PB86-171394
EPA-600/8-86-013
RELMAP:
A REGIONAL LAGRANGIAN MODEL OF AIR POLLUTION
USER'S GUIDE
by
Brian K. Eder, Dale H. Coventry, Terry L. Clark
Meteorology and Assessment Division
Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
Catherine E. Bellinger
Computer Sciences Corporation
P.O. Box 12767
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27709
Project Officer
Brian K. Eder
Meteorology and Assessment Division
Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
REPRODUCED. BY
NATIONAL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SERVICE
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
SPRINGFIEID. VA. 22161
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
, *'.«
West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Floor
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA I
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing!
1. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA/600/8-86/013
4.
7.
9.
12
IS
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
RELMAP: A REGIONAL LAGRANGIAN MODEL OF AIR
POLLUTION USER'S GUIDE
AUTHOR(S)
Brian K. Eder, Dale H. Coventry, Terry L. Clark,
and Catherine E. Bollinger*
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Same as in 12.
* Computer Sciences Corporation .
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory- RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
6. REPORT DATE
March 1986
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
CDTA1D/03-4149 FY-86
1 1. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA /600/09
E
The REgional Lagrangian Model of Air Pollution (RELMAP) is a mass conserving,
Lagrangian model that simulates ambient concentrations and wet and dry depositions
of SOp, S0.s, and fine and coarse particulate matter over the eastern United States
and southeastern Canada (default domain). Discrete puffs of pollutants, which are
released periodically over the model's domain, are transported by wind fields and
subjected to linear chemical transformation and wet and dry deposition processes.
The model, which is generally run for one month, can operate in two different output
modes. The first mode produces patterns of ambient concentration, and wet and dry
deposition over the defined domain, and the second mode produces interregional ex-
change matrices over user-specified source/receptor regions. RELMAP was written in
FORTRAN IV on the Sperry UNIVAC 1100/82, and consists of 19 preprocessor programs
that prepare meteorological and emissions data for use in the main program, which
uses 17 subroutines to produce the model simulations. The procedure necessary for
running the preprocessors and the model is presented in an example execution, which
also allows the user to verify his results. A statistical evaluation of the model
reveals that seasonal and annual simulations of sulfur wet deposition for 1980 gen-
erally agree within a factor of two with the observed data. The model, which gener-
ally over predictes wet deposition in the spring and summer, produced Pearson correl-
ation coefficients that range between 0.208 during autumn, and 0.689 during spring.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COS AT I Field/Croup
I. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
1». SECURITY CLASS I Tins Report>~
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
146
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page I
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA F»m2220_l (fUv. 4~77) PREVIOUS COITION it OBSOLETE
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DISCLAIMER
The information in this document has been funded by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency. It has been subject to the Agency's peer
and administrative review, and it has been approved for publication as an
EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
AFFILIATION
Mr. Eder, Mr. Coventry, and Mr. Clark are on assignment from the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.
ii
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PREFACE
One of the main research activities of the Meteorology and Assessment
Division is the development, evaluation, validation, and application of
models for the simulation of meteorology and air quality. Such models
must be able to simulate air quality and atmospheric processes affecting
the dispersion of airborne pollutants on scales that range from local to
global. Within the Division, the Atmospheric Modeling Branch adapts and
evaluates new and existing meteorological dispersion models, such as
RELMAP, and makes these models available through EPA's User's Network for
Applied Modeling of Air Pollution (UNAMAP) system. The UNAMAP system may
be purchased on magnetic tape from the National Technical Information
Service (NTIS).
Although attempts are made to thoroughly check out computer programs,
errors are occasionally found. In case there is a need to correct or
update this model or the user's guide, revisions may be obtained as they
are issued by completing and sending in the form on the last page of this
guide.
Comments and suggestions regarding this publication should be directed
as follows:
Chief, Atmospheric Modeling Branch
Meteorology and Assessment Division (MD-80)
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Technical questions regarding use of RELMAP or this user's guide may be
asked by calling (919) 541-3660. Users within the Federal Government may
call FTS 629-3660. Copies of this document are available from NTIS,
Springfield, VA 22161.
iii
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ABSTRACT
The REgional Lagrangian Model of Air Pollution (RELMAP) is a mass-
conserving, Lagrangian model that simulates ambient concentrations and
wet and dry depositions of SC^, S04=, and fine and coarse participate
matter over the eastern United States and southeastern Canada (default
domain). Discrete puffs of pollutants, which are released periodically
over the model's domain, are transported by wind fields and subjected
to linear chemical transformation and wet and dry deposition processes.
The model, which is generally run for one month, can operate in two
different output modes. The first mode produces patterns of ambient
concentration, and wet and dry deposition over the defined domain, and
the second mode produces interregional exchange matrices over user-specified
source/receptor regions.
RELMAP was written in FORTRAN IV on the Sperry UNIVAC 1100/82, and
consists of 19 preprocessor programs that prepare meteorological and
emissions data for use in the main program, which uses 17 subroutines to
produce the model simulations. The procedure necessary for running the
preprocessors and the model is presented in an example execution, which
also allows the user to verify his results.
A statistical evaluation of the model reveals that seasonal and annual
simulations of sulfur wet depositions for 1980 generally agree within a
factor of two with the observed data. The model, which generally over-
predicts wet deposition in spring and summer, produced Pearson correlation
coefficients that ranged between 0.208 during autumn and 0.689 in spring.
1v
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CONTENTS
Preface i i i
Abstract i v
Figures. vii
Tables i x
Acknowledgments xi
1. Introduction 1-1
Pu rpose 1-1
History 1-1
Features and Limitations 1-3
Input Data Requirements 1-6
Output Formats 1-7
2. Theoretical Basis of the Model 2-1
Transport and Diffusion 2-5
Transformation Rate 2-8
Derivation of the RELMAP Transformation Rate Algorithm...2-9
Dry Deposi t i on Rates 2-16
S02, S0i=, and Fine Particulate Matter 2-18
Coarse Particulate Matter 2-22
Wet Deposi t i on Rates 2-24
3. Model Performance Evaluation 3-1
4. Computer Aspects 4-1
Introduction 4-1
System-Dependent Limitations 4-2
Other Considerations 4-4
Preprocessors .4-6
Surface Observation Data 4-8
Upper Air Data 4-11
PGM-TIME 4-13
Precipitation Data 4-14
Emissions Data.... 4-18
Dry Deposition Velocities 4-24
Source Region for Source-Receptor Mode 4-25
The RELMAP Model 4-26
MAIN 4-27
The Subroutines .4-27
Input and Output Files 4-30
5. Example Execution 5-1
PGM-SFC1 5-4
PGM-SFC2 5-5
PGM-TIME 5-7
PGM-RAOB 5-8
PGM-RAOB2 5-9
PGM-T IME 5-10
WNDO-FIL 5-12
DEPPUFP 5-12
LOCATR 5-14
MASTER 5-14
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CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
RTREV 5-15
GRID 5-16
HOLEZ 5-17
MAIN 5-18
References R-l
Appendices
A. Subroutines Required by the Programs A-l
B. Output File Format Requirements for Certain Programs B-l
C. Error Messages .C-l
D. Code Changes for Programs with PARAMETER Statements D-l
E. Arrays of the u- and v-components of surface and 850-mb
winds and of the cloud cover E-l
vi
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FIGURES
Number Page
2.1 RELMAP's 45° x 30° latitude-longitude default domain 2-2
2.2 Three-layer vertical profile with nighttime allocation
of emissions 2-3
2.3 Depiction of RELMAP parameterizatiions 2-7
2.4 Bimodal probability distribution of particle size 2-9
2.5 Latitudinal variation in transformation rate of SC^ to SQq~...2-15
2.6 Diurnal variation in transformation rate of S0£ to SO^3 2-15
2.7 Land use categories used for dry deposition calculations 2-17
3.1 Scatter diagrams of predicted vs. observed values of sulfur
wet deposition for winter and spring 3-4
3.2 Scatter diagrams of predicted vs. observed values of sulfur
wet deposition for summer and autumn 3-5
3.3 Scatter diagram of predicted vs. observed values of sulfur
wet deposition for the entire year ....3-6
3.4 Sulfur wet deposition standardized residuals for winter
and spring ....3-7
3.5 Sulfur wet deposition standardized residuals for summer
and autumn 3-8
3.6 Sulfur wet deposition standardized residuals for the
entire year 3-9
4.1 Structure diagram of preprocessors used for RELMAP 4-7
4.2 Structure diagram of subroutines used in RELMAP 4-26
5.1 Subgrid (12° x 13°) used in the example execution .5-2
5.2 Annotated precis of tape that accompanies user's guide.. 5-3
5.3 Gridded values from example execution output results .5-20
5.4 Source/receptor matrices from example execution output
resu Its 5-26
vii
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FIGURES (CONTINUED)
5.5 Depiction of the six source regions used in the
exampl e executi on 5-29
5.6 Depiction of the 19 receptor regions used in the
example execution 5-30
vm
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TABLES
Number Page
2.1 Summary of attributes of RELMAP 2-5
2.2 Variables in equations 2.5 and 2.6 2-11
2.3 Average length of day at 40° latitude for the middle of
each month 2-12
2.4 Empirical constants for the monthly maximum dry component
of the transformation rate 2-13
2.5 Seasonal S02 dry deposition velocities by land use
category and P-G stability class 2-20
2.6 Seasonal SQ^~ and fine particulate matter dry deposition
velocities by land use category and P-G stability class 2-21
2.7 Coarse particulate matter dry deposition velocities by
land use category and P-G .stability class 2-23
2.8 Wet deposition rates for S02, $04% and fine and coarse
particulate matter 2-25
3.1 Statistical evaluation of RELMAP ....3-3
4.1 RELMAP data sources 4-2
4.2 Input card image for PGM-SFC1 4-9
4.3 Required internal file names for PGM-SFC2 4-10
4.4 Input card image for PGM-SFC2 4-10
4.5 Input card image for PGM-RAOB 4-12
4.6 Input card image for PGM-RAOB2 4-13
4.7 . Input card image for PGM-TIME 4-13
4.8 Input card image for RTREV 4-15
4.9 Input card image for CANRAIN 4-16
4.10 User input to GRID 4-17
4.11 User input to RTREVP and RTREVA 4-21
4.12 User input to RELMAPP and RELMAPA 4-22
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TABLES (CONTINUED)
Number Page
4.13 Output files produced by DEPPUFP 4-25
4.14 Input card image for DEPPUFP 4-25
4.15 Input files to the RELMAP model 4-30
4.16 INPUT-DAT van" abl es 4-32
4.17 Output files generated by RELMAP 4-36
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to express their appreciation to Jim Paumier, of
Computer Sciences Corporation, for his contribution to this document. We
would also like to thank Barbara Hinton, of EPA, for her typing assistance,
and Adrian Busse, of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
for the use of the following programs: PACK-POINT, PACK-AREA, and ATAPE.
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
Ambient concentrations and depositions of pollutants are highly
variable, despite the relatively small fluctuations in seasonal pollutant
emissions. Differences in pollutant concentrations and depositions are
attributed primarily to variability in transport, dispersion, dry deposition
rates, precipitation, and chemical transformation rates.
Air pollution models that simulate these processes can predict
concentration and deposition amounts on a regional (>100 km) scale.
These simulations contribute to the following goals:
° a better understanding of the effects of meteorological
variability,
o an identification of source regions significantly contributing
to regional environmental problems,
° an estimation of the contribution of source regions to one
or more receptor regions.
The REgional Lagrangian Model of Air Pollution (RELMAP) was designed
to meet these goals.
HISTORY
During the mid-1970s, SRI International developed a Lagrangian puff
air pollution model called European Regional Model of Air Pollution
(EURMAP) for the Federal Environment Office of the Federal Republic of
Germany (Johnson ej^ aj_., 1978). This regional model simulated monthly
S02 and S04= concentrations, wet and dry deposition patterns, and generated
matrices of international exchanges of sulfur for 13 countries of western
and central Europe.
1-1
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By the late 1970s, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
sponsored SRI International to adapt and apply EURMAP to eastern North
America. The adapted version of this model, called Eastern North American
Model of Air Pollution (ENAMAP), also calculated monthly S02 and S04=
concentrations, wet and dry deposition patterns, and generated matrices
of interregional exchanges of sulfur for a user-defined configuration of
regions (Bhumralker e_t a\_., 1980; Johnson, 1983). ENAMAP made it possible
to assess the contribution of sulfur emissions from individual states and
provinces to the sulfur concentrations and depositions across the same
regions, as was demonstrated during the U.S./Canadian Memorandum of
Intent on Transboundary Air Pollution (Clark and Coventry, 1983).
During the early 1980s, EPA modified and improved the model to
increase its flexibility and scientific credibility. By 1985, simple
parameterizations of processes involving fine (diameters < 2.5 p. m) and
coarse (2.5 u. m < diameter < 10.0 u. m) particulate matter were incorporated
into the model in response to impending federal standards for inhalable
particulate matter. The model treats SQ^= and fine particulate matter as
two exclusive entities and expects input emissions data that delineates
between the two accordingly. This newest version of the model, RELMAP,
is capable of simulating concentration and wet and dry deposition patterns
of S02, S0^=, and fine and coarse particulate matter. It can also generate
source-receptor matrices of S02, S04= and particulate matter for user-
defined regions.
1-2
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FEATURES AND LIMITATIONS
As RELMAP was designed, two conflicting goals in the development of
a regional-scale model became evident. On one hand, the model was to
simulate pertinent physical and chemical processes with detailed, state-of-
the-art parameterizations on appropriate spatial and temporal scales. On
the other hand, to be useful as a regulatory tool, the model was to
require the following: (1) a small volume of input data, (2) short data
processing and CPU times, and (3) low computer costs. To satisfy both
goals, the pertinent physical and chemical processes were highly parameterized
by using available data and current theories to create a regional pollution
model capable of simulating monthly concentrations and depositions of
S02, S04=, and fine and coarse particulate matter. These parameterizations
are representative for long-term periods (e.g., one month) and should not
be interpreted as being representative for shorter periods.
RELMAP consists of 19 preprocessing programs that prepare gridded
meteorological and emissions data for use in the main program. The
main program uses 17 subroutines to generate the simulations. RELMAP was
developed on a Sperry UNI VAC 1100/82, but the model can be run on other
systems with minor changes, as described in Section 4.
The assessment of the effects of emissions of S02, S04~, and fine and
coarse particulate matter on concentration and deposition across downwind
areas has been debated considerably over recent years. Because it is not
possible to quantitatively measure the relationships, simulation models
have been developed to estimate them. RELMAP represents state-of-the-art
modeling for the simulation of the transport, diffusion, transformation,
and deposition of these pollutants. The model produces two kinds of
output: (1) spatial patterns of concentration and deposition, and
1-3
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(2) interregional pollutant exchange tables that indicate how much of a
pollutant in a region was emitted locally and how much originated in
other specified areas.
Another feature of RELMAP is its flexibility. The values of more
than fifty parameters have been defined with default values. The user
can redefine these parameters by changing the default values, which
are located in one subroutine. A list of the values of the default
parameters and those changed by the user is generated in the printout of
all model executions. A description of the parameters used in the model
and the steps required to change them are described in Section 4.
The parameterizations used to simulate the complex meteorological
and chemical processes occurring within the atmospheric boundary layer
are only accurate to a limited degree. Chemical transformation rates
used in the model are based on laboratory experiments and a limited
number of field experiments. Therefore, discrepancies with real-world
transformation rates may occur. Likewise, wet and dry deposition rates,
derived empirically from limited site measurements under specific but
limited conditions, are difficult to generalize over the spatial resolution
of a regional model. As a result, there is a wide range of generally
accepted values. The optimum values of most of the parameters used in
the model have been investigated by numerical experimentation, but not
all are known. Therefore, the user has the option of specifying other
parameter values. As more knowledge is gained about the parameterizations
used by the model, new values will be substituted, thereby making RELMAP
a constantly evolving model.
Model simulations were originally limited to the area bounded by 25°
and 55° N latitude and 60° to 105° W longitude, and these are still the
1-4
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default values for domain size. With these default values, the maximum
number of grid cells considered at any one time by the model is 1350
(45 east-west and 30 north-south); each grid cell has a minimum spatial
resolution of 1° x 1°, or roughly 10,000 km2. The geographic domain of
RELMAP may be easily changed by the user to any latitude-longitude grid
of larger or smaller scale. Although the minimum temporal resolution
accepted by the model is 1 h, we recommend a 2-h time step (the default
value). We do not recommend using RELMAP fo'r periods much shorter than a
month because of the temporal limitations of the model's parameterizations.
As with the parameterizations, the meteorological data used by the
model are limited in terms of spatial and temporal resolution. As an
example, the upper air measurements used to determine the 850-mb wind
patterns in the model are only made every 12 h at just 50 National Weather
Service Stations throughout the entire (default) domain of the model.
Added to this uncertainty are the smoothing and interpolation errors
«
introduced when gridding these data on the spatial and temporal scales
required by the model. Emissions data also contain uncertainties; estimates
of total sulfur emissions (by state) in the northeastern United States
can vary by as much as 15% (U.S./Canadian MOI, 1982).
In summary, there are many uncertainties in RELMAP itself and in
the input data it uses. The accuracy of the model can be expected to
improve as the model's parameterizations are refined. Currently, monthly
values of measured and computed S02 and S0^~ concentrations and depositions
generally agree within a factor of two (for the default domain), resulting
in reasonably accurate spatial patterns.
1-5
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INPUT DATA REQUIREMENTS
Input data used in RELMAP can be divided into three major categories:
meteorological: surface and 850-mb winds, precipitation, and
monthly maximum mixing heights,
emissions: point (stack) and area sources of SC^, SO^",
and fine and coarse particulate matter,
terrain: land use type (after Sheih et_ aj_., 1979).
The lower winds are derived from 6-h surface reports, and the upper winds
are derived from 12-h reports from approximately 50 sites within the
model's default domain. Precipitation is derived from nearly 2000 hourly
stations within the United States and hourly and daily stations in Canada.
The emissions data, which vary with season, are broken down into either
point (stack) sources or area sources. Point-source emissions are injected
into the middle layer (200-700 m) of the model. Area-source emissions
are injected into the lowest layer. The land use data are used in the
calculation of dry deposition rates of S02, S04=, and fine and coarse
particulate matter. Sources for the individual input data types are
given in Section 4 (Table 4.1).
All input- data must be converted from their original raw forms to
the gridded forms required by the model. This requires spatial interpolation
Of the data from reporting stations to grid cells with a user-defined
(1° x 1° = default) resolution. Temporal interpolation is also required
to convert the time increments of the raw data, which vary from 1 h to 12 h,
into the user-defined time increment of the model (2 h = default). These
conversions are accomplished by the preprocessors and are discussed in
Section 4.
1-6
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OUTPUT FORMATS
Output can be generated in two major formats (examples of both are
in Section 5), but both formats cannot be produced by the same model run.
The first format generates user-defined (45 x 30 = default) arrays of
gridded values of ambient concentrations and wet and dry deposition of
S02, S04=, total sulfur, and fine and coarse particulate matter. The
second output format, which considers the same parameters, produces
source-receptor matrices. In this mode, any number of cells or group of
cells can be defined by the user as a source or receptor region. Any
source-receptor combination can be selected by the user, and the source
regions can be different from the receptor regions.
With both output formats, depositions are given in kilograms per
hectare, and concentrations are given in micrograms per cubic meter.
A budget of total sulfur and particulate matter throughout each model
simulation precedes the output arrays. This budget table contains total
pollutant input into the model, total wet deposition and total dry
deposition of the pollutant, the amount that was transported off the
grid, the amount of pollutant that remained in puffs at the completion of
each run, and, when applicable, the amount of pollutant transformed
(e.g., S02 into SO^).
The following sections of this user's guide describe the technical
formulation of RELMAP in more detail, including information on the
meteorological theory involved and on computer aspects of the model.
Section 2 focuses on the theoretical aspects of RELMAP; Section 3 provides
a statistical evaluation of the model to help the user assess the
applicability of RELMAP to his particular needs. Section 4 is directed
1-7
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toward computer specialists and provides the information necessary for
the proper installation and execution of the model. The final section
provides an example of how to execute the model and permits the user to
verify the execution of the model on his computer system through a
comparison of results.
1-8
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SECTION 2
THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE MODEL
RELMAP is a mass-conserving, regional-scale Lagrangian model that
simulates ambient concentrations as well as wet and dry depositions of
502, S(>4=, and fine and coarse particulate matter. The model performs
monthly (default) simulations on a user-defined latitude-longitude grid
with a user-defined degree of resolution (approximately 10,000 km^ with
the default domain size) covering the eastern two-thirds of the United
States and southeastern Canada (Figure 2.1). The north-south and east-
west boundaries of the model's default domain extend from 25° to 55°N
latitude and from 60° to 105°W longitude, respectively. RELMAP is not
restricted to this geographic domain; the user may specify a different
domain, either smaller or larger than the default size, by changing
PARAMETER statements in some of the subroutines. These changes are
discussed in Section 4. When changing the location of the domain, the
user should consider the potential effects of physical barriers (such as
extensive mountain ranges) outside the default domain that have not been
evaluated by RELMAP. Our analyses have thus far been confined to the
default domain, and all discussions are based on our work with it or a
subset of it.
RELMAP divides the atmospheric boundary layer into three layers,
into which seasonal emissions are injected. As seen in Figure 2.2, the
first layer is between the surface and 200 m, and the second is between
200 and 700 m. The depth of the third layer depends on the maximum
mixing height, which varies (default values) from 1150 m in winter, to
2-1
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n
Figure 2.1. RELMAP's 45° x 30° latitude-longitude default domain.
2-2
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1300 m in spring and fall, to 1450 m in summer (Endlich e_t ail_., 1983).
In the default mode, discrete puffs of S02, S0^=, and fine (excluding
SO^) and coarse particulate matter are released every 12 h for each of the
1350 grid cells that contain sources. The mass of the pollutant emitted is
determined by adjusting the annual emissions by the seasonal adjustment
(if known).
1450 -
1300
Figure 2.2. Three-layer vertical profile with nighttime allocation
of emissions.
2-3
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Linear chemical transformation and wet and dry deposition processes
are simulated as the puff is transported across the model's domain. For
each time step, suspended mass pollutant and deposition of each puff are
apportioned into the appropriate grid cells based on the percentage of
puff over each grid cell (Figure 2.3).
The rate of change in mass of pollutants (S02, SO^2, and fine and
coarse particulate matter) resulting from transformation and deposition is
proportional to total mass and is defined through the following equations:
S02: - = -Mi(Kt + Kdl + Kwl); (2.1)
dt
dM2
S04=: - = -M2(-3/2 Kt + Kd2 + Kw2); (2.2)
dt
dM3
Fine Particulate: - = -M3(Kd3 + Kw3); (2.3)
Coarse Particulate: - = -M4(Kd4 + Kw4), (2.4)
dt
where M^ is the mass of the respective pollutants (in kilotons), t is
time (in hours), K^ is the transformation rate of S02 into S04=, Kd is
the dry deposition rate, and Kw is the wet deposition rate. The 3/2
factor used in (2.2) represents the ratio of the molecular weights of
S0^= and S02. A summary of the attributes of RELMAP is provided in
Table 2.1.
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TABLE 2.1 SUMMARY OF ATTRJBUTES OF RELMAP*
Attribute
Description
Type
Domain
Number of layers
Grid size
Puff frequency
Tracking increment
Horizontal diffusion
Vertical transport
Meteorological Input data
Terrain input data
Transformation rate
S02 - S04*
Dry deposition rate
S02i $04°. fine particles
Coarse partcles
Wet deposition rate
SO?, S04°. and fine
ana coarse particles
Lagrangian puff model for SOi, S04~, and fine
and coarse particulate matter
Eastern United States and southeastern Canada,
25° to 55° N latitude and 60° to 105° W
longi tude
Three layers: 0-200 m, 201-700 m, and 701-
monthly averaged maximum mixing height
1" x 1° (approximately 10,000 km2)
12 h
2 h
Constant expansion rate of 339 km^/h
Instantaneous, complete mixing between layers
during day; no mixing across layer boundaries
at night
1° x 1° grids of temporally interpolated surface
and 850-mb winds, 3-h precipitation amounts,
and monthly averaged maximum mixing heights
Based on land use type
Function of solar insolation
Function of land use type, season, and stability
index
Function of land use type, season, stability index,
and particle size distribution
Function of season and precipitation rate
* All values given refer to those used in the model's defaultjnode, except for
type. The default mode for type considers only S02 and $04".
TRANSPORT AND DIFFUSION
For long-term regional-scale models such as RELMAP, turbulence-
generated dispersion is not as significant as transport and removal
processes (Draxler, 1984). Because of this, RELMAP parameterizes both
2-5
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horizontal and vertical diffusion very simply.
During the unstable regimes of midday periods, pollutants from both
point and area sources become well mixed below the mixing height well
before the pollutants are transported a distance comparable to the spatial
resolution of the default grid. For this reason, we assume instantaneous,
complete mixing within the three layers of the model during the unstable
daylight hours (subroutine DAYNIT determines whether it is day or night
at a puff's location). Computationally, this is achieved by dividing the
total mass of the emissions between the layers in proportion to the layer
depths, thereby producing equal concentrations.
After sunset, when mixing is prohibited by stable conditions, point-
source and area-source emissions are injected into separate layers and
confined to those layers. As Figure 2.2 illustrates, all emissions from
area sources remain in Layer 1, within 200 m of the surface. Emissions
from point sources are allocated into Layer 2, accounting for typical
plume rise, which averages several hundred meters (Briggs, 1975).
Horizontal diffusion of the puffs in RELMAP occurs at a constant
rate, so that the area of each puff increases at a rate of 339 knr/h
(default). Pollutant mass in the puff is homogeneous in the horizontal
plane at all times. The value of this puff expansion rate was based on
the standard deviations of the considerable vector errors associated with
calculating long-range trajectories (Pack et^ aj_., 1978; Clarke e_t al..
1983). Nasstrom et_ a]_. (1985), who pointed out that a model-calculated,
layer-averaged trajectory must consider trajectory error, have shown that
the standard deviation of the trajectory error dominates the error for
horizontal diffusion.
2-6
-------
Each puff is transported in user-specified (default = 2 h; maximum = 6 h)
time steps by using vertically integrated and horizontally and temporally
interpolated wind fields until the puff is either transported out of the
model's domain or the mass of the pollutant falls below user-defined
minimum values (Figure 2.3). The pollutants in each of the three layers
of a puff are transported in the same direction at the same speed. The
puff remains an indivisible entity. Vertical shear is not directly
considered as a component of the transport process to avoid the significant
increase in computer time required to track branching puff segments.
However, its effect is considered inherently in the enhanced horizontal
diffusion rate of the puff.
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2-7
-------
The transport velocity of the puffs is determined by integrating
mass-weighted u- and v-components of the three layers, which are derived
from the preprocessed wind velocities for the grid cell containing the
puff's centroid {the geographic center of the puff). Wind velocity in
the lowest layer is defined as surface wind velocity; wind velocity in
the top layer is the 850-mb wind velocity, and wind velocity in the middle
layer is a weighted average of surface (0.2) and 850-mb (0.8) wind
velocities.
TRANSFORMATION RATE
RELMAP treats fine and coarse particulate matter as independent non-
evolving pollutants; that is, physical and chemical transformations of
fine particles to coarse particles are considered to be negligible. This
premise is supported by particle size distributions obtained from ambient
monitoring data (Suggs et_^l_., 1981). Plots of size distributions typically
indicate a bimodal distribution with peaks in the fine and coarse particle
ranges and a deep gap oscillating between 1 and 5 u. m (Figure 2.4).'
However, RELMAP does consider the transformation of S02 to S0^=. In
the atmosphere, this rate varies nonexclusively with solar insolation
(and thus, time of day, time of year, and latitude) and moisture content.
These factors are considered by RELMAP either explicitly or implicitly.
Because of the limitations of Lagrangian models, nonlinear photochemical
reactions, governed by the concentrations of hydrocarbons, organic radicals,
and free radicals (e.g., OH and H20£) that react either directly or indirectly
with SOg, are not considered. However, the RELMAP transformation rate
algorithm, based primarily on power plant plume measurements, inherently
accounts for the effects of some of these reactions.
2-8
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predicted the noontime winter rate to be about five times less than that
for summer.
The studies cited above excluded the role of moisture content, that
is, data were not obtained within clouds. However, recent field studies
have indicated that (1) cloud processes are important in transforming
pollutants (Isaac e± aj_., 1983), and (2) transformation rates in saturated
environments are increased by an order of magnitude. Scott (1982) empirically
determined that rates in precipitating clouds can range from 5.0 to 20.0 %/h
in winter and from 7.0 to 40.0 %/h in summer. He concluded that the actual
rates are functions of storm efficiency, cloud height, and concentrations
of S02 and SO^ in the mixed layer.
From these field studies, it is apparent that the transformation rate
consists of at least two components: one for dry conditions (homogeneous
component), and one for saturated conditions (heterogeneous component). It
is also apparent from these studies that the relative contribution of these
components is seasonally dependent. The RELMAP transformation rate algorithm
considers both components:
Transformation Rate = c [homogeneous comp.] + d [heterogeneous comp.], (2.5)
where the homogeneous component = PCTMAX [a + b log(LAT)] + RN. The
relative contribution of each component, which varies seasonally via the
weights c and d (discussed subsequently), were determined from climatological
analyses. The variables in (2.5) are defined in Table 2.2.
2-10
-------
TABLE 2.2. VARIABLES IN EQUATIONS 2.5 AND 2.6
Term Description
a, b Monthly varying, empirically derived constants
used to determine the maximum homogeneous
transformation rate at solar noon
c, d Monthly varying, empirically derived constants
used as weights for the homogeneous and hetero-
geneous transformation rate components,
respectively
PCTMAX Percent of the daily maximum transformation rate
at any hour; varies with hour, day, length of day,
latitude, and solar declination
LAT Latitude, in degrees (positive In the northern
hemisphere)
RN Minimum transformation rate regardless of time or
season (0.2 2/h), as estimated by Meagher et al.
(1978)
HR Time of day (h), where 12 always represents solar
noon (i.e., the sun reaches its zenith)
DAYLEN Length of day (h) as determined from time of year,
latitude, and solar declination
The homogeneous transformation rate for any hour is obtained by
multiplying PCTMAX by the maximum transformation rate at solar noon
[a + b log(LAT)]. The values of PCTMAX, ranging from 0 at night to 1 at
solar noon, are determined as follows:
PCTMAX = [cos [2 K (HR - 12)/DAYLEN] + 1] /2, . (2.6)
for (12 - DAYLEN/2) < HR < (12 + DAYLEN/2); otherwise, PCTMAX = 0.
To minimize computational time in RELMAP, values of DAYLEN were defined
as the length of the day at 40° N latitude (the center of the model 's default
domain) for the middle of each month (Table 2.3). The following equations
2-11
-------
from Duffie and Beckman (1974) were used-to calculate the value of DAYLEN
for each month.
DAYLEN = 0.133[cos-l[-tan(LAT) x tan(SOLDEC)]], (2.7)
where SOLDEC, solar declination, is defined as follows:
SOLDEC = 23.45[sin[360.0 x (284.0 + DAY)/365.0]], (2.8)
where DAY is the Julian day of the year.
TABLE 2.3. AVERAGE LENGTH OF DAY (h) AT 40° N LATITUDE FOR THE MIDDLE
OF EACH MONTH
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
Length
9.5
10.4
11.7
13.0
14.2
14.8
Month
July
August
September
October
November
December
Length
14.5
13.5
12.2
10.8
9.7
9.1
The constants a and b of (2.5) were derived from Altshuller's (1979)
midday rate curves for "clean" tropospheres at various latitudinal bands
and from Meagher and Olszyna's (1985) algorithm derived from hourly power
plant plume measurements from 11 separate studies. Their algorithm is
loosely based on the diurnal and annual variation in clear-sky solar
insolation. We derived the constants in the following manner.
First, we derived simple logarithmic expressions for each of Altshuller's
curves for four months (one month of each season). Each expression was of
the form, a + b log(LAT). Next, for each of the four months, the a's were
adjusted upwards, so that Altshuller's midday rates at 35° N latitude (under-
2-12
-------
estimated for polluted tropospheres) equaled the daily maximum rate measured
by Meagher and Olszyna at 35° N latitude. Values of the constants for the
remaining eight months were based on seasonal patterns in the transformation
rates of Meagher and Olszyna. Table 2.4 lists the constants for each month.
TABLE 2.4. EMPIRICAL CONSTANTS FOR THE MONTHLY MAXIMUM DRY COMPONENT
OF THE TRANSFORMATION RATE
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
a
2.91
3.12
4.82
7.06
7.32
7.65
b
-0.76
-0.75
-1.09
-1.53
-1.40
-1.37
Month
July
August
September
October
November
December
a
7.62
7.36
6.80
5.80
5.02
2.86
b
-1.36
-1.34
-1.31
-1.24
-1.19
-0.71
The heterogeneous component in 2.5 accounts for the more rapid incloud
transformation process. The magnitude of this component was predicted by
Scott (1982) through his theoretical algorithm by using a range of values
for the pertinent parameters (e.g., cloud water removal efficiency, storm
efficiency, and ambient SOg concentration). For winter simulations, the
heterogeneous component varied from 0. to 20 %/h, and for summer simulations
it varied from 7 to 40 %/h. Scott noted that the rate drops to 0 %/h when
the cloud droplets freeze and that the summer rates do not exceed 20 %/h if
only storms with low-level outflow at the back side are considered.
Based on this information, RELMAP rates for the heterogeneous component
were arbitrarily defined as 7 %/h for winter, 11 %/h for spring and autumn,
and 15 %/h for summer. The intent here was to account for the seasonal
variations of the heterogeneous component.
2-13
-------
The transformation component weights c and d in (2.5) were derived from
seasonal climatological data for precipitation events (Thorp, in press). He
used hourly precipitation data for August 1977 through January 1980 at 89
first-order weather stations in the northeastern United States to determine
average precipitation event frequency and duration. From these statis-
tics, we determined the average percentages of months when precipitation
occurred at any one station. These monthly percentages were defined as
the d weights for the heterogeneous component of the transformation rate.
The monthly c weights were defined as the difference between unity and
the d weights.
Figures 2.5 and 2.6 illustrate the relationship between the composite
transformation rate and latitude, time of day, and time of year. Note
that these transformation rates represent hourly rates averaged over
periods of a month. Hourly rates for a single day would probably deviate
from the mean.
2-14
-------
-------
DRY DEPOSITION RATES
Dry deposition of S02, S04=, and fine and coarse particulate matter' is
a highly variable, complex process that is parameterized by RELMAP as a
function of predominant land use, stability index, and season. Twelve land
use categories, defined by surface characteristics and vegetation type
(Sheih et__al_., 1979), were gridded to RELMAP's 1° x 1° resolution (default).
Figure 2.7 shows the grid of homogeneous land use types and their
corresponding surface roughness scale lengths (z0).
Dry deposition velocities (V^), which represent the downward surface
flux divided by the local concentration, were calculated for each land
use type, for six different stability classes and each season for S02,
S0^=, and fine and coarse particulate matter. The atmospheric stabilities
used to determine the dry deposition velocities are the six Pasquil1-Gifford
categories: (A) very unstable, (B) moderately unstable, (C) slightly
unstable, (D) near neutral, (E) moderately stable, and (F) very stable
(Gifford, 1976). The dry deposition velocities, measured in centimeters
per second, are used in the model to determine dry deposition rates (in
percent of pollutant per hour).
The determination of the dry deposition velocities of SOg, S04=, and
fine particulate matter is based on the work of Sheih et_ aj_. (1979), as
presented below. Dry deposition velocities of coarse particulate matter
are based on the work of Sehmel (1980) and are parameterized somewhat
differently.
2-16
-------
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S02» S0a= and Fine Participate Matter
The RELMAP algorithm for the dry deposition velocity of S02, S04=,
and fine participate matter is a modified version of the algorithm suggested
by Sheih et_ al_. (1979):
Vd = Ku^ (In ( ) + Ku^rp - * c)-l, (2.9)
2o
where K is the von Karman constant (0.4), u is the friction velocity,
z0 is the surface roughness scale length derived from the 12 land use
categories, rp is the surface resistance to particle deposition (estimated
by Sheih et_ a]_. to be approximately 1.0 s/cm), and Yc is a stability
factor.
The calculation of dry deposition velocities for S0^~ and fine
particulate matter differs slightly from (2.9). This is because more
recent studies (Wesely and Shannon, 1984) concluded that earlier dry
deposition velocities of $04" (based on preliminary micrometeorological
field experiments) were too high by a factor of two. To alleviate this
overestimation, the SO^3 and fine particulate dry deposition velocities
generated by (2.5) were reduced by half. Table 2.5 shows that dry deposition
velocities for S02 range between 0.05 and 1.15 cm/s. Table 2.6 shows that
velocities for S0^= and fine particulate matter range between 0.05 and
0.50 cm/s, depending on stability, season, and land use category.
Use of the deposition velocity tables for stability categories A
through F is not always accurate when considering diurnal variations. To
compensate for the very high nocturnal atmospheric resistance, when plant
absorption is minimal, Sheih £t_ aj_. (1979) recommended that the dry
deposition velocities for S02, SO^3, and fine particulate matter be
2-18
-------
reduced to 0.07 cm/s during the nighttime hours. This nighttime adjustment
is reflected in the algorithm used to calculate the dry deposition rate
[in percent of initial concentration per user-defined time interval
(default = 2 h)] for S02, S04=, and fine particulate matter:
Dry Deposition Rate = 1.0 - [1.0 - (0.18)(Vd(% DAY) + .07(% NIGHT))]* (2.10)
The constant, 0.18, is a factor used to convert centimeters per second to
percent per hour, and the variables, % DAY and % NIGHT (which sum to
1.0), represent the percentage of daytime and nighttime hours in a given
time step, respectively.
2-19
-------
TABLE 2.5. SEASONAL SOo DRY DEPOSITION VELOCITIES (cm/s) BY LAND USE CATEGORY AND
P-G STABILITY CLASS '
Land Use Category
Winter
Spring
B
B
Cropland and Pasture
Cropland. Woodland, and Grazing Land
irrigated Crops
Grazed Forest and Woodland
Ungrazed Forest and Woodland
Subhumld Grassland
and Semiarid Grazing Land
Open Woodland, Grazed
Desert Shrubland
Swamp
Marshland
Metropolitan City
Lake or Ocean
0.30 0.35 0.35 0.15 0.05 0.25
0.30 0.35 0.35 0.15 0.05 0.30
0.20 0.25 0.40 0.15 0.05 0.30
0.40 0.40 0.40 0.15 0.05 0.40
0.40 0.40 0.40 0.15 0.05 0.40
0.25 0.30 0.35 0.10 0.05 0.20
0.30 0.35 0.35 0.10 0.05 0.25
0.20 0.20 0.40 0.15 0.05 0.05
0.45 0.55 0.35 0.45 0.25 0.25
0.45 0.50 0.40 0.15 0.05 0.35
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 O.Q5 0.40
0.10 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.15 0.10
0.65 0.75 0.75 0.35 0.05 0.55
0.65 0.75 0.75 0.35 0.05 0.65
0.45 0.55 0.85 0.35 0.05 0.45
0.85 0.85 0.85 0.35 0.05 0.85
0.85 0.85 0.85 0.35 0.05 0.85
0.55 0.65 0.75 0.25 0.05 0.45
0.65 0.75 0.75 0.25 0.05 0.55
0.45 0.45 0.85 0.35 0.05 0.05
0.95 1.15 0.75 0.95 0.55 0.55
0.95 1.05 0.85 0.35 0.05 0.75
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.85
0.25 0.35 0.55 0.75 0.35 0.15
Land Use Category
Summer
Fall
B
8
U
Cropland and Pasture
Cropland, Woodland, and Grazing Land
Irrigated Crops
Grazed Forest and Woodland
Ungrazed Forest and Woodland
Subhumid Grassland
and Semiarid Grazing Land
Open Woodland, Grazed
Desert Shrubland
Swamp
Marshland
Metropolitan City
Lake or Ocean
0.65 0.75 0.75 0.35 0.05 0.55
0.65 0.75 0.75 0.35 0.05 0.65
0.45 0.55 0.85 0.35 0.05 0.45
0.85 0.85 0.85 0.35 0.05 0.85
0.85 0.85 0.85 0.35 0.05 0.85
0.55 0.65 0.75 0.25 0.05 0.45
0.65 0.75 0.75 0.25 0.05 0.55
0.45 0.45 0.85 0.35 0.05 0.05
0.95 1.15 0.75 0.95 0.55 0.55
0.95 1.05 0.85 0.35 0.05 0.75
0.05 O.OS 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.85
0.25 0.35 0.55 0.75 0.35 0.15
0.50 0.55 0.55 0.25 0.05 0.40
0.50 0.55 0.55 0.25 0.05 0.50
0.35 0.40 0.65 0.25 0.05 0.35
0.65 0.65 0.65 0.25 0.05 0.65
0.65 0.65 0.65 0.25 0.05 0.65
0.40 0.50 0.55 0.20 0.05 0.35
0.50 0.55 0.55 0.20 0.05 0.40
0.35 0.35 0.65 0.25 0.05 0.05
0.70 0.85 0.55 0.70 0.40 0.40
0.70 0.80 0.65 0.25 0.05 0.55
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.65
0.20 0.25 0.40 0.55 0.25 0.10
2-20
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TABLE 2.6. SEASONAL S04S AND FINE PARTICULATE MATTER DRY DEPOSITION VELOCITIES (cm/s) BY LAND USE CATEGORY AND
P-G STABILITY CLASS
Land Use Category
Winter
Spring
B
Cropland and Pasture
Cropland, Woodland, and Grazing Land
Irrigated Crops
Grazed Forest and Woodland
Ungrazed Forest and Woodland
Semi humid Grassland
and Semi a rid Grazing Land
Open Woodland, Grazed
Desert Shrubland
Swamp
Marshland
Metropolitan City
Lake or Ocean
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.10
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.10
0.15 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.10
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.15
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.15
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.10
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.10
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.10
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.10
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.15
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.15
0.05 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.05
0.30 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.25 0.15
0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.30 0.15
0.25 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.20 0.15
0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.35 0.20
0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.35 0.20
0.30 0.30 0.35 0.35 0.25 0.15
0.30 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.25 0.15
0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.30 0.15
0.30 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.25 0.15
0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.30 0.20
0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.35 0.20
0.10 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.10 0.10
Land Use Category
Summer
Fall
B
E
B
Cropland and Pasture
Cropland, Woodland, and Grazing Land
Irrigated Crops
Grazed Forest and Woodland
Ungrazed Forest and Woodland
Subhumid Grassland
and Semialrd Grazing Land
Open Woodland, Grazed
Desert Shrubland
Swamp
Marshland
Metropolitan City
Lake or Ocean
0.40 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.35 0.20
0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.40 0.20
0.35 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.30 0.20
0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.45 0.30
0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.45 0.30
0.40 0.40 0.45 0.45 0.35 0.20
0.40 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.35 0.20
0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.40 0.20
0.40 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.35 0.20
0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.40 0.30
0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.45 0.30
0.10 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.10
0.30 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.25 0.15
0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.30 0.15
0.25 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.20 0.15
0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.35 0.20
0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.35 0.20
0.30 0.30 0.35 0.35 0.25 0.15
0.30 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.25 0.15
0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.30 0.15
0.30 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.25 0.15
0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.30 0.20
0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.35 0.20
0.10 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.10 0.10
2-21
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Coarse Particulate Matter
To maintain consistency within the structure of the model, dry deposi-
tion of coarse particulate matter is parameterized through an approach
similar to that previously described. RELMAP uses the same land use and
stability categories and incorporates the work of Sehmel (1980), who
presented plots of dry deposition velocities of particulate matter as a
function of u , z0, particle density, and diameter. Values of u (a
function of stability, wind speed, and z0) were determined from the
following equation:
z
u^ = Ku(ln( ) - Yj'1, (2.11)
zo
The stability function, Y m, used in (2.11) was determined by using the
appropriate relationships between the Monin-Obukhov length (L), surface
wind speed (u), and stability class (K), as suggested by Sheih et^ aj_. (1979),
Determination of u allows the selection of the appropriate Sehmel
diagram, from which the dry deposition velocity can be obtained for a
given ZQ. A particle density of 4.0 g/cnr was assumed, based on the
densities assumed by Mamane and Noll (1985) from their rural particle
characterization analyses. Sehmel's study was limited to z0 _<_ 10 cm, but
most of the land use categories used by the model have z0 values exceeding
10 cm. Thus, the appropriate dry deposition velocity was extrapolated.
Because coarse particulate matter consists of a wide range of particle
diameters, two sets of dry deposition velocities (Table 2.7) were calculated
by the previously described methodology. The first set applies to coarse
particulate matter with diameters of 5 ^m, and the second set applies to
particles with diameters of 10 ^ m. The user has the option of using either
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set or a set obtained by averaging the rates in each set. As shown in
Table 2.7, dry deposition velocities in RELMAP range between 0.4 to 5.0 cm/s
for particles with diameters of 5 ^m and between 1.0 to 6.0 cm/s for
10 p. m-diameters.
Unlike S02, SO^3, and fine participate matter, the dry deposition
velocities of coarse participate matter are much less dependent on the time
of day and the season;-therefore, diurnal and seasonal variations were
considered to be negligible.
After RELMAP determines the appropriate dry deposition velocity for
each land use category and stability class, the values are used to calculate
the dry deposition rate for coarse particulate matter (in percent of initial
concentration per time step) with the following algorithm:
Dry Deposition Rate = 1.0 - [1.0 - (0.18)Vd]t (2.12)
TABLE 2.7 COARSE PARTICULATE MATTER DRY DEPOSITION VELOCITIES (cm/s) BY LAND USE CATEGORY AND P-G
STABILITY CLASS
Land Use Category
10
Cropland and Pasture
Cropland, Woodland, and Grazing Land
Irrigated Crops
Grazed Forest and Woodland
Ungrazed Forest and Woodland
Semi humid Grassland
and SemlaMd Grazing Land
Open Woodland, Grazed
Desert Shrubland
Swamp
Marshland
Metropolitan CHy
Lake or Ocean
B
B
E
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5
5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.5 0.5
5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.5 0.5
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5
0.6 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.5
5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 1.0 1.0
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0 I'.O 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
2-23
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WET DEPOSITION RATES
The complex process of wet deposition of S02, S04=, and fine and
coarse participate matter is thought to be a function of cloud chemistry
and cloud type, pollutant concentration, and precipitation type
and rate. RELMAP, however, parameterizes wet deposition quite simply,
treating it as a function of season and precipitation rate only.
The wet deposition rates are expressed as percentages per time step,
and are based on the work of Scott (1978). He presented graphs of washout
ratios of S04= concentration in precipitation to SQ^~ concentration in air.
These ratios depend solely on precipitation rate and cloud type; the
three cloud types considered were Bergeron or cold-type clouds, warm
or maritime-type clouds, and convective-type clouds. RELMAP assumes that
all winter precipitation results from the Bergeron process, that spring
and fall precipitation result from warm cloud formation, and that summer
precipitation is confined to convective-type clouds. The algorithm
derived from Scott's work has been expanded to incorporate the wet deposition
rate (in percent of initial concentration per time step) of S02 (SRI, 1982):
Wet Deposition Rate = 1.0 - (1.0 - aR)1, (2.13)
where a and b are seasonal empirical constants derived from the inherent
relationship between the washout ratio and the precipitation rate (R).
Because little is known about the wet removal processes of nonsulfate
aerosols from the boundary layer, RELMAP assumes identical deposition
rates for S0^= and fine and coarse particles. This simplistic approach
to the wet removal processes of nonsulfate particles will be replaced in
the future with more sophisticated parameterizations as further research
2-24
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is undertaken. For now, the constants a and b in (2.13) may be changed
by the user.
Wet deposition rates calculated for each season, for a constant
precipitation rate of 5 mm/h for a 3-h simulation period are presented in
Table 2.8.
TABLE 2.8. WET UEPOSiTlON RATES FOR SO?. SO/f. and FINE AND COARSE PARTICJLATE MATTER
Pollutant
Season
Empirical Constants
a b
Wet Deposition Rate
S02
S04", and Fine
and Coarse
Particulate Matter
Summer
Fa 11/Spring
Winter
Summer
Fall/Spring
Winter
0.140
0.036
0.009
0.390
0.091
0.021
0.12
0.53
0.70
0.06
0.27
0.70
0.4278
0.2327
0.0811
0.8143
0.3650
0.1821
2-25
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SECTION 3
MODEL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
In general, a rigorous evaluation of any model requires a long-term
reliable data set consisting of measurements of all parameters simulated
by the model across a network of representative sites similar to the spatial
and temporal resolution of the model. Unfortunately, a complete data set
is not available to rigorously evaluate all aspects of RELMAP. A temporally
and spatially consistent data base for ambient concentrations of SOg, S0^~,
and fine and coarse particulate matter does not exist for 1980, the latest
year when emissions data were available. For this year, daily ambient
concentrations of S02 are available at hundreds of Storage and Retrieval of
Aerometric Data (SAROAD) sites, but nearly all of these sites, located in
urban areas or near significant sources, are not regionally representative
(EPA, 1976).
Also for this year, daily average ambient concentrations of S0^= and fine
and coarse particulate matter were measured only every sixth day, for at
least 12 days in any one season, at fewer than 15 sites across the United
States (Hinton e£ a]_., 1984). Moreover, most of these sites are biased
toward local sources, because the network was designed primarily to characterize
urban-scale concentrations of suspended particulate matter (Watson et^£l_., 1981),
However, a spatially and temporally consistent sulfur wet deposition
data base is available to evaluate the model. Such a data set was acquired
from the Acid Deposition System (ADS), operated for EPA by Pacific Northwest
Laboratory (Watson and 01 sen, 1984). The data were screened for completeness
and regional representativeness by using criteria established by Voldner et al.
(1984). This section briefly describes a comparison of a RELMAP simulation
to this data base. The results of a more rigorous evaluation will be
3-1
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discussed in the final report of the International Sulfur Deposition
Model Evaluation. Monthly simulations of concentrations and wet and dry
depositions of S0£, SO^3, and total sulfur were made for all of 1980.
Emissions data used in the simulation were from the 1980 National Acid
Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) Task Group B emissions inventory
(Version 2.0) and from the Environment Canada emissions inventory used in
Phase III of the U.S.-Canadian Memorandum of Intent on Transboundary Air
Pollution (Clark et_ aj_., 1985).
Seasonal and annual predictions of sulfur wet deposition (expressed
in kilograms of S0^= per hectare) were compared to the amount of seasonal
and annual sulfur wet deposition recorded by the ADS system. The number
of observations for the seasonal evaluations ranged from 36 in winter
(January-March) to 43 in spring (April-June) and summer (July-September).
Autumn (October-December) had 41 observations, and the statistics for the
annual evaluation were limited to the 34 stations that had observations
for all four seasons.
The means and standard deviations of the observed, predicted, and
residual (observed - predicted) values of total sulfur wet deposition were
calculated for each of the sites (Table 3.1). The minimum and maximum
values and Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient are also in
Table*3.1.
Comparison of the means and standard deviations of the predicted and
observed values, with their corresponding residuals, provides an indication
of the model's performance. Table 3.1 shows that the model slightly over-
predicted total sulfur wet deposition during the winter (0.01 kg-S04=/ha, or
0.22%). It overpredicted wet deposition during the spring (2.02 kg-S04=/ha,
or 25.73%) and summer (3.43 kg-S04=/ha, or 37.12%). It underpredicted for
3-2
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autumn (0.37 kg-S04=/ha or 9.23%). In the annual simulation, the model
again overpredicted total sulfur wet deposition (5.41 kg-SO^/ha, or
20.66%). The percentages of over/underprediction were calculated by
dividing the residuals by the mean of total observed sulfur wet deposition,
by season. Much of the overprediction found in the model simulations can
be attributed to a few sites located within the heart of the industrial
region.
TABLE .3.1. STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF RELHAP* .
Mean Std. Dev. Bias Std. Uev. Minimum Maximum
Season Obs. Pred. Obs. Pred. (0-P) Resid. Obs. Pred. Obs. Pred. Corr.
Winter 4.41 4.42 2.06 2.73 -0.01 2.51 0.80 0.10 9.60 10.62 0.479
(n=36)
Spring 7.85 9.87 2.96 7.20 -2.02 5.59 2.20 0.48 15.80 37.56 0.689
(n=43)
Summer 9.24 12.67 5.12 10.61 -3.43 8.81 0.90 0.09 23.60 53.37 0.562
(n=43)
Autumn 4.07 3.70 1.85 1.95 0.37 2.40 0.90 0.06 9.50 8.40 0.208
(n=41)
Annual 26.19 31.60 10.34 22.15 -5.41 17.79 6.15 0.78 47.30 109.98 0.614
(n-34)
* Units are kilograms of S04= per hectare.
Scatter diagrams (Figures-3.1-3.3), which exhibit the correlation or
dependency of the predicted values on the observed values, reveal that
the model produced higher correlations during spring and summer than it
did during autumn and winter. The annual simulation produced a Pearson's
correlation coefficient of 0.614, which indicates that 37.7% of the
variance exhibited by the observed data can be accounted for by the
simulation.
3-3
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e
CO
CO
O
I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
WINTER (JANUARY-MARCH)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
R = 0.689
N=43
BIAS = -2.02
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
PREDICTED SULFUR WET DEPOSITION, kgS04/HA
Figure 3.1. Scatter diagrams of predicted vs. observed values of sulfur
wet deposition for winter and spring of 1980 (1:1 ratio
reference line).
3-4
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54
! I ,I I i
SUMMER (JULY -SEPTEMBER)
0 6 12 18 24 30
GC
CC
I I I ' I I I i I i I
AUTUMN (OCTOBER - DECEMBER)
R = 0.208
N=41
BIAS = 0.37
I I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
PREDICTED SULFUR WET DEPOSITION, kg - S04/HA
Figure 3.2. Scatter diagrams of predicted vs. observed values of sulfur
wet deposition for summer and autumn of 1980 (1:1 ratio
reference line).
3-5
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90
BO
70
CO
O
P
t/i
60
50
3 40
cc
30 -
o
LU
20 -
10
\ \\
ANNUAL (1980)
0 10 20 3D 40 50 60 70 BO
PREDICTED SULFUR WET DEPOSITION, kg S04/HA
90
Figure 3.3. Scatter diagram of predicted vs. observed values of sulfur
wet deposition for all of 1980 (1:1 ratio reference line).
The overpredictions of the model simulation are illustrated by the
standardized residuals [(observed - predicted)/observed] for each of the
evaluation sites (as shown in Figures 3.4 and 3.5 for the seasons and in
Figure 3.6 for the year). There is a consistent tendency within each
season for the model to overpredict total sulfur wet deposition in the
major source regions (i.e., Ohio River Valley) and to underpredict wet
deposition in the nom'ndustrial regions.
The pronounced overprediction that occurs in spring and summer can
in part be attributed to two factors: (1) the model does not account for
sub-grid-scale precipitation variability, and (2) the model does not
3-6
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WINTER SULFUR WET DEPOSITION STANDARDIZED RESIDUALS
082
SPRING SULFUR WET DEPOSITION STANDARDIZED RESIDUALS
073
Figure 3.4. Sulfur wet deposition standardized residuals for winter
and spring of 1980.
3-7
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SUMMER SULFUR WET DEPOSITION STANDARDIZED RESIDUALS
0.6)
0.9]
)
AUTUMN SULFUR WET DEPOSITION STANDARDIZED RESIDUALS
0.93
Figure 3.5. Sulfur wet deposition standardized residuals for summer
and autumn of 1980.
3-8
-------
ADIIUAL SULFUR WET DEPOSITION STAHOAFIOIZEO RESIDUALS
Figure 3.6. Sulfur wet deposition standardized residuals for all of 1980.
account for the vertical transport of pollutants from the mixed layer
into the free troposphere by cumulus cloud venting. RELMAP assumes that
precipitation occurs everywhere within a grid cell whenever precipitation
occurs at any site within that cell. Therefore, the frequency of simulated
precipitation events in any grid cell is higher than the actual frequency
at one site in that cell, particularly during the months of convective
activity (spring and summer). Consequently, wet deposition will occur
more frequently in the simulations.
3-9
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In support of the second factor attributed to model overprediction,
Isaac et^ cH_. (1983) estimated that clouds vent 20% of the subcloud layer
air into the free troposphere during the winter and 50% in the summer.
Also, Liu et_ a]_. (1984) estimated that 55% of Radon 222 orig-inating from
the ground was transported out of the mixed layer by cumulus cloud venting
during the summer. Failure to account for such vertical transport could
result in excessive sulfur wet deposition near the source regions, especially
during the convective seasons (spring and summer), which is consistent
with this analysis.
3-10
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SECTION 4
COMPUTER ASPECTS
INTRODUCTION
This section describes the input data and file formats required to
process data through the series of programs that comprise the RELMAP
system. We assume here that the user has successfully loaded, compiled,
and mapped (or linked) the programs and their respective subroutines. A
table of programs with the subroutines they call is provided in Appendix A
to assist the user in this process.
The system consists of two parts: preprocessors, and the model itself,
In its most complex form, the model requires five types of preprocessed
input data. Four types of data must be supplied by the user: upper air
data, surface observation data, precipitation data, and emissions data.
These data can be obtained from several sources. Table 4.1 contains a
list of addresses of sources from which these data may be obtained. Dry
deposition velocities, contained in a preprocessor program called DEPPUFP,
are the fifth type of data required by the model. Data requirements for
the preprocessors are described in detail later in this section.
Some of the preprocessors consist of a sequence of programs. In
these sequences, the output file format of one program is the input file
format for the next program in the sequence. Therefore, once the user
has formatted the first file in the sequence, he does not have to format
the remainder of the files, because their formats are identical.
Consequently, this section only provides the information necessary to
execute the preprocessors from the beginning of the sequence. Output
file format specifications for some programs are listed in tabular form in
Appendix B. Error messages are listed in Appendix C.
4-1
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TABLE 4.1. RELMAP DATA SOURCES
Data Type
U.S. Emissions
or
Canadian Emissions
Meteorological Data
or
Source
National Air Data Branch, MD-14
Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(FTS) 629-5582
(919) 541-5582
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
Office of Research and Development, MD-61
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(FTS) 629-2612
(919) 541-2612
Data Analysis Division
Air Pollution Control Directorate
Environment Canada
Ottawa, Ontario K7A 7C8
(819) 994-3127
National Center for Atmospheric Research
Data Support Section
P.O. Box 3000
Boulder, CO 80307
(FTS) 320-1216
(303) 497-1216
National Climatic Data Center
Federal Building
Asheville, NC 28801
(FTS) 672-0683
(704) 259-0683
System-Dependent Limitations
The software for the RELMAP model and preprocessors is written in
ASCII FORTRAN and was developed and tested on the Sperry UNIVAC 1100/82
at the National Computer Center at the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's site in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Three UNIVAC-
specific routines are used in the software: ADATE, SORT, and ATAPE. If
the user has a different computer system, he must substitute routines
from his system.
4-2
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ADATE is a UNIVAC routine that returns the present date and time to
the user whenever it is called. It is used by the preprocessors to supply
a creation date and time for the file headers. The deletion of this routine
will not prevent the programs from running.
SORT is a UNIVAC sorting routine. It is used twice in the preprocessors
of precipitation data (once for U.S. data and once for Canadian data) to sort
data into chronological files by date and time.
ATAPE is a magnetic tape handler that is used to read data tapes by
the following programs in the preprocessors: PGM-RAOB, PGM-SFC1, LOCATR,
MASTER, RTREV, C-LOCAT, CANRAIN, PACK-POINT, and PACK-AREA.
ATAPE was written by the personnel at the Atmospheric Sciences
Research Laboratory of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for use
on the Sperry UNIVAC. It is an assembly language routine. The version
on the UNIVAC is a multifunctional routine capable of reading from and
writing to magnetic tapes, rewinding tapes, writing EOF's to tape files,
and moving tapes forward and backward. ATAPE reads one physical record
from the tape, beginning with the first record, and transfers it to an
array. ATAPE is not limited to reading a particular blocking structure,
because it reads one physical record; therefore, it is capable of reading
fixed-length and variable-length blocks. The program from which ATAPE is
called decodes the array and retrieves the logical records from the
physical records.
The routine included with this version of RELMAP consists only of a
discussion of the arguments and functions of ATAPE. The comments in the
code include the assembly language code, in case the user implements the
RELMAP system on a UNIVAC 1100 series machine. In RELMAP, the internal
4-3
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file name for all input tapes read with ATAPE is TAPEA.
There are no current standard ASCII FORTRAN equivalents for ATAPE
when it is used to read a tape. The user will have to develop his own
routine to read the magnetic tapes, or use a system routine (for example,
NTRAN$ on the UNIVAC, BUFFERIN on a CYBER, RECFORM=U on the IBM) from his
computer facility, if one is available.
Other Considerations
Grid Size/PARAMETER Statements
To change the size and/or location of the domain, the user must
change the appropriate PARAMETER statement in all the programs in which
the statement appears. Appendix D contains lists of variables in the code
that must be changed for all programs with PARAMETER statements. The
following programs include this PARAMETER statement:
PGM-RAOB -GRID
PGM-RAOB2 . HOLEZ (also subroutines BARNES & GRIDZ)
PGM-SFC1 RELMAPP
PGM-SFC2 RELMAPA
PGM-TIME DEPPUFP
CANRAIN WNDO-FIL
RTREV All subroutines in the RELMAP model itself,
except PRORAT
OPEN Statements
Some programs in the preprocessor and subroutines in the model itself
use an OPEN statement to assign files. The user should be aware that these
statements sometimes cause difficulties when moved to other computer systems.
NAMELIST
The NAMELIST statement defines a list of variable or array names and
4-4
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associates the list with a group name. In lieu of an input/output list,
the group name is used in a NAMELIST-directed input/output statement to
define the variables or arrays that are to be read or written. The form
of the NAMELIST is as follows:
NAMELIST/group name/list of variable or array names
The form of the output statement is as follows:
WRITE ([UNIT- ] unit number, [NML= ] group name)
The brackets indicate optional key words.
In an input statement, READ replaces WRITE. The file that is read
must be structured according to the requirements of the computer system.
Oh the UNI VAC, the first line must be as follows: $group name. The
first line must begin in column 2. The variable names and values follow
in any order and have the following form: variable name = value,. The
comma is required after each assignment except the last one. The final
line of the file is as follows: $END. This line must begin in column 1.
The user should consult his system user's guide to determine the
applicability of these statements. If the programs do not compile because
of the presence of NAMELIST-directed input/output, the user should
restructure the READ and WRITE statements to conform to ASCII FORTRAN
standards, with input and output lists and FORMAT statements.
Model Constraints
The user should remember that the model will run a maximum of one
month of data at a time. He should also remember that the two output
formats (source-receptor or gridded arrays) are mutually exclusive. In
other words, the model must be run twice if the user wants both output
formats.
4-5
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PREPROCESSORS
RELMAP requires five types of input data to run the model in its
most complex form. These five data types (upper air data, surface
observation data, precipitation data, emissions data, and dry deposition
velocities for S02, S0^=, and fine and coarse particulate matter) are
prepared by preprocessor programs for use by the RELMAP model (Figure 4.1).
The first four types of data must be supplied by the user. Dry deposition
velocities are calculated by a preprocessor program (DEPPUFP); the user
does not have to supply any raw data for this program, although he can
change the values of the factors used in the equations that calculate the
velocities. These equations are described in Section 2. Additionally,
if the user has chosen the source-receptor output mode (see description in
Section 1), he must use another preprocessor program (WINDO-FIl) to
prepare a special data file required for this mode. In the following
discussions, logical unit assignments are given when more than the UNIVAC
default input unit (5) and output unit (6) are required. Each of the
preprocessors is described briefly; emphasis is on providing the user with
the necessary information for executing the programs.
4-6
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DATA PACKS
UPPER-AIR DATA
SURFACE DATA I CAN' W PGM-SFC1
PRECIPITATION DATA I CAN. u. C-LOCAT
PGM-RAOB2
H
PGM-TIME
PGM-SFC2 [*
PGM-TIM
MASTER [*
RTREV [*
,(
\
SORT |^
\
/ GF
^ -
IT
no *[HOLEZ
"X
^
S
CANRAIN
* SORT
PRECIP-DAT
POINT-SOURCE
EMISSIONS DATA
AREA-SOURCE
EMISSIONS DATA
DRY DEPOSITION VELOCITIES
EMISSIONS SOURCE REGIONS
INPUT PARAMETERS
PACK POINT
RTREVP
RELMAPP
PACK AREA
RTREVA
Figure 4.1. Structure diagram of preprocessors used for RELMAP.
-------
Surface Observation E)ata
Two programs (PGM-SFC1 and PGM-SFC2) are used to extract and grid
surface wind and cloud coverage data from meteorological tapes (in 6-h
increments) obtained from the National Center for Atmospheric Research
(NCAR) for the United States and Canada. These preprocessor programs
accommodate the format of the NCAR tapes. The user may substitute tapes
from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), but he will have to rewrite
the programs to accommodate the NCDC data. Tables B.I and B.2, in
Appendix B, describe the output formats of the data in PGM-SFC1. NCAR
and NCDC both provide documentation on tape formats with requested data
tapes. The data from these two programs are adjusted to the user-specified
time step by PGM-TIME. The final products of the preprocessed surface
data are two files called LWRWNDUU and LWRWNDVV, which are used as input
files to the RELMAP model.
P6M-SFC1
This program extracts surface wind and cloud coverage data from NCAR
data tapes (in 6-h increments) and produces two output files. The first
file (SFCWEA) is in ASCII character format (logical unit 10) and contains
the station ID, date, location, temperature, dew point, wind direction
and speed, sky condition, and time of observation. The user can print
out and visually scan this file for errors. The second file (SFCRAIN) is
written in binary (unformatted) and assigned to logical unit 11. It
contains the date, station ID, location, and precipitation data. The
second file also contains supplemental data not found in the formatted
file: mixing height, and stability categories. Table 4.2 is the input
card image for this program.
4-8
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TABLE 4.2. INPUT CARD IMAGE FOR PGM-SFC1
Record
Type
1.
Number of
Records Variable
1 JMO
JYR
JUA
KMO
KDA
Description Units Format/Type*
Starting month (01-12) -- 1
Starting year (last 2 digits of the year) -- 1
Starting day (of month JMO) -- i
Ending month (01-12) -- 1
Ending day (of month KMO) -- 1
* Free format.
PGM-SFC2
This program calculates the u- and v-components of the surface wind
data extracted by PGM-SFC1. It then grids these values and the cloud
coverage data in two steps: (1) values are generated at every third grid
cell in the north-south and east-west directions by using the Barnes
(1973) method; (2) with the 1/R2 rule, intervening grid cells are evaluated
by using the value of the grid cell closest to the intervening grid cell
being evaluated. It also grids mixing height and stability category
data. Files are assigned to the following logical unit numbers: 8 =
ASCII input from PGM-SFC1; 9 = binary input from PGM-SFC1; 11 = output,
gridded surface wind u-components (in meters per second); 12 = output,
gridded surface wind v-components (in meters per second); 13 = output,
gridded cloud coverage data (in percent of sky covered). Other files
that are generated include 10 (ungridded precipitation data, in inches),
14 (gridded stability categories'), and 15 (gridded mixing heights, in
meters). These files may be used by setting the appropriate logical
options to .TRUE, in the subroutine DEFALT in the RELMAP model.
Table 4.3 contains the required internal file names of the output files.
4-9
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TABLE 4.3. REQUIRED INTERNAL FILE NAMES FOR PGM-SFC2
File Name
SSFCU
SSFCV
SSKYE
SRA1N
SSTAB
SMIXH
Unit Number
11
12
13
10
14
15
Description
Gridded u-components
Gridded v-coraponents
Gridded cloud coverage data
Ungridded precipitation data
Gridded stability categories
Gridded mixing heights
Table 4.4 is the input card image for PGM-SFC2. The names the user
assigns to the output files listed in the input card image will appear in
the header of the printout. The names may be the same as their equivalent
internal file names, or they may be different, perhaps a short header
describing their contents (e.g., UWINDCOMP).
TABLE 4.4. INPUT CARD IMAGE FOR PGM-SFC2
Record
Type
1
2
3
4
5
6
7*
Number of
Records
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Variable
FH(1)
FH(2)
FH(3)
FH(4)
FH(5)
FH(6)
JMO
JYR
JUA
Description Units
Name assigned to file 10
(Precipitation data file)
Name assigned to file 11
(Gridded u-component of surface winds)
Name assigned to file 12
(all gridded v-components of surface winds)
Name assigned to file 13
Name assigned to file 14
Name assigned to file IS
Starting month number
Starting year (last 2 digits of the year)
Starting day of month (JMO)
Format/ Type
A28
A28
A28
A28
A28
A28
1
1
1
* Record 7 is in free format
4-10
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Upper Air Data
Two programs (PGM-RAOB and PGM-RAOB2) are used to extract and grid 12-h
850-mb and surface wind data from meteorological tapes obtained from NCAR
for the United States and Canada. These preprocessor programs are formatted
to accomodate the format of the NCAR tapes. The user may substitute
tapes from NCDC, but he will have to rewrite the programs to accept the
data. Tables B.3 and B.4, in Appendix B, describe the output formats
used in PGM-RAOB. With requested data tapes, NCAR provides documentation
describing tape formats. NCDC also provides format documentation with
its tapes. The data from these two programs are adjusted to the user-
specified time step by PGM-TIME. The final product of the preprocessed
upper air data are two files with the required names of UPRWNDUU-DAT and
UPRWNDVV-DAT. These are input files to the RELMAP model.
PGM-RAOB
This program extracts 850-mb and surface winds from NCAR data tapes
and produces two output files. The first is a formatted file called TSAVE
(logical unit 10), which the user can print out and visually scan for
errors. The second file (WSAVE) is written in binary (logical unit 11)
and is used as input for PGM-RAOB2. It contains date and time, location,
height, and wind speed and direction. PGM-RAOB also computes mixing heights
(defined as the lifting condensation level). Table 4.5 is the input card
image for this program (free format).
4-11
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TABLE 4.5. INPUT CARD IMAGE FOR PGM-RAOB
Record
Type
1
Number of
Records Variable
1 JMO
JYR
JDA
KMO
KDA
Description Units Format/ Type*
Starting month (01-12) 1
Starting year (last 2 digits of the year) -- 1
Starting day (of month JMO) -- i
Ending month (01-12) -- 1
Ending day (of month KMO) -- 1
* Free format.
PGM-RAQB2
This program calculates the u- and v-components of the 850-mb and
surface wind data (in meters per second) extracted by PGM-RAOB. It then
grids these values by the methods described in PGM-SFC2. Although it is
possible to use the surface wind data extracted from the upper air data
tapes (input file = logical unit 10), we recommend that surface winds
from the surface observation tapes be used, because of the significantly
higher number of sites available. Files are assigned to the following
logical unit numbers: 10 = ASCII input file (TGOOD) from PGM-RAOB; 11 =
binary input file (WSAVE) from PGM-RAOB; 15 = output, gridded 850-mb
u-components (in meters per second); 16 = output, gridded 850-mb v-components
(in meters per second). Other files that are generated include 12, which
outputs mixing heights (in meters), and 13 and 14, which are the gridded
surface u- and v-components (in meters per second), respectively (obtained
from input file 10). These files may be used by setting certain logical
options to .TRUE, in the subroutine DEFALT in the RELMAP model. Table 4.6
is the input card image for this program.
4-12
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TABLE 4.6. INPUT CARD IMAGE FOR PGH-RAOB2
Record
Number of
Records
Variable
Description
Units
Format/Type
MOATE
Starting date-time in the form YYMMDDHH
GMT
18
PGM-TIME
This program interpolates or sums gridded data from their original
time steps to the user-specified time step. This program is used twice,
once for upper air wind data and once for surface wind data (see Figure 4.1),
The only restriction is that the ori.ginal time step must be a whole number
multiple of the desired time step or vice versa. For example, the sample
problem in Section 5 uses a time step of 3 h. Thus, we use PGM-TIME to
convert 12-h upper air data and 6-h surface data to 3-h increments. The
input file (logical unit 10) is the output file from either PGM-RAOB2 or
PGM-SFC2. The output file (logical unit 11) has the same format as the
input file to this program. Table 4.7 is the input card image for this
program.
TABLE 4.7. INPUT CARD IMAGE FOR PGM-TIME
Record
Type
1
2
3
Number of
Records
1
1
1
Variable
FNAHE
NT
NEWT
Description
Output file name
Old time interval
New time interval
Units
--
h
h
Format/Type
C*28
12
12
4-13
-------
Precipitation Data
The preprocessor programs for precipitation data are designed to
combine data from U.S. and Canadian sources. Neither NCDC nor the Canadian
Meteorological Center provide station precipitation data on one tape. It
is necessary to request separate precipitation data files and station
locator files from both agencies. Also, the Canadian precipitation data
file consists of two data sets: (1) hourly data, and (2) daily data.
These data sets do not contain redundant information, that is, no sites
report both hourly and 24-h values. The preprocessor assumes that both
Canadian data sets reside in one file with 704 blocks of data (daily
first, then hourly values). The user will also need data on cloud cover
(for program HOLEZ). These data are obtained from the output file called
SKY-DAT (generated by PGM-SFC2), which gives gridded cloud coverage data.
The final product of the preprocessed precipitation data is a file called
PRECIP-DAT, which is an input file to the RELMAP model.
U.S. Precipitation Data
LOCATRThis program reads the station locator tape and assigns
latitude-longitude coordinates to all stations. (If ATAPE is used, the
internal file name TAPEA is assigned to the tape.) It produces an
unformatted binary file (logical unit 10) that is used as input for
.MASTER and prints a listing of the data in the unformatted file. This
"j
program does not require card image input.
MASTER--Tnis program combines the original precipitation data tape file
with the unformatted output file from LOCATR (logical unit 10). As received,
the precipitation data tape only lists the days on which precipitation
was measured. Thus, frequent gaps occur that represent days on which
no precipitation was measured. This program produces a restructured
4-14
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tape file that smooths out any gaps in the precipitation data by adding
in the missing days and assigning them values of zero for precipitation
amount. It also associates the precipitation values with their stations.
MASTER does not require card image input.
RTREVThis program extracts hourly U.S. precipitation data for the
time period and domain specified by the user. The input file is the
output file produced by MASTER. The unformatted binary output file
(logical unit 10) contains hourly U.S. precipitation data from the stations
within the user-specified domain for the user-specified time period.
Table 4.8 is the input card image for this program.
TABLE 4.8 INPUT CARD IMAGE FOR RTREV
Record No. of
Type Records Variable
1 . 1 iUATEl
1UATE2
Description
Start date (YYMMDU)
Stop data (YYMHDD)
Units Format/Type
16
16
SORTThis routine is UNIVAC-specific, so the non-UNIVAC user will
have to substitute a sorting routine from his system. Before SORT, the
data are in chronological order by station. This routine sorts the data
into a chronological synoptic file by date and time. This is done by
sorting the first six characters of each record, which contain the date
and time. The output of this SORT routine is combined with the output
from the SORT routine of the Canadian data in a program called GRID.
4-15
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Canadian Precipitation Data
C-LOGATThis program reads the station locator file and assigns
latitude-longitude coordinates to all stations. It produces an unformatted
binary output file (logical unit 10) that is used as input for CANRAIN.
This program does not require user input.
CANRAIN--This program first combines the precipitation data tape
file with the unformatted output file from C-LOCAT (logical unit 10).
It fills in gaps in precipitation data by the same method as MASTER. As
with MASTER, CANRAIN also associates the precipitation data with their
corresponding stations. CANRAIN then converts the 24-h data to hourly
data (by assuming a uniform distribution over a 24-h period) and extracts
precipitation data for the time period and domain specified by the user.
In doing so, it produces two output files: (1) an unformatted binary file
(logical unit 11) of the 24-h Canadian precipitation data (converted to
hourly values) from the stations within the user-specified domain for the
user-specified time period, and (2) an unformatted binary file (logical
unit 12) of the hourly Canadian precipitation data from the user-specified
domain for the user-specified time period. Table 4.9 is the input card
image for this program.
TABLE 4.9 INPUT CARD IMAGE FOR CANRAlN
Record
Type
1
No. of
Records
1
Variable
IDAT1
1DAT3
Description
Start date (YYMMDD)
Stop date (YYMMDD)
Units Format/ Type
16
16
4-16
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SORT--AS for the U.S. data, the Canadian data must be sorted (by a
computer-specific routine) into a chronological synoptic file by date and
time. The output of this routine (still in two separate files) is combined
with the output from the SORT routine of the U.S. data in a program called
GRID.
GRIDThis program combines and grids the sorted U.S. and Canadian
precipitation data for the user-specified time period. It provides
precipitation values only for those grid cells that contain reporting
stations. The next program (HOLEZ) assigns precipitation values to all
grid cells in the domain. GRID reads three input files: (1) U.S. hourly
precipitation data (logical unit 10), (2) Canadian hourly precipitation
data (logical unit 13), and (3) Canadian 24-h precipitation data, converted
to hourly values (logical unit 14). The program produces two output
files: (1) combined and gridded precipitation amounts for the user-specified
time period (logical unit 11), and (2) combined and gridded counts of
reporting stations per grid cell for the user-specified time period
(logical unit 12). Table 4.10 is the input card image for this program.
TABLE 4.10 INPUT CARD IMAGE FOR GRID
Record
Type
1
2
No. of
Records
1
1
Variable
FHED
INC
Description Units
Output file name
Time increment of h
Format/ Type*
C*28
I
output grids
ACONS Multiplier factor
to adjust data to
millimeters
1CAN1 Inclusion of hourly
Canadian precipitation
data: 1 « yes; 2 » no
ICAN2 Inclusion of daily
' Canadian precipitation
data: 1 = yes; 2 = no
FN.N
*Free format.
4-17
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HOLEZThis program assigns precipitation values to those grid cells
that do not contain a reporting station. It requires three input files:
(1) the gridded counts of stations (logical unit 10), produced as output
by GRID, (2) the gridded precipitation amounts (logical unit 11), produced
as output by GRID, and (3) gridded cloud cover values (logical unit 12),
produced as output by PGM-SFC2. The program uses the Barnes method
(described in PGM-SFC2) with gridded values of cloud cover and counts of
reporting stations to calculate average rainfall for the grid cells that
do not contain precipitation data. HOLEZ uses two subroutines, BARNES
and GRIDZ, that contain PARAMETER statements that must be changed if the
user alters the domain from its default values. HOLEZ produces an
unformatted file (attached to logical unit 13) that contains gridded
precipitation rates (in millimeters per hour) for all grid cells within
the user-specified domain for the user-specified time period and prints a
listing (up to 15 columns on a page) of the total precipitation amounts,
summed for each grid cell, for the entire user-specified time period.
The unformatted output file is used as an input file by the RELMAP model.
HOLEZ does not require user input.
Emissions Data
Emissions data for the United States and Canada may be obtained from
the EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) and
Environment Canada (EC), respectively. Emissions data for 1980 for both
the United States and Canada, in the format of the Emission Inventory System
(EIS) (McMaster, 1980), can be obtained from the Environmental Monitoring
Laboratory (EMSL) of the U.S. EPA. Table 4.1 contains the addresses for
OAQPS, EC, and EMSL. If data for a fairly large geographic area are
requested, the user will probably receive a number of tapes (sorted by
4-18
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state or province), because of the large volume of information included for
each area. The preprocessor for emissions data (initially in metric tons
per year) processes point-source and area-source data separately until the
final program (MERGE) combines the two sources into one file that is used
by the RELMAP model (EMISSION-DAT, in which emissions.are in kilotons per
hour).
Point-Source Emissions
PACK-POINTThis program extracts the data required by the RELMAP
model from the point-source emissions tape provided by OAQPS. This
program must be run for each OAQPS data tape. The user must then concatenate
the files to create one file for use by the next emissions preprocessor
program, RTREVP. The internal file name for the input file is PTTAPE. The
output file is written to logical unit 12. Table B.5, in Appendix B,
contains the output format for this program.
RTREVP--This program extracts the emissions data, for a user-specified
geographic area and for user-specified pollutants, from the file produced
by PACK-POINT. The input file is attached to logical unit 9, and the
output file is attached to logical unit 10. The output file is in the
same format as the input file, but it only contains data on user-specified
pollutants in the user-specified domain. Table 4.11 reproduces the input
messages to which the user must respond in this program. The messages in
this table also apply to RTREVA.
RELMAPPThis program reformats the file produced by RTREVP into a
format compatible with the RELMAP model. Also, if the user chooses, this
program will grid the point-source emissions.
NOTE: If the user wants merged point-source and area-source emissions
data, he must choose the option for gridded data.
4-19
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If the user specifies the source-receptor output format of the RELMAP model
(see description in Section 1), he must divide the domain into the desired
number of emissions regions from which he wants gridded data. To do so,
he must provide an additional input file (called REGIONS) that describes
the portion of the domain occupied by each region by assigning an integer
to each grid cell to indicate its regional identity. This optional input
file is attached to logical unit 8. The input file, produced as output
by RTREVP, is assigned to logical unit 9, and the output file is attached
to logical unit 10. Table 4.12 reproduces the input messages to which
the user must respond in this program.- The messages in this table also
apply to RELMAPA.
4-20
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TABLE 4.11. USER INPUT TO RTREVP AND RTREVA*
Message
Number
Message
User Options
If you want to define a specific area, enter
a 1; if you want all areas, enter a 2
If you want to define an area by specifying the
latitudes and longitudes, enter a 1; otherwise,
enter a 2
Enter latitude, then longitude of southwest
corner of area (decimal degrees)
Enter latitude, then longitude of northeast
corner of area (decimal degrees)
If you want to define an area by UTM** coordinates,
enter a 1; otherwise, enter a 2
Specify UTM** zones of interest; enter up to 10
zones, one at a time; end with a negative number
7 For this UTM** zone, enter minimum and maximum
horizontal coordinates
8 For this UTM** zone, enter minimum and maximum
vertical coordinates
9 If you want to define an area by state, enter
a 1; otherwise, you must identify the area by
state and county and enter a 2
10 Specify states of interest by state number, one
at a time, ending with a negative number
11 Specify state number, then county number, of
each county of interest; enter one state-
county combination at a time; end with a
negative number; maximum of 500 entries
12 If you are interested 1n the maximum number
of pollutants (15), enter a 1; otherwise,
enter a 2
13 No more than IB pollutants may be selected;
consult AEROS Manual (EPA. 1976) for code
numbers; 8 of the more common pollutants
are listed below:
11101 Total suspended partlculate matter
12128 Paniculate lead
12403 Partlculate sulfate
42101 Carbon monoxide
42401 -- Sulfur dioxide
42602 Nitrogen dioxide
42604 -- Ammonia
43101 -- Total hydrocarbons
Enter pollutant number, one at a time, end
with a negative number
If you enter a number > 1, go to Message 12;
if you enter a number < 1, go to Message 2
If you enter a number > 1, go to Message 5;
if you enter a number < 1, go to Message 3
Enter correct latitude and longitude
Enter correct latitude and longitude; go to
Message 12
If you enter a number > 1, go to Message 9; if
you enter a number « 1, go to message 6
If you try to enter more than 10 zones or you
enter a negative before the tenth zone, you'll
get an error message; after you enter a zone,
go to Message 7
After you enter coordinates, go to Message 8
After you enter coordinates, enter next UTM
zone, and go back to Message 7
If you enter a number > 1, go to Message 11; if
you enter a number < 1, go to Message 10
Maximum of 50 numbers possible; go to Message 12
Separate entries by blanks, commas, or by
putting them on different lines; after 500
entries or an final negative entry, go to
Message 12
If you enter a 1, go to Message 13; any other
number will elicit no further messages
Program will continue to prompt for numbers till
a negative number or 15 positive numbers are
read
* Responses in free format.
** UTM = Universal Transverse Mercator.
4-21
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TABLE 4.12. USER INPUT TO REUMAPP AND RELMAPA*
Message
Number
Message
User Options
1 If you want gMdded emissions, enter a 1;
otherwise, enter a 2
2 Specify the minimum amount you will accept from
a point source, in tons per year
3 Enter number of emission regions, maximum = 90
Enter region names, one at a time up to 80
characters
5 Enter season code: 1 = winter; 2 = spring; 3 =
summer; 4 = autumn
6 If you want data on sulfates only, enter a 1;
if you want sulfates and particulate matter,
enter a 2
7 Enter output file name--80 characters or less
If you enter a number > 1, go to Message 2; if
you enter a number < 1. to to Message 3
Enter number; go to Message 3
If you enter a number < 1, go to Message 5; if
you enter a number > 1, go to Message 4
Program will continue to prompt for names until
reaches number specified in response to
Message 3, then to to Message 5
Enter number, then go to Message 6
Enter number, then go to Message 7
Enter name; end of messages
Responses are in free format.
Area-Source Emissions
PACK-AREAThis program extracts the data required by the RELMAP
model from the area-source emissions tape provided by OAQPS. This program
must be run for each OAQPS data tape. The user must then concatenate the
files to create one file for use by the next emissions preprocessor
program, RTREVA. The internal file name for the input file is ARTAPE. The
output file is written to logical unit 13. Table B.6, in Appendix B, contains
the output format for this program.
RTREVAThis program extracts the emissions data, for a user-specified
domain and for user-specified pollutants, from the file produced by PACK-
AREA. Area-source emissions are reported as one value per county.
To assign geographic coordinates to these values, we provide the user
with an input file called COUNTY LOCATIONS (logical unit 11), which must
be read into RTREVA. The input file produced by PACK-AREA is attached to
4-22
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logical unit 9, and the output file is attached to logical unit 10. The
output file is in the same format as the input file, but it only contains
data on user-specified pollutants in the user-specified domain. Table 4.11
reproduces the input messages (same as for RTREVP) to which the user must
respond in this program.
RELMAPA--This program reformats the file produced by RTREVA into a
format compatible with the RELMAP model. Also, if the user chooses, this
program will grid the area-source emissions.
NOTE: If the user wants merged area-source and point-source emissions
data, he must choose the option for gridded data.
To grid area-source emissions, the county-wide values must be assigned to
specific geographic locations. As for RTREVA, we provide the user with
an input file called COUNTY LOCATIONS (attached to logical unit 11) to
assign geographic coordinates to the data. As for RELMAPP, if the user
wants gridded data for more than one region (for source-receptor output
mode), then he must provide another input file (called REGIONS) that
describes the portion of the domain occupied by each region by assigning
an integer to each grid cell to indicate its regional identity. This
optional input file is assigned to logical unit 8. The input file for
this program, produced as output by RTREVA, is attached to logical unit 9,
and the output file is attached to logical unit 10. Table 4.12
reproduces the input messages (same as for RELMAPP) to which the user
must respond in this program.
MERGE--This file merges the gridded output files produced by RELMAPP
and RELMAPA into one file of gridded point-source and area-source emissions.
As they are merged, individual records of both data sets are compared;
discrepancies are noted by error messages. The input file of point-
4-23
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source emissions is attached to logical unit 10, and the area-source
emissions input file is attached to logical unit 11. The output file of
merged emissions data is attached to logical file 12. This output file
(EMISSIONS-DAT) is used as input to the RELMAP model.
Dry Deposition Velocities
This branch of the preprocessor requires no raw data. It consists
of one program that produces dry deposition velocity files for four
pollutants (S02, SO^31, 2.5- ^ m particles, and 10- ^ m particles) for four
seasons. The file names are as follows: DRYDEP1-DAT for S02, DRYDEP2-DAT
for S04=, DRYDEP3-DAT for fine particles, and DRYDEP4-DAT for coarse
particles. These dry deposition velocity files are used as input by the
RELMAP model.
DEPPUFPThis program contains files of seasonal dry deposition
velocities for four pollutants: S02, S0^=, 2.5- ^ m particles, and 10- ^ m
particles (see values in Tables 2.5-2.7 in Section 2). The program
contains an array of dry deposition velocities for each pollutant based on
land use category and stability category (see Tables 2.5-2.7 in Section 2).
If the user defines his domain to include areas outside the current domain,
then he will have to replace the land use categories in the array called
IREG with new categories on a grid cell by grid cell basis. If the user
opts to remain with the current domain, then he must simply specify (1) the
season, (2) whether or not he wants velocities for particulate matter, and,
if so, (3) what size of coarse particles are of interest. The program
produces up to four output files, as shown in Table 4.13. These files
are used as input to the RELMAP model. Table 4.14 is the input card
image for this program.
4-24
-------
TABLE 4.13. OUTPUT FILES PRODUCED BY DEPPUFP
File Name
DRYDEP1-DAT
DRYDEP2-DAT
DRYDEP3-DAT
DRYDEP4-DAT
Logical
Unit No.
10
11
12
13
Description
Dry deposition velocities for SOj
Dry deposition velocities for S0^~
Dry deposition velocities for 2.5-
Dry deposition velocities for 10- ^
n m particles
m particles
TABLE 4.14. INPUT CARD IMAGE FOR DEPPUFP
Record
Type
1
2
3
Number of
Records
1
1
1
Variable
SEASON
ANS
I PART
Description
Name of season:
SPRING, SUMMER, AUTUMN or WINTER
Inclusion of particulate matter:
YES or NO (Y or N)
Representative size of coarse
Units Format/Type
C*6
Al
1
particulate matter:
1 = 5 u m
2 = 10 \i m
3 = average of two values above
Source Region for Source-Receptor Mode
WNDO-FIL--If the user has chosen the output format of the RELMAP model
called source-receptor mode (see description in Section 1), he must create
another input file for the model. The program WNDO-FIL assigns all grid cells
in the user-specified domain to user-specified receptor regions. The program
prompts the user to assign (in free format) non-zero integer values to each grid
cell in his domain. A value of zero means the grid cell is not assigned to any
region. The output file (logical unit 10) is called WINDOW-DAT; it serves as
an input file for the RELMAP model, when the source-receptor output mode is
selected.
4-25
-------
THE RELMAP MODEL
The RELMAP model itself consists of one primary program (MAIN) and 17
subroutines, which are called by MAIN. Figure 4.2 illustrates the structural
interrelationships between MAIN and its major subroutines.
RDEMIS
/ TIME \
RWIND
1
PUFMOV
1
XGRID
SOCHEM
1 1
PART
OPOSIT
Figure 4.2. Structure diagram of subroutines used in RELMAP,
4-26
-------
MAIN
Besides calling the subroutines, this program performs a number of
other functions:
Determines when puffs should be generated and when results
should be written out,
Keeps track of the number of puffs existing simultaneously
in the domain and handles the I/O chores of reading them
in and writing them out,
Keeps the "puffs-outside-domain" portion of the sulfur budget
current,
Implements the chosen output mode,
Defines the daytime vertical profile of pollutants,
Writes out a fail-safe file after each emission region is
processed,
Contains all COMMON blocks used by the model to pass
information.
The Subroutines
DEFALT
This subroutine contains all user inputs into the model, except for data
sets. It reads the input file called INPUT-DAT that contains the values of
all variables that may be changed by the user (described subsequently). In
the code, these variables are located in a NAMELIST called CARD. Any non-zero
number of variables may be assigned new values by using NAMELIST READ
conventions. DEFALT provides detailed instructions on how to change variables.
RDONTM
Some input data arrays are read only once per model execution, and
others are read repeatedly. From the options chosen in DEFALT, this subroutine
reads certain one-time data arrays from either user-created files or outside
data sources. The arrays that may be read are DRYDEP1-DAT, DRYDEP2-DAT,
DRYDEP3-DAT, DRYDEP4-DAT, WINDOW-DAT, and MIXHT2-DAT.
4-27
-------
RDEMIS
For each source in each emission region, this subroutine converts the
emission rate given in the input file to kilotons per year. Then it assigns
grid cell coordinates to the center of each puff, computes the radius of
each puff, and stores the results in a COMMON block called EMIS.
RDUEA
From the options chosen in DEFALT, this subroutine either reads files
for wind data, mixing heights, stability categories, and precipitation data
or it generates default arrays for data files not provided by the user. If
a user-provided data set runs out of data before the end of the modeling
period, then the array for the previous time step becomes the default array
for the remaining time.
GENPUF
This subroutine generates new puffs of pollutants for each source in
each region per time step at the interval specified by the user in INPUT-DAT.
The variable name for this interval is IPUFNC, and the default value is 12 h.
PUFMOV
This subroutine moves all existing puffs each time step. With each
move, it recomputes each puff's radius and geographic location.
XGRID
For each puff, this subroutine calculates the percentage of the cross-
sectional area of the puff contained in each grid cell covered by the puff.
If the puff is entirely within one grid cell (no matter how much of that
cell is actually covered), then that cell is assigned a value of 100%.
SOCHEM
For each puff, this routine calculates the transformation rate of
to S04a and the amount of S02 transformed. Next, it calculates pollutant
4-28
-------
mass (as percentage of each grid cell covered by a given puff and the amount
in that puff) and the amounts of wet and dry deposition.
PART
This subroutine is analogous to SOCHEM. For each puff, it calculates
the concentration and amounts of wet and dry deposition of fine and coarse
particulate matter.
PROSIT
This subroutine assigns geographic locations to the data generated by
SOCHEM and/or PART.
WRTOUT
If the user specifies a non-zero number less than the number of days in
the month (zero = monthly) for the variable FDAILY in the INPUT-DAT file,
then this subroutine writes out array summaries at intervals equal to the
number of days represented by the specified number.
AMATRX
If the user selects source-receptor matrices (see description in
Section 1) as the output format, this subroutine assists in the calculation
of those matrices.
RWIND
This subroutine rewinds the files used by REDWEA after each emitting region
is processed.
DAYNIT
For each puff for each time step, this subroutine determines whether it
is day or night at the puff's location.
PRORAT
If the user inputs layered emissions, then this subroutine prorates those
data so that they correspond to the layers used by the model.
4-29
-------
HGTADJ
This subroutine supplies values for mixing height, which varies diurnally
and stability index, which varies diurnally and seasonally.
PRTOUT
This subroutine prints out the results of the simulation in one of the twc
possible output formats that may be specified by the user: (1) arrays of
gridded values of ambient concentrations and wet and dry deposition of specific
pollutants, and (2) source receptor matrices.
Input and Output Files
INPUT FILES
The model uses preprocessed data files and the file that contains user
input (INPUT-DAT) read by the subroutine DEFALT. Table 4.15 summarizes these
TABLE 4.15. INPUT FILES TO THE RELHAP MODEL
Required
Name
Logical
Unit No.
Description
INPUT-DAT
UPRVMUUU-UAT
UPRWNUVV-UAT
LWRUNUUU-OAT
LHRWNDVV-DAT
PREC1P-DAT
EMISSION-DAT
DRYDEP1-DAT
DRYDEP2-DAT
DRYDEP3-DAT
URYUEP4-OAT
WINDOW-DAT
10
14
16
17
18
26
20
21
22
9
27
23
This file Is read by the RELHAP subroutine called DEFALT. It
contains all the user-supplied input required by the model (see
Table 4.16).
This file contains the u-components of the 850-mb winds. It is
generated as output by the preprocessor of upper winds.
This file contains the v-components of the 850-mb winds, it is
generated as output by the preprocessor of upper winds.
This file contains the u-components of the surface winds. It 1s
generated as output by the preprocessor of surface winds.
This file contains the v-components of the surface winds. It is
generated as output by the preprocessor of surface winds.
This file contains the precipitation data generated as output by
the preprocessor of precipitation data.
This file contains the emissions data generated as output by the
preprocessor of emissions data.
This file contains the dry deposition velocities for SOj generated
by DEPPUFP 1n the preprocessor.
This file contains the dry deposition velocities for S0^° generated
by OEPPUFP 1n the preprocessor.
This file contains the dry deposition velocities for fine
particles generated by DEPPUFP 1n the preprocessor.
This file contains the dry deposition velocities for coarse
particles generated by UEPPUFP in the preprocessor.'
This file is required for the source-receptor output mode. It
contains the data generated by UNDO-FiL in the preprocessor.
4-30
-------
input files and gives their logical unit numbers. All of these files are
the output files generated by the preprocessors, except for INPUT-DAT.
INPUT-DAT--This file contains the values of the variables in the model
that can be changed by the user. In the code, these variables are located
in a NAMELIST called CARD. Any number of variables may be assigned new
values by using NAMELIST READ conventions. The subroutine DEFALT, which
contains this file, provides detailed instructions on how to change variables.
Table 4.16 contains a description of the variables that may be altered in
this file, including their default values. These default values are used
if the user does not specify a different value.
This input file provides the user with a number of options. For example,
if the user's mixing height data are not formatted by the preprocessor, but
are given as minimum and maximum values for each grid cell, then he should
set the variable FMXONT = .TRUE. If the user's emissions data are assigned
to three layers (different from the model's layers), then he should reset
the values for the following variables: FEMITL, EMITL, EMITM, and EMTH.
The model assumes instantaneous mixing of pollutants in three layers during
the daytime. If the user wishes to redefine the vertical daytime profile
of the mass of the pollutants, then he should reset the following variables:
FPROF, PR1, PR2, PR3, and PR4. The default values of these variables
reflect instantaneous mixing.
Additionally, manipulation of certain variables in INPUT-DAT will produce
different kinds of simulations:
(1) To produce output in source-receptor mode, alter FMATRX, NREG,
NEMIT, FEMIT, and FWINDO.
4-31
-------
TABLE 4.16. INPUT-DAT VARIABLES
Variable
MONNUM
I YEAR
IOELAY
IHRINC
IPUFNC
EXPRAT
FMATRX
NREG
NEHIT
FDAILY
NPOL
POL NAM
Description Units
Month-number for this run (1-12)
Year (four digits, e.g., 1980
Number of days delay built in
(to allow puffs to assume a good
distribution) before computations
begin
Time increment of the computations h
Puff -generation interval h
Expansion rate of the puff km^/h
For source-receptor output mode, option
to calculate source-receptor data:
TRUE = Calculate data,
FALSE - Do not calculate data
Number of receptor regions (for
source-receptor output mode)
Number of source regions (for
source-receptor output mode)
Number of consecutive days (in each
period when results are printed)
of data to accumulate before writing
it out (0 = monthly, N = N days)
Number of pollutant species
evaluated
Pollutant names: SOX = SO? and S04=
Default Value
1
1978
4
2
12
339.0
FALSE
1
1
0
4
SOX
AMN1
AMN2
AMN3
AMN4
PP
Dl
02
only; DIRT = SOX and paniculate
matter
Minimum amount of SOj allowed ktons
before the puff is dropped
Minimum amount of S04~ allowed ktons
before the puff is dropped; the
conditions for AMIN1 and AMIN2
must both be satisfied before the
puff is dropped.
Minimum amount of 2.5- ^ particles ktons
allowed before the puff is dropped
Minimum amount of 10- ^ particles ktons
allowed before the puff is dropped;
1f either conditions for AMIN3 or
AMIN4 are met, the puff is dropped.
Default amount of precipitation cm
in each grid square for each
time period
Default dry deposition rate for ktons/h
SOg (each grid square, each
time period)
Default dry deposition rate for ktons/h
504° (each grid square for each
time period)
0.5 x lO'4
0.5 x lO*4
0.5 x ID'4
0.5 x 10-4
0.5
0.6
0.4
4-32
-------
TABLE 4.16. INPUT-DAT VARIABLES (CONTINUED)
Variable
Description
Units
Default Value
03 Default dry deposition rate for
2.5- u particles (each grid square,
each time period)
04 Default dry deposition rate .for
10- (i particles (each grid square,
each time period)
UPRWND Availability of upper air wind data:
TRUE = Data will be read in for
each time period;
FALSE = Data will not be read in
LWRWND Availability of surface wind data:
TRUE = Data will be read in for
each time period;
FALSE * Data will not be read in
FMXHT Availability of mixing height data:
TRUE * Data will be read in for
each time period;
FALSE = Data will not be read in
FSTAB Availability of stability index data:
TRUE = Data will be read in for
each time period;
FALSE = Data will not be read in
FPRCP Availability of precipitation data:
TRUE - Data will be read in for
each time period;
FALSE = Data will not be read in
FHXONT Availability of maximum and minimum
mixing height data:
TRUE = Data will be read in one
time at the beginning of the
computations;
FALSE * Data will not be read in
FDRYP1 Availability of dry deposition data
for 502=
TRUE = Data will be read in for
each grid square before
computations begin;
FALSE = Data will not be read in
FDRYP2 Availability of dry deposition data
for S04°:
TRUE = Data will be read in each
grid square once only before
computations begin;
FALSE = Data will not be read in
FDRYP3 Availability of dry deposition data
for 2.5- u particles:
TRUE = Data will be read in each
grid square once only before
computations begin;
FALSE = Data will not be read in
ktons/h
ktons/h
0.4
0.1
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
4-33
-------
TABLE 4.16. INPUT-DAT VARIABLES (CONTINUED)
Variable
Description
Units
Default Value
FDRYP4 Availability of dry deposition data
for 10- |i particles:
TRUE = Data will be read in each
grid square once only before
computations begin;
FALSE - Data will not be read in
FEH1TL Availability of raw emissions data
assigned to three layers:
TRUE = Layered emissions available;
FALSE Layered emissions not
available
EMITL If layered emissions, height of
lowest layer
EMITM If layered emissions, height of
middle layer
EMTH If layered emissions, height of
highest layer
AMIXH Default maximum mixing height for
each grid square for each time
period
AMIXL Default minimum mixing height for
each grid square for each time
period
VUSPD Default v-component of upper wind
data for each grid square for
each time period
UUSPD Default u-component of upper wind
data for each grid square for
each time period
VLSPD Default v-component of surface wind
data for each grid square for
each time period
ULSPD Default u-component of surface wind
data for each grid square for each
time period
RESUME Availability of puff positions from
previous month:
TRUE = Data have been saved and will
be used as starting conditions for
this run;
FALSE = Data have not been saved
FWINDO For source-receptor output mode,
availability of grid square
assignments to emission sources:
TRUE = Data will be read in;
FALSE = Data will not be read in
FALSE
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
FALSE
200.0
700.0
1150.0
1150.0
50.0
0.0
10.0
1.0
5.0
FALSE
FALSE
4-34
-------
TABLE 4.16. INPUT-DAT VARIABLES (CONTINUED)
Vari able
Description
Units
Default Value
FEMIT
F1LYR
1HRITE
FRATD
ADI
FPROF
PR1.PR2,
PR3.PR4
For source-receptor output mode,
availability of list of emission
rates for each source in each
emission region:
TRUE = Data will be read in;
FALSE = Data will not be read in
Option of using a one-layer model
instead of a three-layer model:
TRUE « Run model with one layer;
FALSE » Run model with three layers
Defines when an optional file (more
frequent time interval) will be
written out (used with FDAILY and
RESUME); default value is last hour
of a non-leap year
Option to alter constants in night-
time dry deposition rate equations:
TRUE = Alter the constants;
FALSE = Do not alter the constants
Nighttime dry deposition rates for
S02, S04=, and fine particulate
matter
Option to define vertical daytime
profile of the mass of the
pollutants:
TRUE = Define profile;
FALSE = Do not define profile
Vertical daytime profile, must
sum to 1.00
FALSE
FALSE
8784
FALSE
0.0126
FALSE
8.6956518 x 10'3,
0.1652174,
0.4347826,
0.3913043
(2) To produce arrays of g ridded values of ambient concentrations and
wet and dry deposition of pollutants, leave the default values
in place.
(3) For a faster computer run time, the user might want to use a one-
layer rather than a three-layer model. To do so, set F1LYR=.TRUE,
(4) To run the model for a period shorter than one month, reset FDAILY
and IHRITE.
(5) To run the model for particulate matter and S02 and S04=, set
FPART = .TRUE., and assign POLNAM any name other than SOX.
4-35
-------
It is possible to combine Option 1 with Options 3-5 or Option 2 with
Options 3-5. Options 1 and 2 are mutually exclusive. Careful examination
of.the variables in INPUT-DAT will provide the user with more ways to
change the model to best fit his needs.
OUTPUT FILES
Table 4.17 summarizes the output files of the model. Most of these
files are used internally. TEST-LIS is the primary output file of the
model. Results are written to this file.
TABLE 4.17. OUTPUT FILES GENERATED BIT RELMAP*
Required Logical
Name Unit No. Description
SCRTCH1-DAT 12 This file is used with SCRATCH2-DAT to handle individual puffs so
that the model can allow an almost unlimited number of puffs to
exist simultaneously. Puffs are read into one file, for example,
SCRATCH1-UAT. and if they still exist at the end of a time
interval, then they are written to the other file (SCRATCH2-DAT).
Then the files are reversed, and the puffs are read back again
on the next time step.
SCRTCH2-UAT
SAFE-DAT
MATRIX- DAT
TEST-LiS
13
36
11
31
See description for SCRATCH1-IJAT.
This is a fail-safe device that writes out all puff locations and
all results after each emission region 1s processed.
When the source-receptor output mode is selected, this file is
used as a scratch file for source-receptor data.
This is the primary output file of the model. All messages and
results are written here.
* If FDAiLY > 0, then four more output files are required: SCRTCH3-DAT (logical unit 2), SCRTCH4-DAT (logical
unit 3), SCRTCH5-DAT (logical unit 7), and SCRTCH6-DAT (logical unit 8). These are working files only.
4-36
-------
SECTION 5
EXAMPLE EXECUTION
An example execution of the RELMAP model and its preprocessors
is provided. The Executive Control Language (ECL) of the UNIVAC system
is used. For this example execution, the preprocessors and both output
versions of the model are run for the month of January, 1980 for a
12 x 13 window located within the model's default domain (Figure 5-1).
This window, which contains a total of 156 grid cells, ranges from 30° to
43°N and from 80° to 92°W.
Figure 5.2 is an annotated PRECIS of the tape provided with the user's
guide that contains the programs and data files. It contains a brief
description of the 14 files on the tape. The first four files are program
files that contain the program elements for the model and the preprocessors,
and the 10 remaining files contain the data.
The preprocessors used for the emissions data have been omitted in
this example execution. Instead, the final preprocessed emissions file
provided on the tape (File 6) is ready as direct input into the model.
The programs used for preprocessing the emissions data, which are located
on the fourth file of the tape, are discussed in Section 4. Also, because
the grid used in the example execution does not extend far into Canada,
the two files on the tape that contain the Canadian precipitation data
(File 13) and the Canadian stations (File 14) are not accessed by the
precipitation preprocessors in this example.
5-1
-------
30
92
97
90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 8
Figure 5.1. Subgrid (12 x 13) used in the example execution.
5-2
-------
VOLUME QUALIFIER FILENAME ATTRIBUTES DATE T1HE PAGE
0001Z3 EHAP OMEWHD 6250,1,0,6 12 DEC 85 11:46:47 1
FILE LONGEST SHORTEST BLOCK FEET USED RECORD SIZE
NUMBER BLOCK BLOCK COUNT (NOMINAL) (Bytes)
(Words) (Words)
1
2
3
4
5
01 «.
1 6
CO
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
«»
zooo
2000
2000
2000
400
2250
260
2000
1610
1610
3000
200
4640
2000
END-OF-VOLUHE
1200
500
320
1600
400
766
260
620
58
26
1520
20
464
1000
*
53
32
24
32
1
7
1
32
3637
951
323
5745
1430
50
TOTAL
8.7
5.6
4.4
5.6
1.0
2.0
1.0
5.6
349.6
96.0
67.8
225.7
435.5
8.2
1217.3
80 RELM/
80 Surfa
80 Freed
80 Emiss
80 INPUT]
90 EMISS
80 WIND(
80 Count
6440 Surf£
6440 Uppei
80 " S
80 u- S
1856 Cana<
80 Canac
FILE CONTENTS
RELMAP Model Program Files (18 Elements)
Surface, Upper-Air Preprocessor Program Files (13 Elements)
Precipitation Preprocessor Program Files (20 Elements)
Emissions Preprocessor Program Files (13 Elements)
INPUT-DAT
EMISSION-DAT
WINDOW-DAT
County Location Data File for Area Emissions
Surface Data File (ASCII Characters)
Upper-Air Data File (ASCII Characters)
U. S. Hourly Precipitation Data File (ASCII Characters)
U. S. Station Location Data File (ASCII Characters)
Canadian Precipitation Data File (ASCII Characters)
Canadian Station Location Data File (ASCII Characters)
Figure 5.2. Annotated precis of tape.
-------
In the example runstreams presented, we assumed that the user has
successfully loaded, compiled, and mapped all of the program elements,
and that all of the data files have been successfully transferred from
the tape to the system disk. The user should now be ready to run the
preprocessors in the sequence presented.
The runstreams that make up this example execution use ECL and should
be copied exactly if the user is operating on a Sperry UNIVAC. Otherwise,
they should be translated into comparable statements on other computer
systems. The ECL commands used here include (@ASG), which assigns program
and data files to the run; (@USE), which attaches file names to logical
unit numbers and assigns aliases; and (@XQT), which initiates program
execution. After execution, the user is often prompted for a response
(this prompt is represented by italicized type in the runstreams).
Responses should be supplied in the format illustrated by the input card
images described in Section 4.
PGM-SFC1
The following runstream illustrates the procedure used to mount the
tape and execute PGM-SFC1, which reads the ninth file on the tape. This
file contains surface data and generates two output files. The first
output file, SFCWEA (logical unit 10), is written in ASCII format. It
may be examined by the user with the editor so that any suspicious data
can be removed or replaced.
5-4
-------
The second output file, SFCRAIN (logical unit 11), is written in
binary and is also used as input into PGM-SFC2. After executing PGM-SFC1,
a listing will automatically be printed that gives the year, month, day,
time, and number of stations available.
RUN CARD
INPUT TAPE
PROGRAM FILE
OUTPUT DATA
FILES
PROGRAM
EXECUTION
(3RUN, R/R RUNID, ETC
@ASG,T TAPENAME, U9S, TAPENUMBER
(3USE TAPEA., TAPENAME
(3REWIND TAPEA.
(9MOVE TAPEA., 8
(i>ASG,A PREPROC.
@USE A., PREPROC.
@ASG,PU SFCWEA.
(3ASG.PU SFCRAIN.
(3USE 10., SFCWEA.
GHJSE 11., SFCRAIN.
(9XQT A.PGM-SFC1
ENTER STARTING MONTH (MM), YEAR ( M ) , AND
DA? (DD) THEN ENDING MONTH (MM) AND DAY (DD)
1, 80, 1, 2, 1
PGM-SFC2
PGM-SFC2 reads the two output files created by PGM-SFC1 (SFCWEA and
SFCRAIN) and generates six output files (Table 4.5). After execution of
the model, a listing of the number of relevant 6-h observations for
precipitation, wind speed and direction, sky cover, stability, and mixing
height will automatically be written to the printer. Also printed will
be 12 x 13 arrays (corresponding to the domain used in the example execu-
tion) of the averaged gridded values of wind speed (u- and v-components,
5-5
-------
in meters per second), sky cover (in tenths), stability index (Pasquill-
Gifford scale) and mixing heights (in meters) for the month of January,
1980. For this example execution, only the files containing sky cover
data, SSKYE (logical unit 13) and the two wind components, SSFCU and
SSFCV (logical units 11 and 12, respectively), are required by the model.
The 12 x 13 arrays corresponding to these three files are presented in
Appendix D. These arrays will allow the user to verify his results to
ensure that his programs ran correctly.
FREE LOGICAL
UNIT NUMBERS
PROGRAM
EXECUTION
(3FREE.A 10.
PFREE.A 11.
OUTPUT DATA
FILES
INPUT DATA
FILES
(3ASG.PU
(PASG.PU
PASG.PU
<3ASG,PU
@ASG,PU
@ASG,PU
G>USE 10.,
GHJSE 11.,
GHJSE 12.,
@USE 13.,
(3USE 14.,
(3USE 15.,
(iHJSE 8.,
(3USE 9.,
SRAIN.
SSFCU.
SSFCV.
SSKYE.
SSTAB .
SMIXH.
SRAIN.
SSFCU.
SSFCV.
SSKYE.
SSTAB .
SMIXH.
SFCWEA.
SFCRAIN
@XQT A.PGM-SFC2
ENTER THE NAMES OF THE SIX OUTPUT FILES,
USING UP TO 28 CHARACTERS PER NAME ENCLOSED
IN SINGLE QUOTES
'PREC DATA1
'U WIND COMP1
'V WIND COMP1
'SKY COVER1
'STAB INDEX'
'MIX HGT'
ENTER STARTING MONTH (MM), YEAR (YY) AND DAY (DD)
1, 80, 1
5-6
-------
PGM-TIME
The output files generated by PGM-SFC2 contain data for 6-h time
periods. As is the case with this example execution, which requires a
3-h time period, the user may want to use a different time increment.
This conversion is accomplished with PGM-TIME, which must be run indivi-
dually for each of the data files (produced by PGM-SFC2) that are to be
used as input into the model. For the example execution, this includes
only the sky cover file (SSKYE) and the two wind files (SSFCU and SSFCV).
With each run of PGM-TIME, logical unit 10 is assigned to the input data
file, and the output data file is assigned to logical unit 11. After
program execution, a message is written for every time increment that was
converted successfully. Two of the output files created by PGM-TIME,
LWRWNDUU-DAT and LWRWNDVV-DAT, are used as direct input into the model.
The third output data file, SKY-DAT, is used as input into the program
HOLEZ, which is one of the precipitation preprocessors.
FREE LOGICAL
UNIT NUMBERS
OUTPUT
DATA FILES
INPUT DATA
FILE
PROGRAM
EXECUTION
PFREE.A 10.
(3FREE,A 11.
(BASG.PU LWRWNDUU-DAT.
GHJSE 11., LWRWNDUU-DAT.
@USE 10., SSFCU.
(3XQT A.PGM-TIME
ENTER NAME FOR OUTPUT DATA SET UP TO
28 CHARACTERS
SFC U COMP WINDS JAN, 1980
ENTER OLD TIME INTERVAL THEN NEW TIME INVERVAL
6, 3
5-7
-------
FREE LOGICAL
UNIT NUMBERS
OUTPUT DATA
FILES
INPUT DATA
FILE
PROGRAM
EXECUTION
FREE LOGICAL
UNIT NUMBERS
OUTPUT DATA
FILES
INPUT DATA
FILE
PROGRAM
EXECUTION
@ FREE,A '10.
@ FREE.A 11.
USE 10., SSFCV.
@XQT A.PGM-TIME
ENTER NAME FOR OUTPUT DATA SET UP TO 28
CHARACTERS
SFC V COMP WINDS JAN, 1980
ENTER OLD TIME INTERVAL THEN NEW TIME
INTERVAL
6, 3
(3FREE.A 10.
(3FREE.A 11.
(BASG,PU SKY-DAT.
@USE 11., SKY-DAT.
(3USE 10., SSKYE.
(3XQT A.PGM-TIME
ENTER NAME FOR OUTPUT DATA SET UP TO 28
CHARACTERS
SKY COVER FOR JAN, 1980
ENTER OLD TIME INTERVAL THEN NEV TIME INTERVAL
6, 3
PGM-RAOB
PGM-RAOB reads the tenth file of the tape, which contains the upper air
data, and generates two output files: TSAVE (logical unit 10) and WSAVE
(logical unit 11). TSAVE, which requires extra core space, is written in
5-8
-------
ASCII format. This allows the user to edit the file and replace any
suspicious data before the file is used as input into PGM-RAOB. The
second output file (WSAVE) is written in binary and is also used as input
into PGM-RAOB2. As discussed earlier, we assume in all the runstreams
that the programs are run in sequence, in one session, as presented in
the example execution (i.e., PGM-RAOB should be run after PGM-SFC1,
PGM-SFC2, and PGM-TIME). If the user deviates from this sequence, he
must first rewind the tape ((3REWIND TAPEA.), and then move it to the
tenth file (@MOVE TAPEA.,9) before he can proceed. After execution of
PGM-RAOB, a listing of the RAOB stations used in the example execution is
presented.
(3ASG.PU TSAVE., F/O/TRK/256
OUTPUT @ASG,PU WSAVE.
DATA FILES @USE 10., TSAVE.
G>USE 11., WSAVE.
@XQT A.PGM-RAOB.
PROGRAM
EXECUTION ENTER STARTING MONTH (MM), YEAE (YY) AND DAY (DD)
THEN ENDING MONTH (MM) AND DAY (DD)
1, 80, 1, 2, 1
PGM-RAOB2
PGM-RAOB2 reads the two files created by PGM-RAOB: TSAVE (logical
unit 10) and WSAVE (logical unit 11). Then it creates five output files,
as described in Section 4. Of the five files generated, only two are
necessary for this example execution: R850U (logical unit 15) and R850V
(logical unit 16).
5-9
-------
After execution of PGM-RAOB2, a listing of the number of stations re-
porting data for surface and 850-mb winds and mixing height is automati-
cally printed. Also printed are 12 x 13 arrays of the averaged gridded
values of the mixing height and the four wind components (surface u- and
v-components, and 850-mb u- and v-components) for the month of January,
1980. The 12 x 13 arrays of the 850-mb wind components are presented in
Appendix D. These allow the user to verify that his results are correct.
INPUT DATA @USE TGOOD., TSAVE.
FILE
(3ASG, PU RMIXH.
G>ASG, PU RSFCU.
@ASG, PU RSFCV.
(3ASG, PU R850U.
OUTPUT (3ASG, PU R850V.
DATA FILES (3USE 12,. RMIXH.
GHJSE 13., RSFCU.
(3USE 14., RSFCV.
(3USE 15., R850U.
GHJSE 16., R850V.
@XQT A.PGM-RAOB2
PROGRAM
EXECUTION ENTER STARTING DATE IN FORMAT HMMDDHH
80010100
PGM-TIME
The output files created by PGM-RAOB2 contain 12-h time periods,
which must be converted to the 3-h time period used in the example execu-
tion by using PGM-TIME. Only the two 850-mb wind files (R850U and R850V)
need to be processed through PGM-TIME, because the other data files are
not required in this example. Once again, the two input files (R850U
and R850V) are assigned to logical unit 10, and the two output files
5-10
-------
(UPRWNDUU and UPRWNDVV) are assigned to logical unit 11, with each
run of PGM-TIME. The output files are used directly as input into the
model. After execution of the program, a message is written for every
time increment that was successfully converted from 12 h to 3 h.
FREE INPUT
FILES FROM
RAOB2
FREE LOGICAL
UNIT NUMBERS
INPUT FILE
OUTPUT FILE
PROGRAM
EXECUTION
FREE
FILES
INPUT FILE
OUTPUT FILE
PROGRAM
EXECUTION
(3FREE 10.
@FREE 11.
G>FREE,A 12.
(3FREE.A 13.
<3FREE,A 14.
<3FREE,A 15.
G>FREE,A 16.
-------
WNDO-FIL
If the user wishes to run the source/receptor output version of the
model, as in this example execution, he must process another data file
by using WNDO-FIL, which defines the receptor regions. The source regions
have already been defined in the emissions data preprocessor. Located in
File 7 on the tape are 13 80-column cards that describe the receptor
regions. This file should be extracted from the tape and copied to disk
file in the same manner as the program files. WNDO-FIL, which requires
no user input, reads this file and creates WINDOW-DAT (logical unit 11),
which is used as input directly into the model. A listing depicting the
receptor regions is printed out automatically with execution of the model.
This listing should be read from the lower left section of the grid to
the upper right hand corner.
(9REWIND TAPEA
@MOVE TAPEA.,6
(3FREE 10.
INPUT DATA FILE @ASG,PU WINDOW-DAT.
OUTPUT DATA @ASG,PU WINDOW-DAT.
FILE (3USE 10., WINDOW-DAT.
PROGRAM (3XQT A. WNDO-FIL.
EXECUTION @ADD,PL WINDOW.
DEPPUFP
DEPPUFP uses a data statement to define land use categories and
generates four output files that contain dry deposition velocities
for S02, S04=, and fine and coarse particulate matter (Table 4.13).
This program, which requires no input data, provides the user with an
5-12
-------
option to define the size distribution of coarse participate matter. Dry
deposition velocities for 5-y, 7.5-y or 10-y particles may be selected
for input into the model.
After execution of DEPPUFP, three arrays are automatically printed.
The first contains the land use categories used in the 13 x 12 grid
employed by the example execution. The second array contains dry deposition
velocities, by stability class and land use category, for S0£ and SC^,
and the third array contains dry deposition velocities, by stability
class and land use category, for fine and coarse particulate matter.
OUTPUT DATA
FILES
PROGRAM
EXECUTION
(3ASG.PU
(3ASG.PU
(3ASG.PU
<3ASG,PU
(3USE 10.
(PUSE
(3USE
0USE
11.
12.
13.
DRYDEP1-DAT.
DRYDEP2-DAT.
DRYDEP3-DAT.
DRYDEP4-DAT.
, DRYDEP1-DAT.
, DRYDEP2-DAT.
, DRYDEP3-DAT.
, DRYDEP4-DAT.
@XOT A.DEPPUFF
ENTER SEASON AS SPRING, SUMMER, AUTUMN OR WINTER
WINTER
15 THIS DATA FOR S02, S04 AND PARTICUDATES Y/N
Y
FOR THE LARGEST PARTICULATE SIZE:
IF YOU WANT TO USE 10 VELOCITIES ENTER ONE
IF YOU WANT TO USE 5 VELOCITIES ENTER TWO
IF YOU WANT TO USE AN AVERAGE OF 5 AND 10
ENTER A THREE
5-13
-------
LOCATR
LOCATR requires no user input. It reads the twelfth file of the
tape, which contains data on U.S. precipitation reporting stations.
The program then creates file USWBSTA (logical unit 10), which contains
all the available U.S. stations and their geographic coordinates. After
execution of LOCATR, a listing of these stations and their coordinates is
automatically printed.
PROGRAM FILE @ASG,A PRECIP.
PUSE A., PRECIP.
^REWIND TAPEA.
(3MOVE TAPEA., 11
OUTPUT DATA G>ASG,PU USWBSTA., F/O/TRK/512
FILE (3USE 10., USWBSTA.
PROGRAM (9XQT A.LOCATR
EXECUTION
(3REWIND TAPEA.
MASTER
MASTER requires the mounting of a second blank tape and creates a
master tape by combining the U.S. NWS hourly precipitation file (eleventh
file on the tape) with the station location file called USWBSTA (logical
unit 10) created by LOCATR. This program, which requires no user input,
will write the combined precipitation data to the master output tape
(TAPEB). All missing data have been filled in and all times have been
converted to Greenwich Mean Time. After execution, MASTER will automati-
cally print a listing of all the station locations (latitude and longitude)
for which precipitation data are available.
5-14
-------
G>ASG, TJ/W TAPENAME, U9S, TAPENUMBER
OUTPUT TAPE (
-------
PROGRAM ENTER START AND THEN STOP DATES IN FORM YYMMDD
EXECUTION
800101 800201
OUTPUT FROM SORT (3ASG.PU JAN80., F/O/TRK/512 .
PROGRAM @ADD,PL A.SORT
EXECUTION
(BFREE JAN80RAIN.
GRID
This program reads the file called JAN80 (logical unit 10), created
by RTREV and SORT, and creates two output data files called RAINAMT (logical
unit 11) and RAINCNT (logical unit 12). RAINAMT contains the total
gridded precipitation amount for each time period, and RAINCNT contains
the number of stations, by grid cell, contributing to the total precipi-
tation amount. As discussed earlier, Canadian precipitation is not
required by this example execution; therefore, it will not be considered.
INPUT DATA GUISE 10., JAN80.
FILE
(3ASG.PU RAINAMT.,F/O/TRK/512
OUTPUT DATA PASG.PU RAINCNT.,F/O/TRK/512
FILES $USE 11., RAINAMT.
G>USE 12., RAINCNT.
(3XQT A.GRID
ENTER OUTPUT FILE HEADER, UP TO 28 CHARACTERS
US RAIN JAN., 1980
ENTER TIME INCREMENT OF OUTPUT GRIDS IN HOURS
3
PROGRAM
EXECUTION ENTER MULTIPLIER FACTOR TO ADJUST PREC
DIMENSIONS TO MILLIMETERS
5-16
-------
25.4
ENTER A ONE IF YOU WANT TO READ IN CANADIAN
HOURLY RAIN, OTHERWISE ENTER A TWO
ENTER A ONE IF WU WANT TO READ-IN CANADIAN
24-HOURLX RAIN, OTHERWISE ENTER A TWO
HOLEZ
This final preprocessor reads three input data files: RAINAMT (logical
unit 11) and RAINCNT (logical unit 10), generated by GRID, and SKY-DAT
(logical unit 12), generated by PGM-SFC2 and PGM-TIME. HOLEZ then creates
an unformatted output file called PRECIP-DAT (logical unit 13) that
contains gridded precipitation for all of the grid cells used in the
example execution. This file, which contains no missing data, is used
directly as input into the model. After execution of HOLEZ, the monthly
total precipitation for January 1980 is automatically printed for the
12 x 13 array used in this example. This array, which is given in
Appendix D, should be examined by the user to verify that he has processed
the precipitation data correctly.
(3FREE 10.
@FREE,A 12.
@ASG,A SKY-DAT.
INPUT DATA G>USE 12., SKY-DAT.
FILE GHJSE 10., RAINCNT.
OUTPUT DATA @ASG,PU PRECIP-DAT.
FILE (9USE 13., PRECIP-DAT.
(3XQT A.HOLEZ
PROGRAM ENTER OUTPUT FILE HEADER - UP TO 28 CHARACTERS
EXECUTION
FINAL GRIDDED PREC JAN, 1980
5-17
-------
MAIN
After preprocessing the raw input data, ten output files have been
generated that will serve as input into MAIN. Table 4.15 in Section 4
lists two more files that need to be accessed by MAIN to perform the
model simulations. These are INPUT-DAT, which is the fifth file on the
tape, and EMISSION-DAT, which is the sixth file. INPUT-DAT is used in
the subroutine DEFALT and contains all of the user-supplied input parameters
required by the model (Table 4.16 in Section 4). As discussed earlier,
EMISSION-DAT contains all of the preprocessed emissions data required by
the example execution. Both files must be transferred from the tape to
disk files with the exact names used here (i.e., INPUT-DAT, EMISSION-DAT)
for the OPEN statements to work.
After execution of the model, five output files are created (Table 4.17
in Section 4) by MAIN. All of the model results are written to TEST-LIS
(logical unit 31), which must be printed out by the user. Example outputs
of both versions of the model (the gridded values and the source/receptor
exchange tables), which are discussed in detail in Section 1, are provided.
These examples allow the user to verify his final results to ensure that
the model ran properly. The runstreams found below illustrate the procedure
used to run both versions of the model. The first execution produces the
12 x 13 arrays of gridded values of S02» S0^=, fine and coarse particles,
wet and dry deposition, and concentration (Figure 5.3). The second
execution, which requires slight modification of INPUT-DAT as shown,
produces the source/receptor simulations (Figure 5.4). A total of 6 source
regions and 19 receptor regions were arbitrarily selected for the source/
receptor example execution (Figures 5.5 and 5.6).
5-18
-------
PROGRAM FILE @ASG,A RELMAP.
(3USE A.,RELMAP.
PROGRAM (3XQT A.MAIN
EXECUTION
PRINT OUTPUT @SYM,U TEST-LIS.,,FD04PR
To execute the model in the source/receptor mode, the user must edit
the file INPUT-DAT, and change the following parameters: FMATRIX and
FWINDO must be changed from .FALSE, to .TRUE., and NREG must be changed
from 1 to 19. The runstream shown above is also used to execute this simu-
lation.
5-19
-------
INPUT
HET-DEPOSIT
SULFUR BUDGET (KILOTONNES)
CRT-DEPOSIT LEFT GRID
REMAIN IN PUFFS
TRANSFORMED
502
SO*
689.422
11.463
INPUT
10.064
3.093
WET-DEPOSIT
26.191 552.374
3.914 75.775
PARTICULATE BUDGET IKUOTOHNES)
DRY-DEPOSIT
LEFT GRID
26.011
3.399
REMAIN IN PUFFS
74.712
en
i
ro
O
P25
P10
244.275
168.222
9.573
6.348
JANUARY I960
8.968 216.07?
22.990 132.897
S02 WET-DEPOSITIOM KG/HA
10
11
JANUARY 1980
S04 WET-DEPOSITION KG/HA
10
11
9.635
5.999
12
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.01
.02
.03
.00
.01
.01
.00
.01
.01
.06
.03
.03
.04
.04
.03
.03
.05
.03
.02
.03
.04
.06
.02
.06
.02
,04
.05
.06
.10
.07
.03
.01
.04
.07
.03
.04
.09
.09
.05
.07
.16
.21
.13
.07
.06
.05
.09
.10
.05
.08
.07
.11
.19
.29
.17
.25
.16
.12
.10
.12
.04
.08
.08
.07
.15
.28
.20
.34
.20
.27
.28
.OB
.05
.04
.03
.07
.07
.16
.21
.33
.37
.26
.34
.22
.07
.05
.00
.08
.08
.17
.22
.28
.27
.38
.49
.45
.24
.07
.06
.02
.18
.06
.23
.35
.30
.40
.36
.27
.25
.15
.17
.04
.02
,17
.23
.35
.41
.58
.65
.34
.14
.25
.17
.08
.12
.10
.17
.22
.38
.54
.31
.25
.20
.21
.18
.05
.08
.05
12
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5 '
4
3
2
1
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.00
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.00
.02
.00
.01
.02
.02
.03
.04
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.03
.02
.01
.02
.06
.09
.04
.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.01
.02
.02
.04
.07
.12
.05
.10
.04
.04
.03
.04
.01
.02
.03
.02
.06
.11
.11
.14
.09
.11
.10
.03
.02
.01
.01
.02
.04
.07
.10
.18
.16
.11
.13
.07
.03
.02
.00
.03
.03
.07
.12
.13
.16
.18
.25
.20
.09
.03
.02
.00
.08
.02
.12
.21
.18
.23
.20
.18
.13
.06
.10
.02
.01
.08
.09
.17
.24
.33
.39
.20
.09
.13
.03
.05
.10
.03
.05
.09
.19
.25
.19
.15
.12
.14
.11
.02
.04
.02
Figure 5.3. Gridded values from example execution output results.
-------
in
i
ro
SLFR WET-DEPOSITIOM KG/HA
JANUARY 1980
13
1Z
11
10
9
a
7
6
5
4
3
Z
I
1
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
2
.01
.01
.00
.01
.02
.00
.00
.01
.00
.01
.01
.03
.00
3
.02
.oz
.02
.OZ
.02
.OZ
.03
.OZ
.01
.OZ
.03
.03
.01
4
.04
.01
.02
.03
.04
.06
.05
.02
.01
.02
.04
.04
.02
5
.05
.06
.03
.04
.10
.13
.08
.04
.03
.03
.05
.06
6
.03
.05
.04
.07
.1Z
.IS
.10
.16
.09
.07
.06
.07
.02
7
.05
.05
.04
.10
.IB
.14
.22
.13
.17
.17
.05
.03
.02
6
.02
.04
.05
.10
.14
.22
.24
17
.21
.14
.05
.03
.00
9
.05
.05
.11
.15
.18
.19
.25
.33
.29
.15
.05
.03
.01
10
.11
.04
.16
.24
.21
.28
.25
.20
.17
.10
.12
.02
.01
11
.11
.14
.23
.29
.40
.45
.24
.10
.17
.11
.06
.09
12
.06
.10
.14
.26
.36
.22
.18
.14
.15
.13
.03
.05
.03
P25 MET-DEPOSITION KG/HA
JANUARY 1980
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
2
.01
.01
.01
-.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.OZ
.00
3
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.03
.03
.03
.04
.03
.03
.01
4
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.05
.03
.05
.05
.04
.02
5
.04
.05
.02
.02
.05
.06
.04
.05
.05
.04
.05
.04
6
.03
.04
.03
.05
05
.07
.08
.13
.00
.06
.05
.06
.02
7
.03
.04
.03
.06
.07
.05
.14
.12
.14
.13
.05
.03
.03
8
.01
.02
.04
.07
.07
.09
.14
.13
.14
.11
.05
.04
.00
9
.03
.04
.07
.09
.11
.11
.17
.19
.21
.18
.06
.05
.01
10
.08
.03
.09
.13
.11
.18
.16
.14
.18
.12
.09
.04
.02
11
.08
.10
.11
.15
.20
.25
.16
.12
.19
.15
.08
.10
12
.04
.06
.07
.12
.15
.13
.14
.14
.14
.12
.04
.07
.05
P10 WET-DEPOSITION KG/HA
JANUARY 1980
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
.01
.00
.00
.01
.00
.00
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
2
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.00
3
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.03
.03
.03
.03
.02
.02
.00
4
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.03
.03
.05
.04
.05
.03
.02
.01
5
.03
.03
.02
.02
.04
.04
.04
.05
.05
.04
.03
.02
6
.02
.03
.02
.03
.04
.05
.06
.12
.07
.04
.03
.03
.01
7
.02
.02
.02
.03
.04
.04
.10
.09
.10
.08
.03
.02
.02
8
.01
.01
.02
.03
.03
.05
.10
.09
.09
.06
.03
.03
.00
9
.02
.02
.04
.04
.05
.06
.11
.12
.13
.11
.04
.03
.01
10
.04
.01
.05
.07
.06
.10
.11
.08
.11
.08
.06
.03
.01
11
.04
.05
.06
.08
.12
.15
.10
.07
.12
.10
.05
.06
12
.02
.03
.05
.07
.10
.06
.08
.09
.09
.08
.03
.04
.02
Figure 5.3. Continued.
-------
S02 DHt-DEPOSITIOM KG/HA
in
ro
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
13
12
11
10
9
0
7
6
5
4
3
2
I
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
^
3
2
1
.00
.01
.02
.04
.05
.08
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.02
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.03
.03
.04
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.02
.06
.08
.10
.12
.16
.05
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01.
.00
.01
.01
.02
.02
.03
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.03
.04
.06
.07
.09
.03
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
JANUARY
3
.05
.10
.14
.16
.24
.24
.17
.08
.05
.03
.03
.06
.08
4
.09
.19
.15
.23
.45
.36
.26
.18
.11
.06
.09
.13
.19
JANUARY
3
.01
.01
.03
.03
.04
.04
.03
.02
.01
.01
.00
.01
.01
4
.01
.02
.03
.04
.07
.06
.05
.03
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
JANUARY
3
.03
.05
.08
.09
.13
.13
.09
.04
.03
.02
.02
.03
.05
4
.05
.10
.08
.13
.25
.20
.14
.10
.06
.03
.05
.07
.10
1980
5
.10
.05
.27
.35
.55
.49
.39
.28
.13
.09
.11
.16
.19
1980
5
.01
.03
.04
.05
.09
.09
.07
.05
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
1980
5
.05
.04
.15
.19
.30
.27
.22
.16
.07
.05
.06
.09
.10
.09
.20
.37
.45
.59
.64
.54
.44
.27
.22
.17
.17
.13
.01
.03
.05
.08
.11
.11
.10
.09
.06
.05
.03
.03
.03
.05
.11
.20
.26
.33
.36
.30
.25
.16
.13
.10
.09
.10
7
.12
.35
.46
.52
.71
.70
.73
.66
.45
.35
.25
.18
.16
a
.16
.36
.43
.55
.70
.77
.87
.70
.61
.45
.32
.21
.16
9
.18
.42
.48
.63
.74
.72
.92
.73
.66
.54
.36
.24
.20
S04 DRY-DEPOSITION
7
.02
.05
.07
.10
.13
.14
.14
.14
.10
.07
.06
.04
.03
8
.03
.06
.08
.11
.13
.15
.19
.16
.15
.11
.08
.06
.04
9
.04
.08
.10
,13
.15
.16
.21
.19
.17
.15
.10
.07
.06
SLFR DRY-DEPOSITION
7
.07
.19
.26
.29
.40
.39
.41
.37
.26
.20
.15
.10
.09
6
.09
.20
.24
.31
.39
.43
.49
.40
.36
.26
.19
.12
.10
9
.10
.24
.28
.36
.42
.41
.53
.43
.39
.32
.22
.15
.12
10
.26
.48
.54
.72
.80
.91
.75
.80
.70
.56
.39
.33
.24
KG/HA
10
.06
.09
.13
.17
.19
.21
-20
.22
.19
.16
.12
.11
.09
KG/HA
10
.15
.27
.31
.42
.46
.53
.44
.48
.41
.33
.23
.20
.15
11
.19
.49
.66
.74
1.03
1.09
.62
.68
.62
.55
.40
.54
.26
11
.02
.10
.14
.17
.27
.27
.25
.21
.19
.16
.12
.13
.11
11
.10
.28
.38
.43
.61
.63
.49
.41
.37
.33
.24
.31
.17
12
.22
.39
.53
.57
.66
.74
.67
.58
.46
.37
.29
.25
.24
1Z
.05
.07
.10
.12
.21
.18
.19
.17
.14
.12
.09
.04
.04
12
.13
.22
.30
.33
.50
.43
.40
.35
.28
.22
.18
.14
.13
Figure 5.3. Continued.
-------
JANUARY 1980
P25 DRY-DEPOSITION KG/HA
I
ro
CO
1
13 .00
12 .01
11 .01
10 .01
9 .01
8 .02
? .01
6 .00
5 .00
4 .00
3 .00
2 .00
1 .00
2
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.04
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.00
3
.01
.02
.03
.03
.04
.05
.04
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
4
.02
.03
.03
.04
.06
.05
.05
.05
.04
.03
.03
.03
.04
5
.01
.05
.04
.05
.06
.07
.06
.06
.04
.04
.04
.04
.04
6
.01
.04
.06
.06
.07
.07
.07
.07
.06
.05
.05
.04
.05
7
.03
.05
.08
.08
.OS
.09
.09
.10
.07
.06
.06
.05
.05
8
.03
.06
.08
.09
.09
.09
.11
.10
.10
.08
.07
.06
.06
9
.03
.08
.10
.10
.10
.09
.12
.11
.10
.10
.07
.07
.07
P10 OUT-DEPOSITION
JANUARY
1
13 .01
12 .03
11 .03
10 .04
9 .04
B .09
7 .06
6 .02
5 .01
4 .01
3 .01
2 .01
1 .01
2
.02
.04
.04
.05
.08
.19
.09
.06
.04
.03
.02
.01
.02
3
.03
.05
.07
.08
.14
.17
.16
.12
.09
.06
.05
.04
.07
4
.05
.09
.08
.09
.18
.18
.19
.17
.14
.11
.08
.12
.13
1900
5
.05
.17
.10
.12
.17
.21
.20
.29
.14
.13
.10
.14
.09
6
.06
.08
.12
.14
.17
.20
.21
.21
.16 '
.16
.12
.09
.15
7
.05
.11
.14
.16
.20
.22
.23
.41
.19
.17
.15
.11
.17
8
.06
.12
.15
.17
.20
.20
.39
.34
.36
.20
.16
.14
.22
9
.06
.14
.17
.18
.20
.17
.35
.32
.34
.22
.16
.16
.17
10
.04
.09
.10
.11
.12
.12
.11
.11
.10
.09
.08
.09
.08
KG/HA
10
.07
.15
.18
.19
.21
.35
.20
.34
.21
.21
.17
.29
.29
11
.02
.08
.10
.11
.15
.14
.13
.11
.10
.09
.08
.09
.09
11
.07
.17
.18
.19
.37
.35
.39
.22
.22
.21
.18
.16
.25
12
.03
.06
.08
.09
.10
.09
.10
.09
.08
.09
.07
.03
.03
12
.06
.11
.14
.16
.18
.16
.18
.18
.16
.17
.15
.13
.13
502 CONCENTRATION UG/H3
JANUARY
1
13 .28
12 .59
11 .81
10 .99
9 1.41
8 .97
7 .24
6 .05
5 .15
4 .09
3 .15
2 .30
1 .49
2
.72
1.70
2.96
2.95
5.30
4.11
1.44
.69
.57
.50
.80
1.13
1.60
3
1.42
4.26
5.75
5.39
10.42
9.25
5.21
2.97
2.06
1.31
1.56
3.22
4.89
4
2.32
7.72
7.96
8.42
16.25
12.02
8.63
5.81
3.33
2.20
2.98
4.87
7.90
1980
5
3.33
9.11
12.10
12.03
19.64
16.62
13.72
7.37
4.91
3.64
4.12
5.30
7.48
6
3.95
10.21
15.00
14.97
22.B5
22.01
19.95
14.07
9.00
6.98
5.61
5.27
5.98
7
5.00
12.56
15.01
17.72
23.42
22.63
23.57
16.60
12.53
11.00
7.92
5. OB
4.14
8
5.92
12.24
13.99
16.68
21.82
24.51
22.03
17.54
15.32
13.54
9.77
5.83
4.86
9
6.34
13.83
14.45
17.56
23.16
22.64
21-97
17.19
16.38
14.25
10.20
6.53
5.21
10
7.50
13.64
15.20
20.60
24.86
21.76
18.34
16.30
15.37
13.43
9.67
6.80
5.12
11
6.56
16.79
20.89
20.35
24.90
24.10
17.19
14.86
13.92
11.91
8.84
8.30
6.21
12
6.33
13.06
16.34
19.30
24.03
20.14
16.30
13.47
10.53
8.45
7.12
7.03
6.63
Figure 5.3. Continued.
-------
JANUARY I960
S04 CONCENTRATION UG/M3
in
i
IV)
1
13 .04
12 .07
11 .12
10 .20
9 .28
e .25
7 .07
6 .01
5 .02
4 .02
3 .02
Z .03
1 . .06
2
.12
.23
.44
.49
.77
.71
.31
.13
.09
.09
.12
.14
.16
3
.20
.51
.83
.83
1.39
1.35
.83
.49
.32
.23
.22
.36
.49
4
.31
.90
1.06
1.25
2.30
1.88
1.35
.9.9
.66
.40
.45
.56
.81
5
.46
1.05
1.55
1.75
2.78
2.61
2.13
1.27
.90
.69
.70
.71
.85
6
.59
1.24
1.91
2.29
3.29
3.31
2.95
2.37
1.64
1.30
1.02
.86
.77
7
.77
1.71
2.15
2.71
3.61
3.76
3.77
2.98
2.41
2.01
1.53
1.02
.79
8
.90
1.80
2.11
2.80
3.56
4.11
4.07
3.38
3.06
2.58
1.96
1.38
.98
9
1.02
2.11
2.54
3.27
3.95
4.08
4.31
3.68
3.36
3.05
2.25
1.63
1.22
10
1.32
2.38
3.00
3.92
4.62
4.34
4.27
3.89
3.61
3.12
2.39
1.91
1.43
11
1.21
2.74
3.60
3.84
4.87
4.94
4.28
3.91
3.57
3.14
2.48
2.37
1.65
12
1.05
1.94
2.62
3.19
4.46
4.13
3.96
3.34
2.73
2.36
2.05
2.05
1.76
SLFR CONCENTRATION UG/M3
JANUARY
1
13 .15
12 .32
11 .45
10 .56
9 .60
8 .57
7 .14
6 .03
5 .00
4 .05
3 .08
2 .16
1 .26
2
.40
.92
1.62
1.64
2.91
2.29
.82
.39
.32
.28
.44
.61
.85
3
.77
2.30
3.15
2.97
5.67
5.07
2.88
1.65
1.14
.73
.85
1.73
2.61
4
1.27
4.16
4.33
4.63
8.89
7.04
4.77
3.23
1.83
1.23
1.64
2.62
4.22
1980
5
1.62
4.90
6.57
7.00
10.75
9.18
7.57
4.11
2.75
2.05
2.29
2.89
4.02
6
2.17
5.52
8.14
6.25
12.52
12.11
10.96
7.83
5.05
3.92
3.15
2.92
3.24
7
2.75
6.85
8.22
9.77
12.91
12.57
13.04
9.29
7.07
6.17
4.47
2.88
2.33
6
3.26
6.72
7.70
9.27
12.10
13.63
12.37
9.90
8.68
7.63
5.54
3.37
2.76
9
3.51
7.62
6.07
9.67
12.90
12.68
12.42
9.82
9.31
8.14
5.85
3.81
3.01
10
4.19
7.61
8.60
11.61
13.97
12.33
10.59
9.45
8.89
7.76
5.63
4.04
3.04
11
3.68
9.31
11.64
11.46
14.07
13.70
10.02
8.74
8.15
7.00
5.25
4.94
3.66
12
3.51
7.18
9.04
10.71
13.50
11.45
9.47
7.C5
6.18
5.01
4.24
4.20
3.90
P2S CONCENTRATION UG/MJ
JANUARY
1
13 .14
12 .29
11 .30
10 .34
9 .46
6 .41
7 .27
6 .17
5 .14
4 .10
3 .10
Z .10
1 .11
2
.28
.58
.74
.75
1.34
1.35
.94
.68
.53
.44
.41
.37
.39
3
.45
1.01
1.30
1.06
2.07
2.30
1.73
1.35
1.10
.89
.85
.99
1.23
4
.58
1.50
1.69
1.46
2.43
2.33
2.08
.85
.61
.37
.26
.43
.77
I960
5
.66
1.84
2.16
1.83
2.59
2.39
2.31
2.00
1.76
1.60
1.45
1.48
1.67
6
.98
2.01
2.89
2.27
2.64
2.29
2.44
2.31
1.97
1.90
1.65
1.48
1.47
7
1.07
2.39
3.13
2.69
2.80
2.51
2.73
2.67
2.30
2.27
1.87
1.53
1.37
8
1.35
2.36
2.78
3.13
2.98
2.66
2.76
2.62
2.63
2.71
2.37
1.89
1.74
9
1.43
3.15
3.12
3.32
3.29
2.72
2.96
2.80
2.89
3.10
2.47
2.14
2.22
10
1.63
3.21
3.00
3.56
3.72
2.96
2.92
2.78
2.98
2.94
2.76
2.44
2.04
11
1.69
3.48
3.36
3.46
3.64
3.19
3.09
2.90
2.97
2.93
2.66
2.81
2.46
12
1.45
2.65
2.78
2.67
3.06
2.79
2.78
2.67
2.45
2.44
2.27
2.29
2.48
Figure 5.3. Continued.
-------
P10 CONCENTRATION UG/M3
in
I
ro
ui
1
13 .16
12 .30
11 .30
10 .35
9 .40
8 .42
7 .30
6 .19
5 .15
4 .11
3 .09
2 .06
1 .07
2
.29
.58
.67
.71
1.40
1.42
1.06
.79
.56
.43
.36
.20
.24
JAN
3
.43
.88
1.04
.93
2.04
2.30
1.81
1.42
1.10
.65
.74
.66
.68
UARY 196
4
.50
1.12
1.15
1.07
2.09
2.07
2.03
1.71
1.42 ]
1.23 ]
1.02 1
.69
.95
D
5 6 76 9 10 11 12
.52 .61 .55 .59 .62 .76 .64 .67
1.05 1.09 1.13 .11 1.38 1.38 1.59 1.19
1.26 1.50 1.42 .19 1.32 1.37 1.55 1.43
.18 1.29 1.33 .29 1.35 1.46 1.62 1.51
.95 1.76 .56 .43 1.42 1.57 1.69 1.62
92 1.61 .59 .46 1.30 1.34 1.53 1.46
.96 1.02 .62 .65 1.55 1.50 1.58 1.48
61 1.72 .72 .56 1.54 1.43 1.56 1.46
.44 1.46 .47 .52 1.63 1.67 1.66 1.38
.32 1.36 .44 .56 1.77 1.71 1.67 1.37
L.09 1.11 1.17 1.33 1.40 1.54 1.51 1.31
91 .68 .92 1.12 1.27 1.39 1.53 1.25
93 .83 .82 1.10 1.39 1.29 1.35 1.20
Figure 5.3. Continued.
-------
SULFUR BUDGET (KIIOTOIINESI
Oi
o»
so2
504
INPUT
6B9.4Z2
11.463
HET-DEPOSIT
10.064
3.093
OUT-DEPOSIT
26.191
1.914
LEFT GRID
552.374
75.775
REMAIN IN PUFFS
26.011
3.399
TRANSFORMED
74.712
PARTICULATE BUDGET (KIIOTOIIMESI
PZS
P10
INPUT
244.275
166.222
HET-DEPOSIT
».573
6.348
DRY-DEPOSIT
8.968
22.990
EMITTING REGION
LEFT GRID
216.077
11Z.897
NUHOER 1
REMAIN III PUFFS
9.635
5.999
JANUARY wo
S02
SOZ
REC HET-OEP ORT-OEP
no
i
2
10
il
12
11
14
IS
16
17
ia
14
KG/HA
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.00
.01
.10
.04
.24
.01
.01
.00
.00
.03
.02
.OB
.08
.04
KG/HA
.00
.00
.02
.01
.06
.00
.14
.20
.20
.35
.01
.01
.00
.00
.05
.02
.14
.13
.04
502
S04 504
COMC HET-DEP DRY-DEP
UG/M3
.00
.08
.47
.14
.9]
.02
3.91
6.10
4.34
11.74
.23
.50
.00
.04
1.64
.93
4.26
4.51
1.52
KG/HA KG/HA
.00 .00
.00 .00
.00 .00
.00 .00
.01 .02
.00 .00
.01 .0]
.04 .03
.03 .05
.09 .07
.00 .00
.00 .00
.00 .00
.00 .00
.01 .01
.01 .01
.03 .03
.02 .02
.03 .01
S04
SLFR SLFR
COItC UET-DEP DRY-DEP
UG/M3
.00
.01
.10
.05
.29
.00
.69
1.04
1.02
1.68
.03
.07
.00
.01
.25
.19
.66
.61
.37
SLFR P25
PZS
COIJC UET-DEP DRY-DEP
KG/HA KG/HA DC/113 KG/HA
.00 .00
.00 .00
.00 .01
.00 .01
.01 .04
.00 .00
.02 .08
.06 .11
.03 .12
.15 .20
.00 .00
.00 .01
.00 .00
.00 .00
.02 .03
.01 .01
.05 .08
.05 .07
.03 .02
EMITTING REGION
.00 .00
.04 .00
.27 .00
.08 .00
.56 .00
.01 .00
z.ia .00
4.40 .01
2.51 .01
6.43 .03
.12 .00
.27 .00
.00 .00
.03 .00
1.00 .00
.53 .00
2.35 .01
2.46 .01
.68 .01
NUMBER 2
KG/HA
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.01
.02
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.00
P25 P10
P10
COIIC UET-DEP DRY-OEP
UG/M3 KG/HA
.00 .00
.01 .00
.05 .00
.01 .00
.07 .00
.00 .00
.25 .00
.49 .01
.24 .00
.65 .03
.03 .00
.05 .00
.00 .00
.01 .00
.11 .00
.06 .00
.25 .01
.28 .01
.10 .00
KG/HA
.00
.00
.01
.01
.01
.00
.03
.02
.02
.05
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.00
.02
.01
.01
P10
COIIC
UG/M3
.00
.01
.04
.01
.05
.00
.19
.28
.12
.49
.03
.06
.00
.01
.07
.03
.15
.:z
.06
JANUARY 1966
SOZ
SOZ
REC HET-OEP DRY-DEP
NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
11
14
15
16
17
IB
1«
KG/HA
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.02
.00
.05
.00
.00
.00
.01
.02
.02
.04
.03
.05
KG/HA
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.00
.oz
.07
.05
.14
.00
.04
.00
.01
.12
.07
.19
.17
.07
F1 gure
SOZ
504 504
COrC HET-DEP ORY-DEP
UG/H3
.00
.00
.02
.03
.11
.00
.22
1.05
.51
2.35
.05
1.19
.01
.25
4.87
3.06
6.27
6.83
3.08
5.4.
KG/MA KG/HA
.00 .00
.00 .00
.00 .00
.00 .00
.00 .01
.00 .00
.00 .01
.01 .02
.01 .02
.05 .05
.00 .00
.00 .01
.00 .00
.00 .00
.01 .02
.01 .01
.02 .04
.01 .03
.01 .01
304
SLFR SLFR
COIIC HET-DEP DRT-DEP
UG/M3
.00
.00
.02
.03
.09
.00
.12
.34
.26
.72
.02
.24
.00
.04
.70
.44
1.11
.96
.43
SLFR P25
PZS
coiic UET-DEP DRY-DEP
KG/HA KG/HA UG/M3 KG/WA
.00 .00
.00 .00
.00 .00
.00 .00
.00 .01
.00 .00
.00 .01
.01 .04
.00 .03
.04 .09
.00 .00
.00 .OZ
.00 .00
.00 .01
.01 .07
.01 .04
.03 .11
.92 .10
.01 .04
.00 .00
.00 .00
.02 .00
.02 .00
.08 .00
.00 .00
.15 .00
.64 .01
.34 .00
1.41 .03
.03 .00
.68 .00
.01 .00
.14 .00
2.67 .01
1.68 .01
3.50 .02
3.73 .02
1.60 .03
KG/HA
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.03
.00
.01
.00
.00
.02
.02
.04
.03
.01
P25 P10
P10
COt;C UET-DEP ORV-DEP
UG/ni KG/HA
.00 .00
.00 .00
.01 .00
.01 .00
.03 .00
.00 .00
.06 .00
.23 .00
.12 .00
.54 .01
.01 .00
.ZZ .00
.01 .00
.07 .00
.96 .00
.87 .01
1.46 .01
1.57 .01
1.21 .01
KG/Hi
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.02
.01
.04
.00
.01
.00
.00
.03
.02
.05
.05
.03
P10
COIIC
UG/H3
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.00
.01
.07
.03
.16
.00
.08
.00
.02
.39
.34
.51
.59
.47
Source/receptor matrices from example execution output results.
-------
tn
i
ro
S02 S02
REC HET-OEP DRY-DEP
NO KG/HA KG/HA
1 .00 .01
2 .03 .05
3 .05 .OS
4 .02 .08
5 .04 .05
6 .00 .00
7 .02 .03
8 . .01 .01
9 .02 .02
10 .01 .01
11 .00 .00
12 .00 .00
13 .00 .00
14 .00 .00
15 .00 .00
16 .00 .00
17 .01 .00
18 .01 .01
19 .01 .00
S02 502
REC WET-DEP ORY-DEP
KO KG/HA KG/HA
1 .00 .00
2 .00 .00
3 .00 .00
4 .00 .00
5 .00 .01
6 .00 .00
7 .00 .00
6 .00 .00
9 .01 .00
10 .00 .00
11 .00 .00
12 .00 .00
13 .00 .00
14 .00 .00
15 .00 .00
16 .00 .00
17 .00 .00
18 .00 .00
19 .00 .00
JANUARY I960
502 S04 S04
CONC WET-DEP DRY-DEP
UG/N3 KG/HA KG/HA
.60 .00 .00
2.19 .01 .01
2.31 .02 .01
2.00 .00 .02
1.01 .02 .02
.11 .00 .00
.53 .01 .01
.19 .01 .00
.28 .01 .01
.09 .01 .00
.11 .00 .00
.09 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.01 .00 .00
.09 .00 .00
.02 .00 .00
.09 .01 .00
.07 .01 .00
.03 .01 .00
JANUARY 1980
S02 S04 S04
CCIIC WET-DEP DRY-DEP
UG/M3 KG/HA KG/HA
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.30 .00 .00
.20 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.14 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.08 .00 .00
.01 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
EMITTING REGION NUMBER 3
S04 SLFR SLFR
COUC HET-OEP DRY-DEP
UG/M3 KG/HA KG/HA
.06 .00 .00
.27 .02 .03
.39 .03 .05
.34 .01 .05
.30 .03 .03
.02 .00 .00
.14 .02 .02
.05 .01 .00
.09 .01 .01
.03 .01 .00
.01 .00 .00
.01 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.02 .00 .00
.01 .00 .00
.03 .01 .00
.02 .01 .00
.01 .01 .00
SLFR P25 P25
COHC WET-DEP DRY-OEP
UG/M3 KG/HA KG/HA
.32 .00 .00
LIB .02 .02
1.28 .03 .02
1.11 .01 .02
.60 .02 .02
.06 .00 .00
.34 .02 .01
.11 .01 .00
.17 .01 .01
.05 .01 .00
.06 .00 .00
.05 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.01 .00 .00
.05 .00 .00
.01 .00 .00
.06 .01 .00
.04 .01 .00
.02 .01 .00
EMITTING REGION NUMBER
504 SLFR SLFR
COHC WET-DEP DRY-DEP
UG/MJ KG/HA KG/HA
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.03 .00 .00
.03 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.02 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.01 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
SLFR P25 P25
COIIC WET-DEP DRY-DEP
UG/MJ KG/HA KG/HA
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.16 .00 .00
.11 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.08 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.04 .01 .00
.01 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00
P25 P10 P10 P10
COHC WET-DEP DRY-DEP CONC
UG/M3 KG/HA KG/HA OS/M3
.15 .00 .01 .10
.70 .02 .05 .48
.66 .02 .05 .37
.54 .00 .07 .29
.32 . .01 .03 .15
.06 .00 .00 .06
.25 .01 .02 .14
.08 .00 .01 .05
.11 .01 .01 .05
.04 .00 .00 .02
.04 .00 .00 .04
.04 .00 .00 .03
.00 .00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00 .00
.05 .00 .01 .03
.01 .00 .00 .01
.04 .00 .00 .02
.02 .00 .00 .01
.02 .00 .00 .01
P25 P10 P10 P10
CONC WET-OEP DRY-DEP CONC
UG/M3 KG/HA KG/HA UG/M3
.00 .00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00 ' .00
.12 .00 .00 .04
.08 .00 .00 .03
.00 .00 .00 .00
.06 .00 .00 .04
.00 .00 .00 .00
.02 .00 .00 .02
.00 .00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00 .00
.00 . .00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00 .00
.00 .00 .00 .03
.00 .00 .00 .00
Figure 5.4. Continued.
-------
EMITTING REGIOM NUMBER 5
I
ro
CD
502 S02
REC HET-DEP DRY-OEP
NO KG/HA KG/HA
1 .00 .00
2 .00 .00
3 .00 .02
4 .00 .01
5 .00 .04
6 .00 .00
7 .01 .07
a .02 .12
9 .01 .07
10 .02 .03
11 .00 .06
12 .02 .08
13 .00 .01
14 .02 .03
15 .01 .06
16 .01 .01
17 .01 .04
Id .01 .03
19 .00 .01
SOS S02
REC HET-DEP DRY-DEP
MO KG/HA KG/HA
1 .00 .00
2 .00 .01
3 .06 .10
4 .01 .11
5 .12 .28
6 .00 .00
7 .15 .28
0 .11 .26
9 .21 .38
10 .17 .32
11 .00 .02
12 .01 .05
13 .00 .00
14 .01 .02
15 .05 .15
16 .03 .07
17 .07 .17
18 .05 .10
19 .06 .06
JANUARY 1980
502 S04 S04
COMC HET-DEP DRY-DEP
UG/M3 KG/HA KG/HA
.00 .00 .00
.07 .00 .00
.36 .00 .01
.12 .00 .01
.49 .00 .02
.05 .00 .00
1.31 .01 .02
2.93 .01 .03
.98 .01 .03
.70 .02 .01
1.66 .00 .01
3.74 .00 .01
.46 .00 .00
.97 .01 .00
2.54 .01 .01
.38 .00 .00
.88 .01 .01
.46 .00 .01
.22 .00 .00
JANUARY 1980
S02 SQ4 S04
COHC HET-DEP DRY-OEP
UG/M3 KG/HA KG/HA
.04 .00 .00
.33 .00 .00
3.66 .02 .02
2.68 .00 .03
7.95 .04 .06
. .06 .00 .00
7.80 .06 .06
8.15 .05 .05
9.69 .10 .10
7.61 .10 .08
.53 .00 .00
1.66 .00 .01
.12 .00 .00
.60 .00 .00
6.11 .02 .02
l.ei .01 .01
5.51 .03 .04
2.84 .02 .02
1.71 .03 .01
504 SLFR SLFR
CONC HET-DEP DRY-OEP
UG/M3 KG/HA KG/HA
.00 .00 .00
.02 .00 .00
.12 .00 .01
.06 .00 .01
.20 .00 .03
.02 .00 .00
.37 .01 .04
.63 .01 .07
.39 .01 .04
.24 .02 .02
.31 .00 .03
.45 , .01 .05
.07 .00 .01
.12 .01 .02
.39 .01 .04
.07 .01 .01
.21 .01 .02
.13 .00 .02
.05 .00 .00
SLFR P25 P25
CONC HET-DEP ORY-DEP
UG/M3 KG/HA KG/HA
.00 .00 .00
.04 .00 .00
.22 .00 .00
.03 .00 .00
.31 .00 .01
.03 .00 .00
.78 .00 .01
1.67 .01 .02
.62 .01 .01
.43 .01 .01
1.03 .00 .01
2.02 .01 .01
.25 .00 .00
.52 .01 .01
1.40 .01 .01
.21 .00 .00
.51 .00 .01
.27 .00 .01
.13 .00 .00
EMITTING REGION NUMBER &
504 SLFR SLFR
CONC HET-OEP DRY-DEP
UG/M3 KG/HA KG/HA
.01 .00 .00
.06 .00 .00
.57 .04 .05
.63 .00 .06
1.51 .07 .16
.01 .00 .00
1.45 .09 .16
1.40 .07 .15
2.08 .14 .23
1.65 .12 .19
.11 .00 .01
.26 .01 .03
.02 .00 .00
.08 .01 .01
.61 .03 .09
.29 .02 .04
.96 .04 .10
.56 .03 .06
.36 .04 .03
SLFR P25 P25
COKC HET-DEP DRY-DEP
UG/M3 KG/HA KG/HA
.02 .00 .00
.18 .01 .01
2.02 .03 .02
1.55 .01 .04
4.48 .08 .06
.04 .00 .00
4.38 .03 .05
4.54 .05 .04
5.54 .12 .07
4.35 .09 .06
.30 .01 .01
1.01 .00 .01
.07 .00 .00
.33 .01 .00
3.32 .02 .02
1.00 .01 .01
3.07 .04 .03
1.61 .03 .02
.98 .03 .01
P25 P10 P10 P10
COHC WET-DEP DRY-DEP COCC
UG/M3 KG/HA KG/HA UG/M3
.00 .00 .00 .00
.02 .00 .00 .01
.08 .00 .01 .05
.03 .00 .01 .02
.11 .00 .02 .0?
.02 .00 .01 .02
.27 .00 .04 .19
.57 .01 .07 .43
.22 .00 .04 .13
.16 .01 .02 .09
.45 .00 .05 .43
.77 .01 .05 .70
.12 .00 .01 .11
.23 .01 .02 .23
.51 .00 .04 .41
.09 .00 .01 .07
.20 .00 .02 .13
.11 .00 .01 .07
.06 .00 .00 .04
P25 P10 P10 P10
CONC HET-DEP DRY-DEP CONC
UG/M3 KG/HA KG/HA UG/M3
.02 .00 .00 .02
.30 .01 .03 .29
.97 .03 .08 .73
1.17 .00 .14 .76
1.99 .05 .15 1.17
.20 .00 .02 .23
1.62 .06 .14 1.04
1.28 .03 .09 .73
2.12 .07 .18 1.16
1.72 .05 .13 .61
.40 .01 .04 .49
.40 .00 .03 .40
.12 .00 .01 .14
.19 . .01 .02 .20
.79 .01 .05 .48
.38 .01 .02 .20
1.27 .02 .07 .59
.74 .02 .04 .42
.50 .02 .02 .26
Figure 5.4. Continued.
-------
40
39
38
37
92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 8
36
35
34
33
Figure 5.5. Depiction of the six source regions used in the
example execution.
5-29
-------
38
92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81
80
Figure. 5.6. Depiction of the 19 receptor regions used in the
example execution.
5-30
-------
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R-l
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R-2
-------
Pack, D. H., G. J. Ferber, J. .L. Heffter, K. Telegadas, J. K. AngeTl , W.
H. Hoecker, and L. Machta, 1978. Meteorology of long range transport.
Atmos. Environ. 12: 425-444.
Scott, B. C., 1978. Parameterization of sulfate removal by precipitation.
J. Appl. Meteorol. 17: 1375-1389.
Scott, B. C., 1982. Predictions of in-cloud conversion rates of S02 to SO^
based upon a simple chemical and kinematic storm model. Atmos. Environ.
16: 1735-1752.
Sehmel , G. A., 1980. Particle and gas dry deposition: A review. Atmos.
Environ. 14: 983-1011.
Sheih, C. M., M. L. Wesely, and 8. B. Hicks, 1979. Estimated dry deposition
velocities of sulfur over the eastern United States and surrounding regions.
Atmos. Environ. 13: 1361-1368.
Suggs, J. C., C. E. Kodes, E. G. Evans, and R. E. Baumgardner, 1981.
Inhalable Particulate Network Annual Report: Operation and Data Summary (Mass
Concentration Only). April, 1979 - June, 1980, EPA-600/4-81-037, Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711,
pp 238.
Thorp, J. M., 1985. Mesoscale storm and dry period parameters from hourly
precipitation data. In press.
U.S./Canadian MOI, 1982. Emissions, Costs and Engineering Assessment Work
Group 3B, Final Report, June.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1976. Aeros Manual, Series V.
EPA Report Number 450/2-76-WS.
Voldner, E. C., A. Sirois, and T. L. Clark, 1984. Data screening and
calculation procedures for the North American precipitation chemistry data
to be used in the International Sulfur Deposition Model Evaluation. APCA/
ASQC Specialty Conference on Quality Assurance in Air Pollution Measurements,
Boulder, CO, October 14-18.
Watson, J. G., J. C. Chow, and J. J. Shah, 1981. Analysis of inhalable
and fine particulate matter'measurements. Final Report EPA-450/4-81-035,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 334 pp.
Watson, C. R., and A. R. Olsen, 1984. Acid Deposition System (ADS) for
statistical reporting. Final Report, EPA-600/8-84-023, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Wesely, M. L., and J. D. Shannon, 1984. Improved estimates of sulfate dry
deposition in eastern North America. Environ. Prog. Vol. 3, No. 2,
pp. 78-81.
R-3
-------
APPENDIX A
TABLE A.I. SUBROUTINES REQUIRED BY THE PROGRAMS
Program
PGM-T1ME
DEPPUFP
WNDO-FIL
PGM-SFC1
PGM-SFC2
PGM-RAOB
PGM-RAOB2
C-LOCAT
CANRA1N
MASTER
LOCATR
RTREV
GRID
HOLEZ
PACK- POINT
PACK-AREA
RTREVP
RELMAPP
MERGE
RTREVA
RELMAPA
MAIN
ADATE*
ADATE*
ADATE*
ATAPE*
ADATE* .
ATAPE* ,
ADATE* ,
ATAPE* ,
ATAPE*,
ATAPE*,
ATAPE*
ATAPE* ,
ADATE*
ADATE* ,
ATAPE*,
ATAPE* ,
none
ADATE* .
ADATE*
MATCH
ADATE* .
DEFALT,
SOCHEM,
PRORAT.
Subroutines
\
UVGET, BARNES, GRIDZ
GROUP
UVGET, BARNES, GRIDZ
ADATE*
ADATE*
NXDTA, AMATCH, WRITE1, BUMP, TJMEZ
READ1, WRITE1, BUMP
BARNES, GRIDZ.
CPUTiM, RDEMPTX
CPUTiM, RDEMARX
AFRACS**
MATCH, PFRACS**
FDONTH, RDEM1S, RDWEA, GENPUF, PUFMOV, XGR1D,
PART, DPOS1T. WRTOUT, RWiND. AMATRX, PRTOUT,
HGTADJ. DAYN1T
* UNlVAC-specific routines.
** This subroutine contains two entry points used by the programs.
A-l
-------
APPENDIX B
OUTPUT FILE FORMAT SPECIFICATIONS FOR CERTAIN PROGRAMS
TABLE B.I. OUTPUT FILE FORMAT FOR FILE 10 OF PGM-SFC1
Variable
AID
m
1HO
IDAY
1HR
ALAT
ALON
AT
DPO
" WD
MS
1SKY
10BTM
Description
Station identifier
Year (last two digits)
Month
Day
Hour
Latitude of station
Longitude of station
Temperature
Dew point
Wind direction
Wind speed
Sky cover
Observation time
Units Format/Type*
. C
1
1
I
1
decimal degrees R
decimal degrees R
"C R
°C R
decimal degrees R
knots R
% , J
I
* C = character; i = integer; R * real.
B-l
-------
TABLEB.Z. OUTPUT FILE FORMAT FOR FILE 11 OF PGM-SFC1
Variable
1YR
HMO
1UAY
1HR
AID
P
AX
AY
Description Units
Year (last two digits)
Month
Day
Hour
Station identifier
Precipitation (6-h average) in.
x-coordinate of station decimal degrees
y. coordinate of station decimal degrees
Format/ Type*
1
1
1
1
1
R
R
R
* i * integer;
R = real .
TABLE B.3. OUTPUT FILE FORMAT FOR FILE 10 OF PGM-RAOB
/
Variable
1YR
1MO
JDAY
JHOUR
1KNT
1
MTEMP
TPRES(l)
TGEO(l)
TTMP(J)
TDEW(l)
AA
XI
Yi
Description Units
Year (last two digits)
Month
Day
Hour
Station number
Level number
Number of levels in report
Pressure mb
Height m
Temperature °C
Dew point °C
Always -9999.
Longitude of station decimal degrees
Latitude of station decimal degrees
Format/ Type*
1
1
1
J
1
1
1
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
1 « i nteger; R = real.
B-2
-------
TABLE B.4. OUTPUT FILE FORMAT FOR FILE 11 OF PGH-RAQB
Variable*
iYR
1MO
IOAY
JHOIR
1KNT
N1J1ND
WGEO(J)
WWU(J)
WHS(J)
XI
Yl
Description
Year (last two digits)
Month
Uay
Hour
Station number
Number of levels in report
Height
Wind di rection
Mind speed
Longitude of station
Latitude of station
Units Format/ Type**
I
1
1
1
i
1
m R
decimal degrees R
knots R
decimal degrees R
decimal degrees, R
**
m through WWS(J) are repeated NWJNU times.
1 = integer; R = real.
B-3
-------
TABLE B.5. OUTPUT FORMAT FOR PACK-POINT
Record
Type
1
-
2
No. of
Records Variable(s)
1 JSTATE
ICNTY
1AQCR
APL1D
1DATE
1UTMZ
ANP1D
1S1CC
UTMH
UTHV
TLAT
TLON
PAT
1NOR
SH
SI)
ST
EFR
VEL
PH
1PCS
1NPP
1PP1D
JPCE
15CE
ECE
EE
1EU
1EH-
NSCCR
NSCCR 1SCC
1SCCR
NSCCP
**ISCC1U
**EMF
**1EMFU
**APEM
Description
State
County
AQCR
Plant ID
Date (YYDDD, ODD .usually = 0)
UTH zone
NEDS point ID
SIC code
UTM horizontal coordinate
UTM vertical coordinate
Latitude
Longitude
Annual throughput
Normal operating rate
Stack height
Stack diameter
Stack temperature
Exhaust flow rate
Velocity
Plume height
Points with common stack
Number of point pollutants
Point pollutant ID
Primary control equipment
Secondary control equipment
Estimated control efficiency
Estimated emissions
Emissions units
Estimation method
No. of following SCC records
SCC ID
SCC sequence number
Number of SCC pollutants
SCC pollutant ID
Emission factor
EHF units
Apportioned emission
Units
~
--
~
km
km
degrees
degrees
I
HHDWW
ft
ft
°F
CFH
ft/mi n
ft
~
--
X
tons/year
not used
--
--
'
not used
tons/year
Format/Type*
12
14
13
A4
15
12
A2
14
F4.1
F5.1
16
17
4F2.0
15
F4.0
F3.1
F4.0
F7.0
F5.0
F4.0
14
12
15
13
- 13
F3.1
F7.0
11
11
1
18
12
12
15
F9.3
Al .
.F7.0
* 1 = integer.
* Variables with asterisks are repeated NSCCP times.
B-4
-------
TABLE B.6. OUTPUT FORMAT FOR PACK-AREA
Record No. of
Type Records Variable
1 1 JSTATE
JCNTY
JCATN
JAQCR
JYEAR
JVML
JVHR
JVHS
JVMU
JNCATS
2 JNCATS KCATN
KYEAR
1THRUP
IHPD
IDPW
1HPY
NPOLS
JPP1D
**POLSD
**PNAHE
**ESTE
Description Units
State
County
Category Number
AQCR
Year (last two digits)
Amount of limited access roads miles
Amount of rural roads miles
Amount of suburban roads miles
Amount of urban roads miles
No. of following categories
Category Number
Year of information (last two
digits)
Throughput Jan. ..Dec. I
Hours per day h
Days per week days
Weeks per year weeks
Number of pollutants
Pollutant ID
Pollutant-specific data
Pol lutant name
Emission estimate tons/year
Format/Type*
12
14
13
13
12
16
16
16
16
1
13
12
1212
12
11
12
12
15
A10
A15
F7.D
* 1 = integer.
*" Variables with asterisks are repeated NPOLS times.
B-5
-------
APPENDIX C
TABLE C.I. ERROR MESSAGES
Subroutine
Message
GENPUF
MAIN
FROM GENPUF--ERROR IN PUFF FILE10STAT NPUFF _
To file: #36 'SAFE-DAT1
Description: An error prevented GENPUF from
retaining the puff file; program stops.
ERROR IN PUFF FILES IOSTAT IS NPUFF MPUFF _
To file: #36 'SAFE-DAT1
ERROR IN READING PUFF FRES - IOSTAT IS NPUFF MPUFF
ROEM1S
RDONTM
ERROR IN READING EMISSION-FILE HEADER
IOSTAT =
To file: 131 TEST-L1S
Description: Self-explanatory. Program stops.
ERROR IN WRITING OUT DATA-RDEMlS
IOSTAT =
To file: #31 TEST-LIS
Description: An error prevented the emissions data from being
entered in internal format. Program stops.
ERROR IN READING EMISSIONS FILEPROGRAM ENDING
To file: #31 TEST-LlS
Description: An error prevented ROEMlS from reading the
emissions file.
ERROR IN ROUTINE ROONTMREADING UNIT
IOSTAT «
To file: #31 TEST-US
Description: Self explanatory. Program stops.
ERROR IN ROUTINE RDONTMWRITING UNJT
IOSTAT *
To file: #31 TEST-LIS
Description: Self-explanatory. Program stops.
PUFMOV
RDWEA
WRTOUT
PUFMOV POSITION ERRORII or JJ
ERROR IN FILE
IOSTAT »
To file: #31 TEST-LIS
Description: Self-explanatory.
WRTOUTDATES DON'T MATCH
Program stops.
To file: #31 TEST-LIS
Description: While accumulating data from multiple emission
regions, the routine checks the date-time of each entry.
If the date/times from the working region don't correspond
to the date/times from the previous region, an error has
occurred. Program stops.
C-l
-------
APPENDIX D
TABLE 0.1. PARAMETER STATEMENT VARIABLES IN PGM-SFC1 and P6M-RAOB
Variable
Description
Units
JGX
IGY
JGX
JGY
MGY
Number of columns In domain
Number of rows in domain
One-third of 1GX (rounded up)
One-third of IGY (rounded up)
Computed
TABLE D.2. PARAMETER STATEMENT VARIABLES IN PGM-SFC2, PGM-RAOB2.
PGM-T1ME, DEPPUFP, AND WlNDO-FIL
Variable
IGY
1GY
TABLE D.3.
Variable
GLAT
GLON
1GX
IGY
X1NC
YiNC
TABLE D.4.
Variable
XLON
XLAT
XI NC
YINC
IIX
11YC ,
Description
Number of columns in domain
Number of rows in domain
PARAMETER STATEMENT VARIABLES JN RTREV
Description
Latitude of SW corner of domain
Longitude of SW corner of domain
Number of columns in domain
Number of rows in domain
Width of one grid cell
Height of one grid cell
PARAMETER STATEMENT VARIABLES IN CANRAlN
Description
Latitude of SW corner of domain
Longitude of SW corner of domain
Width of one grid cell
Height of one grid cell
Number of columns in domain
Number of rows in domain
Units
--
--
Units
decimal
decimal
--
--
degrees
degrees
Units
decimal
decimal
degrees
degrees
-
.
.
degrees
degrees
of longitude
of latitude
degrees
degrees
of longitude
of latitude
-
_
D-l
-------
TABLE D.5. PARAMETER STATEMENT VARIABLES IN GRID
Variable
NX
NY
TABLE D.6.
Variable
NX
NV
NNX
NNY
NXY
TABLE D.7.
Variable
IGX
1GY
JGX
JGY
MGY
TABLE D.8.
Variable
IGX
IGY
JGX
JGY
Description
Number of columns in domain
Number of rows in domain
PARAMETER STATEMENT VARIABLES IN HOLEZ
Description
Number of columns in domain
Number of rows in domain
Computed
Computed
Computed
PARAMETER STATEMENT VARIABLES IN BARNES
Descri ption
Number of columns in domain
Number of rows in domain
One-third of IGX (rounded up)
One-third of 1GY (rounded up)
Computed
PARAMETER STATEMENT VARIABLES IN GR1DZ
Description
Number of columns in domain
Number of rows in domain
One-third of IGX (rounded up)
One-third of IGY (rounded up)
Units
--
__
Units
--
--
--
--
--
Units
--
--
--
Units
--
--
--
D-2
-------
TABLE D.9. PARAMETER STATEMENT VARIABLES IN RELMAPP AND RELMAPA
Variable
1GX
1GY
XLL
YLL
XINC
YiNC
TABLE D.10.
Variable
1GX
iGY
XiNC
YiNC
AX
AY
11X
UY
TABLE D.ll.
Variable
RR*
ACONS*
GLON
GLAT
1GX
IGY
XINC
YINC
AX
AY
UX
11Y
Description
Number of columns in domain
Number of rows in domain
Longitude of SW corner of domain
Latitude of SW corner of domain
Width of one grid cell
Height of one grid cell
PARAMETER STATEMENT VARIABLES IN AMATRX
Description
Number of columns in domain
Number of rows in domain
Width of one grid cell
Height of one grid cell
Computed
Computed
Computed
Computed
PARAMETER STATEMENT VARIABLES IN DAYNiT AND
Description
Radius of the earth
Conversion factor for changing
degrees to radians
Longitude of SW corner of domain
Latitude of SW corner of domain
Number of columns in domain
Number of rows in domain
Width of one grid cell
Height of one grid cell
Computed
Computed
Computed
Computed
Units
decimal degrees
decimal degrees
degrees of longitude
degrees of latitude
Units
--
--
degrees of longitude
degrees of latitude
. ..
--
MAIN
Units
km
radians
decimal degrees
decimal degrees
--
--
degrees of longitude
degrees of latitude
--
--
^ _
D-3
-------
TABLE D.12. PARAMETER STATEMENT VARIABLES JN DEFALT AND WRTOUT
Variable
Description
Units
1GX
IGY
XiNC
YiNC
1GXY
JGXY
AX
AY
ilX
1IY
Number of columns in domain
Number of rows in domain
Width of one grid cell
Height of one grid cell
Computed
Computed
Computed
Computed
Computed
Computed
degrees of longitude
degrees of latitude
TABLE D.13. PARAMETER STATEMENT VARIABLES IN DEPOSIT
Variable
Description
Units
1GX
IGY
XINC
YINC
GAREA
AX
AY
11X
JJY
Number of columns in domain
Number of rows in domain
Width of one grid cell
Height of one grid cell
initial area covered by one puff
Computed
Computed
Computed
Computed
degrees of longitude
degrees of latitude
TABLE D.14. PARAMETER STATEMENT VARIABLES IN GENPUF, PRTOUT, AND PUFMOV
Variable
Description
Units
XLL
YLL
XINC
YINC
1GX
iGY
AX
AY
UX
HY
Longitude of SW corner of domain
Latitude of SW corner of domain
Width of one grid cell
Height of one grid cell
Number of columns in domain
Number of rows in domain
Computed
Computed
Computed
Computed
decimal degrees
decimal degrees
degrees of longitude
degrees of latitude
D-4
-------
TABLE D.15. PARAMETER STATEMENT VARIABLES IN PART, SOCHEM, AND XGRiD
Variable
XLL
YLL
XINC
YINC
NX
NY
AX
AY
IX
1Y
TABLE D.16.
Variable
1GX
1GY
GLAT
GLON
XINC
YINC
1GXY
TABLE D.17.
Variable
1GX
1GY
Description
Longitude of SW corner of domain
Latitude of SW corner of domain
Width of one grid cell
Height of one grid cell
Number of columns in domain
Number of rows in domain
Computed
Computed
Computed
Computed
PARAMETER STATEMENT VARIABLES IN RDEM1S
Description
Number of columns in domain
Number of rows in domain
Latitude of SW corner of domain
Longitude of SW corner of domain
Width of one grid cell
Height of one grid cell
Computed
PARAMETER STATEMENT VARIABLES IN RDONTM, RDWEA,
Description
Number of columns in domain
Number of rows in domain
Units
decimal degrees
decimal degrees
degrees of longitude
degrees of latitude
--
--
--
--
--
Units
--
--
decimal degrees
decimal degrees
degrees of longitude
degrees of latitude
--
AND RWJNO
Units
--
0-5
-------
APPENDIX E
ARRAYS OF THE U- AND V-COMPONENTS OF SURFACE AND 850-mb WINDS AND OF CLOUD COVER
U-COMPONEHTS
13
12
11
10
9
8
.7
6
S
4
3
Z
1
1
5.67
4.79
4.48
4.10
2.78
2.26
2.07
1.00
.67
.58
.13
-.02
.02
2
5.60
4.75
4.51
4.19
2.69
2.27
2.10
.91
.51
.56
.07
-.14
-.03
3
5.71
4.67
4.53
4.14
2.67
2.42
2.11
1.10
.75
.65
.22
.06
3.59
4
5.79
4.97
4.70
4.26
3.02
2.64
2.30
1.30
1.03
.66
.46
.39
.36
5
5.96
4.99
4.65
4.44
2.99
2.64
2.42
1.29
.96
.96
.53
.39
.45
6
5.65
5.05
4.76
4.37
3.13
2.73
2.43
1.45
1.15
1.05
.66
.54
3.62
7
5.87
5.12
4.86
4.47
3.23
2.91
2.60
1.67
1.41
1.26
.93
.86
.66
8
5.97
5.10
4.97
4.59
3.23
2.69
2.69
1.64
1.33
1.34
.99
.90
.92
9
5.85
5.13
4.68
4.51
3.34
2.96
2.67
1.76
1.49
1.39
1.06
.98
.98
10
5.82
5.15
4.91
4.53
3.41
3.05
2.74
1.65
1.53
1.46
1.19
1.13
1.12
11
5.91
5.12
5.00
4.65
3.33
3.03
2.81
1.78
1.49
1.50
1.19
1.13
1.14
12
5.82
5.13
4.91
4.56
3.41
3.06
2.78.
1.66
1.60
1.52
1.22
1.16
1.16
V-COMPOSEKTS
1 2 3 4 5 6 78 9 10 11 12
13 -.04 .01 .09 .45 .67 .71 1.03 1.21 1.16 1.27 1.33 1.30
12 -.44 -.46 -.31 -.03 .06 .18 .48 .55 .61 .75 .76 .77
11 -.60 -.63 -.52 -.16 -.05 -.02 .31 .47 .42 .57 .69 .61
10 -.75 -.72 -.67 -.43 -.23 -.25 .02 .17 .15 .28 .40 .33
9 -1.34 -1.39 -1.28 -1.13 -1.13 -1.00 -.79 -.60 -.63 -.56 -.60 -.54
6 -1.53 -1.60 -1.50 -1.34 -1.37 -1.25 -1.04 -1.05 -.96 -.82 -.62 -.79
7 -1.65 -1.64 -1.62 -1.49 -1.44 -1.40 -1.C3 -1.16 -1.14 -1.C4 -.97 -.99
6 -2.08 -2.12 -2.04 -1.96 -1.97 -1.89 -1.77 -1.79 -1.70 -1.64 -1.68 -1.62
5 -2.21 -2.23 -2.18 -2.09 -2.15 -2.04 -1.92 -1.99 -1.67 -1.61 -1.63 -1.30
4 -2.23 -2.24 -2.21 -2.12 -2.11 -2.06 -1.95 -1.94 -1.90 -1.65 -1.85 -1.63
3 -2.37 -2.39 -2.34 -2.26 -2.23 -2.19 -2.09 -2.07 -2.04 -1.99 -1.99 -1.93
2 -2.41 -2.45 -2.39 -2.27 -2.26 -2.22 -2.10 -2.C3 -2.06 -2.01 -2.00 -2.00
1 -2.40 -2.41 -2.37 -2.28 -2.25 -2.21 -2.11 -2.03 -2.06 -2.01 -2.00 -2.00
UPPER U-COflPONEKTS
1 2 3 c « 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 29.22 29.29 29.30 29.56 29.77 29.77 30.06 30.27 30.13 30.09 30.11 30.05
12 28.69 28.67 28.75 28.89 28.90 29.06 29.37 29.46 29.50 29.60 29.57 29.58
11 26.51 26.54 28.52 28.63 26.65 26.76 29.17 29.38 29.29 29.42 29.49 29.44
10 28.28 20.33 28.26 28.35 28.43 28.48 28.80 29.01 28.99 29.16 29.27 29.22
9 27.4£ 27.44 27.45 27.41 27.29 27.49 27.83 27.87 28.00 28.42 26.49 28.52
8 27.27 27.27 27.22 27.07 26.83 27.12 27.53 27.53 27.75 28.24 28.40 28.16
7 27.07 27.09 26.99 26.93 26.68 26.93 27.31 27.46 27.60 27.99 23.19 28.16
6 26.47 26.42 26.41 26.34 £6.23 26.39 26.72 26.77 27.03 27.49 27.62 27.66
5 26.31 26.27 26.27 26.13 25.88 26.17 26.56 26.46 26.81 27.42 27.59 27.57
4 26.25 26.24 26.19 26.15 26.08 26.21 26.55 26.64 26.66 27.32 27.50 27.51
3 26.05 26.03 26.02 26.01 25.98 26.10 26.47 26.61 26.79 27.25 27.45 27.44
2 26.01 26.00 25.99 25.97 25.£8 26.05 26.51 26.61 26.76 27.34 27.57 27.48
1 26.01 26.00 25.98 26.00 25.97 26.10 26.49 26.63 26.79 27.27 27.45 27.43
E-l
-------
UPPER V-COMPONENTS
1
13 -1.09
12 -.99
11 -1.03
10 -.82
9 -.21
8 -.06
7 .36
6 1.57
5 2.01
4 2.19
3 2.92
2 3.21
1 3.12
2
-1.10
-1.03
-1.23
-.90
-.23
-.23
.23
1.70
2.19
2.20
3.03
3.44
3.21
3
-.aa
-.81
-.89
-.67
-.14
.00
.40
1.48
1.90
2.07
2.71
3.03
2.93
4
-.29
-.32
-.31
-.25
.10
.24
.49
1.23
1.47
1.68
2.17
2.29
2.32
S
-.04
-.16
-.27
-.14
.19
.21
.44
1.20
1.43
1.51
2.04
2.23
2.15
6
.17
.07
-.03
.05
.26
.32
.50
1.06
1.27
1.38
1.79
1.97
1.92
7
.86
.64
.61
.52
.43
.42
.51
.75
.82
.96
1.21
1.25
1.29
8
1.13
.80
.79
.67
.46
.38
.47
.67
.69
.60
1.06
1.13
1.13
9
1.16
.69
.79
.70
.51
.45
.47
.60
.66
.73
.92
1.01
1.00
10
1.42
1. 11
1.02
.88
.55
.44
.44
.41
.36
.46
.60
.62
.66
11
1.54
1.14
1.09
.95
.51
.37
.40
.33
.23
.36
.52
.52
.56
12
1.48
1.15
1.06
.92
.55
.43
.42
.35
.32
.39
.50
.53
.56
SKY-COVER
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
5.24
5.25
5.23
5.24
5.22
5.19
5.23
5.31
5.32
5.40
5.56
5.63
5.62
2
5.24
5.25
5.19
5.24
5.21
5.12
5.21
5.31
5.27
5.33
5.59
5.67
5.64
3
5.32
5.33
5.29
5.32
5.30
5.26
5.31
5.37
5.36
5.44
5.57
5.63
5.62
4
5.52
5.54
5.56
5.54
5.53
5.55
5.52
5.52
5.53
5.54
5.59
5.62
5.62
5
5.60
5.62
5.63
5.63
5.62
5.63
5.61
5.57
5.55
5.57
5.61
5.63
5.62
6
5.69
5.70
5.69
5.71
5.70
5.68
5.67
5.63
5.60
5.61
5.62
5.62
5.62
7
5.94
5.96
6.00
5.97
5.93
5.95
5.69
5.77
5.74
5.72
5.66
5.64
5.64
8
6.02
6.05
6.11
6.06
6.01
6.05
5.96
5.81
5.76
5.75
5.66
5.62
5.64
9
6.06
6. OS
6.10
6.09
6.04
6.03
5.93
5. 65
5.80
5.77
5.69
5.66
5.67
10 11
6.16
6.19
6.22
6.20
6.16
6.16
6.09
5.93 !
5.89 !
5.64 !
5.74 !
5.72 !
5.71 J
L
.16
.23
.28
.24
.19
.23
.14
5.95
>.91
J.67
J.75
5.72
J.72
12
6.19
6.22
6.25
6.23
6.18
6.18
6.12
5.96
5.91
5.67
5.76
5.73
5.73
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th R«f
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
E-2
-------
Date
Chief, Atmospheric Modeling Branch
Meteorology and Assessment Division (MD-80)
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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