vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Monitoring and Support EPA-600/4-78-047
Laboratory August 1978 r~ }
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Research and Development
Investigation of Flow
Rate Calibration
Procedures
Associated With the
High Volume
Method for
Determination of
Suspended
Particulates
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2 Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING series.
This series describes research conducted to develop new or improved methods
and instrumentation for the identification and quantification of environmental
pollutants at the lowest conceivably significant concentrations. It also includes
studies to determine the ambient concentrations of pollutants in the environment
and/or the variance of pollutants as a function of time or meteorological factors.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/4-78-047
Investigation of Flow Rate
Calibration Procedures Associated
with the High Volume Method
for Determination
of Suspended Particulates
by
F. Smith, P.S. Wohlschlegel, and R.S.C. Rogers
Research Triangle Institute
D.J. Mulligan
North Carolina State University
Contract No. 68-02-2277
Task No. 5
EPA Project Officers: S.M. Bromberg and R.E. Baumgardner
RTI Project Leader: F. Smith
Prepared for
Quality Assurance Branch
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
June 1978
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Monitoring and
Support Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for
publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily re-
flect the views and policies of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
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ABSTRACT
An engineering study and experimental evaluation were made of the flow
rate calibration and measurement procedures applicable to the high volume
method of measuring total suspended particulates in ambient air. Primary
emphasis was directed toward identification and evaluation of technically
sound procedures for including temperature and pressure correction tech-
niques in the calibration and measurement procedures.
Three measures of flow rate are discussed. Flow rate calibration and
measurement procedures are recommended. Experimental data of high volume
sampler calibrations performed at different pressure and temperature
combinations ranging from about 560 to 760 mmHg and 10° to 40°C are
included.
11
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TABLES
Number Page No.
1 Comparison of regression equation slopes from orifice
calibration unit and rotameter calibrations. ...... 46
2 Analysis of variance table (slopes) 46
3 Comparison of regression equation intercepts for
calibration of a rotameter with an orifice calibration
unit 47
4 Analysis of variance table (intercepts) 47
5 Comparison of regression constants for calibrations of
a rotameter with a ReF device 48
6 Comparison of regression constants for calibrations of
a pressure transducer with an orifice calibration unit . 49
7 Comparison of regression constants for calibration of
a pressure transducer with a ReF device 50
8 Results from primary calibration of orifice calibration
unit in Denver 54
9 Results from primary calibration of orifice calibration
unit at Research Triangle Park 54
10 Comparison of primary calibrations of orifice calibration
unit 55
11 Comparison of primary calibrations of ReF device .... 55
12 Comparison of secondary calibration devices 57
i 1 i
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FIGURES
Number Page No.
1 Primary flow through high volume sampler 12
2 Gage pressure sensors used in high volume sampler
exhaust 12
3 Secondary standards for flow calibrations 13
4 Flow through various types of orifices 18
5 Discharge coefficient as a function of Reynolds
number for various ratios (A /A)^ for the type
of orifice shown 19
6 Primary calibration of secondary standards with a Roots
meter 25
7 Calibration of secondary standards in terms of standard
(theoretical) flow rate 27
8 Calibration of secondary standards in terms of
"standardized-volume" flow rate 27
9 Calibration of secondary standard in terms of an
actual flow rate 27
10 Calibration of the pressure-transducer-type indicator . . 29
11 Rotameter indicator 31
12 Illustration of recommended flow rate calibration and
measurement process 61
13 Typical set up for primary calibration of orifice
calibration unit 62
14 Example of orifice calibration unit calibration
worksheet 64
15 Example of calibration curve for an orifice calibration
unit 67
16 Example of high volume sampler calibration data sheet . . 70
17 Example of high volume sampler flow rate calibration
sheet 73
18 Illustration of actual flow rate calibration and
measurement process 78
19 Illustration of flow rate of a standard volume
calibration and measurement process 81
iv
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Page No.
DisclaimeGhi£ .pr.pjjec.t .wa^ ,pe.rf.orjne.d .by. t.he. Sys.te.ms. a.nd. Measurements Division
Abscdrgfthe £e£e#r.ch. Tji^aixgle .Irvst^it.ut,e, . Mj:.. Franklin. Smith was ^the^Pro ject
Li&eaidfefra>ld^s>ivsi.bLje jEo.r .te.cl\ni,ca.l .co.ordi.na.ti.on o.f .the .pro ject_. f ^f • Wohl-
Li£ffichifegfeL|gvwa®.re^p.on^si.bXe .fo.r .e^pe.ri,me.nt.a], p.la.ns. a.nd. d.ata .co.llectiOjfy activi-
Ackttnasd.ei&geiiteha:.pr.oj.ec;t.. ^Ir.. ,Ro^e.rs. Contributed, to .the .da.ta. asisvportion
SyirifcMiQirlsJrcNjfiiKfticl^tu^I^cia.l .ac.kn.ow.le.dgme.nt. j^s .due .to. Dr. James ^Mu^^igan of
North Carolina State University for his full cooperation in the data analy-
1. sH&'IjRStfJLIGaitaM: .the .pr.oieat;. he .pr.ov.i4e4 i.nv.a],ua.b]le .e^pe.rtis.e .in the^ area of
2. aiBiJMflMWf d^^Iia;i^^affilT^«3a|}aKfed .ChaRt^r .3 .of. t,hi.s .do.cume.nt. . Mes.srs5 Steven
MSuftmarafyarg and Ralph El. .Ba,uniga,r4ne,r .of. t;h^ 5nyi.ro.nE5ental. Mpnitoging and
.(£MSLi, .Quality .As.svjrqnQe . Brajnc.h .(QAB)^ .se.rve^ as EPA
MErtSAHPli;Rtechnical. couj0:il and
e£fe±ferbdd considerable .patience. t;hr.oiigl]oijt .the .project.. .... IQ
The It&ysisalM^lfliiai^ttgiiaf %ift4 MilMTOlfeft^bsafepie^f .EPA.Region VJJI, Sur-
&otMrHi§ft0Perative in assisting in
qf .sampler .systems ,at, tn^i? Denver .facility. > e ^
.tQ tne above-mentioned individuals
for ttedffe¥lfe
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TSP = Total suspended particulates, yg/m^.
Ta = Ambient temperature, K.
Tstd = Standard temperature, 298 K (25°C).
t = Time required to pass air volume Vm through the Roots meter,
minutes.
o
V = Volume of air measured by the Roots meter at meter conditions, m .
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
Disclaimer i
Abstract ii
List of Tables iii
List of Figures iv
Acknowledgement v
Symbols and Nomenclatures vi
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5
Summary 5
Recommendations 8
3. THEORETICAL DISCUSSION OF THE HICH VOLUME SAMPLER. ...... 10
General 10
The Physical Principles of the High Volume Sampler ....... 10
Principles of Fluid Motion Applicable to the High
Volume Sampler 14
Orifice-Flow Measuring Device . 16
Differential Pressure Measurement Device
(Ball-in-tube Rotameter) . . 22
Calibration of the Secondary Standards , . . 24
Calibration of the Flow Indicators . 26
Pressure Transducer . 26
Rotameter , . . 30
Conversion Equations 32
4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES AND RESULTS . 35
General 35
Evaluation of Pressure and Temperature Correction
Procedures 35
Vlll
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Page No.
Background 35
Test Procedures 43
Results 44
Conclusions 51
Comparison of Primary Calibrations 52
Comparison of Secondary Calibration Devices 56
5. FLOW RATE CALIBRATION AND DATA REPORTING PROCEDURES 59
Recommended Calibration and Measurement Procedures 59
Phase I - Calibration of the Orifice Calibration Unit. . . 60
Phase II - Calibration of High Volume Sampler 69
Phase III - Field Use of High Volume Sampler 72
Alternate Procedures 77
Calibration Procedures Using Actual Flow Rates 77
Calibration Procedures Using Flow Rate of a Standard
Volume 80
REFERENCES 83
APPENDICES
Appendix A - Orifice Calibration Unit and Rotameter
Calibration Data 85
Appendix B - ReF Device and Rotameter Calibration Data. . . . 103
Appendix C - Orifice Calibration Unit and Pressure
Transducer Calibration Data 121
Appendix D - ReF Device and Pressure Transducer Calibration
Data 137
IX
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Section 1
INTRODUCTION
Determination of total suspended particulate (TSP) in ambient air by
the high volume method (1) requires three independent measurements, namely
mass of particulates collected on the filter, sampling flow rate, and sam-
pling time. Several potential sources of error in each of the three above
measurements have been identified -and discussed in the literature (2-5).
Implementation of technically sound, standardized flow rate calibration and
measurement procedures has long been recognized as one of the most effective
means of improving the accuracy and precision of TSP data. In particular,
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires that all ambient air
quality data be referenced to standard conditions of 298 K (25°C) and 760
mmHg (6). Procedures for accomplishing this have not been standardized, and
in actual practice attempts to comply with the requirement are made by
including certain temperature and pressure corrections in the flow rate
calibration procedures. Quite frequently, the techniques used do not
accomplish the desired results and in some instances yield erroneous
results.
The purpose of this project was to investigate potential sources of
error in the flow rate calibration and measurement procedures used in making
TSP measurements using the EPA reference method. Specific objectives of
this project were:
1. To investigate the adequacy of the presently used procedures for
making temperature and pressure corrections for flow rate mea-
surements in the field where temperature and pressure conditions
differ from calibration conditions;
2. To develop and evaluate improved procedures for correcting the
flow measurements should the potential error of presently used
procedures prove to be of significant magnitude; and
3. To prepare guidelines for high volume sampler flow rate calibra-
tion and data reporting procedures.
In the process of conducting a test program to accomplish the abova
objectives, sufficient experit.: ntal data were ^ererated, in addition, t
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1. A quantitative comparison of two different secondary calibration
devices, i.e., the orifice calibration unit specified in the
reference method and the reference flow (ReF) device being used
by the Quality Assurance Branch (QAB) of the Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory (EMSL) as a mailable device
for auditing high volume sampler flow rates; and
2. A comparison of primary calibrations of the two secondary cali-
bration devices performed at different locations having signif-
icantly different atmospheric pressures.
This project was carried out as three tasks. The first task involved
a theoretical study of the flow rate calibration and measurement techniques
applicable to the high volume sampler. In essence, this first task was
used to identify the points in the calibration and measurement process that
required experimental verification. Task 1 of this project is discussed in
Section 3 of this report. Specific topics include:
1. Physical principles of the high volume sampler;
2. Principles of fluid motion applicable to the high volume sampler;
3. Calibration of the secondary standard, i.e., the orifice calibra-
tion unit;
4. Calibration of the flow indicator, i.e., the rotameter or pres-
sure transducer; and
5. Summary of calibration and conversion formulas.
Task 2 of this study is discussed in Section 4. The section
describes the experimental program designed and carried out to assess the
validity of the assumptions made and the procedures specified in Section 3
concerning temperature and pressure corrections for calibration and use of
the high volume sampler. To characterize the influence of temperature and
pressure, the experimental program included performing high volume sampler
calibrations at four different atmospheric pressures ranging from approxi-
mately 763 mmHg down to 595 mmHg. At each of the four atmospheric pres-
sures, the samplers were calibrated at four different ambient temperature
levels. These levels were approximately 10°, 20°, 30°, and 40°C. Also,
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primary calibrations of the orifice calibration unit and the ReF device
were made in the EMSL-RTP facility and in the EPA Region VIII facilities in
Denver, Colorado. Two types of high volume samplers were tested. The
first type consisted of a multihole exhaust base plate with a rotameter.
The second sampler type had a single-hole exhaust orifice and used a pres-
sure transducer. The section includes the conclusions reached regarding
procedures for making pressure and temperature corrections based on results
of the experimental data.
Task 3 involved the preparation of recommended calibration and data
reporting procedures for the high "olume sampling method based on results
from the first two tasks. Step-by-step calibration and data reporting
procedures are given, in Section 5* Example treatment of calibration data,
usinf "';e recommended procedures, is also included.
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SECTION 2
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Results a.o they apply to the individual project objectives listed in
Section 1 are summarized below.
1. A Jiraited study of and familiarity with flow rate calibration and mea-
sureoient procedures being used by different organizations engaged in
high volume sampling indicates that several different procedures are
presently in use. The greatest potential source of error appears to be
in confusing and thus mixing different measures of flow rate. Two com-
mon occurances are:
a. The high volume sampler is calibrated in terms of a flow rate
standardized to standard reference conditions (this measure
of flow rate is defined as Qtaeoretical ^n tnis document) ver-
sus the flow measuring device indication. This measure of
flow rate (Qtheoretical^ ^s frequently incorrectly reported
Q O
as std mj/min or std ft /min. , a measure defined as Qg^d -*-n
this document. The relationship between the two measures
of flow rate is given by Equation (5) below. As an example,
the magnitude of error that would result if Qtheoretical reP~
resenting the flow rate standardized to 25°C and 760 mmHg at
the time of calibration is reported as Qc-td ^or future field
measurements made at 40°C (104°F) and 600 mmHg is calculated
to be 13 percent by Equation (5) as follows:
Qstd = Qtheoretical t(600/313)(298/760)jl/2
= °'87 '^theoretical •
as seen from aquation (5) the greater the field conditions
vary from standard conditions, the greater the error will be,
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b. The ambient flow rate indicated by the orifice calibration
unit at the time of the sampler calibration is correctly con-
verf~ed to the flow rate based on a volume at standard refer-
ence conditions (Qst(j) but then is incorrectly graphed ver-
sus or regressed on I (Ta/Pb)1/2 rather than I (Pb/Ta)1/2 as
it should be, where I is the indication of the flow measuring
device on the sampler. As in (a) above, the error in the re-
ported flow rates from this incorrect procedure increases as
the difference in field conditions and standard reference
conditions increases. If the calibration is performed at
near standard conditions, the above mistake results in re-
porting the actual flow rate (Qa) at field conditions as the
flow based on a volume at standard conditions (Qstd^* Uti-
lizing Equation (6) below and the same example temperature
and pressure conditions as in (a) above shows that a 25 per-
cent error would result if Qa were reported as Qstd as f°l~
lows:
^std = ^a l(600/313)(298/760)]
Qstd = 0.75 qa .
One of the primary objectives of this project was to evaluate
temperature and pressure correction procedures applicable to high
sampler flow rate calibrations and measurements. Based on the
theoretical study of the high volume sampler (Section 3) and the
results of the experimental program (Section 4), it: is concluded
that the following models, with the constants properly quantified
through calibration, accurately predict the respective measures
of flow rate over the ranges of temperature and pressure normally
encountered in field sampling programs.
^theoretical = C} I + aj , (1)
= C
(3)
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Also, the three measures of flow rate are related in the following
manner:
Qstd = Qtheoretical ^W (Tstd/Pstd> 11/2 O)
Qstd = Qa (Tstd/Pstd) (6)
where
Q3 = fctual clow rate at ambient conditions, m-^/min
Qtheoretical " flow rate that would occur at STP conditions
for a specified flow rate indication I (or PT)
observed at ambient conditions, std (m^/min)
QSLf| = flow rate based on standard volume at STP con-
ditions, (std ra^)/min
= Kotarpeter indication (replaced by PT for the
the pressure transducer), arbitrary
•-'j- - bac?.Hr>tric pressure, mmHg
*'-;;d - standard pressure, defined as 760 mmHg
', = abbjiute. ambient temperature, K
1 •_,,-< = absolute ambient temperature, defined as 298 I\
I ' ~" i. ' 3 ^
d^. i'2', ^3 = regression coefficients.
3. Atcoupt-b to Incorporate the temperature of the air at the sampler
exh-nuMi: IT •:„ the flew rate correction procedure appeared to slight-
1> i.uptove Ja t a quality for the sampler equipped with a rotamecer
but ;iad no rotlceable effect on the sampler equipped with a pres-
sure
4. An evaluation of the influence of relative humidity on the recom-
mended flow rate calibration and measurement prcceuures shoved
that only at extreme conditions of low pressure «o'JO mmHg) and
high tempera _are (>40°C) would the resulting error in flew r^ >;e
approach 2 percent if the _deris_ity of d£2_&il was assumed.
on cfiifc analysis relative humidity corrections are no
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5. Comparison of two secondary calibration devices, i.e., the orifice
at
calibration unit and the ReF device, differing significantly in
design, showed the ReF device to be slightly negatively biased
with respect to the orifice calibration unit across all of the
temperature and pressure combinations tested.
6. Primary calibrations of an orifice calibration unit and a ReF de-
vice performed in the EPA Region VIII facility in Denver, Colorado
and repeated in the EMSL-RTP facility using different primary
standards showed excellent agreement, when temperature and pres-
sure corrections were made using models similar to (1), (2), and
(3) above replacing I with (AH)1/2.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The first recommendation concerns the use of a common measure of flow
rate for all TSP data, to comply with EPA's requirement that all ambient
air quality data be referenced to standard conditions of 298 K (25°C) and
760 mmHg (6) and to increase the comparability of TSP data across organiza-
tions, projects, and geographical areas, it is recommended that all TSP
data be based on the flow rate of a standard volume (Qstcp and reported as
mass/std volume, (e.g., pg/std m^). This procedure requires that ambient
temperature and barometric pressure at the time of sample collection be
known in order to calculate the flow rate based on a standard volume.
Recommended procedures for determining or estimating these values are as
follows:
1. On-Site Ambient Temperature Determinations — An accurate estimate of
the average temperature for a 24-hour sampling period is difficult to
obtain without a continuous recorder. Recommended procedures that would
probably yield acceptable estimates, listed in order of preference, include
but are not limited to:
a. For sites close to or as a part of an air quality monitoring sta-
tion equipped to monitor ambient temperature, the average tempera-
ture for the day recorded by the station's temperature sensor
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should be used for the average temperature for the high volume
sampling period.
b. For high volume sampling sites visited daily, a mini-max thermome-
ter giving tre minimum and maximum temperature occurring since the
last reset could be located on-site, and the average of the two
extremes used for the sampling period average.
c. For sites not too far removed from a weather station and having
about the same degree of exposure as the weather station, the av-
erage daily temperature as recorded by the weather station would
provide an adequate estimate of the average sampling period temp-
erature.
2. p_n-Hi_teJBarometric Pressure Determinations — For a fixed site, the bar-
ometric pressure seldom deviates more than +_ 5 percent from the average
value. Therefore} an acceptable measure of barometric pressure for a given
site can be obtained if the site elevation is known by making an elevation
correction of approximately -23 mmHg (from sea level 760 mmHg) for each
30.5 m (1000 ft) above sea level. Barometric pressure for the site can
then be treated as a constant.
The second recommendation concerns the high volume sampler configura-
tion. As presently configured in the reference method the sampler utilizes
a flow sensing device located downstream from the motor to measure flow
rate. The design of this system requires that the sampler be recalibrated
whenever maintenance is performed on the motor. It is recommended that a
procedure allowing for the flow indicator to be located forward of the sam-
pler motor be investigated, <">ne approach could be to use a pressure gage
with the natural venturi effect of the sampler throat. This would make the
sampler calibration insensitive to motor conditions and may significantly
reduce 'he. required frequency of calibration depending upon the type of
pressure gag3 employed.
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SECTION 3
THEORETICAL DISCUSSION OF THE HIGH VOLUME SAMPLER
GENERAL
The objective of this section is to give an overview of the theory of
the operation and the calibration of a high volume sampler. Specifically,
the theory as presented in this section serves as the basis for the experi-
mental program discussed in Section 4.
Flow rate measurement and calibration associated with the high volume
method are complex and easily misapplied. This section covers the three
measures of flow rate commonly used in practice and attempts to point out
the misconceptions and errors most commonly encountered in field sampling.
Topics addressed in this section and the order in which they are dis-
cussed are as follows:
1. Physical principles of the high volume sampler,
2. Principles of fluid motion applicable to the high volume sampler,
3. Calibration of the secondary standards, e.g., the orifice cali-
bration unit,
4. Calibration of the flow indicators on high volume samplers, and
5. Summary of calibration and conversion formulas.
THE PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE HIGH VOLUME SAMPLER
The high volume sampler is essentially a device that pulls a sample
of ambient air through a filter within a measured time interval. Gravimet-
tric analysis of the filter content, the measured rate of air flow, and the
sampling time are used to determine the concentration of particulates in
the air. Thus, three independent determinations are made — the pollutant
mass, the volume flow rate, and the sampling time. All three must be accu-
rate to have an accurate concentration determination. The principles of
the flow measurement devices incorporated in the high volume sampler are
discussed in this section.
10
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A functional schematic of the high volume sampler flow measurement
system is shown In Figure 1. Air is pulled through the filter by a blower
and passes along the windings OF the blower motor and finally into a pleaun
within the motor housing just aft of the root of unit. The air in this char.-
bar is then exhausted to the atmosphere through holes in the base plate o;
the motor housing. The base piste, in essence, functions as ar orifice and
thus allows a flow rate determination directly through the measurement of
the excess pressure above atmospheric in the plenum. Since the base plate
or'fif.a is sirap]'' a flow constriction rather than a standard designed ori-
fir-c Dieter, It is expected that it should require calibration. Some type
•jf §r4-.- or transducer is obviously required to determine the excess pres-
3-jr VLthin ran p"V.num and, in high volume sampler applications for rhls
' rb " , :s a.-co'1'!'--? shed using a standard mechanical presbure trnusx>ur- •
; •, I - -he -•-VL'v.eter. In the former case t, single h-jle base j."'. >
i.h j... • -": f.~-'-. latter ca^e a inultihole exhaust assembly i-? i-.st-.'
The i"-<;h." : I = • ^.sscre i-ansducer draws nc air from the plenun, v-hi'e t'1
•,«,:, ••;.'••!" '. .ijlcatoi' ;»';st exrrcc;: a very small ?s"i-.ple flow rate t^ pi i/i .'-
Ls -, S- •." 'r.,:;j,LV/e indicatiou. These irran^ctrients are shown in Figure
..: . r.t -rio, an a?L iocaticn for the flow measurement app--raf js -t
-. L/,-1..- undtisi * -." -L.C, Neither the flow pattern nor the temperature o- th,j
...i- 4' n tli'. nit, jo.: n ^.alibraLed even more carefully than would ordinarixy be '3X"
peci'.^d. '• c acco.i'p"1 ish Liiis, an orifice meter functioning as a s-Jvond-ir^
standard is .r.u inted anead of the motor and blower -isseibly. -j^heirat ic 3 of
two such arrangements are shown in Figure 3. In the one Co.se tne r.r[L-,'
filter assembly is removed and replaced with an oriiice florf tnater '7hic'i
has been calibrated previously agaiiut a primary standard. In the sa^or.d
case, a raultihole orifice plate and iranoneter, previously calibrate'.' ri -
gainst a similar primary standard, fits directly onto the filter hc^. ' -j r,
Ihis latter acrangeaient '*7as developed to avoid changing the physic >1 ;on-
f 'C7uration •"•€ rhc samolir during oalioraLlon. IT boi.h cases, however, : be
secondary standard flow raefer is essont i.aliy an orifice that K-'o be • •--.'-•
brjited aa-'.ist a rL'i'jary standard (Rf)->i.s net«_,).
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AIR FROM FILTER ASSEMBLY
MOTOR
PLENUM
V
PRESSURE
TRANSDUCER
THROUGH BASE PLATE
TO ATTDSPHERE
Figure 1. Primary flow through high volume sampler.
PLENUM
PRIMARY
AIR FLOW -
PLENUM EXHAUST
SAMPLE
EXHAUST
ROTAMETER
0)
PLENUM
PLENUM
EXHAUST
J PRESSURE
I TRANSDUCER
(PT)
Figure 2. Gage pressure sensors used in the high volume sampler exhaust.
12
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AMBIENT AIR
AMBIENT AIR
CALIBRATED
ORIFICE
UNIT
SAMPLER
MOTOR
NANOMETER
CALIBRATED
ReF
DEVICE
SAMPLER
MOTOR
flANOMETER
Figure 3, Secondary standards for flow calibrations,
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In the high volume sampler, the primary flow measurement is seen to be
made using orifice-type devices in both field situations and calibration
procedures. Various pressure sensors, however, are used to indicate the
pressure drop across the constrictions, and one, the ball-in-tube rotameter,
actually draws some small flow in providing its pressure indication. The
rotameter is not normally used in this indirect manner and is, in itself, a
reliable flow indicator when properly sized. Its principle of operation is
different from that of an orifice meter, although still based on fluid dy-
namic phenomena. Since the operation of manometers and mechanical pressure
transducers as pressure drop indicators is relatively straightforward, they
are not considered here. The flow principles of the orifice (the flow mea-
suring device) and rotameter (the differential pressure indicator), how-
ever, are seen to be essential to the operation of the high volume sampler
and are described here.
PRINCIPLES OF FLUID MOTION APPLICABLE TO THE HIGH VOLUME SAMPLER
The two types of flow measurement devices encountered in the flow mea-
surementsof the high volume sampler which involve fluid dynamic phenomena
are the orifice-type devices and the ball-in-tube rotameter. The fluid
flow principles (7) common to these instruments are presented here.
The expression describing the motion of an inviscid fluid along a
streamline is generally obtained by omitting the viscous terms in the
Navier-Stokes equations of fluid motion and is
d (V2/2) + dP/p = 0 , (7)
where V is the velocity, P the pressure, and P the density of the fluid.
The first term represents the differential change in kinetic energy along
the flow path, while the second term represents the differential change in
enthalpy along the flow path. For liquids, P is normally assumed to be a
constant, where for a gas such as air under inviscid and thermodynamically
reversible flow conditions, the expression P = C x pl/k applies where k is
the specific heat ratio of the gas. If the flow field of the gas is such
that at every point along the flow path the local velocity is considerably
below the sonic velocity at that point, i.e., V/c is less than 1, then the
14
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actual change in density will not be significant and it is proper to assume
P = constant even though the substance is a gas. Thus, we have the concept
of the incompressible (P = constant), low speed, flow of a gas, which is
the situation most commonly of pertinence to the high volume sampler.
Equation (7), written for an incompressible substance becomes
d (V2/2 + P/p) = 0 (8)
V2/2 + P/P = constant (9)
or
v£/2 + P!/P = V2./2 + P2/P = constant (10)
which is known as Bernoulli's equation. Subscripts 1 and 2 refer to two
arbitrary locations which might be of interest along the flow path. It
should also be noted that elevation changes along the flow path have been
omitted since these are not of significance in the traverse of air from the
inlet to the exit of a high volume sampler. Thus, the P refers directly to
the static pressure.
If a stream tube is visualized as encompassing the streamline
referred to above and if the velocity and pressure are assumed not to vary
over the cross section of the stream tube, then the volume flow rate
through the tube is given by
Q = VjAj = V2A2 (11)
and Equation (10) becomes
P1-P2 = (PQ2/2A2.) [1 - (A2/A})2] (12)
for an inviscid stream tube. Here P^ and P2 refer to the assumed uniform
pressures over the flow areas Aj and A2, respectively. Thus, if the flow
Lur -ugh a flow passage could be considered inviscid, then Q could be deter-
mined from Equation (12) by measuring P^ and P2 at A^ and A2, and using the
15
-------
the expression
Q = ( /T A2/[l- (A2/AP2J1/2) [(PI - P2)/p]l/2 . (13)
Orifice - Flow Measuring Devices
For the case of a sharp edged orifice, in which P^ is measured upstream
(near A^) and P£ is measured downstream (near the vena contracta of the is-
suing jet), A£ = CciA0, where Ao is the actual orifice area, and Cc-^ is the
ideal jet contraction coefficient defined as Cc^ = A 2 ( minimum )/AQ. Thus,
for an ideal orifice
Q = ((Cci ST A0)/[l - CC2(A0/A1)2]1/2)[(P1 - P2)/p]1/2 (14)
where it is assumed that ?2 is measured at the minimum flow area.
For the case of an ideal orifice in a very large reservoir, AO/AJ ap-
proaches 0, thus
Q= /T Cci AQ [(PL - P2)/p]l/2 . (15)
The contraction coefficient for an ideal jet can be predicted, although it
is a complicated determination and basically occurs because the streamlines
entering the orifice have curvature and must be physically continuous.
Thus, the flow area continues to decrease beyond the orifice for a distance
of several orifice diameters, whereupon it remains of uniform area. In gas
flows, the vena contracta can be predicted using "gas dynamics" principles.
In any real system involving the flow of a real fluid, viscosity and
frictional effects will certainly be present. To take these into account,
efficiencies are usually defined. In the case of a nozzle it is customary
to define the nozzle efficiency as (V~2/2) actual/(V"2/2) ideal. In the case
of a jet (or orifice) it is customary to define a "velocity coefficient" as
Cy = V actual/ V ideal" Physically, the effect of viscosity is to (a) reduce
the velocity in the issuing jet, (b) alter the contraction coefficient
slightly from Cc^ to Cc, and (c) force the issuing jet to diverge after the
vena contracta rather than remain a parallel flow. All of these are accounted
16
-------
for by defining the Cy. Thus, for an actual orifice, equations (14) and
(15) become
Q = ([ /2~ (Cv x Cc) A0]/[l - Cl (A0/A1)2]1/2) [
-------
Vena contracta
cv = 0.98 cc = 0.61
= 0.60.
cc--O.6l
cc=I.OO
cc= 1.00
c,, = 0 82
(C = velocity coefficient, C = contraction coefficient, and
C, = discharge coefficient).
Figure 4. Flow through various types of orifices. Typical values of the
velocity and contraction coefficients are noted for each type.
18
-------
V.f
1
03
m
•i
Wl
5
0.62 .
0.80 -
0.58 -
0.56 -
1
Q — *• d
J
<0.03
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,
__ do /(
|
k
t
'~l"i:
\ ^
dl -*j
1 Standa
if = 0.3
^
2
^
•4
^>
'X
^X
rd
I
V>30°
*
-<0.02d1
^_ <0.7d1
l^— < 0.03d,
*~ O.4
^"--— , °-5
^ — «^.^^_^ 0.6
\^^ „
1 1 1 1 i 1 1
104 4 68 105
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 4 6 8 106
40
Pipe Reynolds Number, Re = ~j—
Figure 5. Discharge coefficient as a function of Reynolds number for various
ratios of (d /dj)" for the type of orifice shown. The Reynolds
number is based on the average velocity in the pipe and the pipe
diameter. (Based on the data from Report T.M. 952, Nat. Aero, and
Space Adm., formerly NACA).
2 ' 2
A ^ d , . ird i
A = —-o and Ai = —7-1
o 4 l 4
19
-------
qa = a'3 (AH/pa)l/2
where Qa is the flow rate through the orifice at ambient conditions, 3*3 is
a combined constant ^2 (Cv x CC)AO, AH is the pressure drop across the ori-
fice (PI - ?2) and Pa is the apparent density of the air passing through the
orifice at ambient conditions.
From Equation (18) the flow rate at ambient conditions Qa can be conver-
ted to the flow rate based on a volume at STP conditions Qg^ (i.e., 298 K and
760 mmHg) by
Qstd = Qa (Pa/Pstd> (19)
where Qstd ^s tne flow rate based on a standard volume e.g., (std m-^)/min,
and pstc{ is the apparent density of air at STP conditions. Substituting
for Qa from Equation (18) into (19) yields,
Qstd = a'3 (AH/Pa)l/2 (Pa/Pstd) , (20)
Qstd = a'3/Pstd (AH Pa)l/2 .
Another measure of flow rate that is convenient and frequently used in
high volume sampling is designated here as Qtheoretical and is tne standard-
ized flow rate, i.e. , std (m-^/min) based on a fixed AH indication observed
at ambient conditions. It is given by the relationship
Qtheoretical = a*3 (AH/P^)12 - (21)
To simplify implementation of the above equations the density is
treated as a function of pressure and temperature, two easily measured
quantities, in the following manner. From the perfect-gas law
PV = nRT = (m/mw)RT , (22)
and substituting p = m/V into the above relationship yields
p = (mw/R) P/T , (23)
20
-------
where n is the total number of moles of the different gases in the volume V
of air at P and T, m is the mass of the n moles of the gases, mw is the ap-
parent molecular weight of the air, and R is the gas constant in appropri-
ate units.
For STF conditions the molecular weight mw of air varies by less than
one percent in going from dry to 100 percent relative humidity conditions.
Thus, at STP conditions Equation (23) becomes
Pstd = (mw/R> Pstd/Tstd = constant . (24)
Furthermore, for the pressure and temperature combinations likely to
be encountered in high volume sampling the molecular weight of air, if as-
sumed to be constant, would not introduce a significant error into the flow
rate determinations. For example, the molecular weight of air varies by
3.5 percent in going from dry to 100 percent relative humidity at 600 mmHg
and 40°C (104°F). The change is even less at higher pressures and/or lower
temperatures. Also, since flow rate is a function of the square root of
density and thus of molecular weight, the resulting error in flow rate
would be 1.75 percent for the above conditions. It is seen then that
treating the molecular weight of air as a constant would introduce a 2 per-
cent error in the flow rate measurement only under relatively extreme com-
binations of pressure and temperature. Under this assumption, i.e., mw =
constant, Equation (23) becomes
Pa = RI VTa ' («)
where R' = mw/R = constant.
Based on the two assumptions made in Equations (24) and (25) the three
measures of flow rate given by Equations (18), (20) and (21) are:
Qa = a3 (AH Ta/Pb)l/2 (26)
Qstd = a2 (AH Pb/Ta)1/2 , and (27)
^theoretical = al (AH)l/2 . (28)
21
-------
The combined constants a^ , a2 , and a1 are a'^ (R/mw)1/2j a'3/P td (mw/R)l/2>
and a^/C^td^1/2. respectively.
The relationship between Qgtd and Qa is seen from Equation (19) to be
Qstd - Qa (VTaXTstd/Pstd) - (29)
Also, Equations (18) and (21) show that for a fixed AH indication Qtheoretical
and Qa are related as
Qtheoretical = Qa [ (W (Tstd/Pstd) 1 1/2 • (30)
Differential Pressure Measurement Device (Ball-in-Tube Rotameter)
The high volume samplers in this study were equipped with either a
mechnical pressure transducer or a rotameter to measure the pressure drop
across the exhaust orifice in the same manner that a water manometer is used
to measure the pressure drop across the orifice calibration unit. The as-
sumption made in using the rotameter as a differential pressure indicator is
that the rotameter, like the water manometer and mechanical pressure
transducer, is relatively insensitive to ambient pressure and temperature
conditions over the range encountered in high volume sampling. The experi-
mental program discussed in Section 4 evaluated this assumption. The ball-
in-tube rotameter is a device which operates in a manner somewhat analogous
to that of an orifice, although with one distinctly different characteristic:
it is, instead, a variable area and approximately constant pressure drop
orifice-type device. The orifice area is the ring annulus between the float
and the tapered tube and becomes larger as the flow rate increases. Thus,
the orifice equation for this application can be written in the form
QR = dCdr A0(I2)]/[1 - (A0/A1)2]1/2)[2(P1 - P2)/p]l/2 , (31)
where Q^ is the flow rate through the rotameter, Cdr is the rotameter dis-
charge coefficient, and the contraction coefficient Cc has been assumed to be
approximately 1 since the constriction would be rounded at the orifice area.
The orifice area AQ(l2) would be T (D2 - d2)/4, where D is the tube diam-
eter and d the float diameter. Thus, A (I2) = AQ(D2), since for a tapered
tube with a linear scale, 1 is proportional to D. The area ratio A /A^ can be
22
-------
expressed as approximately equal to (D^ - d )/D2. The pressure drop, Pj - P£ ,
is that which is necessary to overcome the weight of the float in the flow-
ing fluid and should be approximately constant. Thus, for a given rotameter
ry
and float, the flow rate should be proportional to some function of D ,
f(D2), and thus through calibration QR is related to D2 (or some indicator
reading). If the reading I is linearly related to D, then QR is related to
I2. If I is linearly related to D2 , then QR is related to I, and D is pro-
portional to I I/ 2. xhe actual form of the relationship between QR and I
(or D) can be seen to be
QR = (constant) x AQ/[1 - (A^Ap2]1/2 , (32)
which is a rather complicated function of I (or D). Thus, it is expected
that a simple linear-regression-type calibration of QR versus I would be ac-
curate for a rotameter only over a limited range of QR, and that perhaps a
better fit could be obtained with a power-law-type of expression such as QR
versus In. Clearly, the appropriate form of this expression depends ulti-
mately upon the character of the rotameter in use: its range of operation,
the manner in which the calibration expression is to be utilized and the de-
sired accuracy. Thus, unlike the orifice, the rotameter is not immediately
calibrated as a QR versus the square root of indication (I) although it may
turn out that in the desired range of flow this type of relationship is
satisfactory.
It is difficult to proceed beyond Equation (31) in explicitly formu-
lating the flow equations for a rotameter with the ball-in-tube configura-
tion. Clearly, each different location of the ball provides a different
flow area and flow pattern in the annulus. Also, it can be seen that there
is a viscous drag in addition to the pressure differential which supports
the weight of the ball. Clearly, this effect is one that will introduce a
flow rate as well as a viscosity influence, and certainly a temperature in-
fluence via the viscosity. At low flow rates and low pipe Reynolds number,
the added effect of the Reynolds number on C^j. will become significant.
Both of these phenomena have been studied (8,9) and both serve to addition-
ally confuse the QR versus I relationship which should define the proper
type of calibration formulation. The usual practice is to calibrate the
23
-------
rotameter directly with the fluid to be observed and at the operating temp-
erature, so that the viscosity v does not change. Whenever these conditions
are not met, the validity of the calibration becomes suspect. In fact, it
was shown (9) that the calibration must involve the quantities and function-
al relation
QR x D/(D2 - d2)v = F[D/d, d3 (p-a)/v2a] , (33)
where F is the correlation function, D and d the tube and ball diameters,
respectively, P and a the fluid and float densities, respectively, and v the
dynamic viscosity, which is moderately temperature dependent. Thus, asses-
sing the variations of v and P on the calibration of a rotameter without
knowing F completely, is seen to be a very difficult task.
CALIBRATION OF THE SECONDARY STANDARDS
The two secondary standards used, (a) the orifice calibration unit and
(b) the reference flow (ReF) device, are both basically orifice-type instru-
ments and should be calibrated similarly. A proper calibration of the
secondary standard can be achieved using any one of the three measures of
flow rate given by Equations (26), (27), and (28). If the primary standard
is a Roots meter with the arrangement shown in Figure 6, then the flow rate
through the Roots meter Qm at meter conditions is
Qm = Vm(m3)/t(min), m3/min (34)
where Vm is the volume measured by the Roots meter over a time period, t, as-
suming a constant flow. The flow rate through the orifice at ambient con-
ditions is
Qa = [VmU3)/t(min)] (Pm/Pb)(Ta/Tm) , or (35)
Qa = [Vm(m3)/t(min)](Pm/Pb), assuming Ta - Tm , and (36)
Qa = [Vm(m3)/t(min)][(Pb - AP)/Pb] ,
24
-------
at T and P
1
!
SECONDARY
STANDARD
1
-f-
t
1
PRlnAKY
STANDARD
i
'
[
r
ta
i
1 1
ROOTS
METER
J i L
QROOTS
METER
P
— — • 1 ,b
i
P T
1 Jb ! 4
r 1 f T
i AP
T
1 (I J T
T
Figure 6. Primary Calibration of Secondary Standards with a Roots Meter.
25
-------
where Pm = Pb - AP, AP is the differential pressure drop from ambient
to the inlet of the Roots meter.
If desired, the flow rate of a standard volume is given by
Qstd = [Vm(m3)/t(min)] [(Pb - AP)/Pfe] (Pb/Pstd) (Tstd/Ta) , (38)
or
Qstd = [Vm(m3)/t(min)] [(Pb - AP)/P8td] (Tstd/Ta) . (39)
Then, by measuring Vm, t, AP, Pb and Ta, (ambient m3)/min (Qa) can be
calculated from Equation (37), and (Qst(j) from Equation (39). Changing
the units in the usual way Equation (39) can be used to calculate std ft-Vmin,
if English units are desired.
Experimental data, obtained from a setup as illustrated in Figure 6,
over the desired flow rate range are used to construct calibration curves
for one or more of the three measures of flow rate as shown in Figures 7
through 9 or to calculate regression equations as desired. Example calibra-
tions are given in Section 5.
Any plotting other than the above three will require a family of lines
when ambient conditions vary, and may produce erroneous results when ap-
plied.
CALIBRATION OF THE FLOW INDICATORS
The two indicators used, (a) the pressure transducer and (b) the rota-
meter, are instruments similar in their applications although somewhat dif-
ferent in their basis of operation. The pressure transducer is a simpler
and more forthright device and will be discussed first.
Pressure Transducer
Consider the arrangements in Figure 2 and 3, and assume that the sec-
ondary standard has a calibration expression in one of the forms
26
-------
(AH)
1/2
Figure 7. Calibration of secondary standards in terms of
a standard (theoretical) flow rate.
•o
4->
cc
(AH)P
,1/2
Figure 8. Calibration of secondary standards in terms of
a "standardized-volume ' flow rate.
[(AH)T /PJ
a b
Figure 9. Calibration of secondary standard in terms of
an actual flow rate.
27
-------
^theoretical(m3/min @ STP) = a]_ (AH)1/2 (40)
Qgtd [(std m3)/min] = a2 [ (AH)Pb/Ta]1/2 (41)
Qa (amb m3/min) = a3 [(AH) ijv^}'1/2 . (42)
Now, since the pressure transducer and exit (base plate) orifice operate in
the same manner as the orifice calibration unit, we would expect that
Qp = c4 t(P') Tp/Pp]1/2
where Qp is the flow through the exit orifice at plenum conditions (Pf)
is the pressure excess in the exhaust plenum above ambient, and the subscript
P refers to plenum conditions. However, the flow rate recording chart used
with the pressure transducer is designed with a nonlinear scale such that the
pressure transducer indiction PT is proportional to the flow rate making
Qp = c4 PT (Tp/Pp)2 . (43)
Now, Qp = Qa (Pb/Pp)(Tp/Ta) and Tp ^ Te (temperature of air in the pressure
transducer). Thus,
Qa = c4 PT (Te/Pp)l/2 (Pp/Te) (Ta/Pb) , or
= c4 PT (Ta/Pb)l/2 [(Pp/Te)(Ta/Pe)]l/2 . (44)
Since Pp/Pe - 1,
Qa = c4 PT (Ta/Pb)l/2 (Ta/Te)l/2 . (45)
Now, if it is expected that Tfl - Tg, then one should plot Qa versus
PT (Tg/P,.,)1/2. If not, then a plot of Qa versus PT (Ta/Pb)-L/2 (Tg/Tg)1/2
should yield a single calibration line. On the other hand, a plot of Qa
(Pk/T )1/2 (Te/T^1/2 versus PT should also produce a single correlation
for all ambient conditions. This may be a better plot since Qa is already
known from Equation (42). Thus, a correct calibration curve would appear
as shown in Figure 10.
28
-------
03
Cf
PT
Figure 10. Calibration of the pressure-transducer-type indicator,
29
-------
This result indicates that for one value of PT the quantity
Qa (Pb/Ta)l/2 (Te/Ta)l/2
will be constant for all ambient conditions. A rearrangement of this state-
ment can be made in writing
Qa (Pb/Ta)!/2 (Te/Ta)1/2 = constant .
Thus, (Qai/Qa2) (Pbl/Pb2)l/2
-------
BASE PLATE ORIFICE
TAPERED TUBE
P i -P. = Constant = tl
P b
force necessary to ke<
the float suspended
Figure 11. Rotameter Indicator
31
-------
The orifice equation for the base plate can be written as
Qp = C [(Pp - Pb)/pp]l/2 . (49)
Now, (P - Pp') = C x QR is the volume flowing through the rotameter, «Qp>
and Qj^ - €2 x I , approximate because this relationship is probably not true
over the total rotameter range, as suggested in Section 3. Substitution
yields (P - P^) = A x 1^, where A is a constant. Thus the flow equation
becomes
Qp = C' I (A)l/2 (Tp/Pp)l/2 (50)
or
Qp = C" I (Tp/Pp)1/2 (51)
which is the same as the pressure transducer equation i.e., Equation (43)
thus, the rotameter is being used simply as a pressure indicator. However,
it is a complicated application of an instrument which should not be used
in this manner. Nonlinearity, as well as some very significant temperature
effects, often make it unreliable, especially in this manner of application.
Now, assuming that the rotameter is analogous to the pressure transdu-
f\
cer, and that 1^ is proportional to the pressure drop across the base plate,
all of the data taken with this instrument can be correlated as done with
Equation (45) and the example which followed. Simply replace PT with I.
In looking at the data in the study, it is apparant that Tg should be in-
cluded if available because of its apparant stronger influence on the rota-
meter than on the pressure transducer, an expected result.
CONVERSION EQUATIONS
The expressions of flow rate — Qtheoretical' Qa* anc* ^std — can
readily converted from one to the other if the ambient conditions are
32
-------
known. The conversion equations for the three expresions of flow rate are
Qstd = Qa 1/2 (Tstd/Ta>1/2
= 0.626 Qa (Pb/Ta)1/2 ; and (53)
Qstd = Qtheoretical 1/2 ^std^)1/2
= 0.626 Qtheoreticai (?b/Ta)1/2 . (54)
It is important to note under sampling conditions such that T = Tst£} =
298 K and Pb = Pstd = 760 mmHg, then Qa = Qstd = Qtheoretical- A mistake
made quite frequently is to report Qtheoretical (ra-Vmin at STP) as
Qstd (std
33
-------
SECTION 4
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES AND RESULTS
GENERAL
The primary objective of this experimental program was to evaluate the
accuracy with which the temperature and pressure correction techniques as
incorporated into the calibration equations derived in Section 3 predict
the temperature and pressure effects on flow rate. Tests were conducted
over temperature and pressure ranges normally encountered in field sampling.
Secondary objectives were to compare two secondary calibration devices,
namely the orifice calibration unit as described in the EPA Reference Meth-
od, and the ReF device used in the QAB/EMSL audit program, then to compare
two primary calibrations conducted at significantly different barometric
pressures using different primary standards.
EVALUATION OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE CORRECTION PROCEDURES
Background
Prior to designing the experimental program studies were made of the
Federal Register Method (1), the present use of different measures of flow
rate for field programs and the feasibility of treating the molecular
weight of air as a constant. These special studies are discussed in the
order listed. A review of the procedures for calibration of flow rate in-
dicators follows the above discussions.
Procedures in Federal Register Method — Flow rate calibration procedures
given in the Federal Register method are: to establish the relationship of
the actual flow rate at ambient conditions to the pressure drop across the
orifice calibration unit over the flow rate range of interest, and to cal-
ibrate the high volume sampler using the above orifice calibration to
35
-------
establish the relationship between the flow rate corrected to ambient con-
ditions (if the ambient conditions at the time of sample calibration differ
significantly from the conditions existing when the orifice was calibrated)
and the sampler's flow rate indicator readings.
During sampler operation the flow rate is determined using the flow
rate indication and the sampler's calibration curve or equation. The re-
sultant flow rate is a theoretical (or reference) flow rate standardized to
the temperature and pressure conditions at the time of the sampler calibra-
tion, or to the conditions existing at the time of the orifice calibration
if no temperature or pressure corrections were made at the time that the
sampler was calibrated.
There is nothing technically wrong with the above procedure. However,
this procedure does not provide a basis for comparing TSP data across pro-
grams, agencies, etc. unless temperature and pressure conditions on which
the sampler calibration was based plus the conditions existing in the field
when the actual measurement was made are known.
Misconceptions of Measures of Flow Rate — There appears to be some confu-
sion concerning the different measures of flow rate by individuals using
the high volume method. The most common occurance is to confuse a stan-
dardized flow rate with a flow based on a standard volume. Being consis-
tent with the notation and definitions in this document, the error is one
of calibrating Qtneoretical Versus I but reporting the measured flow rate
as Qstd* In cases where Qtheoretical has t>een established for STP condi-
tions the two measures are related by
Qstd = °-626 Qtheoretical (VT
for ambient conditions of P^ and Ta«
Also there appears to be some confusion concerning the relationship
between temperature, pressure and the flow rate based on a standard volume.
For example, during calibration Qstcj is correctly calculated but plotted
versus or regressed incorrectly on I (T/P)^/2 rather than on I (P/T)1/^ as
it should be. If calibration was performed at or near STP conditions this
error would essentially result in reporting flow rate at ambient conditions
36
-------
Qa as the flow based on a standard volume Qstd' ^he relationship between
the two measures of flow rate is
Qstd = Qa (Tstd/PStd)(pb/Ta) •
The magnitude of the error resulting from this procedure increases as
the difference between standard and field conditions increases.
Treating Molecular Weight of Air as a Constant — Because barometric
pressure and ambient temperature are easily measured or estimated it is
desirable to treat the density of air as a function of temperature and
pressure. This is feasible if the molecular weight of air and thus the
density of air does not vary appreciable with relative humidity for fixed
temperature and pressure conditions. The density of air as a function of
barometric pressure, temperature, relative humidity and vapor pressure of
water is given by (10)
p . = 0.001293 P - 0.0038 H pf, - .
air HoO
l+0.00367t 760
where
pair = density of air, g/cnr*
P = barometric pressure, mmHg
H = relative humidity, percent
' n = vapor pressure of water,
"2
t = ambient temperature, °C.
Using the above relationship the density of air is calculated for dry air (i.e.,
H = 0) and for a saturated condition (i.e., H = 100) at 25°C and 40°C (104°F)
and for pressures of 760 and 600 mmHg as representative of calibration con-
ditions and the somewhat extreme conditions to be encountered in the field,
respectively. The calculations are shown in the following table.
37
-------
p
(mmHg)
760
760
760
760
600
600
t
25
25
40
40
40
40
H
0
100
0
100
0
100
PH20
(mmHg)
0
23.8
0
55.3
0
55.3
Pair
(g/cm3)
0.00118
0.00117
0.00113
0.00110
0.00089
0.00086
As seen from the above table, the maximum error possible in assuming
the density of dry air at 25°C and 760 mmHg is 0.8 percent. At 40 °C and
760 mmHg, the maximum error would be 2.7 percent, while at 40°C and 600
mmHg, the error would be 3.4 percent. Furthermore, the calibration
equation given in the report is of the form Qstd = a 2 ^^ pair^ » with the
flow rate being a function of the square root of the density. Thus, the
error in p>a±r is reduced by one-half in Qstd an(^ would be 0.4, 1.4, and 1.7
percent, respectively, for the above three examples.
From the above analysis, it appears reasonable to assume that flow
rate error due to ignoring relative humidity (or changes in the molecular
weight) would in nearly all situations be 2 percent or less. Also, it is
recognized that most calibrations will be made under conditions different
from the extremes of 0 and 100 percent relative humidity. Typically, cal-
ibrations and measurements are made at relative humidities between 30 and
70 percent reducing the potential error in the measured flow rate to the
order of 1 percent or less.
Review of Flow Indicator Calibration Procedures — The discussion "Calibra-
tion of the Flow Indicators" in Section 3 is summarized here to indicate
the points in the calibration and measurement process that are evaluated in
this program.
33
-------
For a high volume sampler such as that illustrated in Figure 11, it
can be seen that the rotameter measures pressure above ambient in the ple-
num for the exhaust orifice. Thus, calibration of the flow through the ex-
haust orifice and the rotameter would be appropriate using a relationship
of the form
where
Qp = C4 l < W + d4 (55)
Qp = actual flow rate through the exhaust orifice at plenum
conditions of T and P
I = rotameter indication (or pressure transducer indication PT)
T = temperature of the sample air in the plenum
Pp = pressure of air in the plenum
c4 = slope of a linear regression of Q on I (Tp/P p)^'^
d4 = intercept of a linear regression of Qp on I (Tp/Pp)l' ^.
However, the calibration process does not include a means of directly mea-
suring Q • But the actual flowrate Qa through the orifice calibration unit
at ambient conditions of Ta and P^, see Equation (31), is a value easily
calculated from the orifice calibration unit regression equation and is re-
lated to Qp by the relationship
Qa = Qp '
Since the pressure drop is usually on the order of 5 to 10 mmHg (for the
sampler with a multi-hole exhaust) we can assume that PD/Ph ~ 1> then the
relationship becomes
= Qp (W ' (56)
Substituting Qp from Equation (55) into Equation (56) gives
Qa = c4 I (Ta/Tp) (Tp/Pp)1/^ + d4 (Ta/Tp) . (57)
To use Equation (57), values of Qa are determined from the orifice calibra-
tioa unit, values of I read from the rotameter for corresponding values of
39
-------
Ta, Tp, and Qa, values of Pp are measured by appropriate apparatus during
the calibration, and c^ and d^ are obtained from regression analysis.
It is obvious that a relationship such as Equation (57) would be dif-
ficult to work with. The general assumption made at this point is that the
rotameter (or pressure transducer) indication is related to AH in some
fixed manner and that the relationship is not sensitive to temperature and
pressure differences normally encountered in field sampling. It is assumed
at this time that AH and I are related by
AH = a4 I2 + b4 . (58)
Thus, the orifice equation as it applies to the orifice calibration unit,
Qa = a3 (AH Ta/Pb)l/2
where Qa is the actual flow through the orifice at ambient temperature
Ta, barometric pressure Pb and for a specific pressure drop AH, becomes
Qa = c3 I (Ta/Pb)l/2 + d3 , (59)
when Equation (58) is substituted into the above equation.
Note: A "zero intercept" model appears to be valid for the ori-
fice calibration unit itself; however, a significant in-
tercept may be observed for some high volume sampler cali-
brations.
Using the orifice equation (without an intercept) it can be seen that
for a fixed AH value, say AH', the actual flow rate at, say T^, Pj_ condi-
tions, is
Qai = a3[(AH')T1/P1]1/2 (60)
40
-------
and the flow rate that would occur for the same AH value at say T2, P2
ditions would be
Qa2 = a3 UAH')T2/P2]l/2 • (61)
From the above relationship it can be seen that if values of T2 and P2
are specified, then Q = [(AH1)T2/P2]I/2 is a constant and thus Qa is a
function of AH only.
For the remainder of this section and throughout this document the re-
lationship between Qtheoretical» tne fl°w r^te standardized to 25°C and 760
mmHg the actual flow rate at ambient conditions Qa is given as
Qtheoretical = Qa
-------
Furthermore, for a fixed site the variation in the intercept term from ex-
tremes of pressure and temperature will be less than 1 percent of the flow
rate.
Therefore, it is further hypothesized here that the high volume sam-
pler flow rate can be adequately predicted from rotameter indications by a
relationship of the form
Qtheoretical = cl l + dl • (D
It was indeed the objective of this experimental program to test the
validity of the above relationship over a wide range of temperature and
pressure combinations. The validity of Equation 1 is evaluated experimen-
tally in the following manner.
An orifice calibration unit, having well-known temperature and pres-
sure characteristics, was calibrated in the laboratory with a primary stan-
dard yielding a calibration equation of the form
Qa = a3[(AH)Ta/Pb)]1/2 . (65)
This orifice calibration unit was then used to calibrate a high volume
sampler under different temperature and pressure combinations. For each
calibration, values of Ta, P^ and AH were determined and used in equation
65 to calculate Qa. The calculated actual flowrate Qa at ambient condi-
tions of Ta and Pb was converted to Qtheoretical (i-e'> the flow rate that
would be observed at standard conditions for the same AH value) by
Qtheoretical = 0.626 Qa (Pb/Ta)1/2 . (63)
Note: Up to this point all calculations have been based on the sec-
ondary standard (i.e., the orifice calibration unit) and thus
should be accurate and precise.
Data pairs of Qtheoretical (obtained from the secondary standard) and I
(rotameter reading) from each run of a calibration were used to calculate a
linear regression of Qtheoretical On ^ Ugin8 tne least squares technique
42
-------
yielding a high volume sampler flow rate regression equation of the form
^theoretical = cl : + dl •
The slopes (cj's) and intercepts (d^'s) derived from experimental data
are tested by analysis of variance for temperature and pressure effects.
Also, experimental data are used to verify the assumption that AH and I are
related by
AH = a4 I2 + b4 . (66)
Test Procedures
Two types of high volume samplers were tested. The first type con-
sisted of a multihole exhaust baseplate and a rotameter to measure flow
rates. The second sampler had a single-hole exhaust orifice meter and used
a pressure transducer to measure flow rates. Two calibration devices, the
orifice calibration unit and the ReF device, were used in the testing pro-
gram.
The orifice calibration unit is the secondary calibration device de-
scribed in the Reference Method for the Determination of Suspended Particu-
late in the Atmosphere (High Volume Method)(1).
The ReF device is an orifice meter on an acrylic PVC box fabricated
for direct mounting on the filter holder assembly. The ReF device is com-
mercially available and is presently used l>y the QAB/EMSL in its auditing
program.
The testing program included high volume sampler calibrations at four
different atmospheric pressures, ranging from approximately 763 inraHg down
to 595 mmHg. At each of the atmospheric pressures, each of the high volume
samplers were calibrated at four different ambient temperature levels, ap-
proximately 10°, 20°, 30°, and 40°C. Four sets of data, one for each hi^
volume sampler system/calibration device combination, were generated. Each
set consisted of readings for 5 resistance plates at 16 different ambient
temperature/barometric pressure conditions.
43
-------
Different but relative constant temperatures were achieved through use
of air conditioning and heaters in the RTI environmentally controlled mo-
bile laboratory. Different but constant barometric pressures were obtained
by stationing the mobile laboratory at different elevations above sea level.
Tests were run at the Research Triangle Park and at three different sites
(elevations) on Mount Mitchell in North Carolina.
Results
Results of the experimental efforts directed toward determining the
temperature and pressure effects on high volume sampler flow rate calibra-
tion and measurement are given in this section. The major discussion is di-
rected toward the orifice calibration unit and rotameter configuration, the
EPA reference method. Results of the other configurations tested are tabu-
lated and only summarized in the text.
The experimental data (recorded in Appendices A - D) was first used to
evaluate the constants in the relationship
AH =34 In + b4-
The nonlinear curve fitting method used here to estimate n, 34, and b^ was
a modification of the method given by Bevington in the computer program
called CURFIT (11). The program CURFIT minimizes the reduced chi-squared
value by first approximating the fitting function with the first-order
terms of a Taylor's series expansion containing the parameter increments.
The reduced chi-squared value is minimized with respect to the parameter
increments by setting the derivatives with respect to the parameter incre-
ments equal to zero. The resulting set of simultaneous equations contain-
ing the error matrix is solved to give the optimum increments for the next
iteration. The optimum values for all of the parameters are obtained from
the trial value of n which gives the overall minimum reduced chi-squared
value. Results of the 16 sets of calibration data for the orifice calibra-
tion unit and rotameter combinations were: n = 1.794 + 0.235, 34 = 3.881
+ 1.125, and b4 = + 0.0529.
44
-------
Slopes of the high volume sampler flow rate regression equations re-
sulting from calibrations at the different temperature and pressure combi-
nations are given in Table 1. The analysis of variance results are given
in Table 2. Results of the analysis of variance are:
1. At the 0.95 confidence level there is no reason to believe that
the regression slope is sensitive to pressure variations.
2. At the 0.95 confidence level there is no reason to believe that
the regression slope is sensitive to temperature variations.
Also, the average slope c^ = 34.51 across all temperature and pressure
combinations is nearly identical to the slope of 34.04 obtained at near STP
conditions (296 K, 760 mmHg). The relative standard deviation of the
slopes about that mean is 6 percent, indicating an acceptable level of pre-
cision for the field calibrations.
Tables 3 and 4 treat the intercept in the same manner as the slope was
treated in Tables 1 and 2. Results of the analysis of variance show that
at the 0.95 confidence level neither pressure nor temperature variations
have a significant influence on the regression intercept.
Regression constants resulting from calibration of a high volume
sampler, equipped with a rotameter with a ReF device are given in Table 5.
Temperature and/or pressure trends are not evident (ANOVA was not performed),
As seen at the bottom of Table 5, the average slope was 34.91 with a stan-
dard deviation of 3.14 (a relative standard deviation of 9 percent), and
the average intercept was -9.29 with a standard deviation of 4.43.
Tables 6 and 7 contain the regression constants resulting from
calibration of a sampler equipped with a pressure transducer with an
orifice calibration unit and a ReF device, respectively. There are no
obvious temperature and pressure trends in the data presented in the two
tables. The summary statistics show that the orifice calibration unit and
the ReF device yield similar average slopes of 1.01 and 1.02 and intercepts
of 0.2^ and -1.42, respectively. Both devices exhibited about the same
level of precision with standard deviations of the slopes of 0.04 and 0.05
for the orifice calibration unit and the ReF device, respectively.
-------
Table 1. COMPARISON OF REGRESSION EQUATION SLOPES FROM ORIFICE
CALIBRATION UNIT AND ROTAMETER CALIBRATIONS
Temperature
(K)
283
296
306
316
Total
760
35.21
34.04
35.84
34.20
139
Pressure
711
32.93
22.77
38.37
37.04
141
(mmHg)
633
33.89
30.45
35.33
31.41
131
596
36.74
36.51
32.72
34.77*
141
Total
139
134
142
137
552
*Missing data point; value inserted is the average of the row and column
average slope, cj = 34.51, standard deviation of slope, sc = 2.14
Table 2. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE (SLOPES)
Pressure (Row) means
Temperature (Column) means
Residual
Total
SS
8.5
17.0
58.5
84.0
df
3
3
9
MS
2.8
5.7
6.5
Hypothesis 1. There are no pressure effects on the slope.
Hypothesis 2. There are no temperature effects on the slope.
—Calculated F value for pressure F = 2.8/6.5 = 0.43
—Calculated F value for temperature F = 5.7/6.5 = 0.87
—Tabulated F value for F>95(3,9) = 3.86
For both cases the tabulated F value is larger than the calculated F
value; therefore, at the 0.95 confidence level neither of the two
hypotheses can be rejected. That is, there is no reason to believe that
the slope of the regression equation is sensitive to temperature and/or
pressure variations.
46
-------
Table 3. COMPARISON OF REGRESSION EQUATION INTERCEPTS FOR CALIBRATION
OF A ROTAMETER WITH AN ORIFICE CALIBRATION UNIT
Temperature
(K)
283
296
306
316
Total
760
-6.16
-5.37
-9.38
-7.47
-28.4
Pressure
711
-2.97
-5.06
-8.30
-6.11
-22.4
(mmHg)
633
-2.08
+0.04
-6.32
+1.58
-6.7
596
-6.40
-6.86
+2.27
-3.83
-14.8
Total
-17.6
-17.2
-21.7
-15.8
-72.3
*Missing data point; value inserted is the average of the row and column.
average intercept, d^ = -4.57, standard deviation of intercept,
sdl = 3.56
Table 4. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE (INTERCEPTS)
Pressure (Row) means
Temperature (Column) means
Residual
Total
SS
4.8
66.4
107.9
179.1
df
3
3
9
15
MS
1.6
22.1
12.0
—Calculated F value for pressure F = 1.6/12.0 = 0.13
—Calculated F value for temperature F = 22.1/12.0 = 1.84
—Tabulated value for F0>95(3,9) = 3.86
Conclusion: Neither pressure nor temperature variations have a significant
effect on the regression intercept at the 0.95 confidence
level.
47
-------
Table 5. COMPARISON OF REGRESSION CONSTANTS FOR CALIBRATIONS OF A ROTAMETER WITH A ReF DEVICE
00
Temperature
K
284
296
306
315
760
(slope, intercept)
(36.76,
(36.03,
(34.01,
(32.60,
-7.63)
-9.40)
-8.20)
-6.64)
Pressure (mmHg)
711 633
(slope, intercept) (slope, intercept)
(37.38,
(29.70,
(35.34,
(35.32,
-12.93)
- 1.87)
- 9.27)
-10.84)
(39.47,
(41.43,
(35.78,
(31.09,
-14.11)
-19.34)
-13.28)
- 3.63)
596
(slope, intercept)
(35.59,
(30.45,
(32.82,
(34.79,
-10.26)
- 3.40)
- 7.44)
-10.34)
Summary Statistics:
= 34.91, s = 3.14;
= -9.29, sd = 4.43.
-------
Table 6. COMPARISON OF REGRESSION CONSTANTS FOR CALIBRATIONS OF A
PRESSURE TRANSDUCER WITH AN ORIFICE CALIBRATION UNIT
Temperature
K
284
296
306
315
Pressure (mmHg)
760 711 633 596
(slope, intercept) (slope, intercept) (slope, intercept) (slope, intercept)
(1.01, -0.83) (0.97, + 2.27) (0.98, + 1.81)
(0.91, 4.61) (1.02, - 0.26) (1.07, - 2.61) (0.99, + 1.17)
(1.02, 0.46) (1.05, - 1.36) (1.05, - 1.30)
(1.01, - 0.27) (1.02, - 0.67) (0.99, + 0.70)
Summary Statistics: cj_ = 1.01, s = 0.04; dj = 0.29, sd = 1.88.
-------
Ln
O
Table 7. COMPARISON OF REGRESSION CONSTANTS FOR CALIBRATIONS OF A
PRESSURE TRANSDUCER WITH A ReF DEVICE
Pressure (mmHg)
Temperature
K
284
296
306
315
(slope,
(1.00
(1.02
(0.99
(0.98
760
intercept)
, -o
, -2
, +0
, +1
.37)
.41)
.05)
.43)
(slope,
(1.
(1.
(0.
(1.
05
14
96
08
711
intercept)
, - 5.07)
, - 8.99)
, + 1.77)
, - 1.82)
(slope,
(.0.98
(0.97
(1.03
(0.97
633
intercept)
, + 0.41)
, + 1.90)
, - 2.41)
, + 0.28)
(slope,
(1.04
(1.03
(1.01
(1.02
596
intercept)
, -2.71)
, -2.12)
, -1.30)
, -1.27)
Summary Statistics: c1 = 1.02, s = 0.05; d1 = 1.42, sd = 2.75.
-------
To further evaluate the assumption made in Section 3, namely, that the
relationship between Qtheoretical anc' •"• was °^ t-^ie f°rm
^theoretical = cl * + bl>
regressions of
Qtheoretical = ^5 (D1/2 + b5 , (68)
were calculated for the 16 rotameter calibrations performed using the ori-
fice calibration unit.
For the 16 calibrations the average correlation coefficient for Equa-
tion (67) is 0.9952 compared to 0.9945 for Equation (68). This difference
of 0.0007 is considered negligible, but it does show that, for this set of
data, Equation (67) provides a slightly better fit for the data than does
Equation (68).
Using the model
Qtheoretical = c5 In + b5 (69)
with the 16 sets of calibration data, the best estimate of n was approxi-
mately 1.0; however, the response surface changes so gradually that any
value of n between 0.5 and 1.0 results in an acceptable fit of the data.
Conclusions
Based on the experimental data presented in Tables 1-7, the hypothe-
sis that a high volume sampler flow rate can be accurately predicted from
rotameter (or pressure transducer) indications, over a wide range of ambi-
ent temperature and pressure conditions, by a linear regression equation of
the form
51
-------
^theoretical ~ cl I + dl
cannot be rejected. Thus it follows that the relationships
Qstd = c2 I (VTa>1/2 + d2 • (2)
and
Qa = C3 l 1/2 + d3 (3)
accurately predict the flow rate based on a standard volume Qstd and the
flow rate at ambient conditions Qa, respectively.
COMPARISON OF PRIMARY CALIBRATIONS
The purpose of this section is to give an example of primary calibra-
tions of a secondary calibration device performed at two laboratories using
different primary standards. The procedures were applied to both the ori-
fice calibration unit and the ReF device. A primary calibration was accom-
plished in Denver, Colorado, in the EPA Regional laboratories using a Roots
meter as the primary calibration device. A second calibration of the same
orifice calibration unit was performed 3 days later in the QAB/EMSL labora-
tories with a different Roots meter.
Table 8 lists the data resulting from the first primary calibration in
Denver. The barometric pressure P^ was 625 mmHg and the average ambient tem-
perature Ta was 292 K during the calibration. Five resistance plates were
inserted individually between the orifice calibration unit and the Roots
meter. The motor was turned on after insertion of each plate. The volume
Vm measured by the Roots meter was recorded over a time interval t which was
measured with a stopwatch. Also recorded were the pressure drop from
ambient to the opening of the Roots meter AP and the water manometer
reading AH, which indicates the pressure drop across the orifice
calibration unit.
The flow rate Qtheoretical -^n m /min was calculated for each resis-
tance plate using the following equation:
52
-------
theoretical = = °-497 (AH)1/2 + 0.004, and (73)
RTI: Qtheoretical (ReF) = °-474 (AH)1/2 + 0.041. (74)
Table 11 compares the two regression equations over a flow rate range
of about 1 to 1.65 m-Vmin and shows agreement within + 1 percent. This is
considered to be very good agreement.
53
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Table 8. RESULTS FROM PRIMARY CALIBRATION OF ORIFICE
CALIBRATION UNIT IN DENVER
Plate Vm t Pb
No. (m3) (min) (mmHg)
18 22.7 12.52 625
13 17.0 10.34 625
10 19.8 13,48 625
7 14.2 12.26 625
5 11.3 12.32 625
Table 9. RESULTS FROM
CALIBRATION UNIT
Plate Vm t Pb
No. (m3) (min) (mmHg)
18 19.0 10.38 763
13 17.0 10.66 763
10 17.0 11.90 763
7 16.0 14.03 763
5 10.0 11.17 763
Ta Ap Qtheoretical AH
(K) (mmHg) (m3/min) (in . H20)
291 40 1.55
291 46 1.39
293 43 1.25
293 64 0.95
293 72 0,74
PRIMARY CALIBRATION OF ORIFICE
IN RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK
Ta Ap ^theoretical
(K) (mmHg) (m3/min)
297 44 1.66
297 51 1.51
297 51 1.32
297 70 1.04
297 80 0.80
9.93
8.05
6.16
3.62
2.35
AH
(in. H20)
11.25
9.10
6.17
4.39
2.63
54
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Table 10. COMPARISON OF PRIMARY CALIBRATIONS OF
ORIFICE CALIBRATION UNIT
(AH)l/2
(in. H20)l/2
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.4
*Dif ference
%TDifference
Table 11.
(AH)!/2
(in. H20)1/2
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.4
Calculated Qthe0retical
Denver
(m3/min)
0.99
1.24
1.48
1.68
= Denver - RTI
= 100 (Denver - RTI) /RTI
COMPARISON OF PRIMARY
Calculated Qtheoretical
Denver
(m3/min)
1.00
1.23
1.45
1.63
Values Difference
RTI
(m-Vmin) m /min*
1.01 -0.02
1.26 -0.02
1.51 -0.03
1.71 -0.03
CALIBRATIONS OF ReF DEVICE
Values Difference
RTI
(m-Ymin) nrVmin*
0.99 0.01
1.23 0.00
1.46 -0.01
1.65 -0.02
%t
-2
-2
-2
-2
%t*
1
0
~ 1
-1
*Difference = Denver - RTI
%tDifference = 100 (Denver - RTI)/RTI
55
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COMPARISON OF SECONDARY CALIBRATION DEVICES
Throughout the experimental portion of this project two secondary cal-
ibration devices were used. One device was a calibration orifice unit used
in the EPA reference method; the other was a ReF device used by QAB/EMSL in
its auditing program.
The procedure used to compare the two secondary devices was to perform
a primary calibration of both devices, then use each device alternately to
calibrate a high volume sampler/rotameter system under as nearly identical
conditions as possible.
Table 12 summarizes the calibration data over the range of temperature
and pressure conditions tested in the study. Each regression equation in
Table 12 was calculated using all the calibration data for that particular
calibration device and flow indicator combination, i.e., they are average
regression equations. (Average slopes and intercepts were taken from
Tables 1, 3, 5, 6 and 7 and converted to metric units for OCU/rotameter,
ReF/rotameter, OCU/PT and ReF/PT combinations, respectively.
As can be seen from Table 12, for a given rotameter or pressure trans-
ducer indication, the ReF device indicated a lower flow rate than the ori-
fice calibration unit. When the rotameter was used as the flow indicator,
the ReF device showed a constant negative difference of 0.115 m^/min over
the calibration range. The difference was in the same direction but much
smaller when using the pressure transducer.
These data indicate that there is a difference between the two secon-
dary calibration devices. However, when a pressure transducer is used the
difference is negligible. The difference experienced when using the rota-
meter as the flow rate indicator is larger than desired for calibration de-
vices and should be explored further.
56
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Table 12. COMPARISON OF SECONDARY CALIBRATION DEVICES
Regression I Qtheor . (ocu) Qtheor. [ =
.0289(PT)-.0402
1.25 1.10
1.50 1.34
1.75 1.59
2.00 1.83
PRESSURE
35.0 1.01
45.0 1.30
55.0 1.58
65.0 1.87
0.98
1.23
1.47
1.72
TRANSDUCER
0.97
1.26
1.55
1.84
-0.12 -11
-0.11 - 8
-0.12 - 8
-0.11 - 6
-0.04 - 4
-0.04 - 3
-0.03 - 2
-0.03 - 2
57
]
-------
SECTION 5
FLOW RATE CALIBRATION AND DATA REPORTING PROCEDURES
The purpose of this section is to present technically sound flow rate
calibration and data reporting procedures. These procedures are presented
in a step-by-step fashion in sufficient detail to allow for direct use by
field personnel. Specifically, this section contains a set of recommended
calibration procedures followed by two alternate and totally acceptable
procedures.
Use of the terra "recommended procedures" is not meant to imply that
these procedures are more technically correct than the alternate procedures,
rather that this particular set of procedures is recommended because:
1. It simplifies the generation of primary and secondary calibration equa-
tions or plotted curves in situations where pocket calculators or com-
puters are not available;
2. It is less subject to calculation error and does not require that tem-
perature and pressure conditions at the time of the high volume sampler
calibration be known.
Either one or the other of the alternate procedures will probably be
preferred by organizations having computer facilities. The end result,
i.e., measured TSP, will be the same regardless of which procedure is used.
Procedures are presented in this section; questions on derivations
and/or theory should be referred to Section 3.
RECOMMENDED CALIBRATION AND MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES
The calibration and use of high volume samplers can be logically di-
vided into three phases as follows:
phase 1— calibration of the orifice calibration unit (secondary stan-
dard) with a Roots meter (primary standard), usually per-
formed in the laboratory;
59
-------
phase 2— calibration of the high volume sampler with the orifice cal-
ibration unit; performed in the field or in the laboratory.
phase 3— use of high volume sampler in the field.
The three phases are illustrated in Figure 12. The solid dark lines
in the figure represent the forward progression of the calibration process,
while the dashed lines represent measurements from one phase that are used
with the regression equation or graph developed in the previous phase to
calculate or read a flow rate. Basically, the recommended procedures in-
volve dealing with a theoretical flow rate referenced to 298 K and 760 mmHg
during primary and secondary calibrations. Field temperature and pressure
estimates, or measurements, are used to convert the theoretical flow rate to
the flow rate of a standard volume Qst(j at reference conditions of 298 K and
760 mmHg, and, if desired, to the actual flow Qa at field (ambient) condi-
tions.
Each of the three phases as described above is discussed separately in
the following subsections.
Phase. 1— Calibration of the Orifice Calibration Unit
Calibration of an orifice calibration unit or other orifice like de-
vice is usually accomplished using a Roots meter as a primary standard. A
typical laboratory calibration setup is shown in Figure 13. (For this cal-
ibration, voltage was held constant, and the flow rate was varied using re-
sistance plates; it would have been just as valid to adjust the flow rate
by varying the voltage.)
The apparatus required and parameters measured in performing a primary
calibration include:
1. Roots meter—primary volume measurement, Vm;
2. Timer—sampling time, t;
60
-------
H-
ORIFICE CALIBRATION
1. Required determination:
Var '• Tr pb-
2. Calculate
Theoretical =*
SAMPLER CALIBRATION
1, RMIUIYM dct0f iwiwtiOIH *
AH and I
FIELD USE OF SAMPLER
t. Required determinetiom:
1 Calculate Flow of Standard Volume
PHASE III
Figure 12. Illustration of recommended flow rate calibration and measurement process.
-------
ORIFICE CALIBRATION UNIT
ROOTS
METER
J
i
AH
T
AP
HIGH
VOLUME
MOTOR
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
Figure 13. Typical Set-Up for Primary Calibration
of Orifice Calibration Unit
62
-------
3. Two water manometers or other suitable pressure sensors—pressure
drop across the orifice of the orifice calibration unit, AH, and
the differential pressure (ambient - Roots meter inlet pressure),
AP.
The procedure for calibration of an orifice calibration unit and an
example treatment of calibration data are presented in the following two
subsections.
Calibration Procedures (Phase I). Figure 14 is an example of a primary
calibration worksheet. In this example, orifice calibration unit No. II is
calibrated using Roots Meter No. 12-14-87 as recorded in Figure 14 in the
block titled RECORDED CALIBRATION DATA. The barometric pressure ?b and am-
bient temperature Ta (item numbers 8 and 9 in Figure 14) were 754 mmHg and
295 K (22°C), respectively, at the time of the primary calibration.
For this calibration a fixed sampling or run time of 3.0 minutes (item
3) was employed with the Roots meter reading in nH read at the start (item
1) and at the end (item 2) of each run.
The pressure drop across the orifice (item 6) was read and recorded in
inches of t^O and the differential pressure from ambient to that at the inlet
of the Roots meter (item 5) was read in inches Hg and converted to mmHg by
multiplying by 25.4 mm/inch.
From the above recorded data a calibration equation and/or calibration
curve is generated as follows:
1. Calculate the volume of air measured by the Roots meter for each run as
the difference between the Roots meter readings at the start and finish
of the test run. That is,
Vm = (2) - (1)
as shown in Figure 14 in the block titled CALCULATION EQUATIONS. Values
o
of Vm are recorded in item 4 to the nearest 0.01 in .
2. Correct the volume Vm measured by the Roots meter at meter conditions of
Tm and Pm to the volume Va passing through the orifice (orifice calibra-
tion unit) at ambient conditions of Ta and P^ by
63
-------
PRIMARY CALIBRATION WORKSHEET
(1)
Run Meter
No. Reading
Start
(m3)
1 264.63
2 272.97
3 283.69
4 288.29
5 291.92
(2)
Meter
Reading
Stop
(m3)
269.80
277.70
287.97
291.66
294.56
RECORDED CALIBRATION
Roots Meter No. 12-1
Cal ibrator:
Model No. Orifice
Serial No. II
(8) Pb: 754mmHg
(9) T^: 295 K
Calibration Performed
Date: 7/7/77
REGRESSION EQUATION
"theoretical = al (AH
"theoretical = °'527
4-87
Calibration Uni
(10) P . , :
<"> Tstd:-
By: J. Smith
(3)
Sampling
Time
t
(min)
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
DATA
t
760 mmHg
298 K
(4)
Volume
Measured
by Meter
vm=(2)-(
(m3)
5.17
4.73
4.28
3.37
2.64
OF THEORETICAL ON(AH)1/2FORORIFICE
jl/2
(AH)1/2 - 0.031
' "theoretical
(m /min) ,
(5) (6) (7)
Differential Pressure Flow Rate
Pressure Drop Across Q., n .. ,
(Ambient- Calibration ^theoretical
1) Meter) Orifice m /min
AP AH
(mmHg) (in.H20)
36.8 10.00 1.64
44.5 8.27 1.49
50.8 6.77 1.33
61.0 4.06 1.03
64.8 2.52 0.81
CALCULATION EQUATIONS
Vm = (2) - (1)
r / \ / \ ~i ''2
V P - AP /P \ /T \
^4-k^/-ii^^+--; /~-> i ~ m D | D 1 | Stu \
tneore ti ca i -T- • -p — — i = — i i -p 1
'•' ' k \ ' -, 1 \ r-4-A 1
b \a/ ^std/
(7) = (4) (8)-(5) [(8) (11)1 1/2
(3) (9) (9) (10)
CALIBRATION UNIT AT 298 K AND 760 mmHg
AH (in. H20)
Correlation coefficient (r): 0.999
Figure 14. Example of orifice calibration unit calibration worksheet.
-------
Va/t = (Vm/t) (Pm/Tn) (Ta/Pb) . (75)
Generally, it is assumed that Ta - Tffl. The actual volumetric flow rate
through the orifice at Ta and Pb and for a pressure drop across the or-
ifice of AH is calculated by
Qa = Va/t - Vm/t (Pb - AP)/Pb , (76)
where Pm - Pb - AP.
The flow rate Qa is the actual flow rate through the orifice at Ta
and Pb for a specific pressure drop AH across the orifice.
3. Calculate the flow rate (Qtheoretical) that w°uld be required at ref-
erence conditions, i.e., Tstd » 298 K (25°C) and Pstd - 760 mmHg, to
maintain the same AH value as above by
Qtheoretical = Qa «pb/Ta> (Tstd/pstd>]1/2 . (4)
Caution: This is a flow correction for a fixed AH value, hence the
orifice relationship of the form Q2 = QI [(P^/T^ (T2/P2)]1/2
must be used.
Record in Column 7 of Figure 14.
4. Summary. Steps 1 through 3 can be combined and, with the values
Tstd a 298 K and pstd = 76° 1™% plugged into Equation (4), the follow-
ing relationship results
Qtheoretical * °-626 / 1/2 • <77)
If a regression equation is to be calculated, continue to step 5.
However, if the data are to be graphed, go directly to step 6.
5. Calculate a least squares linear regression of Qtheoretical on (AH)1/2,
using the calculated Qtheoretical value for each run (five in this
case). The regression equation calculated for the data given in Figure
14 is shown in the lower right hand box titled REGRESSION OF QxHEORETICAL
ON (AH)1/2 FOR ORIFICE CALIBRATION UNIT.
65
-------
Note; An acceptable primary calibration consisting of five points
should yield a correlation coefficient of r _> 0.995 and have
no data point (Qtheoretical calculated from equation 77) deviat-
O o
ing more than + 0.04 m /min (1.4 ft /min) from the flow rate
predicted by the regression equation for the same value of AH.
6. Construct a calibration curve of Qtheoretical versus AH. The primary
objective here is to fit the data points with a smooth curve. If the
user prefers a straight line plot, he could graph Qtheoretical versus AH
on log log paper (a slope of 0.5 should result) or Qtheoretical versus
(AH)1/2 on linear graph paper.
Figure 15 is an example plot of Qtheoretical versus AH on linear
graph paper. This method is recommended because of its simplicity in
plotting and ease of reading. Figure 15 is representative of the graph
illustrated in Phase 1 of Figure 12.
The smallest division on the ordinate (Qtheoretical axis) should
o O
be 0.01 mj/min (0.35 ft /min) and on the abscissa (AH axis) it should
be 0.1 in. H20.
Example treatment of calibration data (Phase I). For each run of a cali-
bration, a value of Qtheoretical must be calculated from the intermediate
measurements made and recorded on the primary calibration work sheet. The
data recorded for run 1 in Figure 14 is used here in an example calculation.
(These calculation steps are illustrated in Figure 14 in the block titled
CALCULATION EQUATIONS.)
1- Calculate the volume of air Vm measured by the Roots meter as the differ-
ence in the start (1) and stop (2) meter readings.
(2) - (1)
i •
3
Vm = 269.80 - 264.63
Vm = 5.17 m
The volume Vm is recorded in column (4) of Figure 14.
66
-------
1.8
1.7
Tstd = 298 K, P^ = 760 mmHg, J. Smith (Date 7/7/77)
1.6
1.5
1 1-4
1.2
1.1
1.0
3.0 40 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
A H, in. H20
Figure 15. Example of calibration curve for an orifice calibration unit (data from Figure 14).
11.0
-------
2. Calculate the orifice flow rate in m3/min (Qtheoretical> that would be
required at Tstd = 298 K and Pstd = 760 mmHg to yield a pressure drop
across the orifice of AH = 10.00 in. H20.
Required Equation
*
Qtheoretical = (Vm/t) [(Pb~AP)/Pb] [(Pb/Ta) (Tstd/Pstd)]*/2 (78)
Location of data in Figure 14
(7) = [(4)/(3)] [((8) -
Actual data in equation
Qtheoretical = (5.17/3.00) [(754 - 36.8)/754] [(754/295) (298/760)]
Qtheoretical = 1-723 x 0.951 x [2.556 x 0.392]!/2
Qtheoretical = 1-639 x (1.002)1/2 = 1.639x 1.001
o
Qtheoretical =1-64 mj/min
The flow rate Qtheoretical is recorded in column (7) of Figure 14.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for runs 2-5 in Figure 14.
4. Calculate a linear regression of Qtheoretical ln m3/min on
(in. ^0)^'^ using a calculator or computer.
Equation
Form Qtheoretical = *1 (AH)1/2 (40)
Calculated
Regression Qtheoretical = °-527 (AH)1/2 - 0.031; r == 0.999 (79)
Note: The correlation coefficient r = 0.999 indicates that a linear
model fits the data well. In this case the largest difference
68
-------
between calculated flows (column 7 of Figure 14) and those pre-
dicted by the regression equation for the same AH value is 0.01
m-Vmin, which is less than 1 percent of the actual value at all
except the lowest flow (0.81 m^/min).
5. Construct a calibration curve. If a calibration graph is preferred
over a regression equation for use in future high volume sampler cali-
brations, a plot such as that in Figure 15 should be constructed.
It is recommended that the actual data points be included on the
graph along with the values of Tgt(j and Pstd'
Caution: At this point Qtheoretical is a flow rate referenced to stan-
dard conditions; it is not the flow rate of a standard volume
and should not, for example, be reported as std m^/min.
Phase II—Calibration of High Volume Sampler
Phase II as illustrated in Figure 12 involves the use of the orifice
calibration unit data, either regression equation or graph, generated in
Phase I to develop a high volume sampler calibration.
For the procedure recommended here, the only measurements required in
calibrating the sampler are: (a) the pressure drop across the orifice, AH,
for a fixed flow rate, and (b) the indication I on the sampler flow rate
indicator (a rotameter was used in this example). Ambient temperature and
pressure measurements are not required for the high volume sampler calibra-
tion.
Calibration Procedures. Figure 16 is an example high volume sampler
calibration data sheet.
With the configuration as shown in Phase II of Figure 12, corresponding
AH and I values are recorded for each of a series of constant but different
flow rates (runs) as illustrated in Figure 16.
Each AH reading for the five runs is used to determine the flow rate
using either the regression equation or the calibration curve
phr-e I for the orifice calibration unit.
69
-------
HIGH VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
High Volume Sampler No. 123
Calibrator Model No. OCU
Date:
7/8/77
Calibrated By: J. Smith
Serial No. II
Location: RTI Campus
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
Ta
(K)
280
280
280
280
280
Barometric
Pressure
pb
(mm Hg)
758
758
758
758
758
Pressure Drop
Across Orifice
AH
( in.H20)
(11.4)
( 8.5)
( 7.1)
( 4.6)
( 2.9)
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
1.85
1.68
1.50
1.28
1.05
Flow Rates
Calibration
(m /min)
1.75
1.51
1.37
1.10
0.87
From Orifice*
Theoretical
(ft3/min)
(61.8)
(53.3)
(48.4)
(38.8)
(30.7)
Orifice calibration equation QTheoretical = 0.527 (AH)''^ - 0.031 (See Figure 14 or Graph 15)
REGRESSION OF QTheoret1cal ON I
^Theoretical = cl l + dl
QTl_ ,. , = 1.084 I - 0.276: r = 0.998
^Theoretical
Figure 16. Exampler of high volume sampler calibration data sheet.
-------
A linear regression equation of Qtheoretical On 1 *s calculated for
the high volume sampler, or a plot of Qtheoretical versus I is constructed
as in Figure 17.
Again, as for the orifice calibration, an acceptable high volume sam-
pler calibration of five points should yield a regression equation with a
correlation coefficient of r > 0.990 with no point deviating more than +0.04
m-Vmin from the value predicted by the regression equation.
Example calculation. One strong reason for recommending this particular
calibration procedure is that the calculation requirements for this phase,
which is usually carried out in the field, are minimal.
Taking the data for run 1 as recorded in Figure 16, the required cal-
culations are as follows:
1. Calculate the flow rate (Qtheoretical^ f°r ^H = 11.4 using the regres-
sion equation for the orifice calibration unit as developed in Phase I.
Regression Qtheoretical = °-527 AH1/2 - 0.031
Equation
Qtheoretical = °-527 (11.4)1/2 _ 0.031
o
Qtheoretical = 1'75 m /min
or
2. Read from the calibration curve in Figure 15 as developed in Phase I.
From the graph a AH value of 11.4 yields a flow rate of
Qtheoretical "1-75 m3/min .
3. Repeat Step 1 or 2, as applicable, for each run. Record the flow rate
values with the corresponding AH values in Figure 16.
4. Compute a linear regression of Qtheoretical On * using tne five data
pairs.
71
-------
For the data in Figure 16 the resulting regression equation is
Qtheoretical = cl I + bl
Qtheoretical = 1.084 I - 0.276
correlation coefficient: r = 0.998
or
5. Construct a calibration curve of Qtheoretical versus I on linear graph
paper as shown in Figure 17. The calibration curve should be dated and
signed by the individual who performed the calibration. Actual data
points should be plotted on the graph, and values of Tst(j and Pstd indi-
cated.
Figure 17 is an actual high volume sampler calibration curve as
opposed to the illustrated calibration curve in Phase II of Figure 12.
Phase III—Field Use of High Volume Sampler
Field use of the high volume sampler, referred to here as Phase III,
is illustrated in Figure 12. Four determinations are required during sam-
ple collection in order to calculate the volume of air sampled and to cor-
rect that volume to reference conditions. Those four determinations are:
(a) average flow rate (Qtheoretical) f°r the sampling period, (b) sampling
period time t, (c) average ambient temperature Ta during the sampling
period, and (d) average barometric pressure P^ during the sampling period.
Three determinations (I, Ta, and P^) are required to calculate the standard
or actual flow rate (Figure 12).
The first two measurements, average flow rate and sampling period time,
are the most important and require on-site measurement. We believe that
for a given sampling site the temperature and pressure can be measured or
adequately approximated in any of several ways (See "Recommendations" in
Section 2).
72
-------
"t.&'u —
1.70
^stA = 298 K, P^ = 760 mmHg, On,,,,^,,, = 1.084 I - 0.276, r = 0.998 (Date 7/8/77)
1.60
1.50
B 1.40
S 1.30
1
O
at
1.20
1.10
1.00
0.90
0.80
.1...
L.
1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85
I, Arbitrary
Figure 17. Example of high volume sampler flow rate calibration sheet.
-------
Field measurement procedures. Procedures for a high volume sampler equipped
with a rotameter and using a plotted calibration curve are as follows:
1 . Make a flow rate reading at the start I.j_ and at the end If of the
of the sampling period. Measure or estimate average ambient tem-
perature Ta and average barometric pressure Pb for the sampling
period.
2. Determine the initial flow rate Qtheoretical- and the final flow
rate Qtheoreticalf corresponding to 1^ and If, respectively,
from the calibration curve (Figure 17) from Phase II.
3. Calculate the average flow rate (Qtheoretical) for tne sampling
sampling period
Qtheoretical = 1/2 (Qtheoretical.^ + Qtheoreticalf
4. Calculate the average flow rate of a standard volume (Qstd^ in
std ra3/min at Tstd and Pstd from Qtheoretical by
Qstd = Qtheoretical UVTa> (Tstd/Pstd>] 1/2 •
5. Calculate the volume of air sampled at standard conditions as
V(std m3) = Qstd (std m3/min) x t(min)
6. Calculate TSP using the weight of particulate Wp as the difference
in the filter weights before W^, and after Wf , sample collection
and the average calculated flow rate
TSP (yg/std m3) = WD (yg)/V(std m3) . (80)
74
-------
Example calculation. As an example let us assume that for a given sampling
period the following measurements were recorded
Ii = 1.70 Ta = 273 K (0°C) t = 1440 min
If = 1.65 Pb = 670 mmHg
Also, from gravimetric analysis of the filter, the resulting particulate
catch was
Wp = Wf - W.j_ = 100,000 yg .
Following the same sequence outlined in the previous sections, the
calculations are:
1. Reading from the graph in Figure 17
I± = 1.70 Qtheoreticali = 1-535 m3/min, and
If = 1.65 Qtheoreticalf = 1-570 m3/min .
2. Calculate the average flow rate Qtheoretical (rounded to
0.01 m3/min)
Qtheoretical ~ */2 (Qtheoretical^ + Qtheoreticalf)
Qtheoretical = 1/2 (1-535 + 1.570)
Qtheoretical =1-55 m3/min at STP .
3. Calculate the average flow rate of a standard volume Qstd
Qtheoretical bY
Qstd = Qtheoretical KW (Tstd)/Pstd)]l/2
Qstd = 1.55 (m3/min) [(670/273) (298/760)]1/2
Qstd =1.52 std m3/min .
75
-------
4. Calculate the volume of air sampled at standard conditions as
V = Qstd x t
V = 1.52 std m3/min x 1440 min
V = 2189 std m3 .
5. Calculate TSP by
TSP (yg/std m3) = Wp (yg)/V (std m3)
TSP = 100,000 yg/2189 std m3
TSP = 457 yg/std m3 .
Note; It is assumed that the intent of the directive (6) that all
ambient air quality data must be referenced to standard con-
ditions of 25°C and 760 mmHg was to have all data based on
a standard volume, either std m3 or std ft3, at those con-
ditions.
6. If for some requirement of the project the TSP data are required
to be based on the actual volume, V&, sampled at field conditions
the calculation is as follows
Va(m3) = Qa(m3/min) t(min) [(Ta/Pb) (Pstd/Tstd)
Va (m3) = (1.55 x 1440) [(273/670) (760/298)j1/2
Va = 2275 m3 at Ta, Pb
and
3
TSP (yg/m3) = Wp (yg)/Va(m3) = 100,000 yg/2275
TSP = 440 yg/m3 at T = 0°C and Pb = 670 mmHg
m
a
76
-------
ALTERNATE PROCEDURES
As previously stated, the procedures discussed in the previous subsec-
tion were recommended because of their simplicity, especially when graphi-
cal techniques are used. Two alternate procedures are summarized here.
Both of these procedures are as technically correct as the recommended pro-
cedures. Either of these alternate procedures would have been selected
over the recommended procedure if we believed that most field personnel
were well versed in the use of calculators or computers in performing re-
gression analysis.
Two procedures are discussed here. One procedure involves calibrating
the orifice calibration unit and then the high volume sampler using the
actual flow rate Qa and converting to the flow rate of a standard volume
Qstd as the final step in calculating TSP. The second procedure involves
working with the flow rate of a standard volume Qstd throughout the three
phases of the calibration and measurement process.
Calibration Procedure Using Actual Flow Rates
Following somewhat the same sequence of steps given for the recommended
procedures, the procedure based on the actual flow rate is illustrated in
Figure 18 and discussed below.
Phase I Calibration of the Secondary Standard
1. Calculate the actual flow rate Qa through the orifice for a given
AH value using the volume Vm measured by the Roots meter and the
time in minutes t of the sample run by
Qa =
-------
00
ORIFICE CALIBRATION
1. Required determinations:
Vm- *• Tr V AH-iml A'
2. Calculate actwl flow thron|k entice
SAMPLER CALIBRATION
1. Required determinations:
AH, I, Tr Pb
FIELD USE OF SAMPLER
1. Required determination!:
2. Calculate flow of standard volume
PHASE III
Figure 18. Illustration of actual flow rate calibration and measurement process.
-------
2. Repeat step one for each run (five in this case, as shown in
Figure 12).
3. Calculate a linear regression of Qa on (AH Ta/Pb) ' using the
data pairs from the five runs. In lieu of calculating a regression
equation, a plot of Qa versus (AH Ta/Pb) ' could be made on
linear graph paper. For the orifice calibration unit the regres-
sion equation is of the form
1/2
Qa = a3[(AH)Ta/Pb] - (42)
Note; Again the main objective is to accurately fit the data over
the range that the relationship is to be used. Thus if
other models provide an acceptable fit over the desired
range, there is nothing wrong with using them. Also, if
the zero intercept model yields acceptable results, use it;
however, it should be tested against the intercept model
prior to its use for a specific orifice calibration unit.
Phase II Calibration of High Volume Sampler
4. Calibration of the High volume sampler requires measures of pres-
sure drop AH across the orifice, sampler flow indication I on the
rotameter, ambient temperature Ta and barometric pressure Pb.
5. Calculate Qa for each calibration run using Equation (42) for the
orifice calibration unit.
6* Calculate a linear regression of Qa on I (Ta/Pb) '2 using the
five data pairs of Qa and I. The resulting equation is of the
form
Qa = c3 I (Ta/Pb)1/2 + d3 . (3)
As in step 3 of Phase I, if preferred, a plot of Qa verso.-
(Ta/Pb)l/2 would be constructed.
79
-------
Phase III Use of the sampler in the field
7. Calculate the actual flow rate in the field for a rotameter indi-
cation I, an ambient temperature Ta> and a barometric pressure P^,
using the above high volume sampler regression equation or by
reading from the graph of the calibration curve.
8. Convert the actual flow rate Qa to the flow rate of a standard
volume Qstcj by
Qstd = Qa (VWd/Pstd) • C2')
Note; At this point we are making a volume correction independent
of the orifice calibration unit, thus the gas law relation-
ship of the form
V1P1/T1 = V2P2/T2 (82)
is used. Qstd ^s then in std m^/min (or std ft^/min if in
English units).
9. Calculate TSP at standard reference conditions by
TSP = Wp (yg)/[Qstd(std m3/min x t (min)] .
Calibration Procedure Using the Flow Rate of a Standard Volume
If all TSP data are to be reported to EPA referenced to standard condi-
tions, then working with the flow rate of a standard volume is the most
straightforward procedure to use. Each of the three phases is illustrated
in Figure 19. The procedure is as follows:
Phase I Calibration of the orifice calibration unit
1. Correct the flow rate based on the volume Vm measured by the
Roots meter to the flow rate of a standard volume for each cali-
bration run by
80
-------
ORIFICE CALIBRATION
1. Required determinations:
Vm.t,T,,Pb,,ndAH
2. Calculate flow of standard volume
SAMPLER CALIBRATION
1. Required determinations:
AH. t, Ta, Pb, and I
FIELD USE OF SAMPLER
1. Required determinations:
T,.Ph,.ndl
Figure 19. Illustration of flow rate of a standard volume calibration and measurement process.
-------
2. Calculate a linear regression of Qstd on [(AH Pb/Ta]1/2 to get
Qstd - *2 UAH) Pb/Ta]l/2 ,
Note; The difference in this equation and that for the actual
flow rate Qa is that the ratio Pfc/Ta is inverted (see Sec-
tion 3 for details).
or
3. Graph Qstd versus [(AH) Pb/lJ1/2 .
Phase II Calibration of the high volume sampler
1. Determine AH, I, Ta and Pb for each run of the high volume sampler
calibration.
2. Calculate Qstd ^or eacn run inserting measured values of AH, Ta and
Pb for each observed I into the equation developed in step 2 of
Phase I.
3. Calculate a linear regression of Qstd on I (Pb/Tg) for the
high volume sampler to get
Qstd = c2 I 1/2 + d2 '
Phase III Use of the sampler in the field
1. Determine I, Ta, and P^ for the sampling period.
2. Calculate Qstd by inserting the values of I, Ta and Pb into the re
gression equation from step 3 of Phase II.
3. Calculate TSP at standard reference conditions by
TSP (yg/std m3) = Wp (yg)/[Qstd (std m3/min) t (min)] .
82
-------
REFERENCES
1. Protection of Environment, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40,
Subchapter C - Air Programs, Appendix B, revised July 1, 1976.
2. McKee, H. C., R. E. Childers, and 0. Saenz, Jr. Collaborative Study of
Reference Method for the Determination of Suspended Particulates in the
Atmosphere (High Volume Method), EPA Contract No. CPA 70-40, Southwest
Research Institute, Houston, Texas, June 1971.
3. Guidelines for Development of a Quality Assurance Program: Reference
Method for the Determination of Suspended Particulates in the
Atmosphere (High Volume Method). EPA-R4-73-0286, Office of Research
and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
June 1973.
4. S. F. G. Fortun, Factors Affecting the Precision of High-Volume Air
Sampling, M. S. Thesis, University of Florida, April 1964.
5. Rogers, R. S. C., F. Smith, and A. C. Nelson, Jr. An Evaluation of the
High-Volume Method for Determining Total Suspended Particulates Over
Short Sampling Times, EPA Contract No 68-02-0294 Task 15, Research
Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, November
1974.
*
6. Protection of Environment, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40,
Subchapter C, Sec. 50.3, Reference Conditions, revised July 1, 1976.
7. Sabersky, R. H., and A. J. Acosta, Fluid Flow, MacMillan Co., New York,
N. Y., 1964.
8. Gilmont, Rogers and L. T. Roccanova, Low-Flow Rotameter Coefficient,
Instruments and Control Systems, 39:39-91, 1966.
83 .
-------
9. Aubery, J. H., and E. Griffiths. Further Experiments with the Ewing
Ball-in-Tube Flowmeter, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,
XLVII: 1-2, 1926
10. Daniels, F. et.al. Experimental Physical Chemistry, 6th Edition,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, N. Y., pp. 453, 1962.
11. Bevington, P. R. Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical
Sciences, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, N. Y., pp.237-240.
84
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APPENDIX A
Orifice Calibration Unit and Rotameter Calibration Data
85
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No.
Flow Meas. Device Type l/J^a, ^J:5
3/5
i 'C?
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
75 7
757
75 7
757
75 7
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in HO)
/A^
£5
£ 6
^' y
•7 'T?
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
33<$
3//
,
vr
3fc/
365
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
A 7.3
1-75
rf
^
/..j '3
/,/f-
3
Flow Rates (ft /min)
'.
/ '/** *9
^>C^'' /
53,2,
V
J§:^
J"//
Vp /IT
T t/T^
a If a
&I.2.
$3. /
tf-7< /
31. £>
3£,L{
f a
5?./
$7.&
^/ 5- 0
37.7
3C.5
CO
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= Jif-.tt.3r-f.71
1/2
.626 0 (P. /T ) 7 on T
aba
-------
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
________ Calibrator Type: Ori-f/££ faJ. U.n'lT Date: 21J ? I 76
Flow Meas. Device Type V ISAs I \6 4/7" Serial No.: 0 &£ Location: (j,l JT /*,
Hi-Volume Sampler No. *? 93.
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
(°K)
305-
3o5~
3 OS
305-
3 of
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(iran Hg)
11,3
1 L3
7 L3
1 f.3
1L3
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in HO)
11.3
s.v
n.b
*.*
JL.t
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
(°K)
3&q
331
33*
341
J47
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
1.90
1. 75
).SS
1.3*
I. Ot
3
Flow Rates (ft /min)
\
LO.O
S3. 4
-------
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
I Calibrator Type: Qfifif^ (\fii. JLniT Date:
Flow Meas. Device Type MlSfc l~ I f>(L>T Serial No.: CO ^i Location:
Hi-Volume Sampler No.
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
(°K)
3.°!^
J.9£
J?6
ML
49£
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
1C.O
7 C.O
7 LO
7 (*0
7 Lo
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in HO)
//. (,
9. ;
£. 7
f.4
1.6>
Exhaust
Temp.
T
(°K)
31 ti
3£o
JA4
3£t
333
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
/. <*o
1. IS
1-56
1-50
} .01)
Flow Rates (ft /min)
Qa
J'f.
-------
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: drifif.f. C&jl. tUltT Date:
Flow Meas. Device Type \J15Gu f 10 fcT Serial No.: b D<3(. Location:
Hi-Volume Sampler No. f *?,2 9
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
416
JL 1o
J.%0
lie
196
Barometric
Pres ure
(mm Hg)
7jr#
ist
15t
15%
75-J
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in HO)
//. V-
1.5"
T.I
^•£
j.i
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
304-
Jot?
3 1>£
31+
313
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
/. 3?
I.Li
I. So
1.1$
I. of
Flow Rates (ft /min)
Qa
51.1
56-Z
4£.I
37.4
36.1
IT rr
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K iL \
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a D 3. c ci
/L,
1/2
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cl D 3.
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HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: Ol-j-fiCe. t&ji. li/ii T" Date: #/JZ£ \1(e
Flow Meas. Device Type ]/J^£j f /0fuT Serial No.: 003i Location:
Hi-Volume Sampler No. $9£
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
3/6
_? \(,
3 \(o
3 1&
3i(,
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
111
7 //
111
111
111
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in HO)
10.*?
4.20
& • 3&
*4 JiS~
£. 75"
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
(°tf\
"•/
332
343
3 ^-6>
351
356
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
1. 10
I. SO
1. ±0
\.JiO
*.K
Flow Rates (ft /min)
^a
6^.7
54-0
^7- L
J9- V-
31.o
l\ fc
• 626 Qa4/?^ t/^T
a 1 Ta if Ta
J*. 9
J"J2. ^
V£.7
3 ?./?
a;. "7
™ a
57.
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No.
Flow Meas. Device Type
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: dfifif. €. &J. Lni T Date :
F I Q fcT
Serial No.:
Location: ff]oU,nT fniTC.he.il
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
3D6>
30 L
3 66,
3b(*
30(,
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
111
7 //
111
111
111
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in HO)
lo. i
3-1
£.3
4, -7
US'
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
3^9
33,1
33JK
311
J4J
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
/. 10
l.5o
I. f 0
}.£o
6. 9f
Flow Rates (ft3/min)
-.
c
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No.
Flow Meas. Device Type vl£(H> p I QGu T
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: QfifiCC Cfcl. Un'l T Date:
Serial No.:
8 ! !.{,
Location:
MIL
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
JlCll
3L°il
<£9 7
Afl
^97
Barometric
Pressure
(mm Hg)
in
in
in
in
in
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in HO)
lt>. (,
1.3
(,.3
*+ A
Ji.f
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
J/9
J«2^>
325-
3 3.1
lit.
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
A 90
/. 10
I. So
1.35"
1. 00
3
Flow Rates (ft /min)
Qa
5-9.3
52.1
V£ A
3$.&
J9-7
VTT rr
T "V^r
i V *•
a f a
<"Q f"
S3. 1
tt,- f
31. &
3».L
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51 A
S 1 .0
iLiJ. ^f
2 /•
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No. # 9 <3 9
Flow Meas. Device Type )/l3£L> F I O&sT
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
____ Calibrator Type:
Serial No.:
Date:
Location:
iTc.he.il
Run
No.
1
2
3
A
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
JL*3
133
A $3
133
133
Barometric
Pressure
(mm Hg)
in
in
7//
111
111
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in HO)
Id. I
S.L
L.t,
4. -7
Vp, ff~
T t/^T
1 • -L
a f a
^^-7
JV- L
4$-3
J9 ?
J-2.J"
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VJ. 7
J7 7
3^.JT
VD
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1/2
on I
1/2
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•aba
- 33.731 -/,?/
-------
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Hi-Volume Sampler No. /9J9 Calibrator Type: Qt-iCiPe. IjzJ. Lull] Date: % 1 £ 5 H (v
Flow Meas. Device Type ])l5£j f IfiCuT Serial No.:
Run
No.
1
2
3
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
31 f
3 If
3 If
3 IS
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
£33
£ 35
L33,
£33,
L 33
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in HO)
1.3
3.1
1.3
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
33 £
3+f
35 +
ft &Ji Location: fOfi^nf TfliTd.hC' il
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
/. Cf
1.50
}.35
). )0
o. ta
3
Flow Rates (ft /min)
«.
S3. 9
J/. 6
i\ r*i
.626 Q.t/T t/^
a W 1 V X
T a f a
il <• r"
J7. /
altf •
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Hi-Volume Sampler No.
Flow Meas. Device Type L//J/J
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
_ Calibrator Type: QfifitC. £&>/ . U.f)i T Date:
Serial No.:
OO
Location: flT\r>UjnJ W, Jf.hf.ll
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
(°K)
3a5
3aS
Jos'
3 OS
365-
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
L33
L33
& 33
& 33
(, 33.
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
1. 4
7.4
5. 7
3. 2
1.4
Exhaust
Temp.
T
(°K)
330
331
33*
3.4-0
34-6
Vpv /T"
rV^
a T a
5L.2-
5o- A
14.3
31*. 9
*t. 1
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54. 1
4t- 3
4JL.S"
35.6
£7- 1
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3 D 3 C 3.
1/2
on I
.626 Q (P./T )1/2 on I
3 D 3.
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No.
Flow Meas. Device Type
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
! Calibrator Type: Qfjfif.f. C&J. JLniT Date:
f I OCuT Serial No.: Q Q£, Location:
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
US'
2. If
1 4$
n Q C
135
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
(>33
L33
L 33
( 33
£ 33
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
9.*
7- 6
1*. D
x- ..
3.1
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
311
33)
314-
6 JL *?
333
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
/. <*5
I. So
I.3S
_ J._ J s>
0. Ol!*
Flow Rates (ft3/min)
Qa
(,0.3
5 3. A
47.5"
d. Z{ /
JV-. 7
V~\ r*~
^r\^r
L W i
a f a
S7.S"
J~0. 9
V^5. 7
£U ^
53..
rp~
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JT5.3
f ^. /
^J.<^
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31.3
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3 D 3. " d
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1/2
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3 D 3
si-
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No.
Flow Meas. Device Type
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: foif/tC /W. liniT Date:
Serial No.:
Location:
fill JC,Hc
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
^ d ]
tA. o '
A2I
«z# /
All
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
£33
(,33
L 33
L33
£33
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
10. 00
$.AO
(a.30
4- £O
2.56
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
lot*
30$
3 to
3 14
310
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
1.10
I.S5-
/. to
\.\5-
0. 10
Flow Rates (ft /mln)
«.
59.^
JV -0
¥7. 5
31.!
30.L
V\ r*~
T t/^r
1 W 1
a 1 a
fS.3
53.2
46 1
3i.1
30 7
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50. 7
VV- ^
36- 7
«*J. ^
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,1/2
on I
1 /?
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3 D 3.
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Hi-Volume Sampler No. ff 5 £
Flow Meas. Device Type
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: flrifi£e. £dJ. U>niI Date:
Serial No.:
Location:
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
3/6
3 K,
3 )£.
3 /&
3/4.
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
Jt^ Q /
•£ f \J
5 9 (e
5"
4-^-JZ.
39-^
«.t
•- ^V?
JJ.J-
V-7-5"
^/^.^
J 7 • J"
3^-7
00
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,1/2
on I
1/2
.626 Q (PK/T ) on I
3. D 3.
-------
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
* Calibrator Type: Arifikt. fai>/-£U)iT Date: __
Flow Meas. Device Type \) [Sc^> F10T Serial No.: Q AJi Location: lf]e>tLJlT
Hi-Volume Sampler No.
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
(°K)
3C>5
305
3 OS
lof
3 OS
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
5*^
5" 96
S 9 4
J 96
if
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No. # tf J.
Flow Meas. Device Type ])}$£,
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
___ Calibrator Type: A'V-A'gg. C&>l.
Serial No.:
Date:
Location:
7 pfli T
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No. $ *f J.*}
Flow Meas. Device Type ]/l^Cu F/6£L,T
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: Qt>iflC.f. CfcL JLfiiT Date: $13,4- lid,
Location: fflfiUjfil /
Serial No.:
f. //
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
o2tf5"
At 5
325
215
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
S 3 (*
f" Q /
j i v
J ?6-
5 45. V
35.3.
1 Q 'S*
fF"
* a
5J.^
.p.c>
SL •* , ??#'&
-------
APPENDIX B
ReF Device and Rotameter Calibration Data
103
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No.
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: // (j£
Date:
Flow I1
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
leas. Device
Temp.
T
a
3 If
3 IS"
.626 Q
«",:
s Type Vl£(A_
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
Ul
1
ff 77
/"//) /i.r sc
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
7.50
S> oo
3.^0
/Ta)]1/2onl
«7
-rial No. :
Temp.
T
e
(°V\
R. )
33%
3*0
JV7
35)
103
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
/. w
/. to
1.15"
Sis
-.
5-?. /
37-0
.62
-V,
Location: fLf I"
Flow Rates (ft /min
/ b / G
A 0 A r\ A f
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No.
Flow Meas. Device Type !//££,
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: ^g f
Serial No.:
Date:
1 03
Location:
J" '_
Run
No.
1
2
3
A
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
(°K)
304
36t>
30L
3 o(*
3C(,
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
7 L3
1 63
7 £.3
11.3
11*3
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in HO)
ia.30
£f. ^0
7. (.0
J". of
3. Zo
Exhaust
Temp.
T
(°K)
330
331
33V
33?
3
-------
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
o
ON
Hi-Volume Sampler No. 1 ? J. °\ Calibrator Type: /C£/" df.t)lC.£ Date: X///JT /^ £L,mfiU-*S
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
/. 76,
/.J*'
/.j'/
/. //
Flow Rates (ft /min)
Qa
51.7
53.0
314
Vp FT"
rV^r
a I a
LI. 3
5S. 7
rv
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59.4
53. V
3?. 7
t(Pb/Ta)(Te/Ta)]1/2 on I
:^-7-f/
1/2
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3. D 3i
:^-"
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Hi-Volume Sampler No.
Flow Meas. Device Type
F I O H,T
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: fitf df.\/lC& Date:
Serial No.: If) 3
Location:
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
lit
A3*
£34
jjiji
*»v
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
7J-9
15°1
151
75*1
in
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in HO)
11.8*
16.45'
7. If
5. 35"
3.35
Exhaust
Temp.
T
I <°K)
3n
3H
3/4
31 7
313
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
I.It
I- C,1
1.50
1.31
I. 01
Flow Rates (ft /min)
Qa
S8.S-
SJ-^
4(,.4
4o.4
3o.t
Vp, rr
T W T^
a T a
^^. 6
J"^. <£
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43-7
33. t
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5-f.9
5^. A
^7.7
V/.3
3/-J"
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3 D 3- c a.
= JZ3fZ-£/f
/Z, ~.?.7tZ -7-63
7L *,
-------
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
o
00
Hi-Vo]
Flow >
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
.ume Samplei
leas. Device
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
3IL
31 L
-No. X*/J<1 Calibrator Type: Kp.P dt.\J)f.f>. Date: % !<£(, 1 /L
'- Type l//5^ FlfltiJ~ Serial No.:
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
7//
7//
111
711
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
1.IS
L.rt
3.05'
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
345-
317
355"
, x, / ^1/2
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:*£-""
//) 3 Location: jliQ(jL.nT l*l[T£hc.ll
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
/. 7JT
I.S3
J.3Z
Flow Rates (ft /min)
Qa
5*9. V
,fj.9
^i «• 9
_?9 ^
3A?
V^~ rf~
T t/?1
1 W X
a f a
J"f.J
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43. 1
37. A
3c. O
1/2
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3. D d
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^/^(^? ^p- //
^7 ^ f / / 0 v ~
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No. ? *7 Jl *?
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: Tfc/"
Flow >
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
leas. Devic«
Temp.
T
a
»3 c/ y?
^ ^ v
306
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J
> Type Vl£C^
Pressure
pb
(mm Hg)
111
111
Til
in
[(p. /T XT /
D 3 t-
.:;;-
F 1 on,!* s«
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in HO)
11.50
1 .3,0
3. OS
T )]1/2 on I
3.
^
irial No. :
Temp.
T
e
334
33L
343
103
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
/•73
/. to
SL
Qa
33.5-
3I.S-
.62
3*^
Location: r)6LLJ)T
Flow Rates (ft /min)
VT" /T~
^T t/^T
1 W J.
a v a
52.S
5 '3. A
V7. 1
31. $
6 Qa^Pb/Ta)1/2 °n
^^
' MiTfhe.ll
•« w?
5^. ^
J-/. J
J7. 7
i
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-------
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Hi-Volume Sampler No. 2 7eX 9 Calibrator Type: Kef fl£J/M£. Date: $/JL£J7t,
Flow Meas. Device Type V ISO. F 1 0 &sT Serial No.:
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp .
T
a
Pi
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(ram Hg)
111
HI
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
//. 10
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
3JL1
333
103 Location: MoiujT ffl /'/£/ £//
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
J.oo
I. to
.) 4 fm
• 1 . 1 *r
1.34
1. OS
Flow Rates (ft /min)
«.
«:<
*? I "7
J / • »A
3 * a f a
// n *•"_,
y^>. j -j
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J7- J
'V (\ 'T
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37.7
36.2
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3 D 3 c 3
,-U
1/2
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3 D 3
^^7^r-/^7
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No. ff ^ J?
Flow Meas. Device Type j/ / 5 CL>
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
_ Calibrator Type: l{f.f ^lf.^lC,
Serial No.:
Date:
3
Location:
ljt^f\T If) I
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
(° V\
•S-/
c*C O t
an
zii
Ati
At-i
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
in
in
in
in
in
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in HO)
1A.30
10. 00
7- &5~
S.Jf
3.3*
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
310
3)3
3. l(r
3 1$
3 ^ rt
ir 4^k /
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
/- tg
1. It
) . (rO
l.±£>
i. is-
Flow Rates (ft /min)
Qa
51-3
53.7
V7..A
J9. V
31.3
IT rr
• O^D 0 ^Ll ^l /
H ^V T •/ T
» a ™ a
£.0. t
55. 3
48- $
V0. °l
33. t
P~
» a
5%.*+
53- 9
1&.5"
318
3d
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3 u d. c d
111
on I
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1/2
^ J7,
-------
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Hi-Volume Sampler No. X 9J< °l C,
Flow Meas. Device Type ]/j^CL> f 1 0 Lul S<
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
(O y \
CV/
316,
31 t*
3 1C,
3 \L
3 1C,
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
£33
£ JJ
/»5J
^33
L 33>
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
10.1
S.f
3.1
alibrator TI
zrial No. :
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
343
342
35?
J59
^pe: Cc-f Ar.Uire - Date: A (if WL
(03 Location: /Da/^r\7~ ffJiTtLfa&l )
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
/. *0
y. ^9
/.j"4
/JO
3
Flow Rates (ft /min)
^
^/.r
54". o
J7.0
VT" fr"
T W T^
a I a
5o.°l
37-7
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1 a
fT" ft- "5^
yl *? 'y
j_y j y
1 • ,..-..._. ,. .
1 /?
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3 D 3 G 3
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.626 Q (P. /T )1/2 on I
Si D 3.
;r;r"j
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No.
^ M.
Flow Meas. Device Type \J 130, f t DtJl
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: Htf sJc.mf.e~
Serial No.: /63
Date:
Location:
Run
No.
1
2
3
A
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
3o(.
lot,
5 OL>
30L
3DI,
Barometric
Pressure
(mm Hg)
£33
(.33
L 53
(. 33
L 33
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
10. 7
3. (,5
(,. 1
14-. 4
J.7J-
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
J^7
J 32
3 3S
3+0
3+f
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
/. 25
1.73
!. (.1
1.35
!• 1 &>
Flow Rates (ft /min)
Q-
u.s
$4.(e
>+$.3
3°iS
31. (*
IT FT
•626Qa\^V^
f£.3
?l. A
1S.5~
31- jr
30. A
r*~
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S+.S"
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V-3- S~
3$. &>
zt.s-
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,1/2
on I
1/2
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3 D 3
/L =.
-------
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Hi-Volume Sampler No. ft f J( ? Calibrator Type: £<:f (LCT/tCC. ' Date: 9/£?l76>
Flow Meas. Device Type \))^CL. f 1 Q &JT Serial No.:
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
115
J. IS
3. 1$
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
(,33
(.33
L33
(.33
433
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in HO)
10. 1
2. &
(,. if
A. 10
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
3*1
3A3
33A
I&3 Location: ff]f)UjriT tf]llC.he.)l
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
A 6V
I.3S-
US'
Flow Rates (ft /min)
•».
J/.9
Vp /T~
T t/T^
i. H J.
a T a
^/J.JT
37. ^
.» ^v?
VJ.V
3J-?
T /?
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^r *"
.626 Qa(Pb/Ta)1/2 on I
™ "" *
-------
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
I
Hi-Volume Sampler No. 37^7 Calibrator Type: Kf.f firaiCe. ' Date: S/35/76
Flow Meas. Device Type ]lJ3a> F Ictfrt Serial No.:
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Terap.
T
a
9 *rf ^/
cr* a I
3. 1 +
Barometric
Pressure
?b
(mm Hg)
L 33.
(. 33
L, 33
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
7-^
3.C5
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
301
33&>
1 d 3 Location: /f]ab.fll fl/iJ^L/^AJJ
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
/. 20
y.j-0
/.J
-------
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Hi-Volume Sampler No. # ? «2 3 Location: fY}f)U.r\T ffliTf^he.)!
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
/-^
/.5"t
/.3A
\.&1
3
Flow Rates (ft /min)
».
40-S
Vp rr~
r\Y~
a * a
LL Q 1
I \ fL f\
30. JL
a\ T
l a
S3. 1
43. o
34.7
4 A 4
^3*, O ' ^*
1/2
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l!™ "7
.626 Q (P, /T )1/2 on I
3. D SL
~™""'
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No. $ 3 £.
Flow Meas. Device Type
F I £> CuT
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type:
Serial No.:
Date:
3
Location: [Y)f)Uj{T
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
(° V \
Jx/
30L
3 06>
lot,
30L
3o C,
Barometric
Pressure
(mm Hg)
S^L
svc.
5 1C,
S 96.
5 76.
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
^.
v^.^~
3
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No. # *? JZ °l
Flow Meas. Device Type ]j j ^CL> F16CuT
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: 7?g f
Serial No.: //) . 3
Date:
Location: fr)ou.r\l FT) ', Tf.^ g./^
Run
No.
1
2
3
it
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
,297
^97
J197
Ji 9 7
.117
Barometric
Pressure
?b
(mm Hg)
5-^
J"9 d,
5°l (,
f fj ^
*<>(,
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
lo.i
1.1
(..3
if ^
Jl.7
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
313
321
311
333
331
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
J.SJ
/ - L 1
l.S
/•i ^
- ^» o
;.^
Flow Rates (ft /min)
».
59. y
IJ-7
•/?. t
Jf • A
3/.9
Vp /^~
T V^
i W •*•
a i a
J"J. J
il a *?
t*L iL ^
j^. #
J^P.^
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o W J.
i a
5-J.^
47 • ^
VA.-2
J1/- ^
*?£• V • "^
00
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ci D a t; a
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-------
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Hi-Volume Samplei
Flow Meas. Devict
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
JU5*
-2*5"
JU5"
• NO. y'lJ.i d
; Type \)il(L> F loaJ~ S«
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
Sib
5^7 ffiiT&h&ll
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
/. 1
l.SA
1-3
I.I
Flow Rates (ft /min)
%
39.7
rr nr
.626 qa*/^*/^S.
™ a i a
57. V-
^5". 7
37-9
3/-J
.626 Qat/^r-
" W ^
" a
^/ 9 7
JJ. 7
- . _. ... - ... .... .,,.,. ...._!
1/2
i
— - 35s o £. ~i~ — 0* fy-(&
/,, -
-------
APPENDIX C
Orifice Calibration Unit and Pressure Transducer Calibration Data
121
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No. 11 Qdu1ftefr Serial No.:
063.
Date: fl j/
3 06,
lot,
3c&
3c&
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
1&J.
n z
1 L A
1C.A
7 6A
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in HO)
II. f
1.3
7.5
5.0
3.0
Exhaust
Temp.
T
(°K)
3cX9
330
33)
335-
341
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
Sl-S"
5-3.0
41. 0
J9.J-
31.0
Flow Rates (ft /min)
Qa
LoS
54.(*
V9.A
¥6.5"
31.3
/P. /~T~
•626^V^V^
" a I a
LA.C
SL.O
56. £>
4t. 7
3J.J?
rr
.626Qa*/^
1 a
59.?
55.^
ts.&
40 .0
31.4
ho
1 /•)
,626 Q [(P./TJ(T /T> T' on I
3 D 3- c 3
1/2
.626 Q3(P,/T ) ' on I
a. D 3
-Q, 32-?
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No. 7/<9
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type:
Flow Meas. Device Type \rc.?&ljjrt. lr&,n£e}lnJLe.r Serial No.:
Date:
Location: & /
Run
No.
1
2
3
A
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
AIL
<£
ICo
7 (eO
1LO
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
//. 7
9-^
7. tf
S. 1
3-1
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
(® V A
*^J
314
3J.A
J J24
3^4
333
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
JT*. *
J3-f
X / *1 ^**
39.0
3/.
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No. 7#l4
Flow Meas. Device Type
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: flr/ffa £&>!. U.ni!' Date:
Serial No.:
Location:
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
2$D
A 1C
3 io
2 40
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
1L^
7 LA
7 LA
1 LA
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
IA.S"
°l.A
1-3
*•*
Exhaust
Temp .
T
e
>-«J LJ (f
3 Q (&
301
31 s\
1 0
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
£/.5"
55. 5-
5 o • o
33.o
Flow Rates (ft /min)
*.
{.%.5^7#
^ -/ ^^3^
1/2
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^ .9/&Z i-^&//
/L -, 9T70
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No. 7 #
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: Orifice, fcujl. JLniT Date:
Flow Meas. Device Type fr&
lr/L,n£Au.f.f.r Serial No.:
Location:
Run
i
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
a
3 It,
311,
3 \L
3l(r
3lt,
Barometric
Pressure
b
(mm Hg)
111
7/1
111
in
in
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
10. %
tl
L.<\5
5.36
3. IS
Exhaust
Temp.
e
(**V \
R./
341
343
344
34L
351
Flow Rate
Indication
(Arbitrary)
51.5
SJ.o
4L.5'
41-0
31.C
3
Flow Rates (ft /min)
Qa
£/.?
ss.t.
49-9
43-1
34.A
fp~ rr
* a 1 a
1,6.3.
54.4
42.3
4-3-0
33.1
rp~
* a
5 7. 9
5J..A
46,. 7
f/. /
3.1.1
r-o
Ln
1 I")
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3 D cl c d
1/2
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3. D 3.
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No.
Flow Meas. Device Type Prf**Sl^rC.
HI-VOLUKE SAMPLER CAtlBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: ^ri-fi^e. /W. U.fliT Date:
Serial No.: _ fi $£ _ Location:
ft]',7f^kfj)
Run
No.
1
2
3
A
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
36(c
301,
30(e
30C,
3CL,
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
in
in
7 //
7//
711
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in HO)
lo.s-
$.(.
L.I
1.1
J?.7
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
3.A5
3A9
33A
335
3 4o
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
5L. o
so.r
+5.0
31.0
30.0
Flow Rates (ft /min)
Qa
59.?
r^.v
+%. (,
+0-1
31.3
Vp>, r*i
T "I/ T
1 W •
a T a
51?
55- 8
44.3
+0.1,
3I.S
? a
57. ^
5;- 7
4<£ . y
3/- ^
.59 9
.626
,1/2
on I
I
1/2
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3. D 3.
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No. 1% 63,
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: Orifice. £&jL
Date:
Flow Meas. Device Type yc$££ln,rc, lr&jftfctliut,f.r Serial No.: f) 0£ Location: fF)afa,f)7 fH i~Jc.hc.il
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
J?
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No.
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: flri-fife. fl/L,L Ilfii7~ Date:
Flow Meas. Device Type
Jr&jn.4fJii,Ce.r Serial No.:
Location:
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
A13
232
1 13
243
3,13
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
111
111
111
in
1 11
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
II. 10
9. If
7.J.0
*/• 30
^ • &* *J
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
303
3o 7
3 11
3 14
3 11
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
St.*
5J1.5"
^£•5"
3$.$
31. £
Flow Rates (ft3/min)
«.
59.3
54-0
4?. /
40. 0
2,3..°l
VP. /T"
T "W T
Ta T a
(.1.5"
SL.d
5c.d
41 • 1
34.(*
.626 QaV^r-
52. *
53.4
47-7
J9-7
3^.6
NJ
00
1/2
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— - / / / (? -i- i^"_? ^4^*7
x7 " Qc?C? 7
1/2
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3. D G.
Z7^""7
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No.
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: ^r/ff&g. £gjl . JLn'lT Date: ff /Jj 5 / 7&
Flow Meas. Device Type
7rA/te//a.ftgr Serial No.: $£>
Location: fl)dUS)T
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
(° V\
"•/
3 if
j/r
3 IS"
3 If
315
Barometric
Pressure
(mm Hg)
£33
(.33
£33
f, 33
L 33
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
9- 7
' tf. /
L.L
/
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
JJ0
3J/
3 43
311
35-1
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
J5.0
ff-^.S
4f.f
31.0
Al.c
Flow Rates (ft /min)
Qa
«.r
J/i-7
J"/.V
f.A.3
33. 5
/^ l^~
.626 Qat/^ t/?^
a If Ta If Ta
J^- f
J"/. /i
47- £
J?. ^
3/. -V
? a
TJ.JT
JT^. J
^5"- £
J7.r
^9-7
i ~~ - ^^^ ~ ~ - -
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I
~*-~™'7*'
1/2
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ct D a
•=i/,o/% x - <9»£6
-------
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Hi-Volume Sampler No.
Flow Meas. Device 1jy*frtASUjre. TfAJIf^f^r Serial No.:
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
a
305
3 0 5"
J OS
3 &Z
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
^3J
6, 33
£ JJ
433
£3J
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
7 *?
£. J
^/. V-
Jl. 5
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
3.2/7
3J0
333
337
&£>& Location: Wou~nT f'OiTf^^f. i)
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
5*. o
41. 4
3 £.f
Flow Rates (ft3/min)
".
LI. A.
<4 l.te
Si.i
VPK rr~
TT t/^r
Ta f Ta
jr^. ^
V 4. J
3 9. A
..» Q t/5
a\Ta
49- 7
3 7. 5"
.626 Q [(P./T )(T /T )]1/2 on I
a b a e a
— /< c) 3*(? _2T~ -f- f O 1 fa
1/2
.626 Q (P./T ) on I
B. D 3
T'^;1'"'
-------
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Hi-Volume Sampler No. IxDjL Calibrator Type: f)rif/fif L.Oi,\. iLniT Date: % \3^.S \l(f
Flow Meas. Device Typef/"c^5A,rC 1 f &JI& <^£o£Cr Serial No.: f) £) £ Location: P\Ob~T)) flJilC.h&li
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
ZW
ai ^5"
A 9 5*
JL °i$
w
Pressure
(mm Hg)
^3J
(, 33
£ 33
L 33
L 33
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in HO)
10.3
f. /
L. 5"
(/. 7
j.f
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
(° V\
R.y
j-a/
J^/
j^j
3 3.5"
3A9
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
55. r
J"0. 0
44. 0
3^.o
3.1.0
Flow Rates (ft /min)
Qa
4/.7
J1/- ?
49.4
4^.3
J^.7
/p~ n~
» a ? a
59.0
^J -5"
ii *j if
H-o-l
J.1.1
JP
3 + ' v*
So. J
JL) <" 2
J ?- ^
^*.A
.626 Q [(P./T ) ff ^L. —""^ t b / ^^
S7 ' — • y ^ ^^ C^
-------
U)
K5
Hi-Volume Sampler No. 7 $ 03<
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type:
Date:
11 is In
Flow >
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
[eas. Devict
Temp.
T
a
J.SA
A tZ
.626 Q
; Typerr/*#SJcf
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
433
L 33
L 33
(,33
(,3$
[(P,/TJ(T
D 3- "
v/Z-/-^- 7
?97
e. lfeLn£(iu-pr.f.r s«
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
/^. *A
5.A
/T )]1/2 on I
3.
3^
Jrial No. :
Temp.
T
e
3 al
3 cl
3 If
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
56..0
So. 5
35.0
30.0
:
«.
(.to.L
5S.O
.62
.**.
Location: ff\p(j^r\T
Flow Rates (ft /min
V\ r^
T t/ f^
a I a
J7. f
V^- 1
JJ- ^
6 ^a
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No. 7 tf 0
Flow Meas. Device Type
HI -VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: /V/ •£/££, £aJ. JLhiT Date:
ILer Serial No.: /Q Q .3,
13.4 1 76>
Location: r}p/^ / ff\\T(L\\C.l\
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
(° V\
R./
3 1 (e
3 U
3 t (,
J / 6>
3 It,
Barometric
Pressure
(mm Hg)
JT96
5 - ?
3 /.3
.626 Qat/=r-
3 V •*•
™ a
-5" *V 3
1 Z. 1
iJi.S'
J9- ^
JL9. 7
CO
u>
i /9
.626 Q [(P,/TJ(TD/T )] X on I
3 D o c 3.
1/2
.626 Qa(Pb/Ta) on I
•= /.o/2-I +/.
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No.
Flow Meas. Device Type fCe.S.'i U.Cf.
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: drift te. (*.&*!. JLhiT Date:
Serial No.: 0
Location:
l)
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
306,
3 0 6
3 0(.
3 6 IP
201*
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
5" -7 6
5^4
S^L
5
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No. 1 $
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: Qritite. /W. U.nlT Date:
Flow Meas. Device Type /T£5_5A./"£. lr&^n6f^tJL.C.&r Serial No.:
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
(°V"\
"•/
A Q f
/\ & f
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
5~ *? (f
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in HO)
10- 0
7- *
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
32A.
33.5
3JZ.7
333
D D Jl Location: fll/)jt.nT ff)>Tc.he~il
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
S 5". £
v j.r
Flow Rates (ft /min)
".
Jj't
VP j~T~
T W ^
a f a
.5"*. Jl
r/. T
Li le. 0
•626 QAt/^
d W X
™ a
5* J" s?
V9. •/•
_? 9 V
1 /?
.626 Qa [(Pb/Ta)(Te/Ta)]X/^ on I
*,-, 9 99 3
.626 qa(VT//2 on I
-.9KX+AW
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No. 7^
Flow Meas. Device Type
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: dr>tlC.C. tCul.lA.f\iT Date:
Serial No.:
fl A
Location: filfiU.nl fll iTc.hc. l)
Run
No.
1
2
3
A
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
\ **•/
0 @ *J
1 S D
*JL Q a*
3. % £.
1
-------
APPENDIX D
ReF Device and Pressure Transducer Calibration Data
137
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No.
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: ftr-T AfLVlt.^ Date:
Flow Meas. Device Type freA-5 k.r
-------
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
u>
Hi-Volume Samplei
Flow Meas. Devict
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
3^5"
33 Location: QjTT (Lt^rnfUj^S
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
(, 1.0
54.5"
5;. 5"
il a ?. J
1/2
1/2
.626 Q (P, /T ) ' on T
3 D ti
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No. 1 $ D A
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: -fazf dc,viff.£.
Flow Meas. Device Type
I f"a^n£du.f.eC Serial No.:
Date:
Location:
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
<°K)
;L
5
r^.f
^^.6
3r.^
fp~
.626 Qat/^
f &
jf?.2/
jr'f.i-
JT^.'A
^iJ.^
33-4
.626Qa [(Pb/Ta)(Te/Ta)J1/2 on I
.626 0 (P, /T )1/2 on I
•ab a
-------
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Hi-Volume Sampler No. 7aA2. Calibrator Type: Kz£ dciiitLC. Date: 2//tf/7£
Flow Meas. Device Type iTtA^ ln.ru. lr&^n^Au.C.e.r Serial No.:
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
(°K)
JU7
a $1
2in
an
1 31
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
7 Lrb
7 (,o
1 (*0
1 6,0
1£0
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
/j.jzr
//. £>
1. IS
5.^5-
4. /
Exhaust
Temp.
T
(°K)
3 \o
3 U
3 13
317
311
1£3 Location: HTj. C £uflr>$ L>-S
...J-. ^S ... . . _, IIM f
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
£ 1.0
SS.i
Sb.O
4/.r
35.0
Flow Rates (ft /oin)
^a
ns
si.t
11.1
*os
33-1
Vpv rf~
rvM
a T a
(.3.0
SI- t
f I. 1
V-3.1/
SLA
rr
.626 Qat/^
1 a
(fO.L
SS.+
4-9-4
H-1.3
34.JT
1 /?
.626 Qa [(Pb/Ta)(VTa)] on I
i
.626 Qa(Pb/Ta)1/2 on I
^ /. COOT ~ o. 373
/L ^.
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No. 7
Flow Meas. Device Type Tft^SUJ't.
ft»-«
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: ^gf (T/C.VJ£(£. Date: $\3~(* I *1 (f
r Serial No.: \0 3
Location:
tf)',TLhe.l)
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
3 J&
3 U
3 /6-
3 / 1
3 J6
Barometric
Pressure
(mm Hg)
I/I
111
nn
1 11
111
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in HO)
12.0
c\. $5
l.^o
5.35
3.30
Exhaust
Temp .
T
e
339
341
343.
3 */• 5"
3 S3.
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
n.?
f3.0
HI. 5
4o. o4
33.0
Flow Rates (ft /min)
«.
^4-^
S'^.O
53J
^/^-.d)
35.0
K f^T
.626 QaVT V/
1 a i a
63. 1
5" 7. 4
5/.9
43- £
34.7
.« ^v?
^^.-?
iJ". 4
*/?.?
i//.J
.626 Qa [(Pb/Ta)(T£/Ta)]1/2 on I
.626 Q (P. /T )1/2 on I
3. D cl
I
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No. 7 1 Q 3.
Flow Meas. Device Type Trf.S5lt.rf.
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: 'Rg.-C rle.}/>(L(i
fff Serial No.: //> ^
Date:
Location:
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
!a
3o(<,
3 D £>
30 (*
3 OL,
3f>L-
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
7/1
111
i n
nil
in
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
12.0
ID. I
1- 9
L. (, 5"
3.4
Exhaust
Teuip.
T
e
330
33.1
$2£
355
3 y-o
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
J9.I
JJ.jT
41.0
4I-0
33.0
Flow Rates (ft /min)
Qa
^D.^
r/.^
41-4
45.S
340
/p fr~
• o2u 0 m I "~~"" ^l f
3 ^tf T ^« T
t a i a
J-^.l
55.1
4*1 • 1
4S-^-
n.a.
rj-
.626 QaV^
i a
^7.6
J"J- /
*/ 7- /
V-3 . f/
j A. V-
1 /2
.626 Q [
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No. 7#&£
Flow Meas. Device Type fr
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type:
Serial No.:
Date:
/ ft
Location:
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp .
T
a
All
JL97
Jl
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No.
\63L
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: iit.f- Of \)l A. £.
Date:
Flow Meas. Device Type
jf er Serial No.:
103
Location:
il(Lh£.l)
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
426
A 26
426
426
9 -4 /
— •£- 3 v
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
111
111
111
111
111
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in HO)
IJL. 1ST
10.1
§f.0y
5". 7
3. y
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
(O-y \
1S.J
3^?
3 / 0
3 11
3 14
3 /«?
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
60. 0y
55.9
5
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No. 7
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: ^g-f /{•£.}/1 C.&. Date:
Flow Meas. Device Type //-/y^^rr. 7>-/l-nS/Va.Cr,r Serial No.:
Location:
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
(°K)
3/7
3 n
3/7
J/1
3/7
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
£33
^3J
6 33
L33
(,33,
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
lo. So
mo
7. oo
y.tjo
3.25
Exhaust
Temp.
T
(°K)
339
3 4<2
3 V.T
343
35J
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
55. y
5/. ^
45.0
Jljf
JJJ
Flow Rates (ft /min)
Qa
6^.9
T6.o
&. I
^3*3
35-3
Vp. fr""
r\^
a 1 a
55.7
5/-5
4-6.J,
J9.J
J3.^
Pb"
•626Qa\T
I a
53. 9
49.r
+ 4-3
21.+
31. JL
1 /?
.626 Q [(P./TUT /T )]i/Z on I
3. D 3 c 3
1/2
.626 Q (P./T ) ' on I
3 D 3.
- , 967£ + #,277
*, 997?
-------
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Flow Meas. Device Type ff, £ «^re. Tf/i,nS(iuj f.r Serial No.: }A3 Location: ffyatunT ff)i~f£.he. ) )
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
Ta
(°V\
•"•/
307
3al
301
301
301
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
L33
L 33
L 33
(, 33
L 33
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
//. OS'
°l.&5
1.30
5". oo
3.10
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
331
333
334
33$
34-4
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
5L.O
Sl.S
^L.Z
31.0
32.- 0
3
Flow Rates (ft /min)
-------
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
JS
00
Hi-Volume Sampler No. 7 #0 Jl Calibrator Type: H.e£ f^r.\jif.f_ ' Date: $l2.5nL
f\ "^~"
Flow Meas. Device Type rre5.S/i./"£. IfTiJ^^Abvf.f.r Serial No.:
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
^ q 6
2.°i L
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
43J
^ 33
/: 33
L 33
£33
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
II. 45"
9 .So
1.50
5, /$•
3.3J-
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
3 J *
3JU
51*
33/
//D 5 Location: fflfl/jj)} ffliTc.he.jJ
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
55. *
30. /
Flow Rates (ft /min)
«.
5"£>. i
V^T /r~
T \T^
a T a
33.^
.626 Qat/^r-
* a
r/. +
45". 9
j/.j
.«6Qa[(yV(VTa)]"'«I
1/2
.626 Q (P, /T ) ' on I
3. D d.
l'!"^''m
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No.
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: 7?i" -f fj
Date:
Flow Meas. Device Type
I r/LnsHu.f.r.r Serial No.:
8/J Si
Location: jY^u.nI
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
A*r
J 15
^ <3 ^
«>s o _x
3. 15
IIS
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
L33
L 33
L 23
L 33
L 33
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
//. 7
l.cs
i. no
5.20
3. 45-
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
(OT*\
f^J
301
302
3 10
5 13
5 1?
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
57. 0
53. S
H-l.o
3^.0
31.0
Flow Rates (ft /min)
"a
Ll.G
SS.L
4*1.1
m.3
3*4.0
IT- rr
* a T a
fl.l
5"1/. 0
43. (*
Uf>. 4
3J.4
r*~
.626 QaV^r-
SL.ti
5-1.
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No. 11 b 3.
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER-CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: 'Rf { rlei/if.e. Date:
2/3.4- /76>
Flow Meas. Device Type
1fiLI\sAlA.C.f.r Serial No.:
Location:
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
311
3 11
3 11
3 11
3 il
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
J 1 V>
t- a t
5^(*
5 1 £>
S3 (r
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
10. 10
3. IS
(,. 15
1 . $0
3.10
Exhaust
Temp.
T
e
3^0
34J,
3V- 4
3^°i
35*
Flow Rate
Indication
I
(Arbitrary)
S3. 1
5 £>. o
/f//.5~
31A
36.5-
Flow Rates (ft /min
'a
LSA
J"7.£
Si. I
43J
35.1
Pb f\
•626 Q */_**/ ^£
1 a 1 a
SLA
Si. V
15. 1
J2.2
31. 3
.626 QaV^r-
5UA
WA
tJ-l
31-0
3 o.l
Ul
o
i /9
.626 Q [(P./T J(T^/T ) T' on I
a D a £ 3
.626 Q(P/T)
1/2
aba
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No. 7 3 $
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: r?£/ At. !/'£.£- ' Date:
Flow Meas. Device Type re.$:>U.rC. r/i.nS(i i^f.ij r Serial No.: }[)'•*>
Location: fY]pi^nl PI/ Td h C 11
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
(°K)
3 o *
3 i\-.
^ /i i
j i .«'
^ x- ' ^
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
f ^» /
*.' / mp .
T
e
(°K)
351
53
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No. / %
Flow Meas. Device Type rg S5tir€.
Type /r
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type: f\r_ £• ae ifif-C. ' Date:
u^ffT Serial No.: Id3 _
Location: [f)oU.r\l fll'i T(L h £. 1 I
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
(°K)
l°il
311
I'll
z°n
311
Barometric
Pressure
?b
(nun Hg)
5?£
5°i(t
5 Iff
5 tir
5°i (.
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in H20)
lo.i?
<}.3(0
1.3.5
4.10
3. If
Exhaust
Temp.
T
(°K)
3
-------
Hi-Volume Sampler No. 7
HI-VOLUME SAMPLER CALIBRATION DATA SHEET
Calibrator Type:
Date:
Flow Meas. Device Type
7/Vx,/v4 A U^tfS Serial No.:
Location:
)iTt.hc.!l
Run
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Ambient
Temp.
T
a
(° V \
"/
J*\ £* C^
£ 24
J? V 6
J 2£
m
Barometric
Pressure
Pb
(mm Hg)
5^
JLX /
/ (f
5 cl ^
Zif*
SU
Pressure Drop
Across Calibrator
AH (in HO)
//. J5-
^. ^
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before comnleting)
1 REPORT NO.
EPA-600/4-78-047
2.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
INVESTIGATION OF FLOW RATE CALIBRATION PROG
ASSOCIATED WITH THE HIGH VOLUME METHOD FOR
OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATES .
7 AUTHOR(S)
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSI ON" NO.
5. REPORT DATE
EDURES May 1978
DETERMINATIONS. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12191*
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27709
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS ,
Environmental Monitoring and Support Labora
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1HD621
T1. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2277
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
tory Final 76-77
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT Determination of total suspended particulate (TSP) in the a
high-volume method requires three independent measurements, mass of p
lected, sampling flow rate, and sampling time. Several potential sour
each of the three above measurements have been identified. Implement
cally sound, standardized flow rate calibration has long been recogni
most effective means of improving the accuracy and precision of TSP d
for accomplishing this have not been standardized.
The purpose of this project was to investigate potential sources
flow rate calibration used in making TSP measurements using the EPA r
The first task was a theoretical study of the flow rate calibration a
techniques applicable to the high-volume sampler, and secondly to des
an experimental program to assess the validity of the theoretical stu
perature and pressure corrections for calibration and use of the high
The indications from this study are that to comply with EPA's require
ambient air quality data be referenced to standard conditions of 298°
mm Hg and to increase the comparability of TSP data, the flow rate sh
the flow rate of a standard volume and reported as mass/std volume, e
procedure would require that ambient temperature and barometric press
of sample collection be known in order to calculate the flow rate bas
volume .
mbient air by the
articulate col-
ces of error in
ation of techni-
zed as one of the
ata. Procedures
of error in the
eference method.
nd measurement
ign and carry out
dy concerning tem-
- volume sampler.
ment that all
K (25°C) and 760
ould be based on
.g., g/SCM. This
ure at the time
ed on standard
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
13 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
air pollution
calibrating
19. SECURITY CLASS (Tins Report i
UNCLASSIFIED
20. SECURITY CLASS /This page/
UNCLASSIFIED
c. COSATl Field/Group
13B
14B
21. NT OF PAGES
153
22 Pml-t-
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
------- |