>EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Research And Development
(RD-681)
EPA/600/R-92/044
March 1992
Bioremediation Case Studies
Abstracts
•Cfr.. Printed on Recycled Paper
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EPA/600/9-92/044
March 1992
BIOREMEDIATION CASE STUDIES:
ABSTRACTS
by
Katherine Devine
DEVO Enterprise, Inc.
704 9th Street, S.E.
Washington, DC 20003-2804
EPA Contract Number P.O. 5686
Project Officer
Gregory Ondich
Office of Environmental Engineering & Technology Demonstration
Office of Research and Development
Washington, DC 20460
Office of Environmental Engineering & Technology Demonstration
Office Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC 20460
U.S. Cr-' ' •-i/ja Agaric/
Region iU- , ;
Chicago, if 60604-3590 ' ^
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NOTICE
This report has been prepared as a part of the activities of
the Data Identification and Collection Subcommittee of the
Bioremediation Action Committee (BAG). The BAG is an affiliation
of academia, government and industry representatives who share a
common goal of working collectively to expand the responsible use
of biotechnology for the prevention and remediation of
environmental contamination. All data contained within are based
on vendor-supplied information. The data contains much variation
in details and has not been verified by the compilers.
Due to the developing nature of the bioremediation industry
and the lack of standardized testing protocols, the report has
not been formally peer reviewed by the Agency; hence, the
contents do not necessarily represent the views and policies of
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or of other Federal
agencies.
The development of this document was funded by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency under contract (P.O. No. 5686) to
DEVO Enterprises, Inc. Mention of company names, trade names or
commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for hire or use.
11
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FOREWORD
This report contains abstracts of 132 case studies of
bioremediation technology applied to hazardous waste clean-up.
This report and its companion report, Bioremediation Case
Studies: An Analysis of Vendor Supplied Data, EPA/600/9-92/043,
was prepared in conjunction with the Data Identification and
Collection Subcommittee of the EPA-Industry Bioremediation Action
Committee (BAG).
One of the objectives of the BAG is to promote the full
potential of bioremediation to clean-up hazardous waste sites.
Due to the relative newness of bioremediation for hazardous waste
clean-up, there is, in comparison to other more widely used
treatment technologies, little information currently available.
This report was prepared to compile bioremediation studies in a
variety of locations and treating diverse contaminants, most of
which were previously undocumented. All data are based on
vendor-supplied information and there was no opportunity to
independently confirm its accuracy.
These 132 case studies, from 10 different biotechnology
companies, provide users with reference information about on-
going and/or completed field applications and studies. About
two-thirds of the cases were at full-scale clean-up level with
the remainder at pilot or laboratory scale. In 74 percent of the
cases, soil was at least one of the media treated. Soil alone
accounts for 46 percent of the cases. Petroleum-related wastes
account for the largest contaminant with 82 cases. Thirty-one
states are represented in the case studies.
Abstracts of these case studies have been entered into the
Alternative Treatment Technology Information Center (ATTIC) data
base to augment the already existing bioremediation information
it contains. ATTIC is an on-line, key word searchable, automated
data system which provides, without charge, information on
innovative treatment technologies for hazardous waste clean-up.
In many cases the abstracts were compiled from unorganized
information sources rather than from a single complete document.
For this reason, source documents will not be available through
ATTIC as is the case with most other ATTIC references. However,
these abstracts list the name and telephone number of a contact
person who can be a source of more detailed information.
For more information about these reports, contact Dr. Curtis
Harlin, RD-681, U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, 401
M Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. For information about ATTIC
contact Ms. Joyce Perdek, U.S. EPA, Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory, 2890 Woodbridge Ave., Edison, NJ.
111
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Notice ii
Foreword iii
Table of Contents v
Abstracts. , 1
Index 259
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: In Situ Biotreatment of Solvent Contaminated Groundwater and Soil: Field and Lab Studies
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Sam Fogel, (617) 245-6606
Developer Organization: ABB Environmental Services/Bioremediation Systems Division
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 1
STATE: CT
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): CT
History:
Beneath a system of underground tanks at a major chemical company facility in Connecticut is an area of floating
organic liquid consisting principally of toluene with smaller concentrations of ethylbenzene, styrene, methyl
methacrylate and xyiene.
Summary Text:
Beneath a system of underground tanks at a major chemical company facility in Connecticut is an area of floating
organic liquid consisting principally of toluene with smaller concentrations of ethylbenzene, styrene» methyl
methacrylate and xyiene. The contamination is concentrated at the groundwater table with up to two feet of floating
organic liquid. The floating liquid acts as a contamination source to site groundwater and soils in the vicinity of the
water table.
Over a six-month period, ABB Environmental conducted field and laboratory studies to acquire information for
the site design. The field studies included hydrogeologic studies, including a groundwater pumping and recovery
test, to estimate parameters used in a groundwater flow model; field pumping tests on the floating organic phase;
contaminant biodegradation laboratory tests on site soils and groundwater; and soil venting tests for the vadose zone.
The field and laboratory work and hydrologic model were used to design a remedial program consisting of
floating organic liquid recovery through pumping with water table depression; in-situ biological treatment of soils
and groundwater in the saturated zone through addition of nutrients and an oxygen source, peroxide, to site
groundwater; and treatment of the vadose zone contamination through soil venting.
The groundwater modeling effort resulted in a combination of groundwater extraction and reinjection wells which
provide increased gradients to expedite floating organic liquid recovery and in-situ biological treatment. The
modeling effort also provided the well locations for the design.
This is a RCRA site. ABB Environmental^ responsibilities for the full-scale job include design, permitting, and
construction. A permit to build and operate the full-scale system was recently issued by the Connecticut Department
of Environmental Protection.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
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Wastes: toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, methyl methacrylate, xylene
Media: soils, groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data: Not Available
Citation Information:
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: In-Situ Remediation of Contaminated Vadose Zone Soil At A Superfund Site
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Sam Fogel, (617) 245-6606
Developer Organization: ABB Environmental Services/Bioremediation Systems Division
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 5
STATE: IN
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): Seymour Superfund Site/IN
History:
During operation of a former solvent recycling facility in southern Indiana, leaks, spills, and poor work practices
caused significant contamination of groundwater, saturated soils, and unsaturated vadose soils.
Summary Text:
ABB Bioremediation Systems (BRS) was chosen as a subcontractor to install one of the first in-situ vadose zone
enhanced bioremediation systems at a Superfund Site. The Site is known as the Seymour Superfund Site and was
the location of a former solvent recycling facility in southern Indiana. During its operation, leaks, spills, and poor
work practices caused significant contamination of groundwater, saturated soils and unsaturated vadose soils. The
RI report estimated that soil above the groundwater table, or the upper six feet of the vadose zone, was contaminated
with approximately 200,000 pounds of volatile organic chemicals and 300,000 pounds of semi-volatile organics.
Estimate does not include groundwater contamination or other contaminated materials besides soil above the
groundwater table. The ROD, signed in 1986, prescribed an activated carbon groundwater treatment system, vapor
extraction system (VES) to remove volatile organics from upper soils and the injection of nutrients into the vadose
zone to stimulate, together with flowing air from the VES, in situ bioremediation.
BRS initially developed a work plan, quality assurance/quality control plan and a health and safety plan for the
project. All plans were reviewed and approved by the EPA's Region V remedial and QA/QC branch, Indiana
Department of Environmental Management, EPA's consultants, the prime contractor and the PRP Committee. The
work plan included sampling of site soils and subsequent laboratory tests, as well as a treatment simulation, to design
a nutrient formula and equipment necessary to inject and distribute a mineral nutrient solution to the upper soils.
All laboratory work was subjected to CLP-level QA/QC requirements. Due to variations in site permeability and
contaminant levels, various regions were identified to receive different concentrations and volumes of mineral
nutrients.
During installation of the system, 100 thousand pounds of solid forms of nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, sulfate and
trace metals were obtained and blended into an aqueous concentrate. This concentrate was delivered to the Site and
subsequently diluted prior to injection. Injection was accomplished using existing waste water subsurface injection
equipment which was modified. This included fortification of the equipments' tool bar, reinforcement of stabilizers
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and rebuilding the injectors' chisel blades to function as subsoiler bars. Injection was accomplished to a depth of
18 inches in soils having subsurface obstructions such as abandoned tanks, concrete pads, demolition debris, rebar,
etc. Over 100,000 gallons of liquid nutrient solution was ultimately injected over the 15-16 acre site by the end of
the project.
Design of the injector unit took into consideration the need for control of volatile emissions. Since the potential
for volatilizing contaminants during site activities was a concern, injection cuts were immediately filled with solution
and the furrows filled and smoothed over with disc harrows. Due to this process, no elevated levels of volatile
organics were detected above the injection zone. All work performed on site, because of other subcontractor's
activities, were accomplished using Level B safety controls. BRS did not generate any wastewater in its portion of
the project. However, the project was a multi-group effort in which other groups created wastewater in the course
of decontamination procedures, washing of rigs, etc. This water went into the groundwater treatment system. BRS
did not undertake specific microbial selection techniques. Rather, the total native populations were examined and
the parameters of the bacteria were determined to see if the site was toxic to the native populations and to determine
the level of contamination. The ROD called for BRS to inject nutrients. The next contractor would put in VES and
oxygen. A third would install a groundwater system. As a result, BRS did not do any testing since, with or without
testing results, handling of the site would not change. BRS spent approximately two years on this project, writing
documents (Health & Safety Plan, QA Project Plan, etc.), sampling lab designs, treatability studies, simulations,
design and procurement of equipment. BRS' actual remediation work took approximately 5-6 weeks.
At the completion of the nutrient injection stage, a vapor extraction system was installed to provide oxygen to
enhance the in situ bioremediation. This site was not intended to be a clean closure. Instead the ground flow is
being controlled; attempts were made to remove as many volatiles as possible. The site was fenced, a clay cap was
finally placed over the site, the site is deed-restricted, and the in situ bioremediation system as well as the VES will
be operated for the next 25 years.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: volatile organic chemicals, semi-volatile organics
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: Another one of the subcontractors has this information.
Action Level:
Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data: ABB portion of work cost approximately $350,000
Citation Information:
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: A Pilot-Scale Demonstration of the In-Situ Biodegradation of Chlorinated Ethenes in Contaminated
Groundwater by Methane-Utilizing Bacteria
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Alan Moore, (617) 245-6606
Developer Organization: ABB Environmental Services/Bioremediation Systems Division (formerly CAA
Bioremediation Systems)
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 1
STATE: MA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data N
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): MA
History:
Summary Text:
A portion of an aquifer contaminated with 2 ppm each of tnchloroethylene (TCE) and cis-l,2-dichloroethylene
(DCE) was treated in situ by stimulating the growth of methane-utilizing bacteria, which are known to degrade these
compounds. The stimulation was carried out by amending groundwater with pure oxygen gas, methane, and mineral
nutrients, and re-circulating the water through the contaminated area. Contaminated water volume was
approximately 135,000 gallons (flow of approximately 300 gallons per day throughout the study). During each of
two separate treatment periods, when all amendments were present in the groundwater, a unique compound (DCE
epoxide) known to be an intermediate of cis-l,2-DCE biodegradation was detected. This finding was taken as
evidence that the desired process had been initiated in the aquifer. Complete treatment in the test area did not occur
due to the short duration of the demonstration and insufficient distribution of nutrients. However, data indicated that
up to 25% each of TCE and DCE were being degraded in the injection area. Samples were taken throughout the
study. Estimated total number of samples taken throughout the study is 350. This approach holds promise for the
restoration of aquifers contaminated with these compounds.
A groundwater discharge permit was obtained from Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality
Engineering, and a groundwater monitoring plan was prepared. This permit required CAA Bioremediation Systems
to submit detailed description of the groundwater "discharge" including flow rates and expected concentration of a
variety of parameters. After an announcement was published in the local paper concerning the bioremediation
demonstration, a permit was issued to operate the system. Adherence to this permit required daily recording of flow
data, weekly monitoring of the injected groundwater for volatile organics, nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium, and sulfate,
and monthly monitoring of four groundwater wells for a similar list of parameters. The study, which ran for fifteen
months, is complete.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
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Wastes: trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloroethylene (DCE)
Media: groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 2 ppm each TCE and DCE
Action Level: not established
Reduction: up to 25%. each of TCE and DCE were degraded
Additional Information:
Cost Data: Approximately $110,000 which includes installation, equipment, and analytical and operations labor.
Citation Information:
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Pilot-Scale Coal Tar Composting by Forced Aeration
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Sam Fogel, (617) 245-6606
Developer Organization: ABB Environmental Services/Bioremediation Systems Division
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 1
STATE: MA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Repon Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): MA
History:
An operating utility company which served as a former coal gasification plant had heavily coal tar contaminated soil.
Summary Text:
Coal tar is a by-product of the coal gasification process used to produce a natural gas substitute. The tar contains
seventeen polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) on the EPA priority pollutant list. ABB Bioremediation
Systems (BRS) has previously shown that the volatile and soluble constituents of coal tar are readily biodegradable.
Certain tar contaminated soils are so heavily contaminated, however, that permeability is not sufficient for these types
of engineering approaches. In these cases, on-site composting was proposed as a cost-effective remedial strategy.
Composting is the biodegradation of organic wastes achieved by incorporation of nutrients and bulking agents
to provide proper drainage and penetration of air. This process has been used to treat sludge from municipal sewage
plants but has not been applied to hazardous waste streams, particularly coal tar. BRS designed and operated a field
demonstration of a static pile forced aeration compost system to treat six cubic yards of soil contaminated with about
20,000 ppm PAHs. A seven cubic yard capacity, stainless steel, mobile composting vessel was constructed and
staged at an operating utility company which served as a former coal gasification plant.
Operation involved treatment of coal tar as well as collection and analysis of leachate and off-gases. The
process also included control of volatilization during material excavation, transport, mixing, and treatment. The
degree of biodegradation attained was monitored and documented in order to define the role of composting in
comprehensive site remediations. Since this was a demonstration site, BRS was not held to any final concentration
standard. The site material was eventually approved by local regulators to be used as soil cover at an unsecured
landfill where local limits were approximately 200 ppm. Ninety to ninety-five percent of the wastes were
biodegraded in the first two weeks of the field demonstration indicating the potential use of this innovative
technology at hazardous waste sites. This project was funded by the EPA's SBIR program.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: coal tar
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Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 20,000 ppm PAHs
Action Level:
Reduction: 90-95To of the wastes were biodegraded in the first two weeks of the field demonstration
Additional Information:
Cost Data: $150,000. Includes lab treatability study for design simulation; procurement of equipment; design
and construction of stainless steel composting unit with features such as irrigation system, sampling ports, etc.;
field mobilization, including excavation of contaminated soil and preparation for composting; time spent
researching local regulator's files for best site among sites similar to this one; operation and monitoring;
demobilization; preparation of final report; removal of soil.
Citation Information:
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Pilot Scale Biodegradation of Coal Tar, Northeast Utilities Service Company (NUSCO)
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Sam Fogel, (617) 245-6606
Developer Organization: ABB Environmental Services/Bioremediation Systems Division
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 1
STATE: CT
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): Northeast Utilities Service Company (NUSCO)
History:
Summary Text:
ABB Bioremediation Systems (BRS) was contracted by Northeast Utilities Service Company (NUSCO) to carry out
a pilot demonstration of land application for the biological treatment of coal tar contaminated soil. Process design
involved the analysis of numerous samples of the original contaminated soil. One sample per week was taken for
three months on 12 different test plots. Plots tested differing amounts of nutrients and tar. Samples tested leachate
and runoff, tested for 20 different PAHs, and for available nutrients. There was also air monitoring. Approximately
100 samples were also generated during laboratory treatability studies. The field demonstration required fast turn-
around analyses of composite samples from each of 12 test plots every 2 to 3 weeks during the first three months
of treatment. The study lasted three months, although data was also taken six months after conclusion of study to
see effects of passive remediation over the fall and winter. The study involved land application only. Tar was
excavated, highly contaminated. It was spread on clean soil, and rototilled providing aeration/oxygen source. BRS
completely controlled depth as a result. Chemical fertilizers were applied. The entire process was simulated in lab
and the same data was returned. No microbes were applied. Only those naturally occurring in the slightly-
contaminated soil on which the sediment was spread and, to a lesser extent, in the sediment itself were party to the
remediation. During the three months of treatment, over 90 percent of priority pollutant PAH in the contaminated
soil was degraded.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: coal tar
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
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Action Level:
Reduction: more than 90% of priority pollutant PAH
Additional Information:
Cost Data: The remedial cost of a similar project at full-scale would be S20-S40 per cubic yard. The analysis
on a project of the size of this one is a disproportionately high component of the total cost.) Permitting was
relatively easy on this project because remediation occuned solely on site owned by the client.
Citation Information:
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Excavated Soil Treatment: Weathered Diesel Fuel
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Sam Fogel, (617 245-6606
Developer Organization: ABB Environmental Services/Bioremediation Systems Division
Demonstration Site:
EPA. Region:
STATE:
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data 'not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed , not reported
Site Name(s):
History:
Summary Text:
ABB Bioremediation Systems (BRS) recently achieved closure for on-site treatment of 3,000 cubic yards of soil
contaminated with diesel fuel. BRS' activities were initiated with composite sampling and analyses of the soil to
determine the amount of contamination and the extent of "weathering" that had occurred. Following this, a number
of laboratory tests were carried out to determine soil characteristics, moisture holding capacity, air permeability, and
mineral nutrient content. The soil was found to be fine sand with silt having sufficient permeability to allow
treatment.
A biodegradability test was performed to document the presence of an active microbial population and to
investigate nutrient requirements. For this test, samples were placed in water in sealed bottles with excess mineral
nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphate, and with excess oxygen. The bottles were analyzed at different times to
measure the rate of destruction of the diesel contaminant. Under these conditions, 93Tc of the diesel fuel disappeared
in ten days. Similar bottles, lacking mineral nutrients, showed no significant change in contamination in ten days.
This test demonstrated that a healthy population of fuel-degrading bacteria existed in the contaminated soil.
A six-foot high soil pile which covered an area of 200 feet by 60 feet was constructed on site. Forced aeration
ductwork and water/nutirent delivery systems were incorporated. The treatment system also included a leachate
recovery and recirculation system and optional carbon treatment of off-gasses. The initial concentration of total
petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) was approximately 2,800 ppm. During the first several weeks of treatment this value
dropped to 1,100 ppm TPH. The TPH then dropped to 800 ppm in three months and to 600 ppm in six months.
During this time, project monitoring was carried out in order to obtain data for process control. This included
enumeration of fuel-degrading bacteria and analyses for mineral nutrients in soil samples from the treatment pile.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: diesel fuel
Media: soil (fine sand with silt)
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Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: approximately 2,800 ppm TPH
Action Level:
Reduction: to 600 ppm TPH
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: In Situ Treatment of Gasoline Contaminated Soil and Groundwater
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Sam Fogel, (617) 245-6606
Developer Organization: ABB Environmental Services/Bioremediation Systems Division
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 9
STATE: CA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized - not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): Los Angeles, CA
History:
A former retail gasoline station owned by a major oil company was in the process of property transfer, and the
construction of a restaurant was scheduled.
Summary Text:
ABB Bioremediation Systems was contracted to conduct an aquifer remediation project at a former retail gasoline
station owned by a major oil company. The site, located within Los Angeles, was in the process of property transfer,
and the construction of a restaurant was scheduled. As a result, the remedial system had to be unobtrusive as well
as meet the requirements of all of the regulatory agencies. All above ground equipment was contained in a small
area and operated quietly.
The site was contaminated with 300 to 1000 pounds of unleaded gasoline. For in situ aquifer remediation,
geochemical analyses were carried out to determine the levels and distribution of the contaminant. The direction
and rate of groundwater flow were determined by hydrogeological testing. This was done in order to characterize
the aquifer sufficiently to allow control of groundwater flow. In addition, numerous laboratory tests were carried
out on the contaminated soil and groundwater to determine bioremediation design parameters. Groundwater and soil
from the contaminated saturated zone were subjected to a number of laboratory tests to obtain data for the remedial
design. First, the total bacterial population as well as the numbers of bacteria capable of using gasoline as their only
food source were documented by standard plate counting techniques. The gasoline-degraders ranged from 20,000
to 300,000 per milliliter of groundwater, amounting to between two and ten perceut of the total bacteria count. As
a result of the hydrogeological and laboratory testing, the treatment design was prepared. This consisted of (1)
specifications for number and placement of injection, recovery, and monitoring wells, (2) groundwater pumping rates,
(3) schedule and rate of nutrient and peroxide addition, and (4) sampling/monitoring schedule. The design document
was presented to the State of California Regional Water Quality Board, which issued the permit.
At this site, soil borings defined an area of unsaturated soil contamination of approximately 40 feet by 50 feet
which was to be remediated by soil vapor extraction. The water table is about 60 feet deep. Soil in the saturated
zone below that depth consists of sandy clay having a hydraulic conductivity of 10(-3) to 10(-4) cm/second, which
was judged sufficient for groundwater recirculation. The groundwater in this area had concentrations of total
13
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petroleum hydrocarbons as high as 220 ppm, including 24 ppm of BTX (benzene, toluene, plus xylenes). Pumping
tests carried out at monitoring wells in this area demonstrated the distance that could be influenced by pumping, and
the flow that could be expected.
In this approach, the oxygen and mineral nutrients were delivered to the contaminated area so that the bacteria
could degrade the dissolved, sorbed, and trapped hydrocarbons in place. The delivery of the nutrients, ammonium
and phosphate salts, was accomplished by dissolving them in groundwater which was recirculated through the
contaminated area. Oxygen, in the form of hydrogen peroxide, was injected directly into the recirculated water.
Water was reciiculated at a flow rate of approximately one to three gallons per minute (1500 to 4000 gallons
per day). The system was operative for ten months, achieving approximately three cycles through the treatment zone.
Groundwater samples from the extraction wells were analyzed monthly to monitor the treatment process. Samples
were taken once per month for nine months. The nine-month period included both the design study and the
treatability study. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) analyses during the first six months showed an average of
15 ppm. During the seventh month the value fell to 0.1 ppm, after which the TPH content of the groundwater
dropped to below the detection limit and remained undetectable for the next three months. The remediation, as
measured by TPH and BTX concentrations in groundwater samples and compared to California Action Levels, was
complete within six months of operation. Operation was continued for an additional four months to provide
documentation for closure.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: unleaded gasoline
Media: soil, groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: TPH as high as 220 ppm, including 24 ppm benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTX)
Action Level:
Reduction: to below detection limit
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information: Paper presented at the Third Conference on the Environmental and Public Health Effects
of Soils Contaminated with Petroleum Products, September 1988, Amherst, MA.
14
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: On-Site Bioremedial Treatment of Nitroaromatic (Explosives)-Impacted Soil
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Lori E. Patras, (213) 427-5999
Developer Organization: Biota Division of GET Environmental Services, Inc., Long Beach, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 9
STATE: CA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
QA/QC Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Hercules, CA
History:
Historic explosives manufacturing performed in the area in the early 1900's led to site contamination.
Summary Text:
Historic explosives manufacturing performed in the area in the early 1900's led to contamination of site with
nitroaromatic (NA) compounds. Traditional cleanup methods for NA compounds are costly and produce high
liability exposure for environmentally responsible persons. This investigation was performed as a prerequisite to on-
site treatment of NA-contaminated soil in Northern California as an alternative to landfill disposal. Soil samples
were collected from the site for comprehensive chemical and microbiological processing. Five species of indigenous
microorganisms were recovered which could degrade 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), dinitrotoluene (DNT, four isomers)
and dinitrobenzene (DNB, three isomers) at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10,000 ppm. Chemical analysis of
test cultures revealed no accumulation of toxic intermediates or end-products. Temperature and pH optima were
determined for all species, in addition to chemical and nutrient supplementation requirements. Synergistic and
antagonistic interactions among biodegradative species were also examined
Information from these studies were used to design an effective laboratory pilot treatment system. In general,
the lab pilot treatment system was comprised of plastic weigh boats, each containing approximately 250 grams of
soil. Such a procedure enabled numerous comparative efficacy evaluations of various treatment formulations and
scenarios. The lab pilot program, or bench-scale pilot program, was performed on representative samples of site-
specific soils upon conclusion of previously performed bench-scale biotreatability analyses. These tests identified
and evaluated physicochemical and microbiological parameters which would be required for subsequent bench- and
field-scale pilot programs, as well as full-scale implementation.
Field pilot-treatment was comparatively evaluated in test systems each containing approximately 1 cubic yard
of site-specific impacted soil. Full scale bioremedial treatment for nitroaromatic impacted soils via bioaugmentation
is not expected. While filed pilot-treatment data indicated that concentration reductions in excess of 90% were
achievable via this process, pre-established cleanup levels were lower than those achievable via bioaugmentation
in a cost-effective and efficient manner.
Biotreatability and lab pilot-treatment programs were performed in 1988-1989. Field pilot-scale testing was
15
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performed in 1990-1991.
Full scale costs were initially projected to be approximately 30-50% of those associated with landfill disposal.
No attempt was made to further clarify these projections upon conclusion of field pilot-scale program.
This case information supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: nitroaromatic compounds: 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene; dinitrotoluene (DNT, four isomers); and dinitrobenzene
(DNB, three isomers)
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 0.1 to 10,000 ppm
Action Level:
Reduction: 145.7 to 26.7 ppm (82% reduction) in 90 days for the Tab pilot treatment system and greater than
90% for the field-pilot treatment system
Additional Information: Additional information on this project may be available through the client, Mr. Bruce
Hough of Hercules, Inc., Wilmington, DE.
Cost Data: Field pilot-case testing was performed in 1990-1991. Full scale costs were initially projected to
be approximately 30-50% of those associated with landfill disposal. No attempt was made to further clarify
these projections upon conclusion of field pilot-scale program.
Citation Information:
16
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Immobilization and Intraceliular Accumulation of Selenium Through Microbial Action
Publication Date:
NT1S #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Lori E. Patras, (213) 427-5999
Developer Organization: Biota Division of CET Environmental Services, Inc., Long Beach, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 9
STATE: CA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site' Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
QA/QC Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): CA
History:
Agricultural drainage water in central California has been contaminated'by selenium
Summary Text:
Agricultural irrigation in central California results in the discharge of large volumes of water containing elevated
levels of selenium (as well as other minerals) as a consequence of naturally high concentrations of this mineral in
native soils. Depending on where these waters finally end up (such as a reservoir), soluble selenium often finds its
way into the food chain at levels that may be toxic to a variety of animals, particularly water fowl. Limiting
discharge of impacted water from agricultural fields and allowing irrigation water to remain on the irrigated land
would cause high selenium concentrations in the root zones of the plants. Such a condition can significantly damage
crops and reduce productivity, while at the same time creating the possibility of higher levels of selenium in the
plants themselves. Current remediation options are limited by high costs and logistical requirements.
Five bacterial strains, isolated for selenium-rich agricultural drainage water, were evaluated for their ability to
reduce sodium selenite (toxic) to elementai selenium (non-toxic). Additionally, tests were performed to analyze
levels of selenite reduction and intracellular accumulation of elemental selenium by pre-adapted biotransforming
isolates. The stability of immobilized selenium against reoxidation and efficiency of selenium bioaccumulation by
pre-adapted biotransforming isolates was examined. The stability of immobilized selenium against reoxidation and
efficiency of selenium recovery upon acid hydrolysis of cells was also evaluated. Selected cultures were able to
reduce the concentration of selenium in nutrient-supplemented broth from 1209 ppm to less than 0.5 ppm in ten
days. A minimum of three (3) aqueous samples were obtained to establish baseline and final concentrations. Acid
hydrolysis of cells resulted in near complete recovery of elemental selenium, which was not susceptible to reoxidation
by physical or chemical methods. These data support the development of a biological treatment system favoring
microbially-induced selenium formation, thus precluding uptake of oxidized forms into the root systems of plants,
and providing possible recovery of elemental selenium for commerce.
This lab work was performed in 1986-1987.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
17
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Wastes: selenium
Media: water
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 1209 ppm
Action Level:
Reduction: 0.5 ppm
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information: In part: Kaufman, A Keith 1991 Microrobes Provide An Effective Method for
Bioremediation of Inorganics. 'Genetic Engineering News. 11(6):3
18
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Soil
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Lori E. Patras, (213) 427-5999
Developer Organization: Biota Division of CET Environmental Services, Inc., Long Beach, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 9
STATE: CA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
QA/QC Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Santa Fe Springs, CA
History:
Approximately 18,(X)0 tons of soil located at a former oil producing facility had been contaminated with crude oil.
Summary Text:
The City of Santa Fe Springs Redevelopment Agency in California faced the question of how to clean up
approximately 18,000 tons of soil, contaminated with excessive levels of crude oil, in a safe, effective, economic and
environmentally responsible manner. Rather than haul the soil off to a landfill, relocating the pollution, the Agency
elected to bioremediate the soil. Crude oil had contaminated the soil to concentrations exceeding twice that allowed
by regulations. After conducting comprehensive studies designed to evaluate the proper microorganisms and nutrients
to use, the BIOTA process was implemented at the site. After approximately six months of treatment, levels of
contaminant had been reduced to well below state requirements resulting in clean soil which could now be reused
for property development.
BioremediaJ treatment of impacted soils was performed via on-site (above ground) technology. Soils were
placed in a preconstructed, lined bioremedial treatment cell to a depth of approximately 18 inches. A hydraulic
delivery system was utilized to apply aqueous bionutrients and biodegradative microorganisms to the treatable matrix
as required based on weekly bioprocess monitoring results. Soil mixing via tractor-drawn ripper blades was
performed weekly, concurrent with air monitoring to ensure VOC emissions did not exceed regulatory levels, i.e.,
50 ppm at 3 inches above soil surface. Beginning concentrations of crude oil averaged approximately 2500 ppm,
witli certain areas in excess of 8500 ppm. Final concentrations averaged approximately 750 ppm. Approximately
20 grab samples were taken monthly via established grid, using brass tubes (Teflon sealed and capped).
Groundwater was not impacted and, therefore, treatment was not required, but both upgradient and downgradient
water monitoring was performed as a permit condition. The cost for this bioremedial cleanup project, inclusive of
all listed activities was approximately $35.00 per yard. Actual bioremedial cleanup required approximately 6 months.
The cleanup was performed in 1990-1991.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: crude oil
19
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Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction:
Additional Information: Available by contacting the developer organization
Cost Data:. The cost for this bioremedial cleanup project, inclusive of all listed activities, was approximately
$35.00 per yard.
Citation Information:
20
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Fuel-Contaminated Soil
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Lori E. Patras, (213) 427-5999
Developer Organization: Biota Division of CET Environmental Services, Inc., Long Beach, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 9
STATE: CA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
QA/QC Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Southern California
History:
Sale and proposed redevelopment of a former industrial bottling plant and truck garage site prompted removal of
fuel pumps and associated underground storage tanks. Soil beneath the fuel pump islands and storage tanks had been
contaminated by fuel leakage.
Summary Text:
The project site consisted of a facility previously utilized as an industrial bottling plant and truck garage. Several
gasoline and diesel fuel pumps were located on the site to service the client's trucking fleet. Subsequent sale and
proposed redevelopment of the site prompted removal of the fuel pumps and associated underground storage tanks.
Biota was asked to provide a bioremedial cleanup proposal for on-site treatment of approximately 4000 cubic yards
of contaminated soil as an alternative to landfill disposal. It was estimated that the cost of treating the material,
including subcontractor costs, was approximately $50,000 (versus approximately $450,000 estimated for
transportation and landfill disposal).
A preliminary environmental assessment performed by the client's engineering contractor revealed that soil
beneath the fuel pump islands and storage tanks had been contaminated by fuel leakage. High OVA readings were
obtained from several borings at subsurface depths to 35 feet. Subsequent analytical testing of selected boring
samples revealed a TPH concentration range of 1200 ppm to 45,000 ppm, with the highest concentration observed
in samples taken at 20 feet below surface. Hydrocarbon contamination was non-detectable in samples taken from
below 20 feet. Analyses revealed no lead contamination, and groundwater underlying the site was not involved.
Approximately 20 grab samples were taken monthly via established grid, using brass tubes (Teflon sealed and
capped).
The proposed bioremedial approach called for an initial biotreatability investigation (including bench-scale pilot
assessment) to be followed by on-site field implementation (subject to regulatory approval). The results of the
biotreatability assessment revealed that, with the exception of nitrogen levels, native soil conditions were generally
consistent with those that would be required for optimal biodegradative efficiency by the two contaminant-specific
isolates (out of seven species evaluated) selected for use in the field. Supplementation of soil with appropriate
buffers and nitrogen would be required during treatment, however, for the purposes of maintaining acceptable soil
21
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pH stability, and providing sufficient replenishment of in<
growth and assimilation. The range of gasoline and diese
considerable (1-1000 ppm), as were the physicochemica
rganic nutrients depleted as a function of microorganism
. concentrations degradable in the laboratory system was
conditions under which biodegradation by the selected
isolates would occur (temp. 6-37° C, ph 6.5-8.5).
A comprehensive workplan, prepared and submitted to the lead regulatory agency, was approved contingent on
the results of the biotreatability investigation and with the minimum acceptable cleanup level established at 100 ppm
TPH.
Treatment site preparation was initiated in early November 1987. Approximately 400 cubic yards of
contaminated soil were removed from the fuel tank areas and spread over asphalt to comprise two treatment bays,
each with an area of approximately 100 yds. (length) x 20 yds. (width) x 1 yd. (depth). Although emplacement of
an impermeable liner was recommended, the client elected tc place the soil directlv on the asphalt, since plans called
for asphalt removal at the conclusion of the cleanup project as part of the redevelopment program. Vertical migration
of any leachate through the supporting' asphalt within the projected treatment time frame was not expected, nor was
any encountered.
A relatively simple hydraulic system, consisting of 3 inch pipe connected to a series of sprinklers for delivery
of aqueous bioreactive materials (buffers, nutrients, and microorganisms) was emplaced around the periphery' of both
bays. Number and spacing of sprinklers were designed to provide efficient and complete aqueous delivery coverage
to the treatable soil. Delivery systems were connected to a common pump, but dispersal of materials to one or both
treatment bays could be controlled independently. Two, 10,000 gallon water reservoirs, together with a 500 gallon
mixing tank, were connected in parallel to the suction side of the pump. The smaller tank, connected in between
the two main water tanks, was used to mix concentrated amounts of buffers, nutrients, and microorganism. These
materials would then be diluted with water from the main reservoirs and dispensed to the sprinkler heads for uniform
material application to the soil.
Prior to beginning treatment, soil was thoroughly mixed via ripping to facilitate a uniform biochemical matrix
and minimize the number of contaminant "hot spots". The degree of volatilization was minimized to a level which
was less than 50 ppm at 3 inches above the soil. Baseline samples were taken for biological and chemical analyses
prior to treatment initiation. Samples for biological monitoring have been taken weekly, and chemical analyses for
TPH levels were performed three times during the two and a half-month treatment period. Biological analyses
included tests for all physicochemical parameters (pH, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphorous, potassium, soil
temperature), as well as microbial enumeration. Modifications to the treatment regimen were made according to the
previous week's biological results. Chemical analyses for TPH levels included tests for gasoline, BTX and diesel.
Based on the results of biological and chemical tests performed prior to 2/1/88, it was believed that a portion
of the soil had been effectively remediated. This soil represented a composite of the upper 12 inches (most
oxygenated) of treated material for both bays. To facilitate more efficient mixing and oxygenation of the lower
portions of the soil bays, the remediated material was removed and stockpiled for later backfill. Evidence of
acceptable contaminant reduction in this material was obtained via certified analytical testing on 2/1/88. The project
was completed in late spring/early summer of 1986.
Within two months, samples from the removed upper portion of the treatment bays yielded non-detectable levels
of gasoline and BTX components, and levels of diesel that had been reduced to below minimum cleanup standards.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: gasoline and diesel fuel
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: TPH of 1200 ppm to 45,000 ppm
Action Level:
Reduction: non-detectable for gasoline and BTX components; below 100 ppm TPH for diesel
22
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Additional Information:
Gist Data: Treating the material, including subcontractor costs, was approximately $50,000
Citation Information: Kaufman, A Keith and Cheryl Krueger. 1988. Bioremediation of Fuel-Contaminated
Soil: A Case History. Proceedings of Hazmacon 88: Hazardous Materials Management Conference and
Exhibition. Association of Bay Area Governments. Anaheim, California. Apnl 5-7. 743-752.
23
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: On-Site Bioremediation of Phthalate-Impacted Soil from a Train Derailment in Arizona
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Lori E. Patras, (213) 427-5999
Developer Organization: Biota Division of GET Environmental Services, Inc., Long Beach, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 9
STATE: AZ
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
QA/QC Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Northern Arizona
History:
A train derailment resulted in the environmental release of predominantly butyl benzyl phthalate, urea crystals,
soybean oil and com meal.
Summary Text:
In the winter of 1989/90, a train derailment occurred in a sparsely populated area of northern Arizona resulting in
the environmental release of predominantly butyl benzyl phthalate, aplasticizer resin. Additionally, various quantities
of urea crystals, soybean oil, and commeal were concurrently discharged to the surrounding soils. Upon completion
of emergency response activities, a remedial investigation was initiated in order to determine the extent of
contamination and evaluate remedial options. It was estimated that nearly 1,600 cubic yards of soil had been
impacted with the phthalate in combination with the other released materials. Contamination was generally confined
to the upper 6 feet of soil and groundwater was not impacted.
Although a search of the literature did not reveal precedent for field bioremedial cleanup of phthalate-impacted
soil, knowledge of the chemical composition of the material supported the potential applicability of aerobic
biodegradation of this compound, and a comprehensive biotreatability investigation was subsequently initiated.
After a six week investigation, three (3) indigenous isolates were selected for pilot-testing and prospective field
utilization. In addition, phosphates and other nutrients required to maintain soil pH (between approximately 7.5 and
9.0) and replenish material assimilated by the organisms as a function of biodegradative metabolism were also
identified. Upon completion of these analyses, pilot-scale testing of the defined system commenced using weigh
boats. Upon certified analysis (via EPA 8060) of the test and control systems, it was learned that phthalate levels
in the test system had been reduced from 38,000 ppm to 20,000 ppm during the 15-day treatment period, equating
to a •MTc substrate decrease. This activity correlated with an observed increase in viable biodegradative cell
numbers. No changes in phthalate levels or microbe concentrations were observed for the untreated control.
The 1600 cubic yards of impacted soil was scattered over roughly an acre area, so initial activities were confined
to efforts toward impacted soil consolidation and stockpiling. Additionally, cow hides and railroad debris were
manually removed from the soil as they were encountered. Full-face respirators with ammonia cartridges were
utilized as a safety precaution during these and other field activities due to ammonia concentrations in the air
24
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resultant from urea decomposition.
A soil staging and layout area of sufficient dimensions to accommodate the impacted soil was prepared in
accordance with standardized procedures. These included the emplacement of a 10 ml plastic liner and 6 inches of
clean "buffer" soil over which the impacted soil was layered. The approximate depth of the treatable impacted soil
averaged two feet. To protect the soil from saturation and run-off, as well as to enhance soil warming and moisture
retention, clear plastic was emplaced over the soil during periods of anticipated inclement ^weather. A 6 inch berm
was constructed around the perimeter of the treatment area.
Subsequent to soil staging, a matrix of PVC tubing and sprinkler heads, constituting the hydraulic delivery
system, was constructed on and around the treatment cell. Manifolding and sprinkler head positioning were such
that complete aqueous coverage of the treatable soil could be achieved, while at the same time allowing
unencumbered entry and egress of the tractor-drawn tiller/ripper (for periodic soil mixing). The main PVC delivery
line was connected to a valved 200 gallon biomaterials mixing tank. Due to the rural location of the site, water for
biomaterials mixing and applications was trucked in at each treatment interval.
Upon completion of soil staging operations, a total of eight (8) soil samples, taken at approximately the 1 foot
depth were collected and analyzed for phthalate to establish baseline concentrations. These analyses revealed an
average concentration throughout the treatable matrix of 4625 ppm. Collected samples were additionally analyzed
for phosphates, ammonia, nitrates, potassium and pH. It is of special interest to note that ammonia level were in
excess of 500 ppm (in soil), while nitrate levels were nondetectable. Appropriate soil amendments (containing no
nitrogen) were subsequently added to the soil to establish suitable conditions prior to organism addition.
Initial treatment, performed one week after the nutrient supplementation described above, consisted of the
application of additional nutrients, plus 103 (of each species) of microbes per gram of treatable soil via the hydraulic
delivery system. Sufficient material was added to yield a minimum of 30% soil moisture content. Following
biomaterials application, soil mixing was accomplished using a tractor or dozer-drawn ripper lengthwise and
widthwise within the soil treatment cell.
Modifications to this treatment regimen were performed at each site visit (approximately every two weeks),
except upon the onset of inclement weather (late October) whereupon site activities were limited to periodic cover
maintenance and soil mixing (when conditions allowed).
Process monitoring coincided with each treatment visit, and was comprised of physicochemcial and
microbiological evaluation of a minimum of four (4) composite soil samples. Results of these analyses dictated any
prospective modifications to the treatment regimen. Samples for analytical testing of phthalate were taken two
months and four months subsequent to baseline testing.
Though phthalate degradation was not detected during the cold weather, it was imperative from an overall project
perspective to maintain an active biological system in readiness for maximal activity upon the return of warmer
weather. This was achieved by using psychrotolerant in addition to mesophilic organisms, plastic covering, and
rigorous monitoring of soil nutrient conditions.
As of December 1991, levels of phthalate averaged less than 90 ppm. Site closure was expected soon thereafter.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: butyl benzyl phthalate
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: an average of 4625 ppm
Action Level:
Reduction: to less than 90 ppm (99% reduction)
Additional Information:
25
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Cost Data: Estimated cost of project, inclusive of all tasks listed, is approximately $145.00/yard
Citation Information: Kaufman, A. Keith, Cheryl C. Krueger and Thomas N. Dixon. On-Site Bioremediation
of Phthalate-Impacted Soil from a Train Derailment in Arizona. (IN): Proceedings of HAZMACON 90. April
17-19, 1990. Anaheim, California. Volume E: 116-125.
26
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Soil and Groundwater Bioremediation of the Old Seattle Marketing Fuel Terminal
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. William Mahaffey, (206) 883-1900
Developer Organization: ECOVA Corporation, Redmond, WA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 10
STATE: WA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): Old Seattle Marketing Fuel Terminal/Seattle, WA
History:
A former marketing fuel terminal in Washington state had been contaminated by losses incurred during the handling
of petroleum products during 65 years of operation.
Summary Text:
Over 60,000 cubic yards of soil is contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons at a mean concentration of 2,660 parts
per million (ppm). Groundwater analyses identified benzene as the compound of concern. Ethylbenzene, toluene,
and xylenes are present at relatively low levels. Twenty-five million gallons of groundwater were contaminated.
A Remedial Action Plan for the site was required prior to full-scale remediation.
ECOVA Corporation was hired to assist in the development of a Remedial Action Plan for the fuel terminal site.
A laboratory treatability evaluation to assess treatment options and cleanup levels achievable from those options was
conducted. Options studied included no action, excavation and offsite disposal, offsite treatment, and onsite treatment
focusing on bioremediation. Activities managed in support of the Plan included design of cleanup systems and
identifying regulatory liaison and public involvement activities. The Plan served as a basis for negotiations between
the client and the lead regulatory agency, the Washington Department of Ecology, City of Seattle, which resulted
in the signing of a voluntary Order on Consent. The permits required were for demolition, grading, and sewer
discharge authorization.
Two recommended treatment alternatives, onsite solid-phase biotreatment and in sjtu. biotreatment, were selected
because of the destruction of the contaminants and significant cost savings over offsite disposal. Bioremediation of
the soils will lower the hydrocarbon contaminant level to below the agreed to cleanup level of 200 ppm. Water
cleanup criteria for the contaminants are as follows: Total hydrocarbons—15 ppm; benzene—40 parts per billion
(ppb); ethylbenzene—3.5 ppm. Once these levels are achieved, the site will be rendered clean and suitable for
development.
The Remedial Action Plan was approved by the regulatory authorities and is now being implemented by ECOVA
for full-scale remediation. This multi-million dollar project is the largest biological remediation project undertaken
in the state of Washington.
Working closely with the client, a three-component cleanup program recommended in the RAP is being
27
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implemented in the remedial program. The program includes solid-phase biological soil treatment, in situ biological
soil and groundwater treatment. For the solid-phase treatment, after demolition of existing structures onsite,
approximately 20,000 cubic yards of contaminated soil was transported via a conveyor system for biotreatment in
one of two treatment areas. Solid-phase treatment involves the excavation and processing of the contaminated soil
with a carefully controlled combination of oxygen, water, and specific nutrient mixtures. This treatment promotes
the rapid growth of naturally occurring bacteria present in the soil to metabolize and degrade the hydrocarbon
contaminants. Once completed, approximately 25,000 cubic yards of additional soil will be treated in the same
manner. Some of the treated soil may be used as backfill and compacted onsite. As of March 1991, the project is
approximately one-third complete. Over 20,000 cubic yards of soil had been treated by that time. For the in situ
soil and groundwater treatment, recovered gro.undwater is being pumped to a surface bioreactor from two off site
areas where it is amended with oxygen and nutrients and then recharged into the subsurface. In an onsite area, in
Silu biotreatment is being accomplished using a drainage blanket, trenches, and wells. As of March 1991, over 25
million gallons of groundwater had been treated onsite and over 9 million gallons treated offsite. Approximately
200 gallons of free product have been recovered.
Soil oxygenation is also being used in other areas to remove limited amounts of volatile compounds from the
shallow unsaturated soil above the in situ zone. This process entails drawing volatile contaminants through piping
placed in the soil into an air stream created by a blower system. Air from the blower system is diluted with fresh
air and vented to the atmosphere.
These remedial programs are being conducted to reduce total petroleum hydrocarbon contamination from the
mean concentration of 2,660 ppm to 200 ppm in soil and 15 ppm in groundwater. The project will be completed
in three to five years. It is the largest bioremediation project in the state of Washington.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: petroleum hydrocarbons, benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, xylenes
Media: groundwater, soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 2,660 ppm TPH average and free product
Action Level: groundwater: 15 ppm TPH; 40 ppb benzene; 1,400 ppb ethylbenzene; 14,500 ppb toluene; 4,400
ppb xylene; 50 ppb dissolved lead, soil: 200 ppm TPH
Reduction: final concentrations were (1) groundwater: 15 ppm TPH; 40 ppb benzene; 1,400 ppb ethylbenzene;
14,500 ppb toluene; 4,400 ppb xylene; 50 ppb dissolved lead; (2) soil: 200 ppm TPH
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
28
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: In Situ Vadose Zone Soil Bioremediation System
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. William Mahaffey, (206) 883-1900
Developer Organization: ECOVA Corporation, Redmond, WA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 9
STATE: CA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): CA
History:
A major California refinery has petroleum contamination in the vadose zone at depths to approximately 30 feet below
ground surface.
Summary Text:
A major California refinery has petroleum contamination in the vadose zone at depths to approximately 30 feet below
ground surface. Concentrations of diesel and heavier hydrocarbons, including lubricating oil and hydraulic fluid,
have been measured at levels as high as 100,000 ppm. The construction of a new processing facility calls for the
placement of a concrete pad over the site. The Regional Water Quality Control Board has required that petroleum
hydrocarbon concentration be reduced to eliminate the possibility of groundwater contamination.
This cleanup required the design, installation, and operation of an in sjtu bioremediation system which provides
long-term operating capability without disruption to ongoing plant operations. The three-component system design
employs oxygen and nutrient delivery systems to stimulate biological degradation of the contaminated compounds,
typically petroleum hydrocarbons. The oxygen delivery system is comprised of a series of wells which distribute
oxygen and heated air to the vadose zone; the nutrient supply system includes moisture monitoring stations, nutrient
distribution lines and associated pumps and equipment; and the process controls station operates and monitors the
system which requires minimal operator interface. These components work in tandem to insure that the chemical,
physical, and biological functions of the treatment program are succinctly integrated into the overall system operation.
ECOVA designed and installed an in situ biological soil remediation system to supply the required oxygen and
nutrients throughout the vadose zone. This stimulates the activity of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms
indigenous to the site soils to a depth of 25 ft. below ground surface in an area of approximately 30,000 sq. ft. A
series of wells located along the periphery of the soil treatment area introduces oxygen and heated air into the vadose
zone soil to stimulate natural microbial activity. A nutrient introduction system, also located below ground surface,
formulates and delivers the nutrient solution to the distribution system. An automated control system stops nutrient
addition if excessive moisture is detected in the soil beneath the area being treated.
The system is designed to treat approximately 30,000 cubic yards of soil in order to reduce concentration levels
to 10,000 ppm and to provide long-term operating capability in order to eliminate the possibility of groundwater
29
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contamination without disrupting ongoing plant operations. The system requires minimal support for operation and
maintenance. Sampling activities will be conducted throughout the duration of the project to monitor system
operation. Treatment is estimated to be 20 years.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: diesel and heavy hydrocarbons, including lubricating oil and hydraulic fluid
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: up to 100,000 ppm TPH
Action Level:
Reduction: Not available since system is currently being installed.
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
30
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Pilot Study: Bioremediation of Benzene- and Diesel-Contaminated Groundwater
Publication Date:
NTTS #:
Gov't Pub! #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. William Mahaffey, (206) 883-1900
Developer Organization: ECOVA Corporation, Redmond, WA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 9
STATE: CA
Quality Assurance -Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): CA
History:
Six leaking underground storage tanks containing gasoline, diesel, engine oil, and waste thinner products have
contaminated the groundwater in both the upper and lower zones.
Summary Text:
Six leaking underground storage tanks containing gasoline, diesel, engine oil, and waste thinner products have
contaminated the groundwater in both the upper and lower zones. A pilot-scale in situ treatment system which treats
two aquifers simultaneously has been installed. Groundwater is pumped from recovery wells to a surface bioreactor
where it is supplemented with oxygen and then recharged into the zone of contamination upgradient of the recovery
wells. This action initiates degradation of groundwater contaminants. The treatment target is drinking water
standards. It will take two to three years to complete this project. The regulatory agency involved with this effort
is the California Water Quality Control Board, San Francisco Region. A permit was required from the county
sanitary district for discharge to POTW.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: benzene, diesel
Media: groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: greater than 50 ppm VOCs
Action Level:
Reduction: System currently in operation. Target is drinking water standards.
31
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Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
32
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered: .
Last Reviewed:
Title: In Situ Groundwater Treatment
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. William Mahaffey, (206) 883-1900
Developer Organization: ECOVA Corporation, Redmond, WA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 8
STATE: MT
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): MT
History:
A chemical blending and storage facility in Montana detected more than ten million gallons of groundwater
contamination caused by unknown releases of plant wastewater over more than two years of operation.
Summary Text:
A chemical blending and storage facility in Montana detected more than ten million gallons of groundwater
contamination caused by unknown releases of plant wastewater over more than two years of operation. The
compounds released and the extent of contamination were not known. The client had been using a very costly and
difficult-to-operate activated carbon system during this time. A more efficient and cost-effective remediation
technology was required.
ECOVA was hired to define the compound and extent of contamination and to remediate the site. Initial
assessment of the extent of contamination and possibility of off-site contaminant migration was completed through
geotechnical, chemical, and microbiological analyses. Geotechnicai investigations included the installation of
monitoring wells, water sampling, and hydrogeological site characterization. ECOVA geotechnical personnel also
identified the possibility of an underground water channel that may spread the contamination plume irregularly.
Chemical analyses determined the identity of the previously unknown contaminants, as chlorinated phenolic
herbicides, at 2800 parts per billion (ppb). Microbiological analyses demonstrated that these contaminants could be
biodegraded under aerobic conditions to levels below detection limits (100 ppb).
ECOVA personnel designed a site-specific in 5im remediation system that circulates aerated groundwater using
a recovery trench and a percolation field. The in situ remediation system was designed and constructed in order to
reduce chlorinated pesticide levels in onsite groundwater to levels below 100 ppb and to prevent offsite migration
of contaminant.
The ECOVA design incorporates a dynamic groundwater control system utilizing a unique air lift and pumping
system to augment natural bioremediation. The addition of oxygen and nutrients (as required) through a system of
wells and trenches accelerates bioremediation. Pumping and percolation trenches circulate groundwater, becoming,
in effect, a very large packed-bed biological processing plant similar to those used in above-ground treatment. The
system pulls offsite groundwater back onsite until offsite concentrations are below 100 ppb. The, the biologically
33
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active zone described above intercepts and promotes treatment of groundwater. Percolation wells recharge water
pumped from the recovery system and treat suspected source areas onsite.
By utilizing existing wells for reinjection and an ECOVA-designed air lift system that eliminated the need for
pumps at each individual well, significant cost savings were realized. Overall cost savings of in situ bioremediation
vs. carbon treatment were in excess of $150,000. The regulatory agency involved with this effort is the Montana
Department of Health Services, Solid & Hazardous Waste Bureau. The permit required to do the cleanup was an
Approved Work Plan. Ongoing operation of the treatment system has been assumed by the client.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: chlorinated phenolic herbicides
Media: groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 2800 ppb
Action Level:
Reduction: to 100 ppb
Additional Information:
i
Cost Data: Overall cost savings of in situ bioremediation vs. carbon treatment were in excess of $150,000.
Citation Information:
34
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: In Situ Bioremediation of TCE
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: John Kinsella, (206) 883-1900
Developer Organization: ECOVA Corporation, Redmond, WA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 9
STATE: CA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): CA
History:
A major food processing corporation's California production facility operated a TCE-decaffeination unit for 20 years.
Over the years, the TCE percolated into the subsurface soils and groundwater.
Summary Text:
A major food processing corporation's California production facility operated a TCE-decaffeination unit for 20 years.
Over the years, the TCE percolated into the subsurface soils and groundwater. TCE from the decaffeination area
has formed a plume covering 30 acres which has entered a well used for both drinking and process waters.
Approximately 700 million gallons of groundwater have been contaminated.
ECOVA was retained to design and install an innovative (patented) pilot bioremediation system to demonstrate
the effectiveness of in sjtu TCE biodegradation. QQ situ bioremediation involves enhancing the degradation of
contaminants in subsurface soils and groundwater without excavation of overlying soil.) ECOVA's patented (U.S.
Patent No. 4,925,802) TCE in sjtu bioremediation process was successfully demonstrated. The results indicated that
ECOVA's biodegradation process achieved reduction of TCE in situ from a high concentration of 3,000 parts per
billion (ppb) to less than 100 ppb during the seven-day test. This represents a significant advancement beyond the
traditional "pump and treat" technologies generally applied to chlorinated solvent-contaminated groundwater.
The program involved a proprietary process for the introduction of nutrients, oxygen, and naturally occurring
bacteria into the subsurface. Pioneering work by ECOVA's Dr. Michael Nelson isolated the TCE-degrading bacteria
and identified a non-toxic inducer to stimulate the microbial activity. The successful integration of this method
together with hydrogeological and engineering expertise resulted in the significant reduction of TCE.
The pilot demonstration has been completed and ECOVA is awaiting authorization for full-scale implementation
of the system.
The regulatory agency involved with this effort was the California Regional Water Quality Control Board, Central
Valley. No permits have been required to date.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
"Wastes: trichloroethylene (TCE)
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Media: groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 10-3,000 ppb
Action Level:
Reduction: to less than 100 ppb
*
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
36
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Treatability Study on PCP- and PNA-Contaminated Soil and Groundwater
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. William Mahaffey, (206) 883-1900
Developer Organization: ECOVA Corporation, Redmond, WA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 8
STATE: WY
Quality Assurance Data;
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): NPL Site/WY
History:
This 100-acre plus hazardous waste site holds creosote-contaminated soil and groundwater in unlined surface
impoundments containing approximately 1 million cubic feet of waste. Pentachlorophenol (PCP), naphthalene and
phenol have migrated from site ponds and have contaminated the shallow groundwater beneath the site and a nearby
river.
Summary Text:
A former railroad tie-treating plant in Wyoming has been named to the NPL list due to significant soil and
groundwater contamination. This 100-acre plus hazardous waste site holds creosote-contaminated soil and
groundwater in unlined surface impoundments containing approximately 1 million cubic feet of waste.
Pentachlorophenol (PCP), naphthalene and phenol have migrated from site ponds and have contaminated the shallow
groundwater beneath the site and a nearby river. PCP was found to be in excess of 150 parts per million (ppm),
significantly above the acceptable limit. Other contaminants include naphthalene and phenol. Contaminant migration
extends to shallow groundwater beneath the site and a nearby river. The client was looking for an alternative to
incineration.
ECOVA Corporation was hired to conduct a 20-month treatability study and process development program to
evaluate the effectiveness of oil recovery and develop advanced in situ soil washing and bioremediation treatment
techniques for this site. The purpose of the program is to evaluate the effectiveness of oil recovery, in situ soil
washing, and in situ bioreclamation. The study has determined the rate and ultimate cleanup levels achievable with
a full-scale bioremediation program, with PCP being reduced to less than 2 ppm. The study included basic
laboratory research and bench-scale work systems design. The remediation techniques examined were:
* Surface and subsurface soil bioremediation techniques
* Soil wash leachate and groundwater treatment evaluation
Laboratory bench-scale studies included a thorough analysis of site soils and a series of micro-column studies
to determine the increased effectiveness of enhanced in situ biotreatment techniques. The results indicated that
substantial biodegradation of contaminants could be achieved in all of the areas sampled, groundwater, saturated soils
and unsaturated soils. Contaminant reduction was the greatest in the groundwater samples, followed by the saturated
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soils and the unsaturated soils.
Bacterial formulations capable of recolonizing waste soils after soil washing and degrading residual contaminants
were tested extensively. Soil washing studies showed concentrations of oil and grease and polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons were reduced by 90 percent and it was determined that soil washing followed by bioremediation is a
sound remedial technique. Soil micro-column studies were also undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of bacterial
and nutrient additions on target contaminants' degradation and the conditions that promote biodegradation. No
significant increase was detected between inoculated samples and non-inoculated samples and pH adjustment is not
recommended for use in the field.
Above-ground bioreactor testing of contaminated groundwater was evaluated and it was determined that
populations of PCP and creosote degrading microorganisms can be successfully maintained in bioreactors. Effluent
quality meets accepted requirements and it was.proven that a high flow rate is more effective than low flow rates.
Solid-phase treatment of pond bonom soils demonstrated significant reductions in waste volume even at higher
concentrations of PCP.
Currently in the final phases of the program, ECOVA has successfully proven and demonstrated that the wastes
can be bioremediated. Comprehensive pilot demonstrations, planned to begin after completion of the bench-scale
work, will verify the effectiveness of the treatment techniques and will provide design criteria, schedule, and budget
for full-scale field work. The pilot demonstration will also verify the results of the micro-column studies under
actual field conditions.
The regulatory agency involved with this effort is the EPA. No permits were required to conduct this study.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: pentachlorophenol (PCP), benzene, naphthalene, toluene, phenol, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
Media: soil, groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 150 ppm PCP
Action Level:
Reduction: target level of 2 ppm PCP
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
38
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soil
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. William Mahaffey, (206) 883-1900
Developer Organization: ECOVA Corporation, Redmond, WA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 9
STATE: CA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): CA
History:
Over 300,000 cubic yards of soil were contaminated with non-hazardous petroleum, hydrocarbons, such as Bunker
C fuel oils, at a former oil refinery tank farm.
Summary Text:
Over 300,000 cubic yards of soil were contaminated with non-hazardous petroleum hydrocarbons, such as Bunker
C fuel oils, at a former oil refinery tank farm. Soils beneath a former reservoir berm and other isolated areas in and
beneath a concrete reservoir liner contained petroleum hydrocarbons and crude oil at concentrations of up to 15,000
parts per million (ppm). Bioremediation was selected as the technology of choice to reduce the contamination level
to <1,000 ppm, the concentration level established by the Regional Water Quality Control Board. Once clean, the
site is to be redeveloped as commercial property.
ECOVA Corporation was hired to manage the bioremediation of the site. ECOVA's responsibilities on this
project included the following: Preparation of a Remedial Action Plan; Design of the Land Treatment Unit (LTU);
Biological Treatment of Soil; Onsite Mobile Laboratory Operations; Onsite Sampling of Soil; and Treatability
Evaluations. Ongoing operations included conducting biological treatment of the soil, managing an onsite mobile
laboratory, and conducting onsite sampling of soil.
Initial support was provided for the preparation of the site Remedial Action Plan (RAP), which details the scope
of work for this project, including technical considerations, work plans and a project schedule. Following approval
of the RAP by the client and regulatory agencies, ECOVA designed the LTU and directed the placement of the soil
in the LTU. A materials handling program was developed to manage the movement of large quantities of soil as
well as equipment utilization.
The treatability study was conducted to determine the optimal conditions for treatment in the LTU. The study
confirmed that it was possible to treat soils contaminated with the high levels of Bunker C petroleum product found
on the site, and also determined the proper oxygen, water and nutrient additions to support a 9-12 week treatment
time.
Excavation activities required moving more than one million cubic yards of soil (the equivalent of 189 football
fields with soil three feet deep), screening and segregating contaminated soil from non-contaminated soil, and
39
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sequentially stacking and removing "lifts" (treatment layers) of soil in and out of the LTU.
ECOVA managed the site biological treatment processes, which consisted of irrigating, aerating and tilling the
soil to bring microorganisms, contaminants and oxygen into contact with each other to promote biological
degradation. The use of proprietary techniques for treating contaminated soil enhanced the population of natural
microbes which were found at the site and were known to degrade petroleum. Special methods of soil manipulation,
nutrient addition and oxidation promote the biological destruction of petroleum.
ECOVA conducted chemical and microbiological monitoring during the remediation process to manage operating
parameters. A comprehensive sampling program was developed to support excavation control as well as sampling
during bioremediation. The company designed, furnished and placed a mobile biochemistry laboratory on the site.
The onsite mobile laboratory is configured to analyze petroleum hydrocarbons (by infrared and gas chromatography),
inorganic nutrients, pH, total organic carbon, and moisture content on soil samples. The lab, equipped with one gas
chromatography (GC) and two infrared (IR) stations, screened excavated material for treatment and monitored the
microbiological progress of the land treatment areas. To support these operations, a PC-based laboratory data
management system was custom designed and written for ECOVA The system provided direct data input for each
sample from the moment it was taken in the field (via a laptop computer) and tracked each sample from analysis
through production of a finalized custom report.
Staffed with environmental chemists and microbiologists, the lab analyzed up to 200 samples per day during peak
periods of production. Over 35,000 samples were analyzed during the project. It is estimated that the onsite
laboratory saved the client over $4 million in outside lab costs. In addition, the computerized tracking system
significantly increased efficiency by automating the running of calculations and statistics, insuring the integrity of
sample tracking, and producing custom reports.
The bioremediation project was successfully completed in 18 months in January 1991 with the treated soil
remaining onsite. This soil may now be used as fill or foundation material in the commercial re-development
program.
The regulatory agency involved with this effort was the California Regional Water Quality Control Board,
Southern California. A permit for air was waived while quarterly monitoring of groundwater was required.
This case information was supplied by the vendor. ;
Wastes: petroleum hydrocarbons — bunker oil, fuel oils
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 7,500 ppm
Action Level:
Reduction: to less than 1,000 ppm
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
40
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Solid-Phase Bioremediation
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov-t Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Thomas Maziarz, (206) 883-1900
Developer Organization: ECOVA Corporation, Redmond, WA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 9
STATE: CA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): CA
History:
An international heavy equipment manufacturer required remedial activities to cleanup 16,000 cubic yards of soil
contaminated with gasoline, diesel and heavy oils. The contamination had occurred over 64 years of the facility's
operation and the soils had been removed to an offsite location.
Summary Text:
An international heavy equipment manufacturer required remedial activities to cleanup 16,000 cubic yards of soil
contaminated with gasoline, diesel and heavy oils. The contamination had occurred over 64 years of the facility's
operation and the soils had been removed to an offsite location.
ECOVA Corporation conducted a treatability study to determine the effectiveness of bioremediation. Initial
chemical analysis revealed that 16,000 cubic yards of soils contained total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) ranging
from detection limits to 4,167 ppm, and low concentrations of volatile organics. A microbial evaluation detected
a number of aerobic microorganisms in the site soils that were potentially usable for biodegradation. The bench-
scale tests revealed that degradation of petroleum contamination occurred relatively rapidly and that the application
of nutrients was necessary.
The objective of the treatment program was to lower TPH concentrations to <100 ppm for acceptance in a Class
III landfill and restore the site within a six month timeframe. The bioremediation program consisted of the
construction of an onsite soil treatment facility, operation of the facility for approximately six months, disposal of
the treated soils in a Class III landfill, and site restoration. Due to the treatment area size, the contaminated soils
required treatment in two layers, or lifts. Baseline, verification, and clearance sampling and analysis was conducted
for each of the two lifts. Treatment operations consisted of daily aeration of the upper lift soils with the addition
of water and nutrients to promote and maintain optimum microbial activity.
Treatment of the first lift soils (approximately 7,500 yd5) reduced average TPH concentration from 1,274 ppm
to below 100 ppm TPH in approximately nine weeks. Treatment of the 9,500 yd3 of second lift soils reduced
average TPH concentration from 180 ppm to below the 100 ppm TPH cleanup level in less than five weeks.
Site restoration activities involved returning the site to original grade and removing all major equipment, trailers,
and supplies; the project was completed within six months of initiating cleanup activities. The regulatory agency
41
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involved with this cleanup was the California Department of Health Services. There were no permits required for
this effort.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: total petroleum hydrocarbons, gasoline, diesel, miscellaneous lubricants
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: detection limits to 4,167 ppm; 1300 ppm average
Action Level:
Reduction: to less than 100 ppm
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
42
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date .Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Contaminated Soil
Publication Date:
NTIS #-.
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: John Kinsella, (206) 883-1900
Developer Organization: ECOVA Corporation, Redmond, WA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 10
STATE: WA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): WA
History:
600 cubic yards of soil had been contaminated with gasoline at a former gas station site.
Summary Text:
600 cubic yards of soil had been contaminated with gasoline at a former gas station site.
ECOVA Corporation conducted a complete site assessment, followed by a treatability evaluation prior to
initiating onsite treatment at this former gas station. Six monitoring wells were installed to conduct an ongoing
monitoring program. Implementation of the soil cleanup activities began with the excavation and removal of
underground storage tanks, installation of a free-product recovery trench, and construction of a lined treatment bed.
Onsite biological processing of the soil was conducted in 200-yard batches. Once decontaminated, clean soil was
returned to the excavated site and compacted. ECOVA met the treatment targets of less than 2UO ppm TPH for soil.
The treatment took 5 weeks per lift for the soils. In addition, there was greater than 26 ppm TPH in water and free
product. Two hundred ninety thousand (290,000) gallons of water were treated using an oil/water separator; 580
gallons of free product was recovered. The regulatory agency involved with this effort was the Washington
Department of Ecology. There were no permits necessary for this project.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: gasoline - benzene, toluene, xylene
Media: soil, groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 740 ppm TPH in soil
Action Level:
43
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Reduction: to less than 200 ppm TPH in soil
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
44
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Excavated Soils Contaminated with Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
GoVt Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: John Kinsella, (206) 883-1900
Developer Organization: ECOVA Corporation, Redmond, WA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 10
STATE: WA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): WA
History:
Approximately 800 cubic yards of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons from previous operations was
stockpiled at former petroleum terminal.
Summary Text:
Approximately 800 cubic yards of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons from previous operations was
stockpiled at former petroleum terminal. The soil was reportedly contaminated with a mixture of gasoline, diesel
fuel, and other oils. The soil had to be prepared for disposal.
Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) had to be reduced from 800-1,000 parts per million (ppm) to below 200
ppm. ECOVA implemented a modified solid-phase biological treatment program to decontaminate the soils for
disposal. The contaminated soil was moved to an adjacent treatment area and, using biological processing in
conjunction with air stripping, the soil was remediated to a level acceptable for disposal in a Class III landfill.
At the treatment facility site, several difficult problems were encountered. Access for heavy equipment was
extremely limited by fencing, a process water lagoon, an oil water separator, and a buried storage tank. The area
available for spreading the contaminated soil was also limited, making it necessary to conduct the treatment operation
in lifts or layers. Once the contaminated soil was placed in the treatment facility and sampled, treatment operations
commenced. Proprietary nutrient formulations were added to the soil, and tilling operations were conducted
periodically. During dry weather, soil water moisture was controlled in the optimum range of 10 to 20 percent by
use of overhead sprinklers. Control of water content not only enhanced microbial action, but controlled dust
emissions during tilling.
The results of the treatment operation demonstrated the effectiveness of biodegradation of petroleum
hydrocarbons. Within 35 days of commencement of treatment operations, the initial layer of soil had been
decontaminated to the required cleanup level of below 200 ppm. Total treatment time was three months. The
regulatory agency involved with this effort was the Washington Department of Ecology. ECOVA had to obtain
permission to dispose of the treated material from the Department of Ecology.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
45
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Wastes: petroleum hydrocarbons - gasoline, diesel
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 800-1,000 ppm
Action Level:
Reduction: to less than 200 ppm
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
46
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Lab Study: Biodegradation of Oily Waste
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. William Mahaffey, (206) 883-1900
Developer Organization: ECOVA Corporation, Redmond, WA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: NA
STATE: NA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s):
History:
Summary Text:
ECOVA conducted a series of bench-scale evaluations to determine the rates at which oily waste sludges could be
biologically degraded. The relative rates of degradation achievable with solid-phase and slurry-phase systems were
determined. Two types of waste, a solid diatomaceous material and a fairly liquid sludge, were used in the
evaluations. The bench-scale study proved bioremediation successful in reducing oil and grease levels to below
20,000 ppm. Solid-phase treatment proved more efficient than slurry-phase treatment. The pH was successfully
raised from 1.0 to more than 6.0. Bioremediation of the soils appears to be the lowest cost alternative compared to
either solidification or incineration.
The study took four months. The regulatory agency involved in the project was the Oklahoma State Department
of Health. No permits wep required because this was a bench-scale effort
This case information was supplied by the vendor
Wastes: hydrocarbons, sulfuric acid
Media: oily waste sludges
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 500,000 ppm oil and grease; pH 1.0
Action Level:
Reduction: to 20,000 ppm oil and grease; pH 6.0
Additional Information:
47
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Cost Data:
Citation Information:
-------
ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Former Wood Treating Site
Publication Date:
NTIS th
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: John Cioffi, (206) 883-1900
Developer Organization: ECOVA Corporation, Redmond, WA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 5
STATE: MN
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): NPL Site/MN
History:
Wood treating operations conducted over a period of 60 years resulted in soil and groundwater contamination with
pentachlorophenol and creosote.
j
Summary Text: ;
Wood treating operations conducted over a period of 60 years resulted in soil and groundwater contamination with
pentachlorophenol and creosote. The 30-acre site is included on the U.S. EPA National Priorities List and on the
Minnesota Permanent List of Priorities. There was an estimated 30,000 tons of waste to be treated.
ECOVA developed and implemented a unique engineering design for solid-phase biological treatment of the
PCP-contaminated soils. This cleanup was conducted in two phases. In Phase I, 17,000 cubic yards of soil were
treated. During three months of operation, PCP levels were reduced from 360 ppm to 110 ppm, significantly below
the target concentration level of 150 ppm. Polynuclear aromatics (PNAs) were reduced to 100 ppm. Prior to
initiating remedial activities, a laboratory bench-scale evaluation was conducted by ECOVA to verify the
effectiveness of biological treatment activities.
The scope of work included the design of an 8-acre land treatment unit (LTU), solid-phase biological treatment
of 17,000 cubic yards of contaminated soil to the specified treatment level, chemical and microbiological analyses,
and heavy equipment operations and maintenance. Dust and organic vapor levels were monitored throughout the
project with readings taken from the perimeters of the site and by individuals working the LTU. In Phase II, 20,600
cubic yards of soil were treated.
An aggressive project schedule was implemented in mid-1989 to begin treatment prior to a winter shutdown.
The project was restarted in April 1990, treated through Summer 1990, and restarted in the spring of 1991. Phase
II treatment was slated for completion in the summer of 1991.
The regulatory agency with jurisdiction over this effort was the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. There were
no permits required.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: pentachlorophenol (PCP), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, creosote
49
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Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: Up to 3,000 ppm. 360 ppm average
Action Level:
Reduction: to 150 ppm
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
50
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ATTIC Control No.
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of a Pesticide-Contaminated Site
Publication Date:
NTIS fc
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. William' Mahaffey, (206) 883-1900
Developer Organization: ECOVA Corporation, Redmond, WA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 8
STATE: ND
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): ND
History:
On April 7, 1987, a warehouse fire at a major agricultural distributorship ignited stored pesticides, completely
destroying the facility. Firefighters responding to the scene used water to extinguish the flames, spreading pesticides
into the surrounding soil, groundwater and a nearby creek.
Summary Text:
On April 7, 1987, a warehouse fire at a major agricultural distributorship ignited stored pesticides, completely
destroying the facility. Firefighters responding to the scene used water to extinguish the flames, spreading pesticides
into the surrounding soil, groundwater and a nearby creek.
ECOVA managed soil and groundwater bioremediation at the site; the remediation program involved treatability
evaluation, extensive material handling, soil and material segregation, and the use of solid phase, slurry phase and
in. situ biological techniques. Initial feasibility studies were designed to establish the effectiveness of biological
treatment of pesticide-contaminated soils and groundwater and to identify the treatment conditions needed to
maximize biodegradation of the compounds present at the site. These studies showed that moderately contaminated
soils containing less than 200 ppm 2,4-D and MCPA could be treated in a solid-phase system to reduced
contamination to 10 ppm (meeting regulatory criteria) in about two weeks. Slurry-phase evaluations indicated that
highly contaminated soils could be rapidly treated in a slurry system, reducing contaminants from approximately
13,000 ppm to 2,000 ppm in 16 days.
Using the treatability data, the biological treatment techniques proven effective in the laboratory were
implemented in the field to remediate soil contaminated with the complex mixture of herbicides and insecticides.
ECOVA designed and constructed an onsite five-acre, clay-lined treatment bed, and also delivered mobile bioslurry
and liquid-phase bioremediation units to the treatment location. The treatment area was constructed with an
engineered clay liner 12 inches thick and a drainage system to control water movement both inside and outside the
facility. 10,000 cubic yards of soil were removed from the bum site and along the length of the contaminated creek
and transported to the treatment location. The soil was spread on the treatment bed to an average depth of 15 inches.
The soil was tested for contaminant levels; separated according to the extent of contamination, and prepared for
treatment by the removal of rocks and debris.
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The more highly contaminated soils were pre-treated in slurry bioreactors before placement in the solid-phase
treatment area. A mobile soil slurry bioreactor system was used to treat more than 750 cubic yards of soil
contaminated with up to 1,500 ppm 2,4-D and MCPA. Three slurry bioreactors were set up at the site, along with
equipment to slurry the soil and optimize the biodegradation process. Material was withdrawn from a stockpile of
highly contaminated soil and added to a trammel unit that slurried the soil and separated out stones and rubble greater
than 1/4 inch in diameter. The slurry was then pumped into 26,000-gallon bioreactors. Each reactor was capable
of holding approximately 60 cubic yards of soil. Temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen were controlled to increase
the rate of degradation.
Biodegradation of pesticides in the soil slurry reduced 2,4-D and MCPA levels from 800 ppm (400 ppm in the
slurry) to less than 10 ppm in 13 days. The estimated half-life was 2.1 days. Upon completion of the biological
treatment, the slurry was spread onto the solid-phase treatment facility for further contaminant reduction.
Solid-phase treatment of approximately 12,000 cubic yards of less contaminated soil (containing less than 200
ppm of contaminants) was performed on the five-acre lined treatment bed. During the three months of field
operations, soil conditions were optimized for biological activity by daily tilling and maintaining the soil moisture
content between 8 and 15 percent by weight. The combined 2,4-D and MCPA concentrations decreased from 86
ppm to 5 ppm during the three months of operation of the solid-phase treatment facility. In addition, more than one
million gallons of contaminated water was treated biologically. The water was treated in onsite bioreactors and then
either discharged or applied to the solid-phase bioremediation facility to maintain moisture content.
Groundwater was treated with innovative in situ bioremediation techniques which reduced the treatment time by
half. An upgradient injection gallery was established to flush treated water and nutrients, as required, through the
contaminant plume. Dunng treatment, the groundwater was monitored to guard against off-site migration. During
the winter of 1987, more than five million gallons of groundwater was treated.
The site has been restored to its original condition and a site closure plan prepared in accordance with appropriate
regulations. The treatment took a total of three months.
The lead regulatory agency with jurisdiction over this project was the North Dakota State Department of Health.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: pesticides: 2,4-D, MCPA, trifluralin, alachlor, carbofuran
Media: soil, groundwater, water
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 10-200 ppm (86 ppm average) 2,4-D, MCPA combined
Action Level:
Reduction: to 5 ppm
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
52
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Process Development and Bioremediation of Soil
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. William Mahaffey, (206) 883-1900
Developer Organization: ECOVA Corporation, Redmond, WA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 6
STATE: TX
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): NPL Site/Gulf Coast, TX
History:
An abandoned refinery site on the NPL in the Texas Gulf Coast contained numerous pits holding approximately
60,000 cubic yards of waste contaminated with styrene tar and other organic materials.
Summary Text:
An abandoned refinery site on the NPL in the Texas Gulf Coast contained numerous pits holding approximately
60,000 cubic yards of waste contaminated with styrenc tar and other organic materials. The site is located adjacent
to a housing development and public concern and awareness is extremely high. The site contains rubble and debris
in the pits, posing significant materials handling problems. The contaminant of particular concern is phenanthrene,
detected at 500 parts per million (ppm), significantly above the acceptable limit of less than 1 ppm. Treatment of
styrene tar is limited to incineration but significant public resistance has made this treatment option less desirable
as the only waste treatment process.
ECOVA Corporation was retained to conduct a process development and treatability study for bioremediation
of the soil. An ECOVA field team completed a site assessment and took soil samples used to conduct biotreatabiliry
evaluations in ECOVA's corporate laboratories. These evaluations demonstrated that the waste could be successfully
biodegraded (phenanthrene to <1 ppm) and a field demonstration was initiated.
A pilot-scale, solid-phase air stripping and biological treatment facility was constructed to demonstrate the
feasibility of bioremediating contaminated soils and organic residues. The four-month field pilot demonstration of
solid-phase soil bioremediation simulating system characteristics and operating conditions of a full-scale operation
was conducted. Facilities included the design and construction of an all-weather access road, a soil containment
enclosure, and an air management system. Air, noise, and dust control were critical due to the close proximity of
the housing development.
Mobilization of a field office and microbiological management unit for onsite laboratory analysis supported the
project team. The treatment facility consisted of an enclosed, lined treatment bed containing 200 cubic yards of
contaminated soil from a backfilled storage lagoon at a former refinery site. The liner was an 80 mil HDPE
synthetic membrane with heat-welded seams. A sand drainage layer was placed on top of the liner and a six-inch-
thick layer of contaminated soil placed on top of the sand. Nutrients and inoculum were applied to the treatment
53
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bed through an overhead spray system. The treatment bed was tilled daily to increase soil surface area and provide
aeration. Volatile emissions from the treatment bed were contained by a plastic-film greenhouse and routed to
carbon adsorption units. The treatment targets were VOCs: 260 ppb, and phenanthrene: 5,808 ppb average.
Sampling after 21 days of operation indicated that greater than 99% of the volatiles present on the contaminated soil
had been removed by air stripping. Samples collected after 94 days of operation demonstrated than an average 89%
of the semi-volatile compounds were degraded. Phenanthrene concentrations were reduced an average of 84 percent.
Phenanthrene had a half-life of 33 days in the study. This was a significant improvement in degradation rate over
the 69 to 298 day half lives reported in the literature. The data indicated that approximately 131 days would be
required for the phenanthrene concentration to reach the analytical detection limit using the EPA approved
procedures.
Process development and evaluation of materials handling systems were subsequently conducted. Process
development involved an investigation of alternative biological treatment systems, such as slurry bioreactors, to
enhance degradation times. The study lasted three months.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: volatile organic compounds (VOCs): ethylbenzene, styrene, toluene; semi-volatile compounds: phenanthrene
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediaiion
Concentrations: VOCs: 26,000 ppb average, phenanthrene: 36,300 ppb average
Action Level:
Reduction: VOCs: 99%; phenanthrene: 84%
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
54
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Remediation of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Groundwater
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. William Mahaffey, (206) 883-1900
Developer Organization: ECOVA Corporation, Redmond, WA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 9
STATE: CA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): CA
History:
At a chemical blending, storage, and distribution facility, underground storage tanks containing chemical solvents
have contributed to large-scale groundwater contamination with chlorinated hydrocarbon and soluble organic
materials.
Summary Text:
At a chemical blending, storage, and distribution facility, underground storage tanks containing chemical solvents
have contributed to large-scale groundwater contamination with chlorinated hydrocarbon and soluble organic
materials. The site is on the National Priority List (NPL). An existing air stripping system was not effective in
bringing the groundwater into compliance limits. The NPL site is subject to cleanup standards and discharge limits
as established by the regional office of the U.S. EPA and the California Regional Water Quality Control Board.
ECOVA Corporation was contracted to operate a groundwater decontamination system using a two-step process
employing air stripping in conjunction with a bioreactor system. This system, currently in operation by the client,
combines physical and biological technologies to remove a complex mixture of contaminants from site groundwater.
Groundwater and soil investigations conducted previously revealed that the groundwater beneath the facility was
contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and soluble organic compounds including chlorinated
hydrocarbons, aromatic compounds and various ketones, alcohols, and glycols. ECOVA conducted biological
treatability studies and designed and constructed a pilot-scale demonstration unit. The pilot-scale air stripper was
scaled to one-tenth the capacity of a full-size unit, to a height of 13 feet. The internal packing used in the pilot
version was identical to that in the field but smaller in diameter to simulate the same area-to-liquid ratio. A
groundwater feed pump capable of providing up to 5 gpm, a blower capable of up to 70 cfrn, and an effluent
collection system completed the pilot-scale system.
These preliminary tests provided essential information for design of the full-scale treatment system, such as
expected stripping efficiency and biodegradation rates. The laboratory study also developed the microbial inoculum
used in the full-scale field bioreactor. —
The treatment system includes seven groundwater recovery wells, a hydraulic control system, an air stripper to
remove VOCs of low solubility, and a biological treatment system to remove soluble organic compounds. The air
55
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stripper is a 35-foot high column with internal packing that increases air-to-liquid surface contact. Contaminated
groundwater enters the top of the unit and forms a cascading film as it drops through the packing material.
Simultaneously, air is blown upward from the bottom of the columns, thus "stripping" volatile hydrocarbon molecules
from the water. The air stripper has a working capacity of 50 gallons per minute (gpm).
Following removal of the volatile organics, groundwater is transferred to the bioreactor for degradation of the
soluble organics. The bioreactor is a 10,000-gallon tank seeded with a microorganism/nutrient inoculum specifically
acclimated to biodegrade the remaining soluble organic contaminants. The bioreactor contains an agitator to provide
aeration and instrumentation for monitoring contaminant levels and biodegradation rates. ECOVA met with
California regulatory agencies to gain approval of system design and achievable treatment levels.
The system was initially operated on a batch discharge basis; effluent was collected in tanks and discharged to
the storm sewer only after sampling confirmed that all discharge requirements were met (chlorinated hydrocarbons
less than 500 ppb and soluble organics less than 1 ppm). The system was put on continuous discharge to the storm
sewer under a NPDES permit in July 1987, after sample results proved that contaminant levels were consistently
reduced below discharge limits at a process flow rate of 18 gallons per minute.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: chlorinated hydrocarbons and soluble organics; acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), methyl isobutyl ketone
(MIBK), isopropanol (IPA), ethylene glycol (EG), and a number of chlorinated solvents
Media: groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: ketone solvents: up to 500 ppm; chlorinated solvents: up to 800 ppm; aromatic solvents: up to 100
ppm
Action Level:
Reduction: Ketone solvents to 500 ppb; Chlorinated solvents to 1 ppm; Aromatic solvents to 1 ppm
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
56
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Plant Effluent Treatment
Publication Date:
NTIS *.
Gov-t Publ #
Contact-
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. William Mahaffey, (206) 883-1900
Developer Organization: ECOVA Corporation, Redmond, WA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 8
STATE: MT
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): MT
History:
A pesticide production plant in Montana produces 3,000 gallons of pesticide-contaminated effluent per day. The
effluent contains pesticides, alcohols and other phenolics in levels exceeding 6,000 parts per million (ppm).
Summary Text:
A pesticide production plant in Montana produces 3,000 gallons of pesticide-contaminated effluent per day. The
effluent contains pesticides, alcohols and other phenolics in levels exceeding 6,000 parts per million (ppm). An
activated carbon system was treating the effluent at considerable expense. Alternative treatment methods were
desired.
ECOVA Corporation was contracted to conduct a bench-scale treatability study to determine the most appropriate
and cost-effective treatment program. The treatability study proved bioremediation the most successful process for
treating the complex waste in terms of efficiency of treatment, cost-effectiveness of full-scale implementation, and
potential application for similar waste streams. Full-scale engineering design was based on the information provided
by the bench-scale studies, plant information, waste characteristics and applicable treatment standards.
ECOVA designed a plant effluent treatment system which will treat 3,000 gallons per day, transforming the
pesticides into carbon dioxide and water. The system is designed as a zero-discharge system that incorporates
alcohol recovery as well as clean water reuse in plant operations. No permits are required and no off-site disposal
of waste is necessary. The regulatory agency with jurisdiction over this effort was the Montana Department of
Health Services.
The system will reduce contaminant levels from 6,000 ppm to less than 100 ppm. It is estimated that this
treatment program will save the client more than $300,000 per year than the previous activated carbon program.
The system has been operational since Fall 1988.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: pesticides: 2,4-D, MCPA; alcohols: 2-methyl-l-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-ethyl-l-hexanol; other
phenolics: 4-chloro-2-methylphenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenols
57
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Media: process waste stream
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 6,000 ppm phenolics
Action Level:
Reduction: to less than 100 ppm phenolics
Additional Information:
Cost Data: It is estimated that this treatment program will save the client more than $300,000 per year than
the previous activated carbon program.
Citation Information:
58
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Remediation of PCP-Contaminated Soils
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: ' Dr. William Mahaffey, (206) 883-1900
Developer Organization: ECOVA Corporation, Redmond, WA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 10
STATE: OR
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): OR
History:
The site was previously operated as a PCP mixing facility to produce products for a wood treating chemicals
manufacturing and distribution firm. During the time of plant operation, soils beneath and nearby the processing
units became contaminated with the PCP product, especially around the drum and tank loading areas.
Summary Text:
A tank farm operator in Oregon can no longer dispose of PCP-contaminated wastes due to the Land Disposal
Restrictions. The site was previously operated as a PCP mixing facility to produce products for a wood treating
chemicals manufacturing and distribution firm. Operations included melting blocks of virgin PCP, mixing with
mineral spirits and repackaging the mixture for shipment. During the time of plant operation, soils beneath and
nearby the processing units became contaminated with the PCP product, especially around the drum and tank loading
areas. The small batch mixing operation generated wastes contaminating groundwater and soils with up to 8,000
parts per million (ppm) of PCP in a 3,500 cubic yard area. Innovative and cost-effective alternatives to incineration
are required to treat the soil and contaminated groundwater.
ECOVA Corporation conducted a Treatabihty Study of biological and physical (soil washing) techniques to
remediate the PCP-contaminated soils and groundwater. The program included assessing PCP biodegradation
potential, design, and installation of slurry/liquid treatment facilities to accomplish effective biodegradation of PCP
contamination, dewatering the slurries after treatment, and final disposal of treated soil and groundwater.
The bench-scale evaluations indicated that the approximately 3,700 cubic yards of contaminated soil could be
treated to final PCP concentrations of 0.5 ppm from average concentrations of 300-500 ppm up to 8,000 ppm. An
innovative treatment approach, which utilizes contaminated groundwater as make-up water in a slurry bioreactor
system for soil washing and biotreatment, was developed and implemented.
Field application of the slurry/liquid treatment system designed by ECOVA resulted in a 99 percent decrease in
PCP concentrations over a 24-day period. The treatment systems used at the site use PCP biodegradation operating
procedures developed by ECOVA Site operations continued until Spring 1990. The client realized savings of
approximately $150 per cubic yard in project costs. The PCP levels were reduced from an average of 680 ppm to
less than 0.5 ppm after treatment. Although no permits were required for this cleanup, regulatory consulting services
were to be provided to the client as needed to assist in negotiations with the Oregon Department of Environmental
59
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Quality. Alternative treatment of the waste using incineration would increase project costs by approximately
$600,000. The treatment was completed in 12 months.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: pentachlorophenol
Media: sandy soil, groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 2-8,000 ppm; 680 ppm average
Action Level:
Reduction: to less than 0.5 ppm
Additional Information:
Cost Data: The client realized savings of approximately $150 per cubic yard in project costs. Alternative
treatment of the waste using incineration would increase project costs by approximately $600,000.
Citation Information:
60
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation/Engineering Oversight for Superfund Site: French Limited Project
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: David D. Friday, P.E., (504) 293-2033
Developer Organization: Environmental Remediation, Baton Rouge, LA office
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 6
STATE: TX
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): French Limited Project/Crosby, TX
History:
The area was used as a disposal site on a 30-acre wetland tract.
Summary Text:
The French Limited project is a National Priority List (NPL) site located east of Houston, Texas. It consists of a
7.3-acre lagoon and former sand pit which was used as a disposal site on a 30-acre wetland tract. The PRPs which
make up French Limited Task Group (FLTG) have spent more than $20 million in remedial investigation, feasibility
study and demonstrations to develop a bioremediation closure. The remedial action plan for this site has been
approved by USEPA and the site is now under remedial design.
In July of 1990, ENSR was selected as the prime remedial design contractor for this site. In the fall of 1990,
Environmental Remediation, Inc. (ERI) was selected as a bioremediation/engineering oversight contractor reporting
directly to FLTG. ERl's role consists of reviewing the bioremediation process design, operation, monitoring and
control, and recommending changes to facilitate better operation and reduced costs. ERI is also consulting with
FLTG on subsequent remedial phases including potential in situ bioremediation of groundwater. Since ERI's
involvement, this site has been redesigned as a pure oxygen application using high flow slurry eductors in
combination with direct-drive mixers and dredges to excavate and mix subsurface soils. The sand pit and lagoon
remediation will be concurrent, beginning in January 1992. The entire site will be remediated using bioremediation
technology. Nutrients and pH control chemicals will be used. The five site criteria compounds are: benzene, vinyl
chloride, benzo(a)pyrene, arsenic, and PCBs. An 85-95^ removal efficiency is expected.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: benzene, vinyl chloride, benzo(a)pyrene, PCBs
Media: soil, sludge
Technology: bioremediation
61
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Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction: An 85-95% removal efficiency is expected.
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
62
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of RCRA Impoundments at Oil Refinery
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: David D. Friday, P.E, (504) 293-2033
Developer Organization: Environmental Remediation, Baton Rouge, LA office
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 7
STATE: MO
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): MO
History:
A former oil refinery site in the Kansas City area is contaminated from refining operations.
Summary Texl:
Environmental Remediation, Inc. (ERI) is currently using bioslurry and land treatment bioremediation technologies
to close three RCRA impoundments at a former oil refinery site in the Kansas City area. The major contaminants
at the site are: oil and grease, benzene, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and various heavy metals. The
initial concentrations of the contaminants were: oil and grease - 3-33%; benzene - 100 ppm concentration range;
total PAHs - 2000 ppm; carcinogenic PAHs - 700 ppm. The closure criteria (concentrations not to be exceeded)
are: oil and grease removal in sludge to exceed 67% on a mass basis; benzene 3.2 mg/kg; total PAHs 300 mg/kg;
carcinogenic PAHs 160 mg/kg. The project involves biotreating over 130,000 cubic yards of sludges from API
separators and other refining operations, as well as more than 30,000 cubic yards of hydrocarbon contaminated soils.
This project is the largest bioremediation closure of a RCRA facility to date in the United States. The project will
take an estimated seven years to complete final closure.
Literally thousands of samples were taken to develop some semblance of the contamination profile in the sludges.
A variety of sampling techniques were actually used including core sampling, grab samples, and composite sampling.
Probably the most valuable information emerged from core samples which were taken over a gridded matrix and
analyzed at various depth intervals. This helped provide a vertical "profile" of the sludge properties.
ERI's first task was to develop a detailed operating plan for the bioremediation closure activities. As a part of
the operating plan, ERI provided engineering and technical input into the air permit, the documented basis for
regulatory agency approval of the closure plan.
To establish design criteria for both the bioslurry and the land treatment systems, ERI utilized its in-house
simulation laboratory and performed a treatability study. This design criteria was necessary to develop the
engineering design documents for the closure activities. A significant finding from the treatability studies was the
enhanced treatment rates for oil and grease associated with the use of an acclimated, commercial microbial
augmentation product. The use of this commercial inoculum allowed the biosluny technology to be operated in a
batch mode without any lag phase at the initiation of a treatment batch that is commonly associated with microbial
63
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adaption to the waste constituents. The net result was accelerating the bioslurry treatment process to take advantage
of the faster biodegradation kinetics associated with a batch process.
ERI designed, constructed, and is currently operating the bioremediation facilities. In this project, cleanup
consists of the slurry reactor followed sequentially by a land treatment cell. Groundwater contamination has yet to
be addressed. Assessments on groundwater are currently being done in this area.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: The major contaminants are oil and grease, benzene, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and various
heavy metals.
Media: sludges, soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: oil and grease - 3-33Tc; benzene - 100 ppm concentration range; total PAHs - 2000 ppm;
carcinogenic PAHs- 700 ppm
Action Level:
Reduction: Closure criteria: oil and grease removal in sludge to exceed 67To on a mass basis; benzene 3.2
mg/kg; total PAHs 300 mg/kg; carcinogenic PAHs 160 mg/kg
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
64
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Permit Negotiation and Implementation of Land Treatment Bioremediation
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: David D. Friday, P.E., (504) 293-2033
Developer Organization: Environmental Remediation, Baton Rouge, LA office
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 9
STATE: CA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): Manville Corporation/CA
History:
The surface impoundment had received phenol-formaldehyde resin waste, as well as motor oils and other
hydrocarbon/oily waste discharges.
Summary Text:
Environmental Remediation, Inc. (ERI) developed and implemented a closure plan for a surface impoundment of
approximately one acre in surface area. The initial concentrations of contaminants were: formaldehyde 100 mg/kg;
phenols 50 mg/kg; nickel 3-4 mg/kg. ERI conducted a treatability study to provide documentation to the lead
regulatory agency, the Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB), showing degradation levels could be
achieved and the impoundment closed using bioremediation. Based on the results of the treatability study, ERI
developed a closure plan outlining the field procedures to implement the bioremediation closure. This workplan
provided a basis for establishing cleanup criteria levels for closure. ERI assisted Manville in negotiations with the
RWQCB and other regulatory agencies included in reviewing the' site workplan.
ERI mobilized a field crew to initiate land treatment bioremediation of 1500 cubic yards of soil in early
September 1989. Because of the late time of year for initiation of bioremediation activities, ERI used microbial
augmentation to maintain an active biota in the contaminated soils. The original schedule for closure assumed
biotreatment operations during September and October of 1989, with final completion of remediation activities in
May 1990. ERI was able to complete all field remediation activities by the middle of November 1989 by using
enhanced biotreatment operational protocols (the use of specialty chemicals and micronutrients, as well as specialized
application and tilling equipment), along with microbial augmentation.
Final closure has been completed. The final concentrations of contaminants were: formaldehyde 0.07 ppm
(closure criterion = 15 ppm); phenols 0.01 ppm (closure criterion = <30 ppm); nickel 0.5 ppm (closure criterion =
1.3 ppm). Target levels were achieved in 80 days. Composite sampling was used to determine the initial and final
concentrations. Closure criteria are based on the California Wet Extraction test, which is similar to EPA's EP toxicity
analysis. For this site, the extraction test was monitored for selected metals and organic constituents present in the
impoundment sediments.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
65
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Wastes: oily waste, phenol-formaldehyde resins, hydrocarbons
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: formaldehyde 100 mg/kg; phenols 50 mg/kg; nickel 3-4 mg/kg
Action Level:
Reduction: formaldehyde 0.07 ppm; phenols 0.01 ppm; nickel 0.5 ppm
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
66
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Development and Implementation of Land Treatment Bioremediation
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: David D. Friday, P.E., (504) 293-2033
Developer Organization: Environmental Remediation, Baton Rouge, LA office
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 6
STATE: LA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative. Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
I
Site Name(s): Georgia Gulf/North/South Surface Impoundment/Plaquemine, LA
History:
Summary Text:
ERI worked with another engineering firm, Georgia Pacific, and Georgia Gulf Corporation to develop closure plans
for a 30,000-cubic yard sludge and soil impoundment in Plaquemine, Louisiana. Because of the high mixtures of
clays with sludges, it was desirable to conduct a land treatment closure. The problems associated with this closure
included identifying the degradation rate of oil and grease, phenol, cumene, acetophenone, benzene, and several other
constituents. The initial concentration of phenol was as high as 4,000 mg/kg. ERI was responsible for the biological
treatment design, including conducting the laboratory and field demonstration studies. The studies, which took a total
of six months, clearly demonstrated that the waste could be treated to meet standards of less than 10 ppm phenol
and less than detectable limits on several of the target constituents. ERI then conducted the actual bioremediation
of the contaminated soils in a 10-month period. The remediation was finished irj 1980. The cost of the cleanup
was $50 per cubic yard.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: oil and grease, phenol, cumene, acetophenone, benzene, and several other constituents
Media: sludge and soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: phenol as high as 4,000 mg/kg
Action Level:
Reduction: The studies clearly demonstrated that the waste could be treated to meet standards of less than 10
ppm phenol and less than detectable limits on several of the target constituents.
67
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Additional Information:
Cost Data: $50 per cubic yard
Citation Information:
68
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Development of Land Treatment Biological Closure for Superfund Site
Publication Date:
NTIS fc
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: David D. Friday, P.E, (504) 293-2033
Developer Organization: Environmental Remediation, Baton Rouge, LA office
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region:
STATE:
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): Western United States
History:
Summary Text:
A Superfund site located in the western part of the United States contains petroleum hydrocarbons in a saline
environment. The Record of Decision (ROD) was issued for bioremediation using land treatment applications. The
cleanup effort, led by a private party, was stalled because of problems in achieving biodegradation of the target
petroleum hydrocarbons in a stressed microbial environment. Environmental Remediation, Inc. (ERI) was retained
as a second evaluator to develop a land treatment approach using specialized microbial cultures isolated by ERI for
applications in saline environments. ERI completed a laboratory simulation study using isolated halophilic
microorganisms with enhanced capabilities for petroleum hydrocarbons: The approximate starting concentration of
oil and grease was in excess of 5,000 mg/kg and the final concentration, after a 60-day simulation period, was below
1,000 mg/kg oil and grease. Ninety-five percent reduction of petroleum hydrocarbons in a 90-day land treatment
simulation was achieved. This treatment became the basis for a record of decision for biological treatment of this
site. The project is now proceeding to the field phase, where a large field demonstration will be used to ascertain
final closure design as well as cost of closure.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: petroleum hydrocarbons
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 5,000 mg/kg oil and grease
Action Level:
69
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Reduction: 95% reduction of petroleum hydrocarbons
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
70
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Refinery Toxicity Characteristic (TC) Compliance Project
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: David D. Friday, P.E., (504) 293-2033
Developer Organization: Environmental Remediation, Baton Rouge, LA office
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 6
STATE: LA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): Shreveport, LA
History:
Summary Text:
ERJ was contracted to perform bioremediation services on-site at three surface impoundments to remove TC
characteristics (benzene at 7.5 ppm) from sludges. ERI conducted a 120-day treatment program to remove the TC
constituents from three surface impoundments. At the conclusion of this task, all the sludge residuals had been
reduced 50% to 70% in volume, and exhibited TC-negative characteristics (benzene less than 05 ppm). This
allowed the refinery to avoid Part B permitting and RCRA corrective actions for all impoundments associated with
the project.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: benzene
Media: sludges
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 7.5 ppm benzene
Action Level:
Reduction: all the sludge residuals had been reduced 50% to 70% in volume, and exhibited TC-negative
characteristics (benzene less than 0.5 ppm)
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
71
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Citation Information:
72
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ATTIC Control No.
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Development and Implementation of RCRA Closure Plan
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: David D. Friday, P.E., (504) 293-2033
Developer Organization: Environmental Remediation, Baton Rouge, LA office
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 6
STATE: LA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): Valentine Sugars, Inc./LA
History:
A 10-acre site was contaminated with up to 200 mg/kg phenol and also formaldehyde from resin manufacturing
Summary Text:
In 1986, a full RCRA closure plan was developed by Environmental Remediation, Inc. (ERI) using bioslurry contact
and in situ biotreatment methods to close a 10-acre site contaminated with up to 200 mg/kg phenol and also
formaldehyde from resin manufacturing. The closure plan involved an active closure period of 180 days, with a
closure cost of less than $20 per cubic yard for treated sludges. Forty thousand cubic yards of soil were treated via
a tank-based slurry reactor, followed by land treatment. The final concentration of phenol was 1 ppm. To establish
the initial and final concentrations, three samples per acre, top and bottom, over 10 acres for a total of 60 samples,
were taken. No clay cap or cover was required for this site, since laboratory bioremediation simulation showed that
the material could be biodegraded to background levels within a 360-day period.
This site became the first approved RCRA biological closure of a hazardous waste site in USEPA Region VI.
ERI provided the technical support, QA/QC, and certification for the treatment and closure process. ERI also
provided technical support for the closure and successfully delisted the residual from hazardous waste post-closure
care by removing the toxicity characteristic from the wastes and having the material re-classified.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: phenol, formaldehyde
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 200 mg/kg phenol
Action Level:
73
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Reduction: to 1 ppm phenol
Additional Information:
Cost Data: less than $20 per cubic yard for treated sludges
Citation Information:
74
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: David D. Friday, P.E., (504) 293-2033
Developer Organization: Environmental Remediation, Baton Rouge, LA office
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 9
STATE: CA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): Masonite Corporation/Cloverdale, CA
History:
The site, designated as a state Superfund site, was characterized with wood-preserving chemicals including
pentachlorophenol, arsenic, chromium, and copper in the soils.
Summary Text:
Environmental Remediation, Inc., (ERO was responsible for the coordination and technical review of the Remedial
Investigation (RI) of a former wood-preserving site in California. The site, designated as a state Superfund site, was
characterized with wood-preserving chemicals including pentachlorophenol, arsenic, chromium, and copper in the
soils. Upon completion of the remedial investigation, ERI was contracted to complete the Feasibility Study (FS) and
develop a Remedial Action Plan (RAP). This included technical and budget oversight of all geotechnical consultant
activities and compliance with regulatory agency reporting documents.
As a part of the FS, ERI completed a treatability study in 1990 to assess biological treatment as a viable method
to remediate wood-preserving chemicals in the soil. The study involved the application of liquid/solids contact
(bioslurry) technology to pentachlorophenol-affected soil. An extensive microbial screening study was also
performed to select the microorganisms best suited for PCP biodegradation. Based on the findings and data from
the laboratory treatability study, bioremediation was demonstrated as an alternative for soil remediation. In addition
to removal of PCP, bioremediation was determined to be effective in stabilization of metals with regard to
teachability. In addition, as part of the FS, ERI developed remediation criteria and retained approval of these levels
by the regulatory agencies. Criteria were based on risk assessment findings, transport models, and chemical
distribution as characterized by the Remedial Investigation Report.
Due to other, non-technical business issues, Masonite made the decision for off-site disposal of an estimated
10,000 to 15,000 cubic yards of contaminated soils. ERI has worked with Masonite to negotiate all required agency
permitting and workplan approval, as well as providing contractor oversight for the remediation phase
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: wood preservatives
75
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Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
76
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Remediation and Closure of Oily Waste Pits
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: David D. Friday, P.E., (504) 293-2033
Developer Organization: Environmental Remediation, Baton Rouge, LA office
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 6
STATE: LA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): Union Texas Petroleum/Iberville Parish, LA
History:
Summary Text:
In 1988, Environmental Remediation, Inc., (ERI) was contracted to remediate seven pits containing a total of 12,500
cubic yards of oily waste.' The major contaminants were nonhazardous oilfield waste with the challenging
contaminants of oil and grease, barium, and high salt.
Challenging contaminants were those waste constituents which increased the degree of remedial difficulty due
to their presence. As is well documented in the literature, high metals concentrations (i.e., barium) and high salt
concentrations may be toxic to microorganisms at high levels, or their presence allows only a small subset of tolerant
and competent organisms to flourish in the waste material. The contaminants listed were constituents of the oily
waste.
The steps in the remediation were as follows:
1. Bioslurry to remove high concentrations of oil and grease.
2. Dewater the bioslurry reactor and landfarm the sludge residuals.
3. Sample to identify "hot spots" of barium and excavate and dispose.
4. Stabilize the residuals by using solidification techniques.
5. Cap the site to prevent further migration of the waste in the environment.
The final concentrations were less than one percent oil and grease and less than 2000 ppm barium. The
remediation took 90 days to complete.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: oily waste
Media: sludge
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
77
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Action Level:
Reduction: to less than 1% oil and grease and less than 2000 ppm barium
Additional Infonnation:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
78
-------
ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study Site Closure
Publication Date:
NTIS th
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: David D. Friday, RE, (504) 293-2033
Developer Organization: Environmental Remediation, Baton Rouge, LA office
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 6
STATE: LA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): Harvey, LA
History:
Summary Text:
ERI has developed a plan for the RCRA closure of a 17,000-cubic yard hazardous waste RCRA surface
impoundment in Harvey, Louisiana. The plan involves oil recovery, volume reduction, and sludge detoxification by
biological treatment, solidification, and capping. A Geld demonstration of the in situ liquid/solids contact process
was completed to degrade 200 cubic yards of waste in preparation for final closure. Major contaminants at the site
were acenaphthene, anthracene, benzene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene,
naphthalene, phenanthrene. The demonstration unit reduced volume by 50 percent and oil and grease mass by 90
percent. Initial concentrations of contaminants were: acenaphthene, 755 ppm; anthracene, 5986 ppm; benzene, 30
ppm; benzo(a)pvrene, 2320 ppm; fluoranthene, 5083 ppm; naphthalene, 13,780 ppm; phenanthrene, 8150 ppm. Final
concentrations of contaminants after treatment were: acenaphthene, less than 001 ppm; anthracene, less than 0.025
ppm; benzene, less than 0.03 ppm; benzo(a)pyrene, less than 0.025 ppm; fluoranthene, less than 0.025 ppm;
naphthalene, less than 0.025 ppm; phenanthrene, less than 0.025 ppm. In addition, ERI designed and oversaw
wastewater treatment plant construction and performed other remediation tasks at the site including groundwater
assessment and monitoring. The full-scale field remediation phase of the project will be initiated after the
completion of a remedial investigation/feasibility study on the 30-acre site. Full-scale cleanup has not yet begun.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: oil and grease
Media: sludge
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: acenaphthene, 755 ppm; anthracene, 5986 ppm; benzene, 30 ppm; benzo(a)pyrene, 2320 ppm;
fluoranthene, 5083 ppm; naphthalene, 13,780 ppm; phenanthrene, 8150 ppm.
79
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Action Level:
Reduction: acenaphthene, less than 0.01 ppm; anthracene, less than 0.025 ppm; benzene, less than 0.03 ppm;
benzo(a)pyrene, less than 0.025 ppm; fluoranthene, less than 0.025 ppm; naphthalene, less than 0.025 ppm;
phenanthrene, less than 0.025 ppm.
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
80
-------
ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Evaluation and Implementation of Sludge Reduction Program
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: David D. Friday, P.E., (504) 293-2033
Developer Organization: Environmental Remediation, Baton Rouge, LA office
Demonstration Site:
EPA'Region: 6
STATE: TX
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): Chevron, U.S.ATPort Arthur Refinery, TX
History:
Summary Text:
Environmental Remediation, Inc. (ERI) evaluated the potential for bioremediation of a 650-acre lagoon containing
oily sludge. The lagoon is a storm surge basin (used to contain runoff during storm events) divided by a weir into
two parts. The concentration of contaminants in the first part of the basin was significantly higher than the second
part. In Phase I, ERI performed a treatability study which demonstrated that bioslurry contact methods could result
in a 50% volume reduction of sludge and over a 90% mass reduction of sludge. Chevron split samples with ERI
in order to insure adequate quality assurance/ quality control of the analyses.
In Phase II, ERI designed and installed a diffuser air system to enhance the biodegradation of oily sludge in the
first part of the storm surge basin. The second part of the basin was outfitted with fourteen 25-horsepower
explosion-proof surface aerators to facilitate the bioslurry process.
This bioslurry process was used to remove all TCLP characteristics from the wastewater in the entire storm surge
basin. At the same time, the bioslurry process volume-reduced the sludges located within the impoundment. The
final benzene TCLP concentrations were such that the lagoon "passed" the TCLP criteria of 0.5 ppm benzene to
become a non-hazardous waste impoundment. This project was carried out in the summer of 1990.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: oily sludge
Media: sludge
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
81
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Reduction: benzene less than 0.5 ppm and 50% volume reduction of sludge and over a 90% mass reduction
of sludge
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
82
-------
ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Surface Impoundment Reduction Using Bioslurry Contact
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: David D. Friday, P.E., (504) 293-2033
Developer Organization: Environmental Remediation, Baton Rouge, LA office
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 6
STATE: TX '
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): Lyondell Oil Corporation/Houston, TX
History:
Summary Text: i
Lyondell Corporation operates a large refinery in Houston, Texas, which is part of the fifth largest chemical complex
in the continental United States. The crude oil capacity of the complex exceeds 265,000 barrels per day. Two
surface impoundments on the site, part of an NPDES permit facility, contained stored wastewater treatment sludge,
that is, sludge generated from secondary treatment of wastewater. In 1989, Environmental Remediation, Inc. (ERI)
was asked to reduce the volume of the sludge in these impoundments by 50% to enable Lyondell to return the
impoundments to active use.
Through laboratory simulation, ERI determined that bioslurry contact technology, coupled with the addition of
a commercial inoculum, would reduce the volume of the oily wastewater treatment sludge as requested by Lyondell.
Although this project was undertaken during the winter months, the biodegradation time for sludge reduction
averaged 35 days in each of two lagoons. ERI was able to reduce the volume of the sludge, allowing Lyondell to
return the lagoons to active wastewater treatment without the costly expense of solid waste removal to off-site
storage facilities. The initial concentration of waste was 6578 cubic yards of sludge and the final concentration was
2105 cubic yards of sludge. The entire remediation was completed in 120 days
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: oily wastewater treatment sludge
Media: sludge
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 6578 cubic yards of sludge
83
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Action Level:
Reduction: 2105 cubic yards of sludge
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
84
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Remediation and Closure of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Surface Impoundments
Publication Date:
mis #-.
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: David D. Friday, P.E., (504) 293-2033
Developer Organization: Environmental Remediation, Baton Rouge, LA office
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 6
STATE: LA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): Chevron, USA/Plaquemine Parish, LA
History:
Summary Text:
Environmental Remediation, Inc. (ERI) was contracted to remediate two waste pits containing a total of 2800 cubic
yards of oily solids in addition to approximately 2050 barrels of floating hydrocarbons. The initial oil and grease
concentration was 22Tc. The project included an oil recovery process to remove paraffins and nonsoluble organics
from the impoundment surface. Oil recovery was achieved using skimming processes, chemical coagulation and oil
separation. Approximately 1200 barrels of soluble oil were recovered in this fashion along with another 800 barrels
of waste oil which were landfarmed at a separate facility.
After removing the floating oil, ERI set up aerators and mixers and performed a liquid/solids contact
bioremediation volume reduction. In a 60-day period, a 90% mass reduction of oil and grease on the bottom solids
was obtained. Commercial cultures developed and maintained by ERI, which were known to have a high affinity
to hydrocarbons and flourish in a saline environment were utilized. Additionally, there was concurrent stimulation
of indigenous microorganisms. After chemical treatment, ERI discharged free liquid and then stabilized the
remaining material and backfilled the pit. Stabilization agents were primarily degraded clay soils augmented with
fly ash and solidifying agents where needed for stability. Final sampling included a full State of Louisiana 29-B
analysis in order to provide a certification of closure. The project was initiated September 1, 1989, and completed
in late December 1989. The selling price of the project was $250,000.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: oil and grease
Media: sludge
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
85
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Action Level:
Reduction: a 90?c mass reduction of oil and grease on the bottom solids
Additional Information:
Cost Data: The selling price of the project was 5250,000.
Citation Information:
86
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Nonhazardous Oilfield Waste (NOW) Pit Bioclosure
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: David D. Friday, P.E., (504) 293-2033
Developer Organization: Environmental Remediation, Baton Rouge, LA office
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 6
STATE: LA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): George Brown Partnership/LA
History:
Summary Text:
Environmental Remediation, Inc. (ERI) was contracted to close several nonhazardous oil waste pits by George Brown
Partnership. The waste pits were approximately 10,000 barrels each in volume with oil and grease in the 10-20
percent range and barium as high as 7,000 ppm. The method of closure was biological treatment, that is, bioslurry
followed by land treatment, to reduce oil and grease, then stabilization, and capping. The entire project was brought
in at a cost of $50 per cubic yard.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: oil and grease
Media: sludge
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: oil and grease in the 10-20 percent range, barium as high as 7,000 ppm
Action Level:
Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data: $50 per cubic yard
Citation Information:
87
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Development of Land Treatment Applications for Remediating Superfund Site
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: David D. Friday, P.E., (504) 293-2033
Developer Organization: Environmental Remediation, Baton Rouge, LA office
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 6
STATE: LA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): Old Inger Superfund Site/Ascension Parish, LA
History:
Summary Text:
The Old Inger Superfund site is a 70,000-cubic yard waste oil refinery site combining buried and drum waste within
Ascension Parish, Louisiana. Waste oil contaminants of concern included: anthracene, biphenyl, fluoranthrene,
naphthalene, and phenanthrene. Initial concentrations of contaminants included anthracene at 235 ppm and
phenanthrene at 288 ppm. IT and GDC Engineering Companies from Baton Rouge, Louisiana, were selected as the
prime RI/FS contractor for this site. When U.S. Army Corps of Engineers expressed concern over an excavation
and removal closure, the RI/FS contractor contracted Dr. Ralph Portier of Louisiana State University, an
Environmental Remediation, Inc. (ERF) principal, to perform laboratory' modeling and design a field demonstration
for a biological closure. Dr. Portier and his staff provided several biological methods. Approximately 90 days of
tray mesocosm studies were used to provide the data to convince USEPA that land treatment technology would be
successful. More than 60 priority pollutants were tracked on a weekly basis throughout the study. Microtox, a
measure of biotoxicity, was used as a guideline for monitoring effective loading rates.
In 1987, a field demonstration of land treatment application was conducted to provide further proof for the
feasibility of a biological closure. The study used acclimated or commercial seeds, moisture control, cultivation rates,
loading rates, and nutrient amendments. Final concentrations were: anthracene, 4 2 ppm; biphenyl, less than 0.1 ppm;
fluoranthrene, 4.0 ppm; naphthalene, less than 0.1 ppm; phenanthrene, less than 0.1 ppm. USEPA has approved the
site for closure at an approximate funding rate of $47 per yard.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: waste oil contaminants: anthracene, biphenyl, fluoranthrene, naphthalene, phenanthrene
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
88
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Concentrations: anthracene at 235 ppm, phenanthrene at 288 ppm
Action Level:
Reduction: anthracene, 4.2 ppm; biphenyl, less than 0.1 ppm; fluoranthrene, 4.0 ppm; naphthalene, less than
0.1 ppm; phenanthrene, less than 0.1 ppm
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
89
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:-
Last Reviewed:
Title: Development of Land Treatment Biological Closure
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: David D. Friday, P.E., (504) 293-2033
Developer Organization: Environmental Remediation, Baton Rouge, LA office
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 1
STATE: MA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted . not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): W.R. Grace Construction/Cambridge, MA
History:
W.R. Grace Construction has planned a seven-building development in Cambridge, Massachusetts. During
investigation of the site selected for development, the presence of soils containing petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents,
phthalates, and naphthalene were detected.
Summary Text:
Environmental Remediation, Inc. (ERI) was contracted to determine the feasibility of bioremediation for up to 22,000
cubic yards of soil at a building development site. W.R. Grace Construction has planned a seven-building
development in Cambridge, Massachusetts. During investigation of the site selected for development, the presence
of soils containing petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, phthalates, and naphthalene were detected.
ERI collected portions of the samples from the site and subjected them to a land treatment simulation, which
demonstrated that on-site biological remediation was feasible for the soils that are contaminated. The initial
concentrations of contaminants from laboralory simulation were naphthalene at 1,526 ug/kg and phthalates at 10,001
ug/kg. The final concentrations of contaminants from 60-day laboratory simulation were naphthalene at 535 ug/kg
and phthalates at 550 ug/kg The treatment level selected, which was based on remedial timeframe and regulatory
limits, will allow the disposal of the contaminated soil off-site to a sanitary landfill without further liability for the
client.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, phthalates, naphthalene
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: naphthalene, 1,526 ug/kg; phthalates, 10,001 ug/kg
90
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Action Level:
Reduction: naphthalene, 535 ug/kg; phthalates, 550 ug/kg
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
91
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Evaluation and Design of In-Situ Bioremediation System for Soils and Groundwater
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: David D. Friday, P.E, (504) 293-2033
Developer Organization: Environmental Remediation, Baton Rouge, LA office
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 4
STATE: FL
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): Southern Wood Piedmont/FL
History:
Summary Text:
Environmental Remediation, Inc. (ERI) developed the engineering design for the full-scale remediation of wood-
preserving chemicals present in the subsurface soil and groundwater at this site. The contaminants of concern
included creosote and pcntachiorophenol in both soil and groundwater, as well as free product. As a part of the
project approach, ERI completed a field investigation, and laboratory simulation study for the enhanced free-product
recovery, for the evaluation of in-situ bioremediation applications, and extracted groundwater treatment applications.
The enhanced recovery method tested different in-situ soil washing techniques. The groundwater treatment study
was performed utilizing fixed-film reactor and sequencing batch reactor studies. Specialized microbial amendments
were utilized to enhance biodegradation. The fixed-film reactor was found to be cost effective in reducing the
contaminant concentration levels. ERI is currently working with the client to design and implement a full-scale field
remediation workplan.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: creosote, pentachlorophenol
Media: subsurface soil and groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction:
92
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Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
93
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Immobilized Bacteria Closure Plan for Groundwater Treatment
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: David D. Friday, P.E., (504) 293-2033
Developer Organization: Environmental Remediation, Baton Rouge, LA office
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 6
STATE: TX
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): TX
History:
Summary Text:
A pesticide manufacturing facility and its engineering firm commissioned ERI to examine the potential to treat
pesticide-contaminated groundwater. ERI developed and implemented a pilot wastewater treatment system using
immobilized microorganism technology. The immobilized microorganism technology was developed by Louisiana
State University and used a specialized carrier from Manville Corporation. The pilot studies ran for eight months
and showed that the pesticide-contaminated groundwaters, including volatile organics, organochlorines, and
organophosphate pesticides, could be successfully biodegraded in a pump-and-treat groundwater application. Most
initial concentrations were in the several hundred ppb level while the effluent concentrations were typically 10 to
50 ppb. The site remediation plan is now awaiting approval by the Texas Water Commission.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: pesticides, including volatile organics, organochlorines, and organophosphates
Media: groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: Most initial concentrations were in the several hundred ppb level.
Action Level:
Reduction: Effluent concentrations were typically 10 to 50 ppb.
Additional Information:
94
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Cost Data:
Citation Infonnation:
95
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Development, Design, and Implementation of Biological Treatment System
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: David D. Friday, P.E., (504) 293-2033
Developer Organization: Environmental Remediation, Baton Rouge, LA office
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 6
STATE: LA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): Dupont Environmental/LaPlace, LA
History:
Summary Text:
Environmental Remediation, Inc. (ERI) was retained by Dupont to develop a biological treatment system for a waste
stream currently being deep-welled. The waste stream contained organic constituents which on a long-term basis
may not be suitable for continued disposal by deep-well injection. The chief organic constituents are aniline and
salt. Concentrations of influent organic constituents may be in excess of 100 ppm. Dupont retained ERI to develop
innovative biological treatment systems, including an immobilized microorganism system, and to evaluate their
feasibility in the laboratory. ERI determined that the objectionable constituents of the waste stream could be treated
by a combination of physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods. Effluent concentrations are close to non-
detectable. A conceptual design was developed and presented to Dupont for approval. ERI is currently completing
the design of the field demonstration pilot. The field-pilot process unit has been fabricated and delivered to the
client, however, the demonstration work has not yet begun.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: organic chemicals
Media: waste stream
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: Concentrations of influent organic constituents may be in excess of 100 ppm.
Action Level:
Reduction: Effluent concentrations are close to non-detectable.
96
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Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
97
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Treatability Study and Design of Biological Treatment System
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
GoVt Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: David D. Friday, P.E., (504) 293-2033
Developer Organization: Environmental Remediation, Baton Rouge, LA office
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 6
STATE: AR
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): Old Midland Superfund Site/Yell County, AR
History:
Summary Text:
IT Corporation retained Environmental Remediation, Inc. (ERI) to perform treatabilny studies on the Old Midland
Superfund Site in Yell County, Arkansas. The ERI scope of work included treatability testing on groundwaters,
surface waters, and other effluents from the site. ERI developed a biological treatment system utilizing sequencing
batch reactors (SBR) and immobilized bioreactor technology (IMBR) capable of treating the effluents for removal
of organic constituents, including primarily pentachlorophenol, although trace levels of chlorinated volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) were also present. In the SBR simulation, influent concentrations of PCP averaged
approximately 2,600 micrograms per liter, with effluents averaging approximately 200 to 300 micrograms per liter,
with a holding time of approximately 18 1/2 hours. The IMBR experiment was conducted at a much shorter holding
time (approximately 5 hours), and had influent concentrations of approximately 3,500 micrograms per liter with
effluent concentrations at about 1,250 micrograms per liter The project is completed and is now part of the remedial
design for the Superfund site.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: pentachlorophenol, chlorinated VOCs
Media: groundwaters, surface waters, other effluents from the site
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: SBR: influent concentrations of PCP averaged approximately 2,600 micrograms per liter; IMBR:
influent concentrations were approximately 3,500 micrograms per liter.
Action Level:
98
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Reduction: SBR: effluents averaging approximately 200 to 300 micrograms per liter; IMBR: effluent
concentrations at about 1,250 micrograms per liter
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
99
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Soil and Groundwater at a UST Site
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 4
STATE: FL
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): FMC/Orlando, FL
History:
Summary Text:
Contaminated soil and groundwater at an UST site will be treated, in pan, by in situ bioremediation. About 5QTc
of the site will be treated by bioremediation. Currently, the site is in design phase, with regulatory review being
conducted. The expected start-up date for full-scale cleanup LS January 1992. In addition to bioremediation, the
system will include groundwater pump and treat (via air stripping) from a recovery trench, venical and horizontal
soil vent system and air sparging. Cleanup levels have not yet been established The expected cost is estimated to
be $300,000. Two thousand cubic yards of soil and 5.7 x 105 gallons of groundwater will be treated via
bioremediation. This is an UST state lead site.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: diesel, heavy fuel oils
Media: soil, groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level: not yet established
Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data: expected cost $300,000
100
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Citation Information:
101
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Soil and Groundwater of a UST Site Containing Alcohol and Toluene
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Dallas, TX
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 6
STATE: TX
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Printpack/Arlington, TX
History:
Summary Text:
Soil and groundwater contaminated with alcphol and toluene from an UST were scheduled to be treated by in situ
bioremediation, beginning in September 1991. Ninety percent of the site will be treated by bioremediation.
Additionally, groundwater recovery and treatment and soil ventilation will take place Cleanup levels have not yet
been established. The expected cost is $116,000. The volume of material to be treated constitutes about 1/2 acre
by 25 feet deep. This site is a UST state lead site. Completion is scheduled for August 1992.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: alcohol, toluene
Media: soil, groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level: not yet established
Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data: expected to be $116,000
Citation Information:
102
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of a Gasoline-Contaminated Aquifer
Publication Date:
NTIS #-.
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 2
STATE: NJ
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Chevron Penns Grove/Ml
History:
Summary Text:
Starting in April 1991, a gasoline-contaminated aquifer is being treated by in situ bioremediation. The volume of
the plume to be treated is approximately 8,000 square feet. All of the site is to be bioremediated to a cleanup level
of 5 ppb BTEX. Completion is set for 1993. This is an UST state lead site.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: gasoline (BTEX)
Media: groundwater
Technology: 'm situ bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level: 5 ppb
Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data: Not established
Citation Information:
103
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Gasoline-Contaminated Soil and Groundwater
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 2 , '
STATE: NJ
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Agway Hammonton/NJ
History:
Summary Text:
Beginning in February 1989, gasoline-contaminated soil and groundwater have been treated by solid phase
bioremediation and in situ bioremediation, respectively. For this cleanup, all of the site will be treated via
bioremediation. The cleanup levels established are 100 ppm gasoline for soil and 5 ppb DTEX for groundwater.
The volume of soil to be treated is 800 cubic yards above ground. This is an UST Federal lead site. This site is in
closure process.
This case information was provided by the vendor.
Wastes: gasoline, BTEX
Media: soil, groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction: to 100 ppm gasoline in soil, 5 ppb BTEX in groundwater
Additional Information:
Cost Data: not yet established
Citation Information:
104
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Fuel-Contaminated Soil
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 2
STATE: NY
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Mobil Buffalo/Buffalo, NY
History:
Summary Text:
In August 1991, the design for cleanup entailing solid-phase bioremediation of 6,000 cubic yards of soil
contaminated with mixed fuel commenced. No other treatment technology will be employed at the site. The cleanup
level is 100 ppm hydrocarbons. This is an UST state lead site.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: hydrocarbons
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level: to 100 ppm
Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
105
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of a Gasoline-Contaminated Aquifer
Publication Date:
mis*
Govt Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 1
STATE: NH
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed Y
Site Namc(s): Exxon Franconia/NH
History:
Summary Text:
In July 1990, in situ bioremediation of a gasoline-contaminated aquifer commenced. All of the contaminated area
is to be treated via in situ bioremediation. However, additionally, vacuum extraction is being used. The cleanup
level established is 5 ppb BTEX. This site is an UST state lead site.
This case information supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: gasoline (BTEX)
Media: groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level: to 5 ppb
Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
106
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Diesel-Contaminated Soil
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 2
STATE: NJ
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterised Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Lester Fellows/Burlington, NJ
History:
Summary Text:
In September 1990, cleanup of 300 cubic yards of diesei-conlaminated soil began. One hundred percent of the
contaminated soil is being treated via solid phase bioremediation. The site was expected to be completed in 1991.
The cleanup level is 100 ppm TPH. This is an LIST state lead.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: diesei
Media: soil
Technology: solid phase bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level: 100 ppm TPH
Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
107
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Fuel-Contaminated Soil and Groundwater
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 1
STATE: NH
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Sprague Electric/Concord, NH
History:
Summary Text:
In September 1990, in situ bioremediation of 3,000 cubic yards of #6 fuel oil-contaminated soil and groundwater
began. The cleanup objectives established are 5 ppb BTEX for groundwater and to remove leachable PAHs from
the #6 fuel-contaminated soil. A major obstacle of the cleanup is that the contaminated soil is located under a
building. In addition to 100% of the site being treated via bioremediation, vacuum extraction is also being used.
This is a state UST lead.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: BTEX (groundwatei), #6 fuel (soil)
Media: groundwater, soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level: to 5 ppb BTEX in groundwater plus removal of leachable PAHs from soil
Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data: not yet established
Citation Information:
108
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Soil and Groundwater: Lab Study
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 4
STATE: FL
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling _ Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed Y
Site Name(s): Orkin-Ft. Pierce/Ft. Pierce, FL
History:
Summary Text:
As part of the pre-design cleanup efforts, a lab study for in situ bioremediation of soil and grOundwater contaminated
with chlordane and heptachlor was initiated in December 1991 It is expected that 4,500 cubic yards of soil will be
treated at full scale. The cost incurred from the pre-design work is $80,000. The state regulatory cleanup levels
established are: 4.0 mg/kg and 0.1 ug/1 for chlordane-contammated soil and water, respectively and 0.5 mg/kg and
0.076 ug/1 for heptachlor-contaminated soil and water, respectively. This effort is a RCRA state lead.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: chlordane, heptachJor
Media: soil, water
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level: chlordane: to 4.0 mg/kg in soil, 0.1 ug/1 in water; heptachlor: to 0.5 mg/kg in soil, 0.076 ug/1 in
water
Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data: $80,000
109
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Citation Information:
110
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of a Gasoline-Contaminated Aquifer
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 1
STATE: MA
Quality Assurance Data-
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- QVC Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Getty Pirtsfield/Pittsfield, MA
History:
Summary Text:
Full scale cleanup of a gasoline-contaminated aquifer began in April 1990. One hundred percent of the contaminated
six-acre area will be treated via in .situ bioremediation. One obstacle encountered during the cleanup is the lack of
access to neighboring properties. The cleanup level established is 5 ppb HTEX for the ground water. Vacuum
extraction will also be utilized in the cleanup. This is an UST state lead.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: gasoline (BTEX)
Media: groundwater
Technology: in situ bioremediation, vacuum extraction
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction: to 5 ppb
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
111
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Diesel and Waste Oil-Contaminated Soil
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 9
STATE: CA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Bay Area Refinery/Rodeo, CA
History:
Summary Text:
In November 1989, GTI started solid-phase bioremediation of 16,000 cubic yards of soil contaminated with diesel
and waste oil. The cleanup levels for the soil established were 100 mg/kg of diesel and 100 mg/kg of waste oil.
Major obstacles in the cleanup were the clayey soils and the unexpected long-chained hydrocarbons that were
encountered. The cleanup was completed in November 1990. The cost of the cleanup was approximately $500,000.
One hundred percent of the site was treated by bioremediation. This is a RCRA state lead.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: diesel, waste oil
Media: soil
Technology: solid-phase bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction: to 100 mg/kg diesel, 100 mg/kg waste oil
Additional Information:
Cost Data: approximately $500,000
Citation Information:
112
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Comprehensive Site Remediation of Gasoline Surface Spill
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 2
STATE: NJ
Quality Assurance Data'
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducled Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): NJ
History:
The on-site hydrocarbon contamination resulted from a leaking pump island, which spilled approximately 8,000
gallons, of gasoline into a sole source drinking water aquifer as defined by the New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection.
Summary Text:
The on-site hydrocarbon contamination resulted from a leaking pump island, which spilled approximately 8,000
gallons of gasoline into a sole source drinking water aquifer as defined by the New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection.
GTI responded to the spill at a wholesale liquid fuels distribution center in an emergency response mode with
remediation efforts beginning one day after the spill was discovered. An emergency groundwater containment and
recovery system was operational in three days. The site involved medium to fine sands with traces of silt and clay
at various depths, overlying coarse clean sand that extends to depths more than 100 feet below grade.
A Comprehensive Site Remediation (CSR™) system for soil and water treatment was designed, installed,
operational, and permitted within three months of spill discovery. The program included a Soil Vent System for soil
vapor extraction, an Air Stripper System to remove dissolved-phase contaminants, groundwater rccirculation whereby
treated water was reinjected after hydrogen peroxide and nutrient addition, a Vapor Abatement System for organic
vapor treatment, and bioremediation and soils treatment in an aboveground soil pile with a nutrient percolation
system for biodegradation in the unsaturated zone. Soil was treated both in situ and above-ground. Final
contaminant concentrations were less than 1 ppb.
The remediation was both begun and completed in 1989 and was regulated by the New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: unleaded gasoline
Media: medium to fine sands with traces of silt and clay
113
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Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction: to less than 1 ppb
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
114
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Fuel Oil-Contaminated Soil Beneath Floor Slab
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ V
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: NA ,
STATE: Canada
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Toronto, Ontario
History:
(n 1990, approximately 800 liters of fuel oil spilled into the basement of a residential home via a disconnected fill
pipe. The interior of the house was thoroughly cleaned, but odor persisted because of product benea.th the floor slab.
Summary Text1:
In 1990, approximately 800 liters of fuel oil spilled into the basement of a residential home via a disconnected fill
pipe. The interior of the house was thoroughly cleaned, but odor persisted because of product beneath the floor slab.
Spilled fuel oil remained beneath a 15 centimeter thick floor slab on 0 5 meters of coarse fill overlying tight silty
clay. Seven vapor extraction points were installed through the basement floor. Moistened and nutrient-enriched air
was injected to create oxygen sweep beneath the floor slab and to enhance biodegradation of organics by indigenous
microorganisms.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: fuel oil
Media: coarse fill overlying tight silty clay
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction:
Additional Information:
115
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Cost Data:
Citation Information:
116
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Hydrocarbon Remediation Using A Bioreactor
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 9
STATE: CA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characten/ed Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): CA
History:
A soil-gas survey completed in spring ll/S7 indicated a hydrocarbon source within a former tank pit and a
dissolved-phase gasoline plume migrating downgradient on the site.
Summary Text:
A cleanup and abatement order was issued to the owner of a former service station by the Regional Water Quality
Control Board (RWQBC) during the spring of 1988 after a soil-gas survey completed in spring 1987 indicated a
hydrocarbon source within a former tank pit and a dissolved-phase gasoline plume migrating downgradient on the
site. The volume of hydrocarbons released were unknown
GTI was hired in March 1989 to assess and remediate the site. GTI completed the site inspection, site
characterization, and corrective action plan for this sue, implemented corrective action measures, and performed soil
excavation and soil and groundwater treatment via bioremediation.
Soil was excavated from the vicinity of a fuel tank pit and a fuel pump island Approximately 800 cubic yards
of a total 1,200 cubic yards of excavated soil were hydrocarbon-bearing, with total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH)
concentrations above 1,000 ppm. The soil was placed in a covered biopile, and passive aeration was used to
remediate the soils. Current samples indicate no detectable concentration levels.
Groundwater was encountered at approximately seven feet below grade at the time of excavation. Agioundwater
recovery and treatment system was designed and installed. The treatment system consisted of a water table
depression pump and a bioreactor. A "seed" reactor culture was cultivated utilizing hydrocarbon-bearing
groundwater and activated sewage sludge. The seed reactor vessel was aerated and supplied with phosphate and
nitrate nutrients. The bioreactor was then inoculated with the cultured bacteria. After the biomass was established,
groundwater treatment began in June 1990
Nutrients are introduced in the bioreactor with a liquid metering pump, while aeration is supplied The effluent
is discharged to a sanitary sewer. Operation and maintenance site visits are made weekly to check chemical
parameters, mix nutrients, and ensure unit operation. Influent and effluent ports are sampled bi-monthly. TPH
concentrations of 1,000 to 2,000 ppb in influent water, measured before treatment, have been reduced to below
detection levels of 100 ppb TPH as gasoline.
117
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A recovery trench is planned on the perimeter of the site to increase groundwater recovery rates and the capture
zone. Project completion is expected by 1993.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: gasoline
Media: soil, groundwater
Technology: biorcmcdiation
Concentrations: above 1,000 ppm TPH (soil), 1,000-2,000 ppb (groundwater)
Action Level:
Reduction: to below detectable concentration levels (soil), to below detection levels of 100 ppb TPH as
gasoline (groundwater)
Additional Information:
Cost Data: Projected savings of on-site soil remediation and disposal at a Class III landfill are more than
$500,000 as compared to disposal of soils at a Class I landfill.
Citation Information:
118
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Diesel Fuel-Contaminated Soil and Groundwater at a Railroad Refueling Facility
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 5
STATE: MI
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): MI
History:
After years of operation, a railyard roundhouse and refueling facility had experienced spills from both ovcrfuehng
and leaking USTs.
Summary Text:
After years of operation, a railyard roundhouse and refueling facility had experienced spills from both overfuehng
and leaking USTs, causing an estimated 500,000-gallon plume of separate-phase hydrocarbons contaminating both
soils and groundwater. Seepage of separate-phase hvdiocarbons into a major Michigan river prompted subsurface
investigation and remediation.
Groundwater Technology installed a recovery and interceptor trench at the site, which consists of silts and sands
with a water bearing zone approximately 12 feet below grade, to stop the migration of separate-phase hydrocarbons
into the river. Ten recovery wells were also installed to create an engineered capture zone to control the 5-acre
plume Following the results of trcatability studies, an in Situ bioremediation system has been designed and is being
installed during 1991 and 1992. -
The Michigan Department of Natural Resources is the regulatory agency for this cleanup.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: diesel fuel
Media: soil, groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
119
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Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
120
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Adsorbed-, Dissolved-and Separate-Phase Petroleum: Short-term
Measures and Final Design
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 1
STATE: MA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized , Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Western MA
History:
A nail in t,he bottom of a tank-gauging stick punctured an UST at a gasoline service station, resulting in a large,
long-term leak.
Summary Text:
A nail in the bottom of a tank-gauging stick punctured an UST at a gasoline service station, resulting in a large,
long-term leak. Gasoline contamination was present in separate, dissolved, and adsorbed phases over a three-acre
area. The contamination also migrated off-site, resulting in vapors infiltrating nearby residential and commercial
buildings.
The site, which was characterized as fluvial bedded sand and gravel and a floodplain, with the water table at 10
ito 12 feet below grade, required the implementation of both short- and long-term measures The site assessment
revealed a three-acre plume containing up to 25,000 ppb BTEX and the presence of gasoline vapor in the substrate
and along underground utility lines.
In the short-term:
* 650 cubic yards of soil which were excavated during tank replacement were bioremediated using a nutrient-
enriched, Granular Activated Carbon-vented, aboveground soil pile. Soil concentrations were reduced from
230 ppm to nonhazardous levels within five months. Nonhazardous soils were disposed of in a
nonhazardous waste landfill.
* Water Table Depression Pumps and Oil/Water Separator Systems were used at the tank pit to affect product
recovery and water treatment: Contaminated groundwater, pumped by the recovery system, was treated by
liquid-phase Granular Activated Carbon prior to permitted discharge to sewer. Approximately 3,200 gallons
of separate-phase material were recovered during 20 months of system operation prior to start-up of the
permanent system.
* Two in situ Soil Vent Systems were installed to address contaminated soils and gasoline vapors in local
buildings. During the first 20 months of operation, the system recovered approximately 400 gallons of
gasoline. Background level vapor concentrations decreased from 700 ppm to nondetectable. The system
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continues to vent subsurface soil and to promote biodegradation by providing additional oxygen to the
saturated zone.
A permanent bioremediation/soil venting system was 1'ater installed.
* Four injection wells, whose locations were determined by aquifer tests, were installed for the addition of
nutrients and hydrogen peroxide. Two upgradient Soil Vent Systems were installed for oxygen
enrichment/treatment of the saturated zone and to vent the unsaturated zone.
' A recovery well was installed downgradient of the injection system to pump contaminated groundwater to
an air stripper system for treatment; the air stripper offgases are treated with a vapor abatement system.
The pumping system also provides hydraulic control of nutrient distribution.
* Groundwater levels and bioremediation system parameters were monitored during operations through well
gauging and sampling. The system removed 99% of the remaining contaminants. Regular monthly water
quality analyses have also shown that the cleanup measures were successful and have detected no
breakthrough since cleanup operations have ceased.
The cleanup, which began in 1988 and is scheduled for completion in 1993, is regulated under the Massachusetts
Department of Environmental Protection and the Massachusetts Contingency Plan.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzcne, xylenes (BTEX)
Media: soil, gioundwater, air
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 230 ppm BTEX (soil), 700 ppm (vapor), 25,000 ppm (groundwater)
Action Level: to nonhazardous levels (soil), to nondctectable level's (vapor)
Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
122
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: In Situ Biocell Soil Treatment
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization;
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 2
STATE: NY
Quality Assurance Data.
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): NY
History:
Approximately 650 cubic yards of soil, excavated during underground tank system removal, showed, high
concentrations of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Summary Text:
Approximately 650 cubic yards of soil, excavated during underground tank system removal, showed high
concentrations of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
Soil excavated from a manufacturing facility, which has been classified as an inactive hazardous waste site, was
found to contain high concentrations of PAHs from brushing grade creosote and No. 2 fuel oil contamination. A
preliminary investigation of the site, which is characterized as unconsohdated stratified clays, silts, and fine sands
overlying a bedrock of Onondaga limestone, identified separate adsorbed and dissolved phase PAHs downgradient
of the tank pit.
The initial 650 cubic yaids of soil are being treated in an in situ biocell utih/mg an enhanced natural degradation
bioremediation process. The tank pit was lined with dual high-density polyethylene liners, and the soils were
backfilled in stages. A layered piping network was installed during backfilling operations to provide a mechanism
for nutrient and moisture addition, leachate collection, and oxygen addition. Moisture, nutrient levels, oxygen and
carbon dioxide content, and biological populations were monitored throughout the degradation process. The treatment
of the initial batch of soil was both begun and completed in 1990.
A preliminary site investigation will identify the potential presence of additional impacted soil. A human health
and environmental risk assessment is also being performed to identify remediation objectives and goals.
The New York Department of Environmental Conservation's state Superfund is the regulatory agency involved
with the cleanup.
This case information was supplied by the vendor
Wastes: brushing grade creosote, No. 2 fuel oil
Media: soil
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Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: creosote, 50-30,000 ppm; No. 2 fuel oil, 10-1,500 ppm
Action Level:
Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
124
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Assessment and Remediation at a Refinery
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Pub! /--
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
, Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 6
STATE: OK
Quality Assurance Data-
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): OK
History:
Summary Text:
Beginning in 1989, a number of groundwater and soil remediation projects were designed and constructed for use
at a RCRA-regulated oil refinery in Oklahoma. TPH concentrations ranged from 100 to 50,000 ppm; BTEX
concentratioas ranged from 10 to 2,000 ppm The remediation technologies used include: recovery of separate-phase
hydrocarbons with specialized two-pump systems; treatment of groundwater using air strippers, a settling lagoon,
and biological water treatment systems; laboratory analysis of groundwater and soil systems; laboratory studies on
the applicability of in situ biodegradation to areas contaminated with phenolic compounds; laboratory studies on the
applicability of both above-ground and m. situ biodegradation to areas contaminated with various hydrocarbon
compounds and mixtures; on-going soil and groundwater bioremediation including above-ground bioremediation
of excavated soils and in sjuj bioremediation with air sparging; a horizontal well system for prevention of
groundwater impact on a residential area; design of a horizontal well system for in situ bioremediation of a previous
land farm area; design and installation of a soil vent system for vadose zone remediation and for recovery of
separate-phase light hydrocarbons; and, design and installation of a flare system for treatment of hydrocarbon
gaseous emissions from the soil vent system. Treatment is occurring mainly aboveground.
The system is designed for continuous remediation in conjunction with ongoing refinery operations.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: petroleum hydrocarbons
Media: soil, groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 100-50,000 ppm TPH, 10-2,000 ppm BTEX
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Action Level:
Reduction:
Additional Information: GTI also provided consulting services in support of an RFI investigation, legal consultation
against a class-adion suit, and technical consulting on a major water reinjection program aimed at minimizing
water treatment costs ind preventing the migration of subsurface, ph.ise-^eparated contaminants. GTI modeling
services led to improved efficiency of separate-phase recovery and more economical placement of water
recirculation wells. The facility has documented savings of nearly 56 million in their environmental program
over alternative recommendations.
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
126
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: In Situ Bioremediation of a Motor Vehicle Repair Facility
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ it
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 8
STATE: CO
Quality Assurance Data'
Site Characten/ed Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed Y
Site Name(s): CO
History:
During 30 years of operation of a motor vehicle repair garage, various types of oils, solvents, and gasoline have been
disposed of in a waste oil pit These liquids have leaked from the pit. and impacted the subsurface beneath1 the
facility. In addition, the contaminant plume has extended 200 feet from beneath the facility.
Summary Text:
During 30 years of operation of a motor vehicle repair garage, various types of oils, solvents, and gasoline have been
disposed of in a waste oil pit. These liquids have leaked from the pit and impacted the subsurface beneath the
facility. In addition, the contaminant plume has extended 200 feet from beneath the facility
The site was characterized as consisting primarily of clays, silts, and sands to various depths.
After site assessment, GTI recommended cleanup be accomplished by a combination of soil aeration and in situ
bioremediation. Site remediation was begun March 1988 with groundwater being pumped and remjected into the
subsurface via infiltration galleries This closed loop system was designed to maintain hydraulic control of the
aquifer. Controlled addition of nutrients and hydrogen peroxide into the remjected groundwater accelerated the
growth of indigenous microorganisms in the vadose zone. A negative pressure soil aeration system was installed
to increase the oxygen supply for the microorganism in the subsurface. Remediation of the subsurface hydrocarbons
was accomplished by the increased population of microorganisms degrading contaminants to carbon dioxide and
water. By project completion in December 1991, the system had reduced the level of contaminants from an average
of more than 1500 ppm TPH to less than 100 ppm TPH and from 100 ppm BTEX to nondetectable levels. Both
groundwater and vadose site closed.
The Colorado Department of Health provided regulatory oversight.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: waste oils
Media: soil, groundwater
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Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: more than 1500 ppm TPH (average), 100 ppm BTEX
Action Level:
Reduction' to less than ICO ppm TPH, nondetectable levels o; BTEX
Additional Information: This site has been chosen for the EPA's Bioremediation in the Field program.
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
128
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Comprehensive Subsurface Investigation and Biofeasibility Study of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil and
Groundwater
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: . Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 1
STATE: CT
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): CT
History:
Leaking underground storage tanks at a helicopter manufacture site released jet fuel and gasoline which resulted in
a separate-phase contaminant plume and dissolved-'phase contamination in groundwater. The contamination
threatened a local river. There were also surface spills of chlorinated compounds in the fuel calibration area.
Although the sources of this contamination are unconfirmed, they most likely include barrel storage and surface spills
at the fuel calibration area.
Summary Text:
Leaking underground storage tanks at a helicopter manufacture site released jet fuel and gasoline. Site investigation
was begun in 1990 at the site which consists of sands, giavel, an occasional peat layer, and groundwater at a depth
of 7-12 feet. The investigation activities included: soil gas survey, monitoring well and soil boring installation, soil
and groundwater analyses, and a Soil Vent System pilot study A biofeasibility study and soil vent system and
bioremediation piping design have been completed Initial contaminant levels, which ranged widely, were 1-900
ppm BTEX, approximately 50-200 ppb chlorinated compounds, and 500-1500 ppm TPH.
The investigation is in the proposal stage for comprehensive site remediation, which includes: design and
operation of a hydrocarbon recovery system for separate-phase jet fuel and remediation of contaminated soil
(chlorinated compounds) using soil venting and bioremediation. GTI will install, start, and operate the Soil Vent
System and, based on its effectiveness, will activate a nutrient injection system to enhance remediation efforts at the
site. Groundwater is to be treated in situ, following injection of nutrients and air sparging. Cleanup levels are still
being negotiated.
The site is being regulated by the U.S EPA and the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection.
This case information was supplied by the vendor
Wastes: petroleum hydrocarbons: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEX); chlorinated hydrocarbons: TPH,
1,1-dichloroethylene, trans-l,2-dichloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, vinyl chloride; lead, chromium,
;admium, arsenic, naphthalene, 2-methyl naphthalene
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Media: soil, groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 1-900 ppm BTEX approximately 50-200 ppb chlorinated compounds, 500-1500 ppm TPH
Action Level:
Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
130
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Design and Installation of an In Situ Soil Bioremediation System at a Food Distribution Warehouse and
Truck Terminal
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 9
STATE: CA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Vernon, CA
History:
The site is a large food distribution warehouse with 26 truck bays where trucks were maintained and refueled for
20 years. The land was formerly used by a steel company as a railroad terminal warehouse. Gasoline and diesel
fuel leaked from the fuel delivery lines and dispensers and formed an 80% diesel/20Te gasoline plume in the sandy
soil to depths of 60 to 70 feet. The plume dimensions were approximately 150 feet by 80 feet by 70 feet when
discovered.
Summary Text:
The site is covered by demolished industrial foundations and railroad debris to a depth of about three feet. A silt
layer extends ten to twelve feet below grade, and poorly graded medium sands persist at least to the 85-foot depth
of investigation.
GTI drilled 18 soil borings to assess the site. Soil hydrocarbon concentrations up to 40,000 ppm TPH were
mapped in a series of depth slices through the plume. A total plume weight of 50,000 pounds was calculated.
Because of an impending property transfer, a 60-day deadline was imposed to design and install an in situ
remediation system. GTI was able to complete site evaluation, system design and approval, and system installation
prior to transfer. The site will be remediated by in situ soil venting and bioremediation, all controlled from a remote
compound installed at the property line, out of the way of the new landowner. Cleanup is targeted for less than 50
ppm TPH and less than 5 ppb BTEX. Cleanup is estimated to take 18 months, with a completion date of Fall 1992.
The City of Vemon (CA) Department of Health Services and Fire Department were the regulatory agencies
involved in this cleanup.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: gasoline, diesel fuel
Media: sandy soil
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Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 40,000 ppm TPH
Action Level:
Reduction: to less than 50 ppm TPH, less than 5 ppb BTEX
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
132
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Aboveground Bioremediation at a Petroleum Refinery
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 9
STATE: CA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): CA
History:
A pipeline release of diesel fuels combined1 with general refinery petroleum products introduced over the 100-year
life of a petroleum refinery caused contamination of the soil.
Summary Text:
During expansion of a petroleum refinery, 16,000 cubic yards of excavated soil were found in laboratory analyses
to contain diesel range hydrocarbons with concentrations ranging from 42 to 770 ppm. CAM metals were present
at levels below the Total Threshold Limit Concentrations as set by the California Department of Health Services.
The source of the contamination was a pipeline release of diesel fuels combined with general refinery petroleum
products introduced over the 100-year life of the facility.
In 1990, GTI collected ten representative samples to obtain background moisture, pH, and bacterial levels. Based
on the analytical results, it was determined that relatively high background levels of hydrocarbon-using bacteria
existed in the soils under pH and moisture conditions which were within the optimal range for maximum
biodegiadation rates.
Because of the clayey nature of the soil, physical conditioning was necessary to completely mix nutrients and
oxygen with the hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. This required extensive soil handling and the use of large earth-
moving equipment. Soil was removed from the original soil pile and spread into an open area where large chunks
of clay were crushed. Soil samples from the site consistently showed non-detectable levels of gasoline constituents,
so volatilization during soil conditioning was not a problem. After the soil was sufficiently conditioned, the treatment
cells were constructed.
Upon completion of the treatment cells, the venting pipes were manifolded to a high vacuum blower. The
aeration system was designed by considering the atmospheric oxygen needed for complete hydrocarbon degradation,
the relatively impermeable nature of the soils, and the friction losses associated with drawing air through the length
of the piping system.
During treatment cell construction, soil samples were collected at specified locations. The samples were analyzed
for diesel hydrocarbon concentrations to provide a baseline for monitoring diesel concentration degradation
throughout the life of the project. Weekly readings of carbon dioxide and volatile hydrocarbon concentrations were
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taken from the blower and carbon canister effluent. The readings were used to determine the rate of hydrocarbon
biodegradation occurring in the treatment cells and to assess breakthrough of hydrocarbon emissions from the carbon
canisters.
After 45 days of operation, samples of diesel-contaminated soils indicated an average level of diesel
hydrocarbons of 22 ppm, with 58 percent of the results below detection limits (less than 10 ppm). Soil with these
concentrations is no longer considered a "designated waste" (as defined under Title 23 of the California Code of
Regulations, Chapter 3, Subchapter 15, Section 2522) and can be used for various purposes as approved by local
regulatory agencies. The development plans for the facility call for the treated soil to be reused as fill material.
The cleanup was completed in 1991. The Regional Water Quality Control Board and the Bay Area Air Quality
Management District were the regulatory agencies for this cleanup.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: diesel range hydrocarbons
Media: clayey soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 42 to 770 ppm
Action Level:
Reduction: average level, 22 ppm; 58^o of results were below detection limits of 10 ppm
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
134
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Organic Solvent-Contaminated Groundwater
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 1
STATE: MA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): MA
History:
Tetrahydrofuian (THF), an organic solvent, spilled dunng material transfer at a consumer goods manufacturing
facility. The THF flowed through the facility's catch basin storm and drain system and discharged to a neighboring
wetland. The spill resulted in the contamination of soils, groundwater, and bedrock.
Summary Text:
Site geology consists of unconsohdated glacial sediments overlying bedrock formations of granite and amphibolite.
Local hydrogeologic conditions include a low-yielding overburden aquifer despite relatively permeable soils.
Groundwater flows toward an on-site wetland and accompanying brook and finally toward a major river. In addition
to the wetland, an off-line municipal water supply was also threatened by contamination.
Under a regulatory agency emergency response directive, GTI excavated soils along the catch basin and storm
drain system, installed a Soil Vent System at the spill source to vent THF, and stockpiled and vented the excavated
soils to remove adsorbed THF. The contaminant plume was also delineated and a Short Term Measure was
initiated to contain further migration of THF-contaminated groundwater. A bioremediation feasibility study was
conducted to confirm application of both a fixed-film bioreactor and an in situ bioremediation system to treat
contaminated groundwater. Further studies are aimed at the delineation and treatment of bedrock contamination and
the determination of risk to human health and the environment through a comprehensive Risk Assessment. The
bioremediation system is being designed for installation in 1992.
Site being remediated under the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection and the Massachusetts
Contingency Plan.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: organic solvent: tetrahydrofuran (THF)
Media: soil, groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
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Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
136
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Enhanced Natural Degradation of Excavated Soils
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 3
STATE: WV
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): WV
History:
Two 10,(X)0-gallon tanks housed in a concrete containment vault adjacent to a building at a telecommunication center
were leaking. Observation and monitor wells showed no free product accumulation on the water table. Fuel had
already been found to be leaching from the backfill, extending the problem to the surrounding soil.
Summary Text:
In 1988, a feasibility study was conducted to evaluate off-site disposal and biodegradation. Soil sampling revealed:
total petroleum hydrocarbon levels ranging from 3,400 to 7,300 ppm; hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria ranging from
300 to 3,000 colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml) The results of the feasibility study revealed
bioremediation would be the most cost effective approach to remediate the soils.
One thousand cubic yards of soil were removed from around the building foundation, which left a residual OVM
reading of 0-291 ppm. The excavated soil was moved to a plot of land for the Enhanced Natural Degradation
treatment. The treatment area was land divided into four treatment cells divided by soil berms. Each berm area was
lined with plastic, with one end of the cell left open for placement of the soils.
Selected nutrients and 10,000 gallons of water were added to the soil. The water was allowed to soak into the
soils to maintain optimum moisture levels. The cells were then covered with sheet plastic and allowed to rest for
passive Enhanced Natural Degradation treatment.
The site was monitored monthly for the entire period of treatment for the parameters of total petroleum
hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, moisture content, and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria. Hydrocarbon
utilizers increased more than 1,000,000 CFU/ml in the first two months. As total petroleum hydrocarbon levels
dropped, the biological activity leveled off.
Treatment was completed in four months with 99^ of the petroleum hydrocarbons degraded The soils were
then moved to a sanitary landfill. Savings from use of this approach are estimated to be at least 5225,000.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: hydrocarbons
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Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: total petroleum hydrocarbons, 3,400 to 7,300 ppm
Action Level:
Reduction: 99<~o
Additional Information:
Cost Data: Estimated savings of $225,000 compared to off-site disposal to a hazardous waste landfill.
Citation Information:
138
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: In Situ Bioremediation at a Bulk Fuel Terminal
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 3
STATE: VA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): VA
History:
Twenty eight aboveground stoiage tanks, with underground transfer lines, existed at an abandoned bulk fuel terminal.
Summary Text:
An abandoned bulk fuel terminal had stored and transferred various grades of gasoline and fuel oil. Twenty-eight
aboveground storage tanks (up to 88,000 barrel capacity) existed at the facility, with underground transfer lines.
Investigations indicated as much as 61,000 gallons of free product may float on the shallow water table below the
facility. Based on subsurface investigation results, the Virginia State Water Control Board required remediation of
soil and groundwater at the facility.
Remedial construction activities at the facility involved two phases.
Phase I: Construction of approximately 2300 feet of dissolved-phase and free product interceptor trenches;
installation and construction of 16 dissolved-phase and free product recovery wells; installation of 11 watertable
depression pumps within interceptor trench sumps; installation of 6 free product phase Oil/Water Separator Systems
within the interceptor trench sumps; construction of an iron prctreatment system; construction of an air stripping
system to treat dissolved phase hydrocarbons; design and construction of 1 centralized remediation control system
for remote data logging, evaluation vapor off-gas concentration, monitoring system operation/efficiency, and warning
system.
Phase II included construction of approximately 10,000 feet of bio-venting trenches designed to remediate
vapor-phase hydrocarbons using a dual operational scheme of soil vapor extraction system and enhanced
bioremediation via a nutrient infiltration system.
The project includes the thermal treatment (mobile rotary kiln) of approximately 10,000 tons of petroleum-
impacted soil generated from Phase I and Phase II trenching activities.
A cost savings of approximately $8 million is projected by utilizing in situ bioremediation technology rather than
excavation and thermal treatment.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: gasoline, fuel oil
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Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data: Projected savings of $8 million compared to excavation and thermal treatment
Citation Information:
140
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Aboveground Biorernediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soil
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 9
STATE: CA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): CA
History:
A fifteen-acre former transportation facility, purchased by a northern California municipality, was found during
demolition and grading to have subsurface contamination from gasoline, dieiel, waste oil, and creosote
Summary Text:
A fifteen-acre former transportation facility, purchased by a northern California municipality, was found during
demolition and grading to have subsurface contamination from gasoline, diesel, waste oil, and creosote.
More than 21,000 cubic yards of soil, a silty sand with some cobbles, required treatment. Contamination levels
ranged from 100-4,000 ppm TPH. Extensive shoring was required to protect the integrity of a nearby roadway.
Before treatment, the soils had to be transported to another City site and placed in treatment cells. In three months,
GTI segregated the contaminated soil and transported it to adjacent land, built the biorernediation cells, and backfilled
the original site in time for the City to conclude sale of the properly to a developer.
The biorernediation was completed in 1991 'at which time the concentration levels were less than 100 ppm TPH.
This cleanup is one of the largest biorernediation treatment cell projects ever engineered
The Department of Health Services, County of Contra Costa Health Services was the regulatory agency for this
cleanup.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: gasoline, diesel, waste oil, creosote
Media: silty sands with some cobbles
Technology: biorernediation
Concentrations: 100-4,000 ppm TPH
Action Level:
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Reduction: to less than 100 ppm TPH
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
142
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Bioremediation: A Field Pilot Study
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 6
STATE: LA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Baton Rouge, LA
History:
TCE separate-phase contaminant deep below the surface was creating a di.ssolved-containmant plume in the
groundwater at a chemical manufacture production plant. This plume extended down as far as 1,200 feet with
contamination up to 600 feet in a drinking water aquifer.
Summary Text:
Multiple "leaky" aquifers were found to be contaminated with TCE, PCE, and vinyl chloride, at concentration levels
of 50-100 ppb. GTI conducted abioremediation pilot study in 1989 and 1990, showing the feasibility of remediating
the site with "co-metabolic biodcgradation system," which will be applied m. situ. A full design based on the field
pilot study has been undertaken Cleanup goals call for concentration levels less than 1 ppb
The Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality is the regulatory agencies for this RCRA-dnven cleanup.
This case information was supplied by the vendor
Wastes: TCE, PCE, and vinyl chloride
Media: groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 50-100 ppb
Action Level:
Reduction: to less than 1 ppb
Additional Information:
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Cost Data:
Citation Information:
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Aboveground Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soil
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 1
STATE: MA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Cape Cod, MA
History:
After the excavation of two fuel oil tanks on the premises of a public high school in Massachusetts, approximately
3,500 cubic yards of No. 5 fuel-oil stained soil were removed.
Summary Text:
After the excavation of two fuel oil tanks on the premises of a public high school in Massachusetts, approximately
3,500 cubic yards of No. 5 fuel-oil stained soil were removed.
TPH levels in the soil, which was predominantly a medium sand with cobbles, ranged from 0 to 37,000 ppm.
The cost for disposing of the soil in a landfill or through asphalt batching was extraordinary and beyond the school
district's means to pay. In addition, wastes removed in a previous cleanup were disposed of in a Superfund site
landfill, and the school district was forced to help pay for a site cleanup that was four times the original disposal
cost.
In 1990, an agreement was negotiated with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection to
transport soil for treatment to an area of low environmental impact, without a hazardous waste manifest. This
provided a safe, cost-effective treatment site without the elaborate security systems that would be required for
treatment on the high school grounds. It was further negotiated that closure standards would be based upon TPH
and CO2 concentrations. It was agreed that minimum closure standards would be 100 ppm TPH and that soil
sampling would be performed when CO2 levels reached ambient air concentrations, indicating that biologic activity
had dropped to pre-nutrient-addition levels.
An aboveground, trapezoidal-shaped bioremediation pile was designed that incorporated soil ventilation pipes
and CO2 and O2 monitoring probes. The soil pile was built on a series of ripstop tarpaulins and a leachate collection
system. Construction was completed in stages to accommodate the installation of nutrients, ventilation pipes and
monitoring probes. The completed pile was covered, fenced and connected to a ventilation system that supplied a
constant source of oxygen to the microbes. In accordance with Massachusetts air quality regulations, a vapor-phase,
activated-carbon system treats soil vent system effluent to remove volatilized hydrocarbons.
The soil pile is monitored twice a month for integrity of the tarp and fence; to remove any leachate that has
collected in the leachate collecting system; to check the air flow system; and to monitor for C02 and O2 within the
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pile. Initial analyses, completed two weeks after soil pile construction but prior to the initiation of oxygen
circulation, showed a drop in TPH concentrations to below 1000 ppm and a 1000-fold increase in microbial activity.
The site was closed in 1991 based on a drop in C02 concentrations and the results of soil analyses which showed
TPH levels of less than 100 ppm.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: petroleum hydrocarbons: No. 5 fuel oil, TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbons)
Media: medium sand with cobbles
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 0-37,000 ppm TPH
Action Level:
Reduction: to less than 100 ppm TPH
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Site Assessment and Groundwater Bioremediation Restoration: Dissolved-Phase Petroleum Contamination
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 1
STATE: MA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized V
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): MA
History:
Release of No. 4 fuel oil occurred during removal of underground storage tank, impacting downgradient municipal
water supply well.
Summary Text:
Dissolved-phase petroleum was migrating relatively rapidly from an industrial research facility through the alluvial
delta sediment sequence consisting primarily of well-sorted fine sand. The municipal water supply well was located
approximately 1,600 feet downgradient.
In 1987, a monitoring well network was installed to characterize the area! extent of the contamination and the
rate of contaminant migration. After the assessment, an air stripper system was installed to remove volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) from the contaminated groundwater. The bioremediation system included the installation of a
hydrogen peroxide feed system and an infiltration gallery to enhance the natural biological degradation of the
contaminants and to prevent biological fouling of the infiltration gallery.
The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, the regulatory agency involved with this cleanup,
approved remediation system shut-down approximately three years after start-up when state water quality standards
were attained.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: no. 4 fuel oil
Media: groundwater, soil (well-sorted fine sand)
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
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Reduction: to state water quality standards
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
148
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Aboveground Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soil
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 9
STATE: CA
Quality Assurance Da'a:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Los Angeles, CA
History:
During a property transfer assessment at a major oil producer bulk terminal, it was discovered that diesel and fuel
oil from an old bulk storage tank and its piping had leaked into the soil. The facility has been used for storage and
transfer operations since 1915.
Summary Text:
Contaminants included gasoline, diesel, and petroleum crude. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentratioas
in the soil ranged from non-detectable to 32,000 ppm. TPH concentrations in groundwater samples ranged from
17 to 4,300 ppb. The soils consisted of clays, silts, and sand. A seven-well assessment to 110 feet discovered a
40-acre groundwater plume on the 43-acre site.
In 1990, two thousand cubic yards of soil were excavated and moved to another location on the site. The soil
was then spread out in piles to a depth of three feet. Abioremediation sprinkler system was constructed around the
soil in order to deliver nutrients and water to the soil piles. No off-gas control was required due to the low volatility
of the organic compounds. This phase was completed in approximately eight months, ending in 1990. Final
contaminant concentration levels were less than 100 ppm TPH in soil. (Groundwater is being treated with carbon.)
The Los Angeles County Department of Public Works and the Regional Water Quality Control Board were the
regulatory agencies for this cleanup.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: gasoline, diesel, petroleum crude
Media: soils consisting of clays, silts, and sand
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: TPH ranging from non-detectable to 32,000 ppm in soil; 17 to 4,300 ppb in groundwater
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Action Level:
Reduction: to less than 100 ppm TPH in soil
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Soil Reclamation at an Aboveground Biotreatment Facility
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: not applicable
STATE: Canada
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Montreal, Quebec, Canada
History:
Approximately 3,100 cubic meters of soil containing high concentrations of mineral oil and grease and monoaromatic
hydrocarbons were discovered dunng the preliminary geotechmcal and engineering study for a pipeline replacement
project at an oil refinery.
Summary Text:
Approximately 3,100 cubic meters of soil containing high concentrations of mineral oil and grease and monoaromatic
hydrocarbons were discovered during the preliminary geotechnical and engineering study for a pipeline replacement
project at an oil refinery. The project required upgrading pipelines connecting a refinery to a docking facility about
25 km away.
The Ministry of the Environment of Quebec specified that the soil be treated on-site or disposed of off-site at
a hazardous waste landfill. Because of the high cost of landfill disposal and because future cleanups stemming from
similar replacement or modification projects were anticipated, a permanent treatment facility was chosen.
The contaminated material was a fill material consisting of crushed stone, silty clay, and fine sand. Initial
contamination levels were approximately 6,000 ppm TPH.
The on-site biological treatment facility is designed to batch treat soils. Soil is moved between treatment phases,
from excavation, to stockpiling, treatment and finally re-use as clean fill on-site. This allows treatment in various
stages simultaneously. The facility consists of three components: a 35 m x 25 m stock pile area, a 12 m x 15 m soil
conditioning area, and 60 m x 18 m treatment cells. The facility encompasses an area of 91 m x 119 m and each
component is constructed of reinforced concrete on a crushed stone subbase. The location of each component is
determined by site-specific criteria, including: prevailing wind direction, topography, and special limitations, such
as truck delivery of soil to the stockpile and logistical consideration given the progression of soils through the
system. The system operational flow is: First, soil is staged in the stockpile area until enough soil is accumulated
for batch conditioning. Next, soil progresses to the second phase or conditioning area where the soil is loaded into
equipment that both conditions and screens the soil. Large rocks are removed by screening and soils are conditioned
to a uniform, granular consistency. This conditioning increases the surface area, permeability, and homogeneity of
the soil, enhancing the bioremediation process. Nutrients are added during this phase to ensure a uniform application.
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Moisture content, pH, and permeability are also adjusted at this point.
Soils meeting specifications are next loaded into treatment cells. During construction of these concrete lined
cells, an oxygen network was installed to provide aeration. Once the oxygen distribution system is started, the
system is regularly monitored for oxygen, carbon dioxide, temperature, nutrients, bacteria, moisture content, pH, and
hydrocarbon concentrations. Once the soils are remediated, the treatment cells are emptied and the soil can be used
as clean fill. Final concentrations are expected to be less than 500 ppm TPH.
Treatment of the initial 3,100 cubic meters of soil, which was estimated to require 2 to 6 months at an average
operating temperature of 60 degrees Fahrenheit or greater, was begun in 1991 and is scheduled to be completed in
1992.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: mineral oil; grease; petroleum hydrocarbons including: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEX)
Media: soil, consisting of crushed stone, silty clay, and fine sand
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: approximately 6,000 ppm TPH
Action Level:
Reduction: to less than 500 ppm TPH
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information: , I
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Air, Soil, and Groundwater
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 1
STATE: VT
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): VT
History:
Summary Text:
Hydrocarbon contamination existed in four phases at a major oil company facility in Vermont. The contamination
consisted of: more than 300 gallons of separate-phase gasoline; vapor-phase contamination of three buildings,
including an office building and private residences; high levels of dissolved-phase hydrocarbons in groundwater; and
adsorbed-phase contamination of soils over a considerable area! extent. The soil to be remediated was characterized
as fine-grained sand, silt and clay. Initial concentrations of contaminants were 18,000 ppm.
In 1988, GTI installed five Soil Vent Systems to abate vapor-phase contamination; designed and installed five
pumping wells and two interception wells to gather contaminated groundwater via aquifer manipulation; treated
contaminated water using air stripping and carbon adsorption; designed and installed two bioremediation systems
including a multi-point infiltration access system that utilized nine infiltration points; installed three recharge galleries
to provide upgradient access for treated waters; and installed a Vapor Abatement System to clean air stripper and
soil ventilation system effluent.
The state of Vermont is providing regulatory oversight of operations, monitoring of data, and tracking of cleanup
progress.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: BTEX, gasoline
Media: groundwater, soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 18,000 ppm
Action Level:
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Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
154
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soil and Groundwater
Publication Date:
NTIS fc
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Ronald J. Hicks, (510) 671-2387
Developer Organization: Groundwater Technology, Inc., Concord, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: not applicable
STATE: Canada
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Quebec, Canada
History:
Gasoline storage tanks at a service station in Quebec, Canada, leaked over a period of years, resulting in soil and
groundwater contamination in separate-, adsorbed-, dissolved- and vapor-phases.
Summary Text:
Initial contaminant concentrations ranged from 5 ppb to 1200 ppb BTEX. In 1990, GTI installed bioremediation
systems at the service station as well as in the basement of a nearby business which was found to be contaminated
with separate-phase gasoline and gasoline vapors.
Two recovery wells and two injection galleries with hydrogen peroxide addition were installed at the service
station. A bioremediation system and a Soil Vent System were installed in the basement. The system was tied into
the dewatering system that served the site. (Dewatering was necessary since the bottom of the basement was below
the water table.) The system comprised one recover}' well and injection points. Both soil and groundwater were
treated in situ.
The system was closed with regulatory-agency approval from the Ministry of the Environment, Quebec, after
approximately two years of operation, when low vapor concentrations were achieved in the basement of the impacted
building.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: BTEX, chlorinated hydrocarbons
Media: soil, groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 5 ppb - 1200 ppb BTEX
Action Level:
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Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
156
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Land Treatment of Soils Contaminated with Diesel Fuel
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Maureen Leavitt, (615) 690-3211
Developer Organization: IT Corporation, Knoxville, TN
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 3
STATE: PA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed Y
Site Name(s): Ashland Petroleum/PA
History:
A major diesel fuel spill onto soils and into an adjacent nver at a storage terminal. Approximately 15,000 cubic
yards of soil were contaminated with an average of 12,000 parts per million (ppm) diesel.
Summary Text:
A biological site assessment was performed to determine the utility of land treatment technology employing native
microorganisms at the site. The site assessment and subsequent degradation studies indicated that land treatment
technology could effect remediation without excavation of contaminated soil (thereby avoiding increased air
emissions). A work plan was developed, approved by the appropriate state regulatory agencies, and remedial work
began in the summer of 1988.
Treatment involved monthly soil sampling and testing to determine microbial population densities of heterotrophs
and diesel-degraders, soil nutrient and moisture content, and pH. Application of nutrients and lime as indicated by
soil testing, and regular tilling to aerate the soil were implemented as required. These processes optimized the rate
of biodegradation. Native soil bacteria were well adapted to utilizing petroleum hydrocarbons as a carbon and energy
source. The total remedial process was scheduled to require up to three years with little activity during winter
months because microbial activity is greatly reduced in cold weather.
Most areas of the site were closed by 1990 after attaining the 1,000 ppm target level. The total period of
performance for this cleanup was from March 1988 to November 1990. The remaining area is currently being
examined for possible recalcitrant hydrocarbons not associated with the spill event.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: diesel fuel
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
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Concentrations: 12,000 ppm diesel, average
Action Level: 1,000 ppm
Reduction: to 450 ppm average across site
Additional Information:
Cost Data: The cost was approximately $118 per yard, which reflects an intensive analytical program.
Citation Information:
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Land Treatment of Diesel Contamination in Soil
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Maureen Leavirt, (615) 690-3211
Developer Organization: IT Corporation, Knoxville, TN
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 4
STATE: TN
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed Y
Site Name(s): TN
History:
As pan of a real estate transfer for a major transportation company, IT removed several underground fuel storage
tanks. Dunng this process, diesel-contammated soil was identified and approximately 5,000 cubic yards of soil was
excavated.
Summary Text:
As part of a real estate transfer for a major transportation company, IT removed several underground fuel storage
tanks. During this process, diesel-contaminated soil was identified and approximately 5,000 cubic yards of soil was
excavated.
IT collected random samples from! the soil pile and conducted a bioassessment The average total petroleum
hydrocarbon (TPH) content of the pile! was 2,250 parts per million (ppm). A substantial microbial population was
identified and all environmental parameters were within the ideal range for bioremediation. Nutrient levels were very
low, indicating that a nutrient augmentation plan would be required.
The soils were staged on a vacant asphalt parking lot in August 1989. Tilling and moisture monitoring were
conducted weekly. Monthly samples were collected to determine nutrient levels, pH, and microbial densities before
adding nutrients to the soils.
The initial 500 ppm target level mandated by the Tennessee Department of Health and Environment (TDHE)
was attained within four months of treatment. At this time TDHE considered adjusting the target level to 100 ppm.
IT gained closure of the site at 500 ppm based on the results of acid rain Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
(TCLP) tests of several soil samples. The results suggested that the hydrocarbon remaining on the high clay content
soils would not leach off at detectable levels. This project was completed in March 1990.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: diesel
Media: soil
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Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 2,250 ppm, average total petroleum hydrocarbon content
Action Level:
Reduction: to 500 ppm
Additional Information:
Cost Data: The full scale remediation cost was $50,000.
Citation Information:
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Land Treatment of Bulk Storage Facility Soils
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Maureen Leavitt, (615) 690-3211
Developer Organization: IT Corporation, Knoxville, TN
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 2
STATE: NJ
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed Y
History:
Summary Text:
As part of a redevelopment plan, Texaco retained IT to design and implement the cleanup plan for a terminal in New
Jersey. Among the alternatives designed, land treatment of all petroleum contaminated soils was included. More
than 200,000 cubic yards of soil has been identified as subject to the bioremedial treatment. The initial
concentrations of contaminant was as high as 85,000 ppm total petroleum hydrocarbons.
In November 1989, IT conducted a bioassessment for the soils for four weeks to determine that the proper
conditions existed for biotreatment. A significant hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial population was quantified, and
these organisms responded positively to nutrient augmentation. The pH of the soils was found to be below the ideal
range; therefore, liming was prescribed. Nutrient levels were minimal in all samples, hence the treatment regime
will include nutrient augmentation.
The cleanup plan has received approval by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Although
treatment target levels have not yet been established, they may be on the order of 500 ppm. Full scale treatment
has not yet begun, although the plan is to conduct a land treatment scenario. Implementation is scheduled to begin
in the spring of 1992.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: petroleum
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: as high as 85,000 ppm, total petroleum hydrocarbons
Action Level:
Reduction:
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Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioassessment of Petroleum-Contaminated Soil and Groundwater at a Sealant and Caulking Manufacturing
Site
Publication Date:
NTIS ft:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Maureen Leavitt, (615) 690-3211
Developer Organization: IT Corporation, Knoxville, TN
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 5
STATE: . MI
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed Y
Site Name(s): Mortell/Essex Specialty Products/Dow Chemical/Ml
History:
Summary Text:
As part of a property transfer corrective action plan, bioremediation was evaluated as an alternative for remediating
soils and groundwater. Both unsaturated and saturated soils were contaminated. Land treatment and in situ aquifer
remediation were recommended as potential bioremediation applications. IT completed a bioassessment of soil and
groundwater samples to determine that the proper conditions existed for bioremediation. The results were positive
for bioremediation, indicating:
* A relatively large and healthy microbial population existed and responded positively to nutrient
augmentation.
* The pH measurements in ail samples were within the ideal range for bacterial activity; therefore, no
adjustment would be immediately necessary
* Nutrient concentrations were deficient in both soil and water.
* Nutrient adsorption onto the soil was not excessive and binding sites were readily saturated.
* The persistence of oxygen in groundwater was moderate based on the first addition of hydrogen peroxide,
but improved with the second addition.
The results indicated that bioremediation was a viable alternative for effective remediation of soil and
groundwater. This project started in January 1990. The full scale cleanup has not yet begun. The cleanup plan is
pending state approval. The approach will be surface in situ land treatment and in situ vadose zone treatment using
a trickling system.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: petroleum hydrocarbons
Media: soils, groundwater
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Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
164
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediatkm of Soils Contaminated with Paint Solvents
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Maureen Leavitt, (615) 690-3211
Developer Organization: FT Corporation, Knoxville, TN
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 6
STATE: AR
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed Y
Site Name(s): AR
History:
A single spill event at a paint and varnish manufacturing plant resulted in the release of spent washing solvent onto
soil.
Summary Text:
A single spill event at a paint and varnish manufacturing plant resulted in the release of spent washing solvent onto
soil.
The spill did not constitute Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) jurisdiction, and the Arkansas
Department of Pollution Control and Ecology granted allowance to treat the soils on site. The initial concentrations
were: 6 ppm benzene, 90 ppm toluene, 300 ppm xylenes, 60 ppm ethylbenzene, and 10 ppm methylethyl ketone.
IT was contracted to conduct a bioassessment and to design and operate the full-scale remediation.
The results of the bioassessment indicated that each parameter was within ideal ranges for bioremediation A
treatment pad was designed by IT, and IT supervised construction and loading of the soils. Approximately 80 cubic
yards of soil was loaded onto the pad.
After one month of treatment, most contaminants were found to be near or below the detection limit. Second
and third month sample analyses were also conducted. The final concentration levels were: less than 5 ppb benzene,
2 ppb toluene, 8 ppb xylenes, less than 2 ppb ethylbenzene, less than 10 ppb MEK. Closure followed. The period
of performance for this project was July 1990 to November 1990.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, methylethyl ketone
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 6 ppm benzene, 90 ppm toluene, 300 ppm xylene, 60 ppm ethylbenzene, 10 ppm methylethyl
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ketone
Action Level:
Reduction: to less than 5 ppb benzene, 2 ppb toluene, 8 ppb xylene, less than 2 ppb ethylbenzene, less than
10 ppb methylethyl ketone
Additional Information:
Cost Data: The cost of the land treatment was $29,000.
Citation Information:
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Pilot Study of Bioremediation of Lubricating Oil in Soil
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Maureen Leavitt, (615) 690-3211
Developer Organization: IT Corporation, Knoxville, TN
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 2
STATE: NJ
Quality-Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed Y
Site Name(s): NJ
History:
Summary Text:
A former plastics manufacturing plant is currently under Environmental Cleanup Responsibility Act (ECRA)
jurisdiction for remediation of soils contaminated with petroleum, organic solvents, and hydrotherm lubricating oil.
The site has been characterized and potential remedies have been proposed IT was contracted to determine if
bioremediation using land treatment would be an effective approach to remediate the site.
In August 1989, IT conducted a bioassessment using soils from different areas of the site. All data suggest that
bioremediation may be effective. A sufficient bacterial population existed in the samples, the pH was low, but within
a treatable range, and nutrient levels were very low. IT recommended demonstrating biodegradation of the soils
using a pilot-scale land treatment system.
Soils from five different areas of the site were excavated and placed on the treatment pad in October 1989.
Although a treatment plan had been determined and initiated, cool temperatures and excessive moisture hampered
efforts after November 1989. Operations were resumed in March 1990 with weekly tilling and monthly sampling
for total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), microbial enumerations, nutrient levels, pH, and moisture. Nutrient,
moisture, and lime addition were prescribed based on these results. The demonstration continued until November
1990.
Microbial densities remained relatively stable throughout the spring, although nutrient dissipation and pH decline
were observed. By September, the microbial densities had risen on average by two orders of magnitude. TPH loss
over seven months ranged between 30 percent and 70 percent. These data, monetary issues, and regulatory target
levels were considered before submitting the final cleanup plan to the New Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection. Woik has not yet begun; however, bioremediation was not chosen.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: petroleum, organic solvents, and hydrotherm lubricating oil
Media: soil
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Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction: 30-70^
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: In Situ Bioremediation of Soils and Groundwater Contaminated with Gasoline
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Maureen Leavitt, (615) 690-3211
Developer Organization: IT Corporation, Knoxville, TN
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 2
STATE: NT
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed Y
Site Name(s): New York State Department of Environmental Conservation/NY
History:
In the early 1980s, an undetermined' amount of gasoline leaked into the soil and groundwater as a result of a leaking
underground storage tank.
Summary Text:
In the early 1980s, an undetermined amount of gasoline leaked into the soil and groundwater as a result of a leaking
underground storage tank. In 1984, the tank was removed and six monitoring wells were installed to track the
movement of the plume of contamination. The cone of influence of a shallow municipal drinking water well
extended into the contaminated area. The well was taken out of service to avoid contaminating the city's drinking
water supply with compounds such as benzene, ethylbenzcne, toluene, and xylencs (BTEX).
Remediation of the groundwater aquifer was initiated by the New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation (NYSDEC). A purge well was operated continuously and the municipal well was put back into
operation. However, low levels of benzene were twice detected in the municipal well and operation of the well was
suspended. In August 1985, an infiltration gallery was constructed at the location of the former underground storage
tank. The function of the gallery was to flush hydrocarbons out of the aquifer by increasing the flow of water
through the contaminated zone to the purge well. After a year of continuous operation, low levels of hydrocarbons
were still being detected in the aquifer. The groundwater circulation system was neither able to control the spread
of hydrocarbons nor remediate the site.
IT was contracted in 1986 to develop and implement an in situ aquifer bioremediation program to reduce the
levels of hydrocarbons in the groundwater to drinking water standards. A site bioassessment was conducted and in
1987, a contract was awarded for design and implementation of the bioremediation system. The scope of work and
budget for the project was presented in the spring of 1988 and construction was begun later that year. The aquifer
remediation system began operation in January 1989. Nutrients and hydrogen peroxide were regularly introduced
into the groundwater injection/recovery system until August 1989. During this period, soils and groundwater were
monitored monthly formicrobial densities, pH, inorganic nutrient content, and BTEX concentration. Field tests were
performed weekly to track nutrient transport and the levels of dissolved oxygen in the subsurface. The
injection/recovery system continued to operate without the addition of nutrients and oxygen until October 1989. The
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system was completely shut down, demobilized, and prepared for winter in November 1989, after three consecutive
sampling events revealed "clean" soil and groundwater. Postremediation monitoring of soil and groundwater was
conducted from November 1989 through August 1990. Following review of the analytical results' from the
monitoring phase, the site was declared clean by the NYSDEC The original concentration of BTEX in the
groundwater was 10 parts per million (ppm); the concentration was reduced to less than detection limits, 50 parts
per billion (ppb) for soil and 1 ppb for groundwater. Final site closure procedures were completed by the end of
1990.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTEX)
Media: soil, groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 10 ppm BTEX in groundwate:
Action Level:
Reduction: to less than detection limits (50 ppb for soil, 1 ppb for groundwater)
Additional Information:
Cost Data: The full-scale work cost $274,000.
Citation Information:
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Aquifer Bioremediation of Gasoline Contamination at an Automobile Manufacturing Plant
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Pub! #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Maureen Leavitt, (615) 690-3211
Developer Organization: IT Corporation, Knoxville, TN
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: . 7
STATE: MO
Ouahty Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed Y
Site Name(s): MO
History:
' Summary Text:
In June 1986, IT was subcontracted to assist in remediating soils and groundwater contaminated with several
thousand gallons of gasoline. Site geology consists of 15 to 20 feet of silty clay underlain by fractured bedrock.
The water table is 20 to 22 feet below grade.
IT assisted in developing and implementing a remediation strategy 'hat combines soil vapor extraction and aquifer
bioremediation to remediate contamination in the overburden, subsurface fractures, and slow channels. In June 1987,
a compreheasive injection and recovery well system was constructed and used to transport nutrients and hydrogen
peroxide through the limestone aquifer. Water was recovered from the site and treated with an oil/water separator
and an air stripper. A portion of the water was then returned to the aquifer after nutrient addition. Water samples
were monitored monthly to determine the nutrient levels, pH, microbial population densities, and contaminant
concentrations.
Since January 1989, benzene concentrations in water from eight of the nine wells were reduced to less than 1
part per billion (ppb) from levels as high as 15 parts per million (ppm). Vapor samples were collected monthly and
monitored for benzene. The site has been closed.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: gasoline
Media: groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: as high as 15 ppm
Action Level:
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Reduction: to less than 1 ppb
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: A Demonstration of In Situ Bioremediation of Jet Fuel Contamination
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Maureen Leavitt, (615) 690-3211
Developer Organization: IT Corporation, Knoxville, TN
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 4
STATE: FL
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed Y
Site Name(s): Eglin Air Force Base, FL
History:
Subsurface soils and groundwater had become contaminated with JP-4 jet luel ai an An Force fuel storage area
Summary Text:
Subsurface soils and groundwater had become contaminated with JP-4 jet fuel at an Air Force fuel storage area.
IT was part of a collaborative effort to study the removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from subsurface soils and
groundwater at a fuel storage area at Eglin Air Force Base, located in Northwest Florida. The contamination
involved an estimated 45,000 gallons of JP-4 jet fuel. The 200-foot by 125-foot contaminated area contained
approximately 3,650 cubic yards of soil. Total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in the soil averaged 1,500 parts
per million (ppm) and BTEX levels were as high as 170 ppm in groundwater samples.
IT conducted a site assessment and biotreatabihty study in 1986. A free product recovery system and in situ
bioremediation system were designed and installed in 1987. Nutrients and hydrogen peroxide were added via four
injection galleries, injection wells, and a spray irrigation system. Four downgradient recovery wells withdrew
groundwater, which emptied into a surge tank/aeration basin for dissolved iron removal. The water then passed
through a clarifier tank prior to the addition of hydrogen peroxide and nutrients, and was subsequently introduced
into the injection system. Injection flow rate was 40 gpm. Air pollution control devices and groundwater polishing
were not required for this demonstration.
Because this site was a demonstration and not an actual remediation project, closure was not pursued. IT was
instrumental in the optimization of the system and in evaluating the oxygen transport systems. The project was
successful in demoastrating that biodegradation could be accelerated using such a system, and many of the design
strategies currently used in bioremediation were developed.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: JP-4 jet fuel
Media: soil, groundwater
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Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: Total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in the soil averaged 1,500 ppm and BTEX levels were
as high as 170 ppm in groundwater samples.
Action Level:
Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Soils and Groundwater Impacted by a Waste Oil Basin
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Maureen Leavirt, (615) 690-3211
Developer Organization: IT Corporation, Knoxville, TN
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 6
STATE: TX
Quality Assurance Data'
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed Y
Site Name(s): Texas Eastman/TX
History:
An inactive, unhned, waste oil basin was identified as the source of contamination of the subsurface
Sunlmary Text:
An inactive, unlined, waste oil basin was identified as the source of contamination of the subsurface. Upon
identification, the sludges were removed, and currently, remedial options are being evaluated for the subsurface.
Concentrations ranged from free-phase to about 40 ppm.
IT was contracted to characterize the subsurface with respect to geology, hydrogeology, and contaminant
distribution. IT also conducted a bioassessment within this pha.se of work to determine that the proper conditions
existed for bioremediation.
The results of the bioassessment suggested that bacterial populations were relatively low in many areas, with
some being below the 103 cfu/gram detection limit. In some instances, these populations increased after nutrient and
oxygen augmentation. The pH and nutrient levels were mainly below the desirable levels. Mineral and iron content
were overall very favorable for bioremediation Hydrogen peroxide stability was excellent
Due to the tentative bacterial populations, a second phase including a biotreatability study was conducted. The
treatability study focused on providing evidence that the indigenous organisms could appreciably decrease the
contaminant concentrations using oxygen or nitrate as electron acceptors The results undeniably indicated that all
of the organic contaminants of interest were significantly reduced due to biological activity. Total hydrocarbons were
degraded to less than 5 ppm.
The client is currently evaluating the nontechnical issues related to choosing the remedial alternative, of which
bioremediation is one. A pilot-scale demonstration of in situ aquifer remediation is tentatively scheduled to evaluate
actual hydrogen peroxide and nutrient transport issues.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: hydrocarbons
Media: soils, groundwater
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Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: ranged from free-phase to about 40 ppm
Action Level:
Reduction: Total hydrocarbons were degraded to less than 5 ppm
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
176
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Laboratory Demonstration of Bioreactor Approaches for Treatment of PCP/Creosote Contaminated Soils
and Water
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Doug Jerger, (800) 231-7031; Chris Jesperson, (415) 256-7187
Developer Organization: OHM Corporation
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region:
STATE:
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Northwest US
History:
Summary Text:
As the prime contractor, OHM provided treatability studies, equipment and engineering concerning bioremediation
of wood preservatives. From Apnl 1990 through July 1990, OHM conducted laboratory demonstrations of several
innovative biological processes for the degradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and other chlorinated organic
compounds common to the wood treating and preserving industries. The initial concentration of contaminants of
1000-3000 ppm was determined by sampling by excavation. The processes also have the potential for treating a
variety of other hazardous organic compounds. Two separate bioreactor approaches were evaluated to treat
PCP/creosote-contaminated soils and water: 1) an aqueous system fixed-film biotower, and 2) a soil system slurry
bioreactor.
In the fixed-film bioreactor, biornass growth is attached to support media Contaminated groundwater or
wastewater flows across the media and organic contaminants are adsorbed onto the biological layer where they are
degraded by microorganisms. Conditions in the water are optimized by pH adjustment and addition of nutrients,
nitrogen and phosphorus, prior to treatment
Soils and sludges are treated using the slurry bioreactor. The contaminated material is slumed with water and
placed into a mixed, aerated biotreatmem unit where suspended bacteria degrade the contaminants. Transfer of
organic material to the aqueous phase is enhanced by pH adjustment or the addition of surfactants. The reactor can
be operated in either batch or continuous processes. The final level of contaminants after treatment was < 100 ppm.
The data from the laboratory study has been used as the basis for the design of a pilot scale system to treat
contaminated water, soils, and sludges. OHM has applied for an RD&D permit for the operation of the pilot plant.
In May, 1991, USEPA and the state agency having jurisdiction of the proposed Supcrfund demonstration site made
a tentative decision to issue the permit. It is anticipated that USEPA will issue the final permit by Fall, 1991.
OHM is currently designing the pilot scale units while awaiting receipt of the RD&D permit. Fabrication and
mobilization of equipment for demonstration of the technology is expected to occur in the spring/summer of 1992.
The major potential advantages of these biotreatment processes are:
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* The rapid rate of contaminant destruction which may translate into lower operating and capital costs when
compared to carbon adsorption, chemical oxidation, or other types of biological treatment.
* The ability of the microbial system to degrade the contaminants in the presence of solvents that improve
removal of wood treating chemicals from soil and metallic compounds commonly found in soils from wood
treating sites.
* The ability of the microorganisms to be effective in the presence of some common metallic wood treating
chemicals.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: halogenated semi-volatile, polynuclear aromatics (PNAs), pentachlorophenol
Media: soil, sludge, process water
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 1000-3000 ppm
Action Level:
Reduction: to < 100 ppm
Additional Information: Literature on case history is available.
Cost Data: $400,000 (Includes cost of capital, pre-treatment, and treatment. Does not include site preparation,
excavation, waste handling, residual disposal, and permitting)
Citation Information:
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Solvent Decontamination of Soil and Groundwater by Bioremediation
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Doug Jerger, (800) 231-7031; Chris Jesperson, (415) 256-7187
Developer Organization: OHM Corporation
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 4 .
STATE: AL
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Opelika, AL
History:
Contamination of an undetermined amount of groundwater and approximately 200,000 cubic yards of soil occurred
at a manufacturing facility in Alabama. Contamination had occurred in the solvent-storage area and pits, and
subsequently involved in the groundwater.
Summary Text:
In March 1988, OHM was contracted to perform decontamination of the groundwater and approximately 200,000
cubic yards of soil for a manufacturer in Alabama. OHM was the prime contractor and provided treatability studies,
equipment, and engineering. Contamination has occurred in the solvent-storage area and pits, and subsequently
involved in the groundwater. Solvent contaminants include tetrahydrofuran, benzene, methyl ethyl ketone, methyi-
iso-butyl ketone, cyclohexanone, xylene, and toluene. OHM initially provided consulting services, including
contamination assessment, evaluation of remedial alternatives, laboratory feasibility studies, and development of a
remedial action plan. Once the remedial action plan was approved, OHM engaged in permitting, implementation,
and operation of an aboveground biotreatment system.
Two aboveground treatment systems are currently in place at the site. The treatment involves a closed-loop,
groundwater injection/recovery system and an aboveground, submerged fixed-film bioreactor. The recovered
groundwater is collected in a 10,000-gallon equalization pool where addition of nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus,
and pH adjustment are performed. The water is then pumped to an 8,500-gailon bioreactor where adhered bacteria
degrade the organic contaminants.
Non-adhered bacteria, residual nutrients, and dissolved oxygen are reinjected into the soil through a series of
exfiltration trenches. This promotes flushing of the soil and enhances in situ biodegradation. Due to the arrangement
of the systems, all recovery wells and exfiltration trenches are completely below grade, providing minimal disruption
of normal plant activities. Solvent concentrations in the recovered groundwater, averaging 300 ppm for each
contaminant, are being biodegraded to levels less than 10 ppb in the bioreactor effluent.
OHM is currently providing consulting services and operating support to the client, who operates and maintains
the treatment system on a daily basis.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
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Wastes: solvents, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX)
Media: soil, groundwater (in. situ), groundwater (extracted)
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 300 ppm
Action Level:
Reduction: to 10 ppb
Additional Information: Literature on case history is available.
Cost Data: Not available
Citation Information:
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Gasoline Contaminated-Soil from Leaking Underground Storage Tank
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Doug Jerger, (800) 231-7031; Chris Jesperson, (415) 256-7187
Developer Organization: OHM Corporation
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 9
STATE: CA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Oakland, CA
History:
Soil had been contaminated with gasoline from an underground storage leak.
Summary Text:
In October 1990, OHM was retained by the client's attorney to perform full scale bioremediation services to treat
200 cubic yards of soil contaminated with gasoline originating from an underground storage tank leak. The client
was interested in treating the soil to a very low cleanup level so it could be left on-site, rather than disposed off-site.
Du to the stringent Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) regulations for volatile emissions, OHM
recommended an enclosed, proprietary above-ground bioremediation process. The enclosed process combines vapor
extraction of volatile contaminants with simultaneous bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants.
Activated carbon is used to adsorb the extracted highly volatile gasoline components (BTEX) (which are also
biodegradable). Biological treatment is enhanced by supplying nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), water, and
oxygen (air drawn through soil pile using a blower) to the indigenous bacteria.
OHM successfully negotiated with Alameda County and the California DHS to classify the contaminated soil
as nonhazardous to facilitate treatment permitting. The air permit was submitted to the BAAQMD and was issued
in summer of 1990. The treatment system was designed and fabricated by OHM and began operation in August,
1990. OHM reduced the levels of petroleum hydrocarbons from 1,200 ppm TPH (core borings used to determine
initial cone) to below 10 ppm (grab samples) within three months using this method. Interim samples were also
taken. BTEX was reduced to non-detectable levels. OHM was the prime contractor for this effort, providing
equipment, engineering, and permitting activities.
A second phase of work was awarded in early 1991. TPH concentration in the second batch of material reduced
from 500 ppm to less than 10 ppm in three months. BTEX was also reduced to non-detectable levels. Both lots
of treated material were used as backfill in an excavation on the site. On site disposal of the soil was approved by
Alameda County authorities. Cleanup was completed in April 1991.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX), petroleum hydrocarbons
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Media: soil (sandy clay, clayey sand, silty clay)
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: Non-detectable to 1,200 ppm
Action Level:
Reduction: to < 10 ppm
Additional Information: Literature on case history is available.
Cost Data: $100 per cubic yard (Includes only cost of capital, pre-trearment, and treatment. Does not include
site preparation, excavation, waste handling, residual disposal, and permitting.)
Citation Information:
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Biodegradation of PHC-Contaminated Soil and Sludge at a Mining Facility
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Pub! #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Doug Jerger, (800) 231-7031; Chris Jesperson, (415) 256-7187
Developer Organization: OHM Corporation
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 9 ,
STATE: CA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Saticoy, CA
History:
Approximately 100,0(X) cubic ;yards of petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminated soil and sludge from three
impoundments at a gravel mining facility in California, which were discovered in May 1988 dunng the removal of
overburden.
Summary Text:
In early 1991, OHM completed the excavation and above-ground biodegradation of approximately 100,000 cubic
yards of petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminated soil and sludge from three impoundments at a gravel mining
facility in California. The impoundments, which were discovered in May 1988 during the removal of overburden,
were disrupting the client's mining operation. The objective of this project was to successfully remove and treat
contaminated materials (contaminated soil, tar, and asphaltene fraction) so the facility could be reclaimed. (Actual
bioremediation was completed in January 1991, after one year of treatment.) Initial TPH concentrations ranged from
3,864-40,000 ppm (using EPA Method 418 1 on excavated samples). As the prime contractor, OHM provided
treatability studies, equipment, engineering, and permitting services.
OHM performed a laboratory biofeasibility study to determine the potential to biologically treat the contaminated
material. The bench tests were conducted using electrolytic respirometers and treatment vessels. The three soil
samples examined in the study indicated PHC treatment efficiencies in the range of 87 to 94 percent. Head-space
analysis of gases generated during the biodegradation results of the initial process indicated the BTEX and mercaptan
concentrations were nondetectable. Based on the results of the initial treatability study, the material volume, and
a cleanup criteria of 500 ppm, the time frame for treating the contaminated soil was estimated to be approximately
1 to 2 years.
Once the wastes were excavated and mixed, OHM placed the wastes throughout a 32-acre plot at a depth of
approximately 18 inches. After all wastes were spread, five lysimeters and five tensiometers were installed to
monitor the presence of potential leachate and moisture content of the wastes.
Water was added to the site to achieve 60 to 80 percent of the soil moisture holding capacity, using an
aboveground irrigation system. Six irrigation sprinklers connected to a header system allowed selective irrigation
of the landfarm treatment area. The soil was worked daily with a five-bottom plow and a 36-inch disc to ensure
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adequate moisture distribution and to maximize oxygen transfer efficiency in the treatment layer.
Nitrogen and phosphorus were applied to the soil to meet nutrient requirements for the soil bacteria. To prevent
overloading of the soil, nutrients were added in increments. The pH of the soil was monitored to maintain a range
of 7.0 to 7.8 pH units.
A sampling grid was established with each section being approximately one acre. The acres were grouped into
six operational units. The random samples were collected from each acre and composited into two samples. The
samples were analyzed for PHC concentrations, nutrients, pH, moisture content, and bacterial population density.
During 1990 a series of laboratory treatability studies and field plot tests were performed to evaluate methods
of increasing the rate of biodegradation. Complete analyses were conducted and the following factors and
biodegradation enhancement technologies were evaluated: soil toxicity, population of PHC-degrading bacteria,
dehydrogenase activity, surfactant addition, nutrient addition, co-substrate addition, and bioaugmentation. These
studies indicated that none of the above factors would effectively increase the rate of biodegradation at this site.
Initial PHC concentration for the six sections ranged from 3,864 to 40,000 ppm. Bacteria density ranged from
8.7 x 10(5) to 1.3 x 10(7) CPU (Colony Forming UnitsVgram of dry soil. The final PHC concentrations for all
samples were less than 500 ppm by EPA method 8015M. This site is presently undergoing 'closure review by the
California Regional Water Quality Board, Ventura County Health Department.
This case information was supplied by the vendor
Wastes: petroleum hydrocarbons
Media: soil, sludge
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 3,900 to 40,000 ppm
Action Level:
Reduction: to < 500 ppm TPH
Additional Information: Literature on case history is available
Cost Data: $20 per cubic yard (Includes only cost of capital, pre-treatment, and treatment. Does not include
site preparation, excavation, waste handling, residual disposal, and permitting.)
Citation Information:
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Diesel Fuel-Contaminated Soil
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Pub! #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Doug Jerger, (800) 231-7031; Chris Jesperson, (415) 256-7187
Developer Organization: OHM Corporation
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 2
STATE: NJ
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): NJ
History:
Approximately 8,400 gallons of diesel fuel spilled from an underground storage Lank of an agriculture equipment
supplier. Surrounding soils were contaminated with the diesel fuel at concentrations exceeding 1,470 ppm.
Summary Text:
In July 1989, OHM became the prime contractor, providing treatability studies, equipment, and engineering for
biological remediation of approximately 8,400 gallons of diesel fuel which spilled from an underground storage tank
of an agriculture equipment supplier. Surrounding soils were contaminated with the diesel fuel at concentrations
exceeding 1,470 ppm (determined by sampling by excavation).
Following completion of a laboratory feasibility study and benchscale test, a biological land treatment system
was employed for use in remediating the contaminated soil. Approximately 1,200 cubic yards of soil were excavated
from the spill area. The contaminated soil was placed in a synthetically lined treatment area to a depth of 18 inches
to create an operating cell of 100 x 200 feet. For monitoring purposes, the cell was delineated into eight treatment
grids each measuring 50 x 55 feet. A rainwater collection system was also installed in order to prevent saturation
of the soils undergoing treatment. The treatment area is being managed to ensure that conditions are optimal for the
microorganisms which degrade petroleum hydrocarbons; the soil is tilled to supply oxygen and nitrogen and
phosphorus are added. Sampling is continually being performed to monitor the chemical and biological parameters
within the treatment area.
The land treatment system operated for three months prior to becoming dormant due to winter weather
conditions. Remediation progress to date has been assessed through measurement of total petroleum hydrocarbons
(TPH) by two methods: ASTM 3328.78 GC fingerprint method and by EPA 418.1 (modified), an IR detection
method.
The ASTM 3328.78 GC fingerprint method is qualitative measure of hydrocarbon contamination. This method
was performed initially, and again after two months of operation. Analytical results from these tests show a distinct
reduction of diesel fuel in the sample. Chromatograms from the initial set of samples indicated a diesel fuel pattern
at all locations. However, the second set of samples produced several chromatograms which only indicated trace
levels of hydrocarbons evident with no identifiable patterns. Since the GC fingerprint method is a qualitative
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measurement, no definitive conclusions could be made on the quantity of diesel fuel degraded.
The treatment process became functional again in the Spring of 1991, when the soil temperature was above 55
degrees Fahrenheit. Bioremediation of the contaminated soil continued to progress towards meeting the target
cleanup goal of TPH reduction to less than 100 ppm.
Diesel fuel contamination is quantitatively measured by this method on a monthly basis. Analyses run in 1990
showed a 50 percent reduction in diesel concentration over the first month. An average level of approximately 350
ppm diesel fuel has been reached. Reduction to the target cleanup goal of less than 100 ppm was met in March
1991. The cleanup was conducted under the underground storage program.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: diesel fuel
Media: soil (humic)
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 1,470 ppm
Action Level:
Reduction: to < 100 ppm
Additional Information: Literature on case history is available.
Cost Data: $20 per cubic yard (Includes only cost of capital, pre-treatment, and treatment. Does not include
site preparation, excavation, waste handling, residual disposal, and permitting.)
Citation Information:
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Oil and Grease-Contaminated Lagoon
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Doug Jerger, (800) 231-7031; Chris Jesperson, (415) 256-7187
Developer Organization: OHM Corporation
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 6
STATE: LA
Quality Assurance Data'
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): West Wago, LA
History:
Surface oil sludge had accumulated in a one-acre lagoon over a 20-year period as a result of surface oil drilling
operations.
Summary Text:
Bioremediation techniques were successfully used to cost-effectively degrade surface oil sludge which had
accumulated in a one-acre lagoon over a 20-year period as a result of surface oil drilling operations. The one-acre
lagoon contained approximately four million gallons of sludge and water. The initial concentration of oil and grease
was 20,000 ppm and 75Tc of the pond's surface was covered with a layer of waxy sludge. OHM was contracted
in October 1981 when the client, a petroleum exploration company, became concerned that high water levels
produced by hurricanes would cause the sludge to overflow into nearby parks and a bayou. OHM was the prime
contractor, and provided treatability studies, microbial cultures, equipment, and engineering.
Following completion of a laboratory feasibility study and benchscale test, OHM placed surface aerators in the
lagoon to provide both aeration and mixing in situ. The lagoon was inoculated with selected strains of microbes.
Inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus were added to supply the nutrients required to support an increased microbial
population. Following biodegradation of the hard, waxy surface layer, the remaining oil in the surface oil sludge
emulsified, significantly increasing the rate of biodegradation. The oil in the lagoon was biodegraded within one
year to meet the required state discharge limit of 15 ppm oil and grease for water in reserve pits at drilling locations.
Throughout the project, OHM performed the sampling and monitoring analyses required to ensure that an
enhanced rate of biological treatment was maintained. These analyses included enumeration of the aerobic
heterotrophic microbial population, pH, available mineral nutrients, dissolved oxygen, water temperature, oil and
grease content of the water column, and petroleum hydrocarbon content of components of the oil sludge (i.e., alkanes,
aromatics, and polar compounds). Specific alkane components of the sludge (i.e., n-^/pristane, n-c,^/phytane, and
resolved alkane/unresolved alkane ratios) were specifically utilized as concentration-independent indicators of
petroleum hydrocarbon degradation. Interpretation of analytical results from monitoring analyses and parameter
modification based on the results of those analyses enabled biological treatment to proceed at a maximum rate
throughout the project. The project was completed in October 1982.
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This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: oil and grease
Media: sludge and process water
Technology: bioremcdiation
Concentrations: 20,000 ppm
Action Level:
Reduction: to 15 ppm
Additional Information: Literature on case history is available.
Cost Data: $31.25 per 1,000 gallons (Includes only cost of capital, pre-treatment, and treatment. Does not
include site preparation, excavation, waste handling, residual disposal, and permitting }
Citation Information:
188
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Phenolic-Contaminated Soil
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Doug Jerger, (800) 231-7031; Chris Jesperson, (415) 256-7187
Developer Organization: OHM Corporation
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 1
STATE: RI
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Picillo Farm/Coventry, RI
History:
The Picillo Site was used for the disposal of various types of hazardous waste
Summary Text:
From March 1982 through September 1982, biological landfarming was used to remediate 1,700 cubic yards of soil
contaminated with an estimated 1,670 pounds of recoverable phenolics at the Picillo Farm, a USEPA Superfund
hazardous-waste site in Coventry, Rhode Island. OHM was the prime contractor, and provided treatability studies,
microbial cultures, equipment, and engineering. By the completion of the project, only 170 pounds of recoverable
phenolics remained. This represented an 88 percent reduction in the total recoverable phenolics content of the soil.
The total recoverable phenolics concentration in the soil was reduced to 61 ppm, 39 ppm below the project goal of
100 ppm. On-site biological treatment of the phenolics provided an estimated cost benefit of 30 percent when
compared to the cost of secure landfill disposal.
OHM constructed a 3/4-acre lined treatment cell equipped with a leachate collection system. Within the cell,
the contaminated soil was spread to a maximum depth of 12 inches so that an aerobic environment could be provided
within the soil. To maintain the moisture content of the soil at an optimum level for enhanced biological treatment,
OHM installed an aerated 50,000 gallon, biological-treatment pool which acted as a catch basin and as a source of
irrigation water for the 1,000 linear foot sprinkler system. Oxygen was provided via venting, in addition to aeration.
The soil was inoculated with selected strains of microbes. Nitrogen and phosphorus were added to the soil to support
microbial growth on available organics.
A sampling program was established to monitor treatment parameters within the site. Interpretation and
parameter modification based on the results of those analyses enabled biological treatment to proceed at a cost-
effective rate throughout the project. By Day 13, the more readily treated phenolics had been removed. This
represented approximately 52 percent (i.e., 870 pounds) of the recoverable phenolics originally present in the soil.
The technique of co-substrate enrichment was then implemented to treat the more recalcitrant phenolics that
remained at the rate of 69 pounds (phenolics degraded) per week.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
189
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Wastes: phenolic compounds
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 350 ppm
Action Level:
Reduction: to < 100 ppm
Additional Information: Literature on case history is available.
Cost Data: Estimated to be 30^ less than land disposal.
Citation Information:
190
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Diesel Fuel-Contaminated Soil
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Doug Jerger, (800) 231-7031; Chris Jesperson, (415) 256-7187
Developer Organization: OHM Corporation
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 3
STATE: PA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): PA
History:
Spillage over many years during refueling operations of a transportation company contaminated the soil with dicsel
fuel at concentrations exceeding 31,000 ppm.
Summary Text:
Biological remediation techniques are currently being employed in the cleanup of approximately 3,500 cubic yards
of diesel fuel-contaminated soil. Spillage over many years during refueling operations of a transportation company
contaminated the soil with diesel fuel at concentrations exceeding 31,000 ppm.
OHM is the prime contractor and provided (or is providing) treatabihty studies, equipment, and engineering.
The project started in June 1990 and is expected to be completed in October 1991. Following completion of a
laboratory feasibility study and benchscalc testing, a biological land treatment system was employed to remediate
the contaminated soil. Approximately 3,500 cubic yards of soil was excavated from the spill area. The contaminated
soil was placed in a bermed treatment area and spread to a depth of 12-15 inches to create an operating cell area
of approximately 75,000 square feet. For monitoring purposes, the cell was delineated into treatment grids of about
4,500 square feet. A rainwater and shallow groundwater collection system was installed to prevent saturation of the
soils undergoing treatment. Since no liner was installed under the treatment zone, lysimetcrs were installed below
the contaminated soil layer to ensure contaminant disappearance was due to biological treatment and not caused by
the movement of the diesel fuel into the clean soil below. Oxygen for the microorganisms is provided by venting
and nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus, are also added.
The treatment area is being managed to ensure that conditions are optimal for the microorganisms which degrade
petroleum hydrocarbons. Sampling is continually being performed to monitor the chemical and biological parameters
within the treatment area. Remediation progress is assessed by USEPA Method 8015 (modified), a quantitative GC
measurement of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH).
The land treatment system began operation in August 1990 and was allowed to become dormant when winter
weather conditions prevailed. An average reduction of approximately 50 percent of the initial diesel fuel
contamination was achieved during this period. The treatment process was reinitiated in the spring of 1991, when
the soil temperatures rose above 55 degrees Fahrenheit. The anticipated completion date of the project is end of Fall
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1991. The final concentrations will be less than 100 ppm total petroleum hydrocarbons.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: diesel fuel
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 31,000 ppm
Action Level:
Reduction: to < 100 ppm TPH expected
Additional Information: Literature on case history is available.
Cost Data: Not available
Citation Information:
192
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Ethylene Glycol-Contaminated Soil and Groundwater
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
t Organization:
'Developer Contact: Doug Jerger, (800) 231-7031; Chris Jesperson, (415) 256-7187
Developer Organization: OHM Corporation
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 2
STATE: NJ
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): NJ
History:
Ethylene glycol contaminated soil and groundwater when a leak developed in an aboveground lined storage lagoon.
Summary Text:
In November 1982, OHM was contracted by the Naval Air Engineering Center (NAEC) to remediate ethylene
glycol-contaminated soil and groundwater when a leak developed in an aboveground lined storage lagoon. The
lagoon held cooling water which contained approximately 25 percent ethylene glycol. A subsequent investigative
program confirmed soil contamination around the lagoon and identified a 180 foot long by 45 foot wide contaminant
plume. An undetermined amount of groundwater was contaminated. OHM was the prime contractor and provided
treatability studies, equipment, and engineering for the cleanup.
To characterize the site, OHM collected and analyzed representative soil and groundwater samples from the spill
area to analyze for ethylene glycol, aerobic heterotrophic bacterial population density, pH, and NH(3-)N and PO(4-
)P mineral nutrient concentrations. Soil at the site was porous and consisted of coarse sand. OHM also performed
a laboratory treatability study using an electrolytic respirometer to determine the potential to biologically remediate
the site. Treatability study results demonstrated that the indigenous microflora were acclimated to ethylene glycol
and that the site soil matrix and groundwater were not inhibitory to microbial growth. Based on treatability study
results, OHM recommended enhanced in situ biological treatment for remediation of the site.
In situ biological treatment consisted of utilizing the soil as an attached growth biological reactor. Recovery
wells were installed to extract contaminated groundwater. Prior to reinjection, the water was pH-adjusted,
oxygenated, and supplemented with the mineral nutrients of nitrogen and phosphorus to support enhanced microbial
growth on ethylene glycol in the soil/groundwater environment. The recovered groundwater was then reinjected into
the unsaturated zone of the soil.
At the start of the project, the average ethylene glycol concentration in groundwater was 1,400 ppm.
Approximately 85 to 93 percent of the ethylene glycol was removed from the groundwater within the first 26 days
of biological treatment. Biological treatment at the site was divided into a 14-day operational phase, a 3-month
monitoring phase, and a 9-month maintenance program, which was conducted by the NAEC. By the completion
of the project in July 1984, ethylene glycol was reduced to below the analytical limit of detection in all monitoring
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wells at the site.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: ethylene glycol
Media: soil (coarse sand), groundwater fin situ)
Technology: biorcmediation
Concentrations: 1,440 ppm
Action Level:
Reduction: to below detection limits
Additional Information: Literature on case history is available.
Cost Data: Not available
Citation Information:
194
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed: *
Title: Laboratory Study to Determine Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degradation Rates in Soil Under Aerobic and
Anaerobic Conditions
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Doug Jerger, (800) 231-7031; Chris Jesperson, (415) 256-7187
Developer Organization: OHM Corporation
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 9
STATE: CA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized N
Representative Sampling N
Quality Assurance Data N
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Twenty-nine Palms, CA
History:
Summary Text:
In this study, which took place between February 1989 and March 1990, OHM determined the potential to
bioremediate soil contaminated by JP-5, diesel fuel, and lubricating oil by evaluating several treatments to enhance
the natural petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) degradation rates under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Following
soil characterization, the study evaluated the PHC biodegradation potential of the indigenous microflora in clean sand
and humus spiked with JP-5, diesel fuel, or lubricating oil, and in PHC-contaminated soil from the Marine Corps
Air Ground Combat Center at Twenty-nine Palms, California.
OHM evaluated the potential to biodegrade PHCs in synthetic soil samples under methanogenic and denitrifying
conditions by using methane and molecular nitrogen generation as respective test parameters and by analyzing
selected samples for PHCs. Based on study results, OHM recommended the following:
* Further evaluate the benefit of adding hydrogen peroxide (H20L) to so'' to enhance biotreatment of PHCs;
assess any toxic effect on bacterial population density
* Evaluate the ability of fungi to enhance biological treatment of PHCs recalcitrant to bacterial degradation
* Determine the chemical oxidation effect and stoichiometry of H2O2 on representative aliphatic, aromatic,
and polar compounds
* Implement more precise methods of measuring anaerobic respiration degradation products, including
nitrogen, nitrite, and ammonia
* Perform anaerobic respiration benchscale studies with larger volume batch bioreactors to increase accuracy
in measurement of degradation products
* Perform benchscale studies to evaluate in situ (soil column) treatment of PHC fractions using nitrate salts
as electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration.
Upflow soil columns were eventually used, containing PHC-spiked soil and contaminated sandy soils. Changes
in concentration-independent indicators of PHC biodegradation between test and control columns were used as the
test parameters. Test and control columns received a basal salts solution to support microbial growth and increasing
195
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concentrations of H2O2. In test columns which were not disinfected by Hj02, the benefit of HjO2 additions was
demonstrated, suggesting oxygen was limiting microbial growth on the PHCs. Reduction in the resolved
alkane/unresolved alkane ratio was over three times greater in test columns, and samples analyzed at the end of the
study showed a ten times greater increase In bacterial population density.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: petroleum hydrocarbons
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction:
Additional Information: Literature on case history is available.
Cost Data: Not available
Citation Information:
196
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of MEK-Contaminated Soil and Groundwater
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Doug Jerger, (800) 231-7031; Chris Jesperson, (415) 256-7187
Developer Organization: OHM Corporation
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 5
STATE: OH
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized V
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): Eastern OH
History:
Summary Text:
In-June 1985, OHM was contracted to cleanup a spill of 5,000 gallons of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) in eastern
Ohio. Aweek'had elapsed between the spill and initial OHM contact. Upon arrival and.subsequent investigation
of the Site, biological treatment was recommended as the most effective and economical means of remediation
OHM was the prime contractor and provided treatability studies, microbial cultures, equipment, and engineering.
A preliminary hydrogeological investigation revealed that both the soil and groundwater, as well as some
downgradient residential wells and springs, were contaminated with MEK at levels up to 25,000 ppm in soil and
1,000 ppm in groundwater. Tracing of MEK-contaminated gioundwater was difficult due to the site's complex
subsurface geology. A number of fracture zones throughout the subsurface environment allowed MEK to permeate
through!toe s°il in a number of directions. After further investigation, the contaminant plume was better defined
and a strategically-placed series of recovery wells throughout the site effectively contained the spill.
Recovery well water was subsequently pumped to a series of storage pools and processed using an activated
sludge bioreactor. The reactor was seeded with microorganisms selected due to their ability to grow using MEK as
a carbon source. Oxygen was provided by aeration and nitrogen and phosphorus were also provided. Typical
influent MEK concentrations ranged from 100 to 1,000 ppm. After the Ohio EPA's discharge criteria of 10 ppm was
met (i.e., 2 to 6 hours), the effluent was injected over the surface of the spill area. This served two functions. First,
the effluent flushed residual MEK from the soil into the groundwater where it could ultimately be recovered and
treated in the aboveground treatment system. Second, this nutrient- and microorganism-rich effluent enhanced in.
situ biodegradation of MEK in both soil and groundwater, thus reducing the overall treatment period.
A sampling program was established to monitor MEK, nutrient, and microorganism concentrations. Sample
points included wells, springs, and free-flow samples from a creek near the spill area. OHM met the Ohio EPA's
cleanup criteria within four months, that is, by October 1985, demobilized the treatment system, and then returned
the site to its original condition. A continual monitoring program was established to ensure a clean water supply
for the residents around the spill area.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
197
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Wastes: solvents, methyl ethyl ketone
Media: groundwater (extracted), soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 25,000 ppm in soil; 100-1,000 ppm in water
Action Level:
Reduction: to 10 ppm
Additional Information: Literature on case history is available.
Cost Data: Not available
Citation Information:
198
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Ethylene-Contaminated Process Streams
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Doug Jerger, (800) 231-7031; Chris Jesperson, (415) 256-7187
Developer Organization: OHM Corporation
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 2
STATE: NY
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized Y
Representative Sampling Y
Quality Assurance Data Y
Q/A- Q/C Conducted Y
Report Peer Reviewed N
Site Name(s): NY
History:
2.25 million gallons of water had become contaminated when pure ethylene gl>col was dumped into a storm sewer.
Summary Text:
In July 1985, OHM was contracted to treat approximately 2.25 million gallons of ethylene glycol-contaminated
water. The water became contaminated when pure product was dumped into a storm sewer. After detection of
ethylene glycol in the effluent of the client's wastewater treatment facility, the contaminated water was diverted into
two holding lagoons. Initial ethylene glycol concentrations were approximately 2,000 ppm in each lagoon.
In July 1985, after conversations between OHM and the client, biological treatment was determined to be the
most effective remedial alternative. OHM was the prime contractor and provided equipment and engineering.
OHM's approach was to convert both lagoons into giant bioreactors by adding air, nutrients, and commercial
microorganisms. The water would then be processed through an activated sludge treatment system for polishing and
then discharged into the client's wastcwaler treatment facility. The lagoon discharge requirement was less than 10
ppm ethylene glycol.
The proposed treatment system consisted of two activated sludge reactors, a clarifier and a 50,000 gallon holding
pool. The pool was to be used as a final check for ethylene glycol concentration. Because ethylene glycol
concentrations began to drop almost immediately after lagoon aeration, the activated sludge discharge system was
never implemented.
Lagoon aeration was initiated during the first week of the project. Nutrients, pH, dissolved oxygen and ethylene
glycol concentrations were monitored in lagoon water throughout the project. The ethylene glycol concentration was
less than 10 ppm in the east lagoon by the end of the first week. Therefore, this lagoon was discharged to the
clients' wastewater treatment facility. Ethylene glycol concentrations were also being reduced in the west lagoon,
but at a much slower rate.
At the end of the first week of treatment, hydrogen sulfide was detected over a large portion of the site. In an
effort to reduce the odor problem, the client initiated the following activities:
* Temporary shutdown of lagoon aerators
* Addition of hydrogen peroxide to each lagoon.
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Once the odor subsided, OHM's activated sludge treatment system was demobilized at the client's request. The
west lagoon was again aerated and supplemented with additional hydrogen peroxide. After two weeks, ethylene
glycol concentrations in the lagoon were below detection limits but acetate was present at about 600 ppm. Acetate
was a suspected fermentative by-product of ethylene glycol metabolism.
During the third week of the project, OHM performed an experiment at the site to determine optimum conditions
for acetate removal. The results of the experiment indicated that the lagoon was both nutrient and oxygen limiting.
OHM recommended to the client that nutrients, in the form of nitrogen and phosphorus, and additional air be added
to the lagoon to enhance acetate degradation. The client agreed to OHM's recommendations and by the end of the
third week, acetate levels dropped to less than 10 ppm. The entire lagoon was subsequently pumped into the client's
wastewater treatment facility by the middle of the fourth week (in August 1985).
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: ethylene glycol
Media: process streams
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 2,000 ppm
Action Level:
Reduction: to 10 ppm
Additional Information: Literature on case history is available.
Cost Data: Not available
Citation Information:
200
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Creosote Contaminated Soil at a Full-Scale Facility: Operating Data Review
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Gaylen Brubaker, (919) 967-3723
Developer Organization: Remediation Technologies, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 8
STATE: MT
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): Paradise Tie Treating Plant/Paradise, MT
History:
A tie treating plant was operated in Paradise, Montana until October 1982, when the plant was destroyed by fire.
During the tie treating operation, creosote laden waste waters were discharged from the plant into a 2000 foot long
by 40 foot wide abandoned river slough, which served as a surface impoundment.
Summary Text:
A tie treating plant was operated in Paradise, Montana until October 1982, when the plant was destroyed by fire.
During the tie treating operation, creosote laden waste waters were discharged from the plant into a 2000 foot long
by 40 foot wide abandoned river slough, which served as a surface impoundment. The surface impoundment was
used during the plant operation as a sedimentation basin for recovery and reuse of creosote. Since 1985, ReTeC has
been in .the process of conducting a remedial cleanup of the Paradise Tie Treatment Plant with excavation of soil
and sludge from the impoundment, the permitting of a waste pile and land treatment facility, gioundwater corrective
action studies, and demolition of the tie plant remains.
In 1980, the railroad submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) notification of hazardous
waste activity and a RCRA Part A Permit Application, whereby the surface impoundment received interim status
under RCRA. After the tie plant burned down in 1982, the railroad initiated closure actions. A closure and post-
closure plan were submitted to the Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences (MDHES) in 1985,
after two years of site investigations were conducted to determine the extent of soil and groundwater contamination.
The final closure of the surface impoundment includes construction of a synthetic double-lined waste pile and
excavation of 20,000 cubic yards of contaminated soils and sludges (completed October 1985 and permitted in 1988),
performing a land treatment demonstration (initiated July 1985) for the purpose of permitting a full-scale land
treatment facility, and initiation of a groundwater corrective action program. A groundwater modeling study of the
proposed gradient control wells and treatahilitv studies for in situ biological treatment to evaluate groundwater were
included as part of the final closure of : r--*rface impoundment.
The field plot demonstration conduc: : -n 1985-86 was in support of a full scale permit application to use
biological land treatment of the contaminated soils at the Paradise site. A RCRA Part B Permit Application wa.-,
submitted to MDHES in 1987 and a permit was received in July 1989. Construction was begun on a 26 acre land
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treatment facility in August 1989. The facility was completed in September 1989 and is currently in full operation
to bioremediate the contaminated soils excavated from the slough and the tie plant area. The treatment facility was
modeled after the field plot demonstration and includes:
* Application of the contaminated soils at a concentration of 5% benzene extractables;
* Treatment zone sampling and analysis including soil pore water and soil core samples;
* Groundwater sampling and analysis of monitoring wells around the unit; and
* Operation and maintenance requirements for tilling, nutrient additions, and moisture additions.
Costs for construction of the 26-acre unit, including construction management and waste pile closure, were
$735,000, or, approximately $37/yard or $3 I/ton.
The land treatment facility consists of:
* Seven 4-acre cells;
* Run-on control berms and run-off control swales, designed to handle the 25-year, 24-hour storm event;
* Moving wheel line irrigation system; and
* Groundwater monitoring system.
At start-up, 20,000 yards of contaminated soils were applied to the land treatment facility. The average soil
concentration was approximately 4% benzene extradables and 9000 mg/kg total PAH. The unit will operate for five
years with a treatment goal of 100 ppm total PAH before initiating post-closure care.
This case information was supplied by ihc vendor.
Wastes: creosote
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: Average soil concentration was approximately 4°c benzene extractables and 9000 mg/kg total PAH.
Action Level:
Reduction: Treatment goal is 100 ppm total PAH.
Additional Information:
Cost Data: Costs for construction of the 26-acre unit, including construction management and waste pile
closure, were $735,000, or, approximately $37/yard or $3 I/ton,
Citation Information: Presented at the American Wood Preservers Institute Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA,
November 8, 1990 by Benjamin R. Genes, Remediation Technologies, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:-
Last Reviewed:
Title: Remediation of Former Petroleum Wastes Landfill
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Gaylen Brubaker, (919) 961-3723
Developer Organization: Remediation Technologies, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 5
STATE: MN
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted • not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): MN
History:
Petroleum refinery wastes and contaminated soils were disposed of at this site until the mid-sixties when the site
was backfilled with native soils. Groundwater and soils contamination has resulted from the wastes disposed of at
this site.
Summary Text:
Petroleum refinery wastes and contaminated soils were disposed of at this site until the mid-sixties when the site
was backfilled with native soils. Groundwater and soils contamination has resulted from the wastes disposed of at
this site.
ReTeC personnel managed the remedial design process. The site is located in a remote area, the contaminants
are relatively immobile, and no health or environmental threat is posed by the site. The State of Minnesota Pollution
Control Agency requested that a remediation effort be completed utilizing a spray evaporation/infiltration scenario.
ReTeC proposed a bioremediation system which would contain potentially contaminated groundwater, treat this
groundwater, and spray evaporate/infiltrate the treated water. From the start, this system was proposed to be a
relatively low capital/operation and maintenance cost system.
Based on information from a remedial investigation previously completed at the site, ReTeC placed an 8-inch
diameter groundwater recovery well at the site. A 72-hour aquifer pump test was completed including a step draw
down test. In addition, surface water infiltration tests were completed. Data from these tests were used to produce
groundwater models comparing the effects of a variety of pumping and infiltration scenarios. Results of this
modeling showed that at an infiltration rate of 10 gpm, a pumping rate of 20 gpm would capture all potentially
contaminated groundwater.
ReTeCs Pittsburgh treat ability laboratory conducted a biological treatability study using groundwater collected
during the aquifer test. This groundwater was treated through a continuous flow reactor system at a variety of
retention times. The system was monitored for biodegradation efficiency, nutrient requirements, and the possibility
of precipitant formation. Results of this study showed that the contaminants could be easily biodegraded, however,
solids production would create infiltration clogging problems.
Based on the above results, ReTeC designed a three lagoon system utilizing biodegradation, settling, and spray
203
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evaporation/infiltration. This system is anticipated to require supervision approximately once every two weeks.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: petroleum refinery wastes
Media: groundwater, soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data: Total cost for system construction is estimated at $125,000.
Citation Information:
204
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Biological Treatment as BOAT for Petroleum Wastes
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Randy Kabrick, (512) 477-8661
Developer Organization: Remediation Technologies, Inc., Austin, TX
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region:
STATE:
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s):
History:
Summary Text:
The April 8, 1988, Federal Register identified EPA's proposed BOAT standards for treatment of petroleum wastes.
Research on the liquid/solids biological treatment (LST) of petroleum oily wastes in a controlled tank environment
coupled with land treatment is shown to minimize harm to human health and the environment. The University of
Texas version of the Regulatory and Investigative Treatment Zone (RITZE) Model, a mathematical model, was used
to assess the fate of the organic constituents remaining in treated LST residuals following further treatment in a solid
phase/land treatment system and was used to analyze the migiational rate of hazardous constituents in biological
treated petroleum wastes applied to land farms especially in terms of groundwater protection.
The biological LST of mixed, weathered K wastes, were used as input to the RITZE model. Several 20 liter
reactor vessels were used to evaluate the aerobic, biological treatment of petroleum wastes. These wastes were a
mixture of slightly weathered wastes. The wastes were treated in batch (or in one case, semi-continuous) reactors
with the addition of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) for a period of up to 100 days. Several loading rates (as
percent initial oil and grease) were studied and fate of volatile organic constituents (specifically BTEX) and
polynuclear aromatic compounds (PAH) were monitored over the time of the study. BTEX was also monitored in
the off gas from the reactors.
This study was performed as the screening and technology development study prior to in-depth studies performed
afterwards. These reactors averaged 100 percent removal of BTEX. Off gas analyzed showed that most of BTEX
were volatilized. This is an important finding, pointing to the possible need for volatiles capture.
The wastes used in this screening study had a high O&G and high PAH content. It is expected that much higher
levels of treatment will be achieved on this waste than were achieved on the wastes used in the screening study.
The results from the screening study were used as input to the RITZE Model.
Specific site information and waste application information used in the model include:
* 5°o oil and grease loading to the soil,
* 30% oil content in the waste,
* No water in the waste (allowed to dry prior to tilling),
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* Upper treatment zone depth of six inches,
* Lower treatment zone depth of five feet,
* Sandy clay loam soil,
• 20 inches of rainfall per year, and
• Average ambient temperature of 20°C.
Results to date indicate that biological treatment may be able to meet BDAT criteria for some wastes. The use
of liquid/solids biological treatment followed by land treatment and RTTZE model analysis can be used to support
a no migration petition showing such treatment as minimizing potential harm to groundwater, human health and the
environment.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: petroleum oily wastes
Media: sludge
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction: LST in combination with land treatment can meet no migration criteria and LST may be able to
meet BDAT criteria.
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information: Biological Treatment as BDAT for Petroleum Wastes by Midori H. Campbell and
Randolph M. Kabrick, Remediation Technologies, Inc., Austin, TX; and Raymond C. Loehr, University of Texas,
Austin, TX
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Contamination by Heavy Organics at a Wood Preserving Plant Site
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Gaylen Brubaker, (919) 967-3723
Developer Organization: Remediation Technologies, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 5
STATE: MN
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): MN
History:
Wastewaters from a creosote wood preserving operation have been sent to a shallow, unlined surface impoundment
for disposal since the 1930's.
Summary Text:
Wastewaters from a creosote wood preserving operation have been sent to a shallow, unlined surface impoundment
for disposal since the 1930's. The discharge of wastewater to the disposal pond generated a sludge which is a listed
hazardous waste under the Resource Observation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Due to groundwater contamination
of the shallow aquifer at the site by PNAs, the State of Minnesota nominated the site for listing on the Superfund
National Priorities List in 1982.
Since 1982, numerous remedial investigation activities have been undertaken to determine the nature and extent
of contamination at the site. Based on the results of these studies and extensive negotiations, the Minnesota Pollution
Control Agency (MPCA), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the owner of the facility signed
a Consent Order in March 1985 specifying actions to be taken at the site.
In general terms, the remedial actions selected by the MPCA and EPA involved a combination of off-site control
measures and source control measures. The off-site controls involved a series of gradient control wells to capture
contaminated groundwater. The source control measures include on-site biological treatment of the sludges and
contaminated soils and capping of residual contaminants located at depths greater than five feet. This on-site
treatment alternative was identified in the feasibility study as the most cost effective source control measure for the
site.
Before the on-site treatment alternative was implemented, bench scale and pilot scale studies were conducted
to define operating and design parameters for the full scale facility. Several performance, operating, and design
parameters were evaluated in the land treatment studies.
At full scale, the principal construction activities at the site involved:
* Preparation of a lined waste pile for temporary storage of the sludge and contaminated soil.
* Removal of all standing water in the impoundment.
* Excavation and segregation of the sludges for subsequent free oil recovery.
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* Excavation of approximately 3-5 feet of "visibly" contaminated soil from the impoundment and subsequent
storage in the lined waste pile.
* Stabilization of the bottom of the impoundment as a base for the treatment area.
* Construction of the treatment area including installation of a 100 ml HDPE liner, a leachate collection
system and four feet of clean backfill.
* Installation of a sump for collection of the stormwater and leachate.
* Installation of a center pivot irrigation system.
The lined three-acre treatment facility was constructed in 1985 to treat 10,000 cubic yards of contaminated soils
and sludges from the creosote impoundment. The facility has been successfully operated by ReTeC since 1986
achieving greater than 90 percent reduction of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNAs) during the first year of
operation and benzene extractable hydrocarbons decreased 60% over the first year.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: creosote
Media: soils, sludges
Technology1: bioremcdiation
Concentrations: Total PNAs in the soil ranged from 1,000 to 10,000 ppm and benzene exlractable hydrocarbons
ranged from 2 to 10 percent by weight.
Action Level:
Reduction: greater than 90% reduction of PNAs during the first year; 60% reduction of benzene exlractable
hydrocarbons over the first year
Additional Information:
Cost Data: Costs for on-site treatment and capping were estimated to be $59 per ton.
Citation Information: Bioremediation of Contamination by Heavy Organics at a Wood Preserving Plant Site by
Ronald J. Linkenheil, Remediation Technologies, Inc., Fort Collins, CO, and Thomas J. Patnode, Glacier Park
Company, Seattle, WA
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Superfund Feasibility Study and Site Remediation at a Wood Preserving Plant
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Gaylen Brubaker, (919) 967-3723
Developer Organization: Remediation Technologies, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region:
STATE:
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s):
History:
Summary Text:
This project involved preparation of a feasibility study and risk assessment for an NPL site followed by the off-site
disposal of sludge and on-site treatment of contaminated soil. The cleanup criteria for the site soils and sludge was
100 ppm for the target PAH compounds. The site remedy involved:
* excavation, stabilization and off-site disposal of 16,000 tons of creosote sludges,
* demolition of the former tie plant,
* construction of a lined, four-acre soil biotreatment area,
* bioremediation of 8,000 yards of contaminated soils, and
* long-term groundwater monitoring.
ReTeC prepared the feasibility study and assisted the client in agency negotiations. ReTeC personnel were the
construction managers for the demolition and removal activities and designed and operated the biotreatment facility.
To date, all 8,000 cubie yards of soil have been treated to site action levels. Sludge and soil treatment has been
completed and groundwater monitoring will continue until 1994.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: creosote (PAH compounds)
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
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Reduction: 100 ppm for the target PAH compounds
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
210
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Biological Remediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Robert N. Block, (508) 371-1422
Developer Organization: Remediation Technologies, Inc., Concord, MA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 1
STATE: RI
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q7A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): RI
History:
A 22-acre riverfront petroleum products terminal m New England was used to store primarily gasoline and No. 2
fuel oil from the 1920s through 1982. In 1987, the 14 storage tanks, with capabilities up to 3.5 million gallons each,
were dismantled.
Summary Text:
Plans for redevelopment of the sloping site as a residential condominium complex include significant regrading and
construction of townhouses and multistory residential structures. The state regulatory agency having jurisdiction over
this site imposed low level cleanup criteria for the final remediation given the residential end use Extensive
negotiations were required to establish criteria not only in terms of absolute numbers, but also analytical protocols
and procedures.
Cleanup criteria were established for discrete constituents including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes
(BTEX), and naphthalene. To characterize fuel oil constituents, as well as other components of gasoline, cleanup
criteria were established for total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH).
Remediation activities commenced in 1988, initially at bench-scale and subsequently at full-scale. The
laboratory study consisted of a volatilization phase to model soil handling activities and, subsequently, a bench-scale
biological treatment operation conducted in beaker scale microcosms. Full-scale biological treatment operations were
conducted between May and October 1988. Approximately 19,000 cubic yards of contaminated soil were completely
treated during this period. Thirty-five thousand cubic yards were treated in 1989 and 50,000 cubic yards were
treated in 1990.
Full-scale treatment operations began with the loading of treatment areas with contaminated soils. Soils were
dumped into the windrow location and leveled with a bulldozer. Cobbles and boulders exposed on the surface were
removed, initially by hand and subsequently with a mechanical rock picker.
A tire driven horizontally mounted auger made a pass through the contaminated soils and seed, mixing the
materials. Soils were aerated approximately every other day by turning with the auger.
Fertilizer and lime were initially added to soil upon placement in treatment area. Initially, manure was used as
fertilizer but, subsequently, inorganic fertilizer was applied.
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Numerous samples of the contaminated soils were obtained throughout the treatment operations and analyzed
for carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous. No additional nutrients were added during operations.
Measurements of pH were regularly performed in the field with a pH meter. These measurements showed the
soils were initially slightly acidic, typically in the range of 6.0 to 6.5. As treatment progressed, the soils became
more acidic requiring the addition of lime
Irrigation of the contaminated soils was required throughout the summer to maintain the proper soil moisture
content for optimum microbial activity.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: primarily gasoline and No. 2 fuel oil
Media: soil
Technology: , bioremediation
Concentrations: 400-4000 ppm TPH; 50-50,000 ppm BTEX
Action Level:
Reduction: BTEX concentrations were 1 ppm, TPH concentrations were 1 ppm
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information: Biological Remediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Robert N Block, P E., and Thomas
P. Clark, Remediation Technologies, Inc , Concord, MA; and Mark Bishop, New England Testing Lab, North
Providence, RI in Treatment
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Soils at Wood Treating Facility
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Chris Cosentini, (406) 652-7481
Developer Organization: Remediation Technologies, Inc., Billings, MT
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 7
STATE: MO
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): MO
History:
Summary Text:
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (ReTeQ was subcontracted to design, construct, and operate a prepared bed
biological reactor for the treatment of 16,000 tons of contaminated soil at a former wood treating site in Missouri.
The cleanup was performed as a CERCLA (Superfund) Emergency Response Cleanup Action for the U.S. EPA,
Region 7. Facilty design included an HOPE lined run-off retention pond, extensive drainage control, and a
subsurface drain system for leachate control in a clay-lined 7-acre treatment unit. Laboratory studies were
conducted to determine if treatment amendments would accelerate treatment time. Amendment additions studied had
no significant effect on the time to reach treatment goals.
The treatment standards established by EPA were the upper 95<~o confidence limit of the sample mean below
500 ppm for total PAHs and 14 ppm for Benzo(a)pyrene (BAP). Contaminated soil was treated in two applications
Irrigation, tilling, and nutrient application were used to stimulate microbial degradation of the creosote compounds.
Initial concentrations in the contaminated soil were 857 ppm total PAHs and 21 ppm BAP. The first application took
nine months to reach total PAHs of 180 ppm and BAP of 12 ppm. The second application had an initial
concentration of 507 ppm total PAHs and 18 ppm BAP. Final concentrations of 196 total PAHs and 10 BAP were
achieved in four months treatment time. Total cost of design, construction, and treatment was $1.2 million; treatment
cost, exclusive of design and construction costs, was $28 per ton.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: creosote compounds (PAHs, volatiles, and phenols)
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 857 ppm total PAHs, 21 ppm Benzo(a)pyTene (BAP)
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Action Level: less than 500 ppm total PAHs, less than 14 ppm BAP
Reduction: 79% TPAHs, 57% BAP
Additional Information:
Cost Data: Total cost of design, construction, and treatment was $1.2 million; treatment cost, exclusive of
design and construction costs, was $28 per ton.
Citation Information:
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Biological Treatment of PAH's in Soil Residues in Simulated Land Treatment Systems
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Hans Stroo, (206) 624-9349
Developer Organization: Remediation Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region:
STATE:
Quality Assurance Data-
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): Manufactured Gas Plant (MGP) sites
History:
Summary Text:
While it is fairly well established that the lower molecular weight compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and
xylene (BTEX) and 2} and 3 ring PAH compounds) are readily degraded by microorganisms, the heavier PAH
compounds (4, 5 and 6 ring compounds) are more resistant to degradation, and may require enhancements to increase
their availability to microorganisms. Various proposed enhancements include the addition of nutrients, acclimated
organisms, and supplemental growth inducers. In particular, this work addressed weathered, tar contaminated soils
at manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites.
Previous work has; shown that PAHs are biologically degraded as pure compound and in various residues,
including the higher molecular weight (4, 5 and 6 ring) compounds. The higher molecular weight compounds may
take longer to degradej but the time period can be altered with the addition of various enhancements, such as the
addition of nutrients, inoculum and growth enhancers (salicylate acid).
Testing with PAH contaminated soils indicates that the more recalcitrant PAHs (4, 5 and 6 ring) may not be as
readily biologically degraded as the lower ring compounds, even with enhancements to the treatment process. This
may be a function of the physical and chemical nature of the soil/residue matrix. PAHs are particularly susceptible
to adsorption onto soil, and the less water soluble higher ring compounds have a greater tendency to adsorb onto soils
than the more soluble lower ring PAH compounds. The degree to which PAHs are biodegraded is influenced by
their degree of solubilization into solution. The higher ring compounds (4, 5 and 6) have a greater tendency to
remain on soil particles and thus be degraded to a lesser degree than the more soluble PAHs (2 and 3 ring).
From the above, it can be interpreted that the possibility exists that previous work done demonstrating the
successful biodegradation of the higher ring PAHs may have been done with mixtures containing more soluble PAHs.
In general, coal tar residues have typically been buried, in contact with the soil medium over a long time period,
resulting in the adsorption of the PAHs onto the soil. Although the lower ring, more soluble PAHs can still be
degraded, the higher ring compounds are less available, and will require further work to solubilbce them.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
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Wastes: polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction: PAH degradation ranged from 0-56% reduction, in 16 weeks depending on the test conditions.
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information: Presented at Proceedings of the American Socjety of Chemical Engineers National
Conference Environmental Engineering, 1989, by Donald F. Sherman and Hans F. Stroo, Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
216
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of a Petroleum Refinery Sludge By Liquid/Solids Treatment
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Randy Kabrick, (512) 477-8661
Developer Organization: Remediation Technologies, Inc., Austin, TX
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region:
STATE:
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): Gulf Coast Refinery
History:
Summary Text:
Liquid/solids treatment (LST) has received considerable attention over the past three years as a potential technology
for bioremediation of petroleum refinery impoundment sludges. Described in this paper is a pilot-scale LST
demonstration that was recently conducted at a major Gulf Coast refinery. Petroleum sludges from a surge basin
were treated in a batch LST reactor to determine the feasibility of biological treatment for closure of several
impoundments at the site. LST involves the aerobic degradation of organics in an aqueous slurry suspension, a
process which is similar to activated sludge wastewater treatment. The primary difference is that LST is conducted
at high solids loading relative to conventional activated sludge.
A pilot-scale demonstration of liquid/solids treatment was conducted for the evaluation of biological remediation
of a petroleum refinery impoundment sludge.
The overall objective of the field demonstration v,as to generate treatment performance information that would
enable evaluation and design of a full-scale biological treatment alternative for the impoundments. The study was
designed to obtain information essential for determining:
* the rate and extent of treatment;
* the rate and extent of volatile hydrocarbon emissions during LST;
* engineering design parameters for full-scale treatment; and
• estimated costs for full-scale treatment.
A single batch treatment of sludge was conducted for a period of 56 days in a 3.8 x l(f m3 bioreactor. The
operation was conducted at a nominal solids loading of 10 percent. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)
concentrations in the mixed liquor were reduced below detection limits (<1 mg/L) in two weeks. Overall, PAH
removals were greater than 90 percent Solids were reduced by an estimated 10 percent For many impoundment
sludges, cleanup to levels commensurate with TCLP and BOAT criteria is achievable which would permit land
disposal at on- or off-site facilities Emission controls may be required, in some cases, for impoundment closures
by LST to comply with increasingly stringent regulatory constraints.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
217
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Wastes: petroleum refinery wastes
Media: sludge
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in the mixed liquor were reduced below
detection limits (<1 mg/L) in two weeks. Overall, PAH removals were greater than 90 percent. Solids were
reduced by an estimated 10 percent.
Additional Information:
Cost Data: Total costs of $124 per cubic yard were estimated for complete remediation of 236,000 cubic yards
of sludge using the above approach.
Citation Information: Prepared for presentation at AIChE Summer National Meeting, August 19-22, 1990;
Biological Remediation of Contaminated Soils and Solids by M.P. Coover, D.F. Sherman, R.M. Kabrick,
Remediation Technologies, Inc., Kent, WA. Copyright Remediation Technologies, Inc. Publication Date: August
1990.
218
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Biological Treatment of Petroleum Refinery Sludges
Publication Dale:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Mervin Coover, (206) 624-9349
Developer Organization: Remediation Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 7
STATE:
Quality Assurance Data.
Site Character izt_d not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s):
History"
A midwest crude 01! refinery \va,s in operation for approximately 80 years prior lo ceasing operations at the site
The site contained petroleum refining and production process equipment, tank facilities lor storage of products, and
a wastewater treatment facility for the treatment of waste streams generated on-site.
Summary Text:
As a result of the refinery shutdown, three impoundments require closure. These impoundments are known as the
sludge pond, sludge pit and wastewater treatment lagoon. All three impoundments contain varying concentrations
of petroleum residues.
The project consisted of two key elements; the tank-scale study, and the field laboratory study. The studies were
conducted in parallel during the period 25 July 1988 to 7 November 1988. The treatment demonstration was
designed to evaluate biological liquid/solids treatment (LST) as a remedial treatment technology suitable for closure
of the three impoundments containing petroleum refinery sludges Biological LST has been selected as the remedial
alternative for the impoundments.
The overall objective of this project was to provide data pertinent to the design and operation of a full scale LST
system. The specific objectives of the two studies were:
* Tank-Scale Study:
1. Evaluate the full scale biological treatment of RCRA sludges, organic loading rate and oxygen
requirements.
2. Evaluate scale-up under field conditions in terms of materials handling, process startup, mixing,
oxygen transfer and equalization.
* Field Laboratory Study:
1. Evaluate the optimization of biological treatment parameters for the sludge pond, sludge pit and
wastewater treatment lagoon sludges as follows:
* Determine the effect of pH and surfactant addition on the treatment efficiencies.
* Determine the effect of O&G and total solids (TS) loading on treatment efficiencies.
* Determine the variability of continuous feed as opposed to batch feed.
219
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* Simulate the tank-scale demonstration reactor treating pond sludge and pit sludge.
* Determine the treatability of sludge pit bottom sludge.
* Determine the treatability of wastewater treatment lagoon sludge.
Characteristics of the sludges in the three impoundments as determined by other investigators are as follows: the
sludge pond sludge contains 14 percent O&G and 51 percent solids; and the sludge pit sludge contains an average
of 11 percent O&G and 54 percent solids. In the wastewater treatment lagoon, the O&G content of the sludges
averaged about 7.5 percent, the solids content is about 25 percent and the water content averages 67.5 percent.
The tank-scale study project evaluated the biological treatment of sludge pond sludge at a target dry weight
loading of five percent TS and sludge pit sludge at twelve percent TS. The tank-scale study was conducted in two
large existing tanks retrofitted with aeration/mixing equipment. The tanks were operated as batch reactors. The
operating volume of the sludge pond reactor was 70,000 gallons and was operated for a period' of 92 days. The
sludge pit reactor had an operating volume of 17,310 gallons and operated for 57 days. Surfactant and nutrients were
added to both reactors to ensure optimum treatment conditions. Reactor performance was monitored in terms of
oxygen uptake raZe (OUR), O&G removal, PAH removal and volatile organics (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and
xylene (BTEX)) removal.
In parallel to the tank-scale study, a field laboratory study was conducted. A treatability laboratory was set up
in a trailer with batch liquid/solids reactors with a working capacity of three liters. A total of 19. reactors were
operated to evaluate treatability of representative sludge from each of the three impoundments under a variety of
operating conditions.
A mass balance performed around the tank-scale biological LST system(s) provides a true picture of the actual
treatment levels achieved by the system. There were reductions in all parameters, with the most significant occurring
in O&G and TPAH of 63 and 76 percent, respectively, for the sludge pond reactor. Total solids (TS) and
carcinogenic PAH (CPAH) showed reductions of 15 and 25 percent, respectively. For the sludge pit reactor, O&G
and TPAH reductions were 50 and 81 percent, respectively; while TS and CPAH were reduced 30 and 60 percent
respectively.
The study demonstrated the successful biological treatment (liquid/solids) of the sludges at both the laboratory
scale and tank-scale. The study showed:
* Significant removals of O&G were observed for most reactors.
' Removal rates of O&G were a function of loading rate, and for the most part exhibited first order kinetics.
* Sludge pond sludge had the lowest O&G removal rates and treatment efficiencies. Filtration of pond sludge
prior to treatment should be investigated.
* Significant degradation of PAHs was observed for all reactors. Total PAH and carcinogenic PAH
concentrations were below ICALs for sludge residuals from reactors treating sludge pit and wastewater
treatment lagoon sludge.
* Significant loss of VOC occurred from the field simulation and tank-scale demonstration reactors.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: petroleum residues
Media: sludge
Technology:
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction: For the sludge pond reactor: O&G reductions of 63%, total PAH (TPAH) reductions of 76%, total
solids (TS) reductions of 15%, carcinogenic PAH (CPAH) reductions of 25%. For the sludge pit reactor: O&G
reductions of 50%, TPAH reductions of 81%, TS reductions of 30%, CPAH reductions of 60%.
Additional Information:
220
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Cost Data:
Citation Information: Biological Treatment of Petroleum Refinery Sludges by Randolph M. Kabrick, Donald F.
Sherman, Mervin P. Coover, and Raymond C. Loehr, Remediation Technologies, Inc., Austin, TX. Presented
at the Third International Conference on New Frontiers for Hazardous Waste Management, Pittsburgh, PA,
September 10-13, 1989
221
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Remediation of a Petroleum Products Terminal
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Gaylen Brubaker, (919) 967-3723
Developer Organization: Remediation Technologies, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 2
STATE: NJ
Quality Assurance Data:
, Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): NJ
History:
A mid-si/ed petroleum bulk terminal had all of the facilities and tanks ra/ed in 1987. In older for a leal estate
transaction to be permitted under New Jersey's RCRA program, the owner was asked to meet strict groundwater and
soils contamination levels by reducing the levels found on the property.
Summary Text:
ReTeC was retained to design an on-site remediation system to treat excavated soils by biological degradation of
the contaminants. Although available acreage was very limited, a system was designed, built, and operated by
ReTeC that cost-effectively reduced petroleum hydrocarbons and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons to state-
approved levels.
ReTeC's functions regarding this site were engineering design, construction assistant, biological project manager,
and systems operation. Prior to site operations commencement, the ReTeC laboratory in Kent, Washington,
performed soils analyses to determine trigger levels for fertilizer, type and strength of fertilizer, microbial activity,
and other soil-specific parameters influential to system design. The treatment technology involved the design of a
system that would allow soils to be both stockpiled and treated. This was accomplished through special aeration and
unloading techniques. As Project Manager, ReTeC solicited bids for the unloading task, selected a sub-contractor,
and performed oversight of this task. Additionally, weekly cultivation, irrigation, fertilizer addition, equipment
maintenance, and process monitoring functions were performed.
ReTeC is currently performing all activities relating to biological remediation at this site. In addition to
engineering and mechanical issues, ReTeC is also assisting the client with analytical negotiations regarding total
petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). This treatment method is expected to operate for eight months per year for four
years.
This case information was supplied by the vendor
Wastes: petroleum hydrocarbons and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
Media: soil
222
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Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
223
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Soil Venting Pretreatment for Solid Phase Bioremediation of Petroleum Contaminated Soil
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ £
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: James Greacen, (508) 371-1422
Developer Organization: Remediation Technologies, Inc., Concord, MA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 1
STATE: RI
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s): RI
History:
The site was operated for approximately 60 years as a gasoline and No. 2 fuel oil storage and distribution terminal.
Summary Text:
ReTeC has constructed and operated a pilot treatment cell at a former petroleum storage terminal. On going site
remediation involves biological land treatment of excavated soils. A pilot scale treatment cell (125' by 125' x 6')
was constructed to evaluate the potential of in situ treatment of vadose zone soils as a pretreatment step or alternative
to on-going site operation.
The design of the pilot study was directed toward removal of the lighter petroleum fractions by soil venting and
reduction of the non-volatile fractions by enhanced biodegradation. Sediments in the pilot cell consisted primarily
of fine to medium sands with trace amounts of silts, coarse sands, and gravels. Initial soil contaminant
concentrations in the pilot cell ranged from below detection limits to 4.2 ppm BTEX and 5,250 ppm TPH.
The distribution system consisted of three parallel trenches, twenty-two feet apart, excavated to a depth of 5 to
6.5 feet, the depth of the water table at time of construction. Horizontal well screen, a gravel pack, and polyethylene
sheeting were placed within each trench Piping from each trench is being valved and manifolded to a blower
distribution system which was connected to a blower and nutrient tank. A 500-gallon nutrient tank was positioned
to gravity feed water or a nutrient mixture through the manifold and into each trench. The nutrient tank and the
blower were alternately used to inject water, nutrients, and air to the pilot cell.
Fourteen nested soil gas monitoring probes were installed in several locations at two depths throughout the pilot
cell. The soil gas monitoring probes were used to monitor pressure and soil gas vapor concentrations in the
subsurface. Soil gas oxygen concentration data from the probes indicated a range from 1% to 20.8%. Changes in
soil gas concentrations were measured during operation of the blower. Pressure data measured from the probes
indicated a range of influence of over fifty feet from the distribution trenching. The blower was run on an
intermittent basis to minimize reductions in soil moisture.
Soil samples collected adjacent to distribution trenching after 2 1/2 months of operation demonstrated an 81%
reduction in soil BTEX concentrations and a 64To reduction in soil TPH concentrations. Modifications in the
distribution system are being evaluated for continued operation in 1991.
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This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: petroleum (BTEX and TPH)
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: from beiow detection limits to 4.2 ppm BTEX and 5,250 ppm TPH
Action Level: 1 ppm BTEX, 1 ppm TPH
Reduction: Soil samples collected adjacent to distribution trenching after 2 1/2 months of operation
demonstrated an Sl^ reduction in soil BTEX concentrations and a 64% reduction in soil TPH concentrations.
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
225
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Biodegradation of Pesticides in Soil
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Hans Stroo, (206) 624-2839
Developer Organization: Remediation Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region:
STATE:
Quality Assurance Data-
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s):
History:
Summary Text: ,
The investigation was designed to assess the biodegradability of chlorinated pesticides by exposing soils collected
from a former agricultural chemical manufacturing site to three bioremediation strategies. Strategies included an
anaerobic biological treatment (usingamethanogcnic bacterial inocula), anaerobic biological process (usingbacterial
and white rot fungus inocula) and a sequential remediation scheme, consisting of anaerobic biological treatment
followed by aerobic treatment.
Three soils were used for treatabihty testings. Soils (and contamination levels) were:
* 1400 ppm toxaphene with 81 ppm of DDT and DDT metabolites;
* toxaphene and DDT at concentrations of 185 and 190 ppm; and
* approximately 25 ppm of DDT and DDT metabolites.
The anaerobic treatment strategy resulted in 62 and 48 percent reductions of DDT in low- and moderately-
contaminated soils, respectively Coinetabolic processes may be respoasible for degradation of DDT since increased
reduction occurred when an extraneous carbon source (glucose) was added to the anaerobic reactors. Total toxaphene
concentrations were not reduced during anaerobic treatment. The treatment strategy may have been responsible for
a reduction in the leachabihty and mobility of toxaphene.
The aerobic treatment process resulted in 54 and 15 percent DDT reductions in the low- and moderately-
contaminated treatment soils, respectively. Total toxaphene concentrations were reduced by 20 percent following
aerobic treatment; however, toxaphene degradation was not significant due to the high degree of variability in the
analytical data. Reductions in leaching characteristics of toxaphene were variable.
Exposing soils to a sequenced treatment scheme was performed on the premise that complete pesticide
degradation requires both anaerobiosis and subsequent aerobiosis. Data from the anaerobic/aerobic biological
treatment suggested reductions in DDT concentrations of 82 and 62 percent (from low- and moderately-
contaminated soils, respectively). The percentage losses, which were calculated from data collected during the
aerobic portion of the sequenced treatment, were the greatest observed in the treatabihty study. Most of this loss
occurred during the initial anaerobic treatment. Total concentrations of toxaphene were not reduced during
226
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treatability testing, however significant reductions (21 to 77 percent) in toxaphene leachability and mobility are
suggested from TCLP data. In the highly-contaminated soil, the concentration of toxaphene in the liquid extract was
reduced by 21 percent and in the low- and moderately-contaminated soils TC concentrations were reduced by
approximately 80 percent.
A pilot-scale, anaerobic biological treatment system is likely to be successful for DDT-contaminated soils with
low-level toxaphene contamination. Results from toxicity testing suggest that treatment soils at this particular site,
which may have DDT concentrations from 24 to 2000 ppm of DDT, should not require dilution with uncontaminated
soil prior to implementing anaerobic biotreatment. The recommended pilot-scale approach is to use on-site
anaerobic treatment, with readily available carbon substrate amendment, until no further pesticide reduction is
achieved. It is estimated that an anaerobic process could be developed to remove 80 to 95 percent of the DDT
present in the soils while achieving a 70 to 80 percent reduction in the toxaphene leachability and mobility
characteristics (TCLP).
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, toxaphene and l,l,l-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT")
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: Three soils were used for treatability testing. Soils (and contamination levels) were:
* 1400 ppm toxaphene with 81 ppm of DDT and DDT metabolites;
* toxaphene and DDT at concentrations of 185 and 190 ppm; and
* approximately 25 ppm of DDT and DDT metabolites.
Action Level:
Reduction: Under anaerobic strategy: DDT was reduced 48-62rr, toxaphene reduction was Orc; under aerobic
strategy: DDT was reduced 15-54Tc, toxaphene reduction was 20^; under combined anaerobic/aerobic strategy:
DDT reduction was 62-82^, toxaphene reduction was 2l-BOro.
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information: Biodegradation of Pesticides in Soil by Patti M. Thorn, Joseph P. Kreitinger, and Hans
F. Stroo, Remediation Technologies, Ir.c
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Solids Using Liquid/Solids Contact Reactors
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Pub! #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Mervin Coover, (206) 624-2839
Developer Organization: Remediation Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region:
STATE:
Quality Assurance Data
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s):
History-
Summary Text:
The purpose of this paper was to provide an overview of the concepts and current results from using liquid/solids
contact reactors (LSCs) for the cleanup of soils and sludges contaminated with hydrocarbons. The data show that
LSCs can sustain extremely high numbers of microorganisms and respiration rates in comparison to unmanaged soils
or simulated land treatment. The results also show that microbiological monitoring of LSC reactors is critical for
optimizing performance during treatment. Representative data from laboratory studies and field applications
demonstrate the usefulness of LSCs for destruction of hydrocarbons in both oil refinery sludges and wood preserving
wastes. Results of pilot- and fulJ-scale testing show that LSCs can achieve contaminant removal rates much greater
than those typical of land treatment.
Wood Preserving Wastes:
Data on the solids and mass loss of total PAHs during LSC treatment of sludge contaminated with creosote at
two solids loadings show that very little of the material is in the aqueous phase, since the solubility of the compounds
is low and degradation of the compounds in the aqueous phase is rapid. Almost 30 percent of the solids were lost
in both cases. This loss can reduce the costs for eventual disposal or further treatment, if either is necessary. Also,
the solids mass loss must be known to calculate the true amount of contaminant destruction during treatment. The
analytical results indicate that approximately 90 percent of the total PAHs were degraded over 55 days of operation.
LSCs have been used for the successful full-scale treatment of wood preserving wastes in aerated on-site
lagoons. In one case, 100 cubic yards of impoundment sludge containing PCP and creosote was fed into an on-site
sequenced-batch LSC weekly. Closure criteria were based on the concentrations of PCP and the combined
concentration of the PAHs phenanthrene and anthracene. These criteria were exceeded during operations, with an
average reduction of PCP concentrations from 2600 to 32 mg/L and an average reduction in the target PAH
concentrations from 1200 to 86 mg/L.
Oil Refinery Wastes:
In addition to several laboratory-scale treatability tests of oil sludges in LSCs, ReTeC has performed several
pilot-scale demonstrations of LSCs for biological treatment of oil refining sludges. Removal rates for oil and grease
228
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have been rapid in comparison to land treatment data, but results have varied widely, principally because the sludges
differ in the proportions of readily-degradable and recalcitrant hydrocarbons.
In another study of oil refinery wastes, the losses of carcinogenic PAHs (principally the 5- and 6-ring PAHs)
ranged from 30-80 percent over two months, while virtually all of the noncarcinogenic PAHs were degraded. The
total PAH reductions ranged from 70 to 95 percent, again well in excess of typical losses during land treatment of
oil sludges over a similar time period.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: wood preserving and oil refinery wastes
Media:
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction: Wood preserving wastes: one study showed about 901 degradation of total PAHs and another
showed an average reduction of PCP from 26(X) to 32 mg'L and PAH from 1200 to 86 mg/L. Oil refinery
wastes: loss of 5- and 6-ring PAHs ranged from 30-80% and total PAH reductions ranged from 70-95%.
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information: Biorcmcdiation of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Solids Using Liquid Solids Contact Reactors
by H F Stroo, J.R. Smith, M.P. Coover and R.A. Kabnck, Remediation Technologies, Inc
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: The Influence of Soil Composition on Bioremediation of PAH-Contaminated Soils
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Gaylen Brubaker, (919) 967-3723
Developer Organization: Remediation Technologies, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC
Demonstration Site:
. EPA Region:
STATE:
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data l not reported
Q/A- Q/C Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Name(s):
History:
The sites chosen for this study were former manufactured gas plants where coal and oil had been converted to gas
for some period during the Era of Gas Manufacture (1816-1960s). Tar or lampblack, by-products of gas
manufacture, contain high concentration of PAHs and were the likely source of PAHs in these soils.
Summary Text:
PAH-contaminated soils from four different sites were subjected to pan reactor treatability tests. Initial PAH
concentrations were 160, 190, 20,000, and 29,000 mg/kg for the four soils.
Some soils responded with varying degrees of PAH reductions to less than 20 mg/kg in the best case, but only
to around 17,000 mg/kg in the least responsive case. One soil did not respond at all with no apparent reduction in
PAH concentrations. The obvious question was why. Soil characteristics provided some insight into the phenomena
that were causing these variations.
These four soils covered a wide range of values of fines content and organic carbon fraction. S:rr,;iarly, they
responded to bioremediation in an unsaturated state in a widely varying manner. The apparent potential for a
relationship between bioremediation respoase and these characteristics motivated development of a conceptual model.
In summary, this conceptual model predicts that bioremediation of soils in an unsaturated state will depend on
two additional factors as well as classical biodegradation factors such as pH and temperature. The additional factors
are:
* the quantity and composition of NAPL present in the soil; and,
* the quantity and composition of fines (i.e., silts and clays) in the soil.
To test the prediction of better and faster treatment in a saturated state, the four soils were also bioremediated
in lab scale slurry reactors. Results of the response of the four soils to bioremediation in a saturated state provided
a basis for evaluating the conceptual model. The response to bioremediation in both a saturated and unsaturated state
of four soils of different characteristics and tar NAPL produced a broad range of results. Several trends were
apparent that supported the conceptual model.
Based upon results of this work, the following conclusions were made:
* bioremediation of PAH-contaminated soils is a viable remedial technology;
230
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* the composition of the soils and NAPL can significantly influence the response of PAH-contaminated soils
to bioremediation;
* bioremediation of soils containing higher fines contents, greater than 10 percent, in an unsaturated state can
be limited because of mass transport restrictions from the interiors of the fine aggregates; and,
* bioremediation of soil containing pockets of NAPL can be limited by the immobile, insoluble constituents
of the NAPL.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: PAH
Media: soils
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 160, 190, 20,000, and 29,000 mg/kg for the four soils in the treatability tests.
Action Level'
Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information: By Andrew C Middleton, Principal, and David V. Nakles, Principal, Remediation
Technologies, Inc., and David G. Lui7,, Manager, Gas Research Institute Submitted for publication in
EyjnyiikiliPJJ, June 1991
231
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Biodegradation/Treatment of Nitroguanidine Wastewater in Land Farms
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #:
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Richard T. Williams, (215) 430-3101
Developer Organization: Roy F. Weston, West Chester, PA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: NA
State: NA
Quality Assurance Data
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
QA/QC Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Names(s): NA
History:
The United States Army's nitroguamdine propellant manufacturing Has produced contaminated wastewaler.
Summary Text:
Disposal of nitroguanidine propellant manufacturing wastewater by land application had been proposed.
USATHAMA tasked WESTON with evaluating the feasibility of land application of the wastewater. Weston
provided USATHAMA with a detailed literature review on the biotreatability of nitroguanidine wastewater
components, as well as a comprehensive test plan. WESTON's bench-scale research program modeled the proposed
treatment system and all relevant environmental parameters, including the use of soils from the site of production.
The objective of the experimental program was to determine the efficiency with which soil microorganisms
remove organic and inorganic wastestream components in soil Continuous and perfusion soils columns, 14C-labeIed
compounds, and batch mineralization studies in a soil matrix v,ere utilized to evaluate biodegradabihty/treatability.
Soil mobility was measured using 14C-labeled compounds in soil columns. Analysis included wastewater
components and transformation products. Carbon supplements were tested as biodegradation enhancers.
Data from soil column experiments indicated that nitroguanidine would be poorly removed in a land treatment
system. Batch mineralization experiments supported these findings. In light of the research data, an environmental
assessment of the site, treatment options, and the regulatory situation, a multiple component biological system
receiving pretreated wastewater may be a viable method for reducing the environmental risk posed by these
wastewaters. Typically, such a system would involve a series of unit processes to achieve the overall criteria. Land
application of untreated wastewater was not considered to be an adequate treatment system because the data showed
the contaminants passed through soil.
This work took place in 1986 and 1987.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: nitroguanidine
Media: wastewater placed on soil
232
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Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction:
Additional Information: Additional information is available in a USATHAMA report.
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
233
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Field Demonstration for Composting Explosives-Contaminated Soil
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Richard T. Williams, (215) 430-3101
Developer Organization: Roy F. Weston, West Chester, PA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 6
State: LA
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
QA/QC Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Names(s): LA
History:
The manufacture and handling of explosives and propellants at United States Army industrial facilities has resulted
in soil contamination.
Summary Text:
The manufacture and handling of explosives and propellants at United States Army industrial facilities has resulted
in soil contamination. Because of the potential for migration of contaminants to groundwater, treatment of the
contaminated soils is required. Soil decontamination using traditional technologies, such as incineration, can be
expensive and labor intensive. For sites that do not require immediate cleanup, a less expensive remedial process
is desirable. Enhanced biological treatment, in the form of composting, is a candidate process.
An extensive literature search on hazardous materials composting was conducted. The literature suggested that
explosives and propellants may be rapidly degraded within composting systems. The main objective of this
study was to demonstrate the utility of static-pile composting for remediating soils contaminated with the explosives
TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX (hexahydro-l,3^-trinitro-l,3,5-triazme)) HMX (octahydro-l,3,5,7-tetranitro-
1,3,5,7-tetraazocine, and tetryl (N-meth\i-N,2,4,6-tetranitroamline). Secondary objectives including evaluating
material-handling equipment and compost pile operating parameters, such as temperature and moisture content.
Four static compost piles were constructed, monitored, and sampled for explosives concentration over time. A
relatively small quantity of contaminated soil was used in the pilot study. The mixture to be composted consisted
of soiled livestock bedding material, livestock feed, hay, fertilizer, and explosives-contaminated sediment. The piles
were periodically remixed and watered to maintain optimal composting conditions. TNT, RDX, and HMX were
removed to the extent of 99.9, 99.1 and 96.5 percent, respectively, in the thermophilic (55° C) compost pile. The
concentration of total explosives in the thermophilic pile was reduced from approximately 17,900 to 74 mg/kg after
153 days (99.6 percent removal). This work was done in 1987 and 1988.
Data from the study suggest that composting may be a feasible full-scale treatment process for explosives-
contaminated sediments. Ongoing work includes an economic analysis of composting and pilot-scale studies to
optimize operational parameters, such as sediment loading. At full scale, it was estimated that this effort would have
cost SI00 - $500 per cubic yard.
234
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This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: TNT (23,6-tnnitrotoluene), RDX (hexahydro-l,3,5-trinitro-l,3,5-triazine), HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-
tetranitro-l,3r5,7-tetraazocine, and tetryl (N-methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline)
Media: soil
Technology': bioremediation
Concentrations: For total explosives, the concentration was approximately 17,900 mg/kg.
Action Level:
Reduction: For total explosives, the final concentration was 74 mg/kg. TNT, RDX and HMX were removed
to the extent of 99.9, 99 1, and 96.5 percent, respectively.
Additional Informdtiorr Mov. o^ta from this pilot study v,ill eventually be available through relerred publications
and conferer.ee presentations. Final report will be a public document.
Cost Data: At full scale, it was estimated that this effort would have cost $100 - $500 per cubic yard.
Citation Information:
235
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Composting Optimization Field Study
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #r:
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Richard T. Williams, (215) 430-3101
Developer Organization: Roy F. Weston, West Chester, PA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 10
State: OR
Quality Assurance Data'
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
QA/QC Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Names(s): Umatilla Army Depot Activity (UMDA)
History:
Soil and sediment have become contaminated by the manuiactine and handling of explosives and propellants.
Summary Text:
Two previous field demonstrations and a cost analysis conducted by WESTON validated the feasibility of using
composting to remediate explosives-contaminated soils and sediment. However, an additional study was required
to determine the maximum soil loading level, optimal amendments and process parameters, and the feasibility of
using mechanically agitated versus aerated static pile technology. Regulatory approval was obtained from the
State of Oregon and Region X EPA. An NPL site located at the UmatiHa Army Depot Activity in Umatilla, Oregon,
was characterized for explosives content. Individual laboratory studies were conducted for amendment selection and
sample homogenization. Seven static pile reactors (i.e., conventional composting approach) and one mechanically
agitated reactor were established following site preparation. The mechanically agitated pilot unit was specifically
designed and constructed for use in this program following an extensive safety analysis A process
control/monitoring system was designed to control and record temperature, provide oxygen, and sample and analyze
exhaust gas from each reactor for moisture and oxygen. Data were fed to a computer located in the site trailer. Two
amendment selection tests and two soil loading tests were conducted in the mechanically agitated pilot unit Eight
static pilot studies were conducted to investigate soil loading. One bioaugmentation study was conducted using
TNT-degrading organisms.
Relatively small quantities of material were treated in this pilot scale activity.
Results to date indicate extensive destruction of TNT, HMX, and RDX at soil loading levels high enough to
justify full-scale implementation. Rates of destruction have been higher in the mechanically agitated system than
in the static pile systems. Effective composting and degradation was achieved at soil loading levels as high as 40Tc
by volume.
Using a mixture of ten percent contaminated soil and 90 percent amendments, the static pile test resulted in the
removal of 95.9 percent of the TNT, 46.2 percent of the RDX and 21.3 percent HMX. The mechanically agitated
test removed 99.8 percent of the TNT, 99.3 percent of the RDX and 94.9 percent of the HMX At full scale, it is
estimated that this effort would cost $100-500 per cubic yard.
236
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This field demonstration started in 1990. As of January 12, 1992, activity is still ongoing; data will be used in
a feasibility study of composting versus incineration.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: TNT (2,3,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX (hexahydro-l,3,5-trinitro-l,3,5-triazine), HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-
tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraayocme
Media: soil ar.d ^-".i:rr.er,'s
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction' L'sinc a mixture of ten percent contaminated soil and 90 percent amendments, the static pile test
resulted in the removal of 95 9 peicen! of the TNT, 462 percent of the RDX and 21 3 percent HMX The
mechanicalh agitated test removed 99 S percent of the TNT, 99 3 percent of the RDX and 94.9 percent of the
HMX.
Additional Information: Most of the data will eventually be available through referred publications and conference
presentations. The final report will be a public document.
Cost Data: At full scale, it is estimated that this effort would cost 5100-500 per cubic yard.
Citation Information: Freed, Richard Allen 1991 Composting May Provide Alternative to Incinerators
USATHAMA. Thi, Environmental Update (3)3'6 October 1991
USATHAMA Conducts Composting Optimization Field Study 1992 Hiotreatment News (2) 2:1 and 3.
237
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Degradation of VOCs at U.S. Army Installations Through Use of Fixed Populations of Microorganisms
Publication Date:
NTIS #
Gov't Publ #:
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Richard T. Williams, (215) 430-3101
Developer Organization: Roy F. Weston, West Chester, PA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region:
State:
Quality Assurance Data
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
QA/QC Conducted not reported
Repon Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Names(s):
History:
Past disposal of volatile o:,r;anic solvents has resulted in contamination of soils at U S Army installations.
Summary Text:
Past disposal of volatile organic solvents has resulted in contamination of soils at U S. Army installations.
Technologies that involve volatilizing or air stripping contaminants from contaminated soils are used for remediation
of these sites. The resulting stream of gaseous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) must be treated before the air
stream is released to the atmosphere. Thermal treatment or carbon adsorption of gaseous VOCs is effective but
expensive. The present study was conducted to evaluate the utility of using fixed populations of VOC-degrading
microorganisms to destroy (minerah/e to inorganic products) gaseous VOCs. This technology holds potential as a
cost-effective alternative or supplement to thermal treatment or carbon adsorption
The VOCs investigated include ben/ene, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK),
toluene, ar.d trichioroethylene (TCE ) Radiolabeled (HC) VOCs were used in the experiments to determine VOC
destruction efficiency (conversion of organic 14C to 14CO:)
Continuous-flow and static microcosm experiments were conducted. A laboratory-scale gas generator was used
to produce a defined stream of volatilized 14C-VOC in air for the continuous-flow experiments. The gas stream
entered a glass column that was filled with a solid matrix that supported a fixed population of microorganisms.
Exhaust gases from the column passed through a series of two impingers that absorbed VOCs and C02, respectively.
The amounts of HC-organics and 14C02 evolved from the test matrix were periodically determined by liquid
scintillation counting (LSQ. The VOC destruction efficiency of the test matrix was evaluated by comparing the
amounts of 14C activity evolved as 14C02 to the total 14C activity evolved 14CO2 plus I4C-organics.
Static experiments were conducted using glass vials with teflon-lined caps as microcosms. Each microcosm
contained a solid test matrix to support microbial growth and a known amount of 14C-VOC. Some microcosms also
received a known volume of biodegradable non-labelled organic solvent to serve as a co-substrate for 14C-VOC
biodegradation. Microcosms were incubated under ambient conditions. The VOC destruction efficiency of the test
matrix was evaluated by comparing the amounts of 14C activity evolved as 14CO2 to the total 14C activity evolved
14CO2 plus 14C-organics.)
238
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All of the non-chlorinated VOCs tested (benzene, toluene, and methyl ethyl ketone) were extensively mineralized
in uncontaminated soil. Under continuous-flow conditions, complete VOC destruction (100 percent conversion of
UC activity to HCO1) was observed for all three non-chlorinated VOCs. The chlorinated VOCs tested
(chlorobenzene, TCE, and carbon tetrachloride) were mineralized to lesser degrees than the non-chlorinated VOCs.
The mineralization of TCE and chlorobenzene was enhanced by the presence of toluene as a co-substrate. Under
continuous-flow conditions, destruction of chlorobenzene reached 100 percent for a short time. Carbon tetrachloride
was not significantly minerah/ed unc-er any conditions tested.
The experimental data suggest that biological filters may be a feasible technology for treating gaseous-phase
VOCs, particularly non-chlorinated solvents such as benzene, toluene, and MEK.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: VOCs, including benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), toluene, and
trichloroethylene (TCE)
Media: vapor
Technology bioromediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction:
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
239
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Microbial Degradation of Toxic Organics in Soils at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA)
Publication Date:
NTIS r,:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Dr. Richard T. Williams, (215) 430-3101
Developer Organization: Roy F. Weston, West Chester, PA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 8
State: CO
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
QA/QC Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Names(s): Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMAVCO
History:
The manufacture of munitions and pesticides has resulted in contamination of soils and groundwater at RMA with
a wide range of organics.
Summary Text:
The United States Army Toxics and Hazardous Materials Agency (USATHAMA) is investigating the role of
biodegradation in the environmental fate of toxic organic chemicals at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA). The
manufacture of munitions and pesticides has resulted in contamination of soils and groundwater at RMA with a wide
range of organic.
In 1988, WESTON conducted a comprehensive literature review on the biodegradation of the contaminants of
interest. The literature indicated that dieldnn, isodnn, DHCP (l,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane), DIMP
(diisopropylmethyl phosphor.ate), and PCPMSO(p-chlorophenylmethyl sulfoxide) are generally resistant tomicrobial
degradation under aeiobic conditions
Custom synthesized 14C-labeled DIMP, DHCP, PCPMSO, dieldrm, and isodnn were utilized in the
biodegradation studies. Experiments were conducted under environmentally relevant conditions in chemical inert
test flakes. A specially designed volatile-compound sampling apparatus was used to monitor transformation of the
test chemical.
The fate of the test compounds was determined by analyzing headspace within the test flasks for volatilized MC-
parent compound and HC02, as well as by analyzing soil extracts by gas chromatography/gas flow proportional
counting (GC/GFPC). (GC/GFPC is an analytical technique in which the radioactivity associated with specific
chromatographic peaks can be quantified.)
The data from these studies indicated that minimal mineralization of the test compounds occurred in aerobic soils.
Trjse data suggest that microbial metabolism plays a minor role in the fate of these compounds at RMA as there
was no change in initial and final concentrations of contaminants
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: dieldrin, isodrin, DBCP (l,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane), DIMP (diisopropylmethyl phosphonate), and
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PCPMSO (p-chlorophenylmethyl sulfoxide)
Media: soils
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction:
Additional Information: Available in USATHAMA report and in publication submitted to journal.
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
241
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered: •
Last Reviewed:
Title: Groundwater Remediation and Hazardous Waste Cleanup at the Gilson Road Hazardous Waste Disposal
Site
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #:
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Fred McGarry, (215) 344-3762
Developer Organization: Roy F. Weston, West Chester, PA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 1
State: NH
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
QA/QC Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Names(s): Gilson Road Hazardous Waste Disposal Site/NH
History:
In the late 1960's, the owner of a former sand pit borrow decided to discontinue sand mining at the 6-acre site and
began operating an illegal refuse dump Household refuse and demolition materials were initially dumped, followed
by chemical sludges and aqueous chemical wastes.
Summary Text:
The Gilson Road hazardous waste, disposal site is a former sand borrow pit located in Nashua, New Hampshire. In
the late 1960's, the owner decided to discontinue sand mining at the 6-acre site and begin operating an illegal refuse
dump. Household refuse and demolition materials were initially dumped, followed by chemical sludges and aqueous
chemical wastes.
In 1980, sampling of newly-installed groundwater monitoring wells revealed substantial concentrations of volatile
or'ganics, metals, and extractable organics. The contaminant plume had extended over 20 acres, contaminated a small
surface stream and was moving toward the Nashua River. At this point, WESTON was retained by the State of
New Hampshire to review a treatment concept proposed by a previous consultant. Due to deficiencies in the
proposed concept, WESTON was retained to develop, design and construct a remedial action program at the site.
Key components of the remedial action program included:
* design and construction of a slurry wall and cap system around the 20-acre area containing highly
contaminated groundwater.
* design and construction of a groundwater treatment facility.
Nine wells located in the slurry wall pump contaminated groundwater to a treatment system. Flow into the site,
induced by pumping, significantly reduced the volume of contaminated groundwater leaving the site. The
construction of the slurry wall was completed in the fall of 1983.
WESTON investigated treatment alternatives to determine what process or combination of processes would
effectively treat the contaminated groundwater. A total of 10 alternatives were investigated, ranging from air
stripping to wet oxidation for organic removal and reverse osmosis to chemical precipitation for metals removal.
The amended groundwater process included the following components:
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* Chemical precipitation of inorganics followed by pressure filtration to remove any remaining metallic floe.
* High temperature air stripping column to remove volatile organic, with the resultant vapors being burned
in a vapor incinerator.
* Split treatment of effluent from the stripping column with the major portion discharged within the slurry
wall and a smaller portion pumped to an extended aeration activated sludge treatment process for removal
of remaining e.xtractable organic. (The activated sludge portion of the treatment process is probably the
"weak link" in the system. Because of the effectiveness of the air stripper, the biological process has
frequently had upsets due to a very low food supply. Supplemental addition of BOD in the form of dog
food and soft drink syrup has been necessary to keep the system in operation.)
* Groundwater recharge of activated sludge effluent outside the slurry wall.. A portion of the effluent from
the air stripper is treated in the activated sludge process. That flow is then discharged outside the slurry
wall into recharge trench. The majority of the flow does not receive biological treatment and is discharged
inside the slurry wall.
The recommended treatment process was operated on a pilot scale at the site at a flow rate of 20 gpm during
early 1983. The process was found to be highly effective in removing from 85 to 88.7 percent of the various
contaminants. Bench-scale soil flushing experiments were conducted to determine the flow rate and length of
operation of the treatment system. The experience determined that 90 percent of the contaminants could be removed
from the soil after two full clean flushes
WESTON provided full-scale design and construction management services for the groundwater cleanup of the
Gilson Road site. Constrjction of the full-scale 300 gpm groundwater treatment plant was completed in 19S5.
WESTON also prepared a closure plan, post-closure plan, spill prevention plan, an emergency operations and
maintenance manuals for the treatment plant, which address numerous components and systems.
The process treats 300 gpm in the biological process. Fifty gpm of that total is treated in the biological process.
The system has been in operation since April 1986 and has treated approximately 900 million gallons.
The treatment plant and slurry wall cost 55.2 and S2.2 million, respectively. The overall project which includes
operation and maintenance is over $20 million
This case information was supplied b\ the vendor
Wastes: volatile organic, metals, and extract able organics
Media: groundwater
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations:
Action Level:
Reduction: 85 to 88.7 percent contaminant removal
Additional Information: Additional information will be available through conference presentations.
Cost Data: The treatment plant and slurry wall cost $5.2 and $2.2 million, respectively. The overall project
which includes operation and maintenance is over $20 million.
Citation Information:
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bench-, Prototype-, Fuli-Scale Studies of Biological Upgrade of Ballast Water Treatment System
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ i*
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Michael R. Piotrowski, (619) 294-9400
Developer Organization: Woodward-Clyde Consultants, San Diego, CA Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 10
State: AK
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
QA/'QC Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Names(s): Valdez, AK
History:
Reductions in the concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons in the effluent of a ballast water treatment plant were
stipulated by regulatory agencies
Summary Text: i
In 1986, Woodward-Clyde Consultants was hired by Alyeska Pipeline Service to perform an economic evaluation
of various wastewater treatment methods to enhance the capabilities of the existing ballast water treatment plant,
located on the coast of south-central Alaska The primary contaminants of concern were the aromatic hydrocarbon
compounds benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and three xylene isomers (this combination of aromatic compounds is
commonly referred to as BTEX), which are the primary water-soluble components of crude oil. BETX
concentrations ranged from 5 to 10 mg/L (parts-per-rmllion, ppm) (ba.sed on the historical records created by the
NPDES-required sampling plan) in the existing effluent and considerable reductions had been stipulated by
regulatory agencies.!
Six treatment options were evaluated in detail for costs associated with capital equipment, operations, and
maintenance of each proposed system. Three of the six options involved microbiological treatment, and one of the
microbial options was far and away the least expensive treatment to implement and operate. However, the site
conditions (high wastewater flow rates, low temperatures, varying salinity, and short residence times within the
treatment system) were not considered to be conducive to effective biological treatment. To evaluate the microbial
option under these conditions, Woodward-Clyde Consultants' bioremediation experts had the client perform a simple
on-site study that indicated that appreciable microbial activity was on-going within the treatment plant. Moreover,
there were indications that biological activity could be appreciably enhanced. Therefore, the client requested that
Woodward-Clyde Consultants perform a bench-scale study to evaluate the effectiveness of the biological upgrade
approach.
The bench study was performed in 19S6, and the results indicated that a relatively simple form of enhancement
of biological activity (oxygen and nutrient addition) could produce dramatic reductions in the concentrations of BETX
in the wastewater before it would be discharged to the environment. Consequently, the treatment system was
modified to accommodate the biological upgrade on a prototype-scale, and the results of the prototype study showed
that BTEX concentrations could be reduced an average of 85To by the partial upgrade.
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In response, the client installed the recommended full-scale biological treatment upgrade in 1986, and satisfactory
BTEX reductions have been documented. Reductions range from greater than 95To during the summer months to
greater than 85% in the winter months. Samples are taken monthly for the full scale system as part of the NPDES
permit. Concentrations are recorded in a seasonal data base accumulated since biological upgrade. Furthermore,
non-target organic constituents (polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) that were present in the wastewater prior to the
biological upgrade were also effectively removed by biological treatment. As a consequence of this latter aspect,
the concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons compounds in sediments surrounding the effluent diffuser
In the receiving water have declined dramatically to undctectable levels. Thus, the biological upgrade had beneficial
effects on both the wastewater and the receiving water environment.
This, series of studies demonstrated that microbial treatment (bioremediation) can be effective for removal of
hazardous organic compounds even under relatively harsh environmental conditions. Because the biological upgrade
was effective, the client saved over $50 million in capital costs and $3-7 million in annual operations and
maintenance expenses relative to the other treatment options considered.
This case information was supplied by the vendor
Wastes: aromatic hydrocarbon compounds - benzene, clhylbcnzcne, toluene, and three xylene isomers (BTEX) and
nontargct organic.s of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
Media: water
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: 5 to 10 ppm BTEX
Action Level:
Reduction: Greater than S5'7 and greater than 95rr reductions in BTEX in the winter and summer months,
respectively. Nondetectablc levels of polynuclear aromatics in the sediments surrounding the effluent diffuser
in the receiving water
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
245
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
D
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contaminated groundwater plume. A result of the preliminary data and literature supporting the potential for
biological degradation of PCP and PAH compounds, and in situ groundwater bioremediation pilot program was
designed and implemented at this site in the spring of 1987.
The pilot program design involved the use of four existing monitoring wells for injection of hydrogen peroxide
(HjOj) and soluble inorganic fertilizer (nitrogen and phosphorus)). Hydrogen peroxide was injected to increase
dissolved oxygen concentrations within the contaminant plume of the aquifer. An existing well was designated the
upgradient background monitoring well Two new monitoring wells were drilled and completed approximately 200
feet downgradient for use as the primary monitoring wells. An H:0, injection s\stem was designed and installed
involving a multimedia water filter, H2O, feed tank, H:02 metering pump, fertilizer mixing tank, inline static mixer,
and associated piping, valves and pumps.
Approximately 120 days after H202 injection was initiated, dissolved oxygen levels increased dramatically in one
of the two monitoring wells located about 200 feet down gradient from the injection site. Coincident to the elevated
oxygen levels in the wells, PCP and PAH compound concentrations were significantly reduced to near or below
detection. During this time, contaminant concentrations in the background mbnitoring well continued at pre-injection
levels. Contaminant concentrations in the well that exhibited oxygen breakthrough have continued to be near or
below detection for over one year, indicating that the high-oxygen zone created in the contaminant plume by
injecting hydiogen peroxide was persistent ar.d continued to have a beneficial effect on the contaminated aquifer
For the PCP-contarniiMied soils, a land treatment unit demonstration was performed to evaluate the
biodegradation rates and migration potentials of PAH compounds and PCP. Approximately 800 cubic yards of
contaminated soils were excavated, transported to a lined treatment area, derocked and evenly spiead over the
treatment area. Initial total contaminant concentrations ranged from about 700 to about 2050 mg/kg. The soil was
amended with nutrients, moisture, and a broth of contaminant-specific microorganisms derived from the site.
Approximately 45 days after the beginning of treatment, contaminant concentrations had declined to below the EPA-
specified target concentrations (less than 100 mg/kg).
From each primary monitoring well (two wells), biweekly samplings were taken during the first 6 months of pilot
study Occasional replicates were collected for analysis of either PAHs or PCP EPA GC method was used for PCP
and HPLC for PAHs In addition, samples from other wells weie collected quarterly Dissolved oxygen
concentrations were collected monthly or biweekly (primary wells). Microbial samples were collected intermittently.
As a result of the pilot studies, Woodward Clyde Consultants designed a full-scale bioremedial design for
treatment of contaminated soils and groundwater that was approved by the US EPA in a Record of Decision (ROD)
handed down in December 1988.
In 1989, the full scale work began. Hydrogen peroxide is being injected into the aquifer just upgradient from
the primary source area of aquifer contamination, the waste pit. Continuous injections of nutrients are being made
to further enhance biodegradation rates Once the source of aquifer contamination (the contaminated sediment
underlying the waste pit area) has been treated by this process, the contaminant plume is anticipated to gradually
disappear thiough biodegradation
A series of extraction wells have been installed just downgrachent from the waste pit to remove accumulations
of creosote and pcntachlorophenol liquids from the aquifer Recovered wood pteseivative liquids are stored and will
be lecycled. Groundwater zecovered concurrently with the wood pieservativc liquids is separated from the oils'
liquids and passed through a two-stage biological treatment system. The first stage of the system consists of twin
fixed-film biorenctors in which appreciable reductions in dissolved contaminant concentrations take place. The
effluent from the bioieactors is discharged over the second stage of the treatment system, a rock filter composed of
rocks excavated from the waste pit. As the treated water passes over the rock surfaces, contaminants sorbed to the
rocks are biodegraded. The rock filter has been sited over a portion of the waste pit and the treated water that
penetrates into the aquifer underlying the filter will enhance in situ biodegradation of contaminants in the aquifer
The small-scale hydrogen peroxide injection system used for the pilot-scale study of in situ bioremediation has
been upgraded to supply more hydrogen peroxide-amended water to the subsurface downgradient from the waste
pit area and adjacent to the secondary source area to aquifer contamination. Injection of hydrogen peroxide in this
location will keep the aquifer region decontaminated during the pilot study contaminant-free, remove any
contamination mobilized by the upgradienl injection system and serve to decontaminate aquifer regions located
further downgradient. This injection system will also assist in the degradation of the residual contaminant plume
once the source area has been decontaminated.
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Contaminated soils were excavated from the waste pit and other secondary source areas, derocked, stockpiled
and are being treated to EPA-approved cleanup levels by land treatment. The total volume of screened soils
amounted to 45,000 cubic yards; the total volume of rocks was 30,000 cubic yards. Prior to loading into land
treatment units, soils are temporarily stored in the waste pit where contaminant degradation is initiated by tilling,
watering and nutrient amendments.
Two land treatment units have been constructed to retain the contaminated soil during biological treatment. Each
land treatment unit is an acre in size and lined to provide additional control of potential contaminant migration in
the soil. Each unit is designed to receive 25,000 cubic yards of soil After initial operation of a land treatment unit
in 1989, a No Migration Petition was prepared and submitted to the EPA to address continued operation of the unit
beyond the August 1990 "land ban" date. EPA approval of the petition was granted in October 1990, one of the first
approved in the Superfund Program. Previous demonstrations of the rate of contaminant degradation in soil in the
unit indicate an operational period, during summer months, of 4 to 6 years to complete soil treatment.
This remedial design takes advantage of a number of features of the various remedial activities occurring
concurrently. The entire cost of remediation from the site was estimated by the US EPA to be around 58-10 million
(1988 dollars), considerably less expensive than any other treatment approach evaluated. Moreover, aquifer
decontamination using in s:tu bioremediation is anticipated to be much more rapid than the "pump and treat"
approach, pioducing anuifer cleanup in perhaps less than 10 years -vs 20 + years using pump and treat)
This case information v.as supplied by the vendor
Wastes: 16 poiycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds found in creosote and PCP.
Media: groundwater and soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: Contaminant concentrations in the upper aquifer plume ranged fiom percent levels at the primary
source area (the waste pit) to parts per billion (ppb) levels in the off-site ends of the plume Initial total soil
contaminant concentrations ranged from about 700 to about 2,050 mg/kg.
Action Level:
Reduction: For soil, target concentrations of less than 100 mg'kg arc expected in the full scale effort. For
groundwater, contaminant concentrations are expected to be reduced to near or below detection.
Additional Information:
Cost Data: The entire cost of remediation from the site was estimated by the US EPA to be around $8-10
million (19SS dollars)
Citation Information: Piotrowski, Michael R. nd James W Cauaway. 1991. Full Scale Bioremediation of Soil
and Groundwater at a Superfund Site' a Progress Report Ha/Mat South '91. October 3.
248
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Bench-Scale Study of Bioremediation of Soil Contaminated with Jet Fuel
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ #
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Michael R. Piotrowski, (619) 294-9400
Developer Organization: Woodward-Clyde Consultants, San Diego, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 10
State: AX
Quality Assurance Data:
Site Characterized no; rerv'rtjd
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
QA/QC Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Names(s): Anchorage Fuel Terminal/Anchorage, AK
History:
A series ot Air Force sites in Alaska had become contaminated from imdeiground storage tanks lea kin; jet
Summary Text:
In 19SS, Woodward-Clyde Consultants was hired b\ the US Air Force to investigate a scries of US Air Force sites
in Alaska for contamination and to develop remediation plans for any contaminant situations found. One of the sites
involved was the Anchorage Fuel Terminal in south-central Alaska. Leaking underground storage tanks had
contaminated subsurface soils with jet fuel Jet fu.; concent:at'.ons averaged approximately 1500 mg/kg (pans per
million, ppm). Among the options for remediation was biological treatment (bioremediation) Bioremediation was
projected to be the most cost-effective treatment option, if it could be effectively applied under site conditions
Therefore further investigation of the technology was warranted
Since microbiological activity in cold climates is largely limited to the summertime, Woodward-Clyde
Consultants' bioremediation experts designed and implemented a bench-scale (laboratory) study of several
bjoremedial approaches under summer time temperature conditions (6S°F). This approach was used to see if
bioremediation could be enhanced under relatively optimum conditions. The effects of addition of nutrients and
emulsifier were evaluated in the study
A portion of the contaminated subsurface soil was excavated for the site, frozen and transported to Woodward-
Clyde Consultants' Biotreatability Laboratory in Pleasant Hill, California. The soil was thawed, thoroughly mixed,
and replicate samples were collected and analyzed for jet fuel concentration and bacterial content. The soil was
divided into multiple replicate portions and each portion was placed in a glass beaker microcosm. Sufficient numbers
of microcosms were created to allow evaluation of various treatment approaches over time (three months) in
replicate. Non-biological losses of the jet fuel were evaluated by tracking contaminant concentration over time in
microcosms treated with a chemical thai inhibits microbial activity.
The microcosms were covered with gas-permeable plastic sheeting to minimize moisture loss but allow oxygen
influx, and placed in a constant-temperature incubation chamber. The miaocosms were mixed weekly and optimum
moisture levels were maintained. Each month for three months, replicate microcosms for each treatment were
249
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randomly selected am. -r.alyzed for contaminant concentrations and bacterial content. A three-month duration for
the study was selectee to stimulate treatment over the summer in south-c«ntral Alaska. The study was conducted
in the fall of 1988. The results of the study confirmed that microbial degradation of the jet fuel could be
substantially enhanced under the conditions tested. Non-biological loss of the jet fuel was appreciable during the
first month of incubation and was primarily attributed to volatilization. However, over the next two months,
volatilization became less important and biodegradation became the primary mechanism of contaminant loss. Final
soil concentrations of diesel were between 25 and 75 pom in all microcosms containing active microbes, and
application of the emulsifier produced the highest rate of contaminant loss.
No further work has been dor.e at this site, as available funding for Alaska project was shifted to RI/FS/RA work
at McClellan AFB in California.
This case information was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: diesel jet fuel
Media: soil
Technology biotrmcdiation
Concentrations: jet luri concentrations averaged /ipproximately 15(X) msi'kc
Action Level:
Reduction: final concentrations were between 25 to 75 ppm
Additional Information:
Cost Data:
Citation Information:
250
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Pilot-Scale Study of Bioremediation of Diesel-Contaminated Soils
Publication Date:
NTIS tf:
Gov't Pub! t*
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Michael R. Piotrowski, (619) 294-9400
Developer Organization: Woodward-Clyde Consultants, San Diego, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region- 10
State: AK
Quality Assurance Data-
Site C;iar,.c:er;/ed not :.p.irt.d
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
OA-'QC Conducted not rcponed
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Names(s): Kot/ebue, AK
History:
Summary Text:
In 1988, Woodward-Clyde Consultants was hired by the US Air Force to investigate a series of sites in Alaska for
contamination and to develop remediation plans tor any contaminant situations found One of the sites involved was
the Kotyebue Air Force base in Northwest Alaska At this site, a large diesel fuel spill occurred in the eaily 1980's.
The diesel contaminated several areas within the facility including native tundra and fill soils Diesel concentrations
ranged from 12,000 to greater than 25,(XX) rn.g'kg (parts per million, ppm) in the fill soils
A preliminary economic evaluation of the various treatment options considered viable for the site indicated that
biological remediation (bioremediation) would be the most cost-effective approach, if it could be effectively applied
under site conditions. At client request, Wood ward-Chde Consultants' bioremediation expeits designed and
implemented a hioiemedial plan to treat th* two rn i;cr t\ pcs of impacted soils (native 'undr^ and fill soils) dunrg
the summer of 1989. These tieatment plans are descr.bed below
Due to concerns over damaging the permafrost underlying tne contaminated tundra, the hiojemediation plan
implemented for these soils involved an iruil^l, "passive" form of treatment One thousand cubic yards of
contaminated tundra areas, indicated b;, dead vegetation, were genii} nngated with riutnent and einulsifier solutions
every two weeks for a six week period in late summer 1989. Tilling, which can enhance biodegiadation rates in
contaminated soils, was not performed to minimize tundra disturbance. Since bioremediation performance tends to
increase with the amount of effort applied, the relatively low level of bioremediation treatment for the tundra site
\vas not anticipated to produce dramatic contaminant reduction over the six week period. However, the average total
petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration (dry weigh!) in the soil was reduced from about 19,000 mg/kg to about
5,500 mg/kg in six weeks of treatment (about 71 percent leduction) At the end of the six week period (late
September), winter conditions set in and biological activity in the soil was arrested by the cold temperatures
Treatment continued in late summer 1990 for nine weeks However, cold and rainy conditions in that summer
reduced biological activity such that limited TPH reduction was observed Nevertheless, considerable re-growth of
tundra vegetation was observed in 1990 in the denuded areas treated in 1989, indicating that the passive
251
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bioremediation approach was improving conditions on the hillside.
The contaminated fill materials were excavated, transported to an on-site, plastic-lined concrete pad, and evenly
spread over the pad in August 1989. Then soils were thoroughly mixed and initial concentrations of diesel fuel and
bacteria determined. Nutrient and emulsifier solutions were applied and the soils were tilled using a caterpillar
tractor. Nutrient application and tilling were performed every two weeks for six weeks in the late summer of 1989.
The average initial TPH concentrations was about 11,500 mg/'kg Six weeks later, the mean soil TPH concentration
had been reduced by about -iO1^, to about 7,000 rnjv'kg Coid v.e
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: Three-phase Pilot Program Involving Field and Lab Studies to Assess Biofeasibility and Treatment
Capabilities
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ ft:
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Michael R. Piotrowski, (619) 294-9400
Developer Organization: Woodward-Clyde Consultants, San Diego, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 2
State: PA
Quality Ass'jrai.cc D.t'.r
Site Characterised not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
QA/QC Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Names(s): Philadelphia, PA
History
A lormer manufactured gas plant site had coal tar-contaminated soils liom spills and uncontiolled releases.
Summary Text:
A former manufactured gas plant site had coal tar-contaminated soils liom spills and uncontiolled releases In August
1988, Woodward-Clyde Consultants was hired by the client to determine the capability and feasibility of
biotieatment of these soils. The soils were comprised of course sandy fill and dewatered dredged silts as well coal,
coke and cinder particles. The contaminants of concern were the polycychc aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from
coal tar, which ranged for 0 to 2,000 ing/kg in the soil
The first phase involved an initial 5-p!ot field pilot study aimed at the determination of the rate-limiting factors
for biodegradation in this complex soil matrix Tins pilot .study was conducted fiom August 1988 to February 1989
The results indicate that the rate of biodegraJaiion was mo<-t limited by the microbes' icdiiced access to the PAHs,
which were strongly sorbed to the soil matrix. Mierobiul access was also inhibited by the very low solubility of the
PAHs in water.
A three-step biorernediation process was developed foi these and other hydrophobia compounds which included,
as the fust step, the desorption of PAHs fiom the soil matrix by non-polar solvents. A surfactant was used to
transfer PAHs from the solvent phase into the aqueous phase, to enhance utiliy,ation by microbes. Lab-scale
investigations were performed which determined that soybean oil was very effective at desorbing PA_Hs from the
soil and would also be acceptable for environmental use. Food-grade non-ionic surfactants were examined, and the
results indicated that a relatively high stiength surfactant was required
The third phase involved a 16-plot pilot study incorporating the findings of the earlier studies The results
indicated greatly improved PAH removal with the use of the soybean oil solvent. The most successful treatment
included air-dry ing the soil to improve contact wiui the soybean oil, SON bean soil conditioning for one week, and
surfactant applications throughout the treatment period. Total PAHs were reduced by 80 percent in 16 weeks, after
which the biodegradation rate declined sharply Replicate composites from each treatment each month determined
the initial and final concentrations.
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Current investigations are centered on testing the premise that the decline in the biodegradation rate indicates
that the benefits of the initial oil-conditioning step have been exhausted, and that desorption of PNAs from the soil
has again become rate-limiting. Experiments were planned to evaluate the effects of repeating the oil-conditioning
step on further PAH removals. In this way, removals greater that 80 percent may be achieved.
Woodward-Clyde is currently investigating in situ treatment at the site. As the quantity of soils requiring
treatment at this site is large, the alternative technologies for treatment are projected to be expensive. At full scale,
bioremediation would he greater than SOT cheaper than other treatment technologies.The potential benefits o!
biotreatmer.t in cost savings and destruction of contaminants warrant further study
This case infomution was supplied by the vendor.
Wastes: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from coal tar
Media: soil
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations- 0-2,f/)0 rr.gxg
Action Level:
Additional Information:
Cost Data: At full scale, bioremediation would be greater than 50rr cheaper than other treatment technologies.
Citation lr.!oiirui'.;';n
254
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: In-Situ Bioremediation of Soil Contaminated with Non-Volatile Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ *
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Michael R. Piotrowski, (619) 294-9400
Developer Organization: Woodward-Clyde Consultants, San Diego, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: NA
State: New Zealand
Quality Assurance D :'..'.
Site Crurac'eri/'i.d not reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
QA/QC Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Names(s): Gisbome, New Zealand
spent oil.
Summary Text: I
In 1989, Woodwaid-Gyde (NZ) Consultants was retained by B P Oil (NZ), Ltd to investigate a decommissioned
bulk petroleum storage terminal in Gisbome, New Zealand. The site soils were contaminated mainly with non-
volatile diesel fuel and spent oil at 'concentration ranging up to 90,000 nig'kg of total of recoverable petroleum
hydrocarbons
Preliminary bench-scale feasibility testing was successful^ completed and indicated that in_sjuj bioremedianon
would be the most cost-effective remedial option for this site An mjLHl! remediation system combining enhanced
bioremediation with vapor extraction was designed and installed ai:v.ost eriiiiely below giade allowing above ground
activities to continue unirr.n-'ded
A pilot-scale system was installed in a 15m by 35m aiea of the site in June 1989 and operated for approximately
one year. Soil monitoring, performed at approximately three-monthly intervals, indicated an overall reduction in
soil petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations of Slrc for the period June 1989 to May 1991 By May 1991, average
soil total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations were less than the remedial goal of 100 mg/kg at all soil depths
monitored. The pilot-scale system was upgraded to a full-scale remediation system (7000 m'") in April 1990.
Subsequent monitoring of soil petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in the full-scale remedial area indicate an
average reduction of 92^0 for the period April 1990 to May 1991. By May 1991, average soil concentrations in the
full-scale remedial area had reached 250 mg/kg. As of December 1991, the full scale effort was still in progress.
The remedial goal of subsurface diesel contamination of less than 100 pprn is being achieved. Samples for TPH
were by the 418.1/8015 method
This case information was supplied by the vendor
Wastes: Non-volatile diesel fuel and spent oil
255
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Media:
Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: Up to 90,000 ppm of total recoverable petroleum hydrocarbons
Action Level.
Reduction' in the pilot scale s\stem, 100 ppm achieved. The remedial goal of subsurface diesel contamination
of less than 100 ppm is being achieved.
Additional Information:
'Cost Data:
Citation Information:
256
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ATTIC Control No.:
Last Update:
Date Entered:
Last Reviewed:
Title: FuLl-Scale In Situ Bioremediation of an Aquifer Contaminated by Diesel Fuel and Gasoline in Texas
Publication Date:
NTIS #:
Gov't Publ a
Contact:
Organization:
Developer Contact: Michael R. Piotrowski, (619) 294-9400
Developer Organization: Woodward-Clyde Consultants, San Diego, CA
Demonstration Site:
EPA Region: 6
State: TX
Quality Assurance Data"
Site O.ar-cterved r.ot reported
Representative Sampling not reported
Quality Assurance Data not reported
QA/QC Conducted not reported
Report Peer Reviewed not reported
Site Namcs(s): TX
History
Diesel luel >nd gasoline fiom a leaking ur.CJi^round .v.uiage tank ar.d product pipelines contaminated soil and a:i
aquifer.
Summary Text:
In 1990, Woodward-Clyde Consultants was retained by the client to conduct a remedial investigation at a site in
Texas at which diesel fuel and gasoline from a leaking underground .storage tank and product pipelines contaminated
soil and a shallow aquifer. The contaminated plume was found to extend beneath a recently constructed aboveground
structure. The nature of the site and the contaminant plume and the presence of the aboveground structure overlying
the plume indicated that in situ bioremedjjtion may be the only viable treatment option for aquifer cleanup As part
of the responsibilities for th:s project, Woodward-Clyde conducted meetings with the Texas Water Commission
(TWQ to present the bioremediation approach for aquifer cleanup to the agency and anange for approval to proceed.
TWC granted approval in September 19'.0; '.he first approval granted by the agency in the State of Texas for in Mtu
bioremediation of a contaminated aquifer
Woodward-Clyde has since conducted additional site investigations to finalize the remedial design of the
approved treatment system, arranged permits, prepared bid specification documents for components of the system,
overseen the installation of the in_situ bioremediation system, and initiated treatment at the site Woodward-Clyde
Consultants have also prepared TWC-approved sampling and performance monitoring plans for biological treatment
of contaminated soil and groundwater. Site treatment is currently underway.
The total cost of the project was approximately $560,000, which includes the RI, the installation of the system,
and the annual quarterly sampling and system oversight.
Tliis case information was supplied by the vendor
Wastes: diesel fuel and gasoline
Media: groundwater
257
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Technology: bioremediation
Concentrations: Soil concentrations in the source area averaged about 3,400 mg/kg (5 samples taken, 8015 method
used), during tank excavation and trench installation.
Action Level:
Reduction:
Additional information: t '
Cost Data: Tne total cost of the project was approximately $560,000, which includes the RI, the installation
of the system, and the annual quarterly sampling and system oversight.
Citation Inforrr.-i;:on:
258
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INDEX
Developer Organizations
ABB Environmental Services, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13
GET Environmental Services, 15, 17, 19, 21, 24
ECOVA Corporation, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43,
45, 47, -*9, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59
Environmental Remediation, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73,
•75, 77, 79, 31, 83, 85, 87, 88, 90, 92, 96, 98
Groundvater Technology, 100, 102-109, 111-113, 115, 117, 119,
121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139,
141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 153, 155
IT Corporation, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171,
173, 175
OHM Corporation, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191,
193, 195, 100, 107, 199
Remediation Technologies, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211,
213, 215, 217, 219, 222, 224, 226, 228, 230
Roy F. Weston, 232, 234, 236, 238, 240, 242
Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 244, 246, 249, 251, 253, 255,
257
EPA Regions
Region I, 1, 5, 7, 9, 90, 106, 108, 121, 129, 135,
145, 147, 1 o!, , 1 o fj , 211, 224, 242
Region II, 103, 10-;, 105, 107, 113, 161, 167, 169, 185,
193, 199, 222, 253
Region III, 137, 139, 157, 191
Region IV, 92, 100, 109, 159, 173, 179
Region V, 3, 49, 119, 163, 197, 203, 207
Region VI, 53, 61, 67, 71, 73, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87,
88, 94, 96, 98, 102, 125, 143, 165, 175, 187, 234,
257
259
-------
Region VIII, 33, 37, 51, 127, 201, 240, 246
Region IX, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 24, 29, 31, 35, 39, 41,
55, 65, 75, 112, 117, 131, 133, 141, 149, 181, 183,
195
Region X, 27, 43, 45, 59, 236, 244, 249, 251
States and Countries
Alabama, 179
Alaska, 244, 249, 251
Arizona, 24 ,
• Arkansas, 93, 165
California, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 29, 31, 35, 39, 41,
55, 65, 75, 112, 117, 131, 133, 141, 149, 181, 183,
195
Canada, 115, 151, 155
Colorado, 127, 240
Connecticut, 1, 9, 129
Florida, 92, 100, 109, 173
Indiana, 3
Louisiana, 67, 71, 73, 77, 79, 85, 87, 88, 96, 143,
187, 234
Massachusetts, 5, 7, 90, 111, 121, 135, 145, 147
Michigan, 119, 163
Minnesota, 49, 203, 207
Missiouri, 63, 171
Montana, 33, 57, 201, 246
New Hampshire, 106, 108, 242
New Jersey, 103, 104, 107, 113, 161, 167, 185, 193, 222
New York, 105, 123, 169, 199
New Zealand, 255
North Dakota, 51
Ohio, 197
Oklahoma, 125
Oregon, 59, 236
Pennsylvania, 157, 191, 253
Rhode Island, 139, 211, 224
Tennessee, 159
Texas, 53, 61, 81, 33, 94, 102, 175, 257
Vermont, 153
Virginia, 139
Washington, 27, 43, 45
West Virginia, 137
Wyoming, 37
Wastes
Acetone, 56
Acetophenone, 67
Alcohols, 57, 102
260
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Arsenic, 129
Benzine, 28, 31, 38, 43, 61, 64, 67, 71, 122, 129,
152, 153, 155, 165, 170, 180,' 181, 239, 245
Benzo(a)Pyrene, 61
Butyl Benzyl Phthalate, 25
Cadmuim, 129
Carbon Tetrachlcride, 239
Chlosdane, 109
Chlorobenzene, 239
Chromium, 129
Coal Tar, 7, 9, 254
Creosote, 49, 92, 123, 141, 202, 208, 209, 213, 248
Crude Oil, 19, 149
Cumene, 67
DBCP, 240
Dichloroethylene, (DCE) 6, 129
Dieldrin, 240
Diesel, 11, 22, 30, 31, 42, 46, 100, 107, 112, 119,
131, 134, 141, 149, 157, -159, 186, 192, 250, 252,
255, 257
DIMP, 240
Dinitrobenzene, (DNB) 16
Dinitrotoluene, (DNT) 16
Ethylbenzene, 2, 28, 54, 122, 129, 152, 153, 155, 165,
170, 180, 181, 245
Ethylene Glycol, (EG) 56,, 194, 200
Extractable Organics, 243 ,
Formaldehyde, 73 ,
Gasoline, 14,' 22, 42, 43, 46, 103, 104, 106, 108, 111,
113, 118, 131, 139, 141, 149, 153, 171, 212, 257
Grease, 79, 85, 87, 152, 188
Heavy Metals, 64
Heptachlos, 109
Herbicides, 34
HMX, 235, 237
Hydrocarbons, 2 Si, 30, 38, 40, 42, 46, 47, 49, 56, 64,
66, 69, 90, ' 105, 125, 129, 134, 137, 146, 152, 155,
163, 175, 181, 184, 196, 216, 222, 245, 248, 254
Insecticides, 227
Isopropanol, 56
Jet Fuel, 173, 250, 252
Lead, 129
Metals, 243
Methyl Ethyl Ketone, 56, 165, 198, 239
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone, 56
Methyl Methacrylate, 2
Methyl Naphthalene, 129
Napthalales, 90
Napthalene, 38, 129
Nitroaromatic Compounds, 16
Nitroguanidine, 232
261
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Oil, 30, 40, 64, 67, 79, 85, 87, 88, 100, 108 112,
115, 123, 127, 139, 141, 146, 147, 152, 167, 188,
212,' 255
Oily Sludge, 81, 83
Oily Waste, 66, 77, 206
PAH, 231
PCB, 61
PCPMSO, 241
Pentachlorophenol (PCP), 38, 49, 60, 92, 98, 178, 248
Pesticides, 52, 57, 94
Petroleum, 161, 225
Petroleum Refinery Wastes, 204, 218, 229
Petroleum Residues, 220
Phenanthrene, 54
Phenol, 38, 67, 73
Phenol-formaldehyde resins, 66
Phenolics, 57, 190
Phthalates, 90
Polynuclear Aromatics, 178, 245
RDX, 235, 237
Selenium, 18
Semi-Volatiles, 4, 54, 178
Solvents, 90, 135, 167, 180, 198
Styrene, 2, 54
Sulfuric Acid, 47
Tetryl, 235
TNT,,235, 237
Toluene, 2, 28, 38, 43, 54, 102, 122, 129, 152, 153,
155, 165, 170, 180, 181, 239, 245
Trichloroethane, 129
Trichloroethylene, 6, 35, 143, 239
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene, 16
Vinyl Chloride, 61, 129, 143
Volatile Organics, 4, 54, 98, 239, 243
Wood Preservatives, 75
Wood Preserving Waste, 229
Xylene, 2, 28, 43, 122, 129, 152, 153, 155, 165, 170,
180, 181, 245
Media
Air, 122
Groundwater, 2, 6, 14, 28, 31, 34, 36, 38, 43, 52, 56,
60, 92, 94, 98, 100, 102, 103, 104, 106, 108, 111,
118, 119, 122, 125, 127, 130, 135, 143, 147, 153,
155, 163, 170, 171, 173, 175, 180, 194, 198, 204,
243, 248, 257
Process Stream, 200
Sediments, 237
Sludge, 47, 61, 64, 67, 71, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87,
178, 184, 188, 206, 208, 218, 220
262
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Soil, 2, 4, 8, 9, 11, 14, 16, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30, 38,
40,
69,
108,
127,
149,
170,
194,
225,
254
42,
73,
109,
130,
152,
173,
196,
227,
43, 46
76, 88
112,
131,
153,
175,
193,
231,
, 50,
, 90,
113,
134,
155,
178,
202,
232,
52,
92,
115,
135,
157,
180,
204,
235,
54,
100,
118,
138,
159,
182,
208,
237,
60,
102 ,
119,
140,
161,
184,
209,
241,
61, 64
104,
122,
141,
163,
186,
213 ,
248,
, 66,
105,
123,
146,
165,
190,
216,
250,
67,
107,
125,
147,
167,
192,
222,
252,
Vapor 239
Water 18, 52, 98, 109, 178, 188, 245
263
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