation needed by policymakers on the control of exposure of the public to
radioactive materials resulting from testing and manufacture of nuclear
materials.
1-16
-------
Multimedia Research
The Multimedia Research request is $272,015,300 and 457.2 workyears, an
increase of $60,505,500 and 145.2 workyears. The Multimedia program consists of
activities that promote an integrated approach to environmental problems and that
provide cross-media support to Agency programs. Increases are for the
President's Environmental Technology Initiative, the National Human Exposure
Assessment Survey, ecosystems research, SBIR, High Performance Computing and
Communications, and research in support of the US/Mexico Border project. The
increase in workyears represents the reallocation of existing research functions
and workforce costs to provide greater accuracy in accounting and planning for
workforce usage, as well as workyears in support of the above mentioned programs.
Toxic Substances Research
The Toxic Substances Research request is $22,967,900 and 124.0 workyears,
a reduction of $2,222,100 and 21.7 workyears. Resources are reallocated to
address higher priority research, with reductions in Lead and Other Heavy Metals
Research. There is also a shift of Air Toxics research to the Air Media to
correlate, more directly, research benefits with the Air program.
Leaking Underground Storage Tank Research
For LUST Research, the total request is $777,700 and 1.9 workyears, an
increase of $25,900. This increase reflects minor administrative adjustments to
existing research functions and workforce costs.
Superfund Research
In Hazardous Substances Research, the total request is $61,429,300 and
130.1 workyears, a reduction of $2,342,800 and 3.2 workyears. The reduction
results from not sustaining Congressional earmarks from 1994 partially offset by
an increase in technical support for surface cleanup. Workyear reductions
reflect the government-wide initiative to reduce the size and cost of government
and internal realignments supporting new priorities. Research continues to
directly support the Superfund program. In Surface Cleanup research for
Superfund Innovative Technologies Evaluation (SITE) program, research continues
on evaluating new cleanup technologies, including their equipment,
appropriateness and costs. Bioremediation research emphasis is on the efficacy
of micro-organisms in cleanup, their containment and costs.
Oil Spills Research
The total request for Oil Spills research is $2,079,900 and 1.0 workyear,
an increase of $9,200. This increase reflects minor administrative adjustments
to existing research functions and workforce costs.
1-17
-------
1-18
-------
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL FUNCTION
Changes in Programmatic Emphasis
Funding for the Abatement and Control function has increased in the FY 1995
President's Budget over FY 1994 levels. While the additional funding impacts a
number of different media, the major increases are a result of funding for the
President's initiatives, such as Global Climate, wetlands, and Watershed Resource
Restoration. Most program levels have not changed significantly over FY 1994
levels; however, the funding of these priority initiatives have resulted in
increases to the Air, Water Quality, Hazardous Waste, and Radiation media. The
Drinking Water media is the only media with a significant decrease.
Justification of Increases Across the Media
The Air media increase reflects additional resources for a number of
initiatives: addressing global warming ($18.6 million), implementing the
Montreal Protocol ($14.0 million), and expanding funding for priorities that
include Clean Air Act activities and Environmental Technology ($54.1 million).
Under the President's Climate Change National Action Plan, EPA will play a major
role in implementing programs to significantly reduce emissions of greenhouse
gases by the year 2000. EPA hopes to build on the successes of programs such as
the Green Lights and Energy Star Programs to help tne country become more energy
efficient. The Montreal Protocol agreement was signed to protect the
stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production of substances which
chemically react in the atmosphere and deplete the ozone layer. EPA's
contribution to the Protocol's Multilateral Facilitation Fund helps to support
the efforts of developing nations to phase-out these chemicals. EPA's share of
financing to the Multilateral fund, along with State Department funds, will meet
the second year of a three-year U.S. commitment.
The Water Quality media increase reflects resources for two initiatives:
the Administration's wetlands plan ($5.0 million) and Watershed Resource
Restoration grants (C^Q.O million). Additional funding for Wetlands is part of
the increased investment in the comprehensive Federal wetlands plan to protect
natural resources. Extra resources are requested for Watershed Resource
Restoration grants, which are part of the President's continued commitment to
help states address non-point source pollution.
The Hazardous Waste media increase can be attributed to several major
initiatives included in the 1995 President's Budget. These initiatives include
the incorporation of pollution prevention incentives into current and future
regulations ($2.0 million). For example, the promulgation of the Hazardous Waste
Identification rule will allow certain low-risk wastes to be excluded from RCRA
regulations, promote recycling and reduce toxic materials. Another initiative
is the Agency's waste minimization and combustion strategy ($9.5 million). In
this area, the Agency will be improving technical controls, expanding public
participation opportunities and including waste minimization goals. Increases
are also requested for state grants for permitting and compliance activities,
particularly for combustion facilities as well as corrective actions ($6.8
million).
1-19
-------
The Radiation media increase is primarily the result of two initiatives:
activities associated with the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) ($6.9 million)
and the establishment of standards for radioactive waste clean-up and waste
management ($4.0 million). As part of EPA's tasks associated with WIPP, the
Agency will evaluate quality assurance and quality control procedures of
radioactive waste at the disposal site in New Mexico. The establishment of
standards for radioactive waste is part of EPA's effort to take over funding of
this activity from the Department of Energy.
The Drinking Water media decrease is the result of discontinuing FY 1994
Congressional Adds. The Congressional Adds were not sustained for activities
such as public water system supervision grants and rural water assistance. The
public water system supervision grants were sustained at the 1993 enacted level.
The rural water assistance activities decrease leflects the Agency's effort to
achieve maximum leverage with limited resources and the belief that the recipient
organizations can and should secure additional funding through organizational
dues, training fees and other mechanisms.
1-20
-------
ENFORCEMENT FUNCTION
Changes in Programmatic Emphasis
Pollution Prosecution Act (PPA)
The 1995 budget provides for a redirection of resources to the Pollution
Prosecution Act (PPA) program as well as new Agency investment
in the program. This investment will allow EPA to continue to meet the criminal
investigator requirements of the Pollution Prosecution Act and pursue civil and
criminal cases against corporations and individuals who violate environmental
laws.
Office of Enforcement Reorganization
Office of Enforcement Reorganization is the Agency's first major effort in
improving organizational efficiency under the Clinton Administration. The Agency
completed our new strategic enforcement plans of EPA by October, 1993. We used
an open and participatory approach involving our customers both within and
outside the Agency to arrive at our new framework. The final plan provides an
integrated targeted approach to environmental enforcement, increases efficiency
by eliminating duplication of effort, and achieves uniformity in enforcement
policy and decisionmaking. The Agency reallocated $72,500,900 and 329.1
workyears in 1995 from media Headquarters enforcement programs to implement this
important reorganization.
The funding of these priorities has resulted in increases to the
Multimedia, Superfund, Hazardous Waste, Water Quality and Air media. The funding
for the Pesticides and Toxic Substances media has decreased.
Justification of Increases Across the Media
In 1995, the President's Budget requests $461,038,800 and 4,268 workyears
for the Enforcement function. The new strategic enforcement organization for EPA
is reflected in the 1995 President's Budget. Headquarters enforcement functions
•are now being organized under the Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance
(OECA) for 1994 and 1995. Final regional enforcement programs decisions for the
OECA reorganization have not yet been completed, therefore the regional
components remain in the same structure as prior years.
Drinking Water
The Drinking Water enforcement request is a total of $6,108,700 and 104.5
workyears, an increase of $854,600 and 9.0 workyears from 1994. The dollars will
support increased personnel costs and the new workyears will provide for increase
support for enforcement of the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) and the Lead
and Copper rule.
Water Quality
The Water Quality enforcement request is a total of $49,499,500 supported
by 691.3 total workyears for 1995, an increase of $3,772,100 and decrease of 11.7
1-21
-------
workyears from 1994. The decrease in total workyears results from both
disinvestments and investments within the enforcement program. As part of the
watershed approach, the Agency is disinvesting in enforcement actions against
facilities outside of priority watersheds, as well as combining pretreatment
audits and inspections into multi-media faceted National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) inspections. Investment will be made in enforcement
actions in priority watersheds, with an emphasis on wet weather sources. This
shift will allow for more enforcement attention to high priority watersheds,
environmental justice and pollution prevention settlement opportunities.
Air
The Air enforcement request is a total of $20,772,500 supported by 315.1
workyears for 1995, an increase of $1,409,700 and a decrease of 0.5 workyears
from 1994. EPA will continue to explore opportunities to solve significant
multimedia environmental problems when addressing violating sources.- Regions
also continue analyses of major sources of pollution and their compliance
practices. The Regional Offices, jointly with headquarters, are examining risk
and compliance concerns and developing strategies to address them.
Hazardous Waste
The Hazardous Waste enforcement request is a total of $58,543,900 supported
by 508.2 workyears, an increase of $7,891,700 and a decrease of 8.6 workyears.
The increase is due to the combustion enforcement and corrective action
stabilization programs and full funding of the workforce. The decrease in
workyears is related to the overall reduction in the Federal workforce.
Pesticides
The Pesticides enforcement request is a total of $5,709,900 and 92.4
workyears, all of which is for the Program, Research and Operations
appropriation. This represents a decrease of $15,168,000 and 3.6 workyears over
1994. The decrease of workyears represents a 1.6 base reduction and 2.0 that
previously directed the State of Nebraska pesticides enforcement activities.
Regions will continue to coordinate training to ensure that the statutes are
properly enforced and cases are properly developed. The dollar decrease is a
result of a transfer of these funds due to the reorganization of enforcement
resources.
Toxics
The Toxic enforcement request is a total of $9,638,600 and 152.0 workyears,
an increase represents a decrease of $4,030,400 and an increase of 1.0 workyear.
The workyear increase represents the Regional workyear to implement the
enforcement for Title X of the Residential Lead-based Paint Hazard Reduction Act
of 1992. The decrease in dollars reflects the movement of all toxic substance
grant resources to the Multimedia function as a result of the reorganization of
enforcement resources.
Multimedia
The Multimedia enforcement request is a total of $121,005,800 and 897.1
1-22
-------
workyears. This represents an increase of $32,480,600 and 0.8 workyears. The
new enforcement framework fundamentally reorients the agency's enforcement
program by placing greater emphasis on multimedia, whole facility approaches to
enforcement, addressing compliance problems that pervade certain sectors of the
regulated community, improving the targeting of enforcement resources,
particularly for ecosystem protection and geographic initiatives, and building
the capacity of State, local and tribal enforcement authorities.
Regional legal enforcement program resources will continue responding to
environmental noncompliance with consistent, timely, and effective enforcement
actions. Regional legal resources will be used for administrative enforcement
actions, new and ongoing actions, particularly for ecosystem and geographic
protection and environmental justice cases. Pollution prevention and innovative
pollution control technology provisions will also be incorporated into final case
settlements.
Superfund
The Superfund enforcement request is a total of $187,964,800 and 1,499.6
workyears for the Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation. This represents
an increase of $13,135,100 and a decrease of 36.3 workyears over 1994. The
increase in dollars is due to full funding of the workforce in 1995. The
decrease in workyears is attributable to the overall reduction in the Federal
workforce. In 1995 funding support for negotiations with Potentially Responsible
Parties (PRPs) to obtain response actions consistent with the National
Contingency Plan. Where negotiations fail, the Agency will either take
unilateral enforcement actions or use Trust Fund dollars to remediate sites.
LUST
The LUST enforcement request is a total of $496,400 supported by 5.6
workyears. This r'epresei ts a- Increase of $131,200 and 0.2 workyears over 1994.
The increase in the Trust Fund reflects increased workforce costs. The increase
in total workyears reflects the restoration of a one time reduction to this
program in 1994.
Oil Spills
The Oil Spills enforcement request is a total of $1,299,700 and 2.0
workyears all of which will be for Oil Spills Liability Trust Fund. These
resources will illow the Agency to coordinate enforcement activities with other
federal and state governmental agencies.
1-23
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Function
(dollars in thousands)
Actual
1993
Enacted
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Request
1995
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Ajr
Budget Authority..
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$131,379.1
127,992.9
123,600.6
454.0
466.6
$127,581.1
127,581.1
127,793.0
454.6
454.6
$127,706.7
127,706.7
127,856.1
452.8
452.8
$116,326.0
116,326.0
111,414.9
398.2
398.2
Radiation
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$1,383.9
3,216.6
2,089.8
18.0
18.5
$0.0
0.0
0.0
u.iT
0.0
$0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
$0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Water Quality
Budget Authority..
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$31,301.0
30,328.0
27,086.6
212.6
227.4
$29,466.0
29,466.0
29,624.4
214.2
214.2
$29,345.4
29,345.4
29,495.0
214.2
214.2
$25,238.6
25,238.6
24,782.2
158.9
158.9
Drinking Water
Budget Authority..
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$19,858.3
19,307.2
20,697.2
164.0
170.5
$19,612.0
19,612.0
19,728.8
157.6
157.6
$19,579.8
19,579.8
19,696.2
157.6
157.6
$18,849.3
18,849.3
18,725.4
150.7
150.7
Pesticides
Budget Authority..
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$14,606.6
14,343.4
13,185.8
104.3
110.1
$14,424.3
14,424.3
14,484.7
89.0
89.0
$14,335.0
14,335.0
14,388.4
89.0
89.0
$15,623.3
15,623.3
15,231 0
85.0
85.0
Toric Substances
Budget Authority...
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workvears
$25,604.4
24,672.4
23,610.4
167.9
173.5
$25,419.6
25,419.6
25,514.8
148.7
148.7
$25,190.0
25,190.0
25,278.9
145.7
145.7
$22,967.9
22,967.9
22,360.1
124.0
124.0
1-25
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCV
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Function
(dollars in thousands)
Actual
1993
Enacted
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Request
1995
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT cont
Hazardous Waste
Budget Authority $42,707.3 $32,279.1 $31,971.1 $28,579.1
Obligations 40,522.4 3Z279.1 31,971.1 28,579.1
Outlays 40,830.7 32,427.6 32,103.9 27,987.5
Permanent Workyears 207.6 204.6 201.7 170.7
Total Workyears 215.3 204.6 201.7 170.7
Multimedia
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$165,358.2
163,886.3
143,399.1
187.5
195.4
$211,453.8
211,453.8
211,291.4
317.9
317.9
$211,509.8
211,509.8
211,284.2
312.0
312.0
$272,015.3
272,015.3
256,104.3
457.2
457.2
Hazardous Suostance Superfimd
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears.,
Total Workyears
$68,589.4
63,662.5
73,306.7
125.8
129.0
$62,614.6
62,614.6
68,214.0
131.7
131.7
$62,560.4
62,560.4
68,155.0
131.5
131.5
$59,872.0
59,872.0
63,316.7
128.4
128.4
L.U.S.T.
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$748.9
737.3
1,103.7
1.9
1.9
$751.8
751.8
780.0
1.9
1.9
$751.8
751.8
780.0
1.9
1.9
$777.7
777.7
779.9
1.9
1.9
OU Spffl Response
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
SO.O
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
$2,070.7
2,070.7
1,894.3
1.0
1.0
$2,070.7
2,070.7
1,894.3
1.0
1.0
$2,079.9
2,079.9
1,918.0
1.0
1.0
RAD TOTAL
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$501,537.1
488,669.0
468,910.6
1,643.6
1,708.2
$525,673.0
525,673.0
531,753.0
1,721.2
1,721.2
$525,020.7
525,020.7
530,932.0
1,707.4
1,707.4
$562.329.1
562,329.1
542,620.0
1,676.0
1,676.0
1-26
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyean
By Function
(dollars in thousands)
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Air
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays..
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Radiation
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays .
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Water Quality
Budget Authority
Dbligations .
Dutiays...
Permanent Workyears
fotal Workyears
Drinking Water
Sudget Authority
Dbligations
Dutlays
3ermanent Workyears
fetal Workyears
"estlddes
budget Authority..
Dbligations
Dutlays
'ermanent Workyears
fatal Workyears
'oik Substances
iudget Authority...
)bligations
)utlays
ermanent Workyears
otal Workvears
Actual
1993
$348 122 4
346 471 9
342,170 1
1 251 8
1 313 5
$33 207 1
33 9669
34611 3
1994
204 9
$406 493 6
446 897 9
348 207 5
1 2698
1 3170
$123 6694
118 210 8
1220527
4774
500 2
$81 871 9
79 Ql 1 1
81 41T 7
813 6
8346
tqi q?< t.
87 i en 7
83,380.6
210 8
217 <;
Enacted
1994
$358 373 8
358 373 8
353 484 0
1 3584
1 3584
$33 536 6
33 536 6
33 524 1
2097
2097
$389 258 9
389 258 9
169 Ri9 9
1 246 3
1 246 3
$128 450 7
1 9R 4Sfl 7
196 ifli 1
500 6
500 A
CQO 4c-i 7
QO AC1) -•
eo roe o
R45 9
JMC O
C71 0,J£ Q
71 OXA O
89,345.1
on* e
^n^ «.
Current
Estimate
1994
C1R9 1147
•jfio 014 7
771 n7fi n
1 441 1
1 441 1
C-7O o2,204.3
o2,204.3
ol,332.2
oZo.O
*oy,780.2
oy,780.2
75,836.9
iy2.o
1QO £.
1-27
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Function
(dollars in thousands)
Actual
1993
Enacted
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Request
1995
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL cont
Hazardous Waste
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$208,150.6
198,666.5
215,676.9
725.0
765.9
$204,228.7
204,228.7
201,373.7
752.4
752.4
$199,133.6
199,133.6
202,176.2
757.2
757.2
$223,932.1
223.932.1
216,557.9
741.1
741.1
Multimedia
Budget Authority..
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears
$40,427.0
38,885.4
26,392.7
155.0
162.4
$52,572.8
52,572.8
53,250.6
163.7
163.7
l?c "75.7
59.775.7
" 60,037.0
176.0
176.0
$63,344.2
63,344.2
58,659.4
164.5
164.5
L.U.S.T.
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$79,578.7
71,644.3
76,146.8
60.9
62.4
$72,033.8
72,033.8
74,739.2
65.3
65.3
$72,037.7
72,037.7
74,743.2
65.9
65.9
$72,359.1
72,359.1
72,570.6
65.6
65.6
Oil Splfl Response
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$700.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
$18,280.0
18,280.0
16,723.0
82.7
82.7
$17,113.1'
17,113.1
15,655.5
81.7
81.7
$19,246.4
19,246.4
17,750.1
83.9
83.9
A&C TOTAL
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$1,414,146.2
1,421,805.5
1,330,052.3
5,163.7
5,378.4
$1,410,435.9
1,410,435.9
1,393.998.8
5,429.8
5,429.8
$1,432,030.5
1,432,030.5
1,416,907.9
5,552.9
5,552.9
$1,589,558.2
1,589,558.2
1,524,132.7
5,573.1
5,573.1
1-28
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Function
(dollars in thousands)
Actual
1993
Enacted
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Request
1995
ENFORCEMENT
Air
Budget Authority..
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$37,732.5
35,565.0
37,984.3
463.4
480.0
$39.475.0
39,475.0
39.966.0
488.5
488.5
$19,362.8
19,362.8
19.585.5
315.6
315.6
$20,772.5
20,772.5
21,537.5
315.1
315.1
Water
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$51,846.7
50,733.1
54,354.6
715.6
747.2
$51,742.3
51,742.3
52,380.6
746.4
•7464
$45,727.4
45.727.4
46,297.3
703.0
703.0
$49.499.5
49,499.5
50,747.7
691.3
691.3
Drinking Water
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears
$6,029.8
5,349.8
5,146.5
93.8
97.9
$6,664.2
6,664.2
6,745.7
109.8
109.8
$5,254.1
5,254.1
5,317.7
95.5
95.5
$6,108.7
6,108.7
6,375.6
104.5
104.5
Pesticides
Budget Authority..
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$26,052.1
25,698.1
25,751.8
133.4
139.1
$26,655.8
26,655.8
26,144.9
138.7
138.7
$20,877.9
20,877.9
19,860.4
96.0
96.0
$5,709.9
5,709.9
5,961.2
92.4
92.4
Toric Substances
Budget Authority...
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$19,640.3
19,817.7
20,380.0
188.3
194.9
$19,407.1
19,407.1
19,376.9
190.3
190.3
$13,669.0
13,669.0
13,433.0
151.0
151.0
$9,638.6
9,638.6
10,059.7
152.0
152.0
Hazardous Waste
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$61,436.6
58,006.5
60,470.1
534.5
557.8
$60,395.7
60,395.7
61,156.3
585.4
585.4
$50,652.2
50,652.2
51,574.9
516.8
516.8
$58,543.9
58,543.9
57,163.8
508.2
508.2
1-29
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyean
By Function
(dollars in thousands)
Actual
1993
Enacted
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Request
1995
ENFORCEMENT cont
Multimedia
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$49,219.9
50,107.6
48,256.8
583.0
617.2
$55,309.7
55,309.7
55,996.1
613.3
613.3
$88,525.2
88,525.2
89,152.1
896.3
896.3
$121,005.8
121,005.8
119,827.4
897.1
897.1
Hazardous Substance Supertund
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
181,765.7
175,257.5
190,222.3
1,415.7
1,479.0
180,290.1
180,290.1
196,413.1
1,551.5'
1,551.5
174,829.7
174,829.7
190,464.2
1.535.9
1,535.9
187,964.8
187,964.8
198.779.8
1,499.6
1,499.6
L.U.S.T.
Budget Authority..
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$350.7
224.0
330.0
3.3
3.4
$403.9
403.9
419.1
5.7
5.7
$365.2
365.2
378.9
5.4
5.4
$496.4
496.4
497.8
5.6
5.6
Oil SplB Response
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears
$0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
$74.3
74.3
68.0
1.0
1.0
$1.269.5
1,269.5
1,161.4
2.0
2.0
$1.299.7
1,299.7
1,198.8
2.0
2.0
ENFORCEMENT TOTAL
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
$434,074.3
420,759.3
442,896.4
4,131.0
4,316.5
$440,418.1
440,418.1
458,666.7
4,430.6
4,430.6
$420,533.0
420,533.0
437,225.4
4,317.5
4,317.5
$461,039.8
461,039.8
472,149.3
4,267.8
4,267.8
1-30
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENC *'
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Function
(dollars at thousands)
Actual
1993
Enacted
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Woricyears....
Total Workyears
$699,809.0
679,161.4
673,763.8
3,934.8
4,117.9
$688,812.1
688,812.1
686,808.1
4,159.8
4,159.8
$684.724.2
684.724.2
682,746.7
4,147.7
4,147.7
$821,999.8
821,999.8
798,934.9
4,175.5
4,175.5
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
$134,300.0
53,203.6
21,493.0
$18,000.0
18,000.0
79,594.0
$18,000.0
18,000.0
79,594.0
$43,870.0
43,870.0
66,461.0
WATER INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING
Budget Authority $2,500,000.0 $2,397,000.0 $2,397,000.0 $2,550,000.0
Obligations 2,502,114.0 2,397,000.0 2,397,000.0 2,550,000.0
Outlays 2,104,058.0 2,330,247.0 2,330,247.0 2,309,263.0
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE
RESPONSE ACTION
Hazardous Waste
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears
Ttndc Substance*
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears
Su pel-fund
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears
$10,078.6
9,075.2
8,873.2
51.5
55.4
$17,616.8
17,332.9
18,747.0
70.9
74.8
$1,211.813.6
1,289,569.0
1,042,822.7
1,279.6
1.332.2
$9,538.2
9,538.2
9,659.7
58.8
58.8
$25,105.1
25,105.1
25,428.1
91.4
91.4
$1,143,945.3
1,143,945.3
1,246,244.6
1,291.2
1,291.2
$9,255.6
9,255.6
9,749.3
58.2
58.2
$25,038.9
25,038.9
25,072.2
91.4
91.4
$1.147,324.1
1,147,324.1
1,249,925.5
1,307.7
1,307.7
$10,122.6
10,122.6
9,670.3
59.3
59.3
$27,093.0
27,093.0
25,316.7
98.9
98.9
$1,111.597.4
1,111,597.4
1.175,555.1
1,262.4
1.262.4
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE
RESPONSE ACTION TOTAL
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$1,239,509.0
1,315,977.1
1,070,442.9
1,402.0
1,462.4
$1,178,588.6
1,178,588.6
1,281,332.4
1,441.4
1,441.4
$1,181,618.6
1,181,618.6
1,284,747.0
1,457.3
1,457.3
$1,148,813.0
1,148,813.0
1,210,542.1
1.420.6
1,420.6
1-31
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Function
(dollars in thousands)
OTHER
Tolerances Revolving Fund
Obligations
Outlays
Miscellaneous Contributed Funds
Obligations
Outlays
Reregfatratfon A Expedited
Processing Revolving Fund - FTFRA
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workvears
Actual
1993
$1,526.0
(489.0)
$4.0
0.0
$15,574.0
4,148.0
183.8
191.9
Enacted
1994
$1,500.0
0.0
$10.0
10.0
$15,650.0
1,684.0
206.0
206.0
Current
Estimate
1994
$1,500.0
0.0
$10.0
10.0
$15,650.0
1,684.0
206.0
206.0
Request
1995
$1,500.0
** 0.0
S10.0
10.0
$9,290.0
(289.0)
204.0
204.0
Asbestos in Schoob Fund
Outlays
$5,684.0
$10,532.0
$10,532.0
$1,564.0
Reimbursements - PRO
Obligations
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears
$8,661.0
94.1
96.5
$25,000.0
100.0
100.0
$25,000.0
100.0
100.0
$25,000.0
79.0
79.0
Reimbursements - Superftmd
Obligations
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears
$23,980.0
8.1
8.1
$60,000.0
100.0
100.0
$60,000.0
100.0
100.0
$60,000.0
100.0
100.0
Retmbonements - RAP
Obligations
$14,412.0
$30,000.0
$30,000.0
$30,000.0
Reimbursement* - ACAC
Obligations
$23,371.0
$60,000.0
$60,000.0
$60,000.0
Reimbursements - Oil Spin Response
Obligations
$0.0
$1,500.0
$1,500.0
$1,500.0
Reimbursements - IG
Obligations
$300.0
$300.0
$300.0
$300.0
1-32
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Function
(dollars 01 thousands)
Actual
1993
Enacted
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Request
1995
Pesticides Registration Fees
(Receipts requiring ADPTOP Action')
Budget Authority
Outlays
$0.0
0.0
$0.0
0.0
$0.0
0.0
($15,000.0)
(15,000.0)
Contractor Conversion
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
900.0
900.0
Non-Offing FTE
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
Allocation Accounts
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
663.0
663.0
408.0
408.0
661.0
661.0
375.0
375.0
661.0
661.0
375.0
375.0
651.0
651.0
371.0
371.0
TOTAL. EPA
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$6,923,374.0
6,969,517.9
6,120,960.0
17,632.1
18,350.9
$6,658,927.0
6,852,887.0
6,774,626.0
18,624.8
18,624.8
$6,658,927.0
6,852,887.0
6,774,626.0
18,624.8
18,624.8
$7,162,610.0
7,365,210.0
6.910,388.0
19,418.0
19,418.0
1-33
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Air Quality Research 2-13
Acid Deposition Research 2-30
Global Change Research 2-37
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Air Quality and Stationary Source Planning and Standards 2-45
Emission Standards and Technology Assessment 2-46
State Program Guidance and Air Standards Development 2-49
Mobile Source Air Pollution Control and Fuel Economy 2-53
Mobile Source Program Implementation 2-55
Emission Standards, Technical Assessment and Characterization . 2-57
Testing, Technical and Administrative Support 2-61
Emissions and Fuel Economy Compliance 2-63
Resource Assistance for State, Local & Tribal Programs 2-67
Resource Assistance for State, Local & Tribal Programs ... 2-68
Air Quality Management Implementation 2-73
Air Quality Management Implementation . ." 2-74
Trends Monitoring and Progress Assessment 2-78
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 2-79
Air Quality and Emissions Data Management and Analysis .... 2-81
Atmospheric Programs 2-86
Acid Rain Program 2-87
Stratospheric Protection Program 2-90
Global Change Program 2-92
Indoor Air Program 2-96
Indoor Air Program 2-97
ENFORCEMENT
Enforcement 2-103
Stationary Source Enforcement 2-104
Mobile Source Enforcement 2-107
-------
-------
APPROPRIATION
AIR
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
Program & Research
operation - Flood
Reimbursements
TOTAL. Air
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
OUTLAYS
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS
$138,518.0 $146,610.6 $144,969.2 $139,382.5 $153,565.0 $14,182.5 $6,954.4
$275,617.9 $311,654.6 $289,051.1 $298,430.4 $367,569.8 $69,139.4 $55,915.2
$95,893.9 $93,409.6 $91,409.6 $91,571.3 $85,346.0 -$6,225.3 -$8,063.6
$510,029.8 $551,674.8 $525,429.9 $529,384.2 $606,480.8 $77,096.6 $54,806.0
2,170.0
2,260.9
2,301.5
2,301.5
2,301.5
2,301.5
2,209.5
2,209.5
2,249.8
2,249.8
40.3
40.3
-51.7
-51.7
$503,755.0 $552,118.2 $521,243.0 $518,517.6 $582,944.9 $64,427.3 $30,826.7
Reauthorization of the Clean Air Act expired September 30, 1981. The Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990 reauthorize the Air program at such suns as may be necessary for
all Fiscal Years through 1998.
2-1
-------
AIR
PRES. CURRENT
BUDGET ENACTED ESTIMATE
1994 1994 1994
DIFFERENCE
ENACTED VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
ENACTED
APPROPRIATION
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
Program & Research
operation - Flood
Reimbursements
TOTAL. Air
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
$146,610.6 $144,969.2 $139,382.5 -$1,641.4 -$7,228.1 -$5,586.7
$311,654.6 $289.051.1 $298,430.4 -$22,603 5 -$13,224.2 $9,379.3
$93,409.6 $91,409.6 $91,571.3 -$2,000.0 -$1.838.3 $161.7
$551,674.8 $525,429.9 $529,384.2 -$26,244.9 -$22,290.6 $3.954.3
2,301.5 2,301.5 2,209.5
2,301.5 2,301.5 2,209.5
-92.0
-92.0
-92.0
-92.0
The following points list the major reasons that the dollars devoted to this media have changed from submission
of the President's FY 1994 Budget Request to the FY 1994 Current Estimates.
PROGRAM AND RESEARCH OPERATIONS
o Reorganization of the Agency's enforcement function
o Redirection to Administrator's Priorities including the Climate Change National Action Plan
ABATEMENT, CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE
o Reorganization of the Agency's enforcement function
o General Agency Reduction
o Redirection to Administrator's Priorities including the Climate Change National Action Plan
o $7.0M in funding for Multi-Lateral Fund denied by Congress
o $7.0M in Congressional Directives
2-2
-------
AIR
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
The Clean Air Act authorizes a nationwide program to reduce air pollution
through air quality planning, regulation, enforcement, and research. In November
1990 the President signed the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA), which
expanded requirements and capabilities to clean our nation's air. Enactment of
the amendments created high public expectations for improving nationwide air
quality in the 1990s through cleaner cars, fuels, factories, and powerplants.
In implementing the Act, EPA will use not only traditional approaches for
controlling air pollution, but will also strive to harness the power of the
marketplace, encourage local initiatives, and emphasize pollution prevention.
In addition to carrying out the CAAA, EPA will expand its efforts to analyze and
address indoor air quality problems.
EPA's goals for 1995 include reducing health and environmental risks
through: (1) further empowering states to attain National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQSs); (2) implementing new clean vehicle and fuel programs; (3)
developing and implementing national air toxic standards; (4) developing and
Implementing state and local operating permit and fee programs; (5) carrying out
a market-based acid rain emissions trading system; (6) implementing domestic
rules and U.S. responsibilities under the revised Montreal Protocol for reducing
stratospheric ozone depletion; (7) implementing enforcement authorities and
approaches; (8) providing technical support to state indoor air programs; and (9)
conducting research to provide strong scientific and technical bases for
regulatory and nonregulatory programs.
Attain National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Polluted air creates high health and environmental risks. To protect
health and welfare EPA set NAAQSs for six pollutants;• ozone, carbon monoxide
(CO), particulate matter (PM-10), lead, sulfur dioxide (S02) , and nitrogen
dioxide (N02) . Nonattainment of the standards is most widespread for the first
three pollutants. Today, almost 100 areas in the United States fail to meet the
national health standard for ozone; more than 40 areas fail to meet the health
standards for CO; and over 60 areas fail to meet the health standards for PM-10.
The primary mechanisms provided by the Clean Air Act to achieve clean air
standards are state implementation plans (SIPs) and federal rules and guidance.
In 1995 EPA will issue final rules revising or reaffirming the S02 NAAQS,
complete the review of the N02 NAAQS and continue expedited reviews of the ozone
and PM-10 NAAQSs. EPA will approve or disapprove expanded, more stringent SIPs
that will further reduce pollutant emissions from both stationary and mobile
sources and impose sanctions and Federal plans as necessary where states fail to
submit adequate plans. The Agency will issue guidance for state control strategy
demonstrations, provide states with technical aid and guidance for instituting
or enhancing mobile and stationary source pollution controls, and encourage the
use of market-based approaches where appropriate. In 1995 the Agency also will
provide grants to states, helping them build their capacity to meet the expanded
requirements and responsibilities of the CAAA.
2-3
-------
In 1995 EPA will develop national guidelines and standards for major
stationary sources where emissions contribute to ozone, S02, and nitrogen oxide
(NOX) pollution. The Agency also will continue to develop new source performance
standards (NSPSs) that apply nationwide. The Agency will emphasize pollution
prevention in support of state efforts and development of national standards.
To help states revise their implementation plans to meet new requirements
EPA will expand work on emission inventories, assure quality data, and develop
tracking procedures. Complete and comprehensive emission inventories are key to
the development of sound and enforceable state plans, effective regulations, and
meaningful measures of progress for achieving clean air. Accurate and
comprehensive emission inventories are also integral to the success of new
market-based pollution control approaches.
EPA also will help states upgrade and expand air quality monitoring
systems. Increased grant and technical support will be provided to states for
expansion of enhanced ozone and precursor networks in ozone nonattainment areas
classified as "extreme," "severe," or "serious." States will continue an
initiative begun in 1991 to systematically replace worn-out air quality monitors.
Accurate air quality measurements are essential in developing state plans and
evaluating their effectiveness.
Establishing New Clean Vehicles and Fuels Programs
Air pollution from mobile sources accounts for over half of the nationwide
emissions of ozone precursors (volatile organic compounds and NOX) , CO, and air
toxics. Because mobile source emissions account for such a large percentage of
the total air pollution problem, reducing these emissions holds the greatest
potential for cleaning our nation's air.
The CAAA require significant changes in vehicle control technologies and
fuel types and expansion of state control programs. EPA and the states will work
together to carry out an aggressive mobile source pollution abatement program.
The Act requires EPA to adopt about 60 new mobile source rules covering:
reformulated gasoline, leaded gasoline, clean alternative fuels, vehicle fleet
requirements, vehicle emission standards, and state program requirements. States
must establish clean fuels programs and new or enhanced vehicle inspection and
maintenance (I/M) programs. The reformulated gasoline program, which must be
implemented by January 1, 1995, requires the use of cleaner gasoline in the nine
worst ozone areas in the country, plus approximately 13 "opt-in" areas. At the
same time, EPA will implement anti-dumping requirements for all gasoline that is
not reformulated and a detergent additives rule for all gasoline. The
reformulated gasoline program alone will reduce in-use volatile organic compound
emissions by approximately 160,000 tons per year beginning in 1995 and
approximately 200,000 tons per year beginning in 2000. In 1995 the Agency will
phase-down its non-road program to focus on setting standards and emission factor
modeling.
Regional office activities will focus on implementation of new and enhanced
I/M programs (including I/M "fix-ups" where deficiencies exist); oversight of
oxygenated and reformulated fuels programs; implementation of clean fuel fleets;
implementation of trip reduction programs and other adopted transportation
2-4
-------
control measures; and implementation/oversight of the conformity process,
including working relationships with the regional Federal Highway Administration
and state/local transportation agencies.
Implementing National Air Toxics Standards
According to industry estimates, more than 2.4 billion pounds of toxic
pollutants were emitted into the atmosphere in 1989. These emissions may result
in a variety of adverse health effects including cancer, reproductive effects,
birth defects, and respiratory illness. The CAAA direct EPA to control 189
hazardous air pollutants through technology based standards over the next 10
years.
During 1995 the Agency will continue work on Maximum Achievable Control
Technology (MACT) standards required within four and seven years of enactment.
To set MACT standards, EPA must gather information on air toxics emissions,
manufacturing processes, pollution controls, and environmental and control costs.
As part of the standards development, the Agency will examine process changes,
substitution of feedstocks, and other pollution prevention options. In 1995 EPA
will publish final MACT standards for about 30 source categories. As part of the
implementation program for MACT standards promulgated in 1994 the Agency will
prepare outreach materials and conduct workshops to explain the new rules, as
well as develop model permits for use by Regions, states and regulated sources.
In 1995 EPA will also address air toxic source groups not covered by the MACT
provisions, but included in other CAAA requirements. These sources include
commercial and industrial solid waste incinerators and medical waste
incinerators. In 1995 EPA will publish three final regulations for NSPS source
categories proposed under court order in 1994. The Agency will publish the final
revised NSPS for S02 and NOX emissions from electric utilities. EPA will also
continue assessments of air toxic deposition in Great Waters. The Agency will
also publish a national strategy for urban air toxics and begin work on
regulations for appropriate area sources.
Establishing Operating Permit and Fee Programs
The CAAA provide for state and local operating permit and fee programs to
enhance the effectiveness of programs for reducing acid rain, attaining NAAQS,
and controlling air toxics. When fully implemented, the permit program will
consolidate requirements for reducing air emissions and ensure that the regulated
community has a clear and consistent picture of applicable rules.
In 1995 EPA will approve or disapprove state operating permit programs,
publish federal operating permit rules, and initiate sanctions as necessary. The
CAAA required states to submit their permit programs to EPA in early 1994.
Because of late submissions, EPA may not approve some permit programs before
1995. Once states have approved programs, sources must prepare permit
applications for state approval. EPA will review selected draft permits and veto
them if CAAA requirements are not met. Some states may not realize fees from the
program until 1996. EPA will continue outreach and training efforts to help
state and local agencies implement their permitting programs. EPA's national
data system for air facilities will be modified to support Regional office
oversight of new and expanding permit data bases. The system will support
'
-------
activities related to permit applications, their review and approval, and the
administration of permits after issuance.
Establishing a Market Based Acid Rain Emissions Trading System
Acid rain causes damage to lakes, forests, and man-made structures; reduces
visibility; and is suspected of causing damage to human health. The acid rain
provisions of the CAAA will reduce acid rain causing emissions through an
innovative market-based emission allowance program that will provide affected
sources with flexibility in meeting required emission reductions. A successful
allowance trading system will minimize compliance costs, maximize economic
efficiency, and allow for growth. The CAAA require a permanent 10 million ton
reduction in S02 and a two million ton reduction in NOX. The acid rain program
is already being seen as a model for regulatory reform efforts here and abroad.
In 1995 EPA will complete certifications of continuous emissions monitoring
systems for 2000 utility units and will review and approve state programs for
issuing Phase II acid rain permits. EPA will also be operating and upgrading the
first stage of what will become by 1996 an integrated acid rain data system. The
Agency will track hourly emissions data from each certified source, track
allowance allocations and transfers, and reconcile accounts at the end of each
year.
Upon promulgation of the opt-in and Phase I NOX control rules in 1994 and
1995, EPA will review and approve permit applications and compliance plans. In
1995 EPA will propose the Phase II NOX control rule. The Agency will continue
to approve applications for allowances under the conservation and renewable
energy reserve and encourage the improvement of energy efficiency as a compliance
strategy. Finally, the Agency will continue development of an ongoing acid rain
program evaluation component and participation in the National Acid Precipitation
Assessment Program.
Reducing Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
For every one percent drop in the level of stratospheric ozone there will
be an additional million cases of skin cancer. The CAAA codify and expand upon
the revised Montreal Protocol negotiated to protect the stratosphere and reduce
health and environmental risks. The amendments establish deadlines for the
complete phase-out of ozone depleting chemicals.
EPA's ozone depletion program will focus on four areas in 1995: earlier
domestic and international elimination of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and
methyl chloroform; implementation of limitations on hydrofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
and methyl bromide, more intensive recycling programs in the United States and
abroad; and earlier voluntary phase-out of CFCs and HCFCs from developing
countries. In 1995 EPA will implement the Title VI rules including compliance
monitoring, expanded outreach, evaluation of exemptions for labeling, evaluation
of production and consumption exemptions under the Montreal Protocol, and
expanded efforts to minimize retrofit costs of existing capital equipment. In
addition, EPA will support activities related to the phase-out of HCFCs and
methyl bromide. EPA will work closely with key industry sectors reliant on HCFCs
and methyl bromide to accelerate their efforts to find and shift to alternatives.
2-6
-------
Finally, EPA will also implement recycling regulations for hydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs) as mandated by sections 608 and 609 of the CAAA.
Reducing Emissions of Greenhouse Gases
In the Climate Change Action Plan -- the basis for the U.S. program to meet
the Rio goals of stabilizing greenhouse gases -- EPA proposed voluntary programs
to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. EPA's voluntary programs account for
70 percent of the reductions necessary to meet the U.S. goals. In 1995 EPA will
support 17 major components of the Climate Change Action Plan including: Green
Lights, Energy Star Buildings, Energy Star Computers, "market pull" programs for
residential energy efficiency, Energy Star Transformers, seasonal gas switching,
four programs to reduce emissions of HFCs, six programs to reduce methane
emissions (e.g., Natural Gas Star and Agstar) and "Clean Car" development.
Efforts will include: (1) expanding marketing to get corporations and others to
upgrade energy efficiency and reduce HFC and methane emissions; (2) supporting
program development for voluntary programs to assure cost-effective decision-
making; (3) enhancing program implementation to support program partners in
achieving their commitments; (4) expanding methane programs to profitably capture
and use methane emissions by providing technical support, removing institutional
obstacles such as property rights issues and fair pricing from utilities, and
recruiting partners for these voluntary programs; and (5) working with industry
to develop a. Clean Car.
Implementing New Enforcement Authorities
The CAAA restructure, strengthen, and expand both EPA and state enforcement
authority. New types of programs, such as the allowance program for ozone-
depleting chemicals, the market-based acid rain program, the state operating
permit program, and the clean vehicles and fuels programs, require new approaches
to enforcement. EPA will also maintain and strengthen existing enforcement
capabilities to assure compliance with revised state plans and federal rules.
In 1995 EPA will continue to support state development of enforceable
emission reduction rules and operating permit programs. In conjunction with the
operating permit program, EPA will also implement the enhanced monitoring
program.
The Agency will continue to implement the administrative penalty program
and will begin to implement other new enforcement authorities provided in the
CAAA including: field citations, monetary awards, contractor listing, and
citizen suits. In addition, the Agency will monitor the status of compliance
of sources subject to the Phase I acid rain requirements. The Agency will assure
that large utility steam generating units install the continuous emissions
monitoring systems needed to carry out the acid rain program.
EPA will continue to shift enforcement activities to areas of highest
potential environmental benefit and stress greater coordination among Regional
and state programs. The Agency will place greater emphasis on nationally
targeted enforcement actions.
2-7
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Addressing Exposure to Indoor Air
Indoor air pollution represents one of the most significant public health
risks facing the Agency (among the top five in a Science Advisory Board report).
In 1995 EPA will emphasize targeted outreach to the public on environmental
tobacco smoke (ETS) health effects with special focus on parents and other child
care providers in minority communities. The Agency will also target restaurants,
schools and other facilities where children may be involuntarily exposed to ETS.
In addition, the Agency will expand the Buildings Air Quality Alliance initiated
in 1994. Activities in support of the Alliance will include developing
incentives to encourage building operators to improve indoor air quality,
recognizing buildings that have become part of the Alliance, and attracting new
members.
Other indoor air activities continuing in 1995 include the characterization
of large buildings through the Building Assessment Survey and Evaluation (BASE)
Project, source characterization, and continued development of Regional indoor
air quality programs.
Providing a Strong Scientific and Technical Basis for Regulatory Programs
The Office of Research and Development will support the Office of Air and
Radiation by providing: health and ecological effects data, monitoring methods
and support, models, assessments, emission reduction technologies, and quality
assurance in support of the regulatory, policy, and public information needs of
the air program. Additional resources will be used to study widespread
tropospheric nonattainment problems and to study the impacts of particulate
matter on human health.
A recent report by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) has challenged
the scientific basis for the Agency's approach to meeting the NAAQS for ozone.
As a result, the Agency convened a panel of scientists from academia, industry,
and government to prepare a. research strategy to deal with problems raised by the
NAS and insure that Agency regulatory decision-making is based on sound science.
The completed research plan, the "Coordinated North American Research Strategy
for Tropospheric Ozone," requires a substantial investment of new resources. EPA
is requesting additional resources in 1995 to begin to implement the plan. The
additional resources will improve our understanding of both ozone formation and
ozone health effects, as well as improve emissions inventory methods and modeling
approaches needed to ensure effective control measures.
Evidence has been accumulating in recent years that particulate matter
exposures at levels below the current PM-10 NAAQS may have significant impacts
on human health at levels that approach normal, ambient air levels.
Unfortunately, there is a great deal that is unknown about mechanisms by which
particles affect human health. In order to progress in this area, a large and
expanded multi-year research effort is required. The expanded effort will
include a focus on the physiology of particle inhalation and respiratory tract
deposition, better characterization of the size and composition of particles in
the air, changes that occur while particles are airborne, human exposure
patterns, and identification of chemical/size components that make particles
particularly hazardous.
2-8 i
-------
The Agency is continuing global change research as part of a coordinated,
multi-institutional effort to develop and provide the scientific basis to assess,
evaluate, and predict the ecological and environmental consequences of global
change. Research will focus on key processes that influence or govern earth
system behavior, studying biogeochemical cycling and carbon cycle dynamics,
investigating atmospheric processes, conducting ecological research, monitoring
work to identify how rapidly global ecological systems are changing, and studying
the effects of.increased UV-B on human health and sensitive aquatic ecosystems.
The Agency will continue other research to implement the requirements of
the CAAA including air toxics research on source test methods, control
technology, and Great Waters, and research to address the human health and
environmental risks posed by criteria air pollutants. The Agency will continue
work to characterize vehicular emissions under the rapid dynamics of changing
fuel composition and vehicular technologies. Researchers will focus emissions
characterization research mainly on reformulated gasoline, but will also study
alternative fuels and oxygenated gasolines. The indoor air research program will
identify, characterize, and compare the health risks associated with exposures
to indoor air pollutants so that risk assessors and risk managers can make
informed decisions to protect public health. The program will continue to
emphasize the importance of indoor exposures to organic vapors, particulate
matter, and biological contaminants.
In order to provide funding for higher priority research needs, certain
programs will be reduced or eliminated. This includes portions of the air toxic
research program (such as urban air toxics), acid deposition research, global
climate and stratospheric ozone depletion mitigation research, asbestos research,
and criteria air research on visibility, ecological effects, and SIP emissions
reductions/controls. The reduction in acid deposition work is primarily related
to a shift of acid deposition monitoring and assessment work into EMAP and the
new Ecosystems Protection research initiative.
Consulting Services
The Office of Air and Radiation will fund a limited amount of consulting
services in 1995. Section 117 of the Clean Air Act requires consultation with
appropriate advisory committees prior to publishing any NSPS or National Emission
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants. The National Air Pollution Control
Techniques Advisory Committee is comprised of members from industry, academia,
environmental groups, and state and local governments. The committee typically
meets three or four times per year to review the technical basis of federal
emission standards.
A few small management contracts will be awarded in 1995. The purpose of
these contracts will be to provide specialized expertise in environmental
economics needed to assess the economic impacts and benefits of various source
standards and other regulatory actions. The assessment of economic impacts and
benefits is required by Executive Order 12291.
2-9
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Fees
In 1995 the Agency expects to collect $11,000,000 in fees through the
mobile source certification program to cover the costs related to the
certification, fuel economy, Selective Enforcement Audit and recall programs.
Program descriptions do not reflect any increase in workyears that may
result from 900 additional workyears that EPA received for contractor conversion.
2-10
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PROGRAM ACTIVITIES
National Ambient Air
Quality Standards
Number of Pollutants
Covered (Cumulative)
Proposals*
Promulgations* . . .
New Source Performance Standards
AIR
ACTUAL
1993
6
0
2
CURRENT
ESTIMATE ESTIMATE
1994 1995
6
1
1
6
1
1
INCREASE (+)
DECREASE (-)
1995 VS 1994
0
0
0
Number of Source Categories
Covered (Cumulative)
Proposals**
Promulgations
National Emission Standards
for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Number of Source Categories
Covered (Cumulative)
Number of Pollutants
Covered (Cumulative)
Proposals**
Promulgations
Stratospheric Ozone Protection
Proposals. . .
Promulgations.
Acid Rain Program
Proposals
Promulgations
CEMS Certified
Final Permits Issued
Number of Quarterly Emissions
Reports Processed by
Emissions Tracking System...
67
0
1
34
8
4
1
5
6
2
6
N/A
50
N/A
Enforcement Actions - Stationary Sources
Inspections*** 3,603
Notices of Violation*** . 325
Administrative Orders*** 223
Civil Litigation .... 75
Criminal Litigation ... 17
69
3
2
76
160
13
3
2
4
1
2
500
200
750
1,759
314
138
78
7
72
0
3
85
170
10
10
0
2
1
1
1,800
0
6,000
1,759
248
248
70
7
+3
-3
+1
+9
+10
+3
+7
-2
-2
0
-1
+1,300
-200
+5,250
0
-66
+110
-8
0
2-11
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AIR
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES (cont.)
ACTUAL
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE ESTIMATE
1994 1995
INCREASE (+)
DECREASE (-)
1995 VS 1994
14
4
39
0
14
4
39
0
0
0
0
Enforcement Actions - Mobile Sources
Assembly Line Audits. ... 16
Production Compliance
Audit 0
Recall Investigations ... 45
Notices of Violation
Tampering/Fuel Switching. . 94
Revisions or reaffirmations
New source categories and revisions. NESHAPs include air toxic standards
developed under other regulatory authorities
*** FY 1994 and FY 1995 outputs do not include stationary source outputs for
headquarters activities moved to OECD
NOTE: All outputs are incremental except as indicated.
*
**
2-12
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AIR
Air Quality Research
ACTUAL
1993
PROGRAM
Air Quality Research
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
TOTAL
Acid Deposition
Research
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
TOTAL
IL/MO Border Airshed Mod
Research & Development
TOTAL
Global Change Research
"'esearch
Program & Research
Operations
Research & Development
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
Air Quality Research TOTAL
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Air Quality Research
Acid Deposition
Research
Global Change Research
Research
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$26,784
$60,659
$87,443
$2,307
$13,571
$15,878
$200
$200
$3,007
$21,462
$24,470
$32,099
$95,893
$127,992
386
31
.2
.7
.9
.6
.3
.9
.0
.0
.2
.9
.1
.0
.9
.9
.5
.7
$28,
$59,
$87,
$1,
$9,
$10,
$2,
$24,
$27,
$32,
$93,
$125,
35.8
454
.0
289.8
154.5
444.3
138.8
747.6
886.4
952.6
507.5
460.1
381.2
409.6
790.8
402.3
14.9
37.4
454.6
$27,953
$3,450
$59,154
$90,558
$1,134
$700
$7,747
$9,582
$2,933
$24,507
$27,440
$32,021
$4,150
$91,409
$127,581
402
14
37
454
.9
.0
.5
.4
.6
.0
.6
.2
.0
.5
.5
.5
.0
.6
.1
.3
.9
.4
.6
$27,932.4
$3,450.0
$59.316.2
$90,698.6
$1,124.0
$700.0
$7,747.6
$9,571.6
$2,929.0
$24,507.5
$27,436.5
$31,985.4
$4,150.0
$91,571.3
$127,706.7
400.5
14.9
37.4
452.8
$25,412
$59,583
$84,995
$588
$1,439
$2,027
$4,979
$24,323
$29,303
$30,980
$85,346
$116,326
328
7
62
398
.4
.3
.7
.2
.1
.3
.5
.6
.1
.1
.0
.1
.6
.4
.2
.2
-$2,520.0
-$3,450.0
$267.1
-$5,702.9
-$535.8
-$700.0
-$6,308.5
-$7,544.3
$2,050.5
-$183.9
$1,866.6
-$1,005.3
-$4,150.0
-$6,225.3
-$11,380.6
-71.9
-7.5
24.8
-54.6
-$2,877.4
$428.8
•$2,448.6
-$550.6
-$8,308.5
-$8,859.1
$2,026.9
-$183.9
$1,843.0
-$1,401.1
-$8,063.6
-$9,464.7
-73.7
-7.5
24.8
-56.4
Air Quality Research 397.5 402.3 402.3 400.5 328.6 -71.9 -73.7
2-13
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Global Change Research
Research
TOTAL UORKYEARS
AIR
Air Quality Research
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST INCREASE
1995 DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Acid Deposition
Research
32.1
14.9
14.9
14.9
7.4 -7.5
-7.5
37.0
466.6
37.4
454.6
37.4
454.6
37.4
452.8
62.2
398.2
24.8
-54.6
24.8
-56.4
2-14
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AIR
AIR QUALITY RESEARCH
PRINCIPAL OUTPUTS
1995 0 Publication on EPA evaluations of new non-ozone depleting blowing
agents used for making foam insulation.
o Complete source test methods to accomplish coverage of 120 of the
189 hazardous air pollutants by validated methods.
o Complete second draft of 03 Criteria Document.
o Estimate of population exposure to fine particles using human
observer visibility data.
o Report on development of continuous emission monitors for stack
particulate matter emissions from stationary sources.
o Report on emissions characterization of fuels operated on
alternative fuels and reformulated gasoline.
o Report on the growth and dispersal of biological contaminants in
buildings
1994 o Paper on flammability testing of new refrigerants.
o Conduct a major field study of the movement of air toxics over
water- and shore-based sites at Lake Michigan and the Chesapeake
Bay.
-o Final report on the results of the reburning NOX control technology
demonstration for a cyclone boiler.
o Data report on Philadelphia Acid Aerosol Characterization Study.
o Effects of low temperatures on emissions from vehicles operated on
oxygenated fuels.
o Develop bio-response methods for characterizing indoor pollutant
sources.
1993 o Prepared paper on thermodynamic analysis of EPA-proposed new
chemicals.
o Completed twenty-one assessments of non-cancer health effects of
hazardous air pollutants.
o Completed assessment of "Respiratory Health Effects of Passive
Smoking: Lung Cancer and Other Disorders."
2-15
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o Completed acid aerosol characterization study and particulate matter
(less than ten microns) exposure study to support acute
epidemiological analysis in Philadelphia including one clean summer
(1992) and one polluted summer (1993).
o Completed development of the Economic Growth Analysis System (EGAS)
model to assist states project future volatile organic compound
(VOC) emission inventories - software and accompanying
documentation.
o Completed health risk assessment of methyl tert butyl ether (MTBE),
utilizing the results of ORD studies on human exposures and health
effects and other studies.
2-16
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AIR
AIR QUALITY RESEARCH
BUDGET REQUEST
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $84,995,700 and 328.6 total workyears for
1995, a decrease of $5,702,900 and 71.9 total workyears from 1994. This includes
a shift of resources from this activity to Multimedia Research. This redirection
is consistent with the Agency's strategy of directing additional resources to
cross-media research as a more effective approach to scientific inquiry into
environmental problems. Of the request, $25,412,400 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, and $59,583,300 will be for the Research and
Development appropriation. This represents a decrease of $2,520,000 in the
Program and Research Operations appropriation, an increase of $267,100 in the
Research and Development appropriation, and a decrease of $3,450,000 in the
Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation. The decrease in the Program
and Research Operations appropriation reflects redirection of workforce costs
associated with funding ORD's staff of scientists, managers, and support
personnel for this program. The increase for the Research and Development
appropriation reflects both the redirection of research resources to other higher
priority activities and the provision of additional resources for Tropospheric
Ozone and PM10 research. The decrease in total workyears reflects a reallocation
of existing research functions in order to provide greater accuracy in accounting
for and planning workforce usage and to provide support for higher priority
initiatives, as well as to implement the government-wide workyear reduction to
reduce the size and cost of government.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $90,698,600 and 400.5 total workyears
for this program, of which $27,932,400 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation, $59,316,200 is from the Research and Development
appropriation, and $3,450,000 is from the Abatement, Control, and Compliance
appropriation.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $87,443,900 and 397.5 total workyears for
this program element, of which $26,784,200 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation, and $60,659,700 was from the Research and Development
appropriation.
RESEARCH ISSUES
The sections below describe research program issues by each fiscal year.
2-17
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GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Human activities have caused recent dramatic changes in the Earth system,
including the increase in atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases. Because of the serious potential risks of global change to
human health and the environment, ORD is conducting research to develop cost
effective mitigation and adaption options.
ORD will continue to support further application studies of fuzzy logic
principles to enhance energy efficiency as a way of furthering global climate
mitigation efforts. Researchers will initiate field testing of the fuzzy logic
microchip in cooperation with several industrial partners. They will place
emphasis on an automotive engine application and on stationary inductions motors
used in pumps and blowers. Scientists will complete the data analysis and
project documentation of a landfill demonstration and prepare a final report.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD is continuing further application studies of fuzzy logic principles to
enhance the efficiency of large, alternate current induction motor operation to
reduce energy consumption. Researchers are converting the laboratory prototype
controller into microchip form. Efforts also are underway to finalize an
agreement with a major automobile manufacture to conduct a cooperative
demonstration of this technology. The manufacturer is planning to use the fuzzy
logic concept to optimize the performance of an automobile engine from an energy
consumption perspective.
ORD is providing support to initiate Phase III of a landfill demonstration
project, which is investigating the potential for reducing methane emissions
while producing energy by using the waste methane as the fuel for a commercially
available 200-Kw phosphoric acid fuel cell. The third phase is a one year field
test of the fuel cell energy recovery concept in which scientists and engineers
will collect and evaluate data on the performance of the gas pretreatment system
and energy produced by the fuel cell. Researchers are completing a final report
on the conceptual design of a second feasibility demonstration study which uses
waste methane gas emitted from a waste water treatment facility (anaerobic
digester) in a fuel cell.
Congressional Directives. A total of $900,000 is provided through the AC&C
appropriation for the Congressionally directed projects for solar energy
pollution prevention and solar detoxification technology development activities
($400,000) and for Global and Stratospheric Ozone Mitigation Research ($500,000) .
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD conducted cooperative research to demonstrate methods and technologies
to reduce methane emissions while recovering energy at a landfill and a
wastewater treatment facility. The landfill demonstration, being conducted in
southern California, completed fabrication of the gas pretreatment system and the
fuel cell, both of which have passed acceptance tests. ORD identified
2-18
-------
Baltimore's Back River Wastewater Treatment Plant as the site for a second
methane demonstration which would use waste methane gas emitted from a waste
water treatment facility (anaerobic digester) in a fuel cell.
STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Over the last ten years, the protective capacity of the Earth's
stratospheric ozone layer has been diminished due to synthetic compounds,
including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which
migrate to the stratosphere and destroy the ozone layer. This research directly
supports the implementation of requirements in both the Montreal Protocol and
Title VI of the Clean Air Act (CAA) to phase-out consumption and use of these
ozone depleting compounds (ODCs) in prescribed time frames. The primary goal of
this program is to cooperate with industry to provide the scientific and
engineering data needed to replace ODCs with more environmentally acceptable
alternatives.
The stratospheric ozone mitigation research program will collect additional
data on the chemical and physical properties of those compounds which have been
identified by ORD as potential replacements for ODCs, including CFCs and HCFCs.
Researchers will use the additional property data to focus the research program
on compounds and mixtures that pose no significant threat to human health and the
environment, and have the greatest probability of being rapidly adopted by
industry to replace existing ODCs. In addition to the property testing,
researchers will generate information on how well these new compounds and
mixtures will perform in critical end uses, including residential and commercial
refrigeration systems, space cooling systems (heat pumps, chillers), automobile
air conditioning, and insulation.
Researchers will use pilot and full scale systems to evaluate performance.
Engineers will use the pilot-scale system (compressor calorimeter) to screen
prospective replacements for determining their potential applicability. ORD will
conduct full-scale tests for a few compounds, once sufficient property and
preliminary performance data are available. Researchers will compare data on the
performance of the new compounds and mixtures in specific applications to those
of existing compounds used in the same application. The property and performance
data together are expected to provide sufficient data for catalyzing industry to
conduct the additional testing needed to commercialize these environmentally
friendly alternatives.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD is continuing to evaluate alternative chemical technologies which can
be used to replace current uses of CFCs and HCFCs. Using data from modelling,
initial chemical property testing, and small scale end-use applicability testing
of new chemicals and mixtures, researchers are identifying and evaluating the
most promising candidates to replace CFCs and HCFCs used in refrigeration, space
cooling, and insulation systems. The goal is to identify those compounds which
have zero ozone depletion potential and do not pose any other adverse risks to
the environment. ORD is coordinating this research with industry and academia.
2-19
-------
A paper is being prepared on flammability testing of new refrigerants.
Researchers also are studying CFC disposal options, including the environmental
impacts and feasibility of thermal incineration as a disposal technique.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD evaluated alternative chemical technologies which can be used to
replace current uses of CFCs and HCFCs. Emphasis was placed on modelling,
initial property testing, and small scale end-use applicability testing of new
chemicals and mixtures. ORD conducted this research through cooperative ventures
with industry and academia, which helped to ensure that the most promising
alternatives were adequately evaluated. Papers were prepared on thermodynamic
analysis of EPA-proposed new chemicals and on "HFC-236ea: A Potential
Alternative for CFC-114". Work on disposal options was also undertaken,
including investigating the environmental impacts and feasibility of thermal
incineration as a disposal technique.
ORD investigated several new classes of chemicals which can be used as
possible substitutes for Halon-1301 as a total flooding fire extinguishing and
explosion suppression/prevention agent. The performance of the most promising
chemicals were evaluated at an intermediate (field) scale to confirm earlier
laboratory performance studies. This included studying improved delivery systems
which could improve performance. This work was conducted cooperatively with
industry through the Halons Alternatives Research Corporation (HARC).
AIR TOXICS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Air toxics are both a major health risk and significant ecological risk.
The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires control actions for major and area sources of
toxics, and research to address urban toxics and air toxics deposition to "Great
Waters". The ORD research program is addressing key scientific questions about
the nature and extent of the air toxics problem, the technologies for prevention
and control of significant emissions, and the methods of analysis and measurement
needed by the EPA and State agencies to implement the terms of the CAA.
ORD will carry out research to characterize the health and ecological risks
associated with air toxics and develop better ways to measure, prevent, and
control emissions. Researchers will conduct studies to develop valid source
emission test methods for hazardous air pollutants (HAPS), including quality
assurance studies. In health effects, they will conduct research on the acute
and chronic effects of HAPS on respiratory physiology. In addition, they will
conduct non-cancer health risk assessments of HAPS, with emphasis on inhalation
toxicity, and will conduct cancer effects studies, with emphasis on biological
processes, indicators, and effects of mixtures. ORD will support research on
Great Lakes monitoring, and the development and field evaluation of innovative
control technologies for air toxics. Scientists will continue research in the
health and ecological effects and assessment research areas, and in ambient
moni to r ing me tho ds.
2-20
-------
1994 PROGRAM
ORD is conducting research to characterize air toxics problems and to
prevent or control significant problems through technically and economically
efficient means. Scientists and engineers are developing and validating source
measurement methodologies for ambient air toxics and individual source emissions
to support regulatory requirements under the CAA. These methods are being
incorporated into emissions standards as a means of measuring compliance,
assessing emissions levels of stationary sources, and for assessing environmental
results. Researchers are acquiring toxicological test data and emissions
research data in support of the second phase of regulation addressing residual
risk and the Great Waters and Urban Toxics program.
ORD is focusing urban toxics/area sources research on improving monitoring,
modeling, atmospheric chemistry, and emission inventory data to identify the
degree and nature of urban toxics contamination. Researchers also are conducting
research on Great Waters to investigate the relative loading of toxics from air
deposition versus water contamination, the transport and fate of pollutants
through the food chain to human/animal/plant targets, and to identify the
emission sources responsible for any significant air deposition. Newly acquired
data and methods are being used to assess the biological effects of hazardous air
pollutants (HAPs) to determine effects to humans and the environment.
ORD is continuing research to reduce air toxic emissions from industrial
solvent use through demonstration and evaluation of emerging pollution prevention
options. Researchers are providing reports, manuals, and/or demonstrated
approaches for air toxic standards information on lower-polluting alternatives
to toxic organic solvents, typically used as metal degreasers and adhesives.
Congressional Directives. A total of $2,200,000 is provided through the
AC&C appropriation for the Congressionally directed projects for the Mickey
Leland National Urban Air Toxics Research Center ($500,000) and for the liquified
gaseous fuels test facility ($1,700,000).
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Significant research results were gained in 1993 in several priority areas
in support of aims of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. For the highest
priority areas (those supporting the first air toxics regulations under the
National Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants program), scientists developed
two different methods for measuring mercury emissions from power plants, as well
as methods for measuring emissions of hazardous air pollutants containing
isocyanates. Researchers developed a preliminary version of a pollution
prevention computer program called Solvents Alternatives Guide to assist industry
and other users to identify non-toxic solvent materials or solvent-free methods
for industrial cleaning operations (metal degreasing etc.). In addition, ORD
completed twenty one chronic hazard assessments on hazardous air pollutants and
addressed approximately 600 inquires on the health risks of air toxics in the
technical communication program, Air Risk Information Support Center (RISC),
mandated under the 1990 amendments.
2-21
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CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Ambient exposures to certain widespread air pollutants, i.e., ozone (03) ,
nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), sulfur
dioxide (S02) , and lead (Pb), continue to pose health and environmental risks.
EPA is required to periodically review, and, as appropriate, revise National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for these pollutants. ORD research
provides scientific support to enable timely conduct of the mandated periodic
review/revision of criteria for both primary and secondary NAAQS, related
technical support for other mandated activities, and tools needed to ensure
effective development of and compliance with State Implementation Plans (SIPs).
Researchers focus on studying health and ecological impacts of ozone to support
decision-making on revision of the primary and secondary 03 NAAQS; providing
improved modeling, monitoring, and control technology tools by which to
facilitate 03 NAAQS attainment; and developing sufficient information to support
decision-making concerning particulate matter PM regulations, including improved
monitoring and modeling methods to characterize ambient PM/acid aerosols
concentrations/exposures and health effects research.
ORD will continue to support research on the human health and environmental
risks posed by criteria air pollutants. Additional resources will be used to
support two major initiatives, one to study widespread tropospheric ozone 03 on-
attainment problems, and the second to study the impacts of particulate matter
PM-10 on human health.
A recent report by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) challenged the
scientific basis for the Agency's approach to meeting the 03 NAAQS. As a result,
the Agency convened a panel of scientists from academia, industry and government
to prepare a research strategy to deal with problems raised by the NAS and to
insure that Agency regulatory decision-making is based on sound science. The
completed research plan, the "Coordinated North American Research Strategy for
Tropospheric Ozone", requires a substantial investment of new resources.
Additional resources are being requested in 1995 to begin to implement the plan.
The additional resources will improve the understanding of both ozone formation
and ozone health effects, as well as improving emissions inventory methods and
modeling approaches needed to ensure effective control measures.
Researchers have accumulated evidence in recent years that PM exposures at
levels below the current PM10 NAAQS may have significant impacts on human health
at ambient particle levels that a-pproach background. Unfortunately, little is
known about mechanisms by which particles affect human health. To increase
knowledge in this area, ORD is requesting additional resources to conduct a large
multi-year research effort. The new research initiative will focus on the
physiology of particle inhalation and respiratory tract deposition, better
characterization of the size and composition of particles in the air, changes
that occur while the particles are airborne, human exposure patterns, and
identification of chemical/size components that make particles particularly
hazardous.
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ORD will continue research on health studies regarding acute and chronic
ozone exposure effects. In the ecological effects research area, researchers
will evaluate the effects of 03 and other stressors on tree growth, as well as
work on integrated risk assessment of tree and ecosystem impacts of 03 in rural
areas.
Researchers will also proceed with preparation of draft chapters of a
revised Air Quality Criteria Document (AQCD) for PM. Scientists will conduct
associated expert workshops and/or other related assessment projects providing
inputs into the PM AQCD development process. ORD will continue efforts on
development/intercomparison of particle monitoring devices/methods and on
characterization of indoor air aerosol sources/penetration of outdoor aerosols
into various indoor microenvironments. Research will continue on SIPs-related
work on ozone modeling, fluid receptor modeling and particle modeling, as well
as SIPs emissions/reduction controls (e.g., NOX control technology).
1994 PROGRAM
ORD is using additional funding in FY 1994 to address the human health and
environmental risks posed by criteria air pollutants, with particular emphasis
on tropospheric ozone and visibility issues. In ozone research, the additional
resources are being used to improve NOX and VOC emissions estimation methods, to
improve and verify regional ozone modeling, and to validate process-based growth
model simulations used to assess the impact of ozone on growth of tree species
and ecosystem integrity. The additional resources for visibility are being used
to provide assistance to the Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission by
analyzing the concept of Clean Air Corridors and providing a multi-layer
trajectory model that can be used to identify source regions which contribute to
specific receptor areas, and to improve measurement methods and scientific
understanding of visibility problems as recommended by a recently released
National Research Council (NRC) Report on Regional Haze. Included in this
research is a comparison of National Weather Service Human Observer Visibility
Distance measurement with instrument measurements of visibility.
A major effort is being devoted to planning and initial efforts to support
a review of the PM criteria and NAAQS. Four in-house work groups are being
established to provide information, planning and recommendations on fine/coarse
mode cut-points, monitoring scenarios, monitoring methods, and network design.
Researchers are continuing particle monitoring in Philadelphia and are preparing
papers correlating morbidity and PM/acid aerosols pollution in Philadelphia. A
morbidity and PM/acid aerosols pollution study will be conducted in Washington,
D.C., in cooperation with National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
(NIEHS).
Researchers are carrying out other criteria air pollutants research,
including the initiation of new epidemiology studies on ozone, and development
of a first external review draft of the Air Quality Criteria Document (AQCD) for
ozone to support NAAQS decision making. In the area of ecosystems research, they
are completing a report on exposure-response functions for 03 impacts on growth
of ten commercially/ecologically important forest tree species to provide an
empirical database for supporting the development of a secondary 03 NAAQS to
protect crops and tree species. Other research is improving the accuracy of
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ozone ecorisks assessment modeling by quantifying influences of multiple
environmental stresses on long-lived tree species. In the area of atmospheric
aerosols, researchers are providing a users' guide to a simple photochemical
trajectory model that includes sulfate and nitrate aerosols, information on
positive and negative artifacts in measurement of organic aerosols, a comparison
of urban and rural organic aerosols, a report on an aerosol equilibrium model,
and a first attempt at a personal exposure model for acid aerosols. Scientists
are preparing reports based on epidemiology studies of the effects of acid
aerosols (and other criteria pollutants) on children.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Criteria air pollutants research focused on timely conduct of periodic
review/revision of criteria for primary and secondary NAAQS, including completion
of the revised criteria document for oxides of nitrogen and initiation of work
under an accelerated schedule on revision of the criteria document for ozone and
other photochemical oxidants. Other research to support NAAQS
development/revision resulted in completion of an acid aerosol characterization
study in Philadelphia (including finding annual average aerosol acidity in the
urban center to be about 35% of that .in Philadelphia suburbs) and initiation of
an associated PM exposure study to support epidemiologic analyses of morbidity
relationships to PM exposures in that city.
Other health research evaluated acute exposure effects of ozone in animals
and humans, produced improvements in dosimetry models for animal-to-human
extrapolations for acute and chronic ozone exposure effects, and generated
further data and analyses from epidemiologic studies of health effects of ozone,
acid aerosols, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. Also, a slit-impactor,
aerosol concentrator was developed for exposure of humans and animals to ambient
aerosol materials for future PM health effects studies.
Ecological effects research included further data collection/evaluation on
ozone effects on'tree growth and interacting factors (e.g., drought, etc.)
influencing 03 impacts, as well as progress in development/refinement of eco risk
models for estimating ambient 03 impacts on agricultural crops and forests.
Research aimed at addressing the 03 non-attainment problem progressed further,
including: completion of a workshop report on analysis of collected data from
the first four years (1990-1993) of the Southern Oxidants Study and development
of whole-tree enclosure and ventilation test facilities for sample
collection/analysis to measure biogenic isoprene emissions.
Other SIPS-related work included completion of a pilot demonstration of
reburning NOX control technology for a cyclone boiler, publication of a report
on NOX removal with combined SCR and SNCR pilot scale test results; and
development of an Economic Growth Analysis System (EGAS) model for projecting
future VOC emissions.
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POLLUTANTS FROM MOTOR VEHICLES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Emissions from mobile sources cause approximately 90% of the carbon
monoxide non-attainment problem, and approximately 50% of the ozone non-
attainment problem, nitrogen oxides air levels, and air pollution cancer impact.
Because of these problems, recent legislation has either mandated or provided
incentives for switching to reformulated gasolines and alternative fuels. ORD
research on mobile sources is designed to provide some of the needed information
on emissions from mobile sources and resulting health risk under the rapidly
changing dynamics of fuel compositions and vehicular technologies, with
particular emphasis on alternative fuels and reformulated gasolines. ORD also
is providing scientific expertise to the Office of Air and Radiation (OAR) in the
development of and implementation of mobile source policies.
ORD will continue research on characterizing vehicular emissions,
supporting risk assessments, and providing expert consultation to mobile source
policy makers. Researchers will complete studies and initiate new projects that
examine additional fuels and/or operating conditions.
Scientists and engineers will conduct research on emissions
characterization, primarily on reformulated gasoline, but also on alternative
fuels and oxygenated gasolines. They will complete a laboratory study
identifying the impacts of cold temperatures on the ability of some newer fuels
to reduce carbon monoxide and air toxics, thus providing more realistic emissions
data. Companion work will be conducted in the field to evaluate emissions
measurement methods and provide more "real-world" data to improve emissions
models. Researchers will develop additional methods to characterize lower
emissions from advanced technology vehicles. ORD will complete one of the major
phases of the cooperative study with DOE, mandated by the Clean Air Act, on the
characterization and ozone-forming ability of emissions from the U.S. Government
alternative fuel vehicle fleet.
ORD will conduct research on the development/evaluation of models based
upon monitoring studies completed in 1994, that are essential for risk
characterization, because health risks are dependent on whether exposures are
high/long enough to cause effects. Key features will include modeling human
exposures in urban street microenvironments and, more broadly, advancing the
modified probabilistic national exposure model.
In the health effects area, researchers will complete development of a
biologically-based dose-response model critical for predicting potential risk for
exposed humans to have developmental effects, and will near completion on a study
of the developmental effects of methanol. Researchers will identify and
characterize a potentially extra-susceptible subpopulation. They will center
health assessment work on reevaluation of the cancer and reproductive and
developmental toxicity of benzene, the completion of which is possible in 1995,
but is dependent on public and Science Advisory Board (SAB) review.
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1994 PROGRAM
ORD is conducting mobile sources research to better understand emissions
and air quality under the rapid dynamics of changing fuel compositions and
vehicular technologies, with particular emphasis on alternative fuels and
reformulated gasolines. For vehicular emissions, researchers are developing
analytical methods for EPA-required certification tests and characterizing
emissions in the laboratory and in the field. These studies are intended to
extend and evaluate/confirm the results of mandated emissions testing by industry
and provide data on "real-world" emissions to improve emissions models used for
policy decisions. Researchers are determining the impacts of alcohol fuels,
oxygenated gasoline, and reformulated gasoline on emissions of carbon monoxide
and ozone-forming compounds, as compared to conventional fuels.
Scientists are developing exposure and health data to improve risk-based
policy decisions. Based upon new research concluded in 1993, ORD is completing
a risk assessment of methyl tert butyl ether (MTBE), the predominate oxygenate
used in the legislatively mandated oxygenated gasolines program. Researchers are
conducting monitoring studies within high-exposure microenvironments, e.g.,
personal garages and inside cars. In the area of health effects, researchers are
focusing on characterizing the potential for methanol to cause developmental
effects, on completion of health assessment for diesel emissions, and on revision
of quantitative cancer risk assessments for important mobile source air toxics,
such as benzene and butadiene. ORD and the automobile industry are co-funding
the Health Effects Institute (HEI) to enhance mobile source health effects
research that HEI is funding with universities and other institutions.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The research program focused on emissions, air quality, human exposure,
health effects, and scientific assessments of vehicular fuels, with an emphasis
on MTBE and methanol. Emissions characterization and air quality research was
concentrated on revising and validating emissions models using studies
characterizing real-world vehicular emissions. There was significant progress
on characterizing microenvironments of importance to human exposure and
incorporating these research efforts into exposure models for air toxics emitted
from vehicles.
The major program emphasis in 1993 was on the potential health risks and
emissions impacts of MTBE, the primary oxygenate used in the oxygenated gasoline
program mandated during the winter months in CO nonattainment areas. In response
to some public complaints about acute health symptoms from MTBE fuels, ORD
promptly developed a preliminary risk assessment which formed the foundation of
a large rapid-response research program. The research, coordinated by ORD, was
performed by ORD, industry, academia, the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) and other federal agencies, and several states. The work
included human clinical, animal toxicological, and epidemiological studies; human
exposure measurements in microenvironments; and emissions characterization under
cold temperature conditions. The results were presented in a public conference
in Virginia in July, 1993, and were used in a risk assessment of MTBE prepared
by ORD.
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ORD also conducted health effects studies on inhaled methanol vapor to
provide data on potential developmental effects in animals as well as the
extrapolation research needed to assist in interpreting the correlation between
the methanol animal studies and humans. EPA/ORD also provided support to HEI to
enhance health effects research. The "Research Strategy in Alternative Fuels"
was reviewed by the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC). The
strategy will eventually be used to generate an international research agenda
so that data provided by non-EPA organizations will be more useful to EPA and its
goals.
INDOOR AIR
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Indoor air pollution in residences, offices, schools, and other large
buildings is widely recognized as one of the most serious potential environmental
risks to human health. The Science Advisory Board ranked indoor air pollution
as one of the highest health risks meriting EPA attention. While there is
considerable information about indoor pollutants, scientists know little about
the relative magnitudes of the potential risks associated with indoor
environments. Research is needed to further identify, characterize, and compare
the health risks associated with exposures to indoor air pollutants so that risk
assessors and risk managers can make informed decisions to protect the public
health.
ORD's indoor air research program will continue to emphasize research on
the health effects of indoor exposures to organic vapors and particulate matter.
In addition, scientists will give increased attention to biological contaminants.
Researchers will focus on developing standardized techniques to
characterize the emissions from indoor pollutant sources and the environmental
factors that affect these emissions. They will field test and refine monitoring
protocols for indoor air quality in large buildings. In the health effects area,
researchers will focus on indoor exposure to organic vapors, including the
dimensions and implications of organic vapor-induced signs and symptoms. They
also will assess the impact of biological contaminants on asthmatic children.
Finally, scientists will continue to emphasize source control/pollution
prevention, effective energy-efficient ventilation approaches, and air cleaning
techniques to prevent and mitigate indoor pollution risks.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD is shifting the focus of its indoor air research program to
understanding the relative contributions of organic vapors and particulate matter
to observed signs and symptoms associated with air pollution exposures inside
residences and office buildings. Research is being performed in five areas:'
source characterization, exposure assessment, health effects, risk assessment,
and solutions to prevent and mitigate indoor pollutants.
Researchers are conducting studies on source characterization and pollutant
transport to better understand pollutant emissions and transport from indoor
sources under various environmental conditions. They also are developing,
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validating, and comparing measurement techniques and monitoring protocols for
indoor air quality in large buildings. ORD is providing a better understanding
of the health effects resulting from indoor exposure to organic vapors, including
the dimensions and implication of organic vapor-induced signs and symptoms. In
the area of preventing and mitigating indoor pollution risks, researchers are
emphasizing source control/prevention, effective energy-efficient ventilation
approaches, and air cleaning techniques. ORD also is demonstrating prevention
approaches to reduce emissions associated with textiles and composite wood
products.
Congressional Directives. A total of $350,000 is provided through the AC&C
appropriation for the Congressionally directed project for indoor air research.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
EPA indoor air research was conducted in five areas: (1) source
characterization, (2) exposure assessment; (3) health effects; (4) risk
assessment; and (5) solutions. Researchers strategically focused on volatile
organic compounds, biocontaminants, and particles, as exemplified by the
following three examples. In one research effort, health researchers
investigated the relationships between gender, nasal inflammation, and symptom
questionnaire data in humans exposed to organic vapors. In a second project,
standardized study protocols were developed for indoor air quality studies in
large buildings. Finally, in the area of solutions, researchers developed
standardized methods for evaluating particle air cleaners.
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Resources and accomplishments supporting this program were budgeted in the
Multimedia program element for 1995.
1994 PROGRAM
As mandated by the Small Business Development Act of 1982 (Public Law 97-
219), EPA will allocate 1.50 percent of its extramural Research and Development
budget for the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program. These funds
will be used to support small businesses engaged in the development of equipment
for pollution abatement and control, and instrumentation for monitoring
environmental trends and conditions. Under this program, ORD will take advantage
of unique solutions to air quality problems and other environmental issues that
may be offered by the private sector.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
As mandated by the Small Business Development Act of 1982 (Public Law 97-
219), EPA allocated 1.50 percent of its extramural Research and Development
budget for the SBIR Program to support small businesses engaged in the
development of equipment for pollution abatement and control, and instrumentation
for monitoring environmental trends and conditions.
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INFRASTRUCTURE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Adequately funded infrastructure is critical to ORD's success in conducting
the quality science needed to assure that the Agency's decisions are
scientifically sound. The most critical part of ORD's infrastructure is its
staff. The assumption underlying all our research activities includes a
productive workforce.
ORD established this cohesive, cross-cutting issue for infrastructure based
upon the importance of this activity to planned and ongoing research activities.
Program and Research Operations appropriation funding for the Air Quality
Research Program Element (PE) has been centralized within the infrastructure
issue to provide improved management in ORD's salaries, travel and related costs
associated with managing research programs.
Workyears assigned to this issue represent a consolidation of existing
research functions which had previously been allocated across multiple issues.
This realignment provides greater accuracy in accounting for workforce usage,
enabling management to utilize better information in decision-making and planning
purposes. Consolidated activities include: science policy and program
development; technical evaluation, review, and guidance to EPA program/regional
offices, Federal/State Agencies, and foreign governments; research quality
assurance and program review; extramural resource management; technology transfer
of scientific information; ADP technical program development of environmental
data systems; regulatory mission support; facilities maintenance and oversight;
health and safety, and environmental compliance; research planning and program
development; operational research oversight; policy and procedure development;
program planning and operations; resource planning and review; document
production; and secretarial/clerical support and personnel staffs.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD's current infrastructure program provides compensation and benefits,
and travel for ORD scientists and engineers. ORD's workforce carries out
scientific research programs in support of the Agency's mission.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD funded its workyears in scientific support of the Agency's mission,
providing the personnel compensation and benefits, and travel for ORD scientists
and engineers.
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AIR
ACID DEPOSITION RESEARCH
PRINCIPAL OUTPUTS
1995 o Preliminary drafts of 1996 National Acid Precipitation Assessment
Program (NAPAP) sections.
1994 o Project report on Acid Rain Field Bias Study.
o Complete development of software users guide documentation for the
Industrial S02 Emissions Projection System model.
o Final Report on the Results of EPA's Tangentially Fired LIMB
demons tration.
o Final report from University of New Hampshire on development of
integrated dynamic watershed models for predicting the combined
effects of sulfur and nitrogen deposition on watersheds and surface
water chemistry.
o Provide reports on 1990, 1991, 1992 Clean Air Status and Trends
Network (CASTNET) measurements of acid deposition (wet and dry).
o Report on NAPAP Workshop on Acid Deposition Monitoring Network
capabilities and needs.
o Acid Deposition Standard Feasibility Study: Regional Acid
Deposition Model (RADM) runs to characterize the impact of emissions
trading on total sulfur deposition, to characterize the change in
source responsibility for deposition after implementation of Title
IV, Phase II.
o Biennial Assessment: RADM projections of the change in sulfate
deposition and improvement in visibility anticipated for Phase I of
Title IV. Chesapeake Bay Program Office: Updated estimates of the
nitrogen deposition reductions expected due to the 1990 Clean Air
Act Amendments (CAAA).
1993 o Completed report on "Evaluation of Precision of EPA Methods"
•
o Completed development of an expert system software which is now used
by state public utility commissions to analyze electric utility
system plans for compliance with Title IV of the CAAA.
o Prepared symposium paper summarizing preliminary results from EPA's
Tangentially Fired LIMB Demonstration.
o RADM estimates of visibility improvements expected due to sulfate
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reductions from Title IV of the 1990 CAAA for Office of Air and
Radiation (OAR) Congressional Report: "Effects of the Clean Air Act
Amendments on Visibility in Class I Areas."
Projections of nitrogen reductions for the year 2005 for Chesapeake
Bay as a result of 1990 CAAA; and preliminary estimate of NOX
emission airshed affecting Chesapeake Bay watershed and Bay for
Chesapeake Bay Program Office.
Preliminary estimates of sulfur deposition reductions for Phase I
and Phase II of Title IV of the 1990 CAAA across eastern North
America for Acid Rain Division.
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ACID DEPOSITION
ACID DEPOSITION RESEARCH
BUDGET REQUEST
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $2,027,300 and 7.4 total workyears for 1995,
a decrease of $7,544,300 and 7.5 total workyears from 1994. Of the request,
$588,200 will be for the Program and Research Operations appropriation, and
$1,439,100 will be for the Research and Development appropriation. This
represents a decrease of $535,800 in the Program and Research Operations
appropriation, a decrease of $6,308,500 in the Research and Development
appropriation, and a decrease of $700,000 in the Abatement, Control, and
Compliance appropriation. The decrease to the Program and Research Operations
appropriation reflects redirection of workforce costs associated with funding
ORD's staff of scientists, managers, and support personnel for this program. The
decrease for the Research and Development appropriation primarily reflects the
shift of acid deposition monitoring and assessment monitoring work into EMAP and
the new Ecosystems Protection research initiative within the Multimedia Research
Program Element. In addition, the decrease also reflects the redirection of
research resources to higher priority research activities. The decrease in total
workyears reflects base redirections to provide support for high priority
research initiatives and to implement the government-wide workyear reduction to
reduce the size and cost of government.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $9,571,600 and 14.9 total workyears for
this program element, of which $1,124,000 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation, $7,747,600 is from the Research and Development
appropriation, and $700,000 is from the Abatement, Control, and Compliance
appropriation.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $15,878,900 and 32.1 total workyears for
this program element, of which $2,307,600 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation, and $13,571,300 was from the Research and Development
appropriation.
RESEARCH ISSUES
The sections below describe research program issues by each fiscal year:
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ACID DEPOSITION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Acid deposition damages lakes and streams, harms forests, contributes to
corrosion of materials, reduces visibility, and is suspected of damaging human
health. The Clean Air Act (CAA), as amended in 1990, established an acid
deposition emissions control program which requires reductions in emissions of
the acid deposition precursors sulfur dioxide (S02) and nitrogen oxide (NOX) to
prevent further environmental damage while restoring already damaged areas. The
primary focus of the acid deposition research program has shifted away from a
general analysis of the causes and effects of acid deposition to research in
support of the emission control programs mandated under the CAA. Researchers are
assisting in implementing the control program through continued monitoring and
assessment of acid deposition, thereby providing essential scientific information
to evaluate the effectiveness of the emission controls.
Acid deposition monitoring work will be redirected into EMAP and ecological
risk assessment research programs as part of the integrated Ecosystems Protection
initiative. ORD will evaluate the impact of acid deposition on sensitive and
critical ecosystems as defined by the integrated Ecosystems Protection
initiative. Information available from the acid deposition monitoring networks
will be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the acid rain control program
established under the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990. ORD will continue
to provide data and other support for the National Acid Precipitation Assessment
Program (NAPAP).
1994 PROGRAM
ORD is reconfiguring the current wet and dry acidic deposition monitoring
network to focus monitoring efforts on specific regional and ecosystem issues to
better use the current capabilities of ORD monitoring sites. In carrying out
assessment activities, researchers are also using data collected by aquatics
monitoring through the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) and
forest monitoring carried out in cooperation with the U.S. Forest Service.
Scientists are improving benefit estimation methods and also conducting modeling
research in support of acid deposition assessment activities.
For continuous emission monitoring research, ORD is evaluating flow monitor
performance, using improved velocity measurement procedures and determining total
system bias. These monitors provide the Agency with the means to monitor power
plant emissions, evaluate the effectiveness of advanced NOX burner controls,
produce preliminary estimates of the effects of S02 and NOX trading on surface
water acidification, and conduct field studies for evaluating the effects of
acidic deposition on tree growth. To evaluate the performance of low-NOx burner
control technology, researchers are using data collected from the completed
Limestone Injection Multi-stage Burner (LIMB) demonstration and other technology
demonstrations.
Researchers are conducting studies to better understand the relationship
between acid aerosols and visibility. For aquatics and terrestrial effects
research, scientists are revisiting sites originally measured in 1990 as part of
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the Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) program for purposes of establishing trends
in FHM indicators. Scientists also are initiating a field study to provide
improved information on the response of surface waters to nitrogen deposition.
Congressional Directives. A total of $700,000 is provided through the AC&C
appropriation for acid deposition research of the Adirondack mountains.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD concentrated acid deposition research on supporting regulatory
activities in several areas. Researchers reviewed the acidic deposition
monitoring network to determine the most cost effective way to limit network
costs in support of CASTNET, and to more accurately establish status and trends
of acid deposition and atmospheric constituents. The data collected supported
various other programs including the National Acid Precipitation Assessment
Program (NAPAP), EMAP, and CAA assessments. Recognizing that visibility is
generally the first indicator of atmospheric change in acid aerosol
concentrations, ORD also evaluated locations for new visibility monitoring sites
to better establish the relationship between acid aerosols and visibility.
In the area of control technology research, ORD completed the
Tangentially-Fired LIMB Demonstration and initiated analysis of the test
results. ORD also performed studies to further investigate and improve the
accuracy of continuous emission monitoring (CEM) measurements in accordance with
regulatory commitments. Researchers completed the acid rain field bias study
which was aimed at evaluating the performance of continuous emission monitoring
equipment in actual use in monitoring power plant emissions as required by the
CAA. They also completed development of a tool which will be widely used by
state public utility commissions to analyze electric utility system plans for
compliance with Title IV of the CAA.
ORD's aquatics and terrestrial effects research concentrated on improving
watershed models of chronic acidification to project the long-term effects on
sensitive soils and aquatic ecosystems. Assessments were conducted on the
environmental impacts and trends of changes in acid deposition on sensitive
ecosystems. Researchers supported activities to assess ecosystem response to
change. Scientists completed the Episodic Response Project, an intensive study
of stream chemistry and fish populations in 13 streams in the Adirondacks,
Catskills, and Northern Appalachian Plateau region of Pennsylvania. They also
completed the first year of the Sierra Episodes project. Water chemistry
samples were collected daily during spring snowmelt for 11 high elevation lakes
in the Sierra Nevada to determine the severity of episodic acidification.
Modeling activities focused on the impacts of atmospheric emissions which is
critical for establishing monitoring networks, determining spatial distributions
of acidic constituents, and understanding the transport and fate of pollutants.
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Resources and accomplishments supporting this program were budgeted in the
Multimedia program element for 1995.
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1994 PROGRAM
As mandated by the Small Business Development Act of 1982 (Public Law 97-
219), EPA will allocate 1.50 percent of its extramural Research and Development
budget for the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program. These funds
are being used to support small businesses engaged in the development of
equipment for pollution abatement and control, and instrumentation for monitoring
environmental trends and conditions. Under this program, ORD is taking advantage
of unique solutions to drinking water problems and other environmental issues
that may be offered by the private sector. Resources are being identified in the
operating plan and consolidated into the Multimedia Program Element once
enactment occurs.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
As mandated by the Small Business Development Act of 1982 (Public Law 97-
219), EPA allocated 1.50 percent of its extramural Research and Development
budget for the SBIR Program to support small businesses engaged in the
development of equipment for pollution abatement and control, and instrumentation
for monitoring environmental trends and conditions.
INFRASTRUCTURE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Adequately funded infrastructure is critical to ORD's success in conducting
the quality science needed to assure that the Agency's decisions are
scientifically sound. The most critical part of ORD's infrastructure is its
staff. The assumption underlying all ORD research activities includes a
productive workforce.
ORD established this cohesive, cross-cutting issue for infrastructure based
upon the importance of this activity to planned and ongoing research activities.
Program and Research Operations appropriation funding for the Acid Deposition
Research Program Element (PE) has been centralized within the infrastructure
issue to provide improved management in ORD's salaries, travel and related costs
associated with managing research programs.
Workyears assigned to this issue represent a consolidation of existing
research functions which had previously been allocated across multiple issues.
This realignment provides greater accuracy in accounting for workforce usage,
enabling management to utilize better information in decision-making and planning
purposes. Consolidated activities include: science policy and program
development; technical evaluation, review, and guidance to EPA program/regional
offices, Federal/State Agencies, and foreign governments; research quality
assu-ance and program review; extramural resource management; technology transfer
of scientific information; ADP technical program development of environmental
data systems; regulatory mission support; facilities maintenance and oversight;
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health and safety, and environmental compliance; research planning and program
development; operational research oversight; policy and procedure development;
program planning and operations; resource planning and review; document
production; and secretarial/clerical support and personnel staffs.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD's current infrastructure program provides compensation and benefits,
and travel for ORD scientists and engineers. ORD's workforce carries out
scientific research programs in support of the Agency's mission.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD funded its workyears in scientific support of the Agency's mission,
providing the personnel compensation and benefits, and travel for ORD scientists
and engineers.
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AIR
GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH
PRINCIPAL OUTPUTS
1995 o Conduct further tests of the Iron Limitation Hypothesis.
o Visualization and characterization of Global Tropospheric Ozone.
o Prototype Earth System Model: complete coupling for C02.
o Report on the protective effects of sunscreens and skin pigmentation
on ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation induced immune suppression.
o Complete a sensitivity analysis of the effects of ultraviolet
radiation on the oceanic carbon cycle in relation to global warming.
o Establish a nationwide ultraviolet (UV) radiation monitoring quality
assurance laboratory at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) facility in Boulder, Co.
1994 o Use two new techniques will be utilized to precisely measure
atmospheric 02/N2 at a growing network of stations.
o Integrated assessment of the release of greenhouse gases from
ecosystems in high latitudes under climate change.
o Develop a. field based system for estimating the environmental
temperature requirements of freshwater fish species.
o Study feasibility of using satellite derived 03 data to infer
tropospheric concentrations
o Complete development of a UV irradiance model to predict UV
radiation doses in marine waters.
o Establish three to six UV monitoring sites in urban areas of the
U.S.
o Report on the effects of UV-B radiation on Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
(infectious viral disease).
1993 o Resolved major uncertainties with regard to the role of the
terrestrial biosphere in the global carbon cycle.
o Completed synopsis of factors affecting climate change and sea-level
rise
o Developed and validated a methodology for estimating the effects of
global climate change on surface water environmental conditions and
fishery resources on a regional basis.
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o Quantified estimates of total global warming potential for
greenhouse gases taking into account tropospheric chemistry.
o Published papers on Methane Emission Characterization/Coal Mines:
The results of the first emissions measurement effort at a large
western surface mine, and a preliminary global estimate of methane
emissions from coal mines.
o Published a model predicting the short-term effect of different wave
lengths of ultraviolet radiation on carbon fixation by marine
phytoplankton.
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AIR
GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH
BUDGET REQUEST
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $29,303,100 and 62.2 total workyears for
1995, an increase of $1,866,600 and an increase of 24.8 total workyears from
1994. Of the request, $4,979,500 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation, and $24,323,600 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents an increase of $2,050,500 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, and a decrease of $183,900 in the Research and
Development appropriation. The increase to the Program and Research Operations
appropriation reflects additional workforce costs associated with funding ORD's
staff of scientists, managers and support personnel in areas such as quality
assurance, extramural resource management, and high priority research, and the
funding of additional workyears. The decrease for the Research and Development
appropriation reflects a redirection of research resources to fund the Small
Business Innovative Research (SBIR) program which is budgeted under the
Multimedia Program Element in 1995. The increase in total workyears represents
a reallocation of existing research functions in order to provide greater
accuracy in accounting for and planning workforce allocation.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $27,436,500 and 37.4 total workyears
for this program element, of which $2,929,000 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation, and $24,507,500 is from the Research and Development
appropriation.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $24,470,100 and 37.0 total workyears for
this program element, of which $3,007,200 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation, and $21,462,900 was from the Research and Development
appropriation.
RESEARCH ISSUES
The sections below describe research program issues by each fiscal year:
GLOBAL CLIMATE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Human activities have caused recent dramatic changes in the Earth system,
including the increase in atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases. Research must be carried out immediately to improve our
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understanding of global climate change because of the serious potential risks of
global change to human health and the environment. ORD is working with other
federal agencies under the Federal Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) to
reduce or resolve the significant scientific uncertainties regarding the timing,
rate, and location of global climate change and to develop cost effective
mitigation and adaption options.
EPA's climate change research is focused on understanding the effects of
climate change on the terrestrial biosphere and predicting the extent of such
biospheric effects in the future. Other major foci of the program include
understanding the extent of regional and global tropospheric ozone (a greenhouse
gas of major concern to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)),
and how human activity is promoting growing concentrations; marine biospheric
influences on global climate change; and critical scientific issues related to
the implementation of the Montreal Protocol on Stratospheric Ozone.
EPA will continue research to help establish the scientific basis for
national and international policy making related to natural and human-induced
changes in the global Earth system. Elements of the program include support for
1) an integrated, comprehensive long-term program of monitoring the trends in
Earth systems on a global scale; 2) a program of focused studies to improve
understanding of the physical, chemical, biological, and social processes that
influence Earth system processes and trends on global and regional scales; 3) the
development of integrated conceptual and predictive Earth system models; and 4)
conducting assessments that document the state of scientific knowledge and
uncertainties, and the implications of global change for the natural and human
environment to support national and international policy making activities over
a broad spectrum of global and regional environmental issues.
Researchers will carry out studies on sources, sinks, pools and fluxes of
greenhouse gases, both natural and human influenced; tropospheric chemistry of
greenhouse and other trace gases; characterization of landscapes and monitoring
of terrestrial biological and bio-geochemical systems; large-scale vegetative
responses; earth system predictive and diagnostic modeling, including climate
induced biospheric feedbacks; and ecological effects of global climate change,
with particular emphasis on forest ecosystems.
1994 PROGRAM
Researchers are carrying out processes and effects studies which focus on
key physical, chemical, biological, ecological, and human controlled processes
that influence or govern Earth system behavior. The program includes studies on
bio-geochemical cycling and carbon cycle dynamics and their resultant feedback
to the climate system, investigations into the atmospheric processes influencing
global warming and cooling, and studies on ecosystem effects and the responses
of vegetation. Researchers are refocusing ecological research efforts and
initiating new experiments to study the transient effects of climate change and
the responses of ecosystems.
ORD is conducting monitoring research which uses remote sensing efforts and
atmospheric measurements to identify the rate at which global ecological systems
are changing, and the systems' relative contributions to changing atmospheric
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burdens of relevant trace gases. These monitoring activities will further
characterize landscapes of North America, continue monitoring biomass burning and
land cover changes, and initiate an assessment activity to optimize monitoring
efforts for early detection of the greenhouse signature. Working with the
International Geosphere and Biosphere Program and the World Meteorological
Organization, the early detection research is focusing on major earth systems
that can rapidly respond to climate change (atmosphere, cryosphere, oceans, and
terrestrial biosphere), use models to identify unique greenhouse gas warming
responses, and design appropriate observational programs to detect the predicted
signals.
Researchers are conducting state-of-science assessments to support the
international IPCC efforts to re-evaluate the likely impacts of climate change
and effective mitigation and adaptation responses. ORD also is expanding
investment in modeling research to accelerate development of a framework for
earth systems modeling, focusing on the need to couple terrestrial biospheric
response to atmospheric and oceanic general circulation models. Such modeling
capability is essential for scientists to predict global climate change with the
accuracy and resolution required for assessing climate change impacts and
developing effective response strategies.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD carried our global climate research to provides the scientific basis
to assess, evaluate, and predict the ecological and environmental consequences
of global change. Researchers resolved major uncertainties with regard to the
role of the terrestrial biosphere in the global carbon cycle, including: 1)
delineating the specific requirements for predicting biospheric response to
changing climate and atmospheric chemistry; 2) clarifying the role of the
terrestrial biosphere in enhancing or decreasing atmospheric C02 concentrations;
3) quantifying terrestrial biospheric fluxes; and 4) assessing the potential for
sequestering carbon in US Forests in supporting the development of the US
National Action Plan for greenhouse gas emissions.
Researchers prepared a synopsis of factors affecting climate change and
sea-level rise. The synopsis summarizes the oceanographic and ecological factors
that have, and will continue to contribute to sea-level rise. These data
represent the most recent and clear synopsis of the different components
affecting sea-level rise and are a fundamental source for the global climate
change scenarios for the Gulf of Mexico, South Florida, the Caribbean coast, and
adjacent region habitats. In addition, studies were performed to investigate the
tropospheric chemistry of greenhouse and other trace gases and begin the process
of quantifying climate induced biospheric feedbacks. Researchers quantified
estimates of the total global warming potential for greenhouse gases, taking into
account tropospheric chemistry.
Researchers also conducted monitoring research which includes landscape
characterization of North America to provide the necessary data for predicting
the influence of land use changes on carbon fluxes, as well as monitoring of
biomass burning and forest cover changes. They also conduced processes and
effects research which concentrated on investigating the sources, sinks, pools,
and fluxes of greenhouse gases, both natural and human influenced. This research
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program also investigated the response of vegetation to climate change from the
plant scale to the landscape and regional scales.
STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer has increased the amount of
ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation which reaches the Earth's surface. EPA's
stratospheric ozone research program is designed to quantify the UV-B increases
and understand the responses of humans and sensitive ecological systems to these
larger UV-B doses. The research supports the periodic effects assessments
required by the Montreal Protocol and provides the data to the Program Office
that explain the implications of ozone depletion. Researchers conduct
investigations on the potential ecological effects of chemical replacements
identified by industry or the government to determine whether the new substances
cause or contribute to any other environmental problems.
EPA's research program on the environmental effects of ozone depletion will
focus on collecting ground based UV-B data and defining the adverse human and
ecological effects associated with increased UV-B exposures. Scientists will
establish a monitoring network of ten operating sites of the fifteen total
planned sites for the program. Both urban and rural (background) sites will be
included in the EPA network. ORD will use the data collected to support ORD
human health and aquatic effects risk assessments and to provide information on
the impact of elevated levels of UV-B radiation on urban air pollution.
In the human health effects component of the program, researchers will
focus on how UV-B radiation effects the immune system. They will complete work
to define the basic mechanisms which cause UV-B to induce adverse effects.
Researchers will determine the impact of UV-B exposure on human susceptibility
to infectious diseases and will study the increase of additional classes of
infectious agents (viral, bacterial, fungal etc.). Scientists will examine the
impact of skin pigmentation on human sensitivity to immunosuppressive effects and
the degree of protection provided by sunscreen. Researchers will initiate
efforts to quantify the impact of UV-B exposure on vaccine effectiveness.
Under the aquatics effects program, scientists will provide data on how UV-
B impacts marine species which live in the surface layer (1-30 meters) of the
ocean. Researchers will study the effects on the primary production of
phytoplankton because of its important role in the marine food web. Scientists
will conduct research to further quantify UV-B induced effects on primary
production, shifts in phytoplankton species, and the indirect impacts of
phytoplankton effects on fish populations and food quality. Long-term exposures
of phytoplankton species will be conducted to develop dose response
relationships.
Researchers will investigate the ecological effects of proposed replacement
compounds. They will define the environmental impacts of selected
hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) degradation products,
and will investigate the chemical, biological, and physical parameters and
transport processes which govern the distribution of degradation products in
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water, soils and vegetation. Scientists will perform ecological risk assessments
to determine the risks posed by the oxidation products of selected compounds.
ORD will coordinate this research with industry groups, including the Alternative
Fluorocarbon Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS).
1994 PROGRAM
ORD is 1) investigating the effects of increased UV-B on human health and
sensitive aquatic ecosystems; 2) establishing a ground-based UV-B monitoring
network to provide data on UV-B exposure; and 3) evaluating the fate and
transport of industry and government proposed replacements for ozone depleting
compounds (ODCs) to ensure they do not pose other environmental risks.
Researchers are conducting human immunosuppression studies to define the
basic mechanism which causes UV-B to induce adverse effects in humans and the
extent to which this influences human susceptibility to infections. Scientists
are assessing the role of skin pigmentation on immunosuppression and the degree
of protection afforded by sun screen. The Agency is carrying out aquatic effects
research which focuses on laboratory experiments to define the impact of
increased UV-B on phytoplankton productivity, including field experiments on the
effects of higher UV-B exposure on sensitive near-coastal ecosystems.
EPA's research is supporting ground based UV-B monitoring research to
establish several monitoring sites and agreements with other federal agencies and
nations to share information on UV-B levels. Scientists are conducting research
on the atmospheric transformation and ecological effects of CFC/HCFC replacement
substances to help determine the atmospheric fate of proposed replacements for
ODCs and the environmental risks associated with these compounds and their
degradation products. Researchers are continuing to develop a multimedia
exposure model to predict environmental concentrations of replacement compounds
and degradation products.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Researchers continued to investigate critical human and ecological effects
caused by increased levels of UV-B which are reaching the Earth's surface due to
stratospheric ozone depletion. The health effects program concentrated on
determining the extent to which UV-B induces immunosuppression in humans,
including defining the mechanism which causes this effect. Researchers prepared
a report on ocular and dermatological health effects of ultraviolet exposure from
the ozone hole in southern Chile. Aquatic effects research centered on
determining how phytoplankton species are adversely impacted by elevated UV-B
radiation levels and evaluating how these effects indirectly impact an entire
ecosystem. Researchers published a model predicting the short-term effect of
different wave lengths of ultraviolet radiation on carbon fixation by marine
phytoplankton. In addition, a UV-B monitoring center was established at the
University of Georgia, and efforts were initiated to significantly expand EPA's
UV-B monitoring network.
EPA also conducted research on the atmospheric transformation and
ecological effects of CFC/HCFC replacement substances. This research helps
determine the atmospheric fate and environmental risks of volatile compounds
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which are expected to be used as replacements for ODCs. Researchers continued
work to develop a multimedia exposure model which predicts environmental
concentrations of replacement compounds and their degradation products.
INFRASTRUCTURE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Adequately funded infrastructure is critical to ORD's success in conducting
the quality science needed to assure that the Agency's decisions are
scientifically sound. The most critical part of ORD's infrastructure is its
staff. The assumption underlying all our research activities includes a
productive workforce.
ORD established this cohesive, cross-cutting issue for infrastructure based
upon the importance of this activity to planned and ongoing research activities.
Program and Research Operations appropriation funding for the Global Change
Research Program Element (PE) has been centralized within the infrastructure
issue to provide improved management in ORD's salaries, travel and related costs
associated with managing research programs.
Workyears assigned to this issue represent a consolidation of existing
research functions which had previously been allocated across multiple issues.
This realignment provides greater accuracy in accounting for workforce usage,
enabling management to utilize better information in decision-making and planning
purposes. Consolidated activities include: science policy and program
development; technical evaluation, review, and guidance to EPA program/regional
offices, Federal/State Agencies, and foreign governments; research quality
assurance and program review; extramural resource management; technology transfer
of scientific information; ADP technical program development of environmental
data systems; regulatory mission support; facilities maintenance and oversight;
health and safety, and environmental compliance; research planning and program
development; operational research oversight; policy and procedure development;
program planning and operations; resource planning and review; document
production; and secretarial/clerical support and personnel staffs.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD's current infrastructure program provides compensation and benefits,
and travel for ORD scientists and engineers. ORD's workforce carries out
scientific research programs in support of the Agency's mission.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD funded its workyears in scientific support of the Agency's mission,
providing the personnel compensation and benefits, and travel for ORD scientists
and engineers.
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AIR
Air Quality & Stationary Source Planning & Standards
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Emission Standards &
Technology Assessment
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
State Program Policy
Guidelines & Air
Standards Development
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
$9,167.8
$16,679.1
$25,846.9
$6,888.6
$6,094.0
$12,982.6
$10,079.4
$19,944.9
$30,024.3
$7,196.5
$6,556.5
$13,753.0
$9,979.4
$13,844.8
$23,824.2
$7,128.5
$8,870.8
$15,999.3
$9,867.5
$11,263.8
$21,131.3
$6,917.0
$8,462.5
$15,379.5
$10,498.7
$19,444.9
$29,943.6
$7,757.2
$8,413.1
$16,170.3
$631.2
$8,181.1
$8,812.3
$840.2
-$49.4
$790.8
$419.3
-$500.0
-$80.7
$560.7
$1,856.6
$2,417.3
TOTAL:
Program & Research $16,056.4 $17,275.9 $17,107.9 $16,784.5 $18,255.9 $1,471.4 $980.0
Operations
Abatement Control and $22,773.1 $26,501.4 $22,715.6 $19,726.3 $27,858.0 $8,131.7 $1,356.6
Compliance
Air Quality & TOTAL $38,829.5 $43,777.3 $39,823.5 $36,510.8 $46,113.9 $9,603.1 $2,336.6
Stationary Source
Planning & Standards
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Emission Standards &
Technology Assessment
State Program Policy
143.0
108.7
156.0
111.7
156.0
111.7
150.9
113.7
152.8
112.8
1.9
-9
-3.2
1.1
Guidelines & Air
Standards Development
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 251.7 267.7 267.7 264.6 265.6 1.0 -2.1
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Emission Standards & 147.4 156.0 156.0 150.9 152.8 1.9 -3.2
Technology Assessment
State Program Policy 110.1 111.7 111.7 113.7 112.8 -9 1.1
Guidelines & Air
Standards Development
TOTAL WORKYEARS 257.5 267.7 267.7 264.6 265.6 1.0 -2.1
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AIR
AIR QUALITY & STATIONARY SOURCE PLANNING AND STANDARDS
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $46,113,900 supported by 265.6 total
workyears for 1995, an increase of $9,603,100 and 1.0 total workyears from 1994.
Of the request, $18,255,900 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $27,858,000 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,471,400 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and an increase of $8,131,700 in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation.
EMISSION STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $29,943,600 supported by 152.8 total
workyears for this program, of which $10,498,700 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $19,444,900 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase from 1994 of
$631,200 in the Program and Research Operations appropriation for increased
workforce costs, an increase of $8,181,100 in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation for Clean Air Act activities, and an increase of 1.9 in
total workyears to support Clean Air Act (CAA) activities.
In 1995 the primary focus of the program continues to be implementation of
the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, particularly requirements for reducing air
toxics through development of Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT)
standards for high priority pollutants and source categories. EPA will focus on
promulgating MACT standards for about 20 source categories (four-year standards)
and will begin work on about 61 source categories (seven-year standards). The
Agency will review the MACT regulatory schedule and make adjustments as
appropriate.
EPA will promulgate the municipal waste combustor (MWC) II and III
standards in 1995, as well as standards for medical waste incinerators. The
Agency will then focus on assisting states in implementing the standards. The
Agency also will begin developing standards for commercial and industrial solid
waste incinerators and for consumer products. In addition, the Agency will
promulgate revisions to the New Source Performance Standard (NSPS) for electric
utilities as required by section 111 of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) . The
major focus will be on the nitrogen oxides (NOx) NSPS. EPA will revise the
sulfur dioxide NSPSs in accordance with the deletion of the percent reduction
provisions of section 111.
EPA will review and respond to the concerns and recommendations of the
National Academy of Science Risk Assessment Review study. The Agency also will
focus significant efforts on completing the study of all air toxic emissions from
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utilities. The study will include alternative control strategies and
recommendations concerning MACT standards. In addition, the Agency will
summarize in a report to Congress a study of mercury emissions from electric
utility steam generating units, MWCs, and other sources, including area sources.
The study will include emissions, health and environmental effects, control
technologies, and costs.
In 1995 EPA will continue work within the Great Waters program. Further
study will continue to address the scientific and technical issues associated
with regulating the deposition of air pollutants into the Great Waters. The
Agency will begin work as needed towards regulation of pollutants that contribute
to atmospheric deposition for the Great Waters.
The Agency will complete a report to Congress that identifies at least 30
hazardous air pollutants representing the greatest threat to public health in the
largest number of urban areas. This information will allow EPA to better
understand the nature of the air toxics problem in urban areas and to begin
immediately to develop a comprehensive national strategy for addressing these
area sources.
In 1995 EPA will continue to provide support to Regional offices, states,
and local air pollution control agencies in their implementation of programs to
control air toxics, volatile organic compound (VOC), and particulate matter (PM-
10) emissions through the operation of four technical centers and clearinghouses.
The Agency will operate a small business technical assistance service in
coordination with the existing technical assistance centers to provide technical
guidance on control technology, pollution prevention, and chemical emergency
prevention, and consideration of small business needs and concerns (e.g., air
pollution control regulations that affect them).
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994 the Agency is allocating a total of $21,131,300 supported by 150.9
total workyears for this program, of which $9,867,500 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $11,263,800 is from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
In 1994 EPA is focusing on development of MACT standards for categories to
help meet the November 1994 deadline in the CAA. The Agency also is providing
technical assistance to states and local agencies in implementing the promulgated
MACT standards for coke ovens, dry cleaners, and hazardous organic sources. In
addition, the Agency is continuing work on a study of the hazardous air
pollutants representing the greatest threat to public health in the largest
number of urban areas. With completion of this study, EPA will better understand
the nature of the air toxics problem in urban areas and can begin to develop a
comprehensive national strategy for addressing these area sources. In addition,
EPA is preparing a study of emissions of hazardous air pollutants from electric
utilities, including mercury emissions.
In 1994 EPA will submit to Congress the first report on the Great Waters
study. The report includes data obtained in 1993 on atmospheric deposition of
hazardous air pollutants to the Great Lakes, Chesapeake Bay, Lake Champlain, and
I
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some U.S. coastal waters. Follow-up reports are due every two years. The 1994
report will identify air toxics sources and potential control or emission
reduction options; assess whether Title III provisions are adequate to prevent
serious public health or environmental effects, and describe opportunities where
EPA could address the adverse effects of atmospheric deposition. Where
appropriate, the Agency will encourage regulations addressing these topics. The
Agency continues work addressing additional U.S. coastal waters.
In 1994 EPA continues developing standards for medical waste incinerators,
performing the screening study on other waste combustors required by the CAA, and
developing proposed standards for municipal waste combustors. The Agency also
is proposing guidance for the implementation of the "modifications" provisions
(section 112(g)) of the Act, and publishing final guidance for states to use in
obtaining approval and delegation of Federal air toxic programs under section
112(1) and case-by-case MACT determinations under section 112(j). The Agency
will continue to process applications received under the Early Reductions
Program.
The Agency continues to develop key control technology guidelines (CTGs),
alternative control technology (ACT) documents, and NSPSs in 1994. The CTGs for
the wood furniture, aerospace, and shipbuilding industries are on separate
schedules (early 1995) due to the need to coordinate with section 112 MACT
standards being developed for the same categories. The Agency is developing a
MACT standard for autobody refinishing in lieu of a CTG and publishing final ACT
documents for industrial clean-up solvents and pesticides in lieu of CTGs. The
Agency also is publishing final ACT documents for major Nox and VOC sources.
Additionally, the Agency is proposing revisions to the NSPS for electric
utilities as required by section 111 of the CAAA. The major focus is on the NOx
NSPS. The sulfur dioxide NSPSs may be revised in accordance with the deletion
of the percent reduction provisions of section 111.
In 1994 EPA continues to provide support to Regional offices, states, and
local air pollution control agencies in their implementation of programs to
control air toxics, VOC, and PM-10 emissions through the operation of four
technical centers and clearinghouses. The Agency operates a small business
technical assistance service in coordination with the existing technical
assistance centers to provide technical guidance on control technology, pollution
prevention, and chemical emergency prevention, and consideration of small
business needs and concerns.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993 the Agency obligated a total of $25,846,900 supported by 147.4
total workyears for this program, of which $9,167,800 was from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $16,679,100 was from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
In 1993 EPA focused on implementation of CAA requirements for reducing air
toxics through development of MACT standards for high priority pollutants and
source categories. The Agency published a final list of source categories for
which MACT standards must be developed and the regulatory schedule for the
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promulgation of MACT standards for all listed source categories. The Agency
focused on development of MACT standards to meet the two-year and four-year
deadlines and began efforts to meet the seven-year deadline.
EPA gave high priority to completing MACT standards for hazardous organic
sources, coke ovens, and dry cleaners. The Agency proposed a MACT standard for
industrial cooling towers. EPA also promulgated procedures for delegating to
states responsibility for implementing MACT standards and other requirements
under section 112(1). In addition, EPA proposed policies and procedures for
states to make case-by-case MACT determinations under section 112 (j).
In 1993 the Agency continued: 1) work on a study of the deposition of
hazardous air pollutants in the Great Waters; 2) development of standards for
medical waste incinerators and MWCs; 3) development of guidance for the
implementation of the "Modifications" provisions of section 112(g); 4) support
to the National Academy of Sciences in their review of EPA's risk assessment
procedures and methods; 5) work on a study of the emissions of hazardous air
pollutants from electric utilities; and 6) efforts to assess the concentrations
of air toxics in the ambient air in urban areas.
To help states address ozone nonattainment problems, EPA continued: 1)
development of CTGs for 13 categories of sources of VOCs; 2) an ACT document for
sources of NOx and a study of jet aircraft NOx emissions; 3) efforts to complete
a study of VOC emissions from consumer commercial products; and 4) development
of standards for marine vessels and architectural and industrial coatings; 5)
revision of the NSPS for electric utilities; and 6) the utility boiler operator
certification program.
EPA continued implementation support to state programs through the
operation of four centers and clearinghouses and through the publication of
implementation support and technology transfer documents for air toxics, ozone,
and PM-10 control. The Agency also continued to assist states in the development
of permit programs for air toxics. In addition, the Agency initiated support to
states in providing compliance and technical assistance to small businesses that
must comply with CAA requirements.
STATE PROGRAM GUIDELINES AND AIR STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $16,170,300 supported by 112.8 total
workyears for this program, of which $7,757,200 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $8,413,100 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $840,200
in the Program and Research Operations and a decrease of $49,400 in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation and a decrease of 0.9 workyears
from 1994. The decrease in workyears is part of the President's program to
reduce the size and cost of government. The reduction in the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation reflects a Congressional directive that was not
continued in 1995.
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This program focuses on implementing requirements of the CAA for meeting
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQSs) and establishing state operating
permit and fee programs. In 1995 EPA will publish a decision to revise or
reaffirm the NAAQS for sulfur dioxide. The Agency also will propose to revise
or reaffirm the nitrogen dioxide standard, continue to expedite the review of the
ozone standard by issuing a draft staff paper, and continue work on the next
round review of the particulate matter standard. The Agency will carry out
benefits, health, and regulatory impact analyses to support programs for Federal
rulemaking activities.
In 1995 EPA will review and take regulatory action on state implementation
plans (SIPs) and state operating permit programs. The Agency will continue
Federal implementation plan (FIP) activities and sanctions, as necessary,
focusing increased efforts on the promulgation and implementation of three major
ozone FIPs for California. EPA also will determine whether marginal ozone areas
and moderate particulate matter (PM-10) areas have attained by the statutory
deadlines and take appropriate action (e.g., "bump up" the area classification,
approve attainment date extensions).
EPA will provide states with policy guidance and assistance for such
activities as developing revised SIPs and determining whether progress
requirements and milestones are met. Specifically, the Agency will oversee the
attainment plan demonstrations due November 15, 1994. EPA will promulgate
Federal operating permit rules, revise existing rules covering state operating
permit programs, promulgate rules that revise the new source review (NSR)
regulations, and propose additional rules to simplify the NSR program. EPA will
designate, as needed, new nonattainment areas based on new air quality data or
changes to NAAQSs and redesignate areas to attainment as appropriate. The Agency
will continue to review and process the operating permit programs submitted by
the states. Efforts will begin on managing the Headquarter's 45-day review of
proposed state operating permits. The EPA will also continue to provide training
to states through short courses, self-study courses, videos, and workshops for
implementing CAA requirements. Increased interest in delivering this training
through satellite networks is anticipated.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994 the Agency is allocating a total of $15,379,500 supported by 113.7
total workyears for this program, of which $6,917,000 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $8,462,500 is from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
In 1994 EPA is reviewing and approving or disapproving state operating
permit programs due November 15, 1993. EPA also continues to provide states with
guidance and other assistance needed to implement the CAA requirements for state
operating permit programs. The Agency will propose the Federal operating permit
program rules and revise the part 70 rules covering state operating permit
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programs. The Agency also will propose rules to implement a variety of changes
to the NSR program. The Agency will develop proposed rules to simplify the NSR
program and to provide guidance for best available control technology (BACT).
The Agency continues to provide NSR guidance and assistance to Regions and
states.
In 1994 EPA will decide whether to repropose or promulgate a revised or
reaffirmed primary NAAQS for sulfur dioxide. The Agency also will complete its
review of the carbon monoxide standard, continue the expedited review of the
ozone standard, and begin the next round review of the particulate matter
standard.
EPA continues to develop the guidance and regulations needed to implement
SIP activities. This includes issuing rules and/or guidance for serious PM-10
nonattainment areas, lead nonattainment areas, general conformity, completeness
criteria, economic incentive programs, order of sanctions, and discretionary
sanctions. The Agency also will issue the list of additional PM-10 and sulfur
dioxide nonattainment areas and assist the ozone and visibility transport
commissions.
In 1994 EPA continues to administer a review process for SIPs submitted by
states. EPA will review and approve or disapprove the initial SIP submittals.
If necessary, the Agency will impose sanctions and develop Federal rules for
disapproved SIPs. The Agency continues to implement innovative measures to
reduce the backlog of SIP revisions and expedite processing, including the
operation of a computerized SIP tracking and information system.
Congressional Directives. A total of $2,600,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project of Clean Air Act Additional Activities.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993 EPA obligated a total of $12,982,600 supported by 110.1 total
workyears to this program, of which $6,888,600 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $6,094,000 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1993 EPA provided states with guidance and other assistance needed to
implement the requirements for state operating permit and fee programs, including
general permits, enabling legislation, fee recovery requirements, and monitoring
and reporting requirements. The Agency also issued guidance on the processing
and review procedures for the permit programs due in November 1993. In 1993 EPA
completed the review of the NAAQS for ozone and the secondary sulfur dioxide
standard. The Agency continued work towards reproposing or promulgating a
revised or reaffirmed primary NAAQS for sulfur dioxide and setting priorities
among future NAAQS revisions for other pollutants. The Agency also continued
developing rules to implement a variety of changes to the NSR program and to
simplify the NSR program.
EPA issued "findings" letters to states that failed to submit SIPs due on
November 15, 1992. EPA also published PM-10 best available control measure
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(BACM) technical guidance, Title I nitrogen oxides guidance, PM-10 area
reclassifications, economic incentive rules, general conformity criteria, and PM-
10 prevention of significant deterioration increments. The Agency also continued
assistance to the ozone and visibility transport commissions.
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AIR
Mobile.Source Air Pollution Control & Fuel Economy
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Mobile Source Program
Implementation
Program & Research $1,889.4 $2,985.1 $2,976.1 $2,815.6 $3,420.7 $605.1 $435.6
Operations
Abatement Control and $2 $2 $2 $2
Compliance
TOTAL $1,889.4 $2,985.3 $2,976.3 $2,815.6 $3,420.9 $605.3 $435.6
Emission Standards,
Technical Assessment &
Characterization
Program & Research $7,691.0 $9,085.8 $8,929.2 $9,266.0 $10,446.1 $1,180.1 $1,360.3
Operations
Abatement Control and $13,533.1 $13,841.0 $11,682.4 $15,961.8 $25,409.6 $9,447.8 $11,568.6
Compliance
TOTAL $21,224.1 $22,926.8 $20,611.6 $25,227.8 $35,855.7 $10,627.9 $12,928.9
Testing, Technical &
Administrative Support
Program & Research $5,965.3 $6,378.9 $6,204.2 $6,083.5 $6,963.5 $880.0 $584.6
Operations
Abatement Control and $3,123.4 $10,889.6 $8,456.3 $7,161.0 $9,936.1 $2,775.1 -$953.5
Compliance
TOTAL $9,088.7 $17,268.5 $14,660.5 $13,244.5 $16,899.6 $3,655.1 -$368.9
Emissions & Fuel
Economy Compliance
Program & Research $3,214.7 $2,898.4 $2,898.4 $7,494.8 $8,245.0 $750.2 $5,346.6
Operations
Abatement Control and $479.5 $427.1 $412.6 $3,280.7 $7,902.7 $4,622.0 $7,475.6
Compliance
TOTAL $3,694.2 $3,325.5 $3,311.0 $10,775.5 $16,147.7 $5,372.2 $12,822.2
TOTAL:
Program & Research $18,760.4 $21,348.2 $21,007.9 $25,659.9 $29,075.3 $3,415.4 $7,727.1
Operations
Abatement Control and $17,136.0 $25,157.9 $20,551.5 $26,403.5 $43,248.6 $16,845.1 $18,090.7
Compliance
Mobile Source Air TOTAL $35,896.4 $46,506.1 $41,559.4 $52,063.4 $72,323.9 $20,260.5 $25,817.8
Pollution Control &
Fuel Economy
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Mobile Source Program 33.3 50.8 50.8 50.6 54.6 4.0 3.8
Implementation
Emission Standards, 118.6 143.7 143.7 146.7 156.1 9.4 12.4
Technical Assessment &
Characterization
Testing, Technical & 110.3 101.1 101.1 99.5 99.8 3 -1.3
Administrative Support
Emissions & Fuel 44.2 46.5 46.5 126.5 123.8 -2.7 77.3
Economy Compliance
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AIR
Mobile Source Air Pollution Control & Fuel Economy
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
306.4
342.1
342.1
423.3
434.3
11.0
92.2
Mobile Source Program
Implementation
Emission Standards,
Technical Assessment &
Characterization
Testing, Technical &
Administrative Support
Emissions & Fuel
Economy Compliance
TOTAL WORKYEARS
34.5
128.2
114.2
51.1
328.0
50.8
143.7
101.1
46.5
342.1
50.8
143.7
101.1
46.5
342.1
50.6
146.7
99.5
126.5
423.3
54.6
156.1
99.8
123.8
434.3
4.0
9.4
-2.7
11.0
3.8
12.4
-1.3
77.3
92.2
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AIR
MOBILE SOURCE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AND FUEL ECONOMY
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $72,323,900 supported by 434.3 total
workyears for 1995, an increase of $20,260,500 and an increase of 11.0 workyears
from 1994. Of the request, $29,075,300 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $43,248,600 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $3,415,400 in the
Program and Research Operations appropriation and an increase of $16,845,100 in
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1995 the Agency expects to collect $11,000,000 in fees from the mobile
source program, including fuel economy, certification, and recall programs.
MOBILE SOURCE PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $3,420,900 supported by 54.6 total workyears
for this program, of which $3,420,700 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $200 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $605,100 in the Program
and Research Operations appropriation, $200 in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation, and 4.0 total workyears. The increases reflect
increased workforce costs.
The program will focus on reviewing state ozone attainment demonstration
SIPs to achieve a 15 percent reduction on VOCs by 1996. The Clean Air Act
Amendments (CAAA) require that serious and worse ozone areas determine their
actual 1996 emissions for comparison to the projections in the State
Implementation Plans (SIPs) that will be submitted in November 1993. Guidance
will be provided to states on how to collect data to accomplish this task. Final
actions will be determined for emission inventory SIPs and conformity SIP
proposals will be reviewed. In addition, EPA will continue developing Federal
Implementation Plans (FIPs) where SIPs are not submitted or where the ones
submitted are inadequate. The court-ordered ozone FIPs for Sacramento, Ventura,
and Los Angeles (South Coast) will be finalized, as well as the court-ordered
carbon monoxide FIP for Los Angeles (South Coast).
Mobile source activities in the regional offices will continue to support
implementation of new and enhanced inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs;
oversight of existing I/M programs (including I/M "fix-ups" where deficiencies
exist); oversight of oxygenated and reformulated fuels programs; implementation
of clean fuel fleets; implementation of trip reduction programs and other adopted
TCMs; and implementation/oversight of the conformity process, including working
relationships with the regional Federal Highway Administration and state/local
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transportation agencies. The regional offices will continue to provide technical
assistance on mobile source programs.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $2,815,600 supported by 50.6 total
workyears for this program, all of which is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation.
In 1994, this program will provide guidance to states in developing mobile
source emissions inventories and transportation control measures (TCMs) and in
making conformity determinations. EPA regional offices provide technical
guidance to those states and localities that are required under the CAAA, to
implement new or enhanced vehicle I/M programs. The regional offices will
provide guidance to an additional 24 cities that did not have existing or basic
inspection programs. The program also will provide initial support to those
states considering opting into other programs mandated by the CAAA, including the
oxygenated fuels and clean fuel fleet programs. EPA regional offices will review
program proposals and implementation plans and provide appropriate guidance.
Court-ordered FIPs will be developed. Also, individual state programs will be
audited to assess program effectiveness and determine if program implementation
is consistent with the state's plan.
The program will continue to provide technical support to the states and
local jurisdictions, along with implementation assistance and review of SIPs.
States were required by the CAAA to submit by November 15, 1993 their SIPs to EPA
for approval. EPA provided support to states in the development of these plans
and is in the process of reviewing and approving them. EPA will develop FIPs
where SIPs have not or will not be submitted or where the ones submitted are
inadequate. Court-ordered ozone FIPs will be proposed for Sacramento, Ventura,
and Los Angeles (South Coast) , California. Also, a court-ordered carbon monoxide
FIP will be proposed for Los Angeles (South Coast). Guidance will be provided
to states in developing and implementing TCM to receive emission reduction credit
in their SIPs. In addition, EPA will review approximately 14 Employee Commute
Options (ECO) compliance plans from States with severe and extreme ozone
nonattainment areas and serious carbon monoxide nonattainment areas. The CAAA
require that employers with 100 or more employees in these areas submit ECO plans
to states to minimize the use of single occupancy vehicles in order to gain
emission reductions beyond what could be achieved with stringent tailpipe and
fuel standards.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $1,889,400 supported by 34.5 total
workyears for this program, all of which was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation.
The Regional program provided policy guidance and technical support to
states developing and implementing motor vehicle I/M programs as part of their
SIPs. The Regions provided guidance in the development of mobile source
emissions inventories, TCMs, and conformity determinations. They also supported
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the states in the development and implementation of other programs mandated by
the CAAA, including the oxygenated fuels and clean fuel fleet programs. The
Regions reviewed program proposals and implementation plans and provided
appropriate guidance. The Regions audited individual state programs and made
determinations as to consistency with implementation plans and program
effectiveness.
EMISSION STANDARDS. TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $35,855,700 supported by 156.1 total
workyears for this program, of which $10,446,100 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $25,409,600 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,180,100
in the Program and Research Operations appropriation, and an increase of
$9,447,800 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, and an
increase of 9.4 total workyears. The increases reflect additional resource needs
for the President's Climate Change Action Plan, support to states and localities
for control programs, and implementation of Federal Implementation Plans (FIPs).
The program will continue to encourage mobile source emission reductions
applying pollution prevention technology or incentives. As part of the Climate
Change Action Plan, implementation of the President's clean car initiative will
demonstrate the pollution prevention potential of automotive propulsion systems
with low carbon emissions, while preserving current vehicle performance, utility,
and safety. The demonstration, in cooperation with the domestic automobile
manufacturers, will dramatically improve passenger car and light truck fuel
economy. Transportation sources represent more than half of the greenhouse gas
emissions between 1990 and 2000. As part of the President's Climate Change
Action Plan transportation efficiency initiatives will be continued in an effort
to reduce carbon emissions while improving the air quality [e.g. travel model
improvement program and program evaluation of state implementation plans' (SIPs)
transportation control measures (TCMs)]. These initiatives will give commuters
more travel choices and create regional economic growth while reducing urban
traffic congestion and lowering Clean Air Act compliance costs.
Implementation of the new clean vehicles/fuels program will continue.
Technical support in the many complex aspects of program implementation will be
provided for state programs. The California pilot program and the clean fuel
fleet programs will be implemented. Regulatory work will continue with the
proposal and promulgation of alternative fuel vehicle standards. Also, the
gasoline detergent additives phase II standards and the heavy-duty engine [model
year (MY) 1998 and beyond] reduction standards for nitrogen oxides (NOX) will be
proposed. EPA will continue to study whether the Tier II exhaust standards will
be needed to help meet Federal air quality standards.
By January 1995, 23 states that do not have basic inspections programs will
be required to implement enhanced inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs. The
new enhanced I/M programs will be an important tool to reduce emissions from
passenger vehicles by 28 percent for volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), 31
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percent for carbon monoxide (CO) , and nine percent for NOX. Program efforts will
shift from assisting the states in the preparation and processing of their SIPs
to monitoring the start-up process and assisting the states in providing
orientation for the public. Systematic audits will be conducted in approximately
12 states selected from those that started up on schedule and appear to be over
their transition difficulties and into a sustained operating mode. The program
will provide technical support in overcoming any initial operational problems and
implementing other state mobile source SIP programs (e.g., mechanics training
support programs and incentives for improving the quality of vehicle repairs).
In addition, guidance will be provided to states to assess the effectiveness of
their I/M programs.
The program will focus on assisting the regions in reviewing state ozone
attainment demonstration SIPs to achieve a 15 percent reduction in VOCs by 1996.
Updated information and guidance will be provided for VOCs emission specification
and reactivity with ozone. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) require
that serious and worse ozone areas determine their actual 1996 emissions for
comparison to the projections in the SIPs that will be submitted in November
1993. In addition, the program will have to continue developing Federal
Implementation Plans (FIPs) where SIPs are not submitted or the ones submitted
are inadequate. The court-ordered ozone FIPs for Sacramento, Ventura, and Los
Angeles (South Coast), California will be finalized. Also, the court-ordered
carbon monoxide FIP for Los Angeles (South Coast) will be finalized.
Over 1,200 tests for in-use vehicle assessment will be performed, including
the evaluation of new technology vehicles to refine air quality projections and
update the mobile source air quality model, the MOBILES model. The refinery
modeling report required by the Alternative Motor Fuel Act (AMFA) will be sent
to Congress. The in-use urban bus testing standards will be promulgated.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $25,227,800 supported by 146.7 total
workyears for this program, of which $9,266,000 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $15,961,800 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
A major focus in 1994 will be the start-up process of the enhanced I/M
program, including technical support to EPA regional offices, state and local
agencies. EPA is implementing a new expanded, high-technology vehicle emission
inspection program that is estimated to be over three times more effective than
previous inspection programs in reducing emissions from improperly maintained
cars. An additional 24 cities, which do not currently have basic inspections
programs, are required by the CAAA to implement the new program by January 1994.
Approximately 75 existing basic areas will need to upgrade I/M programs to meet
the new I/M requirements, with at least 30% of vehicles covered by January 1995.
The rules for I/M program requirements for on-board diagnostics systems and
recall checks will be promulgated and implemented by states. EPA will provide
technical support to states and local agencies in the implementation of high
technology-based I/M programs and state and local clean fuels/vehicles fleet
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programs, including the development of market incentives to provide economically
efficient ways to implement the requirements of the CAAA.
Another major focus in 1994 will be the President's Climate Change Action
Plan. Transportation sources represent more than half of the greenhouse gas
emissions between 1990 and 2000. The Agency will undertake, as part of this
plan, a significant program to stimulate the development of a new technology
motor vehicle that will triple fuel efficiency, thereby reducing by a significant
margin transportation's contributions to carbon emissions. In addition, the
Agency will undertake a transportation efficiency initiative to reduce carbon
emissions while improving the air quality [e.g. travel model improvement program
and program evaluation of state implementation plans' (SIPs) transportation
control measures (TCMs)]. These initiatives will give commuters more travel
choices and create regional economic growth while reducing urban traffic
congestion and lowering Clean Air Act compliance costs.
The program will continue to provide technical support to the regions,
states and local jurisdictions subject to the more stringent CAAA requirements,
along with implementation assistance and review of SIPs. States were required
by the CAAA to submit by November 15, 1993 their SIPs to EPA for approval (e.g. ;
15% VOCs). EPA will provide support to states in the development of these plans
and will review and approve them once they are complete and adequate. In
addition, EPA will develop FIPs where SIPs are not submitted or where the ones
submitted are inadequate. Court-ordered ozone FIPs will be proposed for
Sacramento, Ventura, and Los Angeles (South Coast), California. Also, a court-
ordered carbon monoxide FIP will be proposed for Los Angeles (South Coast).
Guidance will be provided to the regions and states in developing and
implementing TCMs to receive emission reduction credit in their SIPs.
In 1994 the Agency will continue regulatory work with the revision of motor
vehicle and fuel standards that are already in place, and the development of new
programs to address persistent air quality problems. EPA will promulgate
emissions standards for motor vehicles fueled with compressed natural gas (CNG)
and liquefied petroleum gases (LPG). Methanol test procedures will also be
promulgated. The Agency will promulgate court-ordered standards for the
California pilot program for opt-in and sale requirements, and for clean fuel
fleet conversions. The final court-ordered rule for the reformulated
gasoline/complex model will be promulgated in response to the mandates of the
CAAA, which will move the country in the direction of new technology and
alternative energy sources to meet its transportation demands. The Agency also
will finalize standards for the reformulated gasoline/simple model and a
reformulated gasoline ethanol waiver. The Agency will promulgate the court-
ordered final rule for protocols for fuels and fuel additives health testing, and
propose court-ordered standards for gasoline detergent additives. EPA will also
promulgate regulations for onboard vapor recovery and for conformity of
transportation plans. The Agency will propose court-ordered standards to
control emissions from non-road engines (less than 25 horse power gasoline spark
ignited engines). Non-road recreational marine engine standards will be
proposed. In addition, the court-ordered standards for non-road engines
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(compressed ignition engines greater than 50 HP) will be promulgated. The in-use
urban bus testing standards will be proposed. The urban bus retrofit and rebuild
program will be implemented.
Testing activities will continue, but at reduced levels. The emission
factor program will continue its efforts to improve the availability of data on
the contributions of mobile sources to air quality problems by focusing work on
assessing the potential impact of new clean vehicles and fuels. This program
collects data from in-use vehicles to assess the impact on emissions from using
oxygenated fuels and other fuels that have been reformulated to be less
polluting. The program also collects emissions data from in-use vehicles
representing the new technologies required to meet the more stringent emission
standards mandated by the CAAA. Approximately 800 tests for in-use vehicle
assessment will be performed, including the evaluation of new technology vehicles
to refine air quality projections and update the mobile source air quality model,
MOBILEX.
Congressional Directives. A total of $500,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project of High Altitude Engine Testing Research.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $21,224,100 supported by 128.2 total
workyears for this program, of which $7,691,000 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $13,533,100 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The mobile source program continued in 1993 to develop the emission
standards mandated by the CAAA. EPA developed technical guidelines for the clean
fuel programs (e.g., reformulated gasoline, fuels and fuel additives, oxygenated
and other fuels, and the California pilot program) at the state and local level.
EPA proposed reformulated gasoline standards for MY 2000 and a reformulated
gasoline ethanol waiver. The Agency also proposed court-ordered regulations for
the reformulated gasoline complex model. The court-ordered standards for the
California pilot program for opt-in and sales requirements, and for clean fuel
fleets definitions and conversions were proposed. The final rules for clean fuel
fleets credits and transportation control measures exemptions were promulgated.
The emissions standards for motor vehicles fueled with CNG and LPG were proposed.
These rules were developed to supplement established standards for methanol-
fueled vehicles. In addition, the Agency proposed regulations for methanol test
procedures. The evaporative emissions standards for motor vehicles (running
losses) to control excessive hydrocarbon emissions were promulgated. The on-
board diagnostics (OBD) regulations were promulgated. The Agency also proposed
regulations for conformity of transportation plans. EPA promulgated regulations
for heavy-duty standards for MY 1993, 1994 and MY 1998+ engines, and for the bus
retrofit rebuild program.
The Agency continued to review SIPs and to provide technical support to
states and local agencies in the implementation of high technology-based I/M
programs and state and local clean fuels/vehicles fleet programs, including the
development of market incentives to provide economically efficient ways to
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implement the requirements of the new CAAA. EPA completed guidance for the
development of marketable credits for clean fuel fleets. Emissions benefits from
these programs will depend largely on the effectiveness of their implementation.
Testing activities continued. The emission factor program continued its
efforts to improve the availability of data on the contributions of mobile
sources to air quality problems by focusing work on assessing the potential
impact of new clean vehicles and fuels. The Agency continued the assessment of
emissions performance of the in-use fleet for updating the MOBILEX model used by
state and local agencies to calculate emissions.
TESTING. TECHNICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $16,899,600 supported by 99.8 total
workyears for this program, of which $6,963,500 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $9,936,100 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $880,000
in the Program and Research Operations appropriation, an increase of $2,775,100
in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, and an increase of 0.3
total workyears. The increases reflect increased workyear costs and the need to
continue to provide laboratory equipment to implement the CAAA.
In 1995, the mobile sources programs continue to phase in very stringent
new standards and other requirements for vehicles, trucks, and buses (e.g., cold
CO testing and new evaporative test procedures). Laboratory facilities will be
expanded and upgraded as part of its 3 year facility improvement plan, and new
equipment will be installed in order to continue maintaining effective emissions
and fuels controls and to accommodate the requirements of the new emission
standards mandated by the CAAA. These laboratory expansions and upgrades will
provide the critical technical support needed to implement the CAAA.
This program element will continue providing basic testing, technical
support, and administrative management services for operation of the National
Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL) . Correlation programs to maintain
equivalent test procedures between manufacturers and the EPA will continue, as
well as test equipment maintenance, calibration and repair services and basic
personnel, ADP, and administrative management functions. Approximately 1,000
tests for certification and fuel economy will be performed. The in-use vehicle
assessment program will perform approximately 600 tests for emission factors, 300
tests for light-duty vehicle recall, 100 tests to assess the durability and
effectiveness of emission control components and 75 heavy-duty engine tests.
Test methods will be completed for gasoline detergents.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $13,244,500 supported by 99.5 total
workyears for this program, of which $6,083,500 is from the Program Research and
Operations appropriation and $7,161,000 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
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In 1994 this program will continue to provide testing, technical, equipment
maintenance, and administrative support to the operating programs of the Agency
and for operation of NVFEL. As a result of the CAAA, the testing, technical and
administrative support requirements have increased to meet the demands of the
Act, and newer facilities and equipment will be necessary to meet those demands
and minimize the impact on existing programs. In 1994, new leased office space
will be provided to replace trailers, and contracts will be awarded to enhance
laboratory operations. Renovation of light-duty vehicle test cells will be
started. These upgrades will begin to return the NVFEL to its place as the
premier vehicle and fuels emissions testing facility in the country.
The Agency will perform approximately 1,000 certification and fuel economy
tests at NVFEL to support the compliance program. In 1994, at least 80% of the
new light-duty vehicle (LDV) fleet will be certified in compliance with the new
LDV emission standards. Additionally, EPA will continue to perform tests on
in-use heavy-duty engines to support the implementation of the new standards for
these engines. The in-use vehicle assessment program will perform approximately
600 tests for emission factors, 300 tests for light-duty vehicle recall, 100
tests to assess the durability and effectiveness of emission control components,
and 75 heavy-duty engine tests.
Support will continue to be provided for: automated data processing (ADP)
timesharing services, local area networks (LANs), laboratory data acquisition,
and computer operations; testing of motor vehicles to measure emissions and fuel
economy; quality assurance and control and correlation services for EPA and
industry testing programs; maintenance and engineering design of emission testing
equipment; and personnel, safety, administrative, environmental compliance, and
facilities support services.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993 the Agency obligated a total of $9,088,700 supported by 114.2 total
workyears for this program, of which $5,965,300 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $3,123,400 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The program continued providing testing, technical, and administrative
support to recall, tampering/fuel switching, standard setting, emissions
characterization, technology assessment, clean fuels/vehicles, fuel economy, in-
use vehicle emissions assessment, certification, and I/M. Testing support to the
certification, fuel economy, and in-use compliance and assessment programs
produced 2,196 tests: 1,590 in-use tests, 531 tests for certification and fuel
economy to ensure compliance with the emission standards effective with MY 1994
vehicles, and 75 heavy-duty engine tests to support the implementation and
enforcement of the new standards for these engines. The in-use vehicle
assessment program performed 661 tests for emission factors, 324 tests for light-
duty vehicle recall, 605 for other in-use testing, and 75 tests for the heavy-
duty engine rebuild program. Routine testing and analysis of approximately 1,522
fuel samples collected in the field were completed to continue enforcement of
fuels regulations for volatility and contaminants. Correlation programs to
maintain equivalent test procedures between manufacturers and EPA continued.
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Test equipment maintenance, calibration, and repair services were provided. The
adequacy of existing procedures and equipment to test newer technology was
evaluated.
General activities continued to provide support for: ADP timesharing
services, LANs, laboratory data acquisition, and computer operations; testing of
motor vehicles to measure emissions and fuel economy; quality assurance and
control and correlation services for EPA and industry testing programs;
maintenance and engineering design of emission testing equipment; and personnel,
safety, administrative, environmental compliance, and facilities support
services.
EMISSIONS AND FUEL ECONOMY COMPLIANCE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $16,147,700 supported by 123.8 total
workyears for this program, of which $8,245,000 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $7,902,700 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $750,200
in the Program and Research Operations appropriation, an increase of $4,622,000
in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, and an decrease of 2.7
total workyears. The increase to the Program and Research Operations
appropriation reflects increased workforce costs; the increase in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation reflects additional resources being devoted
to reformulated gasoline, as well as the transfer to this program element of
resources for several activities formerly contained in Mobile Source Compliance
(this is a result of the enforcement reorganization) ; the decreases reflect the
Administration's streamlining efforts.
In 1995, the certification program will oversee more than 100 original
equipment manufacturers and issue certificates of compliance with the revised
emission standards for criteria pollutants in effect for MY 1995 and MY 1996.
The mobile source fees program will collect approximately $11.0 million
offsetting costs of the certification, recall, selective enforcement audit, and
fuel economy programs. Participation in the certification program by independent
commercial importers (ICI) will continue at recent historical levels.
Approximately 40 ICI certificate holders will bring non-conforming imports into
compliance. The statutory fuel economy information program will continue and
will result in the issuance of 1,000 fuel economy consumer labels, 60 corporate
average fuel economy (CAFE) calculation audits, and data for the Gas Mileage
Guide and "gas guzzler" tax collection. The IRS utilizes the fuel economy label
program to determine gas guzzler tax payments due from manufacturers. The
revised Federal Test Procedures (FTP) regulations will be finalized. The revised
FTP standards are expected to reduce emissions from several vehicle operating
modes which are not currently accounted for in emission inventories.
For 1994 and 1995, new regulations mandated by the CAAA will require
implementation guidance and support for the certification program. For the first
time, certain classes of non-road engines (e.g., recreational marine engines and
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farm equipment) will be added to the certification program to ensure that the
engines meet new emission standards. The certification program will develop and
implement a certification process for the first classes of non-road engines to
be regulated. In addition, the durability procedures ("useful life") for MY 1997
will be promulgated. The new I/M test, IM240, will be added to the certification
process. The OBD program development regulations will be promulgated and the OBD
service information availability standards for maintaining OBD equipment on MY
1980-1993 vehicles will be proposed. The CAFE credits regulations for new
dynamometers will be proposed. The cold CO temperature standards phase II study
required by the CAAA will be initiated.
The light-duty recall program will investigate 37 suspect light-duty
vehicle classes, together with related diagnostic evaluation and remedy
development work, two high mileage light-duty truck classes to assess compliance
with the more stringent full useful life standard, and ten investigations at high
altitude to assess compliance with the high altitude standards. The Selective
Enforcement Audits (SEA) program will conduct six audits of light-duty
manufacturer facilities, ten audits of heavy-duty manufacturer facilities, six
audits of banking and trading emissions credits, and four production compliance
audits (PCAs) . The imports program will process approximately 5,500 applications
for the importation of non-conforming vehicles and will conduct three
investigations of the operations of Ids. The Fuel and Fuel Additives
Registration Program will expect 1,000 new registrations with the implementation
of the reformulated gasoline and detergents regulations.
Regulatory work will continue with the promulgation of standards for fuel
waivers and a "substantially similar" definition for diesel fuel. Also,
regulations will be proposed and promulgated for non-conformance penalty for
heavy-duty engines, and for heavy-duty engine rebuild. The rulemaking to ban
leaded gasoline will be finalized. As a result of the implementation of mobile
source programs required by the CAAA, such as the reformulated gasoline program,
emissions from highway vehicles (which were responsible for 30-50% of VOCs and
NOX, and a larger fraction of CO) will be reduced by approximately 50% in the
year 2000, and 60% in the year 2010 from 1990 levels.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $10,775,500 supported by 126.5 total
workyears for this program, of which $7,494,800 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $3,280,700 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. As a result of the reorganization of the enforcement
function, resources for several activities formerly contained in Mobile Source
Compliance have been transferred to this program element.
In 1994 the emissions certification program expects to oversee more than
100 original equipment manufacturers and to issue certificates of compliance for
light-duty vehicles, heavy-duty engines, and motorcycles. In 1994 at least 80%
of the new LDV fleet will be certified in compliance with the new more stringent
LDV emission standards. Participation in the certification program by ICI
remains stable. Approximately 40 ICI certificate holders will bring
non-conforming imports into compliance.
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In 1994 the mobile source fees program is ongoing and approximately $11.0
million will be collected; fees are collected for certificates of conformity
issued for motor vehicles and engines.
Regulatory work will continue with the proposal of standards for fuel
waivers, for a "substantially similar" definition for diesel fuel, and for
detergents. The warranty standards will be proposed. In addition, regulations
to ban leaded gasoline will be proposed. EPA will also propose standards for
non-road engines. The standards for lead substitutes in gasoline will be
promulgated. The Agency will also promulgate regulations for revised fuel and
fuel additives registration. The FTP revisions will be proposed. The revisions
for the motor vehicle certification procedures for the I/M short test will be
promulgated. The implementation of the certification short test procedures for
new I/M programs will protect consumers from unnecessary repair expenses by
ensuring that vehicles have no design elements that cause repeated failures under
the new I/M short test. The OBD program development regulations will be
proposed. The Agency will also propose standards for revised light-duty
durability II.
The statutory fuel economy information program will continue and will
result in the issuance of 1,000 fuel economy consumer labels, 60 CAFE calculation
audits, and data for the Gas Mileage Guide and "gas guzzler" tax collection. The
Agency will promulgate the final rule for alternative fuel CAFE credits.
The light-duty recall program will continue investigations of suspect
light-duty vehicle classes (with related diagnostic evaluation and remedy
development work) and high mileage, light-duty truck classes. The EPA recall
program will investigate approximately 37 suspect light-duty vehicle classes.
In addition, the Agency will conduct two investigations to assess compliance with
the more stringent full useful life standards of high mileage, light-duty truck
classes. The Agency will continue its investigative efforts of heavy-duty
gasoline engine classes but at a reduced level.
The Agency will also continue investigations into the operations of
importers of non-conforming vehicles to ensure that certification procedures are
adequately implemented. Five investigation will be conducted. The imports
program also will process approximately 5,500 applications for non-conforming
vehicles.
The warranty program will review over 2,000 consumer inquiries on emission
warranty issues, along with approximately 25 applicable vehicle warranty manuals.
The fuel and fuel additives registration program will process approximately 600
registrations.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $3,694,200 supported by 51.1 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,214,700 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $479,500 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
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In 1993, the mobile source fees program collected $10,657,200 million,
offsetting costs of the certification, recall, selective enforcement audit, and
fuel economy programs.
The emissions certification program oversaw 107 original equipment
manufacturers and issued certificates of compliance for light-duty vehicles,
heavy-duty engines, and motorcycles. The in-use assessment program continued
working on the FTP to determine if the driving cycles and test parameters remain
representative of in-use conditions. The Agency published the court-ordered FTP
study and made the determination to revise the FTP procedures. In addition,
rules to incorporate into the FTP an I/M short test cycle to improve the
effectiveness of I/M programs were proposed. The court-ordered OBD rule
requiring OBD devices to be installed on vehicles was promulgated. The Agency
also promulgated standards for revised light-duty durability for MY 1994-1996.
The significance determination for emissions of non-road engines >50horse power
diesel regulations were proposed.
The statutory fuel economy information program was carried out, with 1,031
labels issued, 37 CAFE calculations completed, and data for the Gas Mileage Guide
and "gas guzzler" tax (which amounted to $154 million in 1992) collected.
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AIR
Resource Assistance for State, Local, and Tribal Programs
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
PROGRAM
Resource Assistance For
State, Local And Tribal
Agencies
Abatement Control and
Compliance
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$175,808.2 $172,888.6 $176,663.6 $176,664.0 $181,072.1
TOTAL $175,808.2 $172,888.6 $176,663.6 $176,664.0 $181,072.1
$4,408.1
$4,408.1
$8,183.5
$8,183.5
TOTAL:
Abatement Control and
Compliance
State Programs
Resource Assistance
$175,808.2 $172,888.6 $176,663.6 $176,664.0 $181,072.1 $4,408.1 $8,183.5
TOTAL $175,808.2 $172,888.6 $176,663.6 $176,664.0 $181,072.1 $4,408.1 $8,183.5
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AIR
RESOURCE ASSISTANCE FOR STATE, LOCAL, AND TRIBAL PROGRAMS
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $181,072,100 supported by no workyears for
1995, an increase of $4,408,100 and no change in workyears from 1994. Of the
request, $181,072,100 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $4,408,100 in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation.
RESOURCE ASSISTANCE FOR STATE. LOCAL AND TRIBAL AGENCIES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $181,072,100 all of which will be for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of
$4,408,100 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1995 multi-state, state, local, and tribal programs will continue to
play a primary role in implementing the Clean Air Act. EPA will support these
efforts through grants and cooperative agreements awarded under authorities
provided by sections 103, 105, 106, and 112 of the Act. The programs will
continue efforts to attain and maintain the NAAQSs for "criteria" pollutants:
ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter (PM-10), sulfur
dioxide, and lead; reduce air toxics and acid deposition; and prevent significant
deterioration of air quality.
In 1995 EPA will give priority to states with ozone nonattainment areas
classed as "serious," "severe," and "extreme." These states must complete
attainment demonstrations using complex photochemical dispersion models, submit
revised state implementation plans (SIPs), and carry out follow-up actions.
State and local agencies will continue development of SIP revisions to account
for 15 percent reductions in volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These agencies
also will implement vehicle inspection and maintenance programs and expand other
mobile source control efforts, including development and implementation of
programs for clean fuels and employee trip reductions. In addition, the agencies
will continue efforts to complete the first of periodic updates to emissions
inventories, implement programs to track reasonable further progress (RFP), and
provide for the annual reporting of emission statements by source operators. The
agencies will add monitoring sites to expand programs for enhanced sampling of
ozone and long-term sampling of ozone precursors. In the northeast the Northeast
Ozone Transport Commission and the Northeastern States for Coordinated Air Use
Management (NESCAUM) will continue their multi-state programs. The Great Lakes
states will continue their cooperative efforts to address the multi-state ozone
problem in their area.
In 1995 state and local agencies will focus on implementing existing
regulations for both stationary and mobile sources. This includes inspection and
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compliance activities for Class A and Class B VOC sources and nitrogen oxides
sources. States with nonattainment areas designated as "serious" for PM-10 will
continue development and submission of revised SIPs demonstrating attainment.
State and local agencies will expand programs for assessing and reducing exposure
to air toxics. The agencies will continue their air toxics early reductions
programs, but with reduced emphasis. In 1995 states will expand their acid rain
programs to address Phase II requirements. By May 31, 1995 EPA and states must
certify continuous emissions monitors for over 2,000 utility units.
State and local agencies will continue to upgrade and replace ozone and
carbon monoxide monitoring networks; carry out quality assurance and quality
control efforts for ozone, carbon monoxide, and PM-10 emissions inventories; and
implement new source review and prevention of significant deterioration programs.
In addition, agencies will continue to operate sulfur dioxide and PM-10
monitoring networks and inspect major sulfur dioxide and PM-10 sources. States
and selected local agencies will provide technical assistance and guidance to
small manufacturing and business establishments that may be affected by the
requirements of the Clean Air Act.
In 1995 state and local agencies will begin full implementation of
operating permit program for major sources of criteria pollutants and air toxics
and for sources subject to acid rain program requirements. Where states have not
completed development of their entire operating permit programs, EPA will assist
in completing their permit programs and in upgrading SIPs that may include
provisions that are incompatible with or unenforceable under operating permit
programs.
EPA will continue support for visibility monitoring in Class I areas and
for the Grand Canyon Visibility Commission. The Agency also will continue to
provide financial and training support to Indian tribes for assessing air quality
problems on tribal lands and developing Clean Air Act programs. In 1995 the
Agency will increase support for air quality monitoring and control strategy
planning along the U.S. - Mexico Border. EPA will continue training support to
state and local agency personnel, with particular emphasis on providing delivery
of courses addressing new and changing Clean Air Act requirements.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994 the Agency is allocating a total of $176,664,000 all of which will
be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1994 multi-state, state, and local agencies play a primary role in
implementing Clean Air Act amendments. These agencies continue efforts to attain
the ozone NAAQSs, giving priority to completing and submitting revised SIPs with
attainment demonstrations due in November 1994. The agencies also are developing
and submitting SIP revisions to account for 15 percent reductions in VOC
emissions. The agencies continue to develop projected attainment year
inventories and develop and implement programs to track RFP. In the northeast
the Northeast Transport Commission and NESCAUM continue their multi-state
efforts. The Great Lakes states continue their cooperative efforts to address
their multi-state ozone problem.
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In 1994 state and local agencies are continuing to implement regulations
for both stationary and mobile sources. Implementation includes inspection and
compliance activities for Class A and Class B VOC sources and nitrogen oxides
sources. Agencies are upgrading and replacing ozone and carbon monoxide
monitoring networks and expanding enhanced ozone monitoring networks. Agencies
also are persisting in their efforts to implement programs for assessing and
reducing exposure to air toxics and reducing acid deposition. States with
"serious" or newly designated PM-10 nonattainment ares, are developing SIPs.
State and local agencies continue to quality assurance and quality control of
emissions inventories for ozone, carbon monoxide, and PM-10.
State and local agencies continue to develop and maintain air toxic control
programs. These programs include inspections and compliance efforts for sources
of hazardous air pollutants, as well as oversight of asbestos demolition and
renovation activities. States continue with the Great Lakes air toxics study
emphasizing expansion of the air toxics emissions inventory, monitoring of air
toxics, and identification of necessary control measures.
In 1994 many state and local agencies continue to complete operating permit
programs for major sources of criteria pollutants and air toxics. Some agencies
have begun implementing full or partial programs. States are continuing to
develop acid rain programs, operate sulfur dioxide and PM-10 monitoring networks
'and inspect major sulfur dioxide and PM-10 sources. State prevention of
significant deterioration and new source review programs continue. Indian tribes
are assessing air quality on tribal lands and beginning to develop programs to
address air pollution problems. Border states are working with Mexico to carry
out monitoring and control strategy planning to improve air quality along the
U.S. - Mexico border. Efforts continued at the state level to provide for staff
training, inspection, and outreach to address stratospheric ozone depletion.
States and selected local agencies are providing technical assistance and
guidance to small manufacturing and business establishments that may be affected
by the requirements of the new Clean Air Act. EPA is providing support for
visibility monitoring in Class I areas and for the .Grand Canyon Visibility
Commission. The Agency is also providing air pollution control training for
state and local personnel with particular emphasis on courses addressing new
Clean Air Act requirements.
Congressional Directives. A total of $3,775,000 is for Congressionally
directed projects: Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission Efforts, Air
Toxic Remediation Activities, U.S. - Mexico Border Air Quality Monitoring and
Improvement, Clean Air Alternative Fuels, and Interstate Air Pollution Control.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993 the Agency allocated a total of $175,808,200 all of which was from
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These resources supported
implementation of new or < xpanded Clean Air Act requirements for operating permit
and fee programs, stationary and mobile source controls, small business technical
assistance, early air toxics reductions, market-based approaches, phase-out of
chlorofluorocarbons, and enhanced ozone monitoring networks.
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In 1993 state and local agencies played a primary role in implementing the
Clean Air Act. These agencies continued their efforts to attain the ozone and
carbon monoxide NAAQSs, giving priority to completing, adopting, and submitting
revised ozone SIPs addressing reasonably available control technology for both
VOC and nitrogen oxides sources, emission statement requirements, oxygenated
fuels, and stage II vapor recovery. The states developed and adopted SIP
revisions to account for 15 percent reductions in VOCs for submission on November
15, 1993. States also continued developing projected attainment year inventories
and developing and implementing programs to track RFP. States in the Northeast
continued active participation in the Northeast Transport Commission and NESCAUM
and completed follow-on efforts for regional ozone modeling. The Great Lakes
states carried out cooperative efforts to address the ozone problem for their
area.
After adoption and implementation of new regulations, state and local
agencies began inspection and compliance activities for Class A and Class B VOC
sources and nitrogen oxides sources. The agencies continued to upgrade their
ozone and carbon monoxide monitoring networks and to eliminate obsolete
equipment. States with the worst ozone problems continued the establishment of
enhanced ozone sampling networks and networks for long-term sampling of ozone
precursors. States with areas designated as "serious" nonattainment for PM-10
continued SIP development activities. States performed quality assurance and
quality control reviews of emissions inventories for ozone, carbon monoxide, and
PM-10.
In 1993 State and local agencies continued their efforts to develop and
implement air toxics control programs to address Clean Air Act requirements.
Agencies conducted air toxics strategy development projects in three major
metropolitan areas: Chicago, Baltimore and Houston. The Great Lakes air toxics
study focused on collection of base year emissions data, initiation of air toxics
monitoring, and characterization of emission source categories. States continued
compliance efforts for sources subject to the national emission standards for
hazardous air pollutants (NESHAPS), as well as oversight of asbestos demolition
and renovation activities.
State and local agencies developed and, in some cases, adopted operating
permit and fee programs for major sources of criteria pollutants and air toxics.
Operating permit program activities included development of approvable interim
permit programs and outreach and training programs. States continued to develop
their acid rain programs. States also operated and maintained sulfur dioxide and
PM-10 monitoring networks and carried out quality assurance and quality control
programs for these networks. States maintained the prevention of significant
deterioration and new source review programs. EPA provided financial support for
assessing air quality on Indian tribal lands, for visibility monitoring in Class
I areas and for the activities of the Grand Canyon Visibility Commission. The
Agency completed the upgrade of existing air pollution control training courses
for state and local agency personnel and the development of new courses
addressing new Clean Air Act requirements. States initiated efforts to provide
for staff training, inspection, and outreach to address stratospheric ozone
depletion. States and selected local agencies initiated new programs to provide
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technical assistance and guidance to small manufacturing and business
establishments that may be affected by new requirements of the Clean Air Act.
Border states expanded studies and control strategy planning efforts to further
address the U.S.-Mexico border air quality problem.
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AIR
Air Quality Management Implementation
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Air Quality Management
Implementation
Program & Research $21.611.4 $22,841.0 $22,422.9 $23,234.7 $25,307.1 $2,072.4 $2,466.1
Operations
Abatement Control and $1,672.7 $357.3 $356.8 $560.7 $357.3 -$203.4
Compliance
Program & Research
operation - Flood
TOTAL $23,284.1 $23,198.3 $22,779.7 $23,795.4 $25,664.4 $1,869.0 $2,466.1
TOTAL:
Program & Research $21,611.4 $22,841.0 $22,422.9 $23,234.7 $25,307.1 $2,072.4 $2,466.1
Operations
Abatement Control and $1,672.7 $357.3 $356.8 $560.7 $357.3 -$203.4
Compliance
Air Quality Management TOTAL $23,284.1 $23,198.3 $22,779.7 $23,795.4 $25,664.4 $1,869.0 $2,466.1
Implementation
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Air Quality Management 359.2 388.7 388.7 389.7 403.9 14.2 15.2
Implementation
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 359.2 388.7 388.7 389.7 403.9 14.2 15.2
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Air Quality Management 375.3 388.7 388.7 389.7 403.9 14.2 15.2
Implementation
TOTAL WORKYEARS 375.3 388.7 388.7 389.7 403.9 14.2 15.2
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AIR
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $25,664,400 supported by 403.9 total
workyears for 1995, an increase of $1,869,000 and an increase of 14.2 workyears.
Of the request, $25,307,100 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $357,300 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase in the Program and Research
Operations appropriation of $2,072,400 due to increased workforce costs and a
decrease in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation of $203,400.
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $25,664,400 supported by 403.9 total
workyears for this program, of which $25,307,100 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $357,300 will be for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $2,072,400 for the
Program and Research Operations appropriation to reflect increased workforce
costs and a decrease of $203,400 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance
Appropriation and an increase of 14.2 total workyears for increased Clean Air Act
activities in the permits area.
In 1995 the Regional air quality management program will continue to focus
on providing assistance to the states in developing ozone state implementation
plans (SIPs) to implement the many requirements of the Clean Air Act Amendments
of 1990. The Regions will oversee the development of attainment demonstrations
for ozone nonattainment areas designated as "serious," "severe," or "extreme."
Regions will continue to provide assistance to states as they develop and revise
plans to achieve a 15 percent reduction in volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Regions will provide assistance to state programs for developing and implementing
the requirements for annual emission statements by operators of sources of VOCs
and nitrogen oxides. During 1995 the Regions will review state-submitted
regulatory changes for approvability. Region 9 will develop and begin
implementing the Federal implementation plans for three nonattainment areas in
California, as required by court order.
Regional offices will also provide assistance and guidance to states in
developing processes and methods to allow for the periodic updating (every three
years) of emissions inventory data for ozone, carbon monoxide, and particulate
matter (PM-10). In order to provide the capability to track actual emissions
reductions and to verify the states' reasonable further progress (RFP)
requirements, Regions will direct their efforts toward completing the development
and implementation of RFP tracking systems.
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Requirements for PM-10 will focus on completing attainment demonstrations
in areas classified as "serious." Regions will assist state and local agencies
in implementing regulations for best available control measures (BACM) for PM-10
sources. Regions also will continue efforts to help states remove sulfur dioxide
SIP deficiencies in order to provide a compliance base for sources applying for
operating permits.
Some state and local agencies may begin full implementation of operating
permit program requirements for major sources of criteria pollutants. Regional
offices will increase efforts for reviewing operating permit programs submitted
by states for acceptability and take rulemaking action to approve or disapprove
them. Where programs have been approved, Regions will provide assistance,
guidance, workshops, and training to states that are implementing these programs.
Regional offices will begin audits of state permitting activities and reviewing
state submitted permit applications from stationary sources subject to the
operating permit program requirements.
During 1995 EPA Regions will oversee state and local operating permit
program for sources of air toxics as well as for sources of criteria pollutants.
With an expanded universe of toxics sources to permit and provisions and
stipulations in the Clean Air Act that allow toxic sources to seek early
reductions in emissions, Regional offices will provide review of these toxic
source requests and assess alternate compliance programs for sources. Regions
will also continue efforts in support of a study of air toxics deposition in the
Great Lakes.
Regions will continue to provide support to states in implementing small
business technical assistance programs. Efforts will also continue to assess air
quality and emissions along the U.S. - Mexico border and begin to develop shared
control strategy responsibilities.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $23,795,400 supported by 389.7 total
workyears for this program, of which $23,234,700 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $560,700 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1994 the Regional air quality management program will continue to focus
on providing assistance to the states in developing ozone SIPs to implement the
many requirements of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The Regions are
overseeing the development of plans to achieve a 15 percent reduction in VOCs,
data bases and control strategies needed to demonstrate attainment, and the
development of state programs for the reporting of annual emission statements by
operators of sources of VOCs and nitrogen oxides. During 1994 the Regions are
reviewing state-submitted regulatory changes for approvability.
Regional offices also are providing assistance and guidance to states in
developing processes and methods to allow for the periodic updating (every three
years) of emissions inventory data for ozone, carbon monoxide, and PM-10. In
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order to provide the capability to track actual emissions reductions and to
verify the states' RFP requirements, efforts are directed at development and
implementation of RFP tracking systems.
Requirements for PM-10 focus on developing attainment demonstrations in
areas classified as "serious." Regions provide assistance to state and local
agencies in developing regulations to implement BACM for PM-10 sources. Regions
also continue efforts to help states remove sulfur dioxide SIP deficiencies in
order to provide a compliance base for sources applying for operating permits.
States must establish operating permit program requirements for all major
stationary sources. Regional offices are providing assistance and guidance to
states as they develop and, in some cases, implement operating permit programs.
As permit programs are submitted by the states, Regional offices are reviewing
the acceptability of permit programs and taking rulemaking action to approve or
disapprove them. Where states have not submitted programs, Regions are focusing
their efforts on assisting states with program development. Where states have
submitted programs, Regions are focusing on corrections and modifications.
Regional offices are also developing programs to audit state permitting
activities.
During 1994 EPA Regions, through assistance to states, are integrating the
administration of toxics and permits programs. The operating permit program
applies to sources of air toxics as well as sources of the criteria pollutants.
With an expanded universe of sources to permit and provisions and stipulations
in the Clean Air Act that allow toxic sources to seek early reductions in
emissions, Regional offices review these toxic source requests and assess
alternate compliance programs. Regions also continue to support a study of air
toxics deposition in the Great Lakes.
Regions are providing guidance and support to states in establishing small
business technical assistance programs. Regions will also continue to assess air
quality and emissions along the U.S. - Mexico border and begin developing shared
control strategy responsibilities.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993 the Agency allocated a total of $23,284,100 supported by 375.3
total workyears to this program, of which $21,611,400 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $1,672,700 is from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
In 1993 the Regional air quality management program focused on providing
assistance to the states in developing ozone and carbon monoxide SIPs. States
were developing and adopting reasonably available control technology (RACT)
regulations for sources located in newly designated nonattainment areas,
completing corrections to RACT regulations in existing nonattainment areas,
completing base year emission inventories to reflect 1990 emissions, and
expanding inventories to include additional sources based upon area
classifications (i.e., "moderate," "serious," "severe," or "extreme"). The
Regions worked with the states to develop emission inventory data bases and
control strategies needed to demonstrate attainment. Regions provided assistance
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in the development of SIP revisions and programs for the submission of annual
emission statements by operators of sources of VOCs and nitrogen oxides. Regions
performed detailed reviews of base year inventories, expanded programs to quality
assure critical inventory components, and reviewed state submitted regulatory
changes for approvability.
Regional offices also provided assistance and guidance to states in
developing processes and methods to allow for the periodic updating (every three
years) of emissions inventory data for ozone, carbon monoxide, and PM-10. In
order to provide the capability to track actual emissions reductions and to
verify the states' RFP requirements, Regional offices began to address the
development and implementation of RFP tracking systems.
Regions assisted state and local agencies in developing regulations to
implement reasonably available control measures (RACMs) for PM-10 sources and for
the development of SIP revisions for lead. Regions reviewed PM-10 and lead SIP
revisions and prepared rulemaking packages addressing these SIP revisions.
Regions expanded their efforts to help states remove sulfur dioxide SIP
deficiencies in order to provide a compliance base for sources applying for
operating permits under the soon to be implemented permit programs.
Regional offices provided assistance and guidance to states as they
developed and adopted their operating permit programs, and assisted states in
obtaining sufficient legislative authority to meet all the requirements for their
operating permit programs. Regional offices also reviewed source permits issued
under interim operating permit programs and began to develop programs to audit
state permitting activities.
Regional offices provided assistance to states in the process of
integrating the administration of toxics and operating permit programs. Regional
Offices provided expanded review of toxic source requests and assessed alternate
compliance programs for these sources. Regions expanded support for a study of
air toxics deposition in the Great Lakes. • Regions also provided guidance and
support to states in establishing small business technical assistance programs.
In addition, Regions continued assessment of air quality and emissions along the
U.S. - Mexico border and began developing the concept of shared control strategy
responsibilities.
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AIR
Trends Monitoring & Progress Assessment
PROGRAM
Ambient Air Quality
Monitoring
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
ACTUAL
1993
$5,109.2
$168.3
$5,277.5
PRES. ENACTED
BUDGET 1994
1994
(DOLLARS
$5,447.3
$198.8
$5,646.1
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
IN THOUSANDS)
$5,442.2 $5,223.0
$198.8 $187.2
$5,641.0. $5,410.2
REQUEST
1995
$5,788.9
$198.8
$5,987.7
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
$565.9
$11.6
$577.5
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
$341 .6
$341.6
Air Quality & Emissions
Data Management &
Analysis
Program & Research $6,596.9 $6,955.5 $6,885.5 $6,730.6 $7,284.6 $554.0 $329.1
Operations
Abatement Control and $18,386.5 $19,875.6 $14,976.9 $12,303.7 $22,750.6 $10,446.9 $2,875.0
Compli ance
TOTAL $24,983.4 $26,831.1 $21,862.4 $19,034.3 $30,035.2 $11,000.9 $3,204.1
TOTAL:
Program & Research $11,706.1 $12,402.8 $12,327.7 $11,953.6 $13,073.5 $1,119.9 $670.7
Operations
Abatement Control and $18,554.8 $20,074.4 $15,175.7 $12,490.9 $22,949.4 $10,458.5 $2,875.0
Compliance
Trends Monitoring & TOTAL $30,260.9 $32,477.2 $27,503.4 $24,444.5 $36,022.9 $11,578.4 $3,545.7
Progress Assessment
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Ambient Air Quality 83.4 92.7 92.7 92.4 92.4 -3
Monitoring
Air Quality & Emissions 104.8 108.5 108.5 108.5 106.5 -2.0 -2.0
Data Management &
Analysis
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 188.2 201.2 201.2 200.9 198.9 -2.0 -2.3
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Ambient Air Quality 90.9 92.7 92.7 92.4 92.4 -3
Monitoring
Air Quality & Emissions 107.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 106.5 -2.0 -2.0
Data Management &
Analysis
TOTAL WORKYEARS 198.4 201.2 201.2 200.9 198.9 -2.0 -2.3
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AIR
TRENDS MONITORING AND PROGRESS ASSESSMENT
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $36,022,900 supported by 198.9 total
workyears for 1995, an increase of $11,578,400 and a decrease of 2.0 workyears
from 1994. Of the request, $13,073,500 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $22,949,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation of $1,119,900 due to increased workforce costs
and an increase of $10,458,500 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. The decrease in workyears is a result of the government-wide
reduction in workyears that is part of the President's program to reduce the size
and cost of government.
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $5,987,700 supported by 92.4 total workyears
for this program, of which $5,788,900 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $198,800 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $565,900 for the
Program and Research Operations appropriation for increased workforce costs, no
change in workyears, and an increase of $11,600 for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1995 the ten EPA Regional offices will continue overview and management
of state air monitoring programs including grants review, .coordination of
emission and air quality data bases, and validation of data from the National Air
Monitoring System (NAMS) and the State and Local Air Monitoring System (SLAMS)
data bases. Data analyses including air quality trend information will be
developed as input to the Regional Trend Reports.
In the area of quality assurance, the Regions will use significant
resources for on-site systems audits of state networks and monitors. In
addition, the Regional laboratories will continue to participate in the national
air audit program. Particulate matter (PM-10) monitors established or moved
during 1994 will require review and site visits to verify compliance with EPA air
monitoring regulations. Regions will perform reviews of PM-10 ambient data and
sampling frequency and will include data critical to classification
determinations and identification of possible control strategies. The Regions
will continue to provide quality assurance support to Indian tribal units and to
assist in developing ambient monitoring programs.
In 1995 Regions will provide technical oversight and support to state and
local programs in refining and validating data bases needed to prepare state
implementation plans (SIPs) for 94 ozone areas and 41 carbon monoxide areas.
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Support to the upgrading of the ambient networks for these areas will continue
with emphasis on planning and implementing enhancements to ozone and precursor
networks in areas classified as "serious," "severe," and "extreme." Regional
efforts for 1995 will focus on assisting state and local agencies in establishing
a second site in 12 areas, providing consultation on the acquisition and
operation of state-of-the-art equipment for sampling volatile organic compounds,
assisting in the refinement of quality assurance programs, and fostering programs
to analyze ambient precursor data.
The Agency's toxic monitoring program will continue with support to pilot
programs for organics; support to other state and local sampling on methods,
siting and quality assurance; and support to control agencies in evaluating the
impact of specific toxic emission sources and refining toxic emission data bases.
Regions will also support Agency efforts to establish ambient toxics sampling in
the vicinity of the Great Lakes and other major boundary waters. To address key
requirements of section 815 of the 1990 Amendments, the Regions will expand their
support to ambient sampling programs along the U.S. - Mexico border. Support
will be provided in five border areas and will focus on network planning, program
oversight, and guidance to Mexican environmental staff.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994 the Agency is allocating a total of $5,410,200 supported by 92.4
total workyears for this program, of which $5,223,000 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $187,200 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1994 the ten EPA Regional offices continue overview and management of
state air monitoring programs including grants review, coordination of emission
and air quality data bases, and validation of data from the NAMS and SLAMS data
bases. Data analyses including air quality trend information will be developed
as input to the Regional Trend Reports.
In the area of quality assurance, significant resources are being used for
on-site systems audits of state networks and monitors. In addition, the Regional
laboratories continue to participate in the national air audit program. PM-10
monitors established or moved during 1993 will require review and site visits to
verify compliance with EPA air monitoring regulations. Reviews of PM-10 ambient
data and sampling frequency are being performed and will include data critical
to classification determinations and identification of possible control
strategies.
In 1994 Regions are also providing monitoring/quality assurance support and
technical assistance to states in evaluating the source impact of specific toxic
air pollutants from sources considered for regulation under state control
programs. Support for state and local toxics efforts in urban areas continues
with management, coordination, and technical assistance provided to complete or
refine toxics emission data bases and to improve state and local ambient
monitoring capabilities.
Technical oversight and support is being provided to state/local programs
developing data bases needed to prepare SIPs. This includes data bases for 94
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ozone areas and 41 carbon monoxide areas as well as additional areas identified
through recent ambient data. Significant support is being provided in planning
quality assurance programs and networks and in selecting the initial sites for
enhanced ozone and precursor networks run on an interim basis in 1993 and to be
formally established in 1994. The Regions are providing support to the
establishment of a second site in 10 of the 22 areas required to operate enhanced
networks. Oversight of revisions to the carbon monoxide and ozone ambient
networks continues with emphasis on evaluating those in areas which have been
designated as nonattainment since 1991 or have submitted requests for
redesignation to attainment. The Regions continue to provide quality assurance
support to Indian tribes and to assist in developing tribal monitoring programs.
To address key requirements of section 815 of the 1990 amendments, the Regions
are supporting ambient sampling programs along the U.S. - Mexico border. Support
is being provided in five border areas and focuses on network planning, program
oversight, and guidance to Mexican environmental staff.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993 the Agency obligated a total of $5,277,500 supported by 90.9 total
workyears, of which $5,109,200 was from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $168,300 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1993 the Regional offices coordinated the collection, validation, and
submission of ambient data with emphasis on areas developing revised SIPs for
ozone and carbon monoxide. Ambient network support focused on eliminating air
monitoring sites having marginal utility and in identifying changes needed to
adequately monitor current or projected areas of ozone and carbon monoxide
nonattainment. In addition, the Regions assisted states in implementing network
plans for ambient monitoring of PM-10, completing quality assurance plans
necessary to meet EPA requirements, and in updating ' multi-year plans for
replacement of ambient monitors and related equipment. On-site audits of 275
monitors were conducted including 95 newly established PM-10 samplers. The
Regions also assisted state and local agencies in assessing potential risks from
toxic pollutants through ambient sampling and development of emission
inventories. In addition, the Regions provided quality assurance support to
Indian tribes and assistance in developing tribal monitoring programs and
provided support to ambient studies in three areas of the U.S - Mexico Border.
AIR QUALITY AND EMISSIONS DATA MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $30,035,200 supported by 106.5 total
workyears for this program, of which $7,284,600 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $22,750,600 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $554,000
for the Program and Research Operations appropriation, an increase of $10,446,900
for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, and a decrease of 2.0
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workyears from 1994 as part of the Administration's government-wide streamlining
effort. The increased funding will provide additional testing, monitoring, and
analytical support for various Clean Air Act activities.
All three of the Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) Subsystems
will be maintained and guidance will be provided to users. Two states and three
to five additional local agencies will be provided with access to the Facility
Subsystem (AFS). New software to support high priority reports and analyses will
be implemented including modifications to AFS which will support Regional office
and state management of data on operating permits. This second phase of
modifications will support permitting authorities in administering permit
programs through the tracking of permit conditions, compliance certifications,
monitoring data, and the compliance status of permitted facilities. Additional
AIRS software to track, summarize, and display air quality and emission data
relating to ozone, carbon monoxide, and PM-10 regulatory programs will be
developed.
Support of headquarters, Regional office, and state and local modeling of
both criteria and toxics pollutants will be continued as will ongoing efforts to
evaluate model accuracy and provide refined models and guidance. Limited support
to geographic programs in the vicinity of the Great Lakes and other major
boundary waters will be continued through guidance on sampling, inventories, and
deposition analyses. Support to the development of Maximum Achievable Control
Technology (MACT) standards will be substantially increased from last year's
level through programs to test representative sources and develop test methods.
Technical support to state and local test programs will be continued. The
program will expand emission tests of selected criteria and toxic pollutant
sources and publish emission factors and related guidance to support state
control programs. The program will also continue to prepare analyses of ambient
and emission trends, issue status and trends reports, and provide national
oversight of SIP ambient monitoring.
Additional support will be provided to ambient and visibility monitoring,
new technology transfer mechanisms and developing pollution control strategies
for the U.S. - Mexico Border. Analytical support to the accelerated review of
the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone will be expanded
through increased dispersion analyses and efforts to develop revised guidance and
rules on ambient surveillance.
Technical support to the ozone/carbon monoxide program will be increased
from 1994 levels and focus on the following areas: 1) technical support to state
and local programs to enhance carbon monoxide, ozone, and ozone precursor
monitoring networks; 2) technical support required to complete urban grid model
applications in 24 ozone areas; 3) national oversight of the development and
quality assurance of periodic inventories, emission reduction inventories, and
other data bases required by the Clean Air Act; 4) development of VOC, nitrogen
oxide and carbon monoxide emission factors; and 5) application of EPA's Regional
Oxidant Model to assess Clean Air Act mandated requirements and the impact of SIP
strategy options.
The program will continue to provide technical guidance to Regional offices
and state and local agencies in applying PM-10 dispersion and receptor models,
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applying PM-10 emission factors and inventory guidance, evaluating monitoring
networks and ambient data, conducting special studies, and applying methods for
testing sources of particulates. Efforts to develop or refine emission factors
for additional PM-10 source categories will be expanded over 1994 levels but not
fully to the 1993 levels.
To increase the quality and credibility of ambient and source data used in
regulatory decision making, the request will support substantial increases to
programs to quality assure ambient and stationary source measurement. For the
ambient programs, the expansion will focus on ozone calibration materials and on
restoring the level of performance audits for all criteria pollutants to levels
performed prior to 1992. Support has been increased over 1994 levels for the
source measurement programs to provide emission test audit samples and reporting
of the sample analyses to organizations conducting compliance tests. This
support will be focused on the testing of sources regulated by New Source
Performance Standards, MACT standards and through SIPs.
Resources for the Environmental Technology Initiative will be used to
support a variety of cooperative projects with other Federal agencies and the
private sector. These new technologies are designed to lower costs, increase
effectiveness and expand environmental compliance.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994 the Agency is allocating a total of $19,034,300 supported by 108.5
total workyears for this program, of which $6,730,600 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $12,303,700 is from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
In 1994 support for implementation of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
is being continued. Emphasis is being placed on providing oversight and
technical guidance on the requirements for modeling and monitoring and on
generally providing technical support to the ozone/carbon monoxide program and
to the toxics program. For the ozone/carbon monoxide program, implementation
support focuses on: review of network plans and designs for the establishment
of long-term networks for sampling ozone precursors; provision of technical and
operational support to state/local modeling efforts for both carbon monoxide and
ozone areas including urban grid model applications in 24 ozone nonattainment
areas; continuation of Regional Oxidant Model applications to support base case
analyses and the impact of controls mandated by the Clean Air Act Amendments;
continuation of programs for managing, tracking, and quality assuring emission
inventory data including data quality reviews of SIP inventories for national
consistency. Also, efforts continue to develop comprehensive, long term
procedures and requirements for preparing point and area source inventories in
the future. Major new analytical efforts are being initiated to support
accelerated reviews of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone.
Efforts to develop improved methods for compiling future PM-10 inventories
and to develop and issue emission factors continue at reduced activity levels.
Support of headquarters, Regional office and state/local modeling of both
criteria and toxic pollutants continue as do ongoing efforts to evaluate model
accuracy and provide refined models and guidance. Implementation of the Agency's
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toxic monitoring strategy continues. The program also continues to prepare
analyses of ambient and emission trends, issue status and trends reports and
provide national oversight of SIP ambient monitoring.
Air toxics support continues at reduced levels in four areas: (1)
development of emission test methods for MACT standards to be issued within four
and seven years of enactment; (2) provision of technical support to states on
test method application; (3) development of emission factors to support state
implementation of toxics programs; and (4) dispersion analyses and guidance for
screening analyses.
The AIRS Subsystems is being maintained and guidance provided to users.
Four to six additional agencies are being provided access to the Facility
Subsystem. Limited software enhancements for the highest priority reporting and
analysis requirements are being performed. The program provides user support of
the initial software to allow basic data on incoming permits to be stored and
retrieved and for the tracking of key review and approval events through the AIRS
files. Limited planning for a second phase of AIRS enhancements continues but
software development will not be initiated until 1995.
Congressional Directives. A total of $150,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project of Class I Visibility Air Studies.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993 the Agency obligated a total of $24,983,400 supported by 107.5
total workyears, of which $6,596,900 was from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $18,386,500 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1993 comprehensive user support and enhanced software was provided to
50 agencies using the AIRS Air Quality Subsystem. Additional emission and
compliance data bases were converted and refined and the baseline software and
files for the AIRS Facility Subsystem were enhanced. AIRS Facility Subsystem
user training was provided to staff from Regional offices, 23 states, 1 territory
and 14 local agencies. User support was provided to 52 agencies using the
Facility Subsystem either directly or through batch mode. To support on-going
inventory efforts, a new system for storing and retrieving area source and mobile
source data was established. Support was provided to future ozone and carbon
monoxide SIP revisions with emphasis on guidance for preparing emission
inventories, review of draft inventory components, assistance in preparing data
bases and applying grid and statistical models, and application of Regional
Oxidant Modeling analyses to support the Northeast Ozone Transport Commission and
state control strategy planning by the states. Other major activities included:
completion of the initial software for storing and managing operating permits
information within AIRS; publication of the Air Quality and Emissions Trend
Report for 1991; final rules and extensive implementation support to the
development of network designs for long term sampling of ozone precursors;
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development of new PM-10 emission factors for seven source categories; technical
support to the Regional offices and states on application of factors for PM-10
and other pollutants; and emission test support to headquarters offices
developing emission standards and to state and local agencies in applying test
methods.
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AIR
Atmospheric Programs
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Acid Rain Program
Program & Research $3,903.9 $4,330.9 $4,269.8 $4,307.9 $4,955.2 $647.3 $624.3
Operations
Abatement Control and $5,635.0 $6,529.9 $5,408.1 $4,548.0 $7,229.9 $2,681.9 $700.0
Compliance
TOTAL $9,538.9 $10,860.8 $9,677.9 $8,855.9 $12,185.1 $3,329.2 $1,324.3
Stratospheric Ozone
Program & Research $2,173.6 $2,173.6 $2,212.5 $2,179.6 -$32.9 $6.0
Operations
Abatement Control and $20,371.4 $12,398.8 $11,598.8 $27,971.4 $16,372.6 $7,600.0
Compliance
TOTAL $22,545.0 $14,572.4 $13,811.3 $30,151.0 $16,339.7 $7,606.0
Global Change Program
Program & Research $4,754.4 $2,402.5 $2,402.5 $2,784.4 $7,864.4 $5,080.0 $5,461.9
Operations
Abatement Control and $22,305.7 $22,554.6 $17,529.9 $37,511.3 $51,019.4 $13,508.1 $28,464.8
Compliance
TOTAL $27,060.1 $24,957.1 $19,932.4 $40,295.7 $58,883.8 $18,588.1 $33,926.7
TOTAL:
Program & Research $8,658.3 $8,907.0 $8,845.9 $9,304.8 $14,999.2 $5,694.4 $6,092.2
Operations
Abatement Control and $27,940.7 $49,455.9 $35,336.8 $53,658.1 $86,220.7 $32,562.6 $36,764.8
Compliance
Atmospheric Programs TOTAL $36,599.0 $58,362.9 $44,182.7 $62,962.9 $101,219.9 $38,257.0 $42,857.0
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Acid Rain Program
Stratospheric Ozone
Global Change Program
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Acid Rain Program
Stratospheric Ozone
Global Change Program
TOTAL WORKYEARS
58.9
63.3
122.2
63.1
30.7
33.9
127.7
63.1
30.7
33.9
127.7
62.3
30.4
38.9
131.6
69.1
29.1
104.9
203.1
6.8
-1.3
66.0
71.5
6.0
-1.6
71.0
75.4
61.1
68.3
129.4
63.1
30.7
33.9
127.7
63.1
30.7
33.9
127.7
62.3
30.4
38.9
131.6
69.1
29.1
104.9
203.1
6.8
-1.3
66.0
71.5
6.0
-1.6
71.0
75.4
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AIR
ATMOSPHERIC PROGRAMS
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $101,219,900 and 203.1 total workyears for
1995, an increase of $38,257,000 and 71.5 total workyears from 1994. Of the
request, $14,999,200 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation, and $86,220,700 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $5,694,400 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and an increase of $32,562,600 in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
ACID RAIN PROGRAM
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $12,185,100 and 69.1 total workyears for the
acid rain program, of which $4,955,200 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $7,229,900 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $647,300 for Program
and Research Operations; an increase of $2,681,900 for Abatement, Control and
Compliance; and an increase of 6.8 total workyears. The increase in Abatement,
Control and Compliance will help implement an integrated set of data systems for
program operations and complete reports and regulations required by Title IV of
the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The increase in workyears will help
Regions implement a nationally consistent program.
States, as the permitting authorities for all acid rain affected sources,
and Regions, as the primary Federal support for state actions, will play major
roles in determining the success of the national acid rain program. State
permitting practices today vary widely from elaborate operational standards to
no permits at all. Implementation of Title V will bring some standardization to
state permitting and Regional oversight, but the national market-based program
under Title IV will require substantial consistency.
To achieve national consistency, in 1995 the acid rain program will:
1. Create common implementation tools: standardized forms, fact sheets,
reporting formats, computer programs, etc.
2. Provide technical assistance: continuing guidance, on-site training,
electronic bulletin boards, access to trouble shooting experts, acid rain
modules for existing training, and new training for areas unique to the
acid rain program.
3. Develop communication tools and provide outreach activities such as
newsletters and annual national conferences that foster the building of an
acid rain program "implementation community."
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This support will enable the states and Regions to build the procedural and
technical capacity necessary to implement a nationally consistent program. This
is a crucial initiative in 1995. By May 31, 1995 EPA and states must certify
continuous emissions monitors (CEMs) for over 2000 utility units. In 1996 states
will begin Phase II permitting activities for over 800 affected sources.
In 1995 the program will design and operate an integrated set of acid rain
data systems, including: tracking hourly emissions data from certified sources;
tracking allowance allocations and transfers, including results of the annual
auction and sales; and tracking permits and monitor certifications for all
sources in the program.
In 1995 EPA will conduct the annual auction as well as the annual direct
sale of allowances. The Agency will review and approve applications for
allowances from independent power producers, small diesel refineries, and opt-in
combustion sources as well as applications for allowances from the conservation
and renewable energy reserve and for early reduction credits. EPA will review
and approve state requests for delegation of the Phase II permitting program.
The Agency also will offer implementation training to states and industry.
Since 1995 is the first year for compliance with emission limitations, EPA
must design, implement, and communicate procedures for sources to certify
compliance and for EPA to confirm compliance.
In 1995 EPA will propose a Phase II nitrogen oxides (NOx) rule and an opt-
in rule for non-combustion sources. The Agency will continue development of an
ongoing acid rain program evaluation component, and continue participation in the
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program. The acid rain program also will
continue to promote energy conservation and encourage the improvement of energy
efficiency as a compliance strategy. Under the U.S. - Canada Bilateral Air
Quality Accord, the program will report on the progress of the acid rain programs
in both countries.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994 the Agency is allocating a total of $8,855,900, supported by 62.3
total workyears to this program, of which $4,307,900 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $4,548,000 is from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
In 1994 EPA will focus on implementation of the core acid rain regulations,
while developing the NOx and opt-in regulatory programs. EPA headquarters,
Regional offices, and states must maintain and develop the capacity to permit
sources, certify CEMs, and operate the market program. The acid rain program is
providing both guidance for sources and administrative procedures for
headquarters, Regions, and states on alternative monitoring systems and the
implementation of certification. In 1994 the program must review monitoring
plans and begin certifying over 2,000 CEMs.
In 1994 EPA must review and issue 121 Phase I sulfur dioxide (S02) permits
and review and issue all Phase I NOx permits. The Agency also must review the
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Title IV portion of the Title V permit programs from states and review and
approve conservation and renewable energy applications. Further, the program
must open the Allowance Tracking System for recording allowance transfers and
conduct the annual auction and direct sale of allowances.
During 1994 the program must begin development of the Phase II NOX rule and
the opt-in rules for non-combustion sources. Also during 1994 the program must
continue to develop innovative data systems to receive and record hourly
emissions data from utilities and record all allowance trades within five days
of receipt. These systems are highly visible to the public and essential to full
operation of the national market-based program. Both systems must be expanded
for full operation for the first compliance year of 1995.
Finally, the program will conduct training and provide guidance for states
and the regulated community to implement NOx and opt-in rules. In addition, the
program will conduct outreach to inform affected parties of program requirements
and to facilitate accurate documentation.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993 the Agency obligated a total of $9,538,900 supported by 61.1 total
workyears, of which $3,903,900 was from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $5,635,000 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
EPA published the core rules for Title IV in January 1993. In addition,
the Agency proposed rules for Phase I NOX and opt-in combustion sources and
issued both guidance for sources and administrative procedures for headquarters,
Regions, and states on the implementation of CEM certification, permitting for
S02 allowance transactions, auctions and sales, conservation and renewable energy
reserve, and state Title V program development.
EPA processed permits for the majority of the 263 Phase I units requiring
Agency action during 1993. In March 1993 the program conducted the first annual
auction of allowances. The program processed applications for allowances from
small diesel refineries as well as applications for allowances from the
conservation and renewable energy reserve. In addition, the program held several
implementation training conferences and workshops.
EPA continued development of integrated acid rain data systems and
participated in the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program. The Agency
also continued work on reports to Congress on the industrial S02 emissions
inventory and on the feasibility of an acidic deposition standard. The program
continued to promote energy conservation and encouraged the improvement of energy
efficiency as a compliance strategy.
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STRATOSPHERIC PROTECTION PROGRAM
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In 1995 the Agency requests a total of $30,151,000 and 29.1 total workyears
for this program, of which $2,179,600 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $27,971,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents a decrease of $32,900 for Program and
Research Operations, an increase of $16,372,600 for Abatement, Control and
Compliance, and a decrease of 1.3 total workyears. The increase in Abatement,
Control and Compliance will support the Agency's commitment to the Montreal
Protocol Multilateral Fund. The decrease in workyears is a result of the
government-wide reduction in workyears that is part of the President's program
to reduce the size and cost of government.
The United States has signed the Montreal Protocol on Substances that
Deplete the Ozone Layer. In accordance with agreements made under the Protocol
and its amendments, EPA will implement and enforce rules, continue program
refinements, initiate risk and economic assessments to monitor progress made
under the Protocol, and coordinate with other groups and countries on technical
and scientific developments and use of alternative chemicals to curtail ozone
depletion.
The Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund provides financial assistance to
developing countries to help pay for meeting the incremental costs of shifting
away from ozone-depleting chemicals. The Multilateral Fund also provides
resources to expand the Parties to the Montreal Protocol to include all developed
countries, all major regional economic integration organizations, and all major
developing countries. In 1995 EPA requests $24 million dollars for the Fund and
State Department requests $24 million. This will provide $48 million in total,
permit the U.S. to meet the second year of a three-year commitment (1994-96)
totaling $114 million, and to pay down over a two-year period amounts not paid
in previous years.
A major focus of the 1995 program will be support of activities for
minimizing the impact of the January 1, 1996 phase-out of chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) , Methylchlorofluorocarbons (MCFs) , and carbon tetrachloride and activities
related to the phase-out of Class II substances. As the phase-out date for many
ozone-depleting substances approaches, EPA must work closely with user industries
facing problems in meeting these deadlines and must promote recycling and
retrofitting existing equipment that requires CFCs for servicing.
The program will continue to serve as the coordinating and analytical nexus
for review of requests for essential use exemptions under the Montreal Protocol.
This will require an on-going assessment of the status of key alternatives and
close interaction with user industries as well as the international community.
The European Community has adopted a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) phase-
out deadline of 2015, 15 years earlier than the Montreal Protocol agreement
reached in 1992 and adopted as part of EPA regulations. In 1995 EPA will work
with key industry sectors reliant on HCFCs to accelerate their efforts to find
and shift to alternatives. This effort will also provide information for use in
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implementing section 612, the Significant New Alternatives Program (SNAP) for
HCFC uses. Publication of a SNAP listing for HCFC uses will be an important
element of facilitating the phase-out of these Class II compounds.
EPA will continue to monitor the development of alternatives to methyl
bromide, and to assess needed research for alternatives. This effort will
require coordination across offices within the Agency as well as with the
Department of Agriculture.
In 1995 EPA also will focus on promulgation and implementation of
hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) regulations required under sections 608 and 609 of the
Clean Air Act to reduce emissions of these global warming compounds. These rules
are among the few specific regulatory measures that could contribute to meeting
the President's goal of climate stabilization by the year 2000. EPA will develop
HFC-134a standards for recycling equipment and technician certification and
develop proposed and final regulations. The Agency will also support outreach
activities related to implementation of these requirements. Recycling could
reduce emissions of HFC-134a and other HFC refrigerants by as much as 50 percent.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994 the Agency is allocating a total of $13,811,300 supported by 30.4
total workyears to this program, of which $2,212,500 is for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $11,598,800 is for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
In 1994 EPA is expanding outreach activities to assist small companies and
industries in shifting out of the use of ozone-depleting substances. These
activities are critical to a smooth transition out of CFCs and methyl chloroform
in 1996. The Agency also is increasing efforts to minimize impacts of a phase-
out on existing capital equipment by encouraging timely shifts to retrofits or
replacements. In addition, the program is continuing to develop guidance
materials on the phase-out of CFCs and other ozone depleting substances. In
other outreach, EPA will continue assessment and development of a national index
for regularly informing the public about levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
In 1994 EPA is continuing to provide financial and technical assistance to
developing countries as part of the U.S. contribution to the Montreal Protocol
Multilateral Fund. This will aid efforts by government and industry in
developing countries to phase out the use of ozone-depleting substances.
Under SNAP, EPA is reviewing the environmental and health effects of safe
substitutes for ozone-depleting substances. The Agency is preparing a
comprehensive evaluation of developing substitutes and examining environmental
benefits and hazards of using (or not using) substitute chemicals. The Agency
also is developing a list of safe substitutes that will be made available to
industry. EPA is working to remove barriers to full implementation of CFC
alternatives by reforming standards and codes currently restricting the use of
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promising alternative refrigerants, foam blowing agents, solvents, and halons.
EPA also continues to investigate alternative pesticides for methyl bromide.
Finally, the Agency is working to ensure that federal procurement policy
specifies the use of energy efficient, CFC-free technology that is cost-
effective.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993 the stratospheric protection program was a component of the global
change program element. The accomplishments for the stratospheric protection
program are described within the global change program element for 1993.
GLOBAL CHANGE PROGRAM
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $58,883,800 and 104.9 total workyears for
this program, of which $7,864,400 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $51,019,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $5,080,000 for Program and
Research Operations; an increase of $13,508,100 for Abatement, Control and
Compliance; and an increase of 66.0 total workyears. The increases support the
voluntary, energy-efficiency programs within the President's Climate Change
Action Plan.
The U.S. approach toward reducing greenhouse gas emissions has many facets
and involves EPA and other federal agencies such as the Department of Energy
(DOE) and the Department of Transportation. EPA's responsibilities under the
Administration's program include facilitating voluntary programs for encouraging
energy-efficient technologies and promoting profitable opportunities for reducing
me thane emi s s i ons.
Energy-efficient technologies can dramatically reduce energy consumption
and prevent pollution while delivering better products to the marketplace. In
addition to preventing the emission of air pollutants, saving energy through
energy-efficient products also reduces environmental damage caused by electricity
generation. This includes damage caused by the mining and transportation of
fuels (e.g., strip mine damage, acid mine damage, natural gas leakage, etc.) and
by the disposal of utility wastes (e.g., boiler ash, scrubber waste, and spent
nuclear fuel).
In 1995 EPA will emphasize four areas. First, the Agency will expand the
marketing and implementation of the Green Lights program. Green Lights is a
voluntary program for installing energy-efficient lighting wherever it is
profitable. The expansion will include an accelerated "Super Ally" program, an
expanded "Assist" outreach effort, and an expanded "Distributor Ally" program.
The Super Ally Program will enlist utilities and other large groups in enrolling
Green Lights participants and help ensure prompt, complete implementation of
energy-efficient lighting systems. This program will leverage EPA efforts by
multiplying the number of people and level of assistance available to Green
Lights partners and increase the rate and success level of program
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implementation. The Assist organizations will work at the "grass roots" level
to provide local implementation support to partners while creating private sector
jobs. The Distributor Ally program will involve distributors of energy-efficient
lighting as allies to provide a network for the distribution of energy-efficient
technologies.
Second, EPA will expand marketing and implementing of the Energy Star
Buildings Program (energy-efficient heating, ventilation, and air conditioning).
Under this expansion the Energy Star Building program will evolve from the
technology development and program marketing phases into early implementation
phases. As part of this initiative, EPA will develop and refine technical
guidance necessary to achieve maximum profitable energy efficiency gains by
program participants, and provide customized technical assistance to program
participants.
Third, EPA will develop residential energy efficiency programs in
coordination with DOE. "Market Pull" programs will accelerate the introduction
(and lower the cost) of energy efficient appliance and housing features while
supporting DOE regulation development.
Fourth, EPA will expand initiatives to reduce methane emissions in a cost-
effective manner. Methane contributes about 12 percent of the U.S. greenhouse
gas emissions. Since methane has energy value, its emission to the air is
equivalent to energy evaporating before use. Methane is also 22 times more
potent in contributing to global warming than carbon dioxide (C02). The EPA
initiatives will include reducing emissions from coal mining, natural gas systems
(e.g., Natural Gas Star, a program to promote profitable "best management
practices" for reducing methane emissions from the natural gas industry),
landfills, livestock (e.g., AgStar, a partnership effort with beef, dairy, and
swine farmers to supplement on-farm energy needs with methane produced from
animal manure), and ruminant livestock. The methane program will accelerate
implementation in each area through technical support to current and potential
program participants. This initiative will help assure maximum reduction of
methane emissions by the year 2000.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994 the Agency is allocating a total of $40,295,700 supported by 38.9
total workyears to this program, of which $2,784,400 is for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $37,511,300 is for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
In the past two years EPA launched highly successful voluntary partnerships
between the private sector and the federal government. To date, EPA has active,
signed agreements with businesses and local governments affecting an equivalent
of five percent of commercial office space in the U.S., over 40 percent of
computer sales, and utilities that serve 23 percent of American households.
In 1994 the Green Lights program is expanding marketing and implementation
efforts with non-profit organizations such as universities, hospitals, and local
governments. Expanded activities include: 1) increasing marketing and
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recruiting efforts; 2) developing tools and materials that address the unique
concerns, operating structure, and missions of non-profits (e.g., financing of
efficiency upgrades for non-profits); and 3) implementing support to complete
lighting upgrades in the most efficient manner.
In the area of energy productivity and pollution prevention, a series of
programs including Energy Star Buildings, Energy Star Computers, and Residential
(e.g., "Golden Carrot") programs are focusing on increasing the productivity of
energy systems wherever profitable. In the buildings area, EPA is completing the
first major stage of technical program development. As a result of these
efforts, the Agency anticipates a major increase in electronics used for fan and
motor speed control in ventilating and air conditioning systems, significant
price reductions in energy-efficient building equipment, and an expansion of
manufacturing capacity for energy-efficient products. In the Energy Star
Computers program EPA is targeting a community-based outreach program to local
vendors and users of computer equipment. Up to one-third of all computer
equipment is bought and sold in small retail outlets. In the residential sector,
EPA is focusing on providing incentives to appliance manufacturers, builders, and
vendors to begin development of innovative financing mechanisms for advanced heat
pumps, water heating systems, increased insulation, and a number of additional
residential technologies (including those using natural gas).
Lack of motivation and know-how, as well as institutional obstacles, have
prevented effective use methane. In 1994 EPA is seeking to help profitably
capture this "lost energy" in five areas: coal mines, natural gas, agricultural
wastes, livestock and landfills. The coal mines component is aimed at enhancing
methane capture in Appalachia during coal mining. The natural gas program is a
voluntary effort with industry that is aimed at accelerating investments to
reduce emissions during gas transport and distribution in the U.S. and increasing
exports of this technology to the republics of the former Soviet Union. The
agricultural wastes component is focusing on accelerating farmer use of waste as
an energy source by investing in collection systems and generators and/or
absorption refrigeration. The livestock program is aimed at partitioning carbon
to useful products (milk and meat) by nutritional supplements and/or range
improvements. Finally, for landfills, the 1994 program is targeted toward
helping communities meet local energy demand and the need for acceptable
landfills by creating a recovery industry profitable for these communities.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993 the Agency obligated a total of $27,060,100, supported by 68.3
total workyears, of which $4,754,400 was from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $22,305,700 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1993 EPA's Green Lights program recruited 498 new members, representing
the addition of more than 1.1 billion square feet of lighting space. At the end
of 1993 the program included a total of 1,149 members, representing a total of
4 billion square feet of lighting space.
In 1993 the Agency launched the Energy Star buildings program. During
1993, 11 partners successfully participated in the Variable Speed Drive (VSD)
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program, demonstrating energy savings with high performance reliability. As a
result of these demonstrations, VSDs in buildings were adopted as a national goal
within the Administration's Climate Change Action Plan.
In 1993 EPA and major computer manufacturers announced the Energy Star
Computers program. More than 80 percent of the personal computer industry agreed
to produce Energy Star computers. The personal computer chip industry now plans
for all future chips to be Energy Star. The President signed an Executive Order
establishing Federal procurement policy for Energy Star computers.
The global change program launched the Natural Gas Star and AgStar
programs. Natural Gas Star signed more than 20 members and is well on its way
to becoming an industry standard. The AgStar program signed two members. Both
programs have become critical elements of the President's plan to stabilize
greenhouse gases.
In 1993 EPA's stratospheric protection program focused on five program
response areas: 1) earlier domestic and international elimination of CFCs,
halons, and methyl chloroform; 2) further limitations onHCFCs; 3) more intensive
recycling programs in the U.S. and abroad; 4) earlier voluntary phase-out from
developing nations of CFCs and HCFCs; and 5) the listing of methyl bromide as a
Class I controlled substance to be phased out by 2001.
EPA worked on recycling rules to set the lowest achievable emissions for
CFC using equipment, to restrict the sale of small canisters containing CFC
refrigerants, and to set safe disposal requirements of refrigerants. The
national recycling program investigated options to recycle or recover chemicals
at disposal and to expand the list of recyclable chemicals to include HCFCs. In
addition, the Agency implemented the national recycling program, required by the
Clean Air Act for the major air-conditioning and refrigeration sectors, to
minimize the costs of the phase-out. The Agency also worked on the rule
establishing SNAP.
In addition to regulatory activities, EPA engaged in a number of outreach
activities to inform industries of the upcoming phase-out schedule for CFCs and
to encourage industries to begin to conserve existing supplies of CFCs and begin
to purchase replacement equipment.
The development of halons will be phased out in 1994. In 1993 the halon
banking initiative kept track of existing halon quantities, informed halon users
on the proper handling of halon emissions, and encouraged organizations to
transition to the use of halon alternatives. Halons that are replaced by the use
of a halon substitute are banked and made available only for critical fire
protection needs.
In 1993 EPA continued to provide technical data, technical support, and
regulatory initiatives to meet the implementation requirements of the Montreal
Protocol. In addition, the Agency provided financial support through the
Multilateral Fund to help developing countries finance the incremental costs of
shifting away from ozone depleting chemicals.
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AIR
Indoor Air Programs
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
PROGRAM
Indoor Air Program
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$1,851.7 $2,040.6 $2,040.1 $2,087.2 $2,136.7 $49.5
$3.942.1 $4,828.4 $3,821.4 $3,786.5 $4,828.4 $1,041.9
$5,793.8 $6,869.0 $5,861.5 $5,873.7 $6,965.1 $1,091.4
$1,851.7 $2,040.6 $2,040.1 $2,087.2 $2,136.7 $49.5
$3,942.1 $4,828.4 $3,821.4 $3,786.5 $4,828.4 $1,041.9
Indoor Air Programs TOTAL $5,793.8 $6,869.0 $5,861.5 $5,873.7 $6,965.1 $1,091.4
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Indoor Air Program 24.1 31.0 31.0 31.0 30.7 -3
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS 24.1 31.0 31.0 31.0 30.7 -3
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Indoor Air Program 24.9 31.0 31.0 31.0 30.7 -3
TOTAL WORKYEARS 24.9 31.0 31.0 31.0 30.7 -3
$96.1
$96.1
$96.1
$96.1
-3
-3
-3
-3
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AIR
INDOOR AIR PROGRAM
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $6,965,100 and 30.7 total workyears for
1995, an increase of $1,091,400 and a decrease in total workyears of 0.3 from
1994. Of the request, $2,136,700 will be from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation, and $4,828,400 will be from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $49,500 in the Program
and Research Operations appropriation, and an increase of $1,041,900 in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
INDOOR AIR PROGRAM
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $6,965,100 and 30.7 total workyears for this
program, of which $2,136.700 will be from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $4,828,400 will be from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $49,500 for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, an increase of $1,041,900 for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation, and a decrease of 0.3 total workyears. The
increase in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation will provide
funding for Regional indoor air program support, environmental tobacco smoke
(ETS) outreach, and state/local training. The decrease of 0.3 total workyears
is a result of the government-wide reduction in workyears that is part of the
President's program to reduce the size and cost of government.
Comparative risk studies performed by EPA and its Science Advisory Board
have consistently ranked indoor air pollution among the top five environmental
risks to public health. EPA's goal is to work in close cooperation with other
Federal agencies and the private sector to improve the quality of indoor
environments where Americans live, work, and play. The Agency's primary strategy
is to use voluntary partnerships and technology transfer to improve the way in
which buildings are designed, operated, and maintained.
For 1995 indoor air program priorities include: 1) targeted outreach on
ETS with emphasis on parents and other child care providers in minority
communities, as well as restaurants, schools, and other facilities where children
may be involuntarily exposed to ETS; 2) expansion of the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
Building Air Quality Alliance; and 3) expansion of IAQ training courses to
include training for school personnel and health professionals, and delivery of
an advanced course for facility managers who are responsible for indoor air
quality. EPA will expand the voluntary IAQ Building Air Quality Alliance,
launched in 1994, to optimize opportunities to improve IAQ. Alliance activities
will include: developing additional economic incentives to encourage building
operators to improve IAQ; providing recognition to buildings that have become
Alliance Members; and working with the IAQ Coalition to attract additional
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Alliance Members. The indoor air quality clearinghouse (IAQ INFO) will continue
to provide live-operator assistance to a broad spectrum of callers. Other
activities continuing in 1995 include: the Building Assessment Survey and
Evaluation (BASE) project; cost of indoor air quality (IAQ) controls and source
characterization projects; program and staff support for the interagency
Committee on Indoor Air Quality; and continued development of Regional indoor air
quality programs. The Agency will use environmental indicators to show
measurable results from major initiatives launched in 1993 and 1994.
In 1995 Regional indoor air quality programs will assume a critical role
in priority activities. The Regional Offices' involvement in developing and
implementing the IAQ Building Air Quality Alliance will include contributing to
the IAQ Action Plan, attracting additional Alliance Members, and beginning to
assume responsibility for managing Alliance Agreements. In addition, Regional
offices will work actively with their states and with other governmental and non-
governmental organizations to promote awareness of the risks posed by ETS
exposure. Specially targeted audiences will include decision-makers in those
indoor environments in which children are likely to be present. Regions will
continue to be key to the effective delivery of indoor air training to selected
audiences: schools personnel, health professionals, environmental and public
health officials, and building-related personnel.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $5,873,700 and 31.0 total workyears for
this program, of which $2,087,200 is from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $3,786,500 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
A major initiative in 1994 is the voluntary IAQ Building Air Quality
Alliance, designed to improve indoor air quality in buildings by offering
incentives to building operators to manage for good indoor air quality. The goal
of the Building Air Quality Alliance is to improve IAQ by increasing the
visibility of IAQ issues and techniques for maintaining good IAQ. Ultimately,
through the accomplishments of this voluntary effort, the health, well-being, and
productivity of occupants will be permanently enhanced as managing for good IAQ
becomes standard operating procedure in buildings across the nation. EPA is now
forming a coalition of leaders in the IAQ community to develop a set of actions
buildings can adopt to improve IAQ. In 1994 the Building Air Quality Alliance
will establish the coalition, issue the first action plan, and enlist the first
round of Alliance Members. The Program will continue to evolve over the next
several years as the action plan is refined and as additional market incentives
for improving IAQ are developed and offered.
In 1994 the indoor air program is developing training programs and other
outreach strategies to ensure that key audiences understand and implement core
guidance cu improving indoor air quality. Audiences targeted with specific
guidance documents and training or outreach programs include: school facilities
managers, architects and design engineers, new home buyers, building operating
engineers, physicians and other health care professionals, government officials
and other decision makers with responsibility for determining or implementing
smoking policies in indoor spaces. These audiences are being reached through
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cooperative agreements and partnerships with groups who represent these
constituents. In addition, the Agency's IAQ INFO clearinghouse continues to meet
the growing demand for indoor air information through dissemination of
publications and direct telephone response to public concerns. The Agency is
expecting to respond to over 20,000 calls in 1994.
Public sector training continues to receive attention as states and
localities pursue the development of staff capabilities to solve indoor air
quality problems. Building on Regional training approaches initiated in 1992 and
expanded in 1993, training to public sector environmental health officials, to
owners and managers of public and commercial buildings, and to other related
indoor air quality professionals is being continued through training institutions
such as the Regional Radon Training Centers and other training providers.
The public information brochure What You Can Do About Secondhand Smoke is
the centerpiece of an active campaign to inform the public about the health
hazards posed by ETS in indoor air. EPA is developing and disseminating follow-
on materials focusing in greater detail on the actions appropriate to each of the
environments addressed in the brochure, i.e., workplaces, restaurants, schools
and day care facilities, etc. The Agency is also distributing nationally video
public service announcements (PSAs) with a contemporary soundtrack targeting
adolescents with a message to avoid exposure to ETS in public places. The Agency
is focusing on minority and other high-risk populations to alert them to the
documented health risks posed by ETS exposure, and is working through public and
environmental health organizations to encourage action by parents, institutions,
and state and local governments on ETS and other indoor air issues.
Leveraging the successful cooperative partnerships initiated in the Radon
Program, the Indoor Air Program is reaching out through these organizations to
deliver messages about indoor air problems and solutions to constituencies as
varied as city managers, minority health practitioners, public health and
consumer advocates, and day care providers. The Agency also continues to provide
leadership and coordination of indoor air quality issues within the Federal
government through the interagency Committee on Indoor Air Quality (CIAQ).
The Building Assessment Survey and Evaluation (BASE) program is
implementing the protocol refined by the pilot studies conducted in 1993 in a
cross-sectional study to collect baseline data characterizing up to 20 public and
commercial office buildings. The data collected will include environmental
measurements, an occupant questionnaire, and characterization of the ventilation
system and the building. Data will be available from a publicly accessible
database for use by the indoor air community to improve guidance on building
design, construction, operation, and maintenance, and to develop distributions
of lAQ/building/ventilation characteristics, baseline symptom rates, and occupant
perceptions.
EPA will document the costs associated with IAQ controls in a series of
reports based on the modeling data generated by this project in 1992 and 1993.
These reports will detail elements of compatibility and conflict between energy
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conservation and IAQ in commercial buildings as well as suggest elements of
control that insure compatibility between the two objectives. This information
will be shared with the building community and will support the Agency's IAQ and
energy-related activities.
Development of the source ranking database will be completed, facilitating
archiving and retrieval of exposure, formulary, and risk information for the
range of commercial products that are sources of indoor air pollutants. A
workshop to obtain consensus in the database by industry, public interest groups,
researchers, and other interested parties will be convened. The database will
allow the Agency to determine priority product classes, by using exposures and
risks, for further efforts to manage sources. The results of limited testing of
paints and coatings will be used to perform a preliminary risk assessment for the
use of these products. If the risks are found to be significant, dialogues with
industry and other interested parties, for the purpose of reducing these risks,
will be initiated.
In 1994 the Regional Offices continue to refine their indoor air programs
by working with their states to identify opportunities for increased outreach,
education, training, and coordination. As basic guidance documents are completed
at headquarters, Regional Offices provide direct assistance to their states, and
through them to localities, to solve indoor air quality problems. Training
courses for environmental and public health officials, for building owners and
facility operators, and for other audiences targeted by the indoor air program
are available for delivery through the regional offices, regional training
centers, and other suitable organizations. Regional offices are developing
tailored "spin-off" information materials suited to the needs of their particular
region and are assisting key organizations, both public and private, to increase
awareness of indoor air quality problems and solutions.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993 the Agency obligated a total of $5,793,800 supported by 24.9 total
workyears, of which $1,851,700 was from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $3,942,100 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In January 1993 EPA issued a major assessment of the respiratory health
effects of passive smoking, classifying secondhand smoke as a Group A, or known,
human carcinogen, and estimating that 3,000 cases of lung cancer among non-
smokers and 150,000-300,000 cases of childhood respiratory infections are due to
secondhand smoke exposure. The indoor air program published a brochure, What You
Can Do About Secondhand Smoke, to advise the public of actions they can take to
reduce their exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. The brochure includes
recommendations for actions in the home, in the workplace, in restaurants and
bars, in places where children are present, and in other public spaces. By
year's end almc^t 300,000 copies of the brochure had been distributed through
EPA's Regional offices, and through allied public health and environmental health
organizations.
In the beginning of 1993, the EPA launched IAQ INFO, the Indoor Air Quality
Information Clearinghouse, which provides a range of information services to the
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public, Federal, state and local indoor air personnel, the private sector, and
the research community. As the year progressed, the Agency modified and expanded
the services to better serve the needs of the users. In 1993, information
specialists have responded to approximately 20,000 inquiries from a range of
callers and have mailed out over 131,000 publications on a variety of indoor air
topics.
The Building Assessment Survey and Evaluation (BASE) program completed the
planning phase and conducted three pilot studies, in preparation for the planned
three to five-year study. The two major objectives of the study include: 1)
develop baseline information on the factors believed to determine indoor air
quality in large buildings and assess their relationship to occupant health
symptoms; and 2) improve and standardize the IAQ investigative approach. During
1993, data from the pilot studies were used to refine the study design and
protocol. Information from the study will be used by: public health departments
and building diagnosticians; indoor air/health effects researchers; ventilation
engineers and building designers; and, as input for the further development of
Federal guidance on indoor air quality issues.
Public sector training continued to receive increased attention as states
and localities pursued the development of staff capabilities to solve indoor air
quality problems. Building on regional training approaches begun in 1992,
additional providers of training were selected and supported to create and
deliver training based on guidance provided by the indoor air program. About
2,500 trainees across the nation attended EPA's Orientation to Indoor Air Quality
course; an additional 5,000 building owners, managers, and facility operating
personnel attended training seminars on EPA's guidance document, Building Air
Quality.
The multi-year development of a comprehensive inventory of indoor pollutant
source emissions entered its second year. A source-ranking database that
considers such factors as emissions, extent of use, environment, and potential
health effects began development and will provide the means to prioritize actions
on source emissions. The growing body of information compiled is being put to
a variety of uses, and is providing information needed to drive continuing non-
regulatory dialogues with manufacturers to create lower-emitting products.
The Agency initiated planning for the design and construction of a
demonstration/test house to combine indoor air quality, radon resistance, and
energy-efficiency features. An assessment of related governmental and private
industry efforts was completed and a project outline prepared. However further
work on the demonstration project was terminated as a result of competing
resource demands.
The Agency continued to provide leadership and coordination of indoor air
quality issues within the Federal government through its support of the
interagency Committee on Indoor Air Quality (CIAQ), ensuring that all Federal
agencies with interest, expertise, and responsibility for indoor air quality were
aware of one another's activities, and were given the opportunity to participate
in the development and execution of one another's agenda.
2-101
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ACTUAL
1993
AIR
Enforcement
PRES. ENACTED
BUDGET 1994
1994
t
CURRENT REQUEST
ESTIMATE 1995
1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Stationary Source
Compliance
Program & Research $20,911.6 $22,619.8 $22,401.2 $18,372.4 $19,737.2 $1,364.8 -$2,882.6
Operations
Abatement Control and $4,480.2 $6.015.1 $4,937.9 $990.4 $1,035.3 $44.9 -$4,979.8
Compliance
TOTAL $25,391.8 $28,634.9 $27,339.1 $19,362.8 $20,772.5 $1,409.7 -$7,862.4
Mobile Source
Program & Research $6,863.1 $6,794.1 $6,794.1 -$6,794.1
Operations
Abatement Control and $3,310.1 $6,375.6 $5,341.8 -$6,375.6
Compliance
TOTAL $10,173.2 $13,169.7 $12,135.9 -$13,169.7
TOTAL:
Program & Research $27,774.7 $29,413.9 $29,195.3 $18,372.4 $19,737.2 $1,364.8 -$9,676.7
Operations
Abatement Control and $7,790.3 $12,390.7 $10,279.7 $990.4 $1,035.3 $44.9 -$4,979.8
Compliance
Enforcement TOTAL $35,565.0 $41,804.6 $39,475.0 $19,362.8 $20,772.5 $1,409.7 -$14,646.5
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Stationary Source
Compliance
Mobile Source
Enforcement
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Stationary Source
Compliance
Mobi le Source
Enforcement
TOTAL WORKYEARS
353.7
109.7
463.4
368.0
112.0
480.0
379.5
109.0
488.5
379.5
109.0
488.5
379.5 315.6 315.1
109.0
488.5 315.6 315.1
379.5 315.6 315.1
109.0
488.5 315.6 315.1
-5 -64.4
-109.0
-5 -173.4
-5 -64.4
-109.0
-5 -173.4
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AIR
ENFORCEMENT
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $20,772,500 supported by 315.1 total
workyears for 1995, an increase of $1,409,700 and a decrease of 0.5 total
workyears from 1994. Of the request, $19,737,200 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $1,035,300 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase in the Program
and Research Operations appropriation of $1,364,800 and an increase in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation of $44,900. The decrease of 0.5
total workyears is due to the Administration's government-wide streamlining
efforts.
STATIONARY SOURCE ENFORCEMENT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $20,772,500 supported by 315.1 total
workyears for 1995, an increase of $1,409,700 and a decrease of 0.5 total
workyears from 1994. Of the request, $19,737,200 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $1,035,300 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase in the Program
and Research Operations appropriation of $1,364,800 and an increase in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation of $44,900. The decrease of 0.5
total workyears is due to the Administration's government-wide streamlining
efforts.
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The
headquarters resources for Stationary Source Enforcement can now be found in
Multimedia.
In 1995 Regional office compliance monitoring and enforcement efforts (in
concert with the states) will continue to ensure the compliance of sources
covered by SIPs, NSPSs, and NESHAPs. Implementation of the strategies for
addressing multi-state and multi-program violators and for corporate-wide
patterns of non-compliance will continue, as will initiatives to enforce the
NESHAPs. The chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) compliance program will be maintained and
supported through continued inspections of sources and initiation of enforcement
actions. Additionally, efforts will focus on monitoring the status of compliance
of sources subject to the Phase I acid rain requirements and on the
implementation of an EPA wide goal of improving data quality from sources
applying for permits and reporting their compliance.
A comprehensive program to evaluate the effectiveness of volatile organic
compound (VOC) rules, the compliance monitoring and inspection targeting programs
to ensure better use of inspection resources, and workshop and technical support
will be emphasized. Efforts to enhance VOC compliance in ozone nonattainment
2-104 i
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areas will continue. Inspections that may result in the need to issue
administrative orders and the processing of litigation referrals will be
conducted at major sources. State program building will be a high priority in
the expanded SIP assistance program for assuring enforceability of new
requirements. Support will continue for inspections and enforcement of the CFG
program, as well as the air toxics program. Continuing support will be provided
for the development of the operating permits program. Regional resources will
support training for increased permitting inspections, administrative orders, and
litigation referrals due to the newly regulated sources.
Multi-media environmental problems will continue to be explored when
addressing violating sources. The Regions will also continue analyses of major
sources and their compliance practices including steps that manufacturers have
taken in the area of pollution prevention. Regions will examine risk and
compliance concerns and develop strategies to address them. These could include
geographic, industrial, or corporate type initiatives.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $19,362,800 supported by 315.6 total
workyears for this program, of which $18,372,400 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $990,400 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The
headquarters resources for Stationary Source Enforcement can now be found in
Multimedia.
In 1994 compliance monitoring and enforcement efforts (in concert with the
states) continue to ensure the compliance of sources covered by SIPs, NSPSs, and
NESHAPs. Implementation of the strategies for addressing multi-state and multi-
program violators and for corporate-wide patterns of non-compliance continues,
as do initiatives to enforce the newly adopted NESHAPs standard. The
implementation of an expanded CFC compliance program is being supported through
increased inspections of sources and initiation of enforcement actions. In
addition, efforts focus on monitoring the status of compliance of sources subject
to the Phase I acid rain requirements and on the implementation of an EPA-wide
goal of improving data quality from sources applying for permits and reporting
their compliance.
A comprehensive program to determine the effectiveness of VOC rules,
implementation of the compliance monitoring and inspection targeting program to
ensure better use of inspection resources, and workshop and technical support is
being emphasized. Efforts to enhance VOC compliance in ozone nonattainment
areas continues. Inspections that may result in the need to issue administrative
orders and the processing of litigation referrals are being conducted at major
sources. State program building is a high priority in an expanded SIP assistance
program for assuring the enforceability of new requirements. Support continues
for inspections and enforcement of the CFC program, as well as the expanding air
toxics program. Continuing support provides for the development of the operating
2-105
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permits program. Regional resources will support training for increased
permitting inspections, administrative orders, and litigation referrals due to
newly regulated sources.
EPA continues to explore opportunities to solve significant multimedia
environmental problems when addressing violating sources. Regions also continue
analyses of major sources and their compliance practices. The Regional Offices,
jointly with headquarters, are examining risk and compliance concerns and
developing strategies to address them. These include geographic, industrial or
corporate type initiatives.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency allocated a total of $25,391,800 supported by 368.0 total
workyears to this program, of which $20,911,600 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $4,480,200 as from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The major activities in the ten Regional offices include, compliance
monitoring and enforcement of SIPs, NSPSs, NESHAPs, and stratospheric ozone
protection sources; implementation of strategies for NESHAPs for the asbestos
demolition and renovation program, radionuclides, and benzene; expanding a
comprehensive program to determine the effectiveness of rules to cover VOC
sources and other pollutant categories; implementation of the compliance
monitoring and inspection targeting program; and implementation of an effective
enforcement program for reducing ozone in nonattainment areas.
The Regions reviewed proposed PM-10 SIPs for enforceability. Enforcement
of continuous emission monitoring (GEM) requirements for Federally regulated
sources continued. Regions provided support for the phase-down of CFC production
and development and implementation of recycling regulations
In 1993 EPA headquarters continued oversight of Regional programs to assure
consistency of rules and guidance through programmatic reviews and reviews of
certain classes of enforcement actions. The headquarters' program continued to
assure the enforceability of proposed EPA regulations; managed the AIRS Facility
Subsystem; managed the level of effort contract support program; developed
technical and program guidance; and conducted planning and budgeting activities.
During 1993 EPA headquarters provided VOC technical and training support
to the Regions and state agencies, issuing policy guidance, monitoring compliance
and enforcement activities, and overview of the implementation of the rule-
effectiveness protocol. In addition, headquarters continued the implementation
of woodstove testing and certification program, including implementing the Random
Compliance Audit and the Selective Enforcement Audit programs.
For stratospheric ozone protection program EPA continued rule development
and the preparation of compliance monitoring strategies and guidance. Review of
the phase-out of CFCs and halons through monitoring compliance of manufacturers
and importers continued with the identification of violators and appropriate
enforcement actions.
2-106
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Support was provided to ensure adequate direction and oversight of air
toxics compliance and enforcement efforts which resulted from new legislative
requirements. EPA also actively pursued the implementation of the early
reductions program for air toxics.
Implementation of the administrative enforcement requirements and the
enhanced monitoring and compliance certification authority, and development of
the field citation program, citizen award provisions, citizen suit guidelines,
and contractor listing procedures continued.
MOBILE SOURCE ENFORCEMENT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. Some of the
Headquarters resources for the Mobile Source Enforcement program element can now
be found in the Multimedia section of the budget; the reminder are found in the
Emissions and Fuel Economy Compliance program element.
1994 PROGRAM
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. Some of the
Headquarters resources for the Mobile Source Enforcement program element can now
be found in the Multimedia section of the budget; the reminder are found in the
Emissions and Fuel Economy Compliance program element.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $10,173,200 supported by 112.0 total
workyears for this program, of which $6,863,100 was from the Progam and Research
Operations appropriation and $3,310,100 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The fuel inspection program continued to enforce the more stringent Phase
II fuel volatility requirements and also sampled for alcohol and other fuel
additives, collecting 9,184 fuel samples from refiners, importers, distributors,
and retail outlets throughout the country. These inspections resulted in 224
notices of violation. A total of 747 tampering investigations resulted in 94
notices of violation. The fuel and fuel additives registration program continued
and 1,048 registrations were processed.
The EPA recall program investigated 32 suspect light-duty vehicle classes.
The Agency also conducted seven investigations to assess compliance with the more
stringent full useful life standards of high mileage, light-duty truck classes.
EPA continued investigations into the operations of importers of non-conforming
vehicles to ensure that certification procedures are adequately implemented. EPA
conducted two investigations of the operations of Ids. The SEA program
conducted seven audits of light-duty vehicle manufacturer facilities, and ten
audits of heavy-duty manufacturer facilities, and four audits of banking and
2-107
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trading emission credits. The imports program processed 13,088 applications for
non-conforming vehicles. The warranty program reviewed 1,946 consumer inquiries
on emissions warranty issues and 31 vehicle warranty manuals.
The Agency promulgated regulations for revised volatility for Colorado and
South Carolina. Additionally, EPA finalized rules for oxygenated fuels guidance
and for oxygenated labeling.
2-108
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
RADIATION 3-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Radiation Research 3-9
Radiation Research 3-11
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Radiation Criteria, Standards and Guidelines 3-15
Radiation Criteria, Standards and Guidelines 3-16
Radiation Program Implementation 3-20
Radiation Program Implementation 3-21
Radon Action Program Implementation 3-23
Radiation Environmental Impact Assessment 3-26
Radon Action Program 3-27
Radiation Environmental Impact Assessment 3-30
Radon State Grant Program 3-32
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Implementation 3-34
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Implementation 3-35
-------
-------
APPROPRIATION
RADIATION
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
$14,275.0 $14,097.3 $13,897.8 $14,017.1 $16,663.6 $2,646.5 $2,566.3
$21,006.9 $21,251.2 $19,638.8 $18,580.2 $30,251.2 $11,671.0 $9,000.0
$1,901.6
TOTAL, Radiation
$37,183.5 $35,348.5 $33,536.6 $32,597.3 $46,914.8 $14,317.5 $11,566.3
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
OUTLAYS
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS
288.9
294.9
288.7
288.7
288.7
288.7
308.1
326.1
312.9
312.9
4.8
-13.2
24.2
24.2
$37,845.1 $35,675.0 $33,524.1 $32,163.2 $45,193.5 $13,030.3 $9,518.5
Authorization for the Indoor Radon Abatement Act expired on September 30, 1991.
Authorization for the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act, the Atomic
Energy Act, the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Land Withdrawal Act and the Clean Air
Act Amendments of 1990 have not expired. All other authorization except for
Research and Development is by virtue of the Appropriations Act. The
Environmental Research, Development and Demonstration Act expired September 30,
1981. Reauthorization is pending.
3-1
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RADIATION
DIFFERENCE
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
ENACTED VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
ENACTED
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$14,097.3 $13,897.8 $14,017.1 -$199.5 -$80.2 $119.3
$21,251.2 $19,638.8 $18,580.2 -$1,612.4 , -$2,671.0 -$1,058.6
$35,348.5 $33,536.6 $32,597.3 -$1,811.9 -$2,751.2 -$939.3
APPROPRIATION
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
TOTAL, Radiation
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
288.7
288.7
288.7
288.7
308.1
326.1
19.4
37.4
19.4
37.4
The following points list the major reasons that the dollars devoted to this media have changed from
submission of the President's FY 1994 Budget Request to the FY 1994 Current Estimates.
PROGRAM AND RESEARCH OPERATIONS
o Congressional reduction
o Redirection to Administrator's Priorities
ABATEMENT, CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE
o Congressional reduction
o General Agency Reduction
o Redirection to Administrator's Priorities
3-2
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RADIATION
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) program to protect the public
health and environment from adverse effects of radiation exposure is derived from
several statutes including: the Indoor Radon Abatement Act; the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990; the Atomic Energy Act; the Public Health Service Act; the
Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act; the Marine Protection, Research, and
Sanctuaries Act; the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act; and the Waste
Isolation Pilot Plant Land Withdrawal Act. These Acts authorize a wide range of
regulatory, assessment, assistance, and research activities. The Agency also
performs some oversight functions for programs with enforcement authority vested
in other agencies.
EPA's radiation program has four major objectives:
o Reduce adverse health effects and environmental impacts from radiation
exposure through a program of standards, rules, guidelines, and voluntary
actions.
o Assess and quantify existing and emerging radiation problems and their
potential impact.
o Respond to the public on radiation issues of serious concern.
o Maintain the capability to respond to emergencies and to aid development
and testing of Federal, state, and local plans for emergency response.
To accomplish these objectives, EPA assesses and regulates sources of
airborne radionuclides; evaluates and regulates radioactive waste disposal;
provides site assessments and radiochemical analyses of environmental samples;
carries out the Radon Action Program; coordinates the Environmental Radiation
Ambient Monitoring System (ERAMS); develops protective action guides to provide
guidance to officials on preventive and remedial actions; and responds to
radiological emergencies.
Implement Existing Standards and New Requirements.
In 1995 EPA will be completing a variety of tasks associated with the Waste
Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), a disposal site in New Mexico for radioactive
wastes. Under responsibilities established by the WIPP Land Withdrawal Act in
1992, EPA will evaluate quality assurance and quality control procedures of the
Department of Energy (DOE), the operator of WIPP. EPA also will review DOE's
draft performance assessment for WIPP and begin preparation for determining
compliance with recently promulgated EPA standards for high-]evel and transuranic
waste disposal. EPA must develop compliance criteria for implementing the
radioactive waste disposal regulations.
Radioactive materials are used at thousands of Federal facilities, over 100
nuclear reactors, and thousands of other locations. EPA guidance and standards
3-3
-------
for the cleanup and management of radioactive materials will ensure that the
Federal government does not spend billions of dollars in unnecessary cleanup
costs. EPA will evaluate comments received on the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
for clean-up standards and prepare a draft final rule for workgroup
consideration. The Agency also will conduct further analyses for the clean-up
standards. In addition, EPA will continue the development of the Waste
Management Regulations, including waste disposal, recycling, and reuse.
EPA will continue to promote the transfer to states of implementation
responsibilities for the radionuclide National Emission Standards for Hazardous
Air Pollutants (NESHAPs), promulgated under the Clean Air Act. The Agency also
will continue to work with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to ensure effective
and efficient regulation of NESHAPs sources now covered by subpart I of EPA
rules.
The Agency will emphasize enhancements to its radiological emergency
preparedness program through training, field exercises, and replacement of
obsolete equipment in the radiation laboratories. EPA has the Federal government
lead for responding to foreign-source accidents that affect the U.S. and for
carrying out post-emergency response efforts in the event of a domestic accident.
Address Radon Exposure in Structures.
The Radon Action Program strategy has evolved to include four key elements:
o GuidinR scientific and policy principles that make up the heart of radon
"messages" communicated to the public.
o A decentralized system for informing the public that consists of multiple,
highly respected organizations that can deliver radon messages through
established channels to targeted audiences.
o A continuum of strategic approaches for reducing radon risks ranging from
public information efforts that let people make their own decisions about
the need to test and fix their homes to regulatory approaches that require
testing and/or mitigation.
o A strong focus on the most promising strategic approaches.
The Radon Action Program continues to place strong emphasis on the five key
areas outlined below.
o Focus on the greatest health risks first.
o Promote radon resistant new construction.
o Support testing and mitigation at the time of real estate transactions.
o Continue national media efforts and focus on high-risk areas.
o Develop a coordinated research plan.
3-4
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In 1995 EPA will continue to implement the activities authorized by the
Indoor Radon Abatement Act (IRAA), as well as respond to any new legislative
mandates. IRAA activities include: the State Indoor Radon Grant (SIRG) Program,
the National Radon Proficiency programs, the Regional Radon Training Centers,
work in schools, promotion of model building standards, and technical assistance
to build capabilities at the state and local level.
The Radon Measurement Proficiency (RMP) and Radon Contractor Proficiency
(RCP) programs will continue to evaluate the capability of firms and individuals
offering radon measurement and mitigation services and to make the evaluation
results and other information available to the states and the public.
EPA will focus on achieving results by tracking and setting goals for
environmental indicators that include: numbers of homes and schools tested and
mitigated, homes built using radon resistant features, and the number of
jurisdictions requiring radon-resistant new construction features. The radon
program is working with Regions and states to develop and track similar measures.
The radon program will also increase its efforts in the area of environmental
equity by working with organizations that specialize in reaching minority
populations and developing messages and using communication channels that are
most effective in reaching minorities.
Provide Technical Assistance for Federal Facility Cleanup.
EPA will continue to provide coordination, oversight, technical, and
laboratory support among Regional and headquarters offices to ensure that
radioactively contaminated Federal facilities are cleaned up to acceptable EPA
risk levels consistent with the requirements of the Federal facility agreements.
The program is composed of two primary elements, 1) development of overall
guidance and laboratory support that are applicable to all Federal facility sites
and 2) development of operational controls for site characterization, sampling,
handling, analysis, treatment, and disposal of mixed wastes (combinations of
radioactive waste and hazardous chemicals). The second element is of particular
importance for DOE sites because many have substantial amounts of mixed wastes.
Conduct Research to Support the Radiation Program.
The Office of Research and Development will continue to monitor off-site
areas, under a reimbursable arrangement with DOE at the Nevada Test Site and
other test locations, to provide the data needed by policy-makers to make
decisions regarding the control of public exposure to radioactive materials.
This support consists of a radiation safety monitoring program; operation of
environmental sampling networks; interaction wich the general public to maintain
public confidence and support; laboratory analyses sufficient to immediately
assess the impact of an inadvertent release of radioactivity; determination of
radionuclide body burdens in off-site residents; veterinary investigation of
'
-------
claims of alleged radiation injury; and the maintenance of all data in
computerized data bases.
Fees
In 1995 EPA will collect fees for the Radon Contractor Proficiency program,
the Radon Measurement Proficiency program, and the radon training program. The
Agency estimates that fees collected for these programs will total about $1.8
million.
Program descriptions do not reflect any increase in workyears that may
result from 900 additional workyears that EPA received for contractor conversion.
3-6
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RADIATION
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES
Cumulative Outputs
FR Notices
Proposals
Promulgations/Neg. Det
ACTUAL
1993
6
2
2
CURRENT
ESTIMATE ESTIMATE
1994 1995
10
6
3
5
0
5
INCREASE (+)
DECREASE (-)
1995 VS 1994
-5
-6
+2
Key for Cumulative Outputs:
1993: 1 Notice of proposal rulemaking on WIPP Compliance Criteria
1 Notice of extension of comment period on WIPP Compliance Criteria
1 Proposed rule for NRG licensees (Subpart I, 40 CFR 61, non-nuclear)
1 Proposed rule for High Level Waste (40 CFR 191)
1 Final rule for Elemental Phosphorous
1 Final rule for Phosphogypsum
1994: 1 Notice for NRC licensees (reiterating effectiveness of Subpart I)
1 Re-proposed rule for NRC Licensees (to rescind Subpart I, non-
nuclear)
1 Proposed rule for Low Level Waste (40 CFR 193)
1 Proposed rule for NRC licensees (to rescind Subpart T)
1 Proposed rule for uranium mill tailings (40 CFR 61, to
rescind Subpart T)
1 Proposed rule for WIPP Test and Retrieval Plan
1 Proposed rule for WIPP Compliance Criteria
1 Final rule for High Level Waste (40 CFR 191)
1 Final rule for uranium mill tailings (40 CFR 61, to rescind Subpart
. T)
1 Final rule for UMTRCA requirements (40 CFR 192)
1995: 1 Final rule for WIPP Test and Retrieval Plan
1 Final rule for WIPP Compliance Criteria
2 Final rules for NRC licensees (40 CFR 61, Subpart I, nuclear and
non-nuclear)
1 Final rule for Low Level Waste (40 CFR 193)
3-7
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RADIATION
Radiation Research
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
PROGRAM
Radition Research
Program & Research $1,315.0
Operations
Research & Development $1,901.6
TOTAL $3,216.6
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Research & Development
Radiation Research
$1,315.0
$1,901.6
TOTAL $3,216.6
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Radition Research
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
18.5
18.5
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Radition Research
TOTAL WORKYEARS
18.5
18.5
3-9
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RADIATION
Research and Development - Radiation Reimbursables
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995
1994 1994
INCREASE INCREASE
DECREASE DECREASE
1995 REQ 1995 REQ
VS VS
1994 CE 1994 PB
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Las Vegas Radiation
Offsite Reimbursables
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
54.6
54.6
59.5
59.5
59.5
59.5
59.5
59.5
58.9
58.9
-6 -6
-6 -6
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Las Vegas Radiation
Offsite Reimbursables
TOTAL WORKYEARS
55.1
55.1
59.5
59.5
59.5
59.5
59.5
59.5
58.9
58.9
-6
-6
3-10
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RADIATION
RADIATION RESEARCH
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of 58.9 workyears for 1995 under a
reimbursable arrangement with the Department of Energy (DOE). This represents
a decrease of 0.6 total workyears from 1994. The decrease in total workyears
reflects the overall reduction in Federal workyears directed by the President.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of 59.5 total workyears for this program
element, all of which are from a reimbursable arrangement with the DOE.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $3,216,600 and 73.6 total workyears, of
which $1,315,000 was from the Program and Research Operations appropriation, and
$1,901,600 was from the Research and Development appropriation.
RESEARCH ISSUES
The sections below describe program issues by each fiscal year.
INFRASTRUCTURE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Adequately funded infrastructure is critical to ORD's success in conducting
the quality science needed to assure that the Agency's decisions are
scientifically sound. The most critical part of ORD's infrastructure is its
staff. The assumption underlying all our research activities includes a
productive workforce.
ORD established this cohesive, cross-cutting issue for infrastructure based
upon the importance of this activity to planned and ongoing research activities.
Program and Research Operations appropriation funding for the Radiation Program
Element (PE) has been centralized within the infrastructure issue to provide
improved management in ORD's salaries, travel and related costs associated with
managing research programs.
Workyears assigned to this issue represent a consolidation of existing
research functions which had previously been allocated across multiple issues.
This realignment provides greater accuracy in accounting for workforce usage,
enabling management to utilize better information in decision-making and planning
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purposes. Consolidated activities include: science policy and program
development; technical evaluation, review, and guidance to EPA program/regional
offices, Federal/State agencies, and foreign governments; research quality
assurance and program review; extramural resource management; technology transfer
of scientific information; ADP technical program development of environmental
data systems; regulatory mission support; facilities maintenance and oversight;
health and safety, and environmental compliance; research planning and program
development; operational research oversight; policy and procedures development;
program planning and operations; resource planning and review; document
production; and secretarial/clerical support and personnel staffs.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD's current infrastructure program provides compensation and benefits and
travel for ORD scientists and engineers. ORD's workforce carries out scientific
research programs in support of the Agency's mission.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD provided the personnel compensation and benefits, and travel for ORD
scientists and engineers in support of the Agency's mission.
CROSS PROGRAM
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Since the creation of the Agency in 1970, the EPA has conducted off-site
monitoring support at the Nevada Test Site and other test location under a
reimbursable arrangement with DOE. The Off-Site Monitoring program will provide
the data needed by policy-makers to make decisions regarding the control of
public exposure to radioactive materials resulting from nuclear testing
activities.
Continued research efforts will include radiation safety monitoring,
operation of environmental sampling networks, interaction with the general public
to maintain public confidence and support, laboratory analyses sufficient to
immediately assess the impact of an inadvertent release of radioactivity,
determination of radionuclide body burdens in off-site residents, veterinary
investigation of claims of alleged radiation injury, and the maintenance of all
data in computerized data bases.
1994 PROGRAM
The Off-Site Monitoring program is carried out and funded under a
reimbursable agreement with the Department of Energy (DOE). ORD is providing
support with a radiation safety monitoring program, operation of environmental
sampling networks, interaction with the general public to maintain public
confidence and support, laboratory analyses sufficient to immediately assess the
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impact of an inadvertent release of radioactivity, determination of radionuclide
body burdens in off-site residents, veterinary investigation of claims of alleged
radiation injury, and the maintenance of all data in computerized data bases.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
EPA conducted off-site monitoring efforts for the DOE at the Nevada Test
Site and other test locations. ORD support consisted of radiation safety
monitoring, long-term hydrological monitoring, human surveillance investigations,
and maintenance of the radiation data base.
Under the indoor air research issue, ORD completed the phaseout of its
radon mitigation program. Resources for this research issue were moved to the
Air Quality Program Element to support related indoor air engineering research.
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3-14
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PROGRAM
RADIATION
Radiation Criteria, Standards & Guidelines
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Radiation Criteria,
Standards & Guidelines
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
$4,647.7 $4,060.3 $4,060.3 $4,076.9 $4,517.0 $440.1 $456.7
$3,796.3 $2,599.6 $2,191.0 $2,636.6 $6,599.6 $3,963.0 $4,000.0
TOTAL $8,444.0 $6,659.9 $6,251.3 $6,713.5 $11,116.6 $4,403.1 $4,456.7
TOTAL:
Program & Research $4,647.7
Operations
Abatement Control and $3,796.3
Compliance
Radiation Criteria, TOTAL $8,444.0
Standards & Guidelines
$4,060.3 $4,060.3 $4,076.9 $4,517.0 $440.1 $456.7
$2,599.6 $2,191.0 $2,636.6 $6,599.6 $3,963.0 $4,000.0
$6,659.9 $6,251.3 $6,713.5 $11,116.6 $4,403.1 $4,456.7
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
.adiation Criteria,
Standards & Guidelines
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
67.8 58.0 58.0 58.6 61.5 2.9 3.5
67.8 58.0 58.0 58.6 61.5 2.9 3.5
Radiation Criteria,
Standards & Guidelines
TOTAL UORKYEARS
69.9
69.9
58.0
58.0
58.0
58.0
76.6
76.6
61.5
61.5
-15.1
-15.1
3.5
3.5
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RADIATION
RADIATION CRITERIA, STANDARDS, AND GUIDELINES
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $11,116,600 and 61.5 total workyears for
1995, an increase of $4,403,100 and a decrease of 15.1 total workyears from 1994.
Of the request, $4,517,000 will be from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation, and $6,599,600 will be from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $440,100 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and an increase of $3,963,000 in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation.
RADIATION CRITERIA. STANDARDS. AND GUIDELINES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $11,116,600 and 61.5 total workyears for
this program, of which $4,517,000 will be from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $6,599,600 will be from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $440,100 for the
Program and Research Operations appropriation, an increase of $3,963,000 for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance, and a decrease of 15.1 total workyears. The
increase in Abatement, Control and Compliance will support efforts to establish
standards for clean-up of radioactive waste. The reduction of 15.1 total
workyears results largely from the transfer of Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP)
resources to a new program element in 1995 and a reduction in the program for
implementing the radionuclide National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants (NESHAPs).
In 1995 EPA will focus on establishing standards for radioactive waste
clean-up and waste management, addressing airborne radionuclides, developing
Federal guidance, and enhancing emergency preparedness.
In 1995 EPA will evaluate comments received on proposed clean-up standards,
scheduled for publication in the fall of 1994, and prepare a draft final rule for
workgroup consideration. Following publication of the proposal, the Agency will
hold workgroup meetings and public hearings and conduct further analyses. The
Department of Energy (DOE) funded most of this activity in 1993 and 1994 with the
commitment that EPA would fund the effort in 1995 and beyond.
In 1995 EPA will continue work on the waste management regulations,
including the proposal of low-level waste disposal standards. The regulations
will address waste disposal, as well as consider recycling and reuse. DOE also
funded most of this activity in 1993 and 1994 with the commitment that EPA would
fund the effort in 1995 and beyond. In early 1995 the National Academy of
Sciences will send EPA a report on the scientific basis of standards for waste
disposal at the Yucca Mountain site. The Agency must develop standards based on
the results of this study.
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EPA will continue to promote transfer of implementation responsibilities
for the radionuclide NESHAPs to the states. This transfer is aided by two Agency
efforts. First, EPA will provide six training sessions to both Regional
personnel and state inspectors. Centralized instruction insures that the rules
are understood thoroughly and enforced uniformly. Second, EPA provides technical
assistance in assessing alternate compliance procedure requests. This allows the
states to draw upon specialized technical expertise on complex issues, and the
Agency can make the results widely available.
As part of its nuclear accident response efforts, EPA will issue interim
protective action guides for ingestion (food and water) pathways and will develop
a training program and conduct field exercises for implementing them. The Agency
will continue to evaluate new scientific literature to improve the basis of
radiation risk assessments and to enhance its mathematical modeling techniques.
This effort supports radiation risk assessment work across several program areas,
including ground water, drinking water, soil, and air.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $6,713,500 and 76.6 total workyears for
this program, of which $4,076,900 is from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $2,636,600 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1994 EPA is focusing on four major program areas: addressing airborne
radionuclides, establishing standards for radioactive waste clean-up and waste
management, developing Federal guidance, and maintaining emergency preparedness.
In 1994 EPA is issuing several Federal Register notices addressing the
regulation of radionuclides under the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act
(UMTRCA) and the Clean Air Act. The Agency promulgated a final UMTRCA standard
amending existing regulations for inactive uranium mill tailings piles licensed
by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRG). To implement a settlement agreement,
EPA expects to issue a proposed and final rule to rescind similar standards under
the Clean Air Act. The Agency also expects to issue a Federal Register notice
reiterating the effectiveness of its emissions standard for facilities other than
nuclear power reactors licensed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). EPA
will also publish a notice that will resolve a pending petition to reconsider the
Agency's phosphogypsum standard.
EPA is continuing to promote the transfer of implementation
responsibilities for the radionuclide NESHAPs to the states through training
sessions and a grants program. EPA will provide four training sessions which
will include all of the Regions and 29 states. The Agency is preparing a
guidance document on safe, acceptable uses of phosphogypsum. EPA is also
undertaking major cooperative efforts with other government agencies that will
allow the use of alternate procedures for validation of compliance, with a
corresponding cost savings to the government.
In early 1994 EPA promulgated the final standard for the disposal of spent
fuel and high-level and transuranic waste. The Agency continues to develop
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clean-up standards for sites contaminated with radioactive materials. In early
1993 EPA published an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM). An
interagency workgroup (DOE, NRG, and the Department of Defense) and the National
Advisory Committee on Environmental Policy and Technology (NACEPT) will hold
meetings on the clean-up standards throughout 1994. After completing further
analyses, EPA will publish a proposed rule in the fall of 1994. A NACEPT Sub-
Committee is providing extensive input from interested parties and the general
public. Initial work is also underway on the development of waste management
regulations for disposal of radioactively contaminated materials, including low-
level waste disposal standards.
As part of its nuclear accident response efforts, EPA is proposing interim
protective action guides in 1994 for ingestion (food and water) pathways and
developing a training program and conducting field exercises for implementing
other protective action guides. The Agency continues to enhance its mathematical
modeling techniques and evaluate new scientific literature to improve the basis
for radiation risk assessments. This effort supports radiation risk assessment
needs across several program areas including groundwater, drinking water, soil
and air.
In 1994 EPA is also performing exposure assessment, modeling, and
measurement studies to identify and characterize sources of electromagnetic
radiation. The Agency is distributing and continuing to develop public
information and outreach materials to assist states and Regions in responding to
public inquiries. The Agency also is a participant with DOE and the National
Institute for Environmental Health and Safety on an interagency workgroup.
In 1994 EPA is continuing to implement it responsibilities under the WIPP
legislation. These efforts, funded largely by DOE, include: developing
compliance criteria for determining whether the WIPP complies with the recently
promulgated transuranic waste disposal standards, reviewing and providing
detailed comments on the five-volume DOE preliminary performance assessment and
related documents and reference materials, and reviewing the DOE WIPP testing
program. The EPA review will focus on an analysis of the proposed experiments
and their goals and objectives.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $8,444,000 supported by 69.9 total
workyears for this program, of which $4,647,700 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $3,796,300 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1993 EPA concentrated on three major program areas: addressing airborne
radionuclides, establishing standards for radioactive waste management, and
developing federal guidance.
In 1993 EPA issued several Federal Register notices addressing the
regulation of radionuclides under the Clean Air Act and UMTRCA. The Agency
proposed to rescind its emissions standards for NRC-licensed facilities other
than nuclear power reactors. In addition, the Agency issued a proposed rule
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amending its UMTRCA standards for inactive uranium mill tailings piles and
completed an agreement settling litigation filed over EPA's emissions standards
for these piles. EPA promoted the transfer of implementation responsibilities
for the radionuclide NESHAPs to states. The Agency developed and presented for
the first time training for inspectors of radionuclide NESHAPs sites which
included five different states. The training, together with a grants program,
assisted the states in developing NESHAPs programs.
EPA began development of clean-up standards for sites contaminated with
radioactive waste. These standards will apply to Superfund sites as well as
Federal facilities and commercial sites. Further progress in the clean-up of
Federal facilities is dependent upon completion of this regulatory development
effort. The Agency also continued to support the Congressionally mandated
National Academy of Sciences study on the scientific basis for developing
standards for commercial waste disposal at the Yucca Mountain site.
Congress enacted legislation in 1992 for evaluating the WIPP radioactive
waste disposal site in New Mexico. The legislation gave EPA oversight authority
for the DOE waste disposal activities at WIPP. EPA began efforts, funded largely
by DOE, for four major rulemakings: high-level waste disposal standards,
approval/disapproval of the DOE test and retrieval plan, compliance criteria, and
a final compliance determination. In 1993 EPA completed the development of final
standards for the disposal of high-level and transuranic radioactive wastes.
As part of its nuclear accident response efforts, EPA implemented interim
protective action guides for ingestion (food and water) pathways and developed
a training program for implementing these protective action guides. The Agency
continued to enhance its mathematical modeling techniques and evaluated new
scientific literature to improve the basis for radiation risk assessments. This
effort supports radiation risk assessment needs across several program areas
including groundwater, drinking water, soil, and air.
In 1993 EPA performed exposure assessment, modeling, and measurement
studies to identify and characterize sources of electromagnetic radiation (EMF).
The Agency distributed and continued to develop public information/outreach
materials to assist states and Regions in responding to public inquiries. EPA
sponsored the National Radiofrequency Radiation Conference, which reviewed past
Federal guidance and addressed the need for Agency action to control exposure.
In cooperation with the Department of Transportation, the Agency published four
reports covering bioeffects from EMF exposure, review of current standards, and
EMF exposure from current transportation systems and other sources. The Agency
also published and distributed the brochure EMF in Your Environment and developed
a question and answer document for use by Regional staff who respond to public
questions. EPA responded to over 10,000 telephone inquiries on EMF issues.
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RADIATION
Radiation Program Implementation
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995
1994 1994
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Radiation Program
Implementation
Program & Research $1,042.0 $951.9 $900.4 $986.3 $808.1
Operations
Abatement Control and $11.6 $9.0 $9.0 $8.7 $9.0
Compliance
TOTAL $1,053.6 $960.9 $909.4 $995.0 $817.1
Radon Action Program
implementation
Program & Research $1,794.9 $2,291.8 $2,259.3 $2,114.7 $2,412.1
Operations
Abatement Control and $1.1 $3.3 $3.3 $3.3
Compliance
TOTAL $1,796.0 $2,295.1 $2,262.6 $2,114.7 $2,415.4
TOTAL:
Program & Research $2,836.9 $3,243.7 $3,159.7 $3,101.0 $3,220.2
Operations
Abatement Control and $12.7 $12.3 $12.3 $8.7 $12.3
Compliance
Radiation Program TOTAL $2,849.6 $3,256.0 $3,172.0 $3,109.7 $3,232.5
Implementation
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Radiation Program 17.0 16.2 16.2 16.2 12.9
Implementation
Radon Action Program 32.7 39.0 39.0 38.8 38.5
implementation
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS 49.7 55.2 55.2 55.0 51.4
TOTAL WORKYEARS
INCREASE INCREASE
DECREASE DECREASE
1995 REQ 1995 REQ
VS VS
1994 CE 1994 PB
-$178.2 -$143.8
$3
-$177.9 -$143.8
$297.4 $120.3
$3.3
$300.7 $120.3
$119.2 -$23.5
$3.6
$122.8 -$23.5
-3.3 -3.3
-3 -5
-3.6 -3.8
Radiation Program 17.0 16.2 16.2 16.2 12.9 -3.3 -3.3
Implementation
Radon Action Program 34.8 39.0 39.0 38.8 38.5 -3 -5
implementation
TOTAL WORKYEARS 51.8 55.2 55.2 55.0 51.4 -3.6 -3.8
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RADIATION
RADIATION PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $3,232,500 and 51.4 total workyears for
1995, an increase of $122,800 and a decrease of 3.6 total workyears from 1994.
Of the request, $3,220,200 will be from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation, and $12,300 will be from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents a increase of $119,200 in the Program and
Research Operation appropriation, and an increase of $3,600 in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation.
RADIATION PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $817,100 and 12.9 total workyears for this
program, of which $808,100 will be from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $9,000 will be from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents a decrease of $178,200 for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, an increase of $300 for the Abatement,
Control, and Compliance, and a decrease of 3.3 total workyears. The decrease in
total workyears is a result of the government-wide reduction in workyears that
is part of the President's program to reduce the size and cost of government.
In 1995 Regional offices will continue to review and test state emergency
response plans, assist state agencies in interpreting Agency information and
guidance, and present information regarding radiation levels to the public.
Regional staffs will also participate with and assist states in identifying and
assessing sites that are contaminated with radioactivity and serve as a liaison
between headquarters and field operations in remedial action programs for sites
in their Regions.
In 1995 Regional offices will work with their states to encourage
delegation of authority for the radionuclide National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs). Regions will review and make decisions on
applications from regulated facilities for construction permits, modifications
to facilities, and waivers and exemptions. In addition, Regional staff will
provide technical assistance for enforcement activities and necessary
coordination between headquarters and radiation facilities when the national
program is directly involved in implementing radionuclides NESHAPs. Finally, the
Regions, along with headquarters, will assist states in implementing their permit
programs under the Clean Air Act.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $995,000 and 16.2 total workyears for
this program, of which $986,300 is from the Program and Research Operations
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appropriation and $8,700 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1994 Regional offices are reviewing and testing state emergency response
plans. If accidental releases of radioactivity occur, the Regions will assist
state agencies in interpreting EPA information and guidance and present
information regarding radiation levels to the public. Regional staffs are
participating with and assisting states in identifying and assessing sites that
are contaminated with radioactivity and serving as a liaison between headquarters
and field operations in remedial action programs for sites in their Regions.
Regional offices are continuing to work with their states to encourage
delegation of authority for the radionuclide NESHAPs including the development
and implementation of training modules for each subpart of the act and assistance
in development of the model state program. Regions review and make decisions on
applications from regulated facilities for construction permits, modifications
to facilities, and waivers and exemptions. Regional staff provide technical
assistance for enforcement activities and necessary coordination between
headquarters and radiation facilities when the national program is directly
involved in implementing radionuclides NESHAPs. Finally, the Regions, along with
headquarters, are assisting states in developing permitting programs under the
Clean Air Act.
The Regions are providing information on issues related to electromagnetic
field exposures. The Regions also provide technical assistance to state and
local radiation programs in their investigation of special problems and sources
of electromagnetic fields.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $1,053,600 supported by 17.0 total
workyears for this program, of which $1,042,000 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $11,600 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1993 Regional offices reviewed and tested state emergency response
plans. If accidental releases of radioactivity occurred, the regions assisted
state agencies in interpreting EPA information and guidance and presented
information on radiation levels to the public. Regional staffs participated with
and assisted states in identifying and assessing sites that were contaminated
with radioactivity and served as a liaison between headquarters and field
operations in remedial action programs for sites in their Regions.
Regional offices encouraged their states to accept delegation of authority
for the radionuclide NESHAPs including the development and implementation of
training modules for each subpart of the act and assistance in development of the
model state program. Regions also reviewed and made decisions on applications
from regulated facilities for construction permits, modifications to facilities,
and waivers and exemptions. Regional staff provided technical assistance for
enforcement activities and necessary coordination between headquarters and
radiation facilities when the national program was directly involved in
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implementing radionuclides NESHAPs. Finally, the Regions, along with
headquarters, assisted the states in developing permitting programs under the
Clean Air Act.
The Regions provided information on issues related to electromagnetic field
exposures. The Regions also provided technical assistance to state and local
radiation programs in their investigation of special problems and sources of
electromagnetic fields.
RADON ACTION PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $2,415,400 and 38.5 total workyears for this
program, of which $2,412,100 will be from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $3,300 will be from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $297,400 for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, an increase of $3,300 in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation, and a decrease of 0.3 total workyears. The
decrease of 0.3 total workyears is a result of the government-wide reduction in
workyears that is part of the President's program to reduce the size and cost of
government.
In 1995 Regions will continue to work through partnerships with states as
well as health, consumer, and local government organizations to implement the
Agency's Radon Action Program.
The Regions will continue to be the focal point for implementing the State
Indoor Radon Grant program. Regions work with states to design and implement
effective programs for reducing radon health risks to the public. Regions review
state grant applications against established criteria and ensure that grant funds
are used effectively. Regions will also continue to work with states to
establish quantitative program goals.
The Regions will continue to work with state and local governments in the
design and implementation of efforts to assess and remediate radon problems in
schools. The Regions will continue to provide direct oversight to the Regional
Training Centers, which also conduct testing for the national Radon Contractor
Proficiency and Radon Measurement Operator Proficiency programs. The Regions
will continue to work with states as well as health, consumer, and local
government organizations to address radon in connection with real estate
transfers and to promote the adoption of radon building standards.
The Regions will continue to provide advice and assistance to states that
want to establish additional consumer protection functions, such as licensing
measurement and mitigation contractors. The Regions will also continue to
provide information to states and members of the public and conduct education
programs, symposia, and workshops for state and local officials, contractors, and
the public.
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1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $2,114.7 and 38.8 total workyears for
this program, all of which is from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation.
In 1994 the Regions, as well as health, consumer, and local government
organizations, continue to work through partnerships developed with states to
implement the Agency's Radon Action Program.
The regions continue to be the focal point for implementation of the State
Indoor Radon Grant program. Regions work with states to design and implement
effective programs for reducing radon health risks to the public. Regions review
state grant applications against established criteria and ensure that grant funds
are used effectively. Regions also work with the states to establish
quantitative program goals.
The Regions work with the states, and local governments in the design and
implementation of efforts to assess and remediate radon problems in schools. The
Regions continue to provide direct oversight to the Regional Training Centers,
which also conduct testing for the national Radon Contractor Proficiency and
Radon Measurement Operator Proficiency programs. The Regions also work with
states as well as health, consumer, and local government organizations to address
radon in connection with real estate transfers and to promote the adoption of
radon building standards. The Regions continue to provide advice and assistance
to states that want to establish additional consumer protection functions, such
as licensing measurement and mitigation contractors.
The Regions continue to provide information to states and members of the
public and participate in and conduct educational programs, symposia, and
workshops for state and local officials, contractors, and the public.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993 the Agency obligated a total of $1,796,000 supported by 34.8 total
workyears for this program, of which $1,794,900 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $1,100 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1993 Regional staff continued to work through partnerships developed
with states to implement the Agency's Radon Action Program. The Regions
continued to be the focal point for implementation of the radon state assistance
program. Regions reviewed state grant applications against established criteria
and ensured that grant funds are used effectively.
The Regions worked with the headquarters program, the states, and local
governments in the design and implementation of surveys in schools to further
identify elevated radon levels. The regions provided direct oversight to the
Regional Training Centers, which also conduct testing for the national Radon
Contractor Proficiency program. The Regions also worked with states and local
governments to address radon in real estate, to promote the adoption of radon
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building standards, and to provide advice and assistance to states that wanted
to establish additional consumer protection functions, such as licensing
measurement and mitigation contractors.
The Regions continued to provide information to states and members of the
public through participating in and conducting educational programs, symposia,
and workshops for state and local officials, contractors, and the public.
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RADIATION
Radiation Environmental Impact Assessment
PROGRAM
Radon Action Program
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Radiation Environmental
Impact Assessment
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Radon State Grants
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Radiation TOTAL
Environmental Impact
Assessment
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Radon Action Program
Radiation Environmental
Impact Assessment
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Radon Action Program
Radiation Environmental
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST INCREASE
1995 DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$2,725.5
$7,956.3
$10,681.8
$2,749.9
$425.9
$3,175.8
$7,997.6
$7,997.6
$5,475.4
$16,379.8
$21,855.2
41.3
41.1
82.4
41.3
41.9
$3,390.2
$8,925.1
$12,315.3
$3,403.1
$1,556.2
$4,959.3
$8,158.0
$8,158.0
$6,793.3
$18,639.3
$25,432.6
48.2
48.3
96.5
48.2
48.3
$3,332.1
$7,752.3
$11,084.4
$3,345.7
$1,525.2
$4,870.9
$8,158.0
$8,158.0
$6,677.8
$17,435.5
$24,113.3
48.2
48.3
96.5
48.2
48.3
$3,413.5
$6,549.3
$9,962.8
$3,425.7
$1,227.6
$4,653.3
$8,158.0
$8,158.0
$6,839.2
$15,934.9
$22,774.1
47.7
47.8
95.5
47.7
47.8
$3,498.1 $84.6
$8,925.1 $2,375.8
$12,423.2 $2,460.4
$3,496.4 $70.7
$1,556.2 $328.6
$5,052.6 $399.3
$8,158.0
$8,158.0
$6,994.5 $155.3
$18,639.3 $2,704.4
$25,633.8 $2,859.7
47.6 -1
47.7 -1
95.3 -2
47.6 -1
47.7 -1
$107.9
$107.9
$93.3
$93.3
$201.2
$201.2
-6
-6
-1.2
-6
-6
Impact Assessment
TOTAL WORKYEARS • 83.2 96.5 96.5 95.5 95.3 -2 -1.2
3-26
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RADIATION
RADIATION ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $25,633,800 and 95.3 total workyears for
1995, an increase of $2,859,700 and a decrease of 0.2 total workyears from 1994.
Of the request, $6,994,500 will be from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation, and $18,639,300 will be from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $155,300 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and an increase of $2,704,400 in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1995 the Agency expects to collect $1,800,000 in fees from two programs:
the Radon Measurement Proficiency (RMP) program and the Radon Contractor
Proficiency (RCP) program.
RADON ACTION PROGRAM
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $12,423,200 and 47.6 total workyears for
this program, of which $3,498,100 will be from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $8,925,100 will be from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $84,600 for the Program
and Research Operations appropriation, an increase of $2,375,800 for the
Abatement, Control, and Compliance, and a decrease of 0.1 total workyears. The
increase in Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation will expand efforts
in the radon outreach program and the radon proficiency programs.
In 1995 the Radon Action Program will continue to assess the nation's radon
problems in workplaces and other buildings and continue efforts with the National
Academy of Sciences to refine the understanding of radon health risks. The
Agency will continue mapping efforts to refine tools for targeting Federal,
state, and other resources to areas with the most severe radon problems.
EPA will continue to offer training in radon measurement, mitigation, and
prevention through the Regional Radon Training Centers. The Agency also will
continue to transfer capabilities to states and the private sector to address
radon problems in large buildings through the Large Building Evaluation Program.
EPA will continue to work with building code organizations, state and local
governments, construction industry groups, and others to promote the use of radon
resistant building practices and the adoption of building codes for residential
new construction.
The Radon Measurement Proficiency (RMP) and Radon Contractor Proficiency
(RCP) programs will continue to evaluate the capability of firms and individuals
offering radon measurement and mitigation services and to make the information
3-27
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available to the states and public. The Agency will continue to collect user
fees for its proficiency programs.
EPA will continue to provide oversight to the State Indoor Radon Grant
(SIRG) Program. Through the SIRG, the Agency will continue to encourage the
development of local programs, particularly in areas with the highest potential
for elevated radon levels, to build effective state programs.
EPA will continue to promote public action through a national media
campaign. The Agency will also continue work with national health, consumer, and
local government organizations to promote public action to address radon. The
Agency will continue to target outreach to areas with the highest potential for
elevated indoor radon levels and to smokers and minority audiences. The Agency
will also continue to address radon action in association with real estate
transfers by working with the real estate, building, and banking communities and
national health, consumer, and intergovernmental organizations. The Agency will
continue to track quantitative results for the radon program nationwide and in
target areas.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $9,962,800 and 47.7 total workyears for
this program, of which $3,413,500 is from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $6,549,300 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1994 the EPA Radon Action Program continues to assess the nation's radon
problems in homes, schools, workplaces, and other buildings. The Agency is also
working with the National Academy of Sciences to refine the understanding of
radon health risks. The Agency is issuing the National Map of Radon Zones. In
addition, the Agency continues other mapping efforts in cooperation with the U.S.
Geological Survey and the Department of Energy to refine tools for targeting
Federal and state resources to areas with the most severe radon problems.
EPA is offering radon mitigation and prevention training through the
Regional Radon Training Centers. EPA is issuing final school mitigation
guidance. The Agency is implementing activities to augment and transfer
capabilities to states and the private sector to address radon problems in large
buildings through the Large Building Evaluation Program. The Agency is
completing its model building codes and working with state and local governments,
building code organizations, and construction industry groups to promote the use
of radon-resistant building practices and the adoption of model building codes
for residential new construction.
EPA is continuing the Radon Measurement Proficiency (RMP) and Radon
Contractor Proficiency (RCP) programs to evaluate the capability of firms and
inuividuals offering radon measurement and mitigation services and make the
information available to the states and public. The Agency will also begin
collection of user fees for its proficiency programs.
3-28
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EPA is providing national oversight to the SIRG program. Through the SIRG,
the Agency is encouraging the development of local programs, particularly in
areas with the highest potential for elevated radon levels, to build effective
state programs.
EPA is continuing to promote public action on radon through a national
media campaign. The Agency is also continuing its work with the American Lung
Association, the American Medical Association, the National Association of
Counties, the Consumer Federation of America, and several minority and other
organizations to promote public action at the community level. The Agency is
targeting outreach to areas with the highest potential for elevated radon levels
and to smokers and minority audiences. The Agency is also continuing to work
with other national health, consumer, and local government organizations to
educate appropriate audiences about radon and its solutions. In addition to
these efforts, the Agency is sponsoring workshops for the building, real estate,
and banking communities to provide information on radon health risks, potential
liabilities, prevention and reduction methods to address radon in association
with real estate transfers. The Agency is tracking quantitative results for the
radon program nationwide and in target areas.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $10,681,800 supported by 41.3 total
workyears for this program, of which $2,725,500 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $7,956,300 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1993 the Radon Action Program continued to assess the nation's radon
problems in homes and schools. The Agency initiated work with the National
Academy of Sciences to refine the understanding of raj^on health risks. EPA also
developed the national map of radon zones and conducted other efforts to identify
high-risk radon areas. The Agency also completed the data analysis for the
national survey of radon in schools and issued a report.
The Agency continued to offer training on radon mitigation and prevention
through the Regional Radon Training Centers and various workshops. The Agency
expanded work with state and local governments, building code organizations, and
construction industry groups to promote the adoption of model building codes.
EPA provided quality assurance/quality control on sample analysis and
provided direct sample analysis, where necessary. The Agency continued to
operate the national radon information clearinghouse; maintain the national radon
database; evaluate the capability of measurement and mitigation devices,
technology, and firms and make the information available to the States and public
(through the RCP and RMP programs); and provide national oversight to the state
grant program.
The Agency continued its work with national non-profit organizations to
promote public action at the community level. The Agency issued its public
information brochure on addressing radon during real estate transactions and
developed training and workshops for the building, real estate, and banking
3-29 I
-------
communities to provide information on radon health risks, potential liabilities,
prevention and reduction methods, and costs.
The Agency also maintains a radon hotline which received over 50,000 calls
in 1993.
RADIATION ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $5,052,600 and 47.7 total workyears for this
program, of which $3,496,400 will be from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $1,556,200 will be from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $70,700 for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, an increase of $328,600 for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation, and a decrease of 0.1 total workyears. The
increase in Abatement, Control and Compliance will be used to support work at the
Agency's radiation laboratories.
EPA plays a significant role in preparing for and responding to accidental
releases of radioactive material into the environment. The Federal Radiological
Emergency Response Plan (FRERP) delineates the role of EPA and several other
Federal agencies that may be involved in responding to a radiological incident.
EPA's role includes: 1) leading the federal response to an incident involving
releases from foreign-source accidents affecting the U.S. (e.g. , a Chernobyl-type
event); 2) assisting the Department of Energy (DOE) in monitoring and analysis
during the emergency phase of an accident; 3) leading the post-emergency response
effort if needed; and 4) developing and assisting in the implementation of
protective action guides for radiation protection during an emergency.
'•*
In 1995 EPA's radiation laboratories, the National Air and Radiation
Environmental Laboratory (NAREL) and the Las Vegas Facility (LVF), will continue
their lead responsibilities for EPA's field measurements in emergency situations.
The Agency will maintain mobile radiological laboratories and support vehicles
as well as an inventory of field instruments to carry out EPA's role. EPA's
Radiological Emergency Response Team includes staff from headquarters and
Regional offices, as well as from the two laboratories.
The Agency will continue to improve the Environmental Radiation Ambient
Monitoring System (ERAMS). A major component of the overall nuclear accident
response capability, ERAMS includes 268 stations to sample air, precipitation,
surface water, soil, and milk. These stations have the capability to provide
near real-time information on ambient radiation levels resulting from nuclear
accidents.
In 1995 EPA also will conduct field and laboratory measurements and
analyses to support environmental radioactivity standards and to provide a basis
for evaluating environmental radiation sources. In addition, the radiation
laboratories will provide extensive support to the Agency's radon and indoor air
programs. NAREL will continue to lead the Agency's Radon Measurement Proficiency
(RMP) program. The RMP program will evaluate the capability of firms and
3-30
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individuals offering radon measurement and mitigation services and make the
information available to the states and public.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $4,653,300 and 47.8 total workyears for
this program, of which $3,425,700 is from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $1,227,600 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1994 NAREL and LVF are providing radiological emergency response and
measurement capabilities. The two laboratories are maintaining the mobile
radiological laboratories and support vehicles as well as an inventory of field
instruments to support EPA's role under the FRERP. The laboratories have the
lead responsibility for EPA's field measurements in emergency situations
involving releases of radioactivity to the general environment. The Agency is
continuing efforts to improve ERAMS.
Based on internal evaluations, the Radiological Emergency Preparedness
Program was identified as an Agency-level weakness under the Federal Managers'
Financial Integrity Act. Two areas of equipment were found to require upgrading
and/or replacement in order to rectify this assessment. The equipment areas
included the analytical and detection equipment and the mobile laboratories.
Replacement of the analytical and detection equipment is needed to provide field-
based monitoring teams an improved scientific basis to assess radiation levels
at accident sites. Replacement of aging mobile laboratories will enable field
monitoring teams to move quickly with the necessary equipment. The new mobile
laboratory will provide mechanical reliability and the ability to be airlifted
to remote sites.
In 1994 NAREL is carrying out the RMP program to evaluate the capability
of firms and individuals offering radon measurement and mitigation- services and
to make the information available to the states and public. LVF is conducting
a pilot study under the indoor air Building Assessment Survey and Evaluation
(BASE) program. The BASE program is implementing the protocol refined by the
pilot studies conducted in 1993 in a cross-sectional study to collect baseline
data characterizing up to 20 public and commercial office buildings.
In 1994 the two laboratories also are conducting field and laboratory
measurement and analyses to support environmental radioactivity standards and to
provide a basis for evaluating environmental radiation sources. EPA is carrying
out studies in radioactively contaminated areas that include mining sites,
construction sites, uranium and plutonium operations, and various other areas.
The laboratories also provide measurement and calibration for the radon program,
evaluation and assessment of environmental radiation sources and pathways through
computer modeling, radiological technical assistance, indoor air quality studies
and demonstrations, and laboratory and field measurements of electromagnetic
radiation.
3-31
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $3,175,800 supported by 41.9 total
workyears for this program, of which $2,749,900 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $425,900 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1993 the Agency improved its ability to respond to nuclear accidents.
This effort included the training of additional radiation staff and the
evaluation of the mobile laboratories and field instruments for equipment
refitting or replacement. In addition, Agency staff periodically participated
in tests that measure Federal emergency response capabilities to ensure that
personnel and equipment were maintained in a state of readiness. The Agency
began to include soil samples as part of the ERAMS measurements.
EPA continued technical analyses and associated quality assurance programs
in support of regulatory development and implementation efforts. The Agency
continued support for radionuclide NESHAPs implementation through compliance
field studies and completed background information documents for high-level
radioactive waste. EPA provided laboratory support, including analysis of air
samples, to states and Regions for implementation of radionuclide NESHAPs. The
Agency provided laboratory support to states and Indian nations requiring
technical assistance to address unique radiation problems.
RADON STATE GRANT PROGRAM
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $8,158,000 for this program, all of which
is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents no
change from 1994.
In 1995 EPA will continue to provide financial support to states to assist
them in the development and implementation of programs to assess, mitigate, and
prevent radon problems. State programs funded through these Federal grants will
include activities such as: carrying out radon surveys; conducting radon
assessment, mitigation, and prevention programs; developing public information
and education materials; developing data storage and management systems;
operating radon hotlines; and purchasing analytical equipment. States will
continue to establish quantitative goals and measure bottom-line results.
EPA headquarters, in cooperation with the Regions, will continue to
evaluate use of grant funds. Administration of the program will emphasize risk
targeting and include consideration of whether states have made reasonable
efforts to ensure adoption of radon model construction standards and techniques.
State implementation of previously awarded radon grant funds will be reviewed and
given consideration as new funds are distributed.
3-32
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1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $8,158,000 all of which is from the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1994 EPA continues to provide financial support to states to assist them
in the development and implementation of programs to assess, mitigate, and
prevent radon problems. State programs funded through these federal grants
continue to include activities such as carrying out radon surveys; conducting
radon assessment, mitigation, and prevention programs; developing public
information and education materials; developing data storage and management
systems; operating radon hotlines; and purchasing analytical equipment. States
are also working to establish quantitative goals and measure bottom-line results
in statewide target areas.
EPA headquarters, in cooperation with the Regions, has developed and is
implementing criteria used to evaluate state use of grant funds. Administration
of the program emphasizes risk targeting and includes consideration of whether
states have made reasonable efforts to ensure adoption of radon model
construction standards and techniques. State implementation of previously
awarded radon grant funds is reviewed and given consideration as new funds are
distributed.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $7,997,600 for this program, all of which
was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1993 EPA continued to provide financial support to states to assist them
in the development and implementation of programs to assess and mitigate radon.
State programs funded through these federal grants continued to include
activities such as: carrying out radon surveys; establishing radon assessment,
mitigation, and control programs; developing public information and education
materials; developing data storage and management systems; operating radon
hotlines; and purchasing analytical equipment.
EPA headquarters, in cooperation with the Regions, continued to develop
criteria used to evaluate state use of grant funds. Administration of the
program emphasized risk targeting and included giving consideration to whether
states have made reasonable efforts to ensure adoption of radon model
construction standards and techniques. State implementation of previously
awarded radon grant funds was reviewed and were given consideration as new funds
were distributed.
3-33
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PROGRAM
Waste Isolation Pilot
Project Implementation
Program K Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
RADIATION
Waste Isolation Pilot Program Implementation
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
TOTAL
$1,931.9 $1,931.9 $1,931.9
$5,000.0 $5,000.0 $5,000.0
$6,931.9 $6,931.9 $6,931.9
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Abatement & Control - TOTAL
Radiation
$1,931.9 $1,931.9 $1,931.9
$5,000.0 $5,000.0 $5,000.0
$6,931.9 $6,931.9 $6,931.9
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Waste Isolation Pilot
Project Implementation
20.0 26.5
6.5 26.5
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
20.0 26.5
6.5 26.5
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Waste Isolation Pilot
Project Implementation
20.0 26.5
6.5
26.5
TOTAL WORKYEARS
20.0 26.5
6.5
26.5
3-34
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RADIATION
WASTE ISOLATION PILOT PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $6,931;900 and 26.5 total workyears for
1995. Of the request, $1,931,900 will be from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $5,000,000 will be from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This activity was previously performed under the
Radiation Criteria, Standards and Guidelines program element. In 1993 and 1994
DOE partially funded the activity under an interagency agreement with EPA.
WASTE ISOLATION PILOT PLANT IMPLEMENTATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $6,931,900 and 26.5 total workyears for this
program, of which $1,931,900 will be from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $5,000,000 will be from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This activity was previously performed under the Radiation
Criteria, Standards and Guidelines program element. In 1993 and 1994 DOE
partially funded the activity under an interagency agreement with EPA.
In November 1992 Congress enacted legislation for evaluating the Waste
Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), a radioactive waste disposal site operated by the
Department of Energy (DOE) in New Mexico. The legislation gave EPA oversight
responsibility for the DOE waste disposal activities at WIPP. Carrying out this
responsibility requires four major rulemakings: high-level waste disposal
standards, approval/disapproval of DOE's test and retrieval plan, compliance
criteria, and the final compliance determination. In 1993 EPA completed the
development of final standards for the disposal of high-level and transuranic
radioactive wastes.
DOE will be conducting experiments and studies that do not involve shipping
waste to WIPP. EPA will review and evaluate DOE's quality assurance and quality
control procedures to ensure that the results of the experiments are accurate and
can be used to demonstrate WIPP compliance with EPA standards. The Agency also
must determine the validity of DOE procedures used to characterize the waste that
DOE proposes to send to WIPP. In addition, EPA will continually monitor results
of research related to WIPP.
EPA will review the draft DOE WIPP Performance Assessment (PA) on a
semiannual basis, as required by the 1992 law. The PA is the detailed analysis
of the ultimate performance of WIPP as a waste disposal repository. Review of
the PA is crucial to EPA's efforts. Through the review EPA can identify the
strengths and weaknesses of WIPP and can direct DOE to focus additional efforts
where the performance is weakest. The Agency will review the PA concurrently
with other DOE compliance related documents. In 1995 that will include a
complete draft compliance application that is scheduled for completion in the
3-35
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spring of 1995. Review of the draft application, with the rapid turnaround
requested by DOE, will be a major effort.
In 1995 EPA will complete the compliance criteria for implementing the 1993
radioactive waste disposal regulations. When the criteria are in place, EPA will
begin to prepare for the ultimate compliance determination for WIPP. EPA will
develop methods and guidance for systematic review of the DOE application. The
Agency will identify the technical areas involved (e.g., geology, computer
modeling, chemistry, hydrology, etc.) and for each the major regulatory
provisions that will be implemented. The Agency also will develop position
papers and review criteria for those issues. The review of the DOE application
is an important process. EPA must ensure a coordinated and efficient review of
the extensive documentation that DOE will provide, as well as the detailed
comments that WIPP opponents will file.
EPA Region 6 is responsible for reviewing rulemaking documents, dealing
with state and local officials and the public, and inspecting the WIPP facility
for compliance with Clean Air Act requirements. The Region will also review DOE
compliance with limits on individual doses resulting from storage of the waste.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994 WIPP activities were performed under the Radiation Criteria,
Standards and Guidelines program element.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993 WIPP activities were performed under the Radiation Criteria,
Standards and Guidelines program element.
3-36
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
WATER QUALITY 4-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Water Quality Research 4-9
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Water Quality and Grants Program Management 4-27
Great Lakes Program 4-28
Chesapeake Bay Program 4-31
Engineering & Analysis 4-34
Engineering and Analysis 4-35
Grants Assistance Programs 4-37
Control Agency Resource Supplementation (Section 106) 4-38
Clean Lakes Program 4-40
Water Quality Strategies Implementation 4-42
Wetlands Protection 4-44
Nonpoint Source Management Grants 4-46
Wetlands Implementation Program Grants 4-48
Ocean Disposal Permits 4-49
Water Quality Criteria, Standards & Applications 4-51
Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention
Oil Spills Trust Fund 4-54
Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis 4-55
Coastal Environment Management 4-56
Assessment and Watershed Protection 4-59
Municipal Source Pollution 4-64
Municipal Pollution Control 4-65
ENFORCEMENT
Water Quality Enforcement 4-69
Water Quality Enforcement 4-70
Water Quality Permit Issuance 4-73
Permit Issuance 4-74
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APPROPRIATION
WATER QUALITY
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
Water Infrastructure
Program & Research
operation - Flood
Reimbursements
Oil Spills Trust Fund
TOTAL, Water Quality
$135,283.7 $138,850.3 $137,598.2 $138,080.1 $138,200.6 $120.5 -$649.7
$262,231.0 $231,483.7 $239,191.1 $232,701.0 $244,494.2 $11,793.2 $13,010.5
$16,121.1 $13,677.9 $13,677.9 $13,677.9 $13,335.2 -$342.7 -$342.7
$48,576.2 $80,000.0 $80,000.0 $80,000.0 $100,000.0 $20,000.0 $20,000.0
$15,747.0
$477,959.0 $464,011.9 $470,467.2 $464,459.0 $496,030.0 $31,571.0 $32,018.1
Ocean Dumping Fund
$100.0
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
OUTLAYS
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS
2,203.2
2,296.8
2,206.9
2,206.9
2,206.9
2,206.9
2,170.8
2,170.8
2,068.4
2,068.4
-102.4
-102.4
-138.5
-138.5
$429,648.7 $441,977.2 $444,837.2 $439,183.9 $462,874.3 $23,690.4 $20,897.1
Authorization for the Clean Water Act as amended in 1987 expired on September 30,
1990. Reauthorization is pending.
4-1
-------
WATER QUALITY
DIFFERENCE
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
ENACTED VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
ENACTED
APPROPRIATION
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
Water Infrastructure
Program & Research
operation - Flood
Reimbursements
Oil Spills Trust Fund
TOTAL, Water Quality
$138,850.3 $137,598.2 $138,080.1 -$1,252.1
$231,483.7 $239,191.1 $232,701.0 $7,707.4
$13,677.9 $13,677.9 $13,677.9
$80,000.0 $80,000.0 $80,000.0
$464,011.9 $470,467.2 $464,459.0 $6,455.3
-$770.2 $481.9
$1,217.3 -$6,490.1
$447.1 -$6,008.2
Ocean Dumping Fund
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
2,206.9
2,206.9
2,206.9
2,206.9
2,170.8
2,170.8
-36.1
-36.1
-36.1
-36.1
The following points list the major reasons that the dollars devoted to this media have changed from
submission of the President's FY 1994 Budget Request to the FY 1994 Current Estimates.
PROGRAM AND RESEARCH OPERATIONS
o
Funds were decreased as part of the general reduction to the account appropriation as
required by P.L. 103-124.
Funds were reprogrammed as part of the Office of Enforcement reorganization.
ABATMENT. CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE
Funds were increased through Congressional add-ons to provide funding for Clean Lakes,
Sediment Decontamination, Alternative Uastewater Technologies, Rural Water Assistance
Activities, Lakes Champlain and Onondaga, and other water quality activities; and to fund
priorities of the Administrator.
Funds were decreased as part of the general reduction to contracts in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation as required by P.L. 103-124; and to fund priorities of
the Administrator.
4-2
-------
WATER QUALITY
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
The Challenge: "Finally, I think the significance of this conference is
that it presents a challenge to all of us who care about watersheds. There is
a need for change. Change in the way we manage our businesses, change in the way
we run our programs. There is a demand for innovation for new ways of thinking
about the environment and new ways of preventing pollution.
Let me tell you that at EPA we've started down that path. I think that
there is a lot of very good work that has begun. And I am very committed to
being a part of that and to working to make sure that we are able to do all that
we seek to do, that we are open to change and innovation, and that we will meet
the unique challenges posed to us as a national agency by America's watersheds."
Carol Browner, March 24, 1993.
In 1995, EPA will continue to focus its water quality programs on
protecting watershed-based ecosystems by accelerating the transformation from a
primarily point source program to a watershed-based, holistic environmental
protection program. Over the past two decades, EPA has improved the nation's
water quality by establishing and sustaining comprehensive control programs for
municipal and industrial discharges across the country. Specifically, the water
program has continued to develop and improve technology-based requirements;
develop and translate water quality standards into permits for point source
requirements regulating oxygen-demanding substances, nutrients and toxics;
improve State nonpoint source management programs; and focus on estuaries and
lakes.
Activities to integrate the watershed approach cut across virtually all
water programs. One critical component in ensuring the health of ecosystems is
the protection and restoration of wetlands. Programs addressing wet weather
runoff can all be implemented on a watershed basis as can enforcement efforts.
In the total maximum daily load (TMDL) process, more stringent water quality-
based controls can be applied when technology-based controls are inadequate to
achieve state water quality standards in a given watershed.
Still, many challenges face the water program. Emphasis continues on
meeting statutory mandates in the permitting, enforcement and standards setting
programs. In addition, the Agency is promoting innovative approaches to water
pollution problems that focus on the management of diffuse sources of pollutants,
habitat changes, nutrients and the ecological effects of toxics.
The major thrusts of the 1995 program are: (1) assessing ecological
conditions and pollutant sources; (2) evaluating alternative management
strategies and priorities; and (3) implementing decisions and evaluating progress
toward environmental goals.
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Assessing of Ecological Conditions and Pollutant Sources
In 1993, the program began shifting its resources to better identify
problems and develop solutions within watersheds. Specifically, the water
program began to develop ecological risk assessment methodologies to evaluate
watershed conditions, diagnose problems, and develop protection plans within
individual watersheds. The program also initiated efforts with Federal agencies
and State and local governments to determine which watersheds to target for
action. The shift in emphasis has had successful results to date. For example,
the Great Lakes Program steers and supports Federal, state, tribal and local
partnerships in an integrated approach to restore and protect the Great Lakes.
The Gulf of Mexico Program developed a series of action plans in 1994 to help
focus 1995 efforts on implementing its highest priority projects, while the
Chesapeake Bay Program supports pollution prevention and control activities to
protect critical habitats, surface and groundwater. This work will be enhanced
in 1995.
The program also began focusing on developing a better understanding of
appropriate ecological goals or "management endpoints" needed to better manage
activities to achieve ecological gains. The Agency will continue shifting its
emphasis from the chemical specific program to developing measurement indicators
and methodologies for deriving holistic ecological measures. The program will
also continue its emphasis on developing high priority, wet-weather Total Maximum
Daily Loads (TMDLs). TMDLs are particularly valuable for identifying problems
and developing solutions within a watershed because they consider all sources of
pollution.
The Agency will continue its efforts to provide guidance, technical
assistance, training and support to state efforts to adopt and implement
biological assessments, ecological criteria and antidegradation policies which
are integral to evaluating and protecting high quality watersheds.
Evaluating of Alternative Strategies and Priorities
In 1992, the Agency began to provide training and education for key
watershed management stakeholders (e.g., local governments, the agricultural
community, citizens, planners, industries) through conferences, workshops,
newsletters, and other targeted outreach activities. This effort has built
cooperation among federal agencies and provided critical help to states and
localities who work with the many Federal agencies with separate jurisdictions.
This training and education will continue in 1995.
The development of technical tools and guidance to support problem solving
within a watershed is underway and will continue in 1995. Technical guidance on
the selection and design of physical aud biological restoration measures will be
enhanced to facilitate riparian, wetlands and coastal ecosystem restoration.
High priority financial and technical support for Section 404 wetlands advance
identification and other wetlands planning efforts will continue in 1995. This
work will help integrate wetlands assessment and mitigation banking into
watershed planning. The Agency will issue updated national guidance, written in
close coordination with state agencies in a section 305(b) consistency workgroup,
4-4 1
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for the 1996 state water quality reports. This guidance will promote the use of
consistent environmental indicators to measure the effectiveness of water quality
programs and to measure state program effectiveness by environmental measures
rather than administrative ones.
Implementing Decisions and Evaluating Progress
The Agency has been working with the states to improve monitoring programs
and base evaluations on new ecological criteria and standards. In 1995, in order
to synchronize permit issuance activities with the watershed approach, reopener
clauses will be included in permits issued or reissued in priority watersheds.
Point source permits will be assessed simultaneously in the watershed to
determine those that present the highest risks.
The program maintains a significant quantity of information on the Nation's
water quality. The Agency will expand the data currently in the system and
modify the Permit Compliance System (PCS) to make it more accessible and
compatible with STORET and other data systems, and to help track indicators of
environmental progress, facilitate data transfer and identify special problems.
Tremendous opportunities exist to support watershed management at the state
and local levels by streamlining operations and realigning ongoing programs. The
program began to align grant cycles, funding applications and reporting
requirements to reduce paperwork and promote more efficient administration of the
program in 1993; these improvements will continue in 1995.
Water Quality Research
In 1995, the Water Quality research program will be restructured to support
the new Ecosystems Protection research program. To implement the restructuring,
research activities in coastal and marine, large lakes and rivers, wetlands,
contaminated sediments, aquatic ecocriceria, nonpoint sources, and
habitat/biodiversity will be consolidated into Ecosystems Protection research
under multimedia.
The Agency will restructure the ecological planning issues to implement the
transition from a single species, single stressor, ecotoxicological research
orientation, to an integrated ecological perspective focusing on ecosystems.
At the watershed scale, teams will develop and demonstrate techniques to
define specific ecological protection objectives, seek to understand the response
of ecological systems to multiple and interacting stresses, predict ecological
response to alternative management actions, and monitor the effectiveness of
management actions. In addition, the Agency will develop methods to guide the
extrapolation of knowledge from one watershed or Region to another, so that
studies and data collection can be done at sites with the broadest applicability.
The Agency will also carry out research to develop the technology and
methods necessary to ensure the most cost effective and environmentally sound
management and disposal of wastewater and sludge.
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Consulting Service Activities
The water quality program contracts for advisory and assistance services
to help it meet the requirements of authorizing legislation. Specifically, EPA
uses advisory and assistance service to: provide technical assistance to Regions,
states and local governments; assist in the collection of environmental data;
assist in the monitoring of environmental conditions; assist in developing the
scientific, technological, and economic bases for future regulatory actions; and
conduct studies and analyses which support water quality programs. The Agency
monitors advisory and assistance services contracts closely and programs develop
special "management control plans" to ensure they are appropriately used.
Program descriptions do not reflect any increase in workyears that may
result from the 900 additional workyears EPA received for contractor conversion.
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WATER QUALITY
CURRENT
ACTUAL ESTIMATE
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES
INCREMENTAL OUTPUTS
Ocean Dumping Dredged Material
Permit Review
Ocean Dumping
Site Designations
Ocean Discharge Criteria Eval.
General
Major
Minor
1993
187
1
4
0
Construction Grants
Awards 22
Active Construction
Workload (EOY) 2921
Permits Issued by EPA
Municipal ^f
Major
Sludge Requirements
Non-Municipal 2/
Major
General
Adiudicatory Hearings
Resolved 47
Enforcement Actions
Inspections
Admin Compliance Orders
Admin Penalty Orders
Civil Litigation
Criminal Litigation
Clean Lakes
Projects/Studies/Assessments 85
Water Quality Criteria
Aquatic Life 0
Sediment 0
1994
237
3
12
1
10
2250
100
105
4
5
INCREASE (+)
ESTIMATE DECREASE (-)
1995 1995 vs.1994
230
0
8
6
10
1470
150
4
5
-7
-1
-3
-4
+5
-780
232
105
105
41
230
150
110
90
230
150
110
100
0
0
0
+10
+50
2237
764
256
57
51
2300
519
318
73
32
2400
449
433
78
34
+100 3/
-70 4/
+115
+5
+2
-105
0
0
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WATER QUALITY
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES
CUMULATIVE OUTPUTS
ACTUAL
1993
Operation SRF Programs 5/ 51
Effluent Guidelines Categories
Final Rules 51
Regulations/Support Documents
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
51
51
ESTIMATE
1995
51
51
INCREASE (+)
DECREASE (-)
1995 vs.1994
for Sludge Reuse/Disposal 4
NPDES State Approvals 39
General Permit State Programs 38
National Estuary Proiects 21
Water Quality Criteria
Aquatic Life 39
Sediment 0
1. Sludge -- Both majors and minors
2. General -- A general permit is an
3
40
40
21
46
5
are combined as
administrative
3
41
41
21
46
5
one number.
mechanism to
0
+1
+1
0
0
0
al
3.
4.
state or Region to cover more than one discharger with similar
characteristics with one permit (e.g., stormwater discharges associated
with industrial activities, boat yards, fish hatcheries).
Includes inspections for sludge.
Outputs for majors only.
5. Fifty states and Puerto Rico have operational SRF programs.
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Research
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Water Quality Research
Program & Research $14,206.9 $15,398.5 $15,288.1 $15,167.5 $11,903.4 -$3,264.1 -$3,495.1
Operations
Abatement Control and $500.0 $500.0 -$500.0
Compliance
Research & Development $15,598.9 $13,677.9 $13,677.9 $13,677.9 $13,335.2 -$342.7 -$342.7
TOTAL $29,805.8 $29,076.4 $29,466.0 $29,345.4 $25,238.6 -$4,106.8 -$3,837.8
NAS Wetlands Study
Research & Development $400.0
TOTAL $400.0
Great Lakes Research -
W.IJC
Research & Development $122.2
TOTAL $122.2
TOTAL:
Program & Research $14,206.9 $15,398.5 $15,288.1 $15,167.5 $11,903.4 -$3,264.1 -$3,495.1
Operations
Abatement Control and $500.0 $500.0 -$500.0
Compliance
Research & Development $16,121.1 $13,677.9 $13,677.9 $13,677.9 $13,335.2 -$342.7 -$342.7
Water Quality Research TOTAL $30,328.0 $29,076.4 $29,466.0 $29,345.4 $25,238.6 -$4,106.8 -$3,837.8
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Water Quality Research 212.6 214.2 214.2 214.2 158.9 -55.3 -55.3
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 212.6 214.2 214.2 214.2 158.9 -55.3 -55.3
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Water Quality Research 227.4 214.2 214.2 214.2 ' 158.9 -55.3 -55.3
TOTAL WORKYEARS 227.4 214.2 214.2 214.2 158.9 -55.3 -55.3
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WATER QUALITY
WATER QUALITY RESEARCH
PRINCIPAL OUTPUTS
1995: o Complete Great Lakes-in-Series Model.
o Complete Great Lakes Wetlands Assessment Protocol.
o Complete guidelines for the development of Water Quality Criteria
for Aquatic Life.
o Complete Marine Bioindicators for the Assessment of Biological
Health and Integrity.
o Complete report on comparative Risk Assessment for Biodiversity in
Oregon and Pennsylvania.
o Complete macroinvertabrate indicators of wetland health along
gradients of stormwater or agricultural nonpoint source inputs.
o Complete report on bioindicators for assessing the integrity of
prairie pothole wetlands.
o Complete nitrogen cycling models for Forested Ecosystems.
o Produce reports on Watershed Landscape Design for Aquatic,
Terrestrial, and Groundwater Improvements for Walnut Creek.
1994: o Complete report effects of Water Quality Criteria Chemicals on
survival, growth, and bioaccumulation in amphibians.
o Complete changes in diversity and density of fishes in Gulf of
Mexico estuaries.
o Publish journal article on Theory and Data in the Policy Analysis of
Biodiversity.
o Produce a series of papers on biological indicators and their use
for the assessment of wetland function in Southeastern riparian and
Midwestern depressional wetlands.
o Complete Round Robin Report of the Assessment and Control of
Bioconcentratable Contaminants in Surface Waters.
o Develop a database of North American Wetlands being used for water
quality treatment.
1993: o Completed Green Bay pelagic food web model and demonstration
predictions.
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Complete field validation of residue prediction procedures for the
assessment and control of bioconcentratable contaminants in surface
waters.
Developed water quality criteria for aquatic life and wildlife for
the Great Lakes Initiative.
Analyzed national patterns of measures of environmental diversity
and corresponding patterns of mammal diversity.
Developed conceptual basis for evaluation of stresses to
biodiversity.
Prioritized watersheds for reduction of agricultural nonpoint source
pollution.
Developed research results of wetland effects on lake water quality
in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area.
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WATER QUALITY
WATER QUALITY RESEARCH
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $25,238,600 supported by 158.9 total
workyears for 1995, of which $11,903,400 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $13,335,200 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents a total decrease of $4,106,800 and 55.3 total
workyears from 1994, which includes a decrease of $3,264,100 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, a decrease of $342,700 in the Research and
Development appropriation, and a decrease of $500,000 in the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation. The decrease to the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and 55.3 workyears includes a shift of resources from
this activity to multimedia research. This redirection is consistent with the
Agency's strategy of directing additional resources to cross-media research as
a more effective approach to scientific inquiry into environmental problems. In
addition there is a reallocation of existing research functions and associated
workforce costs to provide greater accuracy in accounting for and planning
workforce usage, and as part of the overall streamlining of federal workyears.
The decrease for the Research and Development appropriation primarily reflects
a redirection of research funds to support the Small Business Innovative Research
(SBIR) program which is budgeted under the Multimedia Program Element in 1995.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $29,345,400 supported by 214.2 total
workyears for this program element, of which $15,167,500 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, $13,677,900 is from the Research and
Development appropriation, and $500,000 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $29,805,800 supported by 227.4 total
workyears for this program element, of which $14,206,900 was from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $15,598,900 was from the Research and
Development appropriation.
RESEARCH ISSUES
The sections below describe research program issues by each fiscal year.
COASTAL AND MARINE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
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In 1995, Coastal and Marine research will be conducted and described as
part of the Ecosystems Protection research issue.
1994 PROGRAM
Coastal and marine ecosystems are at risk from long-term cumulative effects
of multiple pollutant discharges and habitat degradation. Scientists do not know
the capacity of coastal ecosystems to assimilate pollutants and other stresses
without significant loss of ecological integrity, productivity and
sustainability. To protect these ecosystems, the Agency is conducting research
to identify, assess, predict and manage the cumulative effects of human
activities on coastal and marine ecosystems. This research provides EPA regions
and coastal states with practical tools and methods to assess the relative
effects of nutrients, organic matter, toxic chemicals, and other anthropogenic
stresses on coastal systems. These tools include dose-response models for
nutrients and toxic chemicals, system-level indicators of pollution-related
problems, and standard analytical methods. This information is providing the
scientific basis for cost-effective protection of coastal ecosystems through
correctly-targeted pollution control measures and resource management.
FY 1994 is a transition year in which the focus of research begins to shift
from individual stressor research to a more integrated program aimed at
understanding the cumulative impacts of multiple stresses. This research is
organized around a matrix of program areas (problem characterization, marine
ecological processes, and risk assessment) and specific threats to coastal water
quality and ecological integrity (nutrient and o'rganic overenrichment, toxic
chemical contamination, eutrophication, and toxic algal blooms). This
investigation enables researchers to focus on the highest priority threats to
coastal ecosystems as identified in the EPA Report on the Quality of the Nation's
Water (the 305[b] Report). In addition, monitoring activities necessary to
implement the National Coastal Monitoring Act of 1992 are underway.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Methods were developed for assessing and predicting the long-term effects
of accumulated multiple anthropogenic stresses on coastal and marine ecosystems.
Researchers produced several reports in the area of toxic chemical contamination,
including reports on: the occurrence and effects of toxic chemicals in
free-ranging marine mammals and other endangered species; methods for assessing
biological and ecological impacts of drilling waste in the Gulf of Mexico;
better understanding of the effects of toxic chemicals (including PCB's) on the
reproductive systems of marine fish; chemical markers of pollution sources in
marine environments; and biological mechanisms (biomarkers) of chemical-induced
cancers in marine shellfish.
The Agency also provided technical assistance to coastal states and regions
for the application of mathematical models of ocean outfall plumes, in areas
including Puget Sound, San Francisco Bay, Santa Monica Bay, and San Diego Bay.
In the area of ecological processes, researchers completed a microcosm-based
study of the time-to-recovery of Boston Harbor and developed plans for work on
marine ecological processes in the Massachusetts Bay region. Risk assessment
4-13 I
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case studies were conducted in Portsmouth Harbor, NH, and Greenwich Bay, RI. , and
new research activities in the areas of nutrient pollution, organic
overenrichment, and toxic algal blooms, and national coastal ecosystems
monitoring were initiated.
LARGE LAKES AND RIVERS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In 1995, Large Lakes and Rivers research will be conducted and described
as part of the Ecosystems Protection research issue.
1994 PROGRAM
EPA is conducting research to improve our ability to understand and predict
the impact of human activities on large lakes and rivers. The large lakes and
rivers of the nation are subject to disturbances from the activities of man that
result in loadings of toxic chemicals and nutrients, as well as loss of habitat,
and the invasion of non-indigenous species. For the purposes of the this
research effort, the Great Lakes and their connecting rivers are the geographic
target of research and the model from which to extrapolate the approaches and
results to other lakes and rivers. Mass balance modeling appears to be the best
method of management option selection for large systems. In addition to
persistent chemical insults, the Great Lakes have been subjected to a variety of
physical and biological alterations, including the invasion of non-indigenous
nuisance species, such as the zebra mussel, and major losses of wetlands and
shoreline structure which impact the sustainability of lake ecosystems.
This research program is designed to develop the scientific data needed to
establish realistic ecological goals and to provide ecological indicators that
document progress toward achieving these goals. Research includes developing
mass balance and food web models to establish and predict relationships of
chemical loadings (emphasizing both sediment and atmospheric loadings) to
residues in aquatic life and wildlife. Scientists are developing watershed
models to understand and predict the relationship of watershed conditions and
management activities to loadings into rivers and lakes. Researchers are also
seeking to determine the ecosystem effects of exposure to chemicals and changes
in habitat conditions, evaluating the fate and transport models used to predict
chemical residues in fish, and conducting research to evaluate the impact of'new
invading species on existing ecological relationships.
Congressional Directives. A total of $500,000 is provided through the AC&C
appropriation for the Congressionally directed project for continued research on
Zebra Mussels.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Results from the multi-agency Green Bay (Lake Michigan) mass balance study
were made available to lake managers planning future studies in support of lake-
4-14
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wide management plans, and to local regulatory agencies responsible for the
clean-up of the Fox River. This study revealed the utility of the mass balance
approach in addressing and prioritizing remedial actions for large systems. The
model incorporated the importance of sediment resuspension and sediment
contamination in predicting residues in fish over a twenty-five year timeframe.
Researchers also initiated work on the design of an atmospheric data collection
program for the coupling of atmospheric input models to water quality mass
balance food chain residue models.
WETLANDS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In 1995, Wetlands research will be conducted and described as part of the
Ecosystems Protection research issue.
1994 PROGRAM
To help implement a national policy of "no net loss of wetlands", the Agency
is developing a risk-based approach for wetlands protection and management.
Research goals are to: 1) determine how wetland functions contribute to
environmental quality and develop methods for assessing and enhancing functions;
2) quantify the effects of stressors and landscape factors on wetland functions
and to use the information to assess the risks posed by the associated loss of
wetlands and their functions; 3) develop design guidelines and performance
criteria to reduce risk through wetland restoration and creation; and 4) improve
the design and performance of wetlands constructed or restored for water quality
improvement and identify the ecological risks and benefits of their use.
The Office of Research and Development (ORD) is carrying out the multi-year
wetlands research plan endorsed by the Science Advisory Board (SAB) in 1991. The
restoration potential of agriculturally converted wetlands in the prairie pothole
region is being investigated to support the Food Securities Act and the Wetlands
Reserve Program. Other research underway related to wetlands of the prairie
pothole region includes landscape and site-specific research on wetland function,
and an evaluation of wetland restoration in the region. The results from this
multi-scale study are being integrated into a risk assessment for the region, and
will support the development of water quality criteria for wetlands. ORD is also
studying the ecological consequences of wetlands constructed to treat wastewater
and beginning to revise the 1988 design manual for this type of constructed
wetland. Scientists are completing studies to develop an approach to setting
priorities for siting restoration projects in watersheds in the arid West.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
EPA continued efforts as part of the five-year wetlands research plan
endorsed by the SAB in 1991. Research efforts continued to identify the
functions of individual and small groups of wetlands and how they are affected
by environmental impacts. This information is needed to characterize and compare
4-15
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levels of function attainable in populations of natural, restored, and created
wetlands. Researchers also continued to develop methods for assessing and
protecting landscape function in the prairie pothole region. Research on
landscape function, wetlands function, and characterization and restoration of
wetlands is used to develop and test a risk-based approach to wetland management.
ORD also continued to evaluate the performance of wetlands constructed for
wastewater treatment, and to propose improved designs for such systems.
ECOSYSTEMS PROTECTION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
ORD will restructure its ecological planning issues to reflect the
transition from a single species, single stressor, ecotoxicological research
orientation to an integrated ecological perspective, that focuses on ecosystems
protection and management. This integrated ecological approach will allow the
Agency to monitor more effectively, understand ecological processes and impacts,
and predict risks related to the cumulative effects from_ both natural and
anthropogenic stresses upon ecosystems. Research will include a geographic
approach with a primary focus on watersheds. To carry out the ecosystem
protection research, scientists will use current scientific knowledge and
understanding to develop an innovative, holistic, integrated program designed to
provide a new generation of computer-based analysis and decision tools tailored
to the information needs and responsibilities of Federal, State, and local
ecological resource managers and regulatory officials.
The three scientific needs of monitoring, understanding ecosystem response,
and predicting risks will be addressed by three components in the ecosystem
protection research program. The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program
(EMAP) component will seek to monitor nationally the status and trends of
ecosystems. The Geographic Integration component will seek to understand,
describe, and characterize the response of ecological systems to anthropogenic
stress, and to develop strategies for restoration of ecological systems. The
Ecological Risk Assessment component will seek to predict the risks to ecosystems
from various stressors. The ecosystems protection research program in the Water
Quality Program Element is related only to the Geographic Integration component.
Geographic Integration -- In cooperation with other agencies, EPA will
provide information for improving the ability to protect, restore, and manage
ecosystems. ORD will provide a scientific basis for the integrated and
sustainable protection and management of ecological systems in specific
geographic areas. Scientists will seek to understand the functional relations
of different ecosystems (e.g. streams, wetlands, forests, etc.) across the
landscape. Researchers will develop and test methods at the regional scale for
monitoring and assessing ecological condition, assessing risks, and defining
requirements for ecosystem sustainability and the maintenance of natural
resources. At the watershed scale, teams will develop and demonstrate techniques
to define specific ecological protection objectives, seek to understand the
response of ecological systems to multiple and interacting stresses, predict
ecological response to alternative management actions, and monitor the
effectiveness of management actions. ORD will develop methods to guide
4-16
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extrapolation of knowledge from one watershed or region to another, so that
studies and data collection can be done at sites with the broadest applicability.
The geographic ecoregions to be studied in 1995 are the Acadian Province,
Great Lakes, Gulf of Mexico, Chesapeake Bay Watershed, and the Pacific Northwest.
Researchers will emphasize physical, chemical, and biological stresses on water
systems, although scientists will consider the interactions of terrestrial
ecosystems. ORD will conduct research on interactions within ecosystems,
integrating on a watershed and regional scale, the information developed on
specific ecological resources by resource management agencies, such as the U.S.
Forest Service. The Agency will contribute to risk reduction strategies related
to interactions among ecosystems.
1994 PROGRAM
The Ecosystems Protection research issue will be new in 1995 and
consolidates nine research issues carried out under several ORD media program
elements (PEs). The nine issues that are being consolidated into the Ecosystems
Protection issue are Coastal and Marine, Large Lakes and Rivers, Wetlands,
Contaminated Sediments, Aquatic Ecocriteria, Nonpoint Sources, Ecorisk Methods,
Habitat/Biodiversity, and EMAP. Within the Water Quality PE, the issues being
consolidated are Coastal and Marine, Large Lakes and Rivers, Wetlands,
Contaminated Sediments, Aquatic Ecocriteria, Nonpoint Sources, and
Habitat/Biodiversity. Information on the 1994 research related to those issues
is available in the "1994 Program" section of those issues.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Ecosystems Protection research issue will be a new research issue in
1995 that consolidates nine 1993 research issues carried out under several ORD
media program elements (PEs). Within the Water Quality PE, the issues being
consolidated are Coastal and Marine, Large Lakes and Rivers, Wetlands,
Contaminated Sediments, Aquatic Ecocriteria, Nonpoint Sources, and
Habitat/Biodiversity. Information on the 1993 research related to those issues
is available in the "1993 Accomplishments" section of those issues.
CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In 1995, Contaminated Sediments research will be conducted and described
as part of the Ecosystems Protection research issue.
1994 PROGRAM
Toxic chemicals and conventional pollutants have steadily accumulated in
the sediments of coastal, estuarine and freshwater ecosystems over the past
century. Studies by the Office of Water (OW) and the National Academy of
Sciences (NAS) indicate that sediments at hundreds of locations across the
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country, in all types of water bodies, are contaminated at levels that will harm
benthic and other aquatic communities. These contaminated sediments potentially
threaten human health and wildlife due to bioaccumulation of sediment
contaminants through the food chain.
ORD is carrying out research to provide the Agency the scientific basis to
effectively protect benthic habitats through meaningful regulatory practices as
identified in the Agency's Contaminated Sediment Management Strategy. Research
results are providing the scientific and engineering basis to implement pollution
control and prevention strategies designed to eliminate the contaminated sediment
problem. Research activities are focused on development and validation of
scientific and engineering approaches to identify contaminated sediments in
aquatic environments; assessing their potential impact on aquatic life, wildlife,
and human health; and remediating contaminated sediment sites in a cost-effective
and environmentally consistent manner.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Researchers focused on the development and validation of methods for
deriving national sediment quality criteria for the protection of aquatic life,
wildlife, and human health. Chemical specific sediment quality criteria
documents were developed for endrin, dieldrin, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, and
acenapthrene. Scientists also conducted research to develop chronic sediment
toxicity tests to improve assessment methods, and focused remediation efforts on
completing a report addressing biological treatment of sediments.
AQUATIC EGG-CRITERIA
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In 1995, Aquatic Ecocriteria research will be conducted and described as
part of the Ecosystems Protection research issue.
1994 PROGRAM
Current scientific knowledge allows EPA to control specific pollutants in
the nation's waters through the use of water quality criteria, and to control
toxic discharges using toxicity-based permitting of point sources of pollution.
Current scientific knowledge is insufficient to formulate comprehensive
approaches to protect aquatic ecosystems from the cumulative impact of diffuse
sources of pollution and from a large variety of non-pollutant stressors or
disturbances. To overcome this problem, ORD is working to develop the scientific
basis to extend the concepts of water quality criteria to that of ecological
criteria, which addresses multiple impacts over larger spatial scales.
Aquatic ecocriteria research is extending the concept of water quality
criteria by developing analogous ecological criteria to protect the environment
from any stressor that diminishes ecosystem integrity. By developing such
criteria, ORD is creating the required next generation of methods and guidance
to identify risks associated with human activity, for shaping pollution
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prevention programs, and selecting restoration approaches in areas of diminished
ecological integrity. Because ecological criteria must apply to specific
geographic regions, this research focuses primarily on the Gulf of Mexico, and
to a lesser extent the Great Lakes.
Scientist are studying all five areas that comprise aquatic ecological
criteria. These areas include chemical criteria, complex effluent, biocriteria,
ecosystem criteria, and ecosystem diagnostics. In the area of chemical criteria,
the primary emphasis is on reducing the uncertainties associated with some of the
criteria for important chemicals. Researchers are also conducting studies to
more accurately express the bioavailability form of the heavy metal criteria.
In the area of complex effluent, research is focused on developing methods to
identify chemicals that bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms and wildlife.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD initiated a major effort to develop aquatic ecocriteria with initial
focus on the Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes. This research provided
fundamental knowledge of the ecology of near Gulf Coast ecosystems, better
enabling formulations of ecological risk assessment. This research helped
provide tools to assist the Agency in determining how effective management
decisions are in protecting estuaries, including: 1) development of procedures
to measure the current health, predict future health and to assess recovery of
estuaries (a diagnostics protocol will be field tested to assess its
applicability and predictive capability); 2) identification and prioritization
of the causes of impact on the biotic communities, e.g., point and non-point
toxics; and 3) determination of the tolerance limits of major floral and animal
communities and establishment of effective biocriteria to protect animal and
plant life.
Work in the Great Lakes watershed focused on low-order (headwater) streams
and Great Lakes coastal wetlands. Researchers studying low order streams extended
previous work in the Saginaw River Watershed dealing with biocriteria evaluation
and the relationship between watershed land use practices and aquatic ecological
disturbances in low order streams. Scientists focused research efforts on
developing a classification system for defining the ecological integrity of Great
Lakes coastal wetlands, developing indicators of disturbance, and developing
restoration strategies for degraded wetlands in the Great Lakes. Results of the
research on both wetlands and low order streams in the Great Lakes region is
expected to be transferable to a large extent to other regions of the United
States. This work will be integrated with other components of the ecocriteria
program further along in development (e.g. biocriteria). It will also be
coordinated with research on other wetlands, non-point source contaminants and
global climate change effects.
NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In 1995, Nonpoint Source research will be conducted and described as part
of the Ecosystems Protection research issue.
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1994 PROGRAM
Reports by the Office of Water, the Science Advisory Board (SAB), the
States, and the GAO have identified nonpoint source pollution (NFS) as the
largest remaining category of contamination threatening our nation's surface
water quality and ecology. ORD research efforts on NFS focus on agriculture and
the most pervasive pollutants -- nitrogen and pesticides. Agriculture is the
largest polluting NFS category, affecting about 50 to 70 percent of the impaired
surface waters.
EPA conducts watershed scale research on the environmental and ecological
impacts of alternative agricultural management systems being implemented as part
of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Midwest Water Quality Initiative.
ORD's primary NFS project, the Midwest Agrichemical Surface/Subsurface Transport
and Effects Research Project (MASTER), is conducted in concert with the USDA
Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) program in the midwest, predominantly
at the Walnut Creek Watershed in Iowa. MASTER concentrates on predicting and
verifying the water quality and ecological benefits of proposed innovative
management, production, and landscape manipulation approaches.
Scientists are measuring and assessing aquatic and terrestrial ecological
impacts from agricultural chemicals, sediment, and habitat alteration for
potential mitigation and restoration, using new best management practices (BMPs)
in experimental watersheds. Models and CIS based data manipulation systems are
being developed for scale-up and extrapolation to similar midwestern conditions,
and a technical plan for future research to scale-up results from Walnut Creek
and other MSEA watershed scale studies to the Midwest Corn Belt is being
developed for policy evaluation. A companion piece of this research focusing
on drinking water aspects of the problem is being funded under the Drinking Water
Research budget.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD initiated a limited research effort to study the impact of multimedia
nitrogen sources on the eutrophication of estuarine and near coastal ecosystems,
particularly the Chesapeake Bay. Researchers developed a multimedia framework
for mass balance studies to enable allocation of nitrogen source loads among the
various media, including watershed drainage, atmospheric deposition, and point
sources. The study included sources from and assimilation by various land types
(e.g. forests, croplands, etc.), municipal and industrial discharges, and various
air emissions (autos, power plants, etc.).
HABITAT/BIODIVERSITY
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In FY 1995, Habitat/Biodiversity research will be conducted and described
as part of the Ecosystems Protection research issue.
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1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is carrying out the third year of a. research plan to assess the
major threats to habitat/biodiversity. The scale and intensity of habitat
modification and the subsequent loss and degradation of critical natural
functions have become two of the dominant ecological concerns in the United
States, with long-term adverse consequences to both ecological and socioeconomic
values. Methods and data are being developed to support risk-based approaches
to habitat assessment, management, and monitoring. The assessment component of
the plan includes a national comparative risk assessment that involves ranking
relative risks to major habitat types, based on their associated value and major
stressors. The management components are evaluating the response of high value
habitats to specific protection and restoration strategies.
Researchers are developing and applying a hierarchical, landscape-scale
assessment framework to prioritize relative risks to habitat and biodiversity
considering value and exposure to anthropogenic stresses. Pilot studies are
being carried out to ascertain the best methods and data bases to conduct a
national comparative risk assessment for habitat and biodiversity. The pilot
studies use data from several sources, including species occurrence data from the
Nature Conservancy and National Heritage Programs. These studies include Idaho-
Oregon, Southern California, Utah, Chesapeake Bay Watershed/Pennsylvania, and a
national study to assess the consistency, comparability, and interpretation
ability of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite land
classification system.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD formed a biodiversity research consortium to develop generally accepted
data bases and analytical methods for assessing and managing risks to
biodiversity. Membership includes the US Fish and Wildlife Service, the USDA
Forest Service, the USDI Geological Survey, the US Environmental Protection
Agency, and The Nature Conservancy (TNG) (who additionally represent the Network
of State Natural Heritage Programs). In the future, membership may expand to
include the National Biological Survey, Bureau of Land Management, the National
Park Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Smithsonian
Institution, and additional governmental agencies and non-governmental
organizations. The Department of Defense began participating through funding
from its Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program. Although the
program's objectives are national in scope, several scientific issues will be
addressed initially and resolved in an integrated series of pilot projects.
These pilot studies were initiated in 1993 and will be completed over a
three-year period (1993-95). The pilot studies will enable us to make an
informed judgment about the most rigorous methods and suitable databases to use
for a national scale analysis. All of the information to be gathered in this
study will be synthesized to help make the decision on the best direction for the
national implementation.
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WASTEWATER AND SLUDGE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
EPA is carrying out research to develop the technology and methods
necessary to ensure the most cost effective and environmentally sound management
and disposal of wastewater and sludge. Wastewater and sludge research focuses
on: 1) municipal wastewater/sludge treatment; 2) urban wet-weather discharges;
and 3) industrial wastewater management. Municipal wastewater/sludge management
includes monitoring methods and quality assurance for microbiological and
chemical methods, sludge pathogen and chemical risk assessment, and municipal
wastewater sludge disposal, including beneficial use.
In 1995, the Agency's wastewater and sludge research efforts will focus on
three areas. These areas include: 1) the development of gene probe methods for
Giardia and Crvptosporidium; 2) the completion of a manual of Best Management
Practices (BMPs) for stormwater pollution control; and 3) preliminary risk
assessments of the land application and landfilling of municipal sludge.
1994 PROGRAM
Research studying urban wet-weather discharges includes monitoring methods
and quality assurance for microbiological methods, risk assessments for wet-
weather discharges, and pollution prevention techniques for wet-weather
discharges. In the area of industrial wastewater management, research includes
monitoring methods, quality
assurance for chemical methods, and treatment technologies and prevention
techniques for industrial wastewaters.
At the request of the Office of Water (OW), wastewater and sludge research
has begun to address the impacts of municipal sludge on the environment, with
particular emphasis on the ecological impact and fate of sludge. This effort
supports OW's rulemaking and guidelines development and is viewed as a middle-
term effort of three to four years. At the same time, ORD is phasing down
technology development for this issue and is beginning to concentrate on
providing more direct technical assistance in support of the regulatory programs
of the Office of Water.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The primary accomplishments in 1993 from wastewater and sludge research
included the development of gene probe methods for Shigella, Salmonella, and
viruses, completion of a pathogen risk assessment methodology for landfilling of
municipal sludge, and completion of a preliminary evaluation of Best Management
Practices (BMPs) for stormwater pollution control.
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POLLUTION PREVENTION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
No work will be done in the Water Quality Program Element in 1995.
1994 PROGRAM
No work is being done in the Water Quality Program Element in 1994.
Resources are being moved to pollution prevention research in the Multimedia
Program Element.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Support was provided for research on the assimilative capacity of
subsurface soils for agricultural chemicals.
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Resources supporting this program are requested in the Multimedia Program
Element for 1995.
1994 PROGRAM
As mandated by the Small Business Development Act of 1982 (Public Law 97-
219) , EPA allocated 1.5 percent of its extramural Research and Development budget
for the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program. These funds were used
to support small businesses engaged in the development of equipment for pollution
abatement and control, and instrumentation for monitoring environmental trends
and conditions. Under this program, ORD is able to take advantage of unique
solutions to water quality related problems and other environmental issues that
may be offered by the private sector.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
As mandated by Public Law 102-564, the SBIR program allocated 1.5 percent
of the Agency's extramural research appropriation to support the small businesses
engaged in the development of unique solutions to water quality related problems
and other environmental issues that may be offered by the private sector.
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INFRASTRUCTURE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Adequately funded infrastructure is critical to ORD's success in conducting
the quality science needed to assure that the Agency's decisions are
scientifically sound. The most critical part of ORD's infrastructure is its
staff. The assumption underlying all our research activities includes a
productive workforce.
ORD established this cohesive, cross-cutting issue for infrastructure based
upon the importance of this activity to planned and ongoing research activities.
Program and Research Operations appropriation funding for the Water Quality
Program Element (PE) has been centralized within the infrastructure issue to
provide improved management in ORD's salaries, travel and related costs
associated with managing research programs.
Workyears assigned to this issue represent a consolidation of existing
research functions which had previously been allocated across multiple issues.
This realignment provides greater accuracy in accounting for workforce usage,
enabling management to utilize better information in decision-making and planning
purposes. Consolidated activities include: science policy and program
development; technical evaluation, review, and guidance to EPA program/regional
offices, Federal/State agencies, and foreign governments; research quality
assurance and program review; extramural resource management; technology transfer
of scientific information; ADP technical program development of environmental
data systems; regulatory mission support; facilities maintenance and oversight;
health and safety, and environmental compliance; research planning and program
development; operational research oversight; policy and procedures development;
program planning and operations; resource planning and review; document
production; and secretarial/clerical support and personnel staffs.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD's current infrastructure program provides compensation and benefits and
travel for ORD scientists and engineers. ORD's workforce carries out scientific
research programs in support of the Agency's mission.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD funded its workyears in scientific support of the Agency's mission,
providing the personnel compensation and benefits, and travel for ORD scientists
and engineers.
CROSS PROGRAM
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
EPA will improve and develop standardized analytical methods for
quantifying pollutants or their metabolic products in fresh water, saline water,
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wastewater, biological tissue, sediment, and sludge. Research will focus on the
development of less expensive methods for use by the regulated community and
Federal and state implementation agencies in complying with Clean Water Act (CWA)
regulations. The research program will provide analytical methods, which
minimize or eliminate the use of hazardous and expensive solvents and reagents,
reducing the exposure to laboratory workers, and minimizing waste that must be
disposed of in accordance with Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
regulations. Researcher will reduce the time and cost involved in conducting the
required analyses.
1994 PROGRAM
EPA is focusing research on the development of more sensitive and lower
cost chemical analytical methods required to detect substances at concentrations
compatible with federal and state regulatory requirements.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In the Water Quality methodology program, ORD developed and issued a new
manual of methods for use in characterizing marine and estuarine materials,
provided technical support to the regulatory program in responding to proposed
radon and radionuclide rules, and conducted collaborative evaluations of two
analytical methods for radon in drinking water. Support was also provided to
both the Florida Everglades Project and the Lower Rio Grande Environmental
Scoping Study through analysis of a variety of environmental samples. The Agency
also conducted several drinking and wastewater laboratory performance evaluation
studies in order to ensure the quality of data being gathered in support of these
programs.
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4-26
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality And Grants Program Management
PROGRAM
Great Lakes Program
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Chesapeake Bay Program
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Water Quality And TOTAL
irants Program
Management
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Great Lakes Program
Chesapeake Bay Program
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Great Lakes Program
Chesapeake Bay Program
TOTAL WORKYEARS
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$3,005.9
$14,881.3
$17,887.2
$1,367.1
$20,138.5
$21,505.6
$4,373.0
$35,019.8
$39,392.8
44.9
19.0
63.9
46.2
20.1
66.3
$3,136.3
$11,896.3
$15,032.6
$872.1
$19,917.5
$20,789.6
$4,008.4
$31,813.8
$35,822.2
48.4
12.0
60.4
48.4
12.0
60.4
$3,103.2
$13,494.6
$16,597.8
$872.1
$19,914.3
$20,786.4
$3,975.3
$33,408.9
$37,384.2
48.4
12.0
60.4
48.4
12.0
60.4
$3,374.0
$14,109.2
$17,483.2
$896.2
$20,314.3
$21,210.5
$4,270.2
$34,423.5
$38,693.7
49.5
12.0
61.5
49.5
12.0
61.5
$3,332.0
$11,896.3
$15,228.3
$932.2
$19,917.5
$20,849.7
$4,264.2
$31,813.8
$36,078.0
47.8
11.9
59.7
47.8
11.9
59.7
-$42.0
-$2,212.9
-$2,254.9
$36.0
-$396.8
-$360.8
-$6.0
-$2,609.7
-$2,615.7
-1.7
-1
-1.8
-1.7
-1
-1.8
$195.7
$195.7
$60.1
$60.1
$255.8
$255.8
-6
-1
-7
-6
-1
-7
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WATER QUALITY
WATER QUALITY AND GRANTS PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $36,078,000 supported by 59.7 total
workyears for 1995, a decrease of $2,615,700. Of the request, $4,264,200 will
be for the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $31,813,800 will be
for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents a
decreases of $6,000 in the Program and Research Operations appropriation and of
$2,609,700 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation and a decrease
of 1.8 total workyears.
GREAT LAKES PROGRAM
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $15,228,300 supported by 47.8 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,332,000 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $11,896,300 will be for the Abatement,
Control, and Compliance appropriation. This represents decreases of $42,000 in
the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $2,212,900 in Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation and a decrease of 1.7 total workyears. The
decrease reflects completion of Congressionally directed activities.
The Challenge:
- Pollution impairs aquatic life along 73% of assessed Great Lakes
shore miles.
- All eight Great Lakes states restrict consumption of fish caught
along the entire shoreline.
.x
The Great Lakes National Program Office (GLNPO) will steer and coordinate
implementation of the ecosystem approach in the Great Lakes by its Federal,
state, and local partners. GLNPO and its partners will continue working together
to establish priorities consistent with the goals and objectives of an updated
Great Lakes Five Year Strategy.
The GLNPO will lead collaborative efforts for more effective open water
monitoring in all five Great Lakes for toxics and nutrient loadings and
concentrations. The GLNPO will continue a multi-media initiative for enhanced
monitoring of Lake Michigan air, water, sediments and biota will be expanded to
Lake Ontario as Lake Michigan, thus supporting the Great Waters provision of the
Clean Air Act and Section 118 of the Clean Water Act. The GLNPO will also
expand enhanced monitoring into Lake Ontario. From such work, the Agency and its
partners will assess remedial options and design load reduction strategies. The
Great Lakes atmospheric deposition networks (including air monitoring stations
on each Great Lake), open lake monitoring using EPA's research vessels, and
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tributary monitoring will provide trend and baseline data to support and target
remedial efforts and measure environmental progress under Remedial Action Plans
(RAPs) and Lakewide Management Plans (LAMPS).
In establishing an integrated data management system accessible to Great
Lakes information users, the GLNPO and its state and Federal partners will design
a system for storing and managing the environmental information being generated
through enhanced Lake Michigan monitoring. Access to Agency systems will be
provided to an expanding group of Great Lakes environmental decision-makers. The
system will facilitate Great Lakes environmental health and trends tracking and
link day-to-day pollution control activities with key environmental indicators.
The GLNPO will include more indicators in its Report to Congress.
The GLNPO will support contaminated sediment remediation by emphasizing
assistance (including technology transfer, fieldwork, and funding to support
contaminant modeling or remediation design) to state and local groups.
Contaminated sediments impair beneficial uses in all 31 US/Binational Areas of
Concern (AOCs).
Consistent with the habitat goals of the Five Year Strategy, the GLNPO will
join with states, Indian nations, and non-governmental organizations in
supporting habitat restoration/protection projects targeted through a Great Lakes
Strategic Conservation Plan. Projects will support healthy and diverse species
communities, emphasizing habitats necessary for endangered and threatened
species. The GLNPO and its partners will begin a significant new sustainable
development demonstration in the ecologically and economically diverse southern
Lake Michigan area.
The GLNPO will pilot a virtual elimination project, exploring options for
improving the current regulatory and non-regulatory framework so that ongoing
reductions in the use and release of toxic chemicals, beyond compliance, can be
obtained.
The GLNPO will maintain technical and management support for pollution
prevention and control activities in the Great Lakes Basin. Regions, supported
by the GLNPO, will work with the states to develop and implement RAPs addressing
identified impaired uses in the 31 US/Binational AOCs. State and Federal
programs will implement LAMP priorities for reducing Critical Pollutants in Lakes
Ontario, Michigan, Superior (including a zero discharge demonstration project),
and Erie. The GLNPO will support state capacity for addressing Great Lakes
environmental problems on a cross-media basis. The GLNPO will support Great
Lakes education and outreach activities, utilizing its research vessel, news and
print media, and a network of educators throughout the Great Lakes Basin. The
GLNPO and Environment Canada will continue development and oversight of
Binational priorities and accomplishments.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $17,483,200 supported by 49.5 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,374,000 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $14,109,200 is from the Abatement, Control, and
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Compliance appropriation. The total includes $1,600,000 for Congressionally
directed activities.
In support of the Five Year Strategy goal for toxics reduction, the GLNPO
is implementing an integrated monitoring strategy with state -and Federal air and
water programs. The GLNPO and its partners are developing trend and baseline
information on toxic loadings and concentrations to support and target remedial
efforts and measure environmental progress. With its partners, the GLNPO is
intensively monitoring Lake Michigan as part of a lakewide mass balance study
which will be used to evaluate and target remedial actions for Lake Michigan.
A nine station air deposition satellite network on Lakes Michigan and Superior
is being established to supplement air toxic deposition monitoring done at the
master stations on each of the Lakes.
As part of its development of a comprehensive data integration system for
the Great Lakes Basin, the GLNPO is working with the Office of Water, the Office
of Information Resources Management, and the Office of Research and Development
to develop a common standards-based environmental monitoring database. The GLNPO
is also providing state and Regional partners access to Agency systems and, as
a geographically-based pilot of the comprehensive system, environmental
information from Fox River and Green Bay.
GLNPO's contaminated sediment program is assisting state/local groups with
contaminated sediment characterization and remediation planning through funding,
technology transfer, and fieldwork using the program's sediment sampling vessel.
The GLNPO's Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments demonstration
program is completing its report to Congress, as well as some 40 technical
reports and studies.
Through its Strategic Conservation Plan, being completed in 1994 with
states, Indian nations, and non-governmental organizations, the GLNPO and its
partners are identifying vital habitat needing protection and restoration to
further biological diversity and ecological integrity in the Great Lakes Basin.
Pending completion of the Plan, the GLNPO, with its partners, is putting key
projects in place for habitats already determined to be in need of protection and
restoration.
The GLNPO is initiating analysis of candidate pollutants as part of the
groundwork for its virtual elimination pilot. In addition, the GLNPO, Regions,
and states continue to refine LAMPs, focusing on reductions of Critical
Pollutants, for Lakes Ontario, Michigan, and Superior (including a zero discharge
demonstration project), and are beginning to develop the Lake Erie LaMP. The
GLNPO reports to Congress and the International Joint Commission, conducts
education and outreach, and works with representatives from Environment Canada
to develop and oversee Binational priorities and accomplishments for the Lakes.
Congressional Directives. A total of $1,600,00 is for the Congressionally
directed projects of GLNPO activities.
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $17,887,200 supported by 46.2
total workyears for this program, of which $ 3,005,900 was from the Program and
Research and Operations appropriation and $14,881,300 was from the Abatement,
Control, and Compliance appropriation.
The GLNPO conducted shakedown and screening level monitoring for Lake
Michigan, toxic pollutant screening for Lake Superior, and began developing an
integrated monitoring plan for Lakes Ontario and Erie. Baseline and trend
monitoring surveys in the open water were conducted on all Great Lakes for toxics
and for indicators of trophic condition and biological integrity. The GLNPO
conducted an internal review of laboratory and monitoring procedures, resulting
in significant savings which could be reinvested in the intensive monitoring
effort and protection and restoration of key Great Lakes habitats. The GLNPO
developed a "proof of concept" demonstrating the feasibility and practical
applications for Great Lakes multi-media environmental data management and
analysis. Through contaminated sediment characterization and assessment, GLNPO
assisted state and local groups with remediation efforts. The GLNPO also
supported states and Regions developing RAPs and LAMPS, and worked with The
Nature Conservancy to begin developing the Strategic Conservation Plan.
CHESAPEAKE BAY PROGRAM
1995 BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $20,849,700 supported by 11.9 total
workyears for this program, of which $932,200 will be for Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $19,917,500 will be for Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $36,000 in the Program
and Research Operations appropriations and a decrease of $396,800 in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation and a decrease of .1 total
workyear from 1994.
The Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP) will provide technical support, develop
and implement interstate management plans for pollution prevention and control
activities to protect critical living resource habitats by addressing point and
nonpoint sources of pollution from air, water and land-based sources throughout
the watershed. Success will be evaluated using measurable environmental goals
and indicators for nutrients, toxics and living resources aspects of the program.
Implementation of nonpoint source pollution control projects on farmlands
and urban areas will yield nutrient reductions to meet tributary specific and
bay-wide environmental goals. The states will develop nutrient criteria as part
of their water quality standards processes to ensure that regulatory tools exist
to sustain nutrient controls in the watershed over time.
Using additional stake-holder input and new monitoring/ modelling
information, CBP participants will refine plans and implement tributary
strategies for reducing nutrients and enhancing living resource habitats in each
of the ten major sub-basins.
|
4-31
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Through publicly and privately funded fish passage projects under the
Habitat Restoration Strategy, CBP will move toward achieving the five and ten
year goals for stream miles opened to migratory fish. In addition, wetlands
restoration, oyster reef habitat restoration and forested buffer development will
yield additional living resources habitat.
Activities to address toxics will involve completion of remedial action
plans for three Regions of Concern, further implementation of the Toxics Strategy
(1994 revision) to address its main pillars which include pollution prevention,
targeted scientific assessments to fill information gaps, and full utilization
of existing state and Federal programmatic authorities to further reduce toxics.
Progress will be tracked using a series of new, measurable environmental goals
within the Strategy.
Public outreach, education and involvement efforts will focus more heavily
on additional stakeholder involvement and garnering support for tough measures
needed to meet nutrient, toxics and living resources goals. The CBP will use the
results of on-going surveys to target public outreach activities.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $21,210,500 supported by 12.0 total
workyears for this program, of which $896,200 is from Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $20,314,300 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The CBP is providing interstate leadership and technical and managerial
support to numerous agencies for pollution prevention and control activities to
restore Chesapeake Bay and its living resources. The Program is expanding its
traditional coordination efforts to include and integrate other EPA programs and
Federal agencies. The CBP is also investigating whether pollution reduction
trading can be used to more rapidly and cost effectively achieve nutrient
reduction goals.
To stay on course for achieving the basin-wide Nutrient Reduction Strategy
goal of a 40 percent reduction in nutrients entering the Bay by the year 2000,
the CBP is accelerating the pace of point and nonpoint source programs. The CBP
is targeting implementation grants to state agencies for nonpoint source
pollution control to the highest areas of pollutant loads based upon monitoring
data. These grants also provide for standardization of nutrient management
methods on farmlands and expand marketing of these methods to the private sector
and the public. The CBP is emphasizing refinement of environmental indicators,
modeling and management of air sources of nutrients and toxics, and integrating
the multiple nonpoint source (NPS) control authorities of EPA and other Agencies.
Activities to address toxic involve a balance of research, monitoring and
actual prevention and control projects. A reevaluation of the Basin-wide Toxics
Reduction Strategy is being completed. The program is expanding the monitoring
network to include air deposited-toxics.
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The CBP is refining the Bay modeling and management strategies to
incorporate new information about the impact of Clean Air Act amendments
requirements. Through continued integration of water quality and living
resources management activities, the CBP is enhancing cross-program integration.
The CBP is establishing quantitative bay-wide restoration goals for the
diversity, abundance and distribution of living resources, and accelerating
implementation of species management plans. The program is fostering habitat
enhancements through priority fish passage projects, wetlands restoration
projects in the region and by efforts to restore submerge grasses. Work on the
oyster restoration, funded in 1992 and 1993 appropriations, will yield valuable
experience for reversing the precipitous decline in this critical commercial
species.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $21,505,600 supported by 20.1 total
workyears for this program, of which $1,367,100 was from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $20,138,500 was from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
The Agency met its expanding responsibilities under the Chesapeake Bay
Agreement, as amended in 1992, in concert with the other members of the Bay
Program. The CBP effectively managed a large state implementation grant program
under Section 117(b), coordinated inter-Agency efforts among the federal sector,
and provided the core computer operations, administrative and public information
support for the inter-state restoration program.
Tributary-specific nutrient reduction goals were issued for each of the
10 major sub-basins which included forever "caps" on loading to the Bay. Program
participants conducted extensive public involvement efforts to develop tributary-
specific strategies to meet the nutrient loads and to protect living resource
habitats. Draft strategies were produced for each tributary subject to further
refinement through public process.
The CBP adopted measurable restoration goals for submerged aquatic
vegetation and fish passage with timeliness adopted for five and ten year
progress. The program documented considerable progress in the expanded coverage
of Bay grasses, in the reduction of phosphorus loadings and ambient
concentrations and in the stabilization of nitrogen levels.
Pennsylvania passed new legislation mandating nutrient management for
agricultural lands as a result of concerted program efforts to standardize the
approach and build constituencies for the needed actions. Maryland and
Pennsylvania signed landmark agreements with major electric utilities in the
Susquenhanna basin to open three dams to fish passage by the year 1997 through
considerable private investments in fish ladders and lifts.
After endorsing a new interstate Directives system to enhance the Bay
Agreement, the Executive Council adopted five new Directives on Toxics, Living
Resources and Nutrient matters and completed a significant reevaluation of the
Toxics situation in the Bay through extensive scientific review.
4-33
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WATER QUALITY
Engineering and Analysis
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Engineering and
Analysis
Program & Research $4,892.4 $5,290.5 $5,277.7 $5,386.5 $5,754.4 $367.9 $463.9
Operations
Abatement Control and $12,819.0 $16,478.7 $16,282.6 $16,162.1 $17,478.7 $1,316.6 $1,000.0
Compliance
TOTAL $17,711.4 $21,769.2 $21,560.3 $21,548.6 $23,233.1 $1,684.5 $1,463.9
TOTAL:
Program & Research $4,892.4 $5,290.5 $5,277.7 $5,386.5 $5,754.4 $367.9 $463.9
Operations
Abatement Control and $12,819.0 $16,478.7 $16,282.6 $16,162.1 $17,478.7 $1,316.6 $1,000.0
Compliance
Engineering and TOTAL $17,711.4 $21,769.2 $21,560.3 $21,548.6 $23,233.1 $1,684.5 $1,463.9
Analysis
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Engineering and 68.0 73.3 73.3 73.3 73.3
Analysis
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 68.0 73.3 73.3 73.3 73.3
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Engineering and 70.1 73.3 73.3 73.3 73.3
Analysis
TOTAL WORKYEARS 70.1 73.3 73.3 73.3 73.3
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WATER QUALITY
ENGINEERING AND ANALYSIS
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $23,233,100 supported by 73.3 total
workyears for 1995. Of the request, $5,754,400 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $17,478,700 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $367,900
in the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $1,316,600 in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
ENGINEERING AND ANALYSIS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $23,233,100 supported by 73.3 total
workyears for this program of which $5,754,400 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $17,478,700 will be for the Abatement,
Control and the Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of
$367,900 in Program and Research Operations appropriation and $1,316,600 in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The increase supports rising
workyear costs and ongoing work for the central waste processors rule and
contaminated sediments criteria previously funded under the Hazardous Substance
Response Program.
As required by Section 304(m) of the Clean Water Act and the 1992 EPA-
Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) Consent Decree, in 1994 the Agency
issued four proposed regulations according to schedule. This included the Pulp
and Paper Guideline which is integrated with air standards. In 1995 the Agency
will remain on the mandated rulemaking schedule and continue to develop effluent
guidelines for industries that present the most significant risk to public health
and the environment. These regulations are supported by engineering, economic
and statistical analyses, including the development of analytical methods for
toxic and non-conventional pollutants.
The Agency will initiate rulemaking on Metal Products and Machinery Phase
II. In addition, the Agency will continue to support the Effluent Guidelines
Task Force which was established to advise EPA on a long-term strategy for the
program as mandated by the Consent Decree. The program will continue to address
multimedia-risks, by continuing to coordinate rule development with the air,
toxics and waste programs such as working with Office of Air and Radiation on the
Integrated Pulp and Paper Rule, and with Office of Solid Waste on the Waste
Treatment Rule. This will ensure that regulations minimize unnecessary
industrial investments. The Agency will continue to explore ways to
encourage/require pollution prevention as part of the recommended technology by
developing effluent limitations as required by the Consent Decree. In addition,
industries that may or may not have been regulated will be studied to determine
which present the greatest risk caused by their water discharges, and which might
be best controlled by new or revised guidelines.
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1994 PROGRAM
In 1994 the Agency is allocating a total of $21,548,600 supported by 73.3
total workyears for this program, of which $5,386,500 is from the Program and
Research Operation appropriation and $16,162,100 is from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
In accordance with the EPA-NRDC Consent Decree and 304(m) plan, the Agency
plans to propose rules for four industries: pulp and paper (a joint rulemaking
with the Office of Air and Radiation); pesticides formulating and packaging;
waste treatment-Phase I; and pharmaceutical manufacturing.
»
EPA continues to develop guidelines started in 1993 for Waste Treatment -
Phase II, industrial laundries, and transportation equipment cleaning, with a
heavy emphasis in 1994 on wastewater testing at facilities to determine the
performance of various technologies being used. Where possible, guideline
development activities are done in cooperation with other agency programs to
address multi-media issues.
The Agency continues to work on two studies begun in 1993 and initiates
studies of two additional categories: iron and steel and steam electric power
plants. In addition, the Agency continues to work with the Effluent Guidelines
Task Force, which advises the Agency on a long-term strategy for the program.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993 the Agency obligated a total of $17,711,400 supported by 70.1
total workyears for this program, of which $4,892,400 was from the Program and
Research Operation appropriation and $12,819,000 was from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
The effluent guidelines program promulgated Effluent Guidelines for three
industrial categories: (1) offshore oil and gas effluent from both drilling and
production oil and gas wells; (2) organic chemicals (remanded issues); and (3)
the pesticides manufacturing category. The Effluent Guidelines Task Force,
mandated by the NRDC Consent Decree, convened in 1993 to advise the Agency on a
long-term strategy for the program.
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WATER QUALITY
Grants Assistance Programs
PROGRAM
Clean Lakes Program
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
ACTUAL
1993
$4,474.0
$4,474.0
PRES. ENACTED
BUDGET 1994
1994
CURRENT REQUEST
ESTIMATE 1995
1994
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$5,000.0 $5,000.0
$5,000.0 $5,000.0
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
-$5,000.0
-$5,000.0
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
Control Agency Resource
Supplementat i on
(Section 106)
Abatement Control and
Compliance
$81,617.0 $81,700.0 $81,700.0 $81,700.0 $81,700.0
TOTAL $81,617.0 $81,700.0 $81,700.0 $81,700.0 $81,700.0
TOTAL:
Abatement Control and
Compliance
$86,091.0 $81,700.0 $86,700.0 $86,700.0 $81,700.0 -$5,000.0
Grants Assistance TOTAL $86,091.0 $81,700.0 $86,700.0 $86,700.0 $81,700.0 -$5,000.0
Programs
4-37
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WATER QUALITY
GRANTS ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $81,700,000 all of which will be for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents a decrease of
$5,000,000 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation from 1994.
This decrease reflects completion of Congressionally directed projects.
CONTROL AGENCY RESOURCE SUPPLEMENTATION (SECTION 106)
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $81,700,000 for the Abatement, Control, and
Compliance appropriation. This represents a continuation of base level support
for the Section 106 grant program.
Section 106 grant awards will assist 50 states, six interstate agencies,
and six territorial agencies and qualified Indian tribes in the development and
continued implementation of water pollution control programs. States will be
developing strategies and transitioning to the watershed based approach and
targeting high priority watersheds on a risk-basis.
The Section 106 grants will support: a wide range of surface water quality
protection activities including standards setting, enforcement, monitoring,
permitting, etc. The states will support their highest priority activities
through the allocation of funds among the various eligible activities to address
their state environmental problems. Because of the broad scope of the funding
provided by the 106 grants, it will be a vital tool in working with the states
in adopting the watershed protection approach. Through modifications and
streamlining in the existing 106 grant program, the grants will be able to more
directly support the watershed protection approach that many states are
embracing.
It is anticipated that the activities funded will focus on attainment and
maintenance of water quality standards through existing base programs. The
Agency will work closely with the states to identify watersheds and to target
those ecosystems that are impaired or threatened, thus promoting the most
effective use of limited resources in those areas posing the greatest risk to
human health and ecosystems, and facilitating rational, environmental-based
priority setting across water protection programs. Resources will continue to
support chemical specific technology and water quality based NPDES limits and
pretreatment requirements, and more recent initiatives such as stormwater, CSO
and sludge permitting, etc. To manage the array or required activities, the
Agency is encouraging the states to employ a watershed protection approach as the
management approach to integrate and cost effectively address environmental
impacts. Monitoring and assessments will support the identification and ranking
4-38
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of priority problems and the evaluation of water quality management
implementation so that enforcement and inspections can be coordinated within
priority watersheds. States will continue to implement water quality-based
controls for toxics in high priority waters, to assess water quality conditions
and trends, and conduct comprehensive monitoring including water column, biotic
integrity, fish tissue and sediment. States will also develop Total Maximum
Daily Loads (TMDLs), which consider point source, nonpoint source, and natural
background to develop solutions to complex water quality problems.
In addition to surface water, the Section 106 grants will also provide
funds for supporting the Agency's groundwater protection efforts. Certain states
and qualified Indian tribes will continue efforts to fill gaps in their ground
water related programs and to achieve the basic "core" Comprehensive State Ground
Water Protection Programs (CSGWPP's) . For those states that have achieved a core
CSGWPP, they will continue to work with EPA and other Federal agencies to expand
their ground water programs and responsibilities and move towards achieving a
"Fully Integrated" CSGWPP. Progress of all states will be measured in part by
the number of communities implementing local ground water protection efforts.
These efforts include such actions as resource delineation, addressing
contaminant sources, establishing management practices and contingency plans, and
educating the public.
States will also continue to enhance their efforts to incorporate wellhead
protection activities and pesticide management plans into their comprehensive
programs. Identifying and delineating wellhead protection areas will help
protect ground water by preventing the transfer of contaminants from surface
waters to underground sources of drinking water.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $81,700,000 from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
Section 106 grants continue to support water pollution control programs
implemented by 50 states, interstate agencies, territories, and qualified Indian
tribes. Authorized states primarily under general permitting authorities are
issuing permits that incorporate new stormwater pollution control criteria.
States located primarily in the northeastern United States are implementing a
combined sewer overflow (CSO) control program, and working to develop appropriate
controls for CSO discharges taking place during wet weather events. Authorized
states are emphasizing reissuance of expiring National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permits that incorporate toxic/toxicity-based limits
and are modifying permits to incorporate new limits based on findings from water
quality analyses. Grantees are focusing on permitting, compliance and
enforcement activities in waters at highest risk, particularly in critical
aquatic habitats. States are administering water quality standards programs that
focus on new standards for toxic pollutants based on EPA water quality criteria
guidance and EPA review of standards, as required by the statute. States are
also developing increased numbers of TMDLs to help integrate point source and
nonpoint source control efforts. States are beginning to coordinate monitoring
4-39
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activities in all water program areas to assist with identifying high priority
or high risk watersheds and problems.
States and qualified Indian tribes are undertaking activities to address
priority ground water needs in their comprehensive ground water programs as
defined in guidance implementing EPA's Ground Water Protection Strategy for the
1990's. The EPA expects the efforts of states and tribes are resulting in a 50
percent increase in the number of communities implementing local ground water
protection efforts.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $81,617,000 for this program, all of which
was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
States implemented water quality-based controls for toxic discharges in
high priority waters, and continued to assess water quality conditions and
trends. States also conducted comprehensive monitoring, including water column,
biotic integrity, fish tissue and sediment, to justify risk-based control
decisions at sites impacted by toxic and conventional pollutants. Grantees
administered water quality standards programs which focused on new standards for
toxic pollutants based on EPA water quality criteria guidance and EPA review of
standards, as required by the statute.
«
States emphasized reissuance of expiring NPDES permits which incorporated
toxic/toxicity based limits and modified other permits as needed. Resources were
redirected at the State-level to ensure that statutory and regulatory deadlines
were met for implementation of stormwater, CSO and sludge permitting programs.
Grantees also focused on selected, high priority permit modifications for
Publicly Owned Treatment Works to address pretreatment requirements. States
continued to develop and implement comprehensive ground water protection programs
which serve as state-level mechanisms to integrate Federal ground water
activities.
States and qualified Indian tribes continued assessing their total ground
water efforts; comparing them against the strategic activities to a comprehensive
resource protection approach; identifying gaps and necessary actions. States
enhanced their efforts also to incorporate wellhead protection activities and
pesticide management plans into their comprehensive programs.
CLEAN LAKES PROGRAM
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Because the Agency has provided guidance to the states on maintaining clean
lakes, it believes that the states are now able to address lake restoration
needs, along with other local priorities under their existing Water Quality
Management programs. Also this program provides local rather than national
benefit to demonstration areas. When the program was new this was appropriate,
but the technique have been sufficiently demonstrated now.
4-40 I
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1994 PROGRAH
The Agency is allocating $5,000,000 for this program from the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation.
The Clean Lakes program continues to support numerous ongoing state-EPA
cooperative agreements funded under the Clean Water Act Section 314. Clean Lakes
projects often serve as local prototypes for integrated watershed management.
These cooperative agreements are being used to support: 1) the highest
priority Phase I lake diagnostic feasibility studies; 2) Phase II implementation
activities to restore and protect lake water quality; and, 3) Phase III post-
restoration monitoring projects to enhance the scientific basis of various lake
restoration methodologies.
Congressional Directives. A total of $5,000,000 is for the
Congressionally-directed projects of the Clean Lakes program.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated $4,474,000 for this program from the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation.
The Agency supported state lake programs through a combination of
assistance (1) for state-wide programs to assess and classify lakes, develop
state-wide protection programs, support volunteer efforts, and coordinate lake
protection with other water resource programs; and (2) for specific lake projects
selected based on a competitive evaluation of environmental and public benefits.
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Strategies Implementation
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Wetlands Protection
Program & Research $10,681.0 $11,310.1 $11,254.0 $11,218.4 $11,647.2 $428.8 $337.1
Operations
Abatement Control and $7,457.8 $5,827.8 $5,327.4 $5,797.3 $5,823.7 $26.4 -$4.1
Compliance
Program & Research
operation - Flood
TOTAL $18,138.8 $17,137.9 $16,581.4 $17,015.7 $17,470.9 $455.2 $333.0
NonPoint Source Grants
Abatement Control and $1,922.2
Compliance
Water Infrastructure $48,576.2 $80,000.0 $80,000.0 $80,000.0 $100,000.0 $20,000.0 $20,000.0
TOTAL $50,498.4 $80,000.0 $80,000.0 $80,000.0 $100,000.0 $20,000.0 $20,000.0
Wetlands Program
Implementation - Grants
Abatement Control and $10,024.0 $10,000.0 $10,000.0 $10,000.0 $15,000.0 $5,000.0 $5,000.0
Compliance
TOTAL $10,024.0 $10,000.0 $10,000.0 $10,000.0 $15,000.0 $5,000.0 $5,000.0
Ocean Disposal Permits
Fund
Program & Research $3,350.0 $3,181.3 $3,176.9 $3,126.0 $3,321.8 $195.8 $140.5
Operations
Abatement Control and $4,365.1 $4,844.8 $4,844.6 $4,504.5 $4,844.8 $340.3
Compliance
Ocean Dumping Fund $100.0
TOTAL $7,815.1 $8,026.1 $8,021.5 $7,630.5 $8,166.6 $536.1 $140.5
Environmental Emergency
Response & Prevention
Oil Spills Trust Fund $15,747.0
TOTAL $15,747.0
Water Quality Criteria,
Standards and
Applications
Program & Research $7,612.4 $7,419.7 $7,405.1 $7,660.7 $8,711.2 $1,050.5 $1,291.5
Operations
Abatement Control and $9,081.9 $10,425.8 $12,250.8 $11,018.8 $13,325.8 $2,307.0 $2,900.0
Compliance
TOTAL $16,694.3 $17,845.5 $19,655.9 $18,679.5 $22,037.0 $3,357.5 $4,191.5
TOTAL:
Program & Research $21,643.4 $21,911.1 $21,836.0 $22,005.1 $23,680.2 $1,675.1 $1,769.1
Operations
Abatement Control and $32,851.0 $31,098.4 $32,422.8 $31,320.6 $38,994.3 $7,673.7 $7,895.9
Compliance
Water Infrastructure $48,576.2 $80,000.0 $80,000.0 $80,000.0 $100,000.0 $20,000.0 $20,000.0
Ocean Dumping Fund $100.0
Oil Spills Trust Fund $15,747.0
Water Quality TOTAL $118,917.6 $133,009.5 $134,258.8 $133,325.7 $162,674.5 $29,348.8 $29,665.0
Strategies
Implementation
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Wetlands Protection 168.8 184.5 184.5 187.2 183.5 -3.7 -1.0
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Ocean Disposal Permits
Fund
Environmental Emergency
Response & Prevention
Water Quality Criteria,
Standards and
Applications
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Strategies Implementation
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
52.1 50.3 50.3 49.8 50.3
69.5
113.5 114.0 114.0 113.9 123.4
403.9 348.8 348.8 350.9 356.2
8.5
5.3
8.4
7.4
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Wetlands Protection
Ocean Disposal Permits
Fund
Environmental Emergency
Response & Prevention
ater Quality Criteria,
standards and
Applications
TOTAL WORKYEARS
175.1
53.8
73.7
116.7
184.5
50.3
114.0
184.5
50.3
114.0
187.2
49.8
113.9
183.5
50.3
122.4
-3.7
5
8.5
-1.0
419.3 348.8 348.8 350.9 356.2
5.3
8.4
7.4
4-43
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WATER QUALITY
WATER QUALITY STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTATION
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $162,674,500 supported by 356.2 total
workyears for 1995, an increase of $29,348,800 and an increase of 5.3 total
workyears from 1994. Of the request, $23,680,200 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, $38,994,300 will be for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation and $100,000,000 will be for the Water
Infrastructure Financing appropriation. This represents an increase of
$1,675,100 in the Program and Research Operations appropriation, an increase of
$7,673,700 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation and an increase
of $20,000,000 in the Water Infrastructure Financing appropriation.
WETLANDS PROTECTION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $17,470,900 supported by 183.5 total
workyears for this program, of which $11,647,200 will be for the Program,
Research and Operations appropriation and $5,823,700 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents a decrease of 3.7 total
workyears and $428,800 in the Program and Research Operations appropriation and
$26,400 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The Agency will continue to execute the Administration's August 1993
Wetlands Plan to provide a fair, flexible and effective approach to wetlands
protection. Working with other Federal agencies under the guidance of the White
House Office on Environmental Policy, EPA in 1995 will complete most of the
Federal policy framework called for in the Administration's Plan. In addition,
EPA will refine scientific tools and improve mechanisms for delivering support
and assistance to private and public partners in wetlands protection. The Agency
will implement a regulatory outreach strategy developed pursuant to the
Administrations's Wetlands Plan.
The Agency will assist states to fulfill their enhanced role as envisioned
in the Administration's Plan. Grants and technical assistance will be provided
for developing programs eligible for State Program General Permits and Section
404 assumption. State Wetland Conservation Plans and Section 401 certification
programs will also be supported. Areas of increased emphasis will be helping the
states to develop wetlands monitoring programs to gain a better understanding of
the ecological health of wetland systems, to incorporate wetlands into watershed
management programs, to address wetlands protection problems and opportunities
in stormwater management, and to develop criteria for wetlands restoration.
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To provide incentives and reduce barriers to watershed management, EPA
and the Army will refine regulatory approaches that complement integrated
geographic targeted watershed planning. To accomplish this, more assistance
will be given on the use of wetland evaluation, programmatic general permits,
mitigation banking, and advance identification to add predictability and
certainty to activities in watershed plans that will require Section 404 permits.
EPA will increase its role in working with private partners for wetlands
protection. As a core member of the National Wetlands Conservation Alliance, a
group of Federal and private partners, the Agency will develop information and
assistance for private landowners to voluntarily protect and enhance wetlands
habitat.
EPA, with the Department of Army, will respond to the recommendations of
the National Academy of Sciences on wetlands identification and delineation;
complete rule-makings on administrative appeals, permit deadlines and
jurisdiction over artificial wetlands isolated waters; and complete the
hydrogeomorphic evaluation method. Modifications to the Section 404 program in
Alaska will be monitored for effectiveness and efficiency.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $17,015,700 supported by 187.2 total
workyears for this program, of which $11,218,400 is from the Program, Research
and Operations appropriation and $5,797,300 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Agency is placing particular emphasis on implementing the
Administration's Wetlands Plan. The agreement providing the Soil Conservation
Service with responsibility for determining Clean Water Act jurisdiction on
agricultural lands is being developed, as are revisions to the Section 404
program in Alaska. The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) wetlands delineation
study is scheduled to be completed in the fall of 1994. EPA also is continuing
to execute its statutory responsibilities to ensure discharges do not result in
unacceptable environmental effects through permit review and inter-agency
procedures and EPA "vetoes" to resolve issues in significant cases. Compliance
monitoring and enforcement activities continue to deter illegal activities,
restore environmental resources damaged through unauthorized activities, and to
ensure violators do not materially benefit from illegal discharges.
Technical assistance is being provided for the Clean Water Act
Reauthorization. Consistent with the watershed protection approach, efforts are
being directed to those wetlands at greatest risk within a local or regional
planning context.
EPA continues to provide assistance to state wetlands programs. EPA's
approach to state 404 program oversight is under review and policy on application
of the Endangered Species Act to state programs is being developed. Increased
emphasis is being placed on state program assumption and on state programs to
monitor wetlands. Participation in Mid-West flood activities continues.
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EPA is developing an improved scientific information base for wetland
evaluation methods, mitigation banking, monitoring and ecological indicators.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $18,138,800 supported by 175.1 total
workyears for this program, of which $10,681,000 was from the Program, Research
and Operations appropriation and $7,457,800 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1993, the Agency proposed rules to modify the Section 404 Program in
Alaska, per then President Bush's Wetlands Plan. Working with other agencies
under direction of the White House Office on Environmental Policy, EPA helped
formulate recommendations for the Clinton Administration's August 1993 Wetlands
Plan. EPA completed the Tulloch rule-making, and worked with the Corps to issue
mitigation banking guidance and Section 404 flexibility guidance. The Agency
coordinated Federal agency support for the NAS wetlands delineation study as
directed by Congress. Mechanisms for integrating the watershed management
approach with wetlands protection, enhancement and restoration were developed.
Support to states and Indian tribes continued, including support for
expansions of anticipatory approaches to wetlands protection such as watershed
management, advance identification (ADID), special area management plans, and
comprehensive state wetlands conservation plans. Policy reviews were undertaken
of Regional oversight of state programs and Headquarters oversight of Regions on
state-program activities. Programs for American Wetlands Month, Audubon's
America, and Assistance for Private Landowners were continued. Also continued
were programs on wetlands and Superfund, stormwater and nonpoint source
discharges.
NONPOINT SOURCE MANAGEMENT GRANTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $100,000,000 for this program for the Water
Infrastructure Financing appropriation. This represents an increase of
$20,000,000, which will support enhanced state nonpoint source (NFS) programs and
projects.
The Agency and the states will continue to target high priority watersheds
and state nonpoint source (NFS) management program needs, consistent with
approved state Clean Water Act (CWA) Section 319 NFS programs. Specific projects
will include the appropriate mix of implementation measures necessary to protect
specific watersheds or enhance state-wide NFS management. Additional targeted
grant funding will be provided to support specific watershed restoration
projects.
In 1995, a significant portion of CWA Section 319 funds will be targeted
to specific state-designated local watershed restoration projects. These
projects will employ NFS management measures and ecological enhancements designed
4-46 ^
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to restore wetlands, stream banks, shorelines, seagrass beds and other coastal
and inland habitats. In addition to traditional NFS management measures, such
watershed projects will include: restoration of riparian habitats in man-altered
watersheds; urban lake renewal; improvement and restoration of important wetland
habitats; shaping or restoration of altered stream channels and riparian
habitats; and protection/restoration of eroding shorelines and their habitats.
These grants will also support continuing statewide NFS implementation
activities. These will include upgrading the level and quality of NFS controls
being applied in the high priority watersheds to reflect the best economically
achievable management measures available. In particular, these funds will be
focused on several specific priority NFS categories -- agriculture, silviculture,
urban, and hydromodification --in cooperation with other Federal agencies to
begin implementation of state coastal nonpoint source management programs under
the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments (CZARA) of 1990.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $80,'000,000 for this program from the
Water Infrastructure Financing appropriation.
The Agency and states are targeting priority watersheds for the abatement
and prevention of NFS pollution particularly in critical aquatic resources and
habitats such as warm- and cold-water fisheries, estuaries, and near coastal
waters. Specific projects may include provisions for: (1) on-site assistance,
education, outreach, technology and information transfer; (2) innovative
prevention and control techniques; (3) state and local regulatory and
enforcement mechanisms; (4) environmental and biological indicators; (5)
techniques to avoid ground water contamination from NFS; and (6) institutional
and financial arrangements that will lead to long-term water quality
improvements. All activities selected for funding must achieve discrete,
measurable results that will reduce risk to the aquatic environment or human
health or must directly advance states toward effective implementation of
comprehensive NFS management programs.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $50,498,400 for this program from the
Water Infrastructure Financing and Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriations.
These funds supported state implementation of their CWA Section 319 NFS
management programs. The Agency, based on careful analyses and oversight of
state CWA Section 319 management plans and grant submittals, selected state NFS
activities for funding which: 1) supported development of effective pollution
prevention mechanisms to minimize generation of NFS pollution at the source, with
emphasis on high priority watersheds; 2) supported innovative state approaches
to resolve NFS agriculture, mining and forestry problems in high priority
watersheds; 3) assured performance, continuity, and self-sufficiency of NFS
programs at the state level through hiring of staff and establishment of state-
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wide programs for education, technical assistance, and technology transfer; and,
4) supported fully integrated urban pollution programs in high priority
watersheds by enhancing CWA Section 319 programs designed to address urban
stormwater not regulated by National Pollution Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) permits.
WETLANDS IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM GRANTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $15,000,000 for this program, for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of
$5,000,000 to enhance support for development of state Wetland Protection
programs.
The Challenge:
- "The Federal government should expand partnerships with state,
Tribal and local governments, the private sector and individual
citizens and approach wetlands protection and restoration in an
ecosystem/watershed context. " Protecting America's Wetlands:A Fair.
Flexible and Effective Approach. The White House, August, 1993.
EPA will provide increased assistance to the states and tribes to improve
their programs, and will develop and implement improved Federal mechanisms that
defer to effective and properly administered state or tribal regulatory programs.
Priority methods for accomplishing this are Section 404 program assumption,
programmatic general permits, and mechanisms such as advance identification that
link Federal regulatory decisions to watershed management.
Grants will also support activities that enable states to advance their
capability to protect wetlands, tailored to the existing capabilities of
individual states. In those states with incomplete existing authority or
experience, EPA will assist them to tailor water quality standards to appropriate
wetland types, and to strengthen Section 401 certification programs to ensure
Federal permits and licenses comply with those standards. In states with more
advanced wetlands protection programs, EPA will assist with the development of
State Wetland Conservation Plans to provide more comprehensive and coordinated
protection strategies, including integration of wetlands into other water
programs, such as nonpoint source, stormwater, and monitoring. Where states lack
effective programs to monitor the functional integrity of remaining wetland
systems, EPA will assist states to develop frameworks to collect data and use it
effectively to improve their wetlands programs. Development of wetland
restoration criteria will remain a priority for assistance.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $10,000,000 for this program from the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
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EPA is assisting states to progress toward the goal of no net loss of
•wetlands by strengthening their protection programs. Grant funds are provided
under the authority of Clean Water Act (CWA) section 104, which calls for
Federal, state, and local cooperation in conducting and promoting pollution
prevention, reduction and elimination activities; these activities may include
investigations, experiments, training, demonstrations and studies. Grant funds
are being used for a wide variety of activities. States are developing water
quality standards for wetlands, incorporating wetlands into the Section 401 state
water quality certification process, developing State Wetland Conservation Plans
or geographically targeted wetlands protection management plans, and working with
local governments and citizen groups to promote wetlands protection programs.
Projects that integrate state, local and private sector programs and activities
and that focus on integrated protection efforts in priority watersheds are a high
priority. The Agency supports the efforts of Indian tribes to develop and
implement effective wetlands protection programs.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $10,024,000 for this program, all of which
was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1993, EPA received 165 grant applications from 47 states, 41 tribes,
and four territories. 100 grants were awarded to 45 states, 18 tribes, and three
territories. These grants supported demonstration projects , outreach activities,
investigations and training programs. Examples of funded activities were:
development of state wetlands conservation plans or plan components; wetland
water quality standards; evaluation of assumption of the Section 404 regulatory
program; and integration of wetlands protection into watershed projects. An
example of progress made was California's August, 1993 release of its State
Wetlands Conservation Plan which provided a comprehensive wetlands protection
program that will increase the acreage of wetlands in the State. This plan had
been developed with an award through EPA's nationally competitive program to
increase funding for a limited number of states in a position to make major
strides forward in wetlands protection.
OCEAN DISPOSAL PERMITS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $8,166,600 supported by 50.3 total workyears
for this program, of which $3,321,800 will be for the Program, Research and
Operations appropriation and $4,844,800 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of 0.5 total workyears and
$195,800 in Program, Research and Operations and a $340,300 increase in
Abatement, Control and Compliance.
The Agency will propose revised regulations for management of dredged
material disposal including ocean disposal site designation and ocean disposal
of dredged materials. The Agency will begin to develop, with the Army Corps of
Engineers (COE), long-term management strategies for dredged materials. In
4-49 j
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addition, ocean disposal sites will continue to be monitored. Headquarters will
continue to implement an environmentally protective ocean dumping program and
assist in the development/implementation of the Agency's contaminated sediment
strategy. An interim management plan will be completed for dioxin contaminated
dredged material which will serve as an example for other contaminants found in
dredged materials. The plan will address management as well as technical issues
related to contaminated dredged materials. Joint efforts with the COE will
continue in the management of dredged material disposal. Joint guidance
documents will be drafted on (1) site designation, management and monitoring, and
(2) the role and technical aspects of capping. A memorandum of understanding
(MOU) will be developed that will address management interactions between the two
agencies. The Agency will participate in the interagency effort led by MARAD to
review and seek improvements to the dredging authorization and approval process.
The Agency will work with the COE to develop improved procedures for identifying
illegal ocean dumping of dredged materials and with National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) on improving
surveillance capabilities.
Headquarters will continue to control marine debris by identifying sources
and developing and implementing control programs. As an example, the Agency is
developing a statistical beach clean-up program to help identify trends in marine
debris and educate and involve the public in maintaining beach quality.
Regulations for the Shore Protection Act will be issued.
The Regions will continue ocean disposal site management and monitoring
activities to ensure compliance with ocean dumping criteria and permit
requirements. The Regions will continue to implement the Ocean Dumping Ban Act
(ODBA) by working with former sludge dumpers to ensure implementation of long-
term alternatives to ocean dumping and by analyzing data collected at the
disposal site.
The Agency will continue to participate in activities under the London
Convention of 1972 (previously called the London Dumping Convention), the
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), and
the Cartagena Convention to preserve coastal and marine environments. Major
efforts are needed in development of amendments to the London Convention of 1972.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $7,630,500 supported by 49.8 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,126,000 is from the Program, Research and
Operations appropriation, $4,504,500 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Agency is developing a proposal to revise the Ocean Dumping
regulations on disposal site designation and dredged material disposal. A
regulation also will be finalized to update and correct the list of ocean dumping
sites. Regulations will be proposed under the Shore Protection Act to address
the transport of waste materials by vessels in coastal waters. Regions are
continuing site designation actions and are initiating efforts with the Corps of
Engineers to conduct site monitoring. Headquarters continues to support Regional
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implementation of the regulations through training, technical assistance, and the
monitoring capability of the Ocean Survey Vessel Anderson. Headquarters
continues to evaluate requests for ocean dumping permits such as deep ocean
disposal of contaminated materials or intentional spills of oil for research
purposes.
The Agency continues to meet the requirements of ODBA. Sludge dumping at
the 106 Mile Site ceased in June 1992, and a report on the results of monitoring
will be issued in Fall of 1994. Regional oversight of the nine municipalities
continues to assure that the enforcement agreement schedules are met for
implementation of long term sewage sludge disposal activities.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $7,815,100 supported by 53.8
total workyears for this program, of which $3,350,000 was from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, $4,365,100 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation and $100,000 from the Ocean Dumping Fund.
Support for ODBA programs -continued in management and oversight of sludge
dumper operations and in monitoring at the disposal site to assure compliance and
to evaluate the effects of dumping. Sewage sludge dumping stopped on June 30,
1992. Additional support for Region II continued for monitoring of near shore
waters to address problems on the New York-New Jersey beaches.
Headquarters completed a document on plastic pellets in the marine
environment which provides guidance to industry on pollution prevention measures.
The annual beach clean-ups of marine debris and the marine debris information
center were co-sponsored with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
The Regions continued their role in the development of environmental
impact statements for ocean dredged material disposal sites, permit review, and
in site management and monitoring as more interim dredged material disposal sites
were designated as final sites. The Agency, in cooperation with other Federal
agencies, began to develop a compliance improvement initiative; worked with the
Corps of Engineer to develop improved procedures for identifying illegal ocean
dumping of dredged materials; and worked toward improved surveillance programs.
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA. STANDARDS AND APPLICATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $22,037,000 supported by 122.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $8,711,200 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $13,325,800 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of 8.5
workyears and $1,050,500 in Program and Research Operations appropriation and an
increase of $2,307,000 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The increase supports state efforts to adopt and implement biological assessments
and criteria and to develop new and improved Water Quality Models. This increase
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also represents a restoration of the Congressionally-directed reductions in 1994
which delayed the guidance and development of the criteria for the fish sediment
contamination program.
The Challenge:
- Waterbodies not fully supporting designated uses: 38% of river
miles, 44% of lake acres, 32% of estuary acres.
175 species of fish are candidates for listing under the
Endangered Species Act -- double the number currently listed.
- 1,048 fish consumption advisories and bans are in effect in 46
states.
EPA will continue to focus on science and data improvements in support of
Agency efforts to establish a watershed, holistic, multimedia approach to water
quality problems. The Agency successfully developed tools for Regions and
states to assess environmental impacts on an ecosystem-wide basis and will
continue to improve these tools. The primary emphasis will be to respond to
state, municipal and discharger demands for more precise approaches to
establishing requirements and more cost-effective means to meet those
requirements. Ecological risk assessment methodologies will be developed to
complement water quality modeling, evaluate watershed conditions, diagnose
problems, and develop protection plans at the watershed-level. Decisions about
watersheds will be based on applications of bioassessments and biocriteria, and
evaluation of whole effluent toxicity, habitat impacts, multiple stressors, and
non-chemical stressors. Tools and policies that will promote local tailoring of
environmental requirements will be produced. In addition, the Agency will use
risk characterization concepts that affect risk assessment and risk management
approaches at the watershed level.
EPA has begun development of new and improved water quality models and
guidance to assist states in developing cost effective permit limits. Major
emphasis will be placed on the development of high priority, wet-weather Total
Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) that address the pre-eminent causes of waterbody
impairment attributable to nonpoint source related contaminants and physical
alterations. These efforts are part of the shift of emphasis toward addressing
remaining high risk problems such as nutrients and habitat destruction as part
of the watershed approach. In. conjunction with this activity, the Agency will
provide technical assistance as well as examples of how to develop TMDLs for
discharges from point sources, combined sewer overflows (CSOs), stormwater and
nonpoint sources.
Because human consumption of fish is a primary route of exposure to
carcinogens, EPA has developed scientific assessments and guidance to improve the
effectiveness of state fish advisories. EPA will continue to develop guidance
documents to address state concerns with issuing fish consumption advisories.
In addition, EPA will also broaden its national sediment inventory data base
which identifies the extent and severity of sediment contamination in specific
watersheds.
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1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $18,679,500 supported by 113.9 total
workyears for this program, of which $7,660,700 is from the Program and Research
Operation appropriation and $11,018,800 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Agency continues to emphasize the development of new and revised
scientific tools to ensure integration of watershed based approaches within the
existing program. The Agency is developing a new unified approach for the
development of criteria for bioaccumulative pollutants and drafting revised
methodologies for human health criteria, aquatic life criteria, metals in
sediment and wildlife criteria. These are being published in the Federal
Register for public comment. The program is also publishing ecological risk
assessment case studies for five watersheds. The nutrients task force is issuing
a report outlining Agency direction for addressing nutrient problems. In
addition, the program is issuing a final rule on Whole Effluent Toxicity methods,
and developing final wildlife criteria as part of the Great Lakes initiative.
The Agency's TMDL program supports integrated watershed approaches through
the identification of site-specific needs for pollution control and the most cost
effective means of obtaining water quality objectives. EPA continues to focus
on improvements to existing TMDL models; development of new models; and issuance
of guidance to assist states in developing cost effective permit limits that meet
water quality standards for wet weather runoff, including CSOs.
As required by the Water Resources Development Act of 1992, the Agency is
also continuing work to develop a national inventory of contaminated sediment
sites and sources of sediment contaminants. The National Sediment Inventory will
enable EPA to identify high priority sites for continued monitoring or
remediation. Whole sediment bioassay methods are also being developed by EPA to
assess sediment contamination.
Work continues on a comprehensive ecological evaluation of sludge
management practices to provide additional input to the development of Round II
Sewage sludge Regulations. Activities to assist states and Indian tribes to
adopt numeric toxic standards and identify priorities for the 1994-1996 triennium
also continue.
Work also continues to develop and demonstrate new technologies for
sediment decontamination. The Agency is beginning a pilot scale demonstration
of a process to clean up sediments in New York-New Jersey Harbor that
contaminated with dioxin. In addition, the Agency is developing toxicity
identification that will be used to identify contaminated sediment and select
appropriate technologies for decontamination.
Congressional Directives. A total of $2,300,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project, Coastal Sediment Decontamination Program.
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $16,694,300 supported by 116.7 total
workyears for this program, of which $7,612,400 was from the Program and Research
Operation appropriation and $9,081,900 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The proposed Water Quality Guidance for the Great Lakes System was
published in the Federal Register on April 16, 1993. On December 22, 1992, the
Agency promulgated the final rule to establish numeric criteria for toxic
pollutants. The program selected five watersheds for ecological risk assessment
case studies and formed work groups with EPA, state and local personnel. The
Agency also established a task force on nutrients to make recommendations on
strategic direction for EPA work in addressing problems of excessive nutrients.
EPA issued final policy guidance concerning water quality programs for heavy
metals. The Agency also drafted wildlife criteria for DDT, mercury, dioxin, and
PCBs, as part of the Great Lakes Initiative and initiated chronic toxicity
testing for dioxin and brook trout, key in developing ecological criteria for
dioxin. EPA prepared draft guidance on risk assessments to support fish
consumption advisories. In addition, the final Round I sludge regulations were
published. A schedule and list of pollutants for Round II were developed in
conjunction with NRDC.
ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE
AND PREVENTION OIL SPILLS TRUST FUND
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency is requesting funding for this program in 1995 under the Oil
Spills Response media.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency requested funding for this program in 1994 under the Oil Spills
Response media.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated $15,747,000 supported by 73.7 total workyears
for this program from the Oil Spill Response Trust Fund. For a detailed
explanation of the activities completed in 1993, please refer to the Oil Spills
Response media.
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Monitoring & Analysis
ACTUAL
1993
PROGRAM
Assessment and
Watershed Protection
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Coastal Environment
Management
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$17,
$26.
TOTAL $43,
$9,
$37,
TOTAL $47,
$26,
$64,
171.4
071.9
243.3
608.4
970.0
578.4
779.8
041.9
$17,277.
$13,392.
$30,670.
$8,751.
$30,238.
$38,989.
$26,029.
$43,630.
6
6
2
6
0
6
2
6
$17,145.3
$15,650.0
$32,795.3
$8,735.7
$31,121.8
$39,857.5
$25,881.0
$46,771.8
$19,300.1
$14,152.5
$33,452.6
$9,311.4
$28,315.9
$37,627.3
$28,611.5
$42,468.4
$21,373
$14,703
$36,076
$8,424
$29,673
$38,097
$29,797
$44,376
.0
.4
.4
.8
.0
.8
.8
.4
$2,072
.9
$550.9
$2,623
-$886
$1,357
$470
$1,186
$1,908
.8
.6
.1
.5
.3
.0
$4,095.4
$1,310.8
$5,406.2
-$326.8
-$565.0
-$891.8
$3,768.6
$745.8
Compliance
ater Quality TOTAL $90,821.7 $69,659.8 $72,652.8 $71,079.9 $74,174.2 $3,094.3 $4,514.4
.jonitoring & Analysis
PERMANENT HORKYEARS
Assessment and
Watershed Protection
Coastal Environment
Management
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Assessment and
Watershed Protection
Coastal Environment
Management
TOTAL WORKYEARS
255.9
149.1
405.0
268.0
152.2
420.2
284.0
139.4
423.4
284.0
139.4
423.4
284.0
139.4
423.4
284.0
139.4
423.4
293.9
137.7
431.6
293.9
137.7
431.6
313.2
117.4
430.6
313.2
117.4
430.6
19.3
-20.3
-1.0
19.3
-20.3
-1.0
29.2
-22.0
7.2
29.2
-22.0
7.2
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WATER QUALITY
WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND ANALYSIS
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $74,174,200 supported by 430.6 total
workyears for 1995, an increase of $3,094,300 and a decrease of 1.0 total
workyears from 1994. Of the request, $29,797,800 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $44,376,400 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,186,300
in the Program and Research Operations appropriation and an increase of
$1,908,000 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
COASTAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $38,097,800 supported by 117.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $8,424,800 will be for the Program, Research
and Operations appropriation and $29,673,000 will be for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation. This represents a decreases of 20.3 total
workyears and $886,600 in Program, Research and Operations and an increase of
$1,357,100 in Abatement, Control and Compliance. The decrease reflects: the
elimination of Near Coastal Waters resources, reflecting a redirection to the
watershed approach as a more effective means of achieving water quality
improvements
The Agency will continue to guide, support and evaluate 21 existing
estuary projects in the National Estuary Program (NEP) under Section 320 of the
Clean Water Act (CWA). The NEP brings together key Federal, state, and local
stakeholders to comprehensively address problems in each estuary using the
watershed protection approach. As part of the NEP, Comprehensive Conservation
and Management Plans (CCMP) are being developed to protect and enhance water
quality and living resources of these targeted estuaries. The CCMPs are
developed in three phases: 1) priority problem identification; 2)
characterization of water quality and living resources; and 3) development of a
management plan with specific action components that address the identified
problems.
Through the watershed protection approach, Regions will integrate
permitting, enforcement, water quality standards and nonpoint source activities
in national estuary areas. In addition, Regions will transfer these tools and
techniques to state and local efforts. This integration has been undertaken
through a separate Near Coastal Waters Prc~ram that is being consolidated with
the National Estuary Program. Program experience has resulted in the need for
less program oversight.
The program will continue to support coastal and marine regulatory
responsibilities under the Clean Water Act; these programs manage point source
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discharges to marine waters. The 301(h) program allows municipalities that
applied by the statutory deadline to avoid secondary treatment when it is shown
that treatment is not necessary to protect coastal waters. Activities will
include continued review of Section 301(h) marine discharges for the nine
remaining waiver requests and requests for waiver renewals. The Agency will
continue to improve the integration of CWA Section 403 ecological risk-based
decision-making into the Section 402 permit program to more effectively and
efficiently implement the permit review mandates of Section 403. The Agency will
continue to work with Department of the Interior (DOI) to implement the Clean
Vessel Act (CVA) guidelines and will work with the Regions on needs for no
discharge zones for vessel sewage.
The Agency will continue to support the Great Lakes States in the
development and implementation of Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) for Areas of
Concern (AOCs). The primary focus will be on achieving load reductions of
persistent bioaccumulative toxic pollutants which contribute, or have the
potential to contribute, to impaired beneficial uses of the Great Lakes
ecosystem. Load reduction actions identified through RAPs and Lakewide
Management Plans (LAMPs) for Lakes Erie, Michigan and Superior will be
implemented through base programs on a multi-media basis, including abatement,
control, compliance, remediation, and waste minimization measures. An important
part of all these efforts will be public participation activities.
Support for the Gulf of Mexico Program will target efforts toward emphasis
on implementation of priorities, developed by the eight issue committees in the
Action Agendas, which will serve as the foundation to address environmental
issues in the Gulf of Mexico. The Program is working towards reorientation of
the Action Agendas to meet five-year challenges of the Partnership of Action
agreement through increased cooperation with Federal, state, and private
partners. Projects will be funded with special emphasis on shellfish water
restoration, habitat protection and restoration, beach clean-up activities,
coastal erosion, public education and outreach projects, initiatives to improve
nonpoint source controls, work with communities on human waste disposal and
runoff problems with the agricultural communities. The Gulf program will
continue working toward an integrated Comprehensive Management Plan that includes
strategic assessment, prioritization, and a geographic targeting plan
incorporating data collection and cost projections to provide a basis for
priority setting.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $37,627,300 supported by 137.7 total
workyears for this program, of which $9,311,400 is from the Program, Research and
Operations appropriation and $28,315,900 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Agency is continuing to guide, support and evaluate the 21 estuaries
in the National Estuary Program. So far in 1994, San Francisco Bay, Albemarle-
Pamlico Sound, and Long Island Sound have completed their CCMPs, and Tampa Bay,
Sarasota Bay, Galveston Bay, Santa Monica Bay, and Delaware Inland Bays are
expected to complete their CCMPs by the end of the year. The Regions are working
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with the states on data and information exchange on key technical, scientific and
infrastructure issues. The NEP is integrating with nonpoint source (NFS) control
programs, wetlands protection, and point source programs, emphasizing watershed
protection approaches.
Support continues for the Gulf of Mexico program, through Regions IV and
VI, with a special emphasis on NCW activities. Activities to identify data needs
of the Gulf Coast environmental decision makers and to determine the role of the
Gulf Program in coordinating geographic information systems in the Gulf states
have begun. The Program continues support of BAYWATCH, beach cleanup activities,
the Florida Marine Key Sanctuary water quality plan, coastal erosion projects,
and other work of the technical subcommittees.
Final regulations implementing the 1987 CWA amendments are being completed
in the secondary treatment waiver program. The Agency continues work on
programmatic and technical guidance to facilitate the performance of ocean
discharge criteria reviews and decision-making required under CWA section 403.
The Phase II Report to Congress on application of section 403 to dischargers in
estuarine waters is being completed. The OSV Anderson is continuing to provide
support for coastal and ocean surveys to support environmental management
decisions in the NEP and 403/301(h) programs.
The Agency is providing funds and technical assistance to the Great Lakes
States for the development and implementation of RAPs for the 31 US AOCs. The
Agency will continues to refine LaMPs for reduction of loadings of toxic
pollutants for Lakes Superior and Michigan, including implementation of the final
Lake Michigan LaMP; publication of the final Lake Superior LaMP in the Federal
Register; and to develop a draft Lake Erie LaMP identifying pollutants impairing
beneficial uses for publication in the Federal Register. EPA will also begin an
extensive tributary monitoring program in Lake Michigan.
Congressional Directives. A total of $1,310,000 is for the
Congressionally directed projects of the National Estuary Program (including
targeted funds for the Long Island Sound) and the Florida Keys National Marine
Sanctuary.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $47,578,400 supported by 152.2
total workyears for this program, of which $9,608,400 was from the Program
Research and Operations appropriation and $37,970,000 was from the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation.
The Agency continued to provide support to the 21 management conferences
in the NEP; the Narragansett Bay CCMP was completed; three NEPs were added in
early 1993. To test the effectiveness of various pollution prevention
approaches, grants were provided to state and local governments for selected
action demonstration projects identified as national priorities through the NEP
projects. Efforts to develop comprehensive technical assistance and outreach
strategies were conducted to assist NEPs in dealing with coastal problems and to
begin transferring lessons learned among the NEPs. The Agency continued
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development of a strong overall framework for marine ecological risk assessment
and conduct of ocean and coastal surveys.
The Agency-assisted state development and implementation of RAPs for AOCs
resulted in the completion of three additional Stage I RAPs. A total of three
RAPs were submitted to the International Joint Commission for review. EPA also
developed, in partnership with the states and provincial and Federal Agencies,
a draft Lake Superior LaMP for public comment and review. Load reduction
activities continued for all of the Lakes.
In 1993, the Gulf of Mexico Program provided leverage funding to initiate
15 individual environmental restoration or protection projects around the Gulf.
The Gulf of Mexico Symposium held in December 1992 brought together over 2000
people at which the Partnership for Action environmental agreement for the Gulf
of Mexico was signed by the governors of all five Gulf States, representatives
from eleven Federal agencies, and the chair of the Citizens Advisory Committee.
The First Generation Action Agenda process was completed which will serve as the
foundation for actions to address the eight environmental issues in the Gulf of
Mexico.
ASSESSMENT AND WATERSHED PROTECTION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $36,076,400 and 313.2 total workyears for
this program, of which $21,373,000 will be for the Program, Research and
Operations appropriation and $14,703,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of 19.3 total workyears
and $2,072,900 in Program, Research and Operations; and an increase of $550,900
in Abatement, Control and Compliance. The net increases reflect additional
support of Regional nonpoint source (NPS) efforts and enhanced water quality
information systems along with the elimination of funding for Regional
Initiatives.
The Challenge:
- Estimates of loss of severe impairment of the Nation's riparian
ecosystems range up to 56%-90%.
- Eighteen of the 27 coastal states prohibit or restrict shellfish
harvesting in over 3,600 square miles of estuarine waters (about 10%
of the Nation's estuary area).
- In 1990-1991, 42 states reported 925 pollution-created fish kills;
five million fish were killed in these events.
The Agency will support and enhance watershed management activities that
help state and local governments, other Federal agencies, and citizens in
assessing ecological conditions and pollutant sources, evaluating comprehensive
watershed-based alternatives, and implementing needed NPS controls. Working with
a wide range of government and private stakeholders, the Agency will support
strengthened state implementation of watershed management, monitoring, lakes, and
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coastal/inland NPS control programs, including compliance with statutory
mandates.
The Agency will support the President's commitment to bolster our nonpoint
source pollution control and prevention programs for better watershed management.
This is consistent with GAO's recommendation to realign funds and staffing to
better meet the greatest threats to environmental resources. This increase will
support EPA Regions in reviewing state NPS programs that require revisions to
better reflect watershed protection needs and increasing Federal NPS financial
assistance; as well as the Regional awards and oversight of increased NPS grant
funding. The Agency will also improve communication with the U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA), the Department of the Interior (DOI) and other Federal
partners, including increased attention to outreach to agricultural communities
and the general public. In coastal areas, the Agency will increase efforts to
work with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) on
implementing Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments (CZARA) requirements,
specifically concentrating in 1995 on reviewing and approving initial state
coastal NPS program submittals.
The increased Headquarters workyears and funding will be devoted to
helping support initial construction of a modernized STORET/BIOS/ODES national
water quality data system designed to store increased monitoring information on
aquatic biological integrity and to provide appropriate descriptors so that
secondary data users will be able to use the systems with confidence. This will
help states and others implement the watershed protection approach. The Agency
will also accelerate the development of geo-referencing to better use geographic
information systems in their watershed analyses. Improved linkages of the Agency
water data systems to the systems of other Federal and state agencies will be
developed. The Agency will help state and Federal users on how to apply these
improved technologies to specific watershed problems.
The Agency will provide national guidance and complete the biennial review
and approval of state lists of waters targeted for total maximum daily load
(TMDL) submitted in 1994. Updated national guidance will be developed by the
Agency to assist states in developing lists of impaired waters to be used in
their comprehensive watershed management programs and their strengthened NPS
programs. The Agency will continue encouraging free-market trading between point
and nonpoint sources. Support for trading will include necessary water quality
modeling, source inventories, and institutional frameworks and innovative funding
mechanisms to further local trading programs. The Agency will continue providing
technical and program assistance to state lakes programs consistent with our
updated clean lakes strategy.
Based on the states' Clean Water Act (CWA) Section 305(b) water quality
reports submitted in 1994, the Agency will develop and publish the National Water
Quality Inventory. The Agency will issue national guidance for the 1996 state
water quality reports and upgrade the Water Body System (WBS) to strengthen
national consistency of state reporting and to promote the use of consistent
environmental indicators. The outreach activities of the Agency will include
support for volunteer monitoring, including provision of outreach materials.
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Revitalization and refocus of national, state, and local monitoring
programs will be accomplished through the Intergovernmental Task Force on
Monitoring Water Quality (ITFM) , chaired by EPA. Based on ITFM recommendations,
the Agency will begin developing regulations specifying the minimum requirements
for state monitoring programs including: assessing all state waters; identifying
impaired waters; assessing point source and NFS contributions; providing for
monitoring to be staged over a repeating 5-year period in each state; and
establishing a 5-year reporting cycle. The Agency will continue the
STORET/BIOS/ODES data systems' modernization process, beginning actual system
construction in order to have a fully renovated, operational system by 1997. The
Agency will expand its ability to use its water data systems to effectively
support local watershed protection programs.
Based on a growing national consensus (and possible CWA reauthorization),
the Agency will issue NFS program guidance to help states revise and strengthen
their programs to assure broader and more state-enforceable implementation of NFS
management measures. The Agency will review the existing coastal zone management
measures guidance to determine needed improvements for covering inland areas.
The Agency will support voluntary NFS initiatives developed by the National NFS
Forum. Agency management and oversight of CWA Section 319 NFS implementation
grants, including guidance and updated tracking related to specific watershed
protection and restoration activities, will continue.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $33,452,600 supported by 293.9 total
workyears for this program, of which $19,300,100 is from the Program, Research
and Operations appropriation and $14,152,500 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Agency is continuing to assist states in establishing risk-based
watershed assessment and protection programs and in revitalizing existing
monitoring programs to better address watershed concerns. This includes
implementing a national TMDL program to identify priority watersheds for
targeted/integrated management programs, consistent with 1992 regulations. As
part of the watershed protection approach, this program is identifying
waterbodies needing additional pollution controls. States will submit their
second round of waters targeted for development of TMDLs in April 1994. The
Agency is providing technical assistance to states, including criteria for
approval of state impaired waters lists under CWA Section 303(d) and TMDLs and
guidance for developing non-traditional TMDL analyses, such as watershed-wide,
habitat, clean sediments, etc. The Agency is updating our national clean lakes
strategy.
The Agency continues developing and promoting the use of environmental
indicators to measure the effectiveness of water quality programs and involving
the states in a process to reflect the indicators in the CWA Section 305 (b) water
quality reporting process. Development continues on cost-effective rapid
bioassessment methods to assess aquatic ecosystem stressors and measure gains of
watershed protection initiatives. Efforts are also continuing to modernize the
Agency's STORET/BIOS/ODES water quality and biological data systems, including
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working with the U.S. Geological Survey, the Fish and Wildlife Service and NOAA.
The Agency will release a prototype for several portions of the modernized data
system for initial testing in late 1994.
For the NFS program, the Agency issued final NFS management measures and
program guidance to implement the 1990 CZARA in early 1993. The Agency continues
working with states to assure development of approvable NFS programs for the
coastal zone consistent with this guidance, including conducting a series of
Regional/state workshops and threshold reviews of draft state coastal NFS
programs. The CZARA efforts are being carried out in concert with our continuing
responsibilities under CWA Section 319 and in full partnership with other Federal
agencies. The Agency is completing development of an updated national NFS
Strategy to help marshal ongoing and new Federal, state, local, and private
initiatives, including the National NFS Forum, and innovations to address
pressing NFS problems. The Agency continues to support the Agricultural
Pollution Prevention Strategy, with particular emphasis on voluntary action
projects with key agricultural interests.
Congressional Directives. A total of $3,750,000 is for the Congressionally
directed projects of Lake Champlain ($2,000,000) and Lake Onondaga ($1,750,000).
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $43,243,300 supported by 268.0 total
workyears for this program, of which $17,171,400 was from the Program, Research
and Operations appropriation and $26,071,900 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Agency tailored its outreach and technical assistance to support
states' evolving operation of base monitoring, water quality planning and NFS
control programs consistent with watershed protection. This included
implementation of a national program to identify priority watersheds for
targeted/integrated management programs, with emphasis on developing watershed-
based TMDLs. The clean lakes program continued to provide technical assistance
to states to encourage stronger state-wide programs including volunteer efforts.
The national NFS program supported state watershed protection through
guidance, technical assistance, workshops, and a clearinghouse. The Agency
worked with NOAA to begin implementing CZARA coastal NFS requirements and with
USDA on their Water Quality Initiative to link both efforts to state CWA section
319 programs. The Agency also began developing a strategic plan that
incorporates lessons learned from the first years of NFS program implementation
and guides mid-course corrections.
The Agency slowed development of the system architecture for a modernized
STORET/BIOS/ODES data system as a consequence of resource reductions. The Agency
began developing indicators to assess ecological integrity and additional cost-
effective rapid bioassessment methods to determine aquatic ecosystems stresses
as a basis for targeting and evaluating watershed protection initiatives. The
Agency continued chairing the ITFM.
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Support was given to agricultural pollution prevention by formulating new
initiatives with key Federal agencies emphasizing nutrient management plans
implemented through USDA's Water Quality Initiative and state CWA Section 319
programs. The Agency also continued working with the U.S. Forest Service on
reducing significant ecological risks, including developing ecologically-based
habitat protection approaches for timber operations.
The Regions implemented special geographic initiatives reflecting
priorities in individual regional strategic plans.
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WATER QUALITY
Municipal Source Control
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Municipal Pollution
Control
Program & Research $21,200.8 $21,030.3 $20,715.1 $21,459.3 $19,752.5 -$1,706.8 -$1,277.8
Operations
Abatement Control and $22,862.6 $16,791.0 $15,987.7 $16,579.0 $23,679.6 $7,100.6 $6,888.6
Compliance
TOTAL $44,063.4 $37,821.3 $36,702.8 $38,038.3 $43,432.1 $5,393.8 $5,610.8
TOTAL:
Program & Research $21,200.8 $21,030.3 $20,715.1 $21,459.3 $19,752.5 -$1,706.8 -$1,277.8
Operations
Abatement Control and $22,862.6 $16,791.0 $15,987.7 $16,597.0 $23,679.6 $7,100.6 $6,888.6
Compliance
Municipal Source TOTAL $44,063.4 $37,821.3 $36,702.8 $38,038.3 $43,432.1 $5,393.8 $5,610.8
Control
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Municipal Pollution 329.1 340.4 340.4 336.3 298.4 -37.9 -42.0
Control
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 329.1 340.4 340.4 336.3 298.4 -37.9 -42.0
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Municipal Pollution 341.1 340.4 340.4 336.3 298.4 -37.9 -42.0
Control
TOTAL WORKYEARS 341.1 340.4 340.4 336.3 298.4 -37.9 -42.0
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WATER QUALITY
MUNICIPAL SOURCE CONTROL
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $43,432,100 supported by 298.4 total
workyears for 1995, an increase of $5,393,800 and a decrease of 37.9 total
workyears. Of the request, $19,752,500 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation, and $23,679,600 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents a decrease of $1,706,800 for the
Program and Research Operations appropriation, and an increase of $7,100,600 for
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
MUNICIPAL POLLUTION CONTROL
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $43,432,100 supported by 298.4 total
workyears for this program, an increase of $5,393,800 and a decrease of 37.9
total work years. Of this request, $19,752,500 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $23,679,600 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents a decrease of $1,706,800
in the Program and Research Operations appropriation. This also represents a
increase of $7,100,600 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation,
resulting from both investments and disinvestments. Investments include;
$2,100,000 for pollution control objectives along the Mexican Border, $9,500,000
for the President's Environmental Technology Initiative. Disinvestments include
the discontinuation of Congressionally directed projects. Reductions in
workyears reflect completion and close out of the construction grant programs
In 1995, the Municipal Pollution Control program will join in the
implementation of the Watershed Protection Approach. Using the latest risk
management techniques, the states, together with many other government and
private entities, will select high priority threatened and valuable watersheds,
develop action plans, and begin implementing coordinated efforts to reduce the
most significant environmental threats within selected watersheds. The State
Revolving Fund (SRF) program will provide much of the financial support necessary
to address these serious problems in high priority watersheds. The program will
develop guidance to encourage states to direct SRF loans to targeted, high risk
watersheds. Additionally, funding for non-traditional problems, such as
stormwater, combined sewer overflows, nonpoint sources and estuarine management
projects will be strongly encouraged.
As one of EPA's most successful and far reaching programs, the SRF will
continue to provide financial assistance to clean up the Nations water resources
in all 50 states and Puerto Rico. The SRF and Construction Grants programs have
provided the majority of funding for the vast network of municipal wastewater
infrastructure which today ensures the improved quality of our rivers, lakes and
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coastal areas. Because of the significant investment in wastewater
infrastructure (over $60 billion through EPA programs) since the 1970s, the
impact of municipal sources has been greatly reduced. Nevertheless, significant
environmental problems remain including nutrients and toxic pollutants from
stormwater discharges, leaking sanitary sewers, combined sewer overflows and
sewage treatment facilities, especially those that do not achieve secondary
treatment. Additionally, a significant portion of this infrastructure is aging
and in need of improvement or replacement. For instance leaking sewer systems
are thought to cause significant threats to surface and ground water resources.
The 1992 Needs Survey estimated needs for wastewater and other water quality
needs at over $137 billion.
EPA will continue to provide financial and programmatic support to ensure
the continuing high integrity of the SRF system and the $8.8 billion Federal
investment in the SRF. States will be entering into more creative, effective,
and complex financial arrangements to enhance the reach of the SRF program,
including leveraging. EPA financial expertise will be critical to supporting
these efforts and to overseeing their results.
The successful Municipal Wastewater Pollution Prevention (MWPP),
Operations and Maintenance (O&M) and Operator Training Grants programs will
continue and be refocused to address pollution prevention opportunities,
compliance with water quality standards, and other problems faced by communities
in targeted watersheds. Wet weather programs such as stormwater, combined sewer
overflow, and sludge will refocus efforts to provide innovative solutions to
problems and integrating those solutions into watershed protection plans.
To address the significant, but often ignored, problems caused by faulty
and leaking sewer systems, the Agency will begin a new initiative to gather
information on the extent of the problem and to develop innovative strategies.
The Agency will increase efforts to promote voluntary water use efficiency and
continue working with the Water Conservation Task Force. Based on its successful
efforts with the hotel/motel industry, the program will expand its focus to
include other sectors. Additional emphasis will be placed on water reuse and
energy efficiency.
The completion/close-out of the Construction Grants program will continue
in 1995 with approximately 2,300 projects at the beginning of the year. By the
end of 1995 there will be approximately 1,500 projects remaining to be closed
out. The main objective of the program will be to continue to assure the
technical, environmental and financial integrity of projects funded by the
Federal Construction Grants program. The Corps of Engineers will continue to
oversee the construction and performance of projects and ensure compliance with
relevant environmental and programmatic requirements.
In support of the environmental objectives of the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) and its implementation, the Agency will expand its efforts to
improve environmental and human health conditions along the U.S. Mexico Border.
Funds will be used to develop a Phase II ground water monitoring network
including monitoring and reporting water quality conditions to track the extent
of contaminated groundwater flowing across the border. To address the
particularly significant problems caused by wastewater flowing across the Border
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from Mexico, emphasis will be placed on supporting the planning, design and
construction of the International Treatment Facility for Tijuana, and supporting
projects in the U.S. Colonias and other border cities, including Mexicali and
Nogales, which are facing significant public health threats due to untreated
sewage. Management and guidance development for the Section 106 grants, Section
104(b)(3) grants, and for the Indian Grants program will continue in 1995.
In 1995, the Agency will support the President's Environmental Technology
Initiative, specifically the Environmental Technology Innovation,
Commercialization, and Enhancement (EnTICE) program. This program is designed
to help the private sector overcome impediments to the development and use of
innovative environmental technologies. Elements include, public/private
cooperation in commercialization of technology, an environmental technology test
and evaluation facility, encouragement of technology diffusion (including a
clearinghouse), a commercialization/business assistance program, and
an innovative technology evaluation program.
1994 PROGRAM
The' Agency is allocating a total of $38,038,300 supported by 336.3 total
workyears for this program, of which $21,459,300 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $16,579,000 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1994, all fifty states and Puerto Rico are continuing to implement the
SRF program assuring that limited funds are applied to the highest priority risk-
based needs for wastewater treatment, nonpoint source control and estuarine
protection. EPA is planning to implement the new Drinking Water State Revolving
Fund (DW-SRF) in 1994. Resources will be directed toward the development of a
Drinking Water Needs Survey.
The Agency continues to support and promote alternative sources of
financing to assist the states in supplementing Federal and state-matching funds,
with particular emphasis on financing small community needs and public/private
partnerships. The program also supports and oversees the provision of financial
assistance and support to six territories, Indian Tribes, and Alaskan Native
Villages.
To ensure that the national investment in wastewater treatment
infrastructure is protected, maintained and improved, EPA continues to provide
a myriad of pollution prevention programs that focus on finding preventive
solutions in lieu of more expensive corrective actions which could require
capital financing. These programs address: combined sewer overflows, municipal
pollution prevention, operation and maintenance problems in small communities,
small community financial and technical assistance, beneficial use of sewage
sludge, and the reuse of wastewater effluents. Emphasis is being given to
redirecting several of the assistance programs and the SRF to support
implementation of the Watershed Protection Approach.
Although funding for construction grants ended in 1990, almost 3,000
remaining projects require ongoing management in 1994. Headquarters is
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continuing to direct the prompt completion and closeout of active construction
projects and resolution of audit problems. The Agency is working directly with
states on the expeditious completion of the program as well as providing
technical assistance to states and small communities. The Corps of Engineers
continues to play a significant role in assisting the Agency and the states in
completing and closing out the construction grants program.
The Agency is increasing its efforts in the U.S./Mexico Border area to
support NAFTA implementation and carry out the Agency's Integrated Border
Environmental Plan to address the very serious and persistent health problems
associated with inadequate sewage treatment along the Mexico border area and in
the U.S. Colonias. The Agency also continues to manage the Water Quality Grants
(Section 106), Water Quality Cooperative Agreements (Section 104(b)(3)), and
grants to Indian Tribes and Native Alaskan Villages.
Congressional Directives. A total of $ 5,197,000 is for Congressionally
directed projects, including: $350,000 for Water Conservation Task Force;
$1,300,000 for the wastewater operator training grants; $2,000,000 for
alternative wastewater treatment technologies; $307,000 for the Rural Communities
Assistance Program; and $1,240,000 for the Small Flows Clearinghouse.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $44,063,400 supported by 341.1 total
workyears for this program, of which $21,200,800 was from the Program, Research
and Operations appropriation and $22,862,600 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Agency managed the implementation of SRF programs as well as the
administration of major construction grants to six coastal cities, support of the
U.S./Mexico Border projects, and support of projects representing unique
Congressional priorities.
Funds allocated for the Corps of Engineers Interagency Agreement provided
support for construction management and completion and closeout assistance to EPA
and the states. Set-aside funding continued for construction of treatment
facilities for Indian tribes and Alaska Native Villages. The 1992 Needs Survey,
which was expanded to include extensive modeling of CSO, stormwater and other
SRF-eligible activities was completed.
In 1993 the program emphasized the enhancement of wet weather program
activities, including technical assistance on constructed wetlands and sewage
sludge, and support the CSO and stormwater programs by evaluating existing and
innovative technologies. The Agency implemented municipal water pollution
prevention programs, including O&M, water use efficiency, operator training,
small community outreach, and municipal and public/private partnerships.
The Agency implemented the U.S./Mexico Border Integrated Border
Environmental Plan and initiated the development of an industrial wastewater
pretreatment training program for Mexico.
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Enforcement
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995 DECREASE DECREASE
1994 1994 - 1995 REQ 1995 REQ
VS VS
1994 CE 1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Water Quality
Enforcement
Program & Research $22,926.6 $23,236.3 $22,866.3 $20,286.7 $20,367.2 $80.5 -$2,869.1
Operations
Abatement Control and $4,186.3 $4,651.3 $3,370.2 $632.2 $33.4 -$598.8 -$4,617.9
Compliance
TOTAL $27,112.9 $27,887.6 $26,236.5 $20,918.9 $20,400.6 -$518.3 -$7,487.0
TOTAL:
Program & Research $22,926.6 $23,236.3 $22,866.3 $20,286.7 $20,367.2 $80.5 -$2,869.1
Operations
Abatement Control and $4,186.3 $4,651.3 $3,370.2 $632.2 $33.4 -$598.8 -$4,617.9
Compliance
Uater Quality TOTAL $27,112.9 $27,887.6 $26,236.5 $20,918.9 $20,400.6 -$518.3 -$7,487.0
Enforcement
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
'ater Quality 391.6 386.7 386.7 345.3 330.2 -15.1 -56.5
enforcement
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 391.6 386.7 386.7 345.3 330.2 -15.1 -56.5
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Water Quality 406.9 386.7 386.7 345.3 330.2 -15.1 -56.5
Enforcement
TOTAL WORKYEARS 406.9 386.7 386.7 345.3 330.2 -15.1 -56.5
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WATER QUALITY
ENFORCEMENT
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $20,400,600 supported by 330.2 total
workyears for 1995, a decrease of $518,300 and a decrease of 15.1 total workyears
from 1994. Of this request $20,367,200, will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $33,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $80,500 for the Program
and Research Operations appropriation and a decrease of $598,800 for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
WATER QUALITY ENFORCEMENT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The
Headquarters resources for Water Quality Enforcement can now be found in Multi-
media.
The Agency requests a total of $20,400,600 supported by 330.2 total
workyears for 1995, a decrease of $518,300 and a decrease of 15.1 total workyears
from 1994. Of this request, $20,367,200 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $33,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $80,500 for the Program
and Research Operations; and a decrease of $598,800 for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
The increase in Program and Research Operations reflects full funding of
personnel costs. The decrease in total workyears results from both
disinvestments and investments within the enforcement program. As part of the
watershed approach, the Agency is disinvesting in enforcement actions against
facilities outside of priority watersheds, as well as combining pretreatment
audits and inspections into multi-media faceted National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) inspections. Investment will be made in enforcement
actions in priority watersheds, with an emphasis on wet weather sources. This
shift will allow for more enforcement attention to high priority watersheds,
environmental justice and pollution prevention settlement opportunities.
In support of the Agency's mission to provide ecosystem protection and
--ivironmental enhancement, the Water Quality Enforcement program will accelerate
its transformation from a primarily point source program to a watershed-based,
holistic environmental protection program. The Agency will give priority to
monitoring the compliance status and taking enforcement actions against any
sources causing water quality problems in priority watersheds and watersheds with
sensitive areas. The Agency expects to complete 2,400 inspections, 449
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administrative compliance orders, 433 administrative penalty orders, 78 civil
litigation cases and 34 criminal litigation. Particular attention will be given
to sources with wet weather problems, such as combined sewer overflows (CSOs),
stormwater, feedlot run off, and overflows from separate sanitary sewers. The
Agency will also give priority to identification of low income and minority
communities at risk from water quality problems, when targeting priority
watersheds geographically.
The Agency will continue to monitor schedules for the remaining 82
municipal facilities yet to achieve secondary treatment as required under the
National Municipal Policy (NMP), initiating contempt actions when necessary, and
support states in implementing pollution prevention programs, such as the
Municipal Water Pollution Prevention program (MWPP) , which assists municipalities
to identify and address potential noncompliance problems.
In support of the pollution prevention activities, the Agency will continue
to support enforcement actions which include commitments from non complying
facilities to implement Supplemental Environmental Projects (SEPs). These
projections will include at least one of the following as a primary objective:
pollution prevention, pollution reduction, environmental restoration,
environmental auditing or public awareness.
Timely and appropriate enforcement action against permittees in significant
noncompliance will be maintained with an increasing emphasis on targeted
watersheds. The Agency will identify and enforce against sources which fail to
submit stormwater applications as required.
1994 PROGRAM
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The
Headquarters resources for Water Quality Enforcement can now be found in Multi-
media.
The Agency is allocating a total of $20,918,900 supported by 345.3 total
workyears for this program, of which $20,286,700 is for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $632,200 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Agency is targeting environmentally sensitive geographic areas for
protection through identification of priority watersheds and through identifying
sensitive areas in other watersheds. The primary focus for the Regions is to
inspect and develop enforcement cases against sources, both major and minor
facilities, which are contributing to water quality degradation in these areas.
Particular attention is being given to resolution of wet weather problems
which are believed to be a major cause of water quality problems. Regions
continue to maintain baseline inspections and enforcement activities in all
watersheds, as well as other sensitive targeted areas.
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The enforcement priority for the Agency is the issuance of enforceable
schedules to meet CSO requirements. Approximately 110 administrative orders will
be issued to municipalities to set schedules for implementing actions necessary
to correct compliance problems resulting from CSOs. Approximately 30 facilities
are subject to enforcement actions as a result of the dry weather enforcement
initiative.
EPA is monitoring compliance with schedules for the remaining 82 National
Municipal Policy facilities which have not yet completed construction and is
working with states to implement individual Municipal Water Pollution Prevention
(MWPP) programs.
The Agency continues to promote the use of some multi-media inspections and
enforcement actions. EPA is also initiating enforcement actions against
municipalities or industrial users who fail to implement approved local
pretreatment programs or to comply with pretreatment requirements. All instances
of significant noncompliance will be responded to on a timely basis and some
violations of new program requirements (sludge, stormwater) may be addressed
where there are problems in a particular watershed.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $27,112,900 supported by 406.9 total
workyears for this program, of which $22,926,600 was from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $4,186,300 was from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
As of 1993, approximately 3,640 of the 3,722 major municipal facilities had
completed construction to attain final effluent limits. Contempt actions were
initiated against two major facilities for failure to comply with NMP schedules.
EPA supported implementation of the MWPP program promoting national consistency
and conformance with MWPP guidance, in order to prevent pollution by anticipating
design capacity overload in Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs). The Agency
continued to focus on municipal facilities to ensure compliance with final
effluent limits.
The Agency also addressed noncompliance by municipalities with approved
pretreatment programs and conducted pretreatment and NPDES inspections.
In 1993, the overall rate of significant noncompliance (SNC) of major NPDES
permittees under the Clean Water Act dropped from 9% during 1992 to 8% in 1993.
In addition, the municipal SNC rate for the quarter ending June 30 was 10%, this
is the second time in nine years that the SNC rate has been this low. EPA's
formal enforcement activities included 1,337 administrative and judicial actions,
which included actions against minors. Timely and appropriate enforcement action
was taken in 87% of all instances of significant noncompliance.
4-72
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Permit Issuance
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Permit Issuance
Program & Research $19.260.8 $21,946.0 $21,758.7 $20,893.3 $22,680.9 $1,787.6 $734.9
Operations
Abatement Control and $4,359.4 $5,319.9 $3,747.1 $3,915.2 $6,418.0 $2,502.8 $1,098.1
Compliance
TOTAL $23,620.2 $27,265.9 $25,505.8 $24,808.5 $29,098.9 $4,290.4 $1,833.0
TOTAL:
Program & Research $19,260.8 $21,946.0 $21,758.7 $20,893.3 $22,680.9 $1,787.6 $734.9
Operations
Abatement Control and $4,359.4 $5,319.9 $3,747.1 $3,915.2 $6,418.0 $2,502.8 $1,098.1
Compliance
Water Quality Permit TOTAL $23,620.2 $27,265.9 $25,505.8 $24,808.5 $29,098.9 $4,290.4 $1,833.0
Issuance
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Permit Issuance 324.0 359.7 359.7 357.7 361.1 3.4 1.4
/OTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 324.0 359.7 359.7 357.7 361.1 3.4 1.4
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Permit Issuance 340.3 359.7 359.7 357.7 361.1 3.4
TOTAL WORKYEARS 340.3 359.7 359.7 357.7 361.1 3.4
4-73
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WATER QUALITY
WATER QUALITY PERMIT ISSUANCE
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $29,098,900 supported by 361.1 total
workyears for 1995, an increase of $4,290,400 and an increase of 3.4 total
workyears from 1994. Of the request, $22,680,900 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $6,418,000 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation.
PERMIT ISSUANCE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $29,098,900 supported by 361.1 total
workyears for 1995, an increase of $4,290,400 and an increase of 3.4 total
workyears from 1994 Of the request, $22,680,900 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $6,418,000 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,787,600
and an increase of $2,502,800, respectively, as part of a major program
redirection to implement a national strategy to integrate the National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) programs with other surface water programs
in impaired and threatened watersheds to support restoration and protection of
watershed-based ecosystems.
The 1995 NPDES program redirection reflects three central components: 1)
use the tools available within the Agency to facilitate watershed protection, 2)
maintain base programs outside targeted watersheds, and 3) streamline existing
NPDES programs to ensure that more timely and effective permits are issued where
waters are threatened or impaired. The challenge will be to manage all of these
efforts within the contexts of resource constraints and environmental impacts and
priorities that vary from state-to-state and Region-to-Region. The Agency
believes that the watershed protection - approach will provide a management
framework within which baseline program requirements and newer initiatives can
be integrated to cost-effectively address the remaining environmental impacts
within the states' watersheds. The NPDES program will play a critical role in
facilitating and implementing this approach nationally, and it will be the water
permit program's central focus in 1995.
The program will employ a watershed approach, using the regulatory
authority of NPDES programs to enhance the effectiveness of all surface water
programs in impaired and threatened watersheds and to support the greatest
possible restoration and protection of watershed-based ecosystems through
coordination of water protection activities. NPDES programs will be coordinated
with other water protection programs on a watershed basis and will emphasize
permit streamlining, grants integration, combined sewer overflow (CSO)/stormwater
permitting, sludge permitting, water quality-based permitting, and pretreatment.
4-74
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By synchronizing permit issuance within individual watersheds, more effective
pollution control trade-offs between point and nonpoint sources may be realized.
To increase the probability of environmental success, the Agency will encourage
states to adopt a watershed approach which involves interested stakeholders,
addresses local environmental infrastructure, and stresses ecological protection
and pollution prevention. The Agency will work closely with states to identify
watersheds and to target those ecosystems that are impaired or threatened for
future integrated NPDES activities, thus promoting the most effective use of
limited resources in those areas posing greatest risk to human health and
ecosystems and facilitating rational, environment-based priority-setting across
water protection programs.
The Agency will further support the watershed approach by establishing
effective EPA and state NPDES stormwater permit programs which will reduce
pollution from previously uncontrolled point sources within impaired and
threatened watersheds. Stormwater permit issuance will be integrated with other
surface water programs within individual watersheds to achieve effective,
efficient environmental planning that considers the problems and opportunities
unique to each watershed. The permit program will use stormwater pollution
prevention plans as the approach to control non-traditional sources through the
NPDES permit framework. The Agency will continue to use general permits for
stormwater discharges as an innovative regulatory approach for maximizing
environmental protection using the fewest possible resources. As an integral
part of the watershed approach, the Agency will implement the sludge management
program by issuing sludge permits within impaired and threatened watersheds and
by assisting states in assuming sludge management program authority.
To maintain pollution prevention and control gains already achieved
nationwide and to seek water quality improvements required by state water quality
standards, the Agency will continue to stress water quality-based permitting and
improved pretreatment programs which implement new toxic water quality standards,
emphasizing watershed planning and permitting. To maintain environmental gains
already realized, the Agency must also maintain baseline permitting, stormwater,
CSO, pretreatment, and sludge program activities outside priority watersheds as
resources allow. The permits issuance program will work with all states to
promote the watershed approach and ensure they have the framework to carry out
their programs and will assist unauthorized states in gaining NPDES program
authorizations. In order to increase program effectiveness, the Agency will
focus on regulatory revisions which streamline permit procedures, update permit
application requirements to ensure environmentally sound decision-making across
watersheds, streamline stormwater application requirements, and increase NPDES
coverage for additional high-risk stormwater sources.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $24,808,c.OO supported by 357.7 total
workyears for this program, of which $20,893,300 is for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $3,915,200 is for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
4-75
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The permits issuance program is developing a strategy to use its regulatory
authorities to facilitate protection of watershed-based ecosystems through
integrated water-quality-based permitting, permit streamlining, pretreatment
implementation, sludge management, and control of wet weather point source
discharges which also enhance the effectiveness of other water programs to assure
the overall effectiveness of the watershed approach. The Agency continues to
establish a base program for wet weather pollution discharges through
implementation of stormwater and CSO programs. The Agency is maintaining
baseline permitting, stormwater, CSO, pretreatment, and sludge activities
nationwide while shifting program emphasis to impaired and threatened watersheds
in order to achieve maximum environmental protection through the integration and
coordination of all water protection programs. In developing a holistic
watershed strategy which addresses all relevant point source discharges within
impaired and threatened watersheds, the program seeks to identify and implement
environmental protection strategies specific to the problems and opportunities
within individual watersheds which are not only achievable but are acceptable to
the communities they effect. The Agency provides guidance and technical
assistance, focusing on water quality-based toxics controls, pretreatment
implementation, and CSO and stormwater permitting. Where EPA issues permits, 20%
of the universe of major permits is targeted for issuance each year in order to
stabilize workload and minimize the backlog of expired permits; however, as
permit issuance is synchronized within watersheds to facilitate coordination with
nonpoint source program decision-making and development of more efficient and
effective basin-wide management strategies, permit backlogs could increase
slightly. Where minor discharges are collectively creating water quality
problems in threatened or impaired waters, the Agency will focus permitting on
those as well as major discharges.
To establish effective stormwater permitting which considers and
complements other water protection programs within targeted watersheds, the
permits issuance program provides training and develops stormwater general
permits for group applications. To further ensure successful implementation of
the watershed approach, the Agency is evaluating CSO and stormwater activities
and working with customers and stakeholders to assess options for control of
additional stormwater discharges. The Agency continues to implement the sludge
program by providing assistance to states in gaining state program authority,
emphasizing its integration with the overall watershed approach, and providing
assistance for sludge permit issuance. The Agency is also working with
authorized states to ensure they have the framework to carry out their NPDES
programs and with unauthorized states to assist them in gaining appropriate
authorizations. The Agency expects South Dakota to gain NPDES permit authority
in 1994 and become the 40th authorized state in the NPDES program.
In implementing the President's National Performance Review, the permits
issuance program is reviewing permit procedures and regulations to identify areas
where changes would streamline the administrative aspects of the program and
further support successful achievement of an effective risk-based watershed
program.
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $23,620,200 supported by 340.3 total
workyears for this program, of which $19,260,800 was from the Program Research
Operations appropriation and $4,359,400 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Agency focused on establishing base controls for previously unregulated
wet weather discharges by issuing 35 stormwater general permits in non-authorized
states and assisting authorized states to issue 33 general stormwater permits for
industrial activities. The permits issuance program also conducted workshops on
stormwater pollution prevention plans and continued its efforts to complete an
accelerated national CSO strategy that emphasizes first issuing permits to the
most environmentally threatening CSOs. The Agency and states continued to
reissue permits which meet state and national toxic water quality standards and
implement effluent guidelines. The permits issuance program conducted four basic
permit writers' training courses and a workshop on water quality permitting which
provided the necessary tools for permit writers to successfully address current
requirements and issues such as toxics limits. Regions and states issued about
1,100 major permits and, for the first time, general permits were issued for
discharges from several oil and gas drilling platforms in coastal Texas and
Louisiana. The Agency assisted publicly-owned treatment works (POTWs) in
developing/modifying local limits that control the discharge of toxic and
hazardous pollutants to sewers and help ensure POTW compliance with sludge
requirements and water quality-based permit limits. To support successful
implementation of the recently-promulgated sewage sludge technical standards, the
Agency focused on outreach and training, development of sludge permitting
guidance and assistance to states in developing sewage sludge permitting
programs. The Agency also authorized three NPDES states (New York, Delaware, and
Vermont) to issue general permits, which are crucial to implementation of the
stormwater program. General permits are an innovative way to increase
regulators' ability to assure environmental protection with limited resources.
4-77
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
DRINKING WATER 5-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Drinking Water Research 5-9
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Criteria, Standards and Guidelines 5-21
Drinking Water Implementation 5-22
Drinking Water Criteria 5-25
State Program Resource Assistance 5-27
Public Water Systems Supervision Program Grants 5-28
Underground Injection Control Program Grants 5-31
Special Studies and Demonstrations 5-32
Ground Water Protection 5-34
Ground Water Protection 5-35
ENFORCEMENT
Drinking Water Enforcement 5-39
Drinking Water Enforcement 5-40
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-------
APPROPRIATION
DRINKING WATER
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program & Research
Operations •
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
Program & Research
operation - Flood
Reimbursements
TOTAL, Drinking Water
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
OUTLAYS
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS
$46,332.0 $49,547.2 $49.420.0 $47,877.2 $51,467.2 $3,590.0 $1,920.0
$88,021.8 $85,938.2 $96,989.7 $95,805.8 $86,481.2 -$9,324.6 $543.0
$8,514.0 $8,317.2 $8,317.2 $8,317.2 $8,112.6 -$204.6 -$204.6
$142,867.8 $143,802.6 $154,726.9 $152,000.2 $146,061.0 -$5,939.2 $2,258.4
736.0
769.4
768.0
768.0
768.0
768.0
756.2
756.2
765.2
765.2
9.0
9.0
-2.8
-2.8
$147,896.4 $144,707.2 $152,575.6 $150,347.8 $143,976.2 -$6,371.6 -$731.0
Authorization for the Safe Drinking Water Act expired on September 30, 1991.
Reauthorization is pending.
5-1
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DRINKING WATER
APPROPRIATION
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
Program & Research
operation - Flood
Reimbursements
TOTAL. Drinking Water
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
DIFFERENCE
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
lUKKCH 1
ESTIMATE
1994
ENACTED VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
ENACTED
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$49,547.2 $49,420.0 $47,877.2 -$127.2 -$1,670.0 -$1,542.8
$85,938.2 $96,989.7 $95,805.8 $11,051.5 $9,867.6 -$1,183.9
$8,317.2 $8,317.2 $8,317.2
$143,802.6 $154,726.9 $152,000.2 $10,924.3 $8,197.6 -$2,726.7
768.0
768.0
768.0
768.0
756.2
756.2
-11.8
-11.8
-11.8
-11.8
The following points list the major reasons that the dollars devoted to this media have changed from
submission of the President's FY 1994 Budget Request to the FY 1994 Current Estimates.
PROGRAM AND RESEARCH OPERATIONS
o
Funds were decreased as part of the general reduction to the account appropriation as
required by P.L. 103-124.
o Funds were reprogrammed as part of the Office of Enforcement reorganization.
ABATEMENT, CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE
o Funds were increased through Congressional add-ons to provide funding for Public Water
System Supervision Grants, Drinking Water Research, and Rural Water Assistance Activities.
o Funds were decreased as part of the general reduction to contracts in the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation as required by P.L. 103-124; and to fund priorities of the
Administrator.
5-2
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DRINKING WATER
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
The Challenge: The Milwaukee crisis, where an estimated 370,000 people
became ill from the city's contaminated water supply, is indicative of the
vulnerability of the Nation's drinking water supplies to pollutants.
The 1986 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) mandate dramatic
changes in nationwide safeguards for drinking water and establish new Federal
enforcement responsibility in the event of state inaction. The amendments
reassert our commitment and responsibility to provide safe drinking water to all
Americans. The simple act of turning on the faucet every day for drinking,
bathing, and cooking represents a profound trust that citizens have in their
public officials and water suppliers. But recently, more and more Americans
have been forced to think about their drinking water. All over America,
communities are struggling to deal with pollutants in drinking water supplies.
Problems and outbreaks, such as occurred in Milwaukee, New York City and
Washington D.C., have shaken public confidence in their water supplies. This
trust must be rebuilt and strengthened through comprehensive and aggressive
implementation efforts.
Meeting these mandates requires better scientific data and more
sophisticated analyses, including the establishment and acceptance of criteria
for what constitutes a potential national risk. These new requirements offer
improved public health protection, yet systems face additional monitoring and
reporting, and, in some cases, the added expense of new treatment technologies.
Noncompliance is expected to escalate with the increase in monitoring and
treatment/control requirements; therefore a strong enforcement presence is
critical to ensure that water supplies remain safe.
States are facing increasing challenges in preventing contamination of
ground water resources. In the absence of statutory authorities, the Agency is
working closely with states to implement comprehensive programs which emphasize
the need for a resource-based, prevention-first plan.
EPA recognizes the burden states and localities are facing in implementing
both the drinking water and ground water programs and we are responding through
greater technical assistance, more training, and tailored innovative approaches
to program implementation. We are hopeful that the new Drinking Water State
Revolving Fund (SRF), as outlined in the President's "Vision of Change for
America" will provide a major degree of financial relief, helping systems
construct needed improvements to achieve compliance and thereby improving
effective State program implementation.
5-3
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To realize the full potential of the SDWA, EPA must address several needs
and challenges in the program and take advantage of SDWA reauthorization to
improve and strengthen it. Our 1995 program will ensure that human health is
protected through strengthened enforcement activities while undue regulatory
burdens are relieved through system-specific flexibility and greater reliance on
watershed and wellhead protection to prevent contamination. The 1995 drinking
water program differs from/expands the 1993 and 1994 program in the following key
areas: improved science for decision making; initiation of source water
protection programs; support for small systems; strengthened enforcement; and
acceleration of a new data management system. These activities will be
accomplished through a combination of new investments and reductions to more
routine activities.
1. Improved Science
The Agency is moving from controlling contaminants listed specifically by
the SDWA statute to selecting contaminants on a risk basis. A solid scientific
basis is essential for identification of contaminants needing control and, just
as important, those not needing to be controlled. One example of this is the
information collection and analysis work stemming from the disinfection by-
products rule, where both EPA and the water industry are conducting extensive
monitoring and data collection to assess chemical and microbial contamination
occurrence. In addition, the drinking water program will continue development
of microbiological criteria to further reduce risk from pathogenic organisms,
including improved methodologies to better assess risks and analytical methods
which more reliably indicate the presence of pathogens. EPA must build on these
efforts to provide a stronger scientific basis for identification, selection and
defense of standards for new contaminants in 1995 and beyond.
2. Initiate Source Water Protection
1995 marks the beginning of the Source Water Protection Program, as a tool
for state and localities to protect drinking water supplies on a watershed basis.
Specifically, the source water protection program will allow states to protect
valuable drinking water supplies by addressing pollution from all sources,
looking beyond jurisdictional issues and building on local efforts to devise
effective approaches for preventing/controlling source contamination.
Ultimately, the goal of preventing contamination of drinking water sources will
ease the burdens of treatment requirements by the water systems.
3. Support Small System Viability
Small system compliance continues to be a major focus for the drinking
water program. Small systems account for 87% of all community water systems and
90% of the non-compliance problems. During 1995, EPA will continue to provide
technical assistance and training and will support establishment of alternative
means of compliance including special best available technology and pollution
prevention. Additionally, states and EPA must address the non-compliance
problems of small systems caused by non-viability: a significant problem with
numerous small systems.
5-4
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4. Strengthening the Enforcement Program
The drinking water program is committed to a strong and expanded
enforcement presence to ensure that water supplies meet SDWA requirements. EPA
is responsible for implementing regulations in lieu of states where states fail
or delay in adopting each new federal regulation. Non-compliance is expected to
escalate with the recently promulgated regulations, particularly the Surface
Water Treatment and Lead and Copper rules. We will use emergency enforcement
actions where appropriate.
5. Accelerate Development of a New Drinking Water Data System
Modernization of the current drinking water program data system is
critical for obtaining timely, high quality data on drinking water quality,
assessing system compliance with new regulations and assessing drinking water
system needs. The existing system does not have the capability to assess
compliance with SDWA, evaluate environmental data, analyze trends, or support the
Drinking Water SRF. Considerable analysis, design and resources have been
invested in developing a new system and 1995 will be a critical year in
completing this system.
DRINKING WATER RESEARCH
The Agency will continue to provide scientific and technical support to
identify and regulate drinking water contaminants and assure the safety of public
water supplies in cost effective ways. The Agency's drinking water research
program will further emphasize its research efforts on alternative drinking water
disinfectants. Research regarding alternative disinfectant processes and
microbial risks will be conducted through a long-term research program so that
supportable regulations can be promulgated. Emphasis in the research program
will shift toward disinfectant by-products and microbes and away from
microanalytics. Scientists will focus on supporting the disinfection rule,
information collection, and interim standards. The Agency will also continue
research in Cryptosporidium studies, virus detection, selected bacteria,
epidemiology of microbes, chemicals, and comparative risk characterization.
Scientists will continue to conduct ground water research to help protect
underground sources of drinking water and support the new source water protection
program. The Agency focuses ground water research relating to wellhead
protection and underground injection control on four research areas: prevention
of subsurface contamination; subsurface characterization; subsurface transport
and transformation; and subsurface microbial ecology. Wellhead protection
research concentrates on developing and evaluating improved methods for
delineation and management of wellhead protection areas.
CONSULTING SERVICES ACTIVITIES
The drinking water program contracts for advisory and assistance services
to help it meet the requirements of authorizing legislation. Specifically, EPA
uses advisory and assistance services to provide technical assistance to Regions,
states and local governments; assist in the collection of environmental data;
assist in the monitoring of environmental conditions; assist in developing the
5-5
-------
scientific and technological basis for future regulatory actions; and conduct
studies and analyses which support drinking water programs. The Agency monitors
advisory and assistance services contracts closely and programs develop special
"management control plans" to ensure they are appropriately used.
Program descriptions do not reflect any increase in workyears that may
result from the 900 additional workyears that EPA received for contractor
conversion.
5-6
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DRINKING WATER
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES
ACTUAL
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
ESTIMATE
1995
INCREASE+
DECREASE-
1995 VS.
1994
Incremental Outputs
UIC Permit Determinations
- for existing and new
facilities, by primacy
states
- for existing and new
facilities, by EPA ....
11,418
371
6,094
516
6,094
516
0
0
UIC Mechanical Integrity
testing
37,216
25,355
PWS Primacy Development
Grants to Indian Tribes
25,355
Enforcement Actions - PWS
Inspections
Notices of Violation . . .
Administrative Orders . .
Civil Litigation (new) .
Criminal Litigation ....
n/a
LLJ a.
1,466
372
13
0
n/a
it/ °-
1,400
380
10
0
120
1,415
420
15
0
120
15
40
5
0
Enforcement Actions - UIC
Inspections
Notices of Violation . . .
Administrative Orders . .
Civil Litigation (new) .
Criminal Litigation ....
85,795
n/a
129
13
0
56,100
n/a
137
10
0
56,100
n/a
137
10
0
0
0
0
0
Cumulative Outputs
PWS Primacy States
UIC Primacy States (full
and partial programs) ..
Designated Sole Source
Aquifers
Approved State Wellhead
Protection Programs
Drinking Water Health
Advisories
55
36/6
60
31
162
55
36/6
70
38
177
55
37/6
80
42
187
0
1/0
10
4
10
5-7
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5-8
-------
DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water Research
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Drinking Water Research
Program & Research $10,793.2 $11,334.9 $11,294.8 $11,262.6 $10,736.7 -$525.9 -$598.2
Operations
Research & Development $8,514.0 $8,317.2 $8,317.2 $8,317.2 $8,112.6 -$204.6 -$204.6
TOTAL $19,307.2 $19,652.1 $19,612.0 $19,579.8 $18,849.3 -$730.5 -$802.8
TOTAL:
Program & Research $10,793.2 $11,334.9 $11,294.8 $11,262.6 $10,736.7 -$525.9 -$598.2
Operations
Research & Development $8,514.0 $8,317.2 $8,317.2 $8,317.2 $8,112.6 -$204.6 -$204.6
Drinking Water TOTAL $19,307.2 $19,652.1 $19,612.0 $19,579.8 $18,849.3 -$730.5 -$802.8
Research
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Drinking Water Research 164.0 157.6 157.6 157.6 150.7 -6.9 -6.9
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 164.0 157.6 157.6 157.6 150.7 -6.9 -6.9
TOTAL WORKYEARS
inking Water Research 170.5 157.6 157.6 157.6 150.7 -6.9 -6.9
TOTAL WORKYEARS 170.5 157.6 157.6 157.6 150.7 -6.9 -6.9
5-9
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DRINKING WATER
DRINKING WATER RESEARCH
PRINCIPAL OUTPUTS
1995:o Complete Information Collection Rule technical support for
occurrence data on drinking water relating to microbials,
disinfectants, and their by-products.
o Continue studies of microbial risks and chemical impacts on cancer
and developmental and reproductive toxicities, focusing primarily
on human studies.
o Develop new analytical, cost-effective detection techniques using
advancing technologies to determine with higher confidence actual
versus perceived microbial hazards.
o Report on the fate of nitrates and the pesticides, atrazine and
arochlor, in the subsurface.
o Report on the effectiveness of available methods for determining
mechanical integrity of injection wells.
o Complete report on the economic value of protecting ground water.
1994:o Initiate technical support and research for Disinfection/Microbes
Regulation Negotiation rules (Information Collection Rule (ICR),
Stage II)) over the next five years, including realignment of
significantly increased public/private cooperative drinking water
investments.
o Complete pilot studies on ozone and its use in drinking water
treatment systems.
o Develop draft models for risk assessment comparative potencies for
chemical cancer and non-cancer endpoints based upon factual
validations.
o Develop an analytical element model and users guide for wellhead
protection.
o Report on virus transport in wellhead protection zones.
o Report on the effectiveness of plugging injection wells with
drilling mud.
1993:o Completed final report on toxicity of Dichloroacetic Acid health
effects research on dose-response and mechanism of action.
o Supported regulation negotiation process for the Phase VI-A
Disinfection and Disinfection By-Product Rule which will be proposed
in 1994.
5-10
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Completed final report on Multiplication of Legionella in Amoebae
and Assessment of Strain Virulence.
Developed risk management strategy for wellhead protection.
Completed final report on major contaminants which are responsible
for the closure of municipal water-supply wells.
Report on monitoring strategies for wellhead protection areas.
5-11
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DRINKING WATER
DRINKING WATER RESEARCH
BUDGET REQUEST
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $18,849,300 supported by 150.7 total
workyears for 1995, of which $10,736,700 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $8,112,600 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents a total decrease of $730,500 and 6.9 total
workyears from 1994, which includes a decrease of $525,900 for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, and a decrease of $204,600 for the Research
and Development appropriation. The decrease to the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and 6.9 workyears reflects a reallocation of existing
research functions and associated workforce costs to support the Ecosystems
Protection initiative, to provide greater accuracy in accounting for and planning
workforce usage, and as part of the overall streamlining of federal workyears.
The decrease in the Research and Development appropriation primarily reflects a
redirection of research resources to fund the Small Business Innovative Research
(SBIR) program, which is budgeted under the Multimedia Program Element in 1995.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $19,579,800 supported by 157.6 total
workyears for this program element, of which $11,262,600 is from Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $8,317,200 is from the Research and
Development appropriation.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $19,307,200 supported by 170.5 total
workyears for this program element, of which $10,793,200 was from Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $8,514,000 was from the Research and
Development appropriation.
RESEARCH ISSUES
The sections below describe research program issues by each fiscal year.
ECOSYSTEMS PROTECTION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD) will restructure its
ecological planning issues to reflect the transition from a single species,
single stressor, ecotoxicological research orientation to an integrated
ecological perspective, that focuses on ecosystems protection and management.
This integrated ecological approach will allow the Agency to monitor more
effectively, understand ecological processes and impacts, and predict risks
related to the cumulative effects from both natural and anthropogenic stresses
upon ecosystems. Research will include a geographic approach with a primary
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focus on watersheds. To carry out the ecosystem protection research, scientists
will use current scientific knowledge and understanding to develop an innovative,
holistic, integrated program designed to provide a new generation of computer-
based analysis and decision tools tailored to the information needs and
responsibilities of Federal, State, and local ecological resource managers and
regulatory officials.
The three scientific needs of monitoring, understanding ecosystem response,
and predicting risks will be addressed by three components in the ecosystem
protection research program. The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program
(EMAP) component will seek to monitor nationally the status and trends of
ecosystems. The Geographic Integration component will seek to understand,
describe, and characterize the response of ecological systems to anthropogenic
stress, and to develop strategies for restoration of ecological systems. The
Ecological Risk Assessment component will seek to predict the risks to ecosystems
from various stressors. The ecosystems protection research program in the
Drinking Water Program Element is related only to the Geographic Integration
component.
In Geographic Integration, EPA will cooperate with other agencies to
provide information for improving the ability to protect, restore and manage
ecosystems. Scientists will develop and test multiple resource protection and
restoration techniques at varying spatial scales. This information could then
be used to either design options for achieving a predetermined condition or
assess, and prioritize the consequences of management decisions. Geographic
Integration research will continue to include the effects of drinking water from
nonpoint sources.
1994 PROGRAM
The Ecosystems Protection research issue will be new in 1995 and
consolidates nine research issues carried out under several ORD media program
elements (PEs). The nine issues that are being consolidated into the Ecosystems
Protection issue are Coastal and Marine, Large Lakes and Rivers, Wetlands,
Contaminated Sediments, Aquatic Ecocriteria, Nonpoint Sources, Ecorisk Methods,
Habitat/
Biodiversity, and EMAP. Within the Drinking Water PE, the issue being
consolidated is Nonpoint Sources. Information on the 1994 research related to
Nonpoint Sources is available in the "1994 Program" section of that issue.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Ecosystems Protection research issue will be a new research issue in
1995 that consolidates nine 1993 research issues carried out under several ORD
media program elements (PEs). Within the Drinking Water PE, the issue being
consolidated is Nonpoint Sources. Information on the 1993 research related to
Nonpoint Sources is available in the "1993 Accomplishments" section of that
issue.
NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In 1995, Nonpoint Source Pollution research will be conducted and described
as part of the Ecosystems Protection research issue.
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1994 PROGRAM
Reports by the Office of Water, the Science Advisory Board (SAB), the
States, and the GAO have identified nonpoint source pollution (NFS) as the
largest remaining category of contamination threatening our nation's surface and
ground water quality, including drinking water. NFS pollution is caused by
agriculture, urban runoff, atmospheric deposition, highway maintenance,
hydrological modification (stream channelization, flood prevention, lake
drainage), silviculture, construction practices, land disposal and mining.
Research on NFS is initially focused on agriculture, which is the largest NFS
category, affecting about 50 to 70 percent of the impaired surface waters. EPA
and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) have documented more occurrences and higher
levels of pesticides and nitrates found in drinking water wells and aquifers in
agricultural watersheds.
ORD is continuing research begun in 1992 to study the impact of
agricultural chemicals and management practices on the quality of ground and
surface water at the watershed scale. Agrichemical contamination is a major
source of concern because of the leaching threat to rural drinking water
supplies. Animal and dairy operations also pose a threat for groundwater
contamination. ORD is managing the Midwest Agrichemical Surface/Subsurface
Transport and Effects Research (MASTER) project, carried out in close cooperation
with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS),
as part of the Midwestern Water Quality Initiative for agricultural systems
administered by USDA/Agriculture Research Service (ARS).
Researchers, using a watershed approach, are assessing the impacts of
alternative agricultural production and management practices, including
developing an improved understanding of conditions under which agrichemicals
reach and move through ground and surface waters. This research is providing
policy and decision-makers with field-tested models, decision aids, and
assessment tools. These tools will facilitate the identification of the best
agricultural management practices (BMPs) and landscape manipulation techniques
to protect water resources and help design rational and environmentally sound
policies regarding food, fiber, and timber production at the watershed and
regional scale.
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Researchers studied the impact of agricultural operations on the quality
of groundwater (potential drinking water supplies) under the MASTER project,
concentrating on an initial assessment of the environmental condition of the
Walnut Creek Experimental Watershed in Iowa. The assessment helped to identify
what is known about relating alternative agricultural management practices to
potential ground and surface drinking water supplies in midwestern regions.
DRINKING WATER POLLUTANTS AND DISINFECTION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Drinking Water Pollutants and Disinfection Research Program provides
scientific and technical support to identify and regulate drinking water
contaminants and assure the safety of public water supplies in cost effective
ways. The Science Advisory Board (SAB) has identified drinking water
contaminants as one of those areas having the greatest potential risk to human
health. Advances in science technology and risk assessment have indicated that
adverse human health risks may be associated with disinfectants and their by-
products, especially with the use of chlorine based compounds (the most widely
used disinfectant type) and the microbial agents that disinfectants inactivate.
As a result, EPA has established a standards setting agenda for disinfectants,
disinfectant by-products (D/DBPs) , and microbes. Scientific data is lacking for
promulgating comprehensive and fully applicable regulations to guide public water
supply users on the use of potentially safer alternative disinfectant processes.
EPA will initiate a long-term research program so that supportable
regulations eventually can be promulgated. Emphasis in the research program will
shift toward DBPs and microbes and away from microanalytics. Scientists will
focus on supporting the disinfection rule, information collection, and interim
standards. Researchers will conduct monitoring, analytical development for
microbes, and data analysis to support information collection, and will determine
the unacceptable risk levels of pollutants and microbes to support the interim
and eventual fact-based standards.
Research will continue on Cryptosporidium, virus detection, selected
bacteria, epidemiology of microbes, chemicals, and comparative risk
characterization. Research will also continue in the microanalytic program on
cancer bioassay from a mechanistic basis versus standards, specifically to
include DBF reproductive and developmental effects.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is conducting studies to determine the health risks associated
with alternative disinfectants, such as ozone, chloramines, chlorine dioxide, and
membrane filtration. With the public costs of implementing alternative
disinfection processes estimated at $5 billion, this research will allow maximum
use of feasibility/cost considerations based upon scientific information and
quantitative risks.
Researchers are conducting comparative risk modeling research to identify
the risk tradeoff between safe microbial levels and acceptable risks from
exposures to disinfectants, DBPs, and microbes. ORD is producing improved data
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on disinfectant efficacy, by-product formation, health effects, risk assessment,
and control technology for a comprehensive assessment of the risks associated
with exposure to microbes versus toxic chemicals formed in the disinfection
process.
Under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), the Agency is required to
establish Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals
(MCLG) for drinking water contaminants (other than DBF-microbe pollutants) which
may result in adverse health effects. Researchers continue to provide the
scientific and technical support for these regulations.
Research is being conducted to reduce or minimize risks through control
technology and alternative treatment technologies. Data is being developed on
the hazards and risks associated with these alternate treatments. Water quality
deteriorates after the water enters the distribution system and before it reaches
the consumer. To address this, researchers are defining the role of the
distribution system in contributing to the deterioration of water quality and are
providing guidance on how to minimize quality deterioration in distribution
systems.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Researchers focused on developing a better understanding and strategy for
health risks from exposure to both microbes and disinfectants and to use this
knowledge in developing a quantitative comparison of the various levels of
control necessary to minimize these risks. Key activities included studies to
evaluate the formation of toxic substances within the distribution system,
including microbes (biofilm formation) and the use of innovative technology, such
as membranes, to minimize risk as well as validate alternate treatment trains
(i.e., ozone plus chlorine and/or chloramine). Researchers continued to develop
cost effective analytical methods to standardize measurement of D/DBPs and their
breakdown products, various synthetic organic contaminants, and microbes for
better monitoring and safety assurances.
In the area of health effects research, studies were conducted to develop
dose-response data on various pathogens, such as Giardia and Legionella,
evaluating both infectivity and virulence. Studies were also conducted to
evaluate dose-response and mechanism of action for dichloroacetic acids. Dose-
response data from both microbes and chemicals were used to design comparative
risk models for trade off analysis. Specific research focused on the development
of comparative potency assessments for specific health effects/endpoints; cancer,
non-cancer, and microbial.
ORD continued its support for regulatory efforts, such as the Groundwater
Disinfection Requirements (GWDR) and the development of MCLs and MCLGs for the
Phase VIB Chemical Contaminant Rule. Toxicological, microbial, and
epidemiological data were developed to determine the human health effects of
contaminants in public drinking water to support the preparation of health risk
criteria documents and the setting oc MCLs by the Office of Water (OW). Under
the GWDR, public systems using ground water will be required to disinfect unless
it can be shown that the source water is not significantly vulnerable to virus
or other contamination. Currently, more than 50% of public systems using ground
water do not disinfect, with annual costs estimates to implement the GWDR ranging
from $200 million to $1 billion. Scientists continued to develop data to better
characterize virus fate and transport through aquifer movement to enable OW to
identify which systems are vulnerable to virus and other contamination.
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ORD provided diagnostic and treatment support in helping to resolve the
outbreak of over 400,000 human cases of Cryptosporidiosis in Milwaukee,
Wisconsin, in the spring of 1993. Research also concentrated on developing
technologies for detecting and removing contaminants from public drinking water
and distribution systems. The SDWA amendments mandate the regulation of more
than 125 compounds by 1994. The Agency's research provided the support necessary
for the development and evaluation of detection and removal technologies for many
of these compounds.
Researchers developed standardized analytical procedures for determining
contaminants in drinking water that are both technically and economically
feasible, and which meet laboratory analysis and on-site monitoring needs. The
Agency continued its quality assurance/quality control program to ensure the
quality of drinking water analytical data and provide quality control and
performance evaluation samples and calibration standards to Federal, State and
local laboratories.
GROUNDWATER
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
EPA scientists conduct research to protect underground drinking water
sources in support of regulatory, enforcement, and management decisions required
under the SDWA. Such research is essential because groundwater is the source of
drinking water for 50 percent of the population, as well as the water source for
much of the nation's agricultural production. Groundwater is a significant, yet
poorly understood pathway for contamination of drinking water. Researchers are
focusing on three basic areas: 1) prevention of subsurface contamination, 2)
subsurface monitoring and characterization, 3) subsurface fate of drinking water
contaminants.
EPA will complete advanced methods for cities and states to use in defining
wellhead protection areas and assessing the threat of potential contamination
sources. Researchers will complete the evaluation of the use of drilling muds
for plugging abandoned wells, and develop improved methodologies for testing the
mechanical integrity of injection wells, delineating and monitoring wellhead
protection areas in complex hydrogeologic settings (such as fractured rock or
confined aquifers), and determining the economic value of ground water. The
Agency will also conduct basic research to determine the effects of subsurface
biological and chemical processes on the transport and fate of drinking water
contaminants introduced into aquifers.
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1994 PROGRAM
Groundwater research is supporting two program areas: wellhead protection
(WHP) and underground injection controls (UIC) . To support WHP, EPA is providing
technical information to local wellhead protection managers on the approaches
available for identifying, assessing, and managing the potential risks from
different sources of contamination to wellhead water. Researchers are completing
field evaluation of models for predicting the transport and fate of viruses in
the subsurface. Scientists and engineers are conducting basic studies on the
sorption and degradation of organic contaminants in the subsurface, and
developing and evaluating improved methods for delineating wellhead protection
areas and several other projects. ORD is developing monitoring network designs
for monitoring wellhead protection areas, developing decision support systems for
assessing the vulnerability of ground water to different potential sources of
contamination, and incorporating chemical and biological transformation processes
into models for predicting the fate and transport of contaminants in the
subsurface.
Research also supports the UIC regulatory program of the Office of Water
(OW) . This research is needed because approximately 40 percent of the chemical
waste generated in the United States is disposed of by injection into the
subsurface, and because there are a number of unresolved scientific questions
regarding the risks involved with disposing of wastes through underground
injection. Researchers are evaluating the use of drilling fluids for plugging
abandoned wells and testing new methods for evaluating the mechanical integrity
of injection wells.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
EPA completed several projects which support the Wellhead Protection
Program by providing a more sound technical basis for delineating and managing
activities in wellhead protection areas. These included: 1) a risk management
strategy for wellhead protection; 2) the development of methods for delineating
wellhead protection zones around springs which serve as municipal water supplies;
3) a survey of major contaminants which are responsible for the closure of
municipal water-supply wells; and 4) a report on monitoring strategies for
wellhead protection areas. Training courses were held for regional and state UIC
personnel to present information on the current state of technology for
determining the mechanical integrity of injection wells. Data collection was
completed for two subsurface transport and fate projects which provide
fundamental knowledge on the interactions responsible for the sorption of organic
contaminants to aquifer materials. This knowledge is being incorporated into
improved models of subsurface transport and fate.
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Resources supporting this program are requested in the Multimedia Program
Element for 1995.
1994 PROGRAM
As mandated by the Small Business Development Act of 1982 (Public Law 97-
219), EPA allocated 1.5 percent of its extramural Research and Development budget
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for the Small. Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program. These funds were used
to support small businesses engaged in the development of equipment for pollution
abatement and control, and instrumentation for monitoring environmental trends
and conditions. Under this program, ORD is able to take advantage of unique
solutions to drinking water related problems and other environmental issues that
may be offered by the private sector.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
As mandated by Public Law 102-564, the SBIR program allocated 1.5 percent
of the Agency's extramural research appropriation to support the small businesses
engaged in the development of unique solutions to drinking water related problems
and other environmental issues that may be offered by the private sector.
INFRASTRUCTURE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Adequately funded infrastructure is critical to ORD's success in conducting
the quality science needed to assure that the Agency's decisions are
scientifically sound. The most critical part of ORD's infrastructure is its
staff. The assumption underlying all our research activities includes a
productive workforce.
ORD established this cohesive, cross-cutting issue for infrastructure based
upon the importance of this activity to planned and ongoing research activities.
Program and Research Operations appropriation funding for the Drinking Water
Program Element (PE) has been centralized within the infrastructure issue to
provide improved management in ORD's salaries, travel and related costs
associated with managing research programs.
Workyears assigned to this issue represent a consolidation of existing
research functions which had previously been allocated across multiple issues.
This realignment provides greater accuracy in accounting for workforce usage,
enabling management to utilize better information in decision-making and planning
purposes. Consolidated activities include: science policy and program
development; technical evaluation, review, and guidance to EPA program/regional
offices, Federal/State agencies, and foreign governments; research quality
assurance and program review; extramural resource management; technology transfer
of scientific information; ADP technical program development of environmental
data systems; regulatory mission support; facilities maintenance and oversight;
health and safety, and environmental compliance; research planning and program
development; operational research oversight; policy and procedures development;
program planning and operations; resource planning and review; document
production; and secretarial/clerical support and personnel staffs.
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1994 PROGRAM
ORD's current infrastructure program provides compensation and benefits and
travel for ORD scientists and engineers. ORD's workforce carries out scientific
research programs in support of the Agency's mission.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD funded its workyears in scientific support of the Agency's mission,
providing the personnel compensation and benefits, and travel for ORD scientists
and engineers.
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DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water Criteria, Standards & Guidelines
PROGRAM
Drinking Water
Implementation
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Program & Research
operation - Flood
TOTAL
Drinking Water Criteria
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Tinking Water TOTAL
riteria, Standards &
Guidelines
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Drinking Water
Implementation
Drinking Water Criteria
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Drinking Water
Implementation
Drinking Water Criteria
TOTAL WORKYEARS
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE INCREASE
DECREASE DECREASE
1995 REQ 1995 REQ
VS VS
1994 CE 1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$15.358.7
$8,127.5
$23,486.2
$1,103.3
$772.1
$1,875.4
$16,462.0
$8,899.6
$25,361.6
230.1
15.0
245.1
244.3
15.0
259.3
$16,770.1
$11,648.8
$28,418.9
$1,097.1
$1,159.2
$2,256.3
$17,867.2
$12,808.0
$30,675.2
263.5
15.2
278.7
263.5
15.2
278.7
$16,718.2
$11,444.2
$28,162.4
$1,094.4
$1,609.2
$2,703.6
$17,812.6
$13,053.4
$30,866.0
263.5
15.2
278.7
263.5
15.2
278.7
$16,675.6
$10,671.6
$27,347.2
$1,122.8
$1,209.2
$2,332.0
$17,798.4
$11,880.8
$29,679.2
266.2
15.2
281.4
266.2
15.2
281.4
$18,396.0
$12,597.4
$30,993.4
$1,199.4
$1,259.2
$2,458.6
$19,595.4
$13,856.6
$33,452.0
269.0
15.2
284.2
269.0
15.2
284.2
$1,720.4 $1,625.9
$1,925.8 $948.6
$3,646.2 $2,574.5
$76.6 $102.3
$50.0 $100.0
$126.6 $202.3
$1,797.0 $1,728.2
$1,975.8 $1,048.6
$3,772.8 $2,776.8
2.8 5.5
2.8 5.5
2.8 5.5
2.8 5.5
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DRINKING WATER
Criteria, Standards and Guidelines
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $33,452,000 and 284.2 total workyears for
1995, an increase of $3,772,800 and 2.8 total workyears from 1994. Of this
request, $19,595,400 will be for Program and Research Operations, and $13,856,600
will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents
an increase of $1,797,000 in the Program and Research Operations appropriation,
and an increase of $1,975,800 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
DRINKING WATER IMPLEMENTATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $30,993,400 and 269.0 total workyears for
this program, of which the $18,396,000 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $12,597,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,720,400 for Program
and Research Operations, an increase of $1,925,800 for Abatement, Control and
Compliance and an increase of 2.8 total workyears. The increased workyears will
be directed in three areas: improving our scientific basis for regulation
development; modernizing our drinking water data system; and increasing our
efforts to ensure small systems are viable and effectively implementing new
regulations. The increase in the Program and Research Operations appropriation
reflects* increased personnel costs and the increase in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation supports data system modernization efforts.
A safe, clean water supply is a critical aspect of public health, a vital
part of our quality of life. Most Americans take safe drinking water for
granted. However, recent problems and outbreaks have brought drinking water
problems to the forefront of public attention. We can no longer take water
safety for granted. EPA will accelerate our commitment to protecting water
supplies as we pursue better science, increased technical assistance and support
(especially for small systems), and innovative cost effective approaches,
including prevention.
In 1995, EPA will continue to develop a stronger scientific basis for
identifying which contaminants need control and at what levels. The Agency will
place additional emphasis on development of an occurrence data base and the
analytical models used to determine which contaminants pose significant health
threats in geographically targeted areas. EPA will also reevaluate the economic
impact assessment models and input assumptions, particularly financial and
operating datj, in order to improve the economic cost/benefit analysis portion
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of future regulations. The data analysis and quality assurance work associated
with the Information Collection Rule on Phase VIA will escalate in 1995 as
monitoring data is collected. The laboratory implementation and certification
program will be expanded to include additional training, workshops and guidance
to Regions and state laboratories to assure that laboratories provide data of
assured quality as part of the Agency's compliance monitoring program.
In 1995, support for drinking water implementation will continue to grow
as states deal with complex requirements. EPA will be heavily involved in
reviewing state ground water under the influence of surface water decisions and
reviewing monitoring results under the Lead and Copper rule. We will also work
with states to approve corrosion control plans for small and medium size systems,
and develop monitoring waiver programs under Phase II/V. The two year extensions
for both Lead and Copper and Phase II will expire in 1995, thus initiating
possible primacy retention problems if states fail to adopt both rules.
The drinking water program will pursue innovative and creative new
approaches to reach a greater audience, including targeting the special needs of
small systems. In 1995, EPA will work with states and small systems to provide
additional flexibility wherever possible, including monitoring waivers, special
best available technology and prevention approaches to streamline and tailor
implementation. EPA will work with states to assess and discourage new non-
viable systems.
In 1995, EPA will work closely with states to develop and implement their
DU-SRF programs. A system to track grants to the states will be completed, and
additional training to the states on the operation of the DW-SRF will be
developed to smooth implementation of the new program.
Development of a new drinking water data management system will reach a
pivotal point in 1995. We will devote additional funding and staff work to
modernization efforts, in anticipation of completing the new system in 1996. At
that time EPA will have the capability to: assess compliance with the Safe
Drinking Water Act (EPA must take action where states do not or cannot) ; evaluate
environmental data; analyze trends; and support the Drinking Water SRF.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $27,347,200 and 266.2 total
workyears for this program, of which $16,675,600 is from the Program and
Operations Research appropriation and $10,671,600 is from the Abatement Control
and Compliance appropriation.
EPA continues efforts to develop and implement drinking water regulations.
EPA is proposing an Information Collection Rule associated with
disinfectant/disinfection by-products (Phase VIA); Phase VIA; Phase VIB; ground
water disinfection; and sulfate rules. EPA is heavily involved in analyzing
contaminant data and assessing analytical methods to guide regulatory development
decisions. In addition, EPA is working to improve its scientific data base from
which to determine occurrence of contaminants and set exposure levels.
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EPA is reviewing state primacy applications for Phase II, Lead and Copper,
and Phase V rules. Technical assistance needs for lead and copper continue to
grow as the monitoring requirements and corrosion control studies are developed.
Under the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) identification of ground water
systems under the influence of surface water are required in 1994. For both of
these rules, EPA is conducting detailed training sessions. Because of the number
of contaminants regulated in 1994, and the complexity of some of the regulations,
EPA is working with the states to ensure appropriate implementation of the Public
Water System Supervision (PWSS) Program Priority Guidance which identifies "must
do" activities and provides states some flexibility in addressing national
program requirements.
EPA is also expanding the current Federal data system to incorporate new
requirements and continues development of a new Federal system which can provide
the data necessary to properly manage the drinking water program including
information on compliance, enforcement and the DW-SRF. Since 1994 is the first
year for the development of the DW-SRF, EPA is spending considerable time and
effort establishing the guidelines to efficiently implement the program.
Congressional Directives. A total of $450,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project in Drinking Water research related to collecting and analyzing
data to support the disinfectant/disinfection by-products rule.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993 the Agency obligated $23,486,200 supported by 244.3 total
workyears for this program, of which $15,358,700 was from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $8,127,500 was from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
The program continued providing oversight to the primacy states by issuing
guidance and by reviewing state regulations and primacy revision packages. All
states had adopted the Volatile Organic Chemical, Public Notice, Surface Water
Treatment and Total Coliform rules; 25 states have adopted Phase II, 20 states
have adopted Lead and Copper, and nine states have adopted Phase V. EPA directly
implemented essential activities, to assure at least minimal compliance with the
new requirements, in primacy states with approved time extensions, in non-primacy
states and on Indian lands. Technical assistance was provided to the states on
implementing the lead testing protocol and evaluating the monitoring results.
The Agency focused on state implementation of the filtration and disinfection
requirements for surface water systems and the revised total coliform standards.
EPA continued mobilization strategies and technology transfer activities
for states and water systems to build state capacity, promote institutional
changes, and encourage adoption of innovative technologies for small systems,
especially those systems which have had chronic compliance problems. Improvements
were made to the PWS data system to expand and improve data entry and quality
control. EPA conducted data verifications in 8 states which helped to identify
and correct data errors and resulted in a better understanding of data reporting
requirements. EPA also conducted five audits to evaluate scate implementation
of our Priority Guidance. Fourteen states achieved increased funding through
appropriations or user fees, while five states had proposals which did not pass
in 1993, but efforts will continue into 1994. EPA also developed and submitted
a report to Congress (requested by Senators Chafee and Lautenberg) which
addressed implementation problems in the drinking water program and identified
recommendations for reauthorization.
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DRINKING WATER CRITERIA
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $2,458,600 supported by 15.2 total
workyears for this program of which $1,199,400 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $1,259,200 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $76,600
in the Program and Research Operations appropriation to support increased
workforce costs and $50,000 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. The increase in the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriations supports accelerated development of microbiological criteria in
drinking water.
This program is the primary vehicle for setting health goals and
acceptable standards for contaminants that present human health risks in drinking
water. Because the regulation of drinking water contaminants is extremely
costly, thorough, careful risk assessments and characterizations of these
contaminants are required before making decisions on which contaminants need to
be controlled. The Agency will continue risk characterizations/ assessments of
radionuclides, arsenic and atrazine. Assessments already underway have shown
that the calculated risks of cancer from radionuclides far outweigh risks from
any of the other chemicals the drinking water program has regulated. Further,
risk characterizations of atrazine show that it mimics estrogen and may raise the
risk of breast cancer. The Agency will also analyze public comments from the
proposed Phase I disinfection by-products rule, analyze the data from the
Information Collection Rule to assess chemical and microbial contamination and
to prepare for the Phase II portion of the disinfection by-products rule. The
importance of this rule was demonstrated in the highly publicized Milwaukee
incident involving cryptosporidium in the city's drinking water. The program
will also accelerate the development of microbiological criteria to further
reduce risks from pathogenic organisms, including improved methodologies to
better assess the risks and analytical methods which indicate the presence of
pathogens.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $2,332,000 supported by 15.2 total
workyears for this program, of which $1,122,800 is from the Program and Research
Operation appropriation and $1,209,200 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Agency is finalizing the development of all standard microbiological
sampling and analytical methods necessary for the proposed and final Information
Collection Rule and is developing health criteria for the proposed disinfection
by-products rule. The program continues to analyze new information in support
of the radionuclide rule and is proposing a risk characterization for the
aldicarb rulemaking. The Agency is also analyzing public comments on the
fluoride rule and is preparing a Federal Register Notice on the approach for the
development of Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs) for potential carcinogens.
In addition, the program is examining different approaches to the establishment
of relative source contribution for chemicals regulated under the Safe Drinking
Water Act. The program continues to work with the Risk Assessment Forum on
environmental hormones and neurotoxicity risk assessment guidelines necessary for
the development of MCLGs to support and the National Primary Drinking Water
5-25
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Regulations. The Agency is initiating the development of a risk comparison model
for microbial and chemical contaminants.
Congressional Directives. A total of $450,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project, information collection to support the Drinking Water
Regulations.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $1,875,400 supported by 15.0 total
workyears for this program, of which $1,103,300 was from the Program and Research
Operation appropriation and $772,100 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The program completed the review and evaluation of new human data on
aldicarb, evaluated new data describing cancer risks of arsenic and reviewed new
data on the reproductive effects of atrazine. The Agency also finalized the
health effects criteria documents for each disinfectant by-product to be included
in the proposed disinfectant by-product rule and prepared the draft risk
characterization for chloroform, one of the critical substances covered by the
rule. In addition, the program completed the analysis of fluoride health effects
and risks from ingested fluoride working with the National Academy of Science.
5-26
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DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water State Program Resource Assistance
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Public Water Systems
Supervision Program
Grants
Abatement Control and $58,882.1 $58,900.0 $63,900.0 $63,900.3 $58,900.0 -$5,000.3
Compliance
TOTAL $58,882.1 $58,900.0 $63,900.0 $63,900.3 $58,900.0 -$5,000.3
Underground Injection
Control Program Grants
Abatement Control and $9,989.6 $10,500.0 $10,500.0 $10,505.2 $10,500.0 -$5.2
Compliance
TOTAL $9,989.6 $10,500.0 $10,500.0 $10,505.2 $10,500.0 -$5.2
Special Studies &
Demonst rat i ons
Abatement Control and $4,500.0 $500.0 $6,708.0 $6,708.0 -$6,708.0 -$500.0
Compliance
TOTAL $4,500.0 $500.0 $6,708.0 $6,708.0 -$6,708.0 -$500.0
TOTAL:
Abatement Control and $73,371.7 $69,900.0 $81,108.0 $81,113.5 $69,400.0 -$11,713.5 -$500.0
Compliance
-inking Water State TOTAL $73,320.6 $69,900.0 $81,108.0 $81,113.5 $69,400.0 -$11,713.5 -$500.0
.rogram Resource
Assistance
5-27
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DRINKING WATER
State Program Resource Assistance
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $69,400,000 for 1995, representing a
decrease of $11,713,500 from 1994. All of the request will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation.
PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS SUPERVISION PROGRAM GRANTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $58,900,000 for this program, all of which
will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents
a decrease of $5,000,300 for Abatement, Control and Compliance. The decrease
reflects the completion of the Congressionally-directed add-on to state grants.
Public Water System Supervision (PWSS) program grants support 55 state primacy
programs and two state programs where EPA directly implements the programs. PWSS
grants also provide direct implementation and program development for Indian
tribes.
In 1995, states will continue to be heavily involved in rule
implementation as additional requirements take effect. During 1995 all states
must adopt the Lead and Copper rule, which may present difficulties in some
states, thus creating primacy retention problems. States must also approve
corrosion control plans for small and medium systems under the Lead and Copper
rule. All systems will be required to monitor under the Lead and Copper rule and
the Agency anticipates increased noncompliance, both from violations shown
through monitoring as well as failure to monitor. Under Phase II/V rules we
anticipate that most of the monitoring will take place during 1995, as well as
requests for monitoring waivers, thereby increasing the state workload and
creating a compliance challenge as we expect noncompliance rates to rise. States
will need to follow through on the ground water under the influence of surface
water decisions made in late 1994 under the Surface Water Treatment Rule.
During 1995, states will continue to explore innovative alternatives both
in terms of treatment technologies as well as state financing options to build
and maintain capacity. Implementation of the Priority Guidance as well as
continued close coordination with state legislative bodies will be necessary to
ensure an effective drinking water program and retain primacy.
In 1995, states will devote increased attention to the needs and
opportunities facing small systems. Specifically, states will work with small
systems to provide additional flexibility wherever possible, including monitoring
waivers, special best available technology and prevention approaches to
streamline and tailor implementation. States will also aid existing non-viable
systems by providing technical assistance and encourage development of funding
techniques, and/or consolidation.
Enforcement responsibilities are expected to grow significantly as the
monitoring results from Lead and Copper, Phase II/V and Surface Water Treatment
Rule (SWTR) decisions come in. States will need to work with systems as they
5-28
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develop corrosion control plans to achieve compliance with the Lead and Copper
Rule, including using 1431 emergency orders where warranted to protect public
health. States will also need to pay particular attention to the implementation
of the SWTR, specifically addressing systems which filtered and still do not
achieve compliance as well as filtration/avoidance criteria associated with the
ground water under the influence of surface water decisions. States will need
to take a large number of actions to deal with the anticipated noncompliance.
Also, it is expected that the number of emergency orders and multi-media cases
states are dealing with will increase.
Reporting of additional data, as well as ensuring state compatibility with
the new national data system will present an enormous challenge. States must
adapt their data systems to accommodate new data in a timely manner, while also
providing EPA with compliance data.
Workyears and salary and travel dollars to support EPA's direct
implementation responsibilities will continue to be provided under the drinking
water implementation program element.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $63,900,300 for this program, all of
which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
States are struggling to deal with the implementation requirements of the
new regulations under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). In the short-term,
states are using the PWSS Priority Guidance to prioritize activities as they
develop their program capabilities and develop alternative funding mechanisms.
In 1994, all states must adopt the Phase II rule, and most states are
adopting the Lead and Copper rule which is required in early 1995. Many states
are negotiating extensions for the Phase V rules. During the extension period,
the states will have limited implementation responsibilities for the new rules,
but will undertake the necessary technical, administrative and/or legal changes
to receive primacy. States are also heavily involved in implementing the Surface
Water Treatment Rule, including monitoring compliance with the earlier filtration
determinations and making ground water systems under the direct influence of
surface water decisions. The Lead and Copper rule requires a significant
workload as corrosion control decisions and treatment determinations are reached
for large systems and monitoring results are received for small systems. In
addition, public education is required where systems exceed lead action levels.
Enforcement efforts continue at a high level for systems that must meet
the requirements of the SWTR. States are taking enforcement actions against all
systems that do not meet the filtration deadline and any already filtered systems
that fail to meet the SWTR performance criteria. As states adopt the Lead and
Copper, Phase II and Phase V rules they are assuming full enforcement
responsibilities.
5-29
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These new requirements place additional demands on the states to do
outreach to public water systems in order to provide increased training and
additional technical assistance. Also, state data systems are being adapted to
handle data for all the new contaminants. States without automated data systems
are developing such systems to handle the vast amounts of monitoring, violation
and enforcement data being generated.
Congressional Directives. A total of $5,000,000 from the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation is a Congressionally directed add-on for
state PWSS grants.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $58,882,100 for this program, all
of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
Public water system grants continued to support 55 state primacy programs,
two EPA direct implementation programs and programs on Indian lands. Grant funds
provided for laboratory certification, on-site evaluations and technical
assistance, sanitary surveys and compliance and enforcement actions. States and
EPA assisted communities and systems affected by continuing incidences of
contamination threatening public health. Systems in violation of National
Primacy Drinking Water Regulations either received technical assistance to bring
them into compliance or were placed on formal compliance schedules.
States supervised compliance with drinking water regulations, revised
their legal authorities to accommodate new regulations, expanded state staff and
laboratory capability to meet new requirements and continued an emphasis on
compliance. EPA assisted approximately 13 states toward adoption of new
requirements for SWTR, 10 states with Total Coliform, 9 states with Phase II and
13 states with Lead and Copper.
States aggressively pursued legislative and institutional changes to help
them gain additional resources and address small system problems. Fourteen
states received additional resources as a result of these efforts and numerous
states sought legal authority to ensure that small systems would have the
technical, financial and management requirements to ensure viable programs.
5-30
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UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL PROGRAM GRANTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $10,500,000 for this program, all of which
will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents
a decrease of $5,200 from 1994.
Underground Injection Control (UIC) grants will continue to support
programs to protect underground sources of drinking water (USDW) from
contamination through underground injection in all 57 states and territories, as
well as on Indian lands. Where states and Indian tribal authorities have failed
to assume UIC primacy, EPA will use grant allotments to support direct
implementation of Federal UIC requirements.
In 1995, the Agency will promulgate revisions to the regulations on oil and
gas injection wells (Class II) and a Class V regulation covering shallow
injection wells. Primacy states will have 270 days to adopt these new
regulations. They will submit state primacy revisions for review and approval
by EPA. It is estimated that many of the states may experience difficulty
adopting the new regulations on shallow injection wells within the 270 day
timeframe and may need to negotiate time extensions with the Regions.
Workyears, salary and travel dollars to support EPA's direct
implementation responsibilities will continue to be provided under the ground
water protection program element.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $10,505,200 for this program,
all of which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
UIC grants support 42 primacy states, 36 full and 6 partial. EPA is
responsible for direct implementation in the remaining s.tates and Indian land
programs, 15 full and 6 partial programs plus the Osage Reservation, and uses
grant resources to support direct implementation of Federal UIC requirements.
Primacy states and EPA are responsible for making new permit
determinations, evaluating appeals on previous denials, and reviewing
applications to modify existing permits, including hazardous waste Class I well
petitions. The states and Regions supervise injection practices in the field by
witnessing mechanical integrity tests, inspecting and reviewing plugged and
abandoned injection wells, reviewing well records, and tracking compliance with
regulatory requirements and permit conditions.
The Agency is proposing new regulations for the management of Class V
shallow injection wells. States and Regions continue to focus their efforts on
locating and assessing priority shallow injection wells. Examples include some
industrial, storm and agriculture drainage wells, automobile service station
wells and injection wells located in proximity to drinking water wells. When
Class IV wells or Class V wells that endanger underground sources of drinking
water are located, states and Regions require their immediate closure. States
and Regions are targeting priority enforcement efforts against violations of
shallow well requirements.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $9,689,600 for this program, all
5-31
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of which was from the Abatement,. Control and Compliance appropriation.
States and Regions continued to issue or deny new permits, evaluate
appeals on previous denials, and review applications to modify existing permits,
including hazardous waste Class I well petitions. In assuring that permit
conditions were being met, the states and Regions continued to review monthly,
quarterly, and annual reports from operators and conducted inspections. The
states and Regions continued to supervise injection practices in the field by
witnessing mechanical integrity tests, inspecting and reviewing plugged and
abandoned injection wells, reviewing well records, and tracking compliance with
regulatory requirements and permit conditions. Grant funds also supported
technical assistance to operators, maintained well inventory data, and supported
regulatory changes to accommodate new EPA requirements and guidelines. The
states continued to implement the enforcement role through field presence and by
initiating appropriate enforcement actions.
Administrative Orders (AOs) and/or legal actions were initiated by state
programs against owners and operators in violation of UIC regulatory
requirements. This included preparing public notification of violation and
intent to issue AOs, and conducting public hearings.
The states and EPA completed 11,789 permit determinations for new and
existing wells and conducted evaluations to determine if permit requirements were
being met. In addition, 37,216 mechanical integrity tests were conducted to
ensure the integrity of wells. The states and EPA also focused on compliance
activities through increased field inspections and enforcement actions. Other
activities included the review of monitoring reports and maintenance of inventory
data.
SPECIAL STUDIES AND DEMONSTRATIONS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests no resources for this program. This represents a
decrease of $6,708,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance. This decrease
reflects the Agency's effort to achieve maximum leverage with limited resources
and the belief that the recipient organizations can and should secure additional
funding through organizational dues, training fees and other mechanisms.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $6,708,000 for this program,
all of which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These
funds provide $4,595,000 to the National Rural Water Association (NRWA) Drinking
Water Program, $1,240,000 to the NRWA Ground Water Program and $873,000 to the
Rural Community Assistance Program (RCAP).
5-32
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In 1994, EPA is continuing to fund organizations that address the problems
of small rural community water systems. Through training and technical
assistance, small rural communities have improved operational, technical and
financial capabilities for operating their drinking water systems. EPA provides
technical assistance and training to small rural community water systems through
grants to the NRWA Drinking Water Program and the RCAP. The grant to the NRWA
Drinking Water Program provides funding for 47 state non-profit associations to
provide operator training and technical assistance. The RCAP grant provides
funding for compliance training and technical and managerial assistance in
support of drinking water systems and community decision-makers. The six
regional RCAP affiliates serve 26 states. The grant to the NRWA Ground Water
Program provides funding for local Wellhead Protection Program (WHP)
demonstration projects.
Congressional Directives. A total of $6,208,000 is for Congressionally
directed projects with the National Rural Water Association and the Rural
Community Assistance Program.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $4,500,000 for these programs, all
of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These
funds included $700,000 for the RCAP to foster small system compliance and
$3,800,000 to the NRWA Drinking Water Program to provide training and technical
assistance to support small system compliance.
In 1993, the NRWA and its 46 state affiliates conducted a total of 802
technical assistance and training sessions including: 474 technical training
sessions; 215 jointly sponsored specialized training sessions with other state
and Federal agencies; and 113 SDWA training sessions. In addition, NRWA
affiliates provided a total of 12,397 hours of on-site technical assistance to
address individual rural water system problems related to compliance, operations
and maintenance, finance and management.
In 1993 the RCAP, in the first year of a two year project, provided
community specific training and on-site compliance assistance to small system
owners, operators and community leaders in 180 small rural communities in 27
states and Puerto Rico. Total population served was 2,009,188 people with the
average size community being 15,000. On-site community specific training and on-
site compliance assistance included diagnosing compliance problems and
identifying solutions, compliance training, developing institutional capacity to
meet compliance standards, conducting watershed surveys, consolidating or
restructuring current water supply services, establishing and maintaining
responsible financial and management systems, and assisting in properly operating
and maintaining systems after coming back into compliance. RCAP, with its six
affiliates, also assisted specific state and local regulatory agencies with
identified problems and needs, worked with the National Training Coalition and
state training coalitions in providing regulatory training to small systems.
5-33
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DRINKING WATER
Ground-Water Protection
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995 DECREASE DECREASE
1994 1994 1995 REQ 1995 REQ
VS VS
1994 CE 1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Ground-Water Protection
- FIFRA Fund
Program & Research $13,734.3 $13,689.8 $13,668.5 $13,606.3 $15,040.9 $1,434.6 $1,351.1
Operations
Abatement Control and $5,794.3 $3,210.1 $2,808.2 $2,767.3 $3,210.1 $442.8
Compliance
TOTAL $19,528.6 $16,899.9 $16,476.7 $16,373.6 $18,251.0 $1,877.4 $1,351.1
TOTAL:
Program & Research $13,734.3 $13,689.8 $13,668.5 $13,606.3 $15,040.9 $1,434.6 $1,351.1
Operations
Abatement Control and $5,794.3 $3,210.1 $2,808.2 $2,767.3 $3,210.1 $442.8
Compliance
.Ground-Water TOTAL $19,528.6 $16,899.9 $16,476.7 $16,373.6 $18,251.0 $1,877.4 $1,351.1
Protection
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Ground-Water Protection
- FIFRA Fund
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Ground-Water Protection
- FIFRA Fund
TOTAL WORKYEARS
232.3
232.3
240.9
240.9
221.9
221.9
221.9
221.9
221.9
221.9
221.9
221.9
221.7
221.7
221.7
221.7
225.8
225.8
225.8
225.8
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
5-34
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DRINKING WATER
Ground Water Protection
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $18,251,000, and 225.8 total workyears for
1995, an increase of $1,877 ,.400 and 4.1 total workyears from 1994. Of the
request, $15,040,900 will be for Program and Research Operations and $3,210,100
will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents
an increase of $1,434,600 in the Program and Research Operations appropriation,
and an increase of $442,800 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
GROUND WATER PROTECTION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $18,251,000, and 225.8 total workyears for
this program, of which $15,040,900 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $3,210,100 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,434,600 for Program
and Research Operations, an increase of $442,800 for Abatement, Control and
Compliance and an increase of 4.1 total workyears. The increase in Program and
Research Operations includes increased personnel costs associated with the net
increase of 4.1 total workyears. The workyear increase is the result of a
decrease of 20.1 total workyears from the oversight of UIC programs in primacy
states and an increase of 24.2 total workyears to develop Source Water Protection
programs, and 1.0 total workyears to coordinate with the nonpoint source program.
EPA will incorporate pollution prevention into the drinking water program
by working with states and public water systems to institute Source Water
Protection Programs (SWPP) for protecting ground and surface water sources of
drinking water. SWPPs will expand upon wellhead protection not only by focusing
on both surface and ground water, but also by including broader protection areas
and a multi-jurisdictional approach to protection. SWPPs will include drinking
water resources that are not included in Wellhead Protection Programs (WHP) and
will expand and link local WHP programs that are better addressed by state or
multi-jurisdictional authorities. While building upon existing cross-program
ground water protection initiatives and the Clean Water Act watershed protection
program, these prevention oriented programs are expected to be an effective means
of protecting public health and meeting SDWA requirements. EPA will sponsor
state forums to focus on developing and defining the SWPP and implementation
issues critical to its success. EPA will also consult with other Federal
agencies in developing guidance on SWPPs. Building on the information and
insights gained through the forums, the Agency will i--.ue the national guidance
for state and local SWPPs.
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In 1995, EPA will continue to emphasize the importance of WHPs for those
public water systems relying primarily on ground water. EPA expects to review
7 state plans and to approve 4 additional state WHP programs, bringing the total
to 42. Emphasis will shift from state program approvals to providing technical
assistance on complex WHP implementation issues and transferring technical and
management approaches of local WHP efforts that were successful. EPA will
continue to track states' progress in implementing their Comprehensive State
Ground Water Protection Programs (CSGWPP), particularly with regard to multi-
media considerations. In 1995, the CSGWPP and WHP programs will begin to phase
into the Source Water Protection effort and will be used as base information for
establishing inventories, local ordinances and preventive efforts that can be
expanded into the state SWPPs.
To supplement the national guidance defining SWPPs, EPA will begin
development of technical guidance documents on delineating drinking water
protection areas (DWPA) within a state and on defining adequate management
measures within a DWPA for different categories of sources of contamination. The
Agency will test methods of resource assessment/characterization in several
states. EPA will sponsor the second International Ground Water Ecology
Conference, a forum for water resource managers to share their research or
experience on topics such as the impacts of surface water and ground water
interaction. EPA will work with the states to improve the collection and
accessibility of ground water information, including ground water environmental
indicators. EPA will continue to perform reviews of Federally financed projects
on or near sole source aquifers.
EPA will promulgate new UIC regulations for the management of Class V
shallow injection wells as well as revisions to the regulatory controls for Class
II oil and gas related injection wells. Primacy states will have 270 days to
adopt these new regulations. EPA will begin the review and approval process for
state primacy revisions to adopt the new Underground Injection Control (UIC)
regulations. It is estimated that many of the states will experience difficulty
adopting the new regulations on shallow injection wells and will negotiate time
extensions with EPA. During these time extensions, the Agency will be
responsible for implementing key provisions of the new rules. The Agency will
issue final guidance on the no-migration petitions for non-hazardous waste Class
I injection wells and will also continue to coordinate with the RCRA program in
the development of hazardous waste rules and the implementation of those rules
at injection well operations.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $16,373,600 supported by 221.7 total
workyears for this program, of which $13,606,300 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $2,767,300 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Agency continues to work closely with states as they undertake ground
water protection efforts, including prevention, to protect this valuable
resource. The Agency is responding to specific state concerns as they develop
and implement their CSGWPPs. EPA is working with the states on the development
and implementation of Wellhead Protection Programs and expects to approve 7
additional state programs in 1994, bringing the number of approved States to 38.
EPA continues to promote the program by issuing guidance documents which address
technical considerations involved in WHP programs, including delineating wellhead
protection areas and inventorying sources of contamination.
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In 1994, EPA is sponsoring the first International Ground Water Ecology
Conference. The Agency is working with the states to collect data for
environmental indicators and is issuing guidance on critical areas of the ground
water/surface water interface. EPA is providing training on cross-program
integration of ground water data and is promoting state use of Geographic
Information Systems (CIS) as a priority setting and decision making tool for
state and local officials. EPA is working with other Federal agencies as well
as EPA programs to improve data quality, compatibility and accessibility.
EPA is continuing management of the Underground Injection Control program,
including working with states to secure the closure of shallow injection wells
which endanger ground water. The Agency is issuing draft guidance on no-
migration petitions for non-hazardous waste Class I injection wells. EPA is
continuing to conduct data integrity audits to assess states' progress in
implementing recommended changes for data management systems.
Congressional Directives. A total of $245,000 from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation is for the Congressionally directed projects to
support public information in the UIC program.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $19,528,600 supported by 240.9
total workyears for this program, of which $13,734,300 was from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $5,794,300 was from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
In 1993, EPA issued the final national guidance for CSGWPPs, and provided
assistance to 11 pilot states to develop core state programs, including
conducting resource assessments, developing source control strategies, and
determining vulnerability characteristics. EPA continued implementing policies
on cross-program integration of ground water data and promoting the use of CIS.
The Agency continued to assist states in their development and
implementation of wellhead protection programs. EPA approved an additional 5
state WHP programs during 1993, bringing the total to 31. EPA maintained its
efforts in Sole Source Aquifer designations. The Agency continued to review
projects financially assisted by the Federal government on or near designated
sole source aquifers.
EPA continued to directly implement 23 Federal UIC programs in states and
on Indian lands which do not have primacy (16 full and 6 partial plus the Osage
Reservation). Direct implementation activities focused on making permit
determinations as well as ensuring adherence to permit conditions and other
regulatory requirements by conducting field inspections, witnessing mechanical
integrity tests, and reviewing well record reports. The Agency continued to
review primacy applications, and provide guidance and grants as appropriate. EPA
provided technical assistance to primacy states and ensured that the programs
continued to meet the minimum regulatory requirements.
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DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water Enforcement
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995 DECREASE DECREASE
1994 1994 1995 REQ 1995 REQ
VS VS
1994 CE 1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Drinking Water
Enforcement
Program & Research $5,342.5 $6,655.3 $6,644.1 $5,209.9 $6,094.2
Operations
Abatement Control and $7.3 $20.1 $20.1 $44.2 $14.5
Compliance
TOTAL $5,349.8 $6,675.4 $6,664.2 $5,254.1 $6,108.7
TOTAL:
Program & Research $5,342.5 $6,655.3 $6,644.1 $5,209.9 $6,094.2
Operations
Abatement Control and $7.3 $20.1 $20.1 $44.2 $14.5
Compliance
Drinking Water TOTAL $5,349.8 $6,675.4 $6,664.2 $5,254.1 $6,108.7
Enforcement
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Drinking Water 93.8 109.8 109.8 95.5 104.5
Enforcement
'OTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 93.8 109.8 109.8 95.5 104.5
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Drinking Water 97.9 109.8 109.8 95.5 104.5
Enforcement
$884.3 -$561.1
-$29.7 -$5.6
$854.6 -$566.7
$884.3 -$561.1
-$29.7 -$5.6
$854.6 -$566.7
9.0 -5.3
9.0 -5.3
9.0 -5.3
TOTAL WORKYEARS 97.9 109.8 109.8 95.5 104.5 9.0 -5.3
5-39
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DRINKING WATER
Enforcement
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $6,108,700 and 104.5 total workyears for
1995, an increase of $854,600 and 9.0 total workyears from 1994. Of the request,
$6,094,200 will be for Program and Research Operations and $14,500 for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of
$884,300 for the Program and Research Operations appropriation, and a decrease
of $29,700 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
DRINKING WATER ENFORCEMENT
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The
Headquarters resources for Drinking Water Enforcement can now be found in
Multimedia (1994 and 1995).
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $6,108,700 and 104.5 total workyears for
this program, of which $6,094,200 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $14,500 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $884,300 for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, a decrease of $29,700 for Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation and an increase of 9.0 total workyears. The
increase for the Program and Research Operations appropriation will support
increased personnel costs. The decrease in Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation is a result of the Region's increasing their 1994 dollars over the
President's Budget during development of the operating plan to better meet their
program expense needs. The additional workyears will provide for increased
support for enforcement of the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) and Lead and
Copper rule.
In 1995, enforcement support for the SWTR and Lead and Copper rule will
continue to be a very high priority, although enforcement against violators of
the Total Coliform (TC) and other basic rules will continue. Noncompliance is
expected to escalate as additional requirements (monitoring, treatment
techniques) of the SWTR and Lead and Copper rule are implemented.
For the SWTR, the Regions will continue enforcement actions against the
approximately 1,000 systems that missed the June 1993 deadline requiring
unfiltered surface water systems to have installed treatment. In addition, the
Regions will enforce new filtration requirements for ground water systems under
the influence of surface water.
For the Lead and Copper rule, EPA will focus on corrosion control plans
and monitoring results from all systems. EPA will issue Administrative Orders
(AOs) against large systems who are not implementing their corrosion control
plans. In addition, the Regions will continue to provide technical assistance,
5-40
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assess compliance and take enforcement actions in cases where a state is unable
or unwilling to do so.
The Regions will increase the use of SDWA Section 1431 orders and
Department of Justice (DOJ) referrals for enforcing both the Lead and Copper rule
and SWTR. EPA will also accelerate the use of DOJ referrals for an increased
number of civil cases.
In 1995, the Underground Injection Control (UIC) enforcement program will
continue to focus enforcement activity on Class V shallow injection wells. EPA
will continue to take enforcement actions in all states where there is failure
to take timely and appropriate actions. Class V enforcement activities are
expected to continue to increase, especially in designated source water
protection areas. The Regions will seek criminal prosecution for fraudulent
reporting and intentional misrepresentation, especially those cases involving
disposal of land banned wastes.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating to the Regions a total of $5,254,100 supported by
95.5 total workyears for this program, of which $5,209,900 is from the Program
and Research Operations appropriation and $44,200 is from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
The Regional workload for drinking water enforcement is expanding as new
requirements take effect and EPA continues to pursue compliance across all
systems. In 1994, the Regions are primarily focusing on the SWTR and Lead and
Copper rule, as well as continuing to enforce against violators of the basic TC
rule.
For the SWTR, the Regions are working with the states to issue enforcement
actions against the approximately 1000 systems, approximately 110 of which
included large cities, (i.e., serving over 10,000 persons) that missed the June
1993 deadline requirement for unfiltered surface water systems to have installed
treatment. The Regions are also issuing enforcement actions against previously
filtered systems which do no meet the new, more stringent standards and ensuring
that systems remain in compliance with the terms of their enforcement actions.
EPA is ensuring that enforcement actions are pursued wherever the state does not
have primary enforcement authority or whenever the state does not take timely or
appropriate enforcement actions.
Under the Lead and Copper regulation, small systems were required to begin
monitoring in July 1993. Based on our experience with the large and medium
systems, we anticipate approximately 15-20 percent (or approximately 11,000-
15,000 systems), which require enforcement actions. In addition, over the past
few years, approximately 13,000 systems have been in noncompliance with total
coliform requirements. Aggressive enforcement against violators of this basic
regulation must continue.
EPA is emphasizing the use of SDWA Section 1431 orders which are used in
situations of imminent and substantial endangerment. The Regions are especially
encouraging the use of these orders against systems with high lead levels. EPA
is increasing the use of Department of Justice referrals for an increased number
of civil cases.
For the UIC program, EPA is concentrating on enforcement actions against
Class V shallow injection wells, while continuing actions against Class I and
5-41
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Class II oil and gas injection wells. In addition, the UIC program is
implementing a second round of national orders against major oil companies with
Class V injection wells at company-owned service stations.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $5,349,800 supported by 97.9
total workyears for this program, of which $5,342,500 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $7,300 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
EPA worked with states to adopt new enforcement authorities and establish
programs to carry out the new requirements. The focus of the drinking water
enforcement program was on state efforts to implement the SWTR and TC rule. In
1993, EPA also began implementation of the Lead and Copper and Phase II rules.
For nonprimacy states (where states were under approved time extensions) and
Indian tribes, the Agency implemented all new enforcement requirements for the
SWTR, TC, Lead and Copper, and Phase II regulations.
Federal enforcement efforts in 1993 increased. EPA issued record numbers
of proposed and final administrative orders (629 and 364 respectively), eight
emergency orders, and a record high 13 new civil referrals and 37 complaints for
penalty orders. In addition, EPA assessed $6,150 and $77,000 in administrative
and civil penalties, respectively. In the UIC program, EPA continued to track
compliance of the 10 oil companies with the nationally issued 5X28 Administrative
Orders. This was a precedent setting case in 1992, and all 10 companies met
their obligation to close 75 percent of their 5X28 well inventory by July 1,
1993. This effort is ongoing and will be completed by the end of the second
quarter of 1994. In addition, EPA issued 129 proposed administrative orders, 64
final administrative orders, 10 new civil referrals and assessed $162,553 in
penalties.
5-42
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
WATER INFRASTRUCTURE 6-1
Water Infrastructure 6-5
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund 6-6
Special Needs Programs 6-7
Clean Water State Revolving Fund 6-8
Mexican Border Projects 6-9
Water Quality Management Cooperative Agreements 6-10
-------
WATER INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
APPROPRIATION
Water Infrastructure 2552,114.0 2047,000.0 2397,000.0 2397,000.0 2550,000.0 $153,000.0 $503,000.0
TOTAL, Water Infrastructure 2552,114.0 2047,000.0 2397,000.0 2397,000.0 2550,000.0 $153,000.0 $503,000.0
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
OUTLAYS
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS
2104,058.0 2534,171.0 2330,247.0 2330,247.0 2309,263.0 -$20,984.0 -$224,908.0
Authorizing language is required.
6-1
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WATER INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING
DIFFERENCE
PRES. CURRENT
BUDGET ENACTED ESTIMATE ENACTED VS EST. VS EST. VS
1994 1994 1994 PRES. BUD PRES. BUD ENACTED
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
APPROPRIATION
Water Infrastructure 2047,000.0 2397,000.0 2397,000.0 $350,000.0 $350,000.0
TOTAL, Water Infrastructure 2047,000.0 2397,000.0 2397,000.0 $350,000.0 $350,000.0
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
The following points list the major reasons that the dollars devoted to this media have changed from
submission of the President's FY 1994 Budget Request to the FY 1994 Current Estimates.
WATER INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING
o Funds were received through a Congressional add-on to provide funding for Hardship
Communities and Water Quality Cooperative Agreements.
6-2
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WATER INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
*
The Challenge: Municipal discharges cause one-fifth of remaining waterbody
impairments in rivers and lakes and one-half in our estuaries. Small,
economically disadvantaged, and rural communities need innovative solutions for
their drinking water and wastewater treatment systems.
The Water Infrastructure Financing (WIF) programs provide financial
assistance to states and localities with the objective of helping them protect
the Nation's water resources and, specifically, to meet the requirements of the
Clean Water Act (CWA) and Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) . The WIF appropriation
provides funding for: the Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CW-SRF) program; the
new Drinking Water SRF (DW-SRF); the U.S.-Mexican Border Environmental
Initiative; state water quality cooperative agreements under Section 104(b)(3)
of the Clean Water Act; and grants for communities facing both high needs and
high user charges.
The SRF and construction grants programs have financed much of the
environmental revolution that began on Earth Day in 1970. Since 1970, the
country has seen dramatic improvements in water quality due to the continued
dedication of all levels of government to build modern wastewater treatment
facilities. The SRF and construction grants programs have financed these vital
projects and have freed our rivers, lakes and coastal areas from much of the
degradation caused by untreated sewage. Today, the Nation's network of over
15,000 modern wastewater facilities (secondary treatment or better) serves 60%
of the population and removes billions of tons of harmful pollutants from our
waterways.
While our investments have paid off in terms of improved water quality,
human health, and quality of life, we have not finished the work begun in 1970.
We are no longer faced with massive discharges of raw sewage that simply
overwhelm waterways. Still, municipal sources make significant contributions to
the impairment of our Nation's waters. Today, municipal discharges are
responsible for impairment of 15% of the Nation's rivers, 21% of the Nation's
lakes, and 53% of the Nation's estuaries. Pollutants such as nutrients, organic
enrichment, pathogens and toxics which come from stormwater discharges, leaking
sanitary sewers, combined sewer overflows, and sewage treatment facilities are
the most common causes of impairment.
In many cities, outdated designs still lead to the discharge of raw sewage
through combined sewer overflows (CSOs) during storms. Additionally, the effects
of stormwater still pose significant threats to watersheds. A significant
portion of our investment in wastewater treatment plants and sewer systems is
aging and will need to be restored or replaced over the next several years. The
most recent survey of municipal water quality infrastructure needs topped $137
billion. We must continue to make progress in protecting and restoring the
ecological integrity of our waters and maintain the infrastructure system that
is responsible for the improved water quality we enjoy today.
6-3
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In addressing both of these needs within the fiscal constraints of our
time, EPA continues to look for new and better ways to do business. The Agency
has adopted a watershed approach to focus the efforts of all levels of government
and the public on the most serious threats to the most important ecological
resources. As one of the most successful and far reaching environmental programs
of the Federal government, the SRF program continues to provide substantial
funding for the watershed approach. Implementation of the watershed approach
demands the flexibility to fund non-traditional projects, such as stormwater
runoff, combined sewer overflows, estuaries, and the implementation of nonpoint
source management programs.
In accordance with the President's "Vision of Change for America," the
Administration will continue capitalization of the Clean Water State Revolving
Funds (SRF) to meet the highest priority needs of valuable water resources and
to maintain our National investment in wastewater infrastructure. At the end of
fiscal year 1993, investments in the SRF program (including Federal investments,
state matching funds, additional contributions, and bond proceeds) made more than
$11 billion available for loans. The Federal investment totaled approximately
$8.8 billion.
The 1987 amendments also authorized "treatment as states" for Indian Tribes
and Alaska native villages. The Agency also reserves funds from the CW-SRF
appropriation for the development and construction of sewage treatment facilities
to serve Indian tribes.
Funds will be directed to innovative demonstration projects under the Water
Quality Management Cooperative Agreements for stormwater, combined sewer
overflows, pollution prevention, sludge management, and other projects which may
yield innovative solutions in addressing these watershed problems.
In support of the U.S.-Mexican Border Environmental Initiative and the
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), funds will be provided to support
the planning, design, and construction of high priority wastewater treatment
projects. Among the most significant are sewage discharges which cross the
Border from Mexico and cause waterborne diseases which are currently threatening
populations in Tijuana, the colonias and other high priority areas along the
U.S.-Mexican Border.
As part of the "Vision of Change for America" and the commitment to long-
term investment in infrastructure as expressed in "Rebuild America," the
Administration has committed to the establishment of a new Drinking Water SRF to
address the significant needs faced by municipalities for drinking water
infrastructure. Under this new authorization, states would receive grants to
capitalize revolving funds to provide low-interest loans to municipalities for
the construction of drinking water infrastructure needed to comply with the Safe
Drinking Water Act. EPA estimates that systems will spend $9 billion to comply
with current Safe Drinking Water Act requirements.
6-4
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WATER INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING
Water Infrastructure-Municipal Waste Treatment Grants
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Drinking Water - SRF
Water Infrastructure
Special Projects
Water Infrastructure
TOTAL
TOTAL
$599,000.0 $599,000.0 $599,000.0 $700,000.0 $101,000.0 $101,000.0
$599,000.0 $599,000.0 $599,000.0 $700,000.0 $101,000.0 $101,000.0
$100,000.0
$100,000.0
$100,000.0
$100,000.0
Clean Water State
Revolving Fund - FY94
Water Infrastructure Z433,553.5 1198,000.0 1218,000.0 1218,000.0 1600,000.0 $382,000.0 $402,000.0
TOTAL 2433,553.5 1198,000.0 1218,000.0 1218,000.0 1600,000.0 $382,000.0 $402,000.0
Mexican Border Projects
Water Infrastructure $102,500.0 $150,000.0 $58,000.0 $58,000.0 $150,000.0 $92,000.0 $92,000.0
TOTAL $102,500.0 $150,000.0 $58,000.0 $58,000.0 $150,000.0 $92,000.0 $92,000.0
Special Needs
Water Infrastructure
Water Quality Manage-
ment Cooperative
\greements
Water Infrastructure
TOTAL
$16,060.5
TOTAL $16,060.5
$500,000.0 $500,000.0 $100,000.0 $400,000.0 $100,000.0
$500,000.0 $500,000.0 $100,000.0 $400,000.0 $100,000.0
$22,000.0
$22,000.0
$22,000.0
$22,000.0
-$22,000.0
-$22,000.0
TOTAL:
Water Infrastructure
2552,114.0 2047,000.0 2409,000.0 2397,000.0 2550,000.0 $153,000.0 $503,000.0
Water Infrastructure TOTAL 2552,114.0 2047,000.0 2397,000.0 2397,000.0 2550,000.0 $153,000.0 $503,000.0
Municipal Waste
Treatment Grants
6-5
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WATER INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING
Water Infrastructure
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $2,550,000,000 in the Water Infrastructure
Financing appropriation (formerly the Construction Grants/State Revolving Fund
Appropriation). This represents an increase of $153,000,000 in the Water
Infrastructure Financing appropriation from 1994. Nonpoint source management
grants under section 319 of the Clean Water Act are included in the Water Quality
media.
DRINKING WATER - STATE REVOLVING FUND
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $700,000,000 all of which will be for the
Water Infrastructure Financing appropriation. This represents an increase of
$101,000,000 over 1994. These additional funds will allow States to fund
additional drinking water infrastructure improvements, thereby providing added
protection measures for public health.
It is essential that the federal government demonstrate a commitment to
safe drinking water by supporting state programs for low interest loans to
systems that need to install treatment to comply with the Safe Drinking Water Act
(SDWA). The fund will provide loans, through state Drinking Water State
Revolving Fund (DW-SRF) programs, for constructing needed improvements to
drinking water systems to meet SDWA standards and for restructuring small systems
(including consolidation) to improve compliance. Up to four percent (4%) of
these funds will be used by states to help manage the new programs and 1 percent
for technical assistance and planning. The fund is self sustaining in the long
term and will directly help to offset rising costs of new SDWA requirements and
to assist small communities in meeting the requirements of this program.
EPA will work with states to complete the development of DW-SRFs in each
state, in order that funds can be obligated to the states. EPA will also provide
technical assistance and training to states as they initiate the DW-SRF programs
and systems begin construction of drinking water infrastructure projects. EPA
expects that 36 additional states will be prepared to receive funding by the end
of 1995.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $599,000,000 for this program, all of
which is for the Water Infrastructure Financing appropriation.
Since 1994 is the first year for this program, EPA is spending considerable
time developing the policy and administrative considerations necessary to
implement the new DW-SRF. EPA is working closely with the states to determine
eligibilities and availability of fund dollars. States must revise existing SRF
programs, where necessary, to make drinking water projects eligible for funding.
6-6
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In those states not needing any revisions, program priorities, policies and
guidance must be established so that states will have appropriate mechanisms in
place to fund drinking water projects as expeditiously as possible.
Since this is a new program, the infrastructure needs for drinking water
have not been well documented. However, EPA estimates that systems will spend
$9 billion just to comply with current Safe Drinking Water Act requirements.
Due to the fact that we anticipate authorization for the DW-SRF late in the
year, we estimate that 5 states will be prepared to receive funding by the end
of the year.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
There was no program in 1993.
SPECIAL NEEDS PROGRAM
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $100,000,000 for this program, all of which
is from the Water Infrastructure Financing appropriation. This reflects a
decrease of $400,000,000 compared to $500,000,000 the Agency received for 1994
and is holding pending congressional authorization. These funds will be targeted
where documented secondary treatment needs exceed $2,000,000,000 as reported in
EPA's 1992 Needs Survey database as of February 4, 1993 and wastewater user
charges for residential use of 7,000 gallons based on the Ernst & Young National
Water and Wastewater 1992 Rate Survey are greater than 0.65 percent of 1990
median household income for the primary metropolitan statistical areas as
measured by the Bureau of Census.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $500,000,000 for this program, of
which all is from the Water Infrastructure Financing appropriation. The
Administration is proposing a delay in the availability of these funds from May
31, 1994 to September 30, 1994 in order to allow time for Congress to authorize
projects for which the funds will be used.
The Agency is pursuing authorizing legislation to allocate $80,000,000 for
grants to support construction of wastewater infrastructure necessary to address
human health and environmental problems along the U.S. - Mexican Border.
$60,000,000 will be for the U.S. colonias for the design and construction of
wastewater treatment systems. $20,000,000 will be for planning, design, and
construction of interceptors and wastewater treatment facilities in Nogales,
Arizona, Mexicali, Mexico and other high priority areas along the U.S./Mexico
Border.
6-7
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The Agency is also pursuing authorizing legislation to allocate
$100,000,000 to the Special Needs program as outlined in the 1994 President's
Budget. These funds are to be targeted to those municipalities with documented
secondary treatment needs in excess of $2,000,000,000 as reported in EPA's 1992
Needs Survey database as of February 4, 1993 and has wastewater user charges for
residential use of 7,000 gallons based on the Ernst & Young National Water and
Wastewater 1992 Rate Survey greater than 0.65 percent of 1990 median household
income for the primary metropolitan statistical areas as measured by the Bureau
of Census.
The Administration is still evaluating options for proposing use of the
remaining $320 million in a matter that is consistent with Congressional intent.
Congressional Directives. The Agency received $500,000,000 in reserve in
this account for Hardship Communities pending specific authorizing legislation.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
There was no funding for this program in 1993.
CLEAN WATER - STATE REVOLVING FUND
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $1,600,000,000 for this program. Of this
amount, $21,500,000 will be for grants to States under Section 104(b)(3) of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended. All of these funds will be from
the Water Infrastructure Financing appropriation. This represents an increase
of $382,000,000 from 1994.
In accordance with the President's "Vision of Change for America," the
Administration will continue capitalization of the Clean Water State Revolving
Funds (SRF) . The SRF and construction grants programs have financed and overseen
the construction of a vast network of environmental infrastructure that is
directly responsible for the dramatic water quality improvements in the Nation's
water resources since 1970. These investments have resulted in the elimination
of most of the large-scale pollution problems that once plagued our waters.
However, lakes, rivers and coastal areas still face serious threats. Municipal
sources make significant contribution to pollution including nutrients, organic
enrichment, pathogens and toxic pollutants from stormwater runoff, leaking
sanitary sewers, combined sewer overflows and sewage treatment facilities,
especially those which have yet to achieve secondary treatment. These more
subtle, complex threats require in-depth understanding of natural ecosystems and
preventative and state-of-the-art technological solutions.
As one of the most successful and far reaching environmental programs of
the Federal government, the SRF program will continue to provide fuel to
municipalities for the implementation of the watershed approach. In addition to
funding traditional wastewater infrastructure, the program will encourage
6-8
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expanded state funding for significant non-traditional problems, such as
stormwater runoff, combined sewer overflows (CSOs), nonpoint source pollution,
and estuarine management, all of which continue to impair the Nation's waters.
Water quality cooperative agreements will continue in 1995. The Agency
will emphasize projects reflecting broad-based initiatives such as permitting,
outreach and public education to determine and target priorities on a watershed
basis. These grants will focus on incorporating all aspects of the NPDES
program, i.e., stormwater, CSOs, sludge, pretreatments, etc. on a watershed
basis.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allotting $1,218,000,000 for this program, all of which is
from the Water Infrastructure Financing appropriation. These funds are being
used for continued capitalization of the SRF. SRF programs have proven to be
very successful financing mechanisms to help meet the Nation's large water
pollution control needs. The Agency will provide support to the states to ensure
the long-term viability of SRF programs. The SRF will continue to address the
highest priority water quality needs, including expanded eligibilities for
stormwater projects, combined sewer overflows, nonpoint source projects, and
assistance for the cleanup of our national estuaries.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993 the Agency obligated a total of $2,433,553,500 for this program,
all of which was from the Construction Grants Appropriation. This program
included capitalization grants for the SRF, Coastal Cities grants, and
Congressional directives.
Fifty-one Clean Water SRF programs operated in 1993. EPA's coordination
and negotiation with the Indian Health Service continued for Indian Tribes and
Alaska Native Villages.
The Coastal Cities program included grants for secondary treatment
facilities for New York City, Boston, Baltimore, Seattle, San Diego, and Los
Angeles. Congressionally directed projects included grants for the Rouge River,
Michigan, Ocean County, New Jersey, the Texas and New Mexico Colonias, and
Avondale, Arizona.
MEXICAN BORDER PROJECTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $150,000,000 for this program, all of which
will be from the Water Infrastructure Financing appropriation. This represents
an increase of $92,000,000. These funds support the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) and the U.S./Mexico Border Plan through the construction of
wastewater treatment projects along the Border area. The program will continue
to provide infrastructure funding for the international wastewater treatment
plant to treat sewage coming from Tijuana. The program also funds
Mexicali/Calexico (New River), Nogales and other high priority locations along
6-9
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the Mexico Border area. Funding is also provided for wastewater treatment
systems for the Colonias in Texas, which are experiencing serious human health
problems because of the lack of adequate sewage treatment. All of these projects
will address the serious water quality and human health problems caused by the
discharge of untreated or inadequately treated domestic and industrial
wastewaters effecting the U.S. - Mexican Border.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating $58,000,000 for this program, all of which is
from the Water Infrastructure Financing appropriation. These funds continue the
design and construction of the international wastewater treatment facility needed
to treat raw sewage from Tijuana, Mexico which threatens the National Estuarine
Reserve near San Diego.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated $102,500,000 for this program, all of which was from
the Construction Grants appropriation. These funds continued the design and
construction of the international wastewater treatment facility needed to treat
raw sewage from Tijuana, Mexico which threatens the National Estuarine Reserve
near San Diego. Funds were allocated for the design and construction of
wastewater treatment systems for the Colonias in Texas and New Mexico, and other
border projects.
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Funds for this program are requested under the Clean Water State Revolving
Fund.
1994 PROGRAM
Congressional Directives. The Agency is allocating a total of $22,000,000
for water quality management grants and cooperative agreements, all of which is
from the Water Infrastructure Financing appropriation. These funds are being
allocated to States and municipalities to accelerate the start up and
implementation of new initiatives of the National Pollution Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) program, including combined sewer overflows (CSOs), stormwater,
sludge, and pretreatment programs. Projects will also support the development
of tribal and state capacity building activities. Assistance is being provided
to states to develop and adopt programs to implement municipal water pollution
prevention activities and to implement estuary projects.
6-10
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $16,060,500 for this program, all of which
was from the construction grants appropriation. Projects related to stormwater
-and CSOs remained a high priority. States developed CSO strategies, issued CSO,
general, industrial and construction stormwater permits, and conducted
educational and outreach programs. In 1993, projects related to other
requirements of the NPDES program such as acceleration of State sludge and
pretreatment programs were also supported. The Agency supported the "Treatment
as a State" rule for Indian Tribes and Alaska Native Villages by awarding grants
to Tribes for capacity building. In 1993, the Agency also awarded grants to
States to develop and adopt programs to implement municipal water pollution
prevention activities.
6-11
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
*•-,
Table of Contents
Page
PESTICIDES 7-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Pesticides Research 7-9
Pesticides Research 7-13
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Registration, Special Registration and Tolerances 7-25
Registration, Special Registration and Tolerances 7-26
Generic Chemical Review 7-30
Generic Chemical Review 7-31
Pesticides Program Implementation 7-34
Pesticides Program Implementation 7-35
Pesticides Program Implementation Grants 7-38
ENFORCEMENT
Pesticides Enforcement 7-41
Pesticides Enforcement Grants 7-42
Pesticides Enforcement 7-43
-------
-------
APPROPRIATION
PESTICIDES
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
Program & Research
operation - Flood
Reimbursements
TOTAL, Pesticides
FIFRA Revolving Fund
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
OUTLAYS
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS
$54,804.0 $54,962.2 $54,461.6 $51,850.4 $56,077.9 $4,227.5 $1,115.7
$57,706.3 $61,482.2 $61,205.9 $57,922.3 $38,271.5 -$19,650.8 -$23,210.7
$7,442.3 $7,971.1 $7,866.3 $7,866.3 $9,188.1, $1,321.8 $1,217.0
$119,952.6 $124,415.5 $123,533.8 $117,639.0 $103,537.5 -$14,101.5 -$20,878.0
$12,291.1
1,052.8
1,085.3
1,072.9
1,072.9
1,072.9
1,072.9
$4,092.9
1,032.7
1,032.7
1,003.4
1,003.4
-$4,092.9
-29.3
-29.3
-69.5
-69.5
$120,351.3 $125,476.7 $123.255.4 $118,655.7 $102,544.4 -$16,111.3 -$22,932.3
Authorization for the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
expired on September 30, 1991. Reauthorization is pending.
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PESTICIDES
DIFFERENCE
PRES. CURRENT
BUDGET ENACTED ESTIMATE
1994 1994 1994
ENACTED VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
ENACTED
APPROPRIATION
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
Program & Research
operation - Flood
Reimbursements
TOTAL, Pesticides
$54,962.2 $54,461.6 $51,850.4
$61,482.2 $61,205.9 $57,922.3
$7,971.1 $7,866.3 $7,866.3
-$500.6 -$3,111.8 -$2,611.2
-$276.3 -$3,559.9 -$3,283.6
-$104.8 -$104.8
$124,415.5 $123,533.8 $117,639.0 -$881.7 -$6,776.5 -$5,894.8
FIFRA Revolving Fund
$4,092.9
$4,092.9 $4,092.9
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
1,072.9
1,072.9
1,072.9
1,072.9
1,032.7
1,032.7
-40.2
-40.2
-40.2
-40.2
The following points list the major reasons that the dollars devoted to this media have changed from submission
of the President's FY 1994 Budget Request to the FY 1994 Current Estimate.
PROGRAM AND RESEARCH OPERATIONS
The Program and Research Operations account has decreased from the FY 1994 President's Budget Request as a result of:
o The Congressionally-mandated reduction to the PRO account;
o The redirection of FTE and associated PRO resources to support new Agency initiatives; and
o The movement of Headquarters pesticides enforcement resources to Multi-Media as a result of the
reorganization of the Office of Enforcement.
ABATEMENT. CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE
The Abatement, Control and Compliance account has decreased from the FY 1994 President's Budget Request as a result of:
o The movement of Headquarters pesticides enforcement resources to Multi-Media as a result of the
reorganization of the Office of Enforcement; and
o The redirection of resources to support new Agency initiatives.
o Congressionally directed add-on for neurotoxicology research in the Health Effects Issue Plan
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
o
Reduction in Hazardous Waste resources transferred to other Program Elements for higher priority
research
NOTE: In accordance with Congressional direction, the Pesticides Program was not reduced below FY 1993 enacted levels.
7-2
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PESTICIDES
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
Pesticides can be both beneficial and hazardous substances. Almost
everyone uses or is exposed to the use of pesticide products. Pesticides are
also major contributors to groundwater pollution and agricultural runoff to
surface water. At the same time, pesticide products provide benefits to society,
contributing to agricultural productivity and controlling human diseases.
EPA's authority to regulate pesticides is set forth in two statutes. The
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) governs the licensing
or registration of pesticide products. Sections 408 and 409 of the Federal Food,
Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) regulate the level of pesticide residues in raw and
processed agricultural commodities.
FIFRA. Under FIFRA, all pesticides must be registered with EPA before they
may be sold or distributed in the United States. EPA operates under an overall
risk/benefit
standard for pesticide registration. Pesticides must perform their intended
function when used according to label directions, without posing unreasonable
risks of adverse effects on human health or the environment. In making pesticide
registration decisions, EPA is required to take into account the economic,
social, and environmental costs and benefits of pesticide use. This is a task
of enormous scope and complexity. The Office of Pesticide Programs regulates
over 800 active ingredients, included in approximately 20,000 registered
products, which account for about three billion pounds of pesticide active
ingredient use each year.
Amendments to FIFRA in 1988 substantially strengthened EPA's pesticide
regulatory authority, principally in the following areas:
o The 1988 amendments accelerate the reregistration process for scientific
review and assessment of previously registered pesticides by requiring
completion of this task within nine years.
o EPA is required to give accelerated review to applications for initial or
amended registration of products which are similar to pesticides already
registered with EPA.
o The 1988 law authorizes the collection of fees which provide both staff
and contract resources to support reregistration activities.
o EPA's responsibilities and funding requirements were substantially changed
for the storage and disposal of pesticides whose registrations have been
suspended and canceled. The law places limitations on the
availability of funding to indemnify certain owners of suspended and
canceled pesticides.
The pesticide industry contributes, appropriately, to the effort to ensure
that pesticides do not pose an unreasonable risk to human health or the
7-3
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environment. The Agency continues to recalculate the full cost to the Federal
government of the reregistration program, which reexamines existing pesticides
in light of recent knowledge and according to modern scientific standards. As
part of the Administration's food safety legislative proposal, EPA will propose
to expand the collection of fees to help recover a portion of the costs of
registering and reregistering pesticide products.
FFDCA. Under the FFDCA, EPA sets tolerances, or maximum legal limits, for
pesticide residues on food commodities marketed in the U.S. Before a pesticide
can be registered under FIFRA for use on a food or feed crop, EPA must either
establish a tolerance or, if appropriate, grant an exemption from the tolerance
requirement.
The Agency's 1995 budget for the pesticide program includes the following
elements: (1) Registration, Special Registration and Tolerances, including
registration of new products and control of pesticide residues in the food chain,
(2) Generic Chemical Review, including review and reregistration of existing
products, (3) Pesticide Program Implementation, including encouragement of
correct uses of pesticides, (4) Pesticides Enforcement, including the enforcement
of pesticide regulations, (5) Research and Development to support and improve
EPA's ability to evaluate the risks and benefits of pesticides, and (6)
consulting services.
The overall strategy for 1995 emphasizes: (1) the pesticide reregistration
program under FIFRA '88; (2) minimizing risk by promoting the safer use of
chemicals and responding to public concern about the nation's food supply; (3)
ensuring accelerated registration of safer pesticides; (4) implementing the
antimicrobial strategy and improving the procedures used to document product
effectiveness; and (5) enhancing enforcement activities through improved
targeting of inspections in response to material weaknesses in the laboratory
data integrity program.
Program descriptions do not reflect any increase in workyears that may
result from the 900 additional workyears that EPA received for contractor
conversion.
The pesticide industry contributes, appropriately, to the effort to ensure
that pesticides do not pose an unreasonable risk to human health or the
environment. The Agency continues to recalculate the full cost to the Federal
government of the Reregistration program, which reexamines existing pesticides
in light of recent scientific knowledge and standards. As part of the
Administration's food safety legislative proposal, EPA will propose to expand the
collection of reregistration fees. In addition, EPA will propose the collection
of fees to help recover a portion of the costs of registering new pesticide
products.
REGISTRATION. SPECIAL REGISTRATION AND TOLERANCES
FIFRA and FFDCA authorize EPA to set the terms and conditions of pesticide
registration, marketing, and use. Under the registration program, new pesticide
products are registered on the basis of data reviewed by Agency scientists, and
7-4
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current registrations are amended to add new uses and/or new formulations.
Manufacturers are required to conduct a full range of health and environmental
testing before marketing their new products. This testing uses sophisticated
methodology and techniques, enabling the Agency to more accurately determine the
potential for groundwater contamination, residues on food or feed, worker and
applicator exposure, environmental risks, and chronic and acute health hazards.
The registration program also includes special registration and tolerance-
setting activities. The special registration program continues to perform an
auxiliary function by permitting certain uses of unregistered pesticides for
experimental purposes and emergency pest situations. It also provides oversight
and guidance to state registration and experimental use permit functions. The
tolerance program establishes safe and enforceable maximum permissible residue
levels (or, in some instances, exemptions from tolerance requirements) for both
active and inert pesticide ingredients in or on raw agricultural commodities and
processed foods.
The 1995 budget request emphasizes (1) promotion of safer chemicals into
the marketplace, and (2) continued implementation of the antimicrobial strategy
to ensure the efficacy of registered disinfectants.
GENERIC CHEMICAL REVIEW (INCLUDING REREGISTRATION)
The registrations of the majority of existing pesticide chemicals are
supported by data bases which the Agency has found insufficient by today's
scientific standards to support the required determination of "no unreasonable
adverse effects." The Generic Chemical Review program is designed to remedy this
problem by requiring the upgrading of the scientific data base that supports
registrations, reviewing available data about each chemical, and formulating
scientifically based regulatory positions to guide the modification,
cancellation, or reregistration of existing products and the registration of new
products. The 1988 FIFRA amendments contain provisions for a greatly accelerated
five-phase reregistration program, expedited processing of certain types of
registration applications, a new system for collecting and administering fees,
and significant revisions to the indemnification and disposal program for
pesticides suspended and canceled after enactment of the 1988 amendments. The
fees mandated by these amendments are used to supplement appropriated funds to
carry out reregistration and expedited processing.
The Generic Chemical Review program contributes to the safety of the food
supply through the reregistration program and special reviews, in which
pesticides suspected of causing unreasonable adverse effects undergo intensive
risk/benefit analysis. This may result in changes to the terms and conditions
of their use. The Generic Chemical Review program also includes the disposal
program. This program is being scaled back in 1995 as the Agency anticipates
completion of the disposal of the last stocks of 2,4,5-T/Silvex.
In 1995, improvements continue to be made to the Dietary Risk Evaluation
System (DRES). DRES is an important database that is used to evaluate pesticide
risks based on dietary variation and will be particularly important in assessing
risks to children. Additionally, the 1995 budget supports an aggressive program
7-5
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for reduced pesticide risk through projects designed to reduce or eliminate
pesticide use, foster risk reduction and promote pollution prevention.
PESTICIDES PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
In 1995, the Agency will emphasize the field implementation of activities
related to protection of groundwater, endangered species, and workers exposed to
pesticides. With the publication of the Worker Protection Rule in 1992, the
upgrade of certification and training regulations, and the publication of the
Groundwater Strategy in 1991, Regional and state implementation of the pesticides
programs has risen dramatically. The scope of the risks from pesticides is
substantial. About 150 pesticides are potential leachers, and 46 have been found
in groundwater; there are 10.5 million private wells and 94,600 community wells
and 130 million people are dependent on groundwater. Approximately 2.3 million
workers, on the approximately 1 million agricultural establishments in this
country, are exposed to pesticides during application. Resources provided in
past years have enabled the Regions and states to progress in addressing these
problems. In so doing, the Agency is moving away from the traditional command
and control approach to a much more geographically targeted and sophisticated
approach in which risk management decisions are made closer to the source.
Under this program, EPA is continuing to promote the correct uses of
pesticides. To achieve this goal, EPA has cooperative agreements with State Lead
Agencies to certify applicators to use Restricted Use Pesticides. EPA provides
grants to the states to support this activity. Certification grants help support
54 applicator certification programs in participating states and territories and
federally administered programs in Colorado and Nebraska.
EPA also has an interagency agreement with the Department of Agriculture
to provide training to pesticide applicators by working through State Cooperative
Extension Services. Regional offices also provide technical assistance to states
on pesticide issues.
ENFORCEMENT
The enforcement provisions of FIFRA are carried out primarily through the
cooperative efforts of the states and territories and Indian nations, under a
program of cooperative agreements established with EPA. Participating states and
territories conduct use inspections, inspect pesticide-producing establishments,
maintain marketplace surveillance, and inspect dealers and users of restricted-
use pesticides. In most instances in which violations are detected, the states
and territories may refer cases to EPA for action. The Agency encourages the
states and territories to design and operate their enforcement programs so as to
place greatest emphasis upon compliance with the use provisions of FIFRA, thereby
producing the greatest environmental benefit. The Agency will continue to
support and manage these cooperative agreements in 1995.
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
The Office of Research and Development will continue to support the Office
of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances by performing research in a number
of environmental areas related to pesticides. Ecosystems protection research
will enhance site-specific or geographic-specific evaluations of natural and
anthropogenic stresses on ecosystems. Research will provide knowledge on the
potential risks posed by the release of biotechnology products into the
environment. Human exposure investigation will develop methods to measure the
exposures of human populations to environmental chemicals from all sources and
routes of exposure. Research in health effects will emphasize the development
of animal toxicologic and human clinical data and models; efforts will focus on
environmental epidemiology, including the development and assessment of
biomarkers. New and expanded research begun in 1993 will continue in
neurotoxicity on the identification of susceptible populations, neurodegenerative
diseases, and in-vitro neurotoxicology.
Scientists will develop methods to predict environmental and human health
impacts related to research on the environmental review of toxic chemicals.
Researchers will conduct studies on alternative reproduction and in-vitro
neurotoxicity test methods; ecology research will emphasize advanced structure
activity relationship techniques, and physical and chemical identification for
transportation and fate analysis.
CONSULTING SERVICES
Consulting services are used by the Agency to support the Scientific
Advisory Panel which, in accordance with section 25(d) of FIFRA, provides
comments, evaluations and recommendations on actions and regulations proposed by
the Agency. By using these services, the Agency can ensure that its regulatory
program continues to be based on sound science.
7-7
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PESTICIDES
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES
Pesticides Program
Special Review Dec. ..
New Chemical and
Biochemical Microbial
Agent Reviews
Old Chemical Reviews..
Amended Registration
Reviews
New Use Reviews.
Emergency Exemption
Reviews
Experimental Use
Permit Reviews..
24(c) State Registra-
tion Reviews ,
Temporary Tolerance
Petition Reviews..,
Tolerance Petition
Reviews
Inert Ingredient
Reviews
CURRENT INCREASE (+)
ACTUAL ESTIMATE ESTIMATE DECREASE (-)
1993 1994 1995 1994 vs 1995
Reregistration Eligi-
bility Decisions
374
2,025
6,742
318
352
321
514
72
368
16
19
370
1,760
6,040
240
320
280
360
60
280
13
38
370
1,400
4,100
240
320
280
180
60
280
13
40
- 360
- 1,940
- 180
+ 2
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PROGRAM
PESTICIDES
Pesticides Research
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$225.5
Pesticides Research
Program & Research
Operati ons
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development $7,442.3 $7,971.1 $7,866.3 $7,866.3 $9,188.1 $1,321.8 $1,217.0
TOTAL $14,343.4 $14,180.8 $14,424.3 $14,335.0 $15,623.3 $1,288.3 $1,442.5
$6,901.1 $6,209.7 $6,158.0 $6,068.7 $6,435.2
$400.0 $400.0
$366.5
-$400.0
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
Pesticides Research
$6,901.1 $6,209.7
$7,442.3 $7,971.1
$6,158.0
$400.0
$7,866.3
$6,068.7
$400.0
$7,866.3
$6,435.2
$9,188.1
TOTAL $14,343.4 $14,180.8 $14,424.3 $14,335.0 $15,623.3
$366.5 $225.5
-$400.0
$1,321.8 $1,217.0
$1,288.3 $1,442.5
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Pesticides Research
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
104.3
104.3
89.0
89.0
89.0
89.0
89.0
89.0
85.0
85.0
-4.0
-4.0
-4.0
-4.0
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Pesticides Research
TOTAL WORKYEARS
110.1
110.1
89.0
89.0
89.0
89.0
89.0
89.0
85.0
85.0
-4.0
-4.0
-4.0
-4.0
7-9
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PESTICIDE RESEARCH
PRINCIPAL OUTPUTS
1995 o Publish a report on the impact of environmental stress on the
susceptibility of fish and invertebrates exposed to microbial pest
control agents.
o Publish a study on atrazine potentiation of 2,6-dinitrotoluene
bioactivation in Fisher-344 rats.
o Develop a protocol to evaluate the effects of Microbial Pest Control
Abatement (MPCAs) on honeybee colonies.
o Publish a report on the pesticide exposure-related activity patterns
in children in the United States.
o Publish a report on immunochemical methods for monitoring pesticides
in residential environments (Part II).
o Develop dermal exposure assessment methodologies for use in risk
assessment.
o Publish a report: identifying chemicals that can produce
neurodegenerative disease in humans.
o Publish a study: influence of age as a risk factor in the
evaluation of pesticide-induced neurotoxicity.
1994 o Prepare a report on ecological risk assessment of watersheds and
river basins: management needs and research opportunities workshop
report.
o Conduct a field evaluation of LERAM: The Littoral Ecosystem Risk
Assessment Model.
o Prepare a study on the relationships between pesticide effects on
birds in the field and laboratory toxicity.
o Publish a report on ecological risk assessment of watersheds
and river basins: management needs and research opportunities
workshop report.
o Produce a study on the relationships between pesticide effects on
birds in the field and laboratory toxicity.
o Report c,^ the fate and survival of bacterial microbial pest control
agents in natural aquatic environments.
o Develop a test chamber for evaluating the effects of Microbial Pest
Control Agents (MPCAs) on honey bees.
7-10
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o Prepare a manual on methods for quantifying dislodgeable pesticide
residues on surfaces and materials.
o Publish a report on the methods to monitor microlevel activities in
children.
o Report on the immunochemical methods for monitoring pesticides in
residential environments.
o Publish a report: development of DNA adducts as biomarkers of
exposure to pesticides.
o Report on cholinesterase inhibition as a valid indicator of
exposure.
o Develop a quantitative weight-of-evidence scheme for general
toxicity using data on effects other than cancer.
o Study on the influence of age as a risk factor in neurotoxicity risk
assessment.
1993 o Reported on the ecological risk assessment of watersheds and river
basins: management needs and research opportunities workshop.
o Published a field evaluation of LERAM: The Littoral Ecosystem Risk
Assessment Model.
o Prepared a report on the relationships between pesticide effects on
birds in the field and laboratory toxicity.
o Reported on quantitation in soil of a Bacillus Thuringiensis Product
(Btk) Delta-endotoxin from transgenic plants.
o Reported on development and calibration of a freshwater microcosm
protocol to assess survival and ecological effects of introduced
microorganisms.
o Published a study on the environmental risks from genetically
engineered plants: EPA research needs for regulatory action.
o Published a journal article on a comparison of methods for
quantifying pesticide residues on indoor and outdoor surfaces.
o Issued the protocol for dermal exposure assessment: a technical
report.
o Published a report: neurotoxicity risk assessment of cholinesterase
inhibitors.
o Published a report: development of DNA adducts as biomarkers of
exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) (PAHs).
7-11
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o Released a report: validation of CASA methods for use with rat sperm
to support male reproductive risk assessment.
o Distributed a report: neurotoxicity risk assessment of
cholinesterase inhibitors.
7-12
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PESTICIDES
PESTICIDES RESEARCH
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $15,623,300 and 85.0 total workyears for
1995, an increase of $1,288,300 and a decrease of 4.0 total workyears from 1994.
Of the request, $6,435,200 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation, and $9,188,100 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents an increase of $366,500 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, an increase of $1,321,800 in the Research and
Development appropriation, and a decrease of $400,000 in the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation. The decrease in total workyears reflects base
redirections to support research priority initiatives where scientific
information is needed to address higher health and environmental risks, as well
as the overall reduction in Federal workyears directed by the President. The
increase in the request within the Research and Development appropriation is for
additional pesticides research in Human Exposure.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $14,335,000 supported by 89.0 total
workyears for this program element, of which $6,068,700 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, $7,866,300 is from the Research and
Development appropriation, and $400,000 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $14,343,400 supported by 110.1 total
workyears for this program element, of which $6,901,100 was from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, and $7,442,300 was from the Research and
Development appropriation.
RESEARCH ISSUES
The sections below describe research program issues by each fiscal year:
ECOSYSTEMS PROTECTION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD) will restructure the
ecological planning issues to reflect the transition from a single species,
single stressor, ecotoxicological research orientation to an integrated
7-13
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ecological perspective, that focuses on ecosystems protection and management.
This integrated ecological approach will allow the Agency to monitor more
effectively, understand ecological processes and impacts, and predict risks
related to the cumulative effects from both natural and anthropogenic stresses
upon ecosystems. Research will include a geographic approach with a primary
focus on watersheds. To carry out the ecosystem protection research, scientists
will use current scientific knowledge and understanding to develop an innovative,
holistic, integrated program designed to provide a new generation of computer-
based analysis and decision tools tailored to the information needs and
responsibilities of Federal, State, and local ecological resource managers and
regulatory officials.
The three scientific needs of monitoring, understanding ecosystem response,
and predicting risks will be addressed by three components in the ecosystem
protection research program. The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program
(EMAP) component will seek to monitor nationally the status and trends of
ecosystems. The Geographic Integration component will seek to understand,
describe, and characterize the response of ecological systems to anthropogenic
stress, and to develop strategies for restoration of ecological systems. The
Ecological Risk Assessment component will seek to predict the risks to ecosystems
from various stressors.
The primary goal of the ecological risk assessment component is to ensure
that research develops the methods necessary to conduct ecological risk
assessments for multiple scales and purposes. Scientists will continue research
on the programs initiated in 1994, which will become part of the ecosystems
protection research program. Additional resources will also be used to expand
ecological risk assessment research from a national focus to also include more
specific research on representative watersheds in key ecoregions of the country,
such as the Pacific Northwest and the Great Lakes. Ecological risk assessments
will continue to consider the impact of pesticides.
1994 PROGRAM
The Ecosystems Protection research issue is new in 1995 and consolidates
nine research issues carried out under several ORD media program elements (PEs).
The nine issues that will be consolidated into the Ecosystems Protection issue
are Coastal and Marine, Large Lakes and Rivers, Wetlands, Contaminated Sediments,
Aquatic Ecocriteria, Nonpoint Sources, Ecorisk Methods, Habitat/Biodiversity, and
EMAP. Within the Pesticides Research PE, the issues being consolidated are
Nonpoint Sources and Ecorisk Assessment Methods. Information on the 1994
research related to those issues are available in the "1994 Program" section of
those issues.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Ecosystems Protection research issue is a new research issue in 1995
that consolidates nine 1993 research issues carried out under several ORD media
program elements (PEs). Within the Pesticides PE, the issues being consolidated
7-14
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are Nonpoint Sources and Ecorisk Assessment Methods. Information on the 1993
research related to those issues are available in the "1993 Accomplishments"
section of those issues.
NONPOINT SOURCES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In 1995, Nonpoint Source Pollution research will be conducted and described
as part of the Ecosystems Protection research issue.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD research efforts on Non-Point Sources (NFS) are initially focused on
agriculture, which is the largest NPS category, affecting approximately 50 to 70
percent of the impaired surface waters. EPA and the US Geological Survey (USGS)
have documented the higher levels and more frequent occurrence of pesticides and
nitrates found in drinking water wells and aquifers in rural areas.
The Agency is conducting research to field test (validate) models developed
for predicting the leaching and runoff of pesticides and nutrients, mostly
nitrates, applied over relatively large geographical areas. The major effort is
in validating models that project the probability of groundwater contamination
from new pesticides evaluated under FIFRA. Groundwater concentrations determined
by probability sampling of soil-aquifer systems within the context of national
sampling frames, such as the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program
(EMAP), are being compared to concentration levels predicted by the models that
are being validated. Studies are comparing actual groundwater contamination
incidence and concentration levels with those calculated on the basis of soil,
climate, agricultural practices, and the chemical properties involved.
Researchers are evaluating the results for possible EMAP application.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Researchers employed refined predictive models and techniques at the
watershed scale to address transport, degradation, fate and residual problems of
pesticides, and to determine those factors that impair important environmental
processes. Researchers focused on how pesticide insults are expressed in various
habitats to both terrestrial and aquatic species. Research also was conducted
to identify the most effective approaches and preventive measures to decrease
pesticide use and prevent contamination problems. Scientists conducted
additional field research to study the movement of pesticides to shallow rural
aquifers for comparison with "at the tap" measurements, and to test ground water
threat models.
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ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In 1995, Ecological Risk Assessment research will be conducted and
described as part of the Ecosystems Protection research issue.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is conducting research on methods needed to assess the exposure,
hazard, and risk to ecological resources from the multiple threats present under
real-world conditions, including those related to pesticides. The framework for
analysis is natural watersheds at a variety of geographic scales, from local
drainage basins through major watersheds, as defined by the US Geological Survey
(USGS) Hydrologic Accounting Units and the US Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Major Land Resource Areas. Research is combining monitoring programs, analysis
techniques for stressor-specific exposures and hazards related to pesticides, and
the ecorisk guidelines under development for Agency-wide use in ecological risk
assessment.
Researchers are using current scientific knowledge to develop an
innovative, holistic, integrated program designed to use a new generation of
computer-based analysis and decision tools tailored to the information needs and
authorities of Federal, State, and local resource managers. These new tools are
incorporating the results of stressor-specific analysis in the context of
specific local geographic conditions and constraints. Researchers are examining
the synergy between eutrophication, toxicity, and habitat loss; they are
designing a new generation of ecologically-capable watershed models grounded in
geographic information systems (CIS) technology and individual-based ecological
approaches that evaluate stressors, such as pesticides, in a whole-system
perspective. Researchers are assembling the CIS databases and framework needed
to support the watershed-scale analysis program.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD initiated a triad of interrelated innovative responses to the Agency's
customary "command and control" approach that has fostered a narrow focus on
individual "media" in both its operations and in its organizational structures.
Researchers developed an ecological indicator and monitoring program as part of
the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) , Risk Assessment Forum
standard protocols for conducting ecological risk assessments, and an "Ecorisk"
program of ecological risk assessment methods research.
Research results from the Ecorisk program ultimately will redefine the way
the agency conducts its fundamental business of assessing and managing the
ecological risks of pesticides and other toxic substances. This research began
from a biogeographical "watershed" focus, replacing the traditional narrow
"media" focuses, encouraging genuinely ecological approach to agency regulatory
responsibilities. The watershed approach promotes integration across media (both
stressor and habitat) to define aggregate ecological risks, and places the
"media" risks in the larger context.
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ENVIRONMENTAL RELEASES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Scientists will complete a field demonstration for which a bacterium
designed to degrade trichloroethylene in groundwaters will be released and
monitored for efficacy, fate, and adverse environmental effects. Researchers
will test an environmental gene expression model designed to estimate the degree
of DNA damage resulting from natural and anthropogenic stresses. Researchers
will establish a modeling framework to examine the environmental parameters that
influence gene exchange. In 1995 EPA will be reporting this research in the
Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET)
Advanced Manufacturing Technology crosscut.
The Agency will continue research to develop a better understanding of the
movement of microorganisms through the environment, either by the natural
elements, or through associations with higher organisms. Studies will continue
on the mechanisms and dynamics of transport among and within various
environmental components, such as air, soil, groundwater, plants, insects, and
animals. Scientists will continue research begun in 1994 to identify and
describe biochemical, physiological, and environmental factors influencing the
survival, fitness, and competition potential to displace indigenous communities.
Researchers will continue research on gene expression to facilitate gene
transfer and gene stability research, and on developing methods to monitor gene
expression, which may be used to monitor any microbial mediated process for which
adequate gene probes are available. This research will allow the determination
of whether released organisms are carrying out the processes for which they were
designed, and the duration and effectiveness of the organisms after release.
1994 PROGRAM
Through this research, scientists are using serological, biochemical,
physiological, and genetic methods for improving detection and enumeration of
microorganisms under laboratory, microcosm, and field conditions. Researchers
are focusing on developing and refining methods for their sensitivity,
specificity, and reliability in a variety of habitats. Certain plants, animals,
and aquatic systems are of special interest. This research supports the Federal
Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET)
Biotechnology crosscut.
Researchers are evaluating the factors that affect and control gene
stability and rates of transfer in the environment to predict risk, from the
distinct and sometimes unique (engineered) genetic sequences of released
biological products. Investigators continue to explore a variety of risk
reduction strategies, including the development of genetically altered strains
for conditional lethal control of survival and gerv exchange. Microbial
communities are involved in the cycling of many important elements, including
trace elements needed for metabolism by other organisms and toxic contaminants,
such as mercury. Methods are being developed to investigate the relative
importance/contribution of certain microorganisms in the environmental cycling
of these elements.
7-17
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The health of an ecosystem is reflected by the abundance, composition, and
geochemical cycles of the bacterial flora which in turn affect the response of
organisms feeding on those bacteria. Scientists are examining the potential for
these interactions to be disturbed to the extent that microbial cycling of
environmental pools of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and other nutrients are
disrupted. Researchers are utilizing sensitive molecular biological methods to
understand the function and interrelationships of microbial communities to
provide an assessment of the significance of a perturbation.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Researchers examined the toxicological, behavioral, and pathologic effects
on individual species exposed to specific natural and genetically engineered
biological control agents, such as microbial pest control agents (MPCAs), insect
growth regulatory hormones, and pesticidal plants. Scientists continued tests
on biological control agents (EGAs). Pesticides were examined for potential
adverse human health effects in order to produce protocols that can be used to
evaluate the effects of these products. Single-species and multi-species
microcosms were used as well as site-specific microcosms, such as littoral
enclosures for freshwater, marine, and estuarine systems, to develop methods for
predicting the fate and effects of an introduced biological control agent on
those environments. Test organisms included non-target, beneficial arthropods;
other invertebrates; birds; and fish. EPA supported the FCCSET Biotechnology
crosscut initiative with this research.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Research will maintain and update the pesticide treatability database.
1994 PROGRAM
Research is providing maintenance and update of the pesticide treatability
database.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Researchers updated the pesticide treatability database.
HUMAN EXPOSURE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In the Pesticides in Children project, researchers will begin to address
the toxic effects on children as a function of age, providing the scientific
information to determine if pesticide tolerance levels are protective.
7-18
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Scientists will modify current practices for toxicity testing and risk assessment
for this sub-population. Research will be designed to benefit from and
supplement exposure data obtained from the National Human Exposure Assessment
Survey (NHEXAS) program.
Scientists will prepare a manual of methods for quantifying dislodgeable
pesticide residues on indoor and outdoor surfaces, and will prepare a report on
research to develop techniques for monitoring pesticide residues in the
environment. Laboratory and field tests will evaluate methods for characterizing
activity patterns in children. Researchers also will develop standard activity
scenarios and exposure related factors for use in the development of exposure
monitoring and assessment guidelines. New studies will be implemented to monitor
the exposure of children to pesticides via multiple pathways.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD scientists are developing and testing passive, active, and personal
techniques for monitoring pesticide residues in the environment. Research staff
are developing a manual of methods for quantifying pesticide residues on indoor
and outdoor surfaces. Researchers also are developing techniques for assessing
exposure to pesticides via dermal contact and transfer. Studies are being
initiated to determine the frequency and duration of pesticide use in and around
the home to assess the direct contact with pesticides among users and the
indirect exposure in the household to non-users. Research is underway to develop
effective techniques to monitor the "micro-level" activities that can lead to
pesticide exposure in children, such as hand to mouth and object to mouth.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Researchers published a journal article on a comparison of methods for
quantifying pesticide residues on indoor and outdoor surfaces; they also
published "Protocol for Dermal Exposure Assessment: A Technical Report".
HEALTH EFFECTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Researchers will develop a strategy for identifying chemicals that can
produce neurodegenerative disease in humans. Based on the laboratory data on
differential susceptibility as a function of age, scientists will develop a
scheme for utilizing age as a risk factor in neurotoxicity risk assessments.
Studies will be published on the correlation of induction of extra ribs in mice
as a biological response to pesticidal exposure with altered gene expression,
providing a possible molecular mechanism for these effects.
1994 PROGRAM
Research is determining through laboratory studies the age dependency of
neurological sensitivity to carbamate and cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides.
7-19
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These studies are exploring differences in susceptibility to pesticides between
young, midlife, and aging adults. New research began addressing
neurodegenerative disease, a major topic identified by committees of the Federal
Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET) to support expanded
neurotoxicology research. Scientists are developing rodent models to better
understand the mechanisms of neurotoxicity, and the reproductive and
developmental toxicity of pesticides. Researchers are studying the linkage
between changes in blood and brain cholinesterase levels following exposures to
pesticides and neurological effects.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
New research began addressing two major topics identified by committees of
the Federal Coordinating Council on Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET)
to support expanded neurotoxicology research: 1) identification of susceptible
populations, and 2) in-vitro neurotoxicology. Researchers evaluated techniques
to extrapolate between animal and human health effects, and between high and low
dose exposures used in animal toxicology of pesticides. Guidance was prepared
and provided to EPA's Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances
(OPPTS) for the interpretation of data regarding cholinesterase inhibitors.
POLLUTION PREVENTION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Resources are being moved to Pollution Prevention in Multimedia to
consolidate the pollution prevention research.
1994 PROGRAM
Resources are being moved to Pollution Prevention in Multimedia to consolidate
the pollution prevention research.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Three pollution prevention projects studied ways to improve bioregulation
processes which cause pesticides to biodegrade more rapidly in the field, thereby
reducing potential contamination. A second project developed databases and
computer models to reduce groundwater contamination from pesticides, providing
decision-makers with information on the appropriate application of agricultural
chemicals. A third project developed a pesticide hazard index and a registry of
pesticides r improve the condition of the Chesapeake Bay by identifying and
promoting the use of pesticides which have the least adverse impact on the bay.
7-20
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INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Resources and accomplishments supporting this program are requested in the
Multimedia program element for 1995.
1994 PROGRAM
As mandated by the Small Business Development Act of 1982 (Public Law 97-
219), EPA will allocate 1.50% of its extramural Research and Development budget
for the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program. These funds will be
used to support small businesses engaged in the development of equipment for
pollution abatement and control, and instrumentation for monitoring environmental
trends and conditions. Under this program, ORD will take advantage of unique
solutions to pesticide problems and other environmental issues that may be
offered by the private sector.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
As mandated by Public Law 102-564, the Small Business Innovation Research
Program (SBIR) allocated 1.50% of the Agency's extramural research
appropriation to support small businesses engaged in the development of equipment
for pollution abatement and control and process instrumentation.
ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW OF TOXIC CHEMICALS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Scientists will develop generic scenarios for premanufacture notification
(PMN) reviews in the foundry/casting industries. Researchers will develop an
expert system for classifying and identifying organic pollutants from mass
spectra. They also will develop liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS)
test procedures for commercial products to be incorporated into test guidelines.
Researchers will continue to provide state-of-the-art, cost effective,
scientifically sound test methods to prevent the introduction of toxic chemicals
into the environment. Research on interpretive models and estimation techniques
will allow the program offices to effectively assess classes of chemicals based
on structure, physical parameters, biological activity, chemical properties, and
exposure parameters. Scientists will continue to produce guidance documents for
the identification and regulation of neurotoxic chemicals, and premanufacture
notification (PMN) reviews from various industries, such as oil and coal,
electronics, ;.':d foundry/casting.
1994 PROGRAM
This research is developing methods and models with which to evaluate,
interpret, or predict with acceptable confidence the human health and ecological
7-21
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threat of the manufacture and release of toxic chemicals into the environment.
ORD is conducting research in health effects test methods, ecological test
methods, estimation techniques, control technology, quantitative chemical
similarity and structure activity relationships (QSAR), and environmental
monitoring and chemical identification. Researchers are providing state-of-the-
art, cost effective, scientifically sound test methods to prevent the
introduction of toxic chemicals into the environment. Research on interpretive
models and estimation techniques allows the program offices to effectively assess
classes of chemicals based on structure, physical parameters, biological
activity, chemical properties, and exposure parameters.
Major products include the development of test methods for immunochemistry,
in-vitro neurotoxicology, and alternative reproductive tests. Scientists are
producing guidance documents for the identification and regulation of neurotoxic
chemicals, and premanufacture notification (PMN) reviews from various industries,
such as oil and coal, electronics, and foundry/casting. Other products include
improved computer models for QSAR, electronic data bases, and artificial
intelligence systems.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Research developed and validated neurobehavioral endpoints to be used in
hazard identification and dose-response assessments of potential neurotoxicants.
Validated tests are used to generate chemical-specific data or information on
prototypic agents for representative classes of neurotoxicants. Procedures
included measures of sensory, motor, autonomic, and learning/memory capabilities.
Researchers are developing bioassays for the detection of adverse alterations in
the developmental and reproductive processes of animals. These improved
alternative reproductive toxicity tests and bioassays allowed accurate
evaluations of critical organ function in the newborn. Scientists evaluated the
existing measurement techniques and developed new methods for the analysis of
toxic chemicals of concern to the Office of Toxic Substances. The Agency has
been developing predictive techniques to indicate potential worker exposure and
toxic-release levels from specified unit operations. Work continued on the
prediction of chemical reactions relating to the formation of various hazardous
chemicals from industrial processes.
INFRASTRUCTURE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Adequately funded infrastructure is critical to ORD's success in conducting
the quality science needed to assure that the Agency's decisions are
scientifically sound. The most critical part of ORD's infrastructure is its
staff. The assumption underlying all our research activities includes a
productive workforce.
ORD established this cohesive, cross-cutting issue for infrastructure based
upon the importance of this activity to planned and ongoing research activities.
Program and Research Operations appropriation funding for the Pesticides Research
7-22
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Program Element (PE) has been centralized within the infrastructure issue to
provide improved management in ORD's salaries, travel and related costs
associated with managing research programs.
Workyears assigned to this issue represent a consolidation of existing
research functions which had previously been allocated across multiple issues.
This realignment provides greater accuracy in accounting for workforce usage,
.enabling management to utilize better information in decision-making and planning
purposes. Consolidated activities include: science policy and program
development; technical evaluation, review, and guidance to EPA program/regional
offices, Federal/State Agencies, and foreign governments; research quality
assurance and program review; extramural resource management; technology transfer
of scientific information; ADP technical program development of environmental
data systems; regulatory mission support; facilities maintenance and oversight;
health and safety, and environmental compliance; research planning and program
development; operational research oversight; policy and procedure development;
program planning and operations; resource planning and review; document
production; and secretarial/clerical support and personnel staffs.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD's current infrastructure program provides compensation and benefits,
and travel for ORD scientists and engineers. ORD's workforce carries out
scientific research programs in support of the Agency's mission.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD funded its workyears in scientific support of the Agency's mission,
providing the personnel compensation and benefits, and travel for ORD scientists
and engineers.
7-23
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PESTICIDES
Registration, Special Registration & Tolerances
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995
1994 1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Registration, Special
Registration, and
Tolerances
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
$15,457.0 $16,152.4 $15,879.2 $15,947.1 $16,887.2 $940.1 $734.8
$5,832.9 $5,411.9 $5,279.0 $5,202.0 . $6,916.9 $1,714.9 $1,505.0
TOTAL $21,289.9 $21,564.3 $21,158.2 $21,149.1 $23,804.1 $2,655.0 $2,239.8
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Registration, Special TOTAL $21,289.9 $21,564.3 $21,158.2 $21,149.1 $23,804.1 $2,655.0 $2,239.8
Registration &
Tolerances
$15,457.0 $16,152.4 $15,879.2 $15,947.1 $16,887.2 $940.1 $734.8
$5,832.9 $5,411.9 $5,279.0 $5,202.0 $6,916.9 $1,714.9 $1,505.0
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Registration, Special
Registration, and
Tolerances
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
249.7 252.6 252.6 253.4 247.6
249.7 252.6 252.6 253.4 247.6
-5.8 -5.0
-5.8 -5.0
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Registration, Special
Registration, and
Tolerances
TOTAL WORKYEARS
256.8 252.6 252.6 253.4 247.6
256.8 252.6 252.6 253.4 247.6
-5.8 -5.0
-5.8 -5.0
7-25
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PESTICIDES
REGISTRATION, SPECIAL REGISTRATION, AND TOLERANCES
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $23,804,100 supported by 247.6 total
workyears for 1995, of which $16,887,200 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $6,916,900 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $940,100 for Program
and Research and Operations, an increase of $1,714,900 for Abatement, Control and
Compliance, and a decrease 5.8 total workyears.
The President's budget proposes the collection of fees to help recover the
costs of registering new pesticide products. It is appropriate that the
pesticide industry supports the Federal effort to ensure that pesticides entering
the market do not pose an unreasonable risk to human health or the environment.
Under a proposal to be transmitted later, the fees will be authorized subject to
further actions by the Congressional Appropriations Committees. Their action is
needed to score these fees as discretionary under the Budget Enforcement Act.
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $23,804,100 supported by 247.6 total
workyears, of which $16,887,200 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $6,916,900 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $940,100 for Program and Research
Operations, an increase of $1,714,900 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, and
a decrease of 5.8 total workyears. The increase in Program and Research
Operations reflects full funding of the workforce. The increase in Abatement,
Control and Compliance reflects investments in higher priority areas such as
safer pesticides, including new biologicals. The decrease in workyears reflects
the Administration's commitment to reduce the size of the Federal workforce.
In 1995 the Agency expects to conduct 245 reviews of new chemicals, 125
reviews of biochemical/microbial agents, 1,400 reviews of old chemicals, 4,100
amended registration reviews, 240 new use reviews, and 280 tolerance petition
reviews. The reduced outputs are a result of the redirection of resources to
higher risk activities. The emphasis on the registration of new chemicals/new
biologicals will continue into 1995 to permit more rapid market entry of new,
safer products.
The Agency will continue to focus on groundwater protection, Regional
liaison, promotion of safer pesticides, antimicrobials and :. Dilution prevention.
We will increase emphasis on the registration of safer pesticides, including new
biologicals and for other activities promoting the reduced use of pesticides.
In the interest of emerging high priorities, the Agency is redirecting
attention and resources from lower risk/lower priority activities to higher
7-26
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risk/higher priority activities. This redirection includes resource
disinvestments in the registration of non-Fast Track old chemicals, "me-too's",
amended chemical registrations, special local needs (Section 24c's) and
sterilants research.
In the new biologicals program we will address the rapidly increasing
workload in the new biologicals arena. This area covers all microbial,
biochemical and transgenic plant pesticides, including all naturally occurring
products as well as those that are obtained through modern technology.
The Agency will continue development of a comprehensive program begun in
1994 to reduce pesticide use by discouraging reliance on large volumes of
synthetic organic chemicals and pesticides for pest control and encouraging safer
alternatives. This program will target uses, commodities and products that
present the greatest opportunity for risk and use reduction.
Additionally, base and investment resources will be used to develop and
carry out a policy establishing incentives for development and registration of
reduced risk pesticides.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $21,149,100 and 253.4 total workyears
for this program, of which $15,947,100 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $5,202,000 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1994, the Agency is emphasizing antimicrobials through implementation
of the antimicrobial strategy and will continue to address material weaknesses
identified under the Federal Managers Financial Integrity Act.
The Agency continues to ensure that tolerances reflect the most current
regulatory status of each active ingredient, including revocation of tolerances
on canceled pesticides and tolerance reassessments in conjunction with
reregistration reviews. Tolerance fees are being increased in 1994 by the
percentage of the General Schedule pay raise.
Special emphasis continues to be placed on the regulatory implications of
new biological pesticides. There has been a significant increase in small scale
field test notifications, experimental use permit applications and registrations
related to microbial and biochemical pesticides, both naturally occurring and
genetically engineered. These biological pesticides are generally safer than
chemical pesticides, and EPA places a priority on processing applications for
them. The Agency continues to revise the Section 5 experimental use permit
regulations to provide sufficient oversight of the early testing of genetically
altered microbial pesticides, and is developing policies and regulations for
transgenic plant pesticides, a whole new class of biological pesticides.
Cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is being strengthened through regular meetings
and consultations on such matters as analytical test methods, multi-residue test
7-27
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methods, and the sharing of pesticide usage information. Additionally, EPA is
pursuing legislative and administrative changes to enhance consumer protection
from pesticides. The goal of this legislation is to increase the overall safety
of the food supply, while at the same time making various components of the food
safety program more efficient and consistent with each other. EPA, FDA and USDA
are working together to implement the Administration's commitment to reducing the
use of pesticides and promoting sustainable agriculture. Inerts of toxicological
concern are being listed on pesticide product labels and will undergo data call-
ins.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $20,168,200 and 256.8 total
workyears for this program, of which $15,457,000 was from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $4,711,200 was from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
In 1993, the emphasis on biological pesticides, which comprise the single
fastest growing segment of new pesticide registration activity continued. The
Agency emphasized the regulatory implications of biological pesticides, and where
appropriate, accelerated the experimental use and registration of these
pesticides. These products include natural and genetically engineered microbial
pesticides, biochemical pesticides and plants genetically engineered to produce
pesticides.
Implementation of the antimicrobial strategy continued. Among the
objectives identified in the strategy is the revision or update of efficacy test
methodology and performance standards to assure reproducibility of efficacy
tests.
In 1993, the emphasis given to groundwater contamination, including
registrant monitoring, more extensive use of environmental fate test data,
geographical restrictions, and restricted use classifications continued. This
contributed to the prevention of future environmental clean-up problems.
Continued emphasis is being placed on improvement of information on product
labels.
Regional liaison continued to improve by working closely with the Regional
pesticide experts and other Regional staff to improve Regional and state
understanding of national regulatory activities, and by obtaining their input on
policies and reviews affecting their mission. This liaison improved oversight
of section 18 experimental use permit reviews and section 24(c) special local
need programs.
To prevent circumvention of section 3 registration requirements, stringent
criteria for granting section 18 exemptions, such as consideration of progress
towards permanent registration and clarification of "emergency" and "significant
economic loss" as criteria used in considering emergency exemptions, continued
to be applied. Headquarters continued to work closely with the Regions and
states to monitor emergency exemptions and special local needs.
7-28
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The Agency continued to ensure that tolerances reflect the most current
regulatory status of each active ingredient, including revocation of tolerances
on canceled pesticides and tolerance reassessments in conjunction with
reregistration reviews. Tolerance fees were increased in 1993 by the 3.7%
increase in the General Schedule pay raise.
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PESTICIDES
Generic Chemical Review
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Generic Chemical Review
Program & Research $21.480.7 $20,737.7 $20,633.5 $20,824.2 $23,422.5 $2,598.3 $2,684.8
Operations
Abatement Control and $18,663.7 $21,576.8 $21,073.5 $20,853.8 $16,191.8 -$4,662.0 -$5,385.0
Compliance
FIFRA Revolving Fund $12,291.1 $4,092.9 -$4,092.9
TOTAL $52,435.5 $42,314.5 $41,707.0 $45,770.9 $39,614.3 -$6,156.6 -$2,700.2
TOTAL:
Program & Research $21,480.7 $20,737.7 $20,633.5 $20,824.2 $23,422.5 $2,598.3 $2,684.8
Operations
Abatement Control and $18,663.7 $21,576.8 $21,073.5 $20,853.8 $16,191.8 -$4,662.0 -$5,385.0
Compliance
FIFRA Revolving Fund $12,291.1 $4,092.9 -$4,092.9
Generic Chemical TOTAL $52,435.5 $42,314.5 $41,707.0 $45,770.9 $39,614.3 -$6,156.6 -$2,700.2
Review
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Generic Chemical Review 512.5 534.9 534.9 535.3 520.7 -14.6 -14.2
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 512.5 534.9 534.9 535.3 520.7 -14.6 -14.2
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Generic Chemical Review 524.7 534.9 534.9 535.3 520.7 -14.6 -14.2
TOTAL WORKYEARS 524.7 534.9 534.9 535.3 520.7 -14.6 -14.2
7-30
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PESTICIDES
GENERIC CHEMICAL REVIEW
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $39,614,300 and 520.7 total workyears for this
program, of which $23,422,500 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $16,191,800 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. Total workyears include 316.7 supported by the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and 204.0 supported by the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Revolving Fund. This represents an
increase of $2,598,300 for Program and Research Operations, a decrease of
$4,662,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, and a decrease of 12.6 total
workyears.
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $39,614,300 and 520.7 total workyears for
this program, of which $23,422,500 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $16,191,800 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. Total workyears include 316.7 supported by the Program
and Research Operations appropriation and 204.0 supported by the FIFRA Revolving
Fund. This represents an increase of $2,598,300 for Program and Research
Operation, a decrease of $4,662,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, and
a decrease of 12.6 total workyears. The increase in Program and Research
Operations represents full funding of workyears. The decrease in Abatement
Control and Compliance reflects a combination of reductions in lower risk, lower
priority reregistration activities; program efficiencies such as those in special
review attained through negotiated agreements and information systems
efficiencies achieved through integration of systems; completion of the disposal
of the last stocks of 2 ,4,5-T/Silvex; and eco-risk mission support. In the non-
pesticide disposal portion of this program, an investment was made to accelerate
reregistration. The decrease in workyears reflects the Administration's
commitment to reducing the size of the Federal workforce.
The Agency's emphasis on pesticide reregistration continues in 1995. We
will complete 40 Reregistration Eligibility Decisions (REDs). As data gathered
through the reregistration process continues through review, the Agency expects
that some pesticides will continue to meet the triggers for special reviews.
Eight special reviews are projected for 1995. Appropriated resources will be
supplemented with additional revenues from maintenance fees to keep the
reregistration program on track with the current schedule.
In 1995, the Agency will expand support of an aggressive program
encoi: r^ing reduced use of pesticides through projects designed to reduce or
eliminate urban and agricultural pesticide use and to foster risk reduction and
pollution prevention.
Recommendations made by the National Academy of Science "Kids Study" will
be implemented.
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Emphasis on food safety will continue as a major concern, as will efforts
to prohibit the export of pesticides canceled or suspended for health or safety
concerns. Less emphasis will be placed on non-food use chemicals.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $45,770,900 and 535.3 total workyears
for this program, of which $20,824,200 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation, and $20,853,800 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation and $4,092,000 is from the FIFRA Revolving Fund. Total
workyears include 329.3 supported by the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and 206.0 supported by the FIFRA Revolving Fund.
In 1994, the Agency is continuing reregistration decisions on Lists A and
B. The Agency expects to issue 38 REDs as work pertaining to the 1988 FIFRA
Amendments continues. Eight special reviews are projected for 1994. Special
reviews are a major risk reduction vehicle and this activity is expected to
continue as data is reviewed during the reregistration process.
The Agency is improving the Dietary Risk Exposure System (DRES). DRES
improvements will enhance our ability to evaluate risks posed through diet,
specifically, in providing improved precision of food consumption data for
infants and children.
The Agency is continuing safe storage of the remaining
2,4,5-T/Silvex stocks, pending disposal. The APTUS Facility in Coffeyville,
Kansas has been awarded a Resource Conservation and Recovery Act permit to
dispose of the 2,4,5-T/Silvex stocks. The disposal contract was awarded on
December 13, 1993. The transportation of the stocks began December 20, 1993, and
burning of the stocks began on January 4, 1994. The Agency expects to complete
disposal of the last stocks of 2,4,5-T/Silvex by September, 1994.
Additionally, the Section 19 FIFRA disposal regulations are being published
in three phases. Phase I, procedural rules for suspended/canceled/recalled
pesticides, proposed in 1993, will be final in 1994. The Phase II, proposed rule
standards for pesticide containers and bulk containment, will be published in the
Federal Register in early 1994. Efforts on Phase III, standards (or guidance)
for storage, mixing/loading, transportation and disposal of pesticides, began in
December, 1993.
Food safety remains a priority in 1994. This initiative includes
developing better scientific data on special tolerance and residue issues,
conveying scientific information on risks to the public in understandable terms,
and using improved risk information in regulatory decisions. In response to the
Delaney Court Decision, EPA is collaborating with the Department of Agriculture
and the Food and Drug Administration on the development of a set of legislative
reforms which will allow the continued application of "negligible risk" to the
tolerance setting activities. In the Endangered Species Protection Program area,
the final program will be published in a Federal Register Notice in 1994. The
Agency is assisting developing countries to effectively manage pesticides by
providing increased technical assistance, information dissemination, and training
activities.
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $52,435,500 and 524.7 total workyears for
this program, of which $21,480,700 was from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation, $18,663,700 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation and $12,291,100 was from the FIFRA Revolving Fund. Total workyears
included 332.8 supported by the Program and Research Operations appropriation and
191.9 supported by the FIFRA Fund.
In 1993, the Agency continued work pertaining to 1988 FIFRA Amendments,
completing 19 REDs. Eight Special Reviews were completed in 1993.
Worker Protection Standards for Agricultural Pesticides (40 CFR 170),
governing pesticide-treated field reentry intervals, protective clothing, and
label warnings, were published as a final regulation in October, 1992.
As of December, 1992, 99% of the known dinoseb stocks had been disposed of.
Pesticide disposal funds were used for the continued safe storage of the
remaining stocks of 2,4,5-T/Silvex.
The 1988 amendments to section 19 of FIFRA mandated that the Agency
promulgate regulations for the storage and disposal of pesticides. Proposed
regulations will be issued in three phases.
Environmental indicators were evaluated for their feasibility in measuring
the effectiveness of the program's efforts to achieve the objectives of the OPPTS
Four Year Strategy, particularly in the areas of reducing pesticide risks to
public health and the environment. Program activities in 1993 focused on
accomplishing the goals and objectives outlined in the strategy.
The Agency continued efforts in international coordination to ensure
consistency of decisions and science data with CODEX, the General Agreement on
Tariff and Trade, and import/export policies. This initiative included
coordination with the European Community on its reregistration efforts, and
expanded technical assistance through the Food and Agriculture Organization and
the Peace Corps.
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PESTICIDES
Pesticides Program Implementation
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Pesticides Program
Implementation
Program & Research $3,039.3 $3,387.7 $3,384.0 $3,422.2 $3,623.1 $200.9 $235.4
Operations
Abatement Control and $3.7 $3.1 $3.1 $4.7 $337.4 $332.7 $334.3
Compliance
Program & Research
operation - Flood
TOTAL $3,043.0 $3,390.8 $3,387.1 $3,426.9 $3,960.5 $533.6 $569.7
Pesticides Program
Implementation - Grants
Abatement Control and $15,433.8 $16,201.4 $16,201.4 $16,172.1 $14,825.4 -$1,346.7 -$1,376.0
Compliance
TOTAL $15,433.8 $16,201.4 $16,201.4 $16,172.1 $14,825.4 -$1,346.7 -$1,376.0
TOTAL:
Program & Research $3,039.3 $3,387.7 $3,384.0 $3,422.2 $3,623.1 $200.9 $235.4
Operations
Abatement Control and $15,437.5 $16,204.5 $16,204.5 $16,176.8 $15,162.8 -$1,014.0 -$1,041.7
Compliance
Abatement and Control TOTAL $18,476.8 $19,592.2 $19,588.5 $19,599.0 $18,785.9 -$813.1 -$806.3
Pesticides
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Pesticides Program 52.4 57.7 57.7 59.0 57.7 -1.3
Implementation
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 52.4 57.7 57.7 59.0 57.7 -1.3
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Pesticides Program 53.1 57.7 57.7 59.0 57.7 -1.3
Implementation
TOTAL WORKYEARS 53.1 57.7 57.7 59.0 57.7 -1.3
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PESTICIDES
PESTICIDES PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $18,785,900 and 57.7 total workyears for
this program, of which $3,623,100 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $15,162,800 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $200,900 for Program and Research
Operations, a decrease of $1,014,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, and
no change in total workyears.
PESTICIDES PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $3,960,500 and 57.7 total workyears for this
program, of which $3,623,100 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $337,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $200,900 for Program and Research
Operations, an increase of $332,700 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, and
no change in total workyears. The increase in Program and Research Operations
represents full funding of the workforce. The increase in Abatement, Control and
Compliance represents increased Regional program support to the states.
In 1995, the Agency will continue to emphasize protection of our water
resources (ground and surface), worker protection, certification and training
(C&T), and endangered species as a priority by building Regional/state
capabilities in these areas.
Headquarters staff will continue to provide national leadership and
coordination of the initiative to build Regional/state capabilities in the areas
of ground-water, worker protection, and endangered species. Additionally,
Headquarters staff will continue coordination of the program with other Federal
agencies, especially the United States Department of Agriculture to ensure a
nationally consistent and coordinated program.
Regional staff will continue to provide technical guidance and expertise
to the states on pesticide issues such as C&T, application techniques, toxicity,
pesticide disposal, and restricted use pesticides. The Regions will also provide
guidance to the states in conducting workshops, briefings and informational
meetings.
Full implementation of the Groundwater Strategy will require that
Headquarters provide regulatory and policy decisions and guidance for the
development of State Management Plans (SMPs). EPA plans to promulgate
regulations making specific pesticides (those that may pose an unreasonable
environmental risk by its threat to groundwater) subject to SMPs. These
regulations will establish SMPs as an "other regulatory requirement", under
section 3(d) of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).
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After a period for state development and EPA approval of these plans, further use
of a designated pesticide will be illegal in a state without an EPA approved
plan. Other groundwater protection activities involve designation of additional
pesticides for restricted use to certified applicators, pursuant to regulatory
proposals in 1994. Regional staff will provide technical assistance to states
during the development and implementation phase.
In the area of worker protection, implementation of the Worker Protection
Standard will require a well targeted, high quality program in communications,
development and distribution of support materials, training and follow-up.
Additionally, implementation will require the states to provide substantial
coordination efforts to ensure that the program is described and explained
thoroughly to affected parties. States will need to develop and/or reproduce and
distribute training materials. Regions will provide oversight of the development
of program implementation strategies, assistance to states in disseminating
information on the new regulations, and coordination with affected state and
other Federal agencies at the state and Regional level. Additional support
provided by the Regions includes assistance in making trainers available to
conduct training, development and use of public information materials explaining
the new regulations, and distribution of training programs and materials to
states.
Base activities and implementation of the C&T program will continue in
1995, to ensure our capability to effectively implement a cornerstone program
that produces results not only in the initiatives area but also in the areas of
food safety, pollution prevention and geographic targeting. Publication of the
regulations to upgrade the C&T program will continue to require Headquarters
guidance to the Regions on training programs development and other requirements.
As 1995 will be the first year of an enforceable endangered species
program, more states will be developing state-initiated endangered species
protection plans. The combination of a larger universe of endangered species to
protect from pesticide use along with an enforceable program will require a
greater level of effort. Headquarters coordination with the Fish and Wildlife
Service will increase, as map and county bulletins are produced for pesticides
of concern. We will continue to provide for efforts in communication and
outreach activities.
The Regions will assist states in developing customized state-initiated
plans, provide educational materials to users and the public, coordinate with
Federal and state lead agencies, coordinate the review of habitat maps, and
distribute other informational materials. In order to keep pace with the demands
as the program progresses, additional assistance will be required from the
Regions in communications and outreach, as well as in providing guidance and
review of state-initiated plans.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $3,426,900 and 59.0 total workyears for
this program, of which $3,422,200 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $4,700 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
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In 1994, the Agency continues to address concerns about pesticide threats
to groundwater, endangered species, and workers occupationally exposed to
pesticides. The Agency also continues to build Regional/state capabilities in
the areas of groundwater, worker protection, and endangered species, as well as
providing national leadership and coordination for this initiative. EPA is
developing guidance packages and training and educational materials, organizing
national meetings and workshops, and providing technical assistance. In this
area, EPA is continuing joint coordination with other Federal agencies,
especially the United States Department of Agriculture.
Implementation of the Regional/state capability Initiative continues in
1994. This initiative includes revisions to the C&T Regulations (Part 171),
which governs the sale of restricted use pesticides to non-certified persons.
Regional staff are implementing the major initiatives underway in EPA, including
Worker Protection Standards, the Groundwater Strategy, the Groundwater Restricted
Use Rule, the Endangered Species Protection Program, and the Non-Point Source
Management and Wellhead Protection plans. These initiatives represent major
regulatory and program changes. In 1994, the C&T program is supporting 54
applicator programs in 49 states, the District of Columbia, several territories
and one Indian tribe.
Headquarters and Regional office staff continue to develop and manage
national training programs for the certification & training, groundwater,
endangered species and worker protection programs in cooperation with the U.S.
Department of Agriculture/State Cooperative Extension Services (USDA/SCES).
EPA and the USDA continue to jointly develop pesticide education programs
to protect groundwater, workers and endangered species. Further, national and
joint workshops on C&T are being organized by program staff in cooperation with
USDA/SCES.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $3,043,000 and 53.1 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,039,300 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $3,700 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1993, the Agency continued to build on the initiative begun in 1990 to
strengthen Regional/state capabilities to respond to increasing public concerns
about groundwater contamination by pesticides, protection of endangered species
from pesticides, and safety of workers occupationally exposed to pesticides. The
Regional office staff continued to implement the major groundwater initiatives
begun in EPA, including the Groundwater Strategy, the Groundwater Restricted Use
Rule, and the Non-Point Source Management and Wellhead Protection Plans. For the
worker protection program, states conducted activities to carry out the Worker
Protection Standard. The Agency disseminated information on the new standard and
continued to develop training materials required by the program. For the
Endangered Species Program, Regional staff continued to implement the
geographically targeted program in high priority areas, manage program grants,
continued education and outreach, assisted states in developing and implementing
7-37
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state-initiated plans, and coordinated map review within the states. Also,
Headquarters and Regional staff continued to manage the C&T program in
cooperation with the Agriculture/State Cooperative Extension Services, and
provided technical assistance on pesticide issues.
PESTICIDES PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION GRANTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $14,825,400 and no workyears for this
program, all of which is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
This decrease of $1,346,700 represents the redirection of resources to higher
priority Agency activities.
In 1995, the grants program will continue to emphasize protection of our
surface and groundwater resources, worker protection, certification and training
(C&T), and endangered species.
In the groundwater area, the states, under Regional guidance, will continue
to develop, submit, and implement site specific management plans for the ground-
water program. In the groundwater area, resources will provide for
implementation of state management plans for identified pesticides that may
impact groundwater in the states. This work will require escalated state effort
in conducting vulnerability assessments and implementing management measures
based on assessments. Resources will also provide for development and
implementation of specific plans for the use of several pesticides in the states.
Implementation of the "Pesticides and GroundWater Strategy" will continue to be
an important priority for EPA and will require intense effort by Headquarters,
Regions, states and local agencies. Additionally, in 1995, states will continue
to submit pesticide specific state management plans for approval to avoid
prohibition of use of those pesticides in the state. Development and
implementation of these plans will require concentrated state efforts in
conducting vulnerability assessments, monitoring, implementing management
measures, and disseminating information to users. As envisioned by the Agency's
"GroundWater Protection Strategy" and in conjunction with other EPA programs,
state grant activities will be integrated to avoid unnecessary duplication of
effort and achieve more consistent and effective protection of the resources.
In the worker protection area, states, with Regional assistance and
oversight, will continue to fully implement the Worker Protection Standard (WPS).
The Agency will continue dissemination of information on the new WPS and
continue development and dissemination of training materials required by the
program. The states will be required to provide final design and initiation of
communications and education programs. Successful implementation of the WPS and
related product label changes requires continuation of public outreach efforts
to inform workers and employers about requirements. With 2.3 million workers in
one million agricultural establishments, the quality and frequency of the
training and education programs are critical to successful implementation of the
WPS requirements.
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The worker protection rule contains provisions to reduce or eliminate
certain worker exposures to pesticides, mitigate pesticide exposures that do
occur and provide information that will assist workers in protecting themselves.
Among the requirements are those for application and entry restrictions,
training, decontamination, emergency assistance and hazard communication.
Effectiveness of the effort requires a well targeted, high quality program in
communications, development and distribution of support materials such as videos
and brochures, training and follow-up. Implementation will require additional
outreach efforts.
In the Endangered Species program, states have been given the opportunity
to develop state-initiated plans which can replace or modify the Federal program
with provisions that best fit local needs. The overall program will be a mixture
of Federally developed provisions and local recommendations developed in the
state-initiated plans. The 1995 program will be the first year of an enforceable
endangered species program. Resources will provide for communication and
outreach effor%w, especially in geographic areas with many listed species. As
the Federal program is implemented, more states will develop state-initiated
plans tailored to meet their local needs which vary due to different crops,
species and pesticide usage. The Regions and all states will review and comment
on maps and county bulletins.
Base activities in the C&T Program will be continued into 1995. Regional
offices will continue to provide technical expertise on pesticide issues such as
C&T, application techniques, toxicity, pesticide disposal, restricted use
pesticides, and pesticides. Revisions to the regulations will require states to
recertify applicators at least every five years. Consequently, every five years,
approximately 1 million certified applicators will need to be trained, tested,
or both. It is also anticipated that additional persons will require
certification due to changes in the aspect of use and the definition of various
levels of restricted use products, and the level of supervision required for
application of certain restricted use pesticides. Strengthening of the
certification program and evaluation of its effectiveness, will require
additional Regional and state involvement. The C&T program will support states,
territories, Indian tribes and Federal Agencies that have plans for certification
of either or both private and commercial pesticide applicators. The Regions will
assist states in upgrading standards of competency and examinations, and in
identifying the training requirements to comply with the revised regulations.
Additionally, under the Agency's Indian policy, EPA will actively encourage
tribes to adopt and administer C&T programs on reservation lands.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $16,172,100 and no workyears for this
prograr., all of which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
The Agency is continuing the implementation of the pesticide program in the
states and on Indian tribal lands. States and Indian tribes are instrumental in
working with the Regions and the public in addressing site-specific pesticides
issues. The Regions continue to assist the states in keeping the public and
7-39
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users informed on pesticide issues. The implementation of the Worker Protection
Standard continues to be of primary emphasis. The Regions are providing
assistance to the states, particularly in the development of training materials
and communication efforts. In the endangered species program, the Regions are
assisting in the development of protection plans to meet state-specific needs.
In the groundwater program, the Regions continue to work with all fifty (50)
states and some Indian tribes in the development of and review of generic State
Management Plans. States continue to implement the certification and training
program, including pesticide risk reduction in specific geographic areas.
The states continue to carry out the C&T Program in cooperation with the
Agriculture/State Cooperative Extension Services. These efforts strengthen
implementation of the C&T Part 171 regulations and improve communications with
the states and public on food safety issues. Additionally, states continue to
strive to ensure that applicators of Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs) are
knowledgeable in all the program initiatives of groundwater, worker protection
and endangered species.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $15,433,800 and no workyears, all
of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The
resources supported the C&T programs, as well as programs initiated in 1992 to
strengthen state capabilities to address problems in the protection of
groundwater. In 1993, full scale implementation of the Worker Protection
Standard began. States continued to complete their implementation strategy,
including a communications program, an education program, and cooperation with
other Federal and state agencies.
The Agency continued to carry out cooperative agreements with State Lead
Agencies to certify applicators to use RUPs. The Agency provided grants to
states to support this activity. Under the guidance of the Regions, the states
implemented certain program improvements, revised the certification examinations
to strengthen state capabilities to address problems in groundwater, endangered
species, chronic health effects, workers occupationally exposed to pesticides,
and other topics. EPA established an interagency agreement with USDA to provide
training to pesticide applicators by working through State Cooperative Extension
Services. Resources were used for the development and implementation of training
programs for non-agricultural (e.g., structural, urban) applicators. In 1993,
the states continued to implement the Regional/state capability initiative.
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PESTICIDES
Pesticides Enforcement
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE
1994 1994
PROGRAM
(DOLLARS IN
THOUSANDS)
REQUEST INCREASE
1995 DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
Pesticides Enforcement
Grants
Abatement Control and $16,084.6 $15,842.4 $15,842.4 $15,092.5 -$15,092.5 -$15,842.4
Compliance
TOTAL $16,084.6 $15,842.4 $15,842.4 $15,092.5 -$15,092.5 -$15,842.4
Pesticides Enforcement
FIFRA Funds
Program & Research $7,925.9 $8,474.7 $8,406.9 $5,588.2 $5,709.9 $121.7 -$2,764.8
Operations
Abatement Control and $1,687.6 $2,446.6 $2,406.5 $197.2 -$197.2 -$2,446.6
Compliance
TOTAL $9,613.5 $10,921.3 $10,813.4 $5,785.4 $5,709.9 -$75.5 -$5,211.4
TOTAL"
Program & Research $7,925.9 $8,474.7 $8.406.9 $5,588.2 $5,709.9 $121.7 -$2,764.8
Operations
Abatement Control and $17,772.2 $18,289.0 $18,248.9 $15,289.7 -$15,289.7 -$18,289.0
Compliance
Pesticides Enforcement TOTAL $25,698.1 $26,763.7 $26,655.8 $20,877.9 $5,709.9 -$15,168.0 -$21,053.8
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Pesticides Enforcement
FIFRA Funds
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Pesticides Enforcement
FIFRA Funds
TOTAL WORKYEARS
133.4 138.7 138.7 96.0 92.4 -3.6 -46.3
133.4 138.7 138.7 96.0 92.4 -3.6 -46.3
139.1 138.7 138.7 96.0 92.4 -3.6 -46.3
139.1 138.7 138.7 96.0 92.4 -3.6 -46.3
7-41
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PESTICIDES ENFORCEMENT
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $5,709,900 and 92.4 total workyears for this
program, all of which will be for the Program Research and Operations
appropriation. This represents an increase of $121,700 for Program Research and
Operations, a decrease of $15,289,700 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, and
a decrease of 3.6 total workyears.
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The
Headquarters resources for pesticides enforcement can now be found in Multimedia.
PESTICIDES ENFORCEMENT GRANTS
1995 REQUEST
In 1995, all pesticides enforcement grant resources can be found in
Multimedia as a result of the reorganization of enforcement resources.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, OPPTS is allocating a total of $15,092,500 and no workyears for
this program, all of which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
Additional resources for this program currently appear in Multimedia as a
result of the reorganization of enforcement resources. The resources reflected
here are being transferred to Multimedia pending final approval of the 1994
Agency operating plan.
In 1994, the Agency is continuing 56 pesticides cooperative enforcement
agreements with states and territories, and 12 additional agreements with Indian
tribes and tribal organizations. These agreements emphasize user compliance with
label directions for proper use and application, as well as manufacturer
adherence to product formulation requirements under the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. Inspections also address applicator licenses and
records, producer establishments, marketplaces, and pesticide dealers. The
states are increasingly emphasizing agricultural and non-agricultural use
inspections in the expectation that use compliance produces the greatest overall
environmental benefit. States continue to implement state implementation plans
for worker protection and develop state management plans for pesticides in
groundwater strategies.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $16,084,600 and no workyears for
this program, all of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
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appropriation. These funds supported pesticides enforcement activities in 56
states and territories, and 12 Indian tribes and tribal organizations.
The cooperative enforcement agreement program continued to be the primary
means for ensuring public and environmental safety from hazardous pesticides by
enforcing the requirements of FIFRA. States conducted inspections for compliance
with pesticides labels. In addition, state activities included pesticide
producer establishment and marketplace inspections, applicator license and record
inspections, dealer record inspections, and agricultural and non-agricultural use
inspections.
States implemented worker protection enforcement activities under state
implementation plans. States also continued to implement state management plans
for the pesticides in groundwater strategies.
PESTICIDES ENFORCEMENT
1995 REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $5,709,900 and 92.4 total workyears for this
program, all of which will be for the Program Research and Operations
appropriation. This represents an increase of $121,700 for Program Research and
Operations, a decrease of $197,200 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, and a
decrease of 3.6 total workyears. The increase in Program Research and Operations
reflects increased workforce costs. The decrease of $197,200 in Abatement,
Control and Compliance is a result of a transfer of these funds to Pesticides
Program Implementation due to the reorganization of enforcement resources. The
decrease of 3.6 workyears represents 2.0 workyears that previously directed the
pesticides enforcement program in the State of Nebraska and a 1.6 workyear
reduction in base pesticides enforcement activities.
Regions will manage and oversee the state and Federal pesticide enforcement
cooperative agreement program. In 1994, the State of Nebraska for the first time
entered into a pesticides cooperative enforcement agreement under Federal
guidance and oversight. The two states and Indian tribes not currently involved
with the cooperative agreement program will be encouraged to participate by the
Regions. Regions will continue to provide enforcement training and policy
guidance to the states. State inspector training will be coordinated through the
Regions to ensure that the statutes are properly enforced and cases are
legitimately developed. The Regions will conduct inspections in states without
cooperative enforcement agreements.
Regions will emphasize implementation of pesticide enforcement priorities
for worker protection, groundwater, special action chemicals, disposal and FIFRA
6(a)(2) significant adverse effects. In the laboratory data integrity program,
three Regions will continue to support Headquarters by conducting inspections to
monitor compliance with Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) regulations at
laboratories engaged in testing in response to Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,
and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) data requirements.
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As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The
Headquarters resources for pesticides enforcement can now be found in Multimedia.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994,. the Agency is allocating a total of $5,785,400 and 96.0 total
workyears for this program, of which $5,588,200 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $197,200 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Regions continue to manage and oversee the state and Federal pesticide
enforcement cooperative agreement program. The Regions continue to provide
enforcement training and policy guidance to the states. State inspector training
is coordinated through the Regions to ensure that the statutes are properly
enforced and cases are legitimately developed. The Regions conduct inspections
in states without cooperative enforcement agreements.
The Regions and states are beginning to enforce the first worker protection
regulatory deadlines, providing specialized enforcement training and oversight.
In the laboratory data integrity program, three Regions support Headquarters by
conducting inspections to monitor compliance with GLP regulations at laboratories
engaged in testing in response to FIFRA data requirements.
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The
Headquarters resources for pesticides enforcement can now be found in Multimedia.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $9,613,500 and 139.1 total
workyears for this program, of which $7,925,900 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $1,687,600 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
Headquarters provided overall program guidance and management, assisted in
developing new and revised regulations, and developed compliance monitoring
strategies and enforcement response policies. Headquarters staff also provided
guidance and general oversight of the Federal/state cooperative enforcement
agreement program, and technical and analytical support for Regional activities.
Headquarters directed the OPPTS laboratory data integrity program, which
inspected private testing laboratories to determine compliance with GLP
regulations, audited in-process studies, and verified the scientific accuracy of
completed test studies. This program was designated a material weakness under
the Federal Managers Financial Integrity Act. Headquarters continued to
implement the corrective actions associated with this program to effectively
enforce data integrity and GLP requirements under the pesticide reregistration
program. In 1993, five existing Memoranda of Understanding with foreign
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countries continued to be implemented to assure continued international GLP
cooperation.
In 1993, the Regions provided inspector training, grant oversight, incident
investigations, technical assistance and guidance to states, the regulated
community, and the public to obtain compliance with FIFRA. The Regions worked
with states to prepare for full compliance implementation of the pesticides in
groundwater strategies and worker protection regulations.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
TOXIC SUBSTANCES 8-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Toxics Substances Research 8-9
Toxics Substances Research 8-13
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Toxic Substances - Financial Assistance 8-27
Asbestos-in-Schools Loans and Grants 8-28
Toxic Substances Strategies 8-29
Chemical Testing 8-31
Existing Chemical Review 8-32
New Chemical Review 8-36
Asbestos-in-Buildings 8-37
Regional Toxics Program 8-38
OPPTS Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know 8-41
OPPTS Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know 8-42
ENFORCEMENT
Toxic Substances Enforcement 8-45
Toxic Substances Enforcement 8-46
Toxic Substances Enforcement Grants 8-48
OPPTS Emergency Planning & Community Right to Know Enforcement . . 8-49
OPPTS Emergency Planning & Community Right to Know Enforcement 8-50
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APPROPRIATION
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program £ Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
Reimbursements
Credit Reform -
Program Account
TOTAL, Toxic Substances
$53,720.8 $56,790.2 $56,254.5 $53,426.6 $53,814.9 $388.3 -$2,975.3
$54,544.6 $67,087.7 $70,320.1 $66,108.7 $61,893.4 -$4,215.3 -$5,194.3
$13,931.8 $15,199.3 $14,604.1 $14,442.4 $13,771.4 -$671.0 -$1,427.9
$26,776.5
$148,973.7 $139,077.2 $141,178.7 $133,977.7 $129,479.7 -$4,498.0 -$9,597.5
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
OUTLAYS
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS
824.5
855.4
841.9
841.9
841.9
841.9
793.6
793.6
771.5
771.5
-22.1
-22.1
-70.4
-70.4
$146,118.0 $158,505.4 $159,664.9 $151,708.5 $133,573.4 -$18,135.1 -$24,932.0
Authorization to appropriate funds for the Toxic Substances Control Act expired on
September 30, 1983. Reauthorization is pending.
8-1
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TOXIC SUBSTANCES
DIFFERENCE
rues.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
LUKKtN 1
ESTIMATE
1994
ENACTED VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
ENACTED
APPROPRIATION
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
Reimbursements
Credit Reform -
Program Account
TOTAL, Toxic Substances
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$56,790.2 $56,254.5 $53.426.6 -$535.7 -$3,363.6 -$2,827.9
$67,087.7 $70,320.1 $66,108.7 $3,232.4 -$979.0 -$4,211.4
$15,199.3 $14,604.1 $14,442.4 -$595.2 -$756.9 -$161.7
$139,077.2 $141,178.7 $133,977.7 $2,101.5 -$5,099.5 -$7,201.0
841.9
841.9
841.9
841.9
793.6
793.6
-48.3
-48.3
-48.3
-48.3
The following points list the major reasons that the dollars devoted to this media have changed from submission
of the President's FY 1994 Budget Request to the FY 1994 Current Estimate.
PROGRAM AND RESEARCH OPERATIONS
The Program and Research Operations account has decreased from the FY 1994 President's Budget Request as a result of:
o The Congressionally-mandated reduction to the PRO account;
o The redirection of FTE and associated PRO resources to support new Agency initiatives; and
o The movement of Headquarters pesticides enforcement resources to Multi-Media as a result of the
reorganization of the Office of Enforcement.
ABATEMENT, CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE
The Abatement, Control and Compliance account has decreased from the FY 1994 President's Budget Request as a result of:
o The Congressionally-mandated reduction to the AC&C account;
o The movement of Headquarters pesticides enforcement resources to Multi-Media as a result of the
reorganization of the Office of Enforcement; and
o The redirection of resources to support new Agency initiatives.
o Reductions made in lead research to meet 1994 Congressional Appropriations
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
o A decrease in the Lead and Other Heavy Metals research to support higher priority research initiatives
8-2
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TOXIC SUBSTANCES
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
The toxic substances media includes responsibility for environmental
programs carried out under six major statutes, with emphases on preventing
pollution and reducing risks associated with toxic chemicals. The Toxic
Substances Control Act (TSCA) is designed to protect human health and the
environment from unreasonable risks arising from the manufacture, processing,
distribution, use or disposal of new or existing chemical substances. The
Pollution Prevention Act authorizes the Agency to work with private and public
sectors to prevent pollution of toxic chemicals through multimedia source
reduction. The Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act requires inspection for
and abatement of asbestos in all public and private schools, and requires EPA to
examine similar asbestos exposure issues in public and commercial buildings. The
Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act authorizes EPA to provide financial
assistance as loans or grants to local education agencies to conduct asbestos
abatement projects in school buildings. Section 313 of Title III of the
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) requires facilities that emit
toxic materials to report those emissions to EPA, and requires EPA to collect and
provide the data to the public through electronic and other means. Finally,
Title X of the Residential Lead-based Paint Hazard Reduction Act of 1992 requires
EPA to provide a comprehensive national approach to dealing with lead-based paint
in the nation's housing stock.
Pollution prevention is a key element in linking environmental protection
with economic growth. The Agency's pollution prevention initiatives within the
Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) and Design for the Environment (DfE) programs
incorporate the ideas of voluntary action by industry and community right-to-know
to encourage pollution prevention in both the public and private sectors.
The President of the United States recently signed an Executive Order (E.O.
12856) requiring Federal facilities to (1) report under TRI, (2) alter their
procurement practices to advance pollution prevention, and (3) develop goals to
reduce releases and transfers of toxic chemicals by 50% by 1999. EPA will
provide technical assistance to other government agencies to carry out this
order.
The strategy of the Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances
for pollution prevention and toxics emphasizes the central role of information
to empower the public to take direct action to address chemical risks.
Investments in expanding right-to-know more will occur in three program areas:
the Chemical Use Inventory, distribution of consumer information, and public
distribution of chemical hazard information. Consumers play a major role in
pollution prevention. Effective information allows consumers to make purchasing
decisions based on a product's impact on the environment.
Program descriptions do not reflect any increase in workyears that may
result from the 900 additional workyears that EPA received for contractor
conversion.
8-3
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1995 PROGRAM PRIORITIES
The Existing Chemicals program is central to the toxic substances program
emphasis on risk reduction. This program is responsible for characterizing the
risks to human health and the environment posed by existing chemicals, and where
identified unreasonable levels of risk exist, act appropriately to eliminate or
mitigate those risks. The program is changing its emphasis to encourage private
risk management action by providing information to the public on chemical risks
and alternatives.
In 1995, besides managing the risk review process on hundreds of chemicals,
the Existing Chemicals program will support activities in several new
programmatic areas. One involves lead-based paint in residential housing. EPA
will continue to support ongoing lead-in-paint programs that EPA and the
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) have set up. Additionally, EPA
is promulgating regulations that set standards for lead-based paint hazards,
lead-contaminated dust, and lead-contaminated soil. The Agency will work with
HUD to promulgate rules requiring disclosure of lead-based paint in housing
constructed before 1978 that is offered for sale or lease. The Agency will
promulgate guidelines for renovating and remodeling residential and commercial
buildings that contain lead-based paint. Financial assistance will allow the
states to begin development of state plans for abatement worker training and
certification programs. A lead environmental justice initiative will assure that
disadvantaged urban populations have an equal chance to live in a healthy
environment, free from the hazards of lead exposure.
A second area, DfE, focuses on pollution prevention in the industrial
sector and is a key component of the President's Environmental Technology
Initiative. The Agency works with private industry to help companies think
through their chemical and technical choices from an environmental perspective
and to chart a course towards safer materials, products and processes. The
Agency identifies the regulatory incentives that motivate industry to change,
provides technical assistance, and rewards those companies that take the lead in
incorporating environmental principles in product and process design.
The Regional Toxics program includes several initiatives that complement
or closely parallel initiatives found in the existing chemicals program. First,
the Agency requests a significant resource increase to expand the Regional lead
risk reduction program. The state lead program assistance component will provide
for the training and certification of state and local employees, public education
and technical assistance. The lead environmental justice component will
highlight and expand on the Federal government's efforts to reduce the prevalence
of lead poisoning among inner-city children. Finally, the lead exposure
assessment component will make improvements to the integrated exposure/uptake
biokinetic model and improve our understanding of the effects of lead exposure.
8-4
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Similarly, the Emergency Preparedness and Community Right-to-Know Act
(EPCRA) programs in both Headquarters and the Regions include several significant
pollution prevention initiatives. OPPTS' strategy for pollution prevention and
toxics emphasizes the central role of information to empower the public to take
direct action to address chemical risks. Investments in right-to-know will occur
in three program areas: the Chemical Use Inventory, distribution of consumer
information, and public distribution of chemical hazard information.
TOXIC SUBSTANCE ENFORCEMENT
The major objective of the Agency's Toxic Substances Enforcement program
is to develop an effective national compliance monitoring program with
appropriate coverage of all enforceable TSCA regulations. The enforcement
program depends increasingly upon the assistance of state agencies which conduct
compliance monitoring inspections for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and
asbestos under the terms of cooperative enforcement agreements. Thirty-five
states currently participate in the TSCA cooperative agreement program. State
enforcement programs emphasize compliance monitoring of existing chemical control
rules, particularly those for asbestos and PCBs. States may only conduct
inspections. Enforcement actions must be issued by the Regions because no state
has "equivalent" state authority as mandated by TSCA. A limited number of TSCA
multimedia state grants are piloted, encouraging states to assume additional
comprehensive TSCA enforcement responsibilities, allowing for greater enforcement
coverage and locally tailored programs.
The Toxic Substances Enforcement program also supports the enforcement
provisions of EPCRA's TRI. EPA's inspection program ensures that manufacturers,
processors, and users of subject chemicals comply with SARA section 313
requirements to report emissions and discharges of toxic chemicals. The EPCRA
TRI enforcement program has expanded to target late reporting and data quality
violations.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
The Office of Research and Development (ORD) will continue to support the
Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances (OPPTS) by conducting
research in areas related to toxic substances. Ecosystems protection research
will enhance site-specific or geographic-specific evaluations of natural and
anthropogenic stresses on ecosystems. Research will provide knowledge on the
potential risks posed by the release of biotechnology products into the
environment. Air toxics research will focus on improving air toxics emissions
estimation methods for industry to use in reporting for the TRI mandated under
SARA Title III. ORD will begin developing pollution prevention strategies and
separations technologies for wastes in the chemical formulating and packaging
industries under waste water and sludge research.
Human exposure investigation will develop methods to measure the exposures
of human populations to environmental chemicals from all sources and routes of
exposure. Research in health effects will emphasize the development of animal
toxicologic and human clinical data and models; efforts will focus on
environmental epidemiology, including the development and assessment of
biomarkers. Research begun in 1993 will continue in neurotoxicology on the
8-5
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identification of susceptible populations, neurogenerative diseases, and in-vitro
neurotoxicology. Investigation will focus on improving the biological basis for
health risk assessment. Scientists will develop methods to predict environmental
and human health impacts related to research on the environmental review of toxic
chemicals. Researchers will conduct studies on alternative reproductive and in-
vitro neurotoxicity test methods. Ecology research will emphasize advanced
structure activity relationship techniques, and physical and chemical
identification data for transportation and fate analysis. Investigation will
continue to support lead research through the development of standard reference
materials and laboratory accreditation for the paint, house dust, street dust,
and soil abatement program.
FEES
Section 5 of TSCA requires that chemical manufacturers notify the Agency
at least 90 days before manufacturing or importing a new chemical substance for
commercial purposes. EPA's review process is called the premanufacture notice
(PMN) process; new chemical submissions are called PMNs. There are several
exemptions to the PMN process, such as low volume and polymer exemptions. TSCA
allows the Agency to collect fees up to $2,500 ($100 for small businesses) for
each PMN submission. The toxic substances program will continue to collect PMN
fees authorized by TSCA, for deposit into the General Fund.
8-6
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TOXIC SUBSTANCES
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES
ACTUAL
1993
Existing Chemical Review
474
Sec. 8(e) Initial Rec'd.
Sec. 8(e) Initial
Processing 4,133
FYI Reviews 10
Triage Hazard Screens... 3,630
Hazard Screens From
Clusters 105
RM1 Cases Completed 27
RM2 Investigations Begun 6
RM2 Cases Completed 9
Post RM2 Completions.... 5
SNURs and Other Rulemakings 0
PCB Rulemakings 3
PCB Disposal Permits.... 26
Sec. 21 Responses 4
New Chemical Review
Rulemakings 1
New Chemical Submissions 2,148
New Chemical Control
Actions*** 185
Biotechnology Notices... 0
Biotechnology Control
Actions 3
New Chemical SNURs 96
Receipt of Test Data.... 119
Bona Fide Submissions... 378
Commencement Notices.... 807
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
400*
3,600
10
3,600*
120**
57
3
5
5
2
5
29
4
2
2,500
200
5
2
150
200
500
1,000
ESTIMATE
1995
400*
,600
10
,600*
200
57
5
4
4
1
25
4
1
2,500
200
5
2
150
200
500
1,000
INCREASE (+)
DECREASE (-)
1994 vs 1995
+80
+2
-1
-1
-1
-3
-4
-1
* Due to the 8(e) Compliance Audit Program (CAP) project, a voluntary program
to obtain outstanding 8(e) data through company audits, EPA received a large
volume of 8(e) CAPs in 1992 and 1993. Processing and evaluation of these
submissions is ongoing and projected to continue into FY95.
** Assumes seven clusters: 1) lithographic blanket washes; 2) screen painting
reclamation washes; 3) architectural coatings; 4) glycol ether substitutes; 5)
solvents for machine manufacture and rebuilding; 6) solvents for pesticide
manufacturing; and 7) developers for positive semiconductors.
*** 5(e) Regulatory Decisions consisting of 5(e) consent orders, bans pending
testing, and non-5(e) SNURs.
8-7
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PROGRAM ACTIVITIES
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
CURRENT INCREASE (+)
ACTUAL ESTIMATE ESTIMATE DECREASE (-)
1993 1994 1995 1994 vs 1995
Chemical Testing
Pub'd Guidelines
(New/Revised) 0 15 5 -10
Chemicals in Proposed
Testing Actions 128 150 150
Chemicals in Final
Testing Actions 74 100 100
Test Standard Modifications
Granted 7 10 10
Chemical Testing Programs
Underway*.. 158 150 150
Individual Studies Rec'd 125 150 150
Chemical Testing Programs
Completed 50 50 . 50
Final Testing Results Sent
to RM 48 30 30
RM Decisions Made 4 30 30
Title III
TRI Forms Received 90,000 95,000 130,000 +35,000**
TRI Forms Processed 80,000 85,000 120,000 +35,000**
Notices of Noncompliance 500 500 ' 1,000 +500
Receipt of Corrected
Forms 10,000 15,000 15,000
Petitions Received 6 5 10 +5
On-Site Technical Audits 0 100 100
Rulemakings 3 7 7
Asbestos-in-Schools Loans and Grants
Abatement Projects Funded 305 0 0
Weekly Expos. Hrs.
Reduced 3,200,000 0 0
Asbestos -in-Buildings
Abatement Projects
Closed Out 198 223 223
State Waiver Programs
Developed (cumulative) 235+2
State Accreditation Programs
Developed (cumulative) 38 40 42 +2
4 NOTE: Chemical Testing outputs have been revised to be more compatible with
the Agency's internal tracking system, and to more clearly and accurately portray
program production.
* Includes OECD/SIDS chemical testing programs underway.
** FY95 increased projection is due to TRI expansion activities.
8-8
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TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Toxic Substances Research
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Toxic Substance
Research
Program & Research $10,740.6 $10,492.5 $10,415.5 $10,347.6 $9,196.5 -$1,151.1 -$1,296.0
Operations
Abatement Control and $400.0 $400.0 -$400.0
Compliance
Research & Development $13,931.8 $15,199.3 $14,604.1 $14,442.4 $13,771.4 -$671.0 -$1,427.9
TOTAL $24,672.4 $25,691.8 $25,419.6 $25,190.0 $22,967.9 -$2,222.1 -$2,723.9
TOTAL:
Program & Research $10,740.6 $10,492.5 $10,415.5 $10,347.6 $9,196.5 -$1,151.1 -$1,296.0
Operations
Abatement Control and $400.0 $400.0 -$400.0
Compliance
Research & Development $13,931.8 $15,199.3 $14,604.1 $14,442.4 $13,771.4 -$671.0 -$1,427.9
Toxic Substances TOTAL $24,672.4 $25,691.8 $25,419.6 $25,190.0 $22,967.9 -$2,222.1 -$2,723.9
Research
'ERMANENT WORKYEARS
Toxic Substance 167.9 148.7 148.7 145.7 124.0 -21.7 -24.7
Research
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 167.9 148.7 148.7 145.7 124.0 -21.7 -24.7
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Toxic Substance 173.5 148.7 148.7 145.7 124.0 -21.7 -24.7
Research
TOTAL WORKYEARS 173.5 148.7 148.7 145.7 124.0 -21.7 -24.7
8-9
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TOXIC SUBSTANCES RESEARCH
PRINCIPAL OUTPUTS
1995 o Develop molecular fingerprinting to evaluate genetic diversity
following release of recombinant organisms.
o Adapt laboratory methods for the assessment of Genetically
Engineered Microorganisms (GEM) effects in field and greenhouse
model systems.
o Produce a comparison of clearance rates for biotechnology agents
following pulmonary and oral exposure of the rat and mouse models.
o Prepare a report on a multipathway total human exposure assessment
model for use in exposure and risk assessments.
o Produce a report: need for additional uncertainty factors for risk
assessment of developmental neurotoxicity.
o Establish a first-tier In-Vitro neurotoxicity screen for use in the
Premanufacture Notification (PMN) process.
1994 o Finish a study of the ecological risks in the Savannah river
watershed: problem formulation phase.
o Complete a study on the exposure and hazard assessments of small
mammals to chemical contaminants.
o Publish a report on the techniques to detect changes in soil
produced by GEMs.
o Distribute a report on the development of mouse and brown Norway rat
respiratory allergy models.
o Publish a report on genetically engineered microorganisms: a review
of ecological effects and their implications to the terrestrial
environment.
o Distribute the final version of a human exposure relational
database and models.
o Produce a report: application of CASA technology in a human
population highly exposed to environmental pollutants.
o Develop Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (QSARs) to
predict toxicity of reactive chemicals.
o Develop a predictive model to evaluate dustiness for use in PMN
reviews.
8-10
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o Distribute prototype software called Correlations of Reactivity And
Molecular Spectroscopy (CRAMS) to facilitate assessments for new and
existing chemicals.
o Develop quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs) to
predict the toxicity of selected reactive chemicals.
o Provide remaining standard reference materials (SRMs) for laboratory
paint-lead analyses for use in supporting the accreditation program
for paint-lead measurements.
o Produce performance evaluation materials (PEMs) to support field
methods use of portable X-ray fluorescence instruments (XRFs) and/or
test kits for lead-paint measurements.
1993 o Published the protocol for evaluating ecological impact of
bioremediation transformation products on terrestrial systems.
o Distributed the methods and protocols for the detection and
enumeration of process-specific airborne microorganisms in
industrial settings.
o Tested a version of human exposure relational database and models:
manual and software.
o Completed a national assessment of benzene exposures using the
Benzene Exposure Assessment Model (BEAM).
o Produced a report on source test methods for stationary source
emissions of 93 hazardous air pollutants.
o Developed standardized methods for evaluating particle air cleaners.
o Published a report on the stability of the XY1E gene controlling the
pathway that degrades toluene in microorganisms when used in a
colorimetric assay to detect, track, and enumerate GEMs from
environmental samples.
o Distributed a report on the co-occlusion and persistence of a
baculovirus mutant lacking a polyhedrin gene.
o Produced a study on the influence of pulmonary exposure of mice with
"engineered" pseudomonads on the intestinal microbiota populations.
o Tested a version of a human exposure relational database and models:
manual and software.
o Published a report: Noncancer health effects of priority pollutants
using graphic activity profiles.
o Published a report: validation of CASA methods for use with rat
sperm to support male reproductive risk assessment.
8-11
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Distributed a report: development of DNA adducts as biomarkers of
exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs).
Developed an on-line access to the System For Predicting
Environmental Fate Constants (SPARC).
Developed generic scenarios for Premanufacture Notification (PMN)
review for the oil coatings industry.
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TOXIC SUBSTANCES
TOXIC SUBSTANCES RESEARCH
BUDGET REQUEST
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $22,967,910 and 124.0 total workyears for
1995, a decrease of $2,222,100 and 21.7 total workyears from 1994. Of the
request, $9,196,500 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation, and $13,771,400 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation, and a decrease of $400,000 in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents a decrease of $1,151,100 in the
Program and Research Operations appropriation, and a decrease of $671,000 in the
Research and Development appropriation. This includes a shift of resources from
this activity to multimedia research. The redirection is consistent with the
Agency's strategy of directing additional resources to cross-media research as
a more effective approach to scientific inquiry into environmental problems. The
decrease for the Program and Research Operations of $1,151,100 and the 21.7
workyears reflects base redirections to support research priority initiatives
where scientific information is needed to address higher health and environmental
risks and an overall reduction in federal workyears. The decrease in the
Research and Development appropriation reflects a shifting of $169,500 for Air
Toxics to the Air Quality PE, a decrease of $300,000 in Lead and Other Heavy
Metals research, and a redirection of research resources to fund the Small
Business Innovative Research (SBIR) program which is budgeted under the
Multimedia Program Element in 1995.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $25,190,000 supported by 145.7 total
workyears for this program element, of which $10,347,600 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, $14,442,400 is from the Research and
Development appropriation, and $400,000 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $24,672,400 supported by 173.5 total
workyears for this program element, of which $10,740,600 was from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, and $13,931,800 was from the Research and
Development appropriation.
RESEARCH ISSUES
The sections below describe research program issues by each fiscal year:
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ECOSYSTEMS PROTECTION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Office of Research and Development will restructure the ecological
planning issues to reflect the transition from a single species, single stressor,
ecotoxicological research orientation to an integrated ecological perspective,
that focuses on ecosystems protection and management. This integrated ecological
approach will allow the Agency to monitor more effectively, understand ecological
processes and impacts, and predict risks related to the cumulative effects from
both natural and anthropogenic stresses upon ecosystems. Research will include
a geographic approach with a primary focus on watersheds. To carry out the
ecosystem protection research, scientists will use current scientific knowledge
and understanding to develop an innovative, holistic, integrated program designed
to provide a new generation of computer-based analysis and decision tools
tailored to the information needs and responsibilities of Federal, State, and
local ecological resource managers and regulatory officials.
The three scientific needs of monitoring, understanding ecosystem response,
and predicting risks will be addressed by three components in the ecosystem
protection research program. The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program
(EMAP) component will seek to monitor nationally the status and trends of
ecosystems. The Geographic Integration component will seek to understand,
describe, and characterize the response of ecological systems to anthropogenic
stress, and to develop strategies for restoration of ecological systems. The
Ecological Risk Assessment component will seek to predict the risks to ecosystems
from various stressors. The ecosystems protection research program in the Toxic
Substances Program Element includes the Ecological Risk Assessment and Geographic
Integration components.
Ecological Risk Assessment The primary goal of the ecological risk
assessment component is to ensure that research develops the methods necessary
to conduct ecological risk assessments for multiple scales and purposes.
Scientists will continue research on the programs initiated in 1994, which will
become part of the ecosystems protection research program. Additional resources
will also be used to expand ecological risk assessment research from a national
focus to also include more specific research on representative watersheds in key
ecoregions of the country, such as the Pacific Northwest and the Great Lakes.
Ecological risk assessments will continue to include the impact of toxic
substances.
Geographic Integration A relatively small portion of the toxic substances
resources supports geographic integration. In cooperation with other agencies,
EPA will provide information for improving the nation's ability to protect,
restore and manage ecosystems. Scientists will develop and test multiple
resource protection and restoration techniques at varying spatial scales.
Researchers will then use this information to either design options for achieving
a predetermined condition or to assess and establish priorities regarding the
consequences of management decisions.
8-14
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1994 PROGRAM
The Ecosystems Protection research issue is new in 1995 and consolidates
nine research issues carried out under several ORD media program elements (PEs).
The nine issues that will be consolidated into the Ecosystems Protection issue
are Coastal and Marine, Large Lakes and Rivers, Wetlands, Contaminated Sediments,
Aquatic Ecocriteria, Nonpoint Sources , Ecorisk Methods , Habitat/Biodiversity, and
EMAP. Within the Toxic Substances PE, the issues being consolidated are Aquatic
Ecocriteria and Ecorisk Assessment Methods. Information on the 1994 research
related to those issues are available in the "1994 Program" section of those
issues.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Ecosystems Protection research issue is a new research issue in 1995
that consolidates nine 1993 research issues carried out under several ORD media
program elements (PEs). Within the Toxic Substances PE, the issues being
consolidated are Aquatic Ecocriteria and Ecorisk Assessment Methods. Information
on the 1993 research related to those issues are available in the "1993
Accomplishments" section of those issues.
AQUATIC ECOCRITERIA
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In 1995, Aquatic Ecocriteria research will be conducted and described as
part of the Ecosystems Protection research issue.
1994 PROGRAM
Researchers are determining the effects of toxic substances on specific
organs of aquatic life. Scientists will use this knowledge to more accurately
predict the toxic effect and carcinogenesis potential of untreated chemicals.
These endpoints are an important component of ecological criteria which relate
to environmental stressors.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Scientists continued efforts to determine the immunotoxicity of chemicals
to aquatic life and to develop life cycle toxicity tests for selected marine
crustaceans. Researchers tested exposure systems with selected chemicals and
fish species regarding histological, biochemical, histochemical, and
physiological endpoints in order to characterize responses.
ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In 1995, Ecological Risk Assessment research will be conducted and
described as part of the Ecosystems Protection research issue.
8-15
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1994 PROGRAM
ORD is conducting research on methods needed to assess the exposure,
hazard, and risk to ecological resources from the multiple threats present under
real-world conditions, including those related to toxic substances. The
framework for analysis is natural watersheds at a variety of geographic scales,
from local drainage basins through major watersheds. Researchers are integrating
monitoring programs, analysis techniques for stressor-specific exposures and
hazards related to toxic substances, and the ecorisk guidelines under development
for Agency-wide use in ecological risk assessment.
Researchers are using current scientific knowledge to develop an
innovative, holistic, integrated program designed to use a new generation of
computer-based analysis and decision tools tailored to the information needs and
authorities of Federal, State, and local resource managers. These new tools
incorporate the results of stressor-specific analysis in the context of specific
local geographic conditions and constraints. Researchers are examining the
synergy between eutrophication, toxicity, and habitat loss. Scientists are
designing a new generation of ecologically-capable watershed models grounded in
geographic information systems (CIS) technology and individual-based ecological
approaches that evaluate stressors, such as toxic substances, in a whole-system
perspective. Researchers are assembling the CIS databases and framework needed
to support the watershed-scale analysis program.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD initiated a triad of interrelated innovative responses to the Agency's
customary "command and control" approach that has fostered a narrow focus on
individual "media" in both EPA operations and EPA organizational structures.
Researchers developed an ecological indicator and monitoring program as part of
the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) , Risk Assessment Forum
standard protocols for conducting ecological risk assessments, and an "Ecorisk"
program of ecological risk assessment methods research.
Research results from the Ecorisk program ultimately will redefine the way
the agency conducts the fundamental business of assessing and managing the
ecological risks of toxic substances. This research began from a biogeographical
"watershed" focus, replacing the traditional narrow "media" focuses, encouraging
a genuinely ecological approach to agency regulatory responsibilities. The
watershed approach promotes integration across media (both stressor and habitat)
to define aggregate ecological risks, and places the "media" risks in the larger
context. This biogeographical context promotes efficient allocation of risk
management resources to maximize environmental protection, allowing local
pollution control authorities to more effectively identify and rank significant
hazards to their resource base. National regulatory programs are able to
understand the true significance and risk reduction opportunities of toxic
substances in geographically diverse settings.
8-16
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ENVIRONMENTAL RELEASES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In 1995 EPA will be reporting this research in the Federal Coordinating
Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET) Advanced Manufacturing
Technology crosscut. The Agency will continue to focus on developing better
understanding the movement of microorganisms through the environment, either by
the natural elements, or through associations with higher organisms. Researchers
will continue studies on the mechanisms and dynamics of transport among and
within various environmental components, such as air, soil, groundwater, plants,
insects, and animals. Scientists will identify and describe biochemical,
physiological, and environmental factors influencing the survival, fitness, and
competition potential to displace indigenous communities.
Scientists will complete a field demonstration for which a bacterium,
designed to degrade trichloroethylene in groundwaters, will be released and
monitored for efficacy, fate, and adverse environmental effects. Research will
test an environmental gene expression model designed to estimate the degree of
DNA damage resulting from natural and anthropogenic stresses. Researchers will
establish a modeling framework to examine the environmental parameters that
influence gene exchange.
Researchers will continue investigating gene expression to facilitate gene
transfer and gene stability research. Scientists will develop methods to monitor
gene expression, which may be used to monitor any microbially mediated process
for which adequate gene probes are available. This research will allow the
determination of whether released organisms are carrying out the processes for
which they were designed, and the duration and effectiveness of the organisms
after release.
1994 PROGRAM
Through this research, the Agency is supporting the Federal Coordinating
Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET) Biotechnology crosscut
initiative. Information regarding the fate of released biological products often
is limited by the ability to culture environmentally-isolated microbes for
identification and enumeration. Scientists are using serological, biochemical,
physiological, and genetic methods for improving detection and enumeration of
microorganisms under laboratory, microcosm, and field conditions. Researchers
are focusing on developing and refining methods for their sensitivity,
specificity, and reliability in a variety of habitats. Certain plants, animals,
and aquatic systems are of special interest.
Researchers are evaluating the factors that affect and control gene
stability and rates of transfer in the environment to predict risk from the
distinct and sometimes unique (engineered) genetic sequences of released
biological products. Investigators continue to explore a variety of risk
reduction strategies, including the development of genetically altered strains
for conditional lethal control of survival and gene exchange. Microbial
communities are involved in the cycling of many important elements, including
8-17
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trace elements needed for metabolism by other organisms and toxic contaminants,
such as mercury. Methods are being developed to investigate the relative
importance/contribution of certain microorganisms in the environmental cycling
of these elements.
The health of an ecosystem is reflected by the abundance and composition
of the bacterial flora which in turn affect the response of organisms feeding on
those bacteria. Scientists are examining the potential for these interactions
to be disturbed to the extent that microbial utilization of environmental pools
of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and other nutrients are disrupted.
Researchers are utilizing sensitive molecular biological methods to understand
the function and interrelationships of microbial communities to provide an
assessment of the significance of a perturbation.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
EPA continued to support the FCCSET Biotechnology crosscut initiative with
this research, which is directed toward developing sensitive molecular genetic
methods to provide information about ecosystem response to the release of a
biotechnology product. Experimentation provided information about genetic
transfer among indigenous microbial populations, transport away from the release
site, and potential for released microorganisms to survive and colonize an
ecosystem. Research began informing scientists about the displacement on natural
inhabitants and ecological effects that the introduction may have on
biogeochemistry, nutrient cycling, and trophic structure. Predictive models were
constructed to assess the risk of such a release. Research focused on nutrient
cycling and ecosystem trophic structure, as well as microbial ecology.
Researchers continued to develop methods for examining the composition, and
functional aspects of an ecosystem. Investigation continued on containment and
mitigation strategies.
AIR TOXICS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Researchers will shift emphasis from development to the field testing and
evaluation of improved chemical process monitoring technologies to control
releases of toxics from wastewater and soil into the air. Process monitoring and
feedback control studies will support initiatives to reduce or eliminate releases
of toxics from wastewater and soil into the air. These technologies will have
many applications to large industries, such as petrochemicals, and small
commercial businesses, such as dry cleaning. Researchers are improving air
toxics emissions estimation methods for industry to use in reporting for the
Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) mandated under the Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act (SARA) Title III. This research will improve the accuracy
and credibility of the TRI database and provide a better tool to assess the
progress of pollution prevention efforts.
8-18
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1994 PROGRAM
Researchers are developing improved chemical process monitoring
technologies used to determine releases of toxics from wastewater and soil into
the air. These technologies will support the development of accurate estimates
for the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) reporting and confirmation of reported
releases. Technologies being evaluated include semi-permeable membrane sampling
systems.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Environmental monitoring and human exposure monitoring procedures were
evaluated for SARA Title III chemicals to assess their suitability for estimating
exposure associated with chemical releases. This activity is part of the
Agency's Statutory Mandate Theme and the Clean Air Act Initiative.
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
There are no resources in indoor air pollution research related to Toxic
Substances in FY 1995.
1994 PROGRAM
Research continues to develop sampling methods for asbestos and other
fibers, including the determination of concentrations in settled dust and real-
time screening techniques for airborne fiber contents. Additional research is
evaluating strategies to mitigate asbestos exposures to workers.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Researchers developed, validated, and compared improved methods for
sampling asbestos, refractory ceramic, and other fibers. In addition, methods
were developed and demonstrated for maintaining and removing asbestos floor
tiles.
WASTEWATER AND SLUDGE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Support for this activity will permit the update of the toxic substances
treatability database with version 7.0.
8-19
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1994 PROGRAM
Wastewater and sludge research is continuing to address industrial
wastewater management through treatability studies for toxic substances
associated with the pulp, paper, and paperboard industry and the pesticides
formulation industry. Researchers will update the toxic substances treatability
data base, and evaluate methanol recovery techniques for the pharmaceutical
industry.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The major product from this effort was the updating of the toxic substances
treatability database with version 5.0.
HUMAN EXPOSURE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Researchers will utilize the techniques developed for monitoring and
assessing human exposures to toxic substances for collecting information to
develop standard activity scenarios and exposure related factors for use in the
development of exposure monitoring and assessment guidelines. The techniques
will include both source-based and population-based assessment approaches.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD scientists are developing a variety of techniques for use in monitoring
and assessing human exposures to toxic substances. These techniques include
sampling and analytical methodologies for toxic chemicals in air, water and food;
pharmacokinetic models for use in interpreting biological monitoring data;
techniques for assessing exposures to toxic chemical used in and around the home;
and a relational database that combines environmental concentration and human
activity data to produce exposure distributions.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Researchers began developing effective tools and techniques for monitoring
total human exposure to toxic substances. The Agency focused on sampling and
analytical methods development, exposure modeling, and exposure assessment.
Scientists continued to develop biological methods (biomarkers) to investigate
the use of tissue and body fluids as vehicles for measuring exposures to toxic
substances. They also began developing and testing immunobased personal exposure
monitoring (PEM) devices to obtain data for monitoring exposure to consumer use
products.
8-20
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HEALTH EFFECTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The National Cancer Institute (NCI)/EPA epidemiology study will produce a
progress report on the status of the long-term study on the exposure to
agricultural pesticides and chemicals of farm workers and their families.
Researchers will publish an evaluation of the need for additional uncertainty
factors for risk assessment of developmental neurotoxicity. ORD also will
publish a report on the mechanisms of neurotoxicity for aluminum to support
development of a biologically based dose response model, and strategies for
identifying chemicals that can produce neurodegenerative disease. A report to
identify chemicals related to PCBs with potential neurotoxicity will be
published.
Scientists will continue research on neurodegenerative disease, and on
mechanisms of neurotoxicity related to the development of nervous system
dysfunction and disease. Researchers will continue to concentrate on mechanisms
of reproductive and developmental toxicity related to the extrapolation of
toxicological data between high and low doses of chemicals and between animals
and humans, and the development of a quantitative weight-of-evidence scheme for
mutagenicity and systemic toxicity to examine correlations across endpoints and
to rank chemicals.
1994 PROGRAM
Researchers are conducting a study on the exposure to agricultural
pesticides and chemicals of farm workers, their spouses, and children. ORD is
collaborating with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to address a potential
linkage between exposure to agricultural chemicals and the development of cancer,
and to investigate other health endpoints, such as neurologic and reproductive
disease and dysfunctions.
ORD is focusing on neurotoxicity risk assessment research related to the
long-term consequences of exposure to toxic substances, such as aluminum and
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Studies are evaluating the potential for
delayed onset of neurotoxicity, such as accelerated aging of neural tissues
following exposure in early life. New research began addressing
neurodegenerative disease, a major topic identified by committees of the Federal
Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET) to support expanded
neurotoxicology research. Researchers are studying the mechanisms of
neurotoxicity to determine if long-term and low-level exposure to toxic
chemicals, such as metals and solvents, will lead to the development of nervous
system dysfunction and disease.
Genetic research, as well as research in neurotoxicity and reproductive and
developmental toxicity, is addressing the need for development of biomarkers of
exposure and effect, to link laboratory research into epidemiological studies.
Scientists have begun laboratory studies to develop a mechanistic understanding
for interspecies extrapolation of cancer and mutagenesis endpoints induced by
toxics in rodent and animal tissues.
8-21
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Congressional Directives. A total of $400,000 for the Congressionally
directed increase in neurotoxicology provided through the AC&C appropriation is
expanding research in the evaluation of susceptible populations that may have an
unusual susceptibility to environmental factors. Researchers are comparing the
relative sensitivities of developing, adult, and aging populations to neurotoxic
agents.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Scientists conducted research in laboratories and in the field to identify
suitable markers of exposure that will indicate episodes of exposures to chemical
pollutants. Researchers continued developing and evaluating techniques to
extrapolate between animal and human health effects, and between high and low
dose exposures used in animal toxicology. New research addressed the
neurotoxicology areas of the identification of susceptible populations, and in-
vitro neurotoxicology.
HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Draft guidelines regarding data procedures for bioassays and computerized
approaches related to risk evaluation will be published for review and comment.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD is producing Quality Assurance (QA) guidelines regarding data
management procedures for bioassays and computerized approaches for risk
evaluation (CARE). The CARE project is used to evaluate environmental and other
data that have been collected in the past, and is used to perform risk
assessments.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD produced Quality Assurance (QA) guidelines for data management
procedures for bioassays and computerized approaches for risk evaluation (CARE).
This data was used to assess the need for environmental and exposure data
collected by the program office.
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Resources and accomplishments supporting this program are requested in the
Multimedia program element for 1995.
1994 PROGRAM
As mandated by the Small Business Development Act of 1982 (Public Law 97-
219), EPA is allocating 1.50% of its extramural Research and Development budget
for the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program. These funds are used
8-22
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to support small businesses engaged in the development of equipment for pollution
abatement and control, and instrumentation for monitoring environmental trends
and conditions. Under this program, ORD is able to take advantage of unique
solutions to toxic substances related problems and other environmental issues
that may be offered by the private sector.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
As mandated by Public Law 102-564, the Small Business Innovation Research
Program (SBIR) allocated 1.50% of the Agency's extramural research
appropriation to support small businesses engaged in the development of equipment
for pollution abatement and control and process instrumentation. Thirty-four
Phase I projects and twenty-one Phase II projects were funded in the program.
ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW OF TOXIC CHEMICALS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Scientists will develop generic scenarios for premanufacture notification
(PMN) reviews in the foundry/casting industries. Researchers will develop an
expert system for classifying and identifying organic pollutants from mass
spectra. They also will develop liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS)
test procedures for commercial products to be incorporated into test guidelines.
1994 PROGRAM
This research is to develop methods and models with which to evaluate,
interpret, or predict with acceptable confidence the human health and ecological
threat of the manufacture and release of toxic chemicals into the environment.
ORD is conducting research in health effects test methods, ecological test
methods, estimation techniques, control technology, quantitative chemical
similarity and structure activity relationships (QSAR), and environmental
monitoring and chemical identification. Researchers are providing state-of-the-
art, cost effective, scientifically sound test methods to prevent the
introduction of toxic chemicals into the environment. Research on interpretive
models and estimation techniques allows the program offices to effectively assess
classes of chemicals based on structure, physical parameters, biological
activity, chemical properties, and exposure parameters.
Major products include the development of test methods for immunochemistry,
in-vitro neurotoxicology, and alternative reproductive tests. Scientists are
producing guidance documents for the identification and regulation of neurotoxic
chemicals, and premanufacture notification (PMN) reviews from various industries,
such as oil and coal, electronics, and foundry/casting. Other products include
improved computer models for QSAR, electronic data bases, and artificial
intelligence systems.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Research developed and validated neurobehavioral endpoints to be used in
hazard identification and dose-response assessments of potential neurotoxicants.
-------
Validated tests are used to generate chemical-specific data or information on
prototypic agents for representative classes of neurotoxicants. Procedures
included measures of sensory, motor, autonomic, and learning/memory capabilities.
Researchers are developing bioassays for the detection of adverse alterations in
the developmental and reproductive processes of animals. These improved
alternative reproductive toxicity tests and bioassays allowed accurate
evaluations of critical organ function in the newborn. Scientists evaluated the
existing measurement techniques and developed new methods for the analysis of
toxic chemicals of concern to the Office of Toxic Substances. The Agency has
been developing predictive techniques to indicate potential worker exposure and
toxic-release levels from specified unit operations. Work continued on the
prediction of chemical reactions relating to the formation of various hazardous
chemicals from industrial processes.
LEAD AND OTHER HEAVY METALS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Research will continue on the development of standard reference materials
(SRMs) in lead and housedust, evaluation of emerging lead detection and
measurement methods for paint and housedust, and evaluation of soil and
streetdust measurement technologies. Because of reduced resources, scientists
will require more time to yield results in some areas. Evaluation will continue
regarding the newly emerging field methods for paint and housedust detection and
measurement, but with a narrowed focus on fewer methods. Scientists will compare
existing lab methods for soil and streetdust detection and measurement, and will
evaluate newly emerging field and laboratory soil and dust detection and
measurement methods. Researchers will continue lead biokinetic modeling for
children and adults.
1994 PROGRAM
In support of meeting EPA requirements contained in Title X (Residential
Lead-based Paint Hazard Reduction) of the Housing and Community Development Act,
ORD is accelerating research on the development of standard reference materials
(SRMs) for paint and housedust. Researchers are evaluating and comparing new
emerging lead detection and measurement methods to assist in providing SRMs and
standardized lead measurement protocols and procedures in support of
accreditation programs for paint and housedust measurements.
Research is being expanded on the comparison of laboratory methods for soil
and streetdust, detection and measurement, and the evaluation of newly emerging
soil and streetdust measurement technologies. Scientist are expanding research
on further refinement of biokinetic components of uptake and biokinetic modeling
of lead exposure impacts on children's blood levels and for use in developing
analogous modeling for adults.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
There were no Toxic Substances resources in this issue in 1993.
8-24
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INFRASTRUCTURE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Adequately funded infrastructure is critical to ORD's success in conducting
the quality science needed to assure that the Agency's decisions are
scientifically sound. The most critical part of ORD's infrastructure is its
staff. The assumption underlying all our research activities includes a
productive workforce.
ORD established this cohesive, cross-cutting issue for infrastructure based
upon the importance of this activity to planned and ongoing research activities.
Program and Research Operations appropriation funding for the Toxic Substances
Program Element (PE) has been centralized within the infrastructure issue to
provide improved management in ORD's salaries, travel and related costs
associated with managing research programs.
Workyears assigned to this issue represent a consolidation of existing
research functions which had previously been allocated across multiple issues.
This realignment provides greater accuracy in accounting for workforce usage,
enabling management to utilize better information in decision-making and planning
purposes. Consolidated activities include: science policy and program
development; technical evaluation, review, and guidance to EPA program/regional
offices, Federal/State Agencies, and foreign governments; research quality
assurance and program review; extramural resource management; technology transfer
of scientific information; ADP technical program development of environmental
data systems; regulatory mission support; facilities maintenance and oversight;
health and safety, and environmental compliance; research planning and program
development; operational research oversight; policy and procedure development;
program planning and operations; resource planning and review; document
production; and secretarial/clerical support and personnel staffs.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD's current infrastructure program provides compensation and benefits,
and travel for ORD scientists and engineers. ORD's workforce carries out
scientific research programs in support of the Agency's mission.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD funded its workyears in scientific support of the Agency's mission,
providing the personnel compensation and benefits, and travel for ORD scientists
and engineers.
8-25
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TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Toxic Substances - Financial Assistance
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995 DECREASE DECREASE
1994 1994 1995 REQ 1995 REQ
VS VS
1994 CE 1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Asbestos-In-School -
Abatement Loans and
Grants
Abatement Control and $5,675.0
Compliance
Credit Reform - $25,787.4
Program Account
TOTAL $31,462.4
TOTAL:
Abatement Control and $5,675.0
Compliance
Credit Reform - $25,787.4
Program Account
Toxic Substances - TOTAL $31,462.4
Financial Assistance
8-27
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TOXIC SUBSTANCES
TOXIC SUBSTANCES FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests no funding in 1995 under this subactivity. There is
no change in resources for this subactivity from 1994.
ASBESTOS-IN-SCHOOLS LOANS AND GRANTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests no funding for the Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act
(ASHAA) loan and grant program in 1995. The Agency has decided not to request
funding for this program as asbestos abatement is now most appropriately handled
at the state and local level. Since 1985, EPA has provided more than
$422,000,000 for over 1,400 school districts to abate the most severe asbestos
hazards in about 2,100 public schools. The financial responsibility for asbestos
abatement now rests with states and localities. Currently 48 states have some
type of accreditation program for asbestos abatement professionals. Twenty-nine
of those states have accreditation programs that EPA has fully approved across
all disciplines; nine additional states have programs that EPA has partially
approved in one or more disciplines.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating no resources for the ASHAA loan and grant
program.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $31,462,400 and no workyears for
this program, of which $5,675,000 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation, and $25,787,400 was from the Credit Reform appropriation.
The ASHAA loan and grant program awarded financial assistance of
$76,175,000 to 156 Local Education Agencies to perform 305 asbestos abatement
projects, primarily removals of asbestos-containing materials. Since 1985, EPA
has provided more than $422,000,000 for over 1,400 school districts to abate the
most severe asbestos hazards in about 2,100 public schools.
8-28
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TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Toxic Substances Strategies
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Chemical Testing
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Existing Chemical
Review
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
New Chemical Review
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Asbestos-In-Buildings -
Headquarters
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Credit Reform -
Program Account
TOTAL
Regional Toxics Program
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
$3.322.7
$1,797.8
$5,120.5
$11,041.2
$15,262.7
$26,303.9
$9,920.5
$5,202.7
$15,123.2
$1,416.5
$4,745.2
$989.1
$7,150.8
$870.9
$1,119.0
$1,989.9
$26,571.8
$28,127.4
$4,321.9
$1,801.3
$6,123.2
$11,493.3
$30,362.7
$41,856.0
$10,507.5
$4,871.8
$15,379.3
$1,645.0
$3,199.3
$4,844.3
$982.0
$1,194.5
$2,176.5
$28,949.7
$41,429.6
$4,321.9
$1,591.9
$5,913.8
$11,493.3
$33,938.5
$45,431.8
$10,328.7
$4,701.6
$15,030.3
$1,645.0
$1,050.6
$2,695.6
$980.9
$1,194.5
$2,175.4
$28,769.8
$42,477.1
$4,321.9
$1,351.9
$5,673.8
$11,301.9
$34,042.1
$45,344.0
$10,322.2
$3,928.5
$14,250.7
$1,580.8
$1,001.8
$2,582.6
$1,078.7
$1,150.0
$2,228.7
$28,605.5
$41,474.3
$3,874.4
$901.3
$4,775.7
$12,015.5
$34,762.7
$46,778.2
$10,338.0
$3,471.8
$13,809.8
$830.3
$1,321.4
$2,151.7
$1,432.8
$832.0
$2,264.8
$28,491.0
$41,289.2
-$447.5
-$450.6
-$898.1
$713.6
$720.6
$1,434.2
$15.8
-$456.7
-$440.9
-$750.5
$319.6
-$430.9
$354.1
-$318.0
$36.1
-$114.5
$185.1
-$447.5
-$900.0
-$1,347.5
$522.2
$4,400.0
$4,922.2
-$169.5
-$1,400.0
-$1,569.5
-$814.7
-$1,877.9
-$2,692.6
$450.8
-$362.5
$88.3
-$458.7
-$140.4
Compliance
Credit Reform -
Program Account
Toxic Substances
Strategies
$989.1
TOTAL $55,688.3 $70,379.3 $71,246.9 $70,079.8 $69,780.2 -$299.6 -$599.1
8-29
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TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Toxic Substances Strategies
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995 DECREASE
1994 1994 1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Chemical Testing
Existing Chemical
Review
New Chemical Review
Asbestos- In-Bui Idings -
Headquarters
Regional Toxics Program
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Chemical Testing
Existing Chemical
Review
New Chemical Review
Asbestos- In-Bui Idings -
Headquarters
Regional Toxics Program
TOTAL WORKYEARS
49.5
171.1
137.1
22.3
14.6
394.6
49.9
177.2
143.3
23.2
15.8
409.4
60.8
156.7
150.4
24.3
19.3
411.5
60.8
156.7
150.4
24.3
19.3
411.5
60.8
156.7
150.4
24.3
19.3
411.5
60.8
156.7
150.4
24.3
19.3
411.5
60.8
156.7
150.4
18.5
19.1
405.5
60.8
156.7
150.4
18.5
19.1
405.5
53.3
160.2
144.7
12.0
26.4
396.6
53.3
160.2
144.7
12.0
26.4
396.6
-7.5
3.5
-5.7
-6.5
7.3
-8.9
-7.5
3.5
-5.7
-6.5
7.3
-8.9
-7.5
3.5
-5.7
-12.3
7.1
-14.9
-7.5
3.5
-5.7
-12.3
7.1
-14.9
8-30
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TOXIC SUBSTANCES
TOXIC SUBSTANCES STRATEGIES
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $69,780,200 and 396.6 total workyears for
1995, of which $28,491,000 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $41,289,200 will be for the Abatement Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents a decrease of $114,500 for Program and Research
Operations, a decrease of $185,100 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, and a
decrease of 8.9 total workyears.
CHEMICAL TESTING
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $4,775,700 and 53.3 total workyears for. this
program, of which $3,874,400 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $901,300 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents a decrease of $447,500 for Program and Research
Operations, a decrease of $450,600 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, and a
decrease of 7.5 total workyears. The decrease in Program and Research Operations
reflects a reduction in workyears. The decrease in Abatement, Control and
Compliance reflects a strategic move to obtain test data by other means and
improvements to reduce rule development costs, and shifting those resources to
higher priority activities. The decrease in total workyears reflects the
Administration's commitment to reducing the size of the Federal workforce, as
well as a shift of resources to higher Agency priorities.
The Chemical Testing program's core activities will continue in 1995,
including identifying additional testing candidates for inclusion on the Master
Testing List (MTL); improving international coordination on chemical testing;
providing evaluation of data received from previously issued Toxic Substances
Control Act (TSCA) test rules, enforceable consent orders and voluntary testing
agreements; developing and/or using multi-chemical test rules; and reinforcing
quality assurance of test data. Shifting priorities and resources within the
toxic substances regulatory program may result in a decrease in the number of
TSCA test rules. EPA will continue the Chemical Testing program's implementation
of non-Interagency Testing Committee (ITC) multi-chemical rules, and continue
providing international leadership in the High Production Volume/Screening
Information Data Set (HPV/SIDS) testing program. The HPV/SIDS international
testing program will continue to review the Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development (OECD) member dossiers and support development of data to fill
critical gaps. Data development activities will continue on the 33rd, 34th, 35th
and 36th ITC lists.
8-31
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1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $5,673,800 and 60.8 total
workyears for this program, of which $4,321,900 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $1,351,900 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Agency is continuing its testing program on chemicals designated by the
ITC and initiating testing actions on designated chemicals from the 31st, 32nd,
33rd and 34th ITC lists. In 1994, the Agency is emphasizing non-ITC multi-
chemical test actions, including testing actions for other EPA Program offices
and other Federal agencies, and maintaining an international leadership role in
the OECD HPV/SIDS testing program. The use of multi-chemical rulemaking is
resulting in more chemicals being tested. The Agency is identifying additional
testing candidates for inclusion on the 1994 MTL.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $5,120,500 and 49.9 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,322,700 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $1,797,800 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
During 1993, the Agency took action to correct weaknesses in the Chemical
Testing program identified under the Federal Managers Financial Integrity Act.
During 1993, 128 chemicals were the subject of proposed testing actions and 74
chemicals were the subject of final testing actions. In addition, 50 chemicals
completed their full required testing programs. Over 150 chemical testing
programs were underway during the year and 125 individual studies were received
for review. The Agency updated and released the MTL and published the 31st and
32nd ITC reports. The Program also offered an "open season" for companies to
enter enforceable consent agreements (EGAs) regarding previously proposed ITC
designations. As a result, EPA and industry began negotiations for the testing
of many chemicals. EPA found during the EGA negotiation process that industry
was willing to develop and carry out voluntary product stewardship programs (via
memoranda of understanding). EPA signed a testing consent order with three
producers of refractory ceramic fibers (RCF) to begin exposure monitoring of RCF
for workplace activities.
EXISTING CHEMICAL REVIEW
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $46,778,200 and 160.2 total workyears for
this program, of which $12,015,500 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $34,762,700 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $713,600 for Program
and Research Operations, an increase of $720,600 for Abatement, Control and
Compliance, and an increase of 3.5 total workyears. The increase in Program and
Research Operations reflects increased workyears and increased workforce costs.
The increase in Abatement, Control and Compliance reflects an expansion of the
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Agency's efforts to address lead poisoning. At the same time, resources for core
TSCA activities will be shifted to the lead program. The increase in total
workyears reflects expansion of the lead reduction effort and additional Source
Reduction Review Project (SRRP) activities being incorporated in the existing
chemical/risk management arena. SRRP activities are vital to fulfilling EPA's
commitment to source reduction and pollution prevention.
The Existing Chemicals program exemplifies integrated pollution prevention.
It operates to identify pollution prevention opportunities through the screening
of existing chemicals, chemical clusters, processes, and use patterns to identify
risks and assess alternatives. It uses both voluntary agreements with industry
and regulations where necessary to mitigate unreasonable risks. The program
accomplishes its goals through three major areas of activity. First, in addition
to relying upon its wealth of chemical data to evaluate chemical risks, assess
alternatives, and reach risk management decisions, EPA uses its chemical data to
inform the public, industry other government entities, and environmental groups
of the potential risks posed by chemicals. Second, the existing chemical risk
management program carefully reviews targeted chemicals or groups of chemicals,
identifies unreasonable risks, and selects regulatory or voluntary methods to
achieve necessary risk reduction. Risk reduction is achieved either through
pollution prevention and source reduction or through risk reduction measures such
as the use of respirators or labeling. Third, the Existing Chemicals program
administers several major national chemical regulatory programs, specifically
lead and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
Besides its regulatory activities, the Existing Chemicals program will
emphasize and continue to pursue two major voluntary strategies to reduce the use
of toxic chemicals: Design for the Environment (DfE) and the 33/50 program. The
DfE program promotes voluntary source reduction and risk reduction by industry
by helping industry make environmentally better choices in the design of
products, processes, and technologies; DfE supports the President's technology
initiative. The 33/50 program was initiated in 1991 to encourage industry's
voluntary reduction of 17 selected chemical emissions. The reduction goals were
33% by 1992 and 50% by 1995. The initial 33% reduction goal was achieved in
1991.
In 1995 the Existing Chemicals program will continue its core activities
in managing chemical information and making the information available to the
public, in risk management, and in continuing to manage the lead and PCB
programs. Risk management and screening activities will expand on systems to
collect and distribute health and environmental effects information on existing
chemicals.
Two significant goals for the lead program are to reduce lead exposures,
particularly for children, and identify the most serious exposure sources. The
lead program addresses past, current and new uses of lead, works to enhance
public education, and plans necessary research. In 1995, the Agency is
redirecting resources from core existing chemical program activities to higher
priority lead activities that include additional funding to enhance (1) lead
state program assistance, (2) environmental justice (environmental equity), and
(3) exposure assessment. State program assistance will provide funds to train
and certify state and local employees, increase public education and technical
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assistance, develop and distribute guidance to renovators and remodelers and
provide employment opportunities in lead abatement. Environmental justice will
expand the Federal government's efforts to reduce the prevalence of lead
poisoning among inner city children. Lead exposure assessment will improve the
integrated Exposure/Uptake Biokinetics Model, and explore other methods to better
understand lead exposure.
In 1995, the Agency will expand the integrated cross-program Innovative
Environmental Technology program to support the President's technology
initiative. The program's focus will be on DfE activities. DfE projects in 1995
will include integrating DfE ideas into EPA's Regional and state programs and
expanding talks with the textile, electronics and metal plating and coating
industrial sectors.
The 33/50 program will continue to encourage voluntary participation from
the private sector, develop program linkages with state toxic use reduction
programs that are growing throughout the country, and focus on reaching the 1995
goal of 50% reduction in emissions.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $45,344,000 and 156.7 total
workyears for this program, of which $11,301,900 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $34,042,100 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1994, risk management activities include Risk Management One (RM1)
reviews of selected chemicals, or groups or classes of chemicals, to determine
the need for risk management action (RM2). Several RM1 cases will support the
Agency's Source reduction Review Project (SRRP). These RM1 SRRP reviews will
benefit Agency effluent guidelines and air regulations by providing a better
understanding of cross-media impacts and potential substitution chemicals and
should lead to the selection of more pollution prevention oriented regulatory
options. The RM2 workload includes such important projects as ethylene
dichloride (community exposure concerns), formaldehyde (indoor air exposures),
and benzidine dyes (worker exposures). Reviews are beginning on the SIDS Phase
IV dossiers that will result in a review commencement of approximately 50 high
production volume chemicals. The Agency is developing harmonization guidelines
for immunotoxicity.
In 1994 DfE projects include discussions with the printing and computer
workstation industries, and supporting interagency DfE projects with the
Department of Energy and the General Services Administration. In addition the
Agency is evaluating the efficacy of new cooperative proj ects with such
industries as aerospace and textiles. In 1994, the 33/50 program is continuing
its efforts to stimulate industry participation in the reduction of toxic
emissions of certain chemicals. The Agency is also extending the 33/50 program
model as Regions support these reduction approaches for other chemicals of
concern emerging from the existing chemical risk management process.
In the lead program, implementation of over 30 mandates required under
Title X of the Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act of 1992 continues. Work is
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currently in progress on writing regulations requiring disclosure of lead
problems upon transfer of residential real estate, developing health-based
standards, developing accreditation programs for laboratories and for worker
training, finding out risks to home renovators, and setting abatement standards.
The Agency is publishing final rules for lead-based paint in 1994. It is also
continuing its program of permitting facilities for the storage and disposal of
PCB wastes and major review and overhaul of the PCB disposal program, under TSCA
section 6(e).
Congressional Directives. A total of $4,000,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project of lead poisoning grants.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993 the Agency obligated a total of $26,303,900 and 177.2 total
workyears for this program, of which $11,041,200 was from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $15,262,700 was from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
In 1993, 27 cases completed the RM1 process, nine completed the RM2
process, and five cases completed post RM2. EPA agreed that the SIDS dossiers
for 40 high production volume chemicals were complete (no further testing
required); they are ready for initial assessment. A comparative pilot study was
completed which evaluated the analytical methods used to identify/quantify the
individual chemicals or total volatile organic compounds in interior
architectural coatings. EPA evaluated new toxicity tests on 45
chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) substitutes.
DfE talks were initiated with the printed wiring board, metal plating,
aerospace, computer, dry cleaning, and printing industries to help develop
cleaner technology alternatives.
Efforts continued to carry out over 30 mandates required under Title X of
the Lead Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act of 1992. Progress continued in
developing regulations requiring disclosure of lead problems upon transfer of
residential real estate, development of health based standards, development of
accreditation programs for laboratories and for worker training, determination
of risks to home renovators, and setting abatement standards. Proposed rules
for lead-based paint were submitted for internal agency review.
The Agency continued its program of permitting facilities for the storage
and disposal of PCB wastes and major review and overhaul of the PCB disposal
program, issuing 26 disposal permits and three rules in 1993. By August of 1993,
the 33/50 program received commitments from over 1,172 companies to reduce
releases and transfers of 17 highly toxic, high-priority chemicals. These
commitments add up to a projected 355 million pound reduction of toxic pollutants
by 1995.
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NEW CHEMICAL REVIEW
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $13,809,800 and 144.7 total workyears for
this program, of which $10,338,000 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $3,471,800 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $15,800 for Program and
Research Operations, a decrease of $456,700 for Abatement, Control and
Compliance, and a decrease of 5.7 total workyears. The increase in Program and
Research Operations reflects increased workforce costs. The decrease in
Abatement, Control and Compliance reflects a redirection of resources to other
Agency priorities. The decrease in total workyears reflects the Administration's
commitment to reducing the size of the Federal workforce.
In 1995, core program activities will continue, including review of
premanufacture notices (PMNs), development of Significant New Use Rules (SNURs),
assessment tools, data and guidance. In 1995, EPA estimates receipt of
approximately 2,500 new chemical notices; about 200 are expected to result in
voluntary or formal control actions. Most of the notices will be subject to the
user fee rule, generating approximately $3,000,000 for deposit into the General
Fund. Over 70% of all new PMN submissions provide information on pollution
prevention activities practiced by industry.
Rulemaking activities in the biotechnology area will focus on publishing
a biotechnology final rule. Based on current trends, EPA anticipates that an
increasing percentage of biotechnology submissions will address pollution
prevention and "design for the environment" applications for this new technology.
Scientific staff will continue to develop assessment tools, data, and guidance
documents for the biotechnology program.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $14,250,700 and 150.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $10,322,200 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $3,928,500 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1994, use of the New Chemical Follow-up Rule enables the new chemical
review program to include more new chemicals in SNURs by reducing the time margin
during which a SNUR can be preempted by the introduction of a chemical into
commerce, and establishing regulatory equity throughout the industry.
Rulemaking activities in the area of new chemicals focus on completing
amendments to the PMN rules. These amendments in future years will reduce EPA's
review costs as limited exemptions from PMN reporting requirements are
promulgated. Other rulemaking activities include publication of a biotechnology
notice of proposed rulemaking.
Significant program highlights in 1994 include EPA's consideration for
approval of the first genetically engineered biotechnology product intended for
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general commercial use in the environment. If approved, this product would enter
the marketplace in 1995. The program is also conducting the first review of a
genetically engineered microorganism intended for use in a bioremediation
process. Those are significant program highlights.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $15,123,200 and 143.3 total
workyears for this program, of which $9,920,500 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $5,202,700 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1993, the New Chemical Program received 2,148 PMNs for new chemicals,
resulting in voluntary or formal control actions on 185 chemicals. Most of the
PMNs were subject to the user fee rule, generating $2,663,200 in revenues for
deposit into the General Fund. Industry provided information regarding pollution
prevention practices and activities for 1,168 of the PMNs. In addition, 1993 saw
three control actions involving biotechnology.
ASBESTOS-IN-BUILDINGS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $2,151,700 and 12.0 total workyears for this
program, of which $830,300 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $1,321,400 will be for the Abatement Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents a decrease of $750,500 for Program and Research
Operations, an increase of $319,600 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, and
a decrease of 6.5 total workyears. The decrease in Program and Research
Operations and total workyears reflects the phase out of the Asbestos program.
In 1995, the size of the Asbestos in Buildings program will decline due to
the discontinuation of Federal financing of asbestos abatement projects. There
will be continuing, although declining level of, activity both at Headquarters
and in the Regions to monitor and close out existing loans and grants.
The program will continue follow-up on the asbestos in buildings dialogue;
provide technical assistance, guidance and training materials to schools; and
conduct case studies on asbestos management in industrial and other settings.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $2,582,600 and 18.5 total
workyears for this program, of which $1,580,800 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $1,001,800 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
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In 1994, EPA is significantly reducing the scope of the Asbestos in
Buildings program with the discontinuation of the Asbestos School Hazard
Abatement Act (ASHAA) Loan and Grant program. Federal funds will no longer be
available for abatement of asbestos materials in schools. However, activities
continue in monitoring abatement projects and closing out outstanding loans and
grants.
Continuing asbestos related activities include regulatory and nonregulatory
follow up to the 1990 asbestos in buildings dialogue, including actions with the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the states; joint programs with
the General Services Administration for Federal buildings; oversight of asbestos
research; and case studies on asbestos management in industrial and other
settings.
The Agency is providing other technical assistance, guidance documents and
training materials to help schools in complying with Asbestos Hazard Emergency
Response Act (AHERA) rules. EPA continues to help states improve their
accreditation programs, required under AHERA, and other state management programs
effecting schools.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $7,150,800 and 23.2 total
workyears for this program, of which $1,416,500 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation, $4,745,200 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation, and $989,100 was from the Credit Reform appropriation.
During 1993, through a technical assistance grant with the Senior
Environmental Employees program, EPA continued to provide the Regions with
qualified staff to help public and commercial building owners and enhance state
and local program development. Resources also supported continued AHERA
accreditation activities, including technical assistance, updated model training
courses and appropriate AHERA loan and grant abatement projects. The 1993 ASHAA
program awarded, $76,200,000 to 156 Local Education Agencies for 305 abatement
projects, which brought the total number of individual abatement projects funded
through 1993 to approximately 3,238.
REGIONAL TOXICS PROGRAM
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $2,264,800 and 26.4 total workyears for this
program, of which $1,432,800 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $832,000 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $354,100 for Program and Research
Operations, a decrease of $318,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, and an
increase of 7.3 total workyears. The increase in Program and Research Operations
reflects increased workforce costs. The decrease in Abatement, Control and
Compliance represents certain shifts in programmatic priorities, particularly
with respect to the asbestos program. The increase in total workyears reflects
expansion of the Regional lead abatement effort.
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In 1995, the Regional toxics program will focus heavily on carrying out
lead abatement programs. Active Regional involvement is imperative for the
successful implementation of state-based lead accreditation programs, development
and distribution of guidance and technical assistance to renovators and
remodelers about effective prevention and abatement techniques, and the
improvement of public understanding about the dangers of lead. The lead state
program assistance initiative will train and certify state and local employees,
and increase public education and technical assistance activities. The lead
environmental justice initiative will reduce the prevalence of lead poisoning
among inner-city children and simultaneously develop employment opportunities in
lead abatement.
Other Regional activities will include improving the ability of small
communities to respond to EPA's regulatory mandates by providing technical
assistance in pollution prevention activities, evaluating the lessons learned in
the 33/50 program, and providing funding and assistance to states, tribes, and
localities to carry out local pollution prevention projects.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $2,228,700 and 19.1 total
workyears for this program, of which $1,078,700 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $1,150,000 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Regional toxics program helps carry out TSCA programs to reduce human
and environmental exposure to lead, PCBs, asbestos and other toxic chemicals
harmful to human health and the environment. EPA's strategy includes: 1)
developing methods to identify geographic "hot spots," 2) carrying out a lead
pollution prevention program, 3) strengthening existing environmental standards,
4) developing and transferring cost-effective abatement technology, 5) promoting
environmentally and economically sound pollution prevention and recycling, and
6) developing and carrying out a broad public information dissemination program.
EPA's 33/50 pollution prevention initiative focuses on achieving
significant reductions in the emissions of high risk toxic substances. This
initiative aims to build a collaborative relationship between the public and
private sectors to voluntarily prevent pollution, resulting in a 50% reduction
by the end of 1995 in the emissions of 17 highly harmful chemicals currently on
the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI). In addition, Regions develop vital program
links with state toxic use reduction programs that allow EPA to better
coordinate and carry out its mandates.
The Regional loan and grant monitoring role is diminishing as a result of
the elimination of the asbestos loan and grant program. In addition, the number
of SEE personnel, which has provided major support to the Regional asbestos
program, is being redirected to the lead program.
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $1,989,900 and 15.8 total
workyears for this program, of which $870,900 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $1,119,000 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The 1993 Regional toxics program emphasized those areas with the highest
risk reduction potential. The areas that received increased Regional attention
and efforts were the TRI, the lead program, and the 33/50 program. In the TRI
program, the primary focus was on providing assistance for the new Form R,
determining nonreporters and improving data quality. The lead program, new in
1993 to the Regions, involved focusing resources on training of personnel, and
working with states to develop/expand their program. The Regions also worked to
expand the universe of 33/50 program participants and develop strong state
networks.
In 1993, the Regions continued to address areas of concern in the
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), asbestos and core TSCA programs, focusing on
the areas with the potential for high risk. In addition, pollution prevention
played a larger role in the Regional efforts, particularly with an increase in
supplemental environmental projects.
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ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
OPPTS EPCRA
ENACTED CURRENT
1994 ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST . INCREASE
1995 DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
OPPTS - EPCRA
Program & Research $4,901.1 $5,853.2 $5,674.0 $5,610.6 $6,511.9 $901.3 $658.7
Operations
Abatement Control and $12,431.8 $17,431.1 $19,431.1 $19.428.3 $20,581.1 $1,152.8 $3,150.0
Compliance
TOTAL $17,332.9 $23,284.3 $25,105.1 $25,038.9 $27,093.0 $2,054.1 $3,808.7
TOTAL:
Program & Research $4,901.1 $5,853.2 $5,674.0 $5.610.6 $6,511.9 $901.3 $658.7
Operations
Abatement Control and $12,431.8 $17,431.1 $19,431.1 $19,428.3 $20,581.1 $1,152.8 $3,150.0
Compliance
OPPTS Title III TOTAL $17,332.9 $23,284.3 $25,105.1 $25,038.9 $27,093.0 $2,054.1 $3,808.7
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
OPPTS - EPCRA 70.9 91.4 91.4 91.4 98.9 7.5 7.5
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 70.9 91.4 91.4 91.4 98.9 7.5 7.5
TOTAL WORKYEARS
OPPTS - EPCRA 74.8 91.4 91.4 91.4 98.9 7.5 7.5
TOTAL WORKYEARS 74.8 91.4 91.4 91.4 98.9 7.5 7.5
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EMERGENCY PLANNING AND COMMUNITY RIGHT TO KNOW
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $27,093,000 and 98.9 total workyears for
this program, of which $6,511,900 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $20,581,100 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $901,300 for Program and Research
Operations, an increase of $1,152,800 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, and
an increase of 7.5 total workyears. The increase in Program and Research
Operations reflects increased workforce costs. The increase in Abatement,
Control and Compliance and the increase in total workyears reflect EPA's
implementation of Executive Order 12856: Federal Compliance with Right-to-Know
Laws and Pollution Prevention Requirements, and EPA's implementation of the
Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) expansion strategy -- both the chemical list
expansion as well as industry sector coverage.
In 1995, the Agency will provide technical guidance and assistance to other
Federal agencies in meeting the reporting requirements of TRI as well as the
emission reduction and pollution prevention strategies required by the Executive
Order. EPA will develop Federal facility training modules; provide advice and
assistance as necessary; and provide scientific and technical support where
appropriate. EPA will process, manage, and make public the new reports that will
be generated by this new requirement.
Other requested increases will enable EPA to expand the public's right-to-
know by providing additional information in three areas: Chemical Use Inventory
(GUI), public distribution of chemical hazard information, and distribution of
consumer information. The GUI will provide data on chemical use patterns that,
when coupled with hazard and exposure information, will help screen chemicals to
identify those of greatest potential hazard. GUI information will be available
to the public to assist in identifying prevention and risk reduction
opportunities and to help identify exposures and risks not available through TRI
data. EPA will distribute chemical hazard information, including unpublished
health and safety studies, through a variety of media. EPA will also develop
mechanisms and formats to deliver information to the public on the environmental
impacts of various consumer product categories. This information will help
consumers make educated purchasing decisions, ones that minimize adverse
environmental impact.
EPA will focus on expanding the chemical and facility coverage of the TRI.
In 1995, the Agency expects the chemical expansion rule to be final with major
emphasis on outreach and education for reporting, as well as modification of the
data management system to accommodate the additional data. EPA expect to have
a facility expansion package under development that would expand the current
universe of facilities covered by the TRI.
The Regional EPCRA program will continue to emphasize strengthening state
and local pollution prevention capacity. Regional staff will provide training
and assistance to industry concerning the reporting requirements of the Pollution
Prevention Act (PPA), as well as training with respect to access and use of TRI
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data. Regional staff will continue to work to reduce emissions by focusing
public attention on TRI data, working with Federal, state and local agencies to
identify facilities of concern, and providing pollution prevention information
and technology transfer to the regulated industries.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $25,038,900 and 91.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $5,610,600 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $19,428,300 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The EPCRA program in 1994 continues to focus on data management/data
quality and expanding the use of TRI data by state and local governments, other
EPA offices, and industry. The Agency is publishing the annual national report
on toxic emissions. Data integration activities are developing tools to allow
the public access to information about chemicals and the ability to use that
information effectively.
In 1994, EPA is implementing the requirements of the PPA. The information
collected under the PPA serves as a base for measuring the Nation's progress
toward meeting overall Agency pollution prevention goals and, simultaneously,
supplements TRI data to identify the greatest opportunities for risk reduction.
1994 activities include expanding the TRI database to include additional sources
and chemicals; improving productivity by improving data submission and processing
systems, including making revisions to Form R; reviewing the effectiveness of
public access and public information tools; taking a lead role in the OECD effort
on cooperative international TRI activities; completing the TRI environmental
indicators project; completing toxicity scoring of TRI chemicals; and convening
a national TRI data use conference. Initial efforts will begin to implement the
Executive Order on Federal facility TRI reporting. In late 1994 EPA will begin
to receive and process TRI reporting forms for calendar year 1993, and the
information reported under TRI will become available to the public in the spring
of 1995.
The catastrophic releases initiative uses TRI data as a source for
identifying potential problem locations and chemicals. In its international
activities, EPA is focusing on exporting the TRI program and data to support
other countries' pollution prevention efforts and encourage cooperative
international risk reduction projects, working toward international consensus on
responses to specific chemicals or chemical classes.
In 1994, the Regions continue to conduct environmental audits of selected
TRI facilities to find out potential environmental impacts of reported releases.
The audits have elements of both data quality and compliance/enforcement, and
lead to detailed risk identification. Regional personnel use TRI data to
identify sources of industrial pollution, identify communities at risk from high
levels of toxic releases, identify unique terrestrial habitats at risk from
environmental stressors, and target inspections and compliance activities. EPA
continues to work with state agencies and tribal components to simplify cross-
program, inter- and intra-agency communications and coordination on TRI data
usage and analyses.
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Congressional Directives. A total of $2,000,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project of TRI/PPA activities.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $17,332,900 and 74.8 total
workyears for this program, of which $4,901,100 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $12,431,800 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1993, the President signed an Executive Order that requires Federal
facilities to comply with planning and reporting provisions of EPCRA and PPA.
The Executive Order requires Federal facilities to lead the Nation in preventing
pollution and adhering to right-to-know principles. To strengthen EPCRA's local
emergency planning committee's capabilities and operations, 15 states and one
Indian tribe were given money. The EPCRA program has also drafted a proposed
rule expanding the TRI chemical list. Other 1993 activities included continued
efforts to redesign the reporting form, processing of forms, assessing data
quality, rulemakings and development of training and technical assistance
programs to enable industry to comply with the new reporting requirements.
In 1993, the Regional EPCRA program helped the regulated community in
complying with TRI reporting requirements through outreach and technical
assistance, and promoted the use of TRI data by states and the public. During
the first half the year, the groundwork was laid for TRI workshops. Most of the
workshops focused on TRI reporting requirements and, especially, Form R
(pollution prevention reporting requirements). In the latter part of the year,
efforts focused on the development of guidance materials and an outreach strategy
on the Federal facilities Executive Order.
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TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Toxic Substances Enforcement
ACTUAL
1993
PROGRAM
Toxic Substances
Enforcement
Program & Research $10,686.5
Operations
Abatement Control and $1,696.2
Compliance
TOTAL $12,382.7
Toxic Substances
Enforcement Grants
Abatement Control and $5,276.3
Compliance
TOTAL $5,276.3
TOTAL:
Program & Research $10,686.5
Operations
Abatement Control and $6,972.5
Compliance
Toxic Substances TOTAL $17,659.0
Enforcement
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Toxic Substances 174.5
Enforcement
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 174.5
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Toxic Substances 180.6
Enforcement
PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE
BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995 DECREASE
1994 1994 1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$10,636.6 $10,537.6 $8,251.3 $8,957.5 $706.2
$1,579.6 $1,365.7 $18.7 $11.5 -$7.2
$12.216.2 $11,903.3 $8,270.0 $8,969.0 $699.0
$5,100.0 $5,100.0 $4,787.4 -$4,787.4
$5,100.0 $5,100.0 $4,787.4 -$4,787.4
$10,636.6 $10,537.6 $8,251.3 $8,957.5 $706.2
$6,679.6 $6,465.7 $4,806.1 $11.5 -$4,794.6
$17,316.2 $17,003.3 $13,057.4 $8,969.0 -$4,088.4
176.0 176.0 140.2 141.2 1.0
176.0 176.0 140.2 141.2 1.0
176.0 176.0 140.2 141.2 1.0
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
-$1,679.1
-$1,568.1
-$3,247.2
-$5,100.0
-$5,100.0
-$1,679.1
-$6,668.1
-$8,347.2
-34.8
-34.8
-34.8
TOTAL WORKYEARS 180.6 176.0 176.0 140.2 141.2 1.0 -34.8
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TOXIC SUBSTANCES
TOXIC SUBSTANCES ENFORCEMENT
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $8,969,000 and 141.2 total workyears for
1995, of which $8,957,500 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $11,500 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $706,200 for Program and Research
and Operations, a decrease of $7,200 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, and
an increase of 1.0 total workyear.
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The
Headquarters resources for toxic substances enforcement can now be found in
Multimedia.
TOXIC SUBSTANCES ENFORCEMENT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $8,969,000 and 141.2 total workyears for this
program, of which $8,957,500 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $11,500 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $706,200 for Program and Research
Operations, a decrease of $7,200 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, and an
increase of 1.0 total workyear. The increase in Program and Research Operations
reflects increased personnel and support costs. The decrease in Abatement,
Control and Compliance reflects decreased administrative costs resulting from the
reduction of the Federal workforce, as well as a shift of resources to higher
priorities. The increase of 1.0 total workyear represents Regional resources to
implement the enforcement program for Title X of the Residential Lead-based Paint
Hazard Reduction Act of 1992 and complement the increase in Regional program
resources for technical support to the states.
The Regions will assist Headquarters enforcement resources in preparing and
issuing notices of noncompliance and civil administrative complaints and will
provide technical assistance and litigation support as necessary to the Office
of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance in the prosecution of administrative,
civil judicial and criminal cases. The Regions will also assist Headquarters in
providing overall policy guidance and oversight management in support of the
state cooperative enforcement agreement program.
Regional personnel will conduct compliance inspections in support of Toxic
Substances Control Act (TSCA) section 5 new chemical regulations, section 8
reporting rules, and section 6 inspections in support of regulations on
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), develop and initiate enforcement actions, and
manage contractor and state inspection programs. Three Regions will assist in
8-46
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the laboratory data integrity program by conducting good laboratory practices
inspections at laboratories that perform toxic substances testing.
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The
Headquarters resources for toxic substances enforcement can now be found in
Multimedia.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $8,270,000 and 140.2 total
workyears for this program, of which $8,251,300 is from the Program Research and
Operations appropriation and $18,700 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Regions are conducting inspection programs to determine compliance with
TSCA rules. The Regional offices are preparing and issuing notices of
noncompliance and civil administrative orders, and developing and prosecuting
cases when compliance is not achieved. The Regions are also providing assistance
to firms that are either seeking to comply voluntarily with TSCA requirements,
or that wish to take remedial actions to achieve compliance. During settlement
negotiations, Regions advocate pollution prevention activities to encourage
broader participation by industry and the public through enforcement outreach and
technical assistance activities.
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The
Headquarters resources for toxic substances enforcement can now be found in
Multimedia.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $12,382,700 and 180.6 total
workyears for this program, of which $10,686,500 was from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $1,696,200 was from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
In 1993, the program conducted compliance inspections, data processing, and
scientific review of data audits. The Regional offices prepared and issued
notices of noncompliance and civil administrative orders, and developed and
prosecuted enforcement cases. The Regions also provided assistance to firms that
sought to comply voluntarily with TSCA requirements, or that wished to take
remedial actions to achieve compliance.
Thirty-five states and one Indian tribe participated in the cooperative
enforcement agreement program. Headquarters and Regions provided national
guidance to states, prepared and filed cases, and managed the grant program.
In addition to providing overall program guidance and management,
Headquarters managed the laboratory data integrity program and conducted audits
of test studies submitted to the Agency under TSCA testing rules. Headquarters
staff managed the NCSC cooperative agreement that supports compliance monitoring
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inspections under the Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act program, and PCB
regulations. Headquarters also participated in regulation development directed
by the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, and prepared enforcement
response policies and compliance monitoring strategies for newly developed
regulations.
TOXIC SUBSTANCES ENFORCEMENT GRANTS
1995 REQUEST
In 1995, all toxic substances enforcement grant resources can be found in
Multimedia as a result of the reorganization of enforcement resources.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, OPPTS is allocating a total of $4,787,400 and no workyears for
this program, all of which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
Additional resources for this program currently appear in Multimedia. The
resources reflected here are being transferred to Multimedia pending final
approval of the 1994 Agency operating plan.
In 1994, the toxic substances cooperative enforcement agreement program
continues to support state-conducted toxic substances compliance monitoring
programs focusing on section 6 chemical control rules, particularly
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and asbestos compliance monitoring.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $5,276,300 and no workyears for
this program, all of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. These funds supported state cooperative enforcement agreement
programs in thirty-five states and one Indian tribe.
In 1993, states conducted PCB and/or asbestos compliance inspections under
the terms of their respective agreements. States continued to receive guidance
and direction to develop comprehensive Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
authorities for case development. Multimedia enforcement programs were
encouraged to provide states with resources to develop TSCA legislative
authorities for enhancing enforcement within and across media.
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The
Headquarters resources for the Toxic Substances Enforcement Grants program can
now be found in Multimedia.
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TOXIC SUBSTANCES
OPPTS EPCRA Enforcement
PROGRAM
OPPTS - EPCRA -
Enforcement
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
OPPTS Title III TOTAL
Enforcement
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
OPPTS - EPCRA -
Enforcement
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
OPPTS - EPCRA -
Enforcement
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995 DECREASE DECREASE
1994 1994 1995 REQ 1995 REQ
VS VS
1994 CE 1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$820.8 $858.2 $857.6 $611.6 $658.0 $46.4 -$200.2
$1,337.9 $1,547.4 $1,546.2 $11.6 $11.6 -$1,535.8
$2,158.7 $2,405.6 $2,403.8 $611.6 $669.6 $58.0 -$1,736.0
$820.8 $858.2 $857.6 $611.6 $658.0 $46.4 -$200.2
$1,337.9 $1,547.4 $1,546.2 $11.6 -$11.6 -$1,535.8
$2,158.7 $2,405.6 $2,403.8 $611.6 $669.6 $58.0 -$1,736.0
13.8 14.3 14.3 10.8 10.8 -3.5
13.8 14.3 14.3 10.8 10.8 -3.5
14.3 14.3 14.3 10.8 10.8 -3.5
TOTAL WORKYEARS
14.3
14.3
14.3
10.8
10.8
-3.5
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TOXIC SUBSTANCES
OPPTS EMERGENCY PLANNING AND COMMUNITY RIGHT TO KNOW ENFORCEMENT
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $669,600 and 10.8 total workyears for 1995,
of which $658,000 will be for the Program and Research Operations appropriation
and $11,600 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
This represents an increase of $46,400 for Program Research and Operations, an
increase of $11,600 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, and no change in total
workyears.
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The
Headquarters resources for Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know
enforcement can now be found in Multimedia.
OPPTS EPCRA ENFORCEMENT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $669,600 and 10.8 total workyears for 1995,
of which $658,000 will be for the Program and Research Operations appropriation
and $11,600 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
This represents an increase of $46,400 for Program and Research Operations, an
increase of $11,600 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, and no change in total
workyears. The increase in Program and Research Operations reflects increased
personnel and support costs. The increase in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation reflects increased administrative expenses.
The Regions will conduct compliance inspections of chemical facilities that
use, manufacture or process potentially harmful chemicals to verify that such
facilities observe the reporting requirements of EPCRA. The data submitted
informs the public and EPA of the presence of toxic chemicals at the
manufacturing facility and documents the release of toxic chemicals into the
environment. Regions will continue to utilize this data to develop the Toxic
Release Inventory (TRI). The use of TRI data by Federal, state, and local
governments is an important pollution prevention and risk reduction tool. With
this information, local authorities will prepare more effective emergency
response plans, training programs, and notification procedures to protect health
and the environment in their respective areas. Headquarters and Regions will
utilize TRI data to determine appropriate pollution prevention measures to
incorporate in case settlements.
Targets of enforcement actions will continue to emphasize data quality and
non-reporting. By emphasizing the quality and accuracy of data received, the
Agency will enhance the usefulness of the TRI system. Since many such facilities
are also subject to the reporting requirements of sections 5, 8 and 13 of the
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) , the Regions will integrate EPCRA inspections
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with TSCA sections 5 and 8 recordkeeping and reporting inspections where
possible. The Regions will develop appropriate enforcement actions in response
to any violations of EPCRA detected during inspections.
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The
Headquarters resources for Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act
(EPCRA) enforcement can now be found in Multimedia.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $611,600 and 10.8 total
workyears for this program, all of which is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation.
The Regions continue to conduct compliance inspections of chemical
facilities that use, manufacture or process potentially harmful chemicals to
verify that such facilities observe the reporting requirements of EPCRA. Targets
of enforcement actions continue to emphasize data quality and non-reporting to
enhance the usefulness of the TRI system. The Regions develop appropriate
enforcement actions in response to any violations of EPCRA detected during
inspections.
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The
Headquarters resources for Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know
enforcement can now be found in Multimedia.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $2,158,700 and 14.3 total
workyears for this program, of which $820,800 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $1,337,900 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
Headquarters participated in regulation development to assure the
enforceability of new rules, and developed guidance documents and inspection
guidelines to implement specific program activities. Headquarters also provided
oversight and assistance in Regional case development to ensure program-wide
consistency among cases, assuring program integrity. Headquarters managed a
computerized enforcement and penalty strategy for faulty reporting. A program
of EPCRA state cooperative enforcement agreements administered by Headquarters
to encourage states to develop their own EPCRA enforcement programs.
Headquarters provided case development support and guidance to the Regional
offices for EPCRA enforcement cases, and manage extramural project funds. A
computerized enforcement and penalty strategy for faulty reporting is managed at
Headquarters. The state EPCRA cooperative agreement enforcement program
encouraged pilot states to develop their own EPCRA compliance programs.
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Regions targeted enforcement efforts toward certain facilities which have
violated other environmental statutes, were located in sensitive ecosystems or
near population centers. In response to section 313 reporting requirements,
Regions identified and took action against those industry facilities that are
required to report under section 313, but fail to do so. Inspections to identify
non-reporters help to define the regulated universe enabling Regions to become
increasingly efficient in targeting inspections with each new section 313
reporting cycle. Enforcement efforts are expanding to target late reporting and
data quality violations.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
HAZARDOUS WASTE 9-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Hazardous Waste Research 9-9
Hazardous Waste Research . 9-12
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Waste Management Regulations, Guidelines and Policies 9-25
Regulations, Guidelines and Policies - Hazardous Waste .... 9-27
Regulations, Guidelines and Policies - Air and Radiation . . . 9-30
Regulations, Guidelines and Policies - Water 9-31
Regulations, Guidelines & Policies - Underground Storage Tanks 9-32
Financial Assistance 9-35
Hazardous Waste Management Financial Assistance to States . . . 9-36
Underground Storage Tanks State Grants 9-40
Hazardous Waste Management Strategies Implementation 9-41
Hazardous Waste Management Strategies Implementation 9-42
Emergency Planning/Community Right-to-know - Title III 9-45
ENFORCEMENT
Hazardous Waste Enforcement 9-51
Hazardous Waste Enforcement 9-52
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-------
APPROPRIATION
HAZARDOUS WASTE
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
Program & Research
operation - Flood
Oil Spills Trust Fund
TOTAL, Hazardous Waste
$96,267.9 $101,271.8 $100,129.7 $95,330.6 $98,972.6 $3,642.0 -$2,299.2
$183,450.2 $200,434.8 $189,618.4 $178,988.3 $206,469.1 $27,480.8 $6,034.3
$24,495.8 $18,746.6 $16,693.6 $16,693.6 $15,736.0 -$957.6 -$3,010.6
$2,056.7
$306,270.6 $320,453.2 $306,441.7 $291,012.5 $321,177.7 $30,165.2
$724.5
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
OUTLAYS
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS
1,518.6
1.594.4
1,601.2
1,601.2
1,601.2
1,601.2
1,533.9
1,533.9
1,479.3
1,479.3
-54.6
-54.6
-121.9
-121.9
$325,850.9 $322,161.9 $304,617.3 $295,604.3 $311,379.5 $15,772.5 -$10,782.4
The Solid Waste Disposal Act, as amended, expired on November 8, 1988.
Reauthorization is pending.
9-1
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
DIFFERENCE
PRES. CURRENT
BUDGET ENACTED ESTIMATE
1994 1994 1994
ENACTED VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
ENACTED
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$101,271.8 $100,129.7 $95,330.6 -$1,142.1 -$5,941.2 -$4,799.1
$200,434.8 $189,618.4 $178,988.3 -$10,816.4 -$21,446.5 -$10,630.1
$18,746.6 $16,693.6 $16,693.6 -$2,053.0 -$2,053.0
$320,453.2 $306,441.7 $291,012.5 -$14,011.5 -$29,440.7 -$15,429.2
APPROPRIATION
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
Program & Research
operation - Flood
Oil Spills Trust Fund
TOTAL, Hazardous Waste
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
1,601.2
1,601.2
1,601.2
1,601.2
1,533.9
1,533.9
-67.3
-67.3
-67.3
-67.3
The following points list the major reasons that the dollars devoted to this media have changed from
submission of the President's FY 1994 Budget Request to the FY 1994 Current Estimates.
PROGRAM RESEARCH OPERATIONS
o The PRO account was reduced as a result of Congressional action.
o Administrator's redirections impacted account balances.
ABATEMENT, CONTROL & COMPLIANCE
o Programmatic accounts were reduced as a result of Congressional action and Administrator's
redirections.
o The administrative ceiling portion of the account was reduced
as a result of Congressional action and Adminstrator's redirections.
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976, as revised by
the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) of 1984, provides the legislative
mandate for a nationwide program to protect human health and the environment from
the risks of improper management of hazardous and solid wastes. The goals of the
Act+wre to: ensure protective management of hazardous waste from generation to
disposal; ensure adequate and safe management and disposal capacity for solid
wastes; and prevent and detect leakage from underground storage tanks (USTs).
The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, Title III of the
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, establishes a framework for
addressing risks posed by hazardous chemicals present in communities. This
program provides for development of state and local response plans to prevent
chemical releases and inform the public in the event of a release. Prevention
components of the program were strengthened under the Clean Air Act accidental
release provisions which mandated that facility owner/operators prepare risk
management plans to prevent, detect, and respond to chemical accidents.
The Agency continues to refine program strategies to direct both private
and public resources to address high environmental risk, while eliminating
unnecessarily burdensome requirements. In the solid waste program, ongoing
efforts to develop risk-based management standards for hazardous waste will
continue. In the underground storage tanks (UST) and Title III programs,
resources will be directed towards those areas where the threat of a release is
most significant.
To ensure that program implementation is both equitable and efficient, the
Agency is employing the following strategies: 1) focusing limited resources on
areas presenting the highest risk to human health and the environment; 2)
strengthening state environmental programs to leverage the Federal investment;
3) promoting waste minimization and maximizing the use of site cleanup dollars;
4) developing new, and revise existing regulations to incorporate the latest
science and technology for the safe disposal and processing of hazardous waste;
5) conducting scientific research and encouraging use of promising new
technologies; and 6) strengthening contract management controls to ensure that
resources expended yield the maximum benefit to the Agency.
FY 1995 Program Highliehts
EPA's major responsibilities include supporting and sustaining states in
the performance of their environmental management responsibilities. The Agency
requests an increase in the level of resources for state grants to support
permitting and compliance monitoring in the nation's hazardous waste combustion
facilities as part of the Administration's Waste Minimization and Combustion
Strategy. The complexity of the program and the resources required demand joint
9-3 /
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Federal/State implementation. Overall, EPA's objectives with the states continue
to focus on: 1) increasing the reliance on existing state authorities to
accomplish RCRA environmental goals; 2) enhancing the state capabilities and
supporting further authorization of state programs to implement RCRA
requirements; and 3) strengthening coordination and integration of EPA and state
activities to ensure the efficient and effective utilization of resources.
The Agency, in partnership with the states, will continue to focus on
making permit decisions at boilers and industrial furnaces that burn hazardous
waste. Emphasis will be placed on taking action to prevent and reduce risks at
closed and closing land disposal facilities. Focus in the corrective action
program will continue to be on implementation of facility stabilizations and long
term remediations at high risk facilities. To assist states in assuming
implementation of the corrective action program, resources are being provided to
facilitate development of comprehensive state programs. In the enforcement
program, the focus on pollution prevention and waste minimization in inspection
targeting and in enforcement settlements will continue. The Agency will ensure
environmental justice issues are addressed in their programs.
The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 mandate that EPA monitor
the activities of importers/exporters of hazardous waste. The level of activity
has grown as the number of export and import notifications continues to increase
as a result of new international agreements such as the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD), and the Basel agreements. Enforcement activities will be further
reinforced through training efforts with U.S. and Mexican Customs, U.S. Coast
Guard, other Department of Transportation offices and EPA Regional Offices. In
implementing the NAFTA agreement, resources will be directed towards transfer of
technology and information in cooperation with the Mexican government.
The Agency's commitment to non-hazardous waste management activities will
continue as Regions and states work to implement the revised municipal waste
management criteria. The Agency will increase its emphasis on promoting source
reduction while maintaining efforts to develop viable recycling, providing
technical assistance and outreach to businesses on source reduction and recycling
programs, and expanding markets for secondary materials.
In 1995, the Agency will make strategic investments to advance important
Administration objectives, while reorienting base programs to achieve maximum
risk reduction. In support of the Administration's Waste Minimization and
Combustion Strategy, the Agency will place increased emphasis on monitoring the
compliance status of hazardous waste incinerators and boilers and industrial
furnaces. The Agency will develop implementable and rigorous state-of-the-art
controls for hazardous waste combustion facilities, using the best available
technologies and the most current science. Waste minimization, adequate public
participation in permitting, and full risk assessments are also key components
of the strategy.
Technical assistance to the Mexican government will continue as part of a
coordinated effort to strengthen hazardous waste management and enforcement. The
program will also continue to conduct border checks with U.S. Customs officials,
provide training to other U.S. and Mexican government agencies, administer the
9-4
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notification and "consent to receive" certification programs, and assist Mexican
officials in locating inactive and abandoned waste sites within the border area.
In the Underground Storage Tanks (UST) program, the focus will be on
preventing, detecting, and correcting leaks from USTs containing petroleum or
other hazardous substances. Major program activities in 1995 will include:
state program development and approval, compliance and enforcement efforts
relating to UST leak detection requirements, and corrective action streamlining
projects. The Agency will continue to monitor and evaluate state implementation
and enforcement activities, and provide ongoing technical information,
assistance, and training to enhance state capabilities. Emphasis will be placed
on compliance monitoring, joint inspections, and enforcement activities in high
risk areas.
In 1995, the Title III program will support the Administration's free trade
initiative while continuing to minimize the potential for chemical accidents in
high risk areas. In support of NAFTA, the Agency will implement the chemical
accident prevention, preparedness and community right-to-know provisions of the
U.S./Mexico Integrated Environmental Border Plan. Technical assistance will be
provided to States and urban areas along the border in developing projects to
reinforce joint contingency planning activities with Mexico and workshops will
be conducted for U.S./Mexico sister cities to exchange innovative ideas and
activities on plan development and testing.
In addition to the border region, the Agency will continue its focus on
other areas of the country with a high concentration of chemical facilities.
Utilizing criteria linking high risk areas and facilities, these areas will
receive assistance in developing their chemical emergency planning programs.
Enforcement activities will focus on developing Title III-specific facility
inspection capabilities as well as continuing to encourage innovative settlements
to support program implementation. In the international area, the program will
continue to implement Rio Agenda 21 initiatives to reduce the risk of chemical
accidents by promoting community right-to-know principles in chemical management
programs in Mexico, Canada, Eastern Europe, and developing countries.
Implementing a Responsive National Regulatory Program
The Agency is committed to the review and revision of existing RCRA
regulations to enhance efficiency and effectiveness and to incorporate risk and
desirable environmental goals. Reform efforts will include establishing risk
based management standards for hazardous waste, eliminating unnecessary barriers
to recycling hazardous wastes, simplifying and reducing costs in implementing the
land disposal restrictions program, .and streamlining the hazardous waste
permitting process. The Agency's efforts to improve existing regulations will
include strong incentives for pollution prevention.
In addition to these program revisions, the hazardous waste regulatory
program will continue to respond to existing statutory and new court-ordered
deadlines for completing the remaining requirements mandated in HSWA. Towards
that end, the Agency will perform preliminary listing studies and develop
regulations to list as hazardous the specific wastes named in HSWA. In follow-up
to these and earlier listings, the Agency will develop treatment standards for
9-5
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those wastes designated as hazardous since the enactment of HSWA. The program
will also implement the land disposal restrictions program by processing
treatability variances and no migration petitions. The Agency will amend the
permit section of the Subpart C air emission rule-making to make air standards
directly applicable to permitted facilities and provide guidance to
Regions/States on how to implement standards.
In 1995, the Agency will shift from regulatory and guidance development to
implementation of the Clean Air Act accidental release provisions. Program
emphasis will be on the Regions as they increase efforts to encourage states to
apply for and implement the accidental release program. Regions will provide
technical assistance to states in drafting prevention legislation, developing
regulations, and building a state program infrastructure. In addition, the
Regions will register facilities required to submit risk management plans. The
Agency will coordinate its activities with the Chemical Safety and Hazard
Investigation Board.
Other significant regulatory efforts include the Phase III and IV Land
Disposal Restrictions Rule and a proposed rule on the management of military
munitions and ordnance as required by the Federal Facilities Compliance Act of
1992. As part of EPA's effort to realize sound environmental management, the
Agency will continue its emphasis on the collection and analysis of environmental
data.
Supporting the Regulatory Program Through Research and Technology Transfer
The hazardous waste research program provides the scientific and technical
information necessary to support the development and implementation of hazardous
waste regulations, and provides the information to EPA Regional offices, state
and local governments, private industry, and other decision-makers. Research is
conducted in several areas: Ecological risk assessment methods, groundwater,
municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, surface cleanup, bioremediation, and
international and domestic technology transfer.
As part of its effort to promote technology innovation, the Agency will
continue the development of bioremediation as a viable alternative. Field scale
research will be initiated on groundwater and aquifer remediation, biofiltration
of contaminated air and gasses, biotreatment of surface soils, soil in the vadose
zone, sediments and sludge, and hazardous liquid wastes. Funding for
bioremediation is derived from three separate accounts: RCRA Hazardous Waste,
Superfund, and Oil Trust Fund. The initiative proposed for 1995 will be funded
from the hazardous waste account.
Successful demonstration of bioremediation technology will have a
significant impact upon the feasibility, speed, and cost of cleanup of
contaminated soils and groundwater, especially if the remediation can be
conducted on site.
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National Environmental Goals
The Office of Solid Waste (OSW) will continue to participate in EPA's
National Environmental Goals project. Specifically, OSW will work with the Goals
Task Force to develop national goals in the areas of waste minimization,
recycling, safe management of wastes, and corrective action. In developing these
goals, OSW will build on work accomplished by the RCRA Environmental Indicators
Workgroup. In addition, development of the goals will take into consideration
feedback from public roundtables to be held in the spring.
The following program descriptions do not reflect any increase in
workyears that may result from the 900 additional workyears that EPA received for
contractor conversion.
9-7
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES
Regulations
RCRA Standards ....
Proposals
Promulgations
ACTUAL
1993
17
9
8
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
28
16
12
ESTIMATE
1995
29
12
17
INCREASE (+)
DECREASE (-)
1995 VS 1994
+1
-4
+5
Effl. Stds. Decision Doc.
Effl. Stds. Data Summaries.
UIC Petition Reviews
Implementation
Guidance Documents . .
Reports to Congress . .
State Authorization (cum.)
Base Program . .
HSWA Cluster I .
Final Permit Determinations 2,953
and Closures (Cumulative)
Ongoing Permit Processing
UIC Permit Revisions
Enforcement/Corrective Action
Inspections ....
Administrative
Orders
Civil Litigation
Criminal
Litigation . . . 132
Monitoring of
Corrective Action
Activities . . . 770
Facility
Assessments . . . 320
10
0
48
18
2,953
753
5,517
1,650
243
1
3
48
24
3,254
730
15,555
1,583
183
1
0
48
30
3,541
784
15,702
1,583
183
132
824
63
132
824
63
0
-3
0
+6
+287
+54
147
0
0
9-8
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Hazardous Waste Research
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Health Effects -
Hazardous Waste
Research & Development $14.5
TOTAL $14.5
Hazardous Waste
Research
Program & Research $13,969.9 $14.994.0 $14,785.5 $14,477.5 $12,843.1 -$1,634.4 -$2,150.9
Operations
Abatement Control and $800.0 $800.0 -$800.0
Compliance
Research & Development $24,481.3 $18,746.6 $16,693.6 $16,693.6 $15,736.0 -$957.6 -$3,010.6
Oil Spills Trust Fund $2,056.7
TOTAL $40,507.9 $33,740.6 $32,279.1 $31,971.1 $28,579.1 -$3,392.0 -$5,161.5
TOTAL:
Program & Research $13,969.9 $14,994.0 $14,785.5 $14,477.5 $12,843.1 -$1,634.4 -$2,150.9
Operations
Abatement Control and $800.0 $800.0 -$800.0
Compliance
Research & Development $24,495.8 $18,746.6 $16,693.6 $16,693.6 $15,736.0 -$957.6 -$3,010.6
Oil Spills Trust Fund $2,056.7
Hazardous Waste TOTAL $40,522.4 $33,740.6 $32,279.1 $31,971.1 $28,579.1 -$3,392.0 -$5,161.5
Research
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Hazardous Waste 207.6 204.6 204.6 201.7 170.7 -31.0 -33.9
Research
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 207.6 204.6 204.6 201.7 170.7 -31.0 -33.9
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Hazardous Waste 215.3 204.6 204.6 201.7 170.7 -31.0 -33.9
Research
TOTAL WORKYEARS 215.3 204.6 204.6 201.7 170.7 -31.0 -33.9
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HAZARDOUS WASTE-
HAZARDOUS WASTE RESEARCH
PRINCIPAL OUTPUTS
1995 o Complete report on low cost sorbents for removing
hazardous materials from contaminated aqueous media.
o Complete an assessment of leachate collection and
landfill liner systems for long-term performance and
reliability.
o Develop companion demonstration document on methodology
to assess human health risks associated with
incineration.
o Develop model and documentation for assessment and
recovery of hydrocarbon spills on the land.
o Develop model that predicts the binding properties of
heterogenous environmental aggregates.
o Complete a report on subsurface monitoring for
assessing the in situ biocontainment of petroleum
contaminated ground water plumes.
o Provide reports on effectiveness of composting for
bioremediation of soils contaminated with hazardous
wastes.
o Develop final guidance to assess intrinsic
bioremediation of fuel spills in ground water.
o Report on the anaerobic degradation of munitions wastes
in contaminated soils and sediment.
1994 o Complete two Municipal Innovative Technology
Evaluations (MITE) projects. The first is the
evaluation of the effectiveness of material recovery
facilities and second is the effectiveness of weight
based collection systems as a waste reduction measure.
o Make recommendations for criteria to assure safe
utilization of municipal waste combustion residues.
o Report on the design and operation of a municipal solid
waste landfill as a biochemical reactor for the
generation of methane for energy recovery.
o Complete report on remediation of chromium-contaminated
soils and ground-water.
o Report on environmental factors that effect the
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anaerobic degradation of PCBs and the aerobic
degradation of PAHs in Great Lakes sediments.
o Provide final report on Intrinsic Bioremediation of TCE
in Ground Water.
o Provide report on full-scale field demonstration of
fungal treatment of soils contaminated with
pentachlorophenol and creosote.
1993 o Completed two Municipal Innovative Technology
Evaluations (MITE) projects. One on automated sorting
of plastic containers and the second on laboratory
testing of plastic materials recycled from the waste
stream.
o Completed an assessment of available data on source of
toxics in municipal solid wastes.
o Published a report on use of good combustion practices
for controlling organic emissions from municipal waste
incinerators.
o Completed a liner leak survey for hazardous waste
landfills and surface impoundments for use in liner
leak detection rule.
o Completed Technical Resource Documents(TRD) on
solidification/stabilization.
o Submitted draft software system which provides support
for siting of hazardous waste management facilities to
program Office and Regions.
o Completed development and evaluation of models to
describe nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) transport
through the unsaturated zone of the subsurface
o Completed field treatability trial for fungal treatment
of soil contaminated with wood preserving chemicals.
o Completed reports on anaerobic biodegradation of
chloroform.
o Completed report on anaerobic transformation of
chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans.
o Developed and validated protocol for screening of oil
spill bioremediation products.
o Drafted protocol for bioremediation of oil in wetlands
- Tier III.
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
HAZARDOUS WASTE RESEARCH
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $28,579,100 supported by a total of 170.7
workyears, of which $12,843,100 will be from the Program and Research Operations
(PRO) appropriation and $15,736,000 will be from the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents a decrease of $1,634,400 in Program and Research
Operations, a decrease of $800,000 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance, and
a decrease of $957,600 in Research and Development for a total decrease of funds
of $3,392,000, and a decrease of 31.0 workyears. This includes a shift of
resources from this activity to multimedia research. This redirection is
consistent with the Agency's strategy of directing additional resources to cross-
media research as a more effective approach to scientific inquiry into
environmental problems. The decrease in Research and Development reflects the
decisions to complete the phase down of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Research and
to provide for funding of the Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) program
budgeted for under the Multimedia program element in 1995. The decrease in PRO
and workyears reflect the decision to phase out MSW, realign workyears to support
the Administrations Environmental Technology Initiative, and support the
President's efforts to reduce the size and cost of government.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $31,971,100 supported by a total of
201.7 workyears for this program element, of which $14,477,500 is from the
Program and Research Operations appropriation, $16,693,600 is from the Research
and Development appropriation, and $800,000 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $40,522,400 supported by a total of 215.3
workyears for this program element, of which $13,969,900 was from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, $24,495,800 was from the Research and
Development appropriation, and $2,056,700 was for the Oil Spills Trust Fund.
RESEARCH ISSUES
The sections below describe research program issues by each fiscal year.
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ECOSYSTEMS PROTECTION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Office of Research and Development (ORD) will restructure its
ecological planning issues to reflect the transition from a single species,
single stressor, ecotoxicological research orientation to an integrated
ecological perspective, that focuses on ecosystems protection and management.
This integrated ecological approach will allow the Agency to monitor more
effectively, understand ecological processes and impacts, and predict risks
related to the cumulative effects from both natural and anthropogenic stresses
upon ecosystems. Research will include a geographic approach with a primary
focus on watersheds. To carry out the ecosystem protection research, scientists
will use current scientific knowledge and understanding to develop an innovative,
holistic, integrated program designed to provide a new generation of computer-
based analysis and decision tools tailored to the information needs and
responsibilities of Federal, State, and local ecological resource managers and
regulatory officials.
The three scientific needs of monitoring, understanding ecosystem response,
and predicting risks will be addressed by three components in the ecosystem
protection research program. The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program
(EMAP) component will seek to monitor nationally the status and trends of
ecosystems. The Geographic Integration component will seek to understand,
describe, and characterize the response of ecological systems to anthropogenic
stress, and to develop strategies for restoration of ecological systems. The
Ecological Risk Assessment component will seek to predict the risks to ecosystems
from various stressors. Hazardous Waste research is contained in the Ecological
Risk Assessment component of ecosystems protection research.
The primary goal of the ecological risk assessment component is to ensure
that research develops the methods necessary to conduct ecological risk
assessments for multiple scales and purposes. Scientists will continue research
on the programs initiated in 1994, which will become part of the ecosystems
protection research program. Additional resources will also be used to expand
ecological risk assessment research from a national focus to also include more
specific research on representative watersheds in key ecoregions of the country,
such as the Pacific Northwest and the Great Lakes. Ecological risk assessments
will continue to include the effects of hazardous waste.
1994 PROGRAM
The Ecosystems Protection research issue, which will be new in 1995,
consolidates nine research issues carried out under several ORD media program
elements (PEs). The nine issues that will be consolidated into the Ecosystems
Protection issue are Coastal and Marine, Large Lakes and Rivers, Wetlands,
Contaminated Sediments, Aquatic Ecocriteria, Nonpoint Sources, Ecorisk Methods,
Habitat/Biodiversity, and EMAP. Within the Hazardous Waste PE, the issue being
consolidated is Ecological Risk Assessment Methods. Information on the 1994
research related to Ecological Risk Assessment Methods is available in the "1994
Program" section of that issue.
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Ecosystems Protection research issue is a new research issue in 1995
that consolidates nine 1993 research issues carried out under several ORD media
program elements (PEs). Within the Hazardous Waste PE, the issue being
consolidated is Ecorisk Assessment Methods. Information on the 1993 research
related to Ecorisk Methods is available in the "1993 Accomplishments" section of
that issue.
ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In 1995, Ecological Risk Assessment Methods research will be conducted and
described as part of the Ecosystems Protection research issue.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD scientists are conducting in-house research for hazardous waste on
methods needed to assess the exposure, hazard, and risk to ecological resources
from multiple threats. The framework for analysis is natural watersheds using
selected basins, such as the Pacific Northwest and the Great Lakes.
This research is using current scientific knowledge to develop a holistic,
integrated program designed to utilize a new generation of computer-based
analysis and decision tools tailored to the information needs and authorities of
Federal, State, and local resource managers. Researchers are examining the
synergy between eutrophication, toxicity, and habitat loss; then designing new
generation ecologically-capable watershed models grounded in geographic
information systems (CIS) technology and in individual-based ecological
approaches that will permit evaluation of stressors in a whole-system approach.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Ecological risk assessment methods research focused on three main research
areas, including: Stressor and system-specific methods; integrated
biogeographical/watershed methods; and biogeographical implementation. This
research evaluated models describing the formation of biological species of
metals, performed decision model testing, and developed predictive models for the
toxicity of chemical mixtures.
GROUNDWATER
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
ORD's groundwater research will continue to address remediation of
subsurface contamination by hazardous waste, subsurface monitoring and
characterization of waste sites, and subsurface fate of contaminants. EPA will
complete a pilot-scale study of innovative methods for remediating groundwater
contaminated by metals. Engineers will evaluate in the field a prototype of a
9-14
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portable instrument for screening of organic contaminants. Researchers will
develop and evaluate a realistic three-dimensional model of contaminant transport
in multiphase-fluid systems for application to remediation of sites contaminated
by nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs). Researchers will accelerate work on: (1)
methods for improved leak detection techniques for pipelines; (2) methods to
predict contaminant transport and fate in fractured rock; (3) the mobilization
of naturally occurring toxic metals by organic wastes; and (4) evaluation of
passive remediation techniques at sites contaminated by mixed metal and organic
wastes. Investigation will continue to develop and evaluate models for enhanced
recovery of hydrocarbon spills.
1994 PROGRAM
Current research efforts are being increased for remediation of subsurface
contamination. Researchers are developing, demonstrating, and evaluating
corrective action technologies for remediating RCRA sites. Subsurface monitoring
and characterization is developing additional field-portable measurement devices
for locating nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) contaminants in the subsurface,
developing innovative test methods and technologies for monitoring, and
characterizing the subsurface.
Research on underground storage tank leak prevention is addressing internal
and external leak detection and cause of tank and piping failures in new and
existing systems. Scientists are also initiating studies for alternative fuels.
Subsurface transport and transformation research is predicting the transport and
fate of metals in the subsurface, and testing mathematical models used for
regulatory and remedial decision making, and for predicting contaminant behavior
in the subsurface.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Researchers completed and published a major study of subsurface
heterogeneity in sandy aquifers. Knowledge of subsurface hydrologic and
geochemical heterogeneity is a necessary requirement for developing the improved
subsurface transport and fate models that are required for better risk assessment
and remedial decision making. An innovative electromagnetic borehole flowmeter
which will enable sensitive field measurements of variations in subsurface
permeability for aquifer characterization at hazardous waste sites was completed
and demonstrated at three field sites for EPA regional and state personnel.
Scientists completed several outputs related to the use of soil gas monitoring
and hydrologic tests that will provide needed information for improved site
characterization at underground storage tank (UST) sites. Researchers completed
two projects to develop and evaluate models to describe nonaqueous-phase liquid
transport through the unsaturated zone of the subsurface. The results of these
projects will provide support to RCRA and the UST program. ORD provided
technical support to OSW for regulatory development, particularly for the
regulatory impact analysis (RIA) for RCRA corrective action, the hazardous waste
identification rule (HWIR), and monitoring regulations for Subtitle C and D waste
disposal facilities. In addition, ORD provided site-specific technical
assistance for RCRA corrective action.
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MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In light of shifting priorities to address higher risks to human health,
given the limited resources available, the Municipal Solid Waste issue will not
receive funding in FY 1995.
1994 PROGRAM
The Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) research program is drawing to a close
during FY 1994. Engineers are completing research on: 1) source reduction
research, which includes investigating the sources, quantities, and fate of waste
material, and potential ways to reduce costs borne by local governments without
negative impact to the environment; 2) recycling research; 3) thermal destruction
research, which focuses on air pollution control technology, sampling and
analysis methods, and residue characterization, treatment, and utilization; 4)
landfill research, which focuses on improved design, emissions control,
performance, and monitoring; 5) innovative technology; and 6) the comparison of
MSW management options, that provide the framework for officials to make the most
reasonable waste management selection in light of alternative risks.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The MSW research program completed an assessment of available data on
sources of toxic substances in municipal solid wastes, and published a report on
good combustion practices for controlling organic emissions from municipal waste
incinerators. Additionally, researchers completed two Municipal Innovative
Technology Evaluation (MITE) projects, the first dealt with automated sorting of
plastic containers, and the second centered on laboratory testing of plastic
materials recycled from the waste stream.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Research will continue on technology, monitoring and quality assurance,
waste minimization, risk assessment/ecological risk, and large volume/industrial
waste. Technology researchers will evaluate two new extraction methods using
concepts of affinity ligands and liquid ion exchange, preliminary assessment of
final cover systems to obtain information on the long-term ability to minimize
infiltration of hazardous waste sites, and will complete draft paper on metals
capture in fluidized bed incinerators.
Monitoring and quality assurance scientists will determine different forms
of PCBs by high resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, complete a
project report on field evaluation of a proto-type Raman system for non-volatile
analysis, and develop a draft SW 846 method for benzidine, using capillary
electrophoresis.
9-16
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Waste minimization researchers will perform source reduction technology
evaluations for four of the nine OSW selected industries/waste streams; perform
technology demonstrations for the second round of lead, mercury and chromium
source reduction technologies for the 33/50 program; and continue with EPA/DOE
energy-waste assessments at the 22 Energy Audit Diagnostic Centers (EADC).
Research on risk assessments will complete a demonstration document
assessing health risks associated with indirect exposure to waste combustion
emissions, further refine categorical regression and bench mark dose
methodologies for use in the development of toxicity criteria, publish an article
on methods for combining data sets to improve quantitative estimates of cancer
risk, and extend work on the TOPKAT model to evaluate quantitative structure
activity relationships (QSARS) for subchronic health effects.
Researchers in large volume/industrial waste will provide a report on waste
management practices identifying best management practices and priorities for
improvement, and will complete a report on Subtitle D waste generation and
management for industries in additional SIC groups.
1994 PROGRAM
The Hazardous Waste research program is addressing technology, monitoring
and quality assurance, waste minimization, risk assessment/ecological risk, and
large volume/industrial waste. Technology research is centering on treatment,
storage, and disposal issues. Monitoring and quality assurance research is
focusing on improving existing analytical methods and developing standard methods
for new classes of compounds. Waste minimization research conducted under this
issue is directed at hard-to-treat wastes, such as industrial wastes and wood
treatment wastes. Risk assessment researchers are ensuring the development of
hazardous waste management practices to protect human health and the environment.
Large volume/industrial waste, in its infancy, is focusing on low toxicity
wastes.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Major accomplishments include a report on LDCRS - Flow From
Double-Lined Landfills and Surface Impoundments which was completed and which
supports the finalization of the Liner Leak Detection Rule. Researchers
completed an assessment of Toxic Metal Emissions from Incinerators and Mechanisms
for Control. Decision Support Software for Hazardous Waste Facility Siting was
made available to Program Offices, Regions, and States for their onsite use.
Guidance on developing risk assessment based on target organ toxicity was
published and distributed for use in improving the hazard index for evaluating
mixtures.
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SURFACE CLEANUP
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Researchers will address the effects on the land of hazardous waste
disposal. Scientists will emphasize closure and post closure activities, and
will evaluate design performance at actual operating sites. Researchers will
continue to characterize air emissions from hazardous waste treatment, storage
and disposal facilities (TSDFs), and will continue to assess methods to control
emissions. Staff will update technical resource and guidance documents for use
by regional and state agencies for permitting hazardous waste facilities and for
enforcing applicable regulations.
The Office of Research and Development will continue to encourage the
development, demonstration, adoption of pollution prevention techniques and
technologies. Researchers will produce a Guidance Manual on Inland Spills -
Prevention Options, which will provide scientific information on volatile organic
chemicals as they occur in multi-media settings. ORD will continue technical
support through field consultations and technology transfer.
1994 PROGRAM
Surface cleanup researchers are focusing on site characterization,
monitoring, and quality assurance, and on RCRA corrective action and technical
support. The research on site characterization, monitoring, and quality
assurance is determining the type and extent of contamination, and assessing
techniques to improve screening and reduce the cost of laboratory analyses.
Staff are supporting corrective action and technical support programs by
providing scientific and engineering expertise to selected hazardous waste sites.
Scientists are developing sampling protocols for volatile organic compounds
in soils and are improving sampling techniques for heterogeneous hazardous
wastes. ORD is providing technical support to approximately 80 hazardous waste
sites.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Researchers published a peer-reviewed article describing the single-phase
sampling design software prototype (SAMPLAN). Systematic testing of
interpolators for survey design continued with emphasis on evaluating the
effectiveness of several approaches for estimating and fitting variogram models.
BIOREMEDIATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Bioremediation is an engineered process using microorganisms to decompose
toxic hazardous compounds to improve environmental quality and reduce human risk.
Bioremediation processes, which are typically non-toxic and non-hazardous in the
environment, are expected to be less disruptive to the environment and less
9-18
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expensive than other treatment options, such as excavation, incineration, and
landfilling.
Research will continue to develop bioremediation approaches for different
types of contaminants and for different environmental conditions. Research will
move from the laboratory to the field for several specific types of contaminants.
Success in this work will allow more site demonstrations and more field
experience. For example, the problem of elevated levels of pesticide
contamination at mixing and loading stations has been identified as a high
priority issue. Pesticide formulators from industry have promised cooperation.
Researchers will identify and complete candidate sites for field experiment.
Once these sites have been identified, scientists and engineers will begin field
tests.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD's bioremediation researchers are studying basic biodegradation pathways
of hazardous chemicals, discovering and characterizing organisms capable of
degrading such chemicals, and developing and using protocols for testing the
efficacy and toxicity of bioremediation approaches and strategies. The highest
priority chemicals for study are organic solvents, halogenated aromatic
hydrocarbons, wood treatment chemicals, and pesticides. An important component
of this research is the field evaluation of bioremediation processes.
Scientists are also initiating research on munitions and other types of
wastes. Initial efforts are designed to understand the microbial biodegradation
processes and then to begin scaling experiments. Most of these wastes involve
contaminated soils, sludges, and sediments. Scientists are conducting field
research in cooperation with DoD facilities, when possible.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Scientists identified new aerobic and anaerobic bioremediation processes
and developed methods for application to field contaminated sites. Researchers
completed Pilot studies for field testing of new methods, that will permit field-
scale tests in 1994.
POLLUTION PREVENTION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
ORD will continue the relative emphasis in developing and validating tools
to enable pollution prevention implementation, demonstrating and evaluating
pollution prevention technologies, and disseminating pollution prevention
information.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD engineers are developing and validating life cycle assessment
methodologies, developing computer-aided approaches to industrial pollution
prevention, developing and evaluating cleaner technology processes for small
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businesses, disseminating information through the Pollution Prevention
Information Exchange System, and assessing and demonstrating pollution prevention
options at Federal facilities.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Research continued to provide leadership in the development of
methodologies such as life cycle assessment, process simulation and design, and
measurement of pollution prevention that enable planning, implementation, and
accounting for pollution prevention. Support continued for the Pollution
Prevention Information Clearinghouse (PPIC) that gathers and shares successful
pollution prevention techniques from and with the public and private sectors,
both domestic and international. Researchers evaluated past projects to help
plan future research. Research was initiated to evaluate pollution prevention
technologies in conjunction with other Federal agencies on Federal facilities.
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
These resources have been centralized and requested under the Multimedia
program element for 1995.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD carries out Public Law 102-564, the Small Business Innovation Research
Program (SBIR) through the allocation of 1.5 percent of the Agency's extramural
research appropriation to the support the Small Businesses engaged in the
development of equipment for pollution abatement and control and process
instrumentation. Under this program, the Agency is taking advantage of unique
solutions to Superfund remediation issues that may be offered by the private
sector.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
As mandated by Public Law 102-564, that created the Small Business
Innovation Research Program (SBIR), EPA allocated 1.5 percent of the Agency's
extramural research appropriation to support small businesses engaged in the
development of equipment for pollution abatement and control and process
instrumentation.
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
EPA staff will provide reports on continuous emission monitoring, personal
computer software for evaluating landfills, a handbook for the management of the
disposal of used tires, and a CD-ROM package containing information on available
CIS tools for characterizing, remediating, and monitoring hazardous wastes.
Engineers will conduct workshops for managing hazardous wastes.
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1994 PROGRAM
EPA scientists and engineers are producing reports on management of
hazardous wastes, CIS techniques for use at contaminated sites, the improvement
of cost effective measures to implement environmental regulation for State and
local government, CIS techniques for characterization of groundwater
contamination, and solid waste/landfill performance evaluation.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Researchers assembled and disseminated the most current information on how
various design and operational factors affect the behavior of metals in hazardous
waste combustion devices. Technical information was disseminated on approaches
to identify and quantify energy use and waste emissions for various industrial
sectors, assessing the effects these wastes have on the environment, and
evaluating and implementing opportunities to effect environmental improvements.
Small communities were provided information on how to develop wellhead protection
plans and identify and characterize the nature and extent of groundwater
contamination problems. Engineers developed a computerized data entry/data
storage system that will accommodate established Agency-wide soil monitoring
needs.
ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW OF TOXIC CHEMICALS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Scientists will complete the documentation of the System for Predicting
Environmental Fate Constants (SPARC) and will distribute the software to users.
1994 PROGRAM
Scientists are continuing the development of the "System for Predicting
Environmental Fate Constants" (SPARC), which provides a computer model to
estimate key chemical properties required to describe physical and chemical
processes that affect the transport and transformation of organic pollutants in
the environment. Based on chemical structure, research is extending predictive
capability to essentially any organic compound. Conditions applied to the model,
(i.e., temperature, pressure, and acidity) are spanning ranges typical of
environmental application. Researchers are expanding the SPARC model to include
mixed solvents, such as crude oil and PCBs.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Researchers conducted experiments to further develop SPARC models and to
increase their accessibility and application through local, on line computer
systems and an international computer network, INTERNET.
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EXPLORATORY GRANTS AND CENTERS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The ORD Minority Academic Institutions Research program will continue to
focus on current hazardous waste environmental issues, such as understanding
local and national aspects of environmental issues, policy implications,
environmental justice issues, and ethical issues.
1994 PROGRAM
The hazardous waste portion of the Minority Academic Institutions research
program is focusing on hazardous waste policy assessment issues. This program
is currently is funded through Southern University at Baton Rouge.
Congressional Directives. A total of $800,000 is provided through the AC&C
appropriation for congressionally directed increases in air toxic metals
research.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
This portion of the Minority Academic Institutions program was funded
through the Surface Cleanup issue during FY 1993. Accomplishments included
socio-economic research associated with environmental justice.
INFRASTRUCTURE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Adequately funded infrastructure is critical to ORD's success in conducting
the quality science needed to assure that the Agency's decisions are
scientifically sound. The most critical part of ORD's infrastructure is its
staff. The assumption underlying all our research activities includes a
productive workforce.
ORD established this cohesive, cross-cutting issue for infrastructure based
upon the importance of this activity to planned and ongoing research activities.
Program and Research Operations appropriation funding for the (Hazardous Waste)
Program Element (PE) has been centralized within the infrastructure issue to
provide improved management in ORD's salaries, travel and related costs
associated with managing research programs.
Workyears assigned to this issue represent a consolidation of existing
research functions which had previously been allocated across multiple issues.
This realignment provides greater accuracy in accounting for workforce usage,
enabling management to utilize better information in decision-making and planning
purposes. Consolidated activities include: science policy and program
development; technical evaluation, review, and guidance to EPA program/regional
offices, Federal/State Agencies, and foreign governments; research quality
assurance and program review; extramural resource management; technology transfer
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of scientific information; ADP technical program development of environmental
data systems; regulatory mission support; facilities maintenance and oversight;
health and safety, and environmental compliance; research planning and program
development; operational research oversight; policy and procedure development;
program planning and operations; resource planning and review; document
production; and secretarial/clerical support and personnel staffs.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD's current infrastructure program provides compensation and benefits,
and travel for ORD scientists and engineers. ORD's workforce carries out
scientific research programs in support of the Agency's mission.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD funded its workyears in scientific support of the Agency's mission,
providing the personnel compensation and benefits, and travel for ORD scientists
and engineers.
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Waste Management Regulations, Guidelines & Policies
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995 DECREASE
1994 1994 1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Regulations, Guidelines
& Policies-Hazardous
Waste
Program & Research $18,903.1 $18,789.3 $18,597.2 $19,408.1 $20,059.0 $650.9
Operations
Abatement Control and $35,664.3 $44,642.3 $38,869.2 $36,228.9 $46,256.5 $10,027.6
Compliance
TOTAL $54,567.4 $63,431.6 $57,466.4 $55,637.0 $66,315.5 $10,678.5
RCRA Regulatory Program
- Office of Air and
Radiation
Program & Research $482.3
Operations
Abatement Control and $1,188.7
Compliance
TOTAL $1,671.0
RCRA Regulatory Program
- Office of Water
Program & Research $626.5 $583.3 $579.7 $566.6 $462.1 -$104.5
Operations
Abatement Control and $5 $5 $5 $5
Compliance
TOTAL $626.5 $583.8 $580.2 $566.6 $462.6 -$104.0
Regulations, Guidelines
and Policies - UST
Program & Research $3,232.2 $4,002.3 $3,985.3 $3,729.9 $3,999.5 $269.6
Operations
Abatement Control and $2,423.4 $2,981.5 $2,562.7 $2,218.1 $2,867.9 $649.8
Compliance
TOTAL $5,655.6 $6,983.8 $6,548.0 $5,948.0 $6,867.4 $919.4
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ ,
VS
1994 PB
$1,269.7
$1,614.2
$2,883.9
-$121.2
-$121.2
-$2.8
-$113.6
-$116.4
TOTAL:
Program & Research $23,244.1 $23,374.9 $23,162.2 $23,704.6 $24,520.6 $816.0 $1,145.7
Operations
Abatement Control and $39,276.4 $47,624.3 $41,432.4 $38,447.0 $49,124.9 $10,677.9 $1,500.6
Compliance
Waste Management +w TOTAL $62,520.5 $70,999.2 $64,594.6 $62,151.6 $73,645.5 $11,493.9 $2,646.3
Regulations,
Guidelines & Policies
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Regulations, Guidelines 275.7 264.8 264.8 279.1 266.2 -12.9 1.4
& Policies-Hazardous
Waste
RCRA Regulatory Program 7.0
- Office of Air and
Radiation
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Waste Management Regulations, Guidelines & Policies
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995
1994 1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
RCRA Regulatory Program
- Office of Water
Regulations, Guidelines
and Policies - UST
10.7
52.5
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
9.9 9.9 9.9
64.0
64.0
62.6
7.4
60.2
-2.5
-2.4
-2.5
-3.8
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
345.9
338.7
338.7
351.6
333.8
-17.8
-4.9
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Regulations, Guidelines
& Policies-Hazardous
Waste
RCRA Regulatory Program
- Office of Air and
Radiation
RCRA Regulatory Program
- Office of Water
Regulations, Guidelines
and Policies - UST
TOTAL WORKYEARS
282.6
7.0
10.8
55.0
355.4
264.8
264.8
279.1
266.2
-12.9
1.4
9.9
64.0
9.9
64.0
338.7 338.7
9.9
62.6
351.6
7.4
60.2
333.8
-2.5
-2.4
-17.8
-2.5
-3.8
-4.9
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
WASTE MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES, AND POLICIES
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $73,645,500 and 333.8 workyears for 1995,
an increase of $11,494,000 and a decrease of 17.8 total workyears from 1994. Of
the request, $24,520,600 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $49,124,900 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $816,100 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, and an increase of $10,677,900 in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
REGULATIONS. GUIDELINES. AND POLICIES - HAZARDOUS WASTE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $66,315,500 and 266.2 workyears for this
program, of which $20,059,000 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $46,256,500 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $650,900 for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, $10,027,600 for Abatement, Control and
Compliance, and a decrease of 12.9 total workyears from the 1994 levels. The
increase in Program and Research Operations reflects full funding of the 1995
FTE. The increase in Abatement, Control and Compliance supports Agency efforts
to develop and implement the Waste Minimization and Combustion Strategy, improve
RCRA regulations and standards, and continue work on the Waste Isolation Pilot
Project. The decrease in workyears is a result of the government-wide reduction
in the size and cost of the government, and a shift of workyears to the Regions
for implementing current accounts.
In 1995, the Agency will continue and expand its initiative to address high
priority regulatory reform activities in an effort to reduce overly burdensome
regulations. Additional funding will be used to develop and implement strategies
for enhancing efficiency and incorporating risk and desirable environmental goals
into RCRA regulations and standards, particularly pollution prevention
incentives. The implementation phase will involve outreach to industry and the
States.
These regulatory reform efforts will include proposal of the Hazardous
V.'ap-.e Identification Rule (HWIR) , which addresses both contaminated media and
process wastes; and streamlining of the post-closure permitting process. In
addition, proposals will be made to revise the definition of solid waste to
promote safe recycling of hazardous waste; address areas of over and under
regulation, and enhance public participation in the permit system.
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The Agency will continue work on major HSWA regulations and will fulfill
the requirements of the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) settlements, including
promulgation of the final listing determinations for carbamates and
organobromines and proposed listing determination for petroleum refining wastes.
The Agency will also propose or promulgate treatment standards for these and
other wastes in accordance with the settlement agreement. The RCRA program will
strive to address environmental justice concerns in regulatory development.
Increased funding will be targeted at the implementation of the Waste
Combustion strategy, an area of intense public focus for the Agency. Activities
will be divided into two areas: upgraded regulations and new rule-makings. The
upgraded regulations will incorporate the latest advances in risk assessment and
management. The Agency will also intensify analysis and review of standards to
ensure the safety of existing waste combustion units in light of technological
innovation and more substantial data on risks posed by incineration. Another new
rule will provide for increased public involvement during permitting.
In 1995, the Agency will propose a regulation identifying when military
munitions, ordnance and chemical warfare agents become hazardous waste. The
Agency also will continue to implement the waste export program addressing our
responsibilities under the Basel Convention and the North American Free Trade
Agreement, and will provide technical support to programs which address unique
threats to sensitive geographic areas. Significant efforts will be made on the
continued implementation of the Waste Isolation Pilot Project (WIPP). Work in
1995 will focus primarily on activities at the WIPP facility to ensure compliance
with all applicable environmental laws and meeting established timelines.
EPA will continue an Agency-wide effort to support the Environmental
Technology Initiative. The program's focus is to develop and implement new
environmental technologies in partnership with other Federal agencies and the
private sector that will lower costs, increase effectiveness, and further
environmental compliance. Potential examples include forming consortia to
develop continuous air emission monitors for incinerators, conduct field
evaluations of the efficacy of rapid site characterization methods and identify
alternative methods to characterize and clean up contaminated sites. The Agency
will use interagency agreements and other appropriate financial mechanisms to
provide funds to other federal agencies to implement this initiative.
Pollution prevention will remain a high priority in both hazardous and
solid waste management as the Agency continues efforts to integrate waste
minimization components into permitting and regulatory development, and to gather
and analyze data on the success of national efforts. In 1995, efforts will
continue to encourage commitments from industries in various sectors to reduce,
reuse and recycle both consumer and industrial materials. The Agency will
provide guidance and technical assistance to industry in meeting voluntary waste
prevention and recycling commitments.
EPA's solid and hazardous waste programs will build stronger partnerships
with State, local and Tribal governments and the private sector. The Agency will
continue to assist States and Tribes implement the revised municipal landfill
criteria, while focusing on small community issues, financial assurance
requirements, and groundwater monitoring provisions. The Agency will finalize
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a regulation allowing Indian tribes to implement the Subtitle C program and
provide general support for Subtitle C and D programs implementation on Indian
lands.
The Agency will promulgate rules to allow financially sound municipalities
and corporations to demonstrate financial assurance for costs of closure, post-
closure, and corrective action for known releases when they own or operate
municipal landfills. EPA's support will include technical assistance to ensure
a nationally consistent program while addressing specific regional and local
concerns.
The Agency will continue to work toward improving States' capabilities to
administer the RCRA program, and toward ensuring adequate implementation of RCRA
regulations for the permitting of boilers and industrial furnaces, management of
contaminated soil and debris, and corrective action.
A strong municipal solid waste technical assistance program for State and
local governments and the general public will continue. The Agency will carry
on efforts to address solid waste issues of national concern by serving as a
technical clearinghouse for municipal solid waste management information,
options, and guidelines. The Agency will work to develop an improved recycling
infrastructure and will promote waste prevention strategies that result in real
savings to businesses. The Agency will focus on encouraging business utilization
of the increasing quantity of recyclable materials being collected.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $55,637,000 and 279.1 total workyears
for this program, of which $19,408,100 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $36,228,900 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
Current operations include providing direction and technical guidance for
the national hazardous waste management program. In 1994, the Office of Solid
Waste continues its initiative to provide regulatory reform to the regulated
community, clarifying rules and definitions to ease implementation and compliance
as well as eliminating disincentives to the recycling of hazardous waste. An
important focus in 1994 is the data collection and analysis required to develop
regulatory alternatives to technical emissions standards for incinerators and
boilers/industrial furnaces. Other activities for 1994 include proposals to
provide Indian tribes the opportunity to implement the Subtitle C hazardous waste
program; to expand public involvement during the hazardous waste permitting
process (particularly for combustion units); to expand and improve the mechanisms
available for addressing post-closure care at hazardous waste land disposal
facilities; to allow financially sound local governments owning or operating
municipal landfills to demonstrate financial assurance for costs of closure,
post-closure, and corrective action of known releases; and to allow a similar
option for financially sound corporations.
Other activities for 1994 include promulgation of the Phase II land
disposal restrictions for newly identified wastes (which includes treatment
standards for wastes brought under RCRA regulation by the toxicity
9-29
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characteristic); streamlined mixed waste requirements; and continued
implementation of the capacity assurance program. Further activities include
producing the Report to Congress and the accompanying regulatory determination
on cement kiln dust.
In addition, the Agency is proposing listing determinations for carbamates
and organobromines, and issuing final determination for wood preserving waste.
Other efforts include coordination with other Federal agencies on the
requirements of the Federal Facilities Compliance Act of 1992. As part of our
effort to realize sound environmental management, the Agency continues to focus
on the collection and analysis of environmental data.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993 the Agency obligated a total of $54,567,400 supported by 282.6
total workyears for this program, of which $18,903,100 was from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $35,664,300 was from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
Activities completed in 1993 included: significant progress on the
Hazardous Waste Identification Rule; a proposed listing for wood preserving
wastes; a proposed "special collection rule" for certain recyclable hazardous
wastes (e.g. batteries); issuance of a hazardous waste combustion strategy;
guidance on ground water monitoring; and work on the revisions for the definition
of solid waste. Other activities included: promulgation of the 3rd/3rd Land
Disposal Restriction (LDR) rule and proposal of the Phase II LDR rule; a fossil
fuel regulatory determination for four large volume wastes; financial
responsibility rules for third party liability; and revisions to the Biennial
report to enhance current data gathering efforts.
In the municipal solid waste program, activities included: promulgating
the revised criteria for municipal solid waste landfills; providing technical and
administrative support to implement these revised criteria; providing technical
assistance and support for the implementation of Federal procurement guidelines;
producing and distributing brochures and technical guidance regarding source
reduction and recycling; and assisting the White House in issuing the Executive
Order on Federal Acquisitions Recycling and Waste Prevention. In addition, the
Agency provided support for regional efforts to create market incentives for
municipal solid waste recycling.
REGULATIONS. GUIDELINES. AND POLICIES - AIR AND RADIATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency is not requesting any funds in 1995 in support of this program.
1994 PROGRAM
There are no resources allocated in this program element.
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993 the Agency obligated a total of $1,671,000 supported by 7.0 total
workyears to this program, of which $482,300 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $1,188,700 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1993 the Agency continued to support the promulgation of regulations
for the second phase of standards for sources at hazardous waste treatment,
storage, and disposal facilities (TSDFs). Phase II included tanks, containers,
surface impoundments , and miscellaneous units. Work included providing technical
support for states and Regional offices in implementing these TSDF regulations.
REGULATIONS. GUIDELINES. AND POLICIES - WATER
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $462,600 and 7.4 total workyears for this
program, of which $462,100 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $500 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents a decrease of $104,500 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, an increase of $500 in the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation and a decrease of 2.5 total workyears. This
decrease reflects a stretching out of the workload on new petitions.
The Agency will continue to review no migration petitions for the continued
injection of hazardous mining and mineral processing wastes that are lo+wng
Bevill-exempt status. In addition, the Agency will also continue reviewing
petitions for the continued injection of future wastes that will be listed on a
staggered Land Disposal Restrictions schedule. These will be, primarily,
additional wood preserving wastes, certain inorganic wastes and other petroleum
refining wastes. Before approving any new petitions or petition modifications
and reissuances, EPA will ensure that any prior releases have been dealt with
according to the RCRA Section 3004(u) corrective action plan requirements.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating $566,600 supported by 9.9 total workyears
for this program, all of which is from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation. The Agency is focusing on new petitions for continuing the
injection of mining and mineral processing wastes which are losing Bevill-exempt
status, and those wastes classified as hazardous under the Toxic Characteristic
Leaching Procedure (TCLP). EPA is also continuing to process modifications and
reissuances for previously approved petitions and defending litigation
challenging prior petition decisions. Implementation of the corrective action
program continues to ensure that any prior or current releases are being
mitigated.
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated $626,500 and 10.8 total workyears for this
program all of which was from the Program and Research Operations appropriation.
Facilities disposing of untreated hazardous waste into injection wells must
demonstrate "no migration" from the injection zone for as long as the waste
remains hazardous. Review continued for an additional four no-migration
petitions, submitted by deep well operators for exemptions from Land Ban
prohibitions for hazardous waste disposal. The Agency also completed action on
four petition revisions, modifications or reissuances and provided litigation
support against one no-migration petition approval.
REGULATIONS. GUIDELINES. AND POLICIES - UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS (UST)
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $6,867,400 supported by 60.2 total workyears
for the implementation of the underground storage tank pollution prevention
program in 1995; $3,999,500 is for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation, and $2,867,900 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $269,600, in Program and Research
Operations, and $649,800 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation,
and a decrease of 2.4 workyears. The increase in the Program and Research
Operations appropriation is due to pay increases, including locality pay
adjustments. The increase in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation
is due to increased implementation and enforcement support to the states and
outreach to the regulated community. The reduction in workyears is due to a
disinvestment in program support at Headquarters and the overall reduction in the
Federal workforce.
In 1995, while continuing work in high priority areas, States are faced
with the additional challenges of the implementation of leak detection and
financial responsibility deadlines that occurred in 1994 and that will occur in
1995. Emphasis will be placed on assistance to States in increasing the level
and quality of field presence, utilization of alternative compliance mechanisms,
outreach, certification program development, technical and policy
interpretations, promotion of early upgrades to existing tank systems, and
ensuring compliance with financial responsibility through the management of state
assurance funds. Regions will continue to work with States to ensure that grant
agreements focus on tasks that further the national program's priorities.
Assistance will continue to be offered to Tribal governments in the development
and implementation of UST programs.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency requested a total of $5,948,000 supported by 62.6 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,729,900 is for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $2,218,100 is for the Abatement, Control, and
Compliance appropriation.
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In 1994, EPA is focusing on four priority areas of the program: state
program approval, streamlining of corrective actions, leak detection compliance
and enforcement, and preparation for the 1998 tank system upgrading deadline.
The Agency continues to work with states to ensure progress toward
developing adequate authorities and enforcement capabilities to enable the states
to apply for state program approval.
Corrective action streamlining of administrative and enforcement processes
continues to be one of EPA's highest priorities. The Agency works with states
to develop approaches that focus technical oversight on the highest risk sites,
yet ensures that cleanups at all sites progress toward completion. Efforts are
also focusing on increasing the knowledge and use of innovative technologies and
approaches to UST cleanups.
The emphasis on leak detection compliance and enforcement continued as the
final phase-in date occurred on December 22, 1993. State enforcement efforts
have begun to target non-compliers. Expedited enforcement and other site
inspection tools, procedures and assistance were offered to state UST programs.
The UST program continues to provide technical assistance to tribal governments
and tribal tank owners/operators in the Western Regions.
Preparation for the 1998 tank system upgrading deadline is beginning in
1994. Outreach materials are being developed for tank owners and operators to
encourage voluntary compliance, and strategies for promoting early upgrades are
being designed.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $5,655,600 supported by 55 total workyears
for this program, of which $3,232,200 was for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $2,423,400 was for the Abatement, Control, and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1993, EPA continued to focus on high priority areas of the program:
state program approval, streamlining of corrective actions, and leak detection
compliance and enforcement.
rt
The Agency implemented a national program by ensuring that states continued
to work toward meeting the conditions for UST state program approval. The number
of federally-approved state programs increased as states completed the
legislative and regulatory changes required to meet the Federal objectives for
state program approval, and as the states developed adequate enforcement
authorities and capacity. The Agency continued to assist states in the
development of UST programs that are not yet candidates for approval.
EPA continued to work with states to streamline their corrective action
processes and to identify new technologies and approaches for corrective actions.
Approximately half of the states have undergone some streamlining efforts.
The Agency continued its efforts to develop improved procedures for the
leak detection compliance and enforcement component of the UST program.
I
-------
Expedited methods of enforcement and site inspection procedures were being
emphasized. The UST program continued to provide technical program development
assistance to tribal governments and tribal tank owners/operators, particularly
in the Western Regions.
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Financial Assistance
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995 DECREASE DECREASE
1994 1994 1995 REQ 1995 REQ
VS VS
1994 CE 1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Hazardous Waste
Management Financial
Assistance To States
Abatement Control and $93,050.3 $92.949.7 $92,949.7 $92,949.7 $98,899.7 $5,950.0 $5,950.0
Compliance
TOTAL $93,050.3 $92,949.7 $92,949.7 $92,949.7 $98,899.7 $5,950.0 $5,950.0
Underground Storage
Tanks State Grants
Abatement Control and $9,173.0 $8,994.7 $8,994.7 $8,994.7 $9,794.7 $800.0 $800.0
Compliance
TOTAL $9,173.0 $8,994.7 $8,994.7 $8,994.7 $9^794.7 $800.0 $800.0
TOTAL:
Abatement Control and $102,223.3 $101,944.4 $101,944.4 $101,944.4 $108,694.4 $6,750.0 $6,750.0
Compliance
Financial Assistance TOTAL $102,223.3 $101,944.4 $101,944.4 $101,944.4 $108,694.4 $6,750.0 $6,750.0
9-35
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $108,694,400 for this program from the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This reflects an increase of
$6,750,000 from 1994 levels. The $108,694,400 includes $98,899,700 for hazardous
waste (RCRA) state grants and $9,794,700 for underground storage tank state
grants.
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO STATES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $98,899,700 for this program, all of which
will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This request
includes an increase from 1994 to fund state implementation of the Waste
Minimization and Combustion Strategy, including permitting and compliance
activities. Resources are also allocated for stabilization measures at
corrective action sites.
States have the primary responsibility for implementing the RCRA program.
Funding is provided to assist the states in their continued efforts to develop
legislation and regulations to achieve consistency with the Federal hazardous
waste management program. Increasingly, states manage key hazardous waste
information systems, including the maintenance of baseline and trend data as well
as the management of a national data base of waste generation, management and
capacity information.
In accordance with the program's risk-based approach, resources will be
provided to the states to address environmentally significant, high priority
facilities. Priority will be to maximize risk reduction by focusing on
facilities with the greatest potential for serious environmental contamination.
The importance of increasing capacity for hazardous waste disposal will be
addressed through ongoing efforts to permit new facilities and modify current
operating permits. States are increasing their emphasis on incorporating waste
minimization strategies into the permit process. The states will also continue
to review and approve closure plans for land disposal, combustion, and storage
and treatment facilities; and process appeals to permit decisions as they arise.
EPA will work with states to ensure environmental justice issues are addressed
in their programs.
The States will continue to be responsible for a majority of the mandated
inspection and enforcement work. Inspections will emphasize compliance with
facility-specific permit requirements. The States, in conjunction with the
Agency, will continue to inspect all Federal treatment, storage, and disposal
facilities and will emphasize facility-specific permit requirements.
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EPA will continue to support and provide incentives for States to become
authorized for corrective action. The States will continue to conduct oversight
of long-term cleanup at facilities with the highest environmental priority and
greatest risk of non-compliance.
In coordination with the Agency, the States will conduct stabilization
activities at corrective action facilities where appropriate. States will help
alleviate the backlog of facilities awaiting implementation measures by
initiating stabilization at appropriate facilities. As in the Agency, State
emphasis will be on implementing and sustaining stabilization measures at the
maximum number of facilities rather than moving facilities through the pipeline
to final remediation. The States will continue to direct resources towards
community relations activities, increasing public awareness and involvement. For
facilities outside the RCRA system, EPA will encourage States to develop
voluntary cleanup programs.
The States will participate, to the extent possible, in the Agency's
enforcement targeting efforts by focusing on specific handler types and
industries to leverage resources to the fullest extent possible. In 1995,
resources will continue to be targeted at generators with the greatest pollution
prevention potential as well as facilities that are in non-compliance with
corrective action orders and permit conditions. Increased efforts will be made
towards waste combustion management. States will elevate the priority of certain
geographic areas to reflect their environmental significance and/or derived
environmental benefits. Targeted geographic areas include: the Gulf of Mexico,
Mexican Border, and the Chesapeake Bay. The States will conduct a comprehensive
inspection and enforcement program and, where necessary, ensure that remediation
activities required of handlers in the high-risk geographic areas are carried out
according to the order or permit requirements.
States will assess and reduce health and ecological risks to urban
population through increased use of RCRA authorities and increased community
outreach with an emphasis on disadvantaged urban populations. Increased multi-
media inspections will be conducted in identified urban areas. Targeted
geographic areas of concern include a regional initiative in urban areas.
The RCRA Enforcement program supports the consideration of environmental
justice in setting enforcement priorities, targeting enforcement actions, and
also encouraging the regulated community to address environmental justice in the
settlement of enforcement cases.
Beginning in 1994 the Agency will emphasize the importance and priority of
permitting hazardous waste combustion facilities for both Regions and States.
The Combustion Strategy calls for all existing interim status hazardous waste
incinerators and Boilers and Industrial Furnaces (BIFs) to be brought under EPA's
permitting standards.
The implementation of NAFTA and the US-Mexican Integrated Border Plan will
be supported through increased inspections and enforcement activities in
cooperation with the Mexican Secretariat of Social Development (SEDESOL) and US
and Mexican customs. Activities include continued implementation of a strategy
to locate inactive and abandoned sites within the border area, continued
9-37
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development of a binational database allowing for the sharing of manifest data,
technical transfer visits to Mexican border area facilities, and increased
training for US Customs agents.
The Agency will increase its presence at commercial combustion facilities.
Support will be provided for a more aggressive enforcement program including
annual inspections at all combustion facilities. In conjunction with the Agency,
states will work towards providing "around the clock" monitoring of commercial
hazardous waste incinerators and commercial BIFs through an on-site enforcement
official or as appropriate, a computerized monitoring system.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $92,949,700 for this program, all of
which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1994, the Agency continues to assist states in their continued efforts
to develop legislation and regulations necessary to achieve equivalence with the
Federal hazardous waste management program. Most states are authorized for the
base RCRA program and will continue to develop the capability to adopt corrective
action and other provisions of HSWA.
The Regions continue to work with states to address environmentally
significant facilities. Resources are provided for states to process post-
closure permits for land disposal facilities in order to ensure effective
monitoring, and to address potential contamination at these facilities.
Resources are provided for the states to maintain hazardous waste storage and
disposal capacity by permitting environmentally sound new facilities. The states
are processing modifications to operating permits, which need revisions due to
changes in facility processes, facility expansions, and the need to incorporate
corrective action provisions as warranted. Resources are also provided to
perform stepped up levels of permit reviews, modifications, and post-closure
permits at facilities in the Gulf of Mexico region. The states continue to
review and approve closure plans for incinerators and storage and treatment
facilities, and process appeals to permit decisions, as necessary.
In 1994, the states are conducting compliance monitoring inspections,
taking enforcement actions and requiring corrective action in high-risk areas of
long standing Agency concern. These areas include the Gulf of Mexico, the
Chesapeake Bay, Puget Sound and the Caribbean. The states also continue to
conduct enhanced levels of enforcement and corrective action activities at
facilities within the Great Lakes Basin.
The program leverages its resources by targeting its activities. In 1994,
the Agency is emphasizing identifying and taking enforcement actions against
those facilities with the greatest potential to have concrete pollution
prevention conditions included in settlement agreements and those with the
greatest multi-media impact. The program also focuses on identifying and taking
enforcement actions against those facilities in non-compliance with corrective
action or other permit conditions.
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Many facilities have been assessed and prioritized for corrective action.
•The states continue to conduct stabilization activities as well as make final
remedy selections. The states target their corrective action resources so that
facilities that are the most environmentally significant are addressed first.
Information management resource continues to fund national implementation
of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Information System (RCRIS), the
hazardous waste data management system that is greatly expanding the states' and
EPA's ability to input and retrieve information critical to successful program
management. In 1994, the Agency will implement efforts to ensure comprehensive
state input into ongoing improvements and modifications to RCRIS.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $93,050,300 for this program, all
of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The states proposed legislation and upgraded regulations to achieve
equivalence with the Federal hazardous waste management program, and applied to
EPA for authorization to administer the program.
Permitting efforts were directed toward environmentally significant closed
land disposal and combustion facilities, processing modifications to existing
permits, and incorporating pollution prevention conditions into permits where
appropriate. The program continued to call in permit applications from interim
status boiler and industrial furnace facilities and make progress on incinerator
permits.
The states conducted approximately 95% of the compliance monitoring
inspections performed, with emphasis on conducting-Hmspections of new RCRA
handlers and facilities entering the regulated community as a result of new rules
and listings. The new rules and listings included the organic toxicity
characteristic and wood preserving listings. In addition, the states within the
Great Lakes Basin conducted intensified levels of inspections and initiated
enforcement and corrective action as appropriate.
The Agency and the states implemented an integrated enforcement/pollution
prevention program which included: 1) inspections of targeted groups of
generators; 2) searches for facilities operating illegally outside the RCRA
system; and 3) incorporation of pollution prevention conditions in enforcement
settlements where appropriate.
The states continued to emphasize completing facility assessments and
prioritizing facilities for corrective action. Long-term corrective measures
were continued at facilities where they were already imposed, with the program
focused on addressing those facilities posing the most significant threat to
human health and the environment first.
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UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS GRANTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $9,794,700 for this program, all of which
is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an
increase of $800,000 to be devoted to piloting projects in alternative compliance
mechanisms in state enforcement programs.
These resources will be given to state and territorial programs to provide
a base level of funding for core program activities. These activities include
management of notification data, enforcement of leak detection and financial
responsibility requirements, and oversight of tank installations, closures and
corrective actions. States that have not yet applied for state program approval
will also use these funds to work towards the development of adequate authorities
and enforcement capabilities, and to prepare applications.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $8,994,700 for this program, all of
which is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
States are using these funds to build their core program infrastructure.
Core program functions include the development of tracking systems, enforcement
programs (including cleanup oversight), and the development of financial
responsibility mechanisms. States that have not yet applied for state program
approval also use these funds to work towards the development of adequate
authorities and enforcement capabilities, and to prepare applications.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency is obligated a total of $9,173,000 for this program, all of
which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The resources provided states with a base of funding for core program
development activities, such as state program approval. States not yet ready to
seek program approval are continuing to develop and update their legislative and
regulatory standards, including technical standards, leak detection, financial
responsibility, and corrective action requirements. Additionally, states
continue to work on achieving compliance with tank closure, installation, leak
detection, and pressurized piping requirements.
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Waste Management Strategies Implementation
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995 DECREASE DECREASE
1994 1994 1995 REQ 1995 REQ
VS VS
1994 CE 1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Hazardous Waste
Management Regulatory
Strategies
Implementation
Program & Research $23,557.0 $25,321.6 $25,084.5 $23,820.6 $26,599.5 $2,778.9 $1,277.9
Operations
Abatement Control and $10,365.7 $13,592.7 $12,605.2 $11,217.0 $14,992.7 $3,775.7 $1,400.0
Compliance
Program & Research
operation - Flood
TOTAL $33,922.7 $38,914.3 $37,689.7 $35,037.6 $41,592.2 $6,554.6 $2,677.9
TOTAL:
Program & Research $23,557.0 $25,321.6 $25,084.5 $23,820.6 $26,599.5 $2,778.9 $1,277.9
Operations
Abatement Control and $10,365.7 $13,592.7 $12,605.2 $11,217.0 $14,992.7 $3,755.7 $1,400.0
Compliance
Waste Management TOTAL $33,922.7 $38,914.3 $37,689.7 $35,037.6 $41,592.2 $6,554.6 $2,677.9
Strategies
Implementation
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Hazardous Waste 379.1 413.7 413.7 405.6 407.3 1.7 -6.4
Management Regulatory
Strategies
Implementation
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 379.1 413.7 413.7 405.6 407.3 1.7 -6.4
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Hazardous Waste 410.5 413.7 413.7 405.6 407.3 1.7 -6.4
Management Regulatory
Strategies
Implementation
TOTAL WORKYEARS 410.5 413.7 413.7 405.6 407.3 1.7 -6.4
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTATION
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $41,592,200 supported by 407.3 total
workyears for 1995, an increase of $6,554,600 and 1.7 workyears from 1994. Of
the request, $26,599,500 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $14,992,700 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $41,592,200 and 407.3 total workyears for
this program, of which $26,599,500 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $14,992,700 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $2,778,900 for the
Program and Research Operations appropriation, $3,775,700 for Abatement, Control
and Compliance and an increase of 1.7 total workyears from 1994. The increase
in Abatement, Control and Compliance supports Agency efforts to develop and
implement the Waste Combustion Strategy, reform RCRA regulations and standards,
and continue work on the Waste Isolation Pilot Project.
Increased funding will be targeted at the implementation of the Waste
Combustion strategy. Work will continue on enhanced risk assessment and
permitting of boilers and industrial furnaces and hazardous waste incinerators
in interim status. Waste minimization will be emphasized in all permitting
activities. Regions will place increased attention on early and significant
public involvement in permits, especially in the combustion area.
Permitting activities will continue to focus on high risk facilities as the
most effective means to protect human health and the environment. Resources are
provided for the Regions to work with States to ensure hazardous waste treatment
and disposal capacity. The Regions will coordinate closely with authorized States
in permitting priority storage and treatment facilities as well as land disposal
facilities needing operating or post-closure permits.
Regional efforts to implement state programs will continue. Shared
implementation serves to build State capability and supports the transition to
full State authorization. In addition to continuing emphasis on reviewing and
approving closure plans for hazardous waste facilities, the Regions will process
appeals to permit decisions and will coordinate closely with the States on
complex cases and new regulatory provisions. Support will continue to be
provided to augment Superfund resources targeted for oversight and coordination
of the States' development and maintenance of Capacity Assurance Plans, as
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required by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA).
Accountability issues are addressed through continued emphasis on enhanced
information systems as tools for decision-making and program monitoring.
The Regions will continue municipal solid waste (Subtitle D) activities to
address issues of increasing national concern. Resources will be provided to
support existing recycling and source reduction programs through targeted
technical assistance, the development of viable recycling market models, and
enhancements to the Federal sector recycling and source reduction programs.
Special attention will be given to developing recycling market infrastructure in
tandem with local communities and sharing source reduction strategies that result
in real cost savings to businesses.
Program activities will continue to address the need for environmentally
protective oil and gas exploration and production and mining practices by
assisting State efforts to develop environmental guidelines. State capabilities
will be developed through training programs, and Regions will continue outreach
and technology transfer projects in the areas of waste minimization and
management.
Additional funding will also be used to implement strategies for enhancing
efficiency and incorporating risk and desirable environmental goals into RCRA
regulations and standards. The implementation phase will involve outreach to
industry as well as training for Regional staff. The new framework will increase
incentives to recycle hazardous wastes.
Significant efforts will be made on the continued implementation of the
Waste Isolation Pilot Project (WIPP). Increased resources in 1995 will focus
primarily on activities at the WIPP facility to ensure compliance with applicable
environmental laws.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $35,037,600 and 405.6 total
workyears for this program, of which $23,820,600 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $11,217,000 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
EPA Regional offices are working with states to address facilities in a
manner consistent with the implementation of the RCRA strategic management
framework, and its emphasis on addressing facilities based on risk ranking. The
program's priority ranking of facilities is largely complete in 1994 with the
remaining lower priority facilities being ranked through 1996. The program
continues to call in permit applications from interim status boiler and
industrial furnace facilities and work on incinerator permits. Consistent with
the Combustion Strategy, implementation will place a high priority on issuing or
revising permits for combustion facilities.
The Regions are assisting states and Indian tribes as they revise statutes
and regulations in accordance with the new national Subtitle D criteria, and are
reviewing State program revision packages. The Regions are also providing
technical and financial support to states and other eligible organizations, such
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as municipalities and universities, that are interested in pursuing unique
projects that will support recycling and source reduction goals.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $33,922,700 supported by 410.5
total workyears for this program, of which $23,557,000 was from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $10,365,700 was from the Abatement Control
and Compliance appropriation.
Permitting efforts focused on ensuring adequate post-closure care of land
disposal facilities, as well as processing environmentally significant storage
and treatment facility permits. The Regions processed those portions of permits
for which states were not yet authorized, and provided technical oversight of
state work. The Regions bolstered state capability by providing assistance with
state regulatory and legislative development. This provided a framework for
ensuring national program consistency and will ultimately allow states to run the
hazardous waste program independently. The Regions worked with states and other
organizations, through technical and financial assistance, to implement the
recommendations of the Agency's solid waste Agenda for Action, which calls for
a national program to minimize the generation of solid waste and promote
recycling where economically feasible.
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Office of Solid Watse and Emergency Response - Title III
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Emergency Planning
Community Right To Know
Program & Research $3,620.2 $3,638.1 $3,615.2 $3,656.0 $3,898.0 $242.0 $259.9
Operations
Abatement Control and $5,455.0 $6,261.0 $5,923.0 $5,599.6 $6,224.6 $625.0 -$36.4
Compliance
Program & Research
operation - Flood
TOTAL $9,075.2 $9,899.1 $9,538.2 $9,255.6 $10,122.6 $867.0 $223.5
TOTAL:
Program & Research $3,620.2 $3,638.1 $3,615.2 $3,656.0 $3,898.0 $242.0 $259.9
Operations
Abatement Control and $5,455.0 $6,261.0 $5,923.0 $5,599.6 $6,224.6 $625.0 -$36.4
Compliance
Office of Solid Waste TOTAL $9,075.2 $9,899.1 $9,538.2 $9,255.6 $10,122.6 $867.0 $223.5
& Emergency Response
- Title III
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Emergency Planning 51.5 58.8 58.8 58.2 59.3 1.1
Community Right To Know
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 51.5 58.8 58.8 58.2 59.3 1.1
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Emergency Planning 55.4 58.8 58.8 58.2 59.3 1.1
Community Right To Know
TOTAL WORKYEARS 55.4 58.8 58.8 58.2 59.3 1.1
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
EMERGENCY PLANNING/COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW ACT - TITLE III
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $10,122,600 supported by 59.3 total
workyears for 1995. Of the request, $3,898,000 will be for the Program Research
and Operations appropriation and $6,224,600 will be for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation. This reflects an increase of $242,000 in the
Program Research and Operations appropriation, $625,000 in the Abatement Control
and Compliance appropriation and 1.1 work years from 1994 which will assist the
states with implementation of the Clean Air Act requirements.
EMERGENCY PLANNING/COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW ACT - TITLE III
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $10,122,600 and 59.3 total workyears for
this program, of which $3,898,000 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $6,224,600 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $242,000 for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, $625,000 for Abatement, Control and Compliance
and an increase of 1.1 total workyears from 1994. As a result of the current
reorganization of enforcement resources, a number of changes have been proposed
to the enforcement function. The Headquarters resources for the Title III
Community Right-to-Know enforcement program can now be found in Multimedia.
In 1995, the program will focus on implementing recommendations from the
Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPC) effectiveness initiative begun in 1994
to assess problems LEPCs are having with Title III implementation. EPA will
develop methods and strategies to improve the State Emergency Response Commission
(SERC)/LEPC infrastructure, which may require: creating new, or improving
existing databases to utilize facility reporting information; developing tools
to improve the link between SERCs and LEPCs; incorporating initiative
recommendations into the Title III grant program criteria; developing guidance
for LEPCs on Clean Air Act accidental release provisions, and helping state and
local entities design chemical release prevention programs.
EPA will also continue to implement the Title III grant program to assist
states in meeting their emergency planning and prevention objectives. Efforts
will concentrate on assisting areas of the country that are most vulnerable to
chemical accidents. Special attention will be directed to urban centers along
the Mexican border. EPA will assist Border States and local governments with
projects to implement NAFTA environmental agreements on contingency planning.
Title III enforcement activities will seek to ensure consistent application
of penalty policy provisions in Regional enforcement actions. The Agency will
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work to develop EPCRA-specific facility inspection capabilities and integrate
these capabilities into Agency multi-media inspection and enforcement
initiatives. EPA will continue to develop innovative case settlement tools to
support SERC/LEPC operations.
In the international area, EPA will continue to implement the Rio
declaration by assisting other countries with preventing and preparing for
environmental emergencies. These efforts will include: integrating community
right-to-know principles into chemical management programs with Mexico, Canada,
Eastern Europe and developing countries; technical assistance to the Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the United Nations
Environment Program (UNEP) to develop chemical accident prevention, preparedness
and response programs; and enhancing EPA's capacity to assist in international
environmental emergencies.
Under the Clean Air Act, States are to submit their accidental release
programs for review and approval by EPA. In 1995 EPA will assist states in
drafting legislation, developing regulations and building the state program
infrastructure. In addition, the Agency will develop and conduct workshops to
help businesses meet the requirements of the accidental release prevention
program, and the Agency will provide technical assistance to small business,
industry and professional groups involved in chemical accident prevention. EPA
will begin developing the infrastructure to implement accidental release programs
in any state which elects not to implement the program.
In addition, the Agency will begin to incorporate the recommendations of the
Reports to Congress on hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen sulfide, as well as
continue to support research and data gathering in relation to chemical accident
prevention. EPA will continue to develop integrated information management
systems for the accidental release prevention program and other preparedness and
prevention programs. EPA will also support the Chemical Safety and Hazard
Investigation Board accident investigations and provide analysis of Board
recommendations.
1994 PROGRAM
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The
Headquarters enforcement resources for the Title III Community Right-to-Know
program can now be found in Multimedia.
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $9,255,600 supported by 58.2
total workyears, of which $3,656,000 is from the Program Research and Operations
appropriation and $5,599,600 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
Current program efforts are devoted to developing approaches for assessing
the relative risk and vulnerability of chemical accidents in high risk areas.
EPA is assisting states in targeting specific industries, facilities and
chemicals that pose substantial risks. In 1994, EPA is also providing grant
assistance to state and local governments to develop projects to build their
accident prevention, preparedness and response capabilities. Special
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consideration will be given to areas with a high concentration of chemical
facilities, as well as those areas in the midwest affected by the flood.
In addition to the focus on high risk areas, the Agency has begun an effort
to improve the effectiveness of the SERC/LEPC infrastructure. Areas under
examination include: the extent to which LEPCs are meeting statutory
requirements, types of technical assistance and guidance that are most useful,
information management systems in use and requirements for linkage to state and
Federal systems; and LEPC training needs.
The 1994 Title III enforcement program emphasizes enforcement actions
against facilities in specific industries which present significant risks to
human health and the environment. The Agency is also focusing on methods to
coordinate the integration of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to Know
Act (EPCRA) enforcement resources into multi-media enforcement initiatives. In
addition, EPA field offices are developing and implementing the use of innovative
settlement agreements which provide mechanisms to support SERCs and LEPCs and
increase their involvement in EPCRA enforcement and compliance initiatives.
Internationally, EPA continues to implement the Rio Conference Agenda 21
activities to assist developing countries in building chemical emergency
programs. In 1994, the Agency will continue to strengthen border emergency
planning with Mexico and Canada. The Agency will also continue working through
the OECD and UNEP to provide assistance- to Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth
of Independent States in developing chemical accident policies, guidance and
training in the areas of accident prevention and emergency planning. Workshops
have been held or are scheduled in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Asia.
EPA will complete the development of the Clean Air Act (CAA) Accidental
Release Prevention program in 1994. The list of regulated substances and the
risk management program rules will be finalized and technical guidance to
industry for compliance with section 112(r) will be completed. The program has
reported to Congress on the hazards and risks associated with hydrofluoric acid
and the release of hydrogen sulfide and is developing industry and chemical
specific technical guidance to prevent accidents at high-risk facilities.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated $9,075,200 supported by 55.4 workyears, of
which $3,620,200 is from the Program Research and Operations appropriation and
$5,455,000 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1993, EPA began direct funding to States and Indian Tribes to develop
emergency planning and community-right-to-know projects. Taking into
consideration chemical risk and environmental equity, the Agency awarded a total
of 26 projects to States and Tribes for projects such as, improvement of
preparedness planning in high risk and border areas, information management and
integration of chemical accident prevention with the SARA Title III program.
The Agency also developed new publications to assist State, local and
Tribal officials in carrying out their emergency preparedness programs. EPA made
available enhancements to the Computer Aided Management of Emergency Operations
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(CAMEO) system to enable emergency response personnel to better use and integrate
information they receive from Title III reporting facilities. In addition, EPA
completed development of a software program that displays demographic and
economic information, as well as the location of hazardous materials for quick
identification by emergency responders and planners.
In 1993, the Agency significantly increased its enforcement activity under
EPCRA/CERCLA section 103. EPA filed 100 administrative cases with proposed
penalties in excess of $7 million. Forty eight actions were successfully
completed with final penalties resulting in more than $1 million.
Under the Clean Air Act Accidental Release Provisions. EPA proposed a
regulation to establish a list of regulated substances that could cause death,
injury or other serious adverse effects to human health or environment.
In the international area, EPA provided funding assistance to states along
the Canadian and Mexican borders to improve preparedness and emergency planning
for transboundary accidents. The Agency continued the development of accident
preparedness and prevention programs with OECD and UNEP to enhance capabilities
of developing countries, Eastern Europe and newly independent states.
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Hazardous Waste Enforcement
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995 DECREASE DECREASE
1994 1994 1995 REQ 1995 REQ
VS VS
1994 CE 1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Hazardous Waste
Enforcement
Program & Research $31,876.7 $33,943.2 $33,482.3 $29,671.9 $31,111.4 $1,439.5 -$2,831.8
Operations
Abatement Control and $26,129.8 $31,012.4 $26,913.4 $20.980.3 $27,432.5 $6,452.2 -$3,579.9
Compliance
Program & Research
operation - Flood
TOTAL $58,006.5 $64,955.6 $60,395.7 $50,652.2 $58,543.9 $7,891.7 -$6,411.7
TOTAL:
Program & Research $31,876.7 $33,943.2 $33,482.3 $29,671.9 $31,111.4 $1,439.5 -$2,831.8
Operations
Abatement Control and $26,129.8 $31,012.4 $26,913.4 $20,980.3 $27,432.5 $6,452.2 -$3,579.9
Compliance
Hazardous Waste TOTAL $58,006.5 $64,955.6 $60,395.7 $50,652.2 $58,543.9
Enforcement
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Hazardous Waste 534.5 585.4 585.4 516.8 508.2
Enforcement
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 534.5 585.4 585.4 516.8 508.2
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Hazardous Waste 557.8 585.4 585.4 516.8 508.2
Enforcement
$7,891.7 -$6,411.7
-8.6 -77.2
-8.6 -77.2
-8.6 -77.2
TOTAL WORKYEARS 557.8 585.4 585.4 516.8 508.2 -8.6 -77.2
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
HAZARDOUS WASTE ENFORCEMENT
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency allocated a total of $58,543,900 supported by 508.2 total
workyears of which $31,111,400 is for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $27,432,500 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,439,500 for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, and $6,452,200 for Abatement, Control, and
Compliance, and a decrease of 8.6 workyears. The increase in Abatement, Control,
and Compliance is due to the increases in the combustion enforcement and
corrective action stabilization areas. The increase in Program and Research
Operations is attributable to full funding of the workforce, including locality
pay adjustments. The decrease in workyears is related to the overall reduction
in the Federal workforce.
HAZARDOUS WASTE ENFORCEMENT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $58,543,900 and 508.2 total workyears for
this program, of which $31,111,400 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $27,432,500 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,439,500 for the
Program and Research Operations appropriation, $6,452,200 for Abatement, Control
and Compliance and an decrease of 8.6 total workyears from 1994. As a result of
the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a number of changes have
been proposed to the enforcement function. The Headquarters enforcement
resources for Hazardous Waste Enforcement can now be found in Multimedia.
In support of the Agency's waste combustion strategy, attention will
continue to be focused on the compliance status of combustion facilities. The
Agency, in conjunction with the States, will continue to enhance inspection and
enforcement at hazardous waste incinerators and boilers and industrial furnaces
burning hazardous wastes.
With regard to corrective action, the emphasis on assessments in prior
years has created a backlog of facilities awaiting stabilization. In 1995, a
shift of resources from long-term remediation to stabilization actions will
address these immediate threats first. The emphasis will be on initiating and
attaining stabilization at appropriate high-risk facilities.
Compliance monitoring and enforcement actions will continue against those
handlers and non-notifiers presenting the greatest threat to human health and the
environment. Handlers in significant non-compliance will be addressed by
administrative or judicial enforcement actions. Federal, State, and local
facilities that store, treat, and/or dispose of hazardous waste will continue to
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be inspected either by authorized States or the Agency as required by HSWA and
the Federal Facilities Compliance Act. Inspections of commercial land disposal
and treatment facilities continue to be conducted twice per year to ensure
compliance with the Superfund Off-Site Rule. In unauthorized States the 'Agency
will bring enforcement actions for violations of HSWA provisions.
Federal compliance monitoring and enforcement will be used to enhance and
complement State efforts as the States continue to assume the responsibility for
the bulk of the mandated inspection and enforcement work. Oversight inspections
will be conducted as appropriate and assistance will be given to improve State
program capability.
Promotion of effective working relationships with facility owners/operators
will continue in order to determine the nature and extent of contamination and
to develop corrective action alternatives that are protective of human health and
the environment while minimizing the financial responsibility of the Federal
government for remediation. Resources will continue to be directed to community
relations activities to ensure sufficient public awareness and involvement in
this process.
The Agency will continue to provide the States the needed technical
enforcement assistance and training they require. The Agency will also support
the States in their increased corrective action oversight responsibilities. In
concert with the States, the Agency will conduct inspections at newly regulated
handlers and non-notifiers as appropriate. The program will continue to support
on-going remedy selection and clean-up for high priority facilities.
Monitoring of State progress will continue through program evaluation. The
Agency will continue to support the States as they strive towards achieving HSWA
authorization.
EPA will assist Tribes in building their own capability to enforce Subtitle
D regulations on Indian Lands. At permitted facilities, EPA will also be
prepared to take action upon discovery of serious waste related environmental
problems.
The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 mandate that EPA monitor
the activities of importers/exporters of hazardous waste. The level of activity
has grown as the number of export and import notifications continues to increase.
Also, new international agreements such as the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD),
and Basel agreements have increased EPA's export/import responsibilities.
Enforcement activities will be further reinforced through training efforts with
U.S. and Mexican Customs, US Coast Guard, Department of Transportation and EPA
Regional Offices. In implementing the NAFTA agreement, resources will be
directed towards transfer of technology and information in cooperation with the
Mexican government.
The program will continue to implement an integrated RCRA enforcement
Pollution Prevention Strategy which includes the development of a RCRA-specific
policy on incorporating pollution prevention provisions in enforcement
settlements. In 1995, resources will continue to focus on generators with the
greatest pollution prevention potential as well as facilities that are in non-
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compliance with corrective action orders and permit conditions. Pollution
prevention conditions will be integrated into enforcement settlements and
agreements.
As part of the Agency's efforts to improve contracts management, a
specially designed training program will be provided to Regional managers.
Contracts management support will continue to ensure strict compliance with
contracting regulations.
1994 PROGRAM
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The
Headquarters enforcement resources for Hazardous Waste Enforcement can now be
found in Multimedia.
The Agency allocated a total of $50,652,200 supported by 516.8 total
workyears of which $29,671,900 is for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $20,980,300 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1994, the program is placing increased emphasis on conducting compliance
monitoring, taking enforcement actions, and requiring corrective action in high-
risk geographic areas of long standing Agency concern. These areas include the
Gulf of Mexico, the Chesapeake Bay, Puget Sound, and the Caribbean. The Agency
will also continue to conduct enforcement and corrective action at facilities
within the Great Lakes Basin.
The program continues to leverage its resources by targeting its compliance
monitoring and enforcement activities. In 1994, the program focuses on
identifying and taking enforcement actions against facilities in non-compliance
with corrective action orders, permit conditions or closure requirements. The
Agency will focus on identifying and taking enforcement action against those
facilities with the greatest potential to have concrete pollution prevention
conditions included in settlement agreements and against those with the greatest
multi-media impact.
Assessment and prioritization of facilities not characterized for
corrective action continues in 1994. The Agency continues to emphasize site
stabilization activities and final remedy selections and implementation. In
keeping with Agency policy, corrective action resources are focused on addressing
first those facilities that are most environmentally significant.
In 1994, the Agency is, in coordination with Mexican officials, finalizing
and implementing the Integrated Border Plan as well as increasing levels of
training for United States and Mexican Customs officials. The development of an
import/export database for tracking waste movement across the border is underway.
In addition, the program in planning for the implementation of OECD and Basel
waste export agreements.
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The Agency is continuing its basic and advanced training program for
inspectors and enforcement officials, emphasizing Boilers and Industrial Furnaces
(BIFs), groundwater monitoring and the civil penalty policy.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $58,006,500 supported by 557.8
total workyears, of which $31,876,700 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $26,129,800 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Agency completed the bulk of the facility assessments and implemented
the national corrective action prioritization criteria to ensure that facilities
posing the greatest risks to the environment and human health are addressed
first. The Agency continued to implement its corrective action stabilization
strategy to ensure that immediate threats were addressed in a timely fashion.
Long-term corrective measures continued at facilities where they were already
imposed, but the Agency's focus shifted to emphasis on addressing immediate
threats quickly.
The Agency continued to inspect new RCRA handlers resulting from recent new
listings and rules to ensure that a strong message was sent to potential
violators that the new regulations were being vigorously enforced. The new rules
and listings include the organic toxicity characteristic and hazardous waste fuel
rules, as well as the used oil and wood preserving listings.
The Agency implemented its integrated RCRA enforcement pollution prevention
program which included conducting targeted inspections of generators and
initiating searches for facilities operating illegally outside the RCRA system.
Where possible enforcement settlements resulting from violations included
pollution prevention conditions.
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Inspector Training
Institute provided training to ensure a consistent quality inspection program.
New training modules included topics such as the air emissions rule and
incinerator regulations. The program continued to utilize its new interactive
video on land disposal restrictions.
Congressional Directives: A total of $1,000,000 was for the Congressionally
directed study of the Fresh Kills landfills.
9-55
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
MULTIMEDIA 10-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Multimedia Research 10-9
Multimedia Research 10-13
Headquarters Expenses 10-33
Lab & Field Expenses 10-35
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Environmental Review and Coordination 10-37
Cooperative Environmental Management 10-43
Academic Training Grants 10-46
Regional Multimedia Programs 10-48
Analytical Environmental Services 10-51
Environmental Education Program 10-54
Border Environmental Activities 10-57
Pollution Prevention Activities 10-60
Office of Pollution Prevention 10-61
Pollution Prevention State Grants 10-62
Pollution Prevention Projects 10-63
ENFORCEMENT
Enforcement Policy and Technical Support 10-65
Enforcement Policy and Operations 10-69
Criminal Enforcement Program 10-71
Technical Support 10-76
Federal Facilities Enforcement 10-79
Sector and Multimedia Compliance 10-83
Regulatory Enforcement 10-87
Enforcement Capacity and Outreach 10-91
Hazardous Waste-Site Remediation Enforcement 10-93
Pesticides Enforcement Grants 10-95
Toxic Substances Enforcement Grants 10-96
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APPROPRIATION
MULTIMEDIA
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
Reimbursements
Oil Spills Trust Fund
TOTAL, Multimedia
$66,760.5 $74,339.1 $74,342.3 $94,558.0 $112,023.6 $17,465.6 $37,684.5
$38,632.6 $51,427.2 $60,812.1 $80,820.8 $110,092.8 $29,272.0 $58,665.6
$148,929.4 $196,243.3 $186,132.3 $186,132.3 $237,235.7 $51,103.4 $40,992.4
$214.5
$254,537.0 $322,009.6 $321,286.7 $361,511.1 $459,352.1 $97,841.0 $137,342.5
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
OUTLAYS
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS
927.6
977.1
1,094.9
1,094.9
1,094.9
1,094.9
1,384.3
1,384.3
1,518.8
1,518.8
134.5
134.5
423.9
423.9
$218,772.3 $315,994.4 $322,514.0 $362,170.6 $437,278.5 $75,107.9 $121,284.1
All authorization except for Research and Development is by virtue of the
Appropriation Act. The Environmental Research, Development and Demonstration Act
expired September 30, 1981. Reauthoriration is pending.
10-1
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MULTIMEDIA
DIFFERENCE
CKCi.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
LUKKCN 1
ESTIMATE
1994
ENACTED VS
PRES. BUD
EST.
PRES.
VS
BUD
EST. VS
ENACTED
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
APPROPRIATION
Program & Research $74,339.1 $74,342.3 $94,558.0 $3.2 $20,218.9 $20,215.7
Operations
Abatement Control and $51,427.2 $60,812.1 $80,820.8 $9,384.9 $29,393.6 $20,008.7
Compliance
Research & Development $196,243.3 $186,132.3 $186,132.3 -$10,111.0 -$10,111.0
Reimbursements
Oil Spills Trust Fund
TOTAL, Multimedia $322,009.6 $321,286.7 $361,511.1 -$722.9 $39,501.5 $40,224.4
PERMANENT UORKYEARS 1,094.9 1,094.9 1,384.3 289.4 289.4
TOTAL UORKYEARS 1,094.9 1,094.9 1,384.3 289.4 289.4
The following list provides the major reasons that the resources devoted to this media have changed from
OECA's FY 1994 President's Budget to the FY 1994 Current Estimate.
PROGRAM AND RESEARCH OPERATIONS
o The largest increases reflect the reorganization of the Agency's enforcement resources. Other
increases include a Congressional add-on, and resources redirected to the Office of Criminal
Enforcement, NEIC, and the Regional Counsels to support the continued implementation of the
Pollution Prosecution Act. The increases were offset by several reductions that were taken
to support other Agencywide priorities and the President's effort to streamline the Federal
workforce.
o The Congressionally-mandated reduction to the PRO account
ABATEMENT CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE
o The largest increases reflect the reorganization of the Agency's enforcement resources. The
single largest increases include the Pesticides and Toxic Substances Enforcement State Grants.
Other increases include several Congressional add-ons, and resources redirected to the Office
of Criminal Enforcement, NEIC, and the Regional Counsels to support the continued
implementation of the Pollution Prosecution Act. The increases were offset by a 14% reduction
that was part of the Congressional reduction and resources redirected to support Agencywide
priorities
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
o Reductions made to meet FY 1994 Congressional Appropriations. Activities reduced include
Ecological Risk Assessment Methods, the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program,
Pollution Prevention, Lead and Other Heavy Metals and Exploratory Grants and Centers.
10-2
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MULTIMEDIA PROGRAM OVERVIEW
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
The Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Multimedia Program consists of
activities that promote an integrated approach to environmental problems and that
provide cross-media support to Agency programs. The Multimedia Program covers
three Agency functional areas. These areas are: 1) the Research and Development
Function, 2) the Abatement and Control Function, and 3) the Enforcement Function.
The Multimedia program narrative reflects the strategic enforcement
reorganization at Headquarters, which is being proposed for approval in 1994.
Program descriptions do not reflect any increase in workyears that may result
from the 900 additional workyears that EPA received for contractor conversion.
Contractor conversion workyears designated for research and development
activities will be used primarily for mid-level and junior scientists, engineer
and technician positions.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FUNCTION
The Multimedia Research Program consists of activities that cross program
and media research boundaries. These activities include: (1) the Ecosystems
Protection program, designed to take an integrated ecological approach, focusing
on ecosystems, rather than single species, single stressor, ecotological
research; this reorganization of a number of previously independent programs will
receive additional resources; (2) programs for the development of methods for
measuring human exposure to environmental pollutants, studies that measure actual
human exposures, and models that predict human exposure; human exposure issues
supporting Mexican border projects will receive an increase in resource levels;
(3) programs that will develop methods for improved health risk assessments; (4)
the development of methods, application and assessment of tools designed to
prevent the generation of pollution; (5) programs designed to stimulate and
facilitate the commercialization of environmental protection and restoration
technologies; additional resources will be used to support the President's
proposed Environmental Technology Initiative (ETI), as well as the Small Business
Innovation Research (SBIR) program; (6) programs designed to provide applied
research and learning opportunities; (7) programs for the transfer of
environmental technology to regions, states, local governments and the
international community; (8) research and assessment activities on lead and other
heavy metals; (9) grants and centers that provide fundamental research upon
which applied environmental research is built; (10) programs and systems to
assure the quality of the Agency's scientific information (Quality Assurance,
High Performance Computing and Communications,HPCC); HPCC is receiving additional
resources; (11) meeting infrastructure needs, including scientific equipment and
inventory, operating expenses, repair and improvement to research facilities, and
management of extramural resources for ongoing research activities. This
activity also includes personnel compensation and travel to support all of ORD's
work-force.
10-3
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ABATEMENT AND CONTROL FUNCTION
The Agency transferred responsibility for coordinating the Pollution
Prevention program to the Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances
(OPPTS) in 1992. Today, the Pollution Prevention program's mission includes the
development of multi-media pollution prevention strategies and their use through
national, Regional, and state environmental programs. Pollution prevention is
the foremost EPA priority and is always the option of first choice in the day-to-
day work of the Agency. This program coordinates the Agency's activities to the
requirements set out in the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990. It includes
pollution prevention incentives to states through the state grants program, and
Regional resources for pollution prevention outreach and technical support.
In 1995 the Agency will continue its efforts to integrate pollution
prevention throughout all existing EPA programs. Furthermore, the Agency will.
empower and strengthen Federal and state programs to incorporate prevention into
their activities. The Agency will continue to manage the Pollution Prevention
Information Clearinghouse (PPIC) and stimulate source reduction through
regulatory activities, as provided under the Pollution Prevention Act.
The grants program, established under the Pollution Prevention Act, will
further develop and strengthen the capacity of the states' pollution prevention
activities. In addition, the state grants program will fund new or replicate
successful innovative pollution reduction projects. The Regional resources will
further the ability of states to use pollution prevention as an option in dealing
with high-risk environmental problems.
In 1995, the Office of International Activities (OIA) will serve as th
focal point for implementation of several of the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) environmental side agreements. Resources will focus on the
coordination of this trilateral cross-media effort with emphasis on the creation
of the North American Commission on Environmental Cooperation (NACEC), as well
as contributing to the Border Environmental Cooperation Commission (BECC).
Activities will include capacity building, assistance to implement environmental
assessment procedures, pollution prevention and control programs, as well as
support expanded scientific and technical collaboration.
/
The Environmental Review and Coordination Program accomplishes statutory
objectives under the authority of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
and Section 309 of the Clean Air Act, and includes three program activities as
well as support for Regional multi-media projects. The NEPA Compliance program
assures EPA's actions comply with the intent of the Act. This includes reviews
that are the functional equivalent for those Agency programs that are not
specifically covered by NEPA. The Environmental Review program ensures that
Federal agencies carry out their activities in an environmentally sound manner
pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act and Section 309 of the Clean
Air Act. The Indian program develops and implements policies to assist tribes
with the development of environmental management programs which are tailored to
individual tribal needs.
10-4
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ENFORCEMENT FUNCTION
The multimedia program reflects the new strategic enforcement organization
for EPA. Headquarters enforcement functions are now being organized under the
Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA) for fiscal years 1994 and
1995 and beyond. Final regional enforcement programs decisions for the OECA
reorganization have not yet been completed: therefore the regional components
remain the same as those included in the FY 1994 President's budget.
The new enforcement framework fundamentally reorients the Agency's
enforcement program by: placing greater emphasis on multi-media, whole facility
approaches to enforcement; addressing compliance problems that pervade certain
sectors of the regulated community; improving the targeting of enforcement
resources, particularly for eco-system protection and geographic initiatives;
and, building the capacity of State, local and tribal enforcement authorities.
The Regulatory Enforcement program provides consistent direction to EPA
enforcement for all non-Superfund media to assure the most effective possible
stewardship of EPA's enforcement responsibilities as they contribute to the
protection of environmental quality. To accomplish this goal, the Regulatory
Enforcement program: 1) develops, implements and monitors enforcement cases and
case initiatives that support EPA's enforcement priorities; 2) establishes
policies and procedural guidelines so that environmental enforcement case actions
are properly selected, prepared and issued; and 3) establishes measures to ensure
that policies and procedures are correctly implemented by the Agency's
Headquarters and Regional Offices and delegated state programs. Additional
Regulatory Enforcement program activities include: 1) providing citizen suit
review and preparing briefs; 2) serving as liaison on enforcement issues with the
Regions, the Department of Justice, Congress and other offices of OECA; 3)
providing assistance and recommendations on legislative proposals; 4) developing
and reviewing Federal and State regulations for enforceability; 5) providing
legal and technical support for appellate enforcement cases brought by the
Federal government; and 6) proposing innovative settlement provisions. The
program also conducts legal case development, litigation and adjudicatory hearing
activities for media specific and multimedia enforcement programs, including
evidence gathering, preparation and management of cases, and referral of cases
to the Department of Justice for litigation.
The Media and Sector Compliance program develops and promotes innovative
compliance and enforcement strategies for use by the Regions and States. The
program develops national enforcement and compliance priorities and defines and
communicates compliance goals for OECA. The Media and Sector Compliance program
will be responsible for the continuum of compliance monitoring activities
undertaken prior to bringing an action against a specific facility. These
activities include: conducting inspections and maintaining data on the
compliance status of facilities subject to federal requirements; establishing the
necessary monitoring and measurement techniques required to determine whether a
facility is in compliance with the law; developing and supporting inspection
policy and guidance; encouraging voluntary compliance through self-auditing; and
providing compliance assistance to the industry.
The Site Remediation Enforcement program will develop enforcement policies
10-5
-------
and guidelines, perform program analyses and evaluations, and develop Region?
and State capabilities to ensure facility implementation of mandate
requirements. The program provides technical enforcement support to the Regions
and States as they implement the use of corrective action interim measures to
stabilize facilities and as they begin more long term remediation activities.
To ensure national consistency in the corrective action program, the Agency will
review remedy selection and implementation for individual facilities. The
technical knowledge gained from implementing the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) as well as Superfund remedies will be used in providing
technical support in remedy selection criteria and the selection process,
guidance on the oversight of owner/operator activities, as well as negotiation
strategies.
The Enforcement Capacity and Outreach program will oversee the development
and implementation of outreach strategies which assure that external groups
understand the Agency's enforcement programs and have an opportunity to
participate in program planning, priority setting and implementation. External
groups include other enforcement authorities at the Federal, state, local, and
tribal levels as well as such other constituents as Congress, environmental
groups, and affiliated associations. The program will also provide environmental
enforcement training for Federal, State, and local environmental enforcement
personnel through the National Enforcement Training Institute as mandated by the
Pollution Prosecution Act of 1990. Additionally, the program will coordinate the
development of a communications, outreach and training program targeted to
communities which are the focus of environmental justice initiatives.
The Federal Facilities Enforcement program's mission is to shape an
oversee the Federal government's environmental management program and complianc
with relevant statutes. The Federal Facilities program encourages innovative
compliance and the expeditious clean up Federal hazardous and radioactive waste
sites. Some of the applicable environmental statutes include the Clean Air Act
(CAA), Clean Water Act (CWA), Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), Safe Drinking
Water Act (SDWA), Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Federal
Facilities Compliance Act (FFCA), and Executive Order 12080.
The Criminal Enforcement program provides a major deterrent to violators
of environmental laws and regulations by demonstrating to the regulated community
that willful statutory violations will be met with harsh sanctions in terms of
both fines and jail sentences. This program works in close cooperation with
state and local environmental crime units, tribal law enforcement components, and
other Federal law enforcement agencies to effectively multiply the visibility and
deterrence of criminal enforcement in the environmental protection arena. Such
deterrence significantly contributes to pollution prevention by creating a
"ripple effect" of voluntary compliance, as members of the regulated community
are faced with criminal penalties and incarceration for violation of
environmental laws.
The National Enforcement Investigations Center (NEIC) provides specialized
technical expertise and forensic laboratory work for all media in support of EPA
civil and criminal enforcement case preparation activities nationwide. NEIC
supports multimedia enforcement via full scale investigations and by assisting
with Regional efforts in this area.
10-6
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Regional legal enforcement program resources will continue responding to
environmental noncompliance with consistent, timely, and effective enforcement
actions. Regional legal resources will be used for administrative enforcement
actions, new and ongoing civil judicial litigation, and continued utilization of
multi-media data for targeting enforcement actions, particularly for ecosystem
and geographic protection and environmental justice cases. Regional legal
enforcement will continue to focus on enforcement activities in support of major
statutory requirements related to CAAA, CWA, RCRA, SDWA, TSCA, FIFRA and PPA.
Pollution prevention and innovative pollution control technology provisions will
also be incorporated into final case settlements.
Consulting Services No consulting services activities are in this program.
10-7
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10-8
-------
MULTIMEDIA
Multimedia Research
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Multimedia Research
Program & Research $14,956.9 $21,368.7 $21,021.5 $21,077.5 $34,779.6 $13,702.1 $13,410.9
Operat i ons
Abatement Control and $4,300.0 $4,300.0 -$4,300.0
Compliance
Research & Development $104,578.0 $141,676.3 $135,565.3 $135,565.3 $182,168.7 $46,603.4 $40,492.4
TOTAL $119,534.9 $163,045.0 $160,886.8 $160,942.8 $216,948.3 $56,005.5 $53,903.3
Headquarters Expenses
Research & Development $4,424.7 $5,402.0 $5,402.0 $5,402.0 $5,402.0
TOTAL $4,424.7 $5,402.0 $5,402.0 $5,402.0 $5,402.0
Lab and Field Expenses
Research & Development $39,926.7 $49,165.0 $45,165.0 $45,165.0 $49,665.0 $4,500.0 $500.0
TOTAL $39,926.7 $49,165.0 $45,165.0 $45,165.0 $49,665.0 $4,500.0 $500.0
TOTAL:
Program & Research $14,956.9 $21,368.7 $21,021.5 $21,077.5 $34,779.6 $13,702.1 $13,410.9
Operations
Abatement Control and $4,300.0 $4.300.0 -$4,300.0
Compliance
Research & Development $148,929.4 $196,243.3 $186,132.3 $186,132.3 $237,235.7 $51,103.4 $40,992.4
Multimedia Research TOTAL $163,886.3 $217,612.0 $211,453.8 $211,509.8 $272,015.3 $60,505.5 $54,403.3
PERMANENT WORKYEARS .
Multimedia Research 187.7 317.9 317.9 312.0 457.2 145.2 139.3
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 187.7 317.9 317.9 312.0 457.2 145.2 139.3
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Multimedia Research 195.4 317.9 317.9 312.0 457.2 145.2 139.3
TOTAL WORKYEARS 195.4 317.9 317.9 312.0 457.2 145.2 139.3
10-9
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MULTIMEDIA
MULTIMEDIA RESEARCH
PRINCIPAL OUTPUTS
1995 o Report on environmentally friendly coatings for the wood furniture
industry in the Environmental Technologies Initiative (ETI) Small
Business Pollution Prevention Program.
o Complete Interim Report on the E-SOx Demonstration in Dorgobuzh,
Russia in the ETI/U.S. Technology for International Environmental
Solutions(TIES) Program.
o Supports five competitive Hazardous Substances Research Centers
(HSRC) and their 25 member universities.
o Report on the development of biologically based dose-response
models for pulmonary toxicity.
o Complete guidance for using and integrating EMAP DATA: Proof of
Concept for Estuaries and Forest Resources.
o Develop guidance for preparation of solids and nonaqueous samples or
inorganic analysis.
o Develop prototype collaborative computing systems for several ai
and water applications.
o Provide seminars on technologies to comply with the Clean Air Act.
o Provide standard reference material for lead-paint contaminated
urban soil and lead contaminated indoor dust.
o Develop and evaluate of field-portable immunoassay kit for heavy
metals in soil.
o Provide preliminary report on the National Human Exposure
Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) Phase I Pilot Studies.
o Complete manual of methodologies for monitoring dietary exposures
in humans.
o Provide carcinogen risk assessment guidelines.
o Report on development of biologically based dose response models
for neurotoxicity.
1994 o Report on application of benchmark dose procedures to
developmental toxicity data.
10-10
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o Complete report on development of homologous models of very early
pregnancy loss in humans.
o Report on the application of benchmark dose procedures to
developmental toxicity data.
o Report on the estimation of parameters for the Integrated Exposure
Biokinetic Uptake (IEBU) wo-stage model of carcinogenesis.
o Provide forest health monitoring annual statistical condition
summary.
o Complete National Research Council reports on Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP)-Estuaries, EMAP Surface
Waters and EMAP Forests.
o Development of method for determination of total cyanide in solid
matrices.
o Completion of laboratory structure study and issuance of final
report.
o Assess the network requirements for extension of the high speed
computer throughout the Agency.
o Provide workshops on life-cycle analysis of industrial products.
o Provide standard reference material of powdered leaded paint.
o Reports on dose-response relationships for lead-induced kidney
cancer and/or associated mechanisms of action.
o Provide symposium for the Initial Report on the National Human
Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) Phase I Pilot Studies.
o Develop preliminary report on the Phase I Rio Grande Valley Exposure
Study.
o Report on methodologies for monitoring and assessing human
exposures via dietary ingestion.
1993 o Completed report on establishing animal models homologous to
humans for neurotoxicity risk assessment.
o Provided reports on hormonal control of ovulation and disruption by
environmental agents.
o Reported on developmental effects and ecological effects of
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.
10-11
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Completed report on establishing animal models homologous r
humans for neurotoxicity.
Provided report on hormonal control of ovulation and disruption by
environmental agents.
Draft survey design completed for the National Human Exposure
Assessment Survey (NHEXAS).
Performed statistical summary on EMAP-estuaries in the Louisianian
province.
Completed report on EMAP-surf ace waters northeast lake pilot report.
Developed method for quantifying mercury in aqueous solution by
anodic stripping voltammetry.
Performed benchmark tests of the Regional Oxidant Model (ROM) on a
low-cost workstation and a massively parallel computer.
Provided seminars on low-cost wastewater collection for small
communities.
Provided manual on nitrogen control in wastewater.
Completed report on "Relationships between Lead Speciation anr
Selection of Removal Technology".
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MULTIMEDIA
MULTIMEDIA RESEARCH
BUDGET REQUEST
1995 BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $216,948,300 and 457.2 total workyears for
1995, an increase of $56,005,500 and 145.2 total workyears from 1994. Of the
request, $34,779,600 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation, and $182,168,700 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents an increase of $13,702,100 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, an increase of $46,603,400 in the Research and
Development appropriation and a decrease of $4,300,000 in the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation. The increase in the Program and Research
Operations appropriation reflects base redirections of workyears to support new
investments in Ecosystems Protection and the President's Environmental
Technologies Initiative (ETI). It also reflects a reallocation of existing
research functions in order to provide greater accuracy in accounting for
planning workforce allocation. The increase in the Research and Development
appropriation reflects new investments and redirections for Ecosystems
Protection, the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS), the US/Mexico
Border project, ETI, National Council on Science and Technology's (formerly
FCCSET) High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC), and for the Small
Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program. Program descriptions do not reflect
any increase in workyears that may result from the 900 additional workyears that
EPA received from contractor conversion. Contractor conversion workyears
designated for research and development activities will be used primarily for
mid-level and junior scientist, engineer and technician positions.
1994 BUDGET
The Agency is allocating a total of $160,942,800 and 312.0 total workyears
for this program element, of which $21,077,500 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation, $135,565,300 is from the Research and Development
appropriation, and $4,300,000 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
1993 BUDGET
The Agency obligated a total of $119,534,900 and 195.4 total workyears for
this program element, of which $14,956,900 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation, and $104,578,000 was from the Research and Development
appropriation.
RESEARCH ISSUES
The sections below describe research program issues by each fiscal
year.
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AQUATIC ECOLOGICAL CRITERIA
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In FY 1995, Aquatic Ecological Criteria will be consolidated and described
in the Ecosystems Protection issue.
1994 PROGRAM
Under Annex 3 of the 1980 United States-Peoples Republic of China (US-PRC)
Environmental Protection Protocol, the Agency is continuing the collaborative
efforts with the PRC. Scientists in the program are studying toxicity testing
methods and bio-monitoring techniques for industrial effluent and determining
mercury criteria in rivers and sediments.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The EPA and PRC scientists and engineers collaborated to study toxicity
testing methods, ocean and coastal aquatic environmental impacts from discharges,
pollutant transport and transformation processes, and other programs.
NONPOINT SOURCES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In 1995, Nonpoint Source Pollution research will be conducted and describe'
as part of the Ecosystems Protection issue.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is continuing a joint research project with the United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA) to develop, evaluate, and demonstrate integrated
farm management systems. EPA is documenting the environmental and ecological
benefits of reducing chemical use, innovative application technologies, selective
geographic placement, and new manure management techniques. Scientists are
integrating this research into the Midwest Agrichemical Surface/Subsurface
Transport and Effects Research (MASTER) project and the USDA's Management Systems
Evaluation Area (MSEA) field programs.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The EPA and the USDA initiated a joint research effort to develop,
evaluate, and demonstrate integrated farm management systems. EPA and the USDA
have designed projects that can reduce excess chemical inputs to farm and
watershed systems while maintaining productivity and profitability. As projects
were implemented, the data on their sustainability was collected by the USDA, and
EPA documented their effectiveness in reducing and preventing pollution within
the agricultural sector.
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ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In 1995, Ecological Risk Assessment Methods research will be conducted and
described as part of the Ecosystems Protection research issue.
1994 PROGRAM
The ecological risk program is conducting research using a watershed
approach. According to EPA's Science Advisory Board (SAB), environmental
problems are emerging which require decisions regarding the management of
watersheds at a regional and basin-wide scale. Scientists are selecting specific
watersheds to study and understand these problems.
Researchers are focusing on ecological risk assessment, using advanced
modeling techniques and development and improvement of ecological risk assessment
methodologies. The research is investigating the cumulative ecological risks
from natural and anthropogenic stresses on watersheds. ORD is selecting and
beginning research on representative watersheds in key ecoregions of the country,
(e.g., the Pacific Northeast and the Atlantic Southeast) to conduct ecological
risk assessments applicable to multiple landscape scales and extrapolation
techniques.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Researchers investigated the use of biochemical, histological and
distributional changes in fish populations as indicators of ecological condition.
This was used in the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program's (EMAP)
surface waters program.
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT PROGRAM
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In 1995, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) research
will be conducted and described in the Ecosystems Protection research issue.
1994 PROGRAM
EMAP is designed to measure and assess the condition of the Nation's
ecological resources and is providing the basis to ascertain associations between
human-induced stresses and ecosystem condition. EMAP is assessing the condition
of ecological resources by using a probabilistic sampling design and ecological
indicators, an approach that facilitates consistent representations of ecological
resources in all regions of the Nation. The Regional EMAP (R-EMAP) program,
which is designed to demonstrate EMAP's utility for resolving issues of Regional,
State, and local importance, is expanding to include all EPA Regions.
EMAP is strengthening the ecological monitoring and assessment research
base by increasing cooperative relationships with university scientists and
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building a core of expertise at the program's scientific center at Resear
Triangle Park, N.C. Research is identifying and refining biological indicator
of ecological conditions and investigating ecological processes that may
facilitate the development of new indicators. The research program has added a
landscape component to its areas of ecological research and is beginning to
explore resource conditions at landscape scales of resolution. EMAP is expanding
research in areas involving cross-program coordination to facilitate national and
multiple ecological resource assessments. These areas of research include
sampling design and statistics, indicator development, information management,
landscape characterization, and assessment.
The Arctic contaminants research program is documenting and evaluating
sources of Arctic contaminants, and their possible food web effects, and is
providing a contaminants baseline in the various ecological media.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD intensified the EMAP research program in response to issues raised in
the program's field demonstrations and pilot studies, and in accordance to
numerous peer-reviewed recommendations, including those in the National Research
Council's Interim Report. All EMAP resource groups increased investments in
priority research projects. Focal studies included experimentation with
alternative sampling designs in EMAP-Estuaries, and the program-wide refinement
of indicators to ensure that those selected are sensitive to ecological changes
induced by anthropogenic stress as opposed to natural variation. EMAP also
lengthened the program's pilot and demonstration periods, which are used for tes'
sampling and analysis, from two to three years. The change will permit a mo
complete exploration of research questions before proceeding to fui_
implementation.
EMAP also invested significant resources in program-wide integration
components. The information management group finalized five-year strategy, while
the Assessment and Reporting team continued development of a prototype integrated
assessment for an inland mega-region and finalized the program's communication
and client strategy.
EMAP continued to expand geographically. New field projects focused on
indicator testing in Midwest agroecosysterns, mid-Appalachian streams, Southeast
estuaries, and Lake Superior. Also, the Regional EMAP (R-EMAP) program was
initiated, and seven projects were selected in seven EPA Regions to demonstrate
EMAP technology, methods, and concepts at Regional, state and local scales.
These projects, involving significant state participation, explore associations
between observed ecological condition and a variety of potential stressors.
ECOSYSTEMS PROTECTION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
ORD will restructure its ecological planning issues to reflect the
transition from a single species, single stressor, ecotoxicological research
orientation to an integrated ecological perspective, that focuses on ecosysteir
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protection and management. This integrated ecological approach will allow the
Agency to monitor more effectively, understand ecological processes and impacts,
and predict risks related to the cumulative effects from both natural and
anthropogenic stresses upon ecosystems. Research will include a geographic
approach with a primary focus on watersheds. To carry out the ecosystem
protection research, scientists will use current scientific knowledge and
understanding to develop an innovative, holistic, integrated program designed to
provide a new generation of computer-based analysis and decision tools tailored
to the information needs and responsibilities of Federal, State, and local
ecological resource managers and regulatory officials.
The three scientific needs of monitoring, understanding ecosystem response,
and predicting risks will be addressed by three components in the ecosystem
protection research program. The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program
(EMAP) component will seek to monitor nationally the status and trends of
ecosystems. The Geographic Integration component will seek to understand,
describe, and characterize the response of ecological systems to anthropogenic
stress, and to develop strategies for restoration of ecological systems. The
Ecological Risk Assessment component will seek to predict the risks to ecosystems
from various stressors. The ecosystem protection research program in the
Multimedia Program Element will include all three components.
EMAP The existing framework for EMAP will continue. EMAP scientists will
conduct monitoring research in eight ecological resource areas, with special
emphasis on estuaries, forests and surface waters. These ecological resources
have been selected for emphasis because State and local decision makers have
stated that their greatest need for ecological data and assessments is in these
ecological resources. With additional resources, EMAP research in all ecological
resource areas will provide additional pilot and demonstration projects in
selected geographic regions necessary for the development of national monitoring
implementation strategies.
Also, resources will be used to include monitoring and assessment of acid
deposition. Acid deposition monitoring and assessment work has been redirected
into EMAP as part of the integrated Ecosystems Protection research issue. ORD
will shift away from a general analysis of the causes and effects of acid
deposition towards evaluating the consequences of acid deposition on sensitive
and critical ecosystems as defined by the integrated Ecosystems Protection
research issue.
Scientists will conduct pilot studies and demonstrations for four other
ecological resource groups, including, the Great Lakes, arid ecosystems,
agricultural ecosystems and landscapes. Integration and assessment research
priorities will include the continued development and refinement of a
statistical monitoring design, and the evaluation of a resource classification
approach. Several new Regional-EMAP (R-EMAP) projects will replace or build on
the ones completed in 1994. Each of the ten EPA regions will continue to have
a R-EMAP research project of high priority to the region. In addition to the
current national focus that the EMAP framework provides, EMAP scientists will
begin monitoring key ecogeographic areas to support the Geographic Integration
component of this research issue.
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Ecological Risk Assessment The primary goal of this component is r
develop the methods necessary to predict and assess ecological risk for multipj!
scales and purposes. Research will continue on the programs initiated in 1994,
and will become part of the ecosystem protection research program. Additional
resources will be used to expand ecological risk assessment research from a
national focus to include more specific research on such representative
watersheds in key ecoregions of the country, as the Pacific North West and the
Great Lakes.
Geographic Integration A relatively small portion of Multimedia funding
supports geographic integration. In cooperation with other agencies, EPA will
provide information for improving the nation's ability to protect, restore and
manage ecosystems. Scientists will develop and test multiple resource protection
and restoration techniques at varying spatial scales. This information will be
used to either design options for achieving a predetermined condition or to
assess and establish priorities regarding the consequences of management
decisions.
1994 PROGRAM
The Ecosystems Protection research issue is new in 1995 and consolidates
nine research issues carried out under several ORD media program elements (PEs) .
The nine issues that will be consolidated into the Ecosystems Protection issue
are Coastal and Marine, Large Lakes and Rivers, Wetlands, Contaminated Sediments,
Aquatic Ecocriteria, Nonpoint Sources, Ecorisk Methods, Habitat/Biodiversity, and
EMAP. Within the Multimedia PE, the issues being consolidated are Aquatic
Ecocriteria, Nonpoint Sources, Ecorisk Assessment Methods, and EMAP. Informatic-
on the 1994 research related to those issues is available in the "1994 Progran
section of those issues.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Ecosystems Protection research issue will be new research issue in 1995
that consolidates nine 1993 research issues carried out under several ORD media
program elements (PEs). Within the Multimedia PE, the issues being consolidated
are Aquatic Ecocriteria, Nonpoint Sources, Ecorisk Assessment Methods, and EMAP.
Information on the 1993 research related to those issues is available in the
"1993 Accomplishments" section of those issues.
CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
EPA will continue to collaborate with scientists and engineers from the
Peoples Republic of China (PRC) in the conduct of the third year of an
epidemiological study to quantify the effects of air pollutants, especially
particulate matter, on children's lung functions in Chinese cities. This project
will provide an opportunity to strengthen the epidemiological database concerning
respiratory morbidity effects of air pollution by developing information on the
relationship between air pollution and respiratory health in areas where the
range of pollution exposure is much greater than in the US.
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1994 PROGRAM
Under Annex I of the US-PRC Environmental Protection Protocol, EPA is
collaborating with the PRC on the second year of a study of the respiratory
effects of air pollutants on children in China. .
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
EPA and PRC scientists initiated the first year epidemiological study of
the respiratory effects of air pollutants on children in China.
INDOOR AIR
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
EPA will continue to collaborate with scientists and engineers from the
Peoples Republic of China (PRC) in the conduct of epidemiological, air
monitoring, and biomarker studies to assess human exposure and health effects of
indoor coal combustion. This project is providing an opportunity to apply and
validate biomarkers in a human population with high exposure to environmental
carcinogens and with high lung cancer rates.
1994 PROGRAM
Under Annex I of the US-PRC Environmental Protection Protocol, EPA is
continuing to collaborate with the PRC to study the human health effects of
indoor coal-fired stoves in China.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
EPA and PRC scientists collaborated on the conduct of a study of the human
health effects of indoor coal-fired stoves in China.
HUMAN EXPOSURE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Scientists will prepare preliminary reports on the National Human Exposure
Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) pilot studies, including a comparison of exposure
estimates made from data collected in the pilot studies with those based on data
that were available before NHEXAS data collection started. Based on these
reports, researchers will develop a draft design for national scale NHEXAS
sampling. Research teams will continue two pilot studies in Regions V and IX,
and one special study that will examine the implications of using exposure
measurements taken over short periods of time (e.g., hours or days) to estimate
exposures that are expected to occur over longer periods of time (e.g., years or
lifetimes). Researchers will complete the final NHEXAS design and coordinate
with other participating Federal agencies in defining the implementation plan.
Mexico Border team members will prepare an assessment of human exposure in
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the Rio Grande Valley region and will implement the first year of the full seal
exposure study, called Phase III. Scientists will prepare a protocol fo
measuring human exposure to a variety of pollutants via dietary ingestion.
Researchers will produce a report summarizing advances in the sampling and
analysis of toxic chemicals in air. The additional resources will enable the
researchers to include more communities in the study and to increase the number
of pollutants being studied.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD is in the process of pilot testing the NHEXAS program. This program
is being designed as a long-term effort to assess status and trends in the
exposure of both the general population and highly exposed sub-populations.
These pilot studies are estimating the total exposure of defined populations to
a number of pollutants in EPA Regions V and IX, and are being compared to an
assessment of exposure, using currently available information.
In the Mexico Border project, scientists are conducting a comprehensive
assessment of pollutant characterization study, called a Phase I study.
Researchers are implementing an exposure field study, called a Phase II study,
on a test population in the Rio Grande Valley region. Research is continuing on
the development, evaluation and testing of methods for quantifying pollutants in
air, water, soil/dust, and food.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
EPA tested the feasibility and design of the National Human Exposur
Assessment Survey (NHEXAS), including studies of source characterization
statistical design, activity patterns surveys, microenvironment measurements , and
total human exposure and biological measurements. The Agency initiated Phase I
of an exposure study in the Rio Grande Valley near Brownsville, Texas. In Phase
I, concentrations of pollutants in air and water were determined and used in
combination with an inventory of available information to develop a comprehensive
hazard identification.
In addition, data was collected to assist in developing multi-pathway
exposure models. Methods development expanded from inhalation as the route of
exposure to cover both ingestion and dermal contact. Biological methods
(biomarkers) development continued to investigate the use of breath, tissue and
body fluids as vehicles for measuring exposures. Modeling efforts expanded to
consider non-air pathways and initiate efforts to develop a multi-pathway
exposure model.
HEALTH EFFECTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III)
will estimate the prevalence of disease and functional impairment, providing data
on the distribution of health characteristics (growth and development),
monitoring changes in disease, and identifying new risk factors for disease.
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Researchers will complete the second wave of NHANES-III data collection, and will
produce a progress report providing the status of the clean-up of data from the
first wave of data collection and its evaluation. The University Study program
will publish a progress report on the research to improve risk assessment.
Results of the environmental equity analysis will be published.
1994 PROGRAM
EPA continues cooperating with other Federal agencies to validate the
data and ensure early access to information collected from NHANES-III. Results
from the first three-years of data collection are being published.
The University Study program continues to identify and select post-doctoral
research fellows and visiting scientists to work with university faculty members
on research projects that address critical environmental problems.
Research is being conducted, in support of the larger Agency-wide
initiative on Environmental Equity, to determine if disparities exist in the
exposure to environmental pollutants experienced by racial minorities and the
economically disadvantaged. Initial efforts are investigating the relationship
between existing exposure data and demographic data from the 1990 U.S. Census
and/or the 1990 Donnelley Marketing Information Services.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
EPA continued cooperation with the other sponsoring agencies to validate
the data and to ensure early access to collected information from NHANES-III.
The University Study program supported post-doctoral fellows and visiting
scientists who, for a limited period, worked on environmental issues with
university faculty.
HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The publication and application of research results from the Research to
Improve Health Risk Assessments (RIHRA) and associated programs will
significantly advance the scientific basis for risk assessment. Products will
include the publication of studies providing data for development and application
of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models for selected volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) and metals. Researchers will publish reports on studies of
mechanisms of toxicity, which are critically important for developing
biologically-based dose response models for cancer, neurological, pulmonary,
reproductive, and developmental endpoints.
Studies on new modeling approaches, such as Benchmark Dose modeling of
noncancer endpoints will be developed, applied, and published. Researchers will
publish a report comparing and contrasting direct scenario and reconstructive
exposure assessment approaches. Scientists will conduct workshops to support
revisions to various noncancer guidelines. Researchers will update and expand
the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), which allows wide access to
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assessment information developed within the Agency, promotes consistency, ar
helps to avoid duplication of efforts in EPA Regions and states. The Agency wil
propose new risk assessment guidance on ecological risk assessment, as well as
the updated guidelines on carcinogen risk assessment.
1994 PROGRAM
The Research to Improve Health Risk Assessments (RIHRA) program continues
to improve methods used in the risk assessment process. Research is focusing on
improvements in exposure assessment, quantitative relationships between exposure
and dose, and the biological bases for dose-response relationships. ORD is in
the process of producing a report on the application of benchmark dose procedures
to developmental toxicity data. Researchers are emphasizing the dissemination
of chemical or issue-specific documentation and risk information. EPA is
continuing the development of chemical-, site-, or issue-specific assessments and
guidance documents. Research continues to reassess the health and ecological
effects of dioxin. The Risk Assessment Forum continues to undertake projects
designed to resolve difficult issues that will improve the Agency's ability to
do risk assessments on health and ecological issues. Researchers are preparing
to produce new risk assessment guidelines on male and female reproductive
toxicity.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The RIHRA program completed the development of a survey on human activity
patterns to estimate human exposure. Research to estimate target tissue doses
(physiologically based pharmacokinetics [PBPK] modeling) and to estimat
toxicological responses to these target doses (biologically based dose-respom
[BBDR] modeling) was conducted 'in the areas of neurotoxicity, developmental
toxicity, reproductive toxicity, pulmonary toxicity, immunotoxicity, and cancer
and genetic toxicity. Researchers produced reports on establishing animal models
homologous to humans for neurotoxicity risk assessment and on hormonal control
of ovulation and disruption by environmental agents. The IRIS continued to grow
and diversify with the inclusion of additional chemicals and agents and risk
information in the areas of less-than-lifetime exposure risk estimates.
developmental toxicity risk, and other endpoint-specific human health effects.
This work emphasized training and outreach to the EPA program offices, states.
the public and to the international community. The Exposure Assessment Croup
developed the EPA Exposure Models Library and Integrated Models Evaluation System
(IMES) on CD-ROM. This software allows one to evaluate which exposure model to
use given the data available (IMES) and presents over 90 exposure assessment
models for determining fate and transport in various environmental media.
POLLUTION PREVENTION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Researchers will continue to identify, develop, and evaluate source
reduction options as more rules are analyzed for their impact on pollution
prevention. Scientists and engineers will continue to develop pollution
prevention methods, research pollution prevention technologies for smal"1
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businesses, identify pollution prevention applications in agriculture, and
conduct social science studies related to pollution prevention. Pollution
prevention information will be disseminated through a variety of means.
1994 PROGRAM '
ORD is supporting increases in the Source Reduction Review Project (SRRP)
in order to more fully identify, develop, and evaluate pollution prevention
options for outyear rules. Researchers are continuing to develop methods to
measure pollution prevention, minimize organic waste and emissions from
laboratory analytical techniques, and characterize indoor air impacts of consumer
aerosol products. Research continues on small business pollution prevention,
pollution prevention techniques in the agricultural sector, and social science
studies that investigate the human behavior aspects of pollution prevention.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Research supported the SRRP through development of pollution prevention
options for selected effluent guidelines. Technical support was provided to the
Design for the Environment (DfE) project with the printing industry. Support was
provided to the American Institute for Pollution Prevention. Research
investigated minimizing solvent use in laboratory procedures.
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency will conduct research to support the National Science and
Technology Council (formerly FCCSET) Advanced Manufacturing Technology (AMT)
program. The goals of this program are: 1) support a vigorous interagency
research and development program for advanced manufacturing technologies, 2)
accelerate the application of advanced and best-practice manufacturing by the
entire manufacturing sector, 3) support the human resource base with an education
and training program, and 4) promote environmentally conscious manufacturing.
Research in EPA will focus primarily on promoting environmentally conscious
manufacturing and generic technologies in a variety of areas, including materials
processing, product and process design tools, machine and tool technologies,
fabrication, and sensor and control technologies.
AMT research and development will emphasize specific industrial sectors,
including chemicals and electronic components. Scientists also will evaluate
artificial intelligence systems to improve energy conservation and enhance
environmental control systems. Research will develop new processes to produce
transportation fuels using biomass and environmentally benign process design
through simulation.
The innovative technologies research program also will provide funding to
support the Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) program mandated by the
Small Business Research and Development Enhancement Act of 1992. This
legislation requires the Agency to provide 2.0 percent of the 1995 extramural R&D
appropriation for SBIR projects. Competitive contracts, based on a solicitation
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prepared by the Agency, will be funded in a variety of areas including preventio
and control of NOX, VOCs, S02, and toxic air emissions; indoor radon mitigation
and prevention and control of hazardous waste disposal.
Additional resources will be used to support the President's Environmental
Technology Initiative (ETI). ORD scientists and engineers will accelerate and
facilitate private sector development and use of innovative environmental
technologies through cooperation and collaboration with the private sector and
other Federal agencies. In 1995, ORD will participate in three program areas
of the ETI program:
Provide EPA Guidance on Emerging Technology Needs and Assist Businesses in
Overcoming Market Barriers to the Development and Commercialization of Innovative
Solutions This program will identify sources of market inefficiency and failure
in the environmental technology sector, and provide technical and informational
assistance to eliminate or mitigate the causes. The program will provide EPA
with guidance on environmental and regulatory trends, as well as testbeds,
analytical tools, and other technical support to businesses in developing and
commercializing innovative technologies.
Provide Direct EPA Funding to Develop and Commercialize Promising
Technologies This program will provide direct funding and help commercialize
selected technologies that are poised to meet critical environmental needs, offer
high prospects for breakthrough, and require public support for timely success.
Technologies will be evaluated for support under two broad categories: 1)
cleaner industrial technologies and practices that prevent pollution, and 2) the
control, remediation and monitoring technologies that comprise the traditiona"
environmental technology sector.
Accelerate the Diffusion of Innovative Technology in the United States and
Other Countries This program will foster the rapid worldwide exchange of
information on innovative technologies and market needs, through training,
demonstrations, advanced information management, piloting of a technical center,
and other activities. The program will catalyze the demand for technologies
through such means as promoting federal purchases of innovative technologies in
the United States and building regulatory capacity in other countries.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is beginning an integrated cross-program Environmental
Technology Initiative (ETI) to support the President's technology priorities.
The program is (1) creating innovative public/private sector partnerships to
jointly develop cleaner technologies and encourage the adoption of pollution
prevention technologies by small businesses; (2) promoting international
environmental protection, an activity that will help in creating U.S. jobs, and
stimulate the U.S. economy through the development and evaluation of U.S.
technologies which will be available for export; and (3) targeting technology
development that can advance environmental control and restoration efforts. The
Agency is using interagency agreements and appropriate financial mechanisms to
transfer funds to other Federal agencies with research and development expertise.
EPA also is continuing research supporting the FCCSET Advance'
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Manufacturing crosscut. The goal of the program is to advance the use of
environmentally "green designs" in the manufacturing process. EPA's research is
focusing on (1) identifying innovative approaches for advanced manufacturing of
products which have integrated waste minimization, increased efficiency, and
reduced costs; 2) developing fundamental process information to aid with
prioritization schemes; and 3) assisting in commercializing selected advanced
manufacturing technologies in collaboration with academia and industry.
The Small Business Innovation Development Act of 1982, as amended by the
Small Business Research and Development Enhancement Act of 1992, requires that
the Agency establish a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program. This
research program is funded by law at 1.5 percent of the extramural research
appropriation in 1994. Competitive contracts are being awarded for research on
pollution control technologies in areas such as drinking water treatment, air
pollution control, waste reduction and pollution prevention, and process
instrumentation for improved pollution control. Selected projects are divided
into three phases, with EPA providing funding for Phases I and II. Phase I
projects receive up to $50,000 to determine their technical feasibility.
Completed Phase I projects that still appear viable receive up to $150,000 for
additional research. Phase III primarily uses non-Federal funds to pursue
commercial application of the most promising concepts.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency's SBIR program awarded competitive contracts for Phase I and
Phase II projects on pollution control technologies in drinking water treatment,
air pollution control, waste reduction and pollution prevention, and process
instrumentation for improved pollution control.
There were no accomplishments in the Environmental Technology Initiative,
which, as a new program, became operational in 1994.
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency will continue to support FCCSET'S Mathematics and Science
Education crosscut with several programs designed to provide applied research and
learning opportunities; financial assistance; in-laboratory internships , programs
and products that stimulate students' interest in science, engineering and
technology; and assistance to help educational institutions become more
competitive.
The Office of Research and Development will continue sponsoring several
programs designed to increase the number and diversity of students studying and
entering the environmental science disciplines. The Minority Institutions
Assistantship Fellowship Program will increase research support for eligible
minority institutions to encourage students to pursue higher degrees and careers
in environmental science, mathematics, and engineering. Awarded fellowships will
provide payment of full-time tuition and fees, a book allowance, and monthly
stipend for two academic years. The Minority Institutions Assistantship Summer
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Intern Program will allow fellowship recipients to apply their newly acquire
skills to real-world environmental problems through a three-month summe,.
internship, under the auspices of a mentor, at an EPA facility, including round
trip travel and daily living expenses. The Minority Academic Institutions
Graduate Assistance Program will provide financial assistance to minority
students seeking advanced degrees in environmental sciences, mathematics or
engineering. Selected institutions will receive competitively awarded
traineeships for qualified graduate students, who will also receive tuition, book
allowances, a living stipend, and related expenses. The Progression Education
Program will award traineeships through ten partner minority serving institutions
across the country. This program will provide high school, undergraduate, and
graduate students varying levels of participation in important laboratory
research and school programs that may lead to careers in the environmental
science and engineering fields. ORD will provide tuition assistance and summer
employment in some cases. The program also will produce targeted science
curriculum for use by such minority groups as Native Americans.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD is promoting education and career opportunities in the environmental
sciences to minority high school, undergraduate, graduate and doctoral students.
These programs include Minority Institutions Assistantship Fellowships, Minority
Institutions Assistantship Summer Interns, Minority Academic Institutions
Graduate Assistance, and Progression Education.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
EPA/ORD Education and Training programs advanced a progression o^
environmental science, engineering and technology education activities that were
specifically targeted to increasing representation of women, minorities in the
environmental science disciplines. These activities were consistent with and
contributed to the National Education Goals. Together, the ORD activities
annually focused on grades K-18 supporting the development of cultural-based
teaching materials for Native Americans, a two-year degree program in
environmental technician training, and summer employment in research. Total
direct support has aided 173 students at the high school, undergraduate and
graduate level.
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
ORD staff will conduct workshops on Geographic Information Systems (CIS),
designing new and upgrading existing drinking water and wastewater treatment
systems, pollution prevention alternatives and chemical substitutions, and
technologies to comply with the Clean Air Act. Scientists and engineers will
provide documents on low-cost upgrading of wastewater treatment plants, and
publish a manual on constructed wetlands.
Research will emphasize technical information for the non-technical
audience. Planned documents will address advances in municipal wasf
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incineration, biological diversity, and global climate change.
1994 PROGRAM
EPA is producing and disseminating information on environmental technology
and technical data through the Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI). The Agency is producing reports on technologies to control Nitrogen
Oxide (NOX); sponsoring conferences on pollution prevention and storm-water and
combined sewer overflow; and producing handbooks on municipal sludge management,
low-cost upgrading of wastewater treatments plants, and Volatile Organic Compound
(VOC) control from publicly owned treatment works. ORD is emphasizing technical
information for the non-technical audience. Scientists and engineers are
producing documents on: indoor air problems and current research efforts to
understand and address them, the operation of and improvements on landfills,
alternative automotive fuels, research on lead and copper pipe corrosion and its
potential effect on drinking water safety, and protecting freshwater wetlands.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Small communities have been provided information on how to apply integrated
environmental management techniques to solve community-wide problems, and have
been given information on alternative low-cost wastewater collection systems.
Information on new acceptable management practices for the design of municipal
sludge landfill and incineration system has been disseminated to support the
Agency's recently promulgated sewage sludge regulations. ORD disseminated
information on monitoring methods and assessment tools necessary to reliably
assess the impacts of urban and rural nonpoint source water pollution and
evaluate the effectiveness of nonpoint source controls. Workshops were conducted
to present technical frameworks and guidance methodologies for life-cycle
analyses associated with specific products, processes and overall operations for
various industrial sectors.
LEAD AND OTHER HEAVY METALS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
EPA will continue working with other Federal agencies to develop a broad
Multimedia Lead Research Program to support EPA's lead strategy and related
interagency activities. Research will continue in many of the above areas at a
diminished level. Research will proceed on standard reference materials (SRMs)
for paint and house dust, comparison of existing paint, and house dust detection
and measurement methods. Scientists will evaluate and improve paint, dust, and
soil abatement technologies and analyze the impacts of corrosion control on
drinking water disinfectants. Researchers will evaluate the environmental
dispersal of lead and other metals (e.g., mercury) in soils and contaminated
sediments. Research teams will pilot work in the Geographic Information Systems
(CIS) mapping of lead exposure hot spots, focusing on a single U.S. location, and
will study the factors affecting dietary lead exposure, as well as the refinement
of lead uptake and biokinetic modeling for children and further development of
such modeling for adults.
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1994 PROGRAM
Researchers are developing standard reference materials for lead in paint,
dust and soil; evaluating and comparing methods for measuring lead in paint, dust
and soil; and developing standardized methods, protocols, and quality assurance
and quality control procedures for laboratory accreditation programs for
measuring lead in paint, house dust, and soil. Scientists are developing
improved alternatives for the disposal of lead contaminated debris, evaluating
the impacts of corrosion control methods on disinfectants and other drinking
water treatment measures, and on wastewater treatment, and are initiating
research on the movement of lead and other metals, (e.g. mercury) in soils and
contaminated sediments.
Researchers are refining the uptake and biokinetic modeling for estimating
impacts on children's blood lead levels of changes in multimedia lead exposure
components and initiating of development of analogous modeling for adults. ORD
is determining factors that influence the movement of lead from bone to other
tissues or to the fetus during different development stages. Scientists are
continuing the piloting of CIS mapping of hot spots of lead exposures of at-risk
populations, initiating research on contributions of house dust and other factors
to differential lead exposure of at-risk populations, and completing research on
lead-induced kidney cancer mechanisms and dose-response.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The 1993 program research to develop improved technologies for abatement
of lead in paint, house dust and soil included completion of first phase
definition of the problem, delineation of program objectives for development o
physical and chemical extraction of lead from soil contaminated by paint
pigments, and development of a proposed method for on-site chemical extraction
of lead in soil. Other work focused on: characterization of properties of lead-
soil matrices; development of standard reference materials (SRM's) for lead in
paint (with SRM 2582 to be certified by the National Institue of Science and
Technology (NIST) in January, 1994), further comparisons of lead measurement
methodologies and improved field applications, and evaluation of environmental
pathways for exposures to lead in house dusts. Additional progress was made in
refinement of the lead uptake and biokinetic model for children and in primate
studies of lead transfer and distribution between blood and bone. Data
collection was completed in other animal studies evaluating dose-response
relationships for lead-induced kidney tumors and associated mechanisms of action
involving lead-induced kidney cancer.
EXPLORATORY GRANTS AND CENTERS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The exploratory grants program will continue to support applications for
university-based environmental research grants, with emphasis on the biological
sciences. Staff will issue a Request for Application (RFA) in FY 1995 to support
research on environmental valuation for facilitating cost-benefit analyses in
environmental decision making. The Centers programs will enhance environmental
10-28
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research at the Center universities.
1994 PROGRAM
The exploratory grants program is supporting investigator-initiated
research in five general areas under the general solicitation environmental
biology, chemistry and physics of air, chemistry and physics of water,
engineering, and socioeconomics. The socioeconomics research program is
supporting the growing awareness of the importance of pollution prevention
through recycling, resource conservation, and altered manufacturing and marketing
practices.
The Environmental Research Centers Program addresses complex environmental
problems which require a long term program of coordinated interdisciplinary
research. EPA is continuing to support the four Environmental Research Centers
established in 1992, and the Visiting Scientists Program, which will sponsor ten-
week summer placements of ten post-doctoral and mid-career professionals in EPA
facilities.
Congressional Directives A total of $2,000,000 is provided through the
AC&C appropriation for the Congressionally directed Experimental Program to
Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR). A total of $500,000 is provided through
the AC&C appropriation for Congressionally directed Toxicological Research on the
adverse effects and long term consequences of toxins, on the integration of
neurochemistry, drug metabolism and endocrinology of growth and reproduction
under various nutritional states in chilcren and mothers in rural areas. A total
of $1,800,000 is provided through the AC&C appropriation for Congressionally
directed research on Environmental Equity issues such as the relationship between
exposure to industrial chemicals and the incidence of cancer.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD continued to support research grants in environmental biology, the
chemistry and physics of air and water, environmental engineering, and
socioeconomics. In addition, grants were awarded in support of a research area
described in a Request for Applications (RFA) relating to the development of
bioindicators relevant to environmental monitoring and assessment.
The environmental research centers, which were in their first full year of
operation, have implemented their research programs.
CROSS PROGRAM
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Cross program activities provide a consolidated framework of support to
other research issues, EPA's various research laboratories, and EPA program and
Regional offices. These activities include integrated analytical methods,
quality assurance, high performance computing, science planning, regulatory
evaluation and Regional liaison.
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EPA will emphasize the development of standardized analytical methods fcv
quantifying pollutants or their metabolic products in water, air, biologica.
tissue, wastes, sediment, and sludge. Research will focus on the development of
more sensitive and lower cost chemical analytical methods required to detect
substances at concentrations compatible with federal and state regulatory
requirements. The goal is to provide analytical methods which minimize or
eliminate the use of hazardous solvents and reagents, thereby reducing exposure
by laboratory workers and minimizing waste which must be disposed of in
accordance with Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations, and
reducing the post to the regulated community of compliance testing.
The High Performance Computing and Communication (HPCC) FCCSET crosscut
investment will include planned increases in 1) expanded research and pilot
testing new distributed data management techniques required by several Agency
programs, 2) research on parallel computing approaches and integrating the
Geographic Information Systems (CIS), with high performance technology for
emissions modeling systems to assess pollution control options, and 3) developing
computer based environmental tools for use in grades K-12. Research will expand
the scope of the program to include integration of entire environmental models
into parallel computing environments for solving multi-media environmental
problems. The new initiative will be a joint project with NASA and NOAA to
enhance user access to environmental data and systems through public access to
Earth Sciences Data, and to research ways to create and manage distributed
electronic multimedia databases, including satellite images and earth science
measurements. Scientists will fully integrate this project with related OARM
activities and address technology issues related to EPA's network infrastructure
and Internet connectivity, with special emphasis on cooperative programs with th'
states.
1994 PROGRAM
The Cross Program integrated analytical methods research is developing new
and improved techniques for monitoring and measuring environmental quality, with
special emphasis on multi-media monitoring methods. New and improved methods are
required to support the Regions, who must implement environmental laws. The
Agency is developing and improving the highest priority analytical methods
identified by the Regions.
The Quality Assurance program is assisting other programs in better
defining the specific decisions to be made, the uncertainty that the decision
makers will accept in the decisions, and the environmental data needed to support
the decisions. EPA also is expanding efforts to assess the quality of the
environmental data and supporting documentation through the application of the
data quality assessment protocol to Agency data sets and issuance of the protocol
as Agency guidance.
Research supporting FCCSET's High Performance Computing and Communications
(HPCC) crosscut is incorporating advances in computing and communications
technology into EPA's environmental assessment applications and disseminating
these advanced tools to the relevant users. The HPCC program is 1) expanding air
quality assessment tools to additional state environmental groups, 2)
demonstrating high performance air quality systems and linked air-wate?
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applications, 3) integrating sensitivity and uncertainty analysis into
environmental assessment tools, 4) continuing efforts to refine EPA's
capabilities regarding ecological modeling and analysis, using the high
performance environment, and 5) continuing the development of a high performance
distributed computing environment and applications that use EPA's conventional
supercomputer systems, coupled with a massively parallel machine to support the
use of advanced environmental assessment tools.
The Science, Planning and Regulatory Evaluation Program is implementing and
refining the issue-based planning process, reviewing Agency regulations and
policies, supporting the Council of Science Advisors, and coordinating ORD's
efforts to improve the quality of science. Activities are improving the
coordination and integration of Agency research efforts to increase efficiency
and better anticipate long-term needs. The Regional Operations program, through
the Regional scientists, is providing improved and more effective assistance to
EPA Regional offices in short- and long-term research and technical assistance.
The Science, Planning and Regulatory Evaluation Program is implementing and
refining the issue-based planning process, reviewing Agency regulations and
policies, supporting the Council of Science Advisors and coordinating ORD's
efforts to improve the quality of science. Through the Regional scientists, the
Regional Operations program is providing improved and more effective assistance
to EPA Regional offices in short- and long-term research and technical
assistance.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency conducted programs in Methods Development, Quality Assurance and
High Performance Computing and Communication (HPCC). The methods development
program resulted in the development of multi-laboratory evaluation of a number
of new methods. These include, extraction methods for organic contamination
analysis in a variety of matrices, electrochemical methods for mercury in aqueous
solutions, and a closed vessel microwave digestion method for oily wastes. In
the Quality Assurance program, laboratory performance evaluation studies were
conducted for plutonium in air filters, iodine-131 in milk and plutonium in
water.
The Agency's HPCC program has made significant progress in implementing its
high performance distributed network. Progress included development and
demonstration of a prototype simplified air quality model with linear chemistry
including appropriate analysis and visualization tools, demonstrating the
feasibility of running the Regional Oxidant Model on low cost workstations and
a massively parallel computer, and the porting on to the EPA supercomputer of
three single disciplinary fate and transport models.
INFRASTRUCTURE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Adequately funded infrastructure is critical to ORD's success in conducting
the quality science needed to assure that the Agency's decisions are
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scientifically sound. The most critical part of ORD's infrastructure is it
staff. The assumption underlying all our research activities includes ,
productive workforce.
ORD established this cohesive, cross-cutting issue for infrastructure based
upon the importance of this activity to planned and ongoing research activities.
Program and Research Operations appropriation funding for the Multimedia Program
Element has been centralized within the infrastructure issue to provide improved
management in ORD's salaries, travel and related costs associated with managing
research programs.
Workyears assigned to this issue represent a consolidation of existing
research functions which had previously been allocated across multiple issues.
This realignment provides greater accuracy in accounting for workforce usage,
enabling management to utilize better information in decision-making and planning
purposes. Consolidated activities include: science policy and program
development; technical evaluation, review, and guidance to EPA program/regional
offices, Federal/State Agencies, and foreign governments; research quality
assurance and program review; extramural resource management; technology transfer
of scientific information; ADP technical program development of environmental
data systems; regulatory mission support; facilities maintenance and oversight;
health and safety, and environmental compliance; research planning and program
development; operational research oversight; policy and procedure development;
program planning and operations; resource planning and review; document
production; and secretarial/clerical support and personnel staffs.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD's current infrastructure program provides compensation and benefits,
and travel for ORD scientists and engineers. ORD's workforce carries out
scientific research programs in support of the Agency's mission.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD funded its workyears in scientific support of the Agency's mission,
providing the personnel compensation and benefits, and travel for ORD scientists
and engineers.
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HEADQUARTERS EXPENSES
BUDGET REQUEST
1995 BUDGET REQUEST
For Headquarters Expenses, the Agency requests a total of $5,402,000 for
the Research and Development appropriation in 1995, with no change in resources
from those requested in 1994. Operational expenses include supplies and
materials, equipment, automated data processing services for headquarter's
offices and for ORD-wide data systems, human resources development training,
administrative printing and reproduction, and miscellaneous support services.
1994 BUDGET
The Agency is allocating a total of $5,402,000 from the Research and
Development appropriation.
1993 BUDGET
The Agency obligated a total of $4,424,700 from the Research and
Development appropriation.
RESEARCH ISSUES
The section below describes research program issues by fiscal year.
INFRASTRUCTURE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
This program includes supplies, materials, equipment, automated data
processing services for headquarter's offices and for ORD-wide data systems,
human resources development training, administrative printing and reproduction,
and miscellaneous support services.
The headquarters operating expenses program will fund operational expenses
in ORD's headquarters offices, including supplies, materials, equipment and
automated data processing services.
1994 PROGRAM
The headquarters operating expenses program support operational expenses
in ORD's headquarters offices, including supplies, materials, equipment and
automated data processing services.
ORD-wide expenses fund ORD-wide data systems, human resources development
training, administrative printing and reproduction, and miscellaneous support
services.
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The headquarters operating expenses program supported operational expenses
in ORD's headquarters offices, including supplies, materials, equipment and
automated data processing services.
ORD-wide expenses funded ORD-wide data systems, human resources development
training, administrative printing and reproduction, and miscellaneous support
services.
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LAB AND FIELD EXPENSES
BUDGET REQUEST
1995 BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $49,665,000 of which all is for the Research
and Development appropriation in 1995. This represents an increase of $4,500,000
from 1994. This increase reflects additional resources for the High Speed
Computing and Communication (HPCC) program to acquire a massively parallel
computer and establish a high speed interconnection between EPA computer centers
in Michigan and North Carolina.
1994 BUDGET
The Agency is allocating a total of $45,165,000 for the Research and
Development appropriation.
1993 BUDGET
The Agency obligated a total of $39,926,700 for the Research and
Development appropriation.
RESEARCH ISSUES
The section below describe research program issues by each fiscal year.
INFRASTRUCTURE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
This program provides laboratory and field operating expenses, office and
specialized laboratory supplies and materials, scientific and technical
equipment, management and operational Automated Data Processing (ADP) support and
services, facilities operating expenses, facilities repair and improvement
projects under $75,000, training for scientists and engineers, and other support
services essential to fulfill ORD's research mission.
A modern and complete inventory of equipment is required to conduct
scientific research and maintains qualified scientists and engineers. ORD's
Capital Equipment Committee (CEC) reviews all requests for capital equipment.
The committee approves the purchases based in priority order to the extent that
funds are available, with an emphasis on the replacement of obsolete mission-
essential equipment needed to address the highest-priority programmatic needs.
A large portion of ORD's scientific and technical equipment is old,
technologically antiquated, and needs to be replaced. A portion of the equipment
budget goes to the laboratories general equipment purchase requirements.
ORD will support two key research initiatives in support of the HPCC
program in 1995, a massively parallel computer and its high speed interconnect.
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The scalable massively parallel computer will support increase
computational requirements for multi-pollutant and multi-media (Air & Water)
assessment tools, and facilitate the study of complex environmental issues, such
as toxics and visibility. Computational research on a scalable parallel computer
will enable EPA to maintain leadership and credibility in the field of
environmental assessment, and will facilitate the most reliable and timely
response to complex environmental issues.
A high speed (45 million bits per second) interconnect will be established
to provide a basic foundation for use of advanced environmental assessment tools
throughout the agency and to facilitate technology transfer to State
environmental groups.
1994 PROGRAM
The laboratory and field expenses program is providing operating expenses,
office and laboratory supplies and materials, scientific and technical equipment,
management and operational ADP support and services, facilities operating
expenses, facilities repair and improvement projects, training for scientists and
engineers, and other support services needed to maintain the Agency's research
effort.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Resources were provided for laboratory and field operating expenses, office
and specialized laboratory supplies and materials, scientific and technica"
equipment, management and operational ADP support and services, facilitit
operating expenses, facilities repair and improvement projects, training for
scientists and engineers, and other support services necessary to conduct sound
scientific research activities within ORD.
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MULTIMEDIA
Environmental Review and Coordination
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995
1994 1994
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
Environmental Review
and Coordination
Program & Research $7,464.1 $7,566.2 $7,468.6 $8,179.9 $7,182.7 -$997.2 -$383.5
Opcr&tions
Abatement Control and $13,816.8 $8,226.4 $10,497.4 $10,775.3 $9,407.5 -$1,367.8 $1,181.1
Compliance
TOTAL $21,280.9 $15,792.6 $17,966.0 $18,955.2 $16,590.2 -$2,365.0 $797.6
TOTAL:
Program 4 Research $7,464.1 $7,566.2 $7,468.6 $8,179.9 $7,182.7 -$997.2 -$383.5
Operations
Abatement Control and $13,816.8 $8,226.4 $10,497.4 $10,775.3 $9,407.5 -$1,367.8 $1,181.1
Compliance
Environmental Review TOTAL $21,280.9 $15,792.6 $17,966.0 $18,955.2 $16,590.2 -$2,365.0 $797.6
and Coordination
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Environmental Review
and Coordination
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Environmental Review
and Coordination
TOTAL WORKYEARS
121.2
121.2
128.0
128.0
126.4
126.4
126.4
126.4
126.4
126.4
126.4
126.4
129.9
129.9
129.9
129.9
114.9
114.9
114.9
114.9
-15.0
-15.0
-15.0
-15.0
-11.5
-11.5
-11.5
-11.5
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MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW AND COORDINATION
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $16,590,200 and 114.9 total workyears for
1995, a decrease of $2,365,000 and 15.0 total workyears from 1994. Of the
request, $7,182,700 will be for the Program and Research Operations, and
$9,407,500 will be for the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation.
This represents a decrease of $997,200 in the Program and Research Operations
appropriation, and a decrease of $1,367,800 in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW AND COORDINATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $16,590,200 and 114.9 total workyears for
this program, with $7,182,900 for the PRO appropriation and $9,407,500 for the
AC&C appropriation. This represents a decrease of $997,200 in the PRO
appropriation, a decrease of 15.0 total workyears reflecting the Administration's
streamlining of the federal workforce, and a decrease of $1,367,800 in the AC&C
appropriation. The decrease in workyears reflects a redirection of workyears to
the Criminal Enforcement program in support of the Pollution Prosecution Ac'
mandated criminal investigator staffing levels. The net decrease of the AC&
appropriation reflects the disinvestments in the environmental review program and
environmental review compliance program, the Indian policy liaison/coordination
of technical support and evaluation on tribal lands, and an investment in the
Mexican Border initiative.-
The Environmental Review and Coordination (ERC) program will include
resources to review the environmental impacts of proposed major Federal actions
as required by the NEPA and §309 of the Clean Air Act with the goal of helping
Federal agencies mitigate the environmental effects of their proposed actions and
reduce future risk to human health and the environment. This program will also
support a targeted effort with other Federal agencies to strengthen their
policies and specific project reviews relevant to the protection of ecological
resources and mitigation of adverse impacts, including climate, terrestrial
habitat, wetlands, estuaries and geographic areas such as the Great Lakes and
Chesapeake Bay. The ERC will continue to emphasize prevention of significant air
and water degradation from proposed major Federal projects with focus on land
management and highway projects impacting sensitive ecosystems resources. The
ERC program will also assure that EPA itself complies with NEPA and other
applicable laws such as the Endangered Species Act and the National Historic
Preservation Act. This effort will include EPA-issued new source National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits in undelegated states, on
Indian reservations, and for off-shore oil and gas sources, EPA laboratories and
facilities, and remaining projects under the Title II construction grants program
and other relevant EPA programs.
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The ERC program will oversee environmental policy Memorandum of
Understanding (MOU) with other Federal agencies to provide a mechanism for
cooperating and resolving conflicts, and will manage the official filing activity
for all Federal Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) in accordance with a MOU
with the Council on Environmental Quality.
In 1995, resources will be used for tribal capacity-building,
infrastructure and program development under the General Assistance Program, and
to coordinate and further integrate media program and Regional efforts to assist
tribal governments with development and implementation of their environmental
protection programs.
The ERC program will provide Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
expertise for international activities in coordination with the State Department,
Agency for International Development, multi-lateral banks, and other relevant
entities. Technical assistance and training will be provided to developing
nations and to Federal agencies for international projects with environmental
impacts. The ERC program will prepare EIAs/EISs for Agency projects of
international significance, and will target unique geographic and ecological
areas for increased multimedia EIA support, particularly those with international
impacts, such as the U.S./Mexican and U.S./Canadian Borders. This will include
substantial involvement with EIA issues related to the U.S.-Mexican border,
including technical assistance and training on EIAs and EIS processes,
development of a transboundary EIA agreement with Mexico, and technical
cooperation.
The International Enforcement Program (IEP) will continue significant
activities regarding the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and its
environmental side agreement. IEP will also address environmental enforcement
issues raised by other trade agreements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade (GATT). IEP will provide technical assistance and training in
enforcement principles and techniques in various countries around the world,
particularly Russia and the emerging democracies in Eastern Europe.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $18,955,200 and 129.9 total workyears,
with $8,179,900 from the PRO appropriation and $10,775,300 from the AC&C
appropriation.
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The
transferred resources include $369,700 and 4.8 total workyears from the PRO
appropration and $433,400 from the AC&C appropriation which were previously
located in the Enforcement Policy and Operations program
The ERC program is continuing its management oversight and technical
assistance efforts emphasizing: 1) prevention of significant air and water
degradation from proposed major Federal projects, particularly land management
and transportation projects impacting sensitive ecological resources; 2)
targeting high impact Federal program areas (e.g., water resources and energy
related projects) through interagency workgroups emphasizing sound data and
10-39
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methodologies, pollution prevention, ecological risk assessment and habita
protection; 3) assurance that EPA's NEPA analyses and assessments are useful t
decision-makers; 4) sound state environmental review programs to support the
State Revolving Fund (SRF) for wastewater treatment construction; 5) sound EPA
programs that comply with other environmental statutes, e.g., the Endangered
Species Act; 6) coordination of the Agency's Indian Program and management of the
General Assistance Agreements Program; 7) EIA support on international issues;
8) training and technical assistance for the Mexican Border initiative and other
nations developing an EIA program; and 9) liaison activities such as managing
EPA's umbrella MOUs with other Federal agencies.
The ERG program reviews about 500 Federal EISs and numerous other EIAs.
The ERG program focus is on early involvement in the project planning cycle to
identify potentially significant adverse effects, and to review long range Agency
plans to ensure proper consideration of the environmental impacts. The ERG
program continues to ensure that EPA develops a solid program of compliance with
NEPA and other applicable statutes and executive orders for the Agency's
laboratories, facilities, construction and alterations, new source NPDES permit
issuance, and remaining construction grant activities.
The IEP is assisting implementation of the NAFTA and its environmental side
agreement. It is also counseling Eastern European democracies with regard to
their new environmental laws, and training in enforcement principles and
techniques in various countries around the world. IEP resources are working
closely with other EPA offices in the implementation of the NAFTA environmental
side agreement, and participate in enforcement-related functions of the
Commission on Environmental Cooperation, created by the side agreement
Resources are continuing to build enforcement cooperation with Mexico and Canac
that are mutually enhance the enforcement capacity of all three countries, and
cooperatively target environmental problems of common concern, particularly
transboundary problems. Transboundary shipments of hazardous waste are
continuing as a top priority. Cooperative links are being expanded to address
other environmental concerns in the border areas, such as pollution of
transboundary watercourses and shared airsheds, focusing on protecting sensitive
ecosystems and disadvantaged populations at risk. Efforts are being undertaken
to build the partnership between EPA, U.S. Customs, Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI), state and local governments, as well as Mexican and Canadian
agencies in environmental enforcement. Finally, activities are focusing both
unilaterally, and cooperatively with Mexico and Canada, wherever possible, to
ensure that enforcement activities are directed toward achieving positive
environmental benefits, such as pollution prevention, in addition to penalizing
and deterring violators. Training in negotiation of compliance agreements are
being offered to several Eastern European countries. Legislative drafting
efforts regarding Basel and Antarctica are continuing.
The Indian program continues to focus on building tribal capacity to
implement tribal environmental programs. This focus is consistent with the
President's policy of working with tribes on a government-to-government basis and
Congressional direction to provide general assistance agreements to build tribal
capacity, and to treat tribes in the same manner as states for the purposes of
implementing environmental laws.
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Congressional Directives: In 1994 Congress appropriated a total of
$2,500,000 for the Indian general assistance grants (previously multimedia
grants).
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $21,280,900 supported by 128 total
workyears, of which $7,464,100 was from the PRO appropriation and $13,816,800 was
from the AC&C appropriation.
The ERG program continued to support the review of environmental impacts
of proposed projects, regulations and other major Federal actions as required by
both NEPA and §309 of the Clean Air Act. The major objective of this program,
to minimize the adverse environmental impact of Federal proposals, was
accomplished by: 1) effective liaison with other Federal agencies; 2) early
identification of significant environmental issues; and 3) timely review of major
actions. Agreements with the Departments of Energy and Interior and the Forest
Service lead to closer and more effective relationships between these agencies
and EPA.
The NEPA Compliance program continued to oversee EPA compliance with the
goals and requirements of the NEPA and related laws and regulations with focus
on ensuring that EPA avoid unanticipated environmental impacts from its
decisions, promoted information exchange with the public about the impacts of
proposed EPA actions, and assisted in the development and promotion of effective
ecological risk assessment methods and procedures. These goals were achieved
through: 1) improving communications with other Federal agencies regarding the
implementation of and their compliance with environmental laws and orders; 2)
evaluating the effectiveness of NEPA compliance efforts; 3) assisting EPA
programs with site-specific evaluations; 4) providing technical assistance to
state environmental agencies; and 5) ensuring EPA compliance with NEPA on new
source NPDES permits, research and development activities, and facilities
activities. Specific NEPA compliance projects included work on EISs or EIAs for
power plants in Florida and New England, industrial facilities in Texas and
Louisiana, seafood production and mining in Alaska.
The ERC program continued to provide EIA expertise and technical
assistance. Working with EPA's Office of International Activities, the State
Department, Treasury Department, and Agency for International Development,
technical assistance was provided to develop the EIA capabilities of developing
nations, multi-lateral development banks, and other Federal agencies with
international projects. The ERC program assisted with: 1) the development of
the NAFTA; 2) the Convention on EIA in a Transboundary Context; 3) the
development of U.S. provisions on EIA for the Antarctic Treaty; and 4) the
development of the United Nations Task Force report on EIA policies, plans and
programs.
The EPA Indian Program concentrated its efforts on the development of
tribal capacity to identify and respond to current and potential environmental
problems. Emphasis was also placed on the enforcement of tribal ordinances and
Federal statutes (as EPA authorizes tribal programs). The objective of capacity
10-41
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building was accomplished specifically through: 1) general assistance agreement
with over 100 new and continuation awards to tribes and Alaska Native Villages
2) technical assistance through circuit riders; 3) increased programmatic
activity; 4) strengthened outreach and liaison activities with tribal
organizations and other Federal agencies; and 5) increased environmental
inventory of reservation lands.
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MULTIMEDIA
Cooperative Environmental Management
ACTUAL
1993
1
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REO
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Office Of Cooperative
Environmental
Management
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Interdisciplinary
Technical Transfer
$1,306.4 $1,426.9 $1,411.9 $1,403.8 $1,167.6 -$236.2 -$259.3
$618.6 $1,143.5 $1,038.1 $1,019.2 $2,029.4 $1,010.2 $885.9
TOTAL $1,925.0 $2,570.4 $2,450.0 $2,423.0 $3,197.0 $774.0 $626.6
$1,306.4 $1,426.9 $1,411.9 $1,403.8 $1,167.6 -$236.2 -$259.3
$618.6 $1,143.5 $1,038.1 $1,019.2 $2,029.4 $1,010.2 $885.9
TOTAL $1,925.0 $2,570.4 $2.450.0 $2,423.0 $3,197.0 $774.0
$626.6
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Office Of Cooperative
Environmental
Management
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
13.1
13.1
16.3 16.3
16.3
16.3
16.1
16.1
13.8
13.8
-2.3
-2.3
-2.5
-2.5
Office Of Cooperative
Environmental
Management
TOTAL UORKYEARS
13.1 16.3 16.3 16.1 13.8 -2.3 -2.5
13.1 16.3 16.3 16.1 13.8 -2.3 -2.5
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MULTIMEDIA
COOPERATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $3,197,000 supported by 13.8 total workyears
in 1995. Of the request, $1,167,600 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $2,029,400 will be for Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents a decrease of $236,200 and 2.3 total
workyears from 1994 in the Program and Research Operations appropriation and an
increase of $1,010,200 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
COOPERATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $3,197,000 supported by 13.8 total workyears
for this program, of which $1,167,600 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $2,029,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents a decrease of $236,200 and 2.3 total
workyears in the Program and Research Operations appropriation and an increase
of $1,010,200 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The
increase in Abatement, Control and Compliance is to support the President'?
Council on Sustainable Developmnet.
This Office will continue to develop programs that identify, document, and
disseminate information on selective exemplary practices in environmental
management, including the development of environmental management case studies;
expand EPA's infrastructure through links with business, academic, government and
vocational institutions; and establish a network of experts in environmental
policy as it relates to technology, intergovernmental affairs, economic
development, workforce capacity and global environment and trade.
As the executive secretariat to the Administrator's National Advisory
Council for Environmental Policy and Technology (NACEPT) and its standing
committees, this Office facilitates and monitors the Agency's response to
recommendations accepted by the Administrator. The Office identifies and
promotes the development of new and innovative environmental technologies,
policies and approaches to environmental management through cooperative
partnerships with organizations, and institutions outside of EPA and by
identifying ways to remedy administrative or other barriers that stifle effective
imp1ementation.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $2,423,000 supported by 16.1
total workyears for this program of which $1,403,800 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $1,019,200 is from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation. The program is continuing to develop a nations"
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agenda to identify, document and disseminate selected environmental "best
practices" that constitute model approaches worthy of replication; establish a
national network of experts in environmental policies at all levels of government
and private sector; expand EPA's links with academic and vocational institutions;
manage and staff the Administrator's National Advisory Council for Environmental
Policy and Technology to address issues of national concern. In cooperation with
EPA Program and Regional Offices as well as State and local agencies, this
program will continue to identify and promote innovative approaches to
environmental management thorough continuing program activities and
demonstrations, with particular emphasis on efforts designed to improve both the
economic and environmental health of the U.S. through cooperative relationships
with public and private sectors. This program will also facilitate the
identification and use by EPA and others of new and existing environmental
technologies and management strategies through its network of experts in
academia; technological leaders in business and industry; and in other Federal,
State and local governments and by its participation in the EPA Innovative
Technology Council.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $1,925,000 supported by 13.1 total
workyears, of which $1,306,400 was from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $618,600 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. During 1993, the program promoted, and supported a wide array of
new program-specific, Region-specific and Agency-wide initiatives to improve the
implementation of EPA programs through improved information sharing within and
outside the Agency. The program established significant improvements in the
linkage with academic, vocational institutions, special regional initiatives,
business and industry and other Federal government agencies including state and
I6cal agencies. The program established and maintained networks of environmental
policy experts to assist the agency in addressing environmental matters related
to trade and the environment, diffusion of new and innovative technologies,
environmental permitting and compliance, public and private pollution prevention
initiatives, environmental data and measurements, and chemical accident
prevention. In addition, this program managed and provided staff support to the
Administrator's National Advisory Council for Environmental Policy and Technology
(NACEPT) that issued a variety of reports, (e.g. Superfund Evaluation, Waste
Isolation Pilot Plant review and recommendations).
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MULTIMEDIA
Academic Training Grants
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995 DECREASE DECREASE
1994 1994 1995 REQ 1995 REQ
VS VS
1994 CE 1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Academic Training
Abatement Control and $1,834.1 $1,700.0 $1,700.0 -$1,700.0
Compliance
TOTAL $1,834.1 $1,700.0 $1,700.0 -$1,700.0
TOTAL:
Abatement Control and $1,834.1 $1,700.0 $1,700.0 -$1,700.0
Compliance
Multimedia Training TOTAL $1,834.1 $1,700.0 $1,700.0 -$1,700.0
Grants
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MULTIMEDIA
ACADEMIC TRAINING GRANTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests no resources for this activitiy.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency will allocate $1,700,000 from the Abatement Control and
Compliance appropriation for this program to provide training grants to state and
local environmental officials, and for establishing self-sufficient environmental
worker training programs in universities and community colleges.
Congressional Directives: A total of $1,700,000 is available for
Congressionally directed academic training grants.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, a total of $1,834 was obligated for Congressionally directed
academic training grants.
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MULTIMEDIA
Regional Multi-Media Programs
1
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
PROGRAM
Regional Multi-media
Programs
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Regional Multi-media TOTAL
Programs
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$16,690.0 $15,479.6 $15,084.6 $16,690.0 $1,605.4
$16,690.0 $15,479.6 $15,084.6 $16,690.0 $1,605.4
$16,690.0 $15,479.6 $15,084.6 $16,690.0 $1,605.4
$16,690.0 $15,479.6 $15,084.6 $16,690.0 $1,605.4
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MULTIMEDIA
REGIONAL MULTI-MEDIA PROGRAMS
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $16,690,000 in 1995. This represents
$1,605,400 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
REGIONAL MULTI-MEDIA PROGRAMS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $16,690,000 for Regional Multi-Media
Programs, all of which will be from the Abatement, Control and Compliance (AC&C)
appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,605,400 over 1994. These
resources provide funding for local projects identified by the Regions, through
their strategic planning processes, to be of high priority to the environmental
programs of regional, State, and local jurisdictions. This funding, which cuts
across all media areas as well as environmental education and pollution
prevention, allows the Regions to support a broad range of geographically
targeted projects. Funding will continue to support 17 regional initiatives,
including habitat restoration in the Chesapeake Bay, phosphorous and mercury
contamination in the Florida Everglades, urban lead abatement in New England and
the Midwest, wetlands restoration in the San Francisco Bay/Delta estuary, and
restoration of water quality in the headwater streams contaminated by mining
activities in the Rocky Mountains.
While the Regions' comparative risk evaluations revealed many similarities
in the risks across the country, there are frequently distinct differences that
reflect the environmental diversity of our Nation. Even where risks are similar,
the causes of risk sometimes differ, necessitating unique solutions within each
Region to achieve the greatest risk reduction for our environmental protection
dollar. This program continues to provide the needed resources for the regional
offices to handle risk-based priorities that are geographically unique to the
Regions, and which are not adequately addressed by the Agency's national
programs. This is also the continuation of a unique experiment in solving the
country's environmental problems from a holistic, geographically integrated
perspective rather than from a narrower, media-specific perspective.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $15,084,600 for this program,
all of which is from the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation. This
program will provide multi-media funding for geographically specific problem
areas in each of the EPA's 10 Regions. These initiatives, which address
environmental problems identified as being of high risk to human health,
ecosystems, or both, were developed under the direction of the Regional
Administrators with broad oversight from the Office of Regional Operations and
State/Local Relations within the Headquarters Office of the Administrator. All
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of the individual initiatives are of the most immediate concern to individua
Regions and support the most innovative Agency attempts to resolve complicate
and controversial Tribal, local, State and regional multi-media environmental
problems. By funding these initiatives, such as lead contamination in the
Northeast or mining waste in the West, each Region can target critical
environmental problems that present the greatest risk to local environments and
can accomplish the work even when the risk presented to the entire country is
significantly lower than the local risk.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
This was a new program in 1993. Prior to this, the Office of Enforcement
provided $4,000,000 to the Regional Administrators for environmental problems and
risk based priorities that are geographically unique to each Region. These funds
were under a broad authority given to EPA under the National Environmental Policy
Act and Section 309 of the Clean Air Act.
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MULTIMEDIA
Analytical Environmental Services
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995 DECREASE DECREASE
1994 1994 1995 REQ 1995 REQ
VS VS
1994 CE 1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Analytical
Environmental Services
Abatement Control and $1,657.7 $1,986.8 $1,950.4 $1,700.4 $2,986.8 $1,286.4 $1,000.0
Compliance
TOTAL $1,657.7 $1,986.8 $1,950.4 $1,700.4 $2,986.8 $1,286.4 $1,000.0
TOTAL:
Abatement Control and $1,657.7 $1,986.8 $1,950.4 $1,700.4 $2,986.8 $1,286.4 $1,000.0
Compliance
Analytical TOTAL $1,657.7 $1,986.8 $1,950.4 $1,700.4 $2,986.8 $1,286.4 $1,000.0
Environmental Services
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MULTIMEDIA
ANALYTICAL ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $2,986,800 from the Abatement, Control and
Comliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,286,400 in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
ANALYTICAL ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $2,986,800 for regional Analytical
Environmental Services, all of which will be from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance (AC&C) appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,286,400 from
the 1994 AC&C appropriation.
Regional media programs require technical support for primary field
investigations, compliance monitoring, sample collection and transport,
laboratory analyses, data analysis and evaluation, quality assurance/quality
control oversight, environmental emergencies and Geographical Information
Systems, the national Drinking Water Laboratory Certification Program anr
technical assistance to State drinking water laboratories. In order to addre
the Agency's good science, enforcement, and environmental monitoring assessmen
goals, modern, well maintained laboratory and field equipment is essential. This
program will fund the laboratory and field equipment necessary to effectively
maintain Agency standards for good science. Funding is also necessary to support
continually increasing demands for sophisticated data generation and analysis
support.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $1,700,400 for this program,
all of which is from the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation. This
program provides Regional Offices with a centralized budget for laboratory and
field analytical support which is essential to advance the Agency's goal of
improved data and better science. In 1994, seven (7) joint EPA/State Regional
Environmental Monitoring Assessment Program (REMAP) projects were initiated
including the assessments of fish tissue contamination in Maine, assessments of
sediment quality in New York/New Jersey Harbor, characterization of toxic
contaminants in Texas estuaries, and assessments of aquatic and riparian
ecosystems in California's Central Valley. Locally managed analytical support
is vital to the success of these projects.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $1,657,700 for this program, all
of which is from the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation. Befor
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1993 analytical services were provided with funds made available through the
Agency's media programs. All support cost were borne by the regional offices.
In 1993, the annual fixed cost for equipment, equipment maintenance, supplies and
other scientific/laboratory expenses totaled $8.2 million. The Agency provided
$4.2 million-from over 20 different program elements ($1.9 million S&E, $2.3
million Superfund) to fund the Environmental Services purchases and $4 million
from Regional resources for equipment maintenance, supplies and other
scientific/laboratory expenses. During 1993, field personnel conducted over 650
air program compliance inspections, 350 hazardous waste management facility
compliance and enforcement inspections, and 1,100 water program compliance
inspections throughout the United States.
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MULTIMEDIA
Environmental Education Program
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
PROGRAM
Envi ronmentaI Educat i on
Program
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Environmental Education TOTAL
Program
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Environmental Education
Program
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Environmental Education
Program
TOTAL UORKYEARS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$700.1 $1,239.1
$6,242.9 $6,538.0
$6,943.0 $7,777.1
$700.1 $1,239.1
$6,242.9 $6,538.0
$6,943.0 $7,777.1
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
13.8
13.8
13.8
13.8
$539.0 $1,239.1
$295.1 $6,538.0
$834.1 $7,777.1
$539.0 $1,239.1
$295.1 $6,538.0
$834.1 $7,777.1
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.8
13.8
13.
13.8
13.8
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MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PROGRAM
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $7,777,100 supported by 13.8 total workyears
in 1995. Of the request, $1,239,100 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $6,538,000 will be for Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $539,000 and an
increase of 4.8 total workyears in the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and an increase of $295,100 in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PROGRAM
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $7,777,100 supported by 13.8 total
workyears, of which $1,239,100 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $6,538,000 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $539,000 and an increase of 4.8
total workyears in the Program and Research Operations appropriation and an
increase of $295,100 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The
increase in workyears will cover expanded responsibilities administered by the
regional offices for environmental education efforts. Additional Abatement,
Control, and Compliance resources will support the activities required by the
National Environmental Education Act of 1990 which include, in part, a grassroots
grants program to develop environmental education programs across the country;
development of an environmental educational internship and fellowship program;
and to carry out a national environmental education and training program. All
of these resources will further programs that meet the objectives of the National
Science and Technology Council (formerly, the Federal Coordinating Council on
Science, Engineering, and Technology's (FCCSET)/Committee on Education and
Training (GET)).
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $6,943,000 supported by 9.0 total
workyears for this Office, of which $700,100 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $6,242,900 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. Under the authority of Section 6 of the National
Environmental Education and Training Act (NEEA) (P.L. 101-619), the Agency will
continue to build on previous efforts to sponsor, conduct and fund a number of
programs designed to promote environmental education and career opportunities in
environmental sciences to educators, students and the general public. Under
Section 5 of the NEEA, the Agency also will award the second installment of a
multi-million dollar cooperative agreement to the University of Michigan to
assemble existing environmental education curricula as well as to develop
additional teaching materials and to continue their leadership of the National
Consortium for Environmental Education and Training which will reach thousands
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of students and teachers nationwide. Resources in the program will continue
advance the objectives of the National Science and Technology Council (former,
the Federal Coordinating Council on Science, Engineering and Technology
(FCCSET)/Committee on Education and Training (GET)).
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
This is a new program element for 1994. Before 1993 resources to implement
provisions of the National Environmental Education and Training Act (NEEA) were
managed under the program element supporting the Office of Communication,
Education, and Public Affairs (OCEPA). In 1993 the Agency awarded more than 250
grants worth over $2.7 million to promote environmental education at the K-12
level and the general public. The grants were awarded to schools, universities,
not-for-profit organizations and local governments in all 50 states, the
territories and the District of Columbia for environmental education initiatives.
In addition, the Agency supported over 80 students in the National Network for
Environmental Management Studies (NNEMS) intern program. The program is designed
to obtain high-quality studies by college students on the Agency's priority
environmental and program management issues. The program also is designed to
enhance the Agency's in-house science, policy and land management analysis to
create a catalyst for increased public awareness. The Agency also was able to
reach thousands of students and teachers through the national environmental
education and training consortia led by the University of Michigan. Through
specially designed youth programs and by participating in national events, such
as the National Boy Scout Jamboree, the Agency was able to reach thousands of
other youths with environmental education information.
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PROGRAM
MULTIMEDIA
Border Environmental Activities
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REG
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REO
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Border Environmental
Activities
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Border Environmental TOTAL
Activities
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
$63.0
$2,000.0 $1,966.0 $1,975.4 $2,000.0
$2,000.0 $1,966.0 $1,975.4 $2,063.0
$63.0
$2,000.0 $1,966.0 $1,975.4 $2,000.0
$2,000.0 $1,966.0 $1,975.4 $2,063.0
$63.0 $63.0
$24.6
$87.6 $63.0
$63.0
$24.6
$87.6
$63.0
$63.0
Border Environmental
Activities
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Border Environmental
Activities
TOTAL WORKYEARS
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
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MULTIMEDIA
BORDER ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $2,063,000 and 1.0 total workyear for 1995.
Of the request, $63,000 and 1.0 total workyear will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, and $2,000,000 will be for the Abatement,
Control, and Compliance (AC&C) appropriation. There represents an increase of
$63,000 for Program and Research Operations, an increase of $24,600 for
Abatement, Control and Compliance, and an increase of 1.0 total workyear from
1994 to support the Agency's commitment to the U.S.-Mexico Border Action Program.
BORDER ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $2,063,000 and 1.0 total workyear for 1995.
Of the request, $63,000 and 1.0 total workyear will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, and $2,000,000 will be for the Abatement,
Control, and Compliance (AC&C) appropriation. There represents an increase of
$63,000 for Program and Research Operations, an increase of $24,600 for
Abatement, Control and Compliance, and an increase of 1.0 total workyear from
1994. The resources will be used to support the new Border Action Program that
will improve public health and protect critical ecosystems in the Border area
Funds will be used to monitor environmental conditions and trends in the Bord
area, as well as to implement programs that prevent and control pollution. In
addition, these funds will strengthen existing enforcement and compliance
programs. A major component of EPA's efforts will be to incorporate pollution
prevention activities into all facets of the Border program and to strengthen
coordination among Federal, State and local agencies involved in programs
affecting the border environment.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994 the Agency is allocating a total of $1,975,400. The entire request
will be for the Abatement, Control, and Compliance (AC&C) appropriation.
The resources will improve the environment along the U.S.- Mexico Border.
Because of the rapid growth of industry and population in the area, serious
environmental and public health conditions exist along the U.S. - Mexico Border.
To address the long-term protection of human health and natural ecosystems in the
Border region, the U.S. and Mexico have worked together to develop an integrated
U.S. - Mexico Border Action Program. The first stage (Phase I) of the Program,
presently being implemented, involves significant investment in sewage treatment
plants, clean water systems for Colonias in the U.S., air quality monitoring,
control of trans-boundary shipments of hazardous wastes and a cooperative
environmental regulation and enforcement strategy between EPA and SEDESOL. OIA
will coordinate its efforts with EPA's Regional and Headquarters Program Offices
to establish and implement capital projects and programs.
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In 1994, development of Phase II of the integrated U.S. - Mexico Border
Action Program has begun, building upon the environmental activities completed
in Phase I. The Agency is strongly supporting the newly ratified NAFTA and its
environmental side agreement. Resources are planned to promote broader Mexico
country-wide initiatives.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
This is a new program in 1994.
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MULTIMEDIA
Pollution Prevention Activities
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
PROGRAM
Office of Pollution
Prevention
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Pollution Prevention
State Grants
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Pollution Prevention
Projects
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Pollution Prevention
Activities
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Office of Pollution
Prevention
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Office of Pollution
Prevention
TOTAL UORKYEARS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$1,428.6 $1,842.2 $1,840.4 $1,837.6 $1,883.8 $46.2 $41.6
$3,359.0 $1,020.5 $1,002.1 $802.1 $7,020.5 $6,218.4 $6,000.0
TOTAL $4,787.6 $2,862.7 $2,842.5 $2,639.7 $8,904.3 $6,264.6 $6,041.6
$6,736.9 $6,000.0 $8,300.0 $8,500.0 $6,000.0 -$2,500.0
TOTAL $6,736.9 $6,000.0 $8,300.0 $8,500.0 $6,000.0 -$2,500.0
$2,320.9 $2,122.6 $1,904.8 $1,554.8 $2,122.6 $567.8
TOTAL $2,320.9 $2,122.6 $1,904.8 $1,554.8 $2,122.6 $567.8
$1,428.6 $1,842.2 $1,840.4 $1,837.6 $1,883.8 $46.2 $41.6
$12,416.8 $9,143.1 $11,206.9 $10,856.9 $15,143.1 $4,286.2 $6,000.
TOTAL $13,845.4 $10,985.3 $13,047.3 $12,694.5 $17,026.9 $4,332.4 $6,041.6
20.8
20.8
21.3
21.3
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
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MULTIMEDIA
POLLUTION PREVENTION ACTIVITIES
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $17,026,000 and 21.0 total workyears for
this program, of which $1883,800 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $15,143,100 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $46,200 for Program Research and
Operations, an increase of $4,286,200 for Abatement Control and Complaince, and
no change in total workyears.
OFFICE OF POLLUTION PREVENTION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $8,904,300 and 21.0 total workyears for this
program, of which $1,883,800 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $7,020,500 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $46,200 for Program Research and
Operations, and increase of $6,218,400 for Abatement Control and Compliance, and
no change in total workyears. The increase in Program and Research Operations
reflects increased workforce costs. The increase in Abatement, Control and
Compliance reflects resources for a new Pollution Prevention/Environmental
Justice initiative.
These resources support the Agency's Source Reduction Review Project (SRRP)
and Design for the Environment (DfE) projects. SRRP promotes the inclusion of
pollution prevention into every EPA regulation under existing environmental
statutes. The DfE projects promote pollution prevention through the accounting,
insurance and banking professions. EPA will encourage these professions to
consider the full cost of pollution prevention versus pollution generation and
disposal in making loans, writing insurance policies, and conducting other
financial business on behalf of other industries. Outreach activities will
encourage voluntary pollution prevention in selected industries by highlighting
cost savings.
In 1995, the Agency will continue to support the development of pollution
prevention policies, strategies, and programs. Evaluation and support of
Regional and state programs will continue and includes the management, evaluation
and distribution of information produced through grants. The Agency will
continue to coordinate the exchange of ideas on pollution prevention with other
Federal and international organizations.
The Agency will launch a new pollution prevention program in 1995 focusing
on the problem of the disproportionate impacts that low income communities face
from pollution. This program will target resources for the development and
application of prevention tools in minority and low-income communities.
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1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $2,639,700 and 21.0 total
workyears, of which $1,837,600 is from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $802,100 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1994, the Agency is making improvements in the Pollution Prevention
Information Clearinghouse (PPIC). These improvements will focus the mission of
the PPIC, collect information to include in the PPIC, and strengthen marketing
and outreach efforts to better reach and serve more people who need the
information. During 1994 the Agency will also implement the Administrator's
seven themes for pollution prevention: 1) incorporating pollution prevention into
mainstream Agency activities like regulation development, permitting and
enforcement; 2) strengthening our national network of state and local pollution
prevention programs; 3) identifying and pioneering new cooperative private
partnerships that emphasize multimedia pollution prevention; 4) working closely
with our counterparts in other Federal agencies to ensure that pollution
prevention guides all Federal management and procurement decisions; 5) using
public information and the right-to-know to help identify pollution prevention
opportunities, measure progress, and recognize success; 6) meeting high priority
needs for new pollution prevention technologies that increase competitiveness and
enhance environmental stewardship; and 7) where justified, seeking changes in
Federal environmental law that will encourage pollution prevention.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $4,787,600 and 21.3 tott
workyears, of which $1,428,600 was from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $3,359,000 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1993, the SRRP program supported pollution prevention activities for
seven Agency rules. The Agency issued grants and signed cooperative agreements
with other organizations and institutions to show agricultural pollution
prevention techniques and the idea of sustainable agriculture.
POLLUTION PREVENTION STATE GRANTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $6,000,000 and no workyears for this
program, all of which will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents a decrease of $2,500,000 for Abatement, Control
and Compliance due to the discontinuation of the previous year's Congressional
adds for pollution prevention and state technical assistance program grants.
In 1995, OPPTS will continue to fund state projects that foster the
integration of pollution prevention into state regulatory programs, adopt
non-regulatory pollution prevention approaches to controlling hazardous
chemicals, establish statewide pollution prevention infrastructures, and enhanc
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cross-media pollution prevention.
OPPTS will continue to fund new demonstration programs and provide Agency
support and assistance to state and local environmental programs seeking to carry
out beneficial pollution prevention strategies.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $8,500,000 and no workyears for this
program, all of which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1994, OPPTS is maintaining the pollution prevention demonstration
programs. The Agency is also providing support and assistance to state
environmental programs seeking to carry out pollution prevention strategies
developed by the Agency in response to congressional directives under section
6605 of the Pollution Prevention Act.
Congressional Directives: A total of $2,300,000 is for the Congressionally
directed projects of pollution prevention program grants and state technical
assistance program grants.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $6,736,900 and no workyears, all
of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1993, the Agency supported the establishment and expansion of state,
Regional, tribal and locally based multimedia pollution prevention projects.
These funds helped to build state pollution prevention capabilities, and to test
innovative approaches and methods to preventing pollution at the state level.
POLLUTION PREVENTION PROJECTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $2,122,600 and no workyears, all of which
will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents
an increase of $567,800 for Abatement, Control and Compliance for expanded
Regional outreach and technical assistance.
The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 requires EPA to develop and carry out
a strategy that promotes source reduction. One feature of the Agency's program
is the Regional pollution prevention projects. These funds support the effort
to make pollution prevention the preferred approach to tackling environmental
problems, and the guiding principle for all EPA programs.
The Agency will continue to provide funds to the Regions to support
implementation of the Administrator's seven themes for pollution prevention:
incorporating pollution prevention into mainstream regulatory programs;
strengthening partnerships with state and local governments, the private sector,
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and other Federal agencies; encouraging public information and the right-to-knov
promoting environmental technology; and considering pollution prevention i
legislation where justified.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $1,554,800 and no workyears,
all of which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1994, activities include environmental education, pollution prevention
research and demonstration projects, technical assistance to small businesses,
support to state and local governments, and promoting prevention through existing
regulatory and enforcement programs.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $2,320,900 and no workyears, all
of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1993, the Regions continued pollution prevention activities that
included a mix of voluntary actions, technical assistance to both industry and
the states, and work with other Federal agencies. These efforts were done
together with the traditional permitting and compliance activities.
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MULTIMEDIA
Enforcement Policy & Technical Support
ACTUAL
1993
PROGRAM
Enforcement Policy &
Operations
Program & Research $27,628.6
Operations
Abatement Control and S3, 619. 5
Compliance
Oil Spills Trust Fund $214.5
TOTAL $31,462.6
Criminal Enforcement
Program
Program & Research $7,966.6
Operations
Abatement Control and $1,479.1
Compliance
TOTAL $9,445.7
Technical Support
Office of Enforcement
Program & Research $4,109.2
Operations
Abatement Control and $2,351.5
Compliance
TOTAL $6,460.7
Federal Facilities
Enforcement
Program & Research . $1,900.1
Operat i ons
Abatement Control and $838.5
Compliance
TOTAL $2,738.6
Sector and Multimedia
Compliance
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Regulatory Enforcement
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Enforcement Capacity
and Outreach
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
PRES. ENACTED CURRENT
BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE
1994 1994
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$26,862.8 $26,563.6 $18,833.5
$6,233.4 $7,410.2 $82.4
$33,096.2 $33,973.8 $18,915.9
$8,614.0 $9,527.8 $11,233.5
$1,415.2 $1,262.5 $1,763.1
$10,029.2 $10,790.3 $12,996.6
$4,559.4 $4,511.5 $4,612.6
$2,857.7 $2,596.2 $2,361.7
$7,417.1 $7,107.7 $6,974.3
$2,098.9 $2,004.7 $2,037.3
$1,731.1 $1,433.2 $1,589.5
$3,830.0 $3,437.9 $3,626.8
$10,596.0
$12,836.9
$23,432.9
$11,762.2
$4,748.9
$16,511.1
$1,746.8
$2,310.3
$4,057.1
REQUEST
1995
$18,412.5
$327.4
$18,739.9
$15,975.3
$1,668.0
$17,643.3
$5,358.0
$2,549.8
$7,907.8
$2,052.1
$1,757.0
$3,809.1
$10,676.1
$18,095.0
$28,771.1
$11,149.5
,
$5,882.1
$17,031.6
$1,558.0
$3,621.2
$5,179.2
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
-$421.0
$245.0
-$176.0
$4,741.8
-$95.1
$4,646.7
$745.4
$188.1
$933.5
$14.8
$167.5
$182.3
$80.1
$5,258.1
$5,338.2
-$612.7
$1,133.2
$520.5
-$188.8
$1,310.9
$1,122.1
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
-$8,450.3
-$5,906.0
-$14,356.3
$7,361.3
$252.8
$7,614.1
$798.6
-$307.9
$490.7
-$46.8
$25.9
-$20.9
$10,676.1
$18,095.0
$28,771.1
$11,149.5
$5,882.1
$17,031.6
$1,558.0
$3,621.2
$5,179.2
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MULTIMEDIA
Enforcement Policy & Technical Support
ACTUAL
1993
Hazardous Waste
Site Remediation
Enforcement
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
PRES. ENACTED CURRENT
BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE
1994 1994
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$537.2
$421.9
$959.1
REQUEST
1995
$526.3
$611.7
$1,138.0
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
-$10.9
$189.8
$178.9
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
$526.3
$611.7
$1,138.0
Pesticide Enforcement
Grants
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Toxic Substance
Enforcement Grants
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Oil Spills Trust Fund
TOTAL
TOTAL
$41,604.5
$8,288.6
$214.5
$738.8 $16,135.8
$738.8 $16,135.8
$312.6 $4,650.0
$312.6 $4,650.0
$42,135.1 $42,607.6 $61,359.1 $65,707.8
$12,237.4 $12,799.9 $27,159.0 $55,298.0
$15,397.0 $16,135.8
$15,397.0 $16,135.8
$4,337.4 $4,650.0
$4,337.4 $4,650.0
$4,348.7 $23,572.7
$28,139.0 $43,060.
Enforcement Policy & TOTAL $50,107.6
Technical Support
$54,372.5 $55,309.7 $88,525.2 $121,005.8 $32,480.6 $66,633.3
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Enforcement Policy &
Operations
Criminal Enforcement
Program
Technical Support
Office of Enforcement
Federal Facilities
Enforcement
Sector and Multimedia
Compliance
Regulatory Enforcement
Enforcement Capacity
and Outreach
Hazardous Waste
Site Remediation
Enforcement
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
391.9
96.8
66.8
27.5
399.3 399.3
107.1 107.1
74.4 74.4
32.5 32.5
290.4
138.8
74.8
31.1
158.4
168.8
25.5
267.6
182.5
76.2
29.6
150.5
160.3
22.6
-22.8
43.7
1.4
-1.5
-7.9
-8.5
-2.9
-131.7
75.4
1.8
-2.9
150.5
160.3
22.6
583.0
613.3
613.3
8.5
896.3
7.8
897.1
-7
7.8
283. f
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and Outreach
Hazardous Waste
Site Remediation
Enforcement
TOTAL UORKYEARS
MULTIMEDIA
Enforcement Policy & Technical Support
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Enforcement Policy &
Operat i ons
Criminal Enforcement
Program
Technical Support
Office of Enforcement
Federal Facilities
Enforcement
Sector and Multimedia
Compliance
Regulatory Enforcement
Enforcement Capacity
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE
1994 1994
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
421.5 399.3 399.3 290.4
97.7 107.1 107.1 138.8
69.3 74.4 74.4 74.8
28.7 32.5 32.5 31.1
158.4
168.8
25.5
REQUEST
1995
267.6
182.5
76.2
29.6
150.5
160.3
22.6
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REO
VS
1994 CE
-22.8
43.7
1.4
-1.5
-7.9
-8.5
-2.9
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
-131.7
75.4
1.8
-2.9
150.5
160.3
22.6
617.2
613.3
613.3
8.5
896.3
7.8
897.1
-7
7.8
283.8
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MULTIMEDIA
Enforcement Policy & Technical Support
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
ESTIMATE
1995
INCREASE +
DECREASE -
1995 VS,
1994
ACTUAL
1993
Enforcement Actions
Administrative Orders
EPA 2883 2861 2986 +125
States I/
New Judicial Referrals
EPA Civil 204 232 235 +3
EPA Criminal 140 195 264 +69
State Civil* 573 ** ** **
Civil Judicial Cases, Ongoing
Cases Start of Year 586 576 **
Cases Concluded 214 ** **
Active Consent Decrees 968 ** **
Criminal Investigations
New 410 466 598 +132
Start of Year 335 514 717 +203
Defendants Charged 161 ** ** **
Contractor Listing
Delistings and Discretionary 118 140 165 +25
Listings
Permit Support
RCRA 300 301 287 -14
NDPDES 432 470 490 +20
UIC 371 516 516 0
Penalties Assessed (Preliminary)
Civil*** $104.OM ** **
Criminal $ 29.7M ** **
I/ Administrative Orders totals for the States are not yet available
* Preliminary end-of-year figure.
** Future year projections are not made for this data element.
***Includes administrative and civil judicial penalties.
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MULTIMEDIA
ENFORCEMENT POLICY AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $121,005,800 and 897.1 total workyears, of
which $65,707,800 is for the Program and Research Operations appropriation and
$55,298,000 is for the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation. The
Multimedia program reflects the EPA Headquarter's reorganization of enforcement
resources into the Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance.
ENFORCEMENT POLICY AND OPERATIONS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $18,739,900 and 267.6 total workyears for
this program, of which $18,412,500 will be for the Program and Research
Operations (PRO) appropriation, and $327,400 will be for the Abatement, Control,
and Compliance (AC&C) appropriation. This represents a decrease of $421,000 for
PRO, an increase of $245,900 for AC&C, and a decrease of 22.8 total PRO
workyears. The decrease in workyears reflects a redirection of workyears to the
Criminal Enforcement program in support of the Pollution Prosecution Act mandated
criminal investigator staffing levels. Also in part, a reduction of workyears
will result from the Administration's streamlining of the Federal workforce.
The FY 1995 request will provide resources to continue: 1) developing and
implementing new regulations and enforcement strategies for the Clean Air Act
(CAA), Clean Water Act (CWA), Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Toxics Substances Control Act (TSCA), and
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA); 2) working with
Headquarters offices to follow through on enforcement actions targeted to
companies and industries that demonstrate high levels of non-compliance and pose
the greatest risk to human health and the environment by using the Toxics Release
Inventory (TRI) data management system; 3) developing and participating in
national and regional multi-media enforcement initiatives to protect sensitive
ecosystems; 4) working with Headquarters to address the disproportionate impact
of hazardous waste activity on minority and low-income populations; 5) working
with States in identifying enforcement initiatives; and 6) increasing an
enforcement presence along the Mexican border.
The Enforcement Policy and Operations regional legal program will continue
responding to non-compliance of environmental statutes with consistent, timely,
and effective enforcement actions. Resources will be concentrated on
administrative enforcement actions, new and ongoing civil judicial litigation and
continued utilization of multi-media data integration through coordinated efforts
with Headquarters. The Regions will emphasize a number of multimedia and/or
cross media program initiatives (i.e., Great Lakes, Chesapeake Bay, Gulf of
Mexico) and expand implementation of the integrated multi-media enforcement
program. Regional legal staff will continue to focus on enforcement activities
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in support of major statutory requirements including enforcement actions relate
to CWA, RCRA, TSCA, CAA, SDWA, and reregistration requirements of FIFRA '88.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $18,915,900 and 290.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $18,833,500 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $82,400 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. The corresponding Headquarters Legal Enforcement
component is reflected in the new Regulatory Enforcement and Sector and
Multimedia Compliance programs. These programs were created as part of the
reorganized Enforcement program in 1994.
Regions are providing input on developing civil judicial policies that
ensure nationally consistent and appropriate application of environmental
statutes. Regional staff also play a major role in developing proposed
reauthorization provisions for CWA, SDWA, and RCRA.
Air enforcement work is concentrating on new enforcement provisions of the
1990 Clean Air Act Amendments, including development of procedures for expanded
administrative enforcement authority through penalties and field citations. This
also includes stratospheric ozone protection and air toxics reduction
requirements. In 1994, RCRA, Toxics, Pesticides, and Water enforcement work
focus on the following activities: 1) targeting enforcement actions on
industry-specific, pollutant-specific, and/or geographic areas with sensitive
ecosystems (e.g. streams closed to fishing and swimming), and addressing the
greatest risks to human health and the environment; 2) assuring compliance witv
data quality requirements (e.g. data on effectiveness of sterilants used i
medical offices), and the registration of pesticides; and 3) targeting
enforcement actions against owners/operators of hazardous waste facilities (e.g.
RCRA illegal operators). New regulations that enforcement staff are focusing on
include: Acid Rain, Hazardous Organic National Emission Standards for Hazardous
Air Pollutants (NESHAP), Coke Oven NESHAP, importation of CFCs, and permit
programs.
In 1994, Regional legal resources are supporting a number of multi-media
enforcement initiatives. Innovative regional techniques for targeting and case
screening to achieve environmental results are continuing to be an enforcement
focus. Emerging multi-media enforcement and geographic initiatives are causing
a significant shift of Regional legal resources to high risk areas. Regions
have the responsibility for initiating new enforcement actions based upon major
statutory, regulatory, and programmatic directives.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $31,462,600 and 421.5 total
workyears for this program, of which $27,628,600 was from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, $3,619,500 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation and $214,500 was from Oil Spills Response appropriation.
The program international activities included: training for inspectors
working on issues involving the Mexican Border and the North American Free Tradf
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Agreement; providing support to criminal investigators stationed along the
Mexican Border; providing international training on the principles of
environmental enforcement and developing new case studies and technical support
materials to address a fuller range of enforcement problems encountered
domestically and around the globe; working with the United Nations Environmental
Program on training workshops for enforcement program design; and co-sponsoring
and organizing the Third International Conference on Environmental Enforcement
to build capacity in enforcement program design and implementation.
In 1993, OE began development of the National Enforcement Training
Institute (NETI) facility at Headquarters to complement the existing Western
facility in Lakewood, Colorado. NETI expanded training for attorneys and
inspectors. NETI's curriculum built upon prior year efforts to sharpen
enforcement staff skills in the area of expert witness testimony, media-specific
and multimedia legal applications; basic interdisciplinary training of
enforcement personnel at all levels of government; international enforcement
issues; capacity building; Federal Facility compliance; and administrative
hearings and trials. OE continued the attorney career-cycle training program
to improve litigation and settlement skills.
The IDEA project was used to analyze data related to the environmental
equity issue and in establishing enforcement targets. AC&C funds were used to
assist in building basic software and analytical infrastructure, documentation,
and follow-up training with EPA enforcement personnel.
In 1993, OE issued the first national penalty report with information on
the value and use of Supplemental Environmental Projects in enforcement
settlements and the value of injunctive relief sought in enforcement cases to
better describe the benefits from enforcement activities and the application of
new policies and strategies.
OE broke new ground working with the state and local governments through
two new policies. The Criminal Enforcement Addendum to the Policy Framework on
state/EPA Enforcement Agreements enhances cooperation in the growing application
of criminal law to environmental enforcement. The revised sections on oversight
of state penalty assessments enhance the application of the principle of recovery
of economic benefit of.non-compliance plus a penalty reflective of the gravity
of the harm in penalty calculations at all levels of government. Enforcement
staff promoted the use of supplemental environmental projects within settlement
provisions to increase the environmental and deterrent benefit from individual
enforcement cases.
CRIMINAL ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $17,643,300 supported by 182.5 workyears
for this program, of which $15,975,300 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation, and $1,668,000 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $4,741,800 and 43.7
total workyears for the Program and Research Operations appropriation and a
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decrease of $95,100 for the Abatement Control and Compliance appropriation. Th'
additional workyears will allow for the continued hiring of crimina
investigators and related support staff to meet the requirements of the Pollution
Prosecution Act of 1990. The net increase in workyears is comprised of the
additional workyears for the Pollution Prosecution Act requirements and a slight
decrease to "non-investigator" positions to reflect the President's efforts to
streamline the Federal workforce.
The decrease in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation results
from reduced equipment needs for the Criminal Investigator workforce. These
funds will be redirected to support other high priority Agency initiatives.
The investigative, Headquarters legal and support staff (i.e.,
administrative, budgetary and information systems) are consolidated under the
Office of Criminal Enforcement (OCE) to improve the program's national direction
and focus. The Regional legal resources are located in the Office of Regional
Counsel and are contained in the Enforcement Policy and Operations program
elements.
The criminal investigative staff perform the following major functions:
o Develops national investigative procedures to ensure uniform, fair and
appropriate enforcement responses to violations of environmental statutes;
o Screens all investigative leads and pursues the most egregious criminal
offenders and provides a deterrence to others who would willfully violate
the environmental laws;
o Manages the criminal judicial docket and criminal information index,
tracking the status of all cases; and
o Trains Federal, state, local and tribal law enforcement personnel and
regulatory agencies in the investigation of environmental crimes to
increase the presence of law enforcement and to alleviate the need for
federal intervention in violations best left to state enforcement.
The criminal legal staff perform the following major functions:
o Develops and implements national criminal enforcement policies to ensure
a consistent and appropriate application of environmental statutes;
o Provides legal advice during the criminal investigations and case
development, including legal review of criminal case referrals to the
Department of Justice;
o Provides legal advice and support to the prosecuting attorneys during
prosecution or plea negotiations;
o Analyzes proposed legislation and proposed regulations to ensure
enforceability and consistency with criminal procedural requirements; and
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o Assists in course development and training of EPA Special Agents and other
Federal, state, local and tribal Enforcement and technical personnel in
the prosecution of environmental statutes.
The Criminal Enforcement program will act to forcefully deter criminal
violations of environmental laws and regulations by demonstrating to the
regulated community that knowing and willful statutory violations will be met
with harsh sanctions in terms of both fines and jail sentences. The program has
responded to the statutory enhancement of the criminal enforcement provisions of
the environmental laws. As the environmental statutes were reauthorized
throughout the 1980's, Congress routinely increased the maximum criminal
penalties in all the major environmental statutes, except for the Toxic
Substances Control Act and Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act.
For example, misdemeanors have become felonies, potential fines have been
increased, and maximum jail sentences have been lengthened. In addition,
"knowing endangerment" provisions have been included in the Clean Air Act, Clean
Water Act and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. These statutory penalties
now reflect the consensus of Congress and society that serious environmental
violations are criminal felonies.
The amendment of the criminal sanctions within the environmental statutes
to strengthen their deterrent effect will contribute to pollution prevention as
facility operators realize they may go to jail if they pollute illegally.
Criminal investigations and enforcement will constitute a highly visible and
effective force in the Agency's enforcement strategy. The program will also
concentrate resources on investigations of larger facilities and major incidents
which requires special agents from more than one Region to provide an adequate
investigative force. The publicity generated by criminal cases such as Michelle
Irene Joint Venture (first criminal prosecution to enforce the provisions of an
international treaty prohibiting the disposal of plastics at sea); Gaston Copper
Recycling Corporation (illegal export of 3,000 tons toxic fertilizer), Dexter
Corporation (a Fortune 500 company fined $13.0 million), Metro Technology, et al.
(defendants sentenced to a total of five years imprisonment), and Robert M
Brittingham and John J. LoMonaco (individuals fined $12.0 million) will create
a ripple effect of voluntary compliance. In addition, with the Federal Court of
Appeals affirming the criminal convictions and sentences levied by the trial
courts, the message to facility operators will be loud and clear -- "if you
pollute illegally, you can go to jail."
The Criminal Enforcement program will continue to enforce the criminal
provisions of the reauthorized Clean Air Act and target violators of key Agency
geographic and ecological initiatives. The resources will maintain OCE's
capability to concentrate on transboundary movements of hazardous and toxic
substances (e.g. maquiladora industries located on the Mexican side of the U.S.
border), illegal hazardous waste disposal cases, improper fill of wetlands, and
violations of the Clean Water Act. Investigators will pursue significant leads
of potential criminal violation of environmental statutes concentrating on those
violations involving the greatest risk to human health or the environment. Cases
which do not meet this criteria will be referred to the Agency's civil
enforcement office for appropriate administrative or civil judicial action, or
to a state or local prosecutor. OCE will continue to work in close cooperation
with state environmental crimes units, other Federal law enforcement agencies,
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and the military investigative services, effectively multiplying the visibility
and deterrence of criminal enforcement in the environmental protection arena.
In 1995, there are 136.2 criminal investigator workyears contained in the
Program and Research Operations appropriation request and 18.3 criminal
investigator workyears contained in the Hazardous Substance Superfund request for
a total of 154.5 criminal investigators workyears to fund 160 agents. The
Pollution Prosecution Act of 1990 requires the Agency to have 160 criminal
investigators on-board by September 30, 1995.
An effective Criminal Investigations program requires unique programmatic
costs associated with criminal investigative operations, such as the purchase of
information or evidence, guns and ammunition, and specialized equipment such as
night scopes and monitoring devices. A significant cost of the program is the
25 percent Administratively Uncontrollable Overtime (AUO) payment which is based
on the investigator's full salary. Included in the request is $6,000 per
investigator in travel dollars to enable the investigators to screen all
investigative leads and pursue the most egregious criminal offenders, thus
providing an effective deterrence to those who would knowingly violate
environmental laws. Also included are the required travel dollars to train the
Federal, State, local and tribal criminal investigators in environmental
enforcement at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $12,996,600 supported by 138.8
workyears, of which $11,233,500 is from the Program and Research Operation?
appropriation and $1,763,100 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
The criminal enforcement program continues to target the most significant
and egregious violators. Highest priority is given to investigations having the
greatest potential for preventing environmental harm and protecting public
health. In those situations where the risk of harm is so great, immediate and/or
irremediable, OCE is cooperating and coordinate with EPA's civil enforcement
authorities to seek appropriate injunctive or remedial action. The criminal
enforcement program is emphasizing rigorous criminal investigations, particularly
with respect to potential or documented deliberate violations of the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act, Clean Air Act Amendments (especially air toxics
strategy), toxics in all media, and municipal and pretreatment compliance. The
program is working to improve case management through more efficient use of
investigative resources, greater accessibility of criminal investigators to
Regional staff and Assistant U.S. Attorneys, and by opening additional criminal
investigation offices. A total of 24 area, resident or domicile offices are
being operational in 1994.
OCE uses a well defined criminal case-screening criteria to maximize the
limited criminal resources. The criminal case selection process is guided by two
general measures -- significant environmental harm and culpable conduct. This
criteria distinguishes cases meriting criminal investigation from those more
appropriately pursued under administrative or civil judicial authorities. Cases
that do not meet the criteria to proceed criminally, are systematically referred
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back to the Agency's civil enforcement office for appropriate administrative or
civil judicial action, or to a state or local prosecutor. This ensures chat
OCE's investigative resources are being directed properly and expended
efficiently, and prevents assertions that EPA's criminal program is imposing its
powerful sanctions indiscriminately.
The criminal enforcement program is working in close partnership with state
environmental crimes units and other Federal law enforcement agencies by
assisting and training States in building their own criminal enforcement
capability. This helps to limit the need for Federal staff resources and
effectively multiplies the visibility and deterrent message of criminal
enforcement of environmental statutes. In 1994, the criminal program is
improving information access, technical investigations, and evidence audit
support.
The Office of Criminal Enforcement is continuing to focus attention on
Federal facilities compliance. To date, there have been 34 cases involving
Federal Facilities, or contractors at Federal facilities, of which 14 are
currently open and being actively investigated.
In 1994, there are 99.9 criminal investigator workyears contained in the
Program and Research Operations appropriation request and 17.6 criminal
investigator workyears contained in the Hazardous Substance Superfund request for
a total of 117.5 criminal investigators workyears to fund 123 agents. This is
allowing EPA to meet Pollution Prosecution Act requirement that the Agency have
123 criminal investigators on-board by September 30, 1994.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $9,445,700 supported by 97.7 total
workyears of which $7,966,600 was from the Program and Research Operations
Appropriation and $1,479,100 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1993, emphasis was placed on rigorous criminal enforcement of knowing
violations of RCRA, air toxic strategy, toxics in all media, and the Clean Water
Act. Priority was given to investigations and cases with the greatest apparent
potential for protecting public health and preventing environmental harm. OCE
continued its commitment to concentrate on larger facilities and major incidents.
Less flagrant violations with lesser environmental consequences were addressed
through administrative or civil monetary penalties and remedial orders.
In 1993, there were 69.8 criminal investigator workyears contained in the
Program and Research Operations appropriation request and 19.6 criminal
investigator workyears contained in the Hazardous Substance Superfund request for
a total of 89.4 criminal investigators workyears which funded 110 agents. EPA
met the Pollution Prosecution Act requirement that the Agency have 110 criminal
investigators on-board by September 30, 1993.
State, local and Indian Tribal capabilities to detect, investigate and
prosecute environmental crimes were significantly enhanced through training
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courses provided at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center. In furtherin
the Agency's priority for international environmental enforcement and pollutioi
prevention, OCE implemented a new initiative on criminal enforcement involving
international shipments of waste and hazardous substances.
As the result of considerable input from OCE, the section of the Sentencing
Guidelines for individual defendants specifically addressed environmental
offenses in order to implement the Congressional directive that white-collar
offenders no longer receive less lenient penalties than other criminal
defendants. Accordingly, many convicted environmental offenders are now
receiving at least minimal jail terms of several months duration. OCE's input
into the development of Sentencing Guidelines for organizational defendants
resulted in sentencing provisions that provide for trust funds, community
service, and close monitoring of the organizational entities during probation to
ensure future environmental compliance. These tougher sanctions dramatically
increased OCE's enforcement clout among the regulated community which has
significantly improved their "voluntary" compliance with environmental
requirements, which is OCE's primary goal.
In*1993, OCE established overall records for most categories of criminal
enforcement activity. There were 410 criminal cases initiated (102% increase),
140 criminal referrals (31% increase), bringing charges against 161 defendants
(7% increase), and defendants were sentenced to 74.3 years in jail (21%
decrease). These actions resulted in $29.7 million in assessed fines and an
additional $9.8 million in community projects and clean-up actions. The amount
of fines returned to the U.S. Treasury represented a return of $3.30 for every
$1.00 spent by OCE in 1993. The criminal enforcement program is unique in tha'
it provides a positive return on the government's investment.
TECHNICAL SUPPORT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $7,907,800 and 76.2 total workyears for this
program, with $5,358,000 for the PRO appropriation and $2,549,800 for the AC&C
appropriation. This represents an increase of $745,400 in the PRO appropriation,
in 1995, a $188,100 increase in AC&C, and an increase of 1.4 total workyears.
This increase in PRO reflects increased personnel costs as well as the increase
in workyears. The increases in total workyears and Abatement, Control and
Compliance reflects additional resources for the Pollution Prosecution Act
technical support and civil investigator positions.
As a result of the current enforcement reorganization at Headquarters a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The National
Enforcement Training Institute has been consolidated and 1.7 total workyears and
$125,000 from the PRO appropriation and $21,400 from the AC&C appropriation have
been transferred from the Technical Support program to the new Enforcement
Capacity and Outreach program.
In 1995, NEIC will continue to emphasize and develop its technical support
to both the civil and criminal enforcement programs. The ongoing efforts t<
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enhance support levels and capabilities within the Regions for the criminal
enforcement program will continue. The NEIC maintains a state-of-the-art
environmental forensic laboratory and sophisticated field, analytical, and
investigative capabilities for conducting complex enforcement investigations.
The NEIC will continue to provide quality technical support to the Agency's
enforcement program in developing cases that A) have precedential implications;
B) have multi-regional or multi-media impacts; C) require the innovative
applications of engineering and scientific technology to resolve complex
pollution issues; or D) exceed a Region's technical capability of resources. The
NEIC will also work with EPA Regional Environmental Services Divisions (ESDs) to
build their field, laboratory, and multi-media support capabilities, and provide
technical assistance to the Regions on complex multi-media investigations and
facility audits.
In addition to enhanced technical services in FY 1995, the NEIC seeks to
station additional civil investigators in regional offices. NEIC will expand its
technical leadership role in developing multi-media investigation capabilities
within the Regions and States.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $6,974,300 and 74.8 total workyears,
with $4,612,600 from the PRO appropriation and $2,361,700 from the AC&C
appropriation.
As a result of the current enforcement reorganization at Headquarters a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The National
Enforcement Training Institute has been consolidated and 1.7 workyears and
$125,000 from the PRO appropriation and $21,400 from the AC&C appropriation have
been transferred from the Technical Support program to the new Enforcement
Capacity and Outreach program.
The NEIC is maintaining a state-of-the-art environmental forensic
laboratory and sophisticated field, analytical, and investigative capabilities
for conducting complex enforcement investigations. In 1994, NEIC is increasing
its support to the criminal enforcement program by hiring additional technical
staff to work directly with the SAICs, agents and Regional staffs. NEIC offers
the following services and expertise for criminal enforcement and multi-media and
single-media technical projects to EPA Regions and headquarters, DOJ, the FBI,
and States:
o information analysis and data reviews; in-depth field inspections;
o pollution source and process evaluations to promote pollution
prevention;
o civil investigator support; financial analysis;
o evidence audit support;
o technical reports and other documents on investigation findings to
support case preparation and enforcement action;
o supplemental technical analyses including in-depth on-site facility
inspections and pollution impact evaluations;
o fully defensible evidence and work products meeting all chain-of-
custody and document control requirements;
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o fact and expert technical testimony;
o analyses on the enforceability of regulations, and technical
expertise during consent degree development and settlement
negotiations.
t
NEIC also is continuing to provide support in the computer fraud area,
corporate financial evaluations, integration of risk and geographic data into
enforcement targeting systems and address agency initiatives such as data
integrity, environmental justice, CAA inspections, and multi-media targeting
procedures.
The Civil Investigators at NEIC is continuing to support the regional
program compliance personnel, enforcement attorneys, and NEIC enforcement
personnel.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $6,460,700 supported by 69.3 total
workyears, of which $4,109,200 was from the PRO appropriation and $2,351,500 was
from the AC&C appropriation.
In 1993, NEIC increased its technical support to the criminal enforcement
program. The technical support included: on-site inspections to collect evidence
of facility operations/conditions during the site discovery phase; analytical and
technical support to determine compliance and violations; litigation support
services that conform to confidentiality and chain-of custody requirements; case
development; and factual and expert testimony.
NEIC continued to use data integration tools and methodologies to promote
enforcement targeting and multi-media investigations. The NEIC also developed
reports and provided specialized field, technical, and laboratory, financial
analysis, and information services for criminal and civil enforcement
investigations, case preparations, and settlement negotiations for all of EPA's
environmental statutes. NEIC hired three additional civil investigators and
staffed a financial analyst position. Civil investigators have provided valued
assistance in locating and interviewing witnesses, tracing corporate assets, and
evaluating and locating liable parties.
NEIC also supported the North American Free Trade Agreement and Mexican
Border Geographic Initiatives by developing a bi-lingual training film for U.S.
and Mexican customs officials on procedures for detecting and monitoring
compliance of trans-boundary hazardous waste shipments. NEIC conducted multi-
media compliance investigations of ten major facilities including three major
federal facilities. These investigations were directed toward meeting Agency
initiatives for multi-media enforcement, environmental equity, pollution
prevention, and federal facility compliance. NEIC also prepared technical
reports and documents covering its investigative findings to be used for
developing enforcement actions by the Regional program office.
NEIC continued its support and promotion of the National Enforcement
Training Institute. NEIC provided enforcement training for Federal, State and
local technical experts and civil investigators. Course offerings included a wide
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range of environmental enforcement topics such as "Enforcement for Laboratory
Personnel", "Environmental Science for the Enforcement Team", and "Multi-Media
Investigations."
FEDERAL FACILITIES ENFORCEMENT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $3,809,100 supported by 29.6 total workyears
for this program, of which $2,052,100 will be for Program and Research Operations
(PRO) appropriation, and $1,757,000 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance (AC&C) appropriation. This represents an increase of $14,800 in PRO
in 1995, a $167,400 increase in AC&C, and a decrease of 1.5 total workyears from
1994. The decrease of 1.5 total workyears from the current estimate reflects the
Administration's efforts to streamline the Federal workforce.
In 1995, the Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA) Federal
Facilities Enforcement Program (FFEP) will continue to provide guidance and
direction to the Regions on a national technical assistance and multi-media
compliance program. This program includes the conduct of multi-media compliance
inspections and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) corrective action
cleanups at Federal facilities. EPA will help ensure at a national level that
Federal agencies carry out their projects in a consistent and cost-effective
manner. The program will also focus on pollution prevention, on encouraging a
"green" Federal government, and on implementing the Federal Facilities Compliance
Act (FFCA). Headquarters resources will be directed towards assisting the
Regions in their review of A-106 packages.
The Federal Facilities Enforcement program will continue to implement the
multi-media Federal Facility Environmental Management Strategy. This strategic
plan promotes assistance to and coordination among the Federal family while
identifying high priority environmental needs. This strategy consists of
traditional and non-traditional proposals for preventing pollution, achieving and
monitoring compliance, and expeditiously addressing Federal hazardous and
radioactive waste sites. It promotes accountability and citizen involvement,
economic growth, equal protection from environmental degradation, holistic risk
assessment, and streamlined processes.
A key facet of the multi-media program will continue to be the focus on
integrating Regional media programs to perform multi-media inspections at Federal
facilities and providing technical assistance to other Federal agency compliance
programs. The successful 1993 and 1994 Multi-media Enforcement/Compliance
Initiative, which resulted in over 60 multi-media inspections, will be continued
in 1995 through annual inspections at Federal facilities across the United
States.
The Federal facilities enforcement program will continue to support the
pollution prevention objective for the Federal government. Executive Order 12856
(Federal Compliance With Right-To-Know Laws and Pollution Prevention
Requirements) will be implemented over the next decade through the Agency's
Federal Facility Management Strategy . In 1995, EPA and the states will, for the
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first time, receive data from approximately 500 Federal facilities on thei
releases of toxic chemicals and pollutants as a result of their compliance win
provision of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) §313
Toxic Release Inventory (TRI). The availability of this data will facilitate
greater community understanding of the environmental impacts of Federal
activities as well as encourage treating Federal facilities the same as private
facilities. This data will also be used to establish the baseline for achieving
the 50% reduction of toxic pollutants established in Executive Order 12856.
The Agency has set a goal of including pollution prevention provisions in
at least 25% of its enforcement agreements and orders. To meet this objective,
EPA will include pollution prevention potential as one of the five criteria for
targeting high priority Federal facilities for multi-media inspections. Further,
EPA will prepare pollution prevention profiles for each facility targeted for
inspection. These profiles could subsequently lead to conditions, as part of the
consent order or agreement, which substitute pollution prevention activities for
penalties or other sanctions.
Also, the OECA will take the lead in working with several other EPA offices
to finalize a pollution prevention strategy for the Federal government. This
strategy will focus on four roles which the Federal government plays: 1) a
manufacturer and generator of waste and releases; 2) a consumer and large
purchaser of goods and services; 3) a policy maker and regulator; and 4) an
advocate for technology through research and development and technology transfer.
This strategy will set measurable goals across these four areas and will be in
its implementation stages in 1995.
By the end of 1994, over 60 multi-media inspections at major Federa^
facilities will have been completed as a result of the Federal Facilities Multi-
Hedia Enforcement/Compliance Initiative (FFMMECI). This initiative enabled EPA.
with extensive state participation, to conduct multi-media inspections in all ten
Regions in 1993. OECA expects significant enforcement actions and penalties as
a result of these inspections.
This initiative also utilized numerous innovative approaches and integrated
media enforcement actions in 1993. Some of the innovative methods were the use
of pollution prevention profiles and Supplemental Environmental Projects (SEPs) .
Due to the success of this initiative, this multi-media inspection/enforcement
program will continue in 1995 and beyond at Federal facilities as a national
program. As part of this program, each Region will conduct a minimum of two
multi-media inspections in 1995.
With the passage of the Federal Facilities Compliance Act (FFCA) in late
1992, inspection and enforcement/penalty authority was increased over Federal
facilities for both EPA and delegated states. As a result, the number of
inspections and related enforcement actions are increasing. This trend is
expected to continue in 1995. The FFCA requires annual EPA inspections of all
330 Federal Treatment, Storage and Disposal (TSDs) facilities. In addition,
Federal facilities are expected to utilize appeals procedures for EPA assessed
penalties that follow administrative hearing procedures under 40 Code of Federal
Regulation (CFR) Part 22 procedures and EPA guidance issued by the OECA in 1993.
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OECA will continue to manage the implementation of the Federal Facilities
Tracking System (FFTS) for compliance tracking and targeting in all media.
Information will be provided from FFTS to Federal agencies to aid them in their
compliance efforts. A data sharing component will be developed to help provide
direct access to a discrete set of FFTS data for other agencies in order to help
resolve data and/or compliance discrepancies in a more expeditious manner.
OECA will continue to coordinate EPA Federal facility inspections, provide
technical assistance and training to facilities with compliance problems, and
initiate follow up enforcement actions which will result in Federal Facility
Compliance Agreements and administrative orders where appropriate. OECA will
design these actions to improve the compliance rates at Federal facilities in
each media and encourage greater Federal agency awareness of their environmental
responsibilities. Greater emphasis is expected on Clean Air Act compliance,
enforcement activities at Federal facilities, and EPCRA compliance for TRI
reporters.
OECA will provide assistance to other EPA managers at Headquarters in
targeting inspections at Federal facilities. OECA will utilize resources for
negotiating FFCAs and consent orders to address high priority violators for
greater environmental benefit and results.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $3,626,800 supported by 31.1 total
workyears for this program, of which $2,037,300 is for Program and Research
Operations (PRO) appropriation, and $1,589,500 is be for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance (AC&C) appropriation.
In 1994, the Office of Enforcement (OE) Federal Facilities enforcement
program is continuing to provide guidance and direction to the Regions on the
National technical assistance and multi-media compliance program. Emphasis is
being placed on multi-media compliance and RCRA Corrective action cleanup with
regard to Federal facilities. EPA is helping ensure at a national level that
Federal agencies carry out their projects in a cost-effective manner. Special
emphasis continues to be placed on providing assistance to the "smaller" Federal
agencies through the Civilian Federal Agency (CFA) Task Force that was convened
in 1993. A final CFA Multi-media Environmental Improvement Strategy is being
issued in 1994.
In 1993 the President signed Executive Order 12856, "Federal Compliance
with Right-To-Know Laws and Pollution Prevention Requirements". This Executive
Order requires Federal agencies to develop comprehensive pollution prevention
strategies and seek to reduce by 50% their emissions of toxic chemicals of toxic
'pollutants by 1999. In addition, Federal facilities are now required to comply
with all provisions of Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA)
and the Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) , including the TRI reporting and emergency
planning requirements. EPA is working with the other Federal agencies to
encourage compliance with the Executive Order and environmental statutes.
To continue support of the Federal Facilities Compliance Act (FFCA) in
1994, OFFE is working with Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER)
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to write a rule determining when munitions become hazardous waste; coordinatin
with states in the development of mixed waste inventories and treatment capacit^
reports; and involved with the increased number of reimbursed inspections of
Federal facilities.
The Agency is in the second year of the 1993-94 Federal Facilities Multi-
media Enforcement/Compliance Initiative in 1994. The OE plans to complete over
60 multi-media inspections at Federal facilities by the end of 1994.
OE is continuing to manage the implementation of the Federal Facilities
Tracking System (FFTS) for compliance tracking in all media. Information is
being provided from FFTS to Federal agencies to aid them in their compliance
efforts.
OE is providing direction to EPA National Program Managers in their
inspection programs supporting multi-media enforcement activities at Federal
facilities. In particular, OE is developing a Federal/State/Federal facilities
dialogue agreement on current State efforts towards Federal facility compliance,
and on EPA's role, with an emphasis on joint EPA/State multi-media actions. OE
is working closely with EPA/State program personnel and State organizations to
ensure that State/EPA roles are clearly defined. Similarly, a policy document
is being provided to the appropriate National Program Manager on RCRA Corrective
Action at Federal facilities addressing complicated RCRA/CERCLA integration and
national cleanup priority issues.
In 1992, the Enforcement Management Council (EMC) selected Federal
facilities as a major two year multi-media enforcement initiative for 1993 ar
1994. 1994 efforts is focusing on continued implementation and evaluation of th
initiative and production of a national report about its results.
OE is continuing to coordinate EPA Federal facility inspections, provide
technical assistance and training to facilities with compliance problems, and
initiate follow up enforcement actions resulting in Federal Facility Compliance
Agreements and administrative orders where appropriate. OE is designing these
actions to improve the compliance rates at Federal facilities in each media and
encourage greater Federal agency awareness of their environmental
responsibilities.
OE is providing assistance to National Program Managers in targeting
inspections at Federal facilities. OE is also utilizing resources for
negotiating Federal Facility Compliance Agreements and consent orders to address
high priority violators for greater environmental benefit and results.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $2,738,600 supported by 28.7 total
workyears for this program, of which $1,900,100 was from the PRO appropriation
and $838,500 was from the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation.
The Office of Enforcement was the lead for the Agency in working with the
White House Office of Environmental Policy on the development and implementation
of Executive Order 12586, "Federal Compliance with Right-To-Know Laws an
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Pollution Prevention Requirements". The OFFE also played a substantial role in
the 1993 issuance of four other Executive Orders relating to ozone depleting
substances, alternate fuel vehicles, recycling and waste reduction, and
acquisition of energy efficient computers.
t
At the request of the President of the United States, EPA, through OE,
conducted a comprehensive energy and environmental audit of the White House
Complex.
Over 36 multi-media inspections of Federal facilities were completed by EPA
in partnership with the states under the first year of the 1993-94 Federal
Facilities Multi-Media Enforcement/Compliance Initiative (FFMMECI). A number of
significant enforcement and penalty actions were taken as a result of these
inspections with some additional activities still pending.
In 1993 under the FFCA, guidance for inspections and for issuing
Administrative Orders to Federal Agencies were written. EPA issued 11
Administrative Orders to Federal agencies with proposed penalties of more than
three million dollars.
In 1993, the Federal Facilities Enforcement program formed the Civil
Federal Agency (CFA) task force which presently numbers approximately 25 members,
including representatives from 21 federal departments and agencies. The task
force meets periodically to identify areas of concern that diminish the ability
of the smaller Federal agencies to accurately assess and address environmental
compliance and cleanup liabilities. The task force has subdivided into work
groups to develop short and long term strategies to overcome these areas. The
work groups identified six areas for study and have begun drafting resolution
strategies on four of these areas.
The six principal areas of concern are: 1) inadequate training; 2)
deficient information resources; 3) obsolete methods of tracking agency
compliance and other environmental issues; 4) inadequate contractor management
and oversight; 5) additional individual agency assistance needed from EPA on
specific compliance issues; and 6) insufficient communication and coordination
between EPA Headquarters, EPA Regions and Federal agencies.
SECTOR AND MULTIMEDIA COMPLIANCE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $28,771,100 supported by 150.5 total
workyears for this program, of which $10,676,100 will be for the Program Research
and Operations appropriation and $18,095,000 will be for the Abatement, Control,
and Compliance appropriation. This represents a total decrease of 7.9 workyears,
an increase of $80,100 in the Program Research and Operations appropriation and
$5,258,100 in the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation. The
Headquarters resources for the Sector and Multimedia Compliance program were
previously located in multimedia and the pesticides, toxics, air, water, and
solid waste media. Regional program resources which support this function are
included in the above mentioned media technical enforcement programs.
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The decrease of 7.9 workyears reflects a redirection of workyears to th
Criminal Enforcement program in support of the Pollution Prosecution Act mandate
criminal investigator staffing levels. Particular areas of disinvestment include
national systems support and compliance assurance. The increase in the Program
Research and Operations appropriation reflects increased workforce costs. The
increase in the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation reflects
increased support for the Innovative Technology Council, strategic targeting,
data system development, the NPDES Enforcement in Priority Watersheds,
implementation of the AIM rules, and implementation of the lead compliance
program. As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The
Headquarters resources for the Sector and Multimedia Compliance program were
previously located in multimedia and the pesticides, toxics, air, water, and
solid waste media.
The Sector and Multimedia Compliance program will direct a comprehensive
planning and priority setting process for the Office of Enforcement and
Compliance Assurance (OECA) that will incorporate national, regional, and state
priorities into a national strategic plan for environmental compliance. It will
develop and disseminate strategies which focus enforcement and compliance
activities on commercial and industrial sectors. The strategies will address
non-compliance in these sectors through the use of tools such as compliance
assistance and traditional enforcement activities. By analyzing statutory and
regulatory requirements, environmental risks, and compliance patterns on a sector
basis, OECA can target its compliance and enforcement activities using a
multimedia whole-facility approach.
Headquarters will establish measures by which to evaluate the successes o
the compliance and enforcement program and to better assess environmental
improvement as the result of compliance and enforcement activities. Headquarters
staff will continue to work with program offices, other OECA offices and the
Regions to develop annual, media-specific and sector program guidance for
activities related to compliance with federal environmental laws, including the
Clean Air Act (CAA), the Clean Water Act (CWA), Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA),
the Federal Insecticide, Rodenticide and Fungicide Act (FIFRA), the Toxic
Substances Control Act (TSCA), the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA),
the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) , the Asbestos
Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA), the Asbestos in Schools Hazard Abatement
Act (ASHAA) , and other statutes.
The 1995 enforcement program will continue to implement the recommendations
of the Enforcement Four-Year Strategic Plan, the Enforcement in the 1990's study,
and media-specific strategic plans. Implementation efforts at Headquarters will
continue to include support for targeting enforcement actions through Agency-wide
data integration.
Headquarters will continue to manage all data related to compliance and
enforcement actions to provide an integrated capability to assess national
progress in meeting compliance goals, and to identify targets, using risk and
other factors, for compliance and enforcement initiatives. Headquarters will
continue to maintain separate media compliance data systems while considering
ways to combine them to improve efficiency. As part of an emphasis on improve*
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data quality to support Agency actions, Headquarters will renew its focus on Good
Laboratory Practices (GLP) compliance program under FIFRA and TSCA.
A major effort to improve the quality and accessibility of data in the
Permit Compliance System will continue. This effort will support the watershed
approach by measuring the loadings of toxic pollutants to water bodies as a means
of evaluating the environmental benefits of the National Permit Discharge
Elimination System program and for use in targeting enforcement and permitting
priorities to maximize watershed protection.
In response to the Agency's concerns about urban populations being
especially subject to environmental risk, Headquarters staff are developing
guidance for identifying high risk urban areas and enforcement strategies for
addressing these areas.
Headquarters will develop a whole facility inspection approach that
reflects the new multi-media sector orientation of the reorganized compliance and
enforcement program. While this approach is being developed, Headquarters will
continue to conduct inspections and provide training to Regional and state
inspectors. Headquarters will participate in rulemaking and applicability
determinations to promote new compliance approaches. Headquarters staff will
also provide technical assistance to the Regions, states and local governments
in conducting compliance activities both on a media specific and sector basis.
Media grants to states, tribes and territories will be awarded and managed in
support of compliance and enforcement objectives.
In 1995, OECA will be a trustee for the Agency's Environmental Technology
Initiative and will ensure these funds are utilized to support projects approved
by the Innovative Technology Council. These funds will offer grant assistance
to states and technical assistance to Regions for facilitating the incorporation
of innovative technology in enforcement settlements, and for the testing of new
compliance monitoring technologies.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $23,432,900 supported by
158.4 total workyears, of which $10,596,000 is from the Program Research and
Operations appropriation and $12,836,900 is for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This new Multimedia program element has been created
as part of the Office of Enforcement reorganization and contains the Headquarters
resources for this program. The Headquarters resources for the Sector and
Multimedia Compliance program were previously located in multimedia and the
pesticides, toxics, air, water, and solid waste media. Regional program resources
which support this function remain in the above mentioned media technical
enforcement programs.
The Sector and Multimedia Compliance program develops and promotes
innovative compliance and enforcement strategies for use by the Regions and
states, sets national enforcement and compliance priorities, and defines and
communicates compliance goals for the OECA. It is initiating development of a
new conceptual framework for compliance by soliciting input from within and
outside the Agency.
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Headquarters develops tools for use by the Regions, states and industry t
improve compliance, and establishes measures by which to evaluate the successe
of the program. Headquarters staff works with program offices, other OECA
offices and the Regions to develop annual, media-specific program guidance for
activities related to compliance with federal environmental laws, including the
Clean Air Act (CAA), the Clean Water Act (CWA), the Federal Insecticide,
Rodenticide and Fungicide Act (FIFRA), the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA),
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), the Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act
(AHERA), the . Asbestos in Schools Hazard Abatement Act (ASHAA), and other
statutes.
Headquarters manages all data related to compliance and enforcement actions
to provide integrated enforcement/compliance capability to assess national
progress in meeting compliance goals, and to identify targets, using risk and
other factors, for compliance and enforcement initiatives. Headquarters also
executes the Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) compliance program under FIFRA and
TSCA.
The 1994 enforcement program reflects the implementation of recommendations
of both the Enforcement Four-Year Strategic Plan and the Enforcement in the
1990's study, as well as the implementation of the requirements of the 1990
Pollution Prosecution Act. Implementation efforts at Headquarters include
support for targeting enforcement actions through Agency-wide data integration.
The Integrated Data for Enforcement Analysis (IDEA) project is focusing on
expanding analytical enforcement targeting, and geographic initiatives.
Sophisticated software is being developed to improve the operation of interactiv
features of the data base. The program is beginning to assess the nature ai
decision of the separate media compliance data systems being transferred from
program aspects as a result of the reorganization.
The program i Initiating consideration and design of sector and facility--
wide approaches to compliance. Headquarters conducts inspections and provides
training to Regional and state inspectors. Headquarters staff also provides
technical assistance to the Regions, states and local governments in conducting
compliance activities. Media grants to states, tribes and territories are
awarded and managed in support of enforcement and compliance objectives.
In response to the Agency's concerns about urban populations being
especially subject to environmental risk, Headquarters staff is beginning to
develop guidance for identifying high risk urban areas and compliance strategies
for addressing these areas.
In 1994, the OECA is also actively participating in the President's
Environmental Technology Initiative through two efforts, one to facilitate
enforcement settlements involving innovative technology, for either assuring
return to compliance or as supplemental environmental projects in exchange for
modest penalty reduction; and a second project to evaluate alternative multimedia
inspection approaches for their potential to be supportive innovative
technologies. Both projects were recommended by the National Advisory Committee
on Environmental policy and Technology (NACEPT) as ways the Agency could become
more supportive of technology innovation.
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Significant rulemaking support and direction is being provided, (e.g.,
Enhanced Monitoring). The implementation of the Agency's Combustion Strategy
continues. Attention is focused on the compliance status of combustion
facilities and developing strategies and guidance for increasing Agency presence
at these facilities as well as for supporting more aggressive enforcement
programs.
Contract dollars are used to provide technical support for inspections and
to provide training. The Agency continues to 'institutionalize' enforcement and
inspection training to ensure inspectors are fully trained in all regulations.
Contract dollars are also used to build and maintain data bases and support data
need for program evaluations, and external information request.
The program maintains the import/export waste tracking system to monitor
the transboundary movement of hazardous waste. Work continues with high level
officials to plan and implement joint enforcement initiatives and activities
along the U.S.- Mexican Border and to provide training for U.S. and Mexican
Customs Officials.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
All resources from the Sector and Multimedia Compliance program were
previously located in multimedia and the pesticides, toxics, air, water, and
solid waste media.
REGULATORY ENFORCEMENT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $17,031,600 and 160.3 total workyears for
this program, of which $11,149,500 will be for the Program and Research
Operations (PRO) appropriation and $5,882,100 will be for the Abatement, Control,
and Compliance (AC&C) appropriation. This represents a decrease of $612,700 for
PRO, an increase of $1,133,200 for AC&C, and a decrease of 8.5 total PRO
workyears. The decrease in workyears reflects a redirection of workyears to the
Criminal Enforcement program in support of the Pollution Prosecution Act mandated
criminal investigator staffing levels. Workyear reductions are also resulting in
part from the Administration's streamlining of the federal workforce. The
Headquarters resources for the Regulatory Enforcement program were previously
located in multimedia and the pesticides, toxics, air, water, and solid waste
media. Regional program resources which support this function remain in the above
mentioned media technical enforcement programs.
The 1995 request will provide the Regulatory Enforcement program with
resources to continue: 1) developing and implementing new regulations and
enforcing violations under the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA), the Clean Water
Act (CWA), the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA), the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
(FIFRA), the Toxics Substances Control Act (TSCA), the Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), the Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act
(AHERA), TSCA Title IV (Lead), and other statutes; 2) identifying and taking
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enforcement actions against companies and industries that demonstrate high level
of non-compliance and pose the greatest risk to human health and the environment,
3) participating in national and regional multimedia enforcement initiatives that
protect sensitive ecosystems or target whole facilities; and 4) providing
support for initiatives and other enforcement efforts designed to address the
disproportionate environmental impacts on minority and low-income populations.
Headquarters will continue to pursue cases and case initiatives that
support EPA's enforcement priorities and to ensure the enforceability of rules
promulgated under the above listed statutes. Headquarters staff will continue
to develop national enforcement policies and guidance, and foster Federal/State
partnerships. Headquarters staff will also continue to participate on litigation
teams for civil judicial cases with the EPA Regions and the Department of
Justice.
The major objectives of the program are to: 1) coordinate national
enforcement initiatives; 2) continue efforts to ensure enforceability of new
rules; 3) utilize Innovative Supplemental Environmental Projects (SEPs) and
other programs to prevent pollution and protect the environment and human health;
4) coordinate and assist in intra and inter-Agency risk-based enforcement
efforts; 5) continue implementation of applicable statutes; 6) promote and
emphasize multimedia approaches to enforcement and 7) coordinate with other EPA
offices to develop an effective Agency enforcement program.
Headquarters will continue to focus on high-profile enforcement
initiatives, cases of first impression, innovative settlements, the
implementation of key provisions of the Clean Air Act Amendments such as th<
Operating Permits program and the Enhanced Monitoring and Compliance
Certification provisions, and the development of enforcement strategies to
implement some of the new Air Toxics provisions. Headquarters will serve as the
lead agency counsel for cases developed at the Headquarters level such as acid
rain and stratospheric ozone protection, and for nationally-managed cases such
as those involving corporate-wide noncompliance in several Regions. Headquarters
will continue to protect and enhance the quality of the nation's air resources
by maximizing use of new enforcement authorities, by assuring the enforceability
of market-based regulations, and by employing new enforcement tools of the 1990
amendments, including the use of field citations. Beginning in 1995, the Agency
will enforce the reformulated fuels and anti-dumping regulations, the gasoline
detergent regulations, the volatility regulations, and the diesel desulfurization
regulations.
Headquarters will continue enforcement initiatives against industrial
entities with shallow, Class 5 wells, Combined Sewer Overflows, feedlots, sewage
sludge, storm water and Public Water Systems. Enforcement against drinking water
systems with high lead levels and systems in violation of the Surface Water
Treatment Rule, will be a high priority. Headquarters will also focus additional
NPDES enforcement efforts on impaired or "posted" water bodies; initiate the
adoption of penalty policies and enforcement management systems for sewage sludge
and wetlands enforcement; investigate the feasibility of using field citations
as an enforcement response to minor CWA violations; and continue to oversee
National Pollution Discharge Elimination Systems (NPDES) and SDWA enforcement
management systems.
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In 1995, Headquarters will increase resources in lead regulatory
enforcement implementation through development of penalty policies, enforcement
interpretive guidance, and guidance regarding regional development of first
impression cases with regard to new regulatory requirements addressing TSCA Title
IV - Lead Exposure Reduction. Headquarters will promote lead reduction through
enforcement cases of national precedent of public exposure and child poisoning
incidents resulting from lead and household pesticide products, and will pursue
national initiatives on TSCA Title IV - Lead Exposure Reduction. Headquarters
will implement national visible enforcement initiatives to increase deterrent
effects of violating high-risk regulations governing the submittal of adverse
health effects data, TSCA and FIFRA Biotechnology, the reduction of worker
exposure to unreasonable risks posed by toxic chemicals in the commercial and
agricultural workplace. The FIFRA/TSCA import/export enforcement program will
address the enforcement priority concerns of the "Circle of Poison."
Hazardous waste combustion will remain a priority for Headquarters.
The Regulatory Enforcement Program will continue responding to
non-compliance of environmental statutes with consistent, timely, and effective
enforcement actions. Headquarters base resources will be used for administrative
enforcement actions, new and ongoing civil judicial litigation, and continued
multimedia integration. Resources will also continue to be used to work with
NETI to train investigators and case development officers, and to develop
national judicial policies.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $16,511,100 and 168.8 total
workyears for this program, of which $11,762,200 is from the Program and Research
Operations (PRO) appropriation and $4,748,900 is in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance (AC&C) appropriation. This new Multimedia program element has been
created as part of the Office of Enforcement-reorganization and contains the
Headquarters resources for this program. The Headquarters resources for the
Regulatory Enforcement program were previously located in multimedia and the
pesticides, toxics, air, water, and solid waste media. Regional program resources
which support this function remain in the above mentioned media enforcement
programs.
The Headquarters Multimedia Program serves as the Regulatory Enforcement
focal point in developing, implementing and managing EPA's multimedia enforcement
program that emphasizes a whole facility, ecosystem and population-based approach
to case initiation, support and resolution. Headquarters coordinates and takes
the lead in the development, prosecution, and settlement of national (first
impression, precedential, multi-regional) multimedia cases. In 1994,
Headquarters is focusing on enforcement cases that are consistent with EPA's
national priorities.
Air enforcement focuses resources on 1) fostering Federal/State
partnerships in reviewing State operating permit programs; 2) enforcement of the
new acid rain,requirements, with particular focus on significant violators in
non-attainment areas; 3) continuing to ensure enforceability of new rules,
particularly the new air toxics regulations; 4) continuing implementation of the
Field Citation Program; and 5) further expanding case initiatives involving high
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risk industries that began with the Louisiana Pacific initiative. In 199^
Headquarters prepares for enforcement of the Reformulated Gasoline rule and anti-
dumping regulations, and the gasoline detergent regulations; and enforces the
volatility regulations, the diesel desulfurization regulations and the after
market converter conversion.
Headquarters implements NPDES enforcement initiatives to ensure data
quality, and UIC initiatives against service stations with shallow, Class 5
wells. Headquarters establishes a priority-based penalty policy for municipal
CWA and all SDWA violations, promulgates non-APA Administrative Penalty Order
Rules (Part 28), and continues liaison functions with the Office of Water in the
development of effluent guidelines, drinking water standards, UIC criteria and
standards, and sewage sludge use and disposal regulations to ensure that such
standards and regulations are enforceable once adopted.
Headquarters continues to implement the Administrator's Combustion Strategy
by focusing enforcement activity on facilities that burn hazardous wastes (i.e. ,
boilers and industrial furnaces (BIFs) and incinerators). Headquarters is also
continuing to participate in other national and regional enforcement initiatives,
including providing support for the planned multi-media and geographic
enforcement initiatives. In addition to these areas, Headquarters continues its
efforts to enhance the deterrent impact of RCRA enforcement actions through
implementation of the 1990 RCRA Civil Penalty Policy and increasing the penalties
to reflect risk-based pollution prevention and environmental justice priorities.
These efforts include implementation of the EPA-DOJ Quality Action Team on RCRA
Penalties and additional training for regional staff. Headquarters is escalating
its efforts to improve the enforceability of the regulations. Headquarters alsr
expands its work on the international front. In particular, the RCRA enforcement.
program is establishing increased coordination of enforcement presence and case
initiatives along the Mexican and Canadian Borders, necessitating an increase in
headquarters' support for hazardous waste enforcement actions. Headquarters is
expending considerable resources in support of the implementation of the Basel
Convention. Headquarters is also expending significant enforcement resources in
support of Agency efforts to revise the definitions of solid waste and hazardous
waste.
The toxics and pesticides enforcement program emphasizes creative
techniques to maximize deterrence, minimize noncompliance and correct violations .
Headquarters employs a broad array of tools to prevent and correct violations;
develops Supplemental Environmental Projects and Compliance Audit Programs (CAPs)
to facilitate a wider range of environmental goals through the Agency's
enforcement actions; and promotes the visibility of enforcement case initiatives
to maximize their benefit and create deterrence. In 1994, Headquarters
implement initiatives for toxic substance worker exposure and pesticides worker
protection, pesticide bulk packaging, TSCA Section 8(e) CAP Nonparticipants, and
the TSCA Section 6(e) PCB Phaseout.
For 1994, Headquarters has identified a number of areas in which it is
committing significant resources. Resources are used to support the delivery of
case development officer training; the development of risk-based penalty policies
and guidance; monitoring and enforcement of supplemental environmental projects;
the development of national criteria for multimedia case selection and
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development, and for SEPs negotiated in 1993; and litigation support to address
emerging regulatory issues in enforcement cases.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
All resources from the Regulatory Enforcement program were previously
located in multimedia and the pesticides, toxics, air, water, and solid waste
media.
ENFORCEMENT CAPACITY AND OUTREACH
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $5,179,200 supported by 22.6 total workyears
for this program, of which $1,558,000 will be for Program and Research Operations
(PRO) appropriation, and $3,621,200 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance (AC&C) appropriation. This represents a decrease of 2.9 total
workyears from 1994, a decrease of $188,800 in PRO in 1995, a $1,310,900 increase
in AC&C. The decrease in workyears reflects a redirection of workyears to the
Criminal Enforcement program in support of the Pollution Prosecution Act mandated
criminal investigator staffing levels. The increase in Abatement, Control and
Compliance reflects a renewed focus on the development and delivery of training
throughout the National Enforcement Training Institute.
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The Technical
Support program under the Multimedia function will transfer $125,000 and 1.7
total years from the PRO appropriation, and $21,400 from the AC&C appropriation
to this program. These resources reflect the transfer of the National
Enforcement Training Institute western campus to the Enforcement Capacity and
Outreach program which manages these resources under the new Office of
Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA).
In 1995, the Enforcement Capacity and Outreach program will continue to
coordinate and oversee the implementation of the recommendations and strategy of
the Enforcement Task Force on Enhancement of State Capacity, co-chaired by the
Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA) and a State advisory group.
Differential oversight of delegated state programs and appropriate measures for
assessing the success of an enforcement program are two areas likely to be
addressed by the Task Force. The Enforcement Capacity and Outreach program will
also support mechanisms /institutions developed to ensure continuous State, local.
and tribal authority input in enforcement planning, priority setting, and
implementation. This program will evaluate OECA practices and procedures to
ensure that environmental justice issues are fully considered at every level of
decisionmaking. Environmental justice projects initiated in 1994 will be
continued and evaluated for success or lessons learned. Ongoing and new
relationships with academic institutions at minority colleges will be enhanced
through expanding programs between EPA and the colleges. A continuous
communications process will ensure that all interested parties are kept informed
about EPA enforcement activities. This will include developing communication
products describing enforcement accomplishments, the combined efforts between EPA
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and industries for compliance assurance, and innovative approaches to enhancinf
state capacity building. Special efforts will be undertaken to inform the trade
press of enforcement and compliance assurance activities and to ensure that
members of Congress and their staffs via EPA's Congressional Liaison office are
kept abreast of OECA initiatives and issues.
The National Enforcement Training Institute (NETI) will develop and publish
an enforcement training curriculum for each category of enforcement professional
it trains, i.e. , inspectors, civil and criminal investigators, technical experts,
civil attorneys, and prosecutors. These curricula will be based upon the results
of the training needs assessment conducted by NETI during 1994. NETI will work
with its liaisons in the other OECA offices to develop an overall training
strategy, including an approach for training inspectors and will begin
implementing that strategy. To enhance the quality of its training programs, NETI
also will develop and implement a plan to select and train NETI faculty at the
Federal, State, and local levels. Additionally, NETI will develop and implement
an external communications strategy to inform NETI constituents about the
services it provides and to share the successes of its program. Finally, NETI
will explore the full range of innovative training technologies, including
training delivered via satellite, to meet the needs of its very broad and diverse
audience.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $4,057,100 supported by 25.5 total
workyears, of which $1,746,800 is from Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $2,310,300 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
As a newly created program from the Office of Enforcement reorganization
in 1994, the Enforcement Capacity and Outreach program is expanding the role of
NETI--whose statutory mission is to train Federal, State, and local lawyers,
inspectors, civil and criminal investigators and technical experts in the
enforcement of the Nation's environmental laws-- and is developing and implement
strategies and processes for assuring that external groups understand Agency
enforcement programs and have the opportunity to participate in program planning,
priority setting, and implementation. This program is also giving particular
attention to the development of a communications, outreach and training program
targeted to communities with environmental justice concerns.
In particular, NETI is institutionalizing training in the new OECA by
identifying training liaisons in each office and in each Region to support the
needs assessment process, curriculum development, delivery of training, and
evaluation of the effectiveness of training. NETI is focus is on the development
and delivery of basic enforcement training with a multi-media, multi-
governmental, multi-disciplinary perspective and generic enforcement skills
training. Based on the evaluations of pilots and on state training programs, a
new basic enforcement training program is being offered. To support
implementation of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), NETI is
implementing a "train-the trainer" program for environmental inspectors working
with the Mexican government. Additional attention is being given to the use of
new technologies for delivery of training--for example, criminal awareness
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training is being transmitted by satellite. Finally, to improve its capability,
NETI is developing a Headquarters training facility in Washington, D.C.
In 1994, a major focus for the Enforcement Capacity and Outreach program
is being the review of the State/EPA enforcement relationship. OECA is
participating in the Task Force on Enhancement of State Capacity and is co-
chairing a workgroup to assess the effectiveness of the State/EPA enforcement
relationship. Working with other OECA offices, the Enforcement Capacity and
Outreach program is developing strategies for assuring continuous State, local,
and tribal authority input in enforcement planning, priority setting, and
implementation. This program is also serving as liaison with affiliated state
associations. Communications with and outreach to communities with environmental
justice concerns are also be a major activity in 1994. In addition to
participation in a number of environmental justice conferences and workgroups,
the program is establishing and supporting a network of environmental justice
coordinators within OECA, develop and implement an academic relations program
with several minority colleges, and serve as OECA contact for the general public
on these issues. A continual communications process is being established to
ensure that all interested parties are kept informed about EPA compliance
assurance and enforcement activities.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
This new program element was not established until 1994 as part of the Office
of Enforcement reorganization.
HAZARDOUS WASTE - SITE REMEDIATION ENFORCEMENT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $1,138,000 and 7.8 total workyears for this
program, of which $526,300 will be for the Program and Research Operations, and
$611,700 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This
represents a decrease of $10,900 in the Program and Research Operations
appropriation, an increase of $189,800 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation and a decrease of 0.7 total workyears. The decrease in the Program
and Research Operations appropriation reflects the Administration's streamlining
of the Federal workforce, the increase in Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation reflects technical enforcement support at facilities requiring
corrective action. As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement
resources, a number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function.
The Headquarters resources previously identified in the Hazardous Waste
Enforcement program have been transferred into this program. Regional resources
which support this program can be found in the Hazardous Waste Enforcement
program.
The Hazardous Waste Enforcement program functions under the authority
provided by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA), the
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (HSWA), and the Federal Facilities
Compliance Act of 1992. The Hazardous Waste Site Remediation Enforcement program
develops enforcement policies and guidelines, performs program analyses and
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evaluations, and develops Regional and State capabilities to ensure effective
clean-up. This program will continue to provide technical enforcement support
to the Regions and States as they implement the use of corrective action interim
measures to stabilize facilities and as they begin more long term remediation
activities. This program will continue to develop policies that address regional
oversight of State work, especially State corrective actions in authorized and
unauthorized States.
Support will be provided to the Regions and the States to effect HSWA
enforcement authorization for States. State programs will continue to be
examined to identify effective legal and organizational structures and
implementation problems and successes, with these findings being shared with
other States. Increased emphasis will be placed upon revising grant guidelines
to ensure that the States are implementing the full HSWA national enforcement
program, especially with regard to State initiated corrective action. Emphasis
will be given to corrective action analyses to measure compliance with program
and regulatory requirements and to evaluate the effectiveness of enforcement
policies and strategies.
To ensure national consistency in the corrective action program, the Agency
will continue to review, on a facility basis, both the remedy selection and
implementation of the selected remedy. AC&C resources provide for enhanced
technical enforcement support, and oversight will be provided as the corrective
action program continues to promote stabilization at appropriate facilities.
Additional corrective action-specific training will be provided to Regions and
States to ensure that proper remedies, whether long-term cleanup or
stabilization, are selected. The training in conjunction with National
Enforcement Training Institute, will include such topics as: guidance on the
oversight of owner/operator activities, as well as negotiation strategies. RCRA
facility investigations will be reviewed, with particular attention paid to the
initial remedy selections that these investigations engender.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $959,100 and 8.5 total
workyears for this program, of which $537,200 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $421,900 is for the Abatement, Control, and
Compliance appropriation.
The Hazardous Waste Enforcement program functions under the authority
provided by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) , the
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (HSWA), and the Federal Facilities
Compliance Act of 1992. The Hazardous Waste Site Remediation Enforcement program
develops enforcement policies and guidelines, performs program analyses and
evaluations, and develops Regional and State capabilities to ensure facility
clean-up. Technical enforcement support is provided to the Regions and States
as they implement the use of corrective action interim measures to stabilize
facilities. This program is developing policies that address regional oversight
of State work, especially corrective actions in authorized and unauthorized
States.
To ensure national consistency in the corrective action program, the Agency
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is reviewing, on a facility basis, both the remedy selection and implementation
of the selected remedy. Abatement Control & Compliance resources is being
utilized for enhancing technical enforcement support and providing oversight as
the corrective action program continues to promote stabilization at appropriate
facilities. Corrective action-specific training is being provided to Regions and
States to ensure that proper remedies, whether long-term cleanup or
stabilization, are selected. The training will include such topics as guidance
on the oversight of owner/operator activities and negotiation strategies. RCRA
facility investigations is being reviewed, with particular attention paid to the
initial remedy selections.
Support is being provided to the Regions and the States to effect HSWA
enforcement authorization for States. State programs are continuing to be
examined to identify effective legal and organizational structures and
implementation problems and successes. These findings are being shared with
other States. Increased emphasis is being placed upon revising grant guidelines
to ensure that the States are implementing the full HSWA national enforcement
program, especially with regard to State initiated corrective action.
Emphasis is also being given to corrective action analyses to measure
compliance with program and regulatory requirements.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
All resources from the Hazardous Waste - Site Remediation Enforcement
program were previously located in multimedia and the pesticides, toxics, air,
water, and solid waste media.
PESTICIDES ENFORCEMENT GRANTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $16,135,800 for this program, all of which
will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents
an increase of $15,397,000. The increase in the Abatement, Control, and
Compliance appropriation also reflects an increase of $1,000,000 in state
enforcement grants for Pesticides Use Reduction and a decrease of $695,500 in the
base enforcement program. As a result of the current reorganization of
enforcement resources, a number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement
function. The Headquarters resources for the Office of Compliance were
previously located in the pesticides media. Additional 1995 regional grant
resources for this program appear in the regional justification of the pesticides
media.
In 1995, the Agency will continue pesticides cooperative enforcement
agreements with 56 participating states and territories, and 12 agreements with
Indian Tribes and tribal organizations. The pesticides cooperative enforcement
agreement program continues to be the primary means for ensuring public and
environmental safety from hazardous pesticides by enforcing the requirements of
the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).
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State activities will include pesticide producer establishment an-
marketplace inspections, applicator license and record inspections, dealer recor.
inspections, and agricultural and non-agricultural use inspections. Increased
funding will promote reduced pesticides use, use of safer pesticides, and
alternatives to chemical control. States will implement worker protection
enforcement activities under state implementation plans. States will also
continue to implement state management plans for the pesticides in groundwater
strategies.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $738,800 for this program, all
of which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This new
Multimedia program element has been created as part of the Office of Enforcement
reorganization and contains the Headquarters resources for this program. All
Pesticides grants were previously located in the pesticides media. Additional
1994 regional grant resources for this program currently appear in the regional
justification of the pesticides media.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
All Pesticides Enforcement Grants resources appeared in the justification
of the toxic substances media.
TOXIC SUBSTANCES ENFORCEMENT GRANTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $4,650,000 for this program, all of which
will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents
a increase of $4,337,400. This charge reflects an increase of $1,000,000 for
implementation of the lead compliance program and a decrease of $1,450,000 in the
base resources devoted to asbestos and PCB enforcement grant activities. As a
result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a number of
changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The Headquarters
resources for this activity were previously located in the toxic substances
media. Additional 1995 regional resources for this program currently appear in
the regional justification of the toxic substances media.
In 1995, 35 states and one Indian Tribe will participate in the toxic
substances cooperative enforcement agreement program. A reduction of
$1,450,000 in base resources will reduce enforcement activities in low-risk
areas, including asbestos and PCB inspections conducted by states. A total of
$1,000,000 of this redirection will support implementation of the lead
enforcement program under Title X of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA).
This reflects the program's continuing commitment to building state capabilities
in toxics enforcement.
States will continue to receive guidance and direction to develop
comprehensive TSCA authorities for case development. The multi-media initiative
will continue to provide states with resources to develop TSCA legislative
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authorities for enhancing enforcement within and across media. These resources
will also enable improved screening capabilities for data on cross-media
violators.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $312,600 for this program, all
of which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This new
Multimedia program element has been created as part of the Office of Enforcement
reorganization and contains the Headquarters resources for this program.
Additional 1994 regional resources for this program currently appear in the
regional justification of the toxic substances media.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
All Toxic Substances Enforcement Grants resources appeared in the
justifications of the toxic substances media.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
Page
11-1
MISSION AND POLICY MANAGEMENT
Mission and Policy Management 11-9
Mission and Policy Management - Research and Development ... 11-13
Mission and Policy Management - Enforcement 11-14
Mission and Policy Management - Solid Waste
and Emergency Response 11-15
Mission and Policy Management - Policy, Planning & Evaluation . 11-16
Mission and Policy Management - Administration and Resources
Management 11-17
Mission and Policy Management - General Counsel 11-18
Mission and Policy Management - International Activities ... 11-18
Mission and Policy Management - Inspector General 11-19
Mission and Policy Management - Air and Radiation 11-19
Mission and Policy Management - Water 11-20
Mission and Policy Management - Prevention, Pesticides
and Toxic Substances 11-22
AGENCY MANAGEMENT
Office of the Administrator/Executive Offices 11-25
Environmental Education and Training Foundation 11-29
Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization .... 11-30
Risk Assessment and Management Commission 11-31
Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs 11-31
Office of Communications, Education, and Public Affairs .... 11-32
Office of Executive Support 11-34
Office of Regional Operations and State/Local Relations .... 11-35
Office of Executive Secretariat 11-36
Immediate Office of the Administrator 11-37
Administrator's Representation Fund 11-38
Office of Civil Rights 11-39
Science Advisory Board 11-40
Office of Administrative Law Judges 11-41
Office of Administration and Resources Management 11-43
Financial Management - Headquarters 11-46
Office of the Comptroller 11-47
Office of Environmental Equity 11-48
Human Resources Management 11-49
Organization and Health Services 11-51
Contracts and Grants Management - Headquarters 11-53
Facilities Management and Services 11-54
Information Systems and Services 11-55
Office of General Counsel 11-57
Office of General Counsel 11-58
Office of International Activities 11-61
Office of International Activities 11-62
Office of the Inspector General 11-65
Office of the Inspector General 11-66
Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation 11-69
Office of Policy Analysis 11-71
Office of Regulatory Management and Evaluation 11-76
Office of Strategic Planning & Environmental Data 11-79
-------
REGIONAL MANAGEMENT
Regional Management 11-83
Resource Management - Regions 11-85
Contracts and Grants Management - Regions 11-85
Regional Counsel 11-86
Regional Management 11-87
Planning, Evaluation and Analysis - Regions 11-88
Financial Management - Regions 11-90
Human Resources Management - Regions 11-90
Administrative Management - Regions 11-91
SUPPORT COST
Support Costs 11-93
Lab Support - Pesticides and Toxic Substances 11-95
Professional Training 11-96
Nationwide Support Services 11-97
Headquarters Support Services 11-98
Regional Support Services 11-99
Lab Support - Air and Radiation 11-100
Automated Data Processing Support Costs 11-100
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APPROPRIATION
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Program & Research
operation - Flood
Office of Inspector
General
Reimbursements
Oil Spills Trust Fund
TOTAL,
$208.291.3 $222,701.7 $219,552.1 $216,102.5 $237,857.6 $21,755.1 $15,155.9
$317,063.0 $336,775.5 $325,708.1 $323,177.5 $407,855.8 $84,678.3 $71,080.3
$25,000.3 $28,246.3 $27,647.3 $27,647.3 $29,141.0 $1,493.7
$894.7
$485.6
$550,840.2 $587,723.5 $572,907.5 $566,927.3 $674,854.4 $107,927.1 $87,130.9
FIFRA Revolving Fund
$2,741.5
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
OUTLAYS
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS
3,276.7
3,441.0
3,435.7
3,435.7
3,435.7
3,435.7
3,418.6
3,424.6
3,464.1
3,464.1
45.5
39.5
28.4
28.4
$549,414.6 $593,899.0 $579,406.5 $562,945.3 $644,076.3 $81,131.0 $50,177.3
Authorization is by virtue of the Appropriation Act.
11-1
-------
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Program & Research
operation - Flood
Office of Inspector
General
Reimbursements
Oil Spills Trust Fund
TOTAL,
FIFRA Revolving Fund
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
DIFFERENCE
PRES. CURRENT
BUDGET ENACTED ESTIMATE
1994 1994 1994
ENACTED VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
ENACTED
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
APPROPRIATION
$222,701.7 $219,552.1 $216,102.5 -$3,K9.6 -$6,599.2 -$3,449.6
$336,775.5 $325,708.1 $323,177.5 -$11,067.4 -$13,598.0 -$2,530.6
$28,246.3 $27,647.3 $27,647.3 -$599.0 -$599.0
$587,723.5 $572,907.5 $566,927.3 -$14,816.0 -$20,796.2 -$5,980.2
3,435.7 3,435.7 3,418.6
3,435.7 3.435.7 3,424.6
-17.1
-11.1
-17.1
-11.1
PROGRAM AMD RESEARCH OPERATIONS
o Appropriation changes were made to implement mandated Congressional reductions, and add-ons.
o Reflects Administrator's priorities.
ABATEMENT. CONTROL AMP COMPLIANCE
o Redirections were made to implement Congressional directives.
o Redirection to Administrator's priorities.
11-2
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MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
Management and Support provides executive direction and policy oversight
for all Agency programs, as well as those administrative and support services
that are not assigned to a spe+wfic program. We will continue our efforts to
provide quality legal services, promote technically and economically defensible
regulatory and policy alternatives, enhance the public's perception and
understanding of the Agency's goals, manage for environmental results, and pursue
a focused human resources management effort to build a skilled career
environmental workforce. Program descriptions do not reflect any increase in
workyears that may result from the 900 additional workyears that EPA received for
contractor conversion.
The major components of this medium are Mission and Policy Management,
Agency Management, Regional Management, and Support Costs.
Mission and Policy Management includes policy development, program
development and oversight, and the associated management activities for each of
the Agency's major offices. These include the Offices of Air and Radiation,
Water, Enforcement and Compliance Assurance, International Activities, General
Counsel, Inspector General, Research and Development, Solid Waste and Emergency
Response, Administration and Resources Management, Prevention, Pesticides and
Toxic Substances, and Policy, Planning and Evaluation.
Agency Management includes Agency-wide management functions and policy
activities.
Policy direction and external affairs in Headquarters are the primary
functions of the Administrator, the Deputy Administrator, and the Associate
Administrators for Regional Operations and State/Local Relations, Congressional
and Legislative Affairs, and Communications, Education and Public Affairs. In
addition, essential policy and administrative support is provided by the
Administrator's staff offices which include the Immediate Office, Executive
Support, Administrative Law Judges, Civil Rights, Science Advisory Board,
Pollution Prevention Policy, Environmental Appeals Board, Executive Secretariat,
and Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization.
International Activities coordinates the international efforts of EPA
through the following components: the International Cooperation Division, the
International Issues Division, and the Program Operations Division.
Policy, Planning and Evaluation is organized into the following components:
Mission and Policy Management, the Office of Policy Analysis, the Office of
Regulatory Management and Evaluation, and the Office of Strategic Planning and
Environmental Data.
11-3
-------
Legal services for litigation in which the Agency is a defendant ar*
provided to Agency programs by the General Counsel in Headquarters and by a
Regional Counsel in each Regional office. The Office of General Counsel (OGC)
provides legal services and advice to the Administrator and Agency managers.
OGC, in cooperation with the Department of Justice, represents the Agency in all
legal matters in which the Agency is a defendant. Additionally, OGC reviews
proposed actions, decisions, and regulations to assure that they are legally
defensible.
Inspector General activities include audits and investigations of Agency
activities to promote economy, efficiency and effectiveness, and to prevent and
detect fraud, waste, and abuse in EPA programs and operations.
Administration and Resources Management provides management activities in
Headquarters, as well as administrative services to all program operations
located in Cincinnati, Ohio and Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. The
office has several major components: Comptroller, Facilities Management,
Financial Management, Organization and Health Services, Contracts and Grants
Management, Information Systems and Services, Environmental Equity, and Human
Resources Management.
Regional Management includes the centralized management and administrative
functions performed in each Regional office. The Regional elements cover the
Regional and Deputy Regional Administrators, their immediate staffs, and Regional
staff for public affairs, congressional and intergovernmental relations, and
civil rights. Other activities include budget development and execution,
preparation of Regional operating plans, legal services, program evaluation
financial and personnel management, information management, administration of
Freedom of Information Requests, and facilities and property management.
Support Costs include the costs of general support services for all Agency
programs. These costs represent:
o Office and building services, such as library services, commercial
telephone use, printing and copying, utilities, security, ADP technical support,
and custodial and maintenance services for programs located at Headquarters,
Research Triangle Park, and Cincinnati;
o Nationwide costs, such as facility rental costs, centralized data
processing, U. S. Postal Services charges, Federal Telecommunications System
(FTS) charges, unemployment and workmen's compensation, and health and safety
costs for all Agency programs in all locations;
o Office and building services for laboratories and field stations
operated by the Office of Air and Radiation, Research and Development, and
Pesticides and Toxic Substances; and
o Common services in Regional offices, such as supplies and equipment,
commercial telephones, printing, facilities operations and maintenance, library
services, and mini-computer operations.
11-4
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PROGRAM PRIORITIES
OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATION AND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
In 1995, OARM will focus on streamlining and re-engineering fundamental
services such as human resources management, financial resources management,
contract and grant management, and information resources management. These
efforts will allow OARM to hold steady or reduce the level of workforce in
virtually every program. In addition, workyears have been invested into critical
areas like contracts and grants management and environmental justice.
One example of OARM's commitment to embrace innovative approaches is to
launch a Working Capital Fund (WCF). The WCF is designed to finance basic
Agency-wide services in a more efficient fashion. Included in the 1995 budget
is $0.5 million and 4 workyears to develop and implement a pilot Working Capital
Fund. Another example of OARM's commitment to changing the way the Agency
operates is the investment made in environmental justice. To this end, OARM is
establishing a environmental justice clearinghouse and promoting self-help
environmental programs to minority and low-income communities. An increase of
$1.7 million and 7 workyears has been included in the 1995 budget for these
efforts. The majority of workyears will be distributed to the Regions to address
regional environmental justice issues.
OFFICE OF THE ADMINISTRATOR
To help establish new directions for environmental protection policies, OA
is emphasizing quality science and public partnerships. The most significant
investment ($8.6 million) supports the Government Performance and Results Act by
ensuring that national environmental goals and performance measurements ar«
established. In addition, this effort will further the acquisition, integration.
and dissemination of environmental information. These efforts will allow th«
Agency, its partners, and its customers to link program initiatives and budget
and policy decisions with objective measures of environmental results at th«
national, regional, geographic, state and local levels.
Another initiative promoting quality science and partnerships is the Vic»-
President's Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE)
Program which the Agency is co-sponsoring with NASA, and the Department of
Commerce's the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The GLOBE
Program is designed to forge a partnership between scientists and educators
whereby earth observations are collected by school children throughout the world
and transmitted via surface and satellite networks to a central location. The
data will then be processed and made available to host countries and scientists
for analytical and monitoring purposes. Additional workyears will be invested
in the Regions to strengthen environmental education efforts. Finally, the
President's Council on Sustainable Development is being supported by the Agency.
OFFICE OF POLICY. PLANNING AND EVALUATION
As the Agency lead for ETI, OPPE aims to strengthen the environmental
security and economic standing of the United States in the world marketplace.
11-5
-------
A $4.5 million increase for ETI will enable OPPE to analyze economic an
regulatory barriers and incentives to the development, commercialization anc
trade in environmental technology. To support the President's National Climate
Change Action Plan, OPPE will bolster its greenhouse gas emission reduction
programs by $17.5 million. In these expanded programs, OPPE will develop
strategies and technical assistance programs to assist businesses and state and
local governments in identifing profitable opportunities to invest in energy
efficiency.
Building on its North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) activities,
OPPE will expand its environmental statistics and information exchange program
with Canada and Mexico in order to evaluate NAFTA's effects on the environment.
OPPE will provide (1) service to EPA program offices by reviewing and
analyzing programmatic activities from a cross-media, cross-program perspective;
(2) support of innovation and integration of environmental policy through
studies and analyses; and (3) long-term strategic planning and management
services. OPPE will continue with the National Goals Project which will ensure
the achievement of national environmental goals through strategic planning, and
goal development at state, local and tribal levels. OPPE will continue its
endeavors in the areas of ecosystem protection, developing policy tools for
protecting ecosystems and human health.
OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES
In 1995, OIA will continue to coordinate the environmental activities
associated with the NAFTA by helping implement the U.S. -Mexico Border Action Pla
and overseeing the development of the environmental side agreement's trilaterax
Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC). In shaping the environmental
agenda in North America, the CEC will resolve transboundary environmental
disputes and reconcile trade policy with environmental goals.
Through the international component of the Environmental Technology
Initiative, known as U.S. Technology for International Environmental Solutions
(U.S. TIES), OIA will share environmental expertise and technology with countries
in Asia, Central and Eastern Europe, and the Newly Independent States, thereby
helping developing countries promote environmentally sustainable growth while at
the same time enhancing market opportunities for U.S. environmental exports.
OIA promotes international environmental cooperation with various regions
and countries of the world. Working closely with multilateral organizations such
as the technical agencies of the United Nations, the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, OIA
plays a coordinating role in global issues ranging from climate change and ocean
pollution to forests and biodiversity.
OFFICE OF GENERAL COUNSEL
The OGC will continue to focus its efforts on ensuring that legal
consistency is applied in both policy development and decision-making throughout
the Agency. The OGC will continue to represent the Agency in all major
regulatory actions.
11-6
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SUPPORT
This program will address mandatory support increases for cost escalations
to security contracts, anticipated utility rate increases, and rate increases in
rent and direct leases paid to General Services Administration associated with
over 18,000 employees in 87 buildings at 45 different locations in 30 states.
Additionally, other increases in support will also provide for the space planning
and coordination services for the new Headquarters facility and provide the
Regional Offices with necessary support services, including regional moves.
CONSULTING SERVICES
Management consulting services provide advisory and consulting services in
such areas as: management assistance for the design of financial systems,
regional management assistance in support of the EPA/State Data Management
program and management support of the Agency's public-private partnership
initiative. Consulting services also provide scientific data through the
following types of analyses; engineering analysis, economic and financial
analysis, statistical and technical analyses, technology assessments and
environmental/energy implications of global atmospheric changes.
11-7
-------
11-8
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
Page
11-1
MISSION AND POLICY MANAGEMENT
Mission and Policy Management 11-9
Mission and Policy Management - Research and Development ... 11-13
Mission and Policy Management - Enforcement 11-14
Mission and Policy Management - Solid Waste
and Emergency Response 11-15
Mission and Policy Management - Policy, Planning & Evaluation . 11-16
Mission and Policy Management - Administration and Resources
Management 11-17
Mission and Policy Management - General Counsel 11-18
Mission and Policy Management - International Activities . . . 11-18
Mission and Policy Management - Inspector General 11-19
Mission and Policy Management - Air and Radiation 11-19
Mission and Policy Management - Water 11-20
Mission and Policy Management - Prevention, Pesticides
and Toxic Substances 11-22
-------
-------
MISSION AND POLICY MANAGEMENT
Mission and Policy Management
PROGRAM
Mission and Policy -
Research & Development
Program & Research
Operations
TOTAL
Mission and Policy -
Enforcement
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compl i ance
TOTAL
Mission and Policy -
Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Mission and Policy -
Policy, Planning And
Evaluation
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Mission and Policy -
Administration and
Resources Management
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Mission and Policy -
General Counsel
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Mission and Policy
Management - Office of
International
Activities
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$5,925.1
$5,925.1
$579.2
$50.2
$629.4
$2,557.6
$26.1
$2,583.7
$1,280.5
$94.1
$1,374.6
$2,746.0
$332.0
$3,078.0
$564.6
$564.6
$6,649.5
$6,649.5
$1,128.4
$42.5
$1.170.9
$2,420.4
$181.3
$2,601.7
$1,420.3
$102.1
$1,522.4
$3,020.8
$122.4
$3,143.2
$842.4
$10.0
$852.4
$6,621.8
$6,621.8
$1,122.3
$40.4
$1,162.7
$2,389.4
$169.0
$2,558.4
$1,406.0
$97.3
$1,503.3
$3,020.8
$121.8
$3,142.6
$842.4
$10.0
$852.4
$6,548.5
$6,548.5
$2,289.2
$452.4
$2,741.6
$2,364.5
$169.0
$2,533.5
$1,397.5
$94.2
$1,491.7
$3,417.9
$121.8
$3,539.7
$842.4
$10.0
$852.4
$6,744.1
$6,744.1
$1,957.1
$422.9
$2,380.0
$2,542.7
$181.3
$2,724.0
$3,091.3
$102.7
$3,194.0
$3,016.5
$122.4
$3,138.9
$895.0
$10.0
$905.0
$673.0
$26.7
$699.7
$195.6
$195.6
-$332.1
-$29.5
-$361 .6
$178.2
$12.3
$190.5
$1,693.8
$8.5
$1,702.3
-$401.4
$6
-$400.8
$52.6
$52.6
$673.0
$26.7
$699.7
$94.6
$94.6
$828.7
$380.4
$1,209.1
$122.3
$122.3
$1,671.0
$6
$1,671.6
-$4.3
-$4.3
$52.6
$52.6
$673.0
$26.7
$699.7
11-9
-------
MISSION AND POLICY MANAGMENT
Mission and Policy Management
Mission and Policy -
Office of Inspector
General
TOTAL
Mission and Policy -
Air And Radiation
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Mission and Polciy -
Water
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Mission and Policy -
Pesticides and Toxic
Substances
Program & Research
Operat i ons
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Office of Inspector
General
Mission and Policy TOTAL
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Mission and Policy -
Research & Development
Mission and Policy -
Enforcement
Mission and Policy -
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$3,992.1
$829.6
$4,821.7
$3,292.4
$780.6
$4,073.0
$3,175.1
$308.4
$3,483.5
$24,112.6
$2,421.0
$26,533.6
78.0
7.8
30.3
$3,761.5
$453.4
$4,214.9
$4,021.3
$1,325.8
$5,347.1
$4,022.2
$317.1
$4,339.3
$27,286.8
$2,554.6
$29,841.4
96.3
10.4
25.7
$3,761.5
$413.2
$4,174.7
$3,653.1
$1,141.0
$4,794.1
$3,885.2
$282.9
$4,168.1
$26,702.2
$2,275.6
$28,978.1
96.3
10.4
25.7
$3,753.8
$399.6
$4,153.4
$3,466.8
$1,042.5
$4,509.3
$3,859.8
$280.9
$4,140.7
$27,940.4
$2,570.6
$30,510.8
94.3
31.0
25.4
REQUEST
1995
$1,611.7
$1,611.7
$3,901.0
$403.4
$4,304.4
$4,298.9
$1,325.8
$5,624.7
$3,340.4
$323.5
$3,663.9
$30,460.0
$2,918.7
$1,611.7
$34,990.4
93.6
27.6
25.4
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
$1,611.7
$1,611.7
$147.2
$3.8
$151.0
$832.1
$283.3
$1,115.4
-$519.4
$42.6
-$476.8
$2,519.6
$348.3
$1,611.7
$4,479.6
-7
-3.4
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
$1,611.7
$1,611.7
$139.5
-$50.0
$89.5
$277.6
$277.6
-$681.8
$6.4
-$675.4
$3,173.2
$364.1
$1.611.7
$5, 1*9. C
•2.7
17.2
-3
Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
Mission and Policy -
Policy, Planning And
Evaluation
Mission and Policy -
Administration and
Resources Management
16.6
29.0
17.8
20.9
17.8
20.9
17.6
21.4
36.4
20.7
18.8
-7
18.6
-2
11-10
-------
MISSION AND POLICY
Mission and Policy Management
Mission and Policy -
General Counsel
Mission and Policy
Management - Office of
International
Activities
Mission and Policy-
Office of Inspector General
Mission and Policy -
Air And Radiation
Mission and Polciy -
Water
Mission and Policy -
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995 DECREASE
1994 1994 1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
9.7 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5
8.0 8.0
20.0 20.0
49.7 50.6 50.6 49.3 47.4 -1.9
47.7 47.4 47.4 47.4 49.8 2.4
38.5 42.8 42.8 42.4 40.8 -1.6
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
8.0
20.0
-3.2
2.4
-2.0
Pesticides and Toxic
Substances
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Mission and Policy -
Research & Development
Mission and Policy -
Enforcement
Mission and Policy -
Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
Mission and Policy -
Policy, Planning And
Evaluation
Mission and Policy -
Administration and
Resources Management
Mission and Policy -
General Counsel
Mission and Policy
Management - Office of
International
Activities
Mission and Policy -
Office of Inspector
General
Mission and Policy -
Air And Radiation
307.3 322.4 322.4 339.3 380.2 40.9 57.8
82.2 96.3 96.3 94.3
8.0
10.4
10.4 31.0
33.9 25.7 25.7 25.4
93.6
27.6
25.4
17.6 17.8 17.8 17.6 36.4
31.5 20.9 20.9 21.4 20.7
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
52.5 50.6 50.6 49.3
10.5
8.0
20.0
47.4
-7 -2.7
-3.4 17.2
-3
18.8 18.6
-7
8.0
20.0
-2
8.0
20.0
-1.9 -3.2
11-11
-------
MISSION AND POLICY
Mission and Policy Management
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995
1994 1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
Mission and Polciy -
Water
Mission and Policy -
Pesticides and Toxic
Substances
TOTAL WORKYEARS
48.1
42.4
326.7
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
47.4 47.4 47.4
42.8
322.4
42.8
322.4
42.4
339.3
49.8
40.8
380.2
2.4
-1.6
40.9
2.4
-2.0
57.8
11-12
-------
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
MISSION AND POLICY MANAGEMENT
MISSION AND POLICY MANAGEMENT - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
1995 BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of 34,990,400 supported by 380.2 total
workyears, of which $30,460,000 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation; $2,918,700 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation; and $1,611,700 will be for the Inspector General appropriation.
This represents an increase of $2,519,600 in the Program and Research Operations
appropriation; $348,300 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation;
$1,611,700 in the Inspector General appropriation; and 40.9 total workyears over
1994.
The Agency requests a total of $6,744,100 and 93.6 total workyears for
1995, an increase of $195,600 and a decrease of 0.7 total workyears from 1994.
All of this request is from the Program and Research Operations appropriation.
This research program will provide policy and resources guidance,
direction, and support to the Office of Research and Development's (ORD) programs
to ensure the effective coordination of diverse research programs and
administrative management services. These activities include: the development
of ORD's budget management policy; ORD-wide automated data processing services;
coordination of research activities and administrative support services required
at the co-located laboratories in Cincinnati, Ohio and Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina; liason to EPA Regions, OMB, and Congress and other Federal
Agencies; operation and enhancement of ORD's information systems to support
research program planning and management accountability; and performance of other
program management activities (e.g., facilities planning and management, and
management and evaluation studies required for ORD).
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $6,548,500 and 94.3 total workyears for
this program element, all of which is from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation. Program management will continue to provide overall direction,
policy guidance, management analysis, liaison activities, budgeting, and general
administrative support.
11-13
-------
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $5,925,100 and 82.2 total workyears for
this program element, all of which was from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation. Resources provide for overall direction, policy guidance,
management analysis, liaison activities, budgeting, and general administrative
support.
MISSION AND POLICY MANAGEMENT - ENFORCEMENT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $2,380,000 supported by 27.6 workyears for
this program. Of the amount requested, $1,957,100 is for the Program Research
and Operations appropriation and $422,900 is for the Abatement Control and
Compliance appropriation. This request reflects a decrease of $332,100 and 3.4
total workyears in the Program Research and Operations appropriation which
reflects the Administration's streamlining of the Federal workforce, and a
decrease of $29,500 in the Abatement Control and Compliance appropriation.
This program provides overall policy and management direction for the
reorganized Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA). The Mission
and Policy management program will provide management support in the areas of
program planning, administrative and personnel operations, communications,
budgeting, financial management and information systems support through a Loca"
Area Network (LAN) for OECA's Headquarters, Regions, and Field components, Thes,
OECA components include: Office of Compliance (OC), Office of Regulatory
Enforcement (ORE), Office of Site Remediation Enforcement (OSRE), Office of
Capacity and Outreach (OECO), Office of Criminal Enforcement (OCE), Office of
Federal Activities (OFA), Office of Federal Facilities Enforcement (OFFE), and
the National Enforcement Investigations Center (NEIC)). The program will also
continue to support the regional components of OFA, OFFE, and the Offices of
Regional Counsel (ORC), and OECA's field component at the National Enforcement
Investigations Center.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $2,741,600 supported by 31.0
total workyears, of which $2,289,200 is from the Program Research and Operations
appropriation and $452,400 is from the Abatement Control and Compliance
appropriation. In 1994, this program reflects the consolidation of staff from
several offices into the newly reorganized Office of Enforcement and Compliance
Assurance.
These resources provide overall policy direction and management support to
all enforcement components. Activities within this program include program
direction and planning, personnel management, budget development and analysis,
financial management, information systems support, Local Area Network
responsibilities and communications. Budget formulation and execution are
performed for all new OECA Headquarters Offices as well as the Regiona1
11-14
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enforcement components of OFA, OFFE and Office of Regional Counsel. Additional
management and communication of Headquarters decisions are also provided to
OECA's field component at the NEIC in Denver, Colorado.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $629,400 supported by 8.0 total workyears
for this program, of which $579,200 was from the Program Research and Operations
appropriation and $50,200 from the Abatement Control and Compliance
appropriation.
The program provided program direction, planning, and management including
basic managerial support in the areas of personnel, budget, financial management,
administrative support and communications to all components of OE. Emphasis was
placed on the improvement of administrative management functions and increased
use of cost-effective automation. Budget formulation and financial management
support was provided for OE's Headquarters, Regional and Field offices, which
include: 1) Office of Civil Enforcement; 2) Office of Criminal Enforcement,
including criminal investigators located in the ten Regions and other field
offices; 3) Office of Federal Activities (OFA); 4) Office of Federal Facilities
Enforcement (OFFE); and 5) Office of Compliance Analysis and Program Operations;
and 6) Regional components of OFA, OFFE and legal enforcement. Oversight of
budgetary functions was maintained for the National Enforcement Investigation
Center (NEIC) in Denver, Colorado.
MISSION AND POLICY MANAGEMENT - SOLID WASTE AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $2,724,000 supported by 25.4 total
workyears, of which $2,542,700 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $181,300 will be for the Abatement, Control, and Compliance
appropriation. This represents a increase of $178,200 in Program and Research
Operations, $12,300 in Abatement, Control and Compliance, and no change in
workyears. The increase in Program and Research Operations reflects
implementation of locality pay increases. The increase in Abatement, Control and
Compliance reflects increases in inflation for administrative expenses.
The resources will allow the Agency to maintain an effective administrative
and programmatic management team within the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response (OSWER). These resources will provide for the full array of policy
analysis and regulatory development activities; public liaison functions;
resource management; program planning; information management; and other
essential support activities for OSWER programs.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $2,533,500 supported by 25.4
total workyears, of which $2,364,500 is from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $169,000 is from the Abatement, Control, and Compliance
appropriation. This level of resources provides for a wide range of support
11-15
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from the OSWER management team to the Regions, the program offices, and th
Agency. OSWER program management activities include the review of policy
recommendations and proposed regulations; integration of both program and funds
control; program planning; information management; property management; and
administrative support.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $2,583,700 supported by 33.9 total
workyears, of which $2,557,600 was from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $26,100 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. OSWER program management activities included the review of
policy recommendations and proposed regulations; maintenance of effective
management controls; development and implementation of operating budgets;
development of planning documents and progress reports; and provision of
personnel, financial, administrative, and information management support to the
OSWER program offices.
MISSION AND POLICY MANAGEMENT - POLICY. PLANNING AND EVALUATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $3,194,000 supported by 36.4 total workyears
for this program, of which $3,091,300 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $102,700 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,693,800, and o
$8,500, respectively, and an increase of 18.8 total workyears from 1994. Tht
increase in funds and workyears will support the Environmental Technology
Initiative.
Funding will provide the Assistant Administrator (AA) with resources for
policy direction and for management of the regulatory review and strategic
planning processes as well as for special analyses. Budgetary and administrative
oversight needed for efficient operation of the Office of Policy, Planning and
Evaluation (OPPE) as well as leadership in strengthening internal controls and
extramural resources management will continue. Improving OPPE's human and
information resources management programs reflect EPA's commitment to these
areas. The AA will also respond to external inquiries, e.g., from Congress and
the Office of Management and Budget. Staff will also support the Environmental
Technology Initiative which will advance environmental protection through the use
of innovative technologies and enhance the marketplace for U.S. environmental
technologies at home and abroad.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $1,491,700 supported by 17.6
total workyears for this program, of which $1,397,500 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $94,200 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This program provides overall policy direction and
leadership in the integration of environmental protection activities, and
conducts activities necessary to manage the component offices of OPPE
11-16
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Establishing and implementing the strategy for promoting the Environmental
Technology Initiative will be a major goal in 1994.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $1,374,600 supported by 17.6 total
workyears for this program, of which $1,280,500 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $94,100 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. Funds provided support for policy direction and basic
budgetary, administrative, analytic and planning activities necessary to manage
OPPE.
MISSION AND POLICY MANAGEMENT - ADMINISTRATION AND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $3,138,900 supported by 20.7 total workyears
for this program of which $3,016,500 and 20.7 total workyears will be for the
Program and Research Operations appropriation and $122,400 for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an decrease of $401,400
and .7 in total workyears in the Program and Research Operations appropriation
and an increase of $600 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The decrease reflects compliance with Administration's commitment to streamline
government. These resources provide for long-term and strategy development,
policy development, budget development and execution, human resource
coordination, resource monitoring, and administrative management oversight for
Agency-wide activities. This office will also coordinate and consolidate OARM's
internal control reporting, ensure compliance with the Freedom of Information Act
and Agency audit recommendations, and oversee OARM information management needs.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $3,539,700 supported by 21.4
total workyears for this program, of which $3,417,900 are from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $121,800 from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. These resources are used to provide guidance and
direction as well as program and administrative support to the Agency, direct and
manage resources, oversee h+wan resource management activities, and conduct
strategies to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the Agency.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993 the Agency obligated a total of $3,078,000 supported by 31.5 total
workyears for this program, of which $2,746,000 and 31.5 total workyears was from
the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $332,000 was from the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These resources were used for
overall policy direction and guidance to the Agency's management programs, budget
development and execution, review of organization and consolidation issues,
internal control reporting, Freedom of Information Act coordination, ensure
compliance with Agency audit recommendations, and special analyses on management
issues.
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MISSION AND POLICY MANAGEMENT - GENERAL COUNSEL
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $905,000 supported by 10.5 total workyears
for the OGC, $895,000 of which will be for the PRO appropriation, and $10,000 of
which will be for the AC&C appropriation. This represents a total increase of
$52,600, all of which will be for the PRO appropriation. There is no change in
total workyears. The increased funding represents increased work force costs.
The request will support planning, budgeting, financial management,
management analysis, and administrative services for the OGC.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $852,400 supported by 10.5
total workyears for this program, $842,400 of which is from the PRO appropriation
and $10,000 of which is from the AC&C appropriation.
The program provides for planning, budgeting, financial management,
management analysis, and administrative services for the OGC.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $564,600 supported by 10.5 total
workyears for this program, all of which was from the PRO appropriation.
Activities focused on providing planning, analytical support, budgeting,
financial management, and administrative services for the OGC.
MISSION AND POLICY MANAGEMENT - INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $699,700 and 8.0 total workyears for this
program, of which $673,000 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $26,700 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $673,000 for Program and Research
Operations, an increase of $26,700 for Abatement, Control and Compliance and an
increase of 8.0 total workyears from 1994. This is the first year for this
Program Element showing mission and policy activities.
This request will allow the Agency to maintain an effective administrative
management team within the Office of International Activities. These resources
will provide for policy analysis, coordination of international activities,
public and international liaison functions, and other essential administrative
support activities for OIA programs.
11-18
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1994 PROGRAM
This is a new program in 1995.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
This is a new program in 1995.
MISSION AND POLICY MANAGEMENT - OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $1,611,700 and 20 total workyears for this
program, all of which will be for the DIG appropriation. This is the first year
resources have been requested separately for this program.
This program includes the immediate office of management support for the
OIG's Headquarters and field components. The support includes budget formulation
and execution, preparation of the OIG's semiannual reports to Congress in
accordance with requirements of the Inspector General Act, administrative and
personnel services, training, communications, space, acquisition and
administrative policy and coordination, strategic planning, responding to Freedom
of Information Act and Privacy Act requests, property management, implementation
of the affirmative action program, coordination of Total Quality Management and
government streamlining activities, and files management.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, resources for this program were included in the Office of the
Inspector General program element.
1993 PROGRAM
In 1993, resources for this program were included in the program element -
Office of the Inspector General program element.
MISSION AND POLICY MANAGEMENT - AIR AND RADIATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $4,304,400 supported by 47.4 total workyears
for this program, of which $3,901,000 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $403,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $147,200 for Program
and Research Operations funding for increased workforce costs, an increase of
$3,800 in Abatement, Control and Compliance funding and a decrease of 1.9
workyears as part of the Administration's streamlining efforts. This program
provides management support for implementation of the Clean Air Act Amendments
of 1990, the Indoor Radon Abatement Act, the Atomic Energy Act, the Uranium Mill
11-19
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Tailings Radiation Control Act, and the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorizatio
Act and for development of major policies and decisions related to these Acts.
Key activities include: executive management, strategic planning, program
planning and analysis, resource management, acquisition policy and budget
formulation. The program also provides administrative support to Office of Air
and Radiation (OAR) components.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994 the Agency is allocating a total of $4,153,400 supported by 49.3
total workyears for this program, of which $3,753,800 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $399,600 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This program provides management support for
implementation of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the Indoor Radon
Abatement Act, the Atomic Energy Act, the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control
Act, and the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act. Key activities
include: executive management, strategic planning, program planning and
analysis, resource management, acquisition policy and budget formulation.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993 the Agency obligated $4,821,700 for this program supported by 52.5
total workyears, of which $3,992,100 is from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $829,600 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. The program provided executive management, program planning and
analysis, and budget and administrative support to OAR offices.
MISSION AND POLICY MANAGEMENT - OFFICE OF WATER
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $5,624,700 supported by 49.8 total workyears
for this program, of which $4,298,900 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $1,325,800 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $832,100 in the Program
and Research Operations appropriation and an increase of $283,300 in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation to support increased workyear
costs and an increase of 2.4 total workyears.
The Challenge:
- Assess and implement the new Clean Water Act and Safe Drinking
Water Act provisions.
- Expand use of market-based approaches in water quality and
drinking water programs.
- Streamline internal operations.
- Better use contract grant funds to maximize environmental gains.
The 1995 request will support development of national policy and management
of the national regulatory programs for the Office of Water's (OW) authorizing
statutes. Specifically, these resources are to review and analyze legislativp
11-20
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initiatives and program policies; develop economic analyses of water programs and
initiate use of market-based approaches; provide management direction to
organizations performing OW functions; and manage national strategic planning for
water programs, with particular support to Agency geographic initiatives for
cross-media regulatory control, risk analysis, and improved environmental results
management. The staff will also provide liaison with other Executive and outside
agencies; manage the OW portion of the Agency operating guidance and
accountability system and Regional evaluations; develop OW program plans and
budgets for implementation of Agency policies and programs; track budget
expenditures and support grant and contract management activities. In addition,
staff will provide quality control of regulations produced by the OW;
administrative management; monitoring and evaluation of program performance; and
manage human resources. The program will also support the Office of the
Administrator in outreach activities related to the Great Lakes and Gulf of
Mexico programs, Mexican Border, Rio Accords and the Safe Drinking Water Act.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $4,509,300 supported by 47.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,466,800 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $1,042,500 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The 1994 request is supporting development of national policy and
implementation of the national regulatory programs for the Office of Water's
authorizing statutes. Specifically, these resources is being used to review and
analyze legislative initiatives and program policies; provide management
direction to organizations performing OW functions; and manage national strategic
planning for water programs, with particular support to Agency geographic
initiatives for cross-media regulatory control, risk analysis, and improved
environmental results management. The staff is also providing liaison with other
Executive and outside agencies; managing the OW portion of the Agency operating
guidance and accountability system and Regional evaluations; developing OW
program plans and budgets for implementation of Agency policies and programs;
tracking budget expenditures and support grant and contract management
activities. In addition, staff is providing quality control of regulations
produced by the OW; administrative management; monitoring and evaluation of
program performance; and managing human resources. The program is supporting the
Office of the Administrator in developing a communications strategy and outreach
activities related to the Great Lakes and Gulf of Mexico programs, Mexican
Border, Rio and the Safe Drinking Water Act.
The program is also supporting development and implementation activities
of the Environmental Extension Network (EEN). These activities are building a
network of non-governmental environmental extension agents to provide regulatory
outreach and education, technology transfer, and other comprehensive pollution
management assistance to a targeted audience.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $4,073,000 supported by 48.1 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,292,400 was from the Program and Research
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Operations appropriation and $780,600 was from the Abatement, Control an
Compliance appropriation.
This program supported the development of national policy and
implementation of the national regulatory programs for the Water Quality and
Drinking Water media. Specific activities included: management of the OW
operating guidance and accountability system; development of program plans and
budget for implementation of Agency policies; development of legislative
initiatives and directions; review of regulations and program policies; tracking
of budget execution; and administrative management.
Major activities included continued implementation of the Clean Water Act
(CWA) the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) and work on their reauthorization;
Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA); the Marine Plastic
Pollution Research Control Act (MPPRCA); the Ocean Dumping Ban Act (ODBA); the
Great Lakes Critical Programs Act; the Coastal Zone Act and its Reauthorization
Amendments; and the North American Free Trade Agreement. This program also
supported coordination of water program information management activities and
strategies for issues that cross water and other program lines (e.g. municipal
sludge management, toxics in surface and ground-water).
MISSION AND POLICY MANAGEMENT- PREVENTION. PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $3,663,900 and 40.8 total workyears for thi;
program, of which $3,340,400 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $323,500 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents a decrease of $519,400 for Program and Research
Operations, an increase of $42,600 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, and a
decrease of 1.6 total workyears. The decrease in Program and Research Operations
is the result of revised workforce pricing. The increase in Abatement, Control
and Compliance is the result of increased administrative expenses.
This program will support senior level management of the Prevention,
Pesticides and Toxic Substances programs and the Immediate Office of the
Assistant Administrator for Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, as well
as funding the activities of the Biotechnology Science Advisory Committee. Key
activities include: (1) strategic planning; (2) policy development; (3) priority
setting; (4) efficient and effective general management; and (5) administrative
and budget support.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $4,140,700 and 42.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,859,800 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $280,900 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. These resources provide senior level management of the
Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances programs and the Immediate Office
of the Assistant Administrator for Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances
with support, as well as partially funding, along with the Office of Research and
11-22
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Development, the activities of the Biotechnology Science Advisory Committee.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $3,483,500 and 42.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,175,100 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $308,400 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. These resources provided support for the senior level
management of the Pesticides and Toxic Substances programs and the Immediate
Office of the Assistant Administrator for the Office of Prevention, Pesticides
and Toxic Substances and, along with the Office of Research and Development,
funded the activities of the Biotechnology Science Advisory Committee.
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11-24
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
AGENCY MANAGEMENT
Office of the Administrator/Executive Offices 11-25
Environmental Education and Training Foundation 11-29
Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization . . . . 11-30
Risk Assessment and Management Commission 11-31
Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs 11-31
Office of Communications, Education, and Public Affairs .... 11-32
Office of Executive Support . 11-34
Office of Regional Operations and State/Local Relations .... 11-35
Office of Executive Secretariat 11-36
Immediate Office of the Administrator 11-37
Administrator's Representation Fund 11-38
Office of Civil Rights 11-39
Science Advisory Board 11-40
Office of Administrative Law Judges 11-41
-------
-------
AGENCY MANAGEMENT
Office of the Administrator/Executive
PROGRAM
Environmental Education
Foundation
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Office of Small &
Disadvantaged Business
Utilization
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Risk Assessment
Management Commission
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Office Of Congressional
and Legislative Affairs
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Communications,
Education and Public
Affairs
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Office Of Executive
Support
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Office of Regional
Operations and State
Local Relations
Program & Research
Operat i ons
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$1,203.3
$1,203.3
$818.7
$1,063.5
$1,882.2
$2,636.6
$208.1
$2,844.7
$4,305.3
$4,082.6
$8,387.9
$1,849.6
$727.0
$2,576.6
$1,737.3
$653.0
$2,390.3
$1,262.4
$1,262.4
$866.9
$552.5
$1,419.4
$200.9
$506.7
$707.6
$2,984.9
$197.5
$3,182.4
$4,791.2
$7,363.4
$12.154.6
$2,208.7
$727.5
$2,936.2
$2,135.0
$512.6
$2,647.6
$1,262.4
$1,262.4
$1,114.8
$1,795.0
$2,909.8
$198.2
$267.0
$465.2
$2,953.7
$186.9
$3,140.6
$4,748.4
$8,807.2
$13,555.6
$2,197.9
$709.4
$2,907.3
$2,113.7
$956.1
$3,069.8
$803.1
$803.1
$1,114.2
$2,295.0
$3,409.2
$197.0
$248.0
$445.0
$2,836.8
$180.4
$3,017.2
$3,913.2
$2,434.9
$6,348.1
$982.2
$600.5
$1,582.7
$2,002.2
$946.3
$2,948.5
$722.4
$722.4
$883.5
$552.5
$1,436.0
$158.9
$455.7
$614.6
$3,140.1
$197.5
$3,337.6
$4,144.9
$2,365.4
$6,510.3
$1,090.6
$626.1
$1,716.7
$2,315.0
$512.6
$2,827.6
-$80.7
-$80.7
-$230.7
-$1,742.5
-$1,973.2
-$38.1
$207.7
$169.6
$303.3
$17.1
$320.4
$231.7
-$69.5
$162.2
$108.4
$25.6
$134.0
$312.8
-$433.7
-$120.9
-$540.0
-$540.0
$16.6
$16.6
-$42.0
-$51.0
-$93.0
$155.2
$155.2
-$6*4.1
-U. 994.0
-$5.644.3
-$1,118.1
-$101.4
-$1,219.5
$180.0
$180.0
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AGENCY MANAGEMENT
Office of the Administrator/Executive
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Executive Secretariat
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Immediate Office Of The
Administrator
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Administrator's
Representation Fund
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Office of Civil Rights
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Science Advisory Board
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compl i ance
TOTAL
Office of
Administrative Law
Judges
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
$4,151.7
$403.2
$4,554.9
$8
$8
$1,463.1
$313.0
$1,776.1
$1,837.2
$138.9
$1,976.1
$1,338.7
$41.7
$1.380.4
$20,138.2
$8,835.1
$4,272.0
$778.2
$5,050.2
$5.0
$5.0
$1,831.7
$354.6
$2,186.3
$1,719.6
$199.9
$1,919.5
$1,491.8
$71.4
$1,563.2
$22,502.7
$12,531.7
$4,225.2
$720.2
$4,945.4
$5.0
$5.0
$1,812.4
$335.1
$2,147.5
$1,703.4
$188.8
$1,892.2
$1,475.8
$68.6
$1,544.4
$22,531.5
$15,298.6
$1,091.4
$97.4
$1,188.8
$4,471.9
$973.8
$5,445.7
$5.0
$5.0
$1,811.9
S325.5
$2,137.4
$1,694.6
$183.4
$1,878.0
$1,457.1
$67.2
$1,524.3
$21,572.0
$9,160.5
$1,184.6
$201.5
$1,386.1
$4,656.1
$9,346.2
$14,002.3
$5.0
$5.0
$2,004.5
$354.6
$2,359.1
$1,815.9
$199.9
$2,015.8
$1,634.8
$71.4
$1,706.2
$23,028.9
$15,610.8
$93.2
$104.1
$197.3
$184.2
$8,372.4
$8,556.6
$192.6
$29.1
$221.7
$121.3
$16.5
$137.8
$177.7
$4.2
$181.9
$1.456.9
$6,450.3
$1,184.6
$201.5
$1,386.1
$384.1
$8,568.0
$8,952.1
$172.8
$172.8
$96.3
$96.3
$143.0
$143.0
$526.2
$3,079.1
Compliance
Agency Management
TOTAL $28,973.3 $35,034.4 $37,830.1 $30,733.0 $38,639.7 $7,906.7 $3,605,3
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Administrative Law
Judges
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
AGENCY MANAGEMENT
Office of the Administrator/Executive
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Office of Small &
Disadvantaged Business
Utilization
Risk Assessment
Management Commission
Office Of Congressional
and Legislative Affairs
Communications,
Education and Public
Affairs
Office Of Executive
Support
Office of Regional
Operations and State
Local Relations
Executive Secretariat
Immediate Office Of The
Administrator
Office of Civil Rights
Science Advisory Board
Office of
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995 DECREASE DECREASE
1994 1994 1995 REQ 1995 REG
VS VS
1994 CE 1994 PB
10.5 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.2 -1 -1
2.8 2.8 2.8 2.1 -7 -7
38.1 43.0 43.0 42.5 42.5 -5
55.5 64.4 64.4 54.7 52.7 -2.0 -11.7
32.8 37.9 37.9 18.9 17.9 -1.0 -20.0
24.2 27.5 27.5 27.2 28.1 9 6
18.6 18.6 18.6
44.2 52.7 52.7 51.7 52.0 3 -7
20.2 24.9 24.9 24.7 25.6 9 7
15.9 24.2 24.2 24.0 23.9 -1 -3
18.1 17.4 17.4 17.2 18.2 1.0 8
259.5
303.1
303.1
290.6
289.8
-8
-13.3
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Administrative Law
Judges
TOTAL UORKYEARS
AGENCY MANAGEMENT
Office of the Administrator/Executive
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Office of Small &
Disadvantaged Business
Utilization
Risk Assessment
Management Commission
Office Of Congressional
and Legislative Affairs
Communications,
Education and Public
Affairs
Office Of Executive
Support
Office of Regional
Operations and State
Local Relations
Executive Secretariat
Immediate Office Of The
Administrator
Office of Civil Rights
Science Advisory Board
Office of
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995 DECREASE DECREASE
1994 1994 1995 REQ 1995 REQ
MS VS
1994 CE 1994 PB
10.5 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.2 -1 -1
2.8 2.8 2.8 2.1 +w -7 -7
41.2 43.0 43.0 42.5 42.5 -5
61.2 64.4 64.4 54.7 52.7 -2.0 -11.7
33.7 37.9 37.9 18.9 17.9 -1.0 -20.0
24.5 27.5 27.5 27.2 28.1 9 6
18.6 18.6 18.6
48.1 52.7 52.7 51.7 52.0 3 -T
22.6 24.9 24.9 24.7 25.6 9 7
21.9 24.2 24.2 24.0 23.9 -1 -1
18.4 17.4 17.4 17.2 18.2 1.0 •
282.1
303.1
303.1
290.6
289.8
-8
-11.J
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MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
AGENCY MANAGEMENT
OFFICE OF THE ADMINISTRATOR/EXECUTIVE OFFICES
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $38,639,700 supported by 289.8 total
workyears in 1995. Of the request, $23,028,900 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $15,610,800 will be for the Abatement,
Control, and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,456,900
and a decrease of 0.8 total workyears in the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and an increase of $6,450,300 in the Abatement, Control, and
Compliance appropriation.
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOUNDATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $722,400 for this program all of which will
be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents a
decrease of $80,700 from 1994 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
Resources will be used for the Foundation's administrative expenses for the
benefit of, and in connection with, the environmental education and training
activities and services of the Agency and to match the contribution and
cooperation of other public and private resources to create an environmentally
advanced education system.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $803,100 for this program, all
of which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The Foundation expects to have its new Board of Directors, appointed and
fully in place in early 1994 and to conduct several meetings during the remainder
of the fiscal year. The Foundation also anticipates that their fund raising
program will be operational by the time their Board meets and will seek all funds
set aside for private sector matches.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $1,203,300 for this program, all
of which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The Agency was able to fully match the Foundation's fund raising efforts
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in 1993. The largest private sector match totaled $1.5 million. In addition
the Administrator had to reconstitute the Board of Directors and began tht
selection process for new members.
OFFICE OF SMALL AND DISADVANTAGED BUSINESS UTILIZATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $1,436,000 supported by 8.2 total workyears
for this program, of which $883,500 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $552,500 will be from the Abatement, Control, and
Compliance appropriation. This represents a decrease of 0.1 total workyear and
$230,700 from 1994 in the Program and Research Operations appropriation and a
decrease of $1,742,500 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The decrease in Abatement, Control, and Compliance resources is the result of not
fully sustaining Congressionally directed programs.
The Office will continue to provide technical assistance to both
Headquarters and Regional program office personnel to ensure that small, minority
and women's businesses are receiving a "fair share" of procurement dollars under
EPA's Financial Assistance Program. In addition, the Ombudsman will respond to
approximately 14,000 inquiries from small firms on regulatory matters, and
encourage small businesses to voluntarily comply with regulations.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $3,409,200 supported by 8.3
total workyears for this program, of which $1,114,200 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $2,295,000 is from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation. Emphasis continues on handling additional
"Hotline" calls, implementing a Small Business Ombudsman Strategy, and creating
business regulatory outreach demonstration projects. This Office will continue
to promote Minority Business Enterprise and Women's Business Enterprise
participation in the Agency's financial assistance programs to comply with
Executive Order 12432. In addition, the Office will monitor and encourage small
businesses to voluntarily comply with regulations.
Congressional Directives A total of $1,500,000 is for the Congressionally
directed projects involving asbestos, the Agency's Mentor Protege program, small
business Ombudsman studies, and minority/women contracting.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $1,882,200 supported by 10.5 total
workyears for this program, of which $818,700 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $1,063,500 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation for Congressionally directed asbestos mitigation
training. The Office coordinated activities with EPA's procurement and financial
assistance programs by providing training and technical assistance; provided
assistance toward increasing the level of Minority Business Enterprise/Women's
Business Enterprise (MBE/WBE) participation in EPA-assisted programs; provided
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technical and managerial assistance to Headquarters and Regional staff assigned
to socio-economic program activities, and counseled minority and women's
businesses in compliance with Executive Order 12432. In addition, the Office
monitored and provided advice to small businesses on regulations that encourage
voluntary compliance.
RISK ASSESSMENT MANAGEMENT COMMISSION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $614,600 supported by 2.1 workyears for this
program, of which $158,900 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $455,700 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents a decrease of $38,100 and 0.7 total workyears in
the Program and Research Operations appropriation and an increase of $207,700 in
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation from 1994. Resources will be
available to the Commission to carry out its mandate under the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990. The increase in the Abatement, Control and Compliance
resources is necessary to support a fully operational Commission for an entire
year. The Commission will investigate the policy implications and appropriate
uses of risk assessment and risk management in regulatory programs under various
Federal laws to prevent cancer and other chronic human health effects which may
result from exposure to hazardous substances.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $445,000 supported by 2,8
workyears for this program, of which $197,000 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $248,000 is from the Abatement, Control, and
Compliance appropriation. The commission expects to have its board of directors
fully in place in 1994 and to conduct several meeting to determine the scope of
the policy implications of risk assessment and risk management on regulatory
programs.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
This is a new program for 1994.
OFFICE OF CONGRESSIONAL AND LEGISLATIVE AFFAIRS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $3,337,600 supported by 42.5 total workyears
for 1995, of which $3,140,100 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $197,500 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $303,300 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $17,100 in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation from 1994. The increase in Program and Research
Operations reflects personnel and support costs to fully staff to 1994 levels.
This will enable the Office to provide effective day-to-day liaison with the
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Congress and insure that Member and Committee requests are handled in a timel
manner. Legislative activity is expected to remain high due to reauthorizatioi.
proposals of several major environmental statutes including Superfund, the Clean
Water Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, and the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act. The Office will continue to manage the Legislative Reference
Library and oversight of all Agency Congressional Correspondence.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $3,017,200 supported by 42.5
total workyears for this Office, of which $2,836,800 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $180,400 is from the Abatement, Control,
and Compliance appropriation. The Office will continue to provide effective day-
to-day liaison with Congress as it examines legislation relating to environmental
issues. They will prepare Agency reports and recommendations on pending and
enacted legislation including draft legislative proposals for EPA's major
statutory authorities. The Office also manages the Legislative Reference Library
which provides comprehensive legislative research services, with computerized
tracking systems, to the Agency, Congress and external organizations. The Office
will continue to ensure that testimony, draft legislation, and analyses and
reports on pending and proposed legislation are developed and provided to OMB and
Congress in a timely fashion and consistent with Agency and Administration
policies. The Office has also assumed responsibility for the tracking and
assignment of all incoming Congressional Correspondence.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $2,844,700 supported by 41.2 total
workyears for this Office, $2,636,600 is from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $208,100 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. The Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs was
responsible for all day-to-day legislative and Congressional contacts, including
more than 375 briefings of members and/or staff, involvement in approximately 400
hearings, coordination of numerous meetings, courtesy calls, specific Committee
investigative information requests and casework referred by Congress. The Office
also developed testimony and related material for 165 legislative hearings,
reviewed and responded to 217 bills referred to the Agency from OMB and
Congressional committees, 400 draft legislative reports proposed by other
agencies, follow-up questions and answers from 47 hearings, and 311 statements
or testimony of other agencies.
OFFICE OF COMMUNICATIONS. EDUCATION. AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $6,510,300 supported by 52.7 total workyears
for 1995, of which $4,144,900 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $2,365,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $231,700 and a decrease of 2.0
total workyears from 1994 in the Program and Research Operations appropriation
and an decrease of $69,500 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance
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appropriation. The increase in Program and Research Operations reflects
increased support and personnel costs.
In 1995, the Office of Communications, Education, and Public Affairs will
build on and expand activities begun in 1994 by: using diverse media resources
to aid public understanding of science in order to increase public awareness and
change public perception of environmental issues and their technological and
scientific solutions; develop public and community-linked programs aimed at
grassroots public audiences to increase understanding of specific communities
about pollution prevention, environmental protection and the technical aspects
of those areas; increase public understanding through public information/consumer
affairs campaigns about technical and scientific issues that underlie individual
actions toward preventing pollution and protecting the environment; establish a
consumer hotline; and, design a range of consumer-oriented publications, fact
sheets and media relations campaigns to generate specific actions to protect the
environment with outreach efforts targeted to reach minority populations and
other groups affected by environmental justice issues. A portion of the
requested funds will be used to support a major Vice Presidential initiative
known as the Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE)
Program. The program is designed to enhance environmental awareness throughout
the world and increase scientific understanding of the earth. In addition, the
Office will continue to support the objectives of the National Science and
Technology Council (formerly the Federal Coordinating Council for Science,
Engineering and Technology (FCCSET)).
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $6,348,100 supported by 54.7
total workyears for this Office, of which $3,913,200 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $2,434,900 is from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation. The Office will continue to ensure that strategic
communications planning occurs on all major issues and that all communications
efforts, including marketing and media relations, are consistent with the
Administrator's goals and with the White House communications strategy. In
support of the National Science and Technology Council (formerly the Federal
Coordinating Council on Science, Engineering and Technology's (FCCSET)/Committee
on Education and Training (GET)), this Office intends to broaden environmental
education efforts and integrate environmental education into Agency programs.
This will be accomplished by increasing and supporting public awareness programs
and changing public perception of environmental issues through activities
designed to: target and educate decision-making audiences about technical
concepts, principles and issues involved in environmental protection, pollution
prevention, environmental justice and other priority areas; ensure environmental
education programs, seminars, publications, and briefings emphasize the science
underlying environmental decisions and technical issues; design and impleme+w
campaigns that explain the technical and scientific issues associated individual
actions in preventing pollution and protecting the environment; develop fact
sheets and increase media relations resources to reach the general public,
minority populations, and specific communities.
Congressional Directives A total of $1,500,000 is allocated for the
Congressionally directed Environmental Education Grants to Minority Institutions .
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $8,387,900 supported by 61.2 total
workyears for this Office, of which $4,305,300 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $4,082,600 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. In addition to the general outreach activities aimed
at the media and general public, the Office promoted stronger Agency-wide
coordination of public affairs; developed a program to expand grassroots liaison
efforts; examined and a proposed consumer affairs operation; began integrating
environmental education into Agency programs; improved the internal management
of the Office; directed pro-active news and issues-oriented campaigns to support
the Administrator's focus on building partnerships, ecosystem management,
enforcement, outreach and education, legislation, pollution prevention,
environmental justice, and infrastructure and management. The Office also
broadened the environmental education grants program to increase basic science
literacy as the core of environmental education for students and the general
public. The grants program also was used to support, build and expand
environmental efforts included in the annual nationwide grassroots program,
administered in the Regions.
Congressional Directives A total of $210,000 was expended in 1993 for a
Congressionally directed video program about the Hudson River.
OFFICE OF EXECUTIVE SUPPORT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $1,716,700 supported by 17.9 total workyears
for this program, of which, $1,090,600 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $626,100 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $108,400 and a decrease
of 1.0 total workyears in the Program and Research Operations appropriation, and
an increase of $25,600 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation
from 1994. The increase in Program and Research Operations reflects increased
personnel and support costs. The increase in Abatement, Control, and Compliance
resources will be used for information resources management support for the
Office of the Administrator as well as grant support for Senior Environmental
Employees within the Office of the Administrator.
Resources within the Office of Executive Support will be used to continue
to develop resource determinations in support of various staff office functions,
ongoing personnel, financial, administrative management functions, internal
controls for waste, fraud, and abuse of government resources and staff office
automation support.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $1,582,700 and 18.9 total
workyears for this program, of which $982,200 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $600,500 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This Office monitors resource expenditures for thr
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Administrator's Office and staff offices; develops the outyear budget for the
staff offices; and provides centralized personnel management support services,
automated resources support, internal control reviews and assistance to staff
offices on recruitment, staffing, and property control issues.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $2,576,600 and 33.7 total workyears
for this program, of which $1,849,600 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $727,000 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. The Office completed monthly financial and operating
plan reports, developed the outyear budget for the staff offices, and conducted
workload analyses for Regional Management. In addition, it provided assistance
and staffing plan development, program management services, internal control
review and resource and computer planning studies for the Administrator's staff
offices. The Executive Secretariat Office, which was part of the Office of
Executive Support in 1993, logged, controlled and monitored all Freedom of
Information requests, Congressional correspondence, and correspondence addressed
to the Administrator and the Deputy Administrator.
OFFICE OF REGIONAL OPERATIONS AND STATE/LOCAL RELATIONS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $2,827,600 supported by 28.1 total workyears
for this program, of which $2,315,000 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $512,600 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $312,800 and 0.9 in
total workyears in the Program and Research Operations appropriation and a
decrease of $433,700 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation froa
1994. Increases in workyears and Program and Research Operations resources will
be used to improve relations with small communities.
In 1995 the Office will continue to ensure that the Administrator's
policies are effectively communicated to the Regional Administrators; that the
Administrator is alerted to potential Regional problems and concerns and assisted
in managing significant Regional issues. The Office will conduct broad oversight
on the Regional geographic initiatives, which address multi-media environmental
problems, and ensure effective implementation. In addition, the basic management
needs of the Environmental Services Divisions will be addressed. The Office will
continue to exert leadership and provide guidance that supports community
relations efforts throughout the Agency by maintaining Agency liaison with state,
local and tribal officials. There will also be an increase in activities to
enhance technology transfer capabilities and ensure an emphasis on Federalism.
This leadership will especially emphasize relations with small communities
through the use of the Abatement, Control and Compliance resources.
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1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $2,948,500 and 27.2 total
workyears, all of which $2,002,200 is from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $946,300 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. The Office provides a key communications link between the
Administrator and the ten Regional offices, participates in regional resource
management issues, implements Agency guidance in community relations activities
to provide maximum, state, local and tribal involvement in EPA's decisions, and
provides guidance for, and oversight of, the ten Environmental Services
Divisions. The office will manage the multi-media Regional initiatives program,
which provides funding for Regions to target specific environmental problems that
present the greatest risk to human health and ecosystems in specific geographic
areas. The Office will increase leadership and guidance activities to support
community relations efforts throughout the Agency, especially for small
communities, and will continue to maintain Agency liaison with state,local and
tribal officials while increasing activities to enhance technology transfer
capabilities and ensure an emphasis on Federalism.
Congressional Directives A total of $500,000 is for the Congressionally directed
Small Towns Environmental Planning Program.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $2,390,300 and 24.5 total
workyears for this program, of which $1,737,300 was from the Program and Researc
Operations appropriation and $653,000 was from the Abatement, Control ana
Compliance appropriation. The Office ensured that the Administrator's policies
were effectively communicated to the Regional Administrators, that the Regions
were included in the policy-making and decision-making processes, and that the
Administrator was kept informed of Regional concerns and issues. The Office also
initiated regular dialogue on environmental issues with local government and
tribal organizations; issued "A Guide to Federal Environmental Requirements for
Small Governments;" completed a comprehensive national report on State capacity
and began developing and implementing recommendations thereunder; and sponsored
several partnerships conferences to promote two-way communications on
environmental issues with State and local Governments. In addition, the Office
carried out its responsibility as the Headquarters focal point for the Agency's
Environmental Services Divisions.
OFFICE OF EXECUTIVE SECRETARIAT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $1,386,100 supported by 18.6 total workyears
for this program, of which, $1,184,600 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $201,500 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $93,200 in the Program
and Research Operations appropriation, and an increase of $104,100 in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation from 1994. The increase ir
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Program and Research Operations reflects increased personnel and support costs.
The increase in Abatement, Control and Compliance will further advance the
development of automated systems that will provide more efficient correspondence
control.
Resources within the Executive Secretariat will be used to control an ever
increasing amount of correspondence; to route, log, and track Freedom of
Information Act (FOIA) requests; and to foster a more active role for the Agency-
wide FOI Coordinator. This will include FOI policy development and oversight;
monitoring compliance of the FOIA and its regulations; developing and
coordinating Agency FOI policies; and issuing guidiance and training for the
Agency FOI staff.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $1,188,800 and 18.6 total
workyears for this program, of which $1,091,400 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $97,400 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. Resources will ensure the preparation of an annual
report to Congress on the cost to the Agency and to the public of administering
the Freedom of Information Act. In addition, this Office provides policy and
program oversight on the Freedom of Information Act, and manages and tracks
executive and Congressional correspondence.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
This was a new program in FY 1994. Before 1994 this program was managed
within the Office of Executive Support where correspondence control and FOIA
staff logged, controlled and monitored all Freedom of Information requests,
Congressional correspondence, and correspondence addressed to the Administrator
and the Deputy Administrator.
IMMEDIATE OFFICE OF THE ADMINISTRATOR
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $14,002,300 and 52.0 total workyears for this
program, of which $4,656,100 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $9,346,200 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $184,200 and 0.3 total workyears
for the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $8,372,400 in the
Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation from 1994. The increase in
Program and Research Operations reflects increased personnel and support costs.
Increases in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation will support the
Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 by ensuring that national
environmental goals and performance measurements are established.
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The Office is responsible for Agency policy and direction, and for setting
environmental and pollution prevention goals. An accelerated use of
administrative enforcement authorities is expected to lead to an increase in
enforcement appeals. Additional resources in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation will provide increased support for pollution prevention
policy issues.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $5,445,700 supported by 51.7
total workyears for this program, of which $4,471,900 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $973,800 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. The major priorities in the Immediate Office are:
strengthening the Agency's commitment to a multi-media policy for pollution
prevention, increasing emphasis on enforcement and compliance efforts to ensure
better internal management, improving international leadership, continuing
delegations to State and local governments, on-going support of enhanced science
as a basis for decision-making, increasing environmental education support, and
using improved methodologies for managing risk. The Pollution Prevention Policy
Staff will continue to provide overall Agency guidance on pollution prevention
issues, and the Environmental Appeals Board is expected to receive appeals
arising from the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $4,554,900 supported by 48.1 tota"
workyears for this program, of which $4,151,700 is from the Program ano
Research Operations appropriation and $403,200 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. A major focus of activity was to ensure better
international management, improve international leadership in new and emerging
global air and water pollution issues. The Administrative appeals processes was
elevated and strengthened by the creation of the Environmental Appeals Board.
Emphasis continued on delegations to State and local governments, on-going
support of enhanced science as a basis for decision-making, increased
environmental education support, and use of improved methodologies for managing
risk.
ADMINISTRATOR'S REPRESENTATION FUND
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $5,000 for this program, all of which will
be for the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $5,000 to this program, all of
which is from the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation. These funds
are to cover the expenses of official receptions and other functions.
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $800 for this function from the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This amount covered the
expenses of official receptions and other functions.
OFFICE OF CIVIL RIGHTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $2,359,100 supported by 25.6 total workyears
for this program, of which $2,004,500 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $354,600 will be from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $192,600 and 0.9 total
workyears in the Program Research and Operations appropriation and an increase
of $29,100 on the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation from 1994. The
increase in Program and Research Operations reflects increased personnel and
support costs. The increase in the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation will provide resources for the timely completion of discrimination
complaint investigations. The Office will continue to carry out national equal
employment opportunity monitoring, compliance, and enforcement programs, manage
the Agency's affirmative employment and recruitment programs, the special
emphasis programs, the discrimination complaints program, and the Historically
Black Colleges and Universities and the Hispanic Association of Colleges and
Universities programs.
The Office of Civil Rights will also continue to provide technical guidance
and direction to the Agency's civil rights efforts and provide policy guidance.
Priority will be given to strengthening the external compliance program,
particularly as it applies to environmental justice issues involving the states,
and to processing external discrimination complaints. An emphasis on reducing
the average processing time of discrimination complaints to comply with
regulatory limits will continue. In addition, the Office seeks to increase
policy monitoring of, and support for regional and Headquarters civil rights
programs; provide continuous monitoring of affirmative action plan
implementation; and improve the Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) counseling
program to resolve complaints through informal conciliation. Efforts will also
be undertaken to strengthen and improve the special emphasis programs by
consolidating the special emphasis advisory councils; conducting joint seminars
and workshops for special emphasis employees and Agency managers; increasing
quantity and quality of EEO reviews and studies; and improving the implementation
of the Agency regulations regarding nondiscrimination in federally assisted
programs. Emphasis will continue to be placed on reducing severe
underrepresentation of minority and women employees, especially at the Agency's
executive and supervisory levels.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $2,137,400 and 24.7 total
workyears for this Office, of which $1,811,900 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $325,500 is from the Abatement, Control and
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Compliance appropriation. These resources enable the Office of Civil Rights t
continue to provide technical guidance and direction for the Agency's civil
rights efforts. The Office is strengthening and improving the special emphasis
programs by conducting management and general workforce seminars and workshops
to deliver quality programs to a culturally diverse population. It is
responsible for initiating and supporting employee participation in programs
established to advance career opportunities for secretarial and clerical
employees and women in science and engineering, and continuing to conduct EEO
reviews and studies, and providing management support for building and managing
a culturally diverse workforce at all levels. The Office continues to implement
the Agency's regulations regarding nondiscrimination in federally assisted
programs with emphasis placed on processing complaints, raising environmental
justice issues, and developing a compliance review program for the states.
Reducing the average processing time for internal complaints of employment
discrimination in compliance with the regulatory limit and to provide increased
management support and quality control through on site evaluations are also
priorities. Emphasis continues on reducing severe underrepresentation of
minority and women employees, especially at the Agency's executive and
supervisory levels.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $1,776,100 supported by 22.6 total
workyears for this program, of which $1,463,100 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $313,000 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. The Office of Civil Rights carried out national equal
employment opportunity monitoring and enforcement programs; managed the Agency'
affirmative action program, special emphasis programs and the discrimination
complaints program; implemented regulations and programs requiring EPA grant
recipients to adhere to the civil rights laws and requirements of applicable
Federal statutes; and served as the Agency's focal point for the Historically
Black Colleges and Universities program. Specifically, the Office evaluated
activities required to carry out the Agency's responsibilities to assure equal
opportunity and to prohibit discrimination in employment at EPA; ensured
implementation of the Agency's Special Emphasis Programs (Federal Women's,
Hispanic Employment and Black Employment Programs) ; implemented and monitored the
Agency's affirmative action plans to remedy under representation in the
workforce; assured compliance by Agency grantees with provisions of civil rights
laws and requirements of applicable Federal statutes; and processed internal
employment discrimination complaints. In that activity in FY 1993, the Office
closed 75 complaints, issued 87 proposed dispositions, completed 65
investigations, and requested 72 hearings. Significantly, the number of proposed
dispositions, investigations completed, and hearings requested increased FY 1992
levels.
SCIENCE ADVISORY BOARD
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $2,015,800 supported by 23.9 total workyears
for this program, of which $1,815,900 will be for the Program and Research
11-40
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Operations appropriation and $199,900 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $121,300 and decrease
of 0.1 total workyears in the Program and Research Operations appropriation and
an increase of $16,500 in the Abatement Control and Compliance appropriation
from 1994. The increases in the Program and Research Operations appropriation
and the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation reflect increased
personnel and support costs due to full implementation of two new committees.
In 1995, approximately 65 regulatory issues will be identified for the Science
Advisory Board (SAB) to review, an increase of 14 reviews from 1994.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $1,878,000 supported by 24.0
total workyears for this program, of which $1,694,600 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $183,400 from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. The Science Advisory Board is providing expert,
independent advice to the Administrator and the Agency on 60 scientific and
technical issues before the Agency. The SAB will also utilize two newly
established committees: the Environmental Economics Advisory Committee and the
Clean Air Act Compliance Analysis Committee.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $1,976,100 supported by 21.9 total
workyears for this program, of which $1,873,200 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $138,900 from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. The SAB was involved in 56 reviews during 1993. Included among
these reviews were issues relating to hazardous air pollutants, toxic substances,
drinking water, municipal waste combustion, radiological protection, radon,
Superfund science, risk assessment and ecology. The SAB also established the new
Environmental Economics Advisory Committee and Clean Air Act Compliance Analysis
Committee.
OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $1,706,200 supported by 18.2 total workyears
for this program, of which $1,634,800 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation, and $71,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $177,700 and 1.0 total
workyears for the Program Research and Operations appropriation and $4,200 for
the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation from 1994. The increases
in the Program and Research Operations appropriation and the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation reflect increased personnel and support costs
associated with the increased that the office has experienced. Resources in this
program provide support for the adjudication of cases, including conducting
formal hearings, resulting from administrative complaints filed by the
enforcement program to ensure compliance with environmental statutes such as the
Clean Air Act (CAA); the Clean Water Act (CWA); the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA); the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA); the Federal
11-41
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Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA); the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA); and the
Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act (EPCRA).
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $1,524,300 supported by 17.2
total workyears for this program, of which $1,457,100 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $67,200 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. The Office expects to receive most of the cases from
EPA Regional Offices. Of the cases received from the regions, approximately 145
cases are expected to be under the RCRA; 256 cases under TSCA; 147 cases under
FIFRA; 100 under the CAA; 158 under the EPCRA and 92 under the CWA. In addition
to these cases filed by the regions, this Office will handle cases originating
at Headquarters, including suspensions, cancellations, and Sec. 3(c)(l)(D) of
FIFRA.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993 the Agency obligated a total of $1,380,400 and 18.4 total workyears
for this program, of which $1,338,700 is from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $41,700 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This Office had a docket of 1,760 cases of which 775 were new
filings. Of the new cases, 120 were under RCRA; 173 were under TSCA; 153 cases
were under FIFRA; and 128 were under EPCRA.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
AGENCY MANAGEMENT
Office of Administration and Resources Management 11-43
Financial Management - Headquarters 11-46
Office of the Comptroller 11-47
Office of Environmental Equity 11-48
Human Resources Management 11-49
Organization and Health Services 11-51
Contracts and Grants Management - Headquarters 11-53
Facilities Management and Services 11-54
Information Systems and Services 11-55
-------
-------
AGENCY MANAGEMENT
Office of Acfcninistration and Resources Management
PROGRAM
Financial Management
Headquarters
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Office of the
Comptroller
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Office Of Environmental
Equity
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Human Resources
Management -
Headquarters
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Organization and Health
Services
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Contracts and Grants
Management -
Headquarters
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$7,839.9
$1.328.7
$9,168.6
$5,188.6
$2,417.9
$7,606.5
$406.5
$686.7
$1,093.2
$10,524.8
$1,037.7
$11,562.5
$3,096.4
$241.1
$3,337.5
$14,801.4
$783.9
$15,585.3
$8,826.2
$1,089.7
$9,915.9
$6,152.7
$2,676.0
$8,828.7
$556.5
$1,300.0
$1,856.5
$10,761.0
$560.1
$11,321.1
$3,503.1
$358.8
$3,861.9
$16,592.8
$1,042.0
$17,634.8
$8,734.2
$1,084.8
$9,819.0
$6,089.9
$3,433.7
$9,523.6
$556.5
$1,300.0
$1,856.5
$10,639.5
$560.1
$11,199.6
$3,464.8
$358.8
$3,823.6
$16,411.1
$997.1
$17,408.2
$8,426.9
$1,084.8
$9,511.7
$5,714.4
$3,263.3
$8,977.7
$556.5
$1,300.0
$1,856.5
$10,693.9
$511.0
$11,204.9
$3,374.5
$358.8
$3,733.3
$16,196.4
$972.3
$17,168.7
$9,549.3
$1,539.7
$11,089.0
$6,218.0
$2,676.0
$8,894.0
$733.6
$2,955.0
$3,688.6
$11,342.1
$528.8
$11,870.9
$3,517.6
$258.8
$3,776.4
$18,008.0
$1,042.0
$19,050.0
$1,122.4
$454.9
$1,577.3
$503.6
-$587.3
-$83.7
$177.1
$1,655.0
$1,832.1
$648.2
$17.8
$666.0
$143.1
-$100.0
$43.1
$1,811.6
$69.7
$1,881.3
$723.1
$450.0
$1,173.1
$65.3
$65.3
$177.1
$1,655.0
$1,832.1
$581.1
-$31.3
$549.8
$14.5
-$100.0
-$85.5
$1.415.2
$1,415.2
Facilities
Management and Services
Program & Research
Operations
$10,348.0 $11,011.9 $10,891.0 $10,593.6 $11,952.8 $1,359.2 $940.9
11-43
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AGENCY MANAGEMENT
Office of Administration and Resources Management
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995 DECREASE DECREASE
1994 1994 1995 REQ 1995 REQ
VS VS
1994 CE 1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Information Systems &
Services
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Agency Management TOTAL
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Financial Management
Headquarters
Office of the
Comptroller
Office Of Environmental
Equity
Human Resources
Management -
Headquarters
$359.9
$10,707.9
$13,549.7
$1,487.7
$15,037.4
$65,755.3
$8,343.6
$74,098.9
147.0
75.2
4.5
166.3
$644.5
$11,656.4
$13,199.5
$1,895.7
$15,095.2
$70,603.7
$9,566.8
$80,170.5
157.2
78.4
6.8
172.0
$644.5
$11,535.5
$13,055.6
$1,865.0
$14,920.6
$69,842.6
$10,244.0
$80,086.6
157.2
78.4
6.8
172.0
$644.5
$11,238.1
$13,270.8
$1,845.7
$15,116.5
$68,827.0
$9,926.4
$78,804.7
152.5
77.3
7.8
170.1
$644.5
$12,597.3 $1,359.2
$13,578.9 $308.1
$1,716.4 -$129.3
$15,295.3 $178.8
$74,900.3 $6,073.3
$11,361.2 $1,197.8
$86,261.5 $7,273.8
157.4 4.9
78.1 8
9.7 1.9
165.7 -4.4
$940.9
$379.4
-$179.3
$200.1
$4,296.6
$1,794.4
$6,091.0
2
-3
2.9
-6.3
Organization and Health 46.2 49.0 49.0 48.3 46.6 -1.7 -2.4
Services
Contracts and Grants 250.0 274.1 274.1 275.1 280.4 5.3 6.3
Management -
Headquarters
Facilities 181.0 188.0 188.0 182.2 188.0 5.8
Management and Services
Information Systems & 187.2 179.1 179.1 178.8 166.2 -12.6 -12.9
Services
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS 1,057.4 1,104.6 1,104.6 1,092.1 1,092.1 -12.5
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Financial Management 149.6 157.2 157.2 152.5 157.4 4.9 2
Headquarters
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AGENCY MANAGEMENT
Office of Administration and Resources Management
Office of the
Comptroller
Office Of Environmental
Equity
Hunan Resources
Management -
Headquarters
Organization and Health
Services
Contracts and Grants
Management -
Headquarters
Facilities
Management and Services
Information Systems &
Services
TOTAL WORKYEARS
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Agency Management
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995 DECREASE DECREASE
1994 1994 1995 REQ 1995 REQ
VS VS
1994 CE 1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
76.4 78.4 78.4 77.3 78.1 8 -3
5.4 6.8 6.8 7.8 9.7 1.9 2.9
173.1 172.0 172.0 170.1 165.7 -4.4 -6.3
46.2 49.0 49.0 48.3 46.6 -1.7 -2.4
257.3 274.1 274.1 275.1 280.4 5.3 6.3
184.7 188.0 188.0 182.2 188.0 5.8
188.8 179.1 179.1 178.8 166.2 -12.6 -12.9
1,081.5 1,104.6 1,104.6 1,092.1 1,092.1 -12.5
7.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
7.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Agency Management
Reimbursements
TOTAL WORKYEARS
7.4
7.4
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
11-45
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MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
AGENCY MANAGEMENT
OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATION AND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $86,261,500 supported by 1,092.1 total
workyears in 1995. Of the request, $74,900,300 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $11,361,200 will be for the Abatement,
Control, and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $6,073,300
and no change in workyears in the Program and Research Operations appropriation
and an increase of $1,197,800 in the Abatement, Control, and Compliance
appropriation.
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT - HEADQUARTERS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $11,089,000 supported by 157.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $9,549,300 and 157.4 total workyears will
be for the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $1,539,700 will be
from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents a
increase of $1,122,400 and 4.9 total workyears in the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and an increase of $454,900 in the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation. The increase will provide workyears and dollars
for the development and implementation of a Working Capital Fund as well as
increased salary costs. In addition to providing the full spectrum of core
financial services -- accounting and fiscal operations, payroll, travel,
financial policy, reporting and analysis, quality assurance, and financial
systems -- the Agency plans to carry out initiatives essential to streamlining
and enhancing its financial management practices and client services. Prime
examples include: establishing a Working Capital Fund to provide EPA with
administrative services in a more business-like manner; enhancing the Integrated
Financial Management System to provide higher quality and more useful financial
information; developing and implementing program and financial performance
indicators to better measure program results and service delivery; and,
implementing numerous financial management reforms required by the National
Performance Review (NPR), Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) and the
Chief Financial Officers Act (CFO). The resources requested will allow the
Headquarters, Cincinnati, Las Vegas and Research Triangle Park finance centers
to provide critical financial accounting and fiscal services.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $9,511,700 supported by 152.5
total workyears for this program, of which $8,426,900 and 152.5 total workyears
are from the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $1,084,800 will,
11-46
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be from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These resources
provide a full array of financial services to EPA managers, including: payroll,
accounting, reporting, debt collection, accounts payable, quality assurance, and
policy guidance. This program also manages the Agency's Integrated Financial
Management System. The 1994 program emphasis is on implementing the numerous
financial management changes required by the CFO, the NPR, and the GPRA
including: preparing audited financial statements, the CFO Annual Report and the
CFO Financial Management Status Report and Five Year Plan; developing performance
measures; and developing financial reporting criteria for GPRA pilot programs.
Other key initiatives and efforts in FY 1994 include: implementing the Office of
Management and Budget's Circular A-127 requirements; performing reviews required
by Section 4 of the Federal Managers' Financial Integrity Act of 1982;
eliminating identified material weaknesses through enhanced systems and
accounting procedures; maintaining the timeliness of payments processed as
required by the Prompt Payment Act; exploring further cash management
initiatives; and planning and developing a Working Capital Fund at EPA.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $9,168,600 supported by 149.6 total
workyears, of which $7,839,900 and 149.6 total workyears was from the Program
and Research Operations appropriation and $1,328,700 was from the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. With these resources, the Agency improved
the financial services provided by Headquarters, Cincinnati, Las Vegas, and
Research Triangle Park financial operations, and stabilized the operations and
improved performance of the Integrated Financial Management System. In addition,
the Agency implemented changes required by the CFO, including: developing and
preparing the CFO's first audited Financial Statements and Annual Report;
significantly improving and expanding the CFO's Five Year Plan; and developing
program and financial performance measures.
OFFICE OF THE COMPTROLLER
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $8,894,000 supported by 78.1 total workyears
for this program of which $6,218,000 and 78.1 total workyears will be for the
Program and Research Operations appropriation and $2,676,000 for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $503,600
and .8 total workyears in the Program and Research Operations appropriation, and
a decrease of $587,300 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The increase in Program and Research Operations resources will provide for
increased salary needs. The decrease in AC&C reflects the one time
Congressionally directed study by the National Academy of Public Administration
(NAPA) . Resources will provide us with the capabilities to perform all mandatory
activities associated with the OMB and Congressional budget submissions for 1996,
including designing and overseeing the budget management process, providing
budget analyses and reports to Agency program offices, and maintaining a fiscal
allocation, control and review system for all workyear and financial resources.
The Comptroller will provide the General Accounting Office (GAO) liaison and
evaluation follow-up as required by the General Accounting Office Act of 1980;
11-47
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conduct audit follow-up as required by the Inspector General (IG) Act Amendment
of 1988; continue to implement the Federal Managers' Financial Integrity Act
(FMFIA) and OMB Circulars A-76 and A-127; and continue support for the Agency's
Environmental Financing efforts.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $8,977,700 supported by 77.3
total workyears for this program, of which $5,714,400 and 77.3 total workyears
are from the Program and Research Operations appropriation, and $3,263,300 is
from the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation. With these resources,
the Office of the Comptroller: prepares the 1995 budget request; develops final
implementation guidance to program and Regional offices regarding congressional
restructuring of the Agency's appropriations account structure; develops funding
allotments and allocations in accordance with approval of the Agency's Operating
Plan; analyzes major policy/resource issues facing the Agency; develops and
implements Agency budget policy; administers and provides policy guidance to EPA
managers on a range of fiscal concerns; and continues to maintain liaison with
OMB and Congress. The Comptroller will provide GAO Liaison and evaluation
follow-up as required by the General Accounting Office Act of 1980; conduct audit
follow-up as required by the IG Act Amendments of 1988; continue efforts to build
a strong Environmental financing program, including the Environmental Financial
Advisory Board; and continue implementation of FMFIA requirements and OMB
Circulars A-50, A-76, A-123, and A-127.
Congressional Directives: A total of $1,000,000 is for a Congressionally
directed study by the National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA) to reviet
the proper distribution of resources within the Agency. The NAPA study will
address risk as well as other variables which may be factored into resource
allocation decisions.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $7,606,500 supported by 76.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $5,188,600 and 76.4 total workyears was from
the Program and Research Operations appropriation, and $2,417,900 from the
Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation. With these resources, the
Comptroller prepared the 1994 budget, including: budget guidance and options;
managed the funding allotments and allocations in accordance with the 1993
Operating Plans; maintained appropriate fund control procedures; provided budget
and policy guidance to Program and Regional offices including a major
congressional restructuring of the Agency's appropriations account structure;
performed oversight of audit resolution and follow-up; continued implementation
of the FMFIA; and provided support for the Environmental Financial Advisory Board
and environmental financing efforts.
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL EQUITY
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $3,688,600 supported by 9.7 total workyear^
11-48
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for this program of which $733,600 and 9.7 total workyears will be for the
Program and Research Operations appropriation and $2,955,000 for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $177,100
in the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $1,655,000 in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. An additional 1.9 workyear will
provide for the advocacy and policy development in environmental equity
activities. The Program and Research Operation dollars support the additional
workyears and provide for increased salary needs. The additional $1,655,000
provides for the expansion of Environmental Equity grants for research,
education, implementation, and outreach. The Office will continue to provide
guidance and direction as well as program and administrative support concerning
environmental equity issues for the regional and headquarters program offices;
and direct and manage the Office's resources.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Office of Environmental Equity is allocated a total of
$1,856,500 supported by 7.8 total workyears, of which $556,500 and 7.8 total
workyears are from the Program and Research Operations appropriation and
$1,300,000 from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These
resources are used for overall policy direction and guidance to the Agency's
regional and headquarters program offices on the issue of environmental equity.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Office of Environmental Equity was established and allocated
a total of $1,093,200 supported by 5.4 total workyears, of which $406,500 and 5.4
total workyears are from the Program Research and Operations appropriation and
$686,700 from the Abatement Control and Compliance appropriation.
HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $11,870,900 supported by 165.7 total
workyears for this program, of which $11,342,100 and 165.7 total workyears will
be for the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $528,800 for the
Abatement Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of
$648,200 and a decrease of 4.4 total workyears in the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and an increase of $17,800 in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. The increase in Program and Research Operations
reflects increased salary needs, including locality pay. The workyear decrease
represents a realignment of resources to higher priority areas. The increase in
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation provides for the same level of
effort in expense and contract needs. The Agency will continue to provide basic
human resources services including selection of new employees, classification,
performance management, merit promotion and referral services, labor management
and employee relations, personnel processing and technical assistance and
advisory services. The Agency will continue to support the Academic Relations
Program and target colleges/universities with a high concentration of minorities
and women in order to attract a culturally diverse workforce. EPA will support
implementation of the National Performance Review (NPR) recommendations and the
Executive Orders on streamlining and reduction of the workforce including
reduction of supervisors/managers. EPA will continue to support Total Quality
11-49
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Management (TQM) by making advanced TQM training available. The Agency will
continue to implement recommendations of the Cultural Diversity Task Force ar
will monitor progress in implementation. The Agency will continue to support tht
comprehensive management development program, i+wluding providing access to
assessment services, Individual Development Plan support and core supervisory and
management courses. The EPA Institute will further streamline its training
delivery systems and lead development of programs that support the core strategic
curriculum. The Institute will continue development of competency menus for
major careers at EPA. It will also institutionalize the non-supervisory
leadership program and maintain other developmental programs (e.g. Secretarial
Development).
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $11,204,900 supported by 170.1
total workyears for the program, of which $10,693,900 and 170.1 total workyears
are from the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $511,000 are from
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These resources are being
used to provide comprehensive human resource services and implement key human
resource initiatives. The Agency is continuing to provide basic human resource
services including selection of new employees, classification, performance
management, merit promotion and referral services, labor management and employee
relations, personnel processing and technical assistance and advisory services.
EPA is supporting NPR recommendations, and the Executive Orders on streamlining
and automation of personnel processes, and reduction of the workforce including
reductions of supervisors/managers. EPA is supporting implementation of Total
Quality Management by providing direct support to senior leadership efforts;
internal consulting support; organizational assessment services; informatic
dissemination; and basic and advanced TQM training. The Agency will continue ti^
support the Academic Relations Program and target colleges/universities with a
high concentration of minorities and women in order to attract a culturally
diverse workforce. The Agency is beginning to implement recommendations of the
Cultural Diversity Task Force and is monitoring progress in implementation. The
Agency will continue to implement the comprehensive management development
program, including providing access to assessment services, Individual
Development Plan support, core supervisory and management courses, and
integration of effective management and leadership attributes into administrative
and personnel systems, e.g., performance appraisal, awards, selection, etc. The
EPA Institute is streamlining its training delivery systems and offering self-
paced instruction in its technology-based learning laboratories. The Institute
is developing and implementing new course offerings identified in the core
curriculum that supports EPA's strategic direction. The Institute is beginning
to develop competency menus for major careers at EPA. It will continue to
support non-supervisory leadership programs which include the Certified Secretary
Program (CSP), Goalsetters reaching for Opportunities (GRO) and Greater
Leadership Opportunities ((GLO). These non-supervisory leadership programs are
designed to give special emphasis to the needs of minorities and women.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency allocated a total of $11,562,500 supported by 173.1
total workyears for the program, of which $10,524,800 and 173.1 total workyears
were from the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $1,037,700 wa«-
from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These resources wer
used to provide human resource services and implement and expand key human
11-50
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resource initiatives. EPA endorsed the Academic Relations Program to include
additional college/university campuses with a high concentration of minorities
and women. The Agency continued recruiting activities to attract a culturally
diverse workforce and managed the EPA Management Intern and Presidential
Management Intern programs. EPA continued to expand implementation of TQM by
supporting senior executive leadership efforts; providing internal consulting
support; establishing a focal point for information collection and dissemination;
and provided basic TQM training to Agency and State environmental employees. In
the Cultural Diversity effort, the Agency completed an analysis of workforce
data. The Agency began implementation of the recommendations of the Cultural
Diversity Taskforce. The Agency continued to implement the comprehensive
management development program, including providing access to assessment
services, Individual Development Plan support and core supervisory and
management courses. The Agency continued to modernize its core managerial
courses by incorporating elements on managing a culturally diverse workforce and
strategic planning. EPA continued to create and provide training and development
opportunities to EPA employees through the EPA Institute. The Institute
realigned its course offerings around the core curriculum developed in 1992 to
support stronger framework for transitioning new employees into full
participation in the Agency's mission more quickly through an enhanced
orientation program.
ORGANIZATION AND HEALTH SERVICES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $3,776,400 supported by 46.6 total workyears
for this program of which $3,517,600 and 46.6 total workyears will be for the
Program and Research Operations appropriation and $258,800 for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $143,100
and a decrease of 1.7 total workyears in the Program and Research Operations
appropriation, and a decrease of $100,000 from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. The increase in Program Research and Operations
reflects increased salary needs. The workyear decrease represents a realignment
of resources to higher priority areas. The Agency will continue to coordinate
the management of the planning, design, construction and relocation processes for
a new consolidated Agency headquarters, and focus on design and construction
monitoring. Efforts will be directed toward coordinating interior design plans
with the base building drawn by the developer's architect(s) and overseeing the
actual building of the exterior shell. Advanced interior space plans and
drawings will be developed. The Agency will continue to develop and implement
internal safety, health, and environmental management policies and programs,
provide technical assistance and high-technology-based training to EPA field
units, and conduct audits and program evaluations. These activities will affect
employees in laboratories, field settings and at other facilities and sites, and
ensure that EPA meets its statutory and regulatory mandates. We will expand our
efforts to ensure that Agency organizations, management systems and processes are
as efficient and effective as possible by: developing internal safety, health,
and environmental management program models and support systems; conducting
management and organization analytical studies; overseeing and automating the
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Agency's directives system; managing the development and review of Agency-wide
delegations of authority and reorganizations; managing the Agency's publi
advisory committees; administering management advisory and support services
contracts; developing and maintaining an administrative history record of EPA
programs; and providing technical assistance on management and organization
issues.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $3,733,300 supported by 48.3
total workyears for this program, of which $3,374,500 and 48.3 total workyears
are from the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $358,800 from the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These resources will provide
high quality management assistance to all Agency organizations. Assistance will
enable the Agency to respond to complex environmental issues such as global
environmental problems, pollution prevention, eco-system protection,
environmental justice, enhanced environmental partnerships and integrated
strategic planning. Delegations of authority and organizational analyses will
strengthen management processes and operations. Planning for the new
headquarters facility will focus on continuous pre-construction project review
with a particular emphasis on schematic materials and design review, design
intent drawing review, and construction document drawing review. Throughout
these reviews an overlay of previously developed agency requirements will be
conducted, in addition to an overall assessment of building performance in
mechanical, electrical, plumbing, structural and architectural areas. Resources
will also be devoted to initial interior space planning including space/design
standards development, space surveys and space programming for office and special
spaces. There will be implementation of model safety, health, and environmenta"
management policies and programs which ensure employees' health and safety while
protecting and preserving natural resources. An overall safety, health and
environmental management program order will be issued. New and revised programs
for such matters as radiation safety at uncontrolled field sites, risk-based
medical surveillance, asbestos management, underwater diving in contaminated
waters, biohazard risk management, pollution prevention and laboratory waste
minimization will be developed and implemented.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $3,337,500 supported by 46.2 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,096,400 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $241,100 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. A comprehensive assessment of the Agency's programs
in Oklahoma, Georgia, Idaho, Texas, Alabama, Florida, Montana, Mississippi and
Michigan led to enhancements in those programs. Management analysis and contract
assistance resulted in a series of organizational, administrative, and management
improvements for Agency responsibilities required by current and new
environmental legislation. Additionally, technical support resulted in the
establishment of seven new Agency advisory committees. The planning process for
the new headquarters facility involved refinement of previously established
technical requirements incorporating a number of environmental considerations,
including pollution prevention, energy conservation and indoor air quality. An
assessment of schematic design was completed for the Federal Triangle site, the
Agency's designated location. We continued revising existing internal safety,
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health, and environmental management policies and programs, and new policies and
programs were developed including an EPA Order on confined-space entry.
Extensive technical assistance, and environmental management activities were
provided to all program offices, regional offices and laboratories.
CONTRACTS AND GRANTS MANAGEMENT - HEADQUARTERS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $19,050,000 supported by 280.4 total workyears for
this program of which $18,008,000 and 280.4 total workyears will be for the
Program and Research Operations appropriation and $1,042,000 for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,811,600
and 5.3 workyears in the Program and Research Operations appropriation, and an
increase of $69,700 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The
increase in Program and Research Operations provides for salary needs. The
request will enable the Agency to process and award new contracts and purchase
orders, continue the liaison group initiative, including more timely processing
of procurement action and continuous improvement in contract management, manage
and close out existing contracts and the time required to close out contracts,
provide training and track training of project officers and contracting officers
(in accordance with OFPP Policy Letter of 9/23/93), continue administering EPA
Property, evaluate contractor cost proposals, conduct essential financial
monitoring reviews, process contract terminations and claims, complete Contracts
Information System and Contract Administration Components of ICMS, and provide
technical review, policy guidance, development and implementation; and
administrative oversight and management to the three procurement operations in
Headquarters, Cincinnati, and Research Triangle Park (RTF), NC. Also in FY 1995,
in support of the President's order to implement an Electronic Data Interchange
(EDI) System, EPA will begin the implementation of a modern electronic data
interchange system. The system will provide significant labor and price savings
as well as a significant reduction in purchasing lead time. In the grants area,
resources will allow the Agency to develop and interpret regulations, policy and
procedural guidance for new and existing Agency-wide assistance programs; award
and administer Headquarters grants and loans, cooperative agreements, and
interagency agreements; provide outreach to the Regions, states and Federal
assistance recipients; continue to modify, update, and simplify assistance
regulations; continue in-house audit and cost analyses; increase suspension and
debarment actions to combat waste, fraud and abuse in Federal assistance and
procurement programs; and enhance the role of the Agency's Grants Information
System Management Council and the Grants Customer Relations Council.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $17,168,700 supported by 275.1
total workyears for this program, of which $16,196,400 and 275.1 total workyears
are from the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $972,300 from the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These resources are being used
to perform a full range of assistance activities including awarding and managing
contracts, purchase orders, financial monitoring reviews, grants, loans,
interagency agreements and performing Regional oversight reviews. These
resources will also be used for developing suspension and debarment cases under
the EPA assistance and procurement program, developing ICMS, strengthening
internal grant management controls, building Region/state/recipient capacity,
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addressing regulation and policy development (continuing to implement the new
State Revolving Fund policy), finalizing the implementation of a new Nations
automated assistance document system, and an automated Congressional Notificatioi.
System as well as providing project officer training.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency allocated a total of $15,585,300 supported by 257.3
total workyears for this program, of which $14,801,400 and 257.3 total workyears
was from the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $783,900 was from
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The major accomplishments
in this program area included increased emphasis on contract planning, award,
administration and automated processing of contracts and small purchases;
improved ability in discovering and resolving financial issues in the contractor
community; and improvements of the Headquarters auto-mated grants document
systems, issuance of additional awards for the Asbestos School Hazard Abatement
Program, development of a Grants Information System Management Council and the
implementation of another automated grant document system in the Regions. We
aggressively pursued noncompliance actions and recovered substantial Federal
funds from program participants who abused the privileges of Federal assistance,
and finalized consolidation of assistance management functions in the Regions to
improve internal controls.
FACILITIES MANAGEMENT AND SERVICES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $12,597,300 supported by 188.0 totax
workyears for this program +w which $11,952,800 and 188.0 total workyears will
be for the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $644,500 for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of
$1,359,200 and an increase of 5.8 total workyears in the Program and Research
Operations appropriation. The increase in Program and Research Operations
resources is to strengthen the management of support contracts and reflects
increased salary needs. The Agency will administer the Nationwide Support,
Headquarters Support, and Buildings and Facilities budgets; provide operational
support and housekeeping services; and continue to monitor and direct contractor
resources under support contracts, and efforts to improve working conditions at
the Waterside Mall Complex.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $11,238,100 supported by 182.2
total workyears for this program, of which $10,593,600 and 182.2 total workyears
is from the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $644,500 from the
Abatement, Contract and Compliance appropriation. These funds are being used to
provide timely, high quality and cost effective facilities management and support
services for EPA facilities in Washington, Research Triangle Park (RTP), North
Carolina and Cincinnati, Ohio. These resources provide on-going services in the
areas of property and space management, operational services, office support
services, real estate and lease enforcement support, transportation management,
printing and publication operations, security services, and facilities design an''
construction management.
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $10,707,900 supported by 184.7
total workyears for this program, of which $10,348,000 and 184.7 total workyears
were from the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $359,900 from the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. With these resources the Agency
provided responsive facilities management services to EPA facilities in
Washington, RTP and Cincinnati, established better administrative controls over
property management, and effectively managed space needs. We continued to plan
for the new Headquarters facility, improve ventilation throughout Waterside Mall
and improve security services. This program supervised the construction of the
Region 9 Central Regional Laboratory in California, the designs of the new Region
3 Environmental Science Center in Maryland, and the consolidated facility at
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, and the site investigation and appraisals
for the Center for Ecology, Research and Training in Bay City, Michigan.
INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND SERVICES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $15,295,300 supported by 166.2 total
workyears for this program, of which $13,578,900 and 166.2 total workyears will
be for the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $1,716,400 will be
for the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation. This represents an
increase in the Program and Research Operations appropriation of $308,100 and
a decrease of 12.6 total workyears, and a decrease of $129,300 in the Abatement,
Control, and Compliance appropriation from 1994. The increase in Program and
Research Operations appropriation reflects increased salary needs. The decrease
in workforce represents a realignment of resources to higher priority areas. The
requested resources will enable the Agency to maintain current centrally
administered information systems and services in support of EPA programs and the
public. This program provides the personnel to manage the Agency's central and
distributed computing and data transmission network, major administrative and
programmatic data systems, and library services. In addition, these resources
will permit the Agency to continue to strengthen the information infrastructure
needed for integrated environme+wal management, including Agency LAN service and
data integration. Technical support is provided for the Regional geographic
information systems effort and emphasis is placed on improving data sharing and
integration with state environmental agencies. The data integration efforts will
continue to assist the Agency in cross-media analysis for better risk-based
decisions and more comprehensive compliance and enforcement actions. Further
efforts will be taken to support international activities in environmental data
sharing and information exchange. Portions of this program will continue to
support the objectives of the National Science and Technology Council (formerly
the Federal Coordinating Council on Science, Engineering and Technology
(FCCSET)).
1994 PROGRAM
In 1993, the Agency is allocating a total of $15,116,500 supported by 178.8
total workyears for this program, of which $13,270,800 and 178.8 total workyears
are from the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $1,845,700 is from
the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation. The Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation supports the implementation of Geographic Information
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Systems and Data Integration/Remote Sensing and international arenas of data
integration. The workyears support the collection and dissemination o
environmental data, the continued maintenance of centrally administerec
information systems and services in support of EPA programs and the public. This
program provides the personnel to manage the Agency's central and distributed
computing and data transmission network, major administrative and programmatic
data systems, and library services. In addition, this program continues to
strengthen information resources management including long and short-range ADP
planning, ADP security, records management, software and data standard, internal
controls on information systems, and systems modernization. The data integration
efforts are assisting the Agency in more extensive cross-media analysis for
better risk-based decisions and more comprehensive compliance and enforcement
actions. The program has expanded the Gateway/Envirofacts initiative to include
the Great Lake Program and the Gulf of Mexico Program. Also this program is
focusing on policy, planning, and implementation of IRM Strategic Planning, which
was reported as a material weakness in a report to the President. A small
portion of this program supports the National Science and Technology Council
(formerly the Federal Coordination Council on Science, Engineering and Technology
(FCCSET)).
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $15,037,400 supported by 188.8
total workyears for this program, of which $13,549,700 and 188.8 total workyears
was from the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $1,487,700 was
from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. During 1993, EPA
continued to expand its implementation of the Integrated Financial Management
System. Efforts were devoted and improvements made to information system
planning by EPA programs, strengthening information security, improve the IRK
acquisition program, and enhancing the Integrated Financial Management System.
Major progress was made to environmental data. Through direct telecommunication
link-up to the Agency's National data bases, 100% of states will be able to
utilize this data base for information access and exchange and the
Gateway/Envirofacts prototype was established for the Great Lakes Program. The
Systems Development Center experienced large growth for program office
involvement in system modernization. This modernization effort develops
applications for cross-media use.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
AGENCY MANAGEMENT
Office of General Counsel 11-57
Office of General Counsel 11-58
-------
-------
AGENCY MANAGEMENT
Office of General Counsel
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995 DECREASE DECREASE
1994 1994 1995 REQ 1995 REQ
VS VS
1994 CE 1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Office Of General
Counsel
Program & Research $12,197.2 $12,590.5 $12,454.1 $12,373.1 $13,571.8 $1,198.7 $981.3
Operations
Abatement Control and $888.9 $1,217.2 $1,103.8 $1,029.7 $1,217.2 $187.5
Compliance
Program & Research
operation - Flood
TOTAL $13,086.1 $13,807.7 $13,557.9 $13,402.8 $14,789.0 $1,386.2 $981.3
TOTAL:
Program & Research $12,197.2 $12,590.5 $12,454.1 $12,373.1 $13,571.8 $1,198.7 $981.3
Operations
Abatement Control and $888.9 $1,217.2 $1,103.8 $1,029.7 $1,217.2 $187.5
Compliance
Agency Management TOTAL $13,086.1 $13,807.7 $13,557.9 $13,402.8 $14,789.0 $1,386.2 $981.3
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Office Of General
Counsel
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Office Of General
Counsel
TOTAL WORKYEARS
150.3
150.3
160.6
160.6
162.5
162.5
162.5
162.5
162.5
162.5
162.5
162.5
161.2
161.2
161.2
161.2
164.3
164.3
164.3
164.3
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
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MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
AGENCY MANAGEMENT
OFFICE OF GENERAL COUNSEL
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $14,789,000 and 164.3 total workyears for
1995, an increase of $1,386,200 and 3.1 in total workyears from 1994 for the
Office of General Counsel (OGC). Of the request, $13,571,800 will be for the
Program and Research Operations (PRO) appropriation, and $1,217,200 will be for
the Abatement, Control and Compliance (AC&C) appropriation. This represents an
increase of $1,198,700 for the PRO appropriation, an increase of $187,500 for the
AC&C appropriation; and an increase of 3.1 total workyears for the PRO
appropriation.
GENERAL COUNSEL
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $14,789,000 and 164.3 total workyears for
the OGC, of which $13,571,800 will be for the Program and Research Operations
(PRO) appropriation, and $1,217,200 will be for the AC&C appropriation. This
represents an increase of $1,198,700 for the PRO appropriation, an increase of
$187,500 for the AC&C appropriation, and an increase of 3.1 total workyears for
the PRO appropriation. The increase in the PRO appropriation results from
increased workforce costs. The increase in the AC&C appropriation is for
automated legal research and administrative support to our work force. The
increase in workyears will provide additional legal support to the implementation
of Agency programs.
The OGC will provide legal advice and counsel to Agency management and
media program offices concerning legal interpretation of EPA administered
statutes, other applicable laws, regulations and administrative areas such as
personnel, grants, contracts, and access by the public to EPA held information.
The OGC will handle litigation in which EPA is a defendant. Legal support and
review will be provided for all major regulatory actions, policy documents and
guidelines to insure that legal error is avoided. A request of $400,000,
representing a change of $119,200 from the 1994 level, is included for that
portion of the AC&C appropriation, not subject to an administrative ceiling, for
legal research capability because this item constitutes direct support of
enforcement, rule making, legal defense and assistance activities. Legal research
in direct support of Superfund activities will continue to be paid out of the
Superfund appropriation.
The requested increase of 3.5 total workyears will provide an additional
1.0 FTE in FY 1995 to support the Agency-wide initiative on environmental justice
and the many EPA activities designed to foster multi-cultural participation in
Agency environmental programs and equity in enforcement and administration of
those programs. This request includes an increase of 0.5 FTE for legal support
to the Agency to meet its obligations under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) by
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identifying the best way to protect endangered and threatened species under the
ESA consistent with EPA's other legal authorities and statutory mandates.
Activities may include the development of new regulations, integration into
ongoing programs, negotiating any needed agreements with other Federal Agencies,
and responding to litigation regarding our compliance with the ESA.
Another 1.0 FTE is will be used to assist the Office of Grants and
Debarment in improving the management of EPA's extramural funding activities,
including millions of dollars of assistance agreements (i.e. grants and
cooperative agreements) and interagency agreements (lAGs) to carry out domestic
and international environmental activities in all media program areas. In fiscal
year 1992 alone, EPA awarded over $2.6 billion dollars in assistance agreements,
+wcluding $297,000,000 in assistance agreements from EPA Headquarters, and
entered into lAGs totalling over $600,000,000. The additional FTE would enable
OGC's Grants Law Branch to provide for OGC pre-award review of all major
Headquarters assistance agreements and lAGs, increased OGC assistance to Regional
Counsel attorneys on funding matters, and OGC written guidance on funding issues
for Agency program managers.
OGC requests one additional FTE in FY 1995 for legal advice and training
on Ethics Law matters. The Ethics in Government Act of 1989 and the Office of
Government Ethics' (OGE) subsequent issuance of Government-wide implementing
ethics regulations in August 1992 placed increased focus on ethics activities
throughout the Government. OGE's regulations, which apply to EPA employees,
regulate gifts from outside sources, gifts between employees, conflicting
financial sources, impartiality in performing official duties, activities of
employees seeking other employment, use of public office for private gain, misuse
of position, and employee outside activities. Additionally, OGE issued new
regulations requiring each agency to implement an annual ethics training program
for employees, who file financial disclosure forms, contracting officers and
procurement officials. EPA's Ethics Program is located in OGC and is
administered by the Designated Agency Ethics Official and over 90 Deputy Ethics
Officials (DEOs) who are located at all EPA installations across the country.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $13,402,800, of which
$12,373,100 are from the PRO appropriation and $1,029,700 are from the AC&C
appropriation, supported by 161.2 total workyears for the OGC. All workyears are
from the PRO appropriation. The 1994 program provides continued support to
Agency program priorities through legal advice and assistance, handling defensive
litigation, reviewing Agency rule making actions, participating in selected
administrative proceedings, and assisting in international negotiations.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the OGC obligated a total of $13,086,100, of which $12,197,200 was
from the PRO appropriation and $888,900 was from the AC&C appropriation, and
160.6 total workyears. In 1993, the OGC supported priorities by providing legal
advice and support to Agency managers and by defending the Agency in litigation
filed against it. OGC also reviewed regulatory actions to ensure legal
defensibility and provided advice on other actions, such as grants, contracts,
personnel matters, and international matters.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
AGENCY MANAGEMENT
Office of International Activities 11-61
Office of International Activities 11-62
-------
AGENCY MANAGEMENT
Office of International Activities
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE
1994 1994
PROGRAM
(DOLLARS IN
THOUSANDS)
REQUEST INCREASE
1995 DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
Office of International
Activities
Program & Research $5,303.1 $6,285.1 $5,285.1 $5,466.9 $6,402.6 $935.7 $117.5
Operations
Abatement Control and $4,663.4 $9,421.7 $8,059.3 $9,670.2 $14,395.0 $4,724.8 $4,973.3
Cocnpl isncc
TOTAL $9,966.5 $15,706.8 $13,344.4 $15,137.1 $20,797.6 $5,660.5 $5,090.8
TOTAL:
Program & Research $5,303.1 $6,285.1 $5,285.1 $5,466.9 $6,402.6 $935.7 $117.5
Operat i ons
Abatement Control and $4,663.4 $9,421.7 $8,059.3 $9,670.2 $14,395.0 $4,724.8 $4,973.3
Compliance
Agency Management TOTAL $9,966.5 $15,706.8 $13,344.4 $15,137.1 $20,797.6 $5,660.5 $5,090.8
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Office of International
Activities
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Office of International
Activities
TOTAL UORKYEARS
64.8
64.8
68.0
68.0
73,9
73.9
73.9
73.9
73.9
73.9
73.9
73.9
76.2
76.2
76.2
76.2
69.9
69.9
69.9
69.9
-6.3
-6.3
-6.3
-6.3
-4.0
-4.0
-4.0
-4.0
11-61
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MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
AGENCY MANAGEMENT
OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $20,797,600 and 69.9 total workyears for
1995, an increase of $5,660,500 and a decrease of 6.3 total workyears from 1994.
Of the request, $6,402,600 will be for Program and Research Operations, and
$14,395,000 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
This represents an increase of $935,700 in the Program and Research Operations
appropriation, and an increase of $4,724,800 in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $20,797,600 and 69.9 total workyears for
this program, of which $6,402,600 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $14,395,000 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $935,700 for Program and Research
Operations, an increase of $4,724,800 for Abatement, Control and Compliance, and
a decrease of 6.3 total workyears. The increase in Program and Research
Operations reflects increased personnel costs. The decrease in total workyears
is due to a shift of resources to the new program element for "Mission and Policy
- International Activities." The increase in Abatement, Control and Compliance
will support the Agency's commitment to: (1) the implementation of the newly
ratified North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA); and (2) the U.S.-Mexico
Border Action Program.
In 1995, the Office of International Activities (OIA) will serve as the
focal point for implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement's
(NAFTA) environmental side agreement and several other NAFTA environmental
commitments. Resources will be focused on the coordination of the trilateral
cross media effort, emphasizing the creation of the North American Commission for
Environmental Cooperation (NACEC) and contributing to the development of the
Border Environmental Cooperation Commission (BECC). EPA will play an expanded
role in providing technical cooperation and expertise to address environmental
problems in the interior of Mexico in support of the NAFTA. Activities will
include capacity building, assistance to implement environmental assessment
procedures, pollution prevention and control programs, and support for expanded
scientific and technical collaboration.
OIA will continue to coordinate the U.S.-Mexico Border Action Program.
Resources will link EPA efforts in enforcement, air, water, hazardous waste, and
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industrial source control with work done by other Federal agencies and Mexico's
environmental agency, SEDESOL. EPA will continue to provide for the long-term
protection of human health and natural ecosystems along the U.S. and Mexico
border.
EPA will promote technical cooperation with other countries and
international organizations on a broad range of scientific, economic, and
technological aspects of environmental protection. Activities will include
capacity building, development of country environmental plans, support to
implement environmental assessment procedures, pollution prevention and control
programs, and support for expanded and technical collaboration.
The Agency will continue to implement an integrated cross-program
Environmental Technology Initiative (ETI) to bolster the President's technology
initiative. OIA will evaluate environmentally desirable technologies for
transfer abroad, an activity that advances such U.S. objectives as international
environmental protection and sustainable economic development. Resources will
be used to expand EPA's evaluation of technology for use in developing countries,
including technical assistance, international market and needs assessment,
information dissemination, feasibility studies, international standards
development, and education and training.
EPA will continue to respond to the serious environmental problems and
institutional needs of the new democracies of Central and Eastern Europe and the
Newly Independent States. EPA anticipates added management responsibilities for
the Newly Independent States with an expected two-fold increase in funds from
AID. EPA resources will be used to strengthen environmental management capacity,
to demonstrate policies and technologies that improve environmental protection,
and to encourage environmental investment.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $15,137,100 supported by 76.2
total workyears for this program, of which $5,466,900 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $9,670,200 is from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
OIA continues to serve as the focal point for implementation of the NAFTA.
Resources support the cross-media activities that address a number of
environmental issues along the border, including public/private cooperation.
Agency initiatives include providing technical cooperation and expertise to
address environmental problems in the interior of Mexico. EPA promotes technical
cooperation with other countries and international organizations on a broad range
of scientific, economic, and technological aspects of environmental protection.
Additional resources support technical cooperation. Activities include capacity
building and development of country environmental plans. EPA continues to manage
programs in Central and Eastern Europe, and the Newly Independent States 1993
levels with an added focus on activities to implement the Environmental Action
Program, as well as to improve long-term environmental sustainable development.
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency allocated a total of $9,966,500 and 68.0 total
workyears for this program, of which $5,303,100 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $4,663,400 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Office completed the successful negotiation of the environmental side
agreement to NAFTA; coordination of U.S./Mexico border program, completion of the
Public Advisory Committee report, and organization of U.S./Mexico Binational
Coordinators meeting. OIA successfully negotiated an interagency agreement with
AID for the Newly Independent States (NIS) to begin an extensive technical
assistance program; established the Caribbean Environmental Information Center
in Puerto Rico, to provide environmental information to countries throughout the
Wider Caribbean and Latin America; selected the Executive Director for the
Caribbean Environment and Development Institute (CEDI), which will further EPA
efforts for sustainable development in the Wider Caribbean region; endorsed and
implemented the Environmental Action Program for Central and Eastern Europe that
was addressed at the Lucerne Conference; developed the EPA export assistance and
technology program as part of the President's Environmental Technology
Initiative; and coordinated the U.S./Canada border programs including progress
made on the 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty, Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, Air
Quality Agreement, and other agreements with Canada.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
AGENCY MANAGEMENT
Office of the Inspector General 11-65
Office of the Inspector General 11-66
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AGENCY MANAGEMENT
Office of the Inspector General
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Office of Inspector
General
Office of Inspector $22,140.8 $25,452.2 $24,853.2 $24,853.2 $24,735.2 -$118.0 -$717.0
General
TOTAL $22,140.8 $25,452.2 $24,853.2 $24,853.2 $24,735.2 -$118.0 -$717.0
TOTAL:
Office of Inspector $22,140.8 $25,452.2 $24,853.2 $24,853.2 $24,735.2 $118.0- $717.0-
General
Agency Management TOTAL $22,140.8 $25,452.2 $24,853.2 $24,853.2 $24,735.2 $118.0- $717.0-
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Office of Inspector 254.7 287.0 287.0 287.0 267.0 -20.0 -20.0
General
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS 254.7 287.0 287.0 287.0 267.0 -20.0 -20.0
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Office of Inspector 256.0 287.0 287.0 287.0 267.0 -20.0 -20.0
General
TOTAL UORKYEARS 256.0 287.0 287.0 287.0 267.0 -20.0 -20.0
11-65
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MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
AGENCY MANAGEMENT
OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $24,735,200 and 267 total workyears for the
Office of Inspector General (DIG) 1995 appropriation. This represents a decrease
of $118,000 and a decrease of 20.0 workyears from 1994. The total request of
$24,735,200 will be used to fully fund the DIG work force and support additional
audits of construction grants and major EPA contractors to help reduce the
backlog for both programs.
OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $24,735,200 and 267 total workyears for this
program, all of which will be for the DIG appropriation. This represents a
decrease of $118,000 and a decrease of 20 total workyears from 1994. The net
decreases include an increase of $599,100 to fully fund the OIG work force; a-
increase of $894,600 redirected from the Hazardous Substance-Superfund OIG
account to support additional audits of construction grants and major EPA
contractors to help reduce the backlog for both programs; and a decrease of
$1,611,700 and 20 total workyears that will be used to establish a new program
element - Mission and Policy Management.
In 1995, the OIG will continue to provide wide-ranging audit and
investigative coverage to ensure that the Agency's programs are delivered in an
effective, efficient, and economical manner and in compliance with applicable
laws and regulations. OIG audits and investigations will assist the Agency in
identifying areas where improvements can significantly contribute to the Agency
achieving its environmental mission and ensuring a strong enforcement presence.
By expanding OIG audits and investigations of contract management to
include grants, cooperative agreements, and interagency agreements, the OIG will
assist the Agency in correcting systemic vulnerabilities in its extramural funds
and in identifying and seeking prosecution of contractors for their fraudulent
practices. OIG audits and investigations will prevent the loss of millions of
Agency dollars, identify ways of correcting operational weaknesses, assist the
Agency in determining the extent that desired results or benefits of
environmental programs are being achieved, identify basic causes of many
problems, and make recommendations for significantly improving program and
operational effectiveness. These audits and investigations will also improve the
Agency's procurement process and provide financial advisory and assistance
services to contracting officers and other customers. Investigations of
11-66
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procurement and acquisition activities should also continue to result in a
significant number of indictments, convictions, suspensions and debarments,
fines, and civil recoveries.
The DIG will also continue to support the Agency's needs for pre-award,
interim, and final audits of contracts to determine the eligibility,
allocability, and reasonableness of costs claimed by contractors. Additionally,
the OIG will conduct audits of grants to construct waste water treatment
facilities, State Revolving Funds, and other grants awarded by the Agency.
Financial audits continue to produce high payoffs for each dollar invested. For
1993, the OIG questioned $42 of costs as ineligible for each dollar spent on
external audits of grants and contracts.
The OIG will also review the internal controls in the Agency's programs,
functions, operations, and activities and support the Agency's Federal Managers'
Financial Integrity Act (FMFIA) requirements. Additionally, the OIG will
continue to implement its responsibilities under the Chief Financial Officers
Act, including auditing the Agency's financial statements and carrying out its
responsibilities as prescribed in OMB Circular A-128 for single audits. The OIG
will monitor the performance of audits of contracts by CPA contractors, States,
and other Federal agencies under contracts and interagency agreements. ADP,
engineering, and scientific support will be provided to our auditors and
investigators and reviews conducted of the Agency's major computer systems that
continue to grow in number and complexity.
Also, the OIG performs the following activities: operates the Agency's
personnel security program; operates the OIG hotline; coordinates with the Agency
on its suspension and debarment program; (4) reviews OIG field divisions'
operations; and reviews proposed and existing legislation and regulations.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $24,853,200 and 287 total
workyears for this program, all of which is from the OIG appropriation.
In addition to conducting performance audits of the Agency's environmental
programs, such as safe drinking water and air, the OIG is focusing its audit
efforts on cross-media reviews of financial management and accounting systems,
information resources management systems, the integrity of scientific data, and
the management of the Agency's contracts and assistance agreements (grants,
interagency agreements, and cooperative agreements).
The OIG continues to direct its investigative resources to long-term, high-
impact investigations. Major areas of concern and vulnerability are the Agency's
contract and procurement practices and acquisition management. Additional
emphasis is being placed on grants and cooperative agreements, which is
consistent with the OIG procurement initiative begun in 1992 and the
establishment of the Procurement Fraud Division in 1993. This initiative has
yielded a significant number of criminal actions. Investigative efforts are also
being directed to construction grants fraud and program and employee integrity
matters, including personnel security matters.
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $22,140,800 and 256 total
workyears for this program, all of which was from the DIG appropriation. The DIG
issued 1,572 reports, including 159 reports on Hazardous Substance activities and
4 reports on Leaking Underground Storage Tank activities. These reports
questioned costs and recommended efficiencies (funds be put to better use)
totaling $339,800,000 (Federal share). During 1993, the Agency obtained
$43,100,000 of actual cash recoveries as a result of the OIG's audit efforts.
These efforts assist the Agency in achieving its environmental mission with
limited resources. Further, in a few cases the DIG found that projects were not
meeting environmental goals. For example, one California county sanitation
district that received a $7,200,000 grant to construct a sewage treatment
facility was violating its waste discharge permit, threatening the safety of the
community's water supply.
The DIG worked constructively with the Offices of Research and Development
(ORD) and Administration and Resources Management (OARM) to improve Agency
operations. Audits of ORD labs resulted in ORD improving its management and
internal controls over awarding and administering contracts and assistance
agreements. During our audit of the Agency's fiscal 1992 financial statements,
the DIG assisted OARM in the following activities: developing the statements,
including environmental performance measures; developing measures to assess how
well the financial management offices are carrying-out their duties and
responsibilities; and improving financial information provided to EPA managers.
The DIG supported and validated the Agency's removal of audit follow-up as ,'
material weakness in its operations and continued to work with OARM on revising
EPA Directive 2750, Management of EPA Audit Reports and Follow-Up Actions.
Concentrating our investigative resources on the Agency's high dollar
programs produced excellent results. Fines and recoveries generated from
investigations totaled $20,500,000 in 1993, more than three times the resources
devoted to investigations. With respect to procurement investigations, one major
Agency contractor entered a guilty plea for making false claims and paid over
$1,600,000 in fines and restitution, and another paid over $2,100,000 in
restitution for overcharging on its contract. Our investigative efforts resulted
in 29 indictments and 22 convictions of persons or firms. These efforts help to
deter fraud by persons and firms doing business with EPA. Also, the DIG staff
actively participated in several Agency-wide Quality Action Teams and provided
training to Agency staff on prevention and detection of fraud.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
AGENCY MANAGEMENT
Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation 11-69
Office of Policy Analysis 11-71
Office of Regulatory Management and Evaluation 11-76
Office of Strategic Planning & Environmental Data 11-79
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AGENCY MANAGEMENT
Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Office of Policy
Analysis
Program & Research $8,103.7 $8,584.9 $8,497.1 $8,654.7 $10,385.1 $1,730.4 $1,800.2
Operations
Abatement Control and $18,123.0 $19,410.2 $16,680.6 $21,824.5 $43,560.2 $21,735.7 $24,150.0
Compliance
TOTAL $26,226.7 $27,995.1 $25,177.7 $30,479.2 $53,945.3 $23,466.1 $25,950.2
Office of Regulatory
Management and
Evaluation
Program & Research $3,759.2 $4,028.0 $3,987.8 $3,955.9 $4,189.8 $233.9 $161.8
Operations
Abatement Control and $1,561.3 $2,277.4 $2,041.8 $1,893.2 $2.237.4 $344.2 -$40.0
Compliance
TOTAL $5,320.5 $6,305.4 $6,029.6 $5,849.1 $6,427.2 $578.1 $121.8
Strategic Planning and
Environmental Data
Program & Research $4,185.7 $4,521.8 $4,475.7 $4,448.3 $4,619.5 $171.2 $97.7
Operations
Abatement Control and $4,020.0 $4,646.3 $4,211.9 $3,959.9 $5,376.3 $1,416.4 $730.0
Compliance
TOTAL $8,205.7 $9,168.1 $8,687.6 $8,408.2 $9,995.8 $1,587.6 $827.7
TOTAL:
Program & Research $16,048.6 $17,134.7 $16,960.6 $17,058.9 $19,194.4 $2,135.5 $2,059.7
Operations
Abatement Control and $23,704.3 $26,333.9 $22,934.3 $27,677.6 $51,173.9 $23,528.5 $24,840.0
Compliance
Agency Management TOTAL $39,752.9 $43,468.6 $39,894.9 $44,736.5 $70,368.3 $25,631.8 $26,899.7
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Office of Policy 104.4 108.7 108.7 104.6 124.7 20.1 16.0
Analysis
Office of Regulatory 54.3 56.9 56.9 56.3 56.1 -2 -8
Management and
Evaluation
Strategic Planning and 56.3 63.3 63.3 62.7 61.0 -1.7 -2.3
Environmental Data
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 215.0 228.9 228.9 223.6 241.8 18.2 12.9
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Office of Policy 106.7 108.7 108.7 110.6 124.7 14.1 16.0
Analysis
11-69
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Office of Regulatory
Management and
Evaluation
Strategic Planning and
Environmental Data
TOTAL WORKYEARS
AGENCY MANAGEMENT
Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
55.4
60.6
222.7
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
56.9 56.9 56.3
63.3
228.9
63.3
228.9
62.7
229.6
56.1
61.0
241.8
-2
-1.7
12.2
-8
-2.3
12.9
11-70
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MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
AGENCY MANAGEMENT
OFFICE OF POLICY, PLANNING AND EVALUATION
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $70,368,300 supported by 241.8 total
workyears for 1995, an increase of $25,631,800 and an increase of 12.2 total
workyears from 1994. Of the request, $19,194,400 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $51,173,900 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $2,135,500
in the Program and Research Operations appropriation and an increase of
$23,528,500 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
OFFICE OF POLICY ANALYSIS (OPA)
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $53,945,300 supported by 124.7 total
workyears for this program, of which $10,385,100 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $43,560,200 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents increases of $1,730,400
and $21,735,700 respectively, and an increase of 14.1 total workyears from 1994.
The workyear increase is provided to support the the National Action Plan on
Climate Change. Resources have been redirected from within the base to support
the Administrator's initiative in policy partnerships, sustainable development,
and expanded efforts to support ecosystems approaches and pollution prevention
strategies.
OPA provides analysis of rules, guidance, and studies central to the Clean
Air Act (CAA) and explores ways to, integrate ecosystem protection and
environmental equity into CAA implementation. OPA identifies cost-effective
solutions to air pollution issues, focusing on nonattainment, air toxics, and
mobile sources.
OPA will play a key role in implementing the President's Climate Change
Action Plan. Specifically, OPA will formulate guidelines and strategies to help
states achieve greenhouse gas reduction goals; provide analytical support to the
President's Reforming the Federal Tax Subsidy for Employer-Provided Parking;
implement the Climate-wise program in conjunction with the Department of Energy
(DOE); and in cooperation with DOE, monitor the progress of the Climate Action
Plan. Other key areas of Climate Action Plan follow-up include the State and
Local Initiative, the Pilot Initiative on Joint Implementation, and the Recycling
Initiative.
OPA will focus on the energy and transportation sectors. Continued efforts
will include analyzing greenhouse gas emissions reductions and working with the
11-71
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intergovernmental committee on transportation efficiency. OPA will promote rapi<
and efficient implementation of the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC)
by ensuring that all countries take equitable and least costly actions and that
analyses for further actions and expected amendments or protocols to the
Convention are rigorously prepared and considered. OPA will work closely with
DOE and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) in its lead on greenhouse gas
inventories and methods development, provide analysis to the Department of State
(DOS) for negotiating joint implementation rules, and rigorously and
constructively review national policies of signatory countries. It will expand
its support for the U.S. Country Studies Program and build on its work with the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). By assessing and promoting
improved policies and practices, OPA will promote sustainable management of
forest resources. OPA will analyze the impacts of climate change, the benefits
of mitigating it, and the evaluation of policies that adapt to likely change.
OPA will also promote the use of its integrated assessment model to compare the
benefits and costs of certain actions. It will further develop its adaptation
decision support system to cover additional sectors (e.g. , forestry, agriculture,
water resources), and disseminate the tools to domestic and international
decisionmakers.
OPA will support work to characterize the economic social benefits and
costs of environmental regulations. Guidance materials will be provided on
economic impact, benefit-cost, and other socio-economic analyses. OPA will
analyze the economic value of ecological systems and support research on economic
values for human health effects, as well as study environmental values with
state-of-the-art market and non-market based valuation techniques. It will study
the application of environmental accounting methods to the measurement of U.S
and international economic and environmental performance. OPA will report on
markets for environmental goods and services. In participating in the Presiden-
t's Environmental Technology Initiative, OPA will identify ways to promote
environmental technology.
OPA will proceed with its industry-specific environmental policy project
by continuing on-going demonstration projects and selecting new industries for
analysis of factors that promote strategic environmental management, especially
pollution prevention. It will expand its demonstration/partnership work with
industrial communities. Other priority OPA activities in the toxics, pesticides
and waste areas include: expanding and refining the lead risk impact model;
improving the quantitative ecological risk assessment methodology; incorporating
environmental justice considerations into EPA decisionmaking; refining
methodologies for quantifying and ameliorating risks from multiple sources of
combustion; developing innovative policy tools for effectively addressing risk
reduction in the industrial D universe; analyzing municipal solid waste issues
such as interstate transport and flow control; and advancing market-based
approaches to waste management.
In 1995 OPA will analyze the impacts of several 1994 reauthorizing
legislations. For example, reauthorization of the Clean Water And Safe Drinking
Water Acts will occur in 1994 and 1995. OPA will provide analytical support,
particularly for small system initiatives. Including Best Available Technology
restructuring and consolidation. OPA will provide analytic expertise to EPA
teams developing policies for implementing new sections of the Safe Drinking
11-72
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Water Act. Additionally, reauthorization of the Farm Bill will provide specific
opportunities for OPA to analyze and lead intergovernmental teams in order to
achieve water resource quality improvements through changes in agricultural
practices and Federal support programs. Emphasizing the development and
demonstration of methodologies, OPA will incorporate EPA and other Federal agency
ecosystem management into water management activities. Specific areas of focus
will include promoting land management strategies to provide buffers and other
forms of protection from non-point source runoff, promoting green labeling for
agricultural products, reducing the water quality impacts of the energy and
transportation sectors, and developing methodologies to assess the cumulative
impacts of environmental problems on small communities, ecosystems and human
health.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $30,479,200 supported by 110.6
total workyears for this program, of which $8,654,700 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $21,824,500 is from Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
Efforts continue to focus on EPA's priority actions and initiatives,
particularly for issues identified as posing high risks to health, environment,
and public welfare. An area of special emphasis is ecosystem protection. To
support the Administrator's ecosystems initiatives, OPA develops economic tools
and methodologies to characterize and communicate the benefits of an ecosystem
approach. In launching a "Climate-Wise" initiative with DOE, OPA uses a perfor-
mance-based approach to energy conservation that other technology-oriented
"green" programs do not address.
In 1994 OPA will focus its air pollution efforts on issues related to
implementing the 1990 Clean Air Act (CAA) Amendments and the revision of the
ozone and PM-10 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Specifically,
analyses will be conducted to integrate such concerns as ecosystem protection,
environmental justice, and sustainable development into the regulatory develop-
ment/implementation process.
OPA facilitates U.S. and international compliance with the Framework
Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) by providing critical analysis for future
negotiations. OPA is drafting joint implementation rules to support the U.S.
position under the FCCC, to review other countries' climate policies, and provide
methods to developing countries. OPA is completing its economic assessment of
the benefits of avoiding or adapting to climate change in the U.S. and assessing
the benefits and costs of post-2000 actions. OPA plays a critical role in the
U.S. Country Studies Program and will manage 40-50 projects in 1994. OPA
continues its critical support to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) by taking the lead on the mitigation methodologies chapter in the
11-73
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Workgroup II Second Assessment Report. OPA assists in the development of .
tracking system to monitor activities and progress under the U.S. Climate Change
Action Plan (CCAP), improving the greenhouse gas projections under the CCAP
(especially for non-C02 gases), encouraging states and localities to become full
partners in the CCAP, designing the program to reduce emissions through source
reduction and recycling, and developing and beginning a pilot program with other
agencies for joint implementation.
OPA continues to focus on the energy and transportation sectors. Efforts
in these areas include promoting the "climate-wise" program with the Department
of Energy, analyzing subsidies and competition in the electric utility sector,
and looking at sustainability in the transportation sector, such as, alternative
fuels, fuel efficiency, and uniting public and private partners. OPA will
promote efficient, incentive-based transportation policies to advance
environmental benefits.
OPA advances the use of quality economic analysis in rulemaking. OPA
assesses the economic social benefits and costs of environmental regulations,
focusing on the Clean Water Act and waste programs (RCRA, CERCLA). OPA will
update its Environmental Investments: The Cost of a Clean Environment report.
OPA is studying inter-relationships between sustainable economic activity and
environmental requirements. OPA continues to study the economic value of
ecological systems. It is applying environmental accounting methods to the
measurement of U.S. and international economic and environmental performance.
OPA prepares reports on the influence of environmental policies on U.S.
competitiveness. OPA will help design and manage EPA's Environmental Technology
Initiative, emphasizing the creation of an innovative climate for environmenta"1
technology.
In expanding its industry-specific environmental policy project, OPA
studies factors that promote strategic environmental management, especially
pollution prevention in selected industries. In addition, OPA develops
demonstration projects to evaluate EPA actions that directly impact on those
factors, and OPA is initiating a new study of strategic policy options to address
environmental problems in industrial communities. OPA uses a comprehensive
risk/cost assessment methodology for pesticides used to grow soybeans in 1994.
This analysis combined with analysis for pesticides used on corn, completed in
1993, will give the Agency a reregistration strategy for 56% of all pesticide
applications. Using this framework, OPA will develop safer pesticide and reduced
use policies. OPA is also continuing to address significant regulatory actions
of the toxics, waste and pesticide programs. Key policy areas include: lead;
characterization of risk and uncertainty; environmental justice; and mar+wt-based
approaches.
OPA evaluates water quality management options for a revised Clean Water
Act (CWA) and assesses options under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA).
Analysis focuses on: nonpoint sources (e.g., stormwater, combined sewer overflow
(CSO) and livestock operations), the use of the State Revolving Funds, farmer
acceptance of wetland easements, and management alternatives to protect aquatic
and riparian habitats. OPA is analyzing reauthorization of the conservation
provisions of the 1995 Farm Bill, and studying the adequacy of small community
resources for meeting requirements of Federal environmental statutes. Livestock
11-74
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pollution work is expanding to include swine and poultry operations. OPA
provides analytical support to the White House task force on flood management
policy.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency allocated a total of $26,266,700 supported by 106.7 total
workyears for this program, of which $8,103,700 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $18,123,000 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
OPA continued its evaluation of actions mandated by the new Clean Air Act,
focusing on the most important provisions: nonattainment, mobile sources, and
air toxics. The key activities included efforts to quantify the benefits of NOx
reductions and initial steps aimed at developing nationwide particulate control
strategies. OPA conducted economic analysis and developed transportation models
to evaluate policy options arising under the Intermodal Surface Transportation
Efficiency Act (ISTEA) and CAA. OPA continued its role in coordinating the
Agency's expanded global climate change agenda by emphasizing four main elements:
(1) implementation of the Climate Convention; (2) policy reforms in developing
economies and economies in transition which promote economic growth while
reducing greenhouse gas emissions; (3) economic impacts of the potential
physical effects of climate change; and (4) developing an expanded set of
adaptation and mitigation options and assessing the economic implications of
those options.
OPA published for public comment the U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory. OPA
was instrumental in producing the U.S. Climate Change Action Plan (CCAP) by
providing analysis for emission estimates and projections. Options proposed by
OPA and included in the CCAP will achieve about 22% of the expected greenhouse
gas reductions. OPA's analysis of joint implementation substantially shaped the
U.S. initiative. The Office also played a leading role in launching the
internationally acclaimed U.S. Country Studies program. OPA developed an
integrated assessment model for evaluating alternative mitigation and adaptation
options. In addition to continuing its assessment of the economic benefits of
avoiding or adapting to climate change in the U.S. , it also developed a computer-
based, decision support system that helps coastal zone managers choose among
alternative adaptation strategies. OPA continued its outreach to state and local
policy makers with five state greenhouse gas inventories, and seven state-level
climate action plans now underway. OPA reported on U.S. and international trade
in environmental protection goods and services; supported economic benefit-cost
studies; and provided analytic support on the North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA).
OPA initiated an industry-specific approach to environmental policy
analysis, focusing on factors that promote strategic environmental management in
three industries. OPA also completed studies of the measurement of pollution
prevention success, the traits of small firms that achieve environmental
excellence, and participants in the 33/50 program. Analytical work in the
toxics, pesticides, and waste areas included: development of a model to help
prioritize risks from lead exposure; completion of its Comprehensive Comparative
Risk/Cost Assessment for Corn Pesticides; tailored regulatory schemes for
11-75
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preventing chemical accidents and oil spills from above ground tanks; an
analysis that supported the Underground Storage Tanks (UST) deferral for
petroleum contaminated soil and debris.
OPA analyzed CWA reauthorization options and integrated these with Farm
Bill and SDWA reauthorization efforts. Other 1993 accomplishments include the
completion of an agricultural pollution prevention strategy with USDA, completion
of an EPA Endangered Species policy, providing analysis for the Presidents'
response to the Forestry Summit, providing contracts management oversight and
specialized contracts training to OPPE staff, and fostering relations with
Jackson State University in pursuit of environmental justice issues.
OFFICE OF REGULATORY MANAGEMENT AND EVALUATION (ORME)
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $6,427,200 supported by 56.1 total workyears
for this program, of which $4,189,800 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $2,237,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $233,900 and an
increase of $344,200, respectively, and a decrease of 0.2 total workyears from
1994. The increase in Program and Research Operations supports projected
personnel salary and benefits costs. The increase in Abatement, Control and
Compliance will support the development of methods to assess ecological functions
and risk; use of geographic pilots to demonstrate use of eco-risk assessment and
communication methods on site specific decisions; and improvement in the use o'
scientific risk assessments uncertainty analyses in Agency risk management
decisions. The decrease in total workyears is a result of the government-wide
reduction in workyears that is part of the President's program to reduce the size
and cost of government.
ORME will manage EPA's regulation development and analysis process,
continuing to refine it in response to the National Performance Review and other
new statutory developments. ORME's policy clusters development will be replaced
by a sectoral approach to targeted industries that could benefit most from EPA's
efforts to coordinate multiple regulations, simplify compliance requirements, and
reduce transaction costs. ORME will assist in early identification and
resolution of contentious regulatory issues. It will ensure Agency compliance
with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980 and Executive Orders 12866 and 12612.
ORME will continue to implement the Regulatory Flexibility Act guidelines in
order to promote increased sensitivity to the impacts of EPA regulations on small
business and small communities. Further implementation of the electronic data
interchange (EDI) initiative will involve increasing the number of participating
states in the hazardous waste manifest, and biennial reporting programs, that is,
the water discharge monitoring report, air emissions inventory reporting, and
municipal drinking water system laboratory reports.
ORME will also develop Agency policies for electronic
signature/certification and related legal issues through an Agency workgroup.
Program evaluation staff will analyze key environmental programs, focusing on
their effectiveness and efficiency, and provide recommendations related to future
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policy and program implementation decisions. Special attention will be directed
at issues raised in the National Performance Review, including streamlining the
permitting processes and furthering multi-media permit applications. Risk
communication staff will continue to support a limited amount of empirical
research on critical risk communication issues and to promote the use of state
of the art risk communication practices by providing technical assistance and
offering courses in basic risk communication planning and evaluation and on risk
and decisionmaking. Science policy staff will focus on providing the analysis
needed to coordinate Agency policies and the use of risk assessment information
in decisionmaking, on delivering training for Agency personnel in eco-risk
assessment, management and communication, and on managing pilot projects in
geographic areas to demonstrate eco-risk assessment and management.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $5,849,100 supported by 56.3
total workyears for this program, of which $3,955,900 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $1,893,200 is from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
ORME manages EPA's regulation development and analysis process, continuing
to refine it in response to the new Executive Order 12866, National Performance
Review, and new statutory developments. ORME is providing management and
technical support to the Deputy Administrator and other managers involved in the
Agency's effort to improve the quality of policy and regulatory decisions through
increasing the use of cross-media sectors. It is completing an evaluation of
this approach and implementing key recommendations. ORME is leading the Agency's
initiative to streamline EPA's regulation development process to facilitate
earlier identification of issues and delegation of rulemaking authority to the
lowest levels of the Agency consistent with the development of quality rules.
It is implementing the electronic data interchange initiative especially in the
areas of hazardous waste manifest reporting (including maquiladora hazardous
waste manifest) air emissions inventory reporting, and municipal drinking water
systems laboratory reporting.
Program evaluations are underway that focus on cross-media industrial
sectors and the impact cumulative regulatory requirements have had on the
industry. Later in 1994, ORME will begin an evaluation of pollution prevention
state grants, and following-up on the 1993 Local Governments report, it will
provide evaluation support to a Region X initiative with the State of Idaho and
several of its small communities. In addition to performing program evaluations,
ORME is designing monitoring and evaluation systems for two new initiatives, the
National Climate Change Action Plan and the new regulatory development process.
The Risk Communication Project promotes the application of good risk
communication practices by offering basic courses in risk communication planning
and evaluation and on risk and decisionmaking. It is sponsoring a national
symposium as part of an ongoing project assessing the needs of risk communication
practitioners and continues its emphasis on evaluation of risk communication
activities by providing evaluation tools and technical assistance on specific
communication efforts. Research on how to communicate effectively about
scientific uncertainty will continue. ORME focuses on improving the use of
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scientific risk assessment uncertainty analysis in Agency risk managemen'
decisions, on developing methods for identifying, measuring, and communicating
the benefits to health and eco-systems from environmental protection, and on
improving methods for characterizing environmental risks. This effort includes
pilot projects in specific geographic areas to demonstrate eco-risk assessment,
management, and communication.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $5,320,500 supported by 55.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,759,200 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $1,561,300 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
ORME managed EPA's regulation development and analysis process and provided
consultative services to workgroups through the Regulatory Coordinators Project,
reporting to the Deputy Administrator. For the third year in a row, ORME managed
a record number of regulatory negotiations and policy dialogues involving outside
constitutuencies in rule- and policy-making. ORME created a small cluster staff
to provide direction and support to the rapidly growing number of Agency
clusters. The staff assisted in the design and development of new clusters,
provided technical and management assistance to existing clusters, and completed
papers, brochures, briefings, and public meetings to describe the cluster
approach within and outside the Agency. In particular, the Pulp and Paper
Cluster resulted in water and air regulations for the pulp and paper industry
that benefitted from integrated data collection, technical analysis, policy
review, and enforcement planning.
ORME began setting up electronic data interchange formats to support
electronic reporting of air emissions inventory data, municipal drinking water
systems laboratory data, and NPDES discharge monitoring data; and, initiated
pilot projects in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Texas for electronic reporting of
hazardous waste manifest data. Program evaluations included a very successful
assessment of environmental program implementation issues facing local
governments, a characterization of EPA's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System as it relates to state management of "minor facilities", and an evaluation
of EPA's Eastern European, Soviet Union Technical Assistance Program. The Risk
Communication Project funded empirical research on risk communication issues of
direct importance to EPA program managers. It provided technical assistance
regarding the planning and formative evaluation of several risk communication
activities (e.g., lead and pesticides) and developed a series of fact sheets on
key risk communication issues. The Risk Communication Project solicited Regional
Office input on its training activities and continued to offer its standard
courses on risk communication and risk and decisionmaking. Science policy work
focused on ecological issues, identifying opportunities to incorporate habitat
considerations into the larger decision-making framework, identifying linkages
between economics and the environment, improving health risk assessments for
selected minority groups, including Native Americans, and evaluating EPA's non-
cancer risk assessment process.
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OFFICE OF STRATEGIC PLANNING & ENVIRONMENTAL DATA (OSPED)
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $9,995,800 supported by 61.0 total workyears
for this program, of which $4,619,500 is for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $5,376,300 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $171,200, and an increase of
$1,416,400, respectively, and a decrease of 1.7 total workyears from 1994. The
increase in Program and Research Operations supports projected personnel salary
and benefits costs. The increase in Abatement, Control and Compliance reflects
efforts to better develop environmental information and statistics on the U.S./
Mexican border, develop national and regional measures of ecological change and
progress towards national environmental goals, enhance management and
accountability systems to help meet performance measurement requirements of the
Chief Financial Officer Act and Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA).
The decrease in total workyears is a result of the government-wide reduction in
workyears that is part of the President's program to reduce the size and cost of
government.
OSPED will strengthen EPA's data management systems for reporting on the
environmental results of Agency programs. While continuing to support the
development of strategic plans for all major environmental programs, OSPED will
promote greater emphasis on how to achieve measurable environmental goals. A
major effort will focus on completing the development of national environmental
goals as the critical context for strategic planning and for assessing program
effectiveness. OSPED will ensure that Agency planning priorities are better
reflected in EPA's budget and program implementation. The Office will expand
risk-based priority setting activities, such as the development of risk
management strategies for EPA, states, and local governments. OSPED will develop
and demonstrate methods for establishing environmental management priorities and
strategies in urban areas with special emphasis on environmental justice. Other
efforts will focus on strengthening program evaluation capabilities to better
assess the relationship between specific environmental strategies and their
impact on environmental results. In collaboration with OPA and ORME, OSPED will
begin work to design an+wimplement ecosystem approaches to regional development
that promote pollution prevention and sustainable development.
OSPED's statistical data and information efforts will support national,
regional and geographic initiatives. Special emphasis will be placed on
developing parallel U.S., Canada, and Mexico border statistics and baseline
information, building on OSPED's work on NAFTA in 1993 and 1994. OSPED will
continue to serve as the EPA lead on trilateral working groups on environmental
statistics and information exchange with Canada and Mexico. Initiatives will
be undertaken to develop environmental indices to assess national and regional
program progress towards national environmental goals. OSPED will focus on
improving Agency-wide capabilities in utilizing existing and new information to
report national and regional assessments of the U.S. environment. OSPED will
support the development of environmental indicators to further the Agency's
efforts to establish and track measurable environmental goals at the national and
Regional levels. OSPED will provide statistical advice to the program offices.
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The Office will continue to develop "transportable" statistical tools, such a
self-contained packages (VCR/computer-expert systems) for use by EPA, states,
local governments, and non-government organizations. OSPED will develop user-
friendly systems that allow EPA staff and the public ready access to
environmental information. These tools will include state-of-the-art statistical
methods for the analysis of environmental data. Through cooperative efforts with
universities, OSPED will develop new and efficient statistical tools for
environmental analysis. OSPED will continue to represent EPA on the Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD's) Working Group on the State
of the Environment and the Group on Environmental Performance.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $8,408,200 supported by 62.7
total workyears for this program, of which $4,448,300 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $3,959,900 is from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
OSPED manages and develops EPA's strategic planning process with major
emphasis on the development of program and media based environmental goals and
on the appropriate use of environmental indicators to track progress toward those
goals. OSPED integrates the national and Regional assessment of relative risks
into the planning process and establishes risk-based priorities for the Agency
budget process. The Office promotes state comparative risk projects,
incorporating the results into Regional planning and grant processes. Currently
OSPED has ongoing comparative risks projects with state governments in Alabama,
Alaska, Arizona, California, Florida, Hawaii, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland
Minnesota, Ohio, Tennessee, Texas, and Utah. Projects are also ongoing ii
Atlanta, Georgia; Charlottesville, Virginia; Columbus, Ohio; Elizabeth River,
Virginia; Houston, Texas; Jackson, Mississippi; Seattle, Washington; Cleveland,
Ohio; and, with the Region VIII Tribes. Additionally, OSPED will evaluate new
proposals for comparative risk projects from the States of North Dakota and
Missouri. At the same time, OSPED is helping local governments in major urban
centers assess and manage environmental problems.
OSPED's environmental data and information efforts are directed to
developing sound, quality-assured techniques and methods to assess Agency data
sets. By practical example, OSPED demonstrates how the quality of data can be
improved by the application of specific statistical methods; provides technical
advice to program offices and Regions, conducts statistical courses and
workshops, and sponsors the annual Conference on Statistics. OSPED staff work
closely with other Federal agencies and international organizations to further
harmonize environmental information, and to develop global and regional
directories for sources of environmental information. In particular, efforts at
supporting NAFTA are focused on developing directories for Canadian and Mexican
environmental data sources to support EPA activities relating to trade and the
environment. By improving the collection, organization, and analyses of
environmental data and statistics, OSPED provides the Agency with credible
information for better decisionmaking.
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated $8,205,700 supported by 60.6 total workyears
for this program, of which $4,185,700 was from the Program Research and
Operations appropriation and $4,020,400 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
OSPED launched EPA's national environmental goals project which involved
development of 13 draft environmental goals with the Headquarters program
offices. OSPED coordinated the process of refining the draft goals and prepared
a set of cross-Agency national environmental goals to measure progress and to
assist in setting strategic targets and establishing budget priorities. OSPED
continued to refine and improve the Agency's Strategic Targeted Activities for
Results System (STARS), and spearheaded efforts to integrate planning and budget
priorities. OSPED co-managed the Agency's 1993 Base Review, which provided
valuable data in the formulation of the 1995 Budget Request. OSPED completed
comparative risk projects in Colorado, Louisiana, Michigan, Vermont, Washington
state, Wisconsin Tribes, and Guam.
OSPED's statistical efforts focused on demonstrating the application of
statistical methods to improve the quality of data, providing technical advice
to program offices and Regions, conducting statistical workshops, and sponsoring
the Ninth Annual Conference on Statistics. OSPED began work to develop the
statistical foundation for evaluating the effects of NAFTA on the environment.
OSPED worked closely with other Federal agencies and the international
statistical community to harmonize collection of data, and to promote general
standards for integration of disparate data sets.
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11-82
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
REGIONAL MANAGEMENT
Regional Management 11-83
Resource Management - Regions 11-85
Contracts and Grants Management - Regions 11-85
Regional Counsel 11-86
Regional Management 11-87
Planning, Evaluation and Analysis - Regions 11-88
Financial Management - Regions 11-90
Human Resources Management - Regions 11-90
Administrative Management - Regions 11-91
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-------
REGIONAL MANAGEMENT
Regional Management
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Resources Management -
Regions
Program & Research $2,293.6 $2,277.9 $2,274.8 $2,368.2 $2,342.9 -$25.3 $65.0
Operations
TOTAL $2,293.6 $2,277.9 $2,274.8 $2,368.2 $2,342.9 -$25.3 $65.0
Contracts & Grants
Management - Regions
Program & Research $6,922.1 $7,363.3 $7,357.2 $7,802.9 $7,823.6 $20.7 $460.3
Operations
TOTAL $6,922.1 $7,363.3 $7,357.2 $7,802.9 $7,823.6 $20.7 $460.3
Regional Counsel
Program & Research $7,060.9 $7,082.7 $7,067.5 $7,024.4 $7,677.1 $652.7 $594.4
Operations
Abatement Control and $5.0 $1.7 $1.7 $3.7 $1.7 -$2.0
Cofnpl iance
TOTAL $7,065.9 $7,084.4 $7,069.2 $7,028.1 $7,678.8 $650.7 $594.4
Regional Management
Program & Research $18,768.0 $19,820.0 $19,735.4 $14,489.5 $20,681.5 $6,192.0 $861.5
Operations
Abatement Control and $2,762.0 $855.7 $853.3 $1,095.3 $855.7 -$239.6
Compliance
Program & Research
operation - Flood
TOTAL $21,530.0 $20,675.7 $20,588.7 $15,584.8 $21,537.2 $5,952.4 $861.5
Planning, Evaluation &
Analysis - Regions
Program & Research $6,150.9 $6,307.1 $6,293.6 $6.464.7 $6,539.7 $75.0 $232.6
Operati ons
Abatement Control and $6 $6 -$6
Compliance
TOTAL $6,150.9 $6,307.7 $6,294.2 $6,464.7 $6,539.7 $75.0 $232.0
Financial Management -
Regions
Program & Research $4,687.9 $4,810.7 $4,804.6 $4,930.4 $5,433.1 $502.7 $622.4
Operations
Abatement Control and $4.9 $4.9 -$4.9
Compliance
Program & Research
operation - Flood
TOTAL $4,692.8 $4.810.7 $4,804.6 $4,935.3 $5,433.1 $497.8 $622.4
Human Resources
Management - Regions
Program & Research $5,711.8 $5,737.9 $5,731.1 $5,741.2 $6,364.2 $623.0 $626.3
Operations
TOTAL $5.711.8 $5,737.9 $5,731.1 $5,741.2 $6,364.2 $623.0 $626.3
Administrative
Management - Regions
Program & Research $10,575.1 $10,598.6 $10,213.1 $11,082.1 $11,001.8 -$80.3 $403.2
Operations
Abatement Control and $43.8 $28.0 -$28.0
Compliance
TOTAL $10,618.9 $10,598.6 $10,213.1 $11,110.1 $11,001.8 -$108.3 $403.2
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REGIONAL MANAGEMENT
Regional Management
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995 DECREASE DECREASE
1994 1994 1995 REQ 1995 REQ
VS VS
1994 CE 1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
TOTAL:
Program & Research $62,170.3 $63,998.2 $63,477.3 $59,903.4 $67,863.9 $7,960.5 $3,865.7
Operations
Abatement Control and $2,815.7 $858.0 $855.6 $1,131.9 $857.4 -$274.5 -$6
Compliance
Regional Management TOTAL $64,986.0 $64,856.2 $64,332.9 $61,035.3 $68,721.3 $7,686.0 $3,865.1
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Resources Management -
Regions
Contracts & Grants
Management - Regions
Regional Counsel
Regional Management
Planning, Evaluation &
Analysis - Regions
Financial Management -
Regions
Human Resources
Management - Regions
Administrative
Management - Regions
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Resources Management -
Regions
Contracts & Grants
Management - Regions
Regional Counsel
Regional Management
Planning, Evaluation &
Analysis - Regions
Financial Management -
Regions
Human Resources
Management - Regions
Administrative
Management - Regions
TOTAL WORKYEARS
38.4
125.7
98.1
223.6
92.1
94.2
99.8
184.0
955.9
40.4
134.7
102.8
257.5
98.9
97.5
106.8
193.0
1,031.6
39.4
139.2
101.0
192.1
98.8
92.1
99.3
190.4
952.3
39.4
139.2
101.0
192.1
98.8
92.1
99.3
190.4
952.3
39.4
139.2
101.0
192.1
98.8
92.1
99.3
190.4
952.3
39.4
139.2
101.0
192.1
98.8
92.1
99.3
190.4
952.3
39.3
138.9
100.0
192.9
98.4
92.5
98.5
187.1
947.6
39.3
138.9
100.0
192.9
98.4
92.5
98.5
187.1
947.6
36.5
148.1+w
102.7
190.8
96.1
91.4
98.5
193.9
958.0
36.5
148.1
102.7
190.8
96.1
91.4
98.5
193.9
958.0
-2.8
9.2
2.7
-2.1
-2.3
-1.1
6.8
10.4
-2.8
9.2
2.7
-2.1
-2.3
-1.1
6.8
10.4
-2.9
8.9
1.7
-1.3
-2.7
-7
-8
3.5
5.7
-2.9
8.9
1.7
-1.3
-2.7
-7
-8
3.5
5.7
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MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
REGIONAL MANAGEMENT
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $68,721,300 and 958.0 total workyears for
1995, an increase of $7,686,000 and 10.4 total workyears from 1994. Of the
request, $67,863,900 will be for Program and Research Operations, and $857,400
will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents
an increase of $7,960,500 in the Program and Research Operations appropriation,
and a decrease of $274,500 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT - REGIONS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $2,342,900 supported by 36.5 total workyears,
of which all will be for the Program and Research Operations appropriation. This
represents an decrease of $25,300 and 2.8 in total workyears from 1994. The
reduction in workforce represents a realignment of resources to higher priority
areas. This level of funding supports Regional resource management and control
activities, including budget and operating plan development and workload
analysis. These resources also provide for the implementation of the Federal
Managers' Financial Integrity Act and further strengthen funds control, and audit
follow-up as required by the Inspector General Act Amendment of 1988.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $2,368,200 supported by 39.3
total workyears for this program. These resources are being used to conduct
budgeting and resource analysis functions and implement the Federal Managers'
Financial Integrity Act and audit follow-up in the ten Regional offices.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENT
In 1992, the Agency obligated a total of $2,293,600 supported by 40.4 total
workyears for this program, all of which was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation. These resources allowed Regional Administrators to
effectively and efficiently manage their resources and operating plan processes.
CONTRACTS AND GRANTS MANAGEMENT - REGIONS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $7,823,600 supported by 148.1 total workyears
for this program, all of which will be for the Program and Research Operations
11-85
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appropriation. This represents an increase of $20,700 from the 1994 program anc
9.2 total workyears. The increase in Program and Research Operations reflects
an enhanced grants administration program in the regions and increased salary
needs. The grants program awards, administers and manages cooperative and
interagency agreements and grants for program activities. Special emphasis will
be placed on accountability and ensuring that every assistance award complies
with regulatory and policy requirements and that recipients have the financial,
procurement and property systems to account for and safeguard Federal funds. In
addition, grant and small purchase support will continue to be provided at our
Regional Offices.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $7,802,900 and 138.9 total
workyears. These resources provide the Regional program offices with grant
policy and procedural guidance to ensure that recipient of Agency assistance
agreement performs in accordance with all applicable statutes, Agency grant
regulations, OMB circular requirements and program special conditions from the
time of application through close out of t;he legal agreement.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency allocated a total of $6,922,100 and 125.7 total
workyears in the Program and Research Operations appropriation. These resources
provided the Regional Staff with on-going contracts support to the Regional
Program personnel. Regional Contracting Staff also provided support to
Headquarters in responding to Congressional, GAO, Inspector General, and public
inquiries; maintained contract tracking systems; and assisted Project Officers
and work assignments managers in negotiating work plans, receiving monthly
vouchers and progress reports, and interpreting and understanding contract
language. Grants Administration activities provide clear accountability for
business administration responsibilities, promote the efficient utilization of
resources by providing a core of business expertise and provide a "check and
balance" relationship to assure achievement of both programmatic and
administrative objectives necessary for program integrity.
REGIONAL COUNSEL
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $7,678,800 supported by 102.7 total workyears
for the Offices of Regional Counsel (ORCs), $7,677,100 of which will be for the
PRO appropriation, and $1,700 of which will be for the AC&C appropriation. This
represents an increase of $652,700 in the PRO appropriation and a decrease of
$2,000 in the AC&C appropriation and an increase of 2.7 total workyears from
1994. The increased PRO funding is the result of increased work force costs.
The increase in total workyears will increase legal support for implementing the
Clean Air Act (CAA) Amendment of 1990 in EPA's ten regional offices.
The ORCs will continue to handle defensive litigation involving principally
Regional issues. They will: provide advice and counsel to Regional programs;
11-86
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review Regional rule making actions; assist States by reviewing State program
delegations and advising State agencies on obtaining adequate legal authorities;
and support Agency contract and assistance programs through the resolution of
grant appeals, bid protests, and debarment and suspension actions. The ORCs will
utilize the 2.7 total workyear increase to support implementation of the CAA
Amendment of 1990. The review of State program submissions is underway.
Completion of these reviews, as well as assistance in support of States with
legislative/regulatory needs is a top priority activity for the ORCs.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $7,028,100, supported by 100.0
total workyears for the ORCs, of which $7,024,400 is from the PRO appropriation,
and $3,700 is from the AC&C appropriation. The ORCs handle defensive litigation
involving principally Regional issues. They provide: advice and counsel to
Regional programs; review Regional rule making actions; and assist States by
reviewing State program delegations and advising State agencies on obtaining
adequate legal authorities. Additionally, the ORCs continue to support Agency
assistance and procurement programs through resolution of grant appeals, bid
protest, and debarment and suspension actions.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $7,065,900 supported by 102.8 total
workyears for the ORCs, $7,060,900 of which was from the PRO appropriation, and
$5,000 of which was from the AC&C appropriation. In 1993, the ORCs supported
Agency priorities by providing legal advice and support to Regional managers and
defending the Agency in litigation. They also advised on actions such as grants,
contracts, and personnel actions. Additionally, the ORCs activities including
advising State agencies on the legal requirements for assuming environmental
protection programs, assisting in drafting appropriate regulatory language, and
helping to negotiate and document the terms of delegation agreements.
REGIONAL MANAGEMENT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $21,537,200 supported by 190.8 total
workyears for this program, of which $20,681,500 and 190.8 total workyears will
be for the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $855,700 will be
from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation This represents an
increase of $6,192,000 and a decrease of 2.1 total workyears in the Program
Research and Operations appropriation and a decrease of $239,600 in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation from 1994. The increase in
Program and Research Operations and Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriations reflect increased personnel and support costs. The budget request
will enable the Regional offices to continue to shape and articulate policy for
state and local governments; respond to inquiries from Congress, the news media
and the public; establish regular communications with public interest,
environmental and business groups; maintain an effective Equal Employment
Opportunity program, process Freedom of Information requests; issue critical news
releases; and assist in Regional analytical activities.
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1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $15,584,800 and 192.9 total
workyears for this program, of which $14,489,500 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $1,095,300 is from the Abatement, Control, and
Compliance appropriation. In 1994 we will continue to emphasize coordination and
dissemination of the increasing number of information requests, including Freedom
of Information requests, which are increasing by approximately 20 percent per
year. The program will continue issuing critical news releases, maintaining a
regional Equal Employment program, responding to Congressional inquiries, and
coordinating EPA involvement in major state environmental issues.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated $21,530,000 and 257.5 total workyears for this
program, of which $18,768,000 was from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $2,762,000 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This program provided support for the Regional Administrators and
their immediate staffs, as well as for the basic staff functions of public
affairs, Congressional and intergovernmental activities, the equal employment
opportunity function, and responses to Freedom of Information Act requests.
PLANNING. EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS- REGIONS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $6,539,700 supported by 96.1 total workyears
all of which will be for the Program and Research Operations appropriation. This
represents an increase of $75,000 in Program and Research Operations to support
projected salary and benefit costs, and a decrease of 2.3 total workyears, to
comply with the government wide reduction that is part of the President's program
to reduce the size of the Federal government.
The ten Regions will perform essential Regional planning, evaluation and
analysis activities. Initial implementation of the Government Performance and
Results Act (GPRA) in the Regions will focus on two major areas. The first area
will develop and update Regional strategic plans and related annual budget
initiatives. The Regional strategic plans will target resources to enhance risk
reduction based on Regional and state comparative risk analyses and state
strategic plans, while considering ecosystem protection needs. The second area
will involve the Regions in the National Environmental Goals Project
implementation, with each of the ten Regions working with state, local, and
tribal officials, as well as representatives of environmental groups and
industry, to identify key environmental goals and formulate specific strategies
for achieving them. Both Regional strategic planning and involvement in the
Goals Project will include elements of environmental and economic forecasting,
sustainable development, pollution prevention, environmental justice, and cross-
media planning to implement goals. Regional staff support for state comparative
risk projects will continue. In addition, resources will be used to: prepare
accountability reports; undertake program evaluations; conduct management and
regulatory analyses; provide training in the areas of risk assessment, risk
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management, and risk communication for Regional and state personnel; and to
manage pollution prevention programs in the Regions including strategy
implementation, training and education, grant oversight, and support for state
and local pollution prevention initiatives.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $6,464,700 supported by 98.4
total workyears for this program, all of which is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation.
The ten Regions are conducting essential Regional planning, evaluation, and
analysis activities. For example, the Regions are developing four-year plans and
one-year Regional strategies using comparative risk analyses to target resources
and thereby optimize risk reduction. Increasingly, these activities are
conducted in consultation with State program officials and other interested
parties. Other activities include: preparing accountability reports; evaluating
programs, conducting management and regulatory analysis; preparing risk
assessment and risk management analyses; and conducting risk
training/communication courses to build technical capability and institutional
liaisons with states and other stakeholders. In addition, Regions perform
functions related to cross-media pollution prevention. This includes
implementation of EPA's Pollution Prevention Strategy and Regional pollution
prevention plans; adoption of pollution prevention approaches in site-specific
decisionmaking; training and education events for state and local governments,
industry and citizen groups; oversight of state activities funded by pollution
prevention grants; integration of pollution prevention into Regional risk
management strategies; and support for multi-state Regional councils established
specifically to deal with pollution prevention initiatives.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $6,150,900 supported by 98.9 total
workyears for this program, all of which was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation.
The ten Regions performed essential planning, evaluation and analysis
activities including strategic planning that relied on comparative risk analysis
for the development of strategic options. The Regions also prepared
accountability reports; program evaluations; management and regulatory analyses.
To support the development and implementation of Regional risk strategies, risk
assessment, management, and communication activities were undertaken. In
addition, the Regions implemented pollution prevention plans; adopted pollution
prevention approaches in site-specific decisionmaking; conducted training and
education events for government, industry, and citizen groups; maintained
oversight of pollution prevention state grant activities; integrated pollution
prevention into Regional risk management strategies; and supported multi-state
Regional councils established specifically to manage pollution prevention
activities.
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FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT - REGIONS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $5,433,100 supported by 91.4 total workyears
for this program, all of which will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation. This represents an increase of $502,700 in the Program and
Research Operations resources will provide for increased salary needs, and a
decrease of $4,900 in Abatement, Control and Compliance resource. The 1.1
workyear decrease complies with the government-wide reduction in workforce that
is part of the President's program to reduce the size and cost of government.
This resource level will allow the Financial Management Offices to provide basic
financial services and maintain on-going financial management activities. The
Financial Management Offices will continue to provide services in support of
accounts receivable and payable, grants and travel disbursements, payroll
support, financial audit and follow-up, travel management, and cash management
activities.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $4,935,300 supported by 92.5
total workyears for this program of which $4,930,400 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $4,900 from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. These resources are used to provide the Regions with
financial management services including accounts receivable and payable, grants
and travel disbursements, payroll support, financial reporting services,
financial audit and follow-up, and cash management activities.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $ $4,692,800 supported by 97.5
total workyears for this program, of which 94.2 total workyears and $4,687,900
was from the Program and Research Operations Appropriation and $4,900 was from
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. With these resources, the
Financial Management Officers provided core financial management services
including accounts receivable and payable, grants and travel disbursements,
payroll support, financial reporting services, assistance to states/grantees,
financial policy development, financial review/audit and follow-up and cash
management activities.
HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT - REGIONS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $6,364,200 supported by 98.5 total workyears
for this program, all of which will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation. This represents an increase of $623,000. The increase in Program
and Research Operations will provide for anticipated salary needs. The resources
will allow Regional personnel offices to meet basic regulatory requirements.
These services include processing recruitment and classification actions,
processing personnel and payroll transactions, providing advisory services
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reorganization reviews, administering the grievance system, negotiating with
unions, managing the Performance Management and Recognition System, and providing
employee development and training.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1993, the Agency is allocating a total of $5,741,200 supported by 98.5
total workyears for this program, of which all $5,741,200 and 98.5 total
workyears is from the Program and Research Operations appropriation. These
resources are being used to formalize local human resource management programs,
provide for recruitment, staffing, and classification actions, conduct position
management and pay administration, process personnel and payroll transactions,
administer grievance system and disciplinary action procedures, provide
employment development and training, consult and negotiate with local unions,
conduct special studies, and advise Regional managers on the above functions.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $5,711,800 supported by 106.8 total
workyears for this program, all of which was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation. With these resources, the Regional personnel offices
provided on-going personnel services to support the accomplishment of the
Regions' program operations and goals, provided better training programs for
Regional employees, and initiated human resources management programs.
ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT - REGIONS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $11,001,800 supported by 193.9 total
workyears for this program, all of which will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation. This represents an decrease of $80,300 and an increase
of 6.8 total workyears in the Program and Research Operations appropriation, and
a decrease of $28,000 in Abatement, Control and Compliance resources. The
workyear increase will assist the Agency in promoting and managing environmental
equity efforts in the regions. Resources will allow the Regions to provide
administrative management services that include maintaining administrative
information systems and minicomputer operations, ensuring ADP operations support
for Regional programs, managing word processing equipment and ADP systems
acquisition, and coordinating Regional records management. Development of state
data management plans to ensure efficient and reliable methods of State/EPA data
sharing will receive priority attention. In addition, this program will ensure
the safety and security of Regional personnel, manage property and supplies,
provide general office services, and provide program management for all support
services.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $11,110,100 supported by 187.1
total workyears for this program of which $11,082,100 and 187.1 workyears is from
the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $28,000 is from the
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Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These resources are being usec
to provide the Regions with administrative management activities in the areas of
information management, specifically CIS activities, health and safety and
environmental compliance, and facilities support. This program will continue to
improve methods for EPA and states to share environmental data.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $10,618,900 supported by 193.0
total workyears for this program. Of this, $10,575,100 was from the Program and
Research and Operations appropriation, and $43,800 was funded from the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. With these resources, the Regions provided
administrative management services and implemented information management plans
to increase use of personal computers and integrate electronic telecommunications
lines to achieve cost saving and productivity gains.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
of Contents
Page
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
SUPPORT COST
Support Costs .......................... 11-93
Lab Support - Pesticides and Toxic Substances ......... 11-95
Professional Training ...................... 11-96
Nationwide Support Services .................. 11-97
Headquarters Support Services ................. 11-98
Regional Support Services .................... 11-99
Lab Support - Air and Radiation ................ 11-100
Automated Data Processing Support Costs ............ 11-100
-------
-------
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
SUPPORT
Support
ENACTED
1994
COSTS
Costs
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Lab Support -
Pesticides & Toxic
Substances
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Professional Training
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Nationwide Support
Services
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Office of Inspector
General
FIFRA Revolving Fund
Oil Spills Trust Fund
Headquarters Support
Services
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Office of Inspector
General
FIFRA Revolving Fund
Oil Spills Trust Fund
Regional Support
Servi ces
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Office of Inspector
General
Oil Spills Trust Fund
Lab Support - Air And
Radiation
Abatement Control and
Compliance
$304.6
TOTAL $304.6
$17.0
$605.6
TOTAL $622.6
$1,782.5
$116,015.7
$2,106.0
$2,201.0
$437.7
TOTAL $122,542.9
$46.7
$47,844.8
$147.2
$540.5
$40.3
TOTAL $48,619.5
$719.8
$47,782.0
$476.3
$7.6
TOTAL $48,985.7
$2,731.6
TOTAL $2,731.6
$360.1
$360.1
$1,256.3
$1,256.3
$2,300.0
$128,614.8
$1,426.1
$132,340.9
$51,962.7
$613.0
$52,575.7
$49,854.3
$625.0
$50,479.3
$2,083.6
$2,083.6
$358.0
$358.0
$1,162.4
$1,162.4
$2,300.0
$126,070.3
$1,426.1
$129,796.4
$49,345.5
$613.0
$49,958.5
$46,790.0
$625.0
$47,413.4
$2,054.8
$2,054.8
$358.0
$358.0
$1,162.4
$1,162.4
$2,380.0
$123,897.4
$1,426.1
$127,703.5
$48,589.1
$613.0
$49,202.1
$580.3
$44,651.2
$625.0
$45,856.5
$2,039.7
$2,039.7
$360.1
$360.1
$1,111.6
$1,111.6
$2,435.7
$143,914.8
$1,426.1
$147,776.6
$59,007.4
$613.0
$59,620.4
$54,954.5
$625.0
$55,579.5
$2,083.6
$2,083.6
$2.1
$2.1
-$50.8
-$50.8
$55.7
$20,017.4
$20,073.1
$10,418.3
$10,418.3
-$580.3
$10,303.3
$9,723.0
$43.9
$43.9
-$144.7
-$144.7
$135.7
$15,300.0
$15,435.7
$7,044.7
$7,044.7
$5,100.2
$5,100.2
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ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
SUPPORT COSTS
Support Costs
ENACTED CURRENT
1994 ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST INCREASE
1995 DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Automated Data
Processing Support
Services
Abatement Control and $50,051.7 $40,159.8 $39,155.9 $41,167.5 $48,889.6 $7,722.1 $8,729.8
CompLiance
Office of Inspector $130.0 $130.0 $130.0 $130.0 $130.0
General
TOTAL $50,181.7 $40,289.8 $39,285.9 $41,297.5 $49,019.6 $7,722.1 $8,729.8
TOTAL:
Program & Research $2,566.0 $2,300.0 $2,298.4 $2,960.3 $2,435.7 -$524.6 $135.7
Operations
Abatement Control and $265,336.0 $274,291.6 $264,936.9 $261,865.3 $310,321.6 $48,456.3 $36,030.0
Compliance
Office of Inspector $2,859.5 $2,794.1 $2,794.1 $2,794.1 $2,794.1
General
FIFRA Revolving Fund $2,741.5
Oil Spills Trust Fund $485.6
Support Costs TOTAL $273.988.6 $279,385.7 $270,029.4 $267,619.7 $315,551.4 $47,931.7 $36,165.7
Nationwide Support
Services
FIFRA Revolving Fund $2,201.0
TOTAL $2,201.0
Headquarters Support
Servi ces
FIFRA Revolving Fund $540.5
TOTAL $540.5
Support Costs TOTAL $2,741.5
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MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
SUPPORT COSTS
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $315,551,400 for 1995 representing an
increase of $47,931,700 from 1994. Of the request, $2,435,700 will be for
Program and Research Operations, $310,321,600 will be for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation, and $2,794,100 will be from the Inspector General
appropriation. This represents a decrease of $524,600 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, an increase of $48,456,300 in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation, and no change in the Inspector General
appropriation.
LAB SUPPORT- PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $360,100 and no workyears for this program,
all of which will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
This represents an increase of $2,100.
Resources will be used for basic facilities and operation and maintenance
costs for the laboratories in Beltsville, Maryland and Bay St. Louis,
Mississippi. These costs include utilities, security, communications,
warehousing, custodial services, and building maintenance. These resources will
also provide for the purchase of new laboratory equipment to replace equipment
which is obsolete or no longer cost-effective to repair, and cover increasing
maintenance costs for existing equipment. The resources will also provide for
the purchase of equipment for building analytical capacity for biotechnology and
other unique products which cannot be validated with traditional laboratory
instruments.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $358,000 and no workyears for
this program, all of which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
The 1994 program supports the facilities, operations, and maintenance costs
for the laboratories in Beltsville, Maryland and Bay St. Louis, Mississippi.
These costs include utilities, security, communications, warehousing, custodial
services, building maintenance, purchase of new laboratory equipment to replace
equipment which is obsolete or no longer cost-effective to repair, equipment
maintenance, building biotechnology capacity, and analyzing unique products which
cannot be validated with traditional analytical laboratory instruments.
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $304,600 and no workyears for this
program, all of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
The funds were used to provide general support and maintenance of the
laboratories.
PROFESSIONAL TRAINING
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $1,111,600 for this program, all of which
will be for the Abatement Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents
a decrease of $50,800 in the Abatement Control and Compliance appropriation from
1994. The Agency will continue to offer training and development opportunities
to EPA employees and managers. For supervisory and managerial development, the
Agency will continue to emphasize assessment and career counseling activities and
will provide access to core supervisory and managerial training courses. It will
also support a career counseling initiative and assessment activities to identify
development needs for candidates for supervisory and managerial positions. The
EPA Institute will further streamline its training delivery systems and lead
development of programs that support the core strategic curriculum. The
Institute will continue to develop competency menus for major careers at EPA
It will also institutionalize the non-supervisory leadership program. EPA will
continue supporting implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) by making
advanced TQM training available. The Agency will continue to implement
recommendations of the Cultural Diversity Task Force. Current activities of the
Presidential Management Intern Program and the Greater Leadership Opportunities
Program for women and minorities will continue. The Agency will also continue
to support the Career Advisory Committees and the Human Resources Council.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $1,162,400 for this program,
of which $1,162,400 is from the Abatement Control and Compliance appropriation.
The Agency is continuing to offer training and development opportunities to EPA
employees and managers. However, for some courses the tuition and expenses are
being shared by the Agency program offices. For supervisory and managerial
development, the Agency is continuing to emphasize assessment and career
counseling activities and is providing access to core supervisory and managerial
training courses. It is also adding basic skills training courses and sexual
harassment seminars and is supporting a career counseling initiative and
assessment activities to identify development needs for supervisory and
managerial positions. The EPA Institute is streamlining its training delivery
systems and offering self-paced instruction in its technology-based learning
laboratory. The Institute is beginning to develop competency menus for major
careers in EPA. It is also developing and implementing new course offerings
identified in the core curriculum that support EPA's strategic direction. Non-
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supervisory leadership programs, including Greater Leadership Opportunities (GLO)
and Goalsetters Reaching for Opportunities (GRO), will continue on a limited
basis and with program office support. EPA is continuing to support
implementation of TQM by maintaining quality TQM training to Agency and State
environmental employees. In addition, advanced TQM training is being developed
to provide quality management and team leadership/facilitation skills.
The Agency is beginning to implement recommendations generated from the Cultural
Diversity Task Force. Activities of the Presidential Management Intern program
are being maintained, however, on a smaller scale that in previous years. The
Agency will continue to support the Career Advisory Committees and the Human
Resources Council.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $622,600 for this program, of which
$17,000 was from the Program and Resource Operations appropriation and $605,600
was from the Abatement Control and Compliance appropriation. These funds were
used to create and provide training and development opportunities for EPA
employees and managers. As part of the implementation of the comprehensive
management development program, the Agency emphasized assessment and career
counseling activities. EPA made its core supervisory and managerial training
courses available and continued to modernize these courses by incorporating
elements on managing a culturally diverse workforce and strategic planning. The
EPA Institute realigned its course offerings around the core curriculum to
support the Agency's strategic direction. EPA supported expansion of the TQM
effort by making training available to employees and managers throughout the
Agency and State environmental organizations. The EPA Institute expanded its
non-supervisory leadership program at Headquarters by offering the GRO program
at the GS-4-10 levels. This program and GLO are targeted for leadership
development of minorities and women. The Agency continued to work on the
recommendations of the Cultural Diversity Task Force. Activities of the
Presidential Management Intern Program, the EPA Management Intern program, and
the GLO Program for women and minorities were maintained. The Agency also
continued to support the career advisory committees and the Human Resources
Council.
NATIONWIDE SUPPORT SERVICES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $147,776,600 for this program, of which
$2,435,700 will be for the Program Research and Operations appropriation,
$143,914,800 will be for the Abatement Control and Compliance appropriation, and
$1,426,100 will be for the Inspector General appropriations. This represents an
increase of $55,700 in the Program Research and Operations appropriation, an
increase of $20,017,400 in the Abatement Control and Compliance appropriation,
and no change in the Inspector General appropriation from 1994. The increase in
Abatement Control and Compliance provides for the escalation in GSA rent costs,
and rate increases. The increase in the Program Research and Operations
appropriation provides for increases to Worker's Compensation and Unemployment
Compensation. These funds will pay for quality Agency-wide support costs
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including space rental, postage, FTS and telecommunications costs, nationar
security, Code of Federal regulations typesetting, unemployment compensation,
workmen's compensation, an Agency-wide safety, health; and environmental
management program, and personnel support for Public Health Service commissioned
officers, and the Integrated Financial Management System.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $127,703,500 for this program,
of which $2,380,000 is from the Program Research and Operations appropriation,
$123,897,400 from the Abatement Control and Compliance appropriation, $1,426,100
from the Inspector General appropriation. These funds pay for quality Agency-
wide support costs including space rental, postage, FTS and telecommunications
costs, national security, Code of Federal regulations typesetting, unemployment
compensation, workmen's compensation, an Agency-wide safety, health, and
environmental management program, and personnel support for Public Health Service
commissioned officers, and the Integrated Financial Management System.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $122,542,900 for this program, of
which $1,782,500 was from the Program and Research Operations appropriation,
$116,015,700 was from the Abatement Control and Compliance appropriation,
$2,106,000 was from the Inspector General appropriation, $2,201,000 was from the
Reregistration and Expedited Processing Revolving Fund, and $437,700 from the Oil
Spills Trust Fund. These resources allowed the Agency to pursue several
nationwide support efforts in the areas of space planning, telecommunications
information security, personal property management, safety, health, ana
environmental management, including piloting the medal asbestos operations and
maintenance plan.
HEADQUARTERS SUPPORT SERVICES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $59,620,400 for this program, of which
$59,007,400 will be for the Abatement Control and Compliance appropriation and
$613,000 will be for the Inspector General appropriation. This represents an
increase of $10,418,300 in the Abatement Control and Compliance appropriation.
This increase provides for cost escalations to security contracts, will cover
anticipated utility rate increases, and provides for other contract rate
increases. These resources will provide space planning and coordination services
for the new Headquarters facility. These resources will also provide quality
Headquarters Support services at Washington, RTF, and Cincinnati including motor
pool, printing and copying, telephones, utilities, facilities operations and
maintenance (specifically the needs associated with the Waterside Mall Complex),
and ADP technical support. Data integration efforts will be strengthened through
the Information Infrastructure for Integrated Environmental Management including
Agency LAN service and cross-media information services in support of the Agency
emphasis on compliance, enforcement, and pollution prevention strategies.
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1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $49,202,100 for this program,
of which $48,589,100 is from the Abatement Control and Compliance appropriation
and $613,000 is from the Inspector General appropriation. These resources are
being used to provide on-going office, building, and information management
services to EPA operations in Washington, RTF, and Cincinnati. With this funding
level the Agency will provide adequate on-going services necessary to operate and
manage EPA Headquarters facilities, office supply/support services, and
management information systems. Additionally, the Agency will continue to carry
out its operating plans for delegation of authority for lease enforcement/
building operations at Headquarters facilities, and will continue to refine
procedures for property management/inventory control. We will initiate the first
phase of interior space planning developing Agency specific space standards and
conceptual layouts. In addition we are continuing our facility improvement and
health and safety efforts at the Waterside Mall Complex and medical surveillance
activities for Headquarters employees.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $48,619,500 for this program, of
which $46,700 was from the Program and Research Operations appropriation,
$47,844,800 was from the Abatement Control and Compliance appropriation, $147,200
was from the Inspector General appropriation, $540,500 was from the
Reregistration and Expedited Processing Revolving Fund, and $40,300 was from the
Oil Spills Trust Fund. These resources provided basic Headquarters Support
services to EPA operations in Washington, RTP, and Cincinnati and funded the
operational portion of our indoor air quality improvement initiative at Waterside
Mall. Resources enabled the Agency to overlay previously developed requirements
on the existing scheme proposed by the developer and recommend design changes to
make the new Headquarters facility more responsive to our needs.
REGIONAL SUPPORT SERVICES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $55,579,500 for this program, of which
$54,954,500 will be for the Abatement Control and Compliance appropriation and
$625,000 will be for the Inspector General appropriation. This represents an
increase of $10,303,300 in the Abatement Control and Compliance appropriation.
The increase in Abatement Control and Compliance will provide for Regional moves.
This level of resources will provide the ten Regional Offices with basic support
services including printing and copying, minicomputer operations, utilities,
mail, telephone, library operations, general training, office and laboratory
facility maintenance, and technical support.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency requests a total of $45,856,500 for this program, of which
$44,651,200 will be for the Abatement Control and Compliance appropriation,
$625,000 will be for the Inspector General appropriation, and $580,300 will be
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for the Program and Research Operations appropriation. These resources are beinj
used to provide basic office, building, and information management services to
the Regions. In addition, funding is provided to pay for Regional moves.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENT
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $48,985,700 for this program, of
which $719,800 is from the Program and Research Operations appropriation,
$47,782,000 was from the Abatement Control and Compliance appropriation, $476,300
was from the Inspector General appropriation, and $7,600 was from the Oil Spills
Trust Fund. These funds provided ongoing support services in the Regions
including improved property management and better safety for EPA employees.
LAB SUPPORT - AIR AND RADIATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $2,083,600 for this program, all of which
will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents
an increase of $43,900 from 1994 and is the result of increased lab expenses.
This program supports the National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL)
in Ann Arbor, Michigan; the National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory
(NAREL) in Montgomery, Alabama; and the Las Vegas radiation facility (LVF) in
Nevada. The funds provide basic operation and maintenance support at these
locations. The support provided includes security, janitorial, and maintenance
services; utilities; General Services Administration vehicles; supplies and
materials; and communications.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994 the Agency is allocating $2,039,700 to support the three
laboratories, all from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The
1994 program is providing the same types of activities described for 1995: basic
laboratory operations, maintenance, and supplies. These activities are required
on a continuing basis for effective and safe laboratory operation.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993 the Agency obligated a total of $2,731,600 for this program, all of
which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These funds
provided the basic facilities operations and maintenance costs necessary to
operate the three laboratories.
AUTOMATED DATA PROCESSING SUPPORT COSTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $49,019,600 for this program, of which
$48,889,600 will be for the Abatement Control and Compliance appropriation and
$130,000 from the Inspector General appropriation. This represents an increase
of $7,722,100 in Abatement, Control and Compliance. The increase includes
resources for mandatory contract rate increases and operations and maintenance
11-100
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of the Bay City Supercomputer. These resources will provide the mainframe
computing capacity, telecommunications network, quality workstation support and
operations to support the access and use of environmental and management data.
Resources will also provide for a high speed communications link between RTF,
North Carolina and the Agency's Supercomputer in Bay City, Michigan and support
FCCSET (High Performance Computing and Communications) activities.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $41,297,500, of which $41,167,500 is
from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation and $130,000 from the
Inspector General appropriation. These funds will be used to provide adequate
computing and telecommunications resources to support the basic mission of the
Agency. The National Data Processing Division (NDPD) basically will be supporting
only the basic operations in its three data centers and the wide area data
telecommunications network.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency allocated a total of $50,181,700 for this program, of which
$50,051,700 was from the Abatement Control and Compliance appropriation and
$130,000 from the Inspector General appropriation. These funds were used to
maintain adequate services for demand on computing support for all Agency
programs, exclusive of Superfund. The Agency's mainframe computing resources
were expended to meet the increased use by the Agency and States in environmental
data collection, use and sharing.
11-101
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 12-1
New Facilities 12-4
New Facilities 12-5
Repairs and Improvements 12-6
Repairs and Improvements 12-7
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-------
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REO
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REG
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
APPROPRIATION
Buildings & Facilities $53,203.6 $18,000.0 $18,000.0 $18,000.0 $43,870.0 $25,870.0 $25,870.0
TOTAL, Buildings & Facilitie $53,203.6 $18,000.0 $18,000.0 $18,000.0 $43,870.0 $25,870.0 $25,870.0
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
OUTLAYS $21,493.1 $79,894.0 $79,594.0 $79,594.0 $66,461.0 -$13,133.0 -$13,433.0
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS Authorization is by virtue of the Appropriation Act.
12-1
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BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
DIFFERENCE
PRES. CURRENT
BUDGET ENACTED ESTIMATE ENACTED VS EST. VS EST. VS
1994 1994 1994 PRES. BUD PRES. BUD ENACTED
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
APPROPRIATION
Buildings & Facilities $18,000.0 $18,000.0 $18,000.0
TOTAL, Buildings & Facilitie $18,000.0 $18,000.0 $18,000.0
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
12-2
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BUILDING AND FACILITIES
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
The Buildings and Facilities appropriation funds the design, construction,
repair and improvement of buildings occupied by EPA. The Agency currently has
ten Regional offices with associated Regional laboratories, two large research
and development laboratory complexes, a number of field stations with laboratory
facilities, and a large Headquarters complex.
This program provides a safe and healthy work environment for EPA employees
by providing for renovation upgrades and repair or replacement of our facilities.
We are implementing intermediate and long-range plans which assess alternative
housing options for EPA operations, as well as continuing a repair program that
protects the Agency's investment in EPA real property holdings. We are also
upgrading and modifying current facilities to more adequately and efficiently
address the Agency's changing programs as well as implementing cost-effective
energy and water conservation measures at EPA federally owned buildings. We will
continue to emphasize environmental compliance and health and safety efforts in
EPA facilities such as removing asbestos and PCB's, upgrading fire and life
safety systems, and replacing HVAC systems to meet ventilation and CFC removal
standards.
12-3
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PROGRAM
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
New Facilities
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
New Facilities
Buildings & Facilities $40,683.0 $6,000.0 $6,000.0
TOTAL $40,683.0 $6,000.0 $6,000.0
$6.000.0 $30,770.0 $24,770.0 $24,770.0
$6,000.0 $30,770.0 $24,770.0 $24,770.0
TOTAL:
Buildings & Facilities
New Facilities
$40,683.0 $6,000.0 $6,000.0 $6,000.0 $30,770.0 $24,770.0 $24,770.0
TOTAL $40,683.0 $6,000.0 $6,000.0 $6,000.0 $30,770.0 $24,770.0 $24,770.0
12-4
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BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
NEW FACILITIES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $30,770,000 for this program, all of which
will be for the Buildings and Facilities appropriation. This represents an
increase of $24,770,000 from 1994. FY 1995 funds will be used for the build-out
of EPA's New Headquarters Building and the construction of the Office of
Pesticides and Toxic Substances phase of the Environmental Science Center at
Ft. Meade, Md.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating $6,000,000 for this program, all of which
is from the Buildings and Facilities appropriation. These funds are being used
to continue the design of a consolidated facility at Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina and to address critical technical and mission requirements in the
consolidation of EPA's headquarters offices.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $40,683,000. These funds were
used to design the new Region III Environmental Science Center, to further the
design of a consolidated facility at Research Triangle Park, and for site
investigation and appraisals for the Center for Ecology, Research and Training
in Bay City, Michigan. Funds were also obligated for grants to the Christopher
Columbus Center in Baltimore, Maryland, the University of Maine, the University
of Utah, and Columbia University.
12-5
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BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Repairs & Improvements
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Repairs & Improvements
Buildings & Facilities $12,520.6 $12,000.0 $12,000.0 $12,000.0 $13,100.0 $1,100.0 $1,100.0
TOTAL $12,520.6 $12,000.0 $12,000.0 $12,000.0 $13,100.0 $1,100.0 $1,100.0
TOTAL:
Buildings & Facilities $12,520.6 $12,000.0 $12,000.0 $12,000.0 $13,100.0 $1,100.0 $1,100.0
Repairs & Improvements TOTAL $12,520.6 $12,000.0 $12,000.0 $12,000.0 $13,100.0 $1,100.0 $1,100.0
12-6
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BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
REPAIRS AND IMPROVEMENTS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $13,100,000 for this program, all of which
will be for the Buildings and Facilities appropriation. This represents an
increase of $1,100,000 from 1994. These funds will provide engineering design,
and construction related to the repair and improvement of buildings occupied by
EPA. More specifically, these funds will be used to address critical repairs
related to employee health and safety (fire protection installation); enhance
environmental compliance efforts in EPA facilities (asbestos and underground
storage tank removal and hazardous materials storage); continue energy and water
conservation, greenlights, and CFC removal programs, and provide for a minimum
of critical program alterations and repairs (electrical distribution, air
conditioning, and roof repairs) for laboratory facilities. Our request contains
$2 million for various energy and water conservation projects. As a result of
one of the projects we recently completed, we now realize a $20,000 a month
savings in our water bill at our Environmental Research Center in Cincinnati,
Ohio. We accomplished this by installing a cooling tower with a recirculating
glycol-water mix replacing the existing water cooling system.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $12,000,000 for this program,
all of which is from the Buildings and Facilities appropriation. These resources
are being used to provide facilities maintenance and repair in an effort to
prevent further deterioration of EPA facilities, to continue environmental
compliance activities such as acid neutralization and underground storage tank
(UST) activities, to continue health and safety improvements and modifications
to facilities, including fire safety abatement. Build-out associated with new
space for the New York Regional Office and the Environmental Services Division,
in Denver, Colorado will be funded and the Agency's nationwide facilities master
planning will also continue. EPA developed and submitted to the Department of
Energy its Agency-wide energy and water conservation strategy pursuant to the
Energy Policy Act. In FY 1994, we will visit each of our owned facilities to
provide informed conservation training, identify areas that would benefit from
additional policy guidance, as well as to establish site specific conservation
opportunities. Based on the Energy Policy Act and funding criteria, projects
will be prioritized and implemented so that we can achieve the ten percent
reduction of energy consumption by 1995 as required by the Act.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $12,520,600, all of which was from
the Buildings and Facilities appropriation. These resources were used to
complete health and safety improvements to protect EPA employees at 10 different
locations, finish environmental compliance improvements at 5 locations, provide
routine and emergency repairs at multiple sites throughout the nation and provide
build-out for new office space in Dallas, New York, Denver, and Headquarters.
12-7
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
SUPERFUND 13-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Hazardous Substance Research 13-11
Hazardous Substance Research 13-14
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESPONSE
Hazardous Substance Response 13-25
Hazardous Spill and Site Response 13-26
Hazardous Substance Response - Support 13-35
Hazardous Substance Response - Office of Water 13-36
Hazardous Substance Response - Office of Air and Radiation . . 13-37
Hazardous Substance Response - Interagency 13-40
Department of Health and Human Services 13-42
Department of Justice 13-45
United States Coast Guard 13-46
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 13-47
Department of the Interior 13-48
Federal Emergency Management Agency 13-49
Occupational Safety and Health Administration 13-50
ENFORCEMENT
Hazardous Substance Response - Enforcement 13-51
Hazardous Substance Technical Enforcement 13-53
Hazardous Substance Legal Enforcement 13-55
Hazardous Substance Criminal Enforcement Program 13-58
Hazardous Substance Technical Support 13-60
Hazardous Substance Federal Facilities Enforcement 13-62
Hazardous Substance Site Remediation Enforcement 13-66
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
Hazardous Substance Management and Support 13-69
Hazardous Substance Financial Management - Headquarters .... 13-74
Hazardous Substance Financial Management - Regions 13-75
Hazardous Substance Administrative Management - Headquarters . 13-76
Hazardous Substance Administrative Management - Regions .... 13-77
Hazardous Substance Contracts and Grants
Management - Headquarters 13-78
Hazardous Substance Contracts and Grants
Management - Regions 13-79
Hazardous Substance Support Services - Nationwide/Headquarters 13-80
Hazardous Substance Support Services - Regions 13-80
Hazardous Substance Automated Data Processing Support 13-81
Hazardous Substance Legal Services - Headquarters 13-81
Hazardous Substance Legal Services - Regions 13-82
Hazardous Substance - Office of the Inspector General 13-83
Hazardous Substance - Mission and Policy Management - OIG ... 13-85
Hazardous Substance - Office of Policy, Planning & Evaluation . 13-86
Hazardous Substance - Office of the Comptroller 13-88
Hazardous Substance - Office of the Administrator 13-89
Hazardous Substance - Office of Research and Development . . . 13-91
Hazardous Substance - Analytical Environmental Services .... 13-92
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APPROPRIATION
SUPERFUND
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Office of Inspector
General
Haz Sub Resp-REINB
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
Inspector General -
Trust Fund
TOTAL, Superfund
$13,353.5
$16.278.6
-$16,278.6
1639,566.2 1496,400.0 1480,853.0 1480,853.0 1499,692.0 $18,839.0 $3,292.0
$16,278.6 $16,278.6 '-$16,278.6
1652,919.7 1512,678.6 1497,131.6 1497,131.6 1499,692.0 $2,560.4 -$12,986.6
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
OUTLAYS
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS
3,480.3
3,619.0
3,668.9
3,668.9
3,668.9
3,668.9
3,768.9
3,768.9
3,673.4
3,673.4
-95.5
-95.5
4.5
4.5
1426,207.2 1614,664.4 1613,281.0 1623,213.9 1585,979.0 -$37,234.9 -$28,685.5
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA),
as amended, authorized a total of $5,100,000,000 for this program for 1992 through
1994.
13-1
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SUPERFUND
DIFFERENCE
PRES. CURRENT
BUDGET ENACTED ESTIMATE ENACTED VS EST. VS EST. VS
1994 1994 1994 PRES. BUD PRES. BUD ENACTED
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
APPROPRIATION
Office of Inspector $16,278.6 $16,278.6 $16,278.6
General
Haz Sub Resp-REINB
Hazardous Substance 1496,400.0 1480,853.0 1480,853.0 -$15,547.0 -$15,547.0
R6sponsc Trust Fund
Inspector General - $16,278.6 $16,278.6 -$16,278.6 -$16,278.6
Trust Fund
TOTAL, Superfund 1512,678.6 1497,131.6 1497,131.6 -$15,547.0 -$15,547.0
PERMANENT UORKYEARS 3,668.9 3,668.9 3,768.9 100.0 100.0
TOTAL UORKYEARS 3,668.9 3,668.9 3,768.9 100.0 100.0
The following points list the major reasons that the dollars devoted to this media have changed from submission
of the President's FY 1994 Budget Request to the FY 1994 Current Estimates.
SUPERFUND
o Extramural budgets were reduced by $45,000,000 as a result of Congressional action and restructuring of
the account.
o Intramural accounts were reduced $29,900,000 as a result of Congressional action and Administra
redirections.
o Redistribution of funds within Agency.
o The Enforcement program increased 70.1 workyears and $8.5 million. The largest increases reflect the
reorganization of the Agency's enforcement resources. Other increases include resources redirected to
the Office of Criminal Enforcement and NEIC to support the continued implementation of the Pollution
Prosecution Act. The increases were offset by several reductions that were taken to support other
Agencywide priorities and the President's effort to streamline the Federal workforce.
o Increase associated Redefinition of Administrative Support Costs.
o Reductions made to meet the FY 1994 Congressional Appropriations. These reductions focused primarily
on Surface Cleanup activities and on the congressionally specified Administrative Ceiling resources.
o Increases associated with Congressional Directives including earmarks for ATSDR and NIEHS.
13-2
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SUPERFOND
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
of 1980 (CERCLA), as amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
(SARA) of 1986 and extended through 1994 by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation
Act, charges the Agency with the responsibility of providing emergency response
for hazardous substances released into the environment and the remediation of
inactive hazardous waste sites. The Hazardous Substance Superfund finances these
activities through taxes levied on petroleum and certain chemical feed-stocks,
a corporate environmental tax, cost recoveries, fines, penalties and general
revenues.
The Agency responds to releases of hazardous substances by either
compelling potentially responsible parties (PRPs) to undertake the response
action, or by conducting Early or Long-term response actions. Early actions or
Removal actions, taken at both National Priorities List (NPL) sites and non-NPL
sites, are generally short-term responses taken to abate an emergency or
immediate threats posed by the uncontrolled release of hazardous substances.
Long-term response actions (Remedial Actions) implement remedies to achieve final
cleanup goals and are taken at NPL sites only. The program will continue to
select sites for remedial action from the NPL and to undertake all response
actions in accordance with the National Contingency Flan.
While EPA has the primary responsibility for implementing the program, the
Agency works closely with a variety of other Federal agencies and the states to
carry out the program. The Superfund program consists of five major
organizational areas: Enforcement; Hazardous Substance Response; Interagency
Support; Research and Development; and Management and Support. The effective
implementation of these activities involves close cooperation among various EPA
offices, the states, Indian tribes, and other Federal agencies.
The Administration is proposing legislation to reform the Superfund
program. Reforms to the current liability system will reduce litigation and
related transaction costs for the private sector, enhance the program's fairness,
speed cleanups, and promote economic development. Reforms to the existing remedy
selection process will reduce cleanup costs without sacrificing human health or
the environment. Because the Administration was still finalizing Superfund
legislation reforms when the 1995 budget was finalized, the current request does
not reflect these reforms.
INCREASED EMPHASIS ON ACCELERATED CT-EANUP AND EMERGENCY ACTIONS
The Response program has two major goals: to stabilize actual or potential
threats from releases of hazardous substances and to ensure that environmental
threats posed by uncontrolled hazardous waste sites are addressed quickly and
effectively. The Agency's policy is to address the worst sites first.
In 1995, the Superfund program will continue to implement recommendations
13-3
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made as a result of the "Superfund 30-Day Task Force Report" of FY 1991. The
Task Force looked at how the Superfund program can reduce risk more quickly at
contaminated sites and how the overall process of addressing sites can be
accelerated. The result of the study was the Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model
(SACM) which seeks to eliminate redundancy in, and shorten the duration of,
cleanup activities at both PRP- and Fund-lead sites. This will be accomplished
through streamlining efforts such as conducting integrated assessments and the
use of presumptive remedies and soil screening levels. These efforts will enable
Superfund to move sites through the cleanup pipeline at a quicker pace while
ensuring protection of human health and the environment.
In 1995, EPA will continue to emphasize a high level of PRP involvement in
the response cleanup process, thus assuring availability of funds for accelerated
cleanups where viable PRPs have not been identified. The Agency will manage the
level of new and ongoing cleanup activity within appropriated resource levels to
reach an equilibrium in the Superfund pipeline, while continuing to emphasize
meeting the Agency goal of construction completion at 650 NPL sites by the year
2000.
ENFORCEMENT-FIRST PROGRAM CONTINUES
The Agency's "enforcement-first" strategy s designed to compel PRPs to
conduct cleanup actions at sites for which they are responsible. A crucial step
in implementing this policy is initiation of PRP searches and negotiations in the
initial stages of site remediation. The Agency will continue to maximize PRP
response through negotiated settlements for removal actions, remedial
investigation/feasibility studies (RI/FS), remedial design/remedial action
(RD/RA); through compliance with Agency unilateral administrative orders (UAOs);
or through litigation.
The Agency will also emphasize addressing all cost recovery actions with
1995 Statute of Limitations (SOL) expiration dates, using Alternative Dispute
Resolution to more efficiently resolve costs owed.
- v
PRP responses resulting from settlements and judgments will be monitored
for compliance. Where negotiations are unsuccessful, UAOs may be issued. Where
a Fund-financed response is conducted following the issuance of a UAO, the Agency
is authorized to pursue the recovery of government costs plus treble damages. In
cases where PRPs do not respond in a timely manner or fail to comply with the
provisions of a Consent Decree, enforcement actions are taken. In some ca«=es,
a CERCLA Section 106 judicial action may follow to compel a privately-financed
response. The Agency can seek recovery of all government costs incurred as a
result of a Fund-financed action. Furthermore, non-settling PRPs will be
vigorously pursued for cost recovery, with the focus on large cases and cases
subject to a statute of limitation deadline. Efforts to identify additional PRPs
will continue throughout the stage prior to remedy selection.
The Agency will continue to encourage state involvement in the Superfund
program. The Agency will provide technical assistance as the states compel PRP
response under state authorities and oversee privately funded response actions.
13-4
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The Federal Facilities Enforcement Program will provide support for
oversight of CERCLA Section 120 agreements with Federal agencies to conduct
cleanup of environmental contamination at Federally owned facilities and ensure
that Federal agencies meet and comply with all environmental standards required
by SARA. Major priorities include: establishing a national priorities system for
Federal facilities cleanups in consultation with other Federal agencies, states,
and the public; providing technical assistance to Federal agencies; maintaining
the Federal facilities Hazardous waste Docket; and, assisting the Department of
Defense (DOD) in expediting environmental reviews and cleanup at military base
closures.
The Criminal Enforcement Program will use the felony provisions of SARA to
prosecute parties who illegally dispose of waste, fail to report hazardous
substance releases, destroy records, or submit false information on claims.
The Agency will also provide specialized support for the Enforcement
program through laboratory analysis of high hazard samples, field investigations,
technical assistance in the negotiations of consent decrees, and evidence audits
to assure the accuracy of records and analyses.
ENFORCEMENT FAIRNESS
In 1995, the Agency will emphasize the use of allocation tools to ensure
fairness in enforcement approaches. The Agency will continue to pursue de
minimis and de micromis settlements, evaluate and refine allocation tools, and
enhance negotiation strategies to improve the fairness in allocating liability.
By using alterative dispute resolution techniques, prospective purchaser
agreements, and mixed funding settlements, the Agency will maximize the fairness
of responsibility allocation, and will create the framework for equitable
settlement resolution. These strategies are particularly crucial for small
volume contributors.
MILITARY BASE CLOSURE
In 1995, EPA will assist the Department of Defense in site assessment
activities, selection of appropriate remedies, and cleanup to facilitate transfer
of Federal properties for economic redevelopment.
The Agency will work to accelerate cleanup at closing and realigning
military bases, prior to their use by the private sector, pursuant to the Defense
Base Closure and Realignment Act of 1990. Reimbursable workyears from the
Department of Defense will be used to create the Model Accelerated Cleanup (MAC)
program. The MAC teams will work with DOD and the state to support the
President's Fast Track Cleanup for the bases.
NPL CONSTRUCTION COMPLETIONS
A key goal for Superfund is achieving 650 NPL construction completions by
the year 2000. In 1995, the Agency will establish a comprehensive list of
13-5
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potential construction completion candidates and track the status of these sites
on a regular basis. The Agency is also clarifying the requirements and
procedures for completions.
CONTRACTS MANAGEMENT
The Agency will use contract support chiefly for implementation of site
evaluations and cleanups and to provide technical support for functions such as
information management. In 1995, the Agency will continue to refine and
implement the Superfund Long-Term Contracting Strategy to assure the most
efficient and cost effective utilization of contractor resources. Anticipated
results of the strategy include smaller contracts, personnel managing the
contracts in the offices where the work is conducted, and the opportunity for
smaller firms to compete for these contracts.
Actions to promptly and effectively correct contracts management- control
weaknesses remain a top priority of the Superfund program. In 1995, Superfund
will continue to monitor and verify the numerous corrective action measures
currently in place to ensure that any mismanagement of resources and fraud are
avoided. Financial management efforts will focus on the financial integrity of
Superfund site-specific cost accounting data and on providing timely and accurate
reports to program managers.
The Agency's Office of Inspector General will also continue to investigate
cases of fraud, waste and abuse in Superfund Federal Assistance and procurement
programs and promote economy efficiency and effectiveness through an aggressive
program of performance and finance audits and investigations. The Office of
Inspector General will focus on ensuring the integrity of Superfund contracts,
grants, assistance agreements, financial statements, and the administration of
extramural resources and research.
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE
In 1995, Superfund will continue efforts to ensure that citizens receives
comparable protection under CERCLA and equitable benefits from cleanup
activities, regardless of ethnicity or economic status. The Agency will continue
with activities to better assess potential areas of inequity and identify
appropriate solutions.
The Agency will develop a proactive strategy for environmental justice at
Superfund sites using the results of a review of all Superfund sites (NPL and
non-NPL) where equity issues have been raised. Site project managers and
community relations staffs will improve the flow and quality of information to
culturally diverse communities. The Agency will simplify instructions for
applying for Technical Assistance Grants, and continue to provide translation
services, among other activities.
13-6
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ENHANCEMENT OF STATE ROLE
The Agency will provide technical and financial support for the development
of State capability and expand State participation in cleanup and site screening
activity in 1995. State deferral will encourage qualified, interested States to
address sites now in EPA's NFL listing queue, thereby accelerating cleanup and
streamlining State/Federal efforts at sites.
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
The Superfund Research program provides the scientific and technical
information necessary to resolve technical problems which inhibit the effective
implementation of removal and remedial actions at Superfund sites. Research
emphasis will continue on the development of innovative treatment technologies
for use in cleanup actions under the Superfund Innovative Technology (SITE)
program, and on the evaluation of bioremediation's ability to degrade hazardous
substances in a cost effective and environmentally sound manner. The research
program will also provide site-specific technical support for risk assessment,
site characterization, and selection of remedial alternatives.
SPECIAL EXPERTISE OF OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES
The Agency integrates the efforts of the Departments of Health and Human
Services, Justice, Transportation, Commerce, Interior, Labor, and the Federal
Emergency Management Agency as required under CERCLA. The activities of other
Federal agencies are divided into two basic categories: specific site or spill
response actions, and the support of activities which are not incident-specific.
The latter include: developing program policies and guidance; conducting health
research; training response personnel; litigating civil and criminal cases; and
providing scientific and technical advice to EPA on-scene coordinators.
The Department of Health and Human Services provides the largest supporting
element to Superfund activities through the work of the Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the National Institute for
Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). ATSDR will provide health assessments at
NPL and non-NPL sites, enhance and maintain toxicology data bases for chemicals
found at sites, and provide health consultations for emergency responses. NIEHS
will maintain a worker safety training program and will continue its basic
research program.
The Department of Justice conducts litigation and provides legal advice to
achieve PRP actions or cost recovery; the U.S. Coast Guard responds to spills of
hazardous substances in the coastal zone and Great Lakes waters and maintains the
National Response Center. NOAA provides technical support to EPA on identifying
and assessing risks to coastal resources. DOI assists with natural resource
damage assessments and trains State and local governments in emergency
preparedness and response. FEMA trains local officials in emergency management
and OSHA evaluates safety and worker health measures at sites.
13-7
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CONSULTING SERVICES
The Agency requires private consultants to perform essential support in
cases where it is not economically effective to possess the specialized, expert
personnel services required. The Agency will utilize the services of consultants
chiefly for implementation of site evaluations and cleanups as well as to provide
technical support of other basic functions such as information management
systems.
Program descriptions do not reflect any increase in workyears that may
result from the 900 additional workyears that EPA received for contractor
conversion.
13-8
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Program Activities
Incremental Outputs
ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS
SUPERFUND
Current
Actual Estimate
1993 1994
Increase
or
Decrease
Request 1995 vs.
1995 1994
Response Enforcement
106 Civil Actions
Remedial Administrative Orders
Other Administrative Orders
Criminal Referrals
Criminal Investigations
Cost Recovery
107 Referrals
Administrative *
36
50
184
2
2
41
21
62
44
260
1
1
28
36
62
44
244
2
2
57
38
+0
+0
-16
+1
+1
+29
+2
RESPONSE ACTIONS (New Sites Only)
Early Actions
Fund Financed.
PRP Response..
(Removal Actions) **
Site Screening/Assessment Actions
Removal Investigations
Preliminary Assessments
Site Inspections
Remedial Investigations
Long-Term Response Actions
Feasibility Studies
Fund Financed ; >
PRP Response
Remedial Designs
Fund Financed
PRP Response
Remedial Actions
Fund Financed....
PRP Response
Construction Completions (NPL)
206
64
635
1,104
713
33
22
28
43
8
49
68
175
62
635
860
713
17
24
10
42
22
58
65
200
100
635
827
712
30
15
30
21
56
11
63
65
* This activity includes administrative plus voluntary cost
recoveries and cost recoveries resulting from demand letters.
** Removal actions include NPL and non-NPL starts.
+25
+38
0
-33
-1
N/A
-2
+6
+11
+14
-11
+5
13-9
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SUPERFUND
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES
Cumulative Outputs
ACTUAL
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
OR
DECREASE
1995 VS.
1994
ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS
Response Enforcement
106 Civil Actions
Remedial Administrative Orders
Other Administrative Orders
Criminal Referrals
Criminal Investigations
Cost Recovery
107 Referrals
Administrative *
407
294
1,438
3
14
587
454
469
338
1,698
5
16
615
490
531
382
1,942
7
18
672
528
+62
+44
+244
+2
+2
+57
+38
RESIONSE ACTIONS (New Sites Only)
Early Actions
Fund Financed
PRP Response.
(Removal Actions) **
2,078
634
Site Screening/Assessment Actions
Removal Investigations
Preliminary Assessments
Site Inspections
Remedial Investigations
Long-Term Response Actions
Feasibility Studies
Fund Financed
PRP Response
Remedial Designs
Fund Financed
PRP Response
1,270
34,248
16,651
2,253
696
1,905
35,108
17,364
Remedial Actions
Fund Financed—,
PRP Response
Construction Completions (NPL)
1,020
592
296
386
210
249
216
1,037
616
306
428
232
307
281
2,453
796
2,540
35,935
18,076
30
1,052
646
327
484
243
370
346
+200
+100
+635
+827
+712
N/A
+15
+30
+21
+56
+11
+63
+65
* This activity includes administrative plus voluntary cost recoveries and
cost recoveries resulting from demand letters.
** Removal actions include NPL and non-NPL starts.
13-10
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SUPERFUND
Hazardous Substance Research
PROGRAM
Hazardous Substances
Research
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
ACTUAL PRES.
1993 BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT REQUEST
ESTIMATE 1995
1994
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$63,662.5 $59,130.4 $62,614.6 $62,560.4 $59,872.0
TOTAL $63,662.5 $59,130.4 $62,614.6 $62,560.4 $59,872.0
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REO
VS
1994 CE
-$2,688.4
-$2,688.4
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
$741 .6
$741.6
TOTAL:
Hazardous Substance $63,662.5 $59,130.4 $62,614.6 $62,560.4 $59,872.0 -$2,688.4 $741.6
Response Trust Fund
Hazardous Substance TOTAL $63,662.5 $59,130.4 $62,614.6 $62,560.4 $59,872.0 -$2,688.4 $741.6
Research
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Hazardous Substances
Research
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Hazardous Substances
Research
TOTAL WORKYEARS
125.8
125.8
129.0
129.0
131.7
131.7
131.7
131.7
131.7
131.7
131.7
131.5
131.5
131.5
131.5
128.4
128.4
128.4
128.4
•3.1
•3.1
3.1
3.1
-3.3
-3.3
-3.3
-3.3
13-11
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1995
1994
SUPERFUND
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES RESEARCH
PRINCIPAL OUTPUTS
Provide Congress the annual Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
(SITE) report.
Complete up to ten new SITE evaluations and update the technology
profiles document.
Report on behavior of pump and treat systems in fractured rock
settings.
Report on surfactant remediation of a Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids
(DNAPL) spill.
Provide technical support to the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response (OSWER) for the development of remediation guidance.
Provide technical support to On-Seen Coordinators, states and local
communities on surface cleanup and groundwater technologies,
evaluations, and monitoring techniques.
Provide, in collaboration with the U.S. Air Force, a design manual on
bioventing of soils contaminated with fuel hydrocarbons.
Provide reports on pilot-scale anaerobic/aerobic treatment of solids
contaminated with recalcitrant hazardous wastes.
Provide Congress the annual Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
(SITE) report.
Complete the Technology Profiles seventh edition of individual
demonstrations from the SITE program. Up-dating for such technologies
as air sparging, bioventing and in-situ volatilization.
Complete report on requirements for remediation of aquifer
contamination by solvent flushing.
Complete report on available in-situ treatment technologies for
remediation of ground-water contamination from DNAPLs.
Provide technical support to On-Seen Coordinators, states and local
communities on Surface Cleanup and Groundwater technologies,
evaluations, and monitoring techniques.
13-12
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1993
Combine monitoring programs, analysis techniques for stressor-specific
exposures and hazards related to Superfund sites, and develop ecorisk
guidelines for Agency-wide use in ecological risk assessment.
Complete field and pilot demonstration of biofiltration and vacuum
extraction for control of volatile organic chemicals in soils.
Provide reports on treatment effectiveness of soil slurry bioreactors
for selected hazardous wastes.
Develop national database on use of bioremediation for remediation of
CERCLA, RCRA, UST and non-regulated sites.
o Completed SITE evaluations on 14 technologies including membrane
technology for treatment of wood preserving contamination, and on
combining treatment technologies to focus on a variety of pollutants
such as hydrocarbon and metals.
o Provided the Regions and On-Seen Coordinators site-specific monitoring
for alternatives. Scientists provided site-specific monitoring for the
Regions and the program offices in soil sampling, photographic
interpretation, and topographic and planimetric maps for site
assessment, and groundwater methods.
o Reported on the anaerobic degradation of heterocyclic compounds found
in the ground water at the American Creosote Site, Pensacola, FL.
o Developed' "Handbook of Bioremediation" published through Lewis
Publishers.
o Completed reports on the treatment of volatile and semi-volatile
organic compounds using the anaerobic, expanded-bed, granular activated
carbon reactor.
13-13
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SUPERFUND
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES RESEARCH
BUDGET REQUEST
1995 BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $59,872,000 supported by a total of 128.4
workyears for 1995, all of which will be for Hazardous Substance (Superfund)
research. This represents a decrease of $2,688,400 and 3.1 workyears from the
1994 level. The reduction results from completion of the portion of the research
and development funded by Congressional earmarks, partially offset by an increase
in technical support supporting surface cleanup. The decrease in workyears
reflects the government-wide reduction that is part of the President's
Initiative to reduce the size and cost of government and internal realignments
supporting new priorities.
1994 BUDGET
The Agency is allocating a total of $62,560,400 supported by a total of
131.5 workyears for this research program ele^ext «-ll of which will be from the
Hazardous Substance Appropriation.
1993 BUDGET
The Agency obligated a total of $63,662,500 supported by 129.0 total
workyears for this research program element all of which was from the Hazardous
Substance Appropriation.
RESEARCH ISSUES
The sections below describe research program issues by each fiscal year,
- v
ECOSYSTEMS PROTECTION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The EPA's Office of Research and Development will restructure its ecological
planning issues to reflect the transition from a single species, single stressor,
ecotoxicological research orientation to an integrated ecological perspective,
that focuses on ecosystems protection and management. This integrated ecological
approach will allow the Agency to monitor more effectively, understand ecological
processes and impacts, and predict risks related to the cumulative effects from
both natural and anthropogenic stresses upon ecosystems. Research will irclvde
a geographic approach with a primary focus on watersheds. To carry out the
ecosystem protection research, scientists will use current scientific knowledge
and understanding to develop an innovative, holistic, integrated program designed
to provide a new generation of computer-based analysis and decision tools
tailored to the information needs and responsibilities of Federal, State, and
local ecological resource managers and regulatory officials.
13-14
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The three scientific needs of monitoring, understanding ecosystem response,
and predicting risks will be addressed by three components in the ecosystem
protection research program. The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program
(EMAP) component will seek to monitor nationally the status and trends of
ecosystems. The Geographic Integration component will seek to understand,
describe, and characterize the response of ecological systems to anthropogenic
stressing ecosystem response, and predicting risks will be addressed by three
components in the ecosystem protection research program. The Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) component will seek to monitor
nationally the status and trends of ecosystems. The Geographic Integration
component will seek to understand, describe, and characterize the response of
ecological systems to anthropogenic stress, and to develop strategies for
restoration of ecological systems. The Ecological Risk Assessment component will
seek to predict the risks to ecosystems from various stressors. Hazardous Waste
research is contained in the Ecological Risk Assessment component of ecosystems
protection research.
Ecological Risk Assessment. The primary goal of the ecological risk
assessment component is to ensure that research develops the methods necessary
to conduct ecological risk assessments for multiple scales and purposes.
Scientists will continue research on the programs initiated in 1994, which will
become part of the ecosystems protection research program., Additional resources
will also be used to expand ecological risk assessment research from a national
focus to also include more specific research on representative watersheds in key
ecoregions of the country, such as the Pacific Northwest and the Great Lakes.
Ecological risk assessments will continue to include the effects of hazardous
substances.
1994 PROGRAM
The Ecosystems Protection research issue is new in 1995 and consolidates
nine research issues carried out under several ORD media program elements (PEs).
The nine issues that will be consolidated into the Ecosystems Protection issue
are Coastal and Marine, Large Lakes and Rivers, Wetlands, Contaminated Sediments,
Aquatic Ecocriteria, Nonpoint Sources, Ecorisk Methods, Habitat/Biodiversity, and
EMAP. Within the Hazardous Waste PE, the issue being consolidated is Ecorisk
Assessment Methods. Information on the 1994 research related to Ecorisk Methods
is available in the "1994 Program" section of that issue.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Ecosystems Protection research issue is a new research issue in 1995
that consolidates nine 1993 research issues carried out under several ORD media
program elements (PEs) Within the Hazardous Waste PE, the issue being
consolidated is Ecological Risk Assessment Methods. Information on the 1993
research related to Ecological Risk Assessment Methods is available in the "1993
Accomplishments" section of that issue.
13-15
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ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In 1995, Ecological Risk Assessment Methods research will be conducted and
described as part of the Ecosystems Protection research issue.
1994 PROGRAM
Research is being conducted on methods to assess the likelihood that adverse
effects (e.g., mortality, population or reproductive decrease) will occur as a
result of exposure to the release of a hazardous substance. The framework for
analysis is rural watersheds at a variety of geographic scales, from local
drainage basins through major watersheds. ORD is combining monitoring programs,
analysis techniques for stressor-specific exposures and hazards related to
Superfund sites, and the development of ecorisk guidelines for Agency-wide use
in ecological risk assessment.
Research is using current scientific knowledge to develop a new holistic and
integrated program designed to utilize a new generation of computer-based
analysis and decision tools tailored to the information needs and authorities of
Federal, State, and local resource managers. Researchers are examining the
synergy between eutrophication, toxicity, and habitat loss. They are designing
a new generation of ecologically-capable watershed models grounded in geographic
information systems (CIS) technology and individual-based ecological approaches
that will evaluate stressors in a whole-system perspective. Scientists will put
Superfund sites into ecological perspective relative to other sources of stress
within a watershed.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
EPA provided site-specific technical support to the Regions and States for
risk assessment, site characterization, and the selection of remedial
alternatives. Scientists provided site-specific monitoring for the Regions and
the program offices in soil sampling, photographic interpretation, topographic
and planimetric maps for site assessment, and groundwater methods.
GROUNDWATER
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Approximately seventy five percent of all Superfund National Priority List
sites identify pollution of groundwater as one of the major problems that must
be cr-e-come. Current understandings of the underlying science issues and cost
effective treatment options are still in their infancy. EPA will conduct
additional research on long-term projects to evaluate the behavior of pump-and-
treat systems in fractured rock, and the use of surfactant to enhance removal of
dense nonaqueous-phase liquids (DNAPLs). Scientists and engineers will
accelerate research on scientifically defensible soil cleanup standards and other
site closure criteria, innovative methods for site characterization, and fielc
testing of enhanced aquifer remediation methods at DNAPL sites. ORD will
13-16
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continue to provide state-of- science technical support to Agency personnel
working on Superfund sites through an active technical assistance and technology
transfer program.
1994 PROGRAM
ORB Superfund groundwater research is focusing on remediation, monitoring
and characterization, and transport and transformation. Scientists are
continuing to support the Surface Cleanup and Mobilization Processes (SCAMP)
program, providing technical support, focusing on geophysical methods with the
production of guidance manuals, and developing and evaluating models and test
methods .
Scientists are completing an evaluation of the use of surfactants for
enhancing the remediation of Den^e Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPL)
contamination in the subsurface. ORD is further evaluating in place remediation
technologies with the emphasis on DNAPL contamination and pump -and- treat
strategies. ORD groundwater research is emphasizing technical support to On
Scene Coordinators, States, local communities and the private sector.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Scientists provided support to improve characterization at Superfund sites.
A manual for summarizing the current state of knowledge for evaluation of sites
suspected of contamination by dense non-aqueous liquids (DNAPLs) was completed
and distributed to the EPA program and regional offices. Researchers provided
data through an ongoing project on waste sites in fractured rock which has the
potential to improve the characterizations tools use at Superfund sites . A
report was issued on the use of electromagnetic sounding for subsurface
characterization. Researchers completed a modeling study of the factors limiting
the success of cdnventional pump and treat method. The study provided
quantitative data on the significant role played by subsurface heterogeneity in
limiting the success of pump and treat. ORD continued to provide technical
support to OSWER and the regional offices, and provided support to OSWER for the
development of .the "technical impracticability" guidance and the development of
soil screening levels. ORD continued to provide a high level of site-specific
technical support to the regional offices in dealing with problems related to the
remediation of ground-water contamination.
SURFACE
1995 PROCTAH REQUEST
ORD will provide techniques and procedures to allow On- Scene Coordinators
and Remedial Project Managers to quickly evaluate the degree of hazard posed by
waste sites. The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) program will
continue to evaluate promising processes, techniques, and technologies offered
by vendors . Researchers will evaluate new concepts on equipment processes or
techniques operating at nearly full-scale for separation, recycling and
incineration. Scientists and engineers will investigate issues associated with
source separation, recycling, thermal reduction and ash residues, special waste
(medical, sludge) and land disposal. Researchers will evaluate the integration
13-17
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of all aspects of hazardous materials management as more accurate costs ar
determined for various alternatives.
ORD will produce and distribute the 6th Edition of Technology Profiles and
the Seventh SITE Annual Report to Congress. The Agency will initiate a report
on cost requirements and capabilities of in-situ mixing systems and complete
evaluation on directional drilling and other methods for delivery and recovery
in normally consolidated soils. Additional accomplishments will include field
evaluation of portable open-path infrared (IR) system technology, and a state-
of-the-art report on above ground storage tank leak detection methodologies.
1994 PROGRAM
Researchers are developing, evaluating, and demonstrating analytical
protocols, sampling techniques, and data interpretation approaches useful for
characterizing Superfund sites. These methods include air monitoring techniques,
sample preparation methods, automated data transfer techniques, geophysical
methods, and land remote sensing techniques.
Scientists are furnishing site specific technical support to the Regions and
States for risk assessments, site characterization, and the selection of remedial
alternatives. ORD is evaluating new and promising treatment technologies under
the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) program to encourage the
commercialization of innovative and alternative treatment and monitoring
technologies. The goal is to provide environmental decision-makers with new,
viable treatment options that have performance or cost advantages compared to
traditional treatment technologies.
Engineers and scientists are providing technology and assistance on issues
relevant to the Superfund cleanup program office, EPA Regions, and States. ORD
is conducting workshops on bioremediation of hazardous waste, in- situ ^treatment
technologies, and recovery of products.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program completed
soil-washing field tests with the Volume Reduction Unit (VRU) in cooperation with
the Emergency Response Team (ERT), Region 4, and Region 8. Researchers produced
and distributed a Guide for Conduction Treatabilitv Studies under CERCLA:
Biodegradation Remedy Selection and a guide on the "Use of Chemical Dispersants
for In-land Spills . Site characterization, monitoring, quality assurance,
technical assistance, and remediation technology testing and evaluation continued
throughout FY 1993 in cooperation with the states and EPA regional offices to
focus on Superfund site cleanups.
BIOREMEDIATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Bioremediation is an engineered process using microorganisms to decompose
toxic and hazardous materials. Remediation using these processes are usuall-
13-18
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non-toxic, non-hazardous and significantly less invasive to the environment than
current cleanup methods. Successful development of bioremediation as a cleanup
alternative could significantly impact the cost of, and options available for
site remediation.
Scientists and engineers will take the bioremediation process to the pilot
plant and field testing stages. Several large scale field demonstrations will
be initiated on sites contaminated with BTEX, petroleum products, and chlorinated
solvents (TCE). While the research on microbial biodegradation processes will
continue, ORD will place a high priority on research and development that
provides practical field approaches. Researchers will improve the efficacy of
using direct introductions of microorganisms for field bioremediation through
genetic manipulation. The research team will conduct the first field trial of
a genetically engineered microorganism in 1995.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD research is using biodegradation process studies to drive the
development of technology, and is using existing contaminated areas, particularly
Superfund sites, as experimental field laboratories to address problems of
reactor design, process control, engineering operation, and integration with
other technologies. This research is being intp.g^at-ed with mathematical models
to give a predictive framework for assessing effective and safe use of
bioremediation. The chemicals of greatest concern are creosote and other
wood-preserving wastes, organic solvents, PCBs, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH), and metals.
Researchers are developing field test procedures. Pilot scale research is
developing innovative engineering approaches that lead to full-scale field
testing. Scientists are initiating additional cooperative projects with the SITE
program.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
- »
Scientists are completing a demonstration of several bioremediation
technologies in field demonstration including bioventing, anaerobic removal of
BTEX, and creosote degradation in bioreactors.
HUMAN EXPOSURE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
ORD will produce a series of compendia of methods for monitoring and
assessing human exposure and the resulting body burden, using biomarkers at
Superfund sites.
1994 PROGRAM
Researchers are developing and field-testing biological techniques
(biomarkers) for estimating human exposure and the resulting body burden in
workers and populations living near Superfund sites.
13-19
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Scientists investigated use of breath, tissue, and body fluids as vehicles
for measuring exposures. This research enabled the Agency to improve exposure
estimates on populations exposed to waste sites.
HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Research to Improve Health Risk Assessments (RIHRA) will continue to improve
methods used in the risk assessment process. Research will focus on improvements
in exposure assessment, quantitative relationships between exposure and dose, and
the biological bases for dose-response relationships. Scientists will provide
a report on the pharmacokinetic modeling of trichloroethylene metabolites.
Emphasis will be placed on chemical or issue-specific documentation and risk
information dissemination. EPA will continue the development of chemical
specific, site specific, and issue-specific assessments and guidance documents.
Continued emphasis will be given to guidance on the assessment of chemical
mixtures. Researchers will produce a final report on the reassessment of dioxin.
1994 PROGRAM
EPA is carrying out a comprehensive program to enhance the Agency's
scientific capabilities to detect, assess, and evaluate risks to human health
from hazardous substances, as well as to provide technical support to Agencj
offices in the areas of site and situation assessments. Examples include the
development of pharmacokinetic models for use in risk assessment and computer
programs to help conduct exposure and risk assessments for the Superfund program.
Researchers are preparing a report on the analyses of slope.factors for soil or
dust lead to blood lead relationships, as well as a final report on the U.S. Lead
Abatement study. Researchers are conducting a major reassessment of the health
and ecological effects of dioxin.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Risk assessment methods research for hazardous substances was carried out
in seven major research areas: (1) integrated exposure assessment, (2)
physiologically based biologically based dose response models, (3) biologically-
based dose response models, (4) analysis of uncertainty in risk assessment, (5)
chemical and site-specific assessments, (6) guidance, and (7) information
dissemination. This research defined methodologies to detect, assess, and
evaluate risk to human health from hazardous materials. Research continued to
provide guidance on the assessment of hazardous materials, on-line informational
systems and software to assist those evaluating chemical and site-specific risks.
Staff also provided assistance to the Regions and States regarding specific
Superfund sites.
13-20
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INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
As mandated by Public Law 102-564, the Small Business Innovative Research
Program (SBIR) will allocate 2.0 percent of the Agency's extramural Superfund
research appropriation to support the small businesses engaged in the development
of equipment for abatement and control of contaminated Superfund sites. The
Agency will use this program to take advantage of unique solutions developed by
the private sector to remediate Superfund sites.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD carries out Public Law 102-564, the Small Business Innovation Research
Program (SBIR) through the allocation of 1.5 percent of the Agency's extramural
research appropriation to the support the Small Businesses engaged in the
development of equipment for pollution abatement and control and process
instrumentation. Under this program, the Agency is taking advantage of unique
solutions to Superfund remediation issues that may be offered by the private
sector.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
As mandated by Public Law 102-564, the Small Business Innovation Research
Program (SBIR), EPA allocated 1.5 percent of the Agency's extramural research
appropriation to support small businesses engaged in the development of equipment
for pollution abatement and control and process instrumentation.
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
ORD will develop and disseminate technical information to the Region*,
States, local communities, private sector, and the international community.
Staff will conduct seminars on treatment technologies for nuclear sites, and on
treatment technologies for contaminated sediments. Researchers will prepare •
handbook for treatment of contaminated sediments, and will support various
activities to foster the application of bioremediation techniques at Superfund
sites.
1994 PROGRAM
The ORD Center for Environmental Research Information is developing and
dis^emr'nating technical information to the Regions, States, local communities,
private sector, and the international community. This information relates to
both current and previously developed data useful in understanding the problems
at Superfund sites, and to specific cleanup options which have or are currently
being evaluated. ORD is preparing handbooks on the treatment of landfill
leachates and groundwater from Superfund sites, enhanced delivery and recovery
systems, and on recycling and reuse of waste material on Superfund sites. ORD
is providing workshops on mining waste remediation.
13-21
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD developed and disseminated technical information on evaluating
technologies for treating landfills leachates and groundwater from Superfund
sites, Quality Assurance/ Quality Control (QA/QC) for CERCLA waste management
facilities, controlling oil spills, and assessing the effectiveness of
bioremediation technologies.
EXPLORATORY GRANTS AND CENTERS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The exploratory grants and certe-s issue will include resources for both
the Minority Academic Institutions program and the Hazardous Substances Research
Centers.
The ORD Minority Academic Institutions Research program will continue to
develop curriculum and training materials, provide mechanisms for the development
of students and faculty in environmental fields, and conduct basic and applied
research and development, technology transfer, and outreach programs associated
with Hazardous Substance (Superfund) research and technology.
The competitive Hazardous Substances Research Centers (HSRC) program will
continue supporting the five Centers and their 25 member universities. The HSRC
will fund approximately 220 research and technology transfer projects, and
support approximately 240 graduate and post doctoral students working on the
research projects of the centers. A number of these research projects will be
in the field demonstration phase at Superfund sites across the country.
1994 PROGRAM
The Minority Academic Institution program is focusing on environmental
education, policy and research while promoting the capabilities of minority
activities and increasing the participation of minorities in environmental
careers.
The competitive hazardous substance grants and centers program is
supporting five multi-university centers. The centers operate across the country
investigating a variety of hazardous substances problems and concerns. The lead
institution research theme for each research center are the following: New
Jersey Institute of Technology for incineration and in-situ remediation
technology; University of Michigan for bioremediation, including engineered
systems; Louisiana State University for sediment contamination; Kansas State
University for contamination of soils by metals and non-point sources of organic
pollutants; and Stanford University for groundwater cleanup and site remediation.
A national Bioremediation Field Demonstration Site is being established at the
former Wurtsmith Air Force Base in northeast Michigan.
Congressional Directive. The 1994 Appropriations provided $3,500,000 for
minority institutions under the Hazardous Substances Research Centers program,
and $2,500,000 for the Gulf Coast Hazardous Substances Research Center. Both of
13-22
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these directives are funded within this Superfund issue.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Several important new efforts were undertaken. The South/Southwest HSRC
explored the ability of plant enzymes to biotransform trinitrotoluene (TNT) in
munitions wastes. The Northeast HSRC successfully field-demonstrated a process
(pneumatic-fracturing and vapor extraction) which is 3-5 times as effective as
traditional methods of removing contaminants from subsurfaces. The Great
Plains/Rocky Mountain HSRC demonstrated the ability of densely planted poplar
trees to remediate soil contaminated with agricultural chemicals.
INFRASTRUCTURE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Adequately funded infrastructure is critical to ORD's success in conducting
the quality science needed to assure that the Agency's decisions are
scientifically sound. The most critical part of ORD's infrastructure is its
staff. The assumption underlying all our research activities includes a
productive workforce.
ORD established this cohesive, cross-cutting issue for infrastructure based
upon the importance of this activity to planned and ongoing research activities.
Funding for the Hazardous Substance (Superfund) Program Element has been
centralized within the infrastructure issue to provide improved management in
ORD's salaries, travel and related costs associated with managing research
programs.
Workyears assigned to this issue represent a consolidation of existing
research functions which had previously been allocated across multiple issues.
This realignment provides greater accuracy in accounting for workforce usage,
enabling management to utilize better information in decision-making and planning
purposes. Consolidated activities include: science policy and program
development; technical evaluation, review, and guidance to EPA program/regional
offices, Federal/State Agencies, and foreign governments; research quality
assurance and program review; extramural resource management; technology transfer
of scientific information; ADP technical program development of environmental
data systems; repilatory mission support; facilities maintenance and oversight;
health and safety, and environmental compliance; research planning and program
development; operational research oversight; policy and procedure development;
program planning and operations; resource planning and review; document
production; and secretarial/clerical support and personnel staffs.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD's current infrastructure program provides compensation and benefits, and
travel for ORD scientists and engineers. ORD's workforce carries out scientific
research programs in support of the Agency's mission.
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD funded its workyears in scientific support of the Agency's mission,
providing the personnel compensation and benefits, and travel for ORD scientists
and engineers.
CROSS PROGRAMS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
ORD's Superfund Technical Liaison Program (STLP) will continue providing
technical support to Regional Superfund staff and managers. This program is
designed to establish a more interactive relationship between ORD laboratory
scientists and the Regional Superfund staff. Technical Liaison staff work with
Remedial Project Managers, On-Scene Coordinators, and their managers to help
define Regional scientific and engineering needs, identifying the appropriate
laboratories and individuals within ORD to respond to those needs, and work with
those laboratories and individuals to ensure that the needs are addressed in a
timely and effective manner.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD staff continue to provide technical support to Regional Superfund staff
and managers through the Superfund Technical Liaison Program.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Superfund Technical Liaison Program established a baseline network for
needed interactive work between the laboratory scientists and the Regional staff
over the past year. This baseline will allow for the continued flow of
information for those working in Superfund field activities.
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SUPERFUND
Hazardous Substance Response
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Hazardous Spill & Site
Response
Hazardous Substance 1132,921.2 1022,130.1 $976,904.1 $979,905.4 $972,259.2 -$7.646.2 -$49,870.9
Response Trust Fund
TOTAL 1132,921.2 1022,130.1 $976,904.1 $979,905.4 $972,259.2 -$7,646.2 -$49,870.9
TOTAL:
Hazardous Substance 1132,921.2 1022,130.1 $976,904.1 $979,905.4 $972,259.2 -$7,646.2 -$49,870.9
Response Trust Fund
Hazardous Substance TOTAL 1132,921.2 1022,130.1 $976,904.1 $979,905.4 $972,259.2 -$7,646.2 -$49,870.9
Response
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Hazardous Spill & Site 1,238.8 1,247.8 1,247.8 1,263.8 1,242.8 -21.0 -5.0
Response
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 1,238.8 1,247.8 1,247.8 1,263.8 1,242.8 -21.0 -5.0
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Hazardous Spill & Site 1,290.3 1,247.8 1,247.8 1,263.8 1,242.8 -21.0 -5.0
Response
TOTAL WORKYEARS 1,290.3 1,247.8 1,247.8 1,263.8 1,242.8 -21.0 -5.0
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SUPERFUND
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESPONSE - ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
HAZARDOUS SPILL AND SITE RESPONSE
1995 BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $972,259,200 for Hazardous Substance
Response. Of these resources, $99,690,700 will be for salaries and
administrative expenses to support 1,242.8 total workyears and $872,568,500 will
be for extramural support. This resource level represents a decrease of
$7,646,200 and 21.0 total workyears from 1994. The resource decrease is due
primarily to the decline in funding for site screening and assessment as greater
efficiencies have been achieved and as more sites move into later phases of
cleanup. The workforce request reflects the government-wide initiative to reduce
the Federal workforce and streamline operations.
The Superfund Response Program can be classified into five categories: Site
Assessment, Early Actions, Long Term Media Restoration, Response Management, and
direct support for site activities. This direct support includes policy and
guidance development, program evaluation and coordination, information
management, contract management, site assessment support, remedial support, and
removal support.
The 1995 budget priorities focus on addressing worst sites first through
accelerated cleanups. Priority funding is provided to site assessment and
removal and remedial action activities. The budget also supports military base
closures by allocating resources for Headquarters technical oversight support.
In addition, Headquarters support for enforcement lead removal and remedial
investigations and feasibility studies (RI/FS) projects is now provided in this
account, pursuant to the Er-fcre-jmr.it reorganization.
Over the last two years, Superfund has developed momentum towards meeting
the 650 NPL construction completion goal by the year 2000. The 1995 budget
provides resources to continue progress towards meeting the goal.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $979,905,400 for Hazardous
Substance Response. Of these resources, $89,233,000 are for salaries and
administrative expenses-to support 1,263.8 total workyears and $890,672,400 are
for extramural support.
Ir 1994, the Agency will focus on implementing a number of administrative
initiatives designed to streamline the cleanup process and facilitate community
involvement.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $1,132,921,200 for Hazardous
Substance Response. Of these resources, $83,766,100 was for salaries and
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administrative expenses to support 1,290.3 total workyears and $1,049,155,100 was
for extramural support.
In 1993, the primary focus of the response program was on meeting the
Agency's goal to complete cleanups at 200 sites. The Agency completed cleanup
construction at 217 sites, exceeding the target by 17.
SITE SCREENING/ASSESSMENT PROGRAM
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $142,101,500 for this program from the
Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation. Funding for site screening and
assessment has declined significancl> from 1993 levels as greater efficiencies
have been achieved and as more sites move into later phases of cleanup.
Uncontrolled releases at hazardous waste sites will be identified by the
program in a timely manner through preliminary assessments (PA), removal
investigations, site inspections (SI) and remedial investigations (RI). In
addition, increased employment of the Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model (SACM)
integrated assessments will facilitate early action at high risk sites. Based
on site assessment results, the Agency will score a site to determine whether it
is eligible to be placed on the National Priorities List (NPL). The program
plans to add 40 non-Federal and 10 Federal facility sites to the NPL, resulting
in a steady flow of projects into the remedial pipeline.
In 1995, the Agency will begin implementing the Delivery of Analytical
Services (DAS) strategy to streamline site sampling, in part by moving management
of analytical resources from headquarters to the regional offices. In 1995, EPA
will also emphasize quality assurance for the Contract Lab Program (CLP) and
overall contractor oversight responsibilities.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $156,313,200 for site screening
assessment from the Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation. During 1994,
the Agency is reducing the SI backlog, streamlining the site assessment process,
and completing response activities. These efforts include full implementation
of SACM and the integrated assessment approach to site assessment. Support
resources are divided among the quality assurance (QA) program, which provides
support to the CLP, site assessment and health and ecological assessments.
The program is conducting 1,480 site inspection prioritizations (SIPs) and
118 expanded site inspections (ESIs) to address the SI backlog. The program is
also conducting 810 PAs and 713 Sis to assess new sites as they are discovered.
EPA is placing a high priority on conducting PAs at all sites within one
year of entry into CERCLIS, performing Sis at all sites recommended for further
evaluation based on their potential environmental impact, and implementing
listing site inspections at the highest priority sites (i.e., those most likely
to score above the revised Hazard Ranking System (HRS) cutoff).
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In 1994, the site assessment program continues its responsibilities for
sample analysis and data review for all phases of the site assessment, remedial,
and removal programs. The DAS analysis, recommendations and implementation plan
will be completed this year.
The program has placed a high priority on providing training programs to the
site assessment staff, state and Tribal personnel, and appropriate contractors;
evaluating the Multi-Site Cooperative Agreements (e.g., contracts with states
and/or Indian Tribes to develop the capacity to perform response activities), and
encouraging state and Indian Tribe participation in the development of site
assessment guidance.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $187,518,600 from the Hazardous
Substance Superfund appropriation for this program. A total of 37,885 sites were
listed in CERCLIS at the end of 1993. EPA completed 1,104 PAs during 1993; only
4.9 percent of CERCLIS sites still required PAs at the end of 1993. In addition,
the Agency completed 713 Sis during 1993.
The pilot year for the SACM initiative was 1993. Integrated assessments
were a key component of the model's streamlining approach. During 1993, several
regional integrated assessments pilots were undertaken.
The Agency continued to focus special attention on improving federal
facility compliance with CERCLA requirements. Federal facility sites make up
percent of sites in CERCLIS.
As of September 30, 1993, there were 71 proposed sites and 1,197 final NPL
sites for a total of 1,268. By the end of 1993, the Agency had deleted 51 sites
from the NPL.
EARLY ACTION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests $170,817,300 for the removal program for the Hazardous
Substance Superfund appropriation, an increase of $3,022,200 from 1994 levels.
The additional lanJs will allow the Agency to increase the number of early
actions consistent with the SACM initiative. The resources will support the
Environmental Response Team's (ERT) expanded role in on-site technical advice and
training for cleanup personnel. Support resources will be used to manage removal
contracts which provide on-site technical assistance (e.g., release
notifications, site investigations, and on-scene response monitoring) through the
Technical Assistance Team (TAT) contract.
Resources will be used to perform site cleanup at approximately 25
emergencies and time-critical removals at NPL sites and 165 removals at non-NPL
sites. Top priority is given to worst sites first: emergencies involving
incidents where response is generally necessary within a matter of hours (e.g.
threats of fire or explosion), time-critical removals at sites on the NPL (ti
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make these sites safe from immediate threats while they await remedial action),
and time-critical removals at non-NPL sites posing major health and environmental
threats. Resources will also be used to improve the efficiency of the Emergency
and Rapid Response Services (ERRS) contracts by decentralizing their management
to the Regions.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating $167,795,100 for the removal program from the
Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation. This level of resources is
supporting 183 removal actions and the work of the ERT at removal sites. The
Agency continues to use removal authorities to conduct emergency and time
critical actions at non-NPL sites. The removal program also addresses NPL sites
where significant threats exist. Support dollars are being used to maintain the
1993 level of release notifications, release investigations, and on-scene
monitoring of hazardous substances responses. The Agency is awarding new ERRS
contracts in 1994.
In 1994, the regulatory and guidance framework are being completed for the
removal program, including the use of revised removal authorities and
promulgation of final regulations on the notification, reportable quantities
(RQ), and designation of additional hazardous substances.
In the vast majority of removals, the potentially responsible party (PRP)
or state or local government takes the lead in addressing the problem. In
situations where more than one state is involved, or where there is an unusually
complex problem, the Federal government coordinates the response. EPA and the
U.S. Coast Guard maintain an emergency response capability, which is also used
to provide engineering and scientific advice to Federal, state, and local
officials during hazardous substance response actions.
The Agency continues to implement management initiatives to improve the
recruitment and training of On-Scene Coordinators (OSCs) and Regional Project
Managers (RPMs) in order to enhance their management of Superfund sites.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $254,851,200 for removal actions
and ERT technical assistance from the Hazardous Substance Superfund
appropriation. These resources were used to initiate a total of 206 removal
actions of which 30 were initiated at NPL sites. Of these total removal starts,
nearly one-quarter were conducted in emergency situations; the rest were of a
time-critical nature.
Since the inception of the program, the Agency has undertaken 2,538 fund-
financed removal actions. Of these actions, over one-fifth were conducted in
response to emergency situations. About 80% of the remaining actions were
classified as time critical removals. Of the 1,320 sites on the NPL, 552 have
been addressed by a removal action. These efforts enabled the Agency to take
immediate action to protect public health and the environment.
In addition, Support dollars were used to manage an estimated 9,994 release
13-29
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notifications, 550 release investigations, and on-scene monitoring of hazardous
substances at 160 sites. The program continued efforts to conduct removal
assessments at all NFL sites.
During 1993, 19 early action projects were conducted as SACM pilots. The
accelerated cleanup strategy, seeks to eliminate redundancy and facilitate early
action at sites.
LONG TERM ACTIONS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $490,284,000 for the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation for site work in the Feasibility Study (FS), Remedial
Design (RD), and Remedial Action (RA) stages of the Remedial Program, including.
$365,000,000 for fund-financed remedial actions. This level of resources will
support 15 new fund-financed FSs, 33 fund-financed RDs, and 27 fund-financed RAs.
Of the total amount requested, $38,300,000 is included for oversight of
potentially responsible parties (PRPs) at 101 remedial design projects and 101
RAs. Support resources are also included for technical assistance for remedial
projacts, technical oversight for removal and RI/FS, guidance development and
implementation, and grants to states, tribes, and local groups.
Superfund's highest priorities in 1995 are to focus efforts on addressing
the worst sites first through accelerated cleanup and continue progress toward
the Agency's goal of 650 NPL construction completions by the year 2000. Long
term actions will result in meeting the goal of 65 NPL construction completions
in 1995.
In 1995, the Agency will implement management initiatives related to the
remedial program. These initiatives include implementing improvements to
expedite the remedial design and construction process, expanding support to
Regional contracting programs, establishing contracting cost controls, activating
the Remedial Action Contracts (RACs), ensuring adequate administrative support
for RPMs, including training.
In 1995, the Agency will continue pursuing its goal of increasing PRP
participation in conducting Superfund cleanups. This will be achieved through
effective use of negotiated settlements and unilateral administrative orders.
When these mechanisms fail, the Superfund Trust Fund will promptly assume
responsibility and then seek cost recovery.
The program will emphasize the use of inr>o"ative technology in the remedy
selection process. In addition, the program will conduct an analysis of Records
of Decision (RODs) issued in 1994 to assess improvements to the remedy selection
process and consistency of the final remedy determination. Efforts will also be
made to streamline policies and procedures for conducting five year reviews at
sites after the cleanup process has been completed pursuant to SARA. The program
will also work to employ soil screening levels and presumptive remedies developed
and documented during 1993 and 1994.
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The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE) and the Bureau of Reclamation
(BUREC) also contribute to the direct cleanup process of Superfund sites. USAGE
and BUREC implement most high-cost fund-financed remedial actions, provide on-
site technical expertise, and ensure that project management is consistent
between fund and PRP financed projects.
In 1995, the Remedial Support program will also work to improve
participation in the Superfund process. The program will manage Core Program
Cooperative Agreements, encourage the merging of Fund and enforcement efforts at
the state level, and assist states and Indian tribes in developing multi-year
work plans and strategies for addressing hazardous wastes at Superfund sites.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $494,442,900 for FS and RD/RA
activities from the Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation. The Agency is
initiating 23 fund-financed FSs. Additional resources are also targeted at
technical enforcement functions transferred into the response program.
Fund-financed RDs are taking place at 19 remedial projects. PRPs are
financing the design at 65 remedial projects. The program is starting 132 RAs;
PRPs are conducting 97 of these actions. The Agency is also performing long-term
activities at sites, after the RA is completed, to ensure that the hazardous
condition(s) are addressed.
In addition, resources are being used to ensure that states provide
assurance, through the Capacity Assurance Plan process, that sufficient hazardous
waste capacity would exist to manage wastes generated in the state during the
next 20 years. The Agency also promotes the maximum involvement of Indian Tribes
in planning and implementing all response activities.
The Agency is also increasing its efforts to improve public confidence by
initiating dialogue with national interest groups and local community groups.
This dialogue is focusing on" "ju^eifund Revitalization" initiatives to streamline
cleanup activities, communicate the program's successes and explore risk-
management issues of concern to various stakeholders (including the states) in
the Superfund program.
In 1994, the Agency is also continuing to provide grants to local
communities through the Technical Assistance Grants (TAG) Program, and is
administering Core Grants to the states. Activities are also underway promoting
state deferral pilot projects. The program continues to perform treatability
studies. These studies are an important part of the RI/FS and RD because they
ensure that adequate data exist to effectively evaluate each technology prior to
design.
Tae program is in the process of finalizing the next generation of the
remedial action contracts, RACs.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $533,839,000 for FS and RD/RA
activities from the Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation. At the end of
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1993, remedial cleanup activities were underway at 94 percent of the sites on the
NPL. The Agency initiated 56 FSs. During 1993, 47 RODs were signed at fund-
financed NPL sites. Designs began for 45 fund-financed remedial projects and
PRPs financed the design at 85 projects.
The program started remedial actions at 119 projects; PRPs conducted 94 of
these actions while 25 were fund-financed. As of September 30, 1993,
construction activities were completed at 218 sites and construction activities
were underway at a total of 393 sites. For 225 sites, designs were in progress
and RI/FS activities had been initiated at another 309. Of the remaining 144
sites on the NPL, 98 have a remedy selected or have already had a removal action
conducted. All NPL sites were evaluated by the end of 1993.
The Agency instituted several changes no the TAG program in an effort to generate
greater public participation. These changes included reducing the 35 percent
citizen match of TAG project costs to 20 percent. The 15 percent- cap on
administrative costs was eliminated, the Superfund TAG Handbook was updated, the
procurement procedures were streamlined, and the $50,000 waiver criteria were
issued.
Analysis for the ARCS contract replacement, RACs, began. RACs contracts are
expected to be finalized in 1994 and begin employment in 1995 as the ARCS
contracts expire.
RESPONSE MANAGEMENT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $69,365,700 for the Response Management
Program from the Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation. These resources
support chemical emergency prevention and preparedness activities, technology
innovation efforts, budget analysis and formulation, strategic planning,
technical training, policy and program evaluation, management information
systems, financial accounting and tracking, and administrative services. Program
management costs under the ARCS and ERRS contracts are also funded through this
account. Resources are also included for program and financial management of the
newly acquired responsibilities from the Offices of Waste Programs Enforcement
(OWPE) and Federal Facilities Enforcement (OFFE).
The OSC/RPM Support Program will ensure that new Superfund personnel receive
appropriate-training in a timely manner. In 1995, training will be expanded to
cover the latest information on remedy selection and innovative technology.
The Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention program, will consult
with the National Response Team/Regional Response Teams, other agencies, the
private sector, and international organizations to define roles and build
consensus on prevention of chemical releases. The program will promote inspec-
tion methodologies, hazard assessment techniques, and communication tools, and
will coordinate responses to major chemical incidents.
The Agency will work to promote innovative treatment technology at CERCLA
sites. The program will assess new technologies for the treatment of hazardout
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waste in order to develop permanent remedies. Demonstration program sponsor
pilot and full scale treatability studies at Superfund sites, and promote
streamlined processes to accelerate cleanup response.
The Response Program will address Superfund contracts management weaknesses.
The long-term contracting strategy identifies the long-term contracting needs of
the program and designs a portfolio of Superfund contracts to meet those needs
over the next ten years. During 1995, implementation of the strategy will
involve continued phase-in of new contracts, and continued efforts to strengthen
controls on the ARCS contract management and to reduce the potential for fraud
in the Contract Lab Program.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating $70,583,600 from the Hazardous Substance
Superfund Appropriation for the Response Management Program. These resources
support the management of information systems, emergency preparedness activities,
technology innovation efforts, budget formulation and execution process, training
programs, and program management activities. Program, financial and information
management activities supporting newly transferred responsibilities from OWPE and
OFFE as part of the enforcement reorganization are included in this resource
level.
Through CERCLIS and the associated Local Area Network (WasteLAN), the
program provides critical information to managers and staff. A major component
of this database is information from the Superfund Comprehensive Accomplishments
Plan (SCAP) which aids management of remedial and removal activities. The SCAP
is the central mechanism for planning, tracking and evaluating Superfund Program
activities. In 1994, environmental indicators data is being tracked in CERCLIS
and included in quarterly reports. Pilot studies for new indicators are
continuing and studies are being conducted to determine populations affected by
Superfund sites.
In 1994, the Responsive Electronic Link and Access Interface (RELAI) system
is fully operational. RELAI consolidates site information from various systems
and incorporates results of data collected from site managers across the country.
RELAI is providing answers to many of the questions posed by Congress and the
public concerning Superfund sites, such as contaminant and technology information
as well as cleanup milestones and schedules.
In addition, the program is continuing the "Superfund Revitalization" effort
to accelerate cleanups and communicate program progress to the public. The
program is piloting innovative management approaches in all Regions for
streamlining and accelerating cleanup activities consistent with National
Contingency Plan (NCP) requirements. These include standardizing remedy-
selection procedures, integrating site assessment activities, and identifying
early action opportunities.
The Response Management program is continuing to ensure that new technology
training programs and technology transfers from the Office of Research and
Development (ORD), other Federal agencies, and the private sector are available
to OSCs, RPMs, state employees, and Superfund contractors. Activities include:
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using aerial imagery, and photography for site identification and assessment;
providing chemical-specific fate/transport data; providing site-specific support
on technology selection; and providing advice and guidance on the use and
limitations of mathematical models.
The Technology Innovation program is also accelerating the development,
demonstration, and use of innovative treatment technologies, especially emerging
technologies. The program's focus is on bench scale evaluation, identification
of promising projects, and efforts to prepare selected technologies for
evaluation in the demonstration phase.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $72,946,300 to the Response
Management Program from the Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation. The
program focused significant effort on preparing the program for the first full
implementation year of SACM. This included developing meaningful measures of
success, a comprehensive data management system and a communications strategy.
Efforts were also focused on improving the Environmental Indicators information
and pursuing environmental justice analyses.
In addition to promoting the use of innovative treatment technologies, the
technology innovation program promoted joint EPA/private sponsorship of full
scale technology evaluations. Results were provided to OSCs, RPMs, and state
employees through proj ect reports, brochures, seminars, and conferences.
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SUPERFUND
Hazardous Substance Response - Support
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995
1994 1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Hazardous Substance
Response - OU
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
Hazardous Substance
Response - OAR
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
$4,668.2 $1,942.6 $4,899.9 $5,044.0
TOTAL $4,668.2 $1,942.6 $4,899.9 $5,044.0
-$5,044.0 -$1,942.6
-$5,044.0 -$1,942.6
$3,029.4 $3,197.9 $3,071.3 $3,304.7 $3,284.9 -$19.8 $87.0
TOTAL $3,029.4 $3,197.9 $3,071.3 $3,304.7 $3,284.9 -$19.8 $87.0
TOTAL:
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
$7,697.6 $5,140.5 $7,971.2 $8,348.7 $3,284.9 -$5,063.8 -$1,855.6
Hazardous Substance TOTAL $7,697.6 $5,140.5 $7,971.2 $8,348.7 $3,284.9 -$5,063.8 -$1,855.6
Response - Support
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Hazardous Substance
Response - OW
Hazardous Substance
Response - OAR
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
20.2
20.6
40.8
23.4
20.0
43.4
23.4
20.0
43.4
22.9
21.0
43.9
19.6
19.6
-22.9
-1.4
-24.3
-23.4
-4
-23.8
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Hazardous Substance
Response - OW
Hazardous Substance
Response - OAR
TOTAL WORKYEARS
21.1
20.8
41.9
23.4
20.0
43.4
23.4
20.0
43.4
22.9
21.0
43.9
-22.9 -23.4
-1.4
19.6
-24.3
-4
-23.8
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SUPERFUND
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESPONSE - SUPPORT
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESPONSE - OFFICE OF WATER
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
No resources are requested for this program in 1995. These efforts will
continue under the authorities found in the Safe Drinking Water Act and the Clean
Water Act.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994 the Agency is allocating a total of $5,044,000 supported by 22.9
total workyears for this program, all of which is from the Hazardous Substance
Response appropriation.
The Regional drinking water program continues to support Superfund site
remediation efforts through participation in workplan development meetings and
reviewing Remedial Investigations/Feasibility Studies (RI/FS) and Records of
Decision (ROD). They assist in the process of characterizing the relative health
risk and the urgency for remedial alternatives and to analyze the necessity for
providing alternative water supplies.
In accordance with the 1992 EPA-Natural Resources Defense Council Consent
Decree and as required by Section 304 (m) of the Clean Water Act, the Agency is
developing effluent guidelines and standards for the waste treatment industry.
Proposal of Phase I of the waste treatment rule is planned in 1994. The Agency
continues to develop the rule for the Phase II (landfills and incinerators)
portion of the industry. In addition, EPA supports the development of sediment
criteria and provide site-sre-.ific. technical assistance to Superfund sites with
contaminated sediment problems, including data and sample analyses and sediment
toxicity testing. The program transferred funding to the Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry to conduct studies of the human health impacts
of consuming contaminated fish.
Congressional Directives. A total of $3,000,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project, Human Health Study for the Impacts of Contaminated Fish.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993 the Agency obligated a total of $4,668,200 supported by 21.1 total
workyears for this program, all of which was from the Hazardous Substance
Respcnre appropriation.
To ensure safe drinking water, the Regions provided cases-by-case support
for Superfund Remedial Investigations/Feasibility Studies (RI/FS) and Records of
Decision (ROD). This ensured selection and documentation of the appropriate
response actions for contaminated water supplies, including providing alternate
water supplies. Action plans were reviewed to ensure that Maximum Contaminant
Levels (MCL) and/or Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLG) were applied. When
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MCLGs/MCLs had not been established for a particular contaminant, toxicological
data was used in the process of characterizing the relative health risk and the
urgency for remedial action. EPA continued to develop effluent guidelines and
standards for the waste treatment industry, which accepts wastes from waste
generators and leachate from Superfund sites and other landfills.
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESPONSE - OFFICE OF AIR AND RADIATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $3,284,900 all of which is from the
Superfund appropriation supported by 19.6 total workyears for 1995. This
represents a decrease of $19,800.0 in the Superfund appropriation and a decrease
of 1.4 total workyears from 1994. The decrease of 1.4 total workyears is a
result of the government-wide reduction in workyears that is part of the
President's program to reduce the size and cost of government.
During FY 1995, support will continue for remediation, removal, and
enforcement activities at radioactively contaminated Superfund sites. This will
include laboratory support, sample analysis, and field support available from the
National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory through the Superfund
Technical Support Center program, as well as site specific technical assistance
for risk assessment and remediation technologies. Development of technical and
policy documents to support headquarters and field activities will continue.
Significant changes to the Superfund Program due to the incorporation of
Superfund Accelerated Clean-up Model (SACM) concepts and other necessary
alterations will require both revision of guidance documents and development of
additional material to address problems unique to radioactive contamination.
Development of Directives pertaining to radioactively contaminated sites will
continue. Support'for site-specific issues in the regions will continue. The
Radiation Safety and Health Protection Program will be fully operational in all
Regions and EPA laboratories will be incorporated into the program. The central
radiation dosimetry database will be available on line and accessible throughout
the Agency. Up to 1500 employees will be enrolled.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $3,304,700 all of which is from the
Superfund appropriation supported by 21.0 total workyears.
In 1994, the Agency continues to provide sample collection, analysis, and
data interpretation for remediation, removal, and enforcement activities at
Superfund sites. The Agency is also developing guidance and criteria and
reviewing reports, survey plans, and site assessments for radiation and sites
with mixed waste contamination.
Work continues on demonstration, testing and evaluation of various
remediation technologies. Development and revision of Superfund documents
continues, reflecting the SACM concepts. Revised procedures stemming from SACM
are being incorporated into the Site Investigation Manual for radiation sites.
Development of treatability studies for soil at radioactively contaminated sites
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will continue. In coordination with the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response (OSWER), we will continue to develop radiation specific OSWER Directives
to assist regional staff in site specific clean-up. The Radiation Safety and
Health Protection Program expands to Phase III, full implementation in all
regions. It is anticipated that 750 to 1000 EPA employees will be enrolled in
the program by the end of the fiscal year. An evaluation of Phase II is being
completed, and the results are being incorporated into a quality improvement
program.
In 1994, the program continues to support the Regional Radiation Program and
Hazardous Waste Divisions by providing technical assistance for clean-up
activities, including site specific risk assessment support. Regional support
includes the operation of specialized field equipment such as the mobile
radiation laboratories, and the scanning van.
The laboratory, technical assistance, field support, and development of
regulatory criteria and guidance for the Superfund program is continuing'in 1994.
In 1994, the National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory continues to
operate as a Superfund Technical Support Center.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $3,029,400 all of which is from the
Superfund appropriation supported by 20.8 total workyears.
In 1993, the Agency provided sample collection, analysis, and data
interpretation for remediation, removal, and enforcement activities at Superfund
sites. The Agency also developed guidance and criteria and reviewed reports,
survey plans, and assessments from sites where radiation and mixed waste was
present or suspected.
The remediation technology effort continued to develop and refine soil
washing, chemical extraction, and magnetic separation remediation techniques.
In addition, increased training assistance was provided to the EPA regions on
radioactivity hazards, transport, and safety procedures as they relate to clean-
up at Superfund sites containing radioactive materials.
Development of an EPA national "reference laboratory" for Agency-wide mixed
waste analysis included the establishment of mixed waste field sampling,
screening, handling, and shipping procedures. Radioanalytical procedures used
by the Agency, other federal agencies, states, and the private sector for
analysis of soil and water contamination were evaluated, revised, and updated.
Standardized Agency-wide radioanalytical protocols were established and site
audit procedures for radionuclides developed. During FY 1993, Phase II of the
Radiation Safety and Health Protection Program was undertaken. This program is
an integrated radiation health monitoring program for EPA employees. The program
included radiation health and safety training, standard dosimetry, and
development of a central EPA database to develop reports. Over 200 EPA employees
participated in the program. The Agency evaluated potential disposal techniques
and technology and review remedial action plans prior to implementation.
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The laboratory, technical assistance, field support, and development of
regulatory criteria and guidance for the Superfund program was continued in 1993.
In 1993, the National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory operated as a
Superfund Technical Support Center.
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SUPERFUND
Hazardous Substance Response - Interagency
PROGRAM
Superfund Interagency
Department of Health &
Human Services (ATSOR)
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
TOTAL
Superfund Interagency
Department of Health &
Human Services (NIEHS)
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
TOTAL
Superfund Interagency
Department of Justice
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
TOTAL
Superfund Interagency
United States Coast
Guard
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
TOTAL
Superfund Interagency
National Oceanographic
& Atmospheric
Administration
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
TOTAL
Superfund Interagency
Department of Interior
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
TOTAL
Superfund Interagency *
Federal Emergency
Management Agency
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
TOTAL
Superfund Interagency
Occupational Safety &
Health Administration
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
TOTAL
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE INCREASE
DECREASE DECREASE
1995 REQ 1995 REQ
VS VS
1994 CE 1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$55,984.6
$55,984.6
$51,915.0
$51,915.0
$33,324.4
$33,324.4
$4.801.0
$4,801.0
$1,118.7
$1,118.7
$724.2
S724.2
$833.7
$833.7
$248.6
$248.6
$42,036.0
$42,036.0
$27,915.0
$27,915.0
$32,324.0
$32,324.0
$4,801.0
$4,801.0
$1,106.0
$1,106.0
$608.0
$608.0
$912.0
$912.0
$350.0
$350.0
$64,036.0
$64,036.0
$52,915.0
$52,915.0
$32,324.0
$32,324.0
$4,801.0
$4,801.0
$2,212.0
$2,212.0
$608.0
$608.0
$1,824.0
$1,824.0
$350.0
$350.0
$64,036.0
$64,036.0
$52,915.0
$52,915.0
$32,324.0
$32,324.0
$4,801.0
$4,801.0
$2.212.0
$2,212.0
$608.0
$608.0
$1,824.0
$1.824.0
$350.0
$350.0
$53,000.0
$53,000.0
$41,846.3
$41,846.3
$32,324.0
$32,324.0
$4,801.0
$4,801.0
$2,212.0
$2,212.0
$608.0
_
$608.0
$912.0
$912.0
$350.0
$350.0
-$11,036.0 $10,964.0
-$11,036.0 $10,964.0
-$11,068.7 $13,931.3
-$11,068.7 $13,931.3
$1,106.0
$1,106.0
-$912.0
-$912.0
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SUPER FUND
Hazardous Substance Response - Interagency
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995 DECREASE DECREASE
1994 1994 1995 REQ 1995 REQ
VS VS
1994 CE 1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
TOTAL:
Hazardous Substance $148,950.2 $110,052.0 $159,070.0 $159,070.0 $136,053.3 -$23,016.7 $26,001.3
Response Trust Fund
Hazardous Substance TOTAL $148,950.2 $110,052.0 $159,070.0 $159,070.0 $136,053.3 -$23,016.7 $26,001.3
Response - Interagency
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SUPERFUND
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESPONSE - INTERAGENCY
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $136,053,300 for the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation for Interagency activities in 1995, a decrease of
$23,016,700 from the 1994 Congressional Appropriation levels. The decrease
occurs in the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) in the National
Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences (NIEHS) and in the Agency for
Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA). These decreases will bring these agencies' budgets
more in line with the overall declining budget of the Superfund program over the
past several years. The requested funding will also finance the ongoing
Superfund program activities of the United States Coast Guard, the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Department of the Interior, the
Department of Justice, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration at
1994 levels.
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (HHS)
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $94,846,300 ($53,000,000 for ATSDR and
$41,846,300 for NIEHS) for the Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation. This
request represents a decrease of $22,104,700 ($11,036,000 for ATSDR and
$11,068,700 for NIEHS) from the 1994 appropriated levels. The decrease is due
to a constrained overall program level forcing reductions in ATSDR and NIEHS in
favor of higher priority direct site cleanup activities.
In 1995, ATSDR will continue to provide technical support and expertise as
required under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), as amended, to protect public health and to
determine the toxicological and human health impacts associated with hazardous
substances. Emphasis will continue to be placed on expanding state responsi-
bilities and involvement.
In 1995, ATSDR will conduct fewer Federal health assessments and review more
final health assessments and consultations for National Priorities List (NPL)
sites as states increase the number of health assessments they conduct. The
increased state participation offsets the reduction in ATSDR conducted health
assessments and helps build a significant role for states in the State-Federal
Superfund partnership. Health consultations to states, local governments, and
EPA will continue in 1995.
Health assessments and related follow-up work involve conducting health
studies at NPL sites; investigating complaints of illness or disease related to
exposure to hazardous substances; developing appropriate biological testing for
exposed individuals; and developing and maintaining registries of exposed
individuals. CERCLA requires ATSDR to perform a health assessment within onr
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year from the date of an NPL site proposal.
ATSDR will initiate draft versions of toxicological profiles. ATSDR will
also continue to: maintain and update the existing sub-registry of the National
Exposure Registry; continue four existing site-specific surveillance projects;
operate four state based surveillance projects; and continue one surveillance
project on hazardous waste workers as well as nine surveillance projects on
emergency events. Technical assistance will continue to the health community by
maintenance of automated directories and information systems such as the
Toxicological Network (TOXNET) and the Environmental Health Information Resources
Directory.
In 1995, NIEHS will support the Superfund program by continuing to: provide
basic research grants for the development of methods and technologies to detect
hazardous substances in humans and environmental media; advance techniques to.
assess and evaluate risks effects from hazardous substances; develop methods to
assess the risks to human health presented by hazardous substances; and conduct
basic biological, chemical and physical research to reduce the amount and
toxicity of hazardous substances. Biomedical and non-biomedical research will
be conducted by interdisciplinary teams of scientists. Graduate students and
post-doctoral researchers will assist and be trained in research conducted at
NIEHS-supported universities.
The NIEHS worker safety training grants program will continue its efforts
to ensure that grantees are providing a program of high quality instruction to
workers targeted by the program (i.e., laborers and emergency responders).
Reductions to NIEHS were taken in activities other than the high priority worker
safety training grants.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $116,951,000 ($64,036,000 for
ATSDR and $52,915,000 for NIEHS) from the Hazardous Substance Superfund
Appropriation. An additional $3,000,000 for NIEHS is shown under the Office of
Water section and is for the Congressionally directed project, Human Health Study
for the Impacts of Contaminated Fish.
In 1994, ATSDR is: maintaining a 24-hour hotline for reports of CERCLA
releases; respoiii^g to requests for information from Federal agencies;
conducting health assessments; providing health consultations to states, local
governments and the Agency; developing a research program to help fill data gaps
on toxicological profile chemicals; continuing epidemiological and exposure
studies and various surveillance projects, maintaining and updating three sub-
registries; preparing and disseminating health education information; reporting
to Congress on health-related activities; continuing to participate in National
Response Team activities; expanding the minority Environmental Health Initiative
to address Environmental Justice; and continuing an initiative to prevent lead
toxicity in young children.
In 1994, NIEHS is enhancing its basic research grants programs. Research
projects are being funded at United States universities and institutions.
Through scientific conferences and workshops, NIEHS communicates research
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findings. NIEHS pilots new technologies, integrates research findings, and
identifies continuing research gaps. Emphasis on technology transfer continues
in 1994.
In the worker safety training grants program, NIEHS is continuing
implementation of the recommendations from the evaluations of the training grant
programs. The evaluations were conducted to ensure that the grantees are
providing a program of high quality instruction to workers targeted by the
program and to ensure that the training received is being used by workers engaged
in activities related to hazardous substance removal and containment. NIEHS
expects the cumulative number of trainees to increase to at least 345,000.
Congressional Directives. A total of $47,000,000 is for Congressionally
directed projects: $22,000,000 for ATSDR and $25,000,000 for the NIEHS
university-based basic research grants.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, $107,899,600 was obligated from the Hazardous Substance Superfund
appropriation by HHS ($55,984,600 for ATSDR and $51,915,000 for NIEHS).
During 1993, ATSDR significantly changed its approach for conducting health
assessments. The major areas of expansion included community involvement, public
health action plans and a public comment period. in 1993, ATSDR prepared the
following public health assessment documents: preliminary (23 initial release
documents, 14 public comment release documents, 13 final release documents); full
(16 initial release documents, 73 public comment release documents, 51 final
release documents); and petition (13 initial release documents, 15 public comment
release documents, and 8 final release documents).
In compliance, with CERCLA Section 104(i) (3); which requires ATSDR to
prepare toxicological profiles on the first 275 most hazardous substance found
at Superfund sites, ATSDR produced a total of 162 profiles (12 draft profiles
during 1993). ATSDR also initiated the substance-specific data gaps research
program in cooperation,with the Minority Health Professions Foundation.
In 1993, ATSDR initiated 13 new human health studies, continued 50, and
completed 6. This includes 8 new, 16 continued and 3 completed comprehensive
health studies to specifically evaluate the relationships between exposures to
hazardous substances and adverse health effects; 42 health outcome studies were
ongoing, 34 health outcome studies were continued, 5 new studies were initiated,
and 3 were completed; 13 research projects were initiated at 7 Minority Health
Profession Foundation member institutions.
In addition to human health studies, ATSDR added the second site in the
benzene subregistry to the National Exposure Registry, added the 13th site to the
trichloroethylene (TCE) subregistry, and maintained the 4 sites on the ctioxin
subregistry in 1993.
In addition to human health studies and the National Exposure Registry,
ATSDR conducts surveillance of human health effects of exposure to hazardous
substances. As a part of the ATSDR comprehensive surveillance plan, 3 site
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specific projects were continued and 1 was initiated; 250 site specific emergency
health consultations and emergency technical assists were performed. Three
state-based surveillance projects were completed and 3 were continued. The
Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance System (HSEESS) was expanded
from 11 to 12 states in 1993.
ATSDR's health education activities during 1993 included: the continuation
of training for state and local health officials on the use of TOXNET and other
on-line systems operated by the National Library of Medicine; the development of
environmental health case studies (29 case studies completed; 69,119 copies
distributed) for use by the medical community; 5,000 health care providers
trained; a cooperative agreement with Association for State and Territorial
Health Officers/Association for State and Territorial Health and Risk Assessors
(ASTHO/ASTHRA); 6 risk communication workshops; 17 cooperative agreements with
states for education of health professionals; medical management guidelines for
use by emergency department personnel for 28 chemicals; 11 clinical fellowships
for physicians; and education activities through the environmental and
occupational health clinic network.
In 1993, 18 institutions received funding from NIEHS to conduct 142 separate
basic research projects in a grants program designed to fulfill the requirements
of. t-he Superfund Basic Research and Professional Training Plan. The Plan was
developed by NIEHS and approved by the HHS Advisory Council on Hazardous
Substances Research and Training, as required by Section 311(a) of SARA.
NIEHS supported 18 grantees through its worker safety training grant program
in 1993. These grantees represent a consortium of over 70 organizations
including universities, labor organizations, and local government units. The
cumulative number of trainees in these programs has increased to 345,000. NIEHS
also maintained a clearing house established by and for its grantees to assure
the communication and coordination of a nationwide training effort in Superfund
worker training.
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (DOJ)
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $32,324,000 for DOJ from the Hazardous
Substance Superfund appropriation. There is no change from the 1994 appropriated
level.
In 1995, DOJ will maintain its support to the Agency in reviewing consent
decrees, de minimis settlements, enforcement of information requests, and access
cases. In addition, DOJ will impose civil penalties in instances where PRPs:
violate notification requirements of CERCLA; deny access to sites; destroy
records; violate financial responsibility regulations; or violate administrative
and judicial settlement agreements. DOJ will pursue criminal cases and continue
to provide support to EPA's cost recovery efforts. DOJ will also defend the
Agency against citizen suits, pre-enforcement review cases, reimbursement claims,
and challenges to EPA administrative civil penalty decisions.
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1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $32,324,000 from the Hazardous
Substance Superfund appropriation for DOJ. DOJ is providing civil and criminal
enforcement litigation which includes counseling on and enforcing administrative
orders, instituting suits to compel removal and remedial actions, recovering
response costs incurred by the Fund, and giving warrants for entry.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, $33,324,400 was obligated from the Hazardous Substance Superfund
appropriation by DOJ. These resources were used for litigation and other
enforcement related activities. Key accomplishments included the filing of 9
settlement/injunctive (CERCLA Section 106) cases and 39 cost recovery (CERCLA
Section 107) cases. In addition to the cases filed, DOJ supported 52 Section 106
and 185 Section 107 ongoing cases in 1993. DOJ also concluded 10 Section 106
cases and 30 Section 107 cases by consent decrees.
UNITED STATES COAST GUARD (USCG)
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $4,801,000 for the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation for the USCG. There is no change from the 1994
appropriated level.
In 1995, the USCG will continue to work to reduce the occurrence and effects
of releases of hazardous substances by enforcing applicable sections of CERCLA,
as amended. Included in the activities, the USCG will: issue and check
Certificates of Financial Responsibility; investigate hazardous substance spill
reports; and determine penalties and prepare liability assessments for the PRPs.
In an effort to minimize the effects of releases of hazardous substances
into the coastal environment, the USCG will provide an adequately equipped and
properly trained workforce to investigate releases and to monitor or supervise
removal actions. The USCG will also ensure the effective management of the
CERCLA program within its purview, while providing necessary assistance to On-
Scene Coordinators (OSCs) in successfully dealing with CERCLA incidents.
Responsibilities also include: providing a central point of contact for
receiving reports of releases of hazardous substances and notifying the pre-
designated Federal OSC; providing assistance in assessing the hazards of released
substances; and supporting the National Response Team (NRT) and Regional Response
Teams (RRTs). The USCG will also continue the medical monitoring system to
minin.ii.e the possibility of harmful effects to USCG enforcement or response
personnel from exposure to hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $4,801,000 from the Hazardous
Substance Superfund appropriation for the USCG.
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The USCG provides a central point of contact for receiving reports of
releases of hazardous substances and notifies the pre-designated OSC and other
appropriate governmental and/or private entities. In addition, the USCG provides
assistance in the assessment of the hazards of released pollutants. The USCG
also supports the NRT and RRT components of the National response mechanism.
In support of its mission, the USCG develops and maintains information
systems for program management analysis and the necessary chemical assessment
data systems for proper response to hazardous substance incidents.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, $4,801,000 was obligated from the Hazardous Substance Response
appropriation for the USCG. These resources were used to conduct response
training for USCG personnel, upgrade the capabilities of the National Response
Center (NRC), maintain safety equipment, and support field data systems-that aid
response programs and minimize the possibility of harm to personnel from exposure
to hazardous substances. In addition, 45 response actions were started and 8
were completed. The funds also supported active participation by the USCG on the
NRT and RRTs.
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION (NOAA)
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $2,212,000 for the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation for NOAA. There is no change from the 1994 appropriated
levels.
In 1995, these resources will allow NOAA to provide technical assistance to
on-scene coordinators (OSCs) in dealing with releases of hazardous substances in
coastal and marine areas. NOAA will continue to develop and improve information
sources such as the Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operacions (CAMEO)
program, to minimize risk and improve the effectiveness of response operations.
In addition, NOAA will continue to provide technical support to the Agency during
hazardous waste site investigations to identify and assess risks to coastal
resources. NOAA will also act as technical liaison with the Agency and other
Federal, state, and local agencies on coastal resource issues of common interest.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating $2,212,000 from the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation for NOAA. NOAA provides technical support for
activities associated with hazardous waste site removal and remedial actions
affecting coastal and marine resources. NOAA also develops and conducts field
testing of advanced chemical sampling analytical equipment used for response
operations; and provides policy support to the NRT/RRTs and to state and local
entities in the areas of contingency planning, community relations,
communications, preparedness evaluation, and training.
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, $1,118,700 was obligated from the Hazardous Substance Superfund
appropriation by NOAA. These resources were used to support NOAA's ongoing
efforts to provide technical assistance to OSCs in addressing releases in coastal
and marine areas. Activities included the purchase, development, and field
testing of state-of-the-art sampling and analytical equipment necessary for
efficient and safe response to hazardous waste releases. Funds were also used
to support the computer-based communication and information systems to provide
identification of likely accident location, trajectory analysis of spilled
hazardous materials, potential human and environmental impacts of accidents, and
training of response personnel via spill simulation.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR (DPI)
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $608,000 for the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation for DOI. There is no change from the 1994 appropriated
level.
DOI will continue to: provide natural resources expertise during NRT/RRT
preparedness and training activities; provide coordination of its range of
natural resource and other scientific/ technical expertise to Headquarters
personnel in agencies participating in the NRT; and provide guidance and training
to states and local governments on emergency preparedness and response planning.
DOI will also provide staff support functions to the administration of the
National Response System and provide direction and technical information to field
units with respect to releases of hazardous substances, whether they occur at
Superfund sites or-as emergency incidents.
In addition, DOI will conduct training sessions and workshops, develop
guidance, and provide consultation in its area of expertise. Technical
assistance to develop and enhance state and Federal trustee officials' capacity
to conduct natural resource damage assessments will be emphasized. These efforts
result in effective claims for compensation of natural resource losses or
injuries from releases of hazardous substances, from Superfund sites or during
emergency incidents.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $608,000 from the Hazardous
Substance Superfund appropriation for DOI. DOI participates in preparedness and
training activities, as well as administrative work group activities. To ensure
that proper consideration is given to natural resources and sensitive
environments, DOI is providing guidance, consultation, technical assistance, and
training to states and local governments. DOI is also conducting training
sessions and workshops, developing guidance, and providing consultation and
technical assistance to enhance state and Federal trustee officials' capacity to
conduct natural resource damage assessments.
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, $724,200 was obligated from the Hazardous Substance Superfund
appropriation by DOI. These resources enabled DOI to participate in NRT/RRT
preparedness and training activities, continue its involvement in state and local
emergency preparedness, and provide technical expertise as it relates to Natural
Resource Damage Assessments.
FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY (FEMA)
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $912,000 for the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation for FEMA. A reduction of $912,000 is due to not
continuing a Congressional directive.
In 1995, FEMA will continue to support the Superfund program in the
management and coordination of training programs for local officials through the
Emergency Management Institute and the National Fire Academy. These courses
assist local officials in addressing emergency incidents in their communities.
Resources will also be used to maintain the National Response System by providing
local, state, and Federal emergency preparedness ard idministrative support to
Regional Response Teams (RRTs). Resources will also continue to fund the
distribution of educational materials at state and local levels, and to support
the training and team building necessary to enhance specialized response
capabilities.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $1,824,000 of which $30,000 is
supporting temporary and permanent relocations from the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation.
In 1994, FEMA ~.o- tinues to provide technical assistance to state and local
governments through improved coordination with the RRT for all preparedness
activities. FEMA is providing support to the NRT initiatives for information
exchange. In 1994, the temporary and permanent relocation program is being
returned to the Agency.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, $833,700 was obligated from the Hazardous Substance Superfund by
FEMA. These resources were used to: support FEMA's development of relocation
guidelines and regulations; provide management oversight for temporary and
permanent locations; provide preparedness guidance and technical assistance to
state and local governments; enhance coordination of hazardous materials issues
with the public and private sector; and provide continued support for NRT/RRT
initiatives.
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OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION (OSHA")
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $350,000 for the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation for OSHA. There is no change from the 1994 appropriated
level.
In 1995, OSHA will conduct compliance assistance visits to review site
safety and health plans and programs. OSHA will also provide technical
assistance to EPA and other Federal agencies, and develop guidelines and
procedures in the composition of manuals for assessing safety and health at
hazardous waste sites. In addition, OSHA will continue to participate in
response activations of the NRT and RRT by providing technical assistance to
other team members.
OSHA will continue its implementation of the Hazardous Waste Standards (HWS)
by developing a training certification program for hazardous waste and emergency
response operations, and will conduct 5 technical evaluations during 1995.
199'; PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $350,000 from the Hazardous
Substance Superfund appropriation for OSHA
OSHA continues to conduct safety and health inspections at Superfund sites ant.
provide assistance at the sites to the NRT/RRTs. The resources allow OSHA to
support: technical assistance at hazardous waste sites; worker safety inspections
and enforcement at sites where Superfund remedial actions are underway; and
assistance to the NRT/RRT in preparedness and training activities. Funds are
also applied to support information sharing activities; the review and
development of contingency plans; participation in simulation exercises; and
training activities. OSHA uses resources to develop required standards for the
certification of training for employees engaged in hazardous waste operations.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, $248,600 was obligated from the Hazardous Substance Superfund
appropriation by OSHA. The funds were used to train OSHA inspectors; maintain
a special inspection program for Superfund sites; provide technical assistance
to EPA; provide support for the activities of the NRT/RRTs, and enforce a
required worker protection standard.
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PROGRAM
SUPERFUND
Hazardous Substance Response-Enforcement
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Hazardous Substance-
Technical Enforcement
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
Hazardous Substance-
Legal Enforcement
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
Hazardous Substance-
Criminal Enforcement
Program
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
Hazardous Substance
Technical Support
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
Hazardous Substance
Federal Facilities
Enforcement
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
Hazardous Substance
Site Remediation
Enforcement
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
TOTAL:
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
Hazardous Substance
Response-Enforcement
$109,030.4 $112,485.8 $110,719.2 $94,796.2 $100,709.5 $5,913.3 -$11,776.3
TOTAL $109,030.4 $112,485.8 $110,719.2 $94,796.2 $100,709.5 $5,913.3 -$11,776.3
$27,908.0 $30,221.8 $29,588.2 $23,565.5 $25,810.3 $2,244.8 -$4,411.5
TOTAL $27,908.0 $30,221.8 $29,588.2 $23,565.5 $25,810.3 $2,244.8 -$4,411.5
$2,428.0 $2,057.0 $1,907.9 $2,620.2 $2,681.6
TOTAL $2,428.0 $2,057.0 $1,907.9 $2,620.2 $2,681.6
$7,969.2 $8,996.9 $8,035.3 $7,689.9 $8,531.5
TOTAL $7,969.2 $8,996.9 $8,035.3 $7,689.9 $8,531.5
$27,921.9 $30,246.6 $30,039.5 $28,664.5 $30,053.9 $1,389.4 -$192.7
TOTAL $27,921.9 $30,246.6 $30,039.5 $28,664.5 $30,053.9 $1,389.4 -$192.7
$17,493.4 $20,178.0 $2,684.6 $20,178.0
TOTAL $17,493.4 $20,178.0 $2,684.6 $20,178.0
$175,257.5 $184,008.1 $180,290.1 $174,829.7 $187,964.8 $13,135.1 $3,956.7
TOTAL $175,257.5 $184,008.1 $180,290.1 $174,829.7 $187,964.8 $13,135.1 $3,956.7
$61.4
$61.4
$841.6
$841.6
$624.6
$624.6
-$465.4
-$465.4
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SUPERFUND
Hazardous Substance Response-Enforcement
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED
1993 BUDGET
1994
(DOLLARS
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST INCREASE
1995 DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
IN THOUSANDS)
Hazardous Substance-
Technical Enforcement
Hazardous Substance-
Legal Enforcement
Hazardous Substance-
Criminal Enforcement
Program
Hazardous Substance
Technical Support
Hazardous Substance
Federal Facilities
Enforcement
Hazardous Substance
Site Remediation
Enforcement
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
770.5
378.1
23.8
43.7
836.4
417.4
18.8
836.4
417.4
18.8
750.7
369.9
23.4
737.1
359.0
23.1
44.5 44.5 44.2 41.7
199.6 234.4 234.4 228.8 221.0
118.9 117.7
-13.6
-10.9
-3
-2.5
-99.3
-58.4
4.3
-2.8
-7.8 -13.4
-1.2 117.7
1,415.7 1,551.5 1,551.5 1,535.9 1,499.6 -36.3 -51.9
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Hazardous Substance-
Technical Enforcement
Hazardous Substance-
Legal Enforcement
Hazardous Substance-
Criminal Enforcement
Program
Hazardous Substance
Technical Support
Hazardous Substance
Federal Facilities
Enforcement
Hazardous Substance
Site Remediation
Enforcement
TOTAL WORKYEARS
801.2
404.4
24.1
45.7
203.6
836.4
417.4
18.8
44.5
234.4
836.4
417.4
18.8
44.5
234.4
750.7
369.9
23.4
44.2
228.8
118.9
737.1
359.0
23.1
41.7
221.0
117.7
-13.6
-10.9
-3
-2.5
-7.8
-1.2
-99.3
-58.4
4.3
-2.8
-13.4
117.7
1,479.0 1,551.5 1,551.5 1,535.9 1,499.6 -36.3 -51.9
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SUPERFUND
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESPONSE - ENFORCEMENT
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $187,964.800, supported by 1,499.6 workyears
for 1995 for the Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation for technical,
administrative and legal enforcement activities.
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE TECHNICAL ENFORCEMENT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a number
of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The Headquarters
enforcement resources for Superfund Technical Enforcement can now be found in
Multimedia.
The Agency requests a total of $100,709,500 ($48,952,500 extramural,
$51,757,000 intramural) and 737.1 workyears from the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation. This represents an increase of $5,913,300 and a decrease
of 13.6 workyears. The increase in dollars is due to full funding of the
workforce in 1995. The workforce reduction is due to the government-wide effort
to reduce the Federal workforce and streamline operations.
In 1995, the Agency will provide funding for negotiations with potentially
responsible parties (PRPs) to obtain response actions consistent with the
National Contingency Plan (NCP). As the PRPs conduct work, the Agency will
provide oversight to ensure that they are in compliance with settlements and
orders. Where negotiations fail, the Agency will either take unilateral
enforcement actions or use Trust Fund dollars to remediate sites. Cost recovery
actions will then be taken against PRPs to recover Trust Fund expenditures.
As the Agency continues to implement the accelerated cleanup model promoting
early risk reduction, the enforcement program will focus on identifying PRPs
early to assure a continued high level of PRP participation. As a result of the
Agency's success in achieving private response at Superfund sites, additional
attention will be placed on monitoring compliance with settlements and orders.
Where a PRP is in nor-compliance, the Agency will use administrative and judicial
actions and assess penalties as appropriate.
In 1995, continued focus will be placed on conducting expeditious PRP
Searches to maximize the potential for early and equitable PRP response. Where
appropriate, enforcement orders will be issued to obtain early action by PRPs.
This emphasis on early establishment of liability will result in earlier
reduction of risk at sites and a reduction in transaction costs to the PRPs.
Where long-term action is required, a more comprehensive remedial investigation
and feasibility study will be conducted, and maximum efforts will be made to get
responsible parties to conduct the long-term response actions.
The program will continue to emphasize settlements for small contributions
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of hazardous substances (de minimis settlements) and will conduct oversight to
facilitate these settlements. Resources will support program planning and
contract oversight with particular attention given to quality assurance and
conflict of interest concerns. The program will continue its efforts to improve
existing information systems and on building integrated enforcement data systems
with the Department of Justice (DOJ) to assist the overall management of the
Agency's case load on a priority basis.
1994 PROGRAM
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a number
of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The Headquarters
enforcement resources for Superfund Technical Enforcement can now be found in
Multimedia.
The Agency is allocating a total of $94,796,200 ($48,886,500 extramural,.
$45,909,700 intramural) and 750.7 workyears from the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation.
The Technical Enforcement program will continue its cost documentation
efforts in support of cost recovery actions. These enable the Agency to be in a
stronger position when negotiating or litigating cost recovery cases. The
program is also continuing its emphasis on ei.r"y dc it .nimis settlements and is
focusing its attention on PRP compliance with settlement agreements. Emphasis
on early and comprehensive PRP searches supports the early de minimis effort and
also serves to help the program maintain its high PRP participation. The Agency
continues to use available administrative and judicial enforcement tools in
obtaining PRP response actions, and to focus on managing and bringing to
successful closure PRP response and enforcement actions already underway. PRPs
not responding to requests for information are subject to enforcement actions.
The enforcement program will oversee PRP conduct of response actions, and will
issue orders and/or stipulated penalties when PRPs are not in compliance with
settlement agreements.
The Agency is is&Jting administrative orders, and may in some cases pursue
litigation for injunctive relief where settlements are not achieved. The program
is also pursuing non-settling PRPs, and following with aggressive cost recovery
actions when the Trust Fund is used for removal and remedial response actions.
The Agency is seeking the recovery of government costs plus treble damages when
PRPs do not comply with unilateral orders. Cost recovery activities will focus
on large cases and cases constrained by the statute of limitations as well as
administrative cases. An aggressive cost recovery program creates incentives
for early PRP participation in the cleanup process.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $109,030,400 ($60,129,500
extramural, $48,900,900 intramural) supported by 801.2 total workyears from the
Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation to secure and oversee PRP response
at National Priorities List (NPL) sites and other priority sites and to pursue
cost recovery actions.
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The Agency continued to strengthen its enforcement program by placing
increased focus on finding PRPs early in the process and using all available
enforcement tools before initiating a fund-financed action. Where PRPs failed
to adequately respond to information requests, prompt enforcement followed. To
encourage settlements, the Agency pursued de minimis and mixed funding
agreements. Where negotiations failed to achieve settlement, the Agency took
actions against non-settling PRPs by issuing unilateral orders to achieve
response and to establish treble damage claims for cost recovery.
When responsible parties undertook the response action, strong Agency
oversight coupled with prompt enforcement action was used to prevent delays at
the remedy selection and implementation phases. Stipulated or statutory
penalties were issued where the PRPs were not in compliance with the
administrative order, consent decree, or judgment.
The program pursued administrative or judicial cost recovery actions where
Fund-financed action had been undertaken. Aggressive cost recovery-actions
against non-settling PRPs provided an incentive for PRPs to settle.
During 1993, PRP remedial response accounted for 72% of the remedial actions
initiated. The program also concluded remedial design/remedial action (RD/RA)
negotiations, issued administrative orders, and referred cases to DOJ resulting
in !i6 Consent Decrees and 50 Unilateral Administrative Orders for RD/RA. Of the
50 unilateral orders, compliance was achieved with 42 orders during 1993.
Agreements and orders in compliance resulted in binding commitments to perform
remedial work valued at nearly $800 million. For the entire program, the value
of PRP settlements was over $910 million. The value of cost recovery settlements
in 1993 was over $220 million. Funds received in 1993 as a result of cost
recovery actions exceeded $185 million.
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE LEGAL ENFORCEMENT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $25,810,300 and 359.0 total workyears for
this program, all of which will be for the Hazardous Substance Superfund
appropriation. This represents an increase of $2,244,800 and a decrease of 10.9
total workyears from 1994. The workyear reduction reflects the Administration's
efforts to streamline the Federal workforce. This resource level represents
exclusively Regional resources. The corresponding Headquarters component is
included in a transfer of 41.4 workyears to the new Hazardous Substance Site
Remediation enforcement program as part of the Agency's Enforcement program
reorganization.
The Regional Superfund legal enforcement program will continue to implement
the Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model (SACM), which accelerates the technical
aspect of clean up activities. The model requires a significant investment at
the beginning of its implementation but will reduce its resource needs as the
program becomes fully operational.
The Superfund administrative improvements initiative will be fully in place
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in 1995. Activities in 1995 will build on prior year work, including policy
review, policy development and the planning and selection of pilot cases for:
1) greater use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and binding allocation;
2) increased de minimis and de micromis settlements; 3) criteria for greater use
of mixed funding settlements; and 4) addressing environmental justice issues.
The administrative improvements also include continuation of other initiatives
such as maximizing responsible party participation in site cleanup, compliance
monitoring and improved cost recovery.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $23,565,500 supported by 369.9
total workyears for this program, all of which is from the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation. The Headquarters resource level $3,875,800 and 41.9
workyears has been transferred to the new Office of Site Remediation Enforcement
as part of the Agency's Enforcement program reorganization.
Implementation of the Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model (SACM) is
continuing in 1994 to increase the volume and pace of site cleanup. The
Hazardous Substance Legal Enforcement program is placing greater emphasis on
conducting expeditious FRF searches to maximize the potential for early and
equitable PRP response and takeovers. Where appropriate, enforcement orders is
being issued to obtain early action by PRPs. This is resulting in earlier
reduction of risk at sites and a reduction in transaction costs to the PRPs.
Where long-term action is required, a more comprehensive remedial investigation
and feasibility study is being conducted.
Implementation of the Superfund administrative improvements initiative is
continuing in 1994. This initiative is including: 1) greater use of alternative
dispute resolution (ADR) and binding allocation; 2) increased de minimis and de
micromis settlements; 3) policy review and greater use of mixed funding
settlements; and 4) conducting case studies and developing a strategy to address
environmental justice concrr*vs .The administrative improvements also include
continuation of other initiatives such as maximizing PRP participation in site
cleanup, compliance monitoring and improved cost recovery.
Regional legal enforcement work continues on a number of major Section 106
and 107 cases, many of which are expected to reach successful resolution.
Intense legal involvement early in enforcement actions is improving the Agency's
negotiating position and is leading to achievement of stronger settlements.
Judicial actions are being pursued where administrative enforcement tools do not
succeed in securing response action, where remedial settlements need to be
embodied in a court-approved document, and where costs associated with Fund-
financed site cleanups require recovery. Efforts are being made to improve and
expedite the Section 107 litigation process through use of a computer model for
ca?c-ilition of payable interest by defendants in cost recovery proceedings.
Regional legal enforcement work also continues on significant Federal
facilities negotiations which are expected to result in lAGs for cleanup of
Federally-owned Superfund NPL sites. Regional legal resources are supporting
Federal Facilities enforcement efforts in addressing modifications to existing
lAGs, ongoing IAG negotiations, particularly with DOD and DOE, and initial
13-56
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efforts to deal with military base closure.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated $27,908,000 and 404.4 total workyears for the
Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation. These resources reflect both
Headquarters and Regional accounts, prior to the Agency's Enforcement
reorganization. The direction, scope, and accomplishments of the 1993 legal
enforcement program vere still strongly influenced by the 1989 Superfund
Management Review (SMR) which served as the major blueprint for the "enforcement
first policy" for obtaining site cleanup by PRPs.
During 1993, the program worked to fully implement the Superfund Accelerated
Cleanup Model (SACM), designed to increase the pace of site cleanup through
better targeting and management of short-and-long-term cleanup decisions. Legal
enforcement support was integral to this strategy, especially in areas such as
PRP search and access. Aggressive legal support enabled the program to sustain
high levels of PRP participation in cleanup.
In 1993, the program also began implementation Superfund Administrative
Improvements Initiative. This included planning and selection of pilot cases
for: 1) greater use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR); 2) increased de
minimis and de micromis settlements; 3) greater use of mixed funding
settlements; and 4) addressing environmental justice issues. The Administrative
Improvements also included continuation of other enforcement priorities, such as
maximizing PRP participation in site cleanup, compliance monitoring and improved
cost recovery.
Program accomplishments in 1993 reflected continued emphasis on enforcement.
Aggressive use of enforcement tools allowed the Agency to sustain its high rates
of PRP participation in site cleanup. The Agency referred 77 Superfund civil
judicial cases to the Department of Justice. The cases primarily sought
injunctive relief for hazardous waste site cleanup by PRPs, recovery of response
costs, and securing access to sites for obtaining information. In addition, the
Agency issued 255 unilateral administrative orders for remedial activities and
other activities (e.g. cost recovery, site access, etc.).
Headquarters activities focused on coordination with the Regions for SACM
implementation and the Superfund Administrative Improvements Initiative. In
addition, HQ activities expanded capability for the National Enforcement Training
Institute (NETI), which serves as OE's primary institution to develop and train
enforcement personnel.
In the Regions, in addition to settlement negotiations and targeted
strategies to provide repose for small parties, legal work continued on a number
of previously filed Section 106 and 107 cases. In addition to actions against
potentially responsible parties, Regional legal enforcement staff were heavily
involved in significant Federal Facility negotiations.
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HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE CRIMINAL ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $2,681,600 supported by 23.1 total workyears
for this program, all of which will be for the Hazardous Substance Superfund
appropriation. This represents an increase of $61,400 and a decrease of 0.3
workyears in the Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation. The workyear
change reflects the President's effort to streamline the Federal workforce.
The Criminal Enforcement program will act to forcefully deter criminal
violations of environmental laws and regulations by demonstrating to the
regulated community that knowing and willful statutory violations will be met
with harsh sanctions in terms of both fines and jail sentences. The Office of
Criminal Enforcement (OCE) will continue to take enforcement actions against
those individuals and facilities that violate the criminal provisions of the
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) as
amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) . The criminal
investigative program will pursue investigative leads of CERCLA/SARA violations,
develop information to support grand jury inquiries and decisions, refer leads
and cases to other enforcement agencies or pursue joint investigations as
warranted. The Federal Law Enforcement Training Center will provide training on
the investigation and prosecution of CERCLA/SARA criminal cases to Federal.
state, local and tribal law enforcement officials.
Criminal referrals and indictments will continue to grow due to: increases
in the number of multi-media investigations with CERCLA aspects; growth in
National Priority List sites; and increased commitment to Federal facility
enforcement. Under CERCLA/SARA criminal sanctions have changed from misdemeanors
to felonies (punishable by a maximum of three years imprisonment, five years for
subsequent convictions) and potential fines have increased for: failure to report
or submitting false information on releases of hazardous substances; destruction
or falsification of records; or submitting false information in a clean up. The
publicity generated by criminal cases such as David Dellinger. et al. (sentenced
to 27 months imprisonment -- longest prison term awarded to a Federal
environmental defendant in New England), and Electrochemical Co. Inc. et al.
(company owner sentenced to 15 months imprisonment) will create a ripple effect
of voluntary compliance.
The Crimiia.! Enforcement program will target the most significant and
egregious violators. Highest priority will be given to investigations having the
greatest potential for preventing environmental harm and protecting public
health, as it did in the Chesapeake Bay initiative. OCE will continue to work
in close cooperation with state environmental crimes units, other Federal law
enforcement agencies, and the military investigative services, effectively
multiplying the visibility and deterrence of criminal enforcement in the
environmental protection arena.
The Criminal Enforcement program will develop and implement national
criminal CERCLA/SARA enforcement policies to ensure appropriate application of
Superfund laws. OCE will also draft and comment on proposed legislation and
regulations relative to Superfund to ensure enforceability and consistency with
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criminal safeguards.
In 1995, there are 18.3 criminal investigator workyears contained in the
Hazardous Substance Superfund request and 136.2 criminal investigator workyears
contained in the Program and Research Operations appropriation request for a
total of 154.5 criminal investigators workyears to fund 160 agents. The
Pollution Prosecution Act of 1990 requires the Agency to have 160 criminal
investigators on-board by September 30, 1995.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency has allocated a total of $2,620,200 supported by 23.4
total workyears for this program all of which is from the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation.
OCE is initiating and conduct criminal investigations under CERCLA/SARA and
is taking the lead in prosecuting Superfund criminal cases. The program is also
promoting investigative aspects of CERCLA/SARA criminal case development by
establishing and implementing training programs for Federal, state, local and
tribal law enforcement personnel.
Referral and indictment activities have ^rovi vrr the last several years.
The basic goal of deterrence is achieved by the initiation and conduct of
criminal investigations under CERCLA. This program takes the lead in prosecuting
criminal cases of national significance with precedent-setting potential. The
program also promotes investigative aspects of CERCLA criminal case development
by establishing and implementing training programs for Agency personnel.
Many investigations begun as CERCLA investigations, with potential use of
Fund resources for cleanup at apparently abandoned sites, are subsequently
prosecuted under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) . This results
in the Agency's record-keeping systems understating the level of effort for
CERCLA-related cases. These types of RCRA cases with related CERCLA/SARA
offenses account f^r•approximately 50 percent of field agents' caseloads and
manpower commitments.
The Office of Criminal Enforcement is continuing to focus attention on
Federal facilities compliance. To date, there have been 34 cases involving
Federal facilities, or contractors at Federal facilities, of which 14 (4 with
CERCLA aspects) are currently open and actively being investigated.
In 1994, there are 17.6 criminal investigator workyears contained in the
Hazardous Substance Superfund request and 99.9 criminal investigator workyears
contained in the Program and Research Operations appropriation request for a
total of 117.5 criminal investigators workyears to fund 123 agents. This is
allowing EPA to meet the Pollution Prosecution Act requirement that the Agency
have 123 criminal investigators on-board by September 30, 1994.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $2,428,000 supported by 24.1 total
workyears for this program from the Hazardous Substances Superfund appropriation.
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In 1993, the Criminal Enforcement program took the lead in prosecuting
criminal cases of national significance, or with precedent setting potential.
Special agents and prosecuting attorneys often combined CERCLA investigations
with RCRA investigations. The program also provided several training courses for
Agency and state personnel in CERCLA criminal case investigations.
In 1993, there were 19.6 criminal investigator workyears contained in the
Hazardous Substance Superfund request and 69.8 criminal investigator workyears
contained in the Program and Research Operations appropriation request for a
total of 89.4 criminal investigators workyears which funded 110 agents. EPA met
the Pollution Prosecution Act requirement that the Agency to have 110 criminal
investigators on-board by September 30, 1993.
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE TECHNICAL SUPPORT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $8,531,500 and 41.7 total workyears for this
program, all of which will be for the Hazardous Substance Superfund
appropriation. This represents an increase of $841,600 and a decrease of 2.5
total workyears from 1994. The decrease in total workyears reflects the
Administration's efforts to streamline the Federal workforce. As a result of the
current reorganization of the enforcement resources, a number of changes have
been proposed to the enforcement function. This program will transfer $106,600
and 1.2 total workyears to the Headquarters Hazardous Substance - Site
Remediation Enforcement program to support the National Enforcement Training
Institute.
The National Enforcement Investigations Center (NEIC) will continue
providing technical support to Superfund civil and criminal cases. NEIC support
of high priority cases includes use of national expertise in areas such as
information systems, engineering and analytical chemistry. NEIC also will
continue to conduct investigations at Federal facilities, including evaluation
of past on-site hazardous waste management practices (including disposal). This
information will be used to determine site clean-up priorities and develop
evaluation procedures and remedial programs applicable at other facilities. To
build upon its basic mission and invest in current agency priorities, NEIC will
expand its role in criminal investigations. In addition to enhanced technical
services in FY 1995, the NEIC will provide technical leadership to criminal
investigations support personnel in Regional offices. NEIC will work with
Regions to establish benchmarks for consistent case practices, defensible quality
and uniform approaches for technical support across regions.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $7,689,900 and 44.2 total
workyears for this program, all of which is for the Hazardous Substance Superfund
appropriation. As a result of the current reorganization of the enforcement
resources, a number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function.
This program is transferring $106,600 and 1.2 total workyears to the Headquarters
Hazardous Substance - Site Remediation Enforcement program to support the
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National Enforcement Training Institute.
In 1994, NEIC is expanding its abilities to provide technical support to the
criminal enforcement program by hiring additional engineers and chemists. The
NEIC is work to develop the capability to provide direct technical support in the
Regions. NEIC offers the following support services and expertise for superfund
civil and criminal enforcement: information analysis and data reviews; field
investigations; pollution source and process evaluations, financial investigation
and analysis; evidence audit support; preparation of technical reports and other
documents to support case preparation and enforcement action; supplemental
technical analyses including in-depth on-site inspections and pollution impact
evaluations; fully defensible evidence and work products; fact and expert
technical testimony; analyses on the enforceability of regulations, and expertise
in negotiating the technical aspects of consent decrees.
NEIC is continuing to provide support in the emerging capabilities such as
computer fraud area, corporate financial evaluations, integration of risk and
geographic data into enforcement targeting systems, and "fingerprinting"
hazardous wastes to specific pollution sources with innovative applications of
technology such as electron microscopy.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated $7,969,200 and 45.7 total workyears for the
Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation.
In 1993, NEIC provided specialized field, technical, and laboratory support
to litigation, financial analysis, and information services for CERCLA civil and
criminal enforcement actions, case preparation, and settlement negotiations.
Increased technical support to the criminal enforcement program was provided for
CERCLA cases. NEIC-provided support for: on-site inspections to collect evidence
of facility/source operations and/or conditions; analytical and technical support
to determine violations; case development; factual and expert testimony; and
litigation support services tnac conform to confidentiality and chain-of custody
requirements.
Additionally, NEIC provided: financial assessments of the ability of
Potentially Responsible Parties to pay clean-up costs; characterization of
hazardous waste; CERCLA requirements in evaluating compliance at major Federal
facilities; and contractor evidence audit litigation support programs used widely
by the Regions. NEIC also provided extensive technical assistance to EPA and
States on:
o laboratory analytical procedures;
o preparation and handling of highly hazardous samples;
o disposal of hazardous laboratory waste;
o sample shipping procedures;
o training of personnel regarding site inspections and safety procedures;
o in-depth studies of chemical hazards to laboratory and field personnel
engaged in hazardous waste investigations.
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During FY 1993, NEIC continued its support and promotion of the National
Enforcement Training Institute (NETI). NETI provides enforcement training for
State, Federal, and local technical experts and civil investigators. Course
offerings included a wide range of environmental enforcement topics such as
"Enforcement for Laboratory Personnel," and "Environmental Science for the
Enforcement Team."
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE FEDERAL FACILITIES ENFORCEMENT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $30,053,900 supported by 221.0 total
workyears for this program, all of which will be for the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,389,400 and a
decrease of 7.8 total workyears from 1994. The decrease in workyears reflects
the Administration's efforts to streamline the Federal workforce.
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a number
of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. This program will
transfer 4.9 workyears and $1,009,700 to the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response, to support the remedial program efforts related to the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERFA).
These resources will support new and ongoing EPA technical oversight and
assistance at primarily Department of Energy (DOE), Department of Defense (DOD),
and Department of Interior (DOI) Superfund National Priorities List (NPL) site
cleanups under Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability
Act (CERCLA) §120 Interagency Agreements (lAGs)/Federal Facility Agreements
(FFAs). As of October 1, 1993, there are 146 proposed and final Superfund
Federal installations on the NPL, of which 120 have lAGs and FFAs in place. EPA
exercises formal oversight only at sites with an IAG/FFA. EPA also has
concurrence or consultation responsibilities on transfer of Federal property, by
deed or lease, on both NPL and non-NPL Federal facilities under the Community
Environmental Response Facilitation Act (CERFA) of 1992.
EPA will continue to promulgate Federal facility sites for the NPL. As many
as 30 sites could be listed during 1995. Regions, with Headquarters assistance,
negotiate lAGs/FFAs, as mandated under §120, at these sites. In some cases
Headquarters may have to assume the lead on the negotiation. In addition, OE's
Superfund Federal Facilities program anticipates that a number of lAGs/FFAs will
require re-negotiation especially at DOE facilities. Headquarters will continue
to provide support to the Regions in developing their operating plans for
compliance monitoring of existing §120 lAGs/FFAs. EPA staff are often consulted
by DOE, DoD and other Federal agencies on evolving issues as lAGs may be amended
or modified.
As other Federal agencies, especially the Department of Interior (DOI),
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and National Aeronautical and
Space Agency (NASA), continue to assess sites under their environmental cleanup
programs, EPA anticipates an increased need to provide technical assistance and
training to these agencies. This will enable them to build their capacity ti
13-62
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address hazardous waste sites.
In the information management area, work will continue on developing
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Information
System (CERCLIS) management reports. A lesser priority will be placed on
examining the potential of data integration with other Federal agencies working
at Superfund sites. The Federal Facility Tracking System (FFTS) and Hazardous
Waste Compliance Docket will continue operation. Contract funds will provide for
the Federal Facilities Hotline and the Hazardous Waste Compliance Docket.
Contract resources also support CERCLIS data management.
The Office of Federal Facilities Enforcement (OFFE) also responds to request
for information under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), as well as requests
from the Congress, state and local entities and other Federal agencies.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $28,664,500 and 228.8 total
workyears for this program, all of which is from the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation. As a result of the current reorganization of
enforcement resources, a number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement
function. This program is transferring 5.0 workyears and $950,000 to the Office
of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, to support the remedial program efforts
related to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability
Act (CERFA).
Superfund Federal facility enforcement resources is supporting ongoing EPA
technical oversight and technical assistance at primarily DOE, DoD, and DOI
Superfund NPL sites under CERCLA §120 lAGs/FFAs. The Agency has oversight
responsibilities at approximately 146 NPL sites plus some additional facilities
that are being added during the year.
EPA to promulgate Federal facility sites for the NPL. As many as 30 sites
could be listed in the upcoming year. With Headquarters assistance, Regions
generally negotiate the lAGs/FFAs, as mandated under §120 for these sites. In
some cases Headquarters may have the lead on the negotiation. In addition, OE's
Superfund Federal Facilities program anticipates that a number of lAGs/FFAs is
requiring re-negotiation especially at DOE facilities. Headquarters is
continuing to provide support to the Regions in developing their operating plans
for compliance nn5toring of existing §120 lAGs/FFAs. EPA staff are often
consulted by DOE, DoD and other Federal agencies on evolving issues as lAGs may
be amended due or modified.
The Community Environmental Response and Facilitation Act (CERFA) was
enacted in 1993. CERFA requires that DoD identify "uncontaminated parcels", with
concurrence by EPA, for Base Closure and Realignment Act (BRAG) I and II bases
on the NPL, by April 1994. "Uncontaminated" parcels are those where no hazardous
substances and no petroleum products or their derivatives have been stored for
one year or more, known to have been released, or disposed of. CERFA clarifies
CERCLA §120(h)(3) to allow transfer by deed at the point when the successful
operation of an approved remedy has been demonstrated to EPA. This demonstration
is required for all transfer of real property by deed. This requirement extends
13-63
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EPA's role in transfer of Federal of real property beyond NPL sites arena to
include transfers of non-NPL sites.
In 1994, OFFE is developing, in conjunction with the Regions a formal policy
setting out procedures for dispute resolution cases including those elevated to
Headquarters for decision by the Administrator.
The OFFE and its regional program is continuing the process of procuring its
own services for oversight support.
In the information management area, work is continuing on developing
CERCLIS management reports. A lesser priority is being placed on examining the
potential of data integration with other Federal agencies working at Superfund
sites. The Federal Facility Tracking System (FFTS) and Hazardous Waste
Compliance Docket is continuing operation. Contract funds is providing for the
Federal Facilities Hotline and the Hazardous Waste Compliance Docket. Contract
resources is also supporting CERCLIS data management.
The Federal Facilities Environmental Restoration Dialogue Committee (FFERDC)
is holding at least two plenary sessions in 1994 to continue work on developing
principles for priority-setting at Federal facilities. In addition, the
committee is monitoring implementation of publir. -a-'t;" cipation recommendations.
Contract resources is supporting development and delivery of Superfund
Federal facility training programs. Particular emphasis is being placed or
educating Federal inspection teams on Federal facility cleanup issues and site
safety. Contract dollars is also supporting the development of training
videotapes and logistical support for EPA/DOD/DOE/state Federal Facility
workshops.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $27,921,900 supported by 203.6
total workyears for t" is program, all of which was from the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation.
During 1993, 15 additional Federal facility CERCLA interagency agreements
(lAGs) were executed. Of the 146 proposed and final facilities listed on the
NPL, 120 facilities are now covered by enforceable agreements, and EPA
concentrated its efforts on their implementation. The number of accomplishments
reported by the Regions reflects that work has proceeded into the implementation
phase. For example, the Regions have reported 58 Records of Decision (RODs)
signed in 1993. In addition, they have reported 43 remedial design (RD) starts,
30 RD completions, 23 remedial action (RA) starts and 15 RA completions. The
Federal facilities Superfund program also supported an ongoing workload of 468
Remedial Investigation (RI)/Feasibility Study (FS), 49 RDs and 48 RAs during
1993.
Pursuant to Congressional mandate, numerous military bases are undergoing
realignment or complete closure. The timely reutilization of these installations
was essential if the economic consequences to the community of losing military
and civilian jobs were to be minimized. EPA was involved at over seventy of
13-64
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these installations. The statutory mandates to close bases (Base Closure and
Realignment Acts of 1988, 1991 and 1993), satisfy environmental concerns (CERCLA
§120), and identify "uncontaminated" property and expeditiously make property
available for reuse (CERFA), created new demands and placed new pressures on EPA
in 1993.
EFA's Base Closure Team has worked to develop and implement a Fast Track
Cleanup Program to meet the demands associated with base closure. The Fast Track
Cleanup Program was one of the pillars of the Administration's Five Point Plan,
announced July 2, 1993, to speed economic recovery at closing military bases.
In order for EPA to implement the President's Fast Track Cleanup Program, the
Base Closure Team developed the Model Accelerated Cleanup Program (MAC) and
guidance to execute the MAC. The MAC establishes environmental teams to provide
EPA's technical expertise to streamline and accelerate the cleanup of closing and
realigning bases. The MAC was led by a senior project manager who was empowered
to make decisions locally and the MAC was relying on EPA expertise, breaking from
traditional reliance on contractors for technical assistance.
In furtherance of the Administration's goal to expeditiously return closing
bases to productive uses, the Base Closure Team worked to bring together
competing interests to accommodate and balance both environmental and economic
goals. A key component of this process has been to improve coordination between
the cleanup efforts and the reuse efforts. The Base Closure Team recognized that
by working with DoD and the states as partners, it is possible to diffuse the
conflict sometimes attributed to tension between economic interests and
environmental protection. The team constantly looks for efficiencies to ensure
that environmental restoration does not become a bottleneck in the process.
The team prepared an informational briefing attended by over 100
Congressional staffers to convey the message that EPA, DoD, and the states are
working together as partners to accelerate cleanup at closing bases while
protecting public health and the environment.
The Base Closure Team sponsored two conferences, "Military Base Closure:
Accelerating Environmental Restoration," in Boston, MA and Austin, TX. The focus
of the conferences was to develop methods for accelerating the cleanup process
at closing military installations in order to facilitate the reuse of those
installations.
In February 1993, the Federal Facilities Environmental Restoration Dialogue
Committee (FFERDC) published its Interim Report, providing consensus
recommendations to the federal government for improving priority-setting
decisions at federal sites. Several public forums were held across the nation
to discuss recommendations with affected community members, and to receive
feedback on the recommendations.
The State of Washington, the DOE and EPA reached an agreement in principle
on September 30, 1993 which guide environmental cleanup at the former nuclear
weapons production facility in southeastern Washington. Highlights to the major
renegotiations include: discontinuing the entire grouping system designed to put
low level radioactive waste into a cement vault; making almost half the Hanford
Site available for other uses by October 1994; and strengthening the enforcement
13-65
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provisions and streamlining the dispute resolution process.
In 1993, two updates to the docket were published in the Federal Register.
The purpose of the docket is to identify Federal facilities that engage in
hazardous waste activity or have the potential to release hazardous substances
into the environment, to compile and maintain the information submitted to EPA
on those facilities, and to provide a mechanism to make the information available
to the public. At the end of 1993, there were 1,930 Federal facilities listed
on the docket, an increase of 221 from 1992.
In January 1993, OFFE awarded a contract to a minority-owned small business.
This contract is utilized to support OFFE in the areas of data management,
preparation of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) A-106 report, meeting
support and communications. The contract has subsequently been extended for two
additional years.
OFFE is working with the National Association of Attorneys General (NAAG),
EPA and DOE under a cooperative agreement to foster better communications and
understanding of DOE environmental compliance issues.
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE SITE REMEDIATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $20,178,000 and 117.7 total workyears for
this program, all of which will be from the Hazardous Substance Superfuno
appropriation. This represents an increase of $2,684,600 for the Hazardous
Substance Superfund appropriation and a decrease of 1.2 total workyears. The
increase in the Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation reflects increased
administrative ceiling to cover personnel costs. As a result of the current
reorganization of enforcement resources, a number of changes have been proposed
to the enforcement function, Th'> Headquarters resources previously identified in
the Hazardous Substance Technical Enforcement and Hazardous Substance Legal
Enforcement program have been transferred into this program. Regional resources
which support this program can be found in the Hazardous Substances Regional
Technical Enforcement program and the Hazardous Substances Legal Enforcement
Program.
In 1995, EPA will continue its efforts to maximize PRP participation in site
cleanup, while working aggressively to reduce inappropriate transaction costs
associated with enforcement of these cleanup responsibilities and alleviating
early the problems created by the liability scheme for small contributors,
innocent landowners and other peripheral players.
In 1995, the Agency will negotiate with Potentially Responsible Parties
(PRPs) to obtain response actions consistent with the National Contingency Plan
(NCP). As the PRPs conduct work, the Agency will provide oversight to ensure that
the PRPs are in compliance with settlements and orders. Where negotiations fail,
the Agency will either take unilateral enforcement actions or use Trust Fund
dollars to remediate sites. Cost recovery actions will then be taken against PRPs
to recover Trust Fund expenditures from these PRPs.
13-66
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As the Agency continues to implement the accelerated cleanup model which
promotes early risk reduction, the enforcement program will focus on identifying
PRPs early to assure a continued high level of PRP participation. As a result of
the Agency's success in achieving PRP response at Superfund sites, additional
attention will be placed on assuring compliance with settlements and orders.
Where a PRP is in non-compliance, the Agency will use administrative and judicial
actions and assess penalties as appropriate. The Agency will also maintain an
aggressive cost recovery program in cases where Trust Fund dollars must be used
to clean up sites.
The program will continue to emphasize vigorous PRP searches, early
identification of PRPs for cleanup negotiations, and timely settlements for small
contributors of hazardous substances, as tools which are central to the companion
goals of maximum PRP participation and minimum transaction costs. settlements.
Resources will also support program planning, guidance development, and
contract oversight with particular attention given to quality assurance and
conflict of interest concerns. The program will continue its efforts to improve
existing information systems and to build integrated enforcement data systems
with the Department of Justice to assist the overall management of the Agency's
case load on a priority basis.
In 1995, the Enforcement Capacity and outreach program will continue in its
efforts to keep external stakeholders current on EPA enforcement activities and
its successes in settlement actions. The EPA National Enforcement Training
Institute (NETI) will conduct enforcement training for civil investigators,
technical personnel, criminal investigators and attorneys. State and Local
environmental personnel will also be provided with training opportunities via
NETI's facilities in Washington D.C., and the western campus at the National
Enforcement investigations Center (NEIC) in Lakewood, Colorado.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $17,493,400 and 118.9 workyears for this
program, all of which is from the Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation.
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a number of
changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The Headquarters
resources previously identified in the Hazardous Substance Technical Enforcement
and Hazardous Substance Legal Enforcement program have been transferred into this
program. Regional resources which support this program can be found in the
Hazardous Substances Regional Technical Enforcement program and the Hazardous
Substances Legal Enforcement Program.
The Site Remediation Enforcement program continues to use available
administrative and judicial enforcement tools in obtaining PRP response actions,
and to focus on managing and bringing to successful closure PRP response and
enforcement actions already underway. PRPs not responding to requests for
information are subject to enforcement actions. The enforcement program is
overseeing PRP conduct of response actions, and is issuing orders and/or
stipulated penalties when PRPs are not in compliance with settlement agreements.
The program is also continuing its emphasis on early de minimis settlements
13-67
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and is focusing attention on PRP compliance with settlement agreements. Emphasis
on early and comprehensive PRP searches supports the early de minimis effort and
also serves to help the program maintain its high PRP participation in light of
Superfund's efforts to accelerate cleanups and to reduce risk early in the
process.
The program is continuing its cost documentation efforts in support of cost
recovery actions. This enables the Agency to be in a stronger position when
negotiating or litigating cost recovery cases. Improvements in this important
system is enabling the Agency to use cost recovery in a more timely, strategic
manner and safeguard its responsibility to meet all statute of limitations
deadlines.
The Agency is negotiating consent decrees, issuing administrative orders,
and may in some cases pursue litigation for injunctive relief where settlements
are not achieved. The program is also pursuing non-settling PRPs, and following
with aggressive cost recovery actions when the Trust Fund is used for removal and
remedial response actions. The Agency is seeking the recovery of government costs
plus treble damages when PRPs do not comply with unilateral orders. Cost
recovery activities is focusing on large cases and cases constrained by the
statute of limitations as well as administrative cases. This strategy results
in the return of needed resources to the Trust Fund and, in the long run,
increased compliance with Superfund enforcement actions as PRPs are more likely
to settle to conduct the cleanup than face costly cost recovery actions.
In 1994, the Enforcement Capacity and outreach program is continuing in its
efforts to keep external stakeholders current on EPA enforcement activities and
its successes • in settlement actions. The EPA National Enforcement Training
Institute (NETI) is conducting enforcement training for civil investigators,
technical personnel, criminal investigators and attorneys. State and Local
environmental personnel is also being provided with training opportunities via
NETI's facilities in Washington D.C., and the western campus at the National
Enforcement investigations Center (NEIC) in Lakewood, Colorado.
The Site Remediation enforcement program is supporting Superfund enforcement
data management, budget and financial management and other program oversight
activities.
13-68
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SUPERFUND
Management and Support
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST INCREASE
1995 DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Hazardous Substance
Financial Management -
Headquarters
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
TOTAL
Hazardous Substance -
Financial Management -
Regions
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
TOTAL
Hazardous Substance
Administrative
Management -
Headquarters
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
TOTAL
Hazardous Substance
Administrative
Management - Regions
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
TOTAL
Hazardous Substance
Contracts and Grants
Hgtnt - Headquarters
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
TOTAL
Hazardous Substance -
Contracts and Grants
Mgmt - Regions
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
TOTAL
Hazardous Substance -
Headquarters \Nati onHide
Support Services
Office of Inspector
General
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
Inspector General -
Trust Fund
TOTAL
$8,699.3
$8,699.3
$7,176.3
$7,176.3
$3,023.4
$3,023.4
$5,046.9
(
$5,046.9
$t, DO. 9
$8.180.9
$4.851.1
$4,851.1
$1,196.0
$36,637.0
$37,833.0
$7,643.2
$7,643.2
$7,565.5
$7,565.5
$3,430.5
$3,430.5
$3,702.5
$3,702.5
$7,828.1
$7,828.1
$5,162.9
$5,162.9
$42,089.9
$1,494.6
$43,584.5
$7,008.8
$7,008.8
$6,993.8
$6,993.8
$3,414.5
$3,414.5
$3,651.7
$3,651.7
$7,827.3
$7,827.3
$5,147.8
$5,147.8
$32,221.8
$1,494.6
$33,716.4
$6,567.8
$6,567.8
$8,112.7
$8,112.7
.
$2,910.3
$2,910.3
$4,368.7
$4,368.7
$8,321.6
$8,321.6
$5,136.5
$5,136.5
$1,494.6
$31,992.1
$33,486.7
$7,609.9 $1,042.1
$7,609.9 $1,042.1
$7,621.8 -$490.9
$7,621.8 -$490.9
$3,094.6 $184.3
$3,094/6 $184.3
$3,494.1 -$874.6
$3,494.1 -$874.6
$9,345.3 $1,023.7
$9,345.3 $1,023.7
$5,575.9 $439.4
$5,575.9 $439.4
$1,494.6
$48,069.6 $16,077.5
$49,564.2 $16,077.5
-$33.3
-$33.3
$56.3
$56.3
-$335.9
-$335.9
-$208.4
-$208.4
$1,517.2
$1,517.2
$413.0
$413.0
$1,494.6
$5,979.7
-$1,494.6
$5,979.7
13-69
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SUPERFUMO
Management and Support
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Hazardous Substance
Support Services
Regions
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
Hazardous Substance
Automated Data
Processing Support
Services
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
Hazardous Substance
Legal Services -
Headquarters
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
Hazardous Substance
Legal Services -
Regions
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
$21,663.0
TOTAL $21,663.0
$5,821.5
TOTAL $5,821.5
$908.8
TOTAL $908.8
$1,301.8
TOTAL $1,301.8
$19,699.1
$19,699.1
$7,396.5
$7,396.5
$1,171.1
$1,171.1
$1,644.6
$1,644.6
$9,321.8
$9,321.8
$7,396.4
$7,396.4
$1,157.6
$1,157.6
$1,643.8
$1,643.8
$9,538.9
$9,538.9
$7,396.4
$7,396.4
$1,157.5
$1,157.5
$1,667.4
$1,667.4
$20,776.5
$20,776.5
$7,496.5
$7,496.5
$1,252.1
$1,252.1
$1,788.6
$1,788.6
$11,237.6
$11,237.6
$100.1
$100.1
$94.6
$94.6
$121.2
$121.2
$1,077.4
$1,077.4
~
$100.0
$100.0
$81.0
$81.0
$144.0
$144.0
Hazardous Substance-
Office of the Inspector
General
Office of Inspector
General
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
Inspector General -
Trust Fund
Hazardous Substance -
Mission & Policy - DIG
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
Hazardous Substance-
Office of Policy,
Planning And Evaluation
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
$12,157.5 $14,784.0 -$14,784.0
$13,574.7 $13,574.7 $13,574.7
$14,784.0 $14,784.0 -$14,784.0
TOTAL $12,157.5 $14,784.0 $14,784.0 $14,784.0 $13,574.7 -$1,209.3 -$1,209.3
$314.7 $314.7 $314.7
TOTAL $314.7 $314.7 $314.7
$2,886.6 $3,057.4 $2,888.3 $2,884.4 $3,121.9 $237.5 $64.5
TOTAL $2,886.6 $3,057.4 $2,888.3 $2,884.4 $3,121.9 $237.5 $64.5
13-70
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SUPERFUND
Management and Support
Hazardous Substance-
Office of the
Comptroller
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
Hazardous Substance-
Office of the
Administrator
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
Hazardous Substance -
Management and Support
Development - ORD
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
Analytical
Environmental Services
Superfund
Hazardous Substance
Response Trust Fund
TOTAL:
Office of Inspector
General
Hazardous Substance
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 RED.
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 RED
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$858.8
TOTAL $858.8
$1,202.6
TOTAL $1,202.6
$1,130.8
TOTAL $1,130.8
$1,688.4
TOTAL $1 ,688.4
'$13,353.5
$111,077.2
$1,007.4
$1,007.4
$1,234.1
$1,234.1
$1,552.4
$1,552.4
$1,753.7
$1,753.7
$115,938.9
$1,000.2
$1,000.2
$1,371.4
$1,371.4
$1,212.9
$1,212.9
$1,744.9
$1,744.9
$100,935.3
$1,257.4
$1,257.4
$1,870.5
$1,870.5
$1,211.7
$1,211.7
$1,744.9
$1,744.9
$16,278.6
$91,981.2
$1,025.4
$1,025.4
$1,290.6
$1,290.6
$1,557.3
$1,557.3
$1,753.7
$1,753.7
$140,257.8
-$232.0
-$232.0
-$579.9
-$579.9
$345.6
$345.6
$8.8
$8.8
-$16,278.6
$48,276.6
$18.0
$18.0
$56.5
$56.5
$4.9
$4.9
$24,318.9
Response Trust Fund
Inspector General -
Trust Fund
$16,278.6 $16,278.6
-$16,278.6
Management and Support TOTAL $124,430.7 $132,217.5 $110,281.6 $112,417.4 $140,257.8 $27,840.4 $8,040.3
13-71
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SUPERFUND
Management and Support
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE
1994 1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Hazardous Substance
Financial Management -
Headquarters
Hazardous Substance -
Financial Management -
Regions
Hazardous Substance
Administrative
Management -
Headquarters
Hazardous Substance
Administrative
Management - Regions
Hazardous Substance
Contracts and Grants
Mgmt - Headquarters
Hazardous Substance -
Contracts and Grants
Mgmt - Regions
Hazardous Substance
Legal Services -
Headquarters
Hazardous Substance
Legal Services -
Regions
Hazardous Substance-
Office of the Inspector
General
Hazardous Substance-
Mission & Policy - OIG
Hazardous Substance-
Office of Policy.
Planning And Evaluation
Hazardous Substance-
Office of the
Comptroller
Hazardous Substance-
Office of the
Administrator
Hazardous Substance -
Management and Support
Development - ORD
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
80.5 56.7 56.7 66.4 68.0
88.7 97.2 97.2 97.0 96.1
39.7 44.5 44.5 34.3 32.5
109.2 118.2 118.2 118.2 117.0
81.3 81.3 81.3 81.3 90.4
10.5
1.2
11.7 11.7 11.7 11.6
18.4 25.3 25.3 25.3 25.0
101.5 154.5 154.5 154.5 139.5
12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3
12.5 13.2 13.2 13.2
1.8
13.0
8.5 11.6 11.6 11.6 11.3
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.6 11.3
-9
-1.1
-1.8 -12.0
86.8 66.2 66.2 66.2 60.9 -5.3 -5.3
-1.2 -1.2
9.1
-1
-3
-2
-3
-1
9.1
-3
-15.0 -15.0
4.0 4.0 4.0
12.0 -3 -3
-2
-3
-1
651.1 694.5 694.5 693.8 683.0 -10.8 -11.5
13-72
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ACTUAL
1993
SUPERFUND
Management and Support
PRES. ENACTED CURRENT
BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE
1994 1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Hazardous Substance
Financial Management -
Headquarters
Hazardous Substance -
Financial Management -
Regions
Hazardous Substance
Administrative
Management -
Headquarters
Hazardous Substance
Administrative
Management - Regions
Hazardous Substance
Contracts and Grants
Mgmt - Headquarters
.Hazardous Substance -
Contracts and Grants
Mgmt - Regions
Hazardous Substance
Legal Services -
Headquarters '
Hazardous Substance
Legal Services -
Regions
Hazardous Substance-
Office of the Inspector
General
Hazardous Substance-
Mission & Policy - OIG
Hazardous Substance*
Office of Policy,
Planning And Evaluation
Hazardous Substance-
Office of the
Comptroller
Hazardous Substance-
Office of the
Administrator
Hazardous Substance -
Management and Support
Development - ORD
TOTAL WORKYEARS
82.6
92.1
40.0
21.1
1.2
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
56.7 56.7 66.4 68.0
97.2 97.2 97.0 96.1
83.6 81.3 81.3 81.3 90.4
10.6 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.6
25.3 25.3 25.3 25.0
12.5 13.2
1.8
13.2 13.2 13.0
8.7 11.6 11.6 11.6 11.3
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.6 11.3
-9
9.1
-1
-3
-2
-3
-1
-1.1
44.5 44.5 34.3 32.5 -1.8 _ -12.0
92.3 66.2 66.2 66.2 60.9 -5.3 -5.3
111.2 118.2 118.2 118.2 117.0 -1.2 -1.2
9.1
-1
-3
102.2 154.5 154.5 154.5 139.5 -15.0 -15.0
4.0 4.0 4.0
12.6 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.0 -3 -3
-2
-3
-1
670.7 694.5 694.5 693.8 683.0 -10.8 -11.5
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SUPERFUND
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $140,257,800 and 683.0 total workyears in
1995, an increase of $27,840,400 and a decrease of 10.8 workyears from 1994. Of
the total appropriation request, $15,384,000 is for the Office of the Inspector
General. This represents a decrease of $894,600 and 11 workyears for the
Inspector General.
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT - HEADQUARTERS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $7,609,900 supported by 68.0 total workyears
for this program. This represents an increase of $1,042,100 and 1.6 total
workyears in the Hazardous Substance Superfund Appropriation. The major focus
of this program will be to support the cost accounting, financial requirements,
and cost recovery needs of the Agency, focusing on the needs of the Office of
Solid Waste and Emergency Response, the Office of Enforcement, and Regional
Program Offices. The continuing activities of'tae program are the compilation
of cost documents supporting Superfund site costs, enhancing automated cost
recovery systems (SCRIPS and SCORE$) for improved efficiency, computing the
Agency's indirect cost rates, and incorporating contractor program management
costs into the cost recovery process. New activities required of this program
are the result of the CFO Act, the National Performance Review, and Government
Performance and Results Act. The implementation of these acts will require
additional cost accounting capabilities and cost accounting information by the
Agency with the resultant need for system changes, development of policies and
procedures, and training of Agency personnel.
In addition, this program provides for the Superfund portion of core
financial services: payroll support; contractor invoice and voucher processing;
development and preparation of the CFO's audited financial statements and five-
year plan; financial systems development and operations; and quality assurance.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $6,567,800 and 66.4 total
workyears for this program, all of which is from the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation. These resources provide for the cost accounting,
financial requirements, and cost recovery needs of the Agency. They support the
operation, maintenance, and enhancement of Agency cost recovery systems necessary
to keep pace with the increased demand for Superfund cost documentation and cost
recovery litigation. They also provide for the allocation of the Agency's
Superfund indirect costs into the cost recovery process, including contract
program management costs, which had previously been excluded. A major emphasis
this fiscal year is support of the Superfund reauthorizatiion efforts. In
addition, the work required to complete and implement the Agency's proposed cost
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recovery regulation is expected to consume considerable resources. Another key
initiative of the FY 1994 program will be to update and streamline many of the
Agency's Superfund financial management policies and procedures. Finally, a
significant amount of resources provided will support continuing core financial
services - payroll and travel voucher processing, commercial payment invoice
processing, development and preparation of the CFO's audited financial statements
and five-year plan, and financial systems operation and development.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $8,699,300 supported by 82.6 total
workyears for this program. These resources provided for site-specific
accounting support for the Agency's cost recovery program. The cost recovery
systems were installed nationwide and software enhancements were incorporated
into those systems. The Agency began the allocation of contractor program
management costs into the cost recovery process and was successful in court
challenges.
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT - REGIONS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $7,621,800 supported by 96.1 total workyears
for this program. This represents an decrease of $490,900 and .9 total workyears
in the Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation The decrease complies with
the government-wide reduction in workforce that is part of the President's
program to reduce the size and cost of government. This program provides for the
implementation of Superfund accounting requirements, financial needs, and cost
recovery support within the Regions. This program will continue to develop,
reconcile, and prepare Superfund cost documents for the cost recovery program.
In partnership with headquarters, the Regions will continue to develop and
enhance the Agency cost recovery systems and its financial management systems.
With increased effectiveness in the cost recovery program, the Regions will
continue to increase and improve their oversight billings, tracking and ensuring
collection of Superfund receivables, and implementation of improved cost
accounting. The Regional core financial services will continue with payroll and
voucher processing, funds control, and reporting for management and program
purposes.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $8,112,700 supported by 97.0
total workyears for this program. These resources support the Agency's cost
recovery process through its development, reconciliation, and production of cost
recovery packages. In addition, improved oversight billing was implemented.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $7,176,300 supported by 92.1 total
workyears for this program, all of which was from the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation. With these resources, the Regional financial management
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offices provided site-specific accounting support and gathered Regional cost
documentation as requested by Regional counsel when cases entered the negotiation
of litigation phases. Also provided were basic financial services for the
Regional Superfund program, such as payroll and invoice processing and reporting.
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT - HEADQUARTERS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $3,094,600 supported by 32.5 total workyears
for this program, all of which will be for the Hazardous Substance Response
Superfund appropriation. This represents a decrease of $184,300 and 1.8 total
workyears from 1994. The workyear decrease complies with the Administration's
commitment to streamline government. The Safety Health and Environmental
Management Division (SHEMD) will continue to develop and update its health,
safety, and environmental management policy, guidelines and training materials
for Superfund activities. The Facilities Management and Services Division (FMSD)
will continue to furnish administrative support services such as photocopying,
physical and document security, and engineering and technical assistance at both
Headquarters and field offices. The Management and Organization (M & 0) Division
will be able to provide management and organization services for already
identified and planned initiatives and clients. Approximately twenty percent of
the use of Automated Data Processing (ADP) resources as well as the personnel to
manage the ADP resources and the program management of the Superfund Cost
Recovery Implementation Planning Systems (SCRIPS) programs are funded through
this Program Element.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $2,910,300 supported by 34.3
total workyears for this program, all of which is from the Hazardous Substance
Response Superfund appropriation. We continue to effectively manage automated
systems, provide recruitment, scai'fing, classification, and training activities.
provide sufficient facilities management to support the overall Superfund
program, and provide management and organizational analyses to strengthen the
Superfund management processes. We continue to develop health and safety
programs and training courses, implement specialized medical monitoring programs.
and verify through technical support and environmental audits that Superfund
waste handled by EPA Laboratories is disposed in accordance with the off-site
disposal requirements of the statute.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $3,023,400 supported by 40.0 total
workyears for this program, all of which was from the Hazardous Substance
Response Superfund appropriation. These resources enabled the program to provide
centralized administrative, management, and support services to Superfund
activities. We provided human resource services including recruitment, staffing,
classification and training support, management and organizational analyses to
strengthen Superfund management processes, and program support services including
property and space management, printing and security. These resources are used
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to provide technical support, guidance, training, and oversight to ensure that
Superfund waste from EPA labs is properly managed and that employees are
protected from occupational risks. We created a database on protective clothing
to enhance the health and safety of our employees. Resources were used to revise
or develop information systems including systems to track hazardous substance
release at Federal Facilities, and the administrative/financial systems were used
to manage the Superfund Program.
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT - REGIONS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $3,494,100 supported by 60.9 total workyears
for this program, all of which will be for the Hazardous Substance Superfund
appropriation. This represents a decrease of $874,600 and 5.3 total workyears
from 1994. The workyear decrease reflects a disinvestment in Regional
information management activities and complies with the Administration's
commitment to streamline government. Regional administrative management
activities will include: information processing and management, records
management, general office services, property and procurement management, and
health and safety activities such as training, safety plan reviews, medical
monitoring coordination, fire safety reviews, and oversight of laboratory waste
management. This program also provides all personnel services for the Superfund
Program.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $4,368,700 supported by 66.2
total workyears for this program, all of which is from the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation. These resources provide Regional Superfund
administrative support services for continuing recruitment of personnel to work
in the area of hazardous waste, assuring a reliable health and safety and
environmental compliance program, providing adequate ADP technical assistance to
support the site-specific record keeping requirements of the Superfund progru
and improved information systems for EPA and state operations.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $5,046,900 supported by 92.3 total
workyears for this program, all of which was from the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation. These resources provided a full complement of
administrative management services to the Regional Superfund program, including
contracting and procurement, personnel, health and safety, and information
management activities. The program placed special emphasis on efforts to recruit
properly qualified personnel and to provide for the intense and specialized
training needs of Superfund employees. Increased efforts are also underway in
the area of information resources management to efficiently respond to increasing
program demands for staff support.
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HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE CONTRACTS AND GRANTS MANAGEMENT - HEADQUARTERS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $9,345,300 supported by 117.0 total workyears
for this program, all of which will be for the Hazardous Substance Superfund
appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,023,700 and a decrease of 1.2
workyears. These resources will provide for award and management of a large
number of complex contracts, grants, cooperative and interagency agreements, as
well as provide support for Superfund enforcement efforts and continued
implementation of the Superfund long-term contracting strategy. Quality control
over contracts with increasingly high obligation amounts includes the development
and implementation of strong conflict of interest guidelines and procedures.
Resources will allow continued improvements in Superfund contract management
initiatives and provide effective assistance and contracts management through
greater outreach to the Regions and states; ensure a more aggressive Superfund
cost-recovery documentation effort; provide critical financial monitoring;
support more oversight, training and technical assistance to our Federal
partners; and develop and refine policy guidance and procedures for more complex
procurement needs and cooperative and interagency agreements and new grant
programs. In Grants management, we will also continue to increase efforts to
combat fraud, waste and abuse in Superfund Federal assistance and procurement
programs and implement the training curriculum for Regional grant personnel.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $8,321,600 supported by 118.2 total
workyears for this program, all of which will be for the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation. We will continue to effectively award and manage
increasing numbers of contracts as well as assure quality control over contracts
with high obligation amounts and provide critical financial monitoring. In
grants management, we will continue to award and manage Superfund cooperative
agreements, grants and Superfund Interagency Agreements, develop suspension and
debarment cases, and provide training to Regional grant management and program
staff and State recipients on all administrative requirements applicable to the
Superfund Program.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency allocated a total of $8,180,900 supported by 111.2 total
workyears for this program, all of which was from the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation. The major accomplishments in this program area included
improvements in contract planning, award, management, and automated processing
of grants and interagency agreements, and small purchases and the formulation of
the long-term contracting strategy. Formulation of the Superfund long-term
contracting strategy will result in a complete restructuring of the Superfund
Contracting Program over the next several years. Resources were used to provide
more oversight training and technical assistance to our Federal partners. In
addition, we continued to increase our efforts to combat fraud, waste and abuse
in Superfund Federal Assistance.
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HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE CONTRACTS AND GRANTS MANAGEMENT - REGIONS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $5,575,900 supported by 90.4 total workyears
for this program, all of which will be for the Hazardous Substance Superfund
appropriation. This represents an increase of $439,400 from 1994 and an increase
in 9.1 workyears. The additional workyears and dollars will implement the
Agency's Contract Management Improvement Strategy and provide for increased
salary needs. Superfund Regional Contracting Offices (RCOs) award and administer
removal and remedial contracts, responding to the Regional site clean-up needs.
RCOs also provide immediate contract assistance to Regional staff. The Regional
Grants Management Offices (GMO) award and manage all Superfund cooperative
agreements for pre-remedial, remedial, and enforcement activities. In addition,
the GMOs award and manage all technical assistance grants, core grants, and
interagency agreements. They are responsible for ensuring that each award
complies with all EFA administrative requirements and that the recipients comply
with all requirements in the award documents. The GMOs also perform State
reviews to assure procurement, property, and financial systems of recipients are
in compliance with EPA's Superfund regulation. The grants offices continue to
implement the Regional Automated Grant Document System (RAGDS) to ensure the
integrity of assistance information in the Ageacy'b catabase.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocated a total of $5,136,500 and 81.3 total
workyears from the Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation. The Superfund
Regional Contracting Officer program will continue to provide the Regional
Superfund Program o,ffices with essential contracting expertise needed to manage
the existing contracts and place new contracts for the emergency and remedial
response programs. Documentation and strong management and financial controls
will be critical for enforcement and cost recovery efforts. The grants program
awards, administers, .and manages complex Superfund cooperative and interagency
agreements and grants ror emergency and remedial response activities. Special
emphasis will be placed on accountability and ensuring that every Superfund
assistance award complies with regulatory and policy requirements and that
recipients have the financial, procurement, and property systems to account for
and safeguard Federal funds.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $4,851,100 and 83.6 total workyears
from the Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation. These resources provided
the Regional Superfund program offices with procurement and contracts management
support for the remedial and removal programs and grants management to
effectively award, administer and manage Superfund cooperative and interagency
agreements.
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HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE SUPPORT SERVICES - NATIONWIDE/HEADQUARTERS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $49,564,200 for this program, all of which
will be for the Hazardous Substance Superfund Appropriation. This includes funds
to provide support services to the Inspector General. This represents an
increase of $16,077,500 in the Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation from
1994 for the Office of Inspector General. However, 1994 resources in this area
will be augmented with carryover resources, making the true increase
approximately $6,000,000. The increase provides for the Superfund portion of the
GSA rent increases, and contract rate increases in other areas. This also
provides for I CMS development. These resources will fund the Hazardous Substance
Response program's share of Headquarters and Agency-wide costs. These costs will
include: long distance telephone services to the Agency through GSA's Federal
Telecommunication Services facilities; support of the national teletype,
telegram, and facsimile operations in the Agency; rent costs; utility services;
and other support services.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $33,486,700 for this program,
which includes resources for support to the Inspector General. These resources
will fund the Hazardous Substance Response program's share of Headquarters and
Agency-wide costs. These costs will include: facilities rental, Federal
Telecommunications System, revisions and development of information systems,
utilities, local telephone services, printing and copying, postage, other
building and office services, and health and safety training.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $37,833,000 for this program, all
of which is funded in the Superfund appropriation. These resources funded
Agency-wide support costs such as facilities rental, FTS, utilities, local
telephone, and other related services.
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE SUPPORT SERVICES - REGIONS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $20,776,500 for this program, all of which
will be for the Hazardous Substance Superfund Appropriation. This represents an
increase of $11,237,600 from 1994. However, 1994 resources will be augmented
with carryover in this area to offset large reductions taken during the
implementation of the 1994 enacted budget. The remaining increase is estimated
to be approximately $1,000,000 and will provide for contract rate increases and
Regional moves. These resources will continue to support the operation of the
Hazardous Substance Response program. This includes: office services--costs of
common supplies, common equipment maintenance, motorpool--; building services--
funds for telecommunications, utilities, security services, employee health
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units--; and information management--support dollars for supplies, library
services, information retrieval services, and automated data processing technical
support.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $9,538,900 for this program,
all of which is from the Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation. This
program provides for utilities, local telephone service, printing and copying,
minicomputer operations, equipment maintenance, and all other support services
related to the Superfund program activities in the Regions.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $21,663,000 for this program, all
of which was from the Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation. This program
provided for utilities, local telephone service, printing and copying,
minicomputer operations, equipment maintenance, and all other support services
related to the Superfund program activities in the Regions.
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE AUTOMATED DATA PROCESSING SUPPORT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $7,496,500 for this program, all of which
will be for the Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation. This represents an
increase of $100,100 in the Hazardous Substance Superfund for mandatory support
increases. These resources will provide computing services to the Hazardous
Substance Response Program by the Agency's National Computer Center in Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina and the Data Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. These
fund a portion of the Center's costs for equipment, telecommunications, operating
software purchases, maintenance and facility operations.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1993, the Agency is allocating $7,396,400 for this program. This
represents a reduction in funding and will limit the program's ability to use the
Agency's computing and telecommunications resources.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1992, the Agency allocated $5,821,500 for this program. This provided
basic computing and data telecommunications resources for the program.
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE LEGAL SERVICES - HEADQUARTERS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In 1995, the Agency requests a total of $1,252,100 supported by 11.6 total
workyears for the Office of General Counsel (OGC), all of which will be from the
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Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation. This represents an increase oi:
$94,600 and a decrease of 0.1 in total workyears from 1994. The increase in
total dollars represents increased work force costs.
The OGC will provide legal advice and consultation on matters related to the
implementation of the Superfund program. The OGC will support the Agency's
promulgation of rules, establishment of policy, and preparation of guidance
documents for program implementation and enforcement of the Superfund program.
This includes legal support of the financial and administrative operation of
Superfund, including contract law, audits, cooperative agreements, and FOIA. The
OGC handles Superfund litigation in which the Agency is a defendant.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocatii g a total of $1,157,500 supported by 11.7
total workyears for the OGC, all of which is from the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation. The OGC is providing advice and consultation on
guidance of program and enforcement matters such as interpretation of the
statute, development of regulations, and changes to the National Contingency
Plan; and defense of the Agency in any litigation brought against it concerning
CERCLA.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the OGC obligated a total of $908,800 supported by 10.6 total
workyears, all of which was from the Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation.
The OGC provided legal guidance in program and enforcement matters such as
statutory interpretation, development of response priorities, review of proposed
regulatory actions, and defense of the Agency where litigation had been brought
against it concerning CERCLA.
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE LEGAL SERVICES - REGIONS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In 1995, the ORCs request a total of $1,788,600 supported by 25.0 total
workyears, all of which will be from the Hazardous Substance Superfund
Appropriation. This represents an increase of $121,200 and a decrease of 0.3
total workyears from 1994. The increase in total dollars represents increased
work force costs.
The ORGs will provide legal advice and consultation on matters related to
the implementation of the Superfund program to the Regional Administrators,
Regional Superfund managers, and State agencies. Principal activities will be
the defense of the Agency in CERCLA litigation filed against it, participation
in formal administrative proceedings, the review of State cooperative agreements,
activities relating to access by the public of EPA held information, development
of the administrative record for the selection of cleanup remedies, legal support
to program response activities, and the provision of a wide variety of legal
counsel and advice to Regional State and local program officials.
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1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $1,667,400 supported by 25.3
total workyears for the ORCs, all of which is from the Hazardous Substance
Superfund Appropriation. The ORCs will continue to represent the Agency in
regional defensive litigation concerning Superfund. In addition, the ORCs will
provide legal assistance by: reviewing State cooperative agreements for legal
sufficiency; advising State agencies regarding the legal requirements of the
Superfund program; determining eligible uses of the Fund; and advising on the
treatment of requests for EPA held information.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $1,301,800 supported by 21.1 total
workyears for the ORCs, all of which was from the Hazardous Substance Superfund.
appropriation. The ORCs provided EPA and State agencies with legal advice and
consultation on matters related to the implementation of CERCLA. Principal
activities of the ORCs included conducting defensive litigation, the legal review
of cooperative agreements with States for site cleanup, and general legal support
to the Superfund program in the Regions.
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE TRUST FUND - OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $13,574,700 and 139.5 total workyears for
this program, all of which will be from the Hazardous Substance Trust Fund. This
represents a decrease of $1,209,300 and a decrease of 15 total workyears from
1994. The decrease will be used to fund an increase of $894,600 in the general
OIG account to support additional audits of construction grants and major EPA
contractors to help reduce the backlog for both programs and $314,700 to
establish a new program element: Mission and Policy Management - Hazardous
Substance. The funds transferred to the general OIG account would have been used
to fund interagency agreements to reimburse other Federal agencies' audit groups
for reviewing their agencies' use of Hazardous Substance funds provided by EPA.
Of the decrease in total workyears, 11 total workyears are the result of the
President's program to reduce the size and cost of the Federal government and 4
total workyears vcf being transferred to establish the new program element -
Mission and Policy Management Hazardous Substance.
. The OIG will continue its wide-ranging audit and investigative coverage to
ensure that the Agency's risk of financial loss is minimized and that Agency
Superfund programs are operated as efficiently as possible. The OIG's basic work
will include performance audits, contract and grant audits (covering financial
and performance aspects), and financial audits. In addition, the OIG will
continue to conduct audits and reviews required by the Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) in five major areas: policy and program
management; remedial cleanup activities; removal responses; enforcement; and
program support initiatives. Performance and financial audits of contracts and
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assistance agreements will improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the
procurement process and provide financial advisory and assistance services to the
Agency.
The DIG will use scientific and engineering specialists in hazardous waste
remediation to assist in independently reviewing technical aspects of the
program, including remedial investigation and feasibility studies, as well as key
technical decisions in the remedial, removal, and enforcement programs. The OIG
will review the Agency's accounting systems to assure that the accounting and
financial management information and reports are reliable and useful to the
Agency and also review the Agency's major computer systems.
The OIG's use of its investigative resources will be consistent with that
of 1994, with emphasis continuing to be placed on procurement and acquisition
management investigations, including grants and cooperative agreements.
Resources will also be used to conduct investigations of program and employee
integrity issues, including personnel security matters.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $14,784,000 and 154.5 total
workyears, all of which is from the OIG Hazardous Substance Trust Fund
appropriation. These resources enable the OIG to continue meeting the statutory
requirements placed on it by SARA. Superfund is a procurement oriented program,
making it especially vulnerable to fraud and abuse.
SARA requires the OIG, on an annual basis, to: audit all payments,
obligations, reimbursements, or other uses of the Trust Fund in the prior fiscal
year; audit claims; examine a sample of agreements with States carrying out
response actions; -examine remedial investigations and feasibility studies
prepared for remedial actions; submit to Congress an annual report on the
above activities; and review the Agency's annual progress report to Congress,
with a report on the results of the review to be part of the Agency report.
- v
The OIG conducts a wide range of performance and financial audits of
Superfund programs. Performance audits determine the extent that desired results
and benefits of Superfund programs are being achieved and recommend any changes
needed in management controls. To assist the Agency revitalize the Superfund
program, the OIG has begun to implement its audit strategy to review various
stages of the Superfund cleanup process from site listing, through the remedial
investigation/feasibility study phase, to construction of the remedy, with
emphasis on the accelerated cleanup pilot initiatives. Also, audits of data
systems will assist the Agency in improving the consistency and reliability of
Superfund data.
The OIG supports the Agency's needs for pre-award, interim, and final audits
of contracts. For 1993, the OIG questioned over $42 of costs as ineligible for
each dollar spent on external audits of grants and contracts. Also, the OIG
monitors audits of contracts and assistance agreements by CPA firms, other
Federal audit agencies, and the States. In addition, the OIG reviews the
internal controls in the Agency's programs, functions, operations, and activities
and supports the Agency's FMFIA requirements. The OIG is implementing its
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responsibilities under the Chief Financial Officers Act, including auditing the
Agency's financial statements.
Because the Superfund program is particularly vulnerable to fraud and abuse ,
the OIG is concentrating its investigative resources on procurement and
acquisition management type activities. Emphasis in this area has been growing
as a result of the OIG procurement initiative begun in 1992, the establishment
of the Procurement Fraud Division in 1993, proactive initiatives, and increased
external audits. This activity has yielded significant results from this
increased emphasis during the last 2 years. Investigative resources are also
being committed to non-procurement investigations, such as potentially
responsible parties and the development of other Superfund program and employee
integrity initiatives , including personnel security matters .
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $12,157,500 and 102.2 total
workyears for this program, all of which was from the OIG Hazardous Substance
Trust Fund appropriation. During 1993, the OIG issued 159 audit reports on
Superfund activities. Major performance audits resulted in the Agency's
agreement to improve: the timeliness and controls over responsible party
cleanups; the reasonableness and accuracy of data in the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Information System, EPA's
Superfund management information system, used to report accomplishments;
classification of costs incurred by the Agency for Superfund cleanup and
enforcement activities so that proper amounts may be collected from responsible
parties ; and controls over Superfund resources and assets , primarily relating to
managing accounts receivable and personal property. Superfund audits questioned
and recommended cost efficiencies totalling $27,600,000 (Federal share).
Investigative initiatives in the Superfund Contract Laboratory Program continued
to identify fraudulent analyses in the testing of hazardous substances which
could present a danger to public health, result in unnecessary expenditure for
cleanup, or hinder collection efforts from responsible parties. In 1993,
investigations of the contract laboratories and other Superfund activities
resulted in several indictments and fines and settlements. In one case, a
cleanup contractor entered a guilty plea to six felony violations and paid
$11,600,000 in fines, penalties, and restitution.
MISSION AND PQT.TCY MANAGEMENT - HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE - OIG
^i***
The Agency requests a total of $314,700 ?nd 4 total workyears for this
program, all of which will be from the Hazardous Sub -stance Trust Fund. This is
the first year for which resources have been requested separately for this
program.
This program will continue management support for the OIG ' s Headquarters and
field components. The support includes budget formulation and execution,
preparation of the OIG's semiannual reports to the Congress in accordance with
requirements of the Inspector General Act , administrative and personnel services ,
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training, communications, space, acquisition and administrative policy and
coordination, strategic planning, responding to Freedom of Information Act and
Privacy Act requests, property management, implementation of the affirmative
action program, coordination of Total Quality Management and government
streamlining activities, and files management.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, resources for this program were included in the Hazardous Substance
- Office of the Inspector General program element.
1993 PROGRAM
In 1993, resources for this program were included in the program element
Hazardous Substance - Office of the Inspector General program element.
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE - OFFICE OP POLICY. PLANNING AND EVALUATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $3,121,900 supported by 12.0 total workyears
for this program, all of which will be for the Hazardous Substance Superfund
appropriation. This represents an increase of $237,500 and a decrease of 0.3
total workyears 1995. The decrease in total workyears is requested to comply
with the government wide reduction that is part of the President's program tf
reduce the size of the Federal government.
The Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation (OPPE) will play a major role
in shaping and informing the policy debates concerning Superfund reauthorization,
including examination of critical issues such as cost, benefits, and other
impacts. The Office of Policy Analysis (OPA) will play a strong analytic role
in developing policy initia\.i\es that result from the CERCLA reauthorization
debate. It will develop the analytic framework for incorporating environmental
justice considerations into CERCLA decision making and demonstration projects.
Specific activities will include: refining methodologies for quantifying risks
from multiple contaminated sites and sources of pollution; developing and
analyzing options to reduce risks to disproportionately impacted communities;
developing options for removing barriers and encouraging economic redevelopment
of contaminated sites; creating innovative policy tools to cost-effectively
address risk reduction in remediation; and analyzing the impact of transaction
costs on various parties involved in Superfund.
The Office of Regulatory Management and Evaluation (ORME) will manage the
development process for Superfund regulations and policies, and conduct
evaluations of the Superfund program as needed. The risk communication program
will fund empirical research on hazardous substance issues and will provide risk
communication training and technical assistance to staff involved with Superfund
issues. ORME will provide training and technical assistance on complex risk
communication issues related to the Superfund program. This may include
evaluation of the relative effectiveness of specific communications initiatives
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The Office of Strategic Planning and Environmental Data (OSPED) will improve
the Agency's Strategic Targeted Activities for Results System (STARS). At the
same time, the Office will maintain and improve the Agency's strategic planning
process to establish environmental goals and develop operating guidance.
Analytic support for Superfund programs will be provided, and work with
Headquarters and the Regions to develop and improve applications of computer-
aided analysis of environmental data will continue. OSPED will focus attention
on reporting, Superfund decision making, pollution prevention, the improvement
of Superfund indicators incorporated in STARS, and the link between those
activities and environmental results.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $2,884,400 supported by 12.3
total workyears for this program, al? of which is from the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation.
The Office of Policy Analysis is developing policy and conducting economic
analysis of remediation issues critical to the Superfund reauthorization debate:
the costs and benefits of the Superfund program, and various legislative
proposals including both the direct economic effects of remediating a waste site
as well as the second-order impacts of Superfund's current liability-based
approach; the analytic framework for incorporating environmental justice
considerations into Superfund reauthorization, demonstration projects, and
ongoing remedial action decisions; the costs, benefits, and impacts of
alternative cleanup strategies and funding approaches; private party, insurer,
and Federal sector transaction costs and how to reduce them; and future CERCLA
funding needs.
ORME manages the development process for Superfund regulations and policies,
and conducts evaluations of the Superfund program as needed. The risk
communication program is funding empirical research on hazardous substance issues
and providing risk communication training and technical assistance to staff
involved with Superfund issues. One major research project exploring public
knowledge about hazardous waste issues will be completed. Training and technical
assistance on risk communication issues related to hazardous waste continues.
OSPED operates and continuously improves STARS. In addition, OSPED
maintains the Agency's strategic planning process to establish environmental
goals and develop operating guidance. The Office provides analytic support for
Superfund programs to address specific problems in program delivery, and works
with Headquarters and the Regions to develop applications of computer-aided
analysis of •nvironmental data such as screening sites for Superfund. OSPED also
assess applications in reporting, Superfund decision making, pollution
prevention, and the incorporation of Superfund indicators in STARS.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $2,886,600 supported by 12.6 total
workyears for this program, all of which was from the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation.
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The Office of Policy Analysis accomplished significant policy development
and economic analysis in hazardous waste remediation - focusing on the upcoming
reauthorization of Superfund. OPA's key accomplishments included development and
analysis of legislative proposals that deal with economic redevelopment,
environmental justice, community involvement, site remediation, liability, and
increasing the scope and absolute value of benefits from Superfund remediation;
a detailed analysis of the costs and impacts of Administration legislative
proposals; and environmental and economic impacts, feasibility and effectiveness
of the Superfund policies and regulation.
ORME managed the development process for Superfund regulations and policies,
and conducted evaluations of the Superfund program as needed. The Risk
Communication Project helped develop risk communication training for personnel
in the Superfund program; helped develop and pretest an information brochure for
people living near Superfund sites; provided technical assistance _on risk
communication issues related to Superfund; and continued to oversee research into
public knowledge about hazardous waste issues.
OSPED initiated and advanced the development and implementation of EPA's
strategic planning process through policy guidance, networking and technical
assistance to the Superfund program, Regions, and states. The Office assessed
Superfund plans, and tracked the relationship of those plans to budget
formulation. OSPED also operated Agency-wide management systems and tracked and
assessed progress of Superfund program implementation in terms of activity and
environmental results. In addition, OSPED provided a centralized source of
Superfund status trend data collected from a variety of sources within, and
external to the Agency. Assistance was also provided to the Superfund program
on statistical design and analysis.
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE - OFFICE OF THE COMPTROLLER
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $1,025,400 supported by 13.0 total workyears
for this program, all of which will be for the Hazardous Substance Superfund
appropriation. This represents a decrease of $232,000 and .2 total workyears in
the Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation. The decrease complies with the
government-wide -eduction in workyears that is part of the President's program
to reduce the size and cost of government. Resources will allow the Comptroller
to perform mandatory activities associated with budget management functions,
including: preparation of the Agency's and Other Federal Agencies Superfund 1996
budget submissions to OMB and Congress; review and analysis of the major issues
effecting the Agency's Superfund finances, resource utilization, current and
future resource requirements, workload, and pricing; responding to Congressional
inquiries; analysis of Superfund resource issues related to the operation and
management of the Trust Fund; and internal controls of Superfund finances.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $1,257,400 and 13.2 total
workyears for this program, all of which is from the Hazardous Substance
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Superfund appropriation. These resources: support formulation, justification,
and execution of Agency funds; ensure that budgetary resources are distributed
according to Agency, OMB, and Congressional mandates; develop final
implementation guidance regarding congressional changes to the Agency's Superfund
administrative ceiling structure; maintain a fiscal allocation, control and
review system; and maintain liaison with OMB and Congress.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $858,800 and 12.5 total workyears
for this program, all of which was from the Hazardous Substance Superfund
appropriation. With these resources the Office of the Comptroller prepared: the
1994 Superfund budget request; developed current and outyear Superfund budget
guidance to program and Regional offices; developed Superfund allotments and
allocations in accordance with approval of the Agency's Operating Plan; analyzed
major policy/resource issues facing the Agency; performed audit resolution and
follow-up; administered and provided policy guidance to EPA managers on" a range
of fiscal concerns; continued implementation of the Federal Managers' Financial
Integrity Act; and continued to maintain liaison with OMB and Congress.
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE - OFFICE OF THE ADMINISTRATOR
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $1,290,600 supported by 11.3 total workyears
for this program, all of which will be for the Hazardous Substance Superfund
appropriation. This represents a decrease of $579,900 and 0.3 total workyears
from 1994. The decrease in fiscal resources is the result of not fully
sustaining Congressionally directed programs.
Resources for this program will include support for: the National
Environmental Service Officer (NESO) located within the Office of Regional
Operations/State and Local Relations. The NESO will conduct management reviews
of Environmental Sf»r<:~fces Divisions (ESDs); develop Headquarters guidance to
ensure efficiency in the utilization of resources and improve planning and
procurement systems; represent ESDs in the Superfund program planning and budget
activities including workload model development; ensure Superfund policies are
effectively communicated to ESDs; schedule and convene quarterly ESDs
conferences; plan, schedule and convene meetings of the Superfund Analytical
Services Advisory Committee; evaluate options for securing the most effective lab
support to meet Superfund goals; and review ESD lab capabilities and their cost
effectiveness.
In addition, the Office of the Administrator will continue to use existing,
and develop new.,— communication vehicles to exchange -information on acute
hazardous, National Priority List (NPL) site activity, emergency planning,
chemical release information, and enforcement activity. The Office will also
continue to work closely with the Regions and newly .established emergency
response commissions and local emergency planning committees, and other citizen
groups in site activities. Also, grants training will be funded for small and
minority contractors for cleanup areas and we will continue to carry out Circular
13-89
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A-3 publications and A-114 Audiovisual review responsibilities for new Superfund
program publication and audiovisual products.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $1,870,500 supported by 11.6
total workyears for this program, all of which is from the Hazardous Substance
Superfund appropriation. The NESO will continue to provide the ESDs with
Headquarters policy guidance, oversight, and management support, in areas
affecting both ESDs and Superfund; maintain constant liaison with the program
offices and ESDs to facilitate their cooperation and participation in meeting the
objectives of the Superfund program in the identification of hazardous waste
sites and in the management of any potential risks from these sites. In
addition, the Office of the Administrator is supporting the regions and assisting
states and localities with plans to respond to chemical emergencies.
The Office is playing a critical role in exchanging information wirth local
health professionals, public safety officials, local government and State
government officials. A wide variety of communications support including speech
preparation, publications development and distribution, fact sheet preparation
and graphic slide presentations and other general response briefings and
communications vehicles are being provided. Also, training is being provided for
small and minority contractors for cleanup areas. Emphasis will be placed on
participation with the State Implementation Work Group, the National Resources
Damage Claim Work Group, the State Hazardous Waste Capacity Plan Work Group, and
the Communications Planning Work Group. The Agency's relationship with Congress
as it relates to the Superfund program, including coordinating briefings,
organizing EPA participation in oversight hearings, and responding to a wide
variety of information requests from individual members and staff will be
strengthened.
Congressional Directives. A total of $300,000 is for the Congressionally
directed proj ect for training grants for small, minority contractors.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $1,202,600 supported by 8.7 total
workyears, all of which was from the Hazardous Substance Superfund appropriation.
The Office coordinated the identification of inactive sites with other Federal
agencies; provided a wide variety of communication support, including the
development of fact sheets and publications; and worked on information exchange
with State and local governments. In addition, the program provided the ESDs
with policy guidance, oversight, and management support; identified hazardous
waste sites, provided sample and site tracking and developed a national equipment
planning and procurement process for ESDs to meet Superfund and other Agency
needs. Training _.f or _ small, minority- contractors -was in- compliance with a
Congressional directive.
Coneressional Directives. A total of $300,000 was for the Congressionally
directed project for training grants for small, minority contractors.
13-90
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HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE - OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency is requesting a total of $1,557,300 supported by a total of 1.7
workyears for 1995, all of which will be for Hazardous Substances (Superfund)
Management and Support. This represents an increase of $345,600 and a decrease
of 0.1 workyears. The increase in funding results from the realignment of
Administrative Expenses to management and support, and increases associated with
the Superfund portion of the equipment committee. The decrease of workyears is
a result of the government-wide reduction in workyears that is part of the
President's program to reduce the size of government.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $1,211,700 supported by a total of 1.8
workyears for this program element, all of which are from the Hazardous Substance
(Superfund) Appropriation.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated $1,130,800 supported by a total of 1.2 workyears for
this program element, all of which are from the Hazardous Substance (Superfund)
Appropriation.
INFRASTRUCTURE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Adequately funded infrastructure is critical to ORD's success in conducting
the quality science needed to assure that the Agency's decisions are
scientifically sound. The assumption underlying all our research activities
includes a productive workforce.
This issue addresses major scientific equipment requirements as well as
support for management studies and management systems associated with budget
planning and execution. Funding for the Hazardous Substances Management and
Support Program Element (PE) has been centralized within the infrastructure
issue.
1994 PROGRAM-
ORD's current infrastructure program is providing compensation, benefits,
travel and scientific equipment for ORD scientists and engineers. Infrastructure
also is providing, management systems and studies—to assure- oversight of ORD's
fiduciary responsibilities.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD maximized its purchase of scientific equipment, funded its workyears for
scientific support of the Agency's mission and provided administrative systems
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needed for oversight of the research technical support.
ANALYTICAL ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES - SUPERFUND
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $1,753,700 for purchases of Environmental
Services Divisions' (ESDs) equipment, all of which will be from the Superfund
appropriation. This represents an increase of $8,800 all of which will be from
the Superfund appropriation 1993.
Regional Programs require technical support for primary field
investigations, monitoring, sample collection and transport, laboratory analyses,
data analysis and evaluation, quality assurance/quality control oversight,
environmental emergencies and Geographical Information Systems. In order to
address the Agency's good science, enforcement, and environmental monitoring
assessment goals, modern, well maintained laboratory and field equipment is
essential. This program will fund the laboratory and field equipment necessary
to effectively maintain Agency standards for good science. Funding is also
necessary to support continually increasing demands for sophisticated data
generation and analysis support.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1993, the Agency is allocating a total of $1,744,900 for this program,
all of which is from the Superfund appropriation. This is a new program for 1993
that will provide Regional Offices with a centralized budget for laboratory and
field analytical support. Funding provides Regional offices the direct support
necessary to advance the Agency's goal of improved data and better science. In
1993, seven (7) joint EPA/State Regional Environmental Monitoring Assessment
Program (REMAP) projects were initiated including the assessments of fish tissue
contamination in Maine, assessments of sediment quality in New York/New Jersey
^Harbor, characterization of toxic contaminants in Texas estuaries, and
assessments of aquatic and riparian ecosystems in California's Central Valley.
Locally managed analytical support is vital to the success of these projects.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1994, the Agency obligated a total of $1,688,400 for this program, all
of which is from the Superfund appropriation. Before 1993 analytical services
were provided with funds made available through the Agency's media programs. All
support cost were borne by the regional offices. In 1993, the annual fixed cost
for equipment, equipment maintenance, supplies and other scientific/laboratory
expenses totaled $8.2 million. The Agency provided $4.2 million from over 20
different program.elements ($1.9_million S&E, $2.3-million Superfund) to fund the
Environmental Services purchases and $4 million from Regional resources for
equipment maintenance, supplies and other scientific/laboratory expenses. During
1993, field personnel conducted over 650 air program compliance inspections, 350
hazardous waste management facility compliance and enforcement inspections, and
1,100 water program compliance inspections throughout the United States. The ten
regional laboratories analyzed a total of 25,300 environmental samples in support
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of Superfund site characterization, clean-up decisions and enforcement
activities. Staff managed and provided scientific oversight to the Superfund
analytical services delivery system which processed over 73,000 samples in 1993.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS 14-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
LUST Research • . . 14-5
LUST Research 14-6
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
LUST Guidelines and Implementation 14-9
LUST Guidelines and Implementation 14-10
ENFORCEMENT
LUST Enforcement 14-13
LUST Legal Enforcement 14-14
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
LUST Management and Support 14-17
LUST Support Services - Headquarters/Nationwide 14-19
LUST Administrative Management - Headquarters 14-19
LUST Administrative Management - Regions . . 14-20
Legal Services - Office of General Counsel 14-20
LUST - Office of the Inspector General 14-21
-------
-------
LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
APPROPRIATION
Lust Trust Fund
Office of Inspector
General
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$74,439.7 $75,379.0 $75,379.0 $75,379.0 $76,685.0 $1,306.0 $1,306.0
$398.7 $669.1 -$669.1
TOTAL, Leaking Underground $74,838.4 $75,379.0 $75,379.0 $76,048.1 $76,685.0
Storage Tank Trust
$636.9 $1,306.0
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
OUTLAYS
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS
82.5
85.7
93.1
93.1
93.1
93.1
100.6
100.6
99.6
99.6
-1.0
-1.0
$80,206.5 $75,909.6 $78,210.0 $78,618.2 $76,909.0 -$1,709.2
6.5
6.5
$999.4
The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986, as amended,
established the Leaking Underground Storage Tanks Trust fund and authorizes a
total of such sums as may be necessary to be appropriated to this fund for all
Fiscal Years through 1996.
14-1
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APPROPRIATION
LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK
DIFFERENCE
PRES. CURRENT
BUDGET ENACTED ESTIMATE ENACTED MS EST. VS EST. VS
1994 1994 1994 PRES. BUD PRES. BUD ENACTED
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Lust Trust Fund
Office of Inspector
General
TOTAL, Leaking Underground
Storage Tank Trust
$75,379.0 $75,379.0 $75,379.0
$669.1
$75,379.0 $75,379.0 $76,048.1
$669.1
$669.1
$669.1
$669.1
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
93.1
93.1
93.1
93.1
100.6
100.6
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
The following points list the major reasons that the dollars devoted to this media have changed from submission
of the President's FY 1994 Budget Request to the FY 1994 Current Estimates.
LUST
o OSWER Headquarters intramural resources were reduced by $144,500 as a result of Congressional action.
o State Cooperative Agreements were increased by $647,900 as a result of Congressional action.
o The net change reflects a 0.3 workyear and a $89.8 K decrease. Reductions reflect the President's
efforts to streamline the Federal Workforce.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
INTRAMURAL
o No significant change
EXTRAMURAL
o No significant change
U-2
-------
LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS TRUST FUND
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
The goal of the Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST) program is to
ensure rapid and effective responses to releases from underground storage tanks
containing petroleum and other hazardous substances. The program operates under
the authority of Subtitle I of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984,
as amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986.
The SARA amendments established a LUST Trust Fund for use in cleaning up and
overseeing corrective action at leaking tank sites. EPA's mission is to enhance
state and local enforcement and response through technical and financial
assistance.
The main focus of the LUST program is to promote efficient and effective
implementation by the states through EPA's program of targeted assistance,
outreach materials and technology transfer.
All state LUST programs have now developed response and enforcement
capabilities. State programs, supported by the Federal LUST Trust Fund, will
continue to emphasize finding responsible parties (RPs), and overseeing
corrective actions to ensure environmental and human health protection. The
Agency will also continue to provide national guidance, and scientific and
management support to ensure effective state implementation of the LUST program.
Program descriptions identified below do not reflect any increase in
workyears that may result from the 900 additional workyears that EPA received for
contractor conversion.
Streamline the Corrective Action Process
The Agency seeks to identify areas where improvements can be made within
state and regional programs and then works with the state to provide the
technical assistance and training necessary to implement these improvements. The
corrective action process will continue to be streamlined both from both an
administrative and technical standpoint. Technical streamlining includes
encouraging the use of alternative technologies, and the development of risk-
based decision criteria for the corrective action process.
Emphasize Compliance Using Enforcement Tools
The Agency will continue to develop and evaluate tools to improve the
ability of states to achieve timely responses by owners/operators to releases
from leaking underground storage tanks. These efforts will ensure that
owner/operator responses are in compliance with their prescribed corrective
action requirements. The Regional program staff, in conjunction with the Regional
legal staff, will provide legal and technical assistance to support state
enforcement activities to promote voluntary compliance with corrective action and
financial responsibility requirements.
14-3
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Grant Support
The Agency will also continue to use the Leaking Underground Storage Tank
(LUST) Trust Fund for grants to non-state entities, including universities, non-
profit organizations and Federally recognized Indian Tribes, under section 7007
and 8001 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. The Agency's strategy
is to encourage the development of comprehensive LUST programs nationwide.
Continue Efficient Management Support
EPA will continue to assist in managing and supporting the LUST program by
providing accurate and timely financial services, effective budgeting and funds
control, efficient contracts management, and centralized personnel services.
LUST Audit Support
The Office of the Inspector General will continue to provide oversight of
the Agency and states in implementing the LUST program. The Office of the
Inspector General will conduct performance and financial audits, and
investigations to ensure that the program is being properly managed and to
identify possible deficiencies.
Utilizing the Private Sector for Essential Consulting Services
The LUST program will continue to utilize consultant expertise in a variety
of program support functions when such expertise does not exist within the
program or when it is economically efficient to do so. Such assistance includes,
but is not limited to, financial/technical assistance in support of the
implementation of financial responsibility and the LUST Trust Fund allocation
model, technical assistance relating to site assessment and remedial corrective
action technologies, and the development of outreach materials for owners and
operators.
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LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK TRUST FUND
LUST Research
PROGRAM
LUST Research
Lust Trust Fund
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Lust Trust Fund
LUST Technical Support TOTAL
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
LUST Research
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
LUST Research
TOTAL WORKYEARS
ACTUAL
1993
$737.3
$737.3
$737.3
$737.3
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE
BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995 DECREASE
1994 1994 1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$764.3 $751.8 $751.8 $777.7 $25.9
$764.3 $751.8 $751.8 $777.7 $25.9
$764.3 $751.8 $751.8 $777.7 $25.9
$764.3 $751.8 $751.8 $777.7 $25.9
1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9
1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9
1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9
1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
$13.4
$13.4
$13.4
$13.4
14-5
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LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS (LUST)
LUST RESEARCH
PRINCIPAL OUTPUTS
1995 o Complete guidance manual for reuse/recycling of petroleum
contaminated soil.
o Develop preliminary conceptual model for subsurface contaminated
identification and analysis at LUST sites.
1994 o Complete reports on field evaluations of selected remediation
technologies at LUST sites.
o Demonstrate soil vapor extraction/air sparging technology at field
site.
o Complete preliminary evaluation of chemical oxidation technology
for treating LUST sites.
1993 o Completed applications handbook on in-situ thermal treatment
technologies for treating LUST sites. '
o Completed applications handbook on ex-situ treatment technologies
for treating LUST sites (biormediation and thermal desorption).
14-6
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LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK TRUST FUND
LUST RESEARCH
BUDGET REQUEST
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In 1995, the Agency request is a total of $777,700 supported by 1.9
total workyears, all of which will be for the Leaking Underground Storage Tank
(LUST) Trust Fund research. This represents an increase of $25,900 with no
change in workyears.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $751,800 supported by 1.9 workyears
for this program element, all of which will be for Leaking Underground Storage
Tank Trust Fund research.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated $737,300 supported by 1.9 workyears for this
program element, all of which was expended for Leaking Underground Storage
Tank research.
RESEARCH ISSUES
The sections below describe program issues by each fiscal year.
GROUNDWATER
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
EPA estimates there are more than two million regulated underground
storage tanks, and of these, approximately twenty percent are estimated to be
leaking. Concern for protection of groundwater supply, leak detection,
monitoring, and mitigation drive the LUST research program.
ORD will sustain the focus of Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST)
research on the detection and remediation of subsurface contamination caused
by such tanks. Researchers will complete the initial phase of an integrated
system for the in-situ treatment of LUST sites and laboratory studies of
chemical oxidation techniques for remediation of petroleum contaminated soils.
Scientists and engineers will continue efforts to enhance free-product
recovery and evaluate enhanced remedial technologies. ORD will continue to
emphasize technical support to regional and state UST programs.
14-7
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1994 PROGRAM
Remediation research is centering on field and laboratory evaluation of
technologies for removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated soils and
aquifers. These efforts are aimed at developing practical, effective, and
inexpensive technologies and methods for remediating underground storage tank
leaks. ORD researchers are completing the assessment and optimization of soil
vapor extraction technologies, assessing leak detection in "large" underground
storage tanks, and providing field evaluation of improved site assessment
technologies.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Outputs were completed which make "state of the science" information on
LUST site remediation accessible to state and Agency offices. These included:
1) a user-friendly computer code for assessing soil vacuum extraction (SVE) at
LUST sites, 2) an engineering handbook on the application of thermal
technologies at LUST sites, 3) a report on the performance of chemical
oxidation technologies for LUST sites, and 4) a report on the design and
application for bioremediation of LUST sites. ORD also continued to provide a
high level of technical support to regional and state UST programs.
Infrastructure
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Adequately funded infrastructure is critical to ORD's success in
conducting the quality science needed to assure that the Agency's decisions
are scientifically sound. The most critical part of ORD's infrastructure is
its staff. The assumption underlying all our research activities includes a
productive workforce.
ORD established this cohesive, cross-cutting issue for infrastructure
based upon the importance of this activity to planned and ongoing research
activities. Funds for the LUST Program Element have been centralized within
the infrastructure issue to provide improved management in ORD's salaries,
travel and related costs associated with managing research programs.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD's current infrastructure program provides compensation and benefits,
and travel for ORD scientists and engineers. ORD's workforce carries out
scientific research programs in support of the Agency's mission.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD funded its workyears in scientific support of the Agency's mission,
providing the personnel compensation and benefits, and travel for ORD
scientists and engineers.
14-8
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LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK TRUST FUND
LUST Guidelines & Implementation
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Guidelines &
Implementation - LUST
Trust Fund
Lust Trust Fund $71,644.3 $71,831.8 $72,033.8 $72,037.7 $72,359.1
TOTAL $71,644.3 $71,831.8 $72,033.8 $72,037.7 $72,359.1
$321.4
$321.4
$527.3
$527.3
TOTAL:
Lust Trust Fund
LUST Guidelines &
Implementation
$71,644.3 $71,831.8 $72,033.8 $72,037.7 $72,359.1 $321.4 $527.3
TOTAL $71,644.3 $71,831.8 $72,033.8 $72,037.7 $72,359.1 $321.4 $527.3
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Guidelines &
Implementation - LUST
Trust Fund
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
60.9
60.9
65.3
65.3
65.3
65.3
65.9
65.9
65.6
65.6
-3
-3
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Guidelines &
Implementation - LUST
Trust Fund
TOTAL UORKYEARS
62.4
62.4
65.3
65.3
65.3
65.3
65.9
65.9
65.6
65.6
-3
•3
14-9
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LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS (LUST) TRUST FUND
LUST GUIDELINES AND IMPLEMENTATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $72,359,100 supported by 65.6 total
workyears for the LUST Trust Fund appropriation. This represents an increase of
$321,400 and a decrease of 0.3 workyears from 1994. The increase in dollars is
due to payroll increases, including locality pay adjustments. The decrease in
FTE is due to the overall reduction in the Federal workforce.
All states have developed corrective action programs. The increasing
number of releases reported resulting from the compliance of phased-in leak
detection requirements has resulted in a significant demand for financial and
technical assistance. In 1995, the Agency, in cooperation with states, will
focus on the continuous improvement of corrective action processes, increasing
the use of alternative technologies, and the development of risk-based decision
processes and prioritization systems. Regions will continue efforts to address
corrective actions on Tribal lands.
1994 PROGRAM
For 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $72,037,700 supported by 65.9
total workyears for the LUST Trust Fund appropriation.
All states have corrective action authorities in place and are dealing with
an increasing number of LUST sites. Over 1,000 releases continue to be reported
each week nationally, while the gap between confirmed releases and cleanups
completed continues to grow. States are working to develop innovative approaches
to oversight of corrective actions undertaken by owners and operators. States
are providing technical oversight of LUST assessments and cleanups, and are
conducting outreach to owners and operators on the corrective action process.
EPA continues to assist the states in streamlining administrative oversight
processes and in adopting innovative approaches to the assessment and remediation
of LUST sites. In 1994, regions are continuing implementation of the LUST
program on Indian lands.
1993 PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The Agency obligated a total of $71,644,300 supported by 62.4 total
workyears for the LUST Trust Fund appropriation.
In 1993, the number of sites releases reported increased as additional
owners/operators complied with leak detection requirements and as insurance
companies required testing for leaks prior to issuing insurance policies. States
conducted site investigations and cleanups based on their priority lists when
owners/operators were either unknown, unwilling, or unable to conduct cleanup
themselves. States also required owners/operators to take corrective action at
the majority of sites, and provided oversight of these responses.
14-10
-------
Many states implemented streamlined approaches to portions of their
corrective action processes. Regions continued to utilize Regional Improvement
Projects to develop tools, methods, .and systems. Projects focused on the
development of guidance materials to owners and operators on the corrective
action process, the use of innovative remedial and field measurement
technologies, and training programs in corrective action technologies for
regulators, consultants, and contractors. Regions also continued to implement
the LUST program on Indian Lands.
14-11
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14-12
-------
LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK TRUST FUND
LUST Enforcement
PROGRAM
LUST - Legal
Enforcement
Lust Trust Fund
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Lust Trust Fund
LUST Enforcement TOTAL
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
LUST - Legal
Enforcement
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
LUST - Legal
Enforcement
TOTAL UORKYEARS
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1993 BUDGET 1994 ESTIMATE 1995 DECREASE DECREASE
1994 1994 1995 REQ 1995 REQ
VS VS
1994 CE 1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$224.0 $455.0 $403.9 $365.2 $496.4 $131.2 $41.4
$224.0 $455.0 $403.9 $365.2 $496.4 $131.2 $41.4
$224.0 $455.0 $436.7 $338.1 $496.4 $158.3 $41.4
$224.0 $455.0 $403.9 $365.2 $496.4 $131.2 $41.4
3.3 5.7 5.7 5.4 5.6 2 -1
3.3 5.7 5.7 5.4 5.6 2 -1
3.4 5.7 5.7 5.4 5.6 2 -1
3.4 5.7 5.7 5.4 5.6 2 -1
14-13
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LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK TRUST FUND
ENFORCEMENT
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $496,400 supported by 5.6 total workyears
for 1995, all of which will be for the Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust
Fund appropriation.
LUST LEGAL ENFORCEMENT
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $496,400 supported by 5.6 total workyears
for this program, all of which will be for the Leaking Underground Storage Tank
(LUST) Trust Fund appropriation. This represents an increase of $132,200 and 0.2
workyears. The increase in the Trust Fund reflects increased workforce costs.
The increase in total workyears reflects the restoration of a one time reduction
to this program in 1994.
In 1995, Regional LUST enforcement staff will continue to provide
assistance to States to support enhancement of state enforcement programs.
Assistance will also be provided to States in addressing private party cleanups
and, where necessary, technical assistance will be provided to enhance voluntary
compliance with corrective action regulations and financial responsibility
requirements. Formal enforcement actions at the Federal level will be used,
where appropriate, to compel response actions by recalcitrant owners and
operators.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $365,200 supported by 5.4
total workyears for this program, all of which is from the Leaking Underground
Storage Tank Trust Fund appropriation.
Regional LUST enforcement resources are targeted on joint State-Federal
efforts for direct enforcement of cleanups, thereby allowing States and local
governments to manage the majority of enforcement actions. Technical assistance
for State enforcement is being provided with minimal Federal oversight and
involvement in State enforcement programs. However, in some instances, formal
enforcement actions at the Federal level are being used to compel response
actions by recalcitrant owners and operators, where no alternative is available.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $224,000 supported by 3.4 total
workyears, all of which was from the Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund
appropriation.
14-14
-------
The workload of Regional LUST enforcement staff focused on providing
assistance and oversight to States by encouraging the use of informal or
expedited enforcement approaches, as well as traditional formal enforcement
approaches, in efforts to establish and enhance effective State programs.
14-15
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14-16
-------
LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK TRUST FUND
LUST Management & Support
PROGRAM
LUST - Support Services
- Hq
Lust Trust Fund
Office of Inspector
General
TOTAL
LUST-Adrainistrative
Management
Lust Trust Fund
TOTAL
Legal Services - Office
of General Counsel
Lust Trust Fund
TOTAL
LUST -Administrative
Management RT
Lust Trust Fund
TOTAL
Office Of Inspector
General - LUST
Lust Trust Fund
Office of Inspector
General
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Lust Trust Fund
Office of Inspector
General
LUST Management & TOTAL
Support
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
LUST-Administrative
Management
Legal Services - Office
of General Counsel
LUST -Administrative
Management RT
Office Of Inspector
General - LUST
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
LUST-Administrative
Management
Legal Services - Office
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$1,042.0
$1,042.0
$270.8
$270.8
$521.3
$521.3
$398.7
$398.7
$1,834.1
$398.7
$2,232.8
6.4
3.5
3.7
2.8
16.4
6.4
4.1
$1,247.6
$1,247.6
$379.3
$379.3
$701.0
$701 .0
$2,327.9
$2,327.9
8.6
5.2
6.4
20.2
8.6
5.2
$1,147.1
$1,147.1
$373.7
$373.7
$668.7
$668.7
$2,189.5
$2,189.5
8.6
5.2
6.4
20.2
8.6
5.2
$73.0
$73.0
$1,147.1
$1.147.1
$330.0
$330.0
$747.2
$747.2
$596.1
$596.1
$2,224.3
$669.1
$2,893.4
8.6
4.9
6.4
7.5
27.4
8.6
4.9
$73.0
$73.0
$1,313.5
$1,313.5
$338.2
$338.2
$731.1
$731.1
$596.0
$596.0
$3,051.8
$3,051.8
8.4
4.2
6.4
7.5
26.5
8.4
4.2
$73.0
-$73.0
$166.4
$166.4
$8.2
$8.2
-$16.1
-$16.1
$596.0
-$596.1
-$1
$827.5
-$669.1
$158.4
-2
-7
-9
-2
-7
$73.0
$73.0
$65.9
$65.9
-$41.1
-$41.1
$30.1
$30.1
$596.0
$596.0
$723.9
$723.9
-2
-1.0
7.5
6.3
-2
-1.0
of General Counsel
14-17
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LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK TRUST FUND
LUST Management & Support
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
LUST - Administrative 4.5 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4
Management RT
Office Of Inspector 3.0 7.5 7.5 7.5
General - LUST
TOTAL WORKYEARS 18.0 20.2 20.2 27.4 26.5 -9 6.3
14-18
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LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK TRUST FUND
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
LUST SUPPORT SERVICES - HEADQUARTERS/NATIONWIDE
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $3,051,800 supported by 26.5 total
workyears, of which $2,382,800 is for the LUST Trust Fund Appropriation, and
$669,000 is for the Inspector General LUST Trust Fund appropriation. This
represents a decrease of $158,000 and 0.9 total workyears in the LUST Trust Fund
and no change in the Inspector General LUST Trust Fund appropriation.
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $73,000 for LUST support services for the
Office of the Inspector General, all of which will from the LUST appropriation.
This represents no change from 1994.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $73,000 for LUST support services for
the Office of the Inspector General, all of which is from the DIG appropriation.
LUST ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT - HEADQUARTERS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $1,313,500 supported by 8.4 total workyears
for this program all of which will be for the Leaking Underground Storage Tank
Trust Fund appropriation. This represents an increase of $166,400 and .2 total
workyears in the Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund appropriation from
1994. These resources will be used to provide support costs such as rent,
utilities, security, and mail operations for the LUST program and administrative
services such as contracts, grants, health and safety and environmental
compliance, human resource service support, and basic financial services such as
processing payroll and vouchers and producing accurate financial reports.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $1,147,100 supported by 8.6
total workyears for this program, all of which is from the Leaking Underground
Storage Tank Trust appropriation. These resources are used to provide support
services and financial services, administrative services, and human resource
services as described above.
14-19
-------
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $1,042,000 supported by 6.4 total
workyears, all of which was from Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund
appropriation. These resources were used to provide support services, including
financial services, administrative services, and human resource services as
described above.
LUST ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT - REGIONS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $731,100 supported by 6.4 total workyears
for this program, all of which will be for the Leaking Underground Storage Tank
Trust Fund appropriation. This represents a decrease of $16,100 and no change
in total workyears from 1994. Resources will provide support costs such as
utilities, security, and mail operations for the LUST program. Basic grant
management services will be provided as well as financial services such as
processing payroll and vouchers and providing accurate financial reports.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $747,700 supported by 6.4
total workyears for this program, all of which is from the Leaking Underground
Storage Tank Trust appropriation. These resources are used to provide support
services and financial/grant services as described above.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, The Agency obligated a total of $521,300 supported by 4.5
workyears, all of which was from Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund
appropriation. These resources were used to provide support services and
financial/grant services as described above.
LEGAL SERVICES - OFFICE OF GENERAL COUNSEL
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $338,200 supported by 4.2 total workyears
for the Office of General Counsel (OGC), all of which will be for the Leaking
Underground Storage Tank (LUST) Trust Fund appropriation. This represents an
increase of $8,200 and a decrease of 0.7 total workyears. The increased funding
represents increased work force costs.
The resources will provide legal support for the development of guidelines
and policies for administration of the LUST Trust Fund, supporting LUST
cooperative agreements between EPA and the States, providing advice and
interpretations, and defense of the Agency in legal actions taken against it
regarding the LUST Trust Fund.
14-20
-------
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $330,000 supported by 4.9
total workyears for this program, all of which is from the LUST Trust Fund
appropriation.
The request will: provide legal support for the development of guidelines
and policies for administration of the LUST Trust Fund; support LUST cooperative
agreements between EPA and States; and provide advice, interpretations, and
defense for the Agency in legal actions taken against it regarding the LUST Trust
Fund.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $270,800 supported by 4.1 total
workyears, all of which was from the LUST Trust Fund appropriation. Legal
support was provided for the development of LUST guidelines and policies through
advice, counsel, and interpretations.
LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK TRUST FUND - OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $596,000 and 7.5 total workyears for this
program, all of which will be from the Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST)
Trust Fund. This represents essentially the same level of total resources
available in 1994.
The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 authorizes
appropriations to the LUST Trust Fund. As of September 30, 1993, there was $680
million in the Trust Fund. The Agency's strategy is to encourage the development
of comprehensive and permanent LUST programs in all States and territories.
States are required to develop Petroleum Response Programs capable of
prioritizing cleanup sites, monitoring cleanups, and managing cost recovery and
enforcement programs. State program responsibilities include conducting site
investigations when the initial report of a leak is received, taking emergency
response actions when appropriate, ensuring adequate owner and operator response
at as many sites as possible, taking response actions when owner and operator
response cannot be obtained, and recovering Trust Fund monies spent on response
actions. The Agency provides national program direction, guidance, and technical
support to support these State activities through cooperative agreements.
In 1995, the OIG's basic work will continue to include performance audits,
contract and grant audits (covering financial and performance aspects), and
financial audits. More specifically, the DIG will conduct performance audits of
the Agency's process for awarding LUST cooperative agreements and grants to
identify systemic problems with the Agency's management of the LUST program,
develop the causes of those problems, and recommend ways to minimize their
recurrence. Financial audits will be conducted to determine the eligibility,
allocability, and reasonableness of the costs claimed by recipients. Our funding
•will also be used to provide assistance to OIG auditors in conducting audits and
14-21
-------
to the Agency and others as necessary to track implementation of audit findings.
Pursuant to its responsibilities under the Chief Financial Officers Act, the DIG
will also focus its resources on financial and internal control areas and audit
the Agency's LUST Trust Fund financial statements. The OIG investigative efforts
will parallel those of 1994. The OIG will complete investigations currently in
its inventory. The OIG can make a significant contribution to the LUST program's
long-term effectiveness.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $596,100 and 7.5 total
workyears for this program, all of which is from the OIG Leaking Underground
Storage Tank Trust Fund appropriation.
The OIG is expanding its audit and investigative presence in the LUST
program to assist the Agency in accomplishing its goals more efficiently and
effectively and determining the extent that desired results or benefits of the
LUST program are being achieved. The OIG audits and investigations benefit the
Agency's current operations of the LUST program. Performance and financial
audits evaluate the Agency's management of the program and its use of funds.
Also, the OIG is implementing its responsibilities under the Chief Financial
Officers Act, including auditing the Agency's LUST Trust Fund financial
statements. The OIG will also monitor audits of contracts by the Defense
Contract Audit Agency and CPA firms, provide investigative support of audit
activities, and initiate proactive investigative work in vulnerable areas of the
program. Investigations conducted in this program contribute to the quality of
data submitted by laboratories and removal of corrupt officials and corporations
from participation in LUST cleanup activities. Investigative resources are alsc
used to review grants to identify questionable costs charged by various states,
develop additional program initiatives, and conduct investigations as a result
of audit referrals.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated a total of $398,700 and 3 total workyears for
this program, all of which was from the OIG Leaking Underground Storage Tank
Trust Fund appropriation. The OIG conducted performance and financial audits to
evaluate the management of the program and the use of funds and to provide
investigative support of those audits. An audit completed during the year showed
that parts of Yosemite National Park remained seriously polluted from leaking
underground storage tanks, some of which had been discovered more than 7 years
ago. Another audit of the fiscal 1992 financial statements for the LUST Trust
Fund found that adjustments of $4,700,000 million were necessary to decrease
liabilities and increase equity and that $13,000 of building repairs and
alterations were charged to the Trust Fund, although funds were available to the
Agency under a separate appropriation to cover such costs.
14-22
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
OIL SPILLS RESPONSE 15-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Oil Spill Response Research 15-5
Oil Spills Response Research 15-7
OIL SPILLS TRUST FOND
OPA - Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention 15-9
OPA - Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention 15-10
ENFORCEMENT
OPA - Enforcement 15-13
OPA - Enforcement Policy and Operations 15-14
OPA - Criminal Enforcement Program 15-15
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
OPA - Management and Support 15-17
Office of Administrative Law Judges (Oil Pollution Act) .... 15-18
Oil Spill Response - Nationwide Support Services 15-18
Oil Spill Response - Headquarters Support Services 15-19
Oil Spill Response - Regional Support Services 15-19
-------
-------
OIL SPILLS TRUST FUND
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
APPROPRIATION
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Oil Spills Trust Fund
TOTAL, Oil Spills Trust Fund
$21,239.0 $21,239.0 $21,239.0 $23,475.0 $2,236.0 $2,236.0
$21,239.0 $21,239.0 $21,239.0 $23,475.0 $2,236.0 $2,236.0
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
OUTLAYS
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS
87.6
87.6
87.6
87.6
87.6
87.6
89.8
89.8
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
$19,155.0 $19,430.0 $19,430.0 $21,650.0 $2.220.0 $2,495.0
Authorization by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended by the Oil
Pollution Act of 1990 for such sums as necessary.
15-1
-------
PRES.
BUDGET ENACTED
1994 1994
OIL SPILLS TRUST FUND
DIFFERENCE
CURRENT
ESTIMATE ENACTED VS EST. VS EST. VS
1994 PRES. BUD PRES. BUD ENACTED
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
APPROPRIATION
Oil Spills Trust Fund $21,239.0 $21,239.0 $21,239.0
TOTAL, Oil Spills Trust Fund $21,239.0 $21,239.0 $21,239.0
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
87.6
87.6
87.6
87.6
87.6
87.6
The following points list the major reasons that the dollars devoted to this media have changed from
submission of the President's FY 1994 Budget Request to the FY 1994 Current Estimates.
OIL SPILLS
o
The net change reflects a 1.0 FTE and $1,195.2 K increase. The increases are attributed to
the reorganization of the Agency's enforcement resources. These new resources were transferred
from the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
15-2
-------
OIL SPILLS PROGRAM OVERVIEW
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
Under Section 311 of the Clean Water Act (CWA), as amended by the Oil
Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA), EPA is responsible for oil spill prevention,
preparedness, response, and enforcement activities associated with non-
transportation-related facilities. EPA has primary responsibility for
implementing many OPA provisions, including revising the National Oil and
Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan, developing facility response plan
regulations, reviewing and approving facility response plans, designating areas,
appointing area committee members, and establishing requirements for area
contingency plans. The most resource-intensive requirements are those related
to facility response plan reviews and approvals. After exercising a two-year
extension from 1995, EPA must review 4,500 facility response plan by 1997. In
1995, the Agency will review 2,000 facility response plans that have been deemed
to potentially pose a high-risk to human health and the environment.
Additionally, OPA contains new provisions that significantly increase EPA's
involvement in planning for and responding to oil spills. The Federal government
(EPA for the inland zone, and the U.S. Coast Guard for the coastal zone) must
ensure the effective and immediate removal of a discharge (or substantial threat
of a discharge) of oil: 1) into or on the navigable waters of the U.S.; 2) into
or on the waters of the exclusive economic zone; and/or 3) that may affect
certain natural resources of the United States. In carrying out these
responsibilities, EPA may remove or arrange for the removal of a discharge; or
direct/monitor all Federal, State, and private actions to remove a discharge.
If an inland discharge is of such size or character as to pose a substantial
threat to the public health or welfare of the United States, EPA is required to
direct all public and private efforts to remove the spill. For all other inland
discharges, EPA has the discretion to take action, direct, or monitor response
efforts.
Section 311 of CWA, as amended, also authorizes the Agency to bring
administrative and civil actions for violations of the Act, including violations
of spill prevention and response plans and for oil and hazardous substance
spills. The Agency is also authorized to direct and issue administrative orders
for removals. If a party does not comply with the directive, the Agency may
initiate an enforcement action and collect up to three times the cost of the
removal to the Oil Spill Liability Fund, or $25,000 for each day the party
remains in violation of the directive.
Activities within the Office of the Administrator include the
administrative review and appeal of decisions made under the OPA. The primary
review function is the responsibility of the Office of Administrative Law Judges
who preside over cases presented to them by the Office of Enforcement and
Compliance Assurance.
15-3
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The Office of Research and Development's primary focus remains to be or
remediation technologies such as chemical dispersants and bioremediation. During
1994, ORD expects to move from bench scale testing to field testing
bioremediation by using spills of opportunity or controlled spills. EPA also
conducts oil spills research to improve response actions to serious oil spills
such as the Exxon Valdez
Respond to Oil Spills and Review of Facility Response Flans
In 1995, EPA expects to increase its activities related to reviewing and
approving facility response plans; operating the Agency's Spill Prevention,
Control and Countermeasures (SPCC) program; developing Area Contingency Plans;
and responding to oil discharges.
EPA's first priority is to respond to oil spills. The Agency will carry
out its OPA mandate to protect public health, welfare, and the environment from
damage due to oil spills. In addition to responding to oil discharges, EPA will
focus on completing Area Contingency Plan development. EPA will also review 4,500
response plans for facilities posing the most significant risk of discharge.
This will involve reviewing each response plan for completeness and accuracy,
visiting the facility to inspect response equipment and verify information in the
response plan, validating the facility's capability to respond to a worst case
discharge, and ensuring consistency with the NCP and the relevant Area
Contingency Plan.
Emphasize Compliance Through Enforcement
In 1995, the program will continue to use its enforcement authority to
ensure industry's compliance with OPA mandates. Industry's compliance with
regulations and enforcement orders will be compelled by both economic incentives
and civil, criminal, and administrative penalties.
EPA will continue to develop guidance for civil and criminal enforcement
responses, inspections, and spill response, spill prevention, and penalty
policies in order to promote consistent national policies and actions.
In 1995, EPA will also emphasize SPCC and Facility Response Plan
responsibilities due to a larger, mandated inspection program.
UtilizinE the Private Sector for Essential Consulting Services
The Oil Pollution program will continue to utilize consultant expertise
in a variety of program support functions when such expertise does not exist
within the program or when it is cost effective. Such assistance includes,
but is not limited to, litigation support or SPCC inspection support,
technical review of facility response plans, and support of on-scene
monitoring of oil spill responses.
The following program descriptions do not reflect any increase in
workyears that may result from the 900 additional workyears that EPA received
for contractor conversion.
15-4
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OIL SPILLS TRUST FUND
Oil Pollution Act - Research
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
PROGRAM
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Oil Pollution Act -
Research
Oil Spills Trust Fund
TOTAL
$2,070.7 $2,070.7 $2,070.7 $2,079.9 $9.2 $9.2
$2,070.7 $2,070.7 $2,070.7 $2,079.9 $9.2 $9.2
TOTAL:
Oil Spills Trust Fund
Oil Pollution Act -
Research
TOTAL
$2,070.7 $2,070.7 $2,070.7 $2,079.9 $9.2 $9.2
$2,070.7 $2,070.7 $2,070.7 $2,079.9 $9.2 $9.2
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Oil Pollution Act -
Research
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Oil Pollution Act
Research
TOTAL UORKYEARS
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
15-5
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OIL SPILLS LIABILITY TRUST FUND
OIL SPILLS RESEARCH
PRINCIPAL OUTPUTS
1995 o Provide report on bioremediation field study of oil-contaminated
shoreline in Delaware.
o Provide report on new oil microbiological methods, for use in field
studies.
o Provide report on use of respirometric microcosm for predicting
oil bioremediation effectiveness in the field.
1994 o Complete report on scientific validation of Tier III microcosm
protocols for assessing the effectiveness and environmental safety
of oil spill bioremediation products.
o Provide report on beach tracer studies determining frequency of
application of nutrients for bioremediation of oil spills.
o Provide report on standardization of inocula for use in oil spill
product screening protocols.
1993 o Oil Spills Liability Trust Fund outputs are described within the
Hazardous Waste Media Principal Output section.
15-6
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OIL SPILLS RESPONSE
RESEARCH
BUDGET REQUEST
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In 1995, the Agency requests a total of $2,079,900 supported by 1.0
workyear, all of which will be for Oil Spills Trust Fund research. This
represents an increase of $9,200 with no change in workyears.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $2,070,700 supported by 1.0 workyear
for this program element, all of which is for Oil Spills Response research.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, these resources were spread in other media, before being combined
into one single media. The 1993 resources levels are reflected in the Hazardous
Waste media.
RESEARCH ISSUES
The sections below describe research program issues by each fiscal year.
BIOREMEDIATION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Oil Spills have proven to be very expensive to clean up and have been
exceedingly disruptive to the environment. Examples, such as the spills at Prince
William Sound Alaska and, more recently, at San Juan, Puerto Rico, are easy to
cite.
Researchers will conduct studies to analyze the composition of oil with
respect to its fate and toxicity to organisms in the environment. Scientists
will develop laboratory test systems that simulate oil spill conditions in the
environment and modify the analytical methodologies to effectively monitor
bioremediation success. Research will characterize the toxicology of oil
components and their degradation products to aquatic organisms and to other
organisms which might be impacted in an oil spill. Scientists wi+w initiate
field tests for beach oil spills.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD's oil spills research, which is completing the initial bioremediation
product protocol development for open water spills and beach contamination, is
initiating development of bioremediation product protocols for marshes.
Scientists are evaluating these protocols through field tests either from "spills
of opportunity" or in cooperation with other laboratories, such as the United
15-7
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Kingdom's Warren Springs Laboratory. This research program is designed to take
advantage of "spills of opportunity" for research purposes.
Basic studies are continuing on analytical chemical methodology for oil so
researchers can accurately determine the extent of degradation in the
environment. ORD is increasing efforts to better understand the oil
biodegradation process and the ecological effects of oil spills. Scientists are
determining during basic studies and protocol development studies the toxicology
of oil biodegradation products.
1933 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Researchers completed protocols for tier II and III testing of commercial
oil spill bioremediation products. Scientists validated the effectiveness of
these protocols and their associated test systems.
INFRASTRUCTURE
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
Adequately funded infrastructure is critical to ORD's success in conducting
the quality science needed to assure that the Agency's decisions are
scientifically sound. The most critical part of ORD's infrastructure is its
staff. The assumption underlying all our research activities includes a
productive workforce.
ORD established this cohesive, cross-cutting issue for infrastructure basec
upon the importance of this activity to planned and ongoing research activities.
Funding for the Oil Spills Program Response Element (PE) has been centralized
within the infrastructure issue to provide improved management in ORD's salaries,
travel and related costs associated with managing research programs.
1994 PROGRAM
ORD's current infrastructure program provides compensation and benefits,
and travel for ORD scientists and engineers. ORD's workforce carries out
scientific research programs in support of the Agency's mission.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ORD funded its workyears in scientific support of the Agency's mission,
providing the personnel compensation and benefits, and travel for ORD scientists
and engineers.
15-8
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OIL SPILLS TRUST FUND
Oil Pollution Act - Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REO
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
PROGRAM
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Environmental Emergency
Response & Prevention
Oil Spills Trust Fund
TOTAL
$18,280.0 $18,280.0 $17,113.1 $19,246.4 $2,133.3 $966.4
$18,280.0 $18,280.0 $17,113.1 $19,246.4 $2,133.3 $966.4
TOTAL:
Oil Spills Trust Fund
Oil Pollution Act -
Environmental
Emergency Response &
TOTAL
$18,280.0 $18,280.0 $17,113.1 $19,246.4 $2,133.3 $966.4
$18,280.0 $18,280.0 $17,113.1 $19,246.4 $2,133.3 $966.4
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Environmental Emergency
Response & Prevention
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
82.7
82.7
82.7
82.7
81.7
81.7
83.9
83.9
2.2
2.2
1.2
1.2
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Environmental Emergency
Response & Prevention
TOTAL UORKYEARS
82.7
82.7
82.7
82.7
81.7
81.7
83.9
83.9
2.2
2.2
1.2
1.2
15-9
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OIL SPILLS PROGRAM
ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE AND PREVENTION
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The
Headquarters enforcement resources for Environmental Emergency Response and
Prevention can now be found in Multimedia.
The Agency requests a total of $19,246,400 ($12,993,800 extramural and
$6,252,600 intramural) supported by 83.9 total workyears from the Oil Spill
Response Trust Fund. This reflects an increase of $2,133,300 and 2.2 workyears
of which $1,000,000 and 2.2 workyears are for support to the Facility Response
Plan (FRP) review process and $1,133,300 is for increased intramural costs
associated with pay increases and the additional FTE.
The Agency will be in its fifth year of implementing the Oil Pollution Act
(OPA) of 1990. The oil program provides national management and oversight of oil
spill response activities. The Agency will support field operations through
operational guidance, technical bulletins and demonstrations of response
technologies.
Review of the statutorily mandated facility response plans (FRPs) will
continue in 1995. The OPA requires EPA to review approximately 4,500 (FRPs) by
1995 for facilities that could cause substantial harm to the environment. Of
these plans, the Agency expects to approve 2,000 in 1995.
The Agency will remain on a 24-hour alert to receive notifications of
accidental releases of petroleum products and other oils. EPA will direct,
monitor, or investigate removals at inland oil incidents. Additionally, it will
provide technical assistance to the U.S. Coast Guard on coastal oil spills when
the Emergency Response Team (ERT) is activated or when requested by the U.S.
Coast Guard. Funding for response actions will continue to be provided on a
reimbursable basis from permanent, indefinite appropriations in the Department
of Transportation. Response actions will be defined in a Memorandum of
Understanding (MOU) between the Coast Guard and EPA.
During 1995, work will continue with the Regions on establishing
bioremediation implementation plans and ensuring that contingency plans include
a bioremediation discussion. EPA will develop area contingency plans for
specific high risk areas as identified by the Regional Administrator (RA).
The enforcement component of the program will continue to bring
administrative actions and judicial referrals against facilities for failure to
comply with oil pollution prevention regulations and the new response plan
regulations proposed in February 1993. Administrative and judicial actions will
be brought in the event of oil and hazardous substance spills. Administrativr
15-10
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penalties will be levied for discharges of oil and for violation of the Agency's
regulations issued under Section 311(j). Administrative orders will be issued to
compel responsible parties to remove a discharge or threat of a discharge..
Compliance outreach efforts will continue in order to ensure industry is familiar
with the law's requirements.
1994 PROGRAM
As a result of the current reorganization of enforcement resources, a
number of changes have been proposed to the enforcement function. The
Headquarters enforcement resources for Environmental Emergency Response and
Prevention can now be found in Multimedia.
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $17,113,100 ($11,997,100
extramural and $5,116,000 intramural) supported by 81.7 total workyears from the
Oil Spill Response Trust Fund.
During 1994, the Agency expects to propose the completed OPA revisions to
the NCP. The revised NCP will include requirements for area contingency plans
and the guidelines for designating areas. The area contingency plans, in
conjunction with the FRPs, will be adequate to remove a worst case discharge, and
to prevent or mitigate a substantial threat of such a discharge.
Based on 1993 efforts, Area Committees are modifying 13 Regional
contingency plans to serve as initial area contingency plans. In January 1994,
the Regional Administrators (RAs) were delegated the responsibility to identify
additional areas at risk and to appoint subregional committees that will develop
contingency plans.
In 1994, the Agency is finalizing the Phase I amendments of the Spill
Prevention, Countermeasure and Control (SPCC) regulations. The Agency is also
proposing the Facility Response Plan (FRP) Regulation, which details how a
facility complies with the OPA requirements to prepare and submit oil spill
response plans to the Agency. The Regions are beginning their review of the
approximately 4,500 facility response plans. The Agency is providing technical
assistance to the regulated community in preparing response plans.
The Bioremediation Implementation Plan is expected to be completed and
submitted to the Regional Response Team for inclusion in the Regional Contingency
Plan.
Regional enforcement resources under OPA are continuing through support for
compliance outreach efforts to industry. Administrative enforcement actions are
being prepared against facilities that discharge oil and hazardous substances and
violate the SPCC response plans. Removal orders are being negotiated and issued
while civil judicial referrals to the Department of Justice are being developed
for more serious spill and regulatory violations. Headquarters enforcement
activities include coordinating enforcement issues with the Regions; completing
work on a penalty policy for violations of Clean Water Act (CWA) sections
311(b)(3) and 311(j); developing enforcement training in coordination with the
U.S. Coast Guard; and developing inspection guidance and strategy.
15-11
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In addition, the Agency is receiving oil spill notifications and is
directing or monitoring the on-scene removal activities at major spills.
Moreover, the Agency is providing advice and technical guidance to state and
local officials and responsible parties involved in spill response; organizing
and staffing Regional Response Team meetings; assisting the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA) at major disasters; participating in response and safety
training of state and local staffs; and maintaining response equipment and
facilities. The ERT is providing support during field chemical safety audits and
at major oil spills where expertise is needed.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, these resources were spread in other media, before being combined
into one single media. The 1993 resources levels are reflected in the Water
Quality media. These resources accomplished the following:
In 1993, the Agency worked with the U.S. Coast Guard to draft revisions to
the NCP. The SPCC/Response Plan workgroup completed work on the Facility
Response Plan proposed regulation. Initial areas and area committees were
identified in a Federal Register notice in April 1992 detailing Area Contingency
Plans. Preparation of contingency plans continued in 1993.
The OPA response program received and screened a total of 12,315
notifications of oil spill releases, conducted 1,995 SPCC inspections, performed
on-scene monitoring of 170 oil spills, conducted 26 oil spill responses, and
investigated 136 oil releases.
The OPA enforcement program filed 11 administrative complaints and
collected more than $70,000 in administrative penalties. The Agency issued 9
removal orders and referred 4 judicial cases to the Department of Justice. The
program developed a civil penalties interim final regulation amending the
Agency's pre-OPA, CWA regulations to reflect the OPA statutory amendments as to
civil and administrative penalties and procedures (published in November 1992) .
The program issued an interim final civil penalties regulation which permits the
Regions to seek higher penalties.
On a monthly basis, Headquarters and Regional enforcement personnel
discussed issues relating to the enforcement of CWA provisions. A policy
workgroup was completing development of a policy to determine the appropriate
penalties proposed for violations for the CWA section 311; a number of Regions
developed plans for and began to implement industry outreach proj ects to educate
industry and communities on the CWA section 311 requirements.
15-12
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OIL SPILLS TRUST FUND
Oil Pollution Act - Enforcement
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST INCREASE
1995 DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
QPA - Enforcement
Policy & Operations
Oil Spills Trust Fund
TOTAL
DPA - Criminal
Enforcement Program
Oil Spills Trust Fund
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Oil Spills Trust Fund
Oil Pollution Act - TOTAL
$67.4
$67.4
$6.9
$6.9
$74.3
$74.3
$67.4
$67.4
$6.9
$6.9
$74.3
$74.3
$1,269.4
$1,269.4
$.1
$.1
$1,269.5
$1,269.5
$1,299.7 $30.3
$1,299.7 $30.3
-$.1
-$.1
$1,299.7 $30.2
$1,299.7 $30.2
$1,232.3
$1,232.3
-$6.9
-$6.9
$1,225.4
$1,225.4
Technical Support
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
OPA - Enforcement
Policy & Operations
OPA - Criminal
Enforcement Program
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
OPA - Enforcement
Policy & Operations
DPA - Criminal
linforcement Program
TOTAL UORKYEARS
9
1
1.0
1.0
9
1
1.0
9
1
1.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.1
-1
1.0
1.1
-1
1.0
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OIL POLLUTION SPILLS RESPONSE
ENFORCEMENT
BUDGET REQUEST
In 1995, the Agency requests a total of $1,299,700 and 2 total workyears,
all of which will be for the Oil Spills Liability Trust Fund.
OPA - ENFORCEMENT POLICY AND OPERATIONS
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In 1995, the Agency requests a total of $1,299,700 and 2 total workyears,
all of which will be for the Oil Spills Liability Trust Fund. Included in this
resource level is a transfer of $1,214,200 and 1.0 workyears from the Office of
Solid Waste and Emergency Response as part of the Agency's Enforcement program
reorganization.
In 1995, the Headquarters enforcement component will continue coordination
with the Regions to bring administrative and judicial referrals against
facilities for failure to comply with oil pollution prevention regulations and
response plan regulations. In addition, the Agency will continue to develop
enforcement policy and guidance and will review administrative and judicial cases
for national consistency. These resources will also allow the Agency to
coordinate enforcement activities with other federal and state governmental
agencies.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $1,269,500 and 2 workyears for
this program for the Oil Spills Liability Trust Fund. Included in this resource
level is a transfer of $1,202,700 and 1.0 workyears from the Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response as part of the Agency's Enforcement program
reorganization.
Headquarters enforcement activities are including coordinating enforcement
issues with EPA's Regions, completing work on a penalty policy for violations of
the Clean Water Act (Sections 311(b)(3) and 311(j)), developing enforcement
training in coordination with the U.S. Coast Guard, and developing inspection
guidance and strategy. In addition, Headquarters enforcement is continuing
coordination with the Regions to bring administrative and judicial referrals
against facilities for failure to comply with oil pollution prevention
regulations and response plan regulations, continue to develop enforcement policy
and guidance and review administrative and judicial cases for national
consistency.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENT
In 1993, these resources were spread in other media, before being combined
into one single media. The 1993 resources levels are reflected in Multimedia.
These resources accomplished the following:
15-14
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In coordination with the Regions, the program developed a civil penalties
interim final regulation amending the Agency's pre-OPA CWA regulations to reflect
the OPA statutory amendments to civil and administrative penalties and
procedures. The program also issued an interim final civil penalties regulation
which permits the Regions to seek higher penalties.
OPA - CRIMINAL ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
In 1995, the Agency requests no resources for this program.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994, the Agency is allocating a total of $1,000 supported by no total
workyears to support Oil Pollution Agencies activities. In 1994 the Agency is
requesting that these resources be transferred to the OPA- Enforcement, Policy
and Operations program.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency obligated no dollars or workyears for this program. The
program was located under Multimedia.
15-15
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15-16
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OIL SPILLS TRUST FUND
Oil Pollution Act - Support Services
ACTUAL
1993
PRES.
BUDGET
1994
ENACTED
1994
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1994
REQUEST
1995
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1995 REQ
VS
1994 PB
PROGRAM
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Office of
Administrative Law
Judges - OPA
Oil Spills Trust Fund
Nationwide Support
Services
Oil Spills Trust Fund
Headquarters Support
Services
Oil Spills Trust Fund
Regional Support
Services
Oil Spills Trust Fund
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
TOTAL
$251.0
$251.0
$488.1
$488.1
$45.2
$45.2
$29.7
$29.7
$251.0
$251.0
$488.1
$488.1
$45.2
$45.2
$29.7
$29.7
$251.0
$251.0
$488.1
$488.1
$45.2
$45.2
$1.4
$1.4
$286.0
$286.0
$488.1
$488.1
$45.2
$45.2
$29.7
$29.7
$35.0
$35.0
$35.0
$35.0
$28.3
$28.3
TOTAL:
Oil Spills Trust Fund
Oil Pollution Act -
Support Services
TOTAL
$814.0
$814.0
$814.0
$814.0
$785.7
$785.7
$849.0
$849.0
$63.3
$63.3
$35.0
$35.0
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Office of
Administrative Law
Judges - OPA
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Office of
Administrative Law
Judges - OPA
TOTAL UORKYEARS
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
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OIL SPILLS SUPPORT SERVICES
BUDGET REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $849,000 supported by 2.9 total workyears,
all for the Oil Spills Response appropriation. This represents an increase
$63,300 workyears in the Oil Spills Response appropriation.
OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES - OIL SPILL
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $286,000 supported by 2.9 total workyears for this
program, all of which will be from the Oil Spills Trust Fund appropriation. This
represents an increase of $35,000 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation from 1994. Resources in this program provide support for the
adjudication of cases, including conducting formal hearings resulting from
administrative complaints filed by the enforcement program to ensure compliance
with the Oil Spill Pollution Act.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $251,000 supported by 2.9 total.workyears for
this program. The Office of Administrative Law Judges will begin presiding over
formal hearings and supporting cases resulting from administrative complaint
filed to ensure proper compliance with the Oil Spill Pollution Act
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
This is a new program in 1993. The program was located in the Agency management
media.
NATIONWIDE SUPPORT SERVICES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $488,100, all for the Oil Spill Response
appropriation. This represents no change from 1994. These resources will
provide the Oil Spills Response program's payments for GSA rent and direct
leases, postage, and FTS costs.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $488,100 for this program, all of which is
from the Oil Spill Response appropriation. These resources will provide the Oil
Spills Response program's payments for GSA rent and direct leases, postage, and
FTS costs.
15-18
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The 1993 Accomplishments are located under the Management and Support media.
HEADQUARTERS SUPPORT SERVICES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $45,200, all for the Oil Spill Response
appropriation. This represents no change from 1994. These resources will
provide quality Headquarters Support Services at Washington, DC, RTF, and
Cincinnati. These services include operation of the motor pool, printing and
copying, telephones, facilities operations and maintenance, and ADP technical
support.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $45,200, all for the Oil Spill Response
appropriation. These resources provide quality Headquarters Support Services at
Washington, DC, RTF, and Cincinnati. These services include operation of the
motor pool, printing and copying, telephones, facilities operations and
maintenance, and ADP technical support.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The 1993 Accomplishments are located under the Management and Support media.
REGIONAL SUPPORT SERVICES
1995 PROGRAM REQUEST
The Agency requests a total of $29,700, all for the Oil Spill Response
appropriation. This represents an increase of $28,300 in the Oil Spill Response
appropriation and reflects additional workforce costs. These resources will
provide the ten Regional Offices with basic support services including printing
and copying, minicomputer operations, utilities, mail, telephone, library
operations, general training, office and laboratory facility maintenance, and
technical support.
1994 PROGRAM
The Agency is allocating a total of $1,400, all for the Oil Spill Response
appropriation. These resources provide the ten Regional Offices with basic
support services including printing and copying, minicomputer operations,
utilities, mail, telephone, library operations, general training, office and
laboratory facility maintenance, and technical support.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The 1993 Accomplishments are located under the Management and Support media.
15-19
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
NON APPROPRIATED FUNDS 16-1
FIFRA Revolving Fund 16-1
Tolerance Revolving Fund 16-4
-------
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FIFRA REVOLVING FUND
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
EPA has made substantial progress in implementing FIFRA '88. The Agency
has met several statutorily set deadlines, such as listing active ingredients,
processing of registrants' declarations of intent to pursue reregistration, and
issuance of guidelines for determining the adequacy of previously conducted
scientific studies on pesticides. In 1993, EPA began issuing reregistration
eligibility documents.
With the passage of FIFRA '88, Congress directed EPA to carry out
reregistration in five phases. Phase I, requires that the Agency develop four
lists (A, B, C, and D) of chemicals, focusing on those chemicals with the highest
potential for exposure.
List A chemicals are those for which EPA had issued Registration Standards
prior to December 24, 1988. These are primarily food use chemicals and represent
approximately 85-90 percent of the total volume of agricultural pesticides
currently used in the United States. Because the List A pesticides are those to
which people and the environment are most exposed, they are the Agency's highest
priority for reregistration review.
List B, C, and D chemicals contain a mix of many types of pesticides
(insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, disinfectants, wood preservatives, etc.)
used in a variety of settings. Each list consists of pesticides with less
potential for broad scale human exposure than those on the preceding list. Most
of the registered microbial and biochemical pesticides are included on List
D.
Registrants declared their intent to seek reregistration of their products
during Phase II of the process. They had to notify the Agency, identify
applicable data requirements and missing studies, commit to submitting new
studies or replacing inadequate studies and pay the first installment of the
reregistration fee. Phase II activities were completed in 1990.
During Phase III, the registrants submitted, reformatted and summarized
studies, flagged studies that indicated adverse effects, and paid the final
installment of the reregistration fee. Phase III activities were completed in
October, 1990.
In Phase IV, the Agency must review all Phase II and III submissions and
determine independently whether all applicable data requirements are actually
satisfied, and if not, require registrants to complete any unfulfilled data
requirements. Phase IV was completed for all but two chemicals by September
1993.
In Phase V, the Agency must conduct a comprehensive review of all the
studies submitted in support of an active ingredient; decide whether pesticide
products containing the active ingredient are eligible for reregistration and if
so, under what conditions; decide whether product studies are needed, and if so
obtain these studies; and reregister products by issuing a Reregistration
Eligibility Document (RED) or taking appropriate regulatory action.
16-1
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The reregistration program is an Agency-wide program, requirin.t
coordination and support from several Agency offices. For example, if a
pesticide is suspended or canceled, enforcement is implemented in the field to
make certain that suspended and canceled products are actually removed from the
marketplace; and when labeling changes are made, these need to be properly
enforced. Other program offices join efforts with OPPTS to provide technical
assistance such as hydrogeological expertise to assess the effects of pesticides
on drinking water and groundwater. The Agency depends on in-house legal advice
and counsel for review of regulatory actions, policy documents and guidelines and
legal defense in cases that result in litigation.
BUDGET REQUEST
The 1988 Amendments to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide
Act (FIFRA '88) require the Agency to review and reregister all pesticides that
were registered before 1984. This activity is to be completed within 9 years,
a greatly accelerated schedule, compared to the Agency's original schedule of 28
years for this process. To support this work, two types of fees were established
on the pesticide industry: (1) a reregistration fee, and (2) an annual
maintenance fee. Fee receipts are deposited into a revolving fund, available to
the Agency without annual appropriation. For this reason, the Agency does not
request dollars from the fund with the annual President's Budget. The Agency
funds their Reregistration program also with appropriated funds.
The Agency continues to recalculate the full cost to the Federal government
of the Reregistration program. It is difficult to estimate the costs in advance
for this activity, especially since this activity reexamines the impacts of
existing pesticides upon human health and the environment using the most recent
scientific knowledge and standards. As part of the food safety legislative
proposal, the Administration will propose expansion of reregistration fees to
accelerate Agency activities to achieve completion of the Reregistration program.
1995 PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
The Agency continues to actively pursue pesticide reregistration.
Resources provided by the FIFRA Revolving Fund, together with appropriated
resources, will support completion of 40 REDs. As data gathered through the
reregistration process continues through review, the Agency expects that some
pesticides will continue to meet the triggers for special reviews. Eight special
reviews are projected for 1995.
The issuance of a RED includes a review of the final data and a decision
to reregister the pesticide or take other action. Activities associated with RED
production include identifying candidates, with food use chemicals a priority;
reviewing databases; and writing, reviewing, and revising REDs. Identification
of tier requirements, review of toxicology chronic feeding, oncogenicity,
reproduction, and teratology studies and 6(a)(2) requirements will continue to
be a priority in the study reviews. Science reviews of studies will be conducted
16-2
-------
and summaries will be produced. Follow-up to Data Call-Ins (DCIs), will be
conducted. After the RED is issued, reregistration reviews and decisions will
continue at the product level within each reregistration case. As data gathered
through the reregistration process is reviewed, the Agency expects some
pesticides will continue to meet the triggers for special reviews. Under the
current fee structure, the Agency expects to collect $14,500,000 in maintenance
fees in 1995.
1994 PROGRAM
In 1994 the Agency will be completing final call-ins for additional
required data. We will also complete 38 REDs, which includes final data and a
decision on the reregistration of the pesticide. As data gathered through the
reregistration process is reviewed, the Agency expects some pesticides will
continue to meet the triggers for special reviews. Eight special reviews are
projected for 1994.
EPA continues to track and enforce pesticide reregistration requirements.
Monitoring of suspension/cancellation of pesticides and associated disposal
activities continue in response to the increased enforcement requirements of the
accelerated reregistration of pesticides. Headquarters will conduct grant
guidance and state liaison activities to assure that reregistration decisions are
enforced by states.
The Agency expects to collect $14,500,000 in maintenance fees in 1994.
1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency completed 19 REDs. EPA also collected $16,000,000 in
maintenance fees in 1993.
16-3
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TOLERANCE REVOLVING FUND
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
EPA is charged with administration sections 408 and 409 of FFDCA. Section
408 authorizes EPA to establish tolerance levels (approved pesticide residues)
and exemptions from the requirements for tolerances for raw agricultural
commodities. The Agency is required to collect fees sufficient to cover the
costs of processing petitions for these pesticide commodities. The Tolerance
Revolving Fund was established by legislation in 1963, making fees available to
cover the costs of processing petitions for tolerances of raw agricultural
commodities. The fees are increased annually based on the pay increase for
General Schedule employees. The fees are paid by the company or registrant
requesting establishment of a permanent or temporary pesticide tolerance. These
fees are paid at the time of the request and work is not begun until verification
of the fees receipt is made. EPA cannot obligate against the fees until the
work, or some portion of it, has been completed.
There are some specific tolerance activities that are not covered by the
fees and, therefore, are paid by appropriated funds. These activities are
section 409 tolerances, Inter-Regional Research Project Number 4 requests for
minor use, financial hardship or public interest cases, and Agency-initiated
actions such as tolerance revocations for canceled pesticide registrations.
BUDGET REQUEST
Tolerance fees are deposited into a revolving fund and are available to the
Agency upon receipt. For this reason, the Agency does not request dollars from
the fund along with the annual President's Budget. Estimated fee earnings under
the current fee structure are $1,500,000 in 1995.
1995 PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
In 1995, the Agency will continue activities associated with the
establishment of tolerances for pesticide residues in or on food or feed crops
in the United States. The tolerance program establishes safe and enforceable
maximum permissible residue levels (or, in some instances, exemptions from
tolerance requirements) for both active and inert pesticide ingredients in or on
raw agricultural commodities and processed foods. The Agency will continue to
ensure that tolerances reflect the most current regulatory status of each active
ingredient, including revocation of tolerances on canceled pesticides. The
Agency expects to conduct 284 tolerance petition reviews in 1995.
1994 PROGRAM
EPA expects to conduct 284 tolerance petition reviews. The Agency will
continue to ensure that tolerances reflect the most current regulatory status of
each active ingredient, including revocation of tolerances on canceled
pesticides. The Agency anticipates fee earnings of $1,500,000 in 1994.
16-4
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1993 ACCOMPLISHMENTS
In 1993, the Agency continued to ensure that tolerances reflect the most
current regulatory status of each active ingredient, including revocation of
tolerances on canceled pesticides and tolerance reassessments in conjunction with
reregistration reviews. The Agency conducted 368 tolerance petition reviews.
The Agency collected $1,600,000 in tolerance fees in 1993. Tolerance fees were
increased in 1993 by the 3.7% increase in the General Schedule pay raise.
16-5
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
AGENCY USER FEES 17-1
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-------
STATUS OF EPA USER FEE PROGRAM
The Agency currently has five ongoing user fee programs, is proposing two
new fees in FY 1995, and is considering two additional fees. The programs are
as follows.
Fees Currently Being Collected
Pre-Manufacture Notice Fee
This fee has been collected since FY 1989 and is for the review and
processing of new chemical pre-manufacture notices (PMN). It is paid by
chemical companies at the time of submission of the PMN for review by the
Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances. PMN fees are
authorized by the Toxic Substances Control Act and contain a cap on the
amount the Agency may charge for a PMN review. The Agency plans to
initiate a review of its fees in accordance with the biennial review
provisions of the Chief Financial Officers Act. Receipts of $3.0 million
are expected in FY 1995.
Pesticide Reregistration Fee and Maintenance Fee
In 1988, Congress amended the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Act and mandated the accelerated reregistration of all
products registered prior to November 1, 1984. Congress authorized the
collection of two kinds of fees to supplement appropriated funds for the
Reregistration Program - a one time Reregistration Fee and an annual
Maintenance Fee. The fees are assessed on the manufactures of the active
ingredients in pesticide products and are based on the manufacturer's
share of the market for the active ingredient. Reregistration Fees
expired in FY 1992, however the Agency is proposing to again collect fees
for the reregistration of pesticides in FY 1995. Maintenance Fees are
still assessed on registrants of pesticide products and are structured to
collect $14.0 million per fiscal year. The Agency plans to initiate a
review of its fees in accordance with the biennial review provisions of
the Chief Financial Officers Act. In support of the Administration's
pesticide reform legislative proposal, the President's Budget proposes
increasing existing reregistration fees by $5.0 million and extending the
maintenance fees by two years to accelerate the Reregistration program.
Pesticide Tolerance Fee
A tolerance is the maximum legal limit of a pesticide residue on food
commodities and animal feed. In 1954, Congress authorized the collection
of fees for the establishment of tolerances for raw agricultural
commodities. The specific authority is contained in the Federal Food,
Drug, and Cosmetic Act. These fees supplement appropriated funds for the
Tolerance Program and are changed annually by the same percentage change
17-1
-------
in the Federal General Schedule pay scale. The Agency plans to initiat*
a review of its fees in accordance with the biennial review provisions of
the Chief Financial Officers Act. Receipts of $1.5 million are expected
in FY 1995.
Motor Vehicle and Engine Compliance Program Fee
This fee is managed by the Office of Air and Radiation and is authorized
by the Clean Air Act of 1990. Fee collection began in August 1992. The
fee is imposed on manufacturers of light-duty vehicles, light and heavy
trucks, and motorcycles and covers certifying new engines and vehicles,
compliance monitoring for new engines and vehicles, and compliance
monitoring of in-use engines and vehicles. The Agency plans to initiate
a review of its fees in accordance with the biennial review provisions of
the Chief Financial Officers Act. Receipts of $11.0 million are expected
in FY 1995.
Radon Proficiency and Testing Fee
In FY 1994, the Office of Radon Programs developed two fees, one for the
training of radon abatement contractors and the other for the
certification of radon measurement devices. These fees are specifically
authorized by the Indoor Radon Abatement Act and are designed to recover
the cost to the Agency of its training and certification programs. The
Agency plans to initiate a review of its fees in accordance with the
biennial review provisions of the Chief Financial Officers Act. Receipts
of $1.2 million are expected in FY 1995.
New Fees
Pesticide Registration
The President's budget proposes the collection of fees to help recover the
costs of registering new pesticide products. It is appropriate that the
pesticide industry supports the Federal effort to ensure that pesticides
entering the market do not pose an unreasonable risk to human health or
the environment. Under this proposal, the authorizing committee would
authorize the fees subject to further Appropriations Committee action on
language to be transmitted later. Appropriations Committee action is
needed to score the fees as discretionary under the Budget Enforcement
Act. EPA expects to collect $15.0 million in FY 1995 under this proposal.
National Pollution Discharge and Elimination System (NPDES) Fee
A regulation is being developed to implement a requirement of the Omnibus
Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 to collect $10.0 million in fees for EPA
issued NPDES permits in non-delegated states. EPA expects to collect
$10.0 million in FY 1995.
17-2
-------
Proposed Fees
Additional fees currently being considered for development are as follows:
o Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Fees
Fees currently in development stage.
Fee set to cover program implementation.
o Lead Substitute Gasoline Additives
Fee covers test of gasoline additives for ability to reduce valve
seat wear of older engines.
However, these fees are still in their developmental stage and there are
no tentative schedules for when they will be implemented nor how much revenue
each fee will generate.
17-3
-------
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
ADMINISTRATIVE CEILINGS 18-1
-------
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1995 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Paoe
SPECIAL ANALYSES
EPA ORGANIZATIONAL CHART 19-1
EPA REGIONAL OFFICES - LOCATIONS 19-2
SUMMARY OF RESOURCES - BY APPROPRIATION 19-3
SUMMARY OF RESOURCES - BY MEDIA 19-7
SUMMARY OF RESOURCES - BY FUNCTION 19-11
OBJECT CLASSIFICATION - BY APPROPRIATION 19-21
PERMANENT POSITIONS BY GRADE - BY APPROPRIATION 19-27
AVERAGE GRADE AND SALARY 19-36
SUMMARY OF STATE GRANTS 19-37
-------
-------
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of
Administrafive
Law Judges
Office of Civil
Rights
-Office of Small
and
Disadvantage
Business ma»a«fci
Science
.Advisory Board
Office of
Cooperative
Environmental
Management
Executive Support
Office
Executive
Secretariat
Potation
Prevention
Policy Staff
Environmental
Appeals
Board
ADMINISTRATOR
DDHTY ADMINISTRATOR
Assistant Administrator
for Administration and
Resources Management
Assistant Administrator
for
Enforcement
Associate Administrator for
Regional Operations &
State/Local Relations
Associate Administrator for
Communications, Education
& Pubic Affairs
Associate Administrator for
Congressional &
Legislative Affairs
General Counsel
Assistant Administrator
for Pofcy, Planning and
Evaluation
1
Assistant Administrator
for
International Activities
'
1
Inspector General
i
1 1
Assistant runUnttaUX
forArandRadtalon
Vr :
Assistant Administrator for
Prevention.
Pesticides, and Toxic
Substances
i
Assistant Administrator
for Research and
Development
1 1
Assistant Administrator
for
Water
Assistant Administrator
for Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
1
Region)
Boston
I
Region II
New York
r~
1 Region VII
1 Kansas City
1
1
Region III
Philadelphia
1
Region VIII
Denve^
1
Region IV
Atlanta
1
Region IX
San Francisco
1
Region V
Chicago
1
. Region X
Seattle
I
Region VI
Dallas
-------
Region I
Region II
Region III
Region IV
Region V
Region VI
Region VII
Region VIII
Region IX
Region X
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGIONS
Location and States
Headquarters , Boston , Massachusetts
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,
Rhode Island/ Vermont
Hea
New
dquarters , New York, New York
Jersey, N
New York, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands
Headquarters, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Delaware/ District of Columbia, Maryland/
Pennsylvania/ Virginia/ West Virginia
Headquarters/ Atlanta/ Georgia
Alabama, Florida, Georgia/ Kentucky/ Mississippi/
North Carolina/ South Carolina, Tennessee
Headquarters/ Chicago, Illinois
Illinois/ Indiana/ Michigan, Minnesota/ Ohio/
Wisconsin
Headquarters/ Dallas/ Texas
Arkansas/ Louisiana/ New Mexico/ Oklahoma/ Texas
Headquarters, Kansas City/ Kansas
Iowa/ Kansas, Missouri/ Nebraska
Headquarter s, Denver, Colorado
Colorado/ Montana/ North Dakota, South Dakota,
Utah, Wyoming
Headquarters, San Francisco, California
Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, American
Samoa, Guam, Trust Territories of Pacific Islands,
Northern Mariana Islands
Headquarters, Seattle, Washington
Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington
19-2
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Appropriation
(dollars in thousands)
Actual
1993
Presidents
Budget
1994
Enacted
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Request
1995
Increase/Decrease
1995 Request vs.
1994 Current Est.
Program and Research Operations
Budget Authority $827,607.0 $859,170.4 $850,625.0 $850,625.0 $963,255.0 $112,630.0
Obligations 814,253.2 859,170.4 850,625.0 850,625.0 963,255.0 112,630.0
Outlays 875,200.0 880,982.0 861,021.0 861,021.0 959,082.0 98,061.0
Permanent Workyears 12,949.4 13,587.7 13,587.7 13,587.7 14,224.2 636.5
Total Workyears 13,510.3 13,587.7 13,587.7 13,587.7 14,224.2 636.5
Office of Inspector General (General Funds')
Budget Authority..
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears
$26,419.0
25,000.3
21,775.0
271.4
273.0
$28,246.3
28,246.3
27.629.0
301.0
301.0
$27,647.9
27,647.9
27,211.0
301.0
301.0
$27,647.9
27,647.9
27,211.0
301.0
301.0
$29,141.0
29,141.0
28,775.0
301.0
301.0
$1,493.1
1,493.1
1,564.0
0.0
0.0
Research and Development
Budget Authority.
Obligations
Outlays
$323,000.0
317,229.9
293,141.0
$353,565.0
353,565.0
343,039.0
$338,701.0
338,701.0
337,836.0
$338,701.0
338,701.0
337,836.0
$363,860.0
363,860.0
354,586.0
$25,159.0
25,159.0
16,750.0
Abatement. Control A Compliance
Budget Authority $1,337,215.0 $1,367,535.1 $1,352,535.0 $1,352,535.0 $1,527,632.0 $175,097.0
Obligations 1,298,274.3 1,367,535.1 1,352,535.0 1,352,535.0 1,527,632.0 175,097.0
Outlays ' 1,256,395.0 1,365,541.0 1,343,578.0 1,343,578.0 1,433,057.0 89,479.0
Building and Facfflttes
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
OB Spffl Responic
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyean.
Total Workyean
Asbestos Loan
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
$134,300.0
53,203.6
21,493.0
$20.700.0
18,503.8
6,222.0
73.3
77.5
$31,225.0
26,776.5
9,731.0
$18,000.0
18,000.0
79,894.0
$21,239.0
21,239.0
19,155.0
89.6
89.6
$0.0
0.0
18,524.0
$18,000.0
18,000.0
79,594.0
$21,239.0
$21,239.0
19,430.0
89.6
89.6
$0.0
0.0
17,192.0
$18,000.0
18,000.0
79,594.0
$21,239.0
$21,239.0
19,430.0
89.6
89.6
$0.0
0.0
17,192.0
$'3.870.0
43,870.0
66,461.0
$23,475.0
$23,475.0
21,650.0
121.8
121.8
$0.0
0.0
8,941.0
$25,870.0
25,870.0
(13,133.0)
$Z236.0
2.236.0
2,220.0
32.2
32.2
$0.0
0.0
(8,251.0)
Hazardous Substance Superflmd
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears....
Total Workyean
$1,573,528.0
1.639,566.2
1,407,031.0
3,451.7
3,589.7
$1,496,400.0
1,496,400.0
1,598,724.0
3.597.4
3,597.4
$1,480,853.0
1,480,853.0
1,597,944.0
3,597.4
3,597.4
$1,480,853.0
1,480,853.0
1,597,944.0
3,597.4
3,597.4
$1,499,692.0
1,499,692.0
1,585,979.0
3,761.9
3,761.9
$18,839.0
18,839.0
(11,965.0)
164.5
164.5
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Appropriation
(doUars bi thousands)
Actual
1993
President's
Budget
1994
Enacted
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Request
1995
Increase/Decrease
1995 Request vs.
1994 Current Est.
L.U.S.T Trust Fund
Budget Authority $83,000.0 $75,379.0 $75,379.0 $75,379.0 $76,685.0 $1,306.0
Obligations 74,439.7 75,379.0 75,379.0 75,379.0 76,685.0 1,306.0
Outlays 79,606.0 75,315.0 77,589.0 77,589.0 76,909.0 (680.0)
Permanent Workyears 81.7 96.1 96.1 96.1 95.1 (1.0)
Total Workyears 84.7 96.1 96.1 96.1 95.1 (1.0)
Office of Inspector General - Superfund
Budget Authority $15,770.0 $16,278.6 $16,278.0 $16,278.0 $0.0 ($16,278.0)
Obligations 13,353.5 16,278.6 16.278.0 16,278.0 0.0 (16,278.0)
Outlays 11,039.0 15,914.0 15,337.0 15,337.0 0.0 (15,337.0)
Permanent Workyears 101.6 154.5 154.5 154.5 143.5 (11.0)
Total Workyears 102.2 154.5 154.5 154.5 143.5 (11.0)
Office of Inspector General - L.U.S.T.
Budget Authority $610.0 $669.1 $669.1 $669.1 $0.0 (669.1)
Obligations 398.7 669.1 669.1 669.1 0.0 (669'
Outlays 427.0 621.0 621.0 621.0 0.0 (6?
Permanent Workyears 3.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 o.v
Total Workyears 3.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 0.0
Water Infrastructure Financing
Budget Authority $2,550,000.0 $2,127,000.0 $2,477,000.0 $2,477,000.0 $2,650,000.0 $173,000.0
Obligations 2,600,690.2 2,127,000.0 2,477,000.0 2,477,000.0 2,650,000.0 173,000.0
Outlays 2,129,558.0 2,588,971.0 2,385,047.0 2,385,047.0 2,388,663.0 3,616.0
Tolerances Revolving Fund
Obligations $1,526.0 $1,400.0 $1.500.0 $1,500.0 $1,500.0 $0.0
Outlays (489.0) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Miscellaneous Contributed Funds
Obligations $4.0 $10.0 $10.0 $10.0 $10.0 SO.O
Outlays 0.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 0.0
Reregbtntion A Expedited
Processing Revolving Fund • FIFRA
Obligations $15,574.0 $15,650.0 $15,650.0 $15,650.0 $9,290.0 ($6.360.0)
Outlays 4,148.0 1,357.0 1,684.0 1,684.0 (289.0) (1,973.0)
Permanent Workyears 183.8 206.0 206.0 206.0 204.0 (2.0)
Total Workyears 191.9 206.0 206.0 206.0 204.0 (2.0)
Asbestos in Schools Fund
Outlays $5,684.0 $4,000.0 $10,532.0 $10,532.0 $1,564.0 ($8,9"
19-4
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Appropriation
(dollars in thousands)
President's Current Increase/Decrease
Actual Budget Enacted Estimate Request 1995 Request vs.
1993 1994 1994 1994 1995 1994 Current Est.
Reimbursements - PRO
Obligations $8,661.0 $25,000.0 $25,000.0 $25,000.0 $25,000.0
Permanent Workyears 100.1 110.0 110.0 110.0 88.0
Total Workyears 102.5 110.0 110.0 110.0 88.0
Reimbursements - Supertund
Obligations $23,980.0 $30,000.0 $60,000.0 $60,000.0 $60,000.0
Permanent Workyears 8.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Total Workyears 8.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Reimbursements - R&D
Obligations $14,412.0 $25,000.0 $30,000.0 $30,000.0 $30,000.0
Reimbursements - AC&C
Obligations $23,371.0 $50,000.0 $60,000.0 $60,000.0 $60,000.0
Reimbursements - OH Spin Response
Obligations $0.0 $0.0 $1,500.0 $1,500.0 $1,500.0
Reimbursements - 1C
Obligations $300.0 $0.0 $300.0 $300.0 $300.0
Pesticides Registration Fees
(Receipts requiring Approp Artto-.l - *
Budget Authority $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 ($15,000.0)
Outlays 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (15,000.0)
Allocation Accounts
Permanent Workyears 408.0 375.0 375.0 375.0 371.0
Total Workyears 408.0 375.0 375.0 375.0 371.0
TOTAL. EPA
Budget Authority $6,923,374.0 $6.363,482.5 $6,658,927.0 $6,658,927.0 $7,162,610.0
Obligations 6,969,517.9 6,510,542.5 6,852,887.0 6.852,887.0 7,365,210.0
Outlays 6,120,961.0 7,019,676.0 6,774,626.0 6,774,626.0 6,910,388.0
Permanent Workyears 17,632.1 18,624.8 18,624.8 18,624.8 19,418.0
Total Workyears 18,350.9 18,624.8 18,624.8 18,624.8 19,418.0
$0.0
(22.0)
(22.0)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
(15,000.0)
(15,000.0)
(4.0)
(4.0)
503,683.0
512,323.0
135,762.0
793.2
793.2
19-5
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19-6
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Media
(dollars in thousand*)
Actual
1993
President's
Budget
1994
Enacted
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Request
1995
Increase/Decrease 1
1995 Request vs. 1
1994 Current Est 1
Air
Budget Authority
Obligations.
Outlays.
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears.
$517,234.0
510,029.8
503,755.0
2,169.2
2,260.1
$551,674.8
551,674.8
552,118.2
2301.5
2,301.5
$525,429.9
525,429.9
521,243.0
2,301.5
2,301.5
$529,384.2
529,384.2
518,517.6
2,209.5
2.209.5
$606,480.8
606,480.8
582,944.9
2,249.8
2,249.8
$77,096.6
77,096.6
64,4273
40.3
40.3
Radiation
Budget Authority.
Obligations.
Outlay
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears.
$34,591.0
37,183.5
37,845.1
217.4
223.4
$35,348.5
35,348.5
35,675.0
209.7
209.7
$33,536.6
33,536.6
33,524.1
209.7
209.7
$32,597.3
32,597.3
32,163.2
227.1
227.1
$46,914.8
46,914.8
45,193.5
234.7
234.7
" $14,317.5
14,317.5
13,0303
7.6
7.6
Water <
Budget Authority.
Obligations.
Outlays.
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears.
$489,641.3
477,959.0
429,648.7
2,198.0
2,291.6
$464,403.2
464,403.2
441,977.2
2,206.9
2,206.9
$470,467.2
470,467.2
444,837.2
2,206.9
2,206.9
S464.459.0
. 464,459.0
439,183.9
2,170.8
2,170.8
$496,030.0
496,030.0
462,874.3
2,068.4
2,068.4
$31,571.0
31,571.0
23,690.4
(102.4)
(102.4)
Water
Budget Authority. .........
Obligations. .........
Outlays ..........
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears. .........
$149,557.5
142,867.8
147,896.4
735.2
768.6
$143,849.8
143,849.8
144,707.2
768.0
768.0
$154,726.9
154,726.9
152,575.6
768.0
768.0
$152,000.2
152,000.2
150347.8
756.2
756.2
$146,061.0
146,061.0
143,976.2
765.2
765.2
($5,939.2)
(5,939.2)
(6371.6)
9.0
9.0
Water Infrastructure Fmancmg
Budget Authority. $2,500,000.0 $2,047,000.0 $2397,000.0 $2397,000.0 $2,550,000.0 $153.000.0
Obligations. 2,552,114.0 2,047,000.0 '2,397,000.0 2397,000.0 2,550,000.0 153,000.0
Outlays. 2,104,058.0 2,534,171.0 2330,247.0 2330,247.0 2309,263.0 (20,984.0)
Pesticides
Budget Authority.
Obligations..........
Outlays.
Permanent Workyears.
Total Work>eat».
$122,530.6
119,952.6
120351.3
867.5
891.9
$124,415.5
124,415.5
125,476.7
866.9
866.9
$123,533.8
123,533.8
123,255.4
866.9
866.9
$117,639.0
117,639.0
118,655.7
826.7
826.7
$103,537.5
103,537.5
102,544.4
799.4
799.4
($14,101.5)
(14,101.5)
(16,111.3)
(27.3)
(27.3)
Toric Substances
Budget Authority.
Obligations.
Outlays.
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears.
$154,787.0
148,973.7
146,118.0
821.7
852.6
$139,077.2
139,077.2
158,505.4
841.9
841.9
$141,178.7
141,178.7
159,664.9
841.9
841.9
$133,977.7
133,977.7
151,708.5
793.6
793.6
$129,479.7
129,479.7
133,573.4
771.5
771.5
($4,498.0)
(4,498.0)
(18,135.1)
(22.1)
(22.1)
19-7
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Media
(dollars in thousands)
Actual
1993
President's
Budget
1994
Enacted
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Request
1995
Hazardous Waste
Budget Authority
Obligations.
Outlays.
Permanent Workyears....
Total Workyears.
$323,073.1
306,270.6
325,850.9
1,518.6
1,594.4
$320,463.1
320,463.1
322,161.9
1,601.2
1601''
$306,441.7
306,441.7
304,617.3
1,601.2
1,601.2
$291,012.5
291,012.5
295,604.3
1,533.9
1,533.9
$321,177.7
321,177.7
311379.5
1,479.3
1,479.3
$30,165.2
30,165.2
15,775.2
(54.6)
(54.6)
Multimedia
Budget Authority.
Obligations
Outlays.
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears.
$256,681.9
254,537.0
218,772.3
925.5
975.0
$322,009.6
322,009.6
315,994.4
1,094.9
1,094.9
S32U86.7
32U86.7
322,514.0
1,094.9
1,094.9
$361,511.1
361,511.1
362,170.6
1,384.3
U84.3
$459352.1
459452.1
437,278.5
1,518.8
1,518.8
$97,841.0
97,841.0
75,107.9
134.5
134.5
Management and Support
Budget Authority.
Obligations.
Outlays.
Permanent Workyears.
Total Workyears.
$568.071.2
550,840.2
549,414.6
3,267.3
3,429.2
$587,275.0
587,275.0
593,899.0
3.434.7
3,434.7
$572,907.5
$572,907.5
$579,406.5
3,434.7
3,434.7
$566,927.3
$566,927.3
$562,945.3
3.423.6
3,423.6
674,854.5
674,854.5
$644,076.3
3,463.1
3,463.1
$107,927.2
107,927.2
81,131.0
39.5
39.5
Building and Faculties
Budget Authority.
Obligations.
Outlays.
$134300.0
53,203.6
21,493.1
$18,000.0
18,000.0
79,894.0
$18,000.0
18,000.0
79,594.0
$18,000.0
18,000.0
79,594.0
$43,870.0
43,870.0
66,461.0
$25,870.0
25,870.0
(13,133.0)
Hazardous Substance Superfund
Budget Authority. $1,589,298.0 $1,512,678.0 $1,497,131.6 $1,497,131.6 $1,499,692.0 $2,560.4
Obligations. 1,652,919.7 1,512,678.0 1,497,131.6 1,497,131.6 1,499,692.0 2,560.4
Outlays. 1,426,207.2 1,614,664.4 1,613,281.0 1,623,213.9 1,585,979.0 (37,234.9)
Permanent Workyears. 3,472.2 3,668.9 3,668.9 3,668.9 3,573.4 (95.5)
Total Workyears. 3,610.9 3,668.9 3,668.9 3,668.9 3,573.4 (95.5)
L.U.S.T.
Budget Authority.
Obligations.
Outlays.
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears.
$83,610.0
74,838.4
80^06.5
82.5
85.7
$76,048.1
76,048.1
75,909.6
100.6
100.6
$76,048.1
76,048.1
78 a 10.0
100.6
100.6
$76,048.1
76,048.1
78,618.2
100.6
100.6
$76,685.0
76,685.0
76,909.0
99.6
99.6
$636.9
636.9
(1,709.2)
(1.0)
(1.0)
Oil Spill Response
Budget Authority.
Obligations
Outlays.....
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears.
$0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
$21,239.0
21,239.0
19,155.0
87.6
87.6
$21,239.0
2U39.0
19,430.0
87.6
87.6
$21,239.0
21^39.0
19,430.0
87.6
87.6
$23,475.0
23,475.0
21,650.0
89.8
89.8
$2,236.0
2,236.0
2,220.0
2.2
2.2
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Wortyears
By Media
(dollars in thousands)
Tolerances Revolving Fund .
Obligations.
Outlays.
Obligations.
Outlays.
Rerefbtntioii & Expedited
Obligations. . ..
Outlays.
Total Woricyean.
Asbestos in Schools Fond
Outlays.. . .
Reimbursements - PRO
Obligations
Permanent Woricyean.
Total Woricyean.
Reimbursements - Snperflmd
Obligations
Permanent Woricyean
Total Woricyean
Reimbursements - IG
Obligations
Reimbursements - RAD
Obligations.
Reimbursements - ACAC
Obli&ations.
Reimbursements - Oil Spffl Response
Obligations.
Pesticides Registration Fees
fReceipts requiring Approp Action)
Actual
1993
$1,526.0
(489.0)
$4.0
0.0
$15,574.0
4,148.0
183.8
191.9
$5,684.0
$8,661.0
94.1
96.5
$23,980.0
8.1
8.1
$300.0
$14,412.0
$23,371.0
$0.0
President's
Budget
1994
$1,400.0
0.0
$10.0
10.0
$15,650.0
1,357.0
206.0
206.0
$4,000.0
$25,000.0
100.0
100.0
$30,000.0
100.0
100.0
$0.0
$25,000.0
$50,000.0
$0.0
Enacted
1994
$1,500.0
0.0
$10.0
10.0
$15,650.0
1,684.0
206.0
206.0
$10,532.0
$25,000.0
100.0
100.0
$60,000.0
100.0
100.0
$300.0
$30,000.0
$60,000.0
$1,500.0
Current
Estimate
1994
$1,500.0
0.0
S10.0
10.0
SI 5,650.0
1,684.0
206.0
206.0
$10,532.0
$25,000.0
100.0
100.0
$60,000.0
100.0
100.0
$300.0
$30,000.0
$60,000.0
$1,500.0
Increase/Decrease 1
Request 1995 Request vs. 1
1995 1994 Current Est. 1
$1,500.0
0.0
S10.0
10.0
$9,290.0
(289.0)
204.0
204.0
$1,564.0
$25,000.0
79.0
79.0
$60,000.0
100.0
100.0
$300.0
$30,000.0
$60,000.0
$1,500.0
$0.0
0.0
$0.0
0.0
($6360.0)
(1,973.0)
(2.0)
(2.0)
($8,968.0)
$0.0
(21.0)
(21.0)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Budget Authority
Outlays.
$0.0
0.0
$0.0
0.0
$0.0
0.0
$0.0
0.0
($15,000.0)
(15,000.0)
(15,000.0)
(15,000.0)
19-9
-------
EIWIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyean
By Media
(dollars iit thousands)
Actual
1993
President's
Budget
1994
Enacted
1994
Current
Estimate Request
1994 1995
Increase/Decrease I
1995 Request vs. 1
1994 Current Est 1
Contractor Conversion
Permanent Workyean 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 900.0 900.0
Total Workyean. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 900.0 900.0
Non-CttliM FTE
Permanent Workyean. 663.0 661.0 661.0 661.0 651.0 (10.0)
Total Workyean. 663.0 661.0 661.0 661.0 651.0 (10.0)
Allocation Accounts
Permanent Workyean. 408.0 375.0 375.0 375.0 371.0 (4.0)
Total Workyean. 408.0 375.0 375.0 375.0 371.0 (4.0)
TOTAL. EPA
Budget Authority. $6,923,374.0 $6,363,482.5 $6,658,927.0 $6,658,927.0 $7,162,610.0 503,683.0
Obligations 6,969,517.9 6,510,542.5 6,852,IS"! ,85 ,887.0 7,365,210.0 512,323.0
Outlays 6,120,961.0 7,019,676.0 6,774,626.0 6,774,626.0 6,910.388.0 135,762.0
Permanent Workyean. 17,632.1 18,624.8 18,624.8 18,624.8 19,418.0 793.2
Total Workyean. 18,350.9 18,624.8 18,624.8 18,624.8 19,418.0 793.2
19-10
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Function
(dollars in thousands)
Actual
1993
Enacted
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Request
1995
Increase/Decrease
199S Request vs.
1994 Current Est.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Air
Budget Authority...
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$131,379.1
127,992.9
123,600.6
454.0
466.6
$127,581.1
127,581.1
127,793.0
454.6
454.6
$127,706.7
127,706.7
127,856.1
452.8
452.8
$116,326.0
116,326.0
111,414.9
398.2
398.2
($11,380.7)
(11,380.7)
(16,441.2)
(54.6)
(54.6)
Radiation
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$1,383.9
3,216.6
2,089.8
18.0
18.5
$0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
$0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
$0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Budget Authority...
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears
$31,301.0
30,328.0
27,086.6
212.6
227.4
$29,4660
29,466.0
29,624.4
214.2
214.2
$29,345.4
29,345.4
29,495.0
214.2
214.2
$25,238.6
25,238.6
24,782.2
158.9
158.9
($4,106.8)
(4,106.8)
(4,712.8)
(55.3)
(55.3)
Drinking Water
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears
$19,858.3
19,307.2
20,697.2
164.0
170.5
$19,612.0
19,612.0
19,728.8
157.6
157.6
$19,579.8
19,579.8
19,696.2
157.6
157.6
$18,849.3
18,849.3
18,725.4
150.7
150.7
($730.5)
(730.5)
(970.8)
(6.9)
(6.9)
Pesticides
Budget Authority.
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears
$14,606.6
14,343.4
13,185.8
104.3
110.1
$14,424.3
14,424.3
14,484.7
89.0
89.0
$14,335.0
14,335.0
14,388.4
89.0
89.0
$15,623.3
15,6233
15,231.0
85.0
85.0
1.288.3
1,288.3
842.6
(4.0)
(4.0)
Toiic Substances
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears
$25,604.4
24,672.4
23,610.4
167.9
173.5
$25,419.6
25,419.6
25,514.8
148.7
148.7
$25,190.0
25,190.0
25,278.9
145.7
145.7
$22,967.9
22,967.9
22,360.1
124.0
124.0
($2,222.1)
(2,222.1)
(2,918.8)
(21.7)
(21.7)
19-11
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Function
(dollars in thousands)
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT cont
Hazardous Waste
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlavs
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Multimedia
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Hazardous Substance Supertund
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
L.U.S.T.
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Ott Spffl Retpoiue
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
RAD TOTAL
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Actual
1993
$42,707.3
40,522.4
40,830.7
207.6
215.3
$165,358.2
163,886.3
143,399.1
187.5
195.4
$68,589.4
63,662.5
73,306.7
125.8
129.0
- _74-.9
737.3
1,103.7
1.9
1.9
$0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
$501,537.1
488,669.0
468,910.6
1,643.6
1,708.2
Enacted
1994
$32,279.1
32,279.1
32,427.6
204.6
204.6
$211,453.8
211,453.8
211,291.4
317.9
317.9
$62,614.6
62,614.6
68,214.0
131.7
131.7
$751.8
751.8
780.0
1.9
1.9
$2,070.7
2,070.7
1,894.3
1.0
1.0
$525,673.0
525,673.0
531,753.0
1,721.2
1,721.2
Current
Estimate
1994
$31,971.1
31,971.1
32,103.9
201.7
201.7
$211,509.8
211,509.8
211,284.2
312.0
312.0
$62,560.4
62,560.4
68,155.0
131.5
131.5
$751.8
751.8
780.0
1.9
1.9
$2,070.7
2,070.7
1,894.3
1.0
1.0
$525,020.7
525,020.7
530,932.0
1,707.4
1,707.4
Incr
Request 19S
1995 199
$28,579.1
28,579.1
27,987.5
170.7
170.7
$27Z015.3
272,015.3
256,104.3
457.2
457.2
$59,872.0
59,872.0
63,316.7
128.4
128.4
$777.7
777.7
779.9
1.9
1.9
$2,079.9
2,079.9
1,918.0
1.0
1.0
$562,329.1
562,329.1
542,620.0
1,676.0
1,676.0
($3,392.0)
(3,392.0)
(4,116.4)
(31.0)
(31.0)
$60,505.5
60,505.5
44,820.1
145.2
145.2
($2,688.4)
(2,688.4)
(4,838.3)
(3.1)
(3.1)
S25.9
25.9
(0.1)
0.0
0.0
$9.2
9.2
23.7
0.0
0.0
$37,308.4
37,308.4
11.688.0
(31.4)
(31.4)
19-12
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Function
(dollars in thousands)
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
AJr
Budget Authority .
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Radiation
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Water ©"""ty
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Drinking Water
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Budget Authority.
Obligations
Outlays
Total Workyears
Toric Substances
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
lotal Workyears
Actual
1993
$348,122.4
346,471.9
342,170.1
1,251.8
1,313.5
$33,207.1
33.966.9
34,611.3
199.4
204.9
$406,493.6
446,897.9
348,207.5
1,269.8
1,317.0
$123,669.4
118,210.8
122,052.7
477.4
500.2
$81,871.9
79,911.1
81,413.7
813.6
834.6
$91,925.5
87,150.7
83,380.6
210.8
217.5
Enacted
1994
$358,373.8
358,373.8
353,484.0
1,358.4
1,358.4
$33,536.6
33,536.6
33,524.1
209.7
209.7
$389,258.9
389,258.9
362,832.2
1,246.3
1,246.3
$128,450.7
128,450.7
126,101.1
500.6
500.6
$82,453.7
82,453.7
82,625.8
845.2
845.2
$71,246.9
71,246.9
89,345.1
205.5
205.5
Current
Estimate
1994
$382,314.7
382,314.7
371,076.0
1,441.1
1,441.1
$32,597.3
32,597.3
32,163.2
227.1
227.1
$389,386.2
389,386.2
363,391.6
1,253.6
1,253.6
$127,166.3
127,166.3
125,333.9
503.1
503.1
$82,426.1
82,426.1
84,406.9
847.7
847.7
$70,079.8
70,079.8
87,924.4
199.5
199.5
Increase/Decrease
Request 1995 Request vs.
1995 1994 Current Est.
$469,382.2
469,382.2
449,992.5
1,536.5
1,536.5
$46,914.8
46,914.8
45,193.5
234.7
234.7
$421,291.9
421,291.9
387,344.4
1,218.2
1,218.2
$121,103.0
121,103.0
118,875.2
510.0
510.0
$82,204.3
82,204.3
81,352.2
826.0
826.0
$69,780.2
69,780.2
75,836.9
192.6
192.6
$87,067.5
87,067.5
78,916.5
95.4
95.4
$14,317.5
14,317.5
13,030.3
7.6
7.6
$31,905.7
31,905.7
23,952.8
(35.4)
(35.4)
($6,063.3)
(6,063.3)
(6,458.7)
6.9
6.9
(S221.8)
(221.8)
(3,054.7)
(21.7)
(21.7)
($299.6)
(299.6)
(12,087.5)
(6.9)
(6.9)
19-13
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyean
By Function
(dollars in thousands)
Actual
1993
Enacted
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Request
1995
Increase/Decrease
199S Request vs.
1994 Current Est.
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL cont
Hazardous Waste
Budget Authority $208,150.6 $204,228.7 $199,133.6 $223,932.1 $24,798.5
Obligations 198,666.5 204,228.7 199,133.6 223,932.1 24,798.5
Outlays 215,676.9 201,373.7 202,176.2 216,557.9 14,381.7
Permanent Workyears 725.0 752.4 757.2 741.1 (16.1)
Total Workyean 765.9 752.4 757.2 741.1 (16.1)
Multimedia
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears
$40,427.0
38,885.4
26,392.7
155.0
162.4
$52,572.8
52,572.8
53,250.6
163.7
163.7
$59,775.7
59,775.7
60,037.0
176.0
176.0
$63,344.2
63,344.2
58,659.4
164.5
164.5
$3,568.5
3,568.5
(1,377.6)
(11.5)
(11.5)
L.U.S.T.
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
$79,578.7
71,644.3
76,146.8
60.9
62.4
$72,033.8
72,033.8
74,739.2
65.3
65.3
$72,037.7
72,037.7
74,743.2
65.9
65.9
$72.359.1
72,359.1
72,570.6
65.6
65.6
$321.4
321.4
(2,172.6)
(0.3)
(0.3)
Ofl Spfll Response
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyean...
Total Workyears
$700.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
$18,280.0
18,280.0
16,723.0
82.7
82.7
$17,113.1
17,113.1
15,655.5
81.7
81.7
$19,246.4
19,246.4
17,750.1
83.9
83.9
$2,133.3
Z133.3
2,094.6
2.2
2.2
A&C TOTAL
Budget Authority.
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyean...
Total Workyean
$1,414,146.2
1,421,805.5
1,330,052.3
5,163.7
5,378.4
$1,410,435.9
1,410,435.9
1,393,998.8
5,429.8
5,429.8
$1,432,030.5
1,432,030.5
1,416,907.9
5.552.9
5,552.9
$1,589,558.2
1,589,558.2
1,524,132.7
5,573.1
5,573.1
$157,527.7
157,527.7
107,224.8
20.2
20.2
19-14
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Function
(dollars in thousands)
ENFORCEMENT
AJr
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Water Quality
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Drinking Water
Budget Authority..
Obligations
Outlays....
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Pesticides
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Hazardous Waste
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays... .
Permanent Worfcyears
Total Workyears
Actual
1993
$37,732.5
35,565.0
37,984.3
463.4
480.0
$51,846.7
50,733.1
54,354.6
715.6
747.2
$6,029.8
5,349.8
5,146.5
93.8
97.9
$26,052.1
25,698.1
• * 25,751.8
133.4
139.1
$19,640.3
19,817.7
20,380.0
188.3
194.9
$61,436.6
58,006.5
60,470.1
534.5
557.8
Enacted
1994
$39.475.0
39,475.0
39,966.0
488.5
488.5
$51,742.3
51,742.3
52,380.6
746.4
746.4
$6,664.2
6,664.2
6,745.7
109.8
109.8
$26,655.8
26,655.8
26,144.9
138.7
138.7
$19,407.1
19,407.1
19,376.9
190.3
190.3
$60,395.7
60,395.7
61,156.3
585.4
585.4
Current
Estimate
1994
$19,362.8
19,362.8
19,585.5
315.6
315.6
$45,727.4
45,727.4
46,297.3
703.0
02 3
$5,254.1
5,254.1
5,317.7
95.5
95.5
$20,877.9
20,877.9
19,860.4
96.0
96.0
$13,669.0
13,669.0
13,433.0
151.0
151.0
$50,652.2
50,652.2
51,574.9
516.8
516.8
Increase/Decrease
Request 1995 Request vs.
1995 1994 Current Est.
$20,772.5
20,772.5
21,537.5
315.1
315.1
$49,499.5
49,499.5
50,747.7
691.3
691.3
$6,108.7
6,108.7
6,375.6
104.5
104.5
$5,709.9
5,709.9
5,961.2
92.4
92.4
$9,638.6
9,638.6
10,059.7
152.0
152.0
$58,543.9
58,543.9
57,163.8
508.2
508.2
$1,409.7
1,409.7
1,952.0
(0.5)
(0.5)
$3,772.1
3,772.1
4,450.4
(11.7)
(11.7)
$854.6
854.6
1,057.9
9.0
9.0
($15,168.0)
(15.168.0)
(13,899.2)
(3-6)
(3.6)
($4,030.4)
(4,030.4)
(3,373.3)
1.0
1.0
$7,891.7
7,891.7
5,588.9
(8.6)
(8.6)
19-15
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Function
(dollars in thousands)
ENFORCEMENT cont
Multimedia
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears. .
Hazardous Substance Superftmd
Budget Authority . .
Obligations
Outlays
Penp4 Current Est.
$32,480 6
32,480 6
30 675 3
0 8
0 8
13 135 1
n!35 1
83156
(36 31
(36 31
$131 2
131 2
118 9
02
0 2
$302
30 2
374
00
00
$40,506.8
40,506.8
349239
(49.7)
(497)
19-16
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Function
(dollars in thousands)
Actual
1993
Enacted
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Request
1995
Increase/Decrease
1995 Request vs.
1994 Current Est.
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears....
Total Workyears
$699,809.0
679,161.4
673.763.8
3,934.8
4,117.9
$688,812.1
688,812.1
686,808.1
4,159.8
4,159.8
$684.724.2
684,724.2
682,746.7
4,147.7
4,147.7
$821,999.8
821,999.8
798,934.9
4,175.5
4,175.5
$137,275.6
137,275.6
116,188.2
27.8
27.8
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Budget Authority $134,300.0 $18,000.0 $18,000.0 $43,870.0 $25,870.0
Obligations 53,203.6 18,000.0 18,000.0 43,870.0 25,870.0
Outlays 21,493.0 79,594.0 79,594.0 66,461.0 (13,133.0)
WATER INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING
Budget Authority $2,500,000.0 $2,397,000.0 $2.397,000.0 $2,550,000.0 $153,000.0
Obligations 2,502,114.0 2,397,000.0 2,397,000.0 2,550,000.0 153,000.0
Outlays 2,104,058.0 2,330,247.0 2,330,247.0 2,309,263.0 (20,984.0)
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE
RESPONSE ACTION
Hazardous Waste
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears..
Total Workyears
Toxic Substances
Budget Authority...
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
Total Workyears
Supcrtund
Budget Authority.
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears...
To.al A'c.kyears
$10,078.6
9,075.2
8,873.2
51.5
5. .4
$17,616.8
17,332.9
18,747.0
70.9
74.8
$1,211,813.6
1,289,569.0
1,042,822.7
1,279.6
1,332.2
$9,538.2
9,538.2
9,659.7
58.8
58.8
$25,105.1
25,105.1
25,428.1
91.4
91.4
$1,143,945.3
1,143,945.3
1,246,244.6
1,291.2
1,291.2
$9,255.6
9,255.6
9,749.3
58.2
58.2
$25,038.9
25,038.9
25,072.2
91.4
91.4
$1,147,324.1
1,147,324.1
1.249,925.5
1,307.7
1,307.7
$10,122.6
10,122.6
9,670.3
59.3
59.3
$27,093.0
27,093.0
25,316.7
98.9
98.9
$1,111,597.4
1,111,597.4
1,175,555.1
1,262.4
1,262.4
$867.0
867.0
(79.0)
1.1
1.1
$2,054.1
2,054.1
244.5
7.5
7.5
($35,726.7)
(35,726.7)
(74,370.4)
(45.3)
(45.3)
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE
RESPONSE ACTION TOTAL
Budget Authority $1,239,509.0 $1,178,588.6 $1,181,618.6 $1,148,813.0 ($32,805.6)
Obligations 1,315,977.1 1,178,588.6 1,181,618.6 1,148,813.0 (32,805.6)
Outlays 1,070,442.9 1,281,332.4 1,284,747.0 1,210,542.1 (74,204.9)
Permanent Workyears 1,402.0 1,441.4 1,457.3 1,420.6 (36.7)
Total Workyears 1,462.4 1,441.4 1,457.3 1,420.6 (36.7)
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Function
(dollars in thousands)
OTHER
Tolerances Revolving Fund
Obligations
Outlays
Obligations
Outlays
KeregisiraiMHi & bipcdJied
Processing Revolving Fund • FIFRA
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Asbestos in Schools Fund
Outlays..-
Reimbursements • PRO
Obligations.. ..
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
[tciiiibuncmcnts • SuDerftmd
Obligations
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
^dmbursenienti - RAD
ObUgations
Reimbursement*- ACAC
Dbligations
teJmbursemcnts - Oil Spin Response
Dbligations
teimbursements - IG
Dbligations
Actual
1993
$1,526.0
(489.0)
$4.0
0.0
$15.574.0
4,148.0
183.8
191.9
$5,684.0
$8,661.0
94.1
96.5
S23.980.0
8.1
8.1
$14,412.0
$23,371.0
$0.0
$300.0
Enacted
1994
$1,500.0
0.0
$10.0
10.0
$15,650.0
1,684.0
206.0
206.0
$10,532.0
$25,000.0
100.0
100.0
$60,000.0
100.0
100.0
$30,000.0
$60,000.0
$1,500.0
$300.0
Current
Estimate
1994
$1,500.0
0.0
$10.0
10.0
$15,650.0
1,684.0
206.0
206.0
$10,532.0
$25,000.0
100.0
100.0
$60,000.0
100.0
100.0
$30,000.0
$60,000.0
$1,500.0
$300.0
Increase/Decrease
Request 1995 Request vs.
1995 1994 Current Est.
$1,500.0
0.0
$10.0
10.0
$9,290.0
(289.0)
204.0
204.0
$1,564.0
$25,000.0
79.0
79.0
$60,000.0
100.0
100.0
$30,000.0
$60,000.0
$1,500.0
$300.0
$0.0
0.0
$0.0
0.0
($6,360.0)
(1,973.0)
(2.0)
(2.0)
($8,968.0)
$0.0
(21.0)
(21.0)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
19-18
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays and Workyears
By Function
(dollars in thousands:)
Current Increase/Decrease
Actual Enacted Estimate Request 1995 Request vs.
1993 1994 1994 1995 1994 Current Est.
Pesticides Registration Fees
(Receipts requiring Approp Action1)
Budget Authority $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 ($15,000.0) (15,000.0)
Outlays 0.0 0.0 0.0 (15,000.0) (15,000.0)
Contractor Conversion
Permanent Workyears 0.0 0.0 0.0 900.0 900.0
Total Workyears 0.0 0.0 0.0 900.0 900.0
Non-Ceiling FTE
Permanent Workyears 663.0 661.0 661.0 651.0 (10.0)
Total Workyears 663.0 661.0 661.0 651.0 (10.0)
Allocation Accounts
Permanent Workyears 408.0 375.0 375.0 371.0 (4.0)
Total Workyears 408.0 375.0 375.0 371.0 (4.0)
TOTAL. EPA
Budget Authority $6,923,374.0 $6,658,927.0 $6,658,927.0 $7.162,610.0 503,683.0
Obligations 6,969,517.9 6,852,887.0 6,852,887.0 7,365,210.0 512,323.0
Outlays , 6,120,960.0 6,774,626.0 6,774,626.0 6,910,388.0 135,762.0
Permanent Workyears 17,632.1 18,624.8 18,624.8 19.418.0 793.2
Total Workyears 18,350.9 18,624.8 18,624.8 19,418.0 793.2
19-19
-------
19-20
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Object Classifications
Direct Obligations
(dollars in thousands)
Actual
1993
President's
Budget
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Request
1995
Increase/Decrease
1995 Request vs.
1994 Current Est.
Prozram and Research Operations
Personnel Services
Other Objects:
21.0 Travel and transportation of persons
22.0 Transportation of things
23.1 Rental payments to OSA
23.2 Rental payments to others
23.3 Communications, utilities and misc. charges..
24.0 Printing and reproduction
25.1 Consulting services
25.2 Other services
26.0 Supplies and materials
31.0 Equipment.
32.0 Land and structures
41.0 Grants, subsidies, and contributions
42.0 Insurance claims and indemnities
Subtotal, direct obligations.
Subtotal, reimbursable obligations..........
TOTAL OBLIGATIONS
$788,992.0
$25,598.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
$814,590.0
8,661.0
$823,251.0
$831,035.0
$28,135.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
$859,170.0
25,000.0
$884,170.0
$823,355.0
$28,270.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
$851,625.0
25,000.0
$876,625.0
$932,702.0
$30,554.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
«>
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
$963,256.0
25,000.0
$988^56.0
$109,347.0
$2,284.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
$111,631.0
0.0
$111,631.0
Office of Inspector General
Personnel Services , $13,358.0 $19,133.0 $19,133.0 $19,802.0 $669.0
Other Objects:
21.0 Travel and transportation of persons $1,093.0 $1,413.0 $1,413.0 $1,413.0 $0.0
22.0 Transportation of things 97.0 53.0 81.0 16.0 (65.0)
23.1 Rental payments to GSA 1,713.0 2,465.0 1,946.0 2,227.0 281.0
23.2 Rental payments to others 153.0 1.0 172.0 205.0 33.0
23.3 Communications, utilities and misc. charges 228.0 174.0 191.0 37.0 (154.0)
24.0 Printing and reproduction. 12.0 10.0 10.0 2.0 (8.0)
25.1 Consulting services 9.0 439.0 7.0 10.0 3.0
25.2 Other services 2,626.0 3,592.0 2,072.0 2,810.0 738.0
25.3 Purchase of goods and svcs from govt accounts 2,036.0 0.0 1,605.0 2,179.0 574.0
26.0 Supplies and materials 191.0 146.0 160.0 31.0 (129.0)
31.0 Equipment 668.0 521.0 558.0 109.0 (449.0)
41.0 Grants, subsidies, and contributions 173.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 0.0
Subtotal direct obflgations. $22,357.0 $28,247.0 $27,648.0 $29,141.0 $1,493.0
Subtotal, reimbursable obligations. 16,409.0 16,948.0 17,247.0 16,353.0 (894.0)
TOTAL OBLIGATIONS $38,766.0 S4S,l*5.t $44,895.0 $45,494.0 $599.0
19-21
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Object Classifications
Direct Obligations
(dollars in thousands)
Actual
1993
President's
Budget
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Request
1995
Increase/Decrease
1995 Request vs.
1994 Current Est.
Research and Development
Other Objects:
22.0 Transportation of things .......... S445.0 S572.0 $596.0 S629.0 $33.0
23.2 Rental payments to others .......... 23.0 0.0 26.0 31.0 5.0
23.3 Communications, utilities and misc. charges .......... 3,128.0 3,493.0 4,191.0 4,418.0 227.0
24.0 Printing and reproduction .......... 576.0 949.0 772.0 814.0 42.0
25.1 Consulting services .......... 4,325.0 3,640.0 4,564.0 4,686.0 122.0
25.2 Other services .......... 15,153.0 178,864.0 15,991.0 16,418.0 427.0
25.3 Purchase of goods and svcs from govt accounts ....... 3,161.0 0.0 3,335.0 3,42570 90.0
25.5 R&D Contracts .......... 137,902.0 0.0 146,855.0 131,915.0 (14,940.0)
26.0 Supplies and materials .......... 6,615.0 7,497.0 8,863.0 9,344.0 481.0
31.0 Equipment ......... 18,656.0 26,685.0 24,995.0 26,352.0 1,357.0
32.0 Land and structures .......... 79.0 75.0 106.0 112.0 6.0
41.0 Grants, subsidies, and contributions .......... 127,154.0 131,789.0 128,395.0 165,703.0 37,308.0
42.0 Insurance claims and indemnities .......... 9.0 1.0 12.0 13.0 1.0
Subtotal, direct obligations. -------- $317,226.0 $353,565.0 $338,701.0 $363,860.0 $25,159.0
Subtotal, reimbursable obligations, -------- 14,412.0 25,000.0 30,000.0 30,000.0 0.0
TOTAL OBLIGATIONS $331,638.0 $378,565.0 $368,701.0 $393,860.0 SIS
Building and Faculties
24.0 Printing and reproduction
25.1 Consulting services
25.2 Other services
25.3 Purchase of goods and svcs from govt accounts..
32.0 Land and structures
41.0 Grants, subsidies, and contributions
TOTAL OBLIGATIONS
Abatement. Control and Compliance
21.0 Travel and transportation of persons
22.0 Transportation of things
23.1 Rental payments to GSA.
23.2 Rental payments to others
23.3 Communications, utilities and misc. charges.
24.0 Printing and reproduction.
25.1 Consulting services.
25.2 Other services
25.3 Purchase of goods and svcs from govt accounts..
26.0 Supplies and materials
31.0 Equipment
32.0 Land and structures
41.0 Grants, subsidies, and contributions
42.0 Insurance claims and indemnities
Subtotal, direct ob
Subtotal, reimbursable obligations.........
TOTAL OBLIGATIONS
$2.0
79.0
14,522.0
7,831.0
7,462.0
23,500.0
$53,396.0
$20.0
1,789.0
83,164.0
8,231.0
38,949.0
7,037.0
46,242.0
324,806.0
58,332.0
15,941.0
33,818.0
889.0
682,148.0
148.0
$1,301,514.0
23,371.0
$0.0
919.0
14,081.0
0.0
3,000.0
0.0
$18,000.0
$0.0
1,783.0
101,465.0
10,190.0
14,100.0
5,907.0
38,964.0
497,208.0
0.0
17,053.0
60,148.0
1,223.0
619,480.0
14.0
$1,367,535.0
50,000.0
$1.0
32.0
5,829.0
3,143.0
38,395.0
0.0
$47,400.0
$0.0
2,031.0
94,460.0
9,261.0
44,220.0
7,990.0
47,595.0
360,752.0
64,196.0
18,098.0
38,395.0
1,009.0
664,360.0
168.0
$1,352,535.0
60.000.0
$1.0
35.0
6,363.0
3,431.0
60,240.0
0.0
$70,070.0
$0.0
2,537.0
108,111.0
11,042.0
55,251.0
9,983.0
41,110.0
474,520.0
86,109.0
22,613.0
47,973.0
1,261.0
666,913.0
209.0
$1,527,632.0
60,000.0
$1,324,885.0 $1,417,535.0 $1,412,535.0 $1,587,632.0
$0.0
3.0
534.0
288.0
21,845.0
0.0
$22,670.0
$0.0
506.0
13,651.0
1,781.0
11,031.0
1,993.0
(6,485.0)
113,768.0
21,913.0
4,515.0
9,578.0
252.0
2,553.0
41.0
$17',
$175,097.0
in o f\
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Object Classifications
Direct Obligations
(dollars in thousands)
Actual
1993
President's
Budget
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Request
1995
Increase/Decrease
1995 Request vs.
1994 Current Est.
Hazardous Substance Supernmd
Personnel Services
Other Objects:
21.0 Travel and transportation of persons
21.0 Site travel
22.0 Transportation of things
23.1 Rental payments to OSA.
23.2 Rental payments to others
23.3 Communications, utilities and misc. charges
24.0 Printing and reproduction
25.1 Consulting services
25.2 Other services
25.3 Purchase of goods and svcs from govt accounts..
25.5 R&D Contracts
26.0 Supplies and materials
31.0 Equipment
32.0 Land and structures
41.0 Grants, subsidies, and contributions
42.0 Insurance claims and indemnities
Subtotal, direct obligations.
Subtotal, reimbursable obligations.
$208,608.0
$220.351.0
$227,085.0
$262,325.0
$6,586.0
3,544.0
531.0
21,930.0
2,304.0
6,121.0
829.0
52,772.0
703,077.0
311,909.0
22,084.0
4,069.0
9,055.0
139.0
232,493.0
4.0
$1,586,055.0
23,980.0
$11,998.0
3,810.0
433.0
26,818.0
4,367.0
5,480.0
694.0
69,569.0
968,922.0
0.0
0.0
3,609.0
15,281.0
44.0
120,000.0
12.0
$1,451,388.0
30,000.0
$12,134.0
4,099.0
176.0
24,909.0
2,592.0
2,034.0
275.0
53,295.0
598,613.0
342,146.0
23,977.0
1,352.0
4,964.0
46.0
129,814.0
1.0
$1,427.512.0
61,589.0
$13.282.0
3,727.0
838.0
28,5093
3,091.0
9,661.0
1,308.0
54,615.0
564,150.0
330,433.0
23,211.0
6,422.0
16.522.0
219.0
122,702.0
6.0
$1,441.021.0
61,589.0
$35,240.0
$1,148.0
(372.0)
662.0
3,600.0
499.0
7,627.0
1,033.0
1,320.0
(34,463.0)
(11,713.0)
(766.0)
5,070.0
11,558.0
173.0
(7,112.0)
5.0
$13,509.0
0.0
Supernmd Allocation Accounts
Personnel Services..
$19,258.0
$14,767.0
$21,162.0
$17,756.0
($3,406.0)
Other Objects:
21.0 Travel and transportation of persons
22.0 Transportation of things
23 1 Rental payments to GSA . .. .
24 0 Printing and reproduction
25 2 Other services
26.0 Supplies and materials
31.0 Equipment
41 0 Grants, subsidies, and contributions
Subtotal, aDocadoB accounts
Subtotal, direct and allocation accounts.
TOTAL OBLIGATIONS
$1,352.0
52.0
735.0
351.0
19,805.0
252.0
1,449.0
18,656.0
$61,910.0
1,647,965.0
$1,671,945.0
$921.0
84.0
403.0
395.0
18,458.0
328.0
2,251.0
7,405.0
$45,012.0
1,496,400.0
$1,526,400.0
$1,486.0
57.0
808.0
386.0
21,763.0
277.0
1,591.0
20,500.0
$68.030.0
1.495,542.0
$1,557,131.0
$1,247.0
48.0
678.0
324.0
18,261.0
232.0
1,336.0
17,200.0
$57,082.0
1,498,103.0
$1,559,692.0
($239.0)
(9.0)
(130.0)
(62.0)
(3,502.0)
(45.0)
(255.0)
(3,300.0)
($10,948.0)
2,561.0
$2,561.0
19-23
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Object Classifications
Direct Obligations
(dollars in thousands)
Actual
1993
President's
Budget
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Request
1995
L.U.S.T Trust Fund
Personnel Services...
Other Objects:
21.0 Travel and transportation of persons
21.0 Site travel
22.0 Transportation of things
23.1 Rental payments to GSA
23.2 Rental payments to others
23.3 Communications, utilities and misc. charges
24.0 Printing and reproduction
25.1 Consulting services
25.2 Other services
25.3 Purchase of goods and svcs from govt accounts..
25.5 RAD Contracts
26.0 Supplies and materials
31.0 Equipment.
32.0 Land and structures
41.0 Grants, subsidies, and contributions
TOTAL OBLIGATIONS.
$4,901.0
$479.0
0.0
6.0
353.0
0.0
32.0
18.0
1,176.0
888.0
109.0
485.0
70.0
312.0
65.0
65,557.0
$74,451.0
$5,855.0
$845.0
0.0
17.0
450.0
34.0
103.0
11.0
419.0
1,975.0
0.0
0.0
67.0
188.0
0.0
65,415.0
$75^79.0
$5,775.0
$887.0
9.0
4.0
401.0
0.0
19.0
11.0
1,094.0
887.0
101.0
451.0
42.0
273.0
39.0
74,055.0
$84,048.0
$6,997.0
$899.0
0.0
5.0
459:0
0.0
26.0
15.0
1,040.0
783.0
199.0
429.0
57.0
265.0
53.0
65,458.0
$76,685.0
$1,222.0
$12.0
(9.0)
1.0
58.0
0.0
7.0
4.0
(54.0)
(104.0)
98.0
(22.0)
15.0
(80)
140
($
OH Spffl Response
Personnel Services...
Other Objects:
21.0 Travel and transportation of persons
21.0 Travel and transportation of persons (site travel)...
22.0 Transportation of things
23.1 Rental payments to GSA
23.2 Rental payments to others
23.3 Communications, utilities and misc. charges
24.0 Printing and reproduction
25.1 Consulting services
25.2 Other services
25.3 Purchase of goods ana svcs from govt accounts....
26.0 Supplies and materials
31.0 Equipment
32.0 Land and structures
41.0 Grants, subsidies, and contributions
Subtotal, direct obligations
Subtotal, reimbursable obligations.
TOTAL OBLIGATIONS.
$4,489.0
$140.0
1.0
0.0
438.0
1.0
15.0
23.0
6,121.0
2,217.0
774.0
49.0
192.0
0.0
3.765.0
$18,225.0
0.0
$18425.0
$5,146.0
$191.0
0.0
7.0
444.0
43.0
39.0
23.0
0.0
15,105.0
0.0
53.0
186.0
3.0
0.0
$21,240.0
0.0
$21440.0
$5,270.0
$190.0
0.0
0.0
497.0
1.0
14.0
22.0
6,207.0
6,199.0
1,152.0
48.0
185.0
0.0
1,454.0
$21,239.0
15,000.0
$36439.0
$8,225.0
$526.0
0.0
0.0
569.0
1.0
14.0
22.0
7,543.0
3,554.0
1,232.0
47.0
185.0
0.0
1,557.0
$23,475.0
15,000.0
$38,475.0
$2,955 0
$3360
0.0
00
72.0
0.0
00
00
1,3360
(2.645.0)
80.0
(1.0)
00
0.0
103.0
$2,236.0
0.0
$2436.0
19-24
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Object Classifications
Direct Obligations
(dottars in thousands)
Water Infrastructure Financing*
25.2 Other services
41.0 Grants, subsidies, and contributions
Actual
1993
33,533.0
2.567.157.0
President's
Budget
1994
70,000.0
2.407.000.0
Current
Estimate
1994
58,000.0
2.165.554.0
Request
1995
100,000.0
Z997.750.0
Increase/Decrease
1995 Request vs.
1994 Current Est.
42,000.0
83Z 196.0
TOTAL OBLIGATIONS. 2,600,690.0 2,477,000.0 2,223,554.0 3,097,750.0 874,196.0
•the totals in FY 1994 and 1995 include all transmittal codes
19-25
-------
19-26
-------
ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Permanent Positions by Grade
PROGRAM AND RESEARCH OPERATIONS
Grades
Actual
1993
Pres.Bud
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Request
1995
Executive Level II — — -..-
Executive Level III
Executive Level IV
Subtotal
.«.._..~..-.._..-..«..«..-..-..-..-..-..—~..—..
ES-5 ~
ES4 _
ES-3
ES-2
.
Subtotal
GS/GM15 _..
GS/GM14 _..
GS/GM13- _ _..
GS12
GS11 _.
GS10 _ _.
GS9 „ _..
GS8 _ _ _..
GS7 J _ _ „..
GS6
GSS...»..«..*..*«*.*..*«..«..«..«... H..«..«..H..«..H*.
GS4 _". .
GS3
GS2
GS1
Subtotal
Positions Established by act of
July 1,1974 (42 U.S.C. 207)
Director Grade 09,572,335
to $99,212
Director Grade 07, $54,439
to $79333
Senior Grade 06, $40349
to $69,703
Senior Grade 05, $32,270
to $56373
2
1
1
9
47
87
61
23
16
243
1,119
1,878
2317
2,577
1,047
69
709
283
863
428
392
322
172
77
49
12,802
46
53
1
1
8
10
15
53
81
66
16
30
261
1,053
1,848
2,743
2438
1,179
69
835
272
918
472
472
366
179
76
49
13,069
36
77
2
1
9
12
10
53
99
69
26
18
275
1119
1878
2,901
2,654
1,078
71
730
291
888
441
403
323
171
76
48
13,073
47
55
13,694
51
19-27
-------
ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Permanent Positions by Grade
PROGRAM AND RESEARCH OPERATIONS CONTINUED
Grades
Current
Actual Pres. Bud Estimate Request
1993 1994 1994 1995
Assistant Grade 03,525,276 10
to $41,126
Assistant Grade 02, $22,043 4
to $30^ 14
Assistant Grade 01, $19,138 12
to $24,070
Subtotal
10
12
126
129
152
16
1
Positions established by act
of November 16,1977 (42 U.S.C.
201) compensation for which is
not to exceed the maximum
payable for a GS-18
Ungraded
Subtotal
TOTAL PERMANENT POSITIONS
14
59
73
13,248
28
62
90
13,559
14
61
75
13,588
1
6
8
14,22
1
19-28
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Permanent Positions by Grade
OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL
Grades
Actual
1993
Pres.Bud
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Request
1995
Executive Level IV _..
Subtotal
ES-5
ES-4
ES-3
ES-2
Subtotal
GS/GM15
GS/GM14 -
GS/GM13 _ -
GS12.._ _
GS11 _
GS10.._ _ ......
GS9
GS8 _ _.._
GS7
GS6 : _
GS5...» _ „
GS4
GS3
GS2 _ _
GS1
Subtotal
1
3
1
1
1
26
50
110
94
35
1
19
1
18
13
7
12
4
2
1
TOTAL
393
401
1
4
1
1
2
32
51
125
105
33
1
37
3
24
15
8
11
5
4
2
456
466
1
3
1
1
1
8
26
50
134
114
43
1
23
1
22
16
7
11
4
2
1
455
463
1
3
1
1
1
8
26
50
130
111
41
1
22
1
21
15
7
11
4
2
1
444
452
19-29
-------
ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Permanent Positions by Grade
SUPERHJND
Grades
Actual
1993
Pres.Bud
1994
Current
Estimate
1OQ4
Subtotal
Positions Established.1 * act of
July 1,1974 (42 U.S.C. 207)
Director Grade 07, $54,439
to $79333
Senior Grade 06, $40349
to $69,703
Senior Grade 05, $32270
to $56,873
Full Grade 04, $27202
to $47,552
Assistant Grade 03, $25276
to $41,126
2
10
1
4
2
19
145
449
1,073
616
194
0
-22
33
175
121
130
60
12
9
21
3,160
2
13
3
0
4
22
156
460
1,167
728
261
0
147
33
185
138
159
64
15
9
22
3,544
2
11
1
5
2
22
145
449
1237
710
224
0
140
38
201
139
149
65
13
9
22
3542
19-30
-------
ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Permanent Positions by Grade
SUPERFUND CONTINUED
Current
Grades Actual Pres. Bud Estimate Request
1993 1994 1994 1995
Assistant Grade 02, $22,043
to $30^14
Assistant Grade 01, $19,138 9 0 10 11
to $24,070
Subtotal 28 30 . 32 . 34
Positions established by act
of November 16,1977 (42 U.S.C.
201) compensation for which is
not to exceed the maximum
payable for a GS-18 1111
Subtotal 1111
TOTAL PERMANENT POSITIONS 3,208 3497 3,596 3,762
19-31
-------
ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Permanent Positions by Grade
LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS
Grades
Actual
1993
Pres. Bud
1994
Current
Estimate
1994
Request
1995
GS/GM15._.,
GS/GM14.....
GS/GM13._..
GS12
GS11...
XJO .1U****** M • • <
GS9
GS8
GS7
GS6
GS5 _.._
GS4
TOTAL PERMANENT POSITIONS
5
8
22
27
6
0
5
1
4
1
1
2
5
12
18
34
9
0
7
1
2
0
5
3
~96~
5
8
26
32
7
0
6
1
5
1
1
3
~96~
19-32
-------
ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Permanent Positions by Grade
RERBGISTRATION AND EXPEDITTED PROCESSING REVOLVING FUND (FIFRA)
Grades
GS/GM15 __._...
GS/GM14
GS/GM13
GS12 _
GS11 - . .....
GS10 - -
GS9 -. -
GS8
GS7
GS6
GS5..._ .._
Current
Actual Pres.Bud Estimate Request
1993 1994 1994 1995
1
42
87
31
9
0
7
0
1
0
0
1
42
105
37
11
0
8
0
1
0
0
1
42
105
37
11
0
8
0
1
0
0
1
42
103
37
11
0
9
0
1
0
0
Subtotal
178
206
206
204
TOTAL PERMANENT POSITIONS
178
206
206
204
19-33
-------
ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Permanent Positions by Grade
REIMBURSABLE
(PRO/SUPERFUND)
Grades
ES4
Subtotal
GS/GM15 „
GS/GM14 _
GS/GM13
GS12 ._.._.._.._ .............................. .
GS11 .
GS10
GS9
f*Qfi
GS7
GS5
GS4
GS3
Actual Pres. Bud
1993 1994
2
2
4
14
13
13
14
1
10
5
1
4
0
4
2
0
0
2
9
15
9
16
2
7
7
5
5
0
7
3
Current
Estimate Request
1994 1995
2
2
4
14
37
37
39
3
28
14
3
11
0
7
3
4
4
L
V
3:
2:
3!
^
21
12
A
1C
(
t
i
Subtotal
Positions Established by act of
July 1,1974 (42 U.S.C. 207)
Senior Grade 06, $40349
to $69,703
Senior Grade 05, $32270
to $56,873
Subtotal
85
87
200
TOTAL PERMANENT POSITIONS
90
90
210
19-34
-------
ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Permanent Positions by Grade
OIL SPILLS
Grades
GS/GM15 ......
GS/GM14 - ... > ....
GS/GM13
GS12 ... -.. ...
GS11
GS10
GS9
GS8.................................. ...........................................
GS7 .._
^*CA
GS5
GS4
GS3
Actual Pr
1993
2
7
28
14
5
1
6
0
3
3
3
2
o
es.Bud
1994
0
10
30
18
7
2
3
0
7
5
3
3
2
Current
Estimate R
1994
2
7
35
18
6
1
9
0
3
4
4
2
o
equest
1995
2
7
49
25
9
2
12
0
4
5
5
3
o
Subtotal
74
90
90
122
TOTAL PERMANENT POSITIONS
74
90
90
122
--*•
19-35
-------
ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Average Grade and Salary
Appropriations
Actual
1993
Pies. Bud
19Q4
Current
Estimate
1QQ4
Request
1QQ<
PRO
Average ES Salary.
Average GS/GM Grade
Average GS/GM Salary._ „..„ „ _
Average Salary of Ungraded Positions
Office of the Inspector General
Average ES Salary.
Average GS/GM Grade
Average GS/GM Salary
Hazardous Substance Superfund
Average ES Salary.
Average GS/GM Grade
Average GS/GM Salary
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks
Average GS/GM Grade
Average GS/GM Salary
F1FRA
Average GS/GM Grade...
Average GS/GM Salary.
Reimbursables
Average ES Salary
Average GS/GM Grade _
Average GS/GM Salary
Oil Spills
Average GS/GMGrade,,
Average GS/GM Salary
TOTAL AGENCY AVERAGE
Average ES&lary
Average GS/GM Grade
Average GS/GM Salary.-
Average Salary of Ungraded Positions..
105,232
113
48,818
41,019
103^88
11.5
49,616
103384
11.5
47323
11.7
48^54
12.8
53,436
107300
10.9
45,943
11.4
45458
105414
11.6
48,672
41,109
107215
11.1
48^71
23,926
11.4
49,814
116378
11.4
47,957
11.5
48359
12.6
52479
0
10.1
40483
10.9
44473
110,170
113
47,781
23,926
112397
11.2
51,145
25,194
112486
114
52,454
122446
11.4
50,499
114
50,922
12.8
55366
0
10.6
42,734
11.4
46,935
116,009
11.5
50313
25,194
116471
112
52,628
25,925
115351
11.2
53,975
126,100
11.4
51,963
52,
12.8
56,972
0
10.6
43,973
11.4
48296
119373
114
51,772
25,925
19-36
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SUMMARY OF STATE GRANTS
(dollars in thousands)
President's
Actual Budget
1993 1994
Air
Section 105
Radiation
Radon State Grants
Water Quality
Section 106
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