United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Health Effects Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA-600/1 -79-040
October 1979
Research and Development
c/EPA
Survey for
Airborne
Nitrosamines
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U S Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields
The nine series are:
1 Environmental Health Effects Research
2 Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4 Environmental Monitoring
5 Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8 "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH EFFECTS RE-
SEARCH series This series describes projects and studies relating to the toler-
ances of man for unhealthful substances or conditions This work is generally
assessed from a medical viewpoint, including physiological or psychological
studies In addition to toxicology and other medical specialities, study areas in-
clude biomedical instrumentation and health research techniques utilizing ani-
mals — but always with intended application to human health measures.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/1-79-040
October 1979
SURVEY FOR AIRBORNE NITROSAMINES
by
Robert J, Gordon
Department of Patholoy
USC School of Medicine
Los Angeles, California 90033
Contract Number 68-02-2432
Project Officer
Wilson B. Riggan
Population Studies Division
Health Effects Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Health Effects Research Laboratory,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Approval
does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies
of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names
or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
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FOREWORD
The many benefits of our modern, developing, industrial society are
accompanied by certain hazards. Careful assessment of the relative risk
of existing and new man-made environmental hazards is necessary for the
establishment of sound regulatory policy. These regulations serve to
enhance the quality of our environment in order to promote the public
health and welfare and the productive capacity of our Nation's population.
The Health Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, con-
ducts a coordinated environmental health research program in toxicology,
epidemiology, and clinical studies using human volunteer subjects. These
studies address problems in air pollution, non-ionizing radiation, envi-
ronmental carcinogenesis and the toxicology of pesticides as well as other
chemical pollutants. The Laboratory participates in the development and
revision of air quality criteria documents on pollutants for which national
ambient air quality standards exist or are proposed, provides the data for
registration of new pesticides or proposed suspension of those already in
use, conducts research on hazardous and toxic materials, and is primarily
responsible for providing the health basis for non-ionizing radiation
standards. Direct support to the regulatory function of the Agency is
provided in the form of expert testimony and preparation of affidavits as
well as expert advice to the Administrator to assure the adequacy of health
care and surveillance of persons having suffered imminent and substantial
endangerment of their health.
This report contains the results of a survey for airborne volatile
nitrosamines in Los Angeles and Contra Costa Counties, and at a rocket
fuel plant near Hollister, California. Temporal patterns showed morning
and evening maxima and suggested photolysis in midday sun. No clear indi-
cation of significant point sources was found.
F. G. Hueter, Ph.D.
Acting Director
Health Effects Research Laboratory
iii
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ABSTRACT
A survey for airborne volatile nitrosamines vas carried out in LOB
Angeles and Contra Costa Counties and at a rocket fuel plant near
Hollister, California. A mobile sampling unit with ambient aqueous KOH
bubblers was used, followd by extraction, concentration, and analysis by
gas chromatography with thermal energy analysis detection. The detection
is based on decomposition of nitrosamines to NO which gives chemilumi-
nescence upon reacting with ozone. Low levels of dimethyl and diethyl-
nitrosamine were observed sporadically at numerous locations but gave no
clear indication of significant point sources. Most samples were below
3 3
0.03 yg/m while the highest reached 1.0 yg/m . Temporal patterns
showed morning and evening nuMrtma and suggested photolysis in midday
sun. No relationship between airborne nitrosamine levels by area and
incidence of several human cancers is apparent.
iv
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword iii
Abstract iv
List of Figures vi
List of Tables viii
Acknowledgments viii
I. Conclusions and Recommendations 1
II. Introduction 2
III. Experimental Methods 4
IV. Survey for Emission Sources 12
V. Other Variables 38
VI. Discussion of Results 42
VIII.References 45
IX. Glossary 47
X. Appendix 48
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List of Figures
3.1 6C-TEA trace of seven-component reference blend. Identities of
peaks given in Table 3.1.
3.2 GC-TEA trace of air sample extract with 0.17 ng DMN and 0.14 ng
DEN.
4.1 Air sampling sites in the Vernon-Commerce area (shown by circles).
Arrows indicate wind direction. Squares are chemical or meat
processing plants.
4.2 Air sampling sites in the Torrance-Carson-Wilmington area (shown
by circles). Arrows indicate wind direction. Squares are chemical
or petroleum plants.
4.3 Map of Hollister area. Rocket fuel plant is at lower left around
artificial lake.
4.4 Map of west Contra Costa County. Cross-hatched areas are shown on
larger scale in three following figures. Circles are coded air
sample sites described in Table 4.2.
4.5 Map of northwest Richmond area. Circles are coded air sample sites
described in Table 4.2.
4.6 Map of Rodeo-Crocket areas. Circles are coded air sample sites
described in Table 4.2.
4.7 Map of east Martinez area. Circles are coded air sample sites
described in Table 4.2.
4.8 Distribution of air sampling sites in southern half of Los Angeles
County.
4.9 Summary of DMN air data in health district areas. Average and
maximum levels are given, then positives as a fraction of total
samples.
4.10 Computer plot of relative nitrosamine concentrations by area.
4.11 Computer plot of relative incidence of cancer of the pharynx for
white males without Spanish surnames, by area.
4.12 Computer plot of relative incidence of cancer of the liver for
white males without Spanish surnames, by area.
4.13 Computer plot of relative incidence of cancer of the nose-sinus for
white males without Spanish surnames, by area.
VI
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4.14 Computer plot of relative incidence of cancer of the larynx for
white males without Spanish surnames, by area.
4.15 Computer plot of relative incidence of cancer of the lung for white
males without Spanish surnames, by area.
4.16 Computer plot of relative incidence of cancer of the bladder for
whtte males without Spanish surnames, by area.
4.17 Computer plot of average educational level by area.
4.18 Computer plot of average family income by area.
5.1 Monthly averages for DMN at all Los Angeles sites, daytime samples.
Positives as fractions of total samples are given above each bar.
5.2 Hourly averages for DMN at all Los Angeles sites during August-
December, 1977. Samples begun during each designated hour are
included in that hourly average. Data are smoothed by taking
running averages of four, centered.
5.3 Hourly averages for DMN at LAC-USC Medical Center during March-May,
1978. Data are smoothed by taking running averages of three.
yii
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List of Tables
3.1 Reference Ni.trosajni.ne Data.
3.2 Dimethyl nitrosamtne Recovery Checks.
3.3 Dimethyl nitramine Infrared Maxima, in
4.1 Hoi lister Air Samples.
4.2 Contra Costa County Air Samples.
Appendix: Los Angeles County Air Samples.
Acknpwl edgements
The computerized maps of cancer incidence in Los Angeles were derived by
Herman Menck (Public Health Analyst, Pathology Department, USC School of
Medicine) from the computer files of the Los Angeles Cancer Surveillance
Program directed by Thomas Mack, M.D., M.P.H. (Associate Professor of
Community and Family Medicine and Pathology, USC School of Medicine).
This project was supported in part under contract No. NO! CP 53500
within the Virus Cancer Program of the National Cancer Institute,
National Institutes of Health.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of ARE contract No. A6-096-30,
"Survey of Airborne Nitrosamines" by the School of Medicine of the
University of Southern California under the partial sponsorship of the
California Air Resources Board. Work was completed as of June 1978.
viii
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I. CONCLUSIONS
No evidence for any specific point emission source for volatile
nitrosamines was observed. Part of the sampling was concentrat-
ed in areas of chemical industry in Los Angeles and Contra
Costa Counties and near the rocket fuel plant outside Hollister.
A systematic county-wide survey, of Los Angeles was also carried
out. The majority of all samples were below detection limits
(about 0.03 yg/m3 for dimethylnitrosamine, DMN). Several
samples reached 0.3 yg/m3 DMN or higher, up to a maximum of
1.0, but later repeat samples were always lower. Positive
samples occurred more frequently in winter. A diurnal pattern
was suggested, with maxima around 080Q and 1800. Diethylnitro-
samine was found less frequently than DMN but at similar concen-
trations, and a few samples had traces of a third, less volatile
component, unidentified. Computer-derived maps of airborne
nitrosamine levels by area show no apparent correlation with
incidence of various human cancers.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The sources of sporadic low levels of airborne nitrosamines
remain to be identified. No particular geographic concentra-
tion has been observed. Therefore further sampling might be
carried out at existing monitoring sites, although mobile
sampling is easy. The sampling is simple but work-up is time-
consuming and would be the limiting factor in further studies.
Samples can be held (frozen) for at least a week before pro-
cessing, making it convenient to send them to a central loca-
tion for analysis. The rather costly analyzer has already been
acquired.
To test whether there is a vehicle source, samples might be
taken of auto and diesel exhaust at the ARB El Monte facility.
Exhaust sampling procedures would need to be validated.
The statements and conclusions in this report are those of the
contractor and not necessarily those of the California Air
Resources Board. The mention of commercial products, their
source or their use in connection with material reported herein
is not to be construed as either an actual or implied endorse-
ment of such products.
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II. INTRODUCTION
The class of N-nitroso compounds is large. Although no verified
cases of human cancer have been attributable yet to nitrosamines,
the evidence in animals is extensive. Of about fifty nitrosa-
mines tested, all but seven were carcinogenic. Moreover, there
have been examples of cancer caused in almost every organ among
the numerous animal species tested with one or another nitrosa-
mine. No species tested has been found to be resistant to all
nitrosamines, suggesting that man is not likely to be an
exception (1_).
The general formula for nitrosamines is
where R1 and R2 may be alkyl or aryl groups, but not hydrogen.
If one R group is acyl (R'CO-) the compound is a nitrosamide,
many of which are also carcinogenic. This report will not
distinguish between nitrosamines and nitrosamides except to
note that the latter are much less volatile as a class, and may
be formed and decomposed more rapidly.
Nitrosamines are formed in solution by direct reaction of
nitrous acid with secondary amines, and by a more complex
sequence, with tertiary amines. Primary amines are also nitro-
sated but the nitroso products are unstable and have not been
isolated. The nitrosation rates are maximum at a pH usually
between 3 and 4 but varying with the basicity of the atnine
(i.e. low enough for high proportion of molecular nitrous acid
and high enough for some free amine to be present). In the
vapor phase with oxides of nitrogen (NO ) volatile amines may
be nitrosated. In photochemical smog systems both the presumed
reactant nitrous acid and the nitrosamine are photolyzed by
ultraviolet light. From laboratory rates it has been predicted
that in the atmosphere the nitrosamine might be found in the
morning (2). In artificial smog systems the yield of nitro-
samine is quite low and the much more stable nitramine, R2NN02»
is formed in larger amounts (3_).
Nitrosamines have been found in certain foods (bacon, sausage,
cheese), cutting oils, cosmetics, tobacco smoke, and in air
(4). The possibility of in vivo formation from nitrate and
various amines in foods or drugs has been shown, as well as the
presence in the body of bacteria able to reduce nitrate to
nitrite (5J. This has led to recent restrictions on use of
nitrate and nitrite as foods preservatives. The presence of
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nitrosamines in air has in a few cases been traced to direct
emission from an industrial source, but there have been other
findings of low; levels, of nltros.ajni.nes not near any known
source (6).
The possibility of nitrosamines in community air in California
either as a result of direct emission or as a result of atmos-
pheric reactions involving oxides of nitrogen has been of
concern to the Air Resources Board. The recent commercial
availability of a highly specific and sensitive analyzer for
nitrosamines and development of suitable methods of air sampl-
ing made an air survey practical.
Following calibration and validation of collection and analysis
procedures and some local air sampling, the project was carried
out in several phases. For most of the work a mobile battery-
powered set-up was operated in a passenger car or wagon. The
phases were as follows:
Los Angeles industrial areas: Known chemical plants
were plotted on a map and the major clusters showed at
Vernon-Commerce and Carson-Wilmington. Sampling was
concentrated in these areas.
Contra Costa industrial areas: The belt of chemical and
petroleum industry runs along the waterfront from
Richmond to Antioch. Samples, were taken near individual
plants all along the belt.
Hollister rocket fuel plant: The McCormick-Teledyne-
Selph plant outside Hollister was scheduled to begin
full-scale production of fuel, using a nitrosamine
intermediate. Air samples were taken outside the
plant before and after the start-up date.
Los Angeles census areas survey: Systematic sampling
was done throughout the southern half of the County
at about 150 locations for comparison with cancer
incidence data, and as a check on possible unsuspected
emission sources.
Diurnal pattern: At a fixed local site samples were
collected during all the various hours of the day and
night to test for a diurnal pattern
Following tha data collection the results were examined for
indication of specific emission sources, with follow-up sampl-
ing in some cases. Correlations were tested wtih cancer inci-
dence, nitrogen oxide data from the South Coastal Air Quality
Management District, and with season or time of day.
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III. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
A. Air Sampling:
Typically an air sample of about 60 1 was drawn at one 1-
mi.n"1 through a IQQjrjl glass bubbler containing 50 ml of 1
N-KOH (7). For field sampling from an automobile a Teflon
inlet tube was extended out the window and two small
battery-powered diaphragm pumps CSpectrex AS-12Q} were
used in parallel. A rotameter for air flow rates was
checked periodically fay wet test meter. During the
sampling period wind, temperature, and weather conditions
were noted. The wind direction and velocity were estimated
by use of a vane, compass, and hand-held anemometer. The
KOH solution was made up using water taken directly from
an all glass/Teflon still. The bubbler was protected from
light by aluminum foil. After sampling the solution was
transferred to a polyethylene bottle. Unless the sample
was to be processed the same day it was frozen on dry ice
or placed in the freezer until work-up. Replicate samples
stored for various times showed no loss over at least two
weeks.
B. Sample Processing (8J:
The KOH samples including a blank control were thawed, if
necessary, and extracted in a 125 ml separatory funnel
with 3 x 8 ml portions of dichloromethane (Burdick and
Jackson glass-distilled). The extracts for each sample
were combined over sodium sulfate, then decanted into a 25
ml Kuderna-Danish tube with an ebullation tube and Vigreaux-
type condenser. Then 0.5 ml 2,2,4-trimethylpentane was
added as keeper and the extract was evaporated to approxi-
mately 0.5 ml on a block heater at 65°. After cooling,
the residual volume was read by the graduations on the
narrow tip of the evaporator tube and transferred to a
Teflon-capped culture tube. The concentrated extract was
usually analyzed the same day, but if not, it was stored
in the freezer. Repeat analyses of such stored extracts
showed no discernible changes over at least two weeks cold
storage.
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C. Analysis by GC-TEA:
The analytical instrumentation consisted of a gas chromato-
graph. (GC) connected by a tape-heated exit tube to the
entry of the Thermal Electron Analyzer (TEA), The GC was
an isothermal unit (Varian Aerograph 940), Three different
columns were used during the project, all with satisfactory
results during their lifetimes. Argon carrier gas was
passed through a molecular sieve cartridge into the GC.
Flow rates were measured at the GC exit by a soap bubble
tube. The columns and conditions used were:
1. Carbowax 20 M on Chromosorb W, 12' x 1/8" stainless
steel; column 180°, injector 190°, carrier flow 20
cc-min'1. (This column was supplied with the TEA,
and full details are not available.)
2. FFAP 15% on 80/1QQ mesh acid-washed, DCMS-treated
Chromosorb W, 21' x 1/8" stainless steel; column
210°, injector 225°, carrier flow 30 cc-min'1 (Varian
Instruments).
3. Carbowax 20 M, 10% on 80/100 mesh acid-washed DCMS-
treated Chromosorb W, 6' x 1/8" stainless steel;
column 150°, injector 160°, carrier flow 20 cc-min"1
("Quik-Col", Applied Science Laboratories).
The TEA operates as follows (9J. The GC effluent enters a
catalytic furnace (controlled at a temperature up to
500°C, in our case 450°) and is drawn through a stainless
steel loop cold trap into a small reactor chamber under
partial vacuum. The cold trap temperature is controlled
by use of coolant and solvent; usually this is a slush of
isopentane and liquid nitrogen, but for our purposes the
liquid nitrogen alone was quite satisfactory. A metered
flow of oxygen gas passes through a glow discharge tube
for partial conversion to ozone, and is drawn into the
reactor chamber, where ozone reacts with any nitric oxide
present in a chemiluminescent reaction emitting light in
the near infrared. The reactor has a window with a
suitable filter facing a refrigerated photomultiplier
tube. The amount of light emitted by the reacting gases
is indicated by the photomultiplier tube output and is
recorded on a strip chart.
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A portion of the sample in dichloromethane (usually 10 ul)
is introduced into the GC, It contains anything scrubbed
from the air Into the KQH solution and extractafale in the
solvent. The column Is selected for efficient separation
of volatile ni.trosamtnes,. Sample components, Including
solvent, leave the GC and enter the. furnace where nitro-
samlnes are decomposed to yield nitric oxide and organic
pyrolysis products; other organics pyrolyze but do not
yield NO, The cold trap retains most of the condensable
materials found, but. not nitric oxide. In the reactor
only nitric oxide can react with ozone to cause emission
of light at the wavelength passed by the filter to the
detector. Thus the unit is highly specific towards nitro-
samines and a very few other compounds capable of decompos-
ing to form nitric oxide. The GC distinguishes among
various nitrosamines and other nitric oxide generators.
Spectra are shown in Figures 3.1 and 3.2.
D. Calibration
Commercial dimethylnitrosamine (DMN; K&K) and diethylnitro-
samine (DEN; Eastman) were used as interim reference
standards until certified samples of seven pure nitrosa-
mines were received from the National Cancer Institute
Chemical Repository at Illinois Institute of Technology.
DMN and DEN from the two sources were indistinguishable
under the conditions used. The seven reference nitrosa-
mines were run repetitively at realistic levels on column
#2 with the results given in Table 3.1 and Figure 3.1.
Two sets of recovery runs are summarized in Table 3.2. In
each case a batch of 1 N-KOH was spiked by adding DMN in
dichloromethane (20 ng/yl). In the first set 15 yl was
added to 500 ml KOH, in the second 10 yl was added. 50 ml
portions of the spiked KOH were used. Some were air-blown
by drawir.g charcoal-filtered air through them. All were
then extracted and evaporated, then run in duplicate on
the GC-TEA. There was no significant difference between
airblown and non-aerated samples, and losses of 7% and 6%
from theoretical probably arise during the later processing
and are comparable to the repeatability of the GC at this
level.
Initially there was no problem with blank controls, but
from about December on there began to be sporadic positive
blanks. These have always been low level and in the
extreme corresponded to what would have been an air concen-
tration of about 0.05 vg/m3. Most are less than half
that, or just about at the detectability limit. We have
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FIGURE 3.1
DMN
DEN
NPIP
NPYR
DPN
i i i i i i r
Minutes
GC-TEA trace of seven-component reference blend,
Identities of peaks given in table 3.1
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FIGURE 3.2
Minutes
GC-TEA trace of air sample extract with 0.17ng
DMN and 0.14 ng DEN
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TABLE 3.1
REFERENCE NITROSAMINE DATA
Ni trosamine
Dimethyl ni trosamine (DMN)
Diethylni trosamine (DEN)
Methylbutylnitrosamine (MEN)
Dibutylni trosamine (DBN)
Nitrosopiperidine (NPIP)
Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR)
Dipentylni trosamine (OPN)
Sensitivity3 Retention Time,
(div/ng) tp (sec)
26.6 + 0.23C
23.4 + 3.1
14.3 + 1.3
7.2 + 1.0
9.2 + 0.73
8.8 + 0.25
4.6 + 0.64
249 + 1.0C
283+1.0
378 + 2.1
547 + 3.1
729 + 3.0
798 + 3.5
878 +5.6
Relative1"
*r
(1.00)
1.14
1.52
2.20
2.92
3.20
3.53
a. With 0.5 ng samples.
b. Relative to DMN.
c. Standard deviation, 4 replicates.
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Set 2:
TABLE 3.2
DIHETHYLNITROSAMINE RECOVERY CHECKS
Sample
Set 1:
A
B
C
D
Charcoal Filtered Air
volume, 1
72
78
75
0
Ng DMN Found
24.9
28.7
26.4
30.8
27.6
29.5
27.1
27.3
mean 27.9 theory 30 no
75
75
mean
20.4
24.5
20.1
19.6
18.2
19.9
19.0
18.5
14.0
15.1
18.9
loss 7%
theory 20 ng
loss 6%
10
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been unable to pin down the source of this. Often with a
positive blank there will be negative air samples from the
same hatch of reagents handled the. same way, it seems
unlikely that exposure to ni.trQ$ajni.n.es in laboratory air
could be the cause, because many positive blanks show both.
DMN and DEN, whereas only DMN is used on most days for
calibration. In any case the calibration solutions are
only 5Q ng/ml and are opened only long enough to charge
the injection syringe. The injected samples are, of
course, destroyed in the TEA furnace. Positive blank
values are subtracted from all samples treated tn the same
batch. Nevertheless their occurrence introduces additional
uncertainty tn low level samples, and in effect makes the
detection limit higher than it would otherwise be. The
problem of artifacts in nitrosamine analysis was reviewed
recently (10).
A matching retention time on the GC-TEA is not by itself
sufficient to demonstrate the presence of a specific
nitrosamine. This was done for DMN fay a separate deter-
mination using liquid chromatography on silica (Partisi 1
20/400). The column was 3 x 500 mm, the solvent was
diethyl ether or 5% acetonitrile in dichloromethane, and
an Altec ultraviolet detector at 254 nm was used. With a
flow rate of 1.5 cc/min at 300 psi, 5 ug each of the
nitrosamines was readily detected, DEN soon after the
injection pulse, and DMN 10 minutes later. Since atmos-
pheric samples contained too little nitrosamine for
ultraviolet detection, a reference mixture was run immed-
iately before the sample, then fractions were collected at
the indicated volumes, and after reconcentration into
dichloromethane were run on the GC-TEA. The fractions
gave TEA responses at retention times for DEN, DMN, or no
response, as predicted from volumes observed in the ref-
erence silica chromatogram. The elution order of DMN and
DEN was reversed from that on the GC.
E. Dimethylnitramine synthesis and properties:
Because it had been shown (3_) that dimethyl nitramine,
(CH3)2NN02> is a major product in the photochemical reac-
tion of dimethylamine and NO , we synthesized it by a
reported procedure (11). The crude product was obtained
in 35% yield by adding 5.3 ml (0.069 mol) dimethylformamide
in 40 ml acetic anhydride slowly with stirring to 22 ml
70% nitric acid chilled in dry ice. After one hour addi-
tion 50 ml more acetic anhydride was added and the mixture
let stand for two hours. The mixture was then poured into
11
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fee water and neutralized wi.th 50% NaQH, cooled, extracted
w,i tli 2 & 50 ;nl dichloromethane, dried over Na^SQ^ and the
splyeirt eyapor^ted, Th.e crude product (melting 5Q*55°
corr.} was chromatographed on 7Q-2QQ mesh silica (deacti-
vated with. 5£ water! in a 1 x 25. cm column with, dichloro-
methane eluent, taking 5 ml fractions. The ni.tramine
appeared in cuts 3-7, cut 13 smelled of dimethylformamide,
cut 15 smelled aromatic (resembling benzaldehyde), and
some colored residue remained on the column. The infrared
spectum of the ni.tramine was run on a Beckman IR 18A, and
matched the literature (12), as shown in Table 3.3. The
melting point was 57-8" corr, as compared to 54-6° Q]_)
and the ultraviolet spectrum in methanol showed maxima at
346 and 239 and a minimum at 217 nm. When run on the GC-
TEA the signal intensity was about a third less than that
of DMN and the retention time about the same as that of
methyl butylnitrosamine or dipropylnitrosamine. Recovery
checks showed that it is retained like DMN in the 1 N-KOH
bubbler.
IV. SURVEY OF EMISSION SOURCES
A. Literature Leads:
Several sources of information were scanned in the attempt
to locate specific sources of amines and nitrosamines.
EPA on request sent a report on nitrosamines prepared for
them by Mitre Corporation, which lists only one amine
manufacturer in California (in Martinez), and a computer
listing of 28 chemical producers (not necessarily of
amines) in California. We ourselves have a computerized
file, of 5000 emission sources in Los Angeles County which
was derived from a print-out from the EPA National Air
Data Branch. Since it includes the Standard Industrial
Code, we searched the file for organic chemical and
similar related industries and located almost 100 more
possible chemical sources (not necessarily of amines).
Further searching in Commercial Directories located a few
more amine sources, although these are not clearly differ-
entiated between manufacturers and distribution sites.
The total of potential chemical sources situated in Los
Angeles is about 160 to date. These have been located by
street map grid squares and plotted on a chart to show
which areas would be most heavily dotted with sources, and
thus the most likely places to begin sampling.
12
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TABLE 3.3
DIMETHYLNITRAMINE INFRARED MAXIMA IN CC14
Observed, cm"
2935 in6
1530 vs
1485 s
1460 s
1415 s
1315 vs
1270 s
1140 m
1055 m
1005 s
620 m
a. Reference (.12).
b. v = very; s = strc
Literature3, cm"
2975 m
2941 m
1527 vs
1475 s
1464 s
1450 s
1403 m
1304 vs
1260 sh
1129 m
1045 m
998 ms
625 m (film)
612 m (vapor)
)ng; m = medium; sh = shoulder.
13
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B. Industrial Areas in LQS Angeles County:
The ma,p plot of known chemica,! and rela.ted industry showed
the highest density to be. ivn the Verno.n-Commerce area
(just south and southeast of central. Los Angeles I followed
by the Cars^n-Wilmington-Torrance area i,n the southern
part of the county. The mobile unit was used to sample
throughout these two areas, plus a few other locations. We
attempted to sample near most plants as close to downwind
as practical. The types of Industry included chemical,
petroleum, rubber, and meat or fish packing plants.
Locations are shown in Figures 4,1 and 4.2. Samples were
taken during July, August and September, 1977. Most
samples were, negative and the few positives were mostly
around 0.1 pg/m*. One exceeded 0.3 yg/m3 but was not that
high dr ing later resampling. Individual sample results
are given in the Appendix.
C. Rocket Fuel Plant:
The Teledyne-McCormick-Selph plant, located outside
Hoi lister, was scheduled to start full production of
rocket fuel on October 25, according to EPA advisers. The
production of the fuel (dimethylhydrazine) involves nitro-
sation of dimethyl amine to DMN, followed by reduction.
The mobile unit was used to sample air downwind of the
plant from October 24 to 27.
The plant is located about three miles WSW of the city of
Hollister. On Figure 4.3 it is in the. lower left corner
running about 0.6 miles along Union Road and enclosing an
artificial reservoir. There is a posted fence along the
road and a second fence about 300 feet in. The surround-
ing area is pasture and farmland and the only house nearby
is just outside the eastern plant boundary. Public roads
border only the northern and part of the western plant
boundaries; the rest of the perimeter appears to be in-
accessible by automobile except a short way along the
neighbor's track east of the plant. Union Road is paved
and curbed with no shoulders and is fairly heavily traveled
The west side road is unpaved dirt. The terrain is hilly
except to the west, varying from 240 feet in elevation on
the flat to about 600 feet at some hill tops.
The weather Monday and Tuesday was clear and warm with
winds mostly southerly. On Wednesday broken overcast
appeared with winds still southerly until a midday shift
to northwesterly, where they remained for the most part.
14
-------
There was light rain in the late afternoon Wednesday. The
wind directions allowing most nearly downwind sajnpling
were south to southwest, a,nd these, occurred Monday p.m,
through Wednesday a,,m. Thereafter the winds were unfavor-
able. Sample, sites are shown on the map. Results are
giyen in Table 4,1.
D, Contra Costa, County;
There is a belt of chemical and petroleum industry in
Contra Costa County running along the shore of San Pablo
Bay, Carquinez Straits, and up the river past Antioch,
where the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers meet, This
belt was surveyed with a mobile sampling unit during the
week of April 10-14, 1978. One hour samples of 40-60 1
air were bubbled through 50 ml of N-KOH, protected from
light. The bubbler contents were immediately frozen on
dry ice and kept frozen until they were brought back to
Los Angeles and placed in a freezer for subsequent work-up
and analysis. Blank controls were also taken along.
During the week the weather was quite uniform. Winds were
all southwest to northwest, mostly at 5-10 mph. There
were occasional clouds or thin overcast, and temperatures
varied 16-25°C. The uniform wind direction made it im-
possible in some cases to get close to downwind of indus-
trial plants where roads did not run along the side wanted.
Figure 4.4 shows the survey area with locations of eastern
samples lettered. The crosshatched rectangles are areas
shown on a larger scale in figures 4.5 to 4.7. In Figure
4.7 the higher density of samples is partly because of the
chemical plant of Shell Oil, the only known producer of
volatile amines in California. Samples E, F, H and U are
just east of this plant.
Sample data are given in Table 4.2. Two samples were mis-
takenly given the same label, and unfortunately one of
these showed the highest level of dimethylnitrosamine (1.0
or 1.1 yg/m3) along with diethylnitrosamine and materials
with retention times corresponding approximately to
di.propylnitrosamine and nitrosopi peri dine. The two loca-
tions confused (C and G) were \n northwest Richmond and
east of Martinez, respectively. Another sample (U), close
to Shell Chemical, showed 0.34 yg/m3 DMN. All other
samples were below 0.1 yg/m3 DMN. A follow-up set of
samples at the two confused sites was collected on May 30
and June 2, with results as shown in Table 4.2. Two of
the three values at site (G) of 0.08 and 0.10 yg/m3
DMN are in line with many others at various locations.
Site (C) showed nothing.
15
-------
FIGURE 4.1
Air sampling sites in the Vernon-Commerce area (shown by circles).
Arrows indicate wind direction. Squares are chemical or meat
processing plants
-------
•o o >
2. 3 ™
o_ cb" w
CD CO —.
>3
^ (Q
° r/>
$ -•
o> c/j S"
_. CO
•0
03
— .
0) 5
o »
i.51
3 q
Q. Q3
o -*
?8
CD?
CD -
S» o
CD 3
I!
o co
0) 3-
— O
O 5
-i 3
C
3
m
^
io
-------
00
FIGURE 4.3
Map of Holllster area. Rocket fuel plant Is at lower left around artificial lake.
-------
TADLE 4.1
IIOLLISTER AIR SAMPLES
Collected along Union Road north of Teledyne Plant
Average Mind .
Estimates
Sample
Date
10-24
10-25
10-26
10-27
KOII control
Tine
1332 -
1433-
154S -
0810 -
0911 -
1045 -
1146 -
1327 -
1444 -
0806 -
1007 -
1302 -
1403 -
1605 -
0816 -
1432
1532
1645
0910
1011
1145
1246
1427
1544
1006
1137
1402
1503
1705
0916
« True
180
200
150
180
220
170
160
190
330
160
160
310
300
250
200 - 360
variable
nph
•V.
1 -
5 -
2 -
1 -
2 -
4 -
2 -
7 -
2 -
2 -
2 -
4 -
1 -
4 -
1
2
a
4
2
4
6
6
10
6
9
6
10
3
6
Average
Temp.
• C
31
31
31
18
22
25
26
32
31
19
21
26
24
22
14
DMN*
ng7»J
0.11
nd
nd
nd
0.25
0.11
nd
nd
nd
0.19
0.13
0.03
0.04
nd
0.11
nd
Clear
Clear
Clear and gusty
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear; wind veering last 10 nin.
Clear
Partial overcast
Partial overcast; wind starts
to veer
Partial overcast
Total overcast
Light rain
Partial overcast
*DMN - diinethylnitrosanine
nd - not detected
Tentative recovery factor (0.94) not used.
-------
FIGURE 4.4
Map of west Contra Costa County. Cross-hatched
areas are shown in larger scale in three follow-
ing figures. Circles are coded air sample sites
described in table 4.2
-------
FIGURE 4.5
s. ^ L~^X Pittsburgh Av.
V^
}
_) ^N\ Gertrude Av.
V<
\
RICHMOND
One Mile
i i i i i i i i i i
Map of North-west Richmond area. Circles are
coded air sample sites described in table 4.2
21
-------
FIGURE 4.6
W ._* CO
CO
-------
FIGURE 4.7
\
Map of east Martinez area. Circles are coded
air sample sites described in table 4.2
23
-------
TABLE 4.2
DATE
4-10
4-11
4-12
TIME
CODE
LOCATION AV
. HIND:
DIRECTION
true
1100-1200
1320-1420
1430- 1540
1615- 1635
0800-0900
0905- 1005
1050-1150
1315-1415
1430- 1530
1615-1715
1010-1110
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
1
J
K
Castro St. opposite
end of San Pablo Canal ,
Richmond
Pittsburgh Av», 0.2 ml
U. of Central St. NU of
Richmond
Gertrude Av, 0.4 mi.
H. of York St. N. of
Richmond
Oil Country Rd. , NE
of Rodeo
Shell Av., E. of
Martinez
S. of previous I
0.2 mi NE of Inhoff Or.
near junction 4 and 6BO
Shell Av., S. of F
Waterfront Rd. 1 Solano
Hay, E. of Martinez
Imhoff Dr., E. end near
4-11-C
Willow Pass Rd. , U. of
215
205
200
230
275
270
280
330
280
275
305
VELOCITY
•tl/hr
5H
6
6
3'i
5
6
8
5
7
5
6
AV"c
22
21
20
22
20
22
23
25
23
23
20
Bailey Rd.. West Pittsburgh
1138-1238
1345-1445
1505- 1605
1630-1730
L
M
N
0
West 10th, 0.2 mi E. of
California Av., E. of
Pittsburgh
E. 18th St., 0.6 ml E.
of 4, E. of Antioch
Wilbur Rd ,0.5 ml. W
of 4, E. of Antioch
Loverldge Rd. A Calif-
ornia Ave., E Pittsburgh
265
285
295
285
7
8
11
10
22
23
22
19
HEATHER
Sun
Sun
Sun
High thin
clouds
Overcast,
cleared
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Scattered
high thin
clouds
Mostly high
thin over-
cast
Mostly hlqh
thin over-
cast
Mostly high
thin over-
cast
Mostly hiqh
thin over-
cast
SAMPLE
VOLUME. 1
39.5
45.6
45.3
48.1
41.9
38.4
40.8
29.7
35.4
26.7
42.6-
41.6
44.5
42.9
40.5
DMN, ug/m1
1
n*
0.06
0.05 or 0.98+
0.05
0.09
n
0.06 or 1.09*
n
0.02
0.08
n
n
n
0.01
n
NEARBY INDUSTRY
Standard Oil and
others
Standard 01 1 and
others
Standard Oil and
others
Union Oil Refinery
Shell Oil (Chemical
plant)
Shell Oil (Chemical
plant)
industrial waste
treatment
Shell Oil (Chemical
plant)
Phillips/Lion Oil
Refinery
Contra Costa
Sanitation
Hysol (Dlv. of Dexter)
Dow, Allied, U.S. Steel
Dupont and others
Fibreboard, Crown
Zellerbach
Union Carbide
-------
TABLE 4.2 (continued)
N>
DATE
4-13
4-14
5-30
6-02
TIME
0817-0917
1011-1113
1324-1424
1434-1547
1614-1714
0811-0911
0944- 1044
1114-1214
1420-1520
1615-1715
0735-0835
0836-0936
1041-1141
1142-1242
CODE
P
Q
"
S
T
U
V
H
C
G
r,
G
C
C
LOCATION AV. HIND:
DIRECTION VELOCITY
"true nil/hr
Road to sanitation
plant, U. of 680, E.
of Martinez
MlnsloM St. »
Vallejo St., Crockett
Solano May, N. of
Monsanto Rd., E. of
Martinez
Waterfront Rd., 0.8
•1 W. of Solano Way,
E. of Martinez
Haterfrond Rd., E of
680
Shell Av., E. of Martinez
San Pablo Ave. at Willow
Rd., Rodeo
Giant Highway N. of
Miner Av. , N. Richmond
Resample previous site
Resample previous site
Resample previous site
Resample previous site
Resanple previous site
265
Z70
210
220
240
260
250
240
280
030
265
255
085
Resample previous site 070-260
7
4
6
9
9
4
3
5
5
7
7
5
2
2'5
AV °C
18
18
21
24
18
16
18
17
37
34
12
14
?3
24
WEATHER SAMPLE
VOLUME,
Scattered
clouds
Scattered
clouds
Scattered
clouds
Scattered
high clouds
Scattered
high clouds
Mostly over-
cast
Mostly over-
cast
Mostly over-
Sunny
Sunny
Broken clouds
Scattered
clouds, clearing
Sunny
Sunny
40.2
38.3
39.3
37.2
40.4
60.6
59.8
56.4
84.6
83.4
81.6
79.2
84.0
77.4
DMN, ng/n3 NEARBY INDUSTRY
Shell Oil (Refinery)
n
0.01
n
0.01
0.34
0.02
0.08
0.10
C i H
Lion Oil
Landfill, marine
terminals
Shell Oil
Shell Oil (Chemical)
Pacific Refining
(Coppers, Hitco
* n - not detected
These two samples were erroneously givi>n the sane label.
-------
The highest DMN levels found |n Los Angeles over months of
sampling were a few betw.een 0.2L and 0,5 >ig/m3. One of two
highest Contra Costa samples |s within this range. The
other is about twice as bigK, and is similar to one or two
samples found in Baltimore'(upwind of a rocket fuel factory)
Thus there is only a marginal Indication of any specific
point emission source, a,nd the highest sample is at least
3,3 miles from the only known amine manufacturer.
E, Los Angeles County Census Area Survey
In connection with epidemiological studies at the USC
School of Medicine, Cancer incidence data can be sorted by
case residence into 26 health districts, which are groups
of census tracts. For purposes of this project these
districts, were recombined into 15 larger areas as shown in
Figure 4.8. In each area air samples were taken at spaced
locations on at least two non-consecutive days. Not
counting the more frequently used LAC-USC site, each area
was sampled from 6 to 19 times (average 11) at different
sites. In Figure 4.8 the approximate spatial distribution
of the samples is shown. The summarized results are shown
in Figure 4.9, while individual sample data are in the
Appendix. In Figure 4.9 the first number is the average
DMN concentration in the census area, the second the
maximum DMN found, and the third is the fraction of posi-
tive samples. About one sample in four gave a detectable
reading for DMN. The highest was Q.48 ug/m3 in an 0700
o'clock sample on the grounds of the Los Angeles County-
U$C Medical Center. That location is very near the inter-
change of the Golden State and San Bernardino Freeways and
is also close to fairly heavy local traffic.
For comparison with cancer incidence data the DMN averages
for each area were stratified for computer plotting as in
Figure 4.10. The cancer incidence data for pharynx,
liver, nose-sinus, larynx, lung, and bladder as similarly
plotted in Figures 4.11 to 4.16, respectively, for white
males without Spanish surname. For demographic reference
average educational level and family income by area are
given in Figures 4.17 and 4.18.
26
-------
FIGURE 4.8
Ni
Distribution of air sampling sites in southern half of Los Angeles
County
-------
FIGURE 4.9
Ni
OO
Summary of DMN air data in health district areas. Average and
maximum levels are given, then positives as a fraction of
total samples
-------
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HMIKIIIt*
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____ 0. 00-0. 66
DLANK DENOTES AN UNSTABLE RATE:
POPULATION TOO SMALL FOR
o. os SIGNIFICANCE AT DOUBLE
COUNTY RATE.
FIGURE 4.11
Computer plot of relative incidence of cancer of the pharynx for
white males without Spanish surnames, by area.
-------
uu< ii >> n H « H. .« mi n )i looui juoouuoi K.II n K)uoi M.W wooooouuu 0000000000000000000000000000000000
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RELATIVE IMCHihNCf. PY RfcSU)hN(;k. I US ANKM.ES CUUM1V.
M(«.t. nfiK-HIWUSVKIJ. UIHKKUHIIK
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FIGURE 4.12
Computer plot of relative incidence of cancer of the liver for
white males without Spanish surnames, by area.
-------
UijiHn)ijiJiJi)(>Ut)i)i)iiUiJi.ii«MJiJiJi«)i»(irjiJi.)iJOr)fjtM)(jiJiJiXHJl.iLiOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOt)OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
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-------
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-------
V. OTHER VARIABLES
A, Seasonal Effects.;
Figure 5.1 shows the monthly ,DMN averages,, without regard
to sampling site, for Los Angeles, daytime samples,. The
fractions are ratios of number of positive to total samples.
The two high, months were. November and December, during
Which, except for December 28-29, all sampling days were
fair. Heavy rains a,nd cloudy weather occurred through
most of January and part of February, This may have
affected the DMN values for these months. Also, during
January and February, more samples were collected at
outlying parts of the county. It appears that higher DMN
concentrations and more frequent positive samples occur in
the winter.
B. Diurnal Pattern:
The DMN averages for each hour of the day for all samples
taken during August-December at all locations were tabulat-
ed and smoothed by taking moving averages. The results
are shown in Figure 5.2. The maxima at 0800 and 1800 and
the minimum at 1300 are consistent with a build-up of DMN
during the day (perhaps especially during traffic hours)
and breakdown during the sunny hours from mid-morning on.
The night-time minimum could reflect reduced traffic or
other emission activity and loss through dilution pro-
cesses. The maximum at 0100 is based on very few samples
and may not be real.
Another series at a single location (LAC-USC Medical
Center) was run in Spring of 1978. In this series six
consecutive hourly samples per day were run, moving the
shift around the clock. All hours of the day and night
were sampled seven times in all. The averages for each
hour were treated as before with the results shown in
Figure 5.3. As in Figure 5.2, there are maxima at 0800
and 1800, but midday values do not drop off as much.
C. Oxides of Nitrogen
Hourly averages for nitric oxides, nitrogen dioxide, and
carbon monoxide were obtained from the South Coastal Air
Quality Management District for the downtown Los Angeles
station between July and November. The hourly averages
nearest in time to each nitrosamine sample taken during
that period were plotted against DMN concentrations. No
correlation was evident for any of the three pollutants.
No attempt was made to introduce any time offset. The
majority of the nitrosamine samples were below detection
limits, while the other three pollutants almost never fell
below detectability.
38
-------
OJ
0.06-
DMN, /ug-rrf3,
ave. all sites
(daytime)
0.04 H
0.02-
0
FIGURE 5.1
13/20
4/35
0/10
2/11
0/0
29/49
15/41
12/55
11/30
9/55
0/6
1
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Monthly averages for DMN at all Los Angeles sites, daytime samples.
Positives as fractions of total samples are given above each bar
-------
FIGURE 5.2
0.06 -
DMN,
all sites,
smoothed
aves.
0.04
0.02-
0000 0400
0800 1200
Local Hour
2000 2400
Hourly averages for DMN at all Los Angeles sites during August-
December, 1977. Samples begun during each designated hour are
included in that hourly average. Data are smoothed by taking
running averages of four, centered
-------
FIGURE 5.3
0.06 n
LAC-USC,
smoothed
averages
0.04
0.02 -i
0000
0400
1600 2000
2400
T I
0800 1200
Local Hour
Hourly averages for DMN at LAC-USC Medical Center during March-
May. 1978. Data are smoothed by taking running averages of three
-------
VI. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Out of several hundred $\r samples, taken in many Los Angeles
locations during most of the year, a,bout one in four contained
detectable DMN. The highest level was Q.48 yg/m3 and the
average, of all samples was about 0,03 yg/m-3, No strong localiza-
tion was, observed, although there were apparently rather higher
levels in the central area than in the eastern or western parts
of the county. Both industry and auto traffic tend to be
concentrated in the central area. More frequent sampling among
the areas of highest concentration of chemical, petroleum,
rubber, and meat or fish processing industry failed to indicate
any unusually high concentrations. The location showing several
of the highest levels observed was at the LAC-USC Medical
Center, 2QOm east of the nearest freeway, and 400m northeast of
a freeway interchange, i.e. usually downwind of the freeways.
This suggested the possibility that vehicle emissions have
something to do with DMN occurrence.
The temporal patterns show two effects: more frequent occur-
rence of DMN in winter months, and daily maxima around 0800 and
1800. The winter effect probably reflects the decreased inten-
sity of solar ultraviolet, which is known to photolyze DMN.
The diurnal decrease during midday may result from the in-
creased sunshine during that period. The diurnal maxima approx-
imately follow the daily vehicle traffic maxima, but perhaps
also reflect some continuous emission or formation during the
daytime which is diminished in strong sunlight and dies down at
night.
Samples taken at Hoi lister and in Contra Costa County were
about half positives and averaged higher than the Los Angeles
samples. (They were collected in October and April, respective-
ly} Only one sample (from Contra Costa), however, was higher
than the highest from Los Angeles (1.0 versus 0.48 yg/m3).
With that one possible exception, there is no indication of
point sources in the northern samples. The higher fraction of
positives could be due to reduced solar photolysis of DMN at
the higher latitudes, or to the time of the year when samples
were taken.
Occasionally samples contained diethyl- as well as dimethylnitro-
sarnine (DEN and DMN), in comparable amounts. A few spring
samples (both Los Angeles, and Contra Costa) also contained a
third component with retention time matching approximately to
dipropyl- or methyl butylnitrosamine, or to dimethylnitramine.
The GC peaks for this material were lower than for DMN and DEN
in the same samples.
42
-------
In making or ha.ndli.ng amines, industrially, the dimethyl- and
dlethylanilnes would not normally be. found together in one
process or container, although, tbfiyjnght occur iti the same
chemical plant In different operations,. It is. conceivable that
they could tie formed as trace vehicle exhaust components
Canal oggus to ammonia\ or btoc|enica.lly, Subsequent nitrosatlon
might occur atmospherically with, nitrous acid or oxides of
nitrogen. The possibility of an exhaust source fs weakened by
failure to observe other nitrosamines, particularly ethylmetnyl-
nitrosamine (EMN), This might be expected to have a retention
time between those of DMN and DEN, and the amine should occur
in any exhaust mixture that contained the other two, although
not necessarily in biogentc mixtures. The lack of correlation
with nitrogen oxides, data at the downtown monitoring station
does not support a photochemical synthesis of nitrosamines.
The data are compared for samples which were usually several
miles apart, however.
The geographic analysis of cancer incidence patterns within Los
Angeles County for possible association with present nitrosamine
levels presents some difficulty. If a relationship does exist
between recently diagnosed cancer patients and nitrosamine
exposure, that exposure would have had to take place some time
ago. Thus any analysis using present nitrosamine levels must
proceed on the assumption that present levels are indicative of
past geographic patterns. Such an analysis also presumes that
any effect of nitrosamines on cancer risk is strong enough
relative to other etiologic factors that it would be itself
discernible by geographic analysis above the effect of other
factors.
The geographic distribution of nitrosamine level ratios and
cancer risk ratios are illustrated in Figures 4.10 -4.16. The
six cancers pictured include those of the pharynx, liver, nose-
sinus, larynx, lung and bladder. Data is provided for white
males without Spanish surnames. Mappings are presented rather
than correlation statistics so that geographic distributions
can be simply and easily visualized. Each map could accomodate
up to five different categories of risk ratios.
For demographic reference purposes, mappings of average educa?
tional level and average family income per geographic area have
also been included (figures 4.17 and 4.18).
There is no apparent relationship between nitrosamine distri-
bution and that of any of the six cancers studied. As expected,
lung cancer among white males follows social class patterns as
43
-------
measured by either education or income and no other relationship
can be seen. No evidence is discernible within these data in
support of an association between nitrosamines, and cancer.
44
-------
VIII, REFERENCES
1, Walker, P,, Gordon, J,, Thongs, L, and Ouellette, R.: Environ-
mental assessment of atmospheric nitrosamines. Mitre Tech-
nical Report MTR-7152 to U.S. E.p.A., February 1976, pp 32-42.
2. Hanst, P. L., Spence, 0. W. and Miller, M.: Atmospheric
chemistry of N-nftroso dimethyl amine. Environ. Sci. Technol.
11:403-405, 1977.
3. Pitts, J. N., Grosjean, D., Winer, A. M., Van Cauwenberghe,
K., Tuazon, E. C., Graham, R. A., Schmid, J. P. and Fitz, D.
R.: Photochemistry of amine-NQ mixtures in simulated urban
atmospheres: Formation of nitrosamines, nitramines, amides,
and photochemical oxidant. 13th Informal Photochemistry
Conference, Clear-water Beach, Florida, January 4-6, 1978.
4. Fine, D. H.: An assessment of human exposure to N-nitroso
compunds. Fifth Meeting on Analysis and Formation of N-
Nitroso Compounds, International Agency for Research on Cancer,
Durham, New Hampshire, August 22-24, 1977.
5. Sander, J.: Formation of carcinogenic nitroso compounds under
biological conditions. l£ Environment and Cancer", a collec-
tion of papers at the 24th Annual Symposium on Fundamental
Cancer Research, 1971. Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore,
Maryland, 1972, p 109.
6. Fine, D. H., Rounbehler, D. P., Belcher, N. M. and Epstein, S.
S.: N-nitroso compounds: Detection in ambient air. Science
192:1328-1330, 1976.
7. Fisher, R. L., Reiser, R. W. and Lasoski, B. A.: Determina-
tion of submicrogram per cubic meter levels of N-nitrosodi-
methylamine in air. Anal. Chem. 49:1821-1823, 1977.
8. Fine, D. H., Rounbehler, D. P., Sawicki, E. and Krost, R.:
Determination of dimethylnitrosamine in air and water by
thermal energy analysis: Validation of analytical procedures.
Environ. Sci. Technol. 11:577-580, 1977.
9. Fine, D. H., Rufek, F., Luib, D. and Rounbehler, D. P.:
Description of the thermal energy analyzer (TEAl for trace
determination of volatile and nonvolatile N-nitroso compounds.
Anal. Chem. 47:1188-1191, 1975.
45
-------
10. Krull, I. S., Fan, T. Y- and pine, D. H.: Problem of arti-
facts. \n the analysis of N-nitroso compounds. Anal. Chem.
50:698-701, 1978.
11. Robson, 0. H-.: The nitrolysis of N,N-dialkylformamides. J.
Amer. Chen). Soc. 77:107-108, 1955.
12. Davis, M, and Jonathan, N.: The yibrational spectra and
structures of nitramide and its methyl derivatives. Trans.
Fara. Soc. 469-477, 1958.
13. Fine, D. H., Rounbehler, D. P., Rounbehler, A., Silvergleid,
A., Savricki, E., Krost, K. and DeMarrais, G. A.: Determina-
tions of dimethylnitrosamine in air, water, and soil by thermal
energy analysis: Measurements in Baltimore, Md. Environ.
Sci. Techno!. 11:581-584, 1977.
14. Fine, D. H., Ross, R., Rounbehler, D. P., Silvergleid, A. and
Song, L.: Formation in vivo of volatile N-nitrosamines in man
after ingestion of cooked bacon and spinach. Nature (Lond.)
265:753-755, 1977.
15. Mack, T. M.: Cancer surveillance program in Los Angeles
County. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 47:99-101, 1977.
46
-------
IX. GLOSSARY
DMN - dimethyl ni.trosamine; N-nitrosodimethylamine
DEN - dtethylnrtrosamine; N-nitrosodiethylamine
GC - gas chromatograph
TEA - thermal energy analyzer; a specific detector for
nitrosamines based on pyrolysis to nitric oxide and chemi-
luminescence detection.
EPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency
47
-------
X. APPENDIX
Explanation for Appendix Column Headings:
Site; LAC-USC Medical Center, Marengo Street west of Pediatrics
CArea 5).
ERB = Edmondson Research Building, 1840 North Soto Street
(Area 5).
Area 1, etc - Census areas noted in Figure 4.9.
Heather: S = sunny; C = cloudy; R = rain; F = fog; H = haze.
Other: GC-TEA peaks later than DEN, unidentified. Their presence
is noted by x_.
48
-------
LOS ANGELES NITROSAMINE DATA
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/ 1-79 -040
2.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
SURVEY FOR AIRBORNE NITROSAMINES
7. AUTHOR(S)
Robert J. Gordon
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
University of Southern California School of Medicine
2025 Zonal Avenue
Los Angeles, California 90033
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Health Effects Resea-ch Laboratory RTF, WC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
October 1979
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
CODE
REPORT NO
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA816
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2432
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
?inal Report Covering 2/77-6/78
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA 600/11
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A survey for airborne volatile nitrosamines was carried out in Los Angeles and Contra
Costa Counties and at a rocket fuel plant near Hollister, California. A mobile
sampling unit with ambient aqueous KOH bubblers was used, followed by extraction,
concentration, and analysis by gas chromatography with thermal energy analysis detec-
tion. The detection is based on decomposition of nitrosamines to NO which gives
chemiluminescence upon reacting with ozone. Low levels of dimethyl and diethylnitro-
samine were observed sporadically at numerous locations but gave no clear indication
of significant point sources. Most samples were below 0.03 •ug/nr while the highest
reached 1.0 ug/m-5. Temporal patterns showed morning and evening maxima and suggested
photolysis in midday sun. No relationship between airborne nitrosamine levels by area
and incidence of several human cancers is apparent.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
Nitrosamines
Air pollution
Carcinogens
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Airborne Nitrosamines
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
20. SECURITY CLASS f This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
c. COSATI Field/Group
06C,F
21. NO. OF PAGES
77
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
70
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