&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Health and
Environmental Assessment
Washington DC 20460
EPA 600 8-87 032
June 1987
Research and Devei >ment
EPA Indoor Air Quality
Implementation Plan:
Appendix B. FY 87
Indoor Air Research
Program
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NOTICE
This document has been reviewed in accordance with
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and
approved for publication. Mention of trade names
or commercial products does not constitute endorse-
ment or recommendation for use.
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EPA-600/8-87-032
June 1987
EPA Indoor Air Quality
Implementation Plan
Appendix B: FY 87 Indoor Air Research Program
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region V, Library
230 South Dearborn Street
Chic^o. Illinois 60604
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FY 87 INDOOR AIR RESEARCH PROGRAM
The following descriptions are for the research projects that
comprise the FY 87 ORD indoor air research program. The program
has been approved and implemented by the ORD Steering Committee
for Indoor Air. Minor adjustments in the program will be made as
determined by the Committee.
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FY 87 INDOOR AIR RESEARCH PROGRAM
CONTENTS
Project Title Page
PROBLEM CHARACTERIZATION
Develop Models and Databases to Estimate Indoor Concentrations
and Exposure
Project 1: General Indoor Pollution Concentration Model 6
Project 2: Receptor Models for Assessing Indoor Levels and Sources
of RSP 7
Project 3: Measurement of Indoor Spatial and Temporal Concentration
Gradients for Indoor Environments 9
Project 4: Initiate Investigation of the Composition of the Indoor
Particulate Size Distribution 10
Project 5: Limited Scale Field Study to Test Survey Methodology and
Relate Indoor Air Quality to Exposure 11
Project 6: Indoor Source Emissions Data Base 12
Project 7: Evaluation of Field Methods to Estimate ETS Exposure
in Epidemic logical Studies 14
Project 8: Personal Activity Related Exposure to ETS in Airliner
Cabins and Other Transportation Related Environments 15
Project 9: Develop and Test Revised Screening and Source Use
Questionnaires for Indoor Air Quality Studies 17
Project 10: Field Evaluation of Sampling and Analysis for Organic
Pollutants in Indoor Air 18
Project 11: Evaluation of Sampling and Analytical Methoas for
Nicotine and PAHs 19
Project 12: Field Evaluation and Final Modification of Prototype
Dual Channel Particulate Sampler 20
Project 13: Assess the Effectiveness of Currently Available
Screening Techniques for Indoor Pollutants 21
Project 14: Initiate Methods Development for Polar Organic
Compounds 22
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CONTENTS (continued)
Project Title Page
Project 15: Development of Electrochemical Realtime Detector for
N02 23
Project 16: Methods Development/Intercomparison for VOCs 24
Project 17: Development of a Versatile Unobtrusive Indoor Air
Quality Sampling Package 25
Project 18: Determine Population Exposure to Indoor Pollutants 26
Develop Health-Based Information for Individual Indoor Air
Pollutants
Project 19: Biological Markers for ETS Human Exposure Assessment 27
Project 20: Development of Biological Markers for Molecular
Dosimetry Resulting from Exposure to ETS 29
Project 21: Evaluation and Improvement of Cotinine as a Biomarker
of ETS Exposure in Children and Adults 31
Project 22: Indoor Air Studies of the Mutagenic and Carcinogenic
Emissions from Unvented Combustion Sources 34
Project 23: Effect of Peak Exposure to N02 on Respiratory Symptoms
and Pulmonary Function 37
Project 24: Respiratory Effects of Indoor Formaldehyde Exposure 38
Improve Knowledge About the Health and Productivity Effects of
VOC Mixtures Commonly Found Indoors
Project 25: Neurobehavioral and Sensory Irritant Effects of Complex
VOC Mixture in Humans 39
Project 26: Trigeminal Sensitivity of "Sick Building" Responders 41
Project 27: Genetic Bioassay Studies of Volatile Organic Chemicals
Emitted from Building Materials 43
MITIGATION ASSESSMENT AND ACTIONS
Develop Guidelines and Protocols for Diagnosing, Assessing, and
Mitigating IAQ Problems
Project 28: Indoor Air Quality Evaluation of Three Office Buildings .. 45
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CONTENTS (continued)
Project Title Page
Identify Measures to Improve Ventilation Efficiency and Issue
Guidance to Encourage Use of These Measures, as Appropriate
Project 29: Develop Low Cost Easy to Use Procedures for Determining
Ai r Exchange Rate 46
Identify Problems Associated With Specific Sources and
Develop Source Control Strategies, as Appropriate
Project 30: Support for the Canadian Multipollutant Indoor Air
Quali ty Study 47
Project 31: Test House Studies of Indoor Sources 48
Project 32: Engineering Evaluations of Air Cleaners for Indoor
Particles 50
Project 33: Engineering Evaluations of Air Cleaners for Indoor
Organic Vapors 52
Project 34: Support of the Library of Congress Sick Building
Syndrome Study 54
Project 35: Chamber Studies of Organic Emission from Unvented
Combustion Sources 55
Project 36: Chamber Studies of Organic Emissions from Material
Sources 57
INFORMATION DISSEMINATION
Project 37: Annual Review of Existing Indoor Air Quality Data to
Determine Direction of Future Programs 59
Project 38: Review Symposium of Indoor Air Quality Research
Assessment Document 60
Project 39: Support to Committee on Indoor Air Quality 61
Project 40: Update and Revision of Indoor Air Pollution Information
Assessment 62
Project 41: Establish and Update EPA's Indoor Air Reference
Data Base 63
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Project 1: General Indoor Pollution Concentration Model
A. Objective:
To develop and validate a general indoor air quality model for predicting
and analyzing indoor air quality in buildings. The program will be used
to describe the spatial and temporal variation of pollutant concentrations
due to environmental conditions including flow, thermal, and building
characteristics. Ultimately, the program could be uised as a tool for
evaluating the cost effectiveness of various mitigation strategies.
B. Background:
EPA and DOE have entered into an IAG with the DOC/NBS to perform detailed
studies of general indoor air quality models. These research efforts have
resulted in a project with three distinct phases. Funding of Phases I and
II (FY 85 and FY 86) led to the development of a general framework of the
model and developed general procedures for predicting indoor air quality
in multizone buildings, treating each zone as well mixed with a simple
HVAC system. The third phase to be funded in FY 87 will develop pro-
cedures for extending modeling capabilities to allow more complete
simulation of HVAC systems and consideration of rooms that are not well
mixed. Also, actual indoor environment data will be used to validate the
model.
C. Approach:
Airborne contaminants introduced into a building disperse throughout the
building in a complex manner that depends on the nature of air movement
into (infiltration), out-of (exfiltration), and within the building.
Other factors include the influence of HVAC systems, the possibility of
chemical reactions of pollutants with each other, furnishings, or building
materials. The approach, here, is to develop a model of this dispersal
process for building systems that account for these physical processes.
D. Milestones:
Calibrate NBS models 8/87
Validate NBS models 12/87
Final Report Phase IV 4/88
E. Project Contact:
David Holland (919) 541-3126
(FTS) 629-3126
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Project 2: Receptor Models for Assessing Indoor Levels and Sources of RSP
A. Objectives:
Perform detailed XRF analyses on 800 samples collected in the NYSERDA
Study for trace elements. Extend the NYSERDA data base by including
nicotine and trace metal data. Develop models of indoor microenviron-
mental concentrations as a function of descriptive variables. Apportion
collected RSP data to various sources.
B. Background:
EPA has co-sponsored a study with DOE and NYSERDA to measure the effect of
weatherization on indoor air quality. This study produced good preliminary
data but needs to increase the number of homes surveyed to increase the
reliability of the study. This extensive air quality data base, collected
purposefully for weatherization effects, needs to be analyzed for the
chemical and mass concentration differences in accord with the data base
on air exchange rates measured in real time and by blower doors. Dr.
Brian Leaderer, Yale University Pierce Foundation, has served as a con-
sultant to the NYSERDA contract manager and has been intimately involved
in this study and has contracted with EPA to perform the nicotine analyses
of specially prepared nicotine filters.
C. Approach:
Through a 2-year CAG with Yale University, acquire from NYSERDA the
computerized data base (screening questionnaire, initial questionnaire,
daily source use diary, measured concentrations of RSP and infiltration,
etc.) for all homes in the NYSERDA air quality study for use in the
analysis. Incorporate the passively monitored nicotine values for those
homes monitored into the data base. Develop an empirical/statistical
model of the RSP levels using regression analysis where the dependent
variable will be RSP and the independent variables will the source, source
use, building characteristics and infiltration rates as they were measured
in the study (questionnaires, etc.). Evaluate questions and the field
study protocol used in the NYSERDA study through the statistical/empirical
model. Utilize the mass balance equation to predict RSP levels in the
houses monitor and then compare the predicted concentrations to the levels
measured. Have elemental analysis conducted on the RSP filters collected
in the NYSERDA study and incorporate the results into the data base.
Compile the available elemental and RSP indoor source data from several
laboratories and utilize source apportionment techniques to determine
the origin of particles in the indoor residential environment.
D. Milestones:
Complete data collection 5/87
Perform XRF analyses 6/87
Report on data analyses 12/87
Final project report on analyses and modeling results 6/88
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E. Project Contact:
Charles Rodes (919) 541-3079
(FTS) 629-3079
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Project 3: Measurement of Indoor Spatial and Temporal Concentration
Gradients for Indoor Environments
A. Objective:
Measure the indoor spatial and temporal gradients for indoor environments
by source types, activity patterns and building classification.
B. Background:
Indoor pollutant concentrations may vary remarkably with time and measure-
ment location. Differences in the strength of source emissions change
with season, particularly those associated with heating systems. In
addition, short-term variations occur from personal activities such as
vacuuming, cleaning with solvents, and the application of pesticides.
Thus, both the time and duration of sampling must be considered to ensure
measurement of peak concentration levels. Pollutant concentrations also
may vary in space. The magnitude of the variation depends on the source
location and emission rate levels over time. Knowledge of the spatial and
temporal concentration gradients will aid our efforts towards developing
sampling protocols for representative health effect studies.
C. Approach:
EPA will conduct a number of systemmatic studies in test homes and
occupied dwellings which provide measures of variation for the source/
activity/building type. Recent monitoring advances in measuring volatile
organics, semi-volatiles, and particles will be employed in these studies
to relate the short term (less than 1-hour) concentration fluctuations to
source variations and to study spatial gradients in residential and office
environments.
D. Milestones:
Provide 1st progress report 9/87
Provide 2nd progress report 9/88
Final Project Report 9/89
E. Project Contact:
David Holland (919) 541-3126
(FTS) 629-3126
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Project 4: Initiate Investigation of the Composition of the Indoor Particle
Size Distribution
A. Objective:
In a few residences investigate the magnitude of the differences in
particle size, character and composition between indoors and outdoors for
particles above and below 2.5 urn.
B. Background:
Particles of different aerodynamic diameters deposit in different loca-
tions in the respiratory system. The proposed PM10 regulation outdoors
considers the COARSE particles from 2.5 to 10 urn as important as those
below 2.5 urn. Recent work suggests that a large portion of COARSE
particles indoors are re-entrained from rugs. It could be inferred that
the chemistry (semi-volatiles, toxics, etc.) of the indoor COARSE parti-
cles compared to those outdoors is totally different. If 80% of ones
exposure is indoors the COARSE particle fraction outdoors may not be
nearly as important as is currently perceived.
C. Approach:
In test homes simulate indoor activities which may re-entrain dust while
collecting size segregated particles up to ~30 urn simultaneously indoors
and outdoors. Compare the particle mass and character gravimetrically and
microscopically, followed by selected chemical analyses as permitted by
the mass collected. Verify the test home results in occupied homes.
D. Milestones:
Procure and test size distribution samplers that are 7/87
suitable indoors and outdoors
Collect samples in three residences 8/87
Analyze samples and report results 12/87
E. Project Contact:
Russell Weiner (919) 541-1910
(FTS) 629-1910
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Project 5: Limited Scale Field Study to Test Survey Methodology and
Relate Indoor Air Quality to Exposure
A. Objective:
Select the appropriate microenvironmental monitoring methodology for at
least VOCs, ETS, semi-volatiles, and metals and evaluate these methods
compared to exposure measurements in nine residences.
B. Background:
The SAB review of the indoor air quality program proposed that EPA better
define the methodologies to conduct surveys designed to infer the contri-
bution of indoor air quality to exposure. In a subsequent proposal to
Lee Thomas, Jan Stolwijk of Yale University was more definitive in pro-
posing steps to identify the magnitude of the indoor air problem with
specific emphasis on its relationship to total air exposure. A first
step in the development process would be a limited scale field study to
test the methodology to relate indoor air quality to exposure levels and
sources and to begin to study geographical variability for VOCs.
C. Approach:
Assemble the hardware and protocols necessary to monitor VOCs, ETS (nico-
tine), semi-volatiles (gas and particle phase), and metals (RSP fraction)
both on a microenvironment and exposure basis. Test the methodologies as
they may be used in a large scale study in conjunction with questionnaires
to select the participants and identify potential sources. The first level
evaluation of the monitors would be in a controlled test home environment.
This would be followed by an evaluation in up to nine homes in a previous
TEAM location (ideally Baltimore). Analysis of questionnaire data and
samples would be designed to test protocols, help identify sources, and
study residences previously identified by the TEAM study as having unusual-
ly high or low VOC concentrations. A report would be prepared on the capa-
bilities of the monitoring and survey (questionnaire) instruments for per-
forming studies of indoor air quality to provide exposure information.
D. Milestones:
Assemble hardware and protocols 6/87
Test home evaluation 7/87
Field sampling in RTP area 9/87
Analyses of samples and data 12/87
E. Project Contact:
Ross Highsmith (919) 541-7828
(FTS) 629-7828
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Project 6: Indoor Source Emissions Data Base
A. Objective:
(1) Develop and maintain a computerized file of data from research
studies of emissions from sources of indoor air pollutants.
(2) Make this data base available to U.S. and foreign researchers,
public officials, product manufacturers, builders, and the inter-
ested general public.
(3) Encourage consistency, completeness, and accuracy in reporting of
research data from source characterization studies.
B. Background:
Indoor concentrations of contaminants can vary significantly depending
upon the prevalence and diversity of indoor sources. Consequently,
source characterization studies that measure the emissions from agents
and/or activities are an essential part to understanding the indoor air
problem. A survey compiled in 1985 of source emissions data from the
period 1979-1984 demonstrated the potential variety of source-related
research. It also demonstrated the clear need for better organization
of current and future data. The organization and standardization would
make the resulting data readily available to the user communities of both
the public and private sectors. AEERL began an in-house effort in 1985
with the objective of developing a user-friendly, PC-based indoor air
emission source data base that would meet this need. The prototype
version, developed with dBASE III software, was distributed to 12
reviewers in July 1986.
C. Approach:
Development of the Indoor Air Source Emissions (IASE) data base will be
continued through a cooperative agreement with the University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill. UNC will work to optimize the existing dBASE III
prototype for performance, compile it for speed enhancement, and develop a
more user-friendly interface. In addition, UNC will be responsible for
developing a standardized nomenclature suited to the breadth of the user
community. UNC will also be responsible for implementing quality control,
providing literature review, data entry, and the general maintenance of a
database which will be made available to the international user community.
D. Outputs and Milestones:
Survey of source emissions data (1979-84) completed 4/85
Papers by Crum presented at APCA meetings 4/86, 6/86
Peer review of prototype database 7/86
Distribution of initial version to public 7/87
Presentation of database (Berlin conference) 8/87
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E. Project Contact:
James White (919) 541-1189
(FTS) 629-1189
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Project 7: Evaluation of Field Methods to Estimate Environmental Tobacco
Smoke (ETS) Exposure in Epidemiological Studies
A. Objective:
Conduct preliminary field research to determine optimal methods for
quantifying ETS exposure to facilitate more quantitative exposure
assessment in future epidemiologic studies of indoor air.
B. Background:
Due to the prohibitive expense of monitoring indoor environments in
large epidemiologic studies, methods are being developed and validated
to derive exposure estimates from questionnaire responses.
C. Approach:
Ongoing studies at the University of New Mexico and Harvard University
were modified to accomplish the following:
(1) To assess biologic markers of exposure to cigarette smoke in
children with passive exposure in cigarette smoking households.
(2) To correlate these measures with direct monitoring of indoor
environmental exposure.
(3) To determine the frequency of observations necessary to charac-
terize relative levels of exposure in a population setting.
(4) To test the reliability of a questionnaire about passive smoking
in adults.
(5) To determine validity in adult subjects reporting and not reporting
passive smoking by questionnaire by determining the cotinine
content of urine or blood.
D. Milestones:
"Reliability and Validity of Questionnaire Assessment
of Involuntary Tobacco Smoke Exposure" submitted to
4th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and
Climate (Berlin) 03/87
E. Project Contact:
Carl Hayes (919) 541-7739
(FTS) 629-7739
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Project 8: Personal Activity Related Exposure to Environmental Tobacco
Smoke (ETS) in Airliner Cabins and Other Transportation Related
Environments
A. Objective:
(1) Determine personal activity exposure profiles for nonsmokers exposed
to ETS in airliner cabins using chemical and biological markers.
(2) Determine personal activity exposure profiles for nonsmokers exposed
to ETS in automobiles and related transportation sources.
B. Background:
As a result of Congressional hearings in 1983 and 1984, the National
Academy of Sciences conducted a study to determine whether air quality
and standards aboard commercial aircraft were adequate to protect human
health. This study resulted in a committee report entitled "The Airliner
Cabin Environment" in 1986 which "... will be controversial. It is
unanimously and forcefully proposing that smoking be banned on all
commercial flights " Although the MAS report (1986) provides
documentation of ETS related pollutants in airliner cabins, these have
been principally limited to RSP, CO, and N02. Very little data on ETS
specific components (e.g., nicotine) have been reported and no studies
have been conducted on human exposures using biological markers. The
Surgeon General has requested that NCI conduct such a study and EPA has
been requested to jointly participate in this study. DOT is also
considering collaboration with EPA and NCI for a larger study.
C. Approach:
The initial phase of this project will involve a collaborative NCI-EPA
pilot study of human exposure to ETS on commercial aircraft. Air
pollutants to be measured will include respirable particulates (RSP),
mutagenicity of the RSP, nicotine and CO. Efforts will be undertaken
to measure or estimate the air exchange rate and other semi-volatile
and volatile organics (e.g., aldehydes) if possible. Nonsmoking human
volunteers will be located in various sections of the aircraft, wearing
and/or carrying personal monitoring equipment. Body fluid samples
(e.g., urine, blood and saliva) will be taken before, during and after
the flights. Body fluids will be analyzed for nicotine and cotinine
(nicotine metabolite).
The pilot study will be conducted on a limited number of flights.
Based on the results from this pilot study, a larger study or series of
studies in a variety of transportation "cabins" including aircraft,
automobiles and other transportation sources.
D. Milestones:
Report on pilot study of personal exposures to ETS in
airline cabins 06/87
Study design and protocol for larger scale studies of
airline cabins 09/87
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Report on pilot study of personal exposures to ETS in
automobiles 03/88
E. Project Contact:
Joellen Lewtas (919) 541-3849
(FTS) 629-3849
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Project 9: Develop and Test Revised Screening and Source Use Questionnaires
for Indoor Air Quality Studies
A. Objective:
Develop optimal design of questionnaires, diaries, source use and activity
logs for use in surveys of indoor air quality.
B. Background:
Many organizations including EPA have used different questionnaires to
perform indoor surveys. The questionnaires served different purposes and
it is not clear whether or not they can be condensed into a single stand-
ard questionnaire or even whether it is desirable. Special question-
naires need to be developed to meet specific survey purposes and back-
ground research is necessary to accomplish this.
C. Approach:
EPA will continue to work with other researchers to develop the basic
structures and to standardize components where possible. For each
different survey type (targets, purposes, intensity of monitoring) EPA
will conduct Focus groups, evaluate proposed questionnaires in field tests
and prepare the necessary documentation to support ICR's to OMB.
D. Milestones:
Review past questionnaires in cooperation with
ongoing joint project 3/87
Hold Focus Group sessions of various groups (high-
low SES, urban-rural, rental apartment-single family
owner occupied, etc.) 7/87
Provide questionnaires for studies of indoor air quality
based on results of pilot studies 10/87
E. Project Contact:
David Holland (919) 541-3126
(FTS) 629-3126
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Project 10: Field Evaluation of Sampling and Analysis for Organic Pollutants
in Indoor Air
A. Objective:
To develop, construct, and evaluate a sampler for semivolatile organic
compounds (SVOC) in indoor air that is quiet, convenient, reliable and
that collects sufficient sample for both bioassay and chemical analysis.
B. Background:
A prototype indoor air sampler for SVOC has been designed and built.
Evaluation of this prototype indicates that it meets the requirements of
low noise, reliability, transportability, and sufficient sample size for
chemical analysis and microbioassay. Several aspects of the sampler
performance remain to be investigated: evaluation of the possible
contribution to the total SVOC levels in the indoor environment from the
sampler itself, and evaluation of the sampler performance in real indoor
environments.
C. Approach:
Two modified samplers will be built and tested in the laboratory, to
ensure that they meet the performance criteria set for the prototype.
Experiments will be performed in an indoor microenvironment, with samplers
vented first outside and then inside. Chemical analyses and screening
microbioassay, if necessary, will be done on the collected room air
samples to detect any sampler contribution to the SVOC levels. Field
evaluation of the samplers will be done in a few residences, which will be
selected to represent homes both with and without cigarette smoking and
wood combustion.
D. Milestones:
Construct and test two modified indoor air samplers 2/87
Evaluate sampler contribution to the indoor environment 6/87
Evaluate sampler performance in nine homes 12/87
E. Project Contact:
Nancy Wilson (919) 541-4723
(FTS) 629-4723
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Project 11: Evaluation of Sampling and Analytical Methods for Nicotine and
PAHs
A. Objective:
To evaluate sampling and analysis methodology that allows simultaneous
collection of nicotine and PAHs from indoor air with subsequent analysis
for these species in one analytical procedure.
B. Background:
Measurement of the contribution of tobacco smoke to total indoor air con-
taminant levels is necessary for determination of the impacts of various
sources to overall indoor air pollution. Nicotine has been used as a spe-
cific tobacco marker in several indoor air studies. Current methodology
for nicotine is cumbersome and expensive, requiring separate collection
of nicotine on bisulfate-treated filters and also separate analysis from
the collection and analysis of PAHs.
C. Approach:
Methodology based on the use of quartz filters and back-up XAD-4 resin
traps will be employed to collect both PAH and nicotine in indoor air
sampling.
The filter and adsorbent extracts will be pooled, and several analytical
methods will be used to determine whether both nicotine and PAH can be
measured in a single analytical procedure.
D. Milestones:
Determine optimum extraction procedure for nicotine 2/87
and PAH from XAD-4 resin
Conduct indoor air sampling with smoking and nonsmoking 4/87
conditions
Evaluate analytical procedures 8/87
E. Project Contact:
Nancy Wilson (919) 541-4723
(FTS) 629-4723
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Project 12: Field Evaluation and Final Modification of Prototype Dual Channel
Particulate Sampler
A. Objective:
Test the research prototype particulate sampler (developed in FY 86) under
field conditions and modify as needed to be field ready.
B. Background:
A research prototype dual channel (PM2 5 and PM10) microenvironment
particulate sampler was developed in FY 86. This microenvironment sampler
was designed to be unobtrusive, operate at 10£/min (as compared to 4£/min
for the Harvard Sampler) to collect more sample, and collect the semi-
volatile gas phase fraction if necessary. The sampler would be multi-
functional for versatile use in either focus research studies on larger
scale characterization studies. The current prototype needs field testing
to identify problems that may be encountered.
C. Approach:
The existing research prototype would be field tested either in an occupied
residence or a dedicated test house. Testing criteria would be similar to
that already established for the Harvard sampler, e.g., noise level, flow
control, filter overloading, etc. Additionally modification to provide
accurate and reliable sampling under outdoor conditions would be addressed
to permit determination of indoor/outdoor relationships.
D. Milestones:
Upgrading of research prototype for field tests 5/87
Field testing complete 8/87
Final modifications completed 11/87
and field prototypes delivered
E. Project Contact:
Russell Weiner (919) 541-1910
(FTS) 629-1910
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Project 13: Assess the Effectiveness of Currently Available Screening
Techniques for Indoor Pollutants
A. Objective:
Review the currently available screening techniques for indoor pollutants
and assess their technical and cost effectiveness.
B. Background:
Screening techniques for indoor pollutants can be used to, identify
microenvironments deserving more extensive study or to determine how
extensively to analyze samples already collected. Passive devices such as
the Palmes tube for N02 and active devices such as portable GC for gross
VOC quantification both qualify as screening techniques. Screening
techniques can provide inappropriate information if there are substantial
spatial and temporal gradients (See earlier project related to gradients
and measurement averaging time) or if the integration interval is incon-
sistent with the study objectives.
C. Approach:
Review the available screening techniques for indoor pollutants and
prepare a comprehensive report on advantages and disadvantages. For
selected pollutants test the screening techniques in test homes and assess
both their precision and accuracy and their cost effectiveness. Prepare a
guideline document recommending screening techniques for specific applica-
tion.
D. Milestones:
Survey report on available methods 7/87
Field test of selected methods 11/87
Guideline document 2/88
E. Project Contact:
Charles Rodes (919) 541-3079
(FTS) 629-3079
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Project 14: Initiate Methods Development for Polar Organic Compounds
A. Objective:
To develop sampling and analysis methodology for polar volatile and
semivolatile organic compounds (VOCs and SVOCs) in indoor air.
B. Background:
In several indoor air studies, it has been shown that the nonpolar portion
of the collected organic material, which includes the polynuclear aromatic
compounds as well as some smaller more volatile species, produces less
than half of the mutagenic activity detected in bioassay. To account for
the remaining biological activity, it is necessary to identify and quan-
tify the polar portion of the air sample. However, reliable sampling and
analytical methodology for the polar compounds is not well-developed.
Three needs can be easily identified: sample collection methodology for
the polar organics that preserves the integrity of the sample and is free
of artifacts; separation methodology that divides the polar sample
extracts into identifiable fractions that are amenable to further chemical
characterization and bioassay screening; and analysis methodology that
allows identification and quantification of specific polar components, to
facilitate further speciation of those compounds responsible for biological
activity and linkage with particular pollution sources.
C. Approach:
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and their polar degradation
products collected during air sampling and formed during sample storage
will be identified and quantified. The results will be used to establish
a list of target PAH, degradation products and polar compounds that should
be monitored in a future indoor air study. Analytical methodology for
both volatile polar organic compounds, such as ethylene oxide and acrolein,
and semivolatile polar organic compounds, such as nicotine and nitro-
aromatics, will be developed. Methods for detailed chemical characteriza-
tion of polar air sample fractions will be pursued.
D. Milestones:
Chemical characterization of polar SVOCs in air
and related sampling artifacts 6/87
Method development for nicotine and other polar SVOCs 9/87
Method development for ethylene oxide and other polar VOCs 12/87
E. Project Contact:
Nancy Wilson (919) 541-4723
(FTS) 629-4723
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Project 15: Development of Electrochemical Realtime Detector for N02
A. Objective:
Develop a realtime N02 detector appropriate for personal exposure monitor-
ing with ± 25 ppb sensitivity, less than 1 minute response, and compact
enough to be comfortably worn by the subject.
B. Background:
There are serious questions about the adequacy of point monitors for
determining human exposure to pollutants. This project will provide
measurement systems of sufficient sensitivity and compactness to allow
monitoring of individuals as they move through their normal exposure
cycles. The data can then be compared to results from point monitors to
assess the need for personal monitors vs. point monitors.
The first phase of this effort has produced an electrochemical sensor of
adequate sensitivity to monitor low level (non-acute) exposures to N02.
C. Approach:
The sensor developed under phase one will be packaged in a more compact
sampling system and will be tested for a number of possible interferences.
The interference tests will be interpreted in terms of probability of
verified interference being present and the degree of interference will be
quantified. For example, while S02 is expected to cause some interference,
the concentration of S02 indoors is likely to be low relative to N02.
D. Milestones:
EPA interim project report on development of miniaturized
electrochemical sensor for N02 10/87
E. Project Contact:
Richard Paur (919) 541-3131
(FTS) 629-3131
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Project 16: Methods Development/Intercomparison for VOCs
A. Objective:
To develop and evaluate canister-based sampler methodologies and analytical
procedures for quantisation of VOCs.
B. Background:
Development initiatives taken by EMSL in FY 85 and FY 86 have resulted in
practical, field-tested canister-based methods for sampling a-nd storage of
VOCs in whole air. Comparison with sorbent-based methods on indoor and
outdoor samples have identified specific advantages and disadvantages of
each approach. Specially designed sampling units for the indoor air have
been developed to satisfy a variety of needs. Canister-based units to
sample without the need for power, others to sample over periods of up to
one week, and still others to take and store a sequence of individual
samples for studies of VOC concentration variability — all have been
demonstrated.
The parallel development and evaluation of analytical procedures for
automated analysis of canister-based samples has resulted in the
demonstration of analytical capabilities for a set of forty-one non-polar
organics. Automation of the analytical sequence has significantly reduced
the time and cost per sample analyses.
C. Approach:
Initiatives in FY 86, such as the development and testing of a canister-
based indoor air sampler for up to one week monitoring periods and develop-
ment of screening procedures for canister samples, require further work to
complete. Resources will be used for completion and testing of these two
products. Sampling and analytical methods development for polar VOCs will
be emphasized in FY 87.
D. Milestones:
Battelle Columbus report on portable GCs and canister-
based indoor air samplers 5/87
Issue article for proceedings of 4th International
Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate 10/87
Journal article on development of Tek-Mar® sample
introduction system for passive sampling devices
and canisters 10/87
E. Project Contact:
William McClenney (919) 541-3158
(FTS) 629-3158
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Project 17: Development of a Versatile Unobtrusive Indoor Air Quality
Sampling Package
A. Objective:
Develop a total indoor air quality sampling package for VOCs and parti-
cles including SVOCs.
B. Background:
Recent focus group exercises conducted by RTI showed that the packaging of
the sampling hardware was crucial to public participation in IAQ measure-
ment studies. Rather than packaging the samplers individually it is
highly desirable to assemble a basic sampling system to meet a variety of
needs and package the system in one unobtrusive unit.
C. Approach:
Select the sampling techniques to be incorporated and the unobtrusiveness
levels (size, noise, etc.) to be accepted. Design and construct a proto-
type package system and test its unobtrusiveness in focus group settings.
D. Milestones:
Select sampling methods to package 7/87
Develop sampling packages and test 10/87
E. Project Contact:
Russell Weiner (919) 541-1910
(FTS) 629-1910
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Project 18: Determine Population Exposure to Indoor Pollutants
A. Objective:
Review published literature to determine concentrations and activity
patterns to estimate the population exposure to various indoor air
pollutants.
B. Background:
There is a need to determine the extent of health risk to the population
caused by the various indoor air pollutants. This information will be
used to establish priorities for research to most effectively mitigate
exposure.
C. Approach:
Search the relevant literature and compile information about each air
pollutant discussed in the Indoor Air Pollutant Information Assessment,
and estimate risk of disease/death from each; also determine additive or
synergistic effects. An exposure assessment document will be produced
and reviewed at a peer review workshop of experts on air pollution
exposure.
D. Milestones:
Scope of work for contractor 6/87
Exposure assessment completed 10/87
Peer Review Workshop 10/87
Final Version-Exposure Assessment 12/87
E. Project Contact:
Harriett Ammann (919) 541-4930
(FTS) 629-4930
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Project 19: Biological Markers for Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Human
Exposure Assessment
A. Objective:
(1) Evaluate mutagenicity as a biological marker for human exposure to
ETS.
(2) Characterize ETS emissions using bioassay methods.
(3) To identify the chemical/biological markers specific to the indoor
organic emission sources.
(4) To develop and evaluate the biological markers which can be used
effectively in assessing the exposure and dosimetry of the indoor
combustion emissions.
B. Background:
In order to provide definitive data on the relationship between human
exposure, dose and effects of indoor organic pollutants, it is necessary
to develop markers for exposure and dosimetry. Personal exposure and
dosimetry of ETS is dependent upon so many factors that optimal assessment
should be measured directly through the use of biological markers of
exposure, uptake into blood, distribution and metabolism, binding to
macromolecules (e.g., protein and DNA), and excretion into urine. One
approach is to identify unique tracer compounds present in ETS and their
metabolites. Nicotine, for example, is virtually unique to tobacco
sources and both nicotine and its metabolite cotinine can be measured in
human tissue or fluids. This approach will provide the basis for relating
health effects to specific exposure concentrations and dose.
The highly exposed to ETS or in a potentially more sensitive population
such as preschool children. Cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine from
ETS, has shown that it can be a candidate as a biochemical marker for
ETS exposure. This study will evaluate if cotinine can serve as a marker
compound for ETS exposure.
C. Approach:
A stepwise approach to these studies will include evaluation of biological
and chemical markers of ETS in laboratory chambers, model homes, and in
pilot field studies in collaboration with AEERL, ASRL, and EMSL.
Initial studies are being performed in controlled chambers. This phase
of the project is focused on air characterization in chambers, chemically
and biologically, and on the factors that will effect the mutagenicity
and organic emission rates including (a) number of cigarettes; (b)
smoldering versus sidestream versus exhaled mainstream; (c) effect of
tar and nicotine content; and (d) comparison of organics associated with
the various phases of ETS including particles, semi-volatiles, and
volatiles. The initial phases of this project have produced promising
results suggesting that the mutagenic emission rate may be constant across
all cigarette types and that the RSP, nicotine and mutagenicity of
emissions is predictable and that it may be possible to model exposure.
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Targeted pilot field studies are being undertaken collaboratively by
EPA and UNC investigators at the Frank Porter Graham (FPG) Child Develop-
ment Center [initially (86/87)] in conjunction with a CPSC/EPA project
on N02 and gas stoves. There are forty children enrolled in the Center
from an age of 3 months to 5 years. Approximately half of the childrens1
parents smoke cigarettes. The homes of selected children enrolled in
the (FPG) Center for Child Development operated by UNC as a research
day care center are monitored for N02, carbon monoxide, nicotine concen-
trations, and particulate mutagenicity. Body fluids of these preschool
children both exposed and nonexposed to ETS will be used in biological
marker studies. Urine mutagenicity will be determined together with
exposure to the particulate organics (mutagenicity), volatile nicotine
and urinary and serum cotinine (a metabolite of nicotine). These
parameters will be evaluated as dosimeters of exposure to ETS and
potential risk. Potential dietary confounding factors will be monitored
and controlled where possible. Other collaborators on this project
include scientists from CDC (R. Etzel), American Health Foundation
(N. Haley), U. of Mass. (K. Hammond), and Yale U. (B. Leaderer).
D. Milestones:
Journal article on monitoring ETS exposure using
a micromutagenesis assay 04/87
Paper and presentation (International Indoor Air
Conference) on mutagenic emission factors for ETS 08/87
Paper and presentation (International Indoor Air
Conference) on serum and urine cotinine as
quantitative measures of exposure to ETS 08/87
Journal article on characterization of the
mutagenicity and concentration of selected
organic tracers in ETS chamber studies 01/88
Journal article(s) on using nicotine, mutagenicity,
and cotinine to assess preschool childrens1
exposure to ETS 06/88
t. Project Contact:
Joel!en Lewtas (919) 541-3849
(FTS) 629-3849
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Proje:t 20: Development of Biological Markers for Molecular Dosimetry
Resulting from Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)
A. ibjective:
(1) Evaluate the DNA adduct postlabeling method for application to ETS
exposed cells, tissues and body fluids.
(2) Optimize DNA adduct postlabeling methods for detection of ETS
specific DNA adducts.
(3) Validate and apply the DNA adduct postlabeling method to human
tissues from ETS exposed populations.
(4) Evaluate new hemoglobin adduct methods that may provide ETS specific
markers of exposure and dose.
B. Background:
Highly sensitive methods are now becoming available for determining
protein or DNA-adducts of environmental carcinogens and toxic agents in
circulating blood and tissues. Several constituents that occur in ETS,
e.g., benzo(a)pyrene and 4-aminobiphenyl, have been reported as hemoglobin
or DNA adducts, however these chemicals are not specific or unique to
ETS. Everson et al. have recently reported detection of DNA adducts in
the placentas of smoking women using these new techniques. The develop-
ment and validation of methods to detect ETS specific adducts would
provide an ideal marker of human exposure and in some cases (e.g., DNA-
adducts) dose to ETS. The National Academy of Sciences (1986) in its
recent report on ETS concludes that validation and quantitative deter-
mination of the uptake of tobacco smoke carcinogens is urgently needed.
Studies are needed to develop and apply highly sensitive methods (e.g.,
immunoassays or postlabeling) for measuring DNA and protein adducts of
tobacco-specific chemicals.
C. Approach:
The highly sensitive 32P-postlabeling techniques developed by Randerath
et al. using a Pj nuclease enhancement and the butanol extraction method
developed by Gupta et al. will be evaluated with human placenta! tissue,
buccal cell tissue and lymphocytes from highly exposed individuals. With
optimization this procedure can detect 1 adduct per 1010 nucleotides and
has been successfully applied to the detection of adducts in smokers'
tissue and in animals exposed to mainstream smoke. Tracheal cells from
the respiratory tract of both humans and rodents exposed to ETS will be
used as a model system to optimize detection of adducts and characteriza-
tion of the adducts. Evaluation of the rate of formation and persistance
of the adducts will be necessary to interpret human studies. Subsequent
studies to determine adduct levels in humans exposed to varying levels
of ETS will be conducted to evaluate exposure-DMA dosimetry relationships.
New highly sensitive analytical (mass spectrometry) and radioimmune assay
methods for protein adducts (e.g., hemoglobin) have recently been reported.
Hemoglobin adducts are usually detectable in circulating blood in higher
concentrations than DNA adducts in the blood lymphocytes. Concurrent
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studies to evaluate the potential utility of measuring hemoglobin adducts
of ETS specific chemicals will be investigated.
D. Milestones:
Comparison and evaluation of two post!abeling methods
for detection of ETS induced DNA adducts 06/88
Optimization and validation of a postlabeling method
for ETS induced DNA adducts 12/88
Evaluation of ETS DNA adduct persistence in tracheal
cells 05/89
Evaluation of hemoglobin adduct methods in blood from
ETS exposed individuals 11/89
Human pilot study of an ETS exposed population 09/90
E. Project Contact:
Joel 1 en Lewtas (919) 541-3849
(FTS) 629-3849
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Project 21: Evaluation and Improvement of Cotinine as a Biomarker of Environ-
mental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Exposure in Children and Adults
A. Objective:
(1) Determine if urine cotinine levels in infants and young children are
a good indicator of exposure to ETS.
(2) Determine if the elimination half-life of urine cotinine changes with
age, sex or other parameters effecting metabolism in children.
(3) Improve cotinine detection limits and quantitation.
(4) Determine the relationship between nicotine exposure in ETS, nicotine
dose and cotinine levels.
(5) Establish relationships between personal air exposure to RSP,
mutagens and nicotine to measured nicotine intake and nicotine
metabolites in body fluids for different exposure conditions and
population groups.
B. Background:
Increased concern has been expressed about the potential health risks
associated with the exposure to ETS. Recent studies implicate exposure
to ETS as a particular health risk in infants and young children.
Research into the health effects of exposure to ETS in children would
be greatly aided if a chemical marker could be used to predict the level
of exposure to ETS. Several substances, isolated from tobacco smoke, or
their metabolic products, have been measured in biological fluids to
estimate this exposure to ETS. These substances include carboxy-
hemoglobin, thiocyanate, nicotine and cotinine. Cotinine, a metabolite of
nicotine, and derived only from tobacco smoke, has been shown to be a good
indicator of the exposure to ETS. Studies in adults have shown that there
is a dose-response relationship between the number of cigarettes smoked
and the level of cotinine in the urine. The elimination half-life of
cotinine in the urine and in the blood has also been reported in adults.
Although cotinine is the best biological marker of human exposure to ETS,
it is currently limited by both the sensitivity of the polyclonal RIA
assays available and the lack of the necessary data needed to interpret
cotinine values in light of potentially varying clearance rates.
The use of cotinine as an indicator of ETS exposure in children has been
studied at the University of North Carolina (UNC). They found a high
correlation between the exposure of children at home to ETS and their
levels of urinary cotinine. These results suggested that uninary cotinine
may be a useful indicator of ETS exposure in infants and young children.
Additional studies at UNC provided data on the elimination half-life of
cotinine in the urine of newborn infants exposed to ETS jji utero. The
level of exposure for both these studies, however, came from the self-
reported smoking behavior of the mother. Objective information on the
uptake of nicotine and the elimination of its metabolite, cotinine in
young children, age 1 to 3 years of age, exposed to ETS is unavailable.
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In order to improve the interpretation of cotinine measurements in body
fluids, research is urgently needed to understand the absorbtion,
metabolism and excretion of nicotine and its metabolites, including
cotinine in nonsmokers of various ages. Specific studies to be conducted
under controlled human clinical conditions include: (1) determination
of the dose of nicotine absorbed from ETS by simultaneous chamber exposure
to ETS and infusion of dueterated-nicotine in adults, and (2) continuation
of studies of adults, and children of various ages, including infants,
from homes where ETS is present to determine cotinine clearance rates and
to compare exposure, uptake and dosimetry using nicotine and its
metabolites.
C. Approach:
Adults and infants from homes where tobacco smoke is present will be
exposed to known concentrations of ETS in an environmentally controlled
chamber. Blood samples will be taken prior to and following a controlled
exposure. Serum cotinine levels and blood carboxyhemoglobin will be
measured. Urines will be collected from subjects, prior to exposure,
out to several days post exposure. Urine cotinine excretion rates will
be determined and correlated to air nicotine exposure. The dose of
nicotine will be varied by changing the number of cigarettes smoked during
the exposure in order to give a dose response. The excretion of cotinine
will be correlated with the dose of nicotine as well as age, sex and race
in the infant/child population. This information is considered critical
because it will allow one to estimate prior exposure, with a high degree
of certainty, rather than rely on questionnaire data. This study was
undertaken to determine the exposure dose of nicotine, the peak level of
urinary cotinine, the time to peak levels of cotinine, and the elimination
half-life of urinary cotinine when children are exposed to a controlled
amount of ETS.
D. Milestones:
Conduct an interagency cotinine workshop 11/86
Relationship between the ambient air nicotine concentration
and the time to peak urinary cotinine levels and elimination
half-life values for urinary cotinine in a population of
young children. Presented at 4th International Indoor
Air Conference 08/87
Report and recommendations from cotinine workshop 09/87
Evaluation of improved monoclonal radioimmune assay
for cotinine 10/88
Determine dose of nicotine absorbed from ETS in
controlled chamber studies using dueterated-nicotine
in adults 12/88
Establish relationship between personal exposure to
nicotine and other pollutants (e.g., mutagens, RSP)
and cotinine in saliva, blood and urine 03/89
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Elimination half-life of urine cotinine in young children
exposed to different dose levels of ETS 08/89
Study of parameters (e.g., age and sex) that effect in
children and adults elimination half-life of urine
cotinine 06/91
E. Project Contact:
George Goldstein (919) 541-5143
(FTS) 629-5143
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Project 22: Indoor Air Studies of the Mutagenic and Carcinogenic Emissions
from Unvented Combustion Sources
A. Objectives:
(1) To develop and evaluate methods for determining the mutagenicity and
potential carcinogenicity of indoor organic pollutants from unvented
combustion appliances.
(2) To evaluate the comparative mutagenicity, toxicity and carcinogenicity
of complex organic emissions from unvented combustion appliances for
risk characterization.
(3) To identify the mutagens and carcinogens emitted from unvented
combusti on app1i ances.
(4) To support engineering studies (AEERL) to develop emission factors
and emission models including evaluation of mitigation parameters
using bioassay methods.
(5) To support unvented combustion source exposure assessment studies
(EMSL) via bioassay monitoring in test home and field studies.
(6) For future mitigation, to determine the contribution of these sources
to the mutagenicity of indoor air.
B. Background:
Indoor combustion emissions are known to be a significant source of human
exposure to particles, ROMs and other organics including both semi-
volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Since the soot from incomplete combustion is generally recognized as a
human carcinogen (IARC) and the ROMs from these sources are also mutagenic,
it is important to evaluate the relative contribution that various
combustion sources, particularly unvented sources, could make to the human
exposure and risk from these carcinogens. These studies will initially
evaluate kerosene heater emissions due to the widespread use of these
appliances (over 10 million sold).
The conventional bioassay methods require large quantities of sample for
testing and usually only small quantities of indoor air emission samples
are available. There is a need, therefore, to develop microassays for
indoor air studies. Little effort has been applied toward the bioassay of
SVOCs and VOCs in the indoor environment. It is important to develop
bioassay methods for ROMs, SVOCs and VOCs from unvented combustion sources
indoors since exposure to these chemicals may be relatively high.
C. Approach:
Initial studies developed and evaluated micro-mutagenesis methods to apply
to both indoor air laboratory (e.g., chamber) and field studies where only
a few milligrams of organic matter can be collected. Studies are also
being conducted in the initial phase of this project to evaluate sampling
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and extraction methodologies for the bioassay of combustion appliance
indoor air samples of all phases of the organics (particles, SVOCs, VOCs).
The stepwise approach being taken in these studies includes evaluation
of the mutagenicity of these sources in chambers in the laboratory, model
homes, and in pilot field studies in collaboration with AEERL and EMSL.
The initial studies will be performed on unvented kerosene heaters and gas
stoves. Chamber samples of both the particles (ROMs) and SVOCs collected
on XAD-2 will be bioassayed in S. typhimurium micro-assay (Kado assay).
Nitroreductase proficient and deficient strains will be employed to detect
the presence of mono-nitro-PAHs and dinitro-PAHs. Initially, the effect
of heater types, maintainance, and operating conditions on the mutagenic
activity will be determined. A sample set will be selected for more
in-depth bioassay and chemical characterization to determine the class of
organic compounds which are mutagenic. If sufficient samples are avail-
able, other bioassays will be performed at the J.B. Pierce Foundation
(including operating conditions, heater type and age, fuel parameters,
etc.) to provide confirmatory dose-response data on the mutagenicity and
carcinogenicity of these emissions.
In order to evaluate the VOC emissions from unvented appliances, the
research will focus on the application of recently developed inexpensive
bioassay systems for in situ monitoring of VOCs using direct gas-phase
bioassay methods in chambers. The in situ system will be compared to
other methods including sorbant (e.g., XAD) collection and extraction
followed by bioassay. Efforts will be made to make the test chambers
inexpensive, light-weight, portable, and inert. Initially, the bioassay
testing will be conducted using bacterial tester strains; however, in
the future, other organisms and bioassay methods which detect nonmutagenic
VOCs which may induce cancer via other mechanisms will be used. In the
initial phases, the system will be evaluated using known volatile mutagens.
After evaluation, the system will be applied to either chamber studies
and/or test home studies in collaboration with AEERL. Where possible
indoor atmospheric transformation processes will be explored, particularly
nitration of organics which is known to increase mutagenicity.
D. Milestones:
Development of microbioassay methods 03/86
Kerosene exploratory studies completed and APCA paper
presented 06/86
Report and presentation of initial study on the
comparative evaluation of the influence of combustion
emissions on indoor air mutagenicity (International
Indoor Air Conference) 08/87
Journal article(s) on exploratory studies of mutagenic
emission rates from kerosene heaters and the role of
N02-PAHs 12/87
Journal article on evaluation of the mutagenicity of
kerosene heater emissions from chamber and test home
studies 06/88
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Journal article on the identification of mutagens and
carcinogens in emissions from kerosene heaters 11/88
Report on gas space heaters 10/89
E. Project Contact:
Judy Mumford (919) 541-3095
(FTS) 629-3095
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Project 23: Effect of Peak Exposure to N02 on Respiratory Symptoms and
Pulmonary Function
A. Objective:
To study the effects of short-term exposure to high levels (ranging
from 400 ug/m3 to over 2500 M9/m3) of nitrogen dioxide on pulmonary
function and respiratory symptoms in asthmatic and non-asthmatic
subjects.
B. Background:
Several studies have suggested that exposures to high levels of N02
even for brief periods can affect lung symptoms and functions. Recent
indoor air monitoring studies conducted by Columbia University and
sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) indicated
that such exposures are common to women using unvented gas cooking
stoves in high rise apartments where air exchange rates have been
minimized in the interest of energy conservation. Previous studies by
Columbia University had also shown high asthma prevalence rates among
residents of such apartments. For these reasons it was believed that
the EPRI studies should be extended to include a health effects component.
C. Approach:
Both the person cooking the evening meal and any other household members
present in the kitchen are given lung function tests and questioned
about respiratory symptoms before cooking begins, while cooking is under-
way, immediately after, and 1 to 2 hours after cooking is completed.
Continuous monitoring of N02 at the breathing level of the cook is
conducted throughout this period. Simultaneous passive monitoring is
done throughout the apartment. Each of the 20 to 25 families is studied
on 5 occasions.
D. Milestones:
"Acute Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide and Pulmonary
Function" submitted to 4th International Conference
on Indoor Air Quality and Climate (Berlin) 03/87
E. Project Contact:
Carl Hayes (919) 541-7739
(FTS) 629-7739
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Project 24: Respiratory Effects of Indoor Formaldehyde Exposure
A. Objective:
(1) To assess respiratory effects of indoor formaldehyde exposure in
especially sensitive and normal adults and children.
(2) To improve indoor exposure characterization for a large prospective
air pollution study.
B. Background:
Through the base program in air pollution epidemiology a prospective study
of approximately 500 families of municipal employees in Pima County,
Arizona, was initiated in 1985. Acute and chronic respiratory effects in
adults and acute effects in children are being assessed in relationship to
indoor and outdoor pollution. The 500 families are a sample from over
3000 families stratified in the basis of questionnaire responses relating
to family composition and household characteristics which indicate
probable indoor exposures. Daily diaries and peak flows are used to
assess short-term changes in respiratory status in children and adults.
Yearly spirometry is used to evaluate longer-term effects. Weekly
spirometry is conducted in subsamples of adults with and without bronchial
reactivity. As this study as originally planned has a substantial indoor
component, it presented an opportunity for expansion through the indoor
air quality research program.
C. Approach:
Through supplemental funding from the indoor air program, the study was
expanded in two ways. First, frequency and duration of indoor monitoring
in the 500 homes was increased. Second, a substudy of formaldehyde
effects was added. In this substudy, families who change residences
during the study will be followed, and formaldehyde exposures in the
residences will be measured. Those moving into new conventional or mobile
homes with presumably high formaldehyde exposure will be compared with
those relocating into older homes.
P. Milestones:
All submitted to 4th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality
and Climate (Berlin)
"Formaldehyde Exposure and Acute Health Effects Study" 3/87
"Indoor-Outdoor Relationships for Particulate Matter and
Verification of Exposure Classifications" 3/87
"Epidemiological Study of Respiratory Responses to
Indoor/Outdoor Air Quality 3/87
E. Project Contact:
Carl Hayes (919) 541-7739
(FTS) 629-7739
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Project 25: Neurobehavioral and Sensory Irritant Effects of Complex VOC
Mixture in Humans
A. Objective:
(1) Replicate and extend Danish studies of controlled human exposures
to complex VOC mixtures.
(2) Study the neurobehavioral and sensory irritant effects of controlled
exposure to a complex VOC mixture in a normal, healthy adult popula-
tion.
(3) Identify sensitive measures for use in subsequent field studies
related to the Sick Building Syndrome (SBS).
(4) Evaluate the utility of a computerized behavioral test battery in a
controlled human exposure study.
B. Background:
A prime example of health effects associated with exposure to outgassing
chemicals in newly constructed buildings is the "Sick Building Syndrome"
(SBS). Symptoms associated with SBS are eye, nose, and throat irritation,
memory impairment, and attentional deficit. SBS symptoms are neurobe-
havioral in nature, although pulmonary, immunological and other system
effects may also be present. Volatile organic compounds constitute an
important part of the complex mixture of chemicals present in "sick"
buildings, but little information is currently available about the health
effects of exposure to ambient levels of VOC mixtures found in new
buildings.
Molhave et al., acutely exposed humans known to have "sick building
syndrome" to a complex mixture of 20 VOCs commonly found in Danish homes.
The subjects experienced memory impairment and sensory irritation. Giving
the existing data base, Molhave has hypothesized that VOCs have additive
or synergestic effects and that they are causally involved in sick
building syndrome. Some other VOCs found to be present in homes also
cause neurotoxic effects.
C. Approach:
The first formal study will be designed to replicate and extend results
of studies conducted by Molhave and his colleagues in Denmark. Molhave
will serve as consultant in planning the study. Normal healthy adults
will be exposed to a complex mixture of volatile organic compounds
selected on the basis of the frequency and intensity of occurrence in
buildings -- i.e., the 20 VOCs found most frequently and at highest
levels. The initial mixture tested will be as similar as possible to
the Molhave mixture, substituting only for chemicals now known to be
carcinogenic. Behavioral, sensory irritant and subjective rating measures
will be obtained from subjects using a repeated measures design in which
each subject will complete control and exposure sessions at one week
intervals. Sensorimotor and memory function will be evaluated using a
computerized test battery. Measures of eye and nose irritation will also
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be obtained. To ensure that all procedures are functional and that
personnel are trained adequately, the first formal study will be preceded
by a small pilot study, using the same protocol. Later studies will
explore effects of a second (perhaps "Americanized") VOC mixture, of VOC
exposure in SBS responder or other susceptible populations, and the role
of olfactory and trigeminal sensitivity and climate variables such as
temperature and humidity in VOC response.
D. Milestones:
Complete planning of Molhave replicate VOC mixture protocol 6/87
Commence pilot study for Molhave replication 9/87
Commence Molhave replicate study 1/88
Complete data collection of Molhave replicate study 3/88
Begin controlled exposure study of second VOC mixture 6/88
Presentation on Molhave replication study 9/88
Report on Molhave replicaltion study 12/88
Presentation on second VOC mixture study 3/89
Report on second VOC exposure study 6/89
E. Project Contact:
David Otto (919) 541-4146
(FTS) 629-4146
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Project 26: Trigeminal Sensitivity of "Sick Building" Responders
A. Objective:
To measure the sensitivity of the nasal endings of the trigeminal sense to
stimulation by a volatile organic comppound (VOC) in a group of subjects
who are sensitive to emissions in so-called "sick buildings". Signal
detection theory will be used to assess the sensitivity of the subject
separately from the subject's bias to respond.
B. Background:
The difference in "sick building" responders and nonresponders may be
in the indivudual sensitivity to stimulation of the trigeminal sense
(sting or burn) to a mixture of VOC. Alternatively, such subjects may
simply have a different propensity (bias) to respond. Sensitivity and
bias may be separately evaluated in the so-called signal detection model
of sensory systems. This study would help determine the nature of the
"sick building syndrome" as far as the complaints of sensory irritation
are concerned. This project is to evaluate the sensitivity bias of
sensitive subjects using a representative VOC, to be followed up with
additional VOCs, depending upon results.
C. Approach:
Trigeminal nerve endings will be stimulated by injecting vapor-phase VOC
into the naris of a subject. To avoid stimulation of the olfactory sense,
which is more sensitive than the trigeminal, a stream of purified,
humidified air will be injected into one naris while the subject closes
the velopharyngeal port. This will produce an effluent air stream from
the centralateral naris. The VOC stream will be directed against the
nasal mucosa of the contralateral side where the VOC mixture will be
washed away from the olfactory receptors by the stream of effluent air.
Thus, only the trigeminal receptors in the immediate area of the VOC
injector will be stimulated. After completion of modifications to an
existing instrument, the procedure will be standardized on a group of
normal subjects (subjects who have not been selected for sensitivity to
"sick building" emissions). Following the standardization experiment, a
group of sensitive subjects will be recruited and evaluated by the same
method. The first chemical evaluated will be toluene.
D. Milestones:
Procurement and construction of test equipment 1/88
Protocol for representative VOC Study 4/88
Completion of representatives VOC Study using 12/88
normal subjects
Completion of representative VOC Study using 12/89
"sensitive" subjects
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Submission of peer-reviewed paper describing 5/90
studies using representative VOC
E. Project Contact:
Vernon Benignus (919) 541-4082
(FTS) 629-4082
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Project 27: Genetic Bioassay Studies of Volatile Organic Chemicals Emitted
from Building Materials
A. Objective:
(1) To determine the mutagenicity and potential carcinogenicity of
mixtures of indoor volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) as they are
emitted from indoor building materials.
(2) To characterize and identify the volatile organic mutagens and
carcinogens emitted from indoor building materials.
(3) To determine the relative contribution of VOCs to the overall
mutagenicity of indoor air and to determine how mitigation methods
affect the levels of mutagenic VOCs. This will include the testing
of individual VOCs.
B. Background:
It is well known that building materials emit complex mixtures of organic
gaseous pollutants. Some of the VOC emissions (e.g., formaldehyde) are
known to be mutagenic and carcinogenic. It also is known that most
individuals spend up to 80 percent of the time indoors and that due to the
removal and introduction of building materials (e.g., for repairs) into
indoor air spaces that individuals are continually exposed to building
material pollutants; however, these exposures are very dynamic in nature.
It is important to determine the mutagenicity of emissions from various
indoor combustion sources, thereby; identifying potential carcinogenicity,
setting priorities for further investigation, and providing procedures
to monitoring possible efforts for mitigation.
C. Approach:
Emissions from indoor combustion sources will be tested using short-term
genetic bioassays, especially the Salmonella typhimurium plate incorpora-
tion test (Ames test) for mutagenicity. This research will be done in
collaboration with AEERL who will be responsible for the associated
chemistry and the generation of the VOC emissions. Initial studies will
begin with representative sources (e.g., paints). Emissions from these
sources will be passed through a Tedlar inert chamber in order to expose
the bacterial mutagencity test system. When possible, activity will be
correlated with chemistry and attempts will be made to identify and
bioassay individual VOCs that are likely to be responsible for the
bioassay activity. The testing of individual VOCs will confirm this
activity. Since many chlorinated compounds cannot be efficiently detected
in bacterial bioassays, research will be conducted to identify, develop,
and apply other appropriate short-term test systems to these emissions.
After identification of VOCs that are mutagenic, these will be suggested
to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) as high priority compounds for
testing in whole animal bioassays for carcinogenesis.
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D. Milestones:
Salmonella test procedures developed for coupling
to AEERL chamber studies VOC mixtures 01/88
Exploratory tests with initial materials completed
in collaboration with AEERL 03/88
Selection and exploratory efforts with second bioassay
(for chlorinated hydrocarbons) completed 06/88
Initial report on Salmonella bioassay of building
material VOCs 11/88
Initial report on chlorinated hydrocarbon VOCs 06/89
Report on integrated chemistry/bioassay of building
material VOCs 11/89
E. Project Contact:
Larry Claxton (919) 541-2329
(FTS) 629-2329
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Project 28: Indoor Air Quality Evaluation of Three Office Buildings
A. Objective:
To study the Indoor Air Quality of three office buildings of similar
design where one has a reported sick building syndrome (SBS) problem, one
does not, and one was constructed specifically to use materials and venti-
lation rates to optimize indoor air quality.
B. Background:
C. Approach:
Through a joint effort between the Georgia Tech Research Institute and
ASHRAE, study the indoor air quality in three office buildings of similar
design. One of the buildings has been the source of complaints by occu-
pants but for reasons not yet identified. The second building is of
similar design and age but has not had any similar complaints. The third
building was designed with materials and ventilation rates to optimize
indoor air quality. A questionnaire of SBS office building studies
developed by Georgia Tech will be administered and samples collected for
formaldehyde, VOCs, nicotine, TSP, metals, NOx, CO, C02, and selected
bio-aerosols.
D. Milestones:
Initiate study Spring/87
Complete sampling Fall787
E. Project Contact:
Gene Tucker (919) 541-2746
(FTS) 629-2746
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Project 29: Develop Low Cost Easy to Use Procedures for Determining Air
Exchange Rate
A. Objective:
Evaluate current methods for determining air exchange rate (AER) and
develop more accurate, lower cost and easier to use methods.
B. Background:
Recent work has shown that current AER procedures may not adequately deal
with varying averaging times. Also the current techniques are relatively
expensive and hard to use. The accuracy and precision of current methods
should be evaluated and low cost easy to use procedures should be
developed to replace existing methods.
C. Approach:
Evaluate selected AER procedures in lab and test house situation.
Investigate and evaluate possible replacement techniques in lab and test
home situations. Determine limits of usefulness of the various tech-
niques. Publish the results in a technical report which describes tech-
niques and provides guidance on appropriate applications of various
techniques.
D. Milestones:
Initiate research and monitoring techniques 7/87
Complete evaluation 5/88
Report 8/88
E. Project Contact:
Leslie Sparks (919) 541-2458
(FTS) 629-2458
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Project 30: Support for the Canadian Multi-pollutant Indoor Air Quality
Study
A. Objective:
To support the measurement of VOCs in a Canadian study of situations
leading to sick building syndrome (SBS) problems in residences and public
access buildings.
B. Background:
The Environmental Health Directorate of Canada is sponsoring a large-scale
study of a variety of pollutants found indoors in buildings in Canada.
The focus is on SBS situations where human comfort is of primary concern.
The measurements include formaldehyde (passively) in 4000 homes, radon in
2300 homes, "fungal propagules" in 52 homes, and VOCs in 6 office build-
ings, 3 hospitals, and 4 homes. The first year will be an exploratory
effort including the testing of SBS investigation protocols. The second
year is planned to be a national multi-pollutant survey of residences.
C. Approach:
Participate by funding the portion of the study dealing with VOC measure-
ments in the first year. To reduce costs we would provide canister
sampling hardware, if available. By supporting the VOC portion we would
participate in the study design, selection of bulildings, the number of
samples to be collected, and the analysis of results.
D. Milestones:
Complete study protocols Midsummer/87
Complete VOC sampling Fall787
E. Project Contact:
Charles Rodes (919) 541-3079
(FTS) 629-3079
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Project 31: Test House Studies of Indoor Sources
A. Objective:
(1) Develop emission testing procedures for organic compounds from
unvented combustion sources, material sources, and activity sources
in a representative residential setting.
(2) Generate organic compound emission factors and emission models for
combustion, material and activity sources in a representative resi-
dential setting.
(3) Compare and correlate emission factors and models determined in the
test house with emission factors and models developed from chamber
study measurements (for combustion and material sources).
(4) Conduct joint studies with HERL (genotoxicity of emissions from
sources, biochemical marker studies related to sources) and with EMSL
(evaluations of instrumentation to be used in field studies).
B. Background:
Air contaminant levels in the indoor environment are the result of a
complex interaction of several related variables including the nature and
number of indoor sources, the characteristics of the building, the removal
of contaminants by surfaces and chemical reactions, the outdoor concen-
trations of potential contaminants, and meteorological conditions. Indoor
source characterization has to consider the full range of factors.
Consequently, the concept of a test house is becoming an essential tool to
evaluate the potential impacts of a suspect indoor air emission source.
Test houses are currently in use by both TVA and ORNL and have provided
data on indoor concentrations of formaldehyde and classical combustion
products in the indoor air. Such a facility is being established by AEERL
to validate indoor air emission models that are based on small-chamber
studies of material sources and large-chamber studies of combustion
sources.
C. Approach:
Research on indoor air source emissions will be conducted under actual
indoor conditions in a leased residential dwelling. The test house will
be located convenient to RTF; it is a single-floor, ranch style house of
standard construction with approximately 1400 ft2 of living space. It is
seven years old and has been fully weatherized during construction. The
house will be characterized with respect to baseline organic pollutant
concentrations and air exchange rate. It will be equipped to measure
indoor air contaminants as well as measurements of significant ambient
environmental parameters including temperature, RH, and ambient concen-
tration of selected chemical species. The initial indoor air experiments
will focus on kerosene heaters and will be in coordination with the
project on large-chamber studies of kerosene heaters. The objective will
be to measure emissions from their sources both temporarally and spatial-
ly, to verify emission source model predictions based on the chamber
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studies. Future research will include the evaluation of indoor
sources, e.g., consumer products and building materials such as
carpeting; indoor activities (cooking and cleaning), and IAQ control
technologies. The research will be coordinated with the project on
smai1-chamber studies of materials, and provide validation of
emission factors in a residential situation.
D. Outputs and Milestones:
Rental of IA test house 8/86
Characterization of test house 10/86
Begin testing of kerosene heaters 11/86
Presentation on kerosene heater emissions
(Berlin conference) 8/87
Report on kerosene heaters 9/87
E. Project Contact:
Merrill Jackson (919) 541-2559
(FTS) 629-2559
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Project 32: Engineering Evaluations of Air Cleaners for Indoor Particles
A. Objective:
(1) Determine the stage of technical development of commercially avail-
able devices for removing particles from indoor air.
(2) Evaluate the collection efficiency, for the particle size ranges
found indoors, of available devices.
(3) Develop and performance-test improved designs.
(4) Work with equipment manufacturers to help bring improved designs
into the market.
(5) Prepare guidelines on the use of air cleaners for control of indoor
particles.
B. Background:
Indoor particles arise from a number of sources and activities, including
smoking, cooking, outdoor soil, wood stoves/fireplaces, and building
materials. Many indoor particles are respirable and potentially hazardous,
including those with adsorbed radon progeny. Most commercial and residen-
tial building HVAC systems include particle filters in the recirculating
air ducts; a few also have high efficiency (HEPA) filters and/or electro-
static precipitators. Free-standing air cleaners are also commercially
available. Unfortunately, the efficiency of these and other devices for
removing specific, respirable particles from the indoor environment is
not well documented. IITRI recently completed a preliminary study of 47
different air cleaners and developed removal efficiency data for tobacco
smoke, household dust, and pollen. Further research is needed to develop
efficiency data for other types of particles, additional devices (includ-
ing "in-duct" units), and a wider range of operating and environmental
conditions.
C. Approach:
AEERL's expertise in dealing with industrial particulate control will be
applied to ; he control of indoor particles. Initial work will focus on
commercially available equipment; evaluations will be conducted to deter-
mine their effectiveness in removing the types and sizes of particles
found in the indoor environment. The manufacturers of the devices will be
contacted to obtain available test data and explore cooperative testing
programs. Alternative designs to increase removal efficiency of respirable
particles will be explored, developed, and tested. Options to be investi-
gated include: new/improved filter materials, pretreatment particle con-
ditioning, and advanced ESP and fabric filter designs. (AEERL scientists
have applied all of these concepts to industrial gas cleaning systems.)
50
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D. Outputs and Milestones:
Complete evaluations of commercial indoor air
particle removal equipment and publish report 1/87
Develop new/improved design concepts 1/88
Prepare and publish interim guidance on the
selection and use of indoor particle control
systems 6/88
Complete testing of selected new/improved
particle control device prototypes and
publish report 6/89
E. Project Contact:
Leslie Sparks (919) 541-2458
(FTS) 629-2458
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Project 33: Engineering Evaluations of Air Cleaners for Indoor Organic Vapors
A. Objective:
(1) Determine the stage of technical development of commercially avail-
able devices for removing organic vapors from indoor air.
(2) Evaluate the removal efficiency and capacity, for representative
organic compounds, of available devices.
(3) Develop and performance-test improved techniques.
(4) Work with equipment manufacturers to help bring improved devices
into the market.
(5) Prepare guidelines on the use of air cleaners for control of indoor
organic vapors.
B. Background:
Organic vapors are emitted from a wide variety of building materials,
consumer products, and occupant activities. Control of indoor organic
vapors generally involves removing the source and/or increasing the
ventilation rate. The ubiquitous nature of sources of organic vapors in
many cases makes source removal impractical. Increased ventilation causes
increased energy usage with its resultant economic penalties. Therefore,
practical methods for removing organic vapors from indoor air are needed.
Small commercial units employing carbon adsorbents or low temperature
catalysts are available, but data on their performance is extremely
limited and show poor removal efficiency for organic vapors. Further
research is needed to evaluate the application of vapor control techniques
to the control of indoor organic vapors. Candidate technologies include
adsorption, absorption (scrubbing), and catalytic oxidation.
C. Approach:
Existing techniques for controlling organic vapors will be evaluated to
determine their applicability to the indoor environment. Initial focus
will be placed on adsorption. The removal effectiveness of activated
carbon, as well as other adsorbents, will be evaluated for a variety of
indoor organic pollutants. The effect of variations in temperature,
humidity, and vapor concentration will be investigated. Commercially
available units will be tested first, in cooperation with the manufac-
turers, if possible. Later, new/improved designs (including a variety
of adsorbents) will be developed and tested. The research on adsorption
will be followed by similar evaluations of catalytic oxidation and
absorption.
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D. Outputs and Milestones:
Complete initial evaluation of adsorption for
control of indoor organic vapors and publish
report (FY 86 RTI study) 1/87
Complete tests of commercially available
adsorption units and publish report 1/88
Complete theoretical evaluations of catalytic
oxidation and absorption 1/88
Prepare and publish interim guidance on tech-
niques for controlling indoor organic vapors 6/88
Develop new/improved design concepts 6/89
Complete testing of selected prototypes of
new/improved indoor vapor control devices 6/91
E. Project Contact:
Leslie Sparks (919) 541-2458
(FTS) 629-2458
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Project 34: Support of the Library of Congress Sick Building Syndrome Study
A. Objective:
Support the Library of Congress SBS Study by providing support through
Yale University to include VOC measurements.
B. Background:
The Library of Congress complex in Washington, DC, was built in the late
1970s and has been the subject of numerous SBS complaints, especially in
the largest building which houses 3300 employees. Preliminary walk-thru
investigations by NIOSH has not identified the causes of the complaints.
A more definitive diagnostic effort is being coordinated by NIOSH with
DOE taking a lead role in ventilation-related measurements. DOE has funded
NBS for much of the ventilation work. Yale Unviersity has also been funded
to study the comfort levels, health concerns, and relationships to pol-
lutant levels.
C. Approach:
A screening study is planned in the summer of 1987 to identify concentra-
tion ranges and areas of concern. Questionnaires will be administered
to all employees and selected measurements made after the questionnaire
results have been analyzed. The area to be supported is the addition of
30-40 VOC measurements using canister technology at selected locations in
an attempt to characterize the magnitude of the VOC contribution to the
problem.
D. Milestones:
Initiate screening study 7/87
Complete VOC measurements 8/87
Final report 12/87
E. Project Contact:
Charles Rodes (919) 541-3079
(FTS) 629-3079
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Project 35: Chamber Studies of Organic Emissions from Unvented Combustion
Sources
A. Objective:
(1) Develop emission testing procedures for particle-bound and vapor-
phase organics from unvented combustion sources.
(2) Generate emission factors for organic pollutants from unvented
combustion sources (kerosene heaters, gas-fired space heaters, and
cigarettes), taking into account source conditions that may influ-
ence such emissions.
(3) Develop emission models for unvented combustion sources that account
for the influence of major factors that affect emissions.
(4) Rank the health significance of unvented combustion sources, by
estimating indoor concentrations from the source models and pollu-
tant dispersion (decay models, and considering pollutant toxicities).
(5) Generate emissions data to support product standards, if necessary
(e.g., by CPSC or manufacturers).
(6) Gain insight into the controllability of the emissions by source
modifications.
B. Background:
Efforts to reduce residential energy consumption over the past several
years have fostered a number of energy saving strategies including
weatherization and the use of supplemental space heaters. Concurrent
with the implementation of these strategies has been the increased poten-
tial for high exposure to a large number of air contaminants particularly
from unvented combustion sources. The most popular of these unvented
sources may be kerosene space heaters; over 10 million have been sold in
the United States in the past 10 years. Kerosene space heaters have been
evaluated in a number of chamber studies and test houses for the classical
combustion products (NO, N02, CO, C02, and S02). These studies indicate
that unvented kerosene heaters used in a residential setting can result in
exposure to concentrations of pollutants greater than the national ambient
air quality standards. Laboratory studies show that kerosene combustion
may be a source of PAH including the highly mutagenic nitrated PAHs. In
1986 AEERL and HERL completed an exploratory, large-chamber study at LBL
to measure organic pollutants including PAHs from unvented kerosene space
heaters. The AEERL study confirmed that the kerosene combustion process
emits several categories of organics including aliphalic hydrocarbons,
alcohols, ketones, phthalates, alkylbenzenes and PAH. Furthermore,
specific mutagenic activity was detected by HERL in particulate samples
indicative of the presence of nitrated PAH. The study, however, was
semi-quantitative and did not provide the level of detail required to
evaluate the impacts of kerosene heaters. Additional work is needed to
quantify kerosene emissions as well as to incorporate other residential
combustion sources such as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and unvented
gas heaters.
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C. Approach:
Due to the need for large scale and a controlled environment, further
research on unvented combustion sources will be conducted in cooperation
with HERL at the J. B. Pierce Foundation. The facility has a 34 m3 alum-
inum test chamber in which emissions and emission rates can be measured in
a tightly controlled environment. The research effort will investigate
the potential for the emissions of trace elements, acid aerosols, organics
and biologically active organics; determine the emission rates for
important species; identify the conditions which produce the highest and
lowest emissions, and predict exposure potentials. Emphasis will be
placed on measuring organic emissions and evaluating their mutagenic
potential under a range of heater operating conditions, e.g., heater type,
heater age, fuel consumption rate, etc., typically found in the home. The
data from this study will also be used to drive kerosene heater studies to
be done in the EPA test house. Plans also include the extension of this
type of study to address environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and unvented
gas space heaters.
D. Outputs and Milestones:
Test procedures developed 9/85
Exploratory tests completed for kerosene heaters 3/86
Paper presented by Traynor et al at APCA 6/86
Report on exploratory kerosene heater study 9/86
Begin kerosene heater chamber study 11/86
Begin ETS chamber study 6/87
Presentation on kerosene emissions (Berlin conference) 8/87
Begin gas space heater chamber study 2/88
Report on ETS chamber study 2/89
Report on ga«r space heater study 10/89
E. Project Contact:
James White (919) 541-1189
(FTS) 629-1189
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Project 36: Chamber Studies of Organic Emissions from Material Sources
A. Objective:
(1) Develop emission testing procedures for use by EPA and other
organizations for measuring evaporative and sublimative emissions
from indoor material sources.
(2) Generate emission factors for organic pollutants for a variety
of building materials, furnishings, and consumer products that
are suspected to be major sources of indoor organics, based on
field studies.
(3) Develop emission models for indoor material sources.
(4) Rank the health significance of material sources, by estimating
indoor concentrations from the source models and dispersion
models, and considering toxicities.
(5) Generate emissions data to support product standards, if necessary
(e.g., by EPA/OPTS, CPSC, HUD, or manufacturers).
(6) Incorporate sink effects (adsorption) into objectives (1)
through (5).
(7) Gain insight on control of emissions by source modification and
ventilation practices.
B. Background:
Several European and United States field studies of indoor air
quality in homes and office buildings have shown the presence of many
organics at or above concentrations at which criteria pollutants are
currently regulated (e.g., 50-120 ug/m3). Many of these organic
compounds are constituents of building materials or other contents of
buildings, and many times "sick building" complaints arise shortly
after a new building is put into operation or an existing building is
renovated, or new materials are brought in. Clinical specialists are
also noting a rise in reports of hypersensitivity to indoor chemicals
in homes as well as office buildings. Although some studies of
organic emission rates from building materials have been conducted,
most notably in Denmark, there was no ongoing and sustained effort to
characterize emissions under realistic indoor conditions when EPA
started its research program in 1984. The most relevant work was on
formaldehyde emissions from pressed-wood products. In designing the
research plan for this project, EPA drew heavily on the testing
experience of Europeans and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, where most
of the formaldehyde emissions testing had been done.
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C. Approach:
Research on organic emissions from indoor materials is conducted primarily
in-house, in the AEERL small-chamber test facility. The facility has two
small chambers (each 166 liters) where emission rates of volatile organic
compounds can be measured as a function of temperature, relative humidity,
air exchange rate, and time. An additional 6-8 chambers for testing under
standard conditions are being installed and will be operational by the
summer of 1987. Material testing procedures have been developed based on
testing experience with various adhesives, caulking compounds, and flooring
materials. An interlaboratory testing project was completed with Oak
Ridge National Laboratory in the spring of 1986; results from testing
emissions of formaldehyde from a standard pressed-wood product compared
favorably between the two laboratories. Plans are to expand interlabora-
tory comparisons in FY 87 to include several laboratories in the United
States and Europe, and cover a wide range of organic compounds. Emission
factors obtained from the small-chamber test facility will be checked for
selected materials under actual indoor conditions in the AEERL test house,
which is described in a separate project description.
D. Outputs and Milestones:
Project plan evaluated by review panel 3/84
RTP testing facility in operation 4/85
Papers by Dunn, Sanchez et al., and Merrill et al.
submitted for publication 8/85
Paper by Nelms et al. presented at ASHRAE's IAQ'86 4/86
Papers by Tichenor et al. presented at APCA meetings 4/86, 6/86
Report on first interlaboratory comparisons 9/86
Report on testing procedures (for consideration by ASTM) 6/87
Preliminary health risk ranking of 5-10 material types 10/87
Presentation on emissions from materials (Berlin Conference) 8/87
Preliminary health risk ranking of up to 50 indoor
materials (if expanded program) 12/87
E. Project Contact:
Bruce Tichenor (919) 541-2991
(FTS) 629-2991
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Project 37: Annual Review of Existing Indoor Air Quality Data to Determine
Direction of Future Programs
A. Objective:
In a manner similar to ECAO review of existing IAQ information conduct an
annual review of new information and prepare an annual report.
B. Background:
The SAB review of the IAQ program was critical of EPA's awareness and
understanding of existing information.
C. Approach:
Following the format developed during the ECAO review of existing data
relevant to the IAQ program, continue the review annually.
D. Milestones:
Annual report, 1987 2/88
Annual report, 1988 2/89
E. Project Contact:
Harriet Ammann (919) 541-4930
(FTS) 629-4930
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Project 38: Review Symposium of Indoor Air Quality Information Assessment
Document
A. Objective:
Bring together experts to peer review the indoor air quality information
assessment document prepared by EPA's Environmental Criteria Assessment
Office (ECAO).
B. Background:
In response to the SAB review of EPA's indoor air program a information
assessment document is being prepared by ECAO. This document will be
used to help plan the future direction of the indoor air program. After
a review draft is prepared an external peer review is needed to determine
if the review is accurate and comprehensive.
C. Approach:
Utilize the expertise at the Harvard School of Public Health to assemble
indoor air quality experts, coordinate the review, and prepare a review
document summarizing changes needed.
D. Milestones:
Finalize agreement with HSPH 10/86
Complete research needs document 1/87
Hold review symposium 1/87
Final report 2/87
Hold follow-up symposium 8/87
E. Project Contact:
Harriet Ammann (919) 541-4930
(FTS) 629-4930
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Project 39: Support to Committee on Indoor Air Quality
A. Objective:
Provide funding to support Committee on Indoor Air Quality (CIAQ).
B. Background:
The CIAQ was established to coordinate Federal government efforts relating
to indoor air quality with EPA as the lead agency.
C. Approach:
Utilize extramural contractor to support the coordination of CIAQ
meetings and activities.
D. Milestones:
E. Project Contact:
Michael Berry (919) 541-4172
(FTS) 629-4172
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Project 40: Update and Revision of Indoor Air Pollution Information
Assessment
A. Objective:
To respond to comments from reviewers; summarize information known about
pollutants discussed in the assessment; incorporate recent data into the
existing document.
B. Background:
If a clear understanding of the hazards posed by exposure to indoor
pollutants is to be achieved, information contained in it must be
current. The information assessment is a long document that continues
to be revised as new data, new analyses, or new interpretations come to
light.
C. Approach:
Literature searches of current journals are continuing to be made, and
as reviewers submit comments and critiques, the document is revised and
updated by the project officer. Research and development for
technical assistance will be provided as needed.
D. Project Contact:
Harriet Ammann (919) 541-4930
(FTS) 629-4930
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Project 41: Establish and Update EPA's Indoor Air Reference Data Base
A. Objective:
To compile and maintain a complete and up-to-date bibliography of
reference materials on indoor air pollution.
B. Background:
Prior to this project there was no comprehensive bibliography of
reference materials on indoor air pollution. The Environmental Criteria
and Assessment Office (ECAO) conducted a thorough search of the
literature and combined several existing reference databases to
establish the Indoor Air Reference Data Base. T^-'s source consists of
a single data base of references for use by personnel within EPA, other
Federal agencies, State agencies, and private individuals upon request.
C. Approach:
ECAO will maintain and update periodically the Reference Data Base,
which currently contains over 2,200 references.
D. Milestones
Final version of the Indoor Air Reference Data 9/87
Base completed
Indoor Air Reference Data Base update completed 12/87
Indoor Air Reference Data Base update completed 3/88
E. Project Contact:
Darcy Campbell (919) 541-4477
(FTS) 629-4477
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