&EPA
            United States
            Environmental Protection
            Agency
            Office of Health and
            Environmental Assessment
            Washington DC 20460
EPA 600 8-87 032
June 1987
            Research and Devei >ment
EPA Indoor Air Quality
Implementation Plan:

Appendix B. FY 87
Indoor Air Research
Program

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                      NOTICE

This document has been reviewed in accordance with
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and
approved for publication.  Mention of trade names
or commercial products does not constitute endorse-
ment or recommendation for use.

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                                                      EPA-600/8-87-032
                                                      June 1987
                EPA Indoor Air Quality
                 Implementation Plan


Appendix B: FY 87 Indoor Air Research Program
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                     Office of Research and Development
                  Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
                  Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office
                      Research Triangle Park NC 27711
        U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
        Region V, Library
        230 South Dearborn Street
        Chic^o. Illinois 60604

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                  FY 87 INDOOR AIR RESEARCH PROGRAM






     The  following  descriptions  are  for  the  research projects  that



comprise  the  FY  87 ORD  indoor air  research  program.  The  program



has  been approved  and  implemented  by  the  ORD  Steering   Committee



for  Indoor  Air.   Minor  adjustments  in  the  program will  be  made  as



determined by the Committee.

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                       FY 87 INDOOR AIR RESEARCH PROGRAM

                                   CONTENTS


Project Title                                                             Page


PROBLEM CHARACTERIZATION

     Develop Models and Databases to Estimate Indoor Concentrations
     and Exposure

Project 1:    General Indoor Pollution Concentration Model 	     6

Project 2:    Receptor Models for Assessing Indoor Levels and Sources
             of RSP 	     7

Project 3:    Measurement of Indoor Spatial and Temporal Concentration
             Gradients for Indoor Environments 	     9

Project 4:    Initiate Investigation of the Composition of the Indoor
             Particulate Size Distribution 	    10

Project 5:    Limited Scale Field Study to Test Survey Methodology and
             Relate Indoor Air Quality to Exposure 	    11

Project 6:    Indoor Source Emissions Data Base 	    12

Project 7:    Evaluation of Field Methods to Estimate ETS Exposure
             in Epidemic logical Studies 	    14

Project 8:    Personal Activity Related Exposure to ETS in Airliner
             Cabins and Other Transportation Related Environments 	    15

Project 9:    Develop and Test Revised Screening and Source Use
             Questionnaires for Indoor Air Quality Studies 	    17

Project 10:  Field Evaluation of Sampling and Analysis for Organic
             Pollutants in Indoor Air	    18

Project 11:  Evaluation of Sampling and Analytical Methoas for
             Nicotine and PAHs 	    19

Project 12:  Field Evaluation and Final Modification of Prototype
             Dual Channel Particulate Sampler 	    20

Project 13:  Assess the Effectiveness of Currently Available
             Screening Techniques for Indoor Pollutants 	    21

Project 14:  Initiate Methods Development for Polar Organic
             Compounds 	    22

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                             CONTENTS (continued)


Project Title                                                             Page


Project 15:   Development of Electrochemical Realtime Detector for
             N02 	    23

Project 16:   Methods Development/Intercomparison for VOCs 	    24

Project 17:   Development of a Versatile Unobtrusive Indoor Air
             Quality Sampling Package 	    25

Project 18:   Determine Population Exposure to Indoor Pollutants 	    26

     Develop Health-Based Information for Individual Indoor Air
     Pollutants

Project 19:   Biological Markers for ETS Human Exposure Assessment 	    27

Project 20:   Development of Biological Markers for Molecular
             Dosimetry Resulting from Exposure to ETS 	    29

Project 21:   Evaluation and Improvement of Cotinine as a Biomarker
             of ETS Exposure in Children and Adults 	    31

Project 22:   Indoor Air Studies of the Mutagenic and Carcinogenic
             Emissions from Unvented Combustion Sources 	    34

Project 23:   Effect of Peak Exposure to N02 on Respiratory Symptoms
             and Pulmonary Function 	    37

Project 24:   Respiratory Effects of Indoor Formaldehyde Exposure 	    38

     Improve Knowledge About the Health and Productivity Effects of
     VOC Mixtures Commonly Found Indoors

Project 25:   Neurobehavioral and Sensory Irritant Effects of Complex
             VOC Mixture in Humans 	    39

Project 26:   Trigeminal Sensitivity of "Sick Building" Responders 	    41

Project 27:   Genetic Bioassay Studies of Volatile Organic Chemicals
             Emitted from Building Materials 	    43

     MITIGATION ASSESSMENT AND ACTIONS

     Develop Guidelines and Protocols for  Diagnosing, Assessing, and
     Mitigating IAQ Problems

Project 28:  Indoor Air Quality Evaluation of Three Office Buildings  ..    45

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                             CONTENTS (continued)


Project Title                                                             Page


     Identify Measures to Improve Ventilation Efficiency and Issue
     Guidance to Encourage Use of These Measures, as Appropriate

Project 29:   Develop Low Cost Easy to Use Procedures for Determining
             Ai r Exchange Rate 	    46

     Identify Problems Associated With Specific Sources and
     Develop Source Control Strategies, as Appropriate

Project 30:   Support for the Canadian Multipollutant Indoor Air
             Quali ty Study 	    47

Project 31:   Test House Studies of Indoor Sources 	    48

Project 32:   Engineering Evaluations of Air Cleaners for Indoor
             Particles 	    50

Project 33:   Engineering Evaluations of Air Cleaners for Indoor
             Organic Vapors 	    52

Project 34:   Support of the Library of Congress Sick Building
             Syndrome Study 	    54

Project 35:   Chamber Studies of Organic Emission from Unvented
             Combustion Sources 	    55

Project 36:   Chamber Studies of Organic Emissions from Material
             Sources 	    57

INFORMATION DISSEMINATION

Project 37:   Annual Review of Existing Indoor Air Quality Data to
             Determine Direction of Future Programs 	    59

Project 38:   Review Symposium of Indoor Air Quality Research
             Assessment Document 	    60

Project 39:   Support to Committee on Indoor Air Quality 	    61

Project 40:   Update and Revision of Indoor Air Pollution Information
             Assessment 	    62

Project 41:   Establish and Update EPA's Indoor Air Reference
             Data Base 	    63

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Project 1:      General  Indoor Pollution Concentration Model

  A.  Objective:

     To develop and validate a general  indoor air quality model for predicting
     and analyzing indoor air  quality  in buildings.   The program  will  be used
     to describe the  spatial  and  temporal variation  of pollutant concentrations
     due to  environmental  conditions  including  flow, thermal, and building
     characteristics.   Ultimately, the  program could be uised as a tool  for
     evaluating the cost effectiveness  of various mitigation strategies.

  B.  Background:

     EPA and DOE  have entered  into an  IAG with the DOC/NBS  to  perform  detailed
     studies of general  indoor air quality models.   These research efforts have
     resulted in a project with three distinct phases.  Funding of Phases I and
     II (FY 85  and FY 86) led  to  the development of  a general  framework  of the
     model  and  developed  general  procedures  for  predicting  indoor air quality
     in multizone buildings, treating  each  zone  as  well mixed with  a simple
     HVAC system.  The  third  phase  to  be funded in  FY 87 will develop  pro-
     cedures for  extending  modeling  capabilities  to allow more  complete
     simulation of HVAC  systems  and  consideration  of  rooms  that are not  well
     mixed.   Also, actual indoor  environment  data will  be used to validate the
     model.

  C.  Approach:

     Airborne contaminants introduced  into  a  building disperse throughout the
     building in  a complex  manner that depends on the nature  of air movement
     into  (infiltration),  out-of (exfiltration), and within  the  building.
     Other factors include the  influence of HVAC systems,  the possibility of
     chemical reactions  of pollutants with each other, furnishings,  or building
     materials.   The approach, here,  is to develop  a model  of this dispersal
     process for building systems that account for these physical  processes.

  D.  Milestones:

    Calibrate NBS models                                           8/87

    Validate NBS models                                            12/87

    Final Report Phase IV                                          4/88

  E.  Project Contact:

     David Holland            (919) 541-3126
                              (FTS) 629-3126

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Project 2:      Receptor Models for Assessing Indoor Levels and Sources of RSP

  A.  Objectives:

     Perform detailed  XRF analyses on 800  samples collected in the  NYSERDA
     Study  for  trace elements.   Extend  the NYSERDA data  base  by  including
     nicotine and  trace  metal  data.   Develop models of  indoor  microenviron-
     mental concentrations as  a  function of descriptive variables.   Apportion
     collected RSP data to various sources.

  B.  Background:

     EPA has co-sponsored a study with DOE and NYSERDA to measure the effect of
     weatherization on indoor air quality.  This study produced good preliminary
     data but needs  to  increase  the number of  homes surveyed to increase  the
     reliability of the study.   This extensive air quality data base, collected
     purposefully  for  weatherization  effects,  needs  to be analyzed  for the
     chemical and  mass concentration  differences  in accord with the data base
     on air exchange rates measured in  real  time  and  by blower doors.  Dr.
     Brian  Leaderer, Yale  University  Pierce Foundation, has served  as  a con-
     sultant to the  NYSERDA  contract  manager and has been intimately involved
     in this study and has contracted  with EPA to perform the nicotine analyses
     of specially prepared nicotine filters.

  C.  Approach:

     Through a  2-year CAG with  Yale  University,  acquire from NYSERDA  the
     computerized  data  base  (screening questionnaire, initial  questionnaire,
     daily  source  use  diary,  measured concentrations of RSP and infiltration,
     etc.)  for  all  homes  in  the NYSERDA air quality  study for use  in  the
     analysis.   Incorporate the  passively monitored nicotine values for those
     homes  monitored into the data  base.  Develop an  empirical/statistical
     model  of  the RSP levels  using regression  analysis where  the  dependent
     variable will be RSP and the independent variables will the source, source
     use, building characteristics and infiltration rates as they were measured
     in the study (questionnaires,  etc.).  Evaluate questions  and  the field
     study protocol  used in the NYSERDA study through the statistical/empirical
     model.  Utilize the  mass  balance equation  to  predict  RSP  levels in the
     houses monitor  and then compare the predicted concentrations to the levels
     measured.   Have elemental analysis  conducted  on the RSP  filters collected
     in the NYSERDA study and incorporate the  results  into  the  data base.
     Compile the  available elemental  and RSP indoor source  data from several
     laboratories  and  utilize source  apportionment techniques to  determine
     the origin of particles in the indoor residential  environment.

  D.  Milestones:

     Complete data collection                                      5/87

     Perform XRF analyses                                          6/87

     Report on data  analyses                                      12/87

     Final  project report on analyses  and modeling results         6/88

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E.  Project Contact:

   Charles Rodes            (919) 541-3079
                            (FTS) 629-3079
                                      8

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Project 3:      Measurement of Indoor Spatial  and Temporal  Concentration
               Gradients for Indoor Environments

  A.   Objective:

     Measure the  indoor  spatial  and  temporal gradients  for  indoor  environments
     by source types, activity patterns and building classification.

  B.   Background:

     Indoor pollutant concentrations may vary remarkably with time and measure-
     ment  location.   Differences in the strength of  source  emissions change
     with  season,  particularly  those  associated  with  heating  systems.   In
     addition, short-term  variations occur from personal activities  such as
     vacuuming, cleaning  with solvents, and  the application of pesticides.
     Thus,  both the  time  and duration  of sampling must  be considered  to  ensure
     measurement of  peak  concentration levels.   Pollutant concentrations also
     may vary  in  space.   The magnitude of the variation depends on the source
     location and emission rate  levels over time.   Knowledge of the spatial  and
     temporal concentration  gradients  will  aid  our efforts  towards developing
     sampling protocols for representative health effect studies.

  C.   Approach:

     EPA will  conduct a  number  of  systemmatic  studies in  test  homes and
     occupied  dwellings  which provide measures  of variation  for  the  source/
     activity/building type.   Recent  monitoring advances  in  measuring volatile
     organics, semi-volatiles, and  particles will be  employed in these studies
     to  relate the  short term (less  than 1-hour)  concentration  fluctuations  to
     source variations and to study spatial gradients in residential  and office
     environments.

  D.  Milestones:

     Provide 1st progress report                                  9/87

     Provide 2nd progress report                                  9/88

     Final  Project Report                                         9/89

  E.  Project Contact:

     David Holland            (919) 541-3126
                              (FTS) 629-3126

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Project 4:      Initiate Investigation of the Composition of the Indoor Particle
               Size Distribution

  A.  Objective:

     In a  few residences  investigate  the magnitude  of the differences  in
     particle size, character and composition between indoors  and outdoors for
     particles above and below 2.5  urn.

  B.  Background:

     Particles of different aerodynamic  diameters  deposit in different  loca-
     tions  in the  respiratory system.   The proposed PM10  regulation  outdoors
     considers the COARSE  particles  from 2.5 to 10 urn  as  important as those
     below  2.5 urn.   Recent work  suggests that  a  large portion of COARSE
     particles indoors are re-entrained  from rugs.   It  could be inferred that
     the chemistry (semi-volatiles,  toxics,  etc.)  of  the indoor COARSE parti-
     cles  compared  to  those  outdoors is  totally different.   If 80% of  ones
     exposure is  indoors  the COARSE  particle fraction  outdoors may  not be
     nearly as important as is currently perceived.

  C.  Approach:

     In test  homes simulate  indoor  activities which may re-entrain  dust while
     collecting size segregated particles  up to ~30 urn  simultaneously indoors
     and outdoors.   Compare the  particle mass and character gravimetrically and
     microscopically,  followed by selected  chemical analyses as permitted by
     the mass collected.   Verify the test home results in occupied  homes.

  D.  Milestones:

     Procure and  test  size distribution  samplers that  are        7/87
       suitable indoors and outdoors

     Collect samples in three residences                         8/87

     Analyze samples and report  results                           12/87

  E.  Project Contact:

     Russell  Weiner           (919)  541-1910
                              (FTS)  629-1910
                                      10

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Project 5:      Limited Scale Field Study to Test Survey Methodology and
               Relate Indoor Air Quality to Exposure

  A.  Objective:

     Select the  appropriate microenvironmental  monitoring methodology for  at
     least VOCs,  ETS,  semi-volatiles,  and metals and  evaluate  these methods
     compared to exposure measurements  in nine residences.

  B.  Background:

     The SAB  review  of the  indoor air  quality program  proposed  that EPA  better
     define the  methodologies  to  conduct surveys  designed  to  infer the contri-
     bution of  indoor  air quality to exposure.    In  a  subsequent proposal to
     Lee Thomas,  Jan  Stolwijk  of Yale  University was  more definitive  in pro-
     posing steps to identify the magnitude  of the indoor air  problem  with
     specific emphasis  on  its  relationship  to  total air  exposure.  A first
     step  in  the development process would be  a  limited scale  field study  to
     test  the methodology to relate  indoor air quality to exposure levels and
     sources and  to begin to study geographical  variability for VOCs.

  C.  Approach:

     Assemble the hardware  and protocols necessary  to  monitor VOCs, ETS  (nico-
     tine), semi-volatiles  (gas  and  particle phase), and metals (RSP fraction)
     both  on  a  microenvironment and  exposure basis.  Test  the methodologies as
     they  may be  used in  a  large  scale study  in conjunction with questionnaires
     to select the participants and identify potential  sources.   The first level
     evaluation  of the monitors would be in a controlled test home  environment.
     This  would  be followed by an evaluation in up  to  nine homes in a  previous
     TEAM  location (ideally Baltimore).   Analysis  of  questionnaire data and
     samples  would be  designed to test  protocols,  help  identify sources, and
     study residences previously  identified by the TEAM  study as having  unusual-
     ly high  or  low VOC concentrations.  A report would  be prepared on the capa-
     bilities of the monitoring and survey (questionnaire) instruments for per-
     forming  studies of indoor air quality to provide exposure  information.

  D. Milestones:

     Assemble hardware and  protocols                               6/87

     Test  home  evaluation                                         7/87

     Field sampling  in RTP  area                                    9/87

     Analyses of samples  and data                               12/87

  E. Project  Contact:

     Ross  Highsmith            (919) 541-7828
                               (FTS) 629-7828
                                      11

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Project 6:      Indoor Source Emissions Data Base

  A.  Objective:

     (1)  Develop and  maintain  a computerized  file of  data  from  research
          studies of emissions from  sources of indoor air pollutants.

     (2)  Make this  data base available  to U.S.  and  foreign  researchers,
          public officials,  product manufacturers, builders, and  the inter-
          ested general public.

     (3)  Encourage consistency,  completeness,  and accuracy  in reporting of
          research data from source  characterization studies.

  B.  Background:

     Indoor concentrations  of contaminants can  vary  significantly depending
     upon  the prevalence  and diversity of  indoor sources.  Consequently,
     source characterization  studies  that measure the emissions  from agents
     and/or activities are  an essential  part to understanding  the indoor air
     problem.   A  survey  compiled in  1985  of  source emissions data from  the
     period 1979-1984  demonstrated  the potential  variety of source-related
     research.   It  also  demonstrated  the clear  need for better organization
     of current  and  future data.   The organization and  standardization would
     make the resulting  data readily  available  to  the  user  communities of both
     the public  and  private sectors.   AEERL began an  in-house  effort in  1985
     with  the objective  of  developing  a  user-friendly,  PC-based  indoor  air
     emission source  data base  that  would meet  this  need.  The  prototype
     version,   developed  with  dBASE  III  software, was  distributed to 12
     reviewers in July 1986.

  C.  Approach:

     Development of the  Indoor  Air  Source Emissions (IASE) data  base will be
     continued through a cooperative  agreement with the  University of North
     Carolina at Chapel Hill.  UNC will  work to optimize  the existing dBASE III
     prototype for performance, compile it for speed enhancement, and develop a
     more  user-friendly  interface.  In  addition, UNC will be responsible for
     developing  a  standardized  nomenclature suited to the breadth of the user
     community.  UNC will also be responsible for implementing quality control,
     providing literature  review, data  entry,  and  the  general maintenance of a
     database which will  be made available to the international  user community.

  D.  Outputs  and Milestones:

     Survey of source  emissions data  (1979-84) completed                    4/85

     Papers by Crum presented at APCA meetings                        4/86, 6/86

     Peer  review of prototype database                                      7/86

     Distribution of initial  version  to public                              7/87

     Presentation of database (Berlin conference)                           8/87


                                      12

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E.  Project Contact:

   James White              (919) 541-1189
                            (FTS) 629-1189
                                    13

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Project 7:      Evaluation of Field Methods to Estimate Environmental  Tobacco
               Smoke (ETS) Exposure in Epidemiological Studies

  A.   Objective:

     Conduct  preliminary field  research  to determine  optimal  methods  for
     quantifying  ETS  exposure  to  facilitate  more  quantitative  exposure
     assessment in future epidemiologic studies of indoor air.

  B.   Background:

     Due to  the  prohibitive  expense  of monitoring  indoor environments  in
     large epidemiologic  studies, methods are being  developed  and validated
     to derive exposure estimates from questionnaire responses.

  C.   Approach:

     Ongoing studies at  the University of New Mexico  and  Harvard University
     were modified to accomplish the following:

     (1)  To  assess biologic  markers  of  exposure to  cigarette  smoke  in
          children with passive exposure in cigarette smoking households.

     (2)  To  correlate these  measures with  direct  monitoring of  indoor
          environmental exposure.

     (3)  To  determine the frequency  of  observations  necessary  to  charac-
          terize relative levels of exposure in a population setting.

     (4)  To  test  the reliability  of a questionnaire  about  passive smoking
          in adults.

     (5)  To  determine validity  in adult subjects reporting and not reporting
          passive  smoking  by questionnaire  by  determining  the  cotinine
          content of urine or blood.

  D. Milestones:

     "Reliability and Validity of Questionnaire Assessment
     of Involuntary Tobacco Smoke Exposure" submitted to
     4th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and
     Climate  (Berlin)                                                 03/87

  E. Project Contact:

     Carl Hayes               (919) 541-7739
                              (FTS) 629-7739
                                      14

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Project 8:      Personal  Activity Related Exposure to Environmental  Tobacco
               Smoke (ETS) in Airliner Cabins and Other Transportation Related
               Environments

  A.   Objective:

     (1)  Determine personal activity  exposure profiles  for  nonsmokers  exposed
          to ETS in airliner cabins using chemical and biological markers.

     (2)  Determine personal activity  exposure profiles  for  nonsmokers  exposed
          to ETS in automobiles and related transportation sources.

  B.   Background:

     As a  result of  Congressional  hearings in 1983 and  1984,  the  National
     Academy of  Sciences  conducted a study to determine  whether air quality
     and standards  aboard  commercial  aircraft were adequate to  protect human
     health.  This  study  resulted in a committee report  entitled "The Airliner
     Cabin  Environment"  in 1986  which "... will  be controversial.  It is
     unanimously  and forcefully  proposing that  smoking  be  banned  on  all
     commercial  flights   	"   Although  the  MAS  report (1986) provides
     documentation  of ETS related pollutants in  airliner cabins,  these have
     been principally  limited  to  RSP, CO,  and N02.  Very little data on ETS
     specific  components  (e.g.,  nicotine)  have been reported  and  no studies
     have been  conducted  on  human exposures using biological markers.   The
     Surgeon General  has  requested that NCI conduct such a  study and EPA has
     been  requested  to  jointly  participate  in  this  study.   DOT  is  also
     considering collaboration with EPA and NCI for a larger study.

  C.   Approach:

     The initial  phase  of this project will  involve  a collaborative NCI-EPA
     pilot  study of  human exposure  to ETS  on  commercial  aircraft.   Air
     pollutants  to  be measured  will  include respirable  particulates (RSP),
     mutagenicity  of the  RSP,  nicotine and CO.   Efforts  will be  undertaken
     to  measure  or  estimate  the air  exchange rate and other semi-volatile
     and  volatile organics (e.g.,  aldehydes)  if possible.  Nonsmoking  human
     volunteers  will  be  located  in  various  sections of  the  aircraft, wearing
     and/or  carrying personal  monitoring  equipment.   Body  fluid   samples
     (e.g.,  urine,  blood and saliva)  will  be  taken before,  during  and  after
     the  flights.   Body  fluids  will  be  analyzed for  nicotine and  cotinine
     (nicotine metabolite).

     The  pilot  study will be  conducted  on a  limited number of  flights.
     Based  on  the results from this  pilot study, a larger study or series of
     studies  in  a  variety of  transportation "cabins"  including  aircraft,
     automobiles  and  other transportation  sources.

   D. Milestones:

     Report on pilot  study of  personal  exposures  to ETS  in
     airline cabins                                                  06/87

     Study  design and protocol  for  larger  scale  studies  of
     airline cabins                                                  09/87

                                       15

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   Report on pilot study of personal  exposures to ETS in
   automobiles                                                      03/88

E.  Project Contact:

   Joellen Lewtas           (919) 541-3849
                            (FTS) 629-3849
                                     16

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Project 9:      Develop and Test Revised Screening and Source Use Questionnaires
               for Indoor Air Quality Studies

  A.  Objective:

     Develop optimal  design of questionnaires,  diaries,  source use and activity
     logs for use in  surveys of indoor air quality.

  B.  Background:

     Many organizations  including  EPA have  used different  questionnaires  to
     perform indoor surveys.   The questionnaires served different purposes  and
     it is not clear  whether  or not  they  can be  condensed into  a  single  stand-
     ard questionnaire  or even whether  it is  desirable.   Special question-
     naires  need to be  developed  to  meet  specific survey purposes  and back-
     ground  research  is necessary  to  accomplish this.

  C.  Approach:

     EPA will  continue to work with  other researchers  to  develop the basic
     structures  and  to  standardize   components  where  possible.  For  each
     different survey  type (targets, purposes,  intensity of  monitoring) EPA
     will conduct Focus groups, evaluate proposed questionnaires in  field tests
     and prepare  the  necessary documentation to support  ICR's to OMB.

  D.  Milestones:

     Review  past  questionnaires in cooperation  with
     ongoing joint project                                         3/87

     Hold Focus Group sessions of  various groups (high-
     low SES, urban-rural, rental  apartment-single family
     owner occupied,  etc.)                                         7/87

     Provide questionnaires for studies of indoor air quality
     based on results of pilot studies                            10/87

  E.  Project Contact:

     David Holland            (919)  541-3126
                              (FTS)  629-3126
                                      17

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Project 10:     Field Evaluation of Sampling and Analysis  for Organic Pollutants
               in Indoor Air

  A.  Objective:

     To develop, construct,  and evaluate a sampler for  semivolatile  organic
     compounds (SVOC) in  indoor air  that is quiet, convenient,  reliable  and
     that collects  sufficient sample  for both bioassay and chemical  analysis.

  B.  Background:

     A prototype  indoor air  sampler  for SVOC has been  designed  and  built.
     Evaluation of this prototype  indicates  that it meets the requirements of
     low noise, reliability,  transportability,  and sufficient sample  size for
     chemical  analysis  and microbioassay.  Several  aspects of  the sampler
     performance remain to  be  investigated:  evaluation of  the possible
     contribution to the  total  SVOC  levels in the indoor environment  from the
     sampler itself, and  evaluation  of  the sampler performance in real  indoor
     environments.

  C.  Approach:

     Two modified  samplers will  be  built and tested in  the  laboratory,  to
     ensure that  they  meet the  performance  criteria  set for the prototype.
     Experiments will be performed in an indoor microenvironment, with samplers
     vented first  outside and then inside.  Chemical analyses  and  screening
     microbioassay,  if  necessary,  will   be  done on  the  collected  room air
     samples to  detect  any sampler  contribution  to the  SVOC levels.   Field
     evaluation of the samplers will  be  done in a few residences, which will  be
     selected to represent  homes both with and without  cigarette smoking and
     wood combustion.

  D.  Milestones:

     Construct and test two modified indoor air samplers               2/87

     Evaluate sampler contribution to the indoor environment          6/87

     Evaluate sampler performance in nine homes                      12/87

  E.  Project Contact:

     Nancy Wilson             (919) 541-4723
                              (FTS) 629-4723
                                      18

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Project 11:     Evaluation of Sampling and Analytical  Methods for Nicotine and
               PAHs

  A.  Objective:

     To evaluate  sampling and analysis methodology  that  allows simultaneous
     collection of nicotine  and  PAHs from indoor air with subsequent analysis
     for these species in one analytical  procedure.

  B.  Background:

     Measurement of the  contribution of  tobacco  smoke  to  total  indoor  air  con-
     taminant levels  is  necessary  for determination  of the impacts of various
     sources to overall indoor air pollution.   Nicotine has been used as a spe-
     cific tobacco marker  in several indoor air studies.   Current methodology
     for nicotine  is  cumbersome  and expensive, requiring  separate  collection
     of nicotine on bisulfate-treated filters  and also separate analysis from
     the collection and analysis of PAHs.

  C.  Approach:

     Methodology based on  the use  of quartz filters and  back-up XAD-4 resin
     traps will  be employed to collect  both PAH  and nicotine  in  indoor air
     sampling.

     The filter  and adsorbent extracts will be pooled, and several analytical
     methods will  be  used to determine whether both nicotine and PAH can be
     measured in a single analytical procedure.

  D.  Milestones:
     Determine optimum extraction procedure for nicotine              2/87
     and PAH from XAD-4 resin

     Conduct indoor air sampling with smoking and nonsmoking          4/87
     conditions

     Evaluate analytical procedures                                   8/87

  E. Project Contact:

     Nancy Wilson             (919) 541-4723
                              (FTS) 629-4723
                                      19

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Project 12:     Field Evaluation and Final  Modification of Prototype Dual  Channel
               Particulate Sampler

  A.  Objective:

     Test the research prototype particulate sampler (developed in FY 86) under
     field conditions and modify as needed to be field ready.

  B.  Background:

     A  research  prototype dual  channel   (PM2 5  and PM10) microenvironment
     particulate  sampler was developed in FY 86. This microenvironment sampler
     was designed to  be  unobtrusive, operate at  10£/min  (as compared  to  4£/min
     for the Harvard  Sampler)  to  collect  more sample, and collect the semi-
     volatile gas phase  fraction  if necessary.   The sampler would be multi-
     functional  for versatile  use  in  either focus  research studies on larger
     scale characterization studies.  The  current prototype  needs field testing
     to identify  problems that  may be  encountered.

  C.  Approach:

     The existing research prototype would be field tested either in an occupied
     residence or a dedicated test house.   Testing criteria would be similar to
     that already established  for  the Harvard sampler, e.g., noise level,  flow
     control, filter  overloading,  etc.  Additionally modification to provide
     accurate and reliable sampling under  outdoor conditions would be addressed
     to permit determination  of indoor/outdoor relationships.

  D.  Milestones:

     Upgrading of research prototype for  field tests              5/87

     Field testing complete                                       8/87

     Final modifications completed                               11/87
     and field prototypes delivered

  E.  Project Contact:

     Russell Weiner           (919) 541-1910
                              (FTS) 629-1910
                                      20

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Project 13:     Assess the Effectiveness of Currently Available Screening
               Techniques for Indoor Pollutants

  A.  Objective:

     Review the currently  available  screening  techniques  for  indoor  pollutants
     and assess their technical  and cost effectiveness.

  B.  Background:

     Screening techniques  for  indoor  pollutants can  be  used  to, identify
     microenvironments deserving  more  extensive  study  or to  determine how
     extensively  to analyze samples already collected.   Passive devices such as
     the Palmes tube  for  N02 and active devices such as portable GC for gross
     VOC quantification  both qualify  as  screening techniques.   Screening
     techniques can provide  inappropriate  information  if  there  are substantial
     spatial  and temporal  gradients  (See earlier project related to gradients
     and measurement  averaging  time) or if the integration interval is incon-
     sistent with the study objectives.

  C.  Approach:

     Review  the  available  screening  techniques  for  indoor  pollutants  and
     prepare a  comprehensive report  on advantages  and disadvantages.  For
     selected pollutants  test the screening techniques in test homes and assess
     both their precision and accuracy  and their cost effectiveness.   Prepare a
     guideline document recommending screening techniques for specific applica-
     tion.

  D.  Milestones:

     Survey report on available  methods                           7/87

     Field test of selected methods                              11/87

     Guideline document                                           2/88

  E.  Project Contact:

     Charles Rodes            (919) 541-3079
                              (FTS) 629-3079
                                      21

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Project 14:     Initiate Methods Development for Polar Organic Compounds

  A.  Objective:

     To develop  sampling  and  analysis  methodology for  polar  volatile and
     semivolatile organic  compounds  (VOCs and SVOCs)  in indoor  air.

  B.  Background:

     In several  indoor air studies,  it has been shown that the  nonpolar portion
     of the collected organic material,  which includes the polynuclear aromatic
     compounds as well  as  some smaller more volatile  species, produces  less
     than half of the  mutagenic activity  detected  in  bioassay.  To account for
     the remaining biological  activity,  it is necessary to identify  and quan-
     tify the polar  portion  of the air  sample.  However,  reliable sampling and
     analytical  methodology  for  the  polar compounds is  not well-developed.
     Three needs can be easily identified: sample collection methodology for
     the polar organics that preserves  the integrity  of  the  sample and is free
     of  artifacts;  separation  methodology that  divides the polar  sample
     extracts into identifiable fractions that are amenable to  further chemical
     characterization  and  bioassay  screening; and analysis  methodology that
     allows identification and quantification  of  specific polar components,  to
     facilitate further speciation of those compounds responsible  for biological
     activity and linkage  with particular pollution sources.

  C.  Approach:

     Polynuclear  aromatic  hydrocarbons  (PAH)  and  their polar degradation
     products collected during air  sampling and formed  during sample  storage
     will be  identified and  quantified.   The  results  will  be used to  establish
     a list of target PAH, degradation products and polar compounds  that should
     be monitored in  a future indoor air  study.   Analytical  methodology for
     both volatile polar organic compounds, such as ethylene oxide and acrolein,
     and  semivolatile  polar   organic  compounds,  such as  nicotine and  nitro-
     aromatics, will be developed. Methods for detailed  chemical  characteriza-
     tion of polar air sample fractions will be pursued.

  D.  Milestones:

     Chemical characterization of polar SVOCs in air
       and related sampling  artifacts                                 6/87

     Method development for  nicotine  and other polar SVOCs            9/87

     Method development for  ethylene  oxide and other polar VOCs      12/87

  E. Project  Contact:

     Nancy Wilson              (919) 541-4723
                               (FTS) 629-4723
                                       22

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Project 15:     Development of Electrochemical  Realtime Detector for N02

  A.  Objective:

     Develop a realtime N02 detector appropriate for personal  exposure monitor-
     ing with ±  25  ppb sensitivity, less than  1 minute  response,  and compact
     enough to be comfortably worn by the subject.

  B.  Background:

     There are  serious questions  about  the adequacy of point  monitors  for
     determining human  exposure  to  pollutants.   This project  will  provide
     measurement systems  of sufficient sensitivity and  compactness  to allow
     monitoring  of  individuals  as  they  move  through their  normal  exposure
     cycles.   The data  can  then  be compared to results  from point monitors to
     assess the need for personal  monitors vs.  point monitors.

     The first phase of this effort has  produced an electrochemical  sensor of
     adequate sensitivity to monitor low  level  (non-acute)  exposures  to N02.

  C.  Approach:

     The sensor  developed  under phase  one will be  packaged in  a more compact
     sampling system and will be  tested for a  number of  possible interferences.
     The interference  tests will  be interpreted  in terms  of probability  of
     verified interference being  present  and the degree  of  interference will  be
     quantified.  For example, while S02 is expected to cause some interference,
     the concentration  of S02 indoors is  likely to be low relative to N02.

  D.  Milestones:

     EPA interim project report on development of miniaturized
       electrochemical  sensor for  N02                                  10/87

  E.  Project Contact:

     Richard Paur             (919) 541-3131
                              (FTS) 629-3131
                                      23

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Project 16:     Methods Development/Intercomparison for VOCs

  A.  Objective:

     To develop and evaluate canister-based sampler methodologies and analytical
     procedures for quantisation of VOCs.

  B.  Background:

     Development initiatives taken  by EMSL  in FY 85 and FY 86 have resulted  in
     practical,  field-tested canister-based methods for sampling a-nd  storage  of
     VOCs in whole  air.   Comparison with  sorbent-based methods  on indoor and
     outdoor samples  have  identified  specific  advantages  and disadvantages  of
     each approach. Specially designed  sampling  units for the indoor air have
     been developed to satisfy  a variety  of needs.   Canister-based  units  to
     sample without the  need for power, others to  sample  over periods of up  to
     one week, and still  others to take and store a  sequence of individual
     samples for  studies  of VOC concentration variability — all have been
     demonstrated.

     The parallel  development  and  evaluation  of  analytical  procedures  for
     automated  analysis  of  canister-based samples  has  resulted in  the
     demonstration of analytical capabilities for  a set of forty-one  non-polar
     organics.   Automation of the analytical sequence  has  significantly reduced
     the time and cost per sample analyses.

  C.  Approach:

     Initiatives in FY 86,  such as the  development and testing of a  canister-
     based indoor air sampler for up to  one week  monitoring periods  and develop-
     ment of screening procedures for canister  samples, require further work to
     complete.  Resources will be used for completion  and  testing of  these  two
     products.   Sampling and analytical  methods  development for polar VOCs  will
     be emphasized in FY 87.

  D.  Milestones:

     Battelle Columbus report on portable  GCs and canister-
       based indoor air samplers                                       5/87

     Issue article for proceedings of 4th  International
       Conference on  Indoor Air Quality and Climate                   10/87

     Journal article  on development of Tek-Mar® sample
       introduction system for passive sampling devices
       and canisters                                                  10/87

  E. Project Contact:

     William McClenney        (919) 541-3158
                              (FTS) 629-3158
                                      24

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Project 17:     Development of a Versatile Unobtrusive Indoor Air Quality
               Sampling Package

  A.  Objective:

     Develop a total  indoor  air quality sampling package  for VOCs  and  parti-
     cles including SVOCs.

  B.  Background:

     Recent focus group exercises conducted by RTI showed that the packaging of
     the sampling hardware was  crucial  to  public  participation  in  IAQ measure-
     ment studies.   Rather than packaging the samplers  individually  it is
     highly desirable to assemble  a basic  sampling  system  to meet  a variety of
     needs and package the system in one unobtrusive unit.

  C.  Approach:

     Select the sampling techniques to  be  incorporated  and the  unobtrusiveness
     levels (size, noise,  etc.)  to be accepted.   Design and construct a proto-
     type package system and test its  unobtrusiveness in focus group settings.

  D.  Milestones:

     Select sampling methods to package                            7/87

     Develop sampling packages and test                           10/87

  E.  Project Contact:

     Russell Weiner           (919) 541-1910
                              (FTS) 629-1910
                                      25

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Project 18:     Determine Population Exposure to Indoor Pollutants

  A.  Objective:

     Review published  literature to  determine concentrations and  activity
     patterns  to  estimate the  population exposure  to  various  indoor  air
     pollutants.

  B.  Background:

     There is  a need to determine the extent of health  risk to the  population
     caused by the various indoor air pollutants.   This information will  be
     used to establish  priorities for research to most  effectively mitigate
     exposure.

  C.  Approach:

     Search the relevant literature  and  compile  information about each air
     pollutant discussed in the  Indoor Air Pollutant Information Assessment,
     and estimate  risk  of  disease/death  from each;  also determine additive or
     synergistic  effects.  An  exposure assessment document will  be produced
     and  reviewed at  a  peer  review workshop  of  experts on  air pollution
     exposure.

  D.  Milestones:

     Scope of  work for  contractor                                  6/87

     Exposure  assessment completed                                10/87

     Peer Review Workshop                                         10/87

     Final Version-Exposure Assessment                            12/87

  E.  Project Contact:

     Harriett  Ammann           (919) 541-4930
                              (FTS) 629-4930
                                      26

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Project 19:   Biological  Markers for Environmental  Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Human
             Exposure Assessment

  A.  Objective:

     (1)  Evaluate mutagenicity as  a  biological  marker for human  exposure  to
          ETS.

     (2)  Characterize ETS emissions using bioassay methods.

     (3)  To identify the  chemical/biological  markers  specific to the  indoor
          organic emission sources.

     (4)  To develop  and  evaluate the biological  markers  which can be  used
          effectively in  assessing  the  exposure and dosimetry  of  the  indoor
          combustion emissions.

  B.  Background:

     In order  to provide definitive  data  on  the  relationship  between  human
     exposure,  dose and effects of  indoor organic pollutants,  it is necessary
     to develop  markers  for exposure and  dosimetry.   Personal exposure and
     dosimetry  of ETS is  dependent upon  so many factors that optimal  assessment
     should be measured  directly through  the use of  biological markers of
     exposure,  uptake  into blood,  distribution  and metabolism, binding to
     macromolecules (e.g.,  protein  and  DNA),  and excretion into urine.   One
     approach is  to  identify  unique tracer compounds  present  in ETS and their
     metabolites.   Nicotine,  for example,  is virtually unique to  tobacco
     sources and  both nicotine  and  its  metabolite cotinine can be  measured in
     human tissue or fluids.  This approach will  provide the basis  for  relating
     health effects to specific exposure  concentrations and dose.

     The highly  exposed to  ETS  or in a potentially more sensitive population
     such as preschool  children.    Cotinine,  a metabolite of  nicotine  from
     ETS,  has shown that  it can be a candidate as  a  biochemical marker for
     ETS exposure.  This  study will evaluate  if cotinine can serve as a  marker
     compound for ETS exposure.

  C.  Approach:

     A stepwise approach  to these  studies  will include  evaluation of biological
     and chemical markers  of  ETS  in laboratory chambers,  model  homes, and  in
     pilot  field studies  in  collaboration with  AEERL,  ASRL,  and  EMSL.
     Initial studies are  being  performed  in controlled chambers.  This  phase
     of the project  is focused on air characterization  in  chambers,  chemically
     and biologically, and  on  the factors  that will effect the mutagenicity
     and  organic emission  rates  including (a) number of cigarettes;  (b)
     smoldering  versus sidestream versus  exhaled  mainstream;  (c)  effect of
     tar and nicotine content;  and  (d)  comparison of  organics  associated with
     the  various phases  of ETS  including particles,   semi-volatiles,  and
     volatiles.   The  initial  phases  of  this project have  produced promising
     results suggesting that the mutagenic emission rate may be constant across
     all cigarette  types  and that  the  RSP,  nicotine  and mutagenicity  of
     emissions  is predictable  and  that it may  be possible to model  exposure.


                                      27

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   Targeted pilot  field studies  are  being undertaken  collaboratively by
   EPA and UNC  investigators at the Frank  Porter Graham  (FPG)  Child  Develop-
   ment Center  [initially  (86/87)]  in conjunction with  a  CPSC/EPA project
   on N02  and gas  stoves.   There  are forty children enrolled  in  the Center
   from an age  of  3 months  to 5 years.  Approximately half of  the childrens1
   parents smoke  cigarettes.   The homes of  selected children enrolled  in
   the (FPG)  Center  for Child  Development operated by  UNC as  a  research
   day care center are  monitored  for N02,  carbon monoxide,  nicotine concen-
   trations,  and particulate mutagenicity.  Body  fluids of these  preschool
   children both exposed and nonexposed  to ETS will be  used  in biological
   marker  studies.   Urine  mutagenicity will  be determined together with
   exposure to  the particulate organics (mutagenicity),  volatile nicotine
   and urinary  and  serum  cotinine  (a metabolite  of  nicotine).   These
   parameters will  be  evaluated  as  dosimeters  of exposure  to  ETS and
   potential  risk.  Potential dietary confounding  factors will be monitored
   and controlled  where possible.   Other  collaborators  on  this  project
   include scientists  from  CDC   (R.  Etzel),  American  Health  Foundation
   (N.  Haley), U.  of  Mass.  (K.  Hammond),  and Yale U.  (B.  Leaderer).

D.  Milestones:

   Journal article on monitoring ETS exposure  using
   a micromutagenesis assay                                         04/87

   Paper and presentation (International  Indoor Air
   Conference) on mutagenic emission factors for ETS                08/87

   Paper and presentation (International  Indoor Air
   Conference) on serum and urine  cotinine  as
   quantitative measures of exposure to ETS                         08/87

   Journal article on characterization of the
   mutagenicity and concentration  of selected
   organic tracers in ETS chamber  studies                           01/88

   Journal article(s) on using nicotine,  mutagenicity,
   and cotinine to assess preschool  childrens1
   exposure to ETS                                                  06/88

t.  Project Contact:

   Joel!en Lewtas           (919)  541-3849
                            (FTS)  629-3849
                                     28

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Proje:t 20:     Development of Biological Markers for Molecular Dosimetry
               Resulting from Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)

  A.  ibjective:

     (1)  Evaluate the DNA  adduct  postlabeling method for application  to  ETS
          exposed cells,  tissues and body fluids.

     (2)  Optimize DNA  adduct  postlabeling methods  for detection  of  ETS
          specific DNA adducts.

     (3)  Validate and  apply the  DNA adduct  postlabeling  method to human
          tissues from ETS exposed populations.

     (4)  Evaluate new hemoglobin  adduct methods  that may provide ETS specific
          markers of  exposure and dose.

  B.  Background:

     Highly  sensitive  methods  are now  becoming  available  for  determining
     protein or  DNA-adducts  of  environmental  carcinogens and  toxic  agents in
     circulating blood and  tissues.   Several  constituents that  occur in ETS,
     e.g., benzo(a)pyrene and 4-aminobiphenyl,  have been reported as hemoglobin
     or DNA  adducts,  however these chemicals  are not specific or unique  to
     ETS.   Everson et al.  have  recently reported detection of DNA adducts in
     the placentas of smoking women using these new techniques.  The develop-
     ment and  validation of methods  to  detect  ETS  specific  adducts would
     provide an  ideal marker of human exposure and  in some cases (e.g., DNA-
     adducts) dose to ETS.   The National  Academy of Sciences  (1986) in its
     recent  report on  ETS concludes that  validation  and quantitative  deter-
     mination of the  uptake of  tobacco  smoke  carcinogens is  urgently needed.
     Studies are needed  to  develop and  apply  highly  sensitive methods  (e.g.,
     immunoassays or  postlabeling) for measuring DNA  and protein adducts  of
     tobacco-specific chemicals.

  C.   Approach:

     The  highly  sensitive 32P-postlabeling techniques developed  by  Randerath
     et al.  using a  Pj  nuclease enhancement and the butanol  extraction  method
     developed by Gupta  et  al.  will be evaluated with human placenta!  tissue,
     buccal  cell tissue  and lymphocytes from highly exposed individuals.  With
     optimization this procedure  can  detect 1 adduct per 1010 nucleotides  and
     has  been  successfully  applied to  the detection of adducts  in  smokers'
     tissue  and  in animals  exposed to mainstream smoke.  Tracheal cells from
     the respiratory tract  of both humans and  rodents  exposed to ETS will be
     used as a  model  system to  optimize detection of adducts  and characteriza-
     tion of the adducts.   Evaluation of the rate of formation and persistance
     of the  adducts  will  be necessary to interpret human studies.  Subsequent
     studies to  determine  adduct  levels in humans  exposed to varying  levels
     of ETS will be conducted to evaluate exposure-DMA dosimetry relationships.
     New highly  sensitive  analytical  (mass spectrometry) and  radioimmune assay
     methods for protein adducts (e.g.,  hemoglobin) have recently been reported.
     Hemoglobin  adducts  are usually detectable in circulating blood in  higher
     concentrations  than  DNA adducts  in the  blood  lymphocytes.   Concurrent


                                      29

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   studies to evaluate  the potential  utility  of measuring  hemoglobin  adducts
   of ETS specific chemicals  will  be investigated.

D.  Milestones:

   Comparison and evaluation  of two post!abeling methods
   for detection of ETS induced DNA adducts                         06/88

   Optimization and validation of  a postlabeling method
   for ETS induced DNA adducts                                      12/88

   Evaluation of ETS DNA adduct persistence in tracheal
   cells                                                            05/89

   Evaluation of hemoglobin adduct methods in blood from
   ETS exposed individuals                                          11/89

   Human pilot study of an ETS exposed population                   09/90

E.  Project Contact:

   Joel 1 en Lewtas           (919)  541-3849
                            (FTS)  629-3849
                                     30

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Project 21:     Evaluation and Improvement of Cotinine as a Biomarker of Environ-
               mental  Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Exposure in Children and Adults

  A.  Objective:

     (1)  Determine if urine  cotinine  levels  in  infants  and young  children are
          a good indicator of exposure to ETS.

     (2)  Determine if the elimination half-life  of urine cotinine changes with
          age,  sex or  other parameters effecting  metabolism in children.

     (3)  Improve cotinine detection limits and quantitation.

     (4)  Determine the relationship between nicotine exposure in ETS,  nicotine
          dose  and cotinine levels.

     (5)  Establish relationships  between  personal  air  exposure  to  RSP,
          mutagens  and  nicotine to  measured nicotine  intake and  nicotine
          metabolites  in  body fluids  for  different exposure conditions  and
          population groups.

  B.   Background:

     Increased  concern  has been expressed  about the potential health risks
     associated with the  exposure  to ETS.   Recent studies implicate exposure
     to  ETS  as a  particular health  risk  in infants  and young children.
     Research into  the  health effects of exposure  to  ETS in children would
     be greatly aided if  a chemical  marker could be used to  predict the  level
     of exposure to ETS.   Several  substances,  isolated from  tobacco smoke,  or
     their metabolic  products,  have  been  measured in biological  fluids  to
     estimate this  exposure  to  ETS.   These substances  include  carboxy-
     hemoglobin,  thiocyanate, nicotine and cotinine.   Cotinine,  a metabolite  of
     nicotine,  and derived only from tobacco smoke,  has been  shown to be  a good
     indicator  of the  exposure to ETS.   Studies in adults have shown that there
     is a dose-response relationship  between  the number of cigarettes smoked
     and the level  of cotinine in the  urine.  The elimination half-life of
     cotinine in the  urine  and in  the blood has  also been reported in  adults.
     Although cotinine is  the  best biological marker of  human exposure to ETS,
     it  is  currently  limited by both  the  sensitivity  of the polyclonal   RIA
     assays available  and  the  lack  of the necessary data  needed to  interpret
     cotinine values in  light of potentially varying clearance rates.

     The use of cotinine  as  an indicator of ETS  exposure in  children has  been
     studied at  the University of North Carolina  (UNC).   They found a high
     correlation between  the exposure of children at  home to ETS and their
     levels of  urinary cotinine. These  results suggested  that uninary cotinine
     may be a useful  indicator of  ETS exposure in infants and young children.
     Additional  studies at UNC  provided data on  the elimination half-life of
     cotinine in the  urine  of newborn infants exposed to  ETS jji utero.   The
     level  of exposure for  both  these studies,  however,  came  from the self-
     reported smoking behavior  of  the mother.   Objective  information on  the
     uptake of  nicotine  and the elimination  of  its  metabolite, cotinine in
     young children, age 1 to 3 years of age,  exposed to  ETS  is  unavailable.
                                      31

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   In order to  improve  the  interpretation of cotinine measurements  in  body
   fluids,  research  is  urgently needed  to  understand  the absorbtion,
   metabolism and  excretion  of  nicotine and  its  metabolites,  including
   cotinine in  nonsmokers of  various ages.  Specific  studies to  be conducted
   under  controlled  human  clinical  conditions  include:   (1)  determination
   of the dose of nicotine  absorbed  from ETS by simultaneous chamber  exposure
   to ETS and infusion of dueterated-nicotine  in adults,  and (2)  continuation
   of studies of adults, and  children  of various ages,  including infants,
   from homes where  ETS  is present to determine  cotinine  clearance rates and
   to  compare  exposure, uptake  and  dosimetry  using  nicotine  and  its
   metabolites.

C.   Approach:

   Adults and  infants  from homes where tobacco smoke is present will  be
   exposed to known  concentrations of  ETS in an environmentally controlled
   chamber.   Blood samples will  be taken  prior  to and following  a controlled
   exposure.   Serum  cotinine  levels  and  blood carboxyhemoglobin will  be
   measured.   Urines  will  be collected from  subjects,  prior to  exposure,
   out to several  days  post  exposure.   Urine cotinine excretion rates  will
   be determined and correlated to  air  nicotine exposure.   The dose  of
   nicotine will be varied  by changing  the number of cigarettes smoked during
   the exposure in order to give a dose response.   The excretion of  cotinine
   will be correlated with the dose of  nicotine  as  well as  age,  sex  and race
   in the infant/child population.  This information is  considered critical
   because it will allow one  to  estimate prior exposure,  with  a  high degree
   of certainty, rather than rely on questionnaire data.   This   study  was
   undertaken to determine the exposure dose  of nicotine, the  peak  level  of
   urinary cotinine,  the time to  peak levels of cotinine,  and the elimination
   half-life of urinary  cotinine when  children are exposed to a controlled
   amount of ETS.

D.  Milestones:

   Conduct an interagency cotinine workshop                         11/86

   Relationship between the ambient  air nicotine concentration
   and the time to  peak urinary cotinine levels and  elimination
   half-life values for urinary cotinine in a population  of
   young children.   Presented at 4th  International  Indoor
   Air Conference                                                   08/87

   Report and recommendations from cotinine workshop                09/87

   Evaluation of improved monoclonal  radioimmune assay
   for cotinine                                                     10/88

   Determine dose of nicotine absorbed from ETS in
   controlled chamber studies using dueterated-nicotine
   in adults                                                        12/88

   Establish relationship between personal exposure to
   nicotine and other pollutants (e.g., mutagens, RSP)
   and cotinine in saliva,  blood and urine                          03/89


                                    32

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   Elimination half-life of urine cotinine in young children
   exposed to different dose levels of ETS                          08/89

   Study of parameters (e.g.,  age and sex) that effect in
   children and adults elimination half-life  of urine
   cotinine                                                         06/91

E.  Project Contact:

   George Goldstein          (919) 541-5143
                            (FTS) 629-5143
                                    33

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Project 22:     Indoor Air Studies of the Mutagenic and Carcinogenic Emissions
               from Unvented Combustion Sources

  A.   Objectives:

     (1)  To develop and  evaluate methods  for  determining the mutagenicity  and
          potential carcinogenicity of  indoor  organic  pollutants  from  unvented
          combustion appliances.

     (2)  To evaluate the comparative mutagenicity, toxicity and carcinogenicity
          of complex organic emissions  from  unvented combustion appliances  for
          risk characterization.

     (3)  To  identify  the  mutagens  and carcinogens  emitted from  unvented
          combusti on app1i ances.

     (4)  To support engineering  studies  (AEERL)  to develop emission  factors
          and emission  models  including evaluation of mitigation parameters
          using bioassay methods.

     (5)  To  support  unvented  combustion  source  exposure  assessment studies
          (EMSL) via bioassay monitoring in test home and field studies.

     (6)  For future mitigation,  to determine the contribution of these sources
          to the mutagenicity of indoor air.

  B.   Background:

     Indoor combustion  emissions  are known to  be  a significant  source  of  human
     exposure to  particles, ROMs  and other organics  including  both  semi-
     volatile organic compounds  (SVOCs) and  volatile  organic compounds (VOCs).
     Since  the  soot from incomplete combustion is  generally recognized  as a
     human  carcinogen (IARC) and the ROMs from these sources are also mutagenic,
     it  is  important  to evaluate  the  relative  contribution  that various
     combustion sources, particularly unvented sources, could make to the human
     exposure and  risk  from these carcinogens.   These  studies  will  initially
     evaluate  kerosene  heater emissions  due to the widespread use  of these
     appliances (over 10 million sold).

     The  conventional  bioassay methods require large quantities  of sample  for
     testing  and  usually only  small quantities of  indoor air emission samples
     are  available.   There  is  a need,  therefore,  to  develop microassays for
     indoor air studies.  Little effort has  been  applied toward the bioassay of
     SVOCs  and VOCs in  the indoor environment.   It is  important to develop
     bioassay methods for ROMs,  SVOCs and  VOCs from unvented combustion sources
     indoors  since exposure to these chemicals may  be  relatively  high.

  C.   Approach:

      Initial  studies developed and  evaluated micro-mutagenesis methods to apply
     to both  indoor air laboratory  (e.g.,  chamber)  and field studies where  only
     a few  milligrams of organic  matter  can be collected.   Studies are  also
     being  conducted in the initial phase of this project to evaluate sampling
                                       34

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   and extraction  methodologies  for the  bioassay of combustion appliance
   indoor air samples of all  phases of  the organics (particles,  SVOCs,  VOCs).
   The stepwise approach  being  taken in these studies  includes  evaluation
   of the mutagenicity  of these sources in chambers  in  the laboratory, model
   homes, and in pilot  field studies in collaboration  with AEERL and  EMSL.
   The initial  studies will  be performed on unvented kerosene  heaters and gas
   stoves.   Chamber samples  of both  the particles  (ROMs) and SVOCs collected
   on XAD-2 will be  bioassayed  in S. typhimurium  micro-assay (Kado  assay).
   Nitroreductase  proficient and deficient strains will  be  employed  to detect
   the presence of mono-nitro-PAHs  and  dinitro-PAHs.  Initially, the effect
   of heater types, maintainance,  and  operating  conditions on  the mutagenic
   activity will be  determined.   A  sample  set will be selected for more
   in-depth bioassay and chemical characterization to determine  the  class  of
   organic compounds which are mutagenic.   If sufficient samples are avail-
   able,  other  bioassays  will be performed  at the J.B. Pierce  Foundation
   (including operating conditions,  heater type and age,  fuel  parameters,
   etc.)  to provide confirmatory  dose-response data on  the mutagenicity  and
   carcinogenicity of these  emissions.

   In order  to  evaluate the VOC emissions from  unvented  appliances,  the
   research will focus  on the application of recently  developed inexpensive
   bioassay systems for in  situ  monitoring of VOCs  using  direct gas-phase
   bioassay methods  in  chambers.   The in situ system will  be compared  to
   other  methods  including  sorbant  (e.g.,  XAD)  collection and  extraction
   followed by  bioassay.   Efforts will  be made  to make the test chambers
   inexpensive,  light-weight, portable, and  inert.   Initially,  the  bioassay
   testing will be conducted using  bacterial  tester strains;  however,  in
   the future,  other organisms and bioassay methods which detect nonmutagenic
   VOCs which may  induce  cancer  via other mechanisms will be used.    In  the
   initial phases,  the system will be evaluated using known volatile  mutagens.
   After  evaluation, the system will be applied to  either chamber  studies
   and/or test  home  studies  in  collaboration  with AEERL.   Where possible
   indoor atmospheric transformation processes  will be  explored,  particularly
   nitration of organics which is known  to increase mutagenicity.

D.  Milestones:

   Development of  microbioassay methods                              03/86

   Kerosene exploratory studies  completed and APCA paper
   presented                                                        06/86

   Report and presentation of initial study on the
   comparative evaluation  of the influence of combustion
   emissions on indoor air mutagenicity  (International
   Indoor Air Conference)                                            08/87

   Journal article(s) on exploratory studies of mutagenic
   emission rates  from kerosene  heaters  and the role of
   N02-PAHs                                                         12/87

   Journal article on evaluation of the  mutagenicity of
   kerosene heater emissions from chamber and test home
   studies                                                          06/88
                                    35

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   Journal  article on the identification of mutagens and
   carcinogens in emissions from kerosene heaters                   11/88

   Report on gas space heaters                                      10/89

E.  Project Contact:

   Judy Mumford             (919) 541-3095
                            (FTS) 629-3095
                                     36

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Project 23:     Effect of Peak Exposure to N02 on Respiratory Symptoms and
               Pulmonary Function

  A.   Objective:

     To study  the  effects of  short-term exposure  to  high levels  (ranging
     from 400  ug/m3  to  over  2500 M9/m3)  of nitrogen  dioxide on pulmonary
     function  and  respiratory  symptoms  in  asthmatic  and  non-asthmatic
     subjects.

  B.   Background:

     Several  studies  have suggested  that  exposures to  high  levels of  N02
     even for brief  periods  can  affect lung symptoms and  functions.   Recent
     indoor  air  monitoring  studies   conducted  by Columbia University  and
     sponsored by  the  Electric  Power Research  Institute  (EPRI) indicated
     that such exposures are common  to  women  using unvented gas  cooking
     stoves  in  high  rise apartments  where  air exchange  rates  have been
     minimized in the  interest  of energy conservation.   Previous studies by
     Columbia University  had also shown  high  asthma prevalence rates among
     residents of such apartments.    For these  reasons  it  was believed  that
     the EPRI studies should  be  extended  to include a health effects component.

  C.   Approach:

     Both the person cooking  the  evening meal  and any  other household members
     present in  the  kitchen are  given lung  function  tests and questioned
     about respiratory  symptoms before cooking  begins, while cooking  is  under-
     way,  immediately  after,  and 1  to 2 hours after cooking  is  completed.
     Continuous monitoring of  N02 at the breathing level  of the  cook  is
     conducted throughout  this  period.  Simultaneous  passive monitoring  is
     done throughout the  apartment.   Each  of the 20 to  25  families  is studied
     on 5 occasions.

  D.  Milestones:

     "Acute Exposure  to Nitrogen  Dioxide  and Pulmonary
     Function" submitted to 4th  International Conference
     on Indoor Air Quality and Climate (Berlin)                       03/87

  E.  Project Contact:

     Carl  Hayes               (919)  541-7739
                              (FTS)  629-7739
                                      37

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Project 24:     Respiratory Effects of Indoor Formaldehyde Exposure

  A.   Objective:

     (1)  To assess  respiratory  effects of  indoor formaldehyde exposure  in
          especially sensitive and normal  adults and children.

     (2)  To improve indoor exposure  characterization  for a large prospective
          air pollution study.

  B.   Background:

     Through the base program in  air pollution epidemiology a prospective study
     of approximately  500 families  of  municipal employees  in  Pima County,
     Arizona, was  initiated  in 1985.  Acute  and chronic  respiratory effects in
     adults and acute effects in  children are being assessed in relationship to
     indoor and outdoor  pollution.   The 500 families are  a  sample from over
     3000 families  stratified  in  the  basis  of  questionnaire  responses  relating
     to  family composition  and   household  characteristics  which  indicate
     probable  indoor  exposures.   Daily  diaries and peak  flows  are used to
     assess short-term changes in respiratory status in children  and  adults.
     Yearly  spirometry  is  used   to  evaluate  longer-term  effects.   Weekly
     spirometry is conducted in subsamples of adults with and without bronchial
     reactivity.    As this  study  as  originally  planned has  a  substantial  indoor
     component, it  presented  an  opportunity for expansion through  the indoor
     air quality research program.

  C.   Approach:

     Through supplemental  funding from  the indoor air program,  the study  was
     expanded  in  two ways.   First,  frequency and duration  of indoor monitoring
     in  the 500  homes  was increased.   Second,  a substudy  of  formaldehyde
     effects was  added.    In  this substudy,  families who  change residences
     during  the  study will  be followed, and  formaldehyde exposures in the
     residences will be  measured.  Those moving into new conventional or mobile
     homes  with  presumably high   formaldehyde  exposure will  be  compared with
     those  relocating  into older  homes.

  P. Milestones:

     All submitted to  4th  International Conference on Indoor Air Quality
     and Climate  (Berlin)

     "Formaldehyde Exposure and Acute Health Effects Study"            3/87

     "Indoor-Outdoor Relationships  for  Particulate Matter  and
     Verification  of Exposure Classifications"                         3/87

     "Epidemiological  Study of Respiratory Responses to
     Indoor/Outdoor Air  Quality                                        3/87

   E. Project Contact:

     Carl  Hayes                (919)  541-7739
                               (FTS)  629-7739

                                      38

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Project 25:     Neurobehavioral  and Sensory Irritant Effects of Complex VOC
               Mixture in Humans

  A.   Objective:

     (1)  Replicate and  extend Danish studies of  controlled  human exposures
          to complex VOC mixtures.

     (2)  Study the neurobehavioral  and  sensory  irritant  effects  of  controlled
          exposure to a  complex VOC  mixture  in a normal,  healthy  adult  popula-
          tion.

     (3)  Identify sensitive measures for use  in  subsequent  field  studies
          related to the Sick Building Syndrome (SBS).

     (4)  Evaluate the utility  of  a  computerized behavioral test battery in a
          controlled human exposure study.

  B.   Background:

     A prime example  of  health effects associated  with exposure to outgassing
     chemicals in newly  constructed  buildings  is the "Sick Building  Syndrome"
     (SBS).   Symptoms  associated with SBS are eye,  nose,  and throat irritation,
     memory impairment,  and attentional  deficit.   SBS symptoms  are  neurobe-
     havioral  in  nature, although pulmonary, immunological and  other system
     effects may  also be present.   Volatile organic compounds  constitute an
     important part of the  complex  mixture  of chemicals  present in "sick"
     buildings,  but little  information is currently  available about  the health
     effects of  exposure to ambient levels  of  VOC  mixtures found  in  new
     buildings.

     Molhave et  al.,  acutely  exposed humans known  to have "sick building
     syndrome" to a complex mixture  of 20 VOCs commonly found in  Danish homes.
     The subjects experienced memory  impairment and sensory irritation.   Giving
     the existing data base, Molhave has hypothesized  that VOCs   have additive
     or synergestic effects and that they  are  causally  involved in sick
     building syndrome.   Some  other  VOCs found to be  present in homes  also
     cause neurotoxic  effects.

  C.   Approach:

     The first formal  study will  be  designed to replicate  and extend results
     of studies conducted by Molhave and his colleagues  in Denmark.  Molhave
     will  serve as consultant  in  planning  the study.  Normal  healthy adults
     will  be  exposed  to  a  complex  mixture  of  volatile  organic  compounds
     selected on  the  basis  of  the frequency and  intensity of occurrence  in
     buildings --  i.e.,  the 20 VOCs found  most  frequently and  at  highest
     levels.  The  initial  mixture tested will be  as similar  as  possible  to
     the Molhave  mixture,  substituting  only  for chemicals now known to be
     carcinogenic.   Behavioral, sensory irritant  and  subjective  rating measures
     will  be obtained  from  subjects  using  a  repeated measures design in which
     each  subject  will  complete control  and exposure sessions at one  week
     intervals.   Sensorimotor  and  memory function  will be  evaluated  using a
     computerized test battery.  Measures of eye and nose  irritation  will  also


                                      39

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   be obtained.   To ensure  that  all procedures  are functional and  that
   personnel are trained  adequately,  the  first  formal study will be preceded
   by a  small  pilot study,  using the same protocol.   Later  studies  will
   explore effects  of  a  second (perhaps "Americanized") VOC mixture,  of VOC
   exposure in SBS  responder or other susceptible populations, and the role
   of olfactory  and trigeminal sensitivity  and climate variables such  as
   temperature and humidity in VOC response.

D.  Milestones:

   Complete planning of Molhave replicate VOC mixture protocol       6/87

   Commence pilot study for Molhave replication                      9/87

   Commence Molhave replicate study                                  1/88

   Complete data collection of Molhave replicate study               3/88

   Begin controlled exposure study of second VOC mixture             6/88

   Presentation on Molhave replication study                         9/88

   Report on Molhave replicaltion study                             12/88

   Presentation on second VOC mixture study                          3/89

   Report on second VOC exposure study                               6/89

E.  Project Contact:

   David Otto                (919) 541-4146
                             (FTS) 629-4146
                                     40

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Project 26:     Trigeminal Sensitivity of "Sick Building" Responders

  A.   Objective:

     To measure the sensitivity of the nasal  endings of the trigeminal sense to
     stimulation by a volatile  organic  comppound (VOC) in a group of subjects
     who are  sensitive  to emissions  in so-called "sick buildings".   Signal
     detection theory will be  used to assess the  sensitivity  of the subject
     separately from the subject's bias  to respond.

  B.   Background:

     The difference  in  "sick building"  responders and nonresponders may be
     in the  indivudual  sensitivity to  stimulation of  the  trigeminal  sense
     (sting or burn) to  a mixture of VOC.  Alternatively,  such  subjects may
     simply have a  different  propensity (bias) to  respond.  Sensitivity and
     bias  may be separately evaluated in the so-called signal  detection model
     of sensory systems.  This  study  would help determine  the nature of the
     "sick building syndrome" as  far  as the complaints of  sensory  irritation
     are concerned.  This project  is  to evaluate  the sensitivity bias of
     sensitive subjects  using  a representative VOC,  to be followed up  with
     additional  VOCs, depending upon results.

  C.   Approach:

     Trigeminal  nerve endings will  be stimulated by injecting  vapor-phase VOC
     into  the naris of  a subject.   To  avoid stimulation of the  olfactory sense,
     which is more  sensitive than  the  trigeminal,  a stream of  purified,
     humidified  air will  be injected  into one naris  while  the subject closes
     the velopharyngeal  port.   This will  produce an  effluent air stream from
     the centralateral   naris.   The VOC  stream will  be directed  against the
     nasal  mucosa  of  the contralateral  side  where the VOC mixture will be
     washed away from the olfactory receptors by the  stream of effluent air.
     Thus,  only the trigeminal  receptors  in  the immediate area of the  VOC
     injector will  be  stimulated.   After  completion  of modifications to an
     existing instrument, the  procedure will be  standardized  on a group of
     normal  subjects (subjects who  have not  been selected  for sensitivity to
     "sick building" emissions).   Following  the  standardization  experiment,  a
     group of sensitive  subjects will  be recruited and evaluated by the same
     method.   The  first  chemical evaluated will  be toluene.

  D.  Milestones:

     Procurement and construction  of test equipment                1/88

     Protocol  for  representative VOC Study                         4/88

     Completion  of  representatives  VOC Study  using                12/88
     normal  subjects

     Completion  of  representative  VOC  Study using                 12/89
     "sensitive" subjects
                                      41

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   Submission of peer-reviewed paper describing                  5/90
   studies using representative VOC

E.  Project Contact:

   Vernon Benignus          (919) 541-4082
                            (FTS) 629-4082
                                     42

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Project 27:     Genetic Bioassay Studies of Volatile Organic Chemicals Emitted
               from Building Materials

  A.   Objective:

     (1)  To determine  the  mutagenicity  and  potential  carcinogenicity of
          mixtures of  indoor volatile organic  chemicals  (VOCs) as they are
          emitted from indoor building materials.

     (2)  To characterize  and  identify  the volatile  organic  mutagens and
          carcinogens emitted from indoor building materials.

     (3)  To determine  the  relative  contribution of  VOCs to  the  overall
          mutagenicity of indoor  air  and  to determine how mitigation methods
          affect  the levels  of  mutagenic  VOCs.   This will  include the testing
          of individual  VOCs.

  B.   Background:

     It is well  known that  building materials emit complex mixtures of organic
     gaseous pollutants.  Some  of the VOC emissions (e.g., formaldehyde) are
     known to  be  mutagenic  and carcinogenic.   It  also  is known that most
     individuals  spend up to 80 percent of the  time indoors and that due  to  the
     removal  and   introduction of  building materials (e.g., for repairs) into
     indoor air  spaces  that individuals  are continually exposed  to  building
     material  pollutants; however, these  exposures are very dynamic in nature.
     It is important to  determine the mutagenicity of emissions  from various
     indoor combustion sources,  thereby;  identifying potential  carcinogenicity,
     setting priorities  for further  investigation, and providing procedures
     to monitoring possible  efforts for mitigation.

  C.   Approach:

     Emissions  from indoor  combustion sources  will  be tested  using short-term
     genetic bioassays,  especially the Salmonella typhimurium plate incorpora-
     tion test (Ames test)  for  mutagenicity.   This research will  be  done  in
     collaboration with  AEERL  who will  be responsible for  the  associated
     chemistry  and the  generation of  the  VOC emissions.   Initial  studies will
     begin with representative  sources (e.g.,  paints).   Emissions from these
     sources will be passed  through  a Tedlar inert chamber in  order to expose
     the bacterial mutagencity  test  system.  When possible,  activity will be
     correlated with  chemistry  and attempts will  be  made  to identify and
     bioassay  individual  VOCs  that are  likely to  be  responsible for the
     bioassay  activity.    The  testing of  individual  VOCs will  confirm this
     activity.  Since many chlorinated compounds cannot be  efficiently detected
     in bacterial bioassays, research will  be  conducted  to identify,  develop,
     and apply other appropriate  short-term test systems  to these emissions.
     After identification of VOCs  that  are mutagenic,  these will  be suggested
     to the National Toxicology Program  (NTP)  as high priority compounds for
     testing in whole animal bioassays for carcinogenesis.
                                      43

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D.  Milestones:

   Salmonella test procedures developed for coupling
   to AEERL chamber studies VOC mixtures                            01/88

   Exploratory tests with initial  materials completed
   in collaboration with AEERL                                      03/88

   Selection and exploratory efforts with second bioassay
   (for chlorinated hydrocarbons)  completed                         06/88

   Initial report on Salmonella bioassay of building
   material VOCs                                                    11/88

   Initial report on chlorinated hydrocarbon VOCs                   06/89

   Report on integrated chemistry/bioassay of building
   material VOCs                                                    11/89

E.  Project Contact:

   Larry Claxton            (919)  541-2329
                            (FTS)  629-2329
                                     44

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Project 28:     Indoor Air Quality Evaluation of Three Office Buildings

  A.  Objective:

     To study the  Indoor Air  Quality  of three office buildings  of  similar
     design where one has a reported sick building syndrome  (SBS) problem,  one
     does  not,  and  one was constructed  specifically to use materials  and venti-
     lation rates to optimize  indoor air quality.

  B.  Background:

  C.  Approach:

     Through a joint  effort between the Georgia Tech Research  Institute  and
     ASHRAE, study  the indoor  air quality in three office buildings of  similar
     design.  One of  the  buildings  has been the source  of complaints  by occu-
     pants  but  for  reasons not  yet identified.   The second building  is  of
     similar design and age but  has not  had any similar complaints.  The third
     building was designed with  materials  and ventilation rates  to  optimize
     indoor air  quality.   A questionnaire  of SBS office  building studies
     developed  by Georgia Tech will  be administered  and samples collected  for
     formaldehyde,  VOCs,  nicotine,  TSP, metals,  NOx,  CO,  C02,  and selected
     bio-aerosols.

  D.  Milestones:

     Initiate study                                            Spring/87

     Complete sampling                                          Fall787

  E.  Project Contact:

     Gene  Tucker              (919)  541-2746
                              (FTS)  629-2746
                                      45

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Project 29:     Develop Low Cost Easy to Use Procedures for Determining Air
               Exchange Rate

  A.  Objective:

     Evaluate current  methods  for  determining  air exchange  rate  (AER) and
     develop more accurate, lower cost and easier to use methods.

  B.  Background:

     Recent work has  shown that  current AER procedures  may  not  adequately deal
     with varying averaging times.   Also  the current  techniques are  relatively
     expensive and hard  to use.  The accuracy and precision of current methods
     should  be  evaluated  and  low cost easy  to use  procedures should  be
     developed to replace existing methods.

  C.  Approach:

     Evaluate selected AER procedures in  lab and  test house situation.
     Investigate and  evaluate  possible replacement techniques in  lab and test
     home situations.   Determine limits  of  usefulness  of the  various  tech-
     niques.  Publish  the  results in a technical report which describes tech-
     niques  and  provides  guidance  on appropriate  applications of  various
     techniques.

  D.  Milestones:

     Initiate research and monitoring techniques                 7/87

     Complete evaluation                                         5/88

     Report                                                      8/88

  E.  Project  Contact:

     Leslie Sparks             (919) 541-2458
                               (FTS) 629-2458
                                       46

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Project 30:     Support for the Canadian Multi-pollutant Indoor Air Quality
               Study

  A.  Objective:

     To support  the measurement of  VOCs  in a Canadian study  of  situations
     leading to sick  building  syndrome  (SBS) problems  in  residences and public
     access  buildings.

  B.  Background:

     The Environmental Health Directorate  of Canada is  sponsoring  a large-scale
     study of a variety  of pollutants found indoors in buildings  in  Canada.
     The focus is on  SBS  situations  where human comfort is of  primary concern.
     The measurements include  formaldehyde  (passively) in 4000 homes, radon in
     2300 homes,  "fungal  propagules"  in 52  homes,  and  VOCs  in 6 office  build-
     ings, 3 hospitals,  and  4 homes.  The first year  will  be an  exploratory
     effort  including the  testing  of SBS  investigation protocols.   The  second
     year is planned to be a national multi-pollutant survey  of residences.

  C.  Approach:

     Participate  by funding  the portion of the study dealing with  VOC measure-
     ments  in  the  first  year.   To  reduce  costs we would provide canister
     sampling hardware, if available.   By  supporting the  VOC portion  we would
     participate  in the  study  design,  selection  of bulildings, the number of
     samples to be  collected, and the analysis  of results.

  D.  Milestones:

     Complete study protocols                              Midsummer/87

     Complete VOC sampling                                      Fall787

  E.  Project Contact:

     Charles Rodes             (919) 541-3079
                              (FTS) 629-3079
                                      47

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Project 31:     Test House Studies of Indoor Sources

  A.  Objective:

     (1)  Develop  emission  testing  procedures  for  organic  compounds  from
          unvented combustion sources, material sources,  and activity sources
          in a representative residential  setting.

     (2)  Generate organic compound  emission  factors and emission models for
          combustion,  material and  activity  sources  in a representative resi-
          dential setting.

     (3)  Compare and correlate  emission  factors  and models  determined in the
          test house with emission  factors  and  models developed  from  chamber
          study measurements  (for combustion and material  sources).

     (4)  Conduct joint  studies  with HERL  (genotoxicity of  emissions from
          sources, biochemical marker studies related to sources)  and with EMSL
          (evaluations  of instrumentation  to be  used  in field studies).

  B.  Background:

     Air contaminant levels  in  the indoor  environment are the result of a
     complex interaction of  several  related  variables  including the  nature and
     number of indoor sources, the characteristics of the building,  the removal
     of contaminants by  surfaces  and chemical reactions, the outdoor  concen-
     trations of potential  contaminants, and meteorological  conditions.  Indoor
     source  characterization has to consider the full  range of factors.
     Consequently, the  concept of a test house is  becoming an essential tool  to
     evaluate the potential  impacts of a  suspect   indoor  air  emission  source.
     Test houses  are currently  in use by  both TVA and ORNL and have provided
     data on  indoor concentrations of formaldehyde  and  classical combustion
     products in the indoor air.   Such a facility  is  being established by AEERL
     to validate  indoor  air  emission models that   are  based  on  small-chamber
     studies  of  material  sources and large-chamber  studies  of  combustion
     sources.

  C.   Approach:

     Research on  indoor  air  source emissions will be  conducted  under actual
     indoor conditions in  a  leased residential  dwelling.   The test house will
     be located  convenient to RTF;  it is  a single-floor, ranch style house of
     standard construction with  approximately 1400 ft2 of living  space.   It  is
     seven years  old and has been fully weatherized during construction.  The
     house  will  be characterized with respect to  baseline  organic pollutant
     concentrations  and  air   exchange rate.   It will be  equipped to  measure
     indoor  air  contaminants as well as  measurements  of  significant ambient
     environmental  parameters including temperature, RH, and ambient  concen-
     tration  of  selected chemical species.   The initial  indoor  air experiments
     will  focus  on  kerosene heaters and will  be in  coordination with the
     project  on  large-chamber studies of  kerosene heaters.   The  objective will
     be to  measure emissions from their sources both temporarally and spatial-
     ly,  to verify  emission source model predictions  based  on  the chamber
                                      48

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        studies.   Future  research  will  include  the evaluation  of  indoor
        sources,  e.g.,  consumer products and  building materials  such  as
        carpeting;  indoor activities  (cooking  and cleaning), and  IAQ control
        technologies.   The research will  be  coordinated with the project on
        smai1-chamber  studies  of  materials,  and  provide validation  of
        emission  factors in a residential situation.

D.  Outputs and Milestones:

   Rental  of IA test house                                             8/86

   Characterization of test house                                     10/86

   Begin testing  of kerosene heaters                                  11/86

   Presentation on  kerosene heater emissions
     (Berlin conference)                                               8/87

   Report on kerosene heaters                                          9/87

E.  Project Contact:

   Merrill Jackson           (919) 541-2559
                            (FTS) 629-2559
                                    49

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Project 32:     Engineering Evaluations of Air Cleaners for Indoor Particles

  A.  Objective:

     (1)  Determine the stage of  technical  development of commercially avail-
          able devices for removing particles from indoor air.

     (2)  Evaluate the  collection efficiency, for  the particle size  ranges
          found indoors, of available devices.

     (3)  Develop and performance-test improved designs.

     (4)  Work with  equipment  manufacturers  to  help bring improved designs
          into the market.

     (5)  Prepare guidelines on the  use  of air cleaners  for control  of indoor
          particles.

  B.  Background:

     Indoor particles arise  from  a  number  of sources  and  activities, including
     smoking,  cooking,  outdoor soil,  wood  stoves/fireplaces,  and  building
     materials.   Many indoor particles are respirable and potentially hazardous,
     including those with adsorbed radon  progeny.   Most commercial  and  residen-
     tial building HVAC  systems  include  particle filters in the recirculating
     air ducts;  a  few also have high efficiency  (HEPA) filters  and/or  electro-
     static  precipitators.   Free-standing  air cleaners are also commercially
     available.   Unfortunately, the  efficiency  of these  and other devices for
     removing specific,  respirable particles from the indoor  environment is
     not well documented.   IITRI  recently completed a preliminary study of 47
     different air cleaners  and  developed removal efficiency data for  tobacco
     smoke,  household dust,  and pollen.   Further  research is  needed  to develop
     efficiency  data  for  other types of  particles,  additional  devices  (includ-
     ing "in-duct" units),  and  a  wider range of  operating and environmental
     conditions.

  C.  Approach:

     AEERL's  expertise  in  dealing with industrial particulate control  will be
     applied  to  ; he  control  of indoor particles.   Initial  work will focus on
     commercially  available  equipment; evaluations  will  be conducted to deter-
     mine  their  effectiveness  in  removing  the  types and  sizes  of particles
     found in the  indoor environment.  The manufacturers of the devices will be
     contacted to  obtain  available test  data and explore cooperative  testing
     programs.   Alternative designs  to increase removal efficiency of  respirable
     particles will be explored, developed,  and tested.  Options to be investi-
     gated include:   new/improved filter materials,  pretreatment particle con-
     ditioning,  and  advanced ESP  and fabric filter  designs.   (AEERL  scientists
     have applied  all of these concepts to  industrial gas  cleaning systems.)
                                      50

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D.  Outputs and Milestones:

   Complete evaluations of commercial indoor air
     particle removal  equipment and publish report                     1/87

   Develop new/improved design concepts                                1/88

   Prepare and publish interim guidance on the
     selection and use of indoor particle control
     systems                                                           6/88

   Complete testing of selected new/improved
     particle control  device prototypes and
     publish report                                                    6/89

E.  Project Contact:

   Leslie Sparks            (919) 541-2458
                            (FTS) 629-2458
                                    51

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Project 33:     Engineering Evaluations of Air Cleaners for Indoor Organic Vapors

  A.  Objective:

     (1)  Determine the stage of  technical  development of commercially avail-
          able devices for removing organic vapors from indoor air.

     (2)  Evaluate the  removal  efficiency  and  capacity,  for  representative
          organic compounds,  of available devices.

     (3)  Develop and performance-test improved techniques.

     (4)  Work with  equipment manufacturers  to  help bring improved  devices
          into the market.

     (5)  Prepare guidelines on the  use  of air cleaners for control of indoor
          organic vapors.

  B.  Background:

     Organic vapors  are emitted  from  a  wide variety of building materials,
     consumer products,  and  occupant activities.  Control  of  indoor organic
     vapors  generally involves removing the source  and/or increasing  the
     ventilation rate.  The  ubiquitous  nature of sources  of organic vapors in
     many cases makes source removal  impractical.  Increased ventilation causes
     increased energy usage  with  its  resultant economic penalties.   Therefore,
     practical methods  for removing  organic vapors from indoor air  are needed.
     Small  commercial  units  employing carbon adsorbents  or low  temperature
     catalysts are  available,  but data  on  their  performance  is extremely
     limited and  show poor  removal  efficiency  for organic vapors.   Further
     research is needed to evaluate the application of vapor control techniques
     to the  control  of  indoor organic vapors.  Candidate  technologies include
     adsorption, absorption (scrubbing),  and catalytic oxidation.

  C.  Approach:

     Existing techniques  for  controlling organic vapors will  be  evaluated to
     determine their  applicability to the indoor environment.  Initial  focus
     will  be placed  on  adsorption.   The removal effectiveness of  activated
     carbon, as well  as other adsorbents, will  be evaluated  for  a  variety of
     indoor  organic  pollutants.   The  effect of variations  in temperature,
     humidity, and  vapor concentration  will be investigated.   Commercially
     available units  will  be tested  first,  in cooperation  with the manufac-
     turers,  if  possible.  Later, new/improved  designs (including  a variety
     of adsorbents)  will  be  developed and tested.  The research on adsorption
     will  be followed  by similar evaluations  of catalytic  oxidation and
     absorption.
                                      52

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D.  Outputs and Milestones:

   Complete initial evaluation of adsorption for
     control of indoor organic vapors and publish
     report (FY 86 RTI study)                                         1/87

   Complete tests of commercially available
     adsorption units and publish report                              1/88

   Complete theoretical evaluations of catalytic
     oxidation and absorption                                         1/88

   Prepare and publish interim guidance on tech-
     niques for controlling indoor organic vapors                     6/88

   Develop new/improved design concepts                               6/89

   Complete testing of selected prototypes of
     new/improved indoor vapor control devices                        6/91

E.  Project Contact:

   Leslie Sparks            (919) 541-2458
                            (FTS) 629-2458
                                    53

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Project 34:     Support of the Library of Congress Sick Building Syndrome Study

  A.  Objective:

     Support the Library  of  Congress SBS Study by providing  support through
     Yale University to include VOC measurements.

  B.  Background:

     The Library of  Congress  complex in Washington,  DC, was built in the late
     1970s and has  been  the  subject of numerous SBS  complaints, especially in
     the largest building which  houses 3300 employees.   Preliminary walk-thru
     investigations by NIOSH  has  not identified the  causes of the complaints.
     A more definitive diagnostic  effort is being coordinated  by NIOSH with
     DOE taking a lead role in ventilation-related measurements.  DOE has funded
     NBS for much of the ventilation work.   Yale Unviersity has also been funded
     to study the  comfort levels,  health concerns, and  relationships  to pol-
     lutant levels.

  C.  Approach:

     A screening study  is planned  in the summer of 1987 to identify concentra-
     tion ranges and areas  of concern.  Questionnaires  will  be administered
     to all employees  and selected measurements made after the questionnaire
     results have  been  analyzed.   The area to be supported is the addition of
     30-40 VOC measurements  using  canister  technology at selected locations  in
     an attempt to  characterize  the magnitude  of the VOC contribution to the
     problem.

  D.  Milestones:

     Initiate screening study                                         7/87

     Complete VOC measurements                                        8/87

     Final report                                                    12/87

  E.  Project Contact:

     Charles Rodes            (919) 541-3079
                              (FTS) 629-3079
                                      54

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Project 35:     Chamber Studies of Organic Emissions from Unvented Combustion
               Sources

  A.  Objective:

     (1)  Develop emission  testing procedures for particle-bound  and vapor-
          phase organics from unvented combustion sources.

     (2)  Generate  emission  factors  for organic  pollutants  from  unvented
          combustion  sources  (kerosene  heaters,  gas-fired space heaters,  and
          cigarettes), taking into  account  source  conditions  that may  influ-
          ence such emissions.

     (3)  Develop emission models  for unvented combustion  sources  that  account
          for the influence of major factors that affect emissions.

     (4)  Rank the  health significance  of  unvented combustion  sources,  by
          estimating  indoor concentrations  from  the  source models and  pollu-
          tant dispersion (decay models, and considering pollutant toxicities).

     (5)  Generate emissions data  to  support product standards, if  necessary
          (e.g.,  by CPSC or manufacturers).

     (6)  Gain insight  into the controllability of  the emissions by source
          modifications.

  B.  Background:

     Efforts  to  reduce  residential  energy consumption over the  past several
     years  have  fostered  a  number of  energy saving strategies  including
     weatherization and  the use of supplemental  space heaters.   Concurrent
     with the implementation  of  these strategies has been  the  increased poten-
     tial for high  exposure to a large  number of air contaminants  particularly
     from unvented  combustion sources.    The most  popular of these  unvented
     sources may be  kerosene  space heaters; over 10 million have been sold in
     the United  States  in the past  10 years.  Kerosene  space heaters  have  been
     evaluated in a number of chamber studies and test houses  for the classical
     combustion products  (NO, N02,  CO,  C02, and  S02).   These  studies indicate
     that unvented kerosene heaters used in  a residential  setting can result in
     exposure to concentrations  of pollutants greater than the  national  ambient
     air quality standards.   Laboratory studies  show that kerosene combustion
     may be  a  source  of PAH including the highly mutagenic nitrated PAHs.   In
     1986 AEERL  and  HERL completed an exploratory, large-chamber study at LBL
     to measure  organic  pollutants  including PAHs  from  unvented  kerosene  space
     heaters.  The  AEERL study  confirmed that the  kerosene combustion process
     emits  several  categories of organics  including  aliphalic hydrocarbons,
     alcohols,  ketones,  phthalates,  alkylbenzenes and  PAH.    Furthermore,
     specific mutagenic  activity was  detected by HERL  in  particulate samples
     indicative  of  the   presence of nitrated PAH.   The study,  however, was
     semi-quantitative  and  did   not provide  the  level  of detail required  to
     evaluate the  impacts  of  kerosene heaters.   Additional work  is  needed to
     quantify kerosene  emissions as well as to incorporate other  residential
     combustion sources  such  as  environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)  and unvented
     gas heaters.


                                      55

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C.  Approach:

   Due to  the need for large  scale  and a controlled environment,  further
   research on unvented combustion  sources  will  be conducted in cooperation
   with HERL  at  the J. B.  Pierce  Foundation.  The  facility  has  a  34 m3  alum-
   inum test chamber in which emissions and  emission rates can be measured in
   a tightly  controlled environment.   The research effort will  investigate
   the potential  for the emissions of trace  elements,  acid aerosols, organics
   and biologically  active  organics;   determine  the  emission  rates for
   important  species;  identify  the  conditions  which produce the highest and
   lowest  emissions,  and  predict exposure  potentials.    Emphasis  will  be
   placed  on  measuring organic emissions and evaluating  their mutagenic
   potential  under a range of heater operating conditions, e.g., heater type,
   heater age, fuel consumption rate, etc.,  typically found in the home.  The
   data from this study will also  be used to drive kerosene heater studies to
   be done in the  EPA test house.  Plans also include the extension of this
   type of study to  address environmental tobacco smoke  (ETS)  and unvented
   gas space heaters.

D.  Outputs and Milestones:

   Test procedures developed                                        9/85

   Exploratory tests completed for kerosene  heaters                 3/86

   Paper presented by Traynor et al  at APCA                          6/86

   Report on exploratory kerosene  heater study                      9/86

   Begin kerosene heater chamber study                             11/86

   Begin ETS chamber study                                          6/87

   Presentation on kerosene emissions (Berlin conference)           8/87

   Begin gas  space heater chamber study                             2/88

   Report on  ETS chamber study                                      2/89

   Report on  ga«r space heater study                                10/89

E. Project Contact:

   James White              (919) 541-1189
                            (FTS) 629-1189
                                    56

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Project 36:     Chamber Studies of Organic Emissions from Material  Sources

  A.  Objective:

     (1)  Develop emission  testing  procedures  for  use by  EPA  and other
          organizations for  measuring  evaporative and  sublimative  emissions
          from indoor material sources.

     (2)  Generate emission  factors for  organic  pollutants  for  a variety
          of  building  materials,  furnishings,  and  consumer products that
          are suspected to  be major  sources of  indoor organics, based on
          field studies.

     (3)  Develop emission models for indoor material sources.

     (4)  Rank the health significance of  material  sources,  by  estimating
          indoor  concentrations   from  the  source models  and  dispersion
          models, and considering toxicities.

     (5)  Generate emissions data  to support product standards,  if necessary
          (e.g.,  by  EPA/OPTS, CPSC, HUD,  or manufacturers).

     (6)  Incorporate  sink  effects  (adsorption)  into  objectives  (1)
          through (5).

     (7)  Gain insight on control  of  emissions by  source modification  and
          ventilation practices.

  B.  Background:

     Several  European  and  United  States  field  studies of indoor  air
     quality  in  homes  and office  buildings  have  shown  the  presence of  many
     organics at  or  above concentrations  at which  criteria  pollutants  are
     currently  regulated  (e.g.,  50-120  ug/m3).   Many  of  these  organic
     compounds are constituents  of building  materials  or other contents of
     buildings,   and  many  times  "sick building"  complaints   arise  shortly
     after  a  new building is put  into operation  or  an  existing building is
     renovated,   or new materials  are  brought in.   Clinical  specialists are
     also noting  a  rise  in  reports  of hypersensitivity to  indoor chemicals
     in  homes as well  as  office  buildings.   Although  some studies of
     organic  emission  rates  from  building materials have  been conducted,
     most notably in Denmark, there was no  ongoing  and sustained effort to
     characterize emissions   under realistic  indoor conditions  when  EPA
     started  its  research program  in  1984.   The  most  relevant work was on
     formaldehyde emissions  from pressed-wood  products.   In designing  the
     research plan  for this project,  EPA  drew  heavily on the testing
     experience  of Europeans and  Oak  Ridge National Laboratory,  where  most
     of the formaldehyde  emissions testing had been done.
                                      57

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C.    Approach:

     Research on organic emissions from indoor materials is conducted primarily
     in-house,  in the AEERL  small-chamber test  facility.   The  facility  has  two
     small chambers (each  166  liters)  where emission  rates of  volatile  organic
     compounds  can be measured as a function  of temperature, relative humidity,
     air exchange rate,  and time.  An additional 6-8 chambers for testing under
     standard conditions are being  installed  and will be  operational  by the
     summer of 1987.  Material  testing procedures  have  been developed based on
     testing experience  with various adhesives,  caulking compounds, and flooring
     materials.   An  interlaboratory testing  project  was completed with  Oak
     Ridge National  Laboratory  in  the spring of 1986;  results from testing
     emissions  of formaldehyde  from a standard pressed-wood product compared
     favorably between  the  two  laboratories.   Plans are  to expand  interlabora-
     tory comparisons in FY  87 to  include several  laboratories  in the  United
     States and  Europe,  and  cover a wide range  of  organic  compounds.   Emission
     factors obtained from  the  small-chamber  test  facility will  be checked  for
     selected materials  under actual indoor conditions in the AEERL test house,
     which is described in a separate project description.

  D. Outputs and Milestones:

     Project plan evaluated by review panel                            3/84

     RTP testing facility in operation                                4/85

     Papers by Dunn, Sanchez et al., and Merrill et al.
       submitted for publication                                      8/85

     Paper by Nelms et al.  presented at ASHRAE's IAQ'86               4/86

     Papers by Tichenor et al. presented at APCA meetings       4/86, 6/86

     Report on first interlaboratory comparisons                      9/86

     Report on testing procedures (for consideration by ASTM)         6/87

     Preliminary health risk ranking of 5-10 material types          10/87

     Presentation on emissions  from materials (Berlin Conference)     8/87

     Preliminary health risk ranking of up to 50 indoor
       materials (if expanded program)                               12/87

   E. Project Contact:

     Bruce Tichenor            (919) 541-2991
                               (FTS) 629-2991
                                       58

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Project 37:     Annual  Review of Existing Indoor Air Quality Data to Determine
               Direction of Future Programs

  A.  Objective:

     In a manner  similar  to  ECAO  review of existing  IAQ  information conduct an
     annual  review of new information and prepare an annual report.

  B.  Background:

     The SAB  review  of the IAQ program  was critical of EPA's awareness  and
     understanding of existing information.

  C.  Approach:

     Following the format  developed  during the ECAO review  of  existing data
     relevant to the  IAQ program,  continue the review annually.

  D.  Milestones:

     Annual  report, 1987                                          2/88

     Annual  report, 1988                                          2/89

  E.  Project Contact:

     Harriet Ammann           (919) 541-4930
                              (FTS) 629-4930
                                      59

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Project 38:     Review Symposium of Indoor Air Quality Information Assessment
               Document

  A.  Objective:

     Bring together experts to  peer review the indoor air quality information
     assessment document prepared  by EPA's Environmental Criteria Assessment
     Office (ECAO).

  B.  Background:

     In response to the  SAB  review of EPA's  indoor  air  program  a  information
     assessment document  is  being prepared  by  ECAO.   This  document will  be
     used to help plan  the  future direction of the indoor air program.   After
     a review draft is prepared an  external  peer review  is needed  to determine
     if the review is  accurate and comprehensive.

  C.  Approach:

     Utilize the expertise at  the  Harvard School  of Public  Health to  assemble
     indoor air quality  experts,  coordinate the review,  and  prepare a  review
     document summarizing changes  needed.

  D.  Milestones:

     Finalize agreement with  HSPH                                  10/86

     Complete research needs  document                              1/87

     Hold review symposium                                         1/87

     Final report                                                  2/87

     Hold follow-up symposium                                      8/87

  E.  Project Contact:

     Harriet Ammann           (919) 541-4930
                              (FTS) 629-4930
                                      60

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Project 39:     Support to Committee on Indoor Air Quality

  A.  Objective:

     Provide funding to support Committee on Indoor Air Quality (CIAQ).

  B.  Background:

     The CIAQ was established to coordinate Federal government efforts relating
     to indoor air quality with EPA as the lead agency.

  C.  Approach:

     Utilize extramural  contractor  to  support  the  coordination  of  CIAQ
     meetings and activities.

  D.  Milestones:

  E.  Project Contact:

     Michael Berry            (919) 541-4172
                              (FTS) 629-4172
                                      61

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Project 40:     Update and Revision of Indoor Air Pollution Information
               Assessment

  A.  Objective:

     To respond to comments  from  reviewers; summarize information known about
     pollutants discussed in the  assessment;  incorporate recent data into the
     existing document.

  B.  Background:

     If a  clear  understanding of  the hazards  posed  by exposure to  indoor
     pollutants is  to  be achieved,  information  contained in  it must be
     current.  The information assessment  is a long  document  that  continues
     to be revised as  new data,  new analyses,  or new interpretations come to
     light.

  C.  Approach:

     Literature searches  of  current  journals  are continuing to  be  made,  and
     as reviewers submit  comments  and critiques,  the document  is revised and
     updated  by  the project  officer.   Research  and  development  for
     technical  assistance will  be  provided  as needed.

  D.  Project Contact:

     Harriet Ammann           (919) 541-4930
                              (FTS) 629-4930
                                      62

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Project 41:   Establish and Update EPA's Indoor Air Reference Data Base

  A.  Objective:

     To  compile  and  maintain a  complete and  up-to-date  bibliography of
     reference materials on indoor air pollution.

  B.  Background:

     Prior  to  this  project  there  was  no  comprehensive bibliography  of
     reference materials  on  indoor  air pollution.   The Environmental  Criteria
     and  Assessment Office  (ECAO)   conducted a  thorough  search  of the
     literature  and  combined several  existing  reference   databases  to
     establish the  Indoor  Air Reference Data Base.  T^-'s source  consists  of
     a single data  base  of references for use  by  personnel  within EPA, other
     Federal agencies, State agencies, and private individuals upon request.

  C.  Approach:

     ECAO will maintain and  update  periodically  the  Reference  Data Base,
     which currently contains over 2,200 references.

  D.  Milestones

     Final version of the Indoor Air Reference Data                9/87
       Base completed

     Indoor Air Reference Data Base  update completed              12/87

     Indoor Air Reference Data Base  update completed               3/88

  E.  Project Contact:

     Darcy Campbell            (919)  541-4477
                              (FTS)  629-4477
                                      63

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