xvEPA
          United States
          Environmental Protection
          Agency
          Office of Air Quality
          Planning and Standards
          Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA-340/1-83-016
January 1983
          Stationary Source Compliance Series
Transportable
Continuous
Emission
Monitoring
System
Operational
Protocol:
Instrumental
Monitoring of SO2,
IMOx,CO2, and
O2 Effluent
Concentrations

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                                           EPA-340/1-83-016
      Transportable Continuous Emission
                 Monitoring System
                Operational Protocol:

Instrumental Monitoring of SO2, NOx, CO2,
        and O2 Effluent Concentrations
                          Prepared by:

                         James W. Peeler
                     Entropy Environmentalists, Inc.
                        Research Triangle Park
                          North Carolina
                          Prepared for:

                          Louis R. Paley
                   Stationary Source Compliance Division

                 United States Environmental Protection Agency
                     SSCD Contract No. 68-01-6317
                    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                    Region V, Library
                    230 South Dearborn Street
                    Chicago, Illinois 606Q4J
                 U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                  Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
                   Stationary Source Compliance Division
                       Washington, D.C. 20460

                          January 1983

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The Stationary Source Compliance series of reports  is  issued  by the
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,  U. S Environmental
Protection Agency, to assist Regional  Offices  in  activities related  to
compliance with implementation plans,  new source  emission  standards,
and hazardous emission standards to be developed  under the  Clean Air
Act.  Copies of Stationary Source Compliance  Reports are available -
as supplies permit - from Library Services, U.S.  Environmental
Protection Agency, MD-35, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711, or may be obtained, for a nominal cost, from the National
Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield,
Virginia  22151.

This report has been reviewed by the Office of Air  Quality Planning
and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency, and approved for
publication as received from Entropy Environmentalists, Inc.  Approval
does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency,  nor  does  mention
of trade names or commercial products  constitute  endorsement  or
recommendation for use.
                                  ii

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                                    ABSTRACT






     A transportable continuous  emission  monitoring  system  (TCEMS)  capable of


providing reliable and accurate effluent  measurements   of  SO  ,   NO/NO   uO  ,
                                                             2        x    2

and/or CL  has  been  developed  and  field   tested at  numerous industrial and


utility boilers.  This report presents the operational  protocol for  the TCEMS,


including  set-up,  operation,  calibration,   quality   assurance,   and  data


reduction procedures.  The TCEMS and the operational  protocol are  designed for


use  in  conducting  source emission tests, continuous  emission monitor   (CEM)


relative accuracy tests, and stratification   tests.   Extensive  field testing


has shown that the TCEMS can be set up, calibrated, and recording  accurate and


precise   data   within   two  to  four hours  after  arrival  at   the   site.
                                  iii

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                                 TABLE OF CONTENTS
             Execut ive Summary»	 i

             Introduction	 1

Section I.   Transportable Monitoring System: Principle and Applicability.. 3

             A.  Principle	 -  , 3
             B.  Applicability	 3

Section II.  Apparatus	 5

             A.  Pollutant/Diluent Analyzer	 5
             B.  Sample Handling System	 5
             C.  Data Handling System - Recorders	 11

Section III. Installation	 13

             A.  Utility Requirements	 14
             B.  Sample Handling System Installation	 14
             C.  Analyzer Installation	 19
             D.  Data Recorder Installation	 19

Section IV.  Start-Up Procedures	,	 21

             A.  Leak Check Procedures	 21
             B.  Analyzer/Recorder Start-Up	 21
             C.  Sample Handling System Start-Up	 22

Section V.   Calibration	 25

             A.  Analyzer Calibrations	 25
             B.  Data Recorder Calibrations	 28
             C.  Total System Calibrations	 30

Section 6.  Sampling Procedures	 33

             A.  Final TCEMS Adjustments	 33
             B.  Sampling Probes	 33
             C.  Sampling Duration/Calibration Frequency	 36

Section 7.   Quality Assurance Procedures	 39

             A.  Analyzers	 39
             B.  Sample Handling System	 41
             C.  Data Handling System - Recorders	 43
             D.  Calibration Gases	 43

Section 8.   Data Interpretation	 45

             A.  General Data Interpretation Procedures	 45
             B.  S02 and NO  Source Performance Test Results.	 47
             C.  SO  and NO  GEM Relative Accuracy Tests	 48
                   2       x
            Appendix  I.


            Appendix  II.
Principles of Operation:
 SO ,  NO/NO , CO.,, and 0
   Z.       X
                          Analyzers
                ,-i 9  duvji  O

Stratification Testing Methodology for
 Gaseous Effluent Constituents

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                                 INTRODUCTION


     The use of portable and transportable continuous emission monitoring  sys-
tems  (TCEMSs) by industry, consultants, and control agencies for the measure-
ment of gaseous effluent constituents at stationary sources has increased  £_g-
nificantly in recent years.  Control agencies can use TCEMSs cost  effectively
to  conduct a variety of inspection/audit activities, such as: (1) measurement
of  S02  and/or  NOX emissions, (2) determination of the accuracy of installed
continuous   emission   monitor   (CEM)   data,  and  (3)  evaluation  of  the
representativeness  of  proposed or existing CEM sampling  locations.   Source
owners and operators can use TCEMSs to ensure compliance with applicable regu-
lations and to ensure maximum process and control system performance.
     The TCEMS offers several advantages  over  conventional  Reference Method
methodology for S09 and NO  measurements.  Both field set-up time and manpower
                  ^.       X
requirements are significantly reduced when a TCEMS is employed.  In addition,
all or any combination of effluent constituents (S02, NO/NC^, C02, and 02) can
be measured concurrently and with no increase in manpower requirements.  TCEMs
provide "real time" data, which  allows corrective actions or additional tests
to  be  initiated  immediately,  avoiding  the  usual  delays  caused  by  the
time-consuming  laboratory analyses and calculations required by the Reference
Methods.  The immediate availability of the data can also shorten the time re-
quired  for  relative  accuracy  tests.    Finally,  the  TCEMS  offers  great
versatility, allowing auxiliary tests (such as  checks of monitor installation
locations  for  stratification  or  checks  of  a  source's   calibration  gas
standards) to be conducted easily.
     This report presents  a TCEMS operational protocol that has been success-
fully field tested.  The protocol  specifies explicit, detailed procedures for
operating the TCEMS during field tests  to ensure consistent and valid results
and to minimize the influence of operator expertise on the test results.

                                     1

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                                  SECTION I.






             TRANSPORTABLE CONTINUOUS EMISSION MONITORING SYSTEM:




                          PRINCIPLE AND APPLICABILITY






A.   Principle






     An  effluent  gas sample  is continuously  extracted  from  a  stack  or  duct




through one or  more single-point sampling  probes.   The sample  is conditioned




(i.e., water vapor and particulate matter are removed), and  the  sample is then




transported to  a  series  of gas  analyzers for  the  determination of  SO.,  NO  ,




C02, and 02>






B.   Applicability






     The transportable continuous  emission monitoring  system (TCEMS)  is used




for  the  determination  of  S02,  NO,  NO  ,  CO ,  and  0?  concentrations  at




fossil-fuel-fired combustion processes. Before  this methodology  can be applied




to other source categories and source-specific  conditions,  the validity of the




TCEMS  results  must  be  established  through  sufficient comparative  reference




method test results.

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                                  SECTION II.






                                   APPARATUS






A.   Pollutant/Diluent Analyzer






     Table  1  lists the  pollutant or  diluent  component,  manufacturer,  model




number, and  analytical  technique  for  each  analyzer  in  the prototype  TCEMS.




(The principles of operation for  each  analyzer  are discussed in  Appendix  I of




this report.)









                                        Table 1.




     Pollutant/  Manufacturer   Model No.   Analytical Technique
Diluent
so2
NO, NO
C00
Bee km an
Beckman
Beckman
865
951
864
IR Differential Absorption
Spectrometer
Chemiluminescence
IR Differential Absorption
                   Teledyne
          Spectrometer



320P-4    Electrocatalytic Fuel Cell
     The S0p,  C0?,  and  NO/NO  analyzers are mounted  in  environmental isolated




instrument   cabinets   for   protection   from   adverse   weather,   temperature




variations, and mechanical vibrations.  Each analyzer  is  wrapped  in two inches




of polyurethane foam within the instrument cabinet.   The  instrument cabinet is




also  equipped  with  receptacles  for  electrical  power,   recorder   wiring,  and




connectors for sample lines. (See Figures 1 and 2.)
B.   Sample Handling System






     The  sample handling  system  provides  a  continuously conditioned  (water




vapor and particulate removed)  sample  gas flow for each  of the gas analyzers.

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                    Figure  1.

          NOX  Cabinet  Plumbing Diagram
  Sample
 Exhaust
Air/O2
 Inlet
  Sample
  Inlet
                      -©•
     *2.

     *3.

     *4.

     *5.
Sample pressure regulator

Sample rotameter

Sample flow control  valve

Reaction chamber

Ozone generator
     *Built into the  monitor

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                  Figure 2.
              Cabinet Plumbing Diagram
Sample
Tnl^h to, H
^ L
. ^'4
7
1 — l
	 J~T~I 	 «tf
 I.   SO.., or CO- gas monitor
 2.   Pressure gauge (in.  of 1^0)
 3.   Sample rotameter  with flow control valve
 4.   Bypass pressure regulator
 5.   Three-way calibration valve
 6.   Desiccant
 7.   Perma Pure dryer
 8.   Purge rotameter
 9.   Flow control valve
10.   Purge pump

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Table 2 lists the major components.
                                   Table 2.
                  1.  In-stack probe
                  2.  In-stack coarse filter
                  3.  Heated sample line
                  4.  Primary moisture removal system
                  5.  Gas transport tubing
                  6.  Secondary moisture removal  system
                  7.  Fine filter
                  8.  Pump
                  9.  Calibration systems
     1.  Sampling Probe


     Single-point sampling  probes constructed of  316  stainless steel are  used

in the  TCEMS.   The  sample  probes are wrapped  with Nichrome  wire; a  variable

transformer  is used to control  the electrical power  supplied  to heat the probe.


     For   stratification   tests,  two  single-point   probes   are  used   in   a

functionally parallel, time sharing  fashion;  one  probe serves  as  the  reference

measurement,  and the  other serves  as  a traverse  measurement.  Each  probe  is

equipped with a  shut-off  valve  to facilitate  switching from one to the other.


     2.  Coarse  In-Stack  Filter


     A  glass wool plug is inserted  into  the  enlarged tip of the  sampling probe

to serve as  a  coarse  in-stack  filter.   Quartz  or borosilicate  glass  wool must

be used.

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     3.  Sampling Lines






     The outlet of the  sampling probe(s) is connected  to  the primary moisture




removal system by 25 feet of 3/8-inch O.D.  Teflon  tubing  wrapped with heating




wire and insulation.   Power  to the  sample  line  heaters  is  controlled  with a




variable transformer.








     4.  Primary Moisture Removal System






     Combustion effluent  streams contain significant  amounts of water vapor.




Therefore,  an ice bath condenser is used as the primary moisture  removal system




to allow a  relatively dry sample stream to be  transported  through unheated gas




lines to the  analyzer  location. The  ice  bath  condenser is constructed  from a




20-foot section of  3/8-inch  Teflon tubing wrapped  in  a 6-inch  diameter coil.



The gas passes through this coil to a condensate trap and  then  exits through a




second port.  A third  and  fourth port are incorporated  in the  condensate trap




to  facilitate  both the  injection  of calibration  gases  and the  draining  of




accumulated condensate.   This  entire system is  contained  in an  insulated  ice




bath.








     5.  Gas Transport Tubing






     3/8-inch  O.D.  Teflon tubing  is  used  to  transport  the sample  from  the




primary moisture  removal  system to the  analyzer  location.   The  length  of  the




gas transport line should be kept as  short as practical, but  may  be as long as




300 feet.

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     6.   Secondary Moisture Removal System






     A 12-inch Perma Pure dryer is used as a  secondary  moisture removal  system




to ensure that  the  sample stream  is  completely dry.  A Thomas  diaphragm pump




pulls ambient  air through a  cartridge containing  approximately  350  grams of




8-mesh Drierite and then through the outer shell of the  dryer.   Purge air flow




rate  is controlled by a rotameter and an in-line needle valve.








     7.   Fine Particulate Filters






     A stainless  steel,  in-line,  *)0-mm  filter  holder,   and   8-micron  glass




filters   are  used  before  the  permeation  dryer  to  prevent  plugging  with




particulate matter.






     The N0-N0x  analyzer requires  a  fine  filter  of less  than 2  microns.    A




40-mm Teflon filter holder and 2-micron glass filter paper are installed  on  the




analyzer inlet port.








     8.   Pump






     The TCEMS may be operated  using  either a Metal Bellows  (MB)  Model  158 or




Thomas Model 2107CA18  pump.   All internal  parts of the pump that  contact  the




gas sample are constructed of 316 stainless steel or Teflon.








     9.   Calibration Gas Systems






     The sample  handling system  is equipped with  two  calibration systems to




facilitate calibration  of  the total system:  one local  system  to  inject gases




directly into  the  analyzers   and  a second  system  to inject  calibration gases
                                  10

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directly after the in-stack probe. Both calibration systems are  constructed  of




stainless steel or Teflon components.






     All  regulators  used  to  control  delivery  pressures  of  pollutant  gas




calibration  mixtures  are  constructed  of  316  stainless  steel;  regulators




constructed of other materials may be used for 0^ and  C0_ mixtures and zero air




or nitrogen.








C.   Data Handling System - Recorders






     Two dual pen Soltec Model S4202 recorders are used to document permanently




the outputs of the four analyzers.
                                  11

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                                 SECTION III.




                                 INSTALLATION








     The sampling and analysis sites may be separated  by as much as  300  <>e?




The sampling site  is  dictated by: (1)  the  applicable  source  performance  test




and/or monitor performance  specification  test  regulatory provisions,  (2)   the




purpose of  the test  being  conducted,   and  (3)  the  availability of  accessible




sampling  ports (See  Section VI,  Sampling Procedures).  The  sampling  probe,




sampling line, primary moisture  removal system,  and  stack  calibration  system




must be installed  at  the sampling site.   All  other  components  of  the  sample




handling system may be installed  with  the  analyzers and data  recorders  at the




analysis site.






     The analysis site should be as close as is practical to  the  sampling site




to minimize the response time of the system.  Also, because the instruments are




sensitive, the analysis  location should be free  from  vibration.   In selecting




the  analysis  site,   the  following  should also  be  considered:  (1) operator




convenience, (2) communication needs,  (3)  protection  from  severe environmental




conditions  (weather,  noise, dust,  temperature,  noxious  gases,  etc.),  and




(4) available  utilities.
                                    13

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A.  Utility Requirements


     The analysis site power requirements are: 115 +_ 15 VAC rms at 60 -f 0.5 Hz.

Sufficient power  must be  available to  operate  the  sample  and  purge  pumps,

analyzers, and data  recorders.  The supply voltage  should  be constant, without

sharp fluctuations.  After initial start-up, the power should be rechecked with

all of the equipment  operating  to assure that proper  voltage requirements are

met.


     The sampling site power requirements are nominal  115  VAC to provide power

for operation of probe and sampling line heaters.


B.    Sample Handling System Installation


     The sample handling system is constructed of the sub-assemblies described

in Table 3.


                                   Table 3.
                  Assembly

                  Probe

                  Primary Moisture
                  Removal System
                   Stack  Calibration System



                   Gas  Transport  Tubing

                   Pump
                   Secondary Moisture
                   Removal  System
Components

Probe; heat traced line.

Ice bath condenser,
probe shut-off valve, cali-
bration shut-off valve,
condenser drain valve.

Toggle shut-off valves and
inlet fittings for cali-
bration gases.

50 to 300 ft of 3/8-inch tubing,

MB 158 pump, or equivalent,
and fittings.

Two Perma Pure dryers, fine
filter, purge pump, purge
desiccant.
                                      14

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                  Flow Control System          Stack gas shut-off toggle
                                               valve, flow meter, ground
                                               level calibration system.

                  Analyzer Flow Control        Analyzer flow meters, flow
                  System                       control valves, and bypass
                                               flow control valve.
Figure 3 illustrates  the interconnection  of  these  sub-assemblies.  Figure  4

shows   the   complete   assembly  of   the   sample   handling    system   on   a

component-by-component basis.



     1.  Sampling Site


     The probe is  connected to  the  primary moisture  removal  system  inlet  by

3/8-inch heat-traced  sample  line.   The calibration gases are  connected  to the

calibration  system  by  1/4-inch  Teflon lines;  each  gas  is  connected  to  its

respective  inlet.    The output  line  of  this  system  is  connected  to  the

calibration input fitting on  the moisture removal system.  A  50- to 300-foot,

3/8-inch Teflon gas transport line  is connected to the outlet of the moisture

removal system and run to ground level.

     2.  Ground Level


     The 50- to 300-foot gas transport line is connected to the  gas inlet port

of the pump.  Ground level calibration gases are  connected  to  their respective

ports by 1/4-inch Teflon tubing.  The outlet of the pump attaches to the inlet

of the secondary moisture removal system.  The outlets of the  Perma Pure dryers

are  connected  to  the  inlets  of  the individual  analyzer flow  systems.   In

addition, the  purge  pump  and  purge  desiccant  are attached  to  the  inlet and

outlets, respectively, of the Perma Pure dryer shell.
                                  15

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 Stack
 Calibration
 System
 Monitor
 Calibration
 System
(Ground Level)
                                f
                           Moisture
                           Removal
                           System
       Sample
       Flow
       System
            so2
           Monitor
  NOX

Monitor
 co2
Monitor
                                                Probe
                                                         4=3
                                     Stack
  °2
Monitor
  Bypass
   or
Additional
  Monitor
            Rec
 Rec
 Rec
  Rec
           Figure  3.   Continuous  Gas Emission  Monitor  Block Diagram
                                16

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                                 10
                     Figure 4.
                     Sample handling systei
                      (legend follows)
17

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               Figure  4.






         Sample Handling  System






                 Legend






 1.   Coarse  filter




 2.   Heated  probe




 3.   Heat trace  sample  line




 4.   Shut-off valve




 5.   Fine filter




 6.   Flow control valve




 7.   Ice bath condenser




 8.   Condensate  drain




 9.   3/8-inch gas transport tubing




10.   Sample Pump




11.   Stack calibration system




12.   Ground level calibration  system




13.   Moisture removal  system




14.   Sample rotameter




15.   Monitor flow control  system
                  18

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C.  Analyzer Installation






     All analyzer sample  inlets  should be connected  to the  appropriate  lines



from the  analyzer  flow manifold  included within  the  sample  handling  system.



All analyzer outlets and  the  sample  by-pass  flow should be  properly vented to



prevent a buildup of noxious gases at the analysis site.  The vent lines shou. ,<.1



be  large  enough so  that  they do  not  cause a  back  pressure on  any of  the



instruments.






     The NO/NO  analyzer  requires compressed dry air  for the  operation of its
              A


ozone generator.  The output of the  zero air  cylinder  regulator  is attached to



the air inlet on the back of the monitor.







D.   Data Recorder Installation





     The strip chart recorders  should be mounted adjacent to  the analyzers in



order  to  facilitate comparisons  of  meter readings  and  strip  chart recorder




values.






     The SO  and CO- analyzers have three output wires: one red, one  black, and



one white.   The  white  wire is not used.   The red wire should be connected to



the positive terminal, and the black wire to  the  negative  terminal.  No ground



wire is necessary.




/

     The  NO/NO  and 0~  analyzers have  a two-wire output,  with  the  positive



going  to the  red  terminal  of  the   recorder  and  the negative  to  the  black



terminal.





     Those monitors with  environmental cabinets are equipped with  red and black



terminals with color-coded banana plugs,  which simply plug into  the  recorders.
                                    19

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                                  SECTION IV.




                              START-UP PROCEDURES






A.   Leak Check Procedures





     After the entire  system has been assembled, a  preliminary leak  check is




conducted.   To  perform  a  leak  check,  first  shut  off  the  toggle  valve




immediately after the  probe.   Next,  shut off the monitor  flow control valves.




Cap the  purge  fittings of the  Perma Pure dryer.  Open the  calibration system




toggle valve at stack  or  ground level.   Open the nitrogen  cylinder valve., and




adjust the regulator for approximately 20 psig.  Wait momentarily for the whole




system to  be pressurized.   Shut off the  cylinder  valve,  and  watch  for  any




decrease in  pressure  on the cylinder pressure  gauge  for  at least  one minute.




If a decrease in pressure  is  observed,  the leak must  be  located and repaired.




If no decrease in pressure occurs, the system is leak-free and the probe toggle




valve can be opened to release the pressure.








B.   Analyzer/Recorder Start-Up







     1-   S02 Analyzer





     Turn the analyzer on, and allow a minimum of one hour for warm-up time.






     2.   N0/N0x Analyzer





     Turn on the dry air cylinder, and adjust the  pressure  regulator output to




*»0  psig.  Open  the  front of  the  analyzer,  and  adjust  the  ozone  pressure




regulator to 20  psig.   Turn on  the  power  to the analyzer, and  allow one  hour




for the instrument to warm up.
                                  21

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     3-   C02 Analyzer





     Apply power to the analyzer, and allow a minimum of one hour warm-up  time.






     **•   ®2 Analyzer






     No  start-up  procedures are  required  for  the  0^ analyzer,  since  it  is




battery powered and completely self-contained.






     5.   Data Recorders





     Two  power  switches are  located on  the  front of  the recorders,  one  for



recorder power and one for chart drive.  Turn on the main  power,  and allow  the




amplifier to warm up.







C.   Sample Handling System Start-Up








     1.   Sampling Probe





     Plug  the probe  heaters  into the  appropriate variable  transformers,  and




adjust to the proper  voltages (80 to 90J).






     2.   Sampling Line






     Plug in  the sample line heaters to the appropriate variable transformers.



Adjust the voltages to approximately 80 to  90$ of  scale.






     3.   Ice Bath Condenser






     Fill the condenser insulated container with ice.
                              22

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     M.    Perma Pure  Eryer






     The Perma Pure dryer requires a dry air  purge for the removal  of  water.




The pump draws ambient  air  through a desiccant and through the dryer.  Turn  on




the  pump,  adjust  the  flow rate  to  8  L/min.,  and  allow  30  minutes  for




equilibrium to be established.






     5.    Pump






     After  the rest of  the system has come to equilibrium, open the probe valve




and the sample by-pass valve.   Turn on  the  pump,  and stack gas will begin  to




flow through the  system.  After  the system has been purged with effluent,  adjust




all of the  monitor flow control valves to the proper flow rates for each of the




instruments:   SO- = 1 L/min,  CO- = 1 L/min, N0x = 4 L/min, and 02 = 0.5 L/min.
                                   23

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                                  SECTION V.




                                  CALIBRATION






     Proper calibration of the TCEMS requires sequential calibration procedures




be conducted  for  :  (1) all  pollutant  and  diluent  analyzers in  use,  (2) data




recorders for each analyzer  in  use, and (3) total  system  calibration  for each




monitoring  channel  in use.   To  ensure  the  validity  of  all  measurements




obtained, the operator must  follow all prescribed  calibration  procedures,  and




the  TCEMS  must  demonstrate   conformance  with  all   prescribed   acceptable




calibration criteria.









A.   Analyzer Calibrations






     1.   SO- Analyzer






     Shut off the pump,  and  close  the probe valve.   Shut  off the  flow  system




toggle  valve.   Open  the ground  level  calibration  toggle  valve.   Open  the




cylinder cut-off valves, and adjust the regulators to provide delivery pressure




of 5 psig. Open the N2 toggle valve and  adjust the S02  flow meter  to  1  L/min.




Check the built-in pressure gauge to make sure the cell pressure is below 4-in.




H^O.  If  it  is  not,  adjust the  sample bypass regulator to  obtain  4-in.  H?0.




Turn the range switch to "Tune"  and look for a reading of 30 to 40 percent.  If




this reading is not obtained, refer to Section 7.3 of the  Beckman 865  NDIR S0p




Analyzer manual.  Turn on the recorder for  the instrument.   Switch  from  "Tune"




to Range  1.   The  reading should be  zero;  if  not,  adjust  the  zero  control  to




zero.  Switch between Ranges 1  and 3, to see if both read zero.  If zero  is not




obtained on both ranges, refer to Section 7.5 of the instrument manual  for bias




adjustment procedures.   If zero  is the same  for both  Range  1  and Range  3,




return to Range 1  and turn off N?.
                                   25

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     Inject a high range span gas,  and set the gain control for the appropriate




reading.  If the  reading  cannot be obtained,  or if  a negative  deflection is




observed, refer  to Section  7.6 of  the  instrument  manual.   Once  the  proper




deflection is obtained, shut off the high range gas,  and inject a second gas in




the mid-range.   If the  proper  reading is not obtained,  the  linearizer circuit




is  out  of   calibration.   The  linearizer  circuit  calibration  procedure  is




contained in the appendix of the instrument manual.  Once the proper output has




been obtained, the instrument  is ready for use.   Shut off the span  gases and




the flow control valve, and proceed to the next analyzer.






     2.   N0/N0x Analyzer






     Set the monitor  to the NO  mode, and  select  the range to be  used  (e.g.,




1000 ppm range).   Inject  the N2 gas.  Open  the  flow  control  valve so  that a




reading  of  5 cfh  is  obtained.  Open  the front cover and  adjust  the  sample




pressure regulator for 4 psi.   Also adjust  the sample bypass  flow  meter to 20




(i.e., 2000 cc/min).   If zero is not obtained, adjust the zero control for zero




meter  output.  If zero cannot be obtained, refer  to  Section 6 of  the Beckman




951 Chemiluminescence Analyzer instrument manual.






     Once zero  has b*"m  obtained,  inject  a  high concentration  span  gas  by




opening  the  appropriate toggle valve.   Open  the  front  of the  instrument and




check  the sample  pressure (4 psi)  and  the  sample  byass flow  (20).   Close the




front,  and  watch  for  the  proper  deflection  of  the meter  or  recorder.   If




necessary,  adjust the  span  control  for  the  proper   reading.   If  the  proper




reading cannot be obtained, refer to Section 6 of  the instrument  manual.  Once




the  proper  reading  is shown,  shut  off the  high  span  gas, and inject  an




intermediate gas to check for linearity. Make sure that the sample  pressure and




the sample bypass  flow  are  set correctly.  If the reading  is  incorrect, refer
                                   26

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to Section 6 of the  instrument  manual.   If the correct  readings are obtained,




shut off the span gases, and proceed to the next analyzer.






     3.   COp Analyzer






     Shut off  the pump,  and  close off  the probe  valve.   Shut  off the  flow




system toggle valve.  Open the ground level calibration toggle valve.  Open the




cylinder cut-off valves so that N,,  and  C02 gases may be  injected.   Adjust the




regulators for 5 psig.  Open the N? toggle valve,  and adjust the C0? flow meter




to 1 L/min.  Check  the  built-in cell  pressure  gauge.  If  the  reading  is not




below 4-in. H^O,  adjust the bypass regulator for  minimum cell  pressure while




maintaining a 1 L/min sample flow.






     While continuing to inject Np,  turn  the  range switch to  "Tune" and check




for a reading of 30 to 40 percent.   If  this reading is not  obtained,  refer to




Section 7.3  of the  Beckman  864 C0?  Analyzer instrument manual.  Turn  on the




recorder  for  the  instrument.   Switch from  "Tune"  to  Range  1.  The  reading




should be zero; if not, adjust the zero control to  zero.  Switch between Range




1   and  Range 3  to see  if  both read  zero.  If zero  is not  obtained  on  both




ranges, refer to section 7.5 for bias adjustment.  If zero is  the same for both




Range 1 and Range 3, return to Range 1 and turn off the N~ toggle valve.






     Inject a high range span gas and set the gain  control  for the appropriate




reading.  If the  reading cannot be  obtained,  or  if  a negative deflection is




observed, refer  to Section  7.6 of the  instrument manual.   Once  the proper




deflection has been obtained, shut off the high range gas, and inject a second




gas in  the  mid range.  If the  proper  reading is not obtained,  the  linearizer




circuit is out of calibration.  The linearizer circuit calibration procedure is




contained in the appendix to the instrument manual.
                                     27

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     Once the proper output }
-------
this iterative procedure until the zero and span values are balanced.








     2.   NO/NO  Channel
               JL





     The output of the NO/NO  analyzer is 0 to 1 volt DC.  Zero the monitor and




adjust the recorder zero for 10 percent of the scale.  Inject a high range gas,




and check that the recorder reads the  same as the meter.  If  the  readings are




not  the  same, refer  to  the Soltec  recorder  manual for  the  span  adjustment




procedures, Section ^. Check the  zero  and upscale readings until  the  zero and




span settings are balanced.








     3.   C0_ Channel






     The C0_  analyzer  is  equipped with  a 4-  to  20-ma output.  The recorders




will accept  a voltage  input  only.   The  recorders have been  supplied with  a




50-ohm resistor  to  convert the  current output  to a voltage.   Since  4  ma  is




equivalent to zero concentrations, and since a finite voltage is  developed,  a




variable span recorder must be used.   The correct zero and span settings may be




achieved by pulling  the  recorder zero control  to  its "out" position.   Select



the 1 volt range.  With the instrument meter on zero, adjust the recorder zero




control for 10 percent of the recorder scale.  Inject a gas into  the instrument



for an upscale deflection, and adjust the variable span potentiometer to obtain




the same value as the meter reading.   Return to zero, and  adjust if necessary.




Inject  the gas  again, and  adjust   the  span  variable  again.   Continue  this




iterative procedure until the zero and span values are balanced.
                                 29

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     4.    02 Channel


     The output of the analyzer is 0 to 100 mv DC.  Inject  a  low concentration

of Op into the monitor, and adjust  the  recorder for 10 percent  of scale above

the  low  concentration value.   Inject  a high  range gas,  and  check that  the

recorder reads the same as the meter.  If the readings are  not  the same, refer

to the Soltec  recorder manual  for the span  adjustment procedures,  Section 3-

Check the  low and  upscale  readings until  the  low and  span  settings  for the

recorder are balanced.



C.   Total System Calibration


     After  the   individual   analyzer   and  data  recorder   calibrations   are

completed, a  total  system  calibration  must be performed.   All  span gases  used

in this  check should  represent values  close to  those  of  the  stack effluent.

Shut off the probe valve and the pump. Open the stack calibration system toggle

valve.  Open the N~ and the span gas cylinder valves, and adjust  the output of

the  regulators  to 10  psig.   Open the N?  toggle valve. Turn on  the  pump and

adjust the  instrument  flow meters for the proper  flows  (SOp  = 1 L/min; NO-NO

= 4  L/min;  C0?  »  1  L/min;  and 0_  = 0.5  L/min).  All instrument  outputs should

equal zero. Open  the system to ambient air to check whether air and N? give the

same reading.   If not, the Perma Pure  dryer has not yet come  to equilibrium,

and  a longer period of time is necessary for the dryer to purge.

          [Note:   Since   the  S0_   analyzer   is   subject   to   H?0
     interference, a zero offset may be  detected  on  the  SO^ analyzer
     when the total system calibration is attempted.  The zero offset
     will occur because of a reverse action  in  the Perma Pure drying
     process during calibration. When the purge gas is not  completely
     dry, the water vapor permeates from the outer shell of the dryer
     to   the   inner  shell.  This  permeation   occurs   because   the
     calibration  gases  are dryer  than  the  purge gases,  and   the
     diffusion potential is temporarily  reversed.]
                                30

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     Inject SOp and record the responses of the SOp analyzer and data recorder.




Shut off  the  SOp,  and  inject NO  ,  COp,  and Op  consecutively.    Record  the




response of the analyzer  and  the  recorder for  each  measurement.   During these




calibration gas injections, only  the analyzer  corresponding  to  the particular




span gas injected should provide a non-zero output.






     The response of each analyzer and each data recorder must  be  converted to




units of concentration  and  compared to the assigned  value  of  the calibration




gas mixture used  in the system calibration.   The  response  must be  within  _+_ 3




percent of  the  calibration gas value  for the  performance  of  each monitoring




channel  to  be  considered acceptable.  If  such  results cannot   be  obtained,




necessary adjustments and/or  repairs must be made, and  the entire calibration




procedure repeated.
                                 31

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                                  SECTION VI.




                              SAMPLING PROCEDURES
     Sampling  can  commence  only after  all  calibration  procedures  have been




successfully completed.









A.  Final TCEMS Adjustments






     To  sample stack gases,  close  all  calibration system  toggle  valves, and




open  the probe  toggle valve.   Open  the bypass  valve  on  the  analyzer flow




system, and turn on the pump.   Adjust  the S0? and  C0?  flow  meters to 1  L/min.




Adjust  the  NO-NO   flow meter to 4 L/min.   Open  the front panel  of the  NO-NO




analyzer, and  adjust  the  sample pressure  to  4 psi,  and the  bypass flow  to  20




(i.e.,  2000 cc).   Adjust  the Op flow meter  to  0.5  L/min.   If  these   flows




cannot  be established,  close the bypass valve  until  all flows  are  balanced.




All instruments should now correctly read the effluent  concentration values.









B.  Sampling Points






     Selection of sampling points for  the TCEMS  depends upon  the type  of test




being conducted (source performance test or monitor performance test), and upon




the constraints imposed by applicable regulations and available sampling ports.






     1.  Emission Tests






     All  relevant  regulatory provisions  regarding the  location of  Reference




Method  sampling  points  during   source  performance  tests apply  to  the  TCEMS




during  tests   to  determine S02  and/or  NO  emission  levels.   Whereever such
                                33

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provisions do not specifically prescribe sampling points and where the sampling




location may not provide representative results, a  stratification test must be




performed using the procedures detailed in Appendix II of this report.









     2.  GEM Performance Tests






     All  relevant  regulatory provisions  regarding the  location  of Reference




Method sampling points during relative accuracy tests apply to the TCEMS during




GEM performance tests.






     If relative accuracy  testing is  conducted at a  location  other  than  the




installed GEM  location where  the TCEMS  location  may not  give  representative




results,  a   stratification  test  must  be  performed  at  the  TCEMS  location




according to the  procedures specified  in  Appendix  II  of  this  report.    The




relative accuracy test  results  that are obtained  where  the TCEMS  location is




separated from  the  installed CEMS location cannot  distinguish  between factors




impacting the actual performance of the installed GEM and the potential effects




of stratification at the installed GEM location.






     If relative  accuracy testing  is  conducted at the same  location  as  the




installed GEM   location  where  the  location  may   not  provide   representative




results, a stratification  test  must be  performed  according to  the procedures




specified in Appendix II  of  this report.  When  relative accuracy  testing is




conducted at the  same location  as  the  installed  GEM,  the  following sampling




points must  be used:
                               34

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               a.   Single Point GEMS






     For single  point GEMS,  the TCEMS  sampling  probe should  be  located  no




further than  30 cm  (or  5  percent  of  the  equivalent diameter  of  the  cross




section, whichever is less) from the pollutant GEM sampling probe.






               b.   Multipoint GEMS






     For multipoint  GEMS,  each TCEMS  sampling probe  traverse point  should  be




located no further than 30 cm  (or 5 percent of the equivalent  diameter of the




cross  section, whichever  is  less)  from  each  corresponding  pollutant  OEM




sampling point.






               c.  Path GEMS






     For  limited  path and  path GEMS,  three  TCEMS sampling  points  should  be




located on a  line parallel to the  CEM  path and  no further  than 30  cm  (or 5




percent of the equivalent diameter of the  cross section, whichever is  less)




from the centerline of the  CEM path.   The three  points  for the TCEMS sampling




probe  should  correspond  to  points  in  the CEM path  at 16.7,  50.0,  and  83.3




percent of the effective length of  the CEM path.











               d.  Alternative Locations






     Other locations may be used if a stratification check  is conducted and the




pollutant and  diluent constituents  of the  gas stream are found to be  of uniform




concentration  throughout  the  measurement  area of  interest within  the stack.




(See Appendix  II.)
                                 35

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C.  Sampling Duration/Calibration Frequency






     Sampling durations  for  the  TCEMS must be  consistent with  the  applicable




regulatory  provisions  for  source  performance  tests  and  monitor  relative




accuracy tests.









     1•  S02 and N0x Emission Tests at NSPS Subpart D Sources






     After  all  calibration procedures  have been  successfully  completed,  the




TCEMS must be operated for three one-hour sampling  runs.   A  system calibration




of the TCEMS (See Section V,  C) must be successfully completed before and after




each sampling  run.   If the system  calibration  is not  successfully  completed,




adjustments  and/or  repairs  to  the  TCEMS  must  be  made   and   a  complete




recalibration of the TCEMS must be performed.






     Data  obtained  during a  sampling run  followed  by an  unsuccessful  system




calibration may not be included in the calculation of emission levels.









     2.   Relative Accuracy Tests of Installed  SO- and NO  GEMS






     After  all  calibration procedures  have been  successfully  completed,  the




TCEMS must be operated for 9 sampling runs to  provide results comparable to the




relative  accuracy  test  of Appendix  B,  Performance  Specifications  2  and  3,




40 CFR 60.  The TCEMS must be  operated  for 6  sampling  runs  to provide results




comparable to the relative accuracy audit of proposed Appendix F.  The duration




of each sampling run shall be 20 minutes.  A  system calibration  of  the TCEMS




must be successfully completed before and after each sampling run.  If a system




calibration is not  successfully  completed, adjustments  and/or  repairs  to the




TCEMS must be made and a  complete  calibration  of the TCEMS  must be performed.




Data obtained during a sampling run that is followed by  an unsuccessful system
                                36

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calibration may  not  be  included  in  the  determination  of  the  installed  CEM

relative accuracy.


     In  those  cases  when  either  gross  disparities  or excellent  agreement

between  the  installed  CEMS and the  TCEMS  are  observed during  the  initial

sampling runs,  it is  usually possible  to predict  accurately  the  outcome of the

relative accuracy  determination before  all the  required  sampling  runs  are

completed.   Table  U  lists  the  criteria  for termination  of relative accuracy

sampling where conformance  with the promulgated  Performance  Specifications  is

not required.   Procedures for calculation  of the  mean difference are specified

in Section  VIII.
                                   Table 4.
  Sample Runs                    ,             Results
   Completed   Percent Difference      Installed CEM Performance
3
3
6
6
PD
PD > 20%
PD < 10%
PD > 20%
PD < 14%
= Percent Difference =
unacceptable
acceptable
unacceptable
acceptable
N
z (CEMS. -
i 1
N
E TCEMS.
TCEMS . )

         N = Number of  sample  runs

     These  criteria  are  based  on  limited  available  data   at  the  time  of
preparation of this  report;  more restrictive  criteria will  be developed  as
additional data become   available.
                                37

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                                 SECTION VII.

                         QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCEDURES



     The most important  quality assurance procedures  for the TCEMS  are those

specified for the analyzer, data recorder, and system calibration in Section V.

The calibration results provide the primary basis for  assessing  the quality of

the measurement  results  obtained.  Additional  quality assessment  and quality

control procedures are specified below.



A.   Analyzers


     1 .   S02 Analyzer


     The SOp analyzer is sensitive to flow rate and sample pressure variations.

Therefore, the bypass valve should be  open as far as  possible,  and the supply

flow rate should be kept at 1 L/min.

          [Note:   The   monitor  is   equipped  with   a   pressure  gauge
     calibrated in inches  H_0.   The  pressure of the cell is pe-set by a
     bypass  regulator.   This  sample  pressure  should  be  maintained  at 4
     _+_ 0.5 in. HpO.]  The operator should check the  sample flow rate  and
     sample  pressure during each sampling run.


     The  S0_ analyzer is  equipped with  an  internal  reflector  to  provide an

upscale  calibration  check of  the analyzer  response.   The  set  point  of  this

refector  should  be   noted during  the  analyzer  calibration   procedure.  The

internal  reflector should  be activated  periodically during  sampling  to check

for  analyzer  drift.   Any  discrepancy  greater  than  2   percent  between  the

analyzer's  response  to   the  internal  reflector  and  the  results of system

calibrations should be resolved, and the analyzer should  be  recalibrated.
                                 39

-------
     2.   NO-NO  Analyzer
               x
     The N0-N0x analyzer  is  sensitive  to sample pressure  and  sample flow rate

fluctuations.  A check of sample pressure (4 psig) and  sample  bypass flow (20,

indicating a flow  of 2000  cc/min.)  should be  conducted  during  each sampling

run.  A pressure of 20 psi on the ozone pressure gauge will assure  that the

ozone generator is  receiving enough  air flow. The  inlet gas  sample  is  passed

through a glass fiber filter to remove particles larger  than 2 microns.  Before

each field use, the glass filters should be  visually checked and  replaced  if

any discoloration is observed.



     3.    C0_ Analyzer


     The  C02  analyzer is  sensitive  to  sample  flow  rate  and sample pressure

fluctuations.  Therefore, the  bypass valve  should be open  as  far as possible,

and the flow should be kept at 1  L/min.

          [Note:  The monitor is equipped with a pressure gauge in inches
     JUO.   The  cell pressure  is  pre-set,   but  should  be  checked.   The
     pressure must  be maintained within 4 _^_ 0.5 in. H?0.]


     The  CO-  analyzer is  equipped  with an  internal reflector  to  provide  an

upscale calibration check of  the  analyzed response.   The  set  point of this

reflector  should  be  noted  during  the analyzer calibration.   The  internal

reflector  should   be   periodically  activated  during  sampling   to  check  for

analyzer  drift. Any discrepancy  greater than 2 percent  between  the analyzer's

response  to  the internal  reflector  and the  results of a  system  calibration

should be resolved, and the analyzer should be recalibrated.
                                 40

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     4.   0- Analyzer






     The Op analyzer has a self-contained battery pack, which should be charged



after every field use.  When the analyzer is not in use, the cell cap should be




replaced to prolong the life of the cell.  After use, the sample cell should be




purged with air.  Sampling time should be as short as possible (approximately 1




minute), in order to extend the life of the cell.








B.   Sample Handling System








     1.   Probe






     The probe  should be cleaned  before  and after  use.   The glass  wool  plug




must be  replaced  after each field  test.   Heater wires should be  inspected to




reduce the  chance of heater outages during use.








     2.   Primary Moisture Removal System






     The ice bath condenser should be drained and cleaned before and after  use.








     3.   Fine Particulate Filter






     This filter should  be changed after each use.








     4.   Secondary Moisture Removal System






     The purge  air desiccant for the Perma Pure  dryer should be replaced after




each  use and checked periodically during  use.  When the desiccant  is  close to




being  spent,  it  should  be replaced  immediately.   If the  desiccant  is   not




replaced,  the  moisture in the  ambient  air will allow  a portion  of the  sample
                                41

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stream moisture  to  pass  through the Perma Pure dryer.   This small  amount  of




moisture represents a negligible volume fraction of the sample, but can cause a




zero offset on the S02 and C02 monitors.






     The Perma  Pure dryer  used in  the  moisture  removal  system  removes  the




effluent moisture  in  the vapor  state.   Entrained  moisture  droplets in  the




effluent will  cause a saturation  of  the  membranes  in  the Perma  Pure  dryer.




This  moisture  will  eventually  contaminate   the   whole  monitoring  system,




rendering  the  SO^ and COp  monitors incapable  of obtaining  accurate effluent




measurements.  If moisture appears at any point in the  system  after the dryer,




the  total  system must be shut down  and  the  problem  with moisture  carryover




resolved.









     5-  Gas Transport Tubing






     The 50- to  300-foot gas  transport  lines should  be kept  as   clean  as




possible.  If necessary,  these lines can be cleaned with soapy water and rinsed




thoroughly with distilled water.  Afterwards, the lines should be dried with a




continuous  flow of ambient air.








     6.  Pump






     No routine maintenance of the sample  pump  is necessary.









     7.  Flow System






     No maintenance is required.

-------
     8.  Analyzer Flow System






     This system should  be  maintenance-free.   If the  rotameters  should  stick,




wash them with soapy water,  and then rinse with distilled water. Do not tighten




the flow valves too tightly; this may cause damage to the valve seats.









C.   Data Handling System -  Recorders






     The  recorders  should be  kept  clean  in  order to  reduce friction in  the




mechanical moving parts.  Calibration should be performed  before  and after use




to check for amplifier drift.






D.   Calibration Gases






     Concentration  values  of  calibration  gases  used   with   TCEMS  may  be




determined by either of the following methods:






     1.  Calibration gas  values  traceable to  NBS standards may  be established




according  to  "Traceability Protocol  for  Establishing  True  Concentrations  of




Gases  Used  for  Calibration  and Audits  of Continuous Source  Emission Monitors




(Protocol No. 1)."  June  15, 1978.






     2.  Triplicate reference  method  analyses of each calibration  gas may be




performed.  Each of the individual analytical results must be within  10 percent




(or 15 ppm, whichever is  greater) of the average; otherwise, discard  the entire




set,  and repeat the  triplicate  analyses.  If  the average  of  the   triplicate




reference  method  test  results  is  within  5  percent  of  the calibration  gas




manufacturer's  tag value,  use  the  tag  value;  otherwise, conduct at  least  3




additional  reference  method test  analyses until  the  results of 6   individual




runs  (i.e.,  the 3  original plus 3  additional)  agree  within  10  percent  or 15
                                 43

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ppm, whichever  is greater, of  the average.   Then use  this average  for  the




cylinder value.
                                 44

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                                 SECTION VIII.

                              DATA INTERPRETATION




     All data reduction  procedures  are based upon  the fully documented  strip

chart records of the TCEMS.  All zero, span, and effluent measurements must  be

clearly marked for each of the monitoring channels in use.



A.  General Data Interpretation Procedures


     The zero and  span  system calibration results for each monitoring  channel

are used to evaluate all effluent monitoring results.  The  following  procedure

must be used:
          zero level     = strip chart  reading  during  zero  gas
                           (air)  injection (in  chart divisions)

          span level     = strip chart  reading  during  upscale
                           system calibration (in chart  divisions)

          span value     = calibration  gas concentration
                           corresponding  to upscale system
                           calibration  (in ppm  or percent)

          effluent level  = strip chart  reading  of effluent
                           measurement  (in chart  divisions)

          effluent value  = effluent  concentration (in  ppm or percent)

          scale factor    =           span value

                          	span  levei - zero  level   (in pPm Per chart  division)

          effluent value  = [effluent level-zero lev el] x[ scale factor]


     The above procedure  is illustrated in Figure 5.
                                  45

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                          average effluent
                                  level = 45
        zero level =10
I
                            span level = 52
span concentration
       = 452 ppm
     scale factor =
                       452
   =  10.752 ppm/chart division
                    52 -  10

     effluent value = [45-10]  x 10.762 = 377 ppm
Figure 5.  Interpretation of strip chart records
                           46

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B.  SO  and NO  Source Performance Test Results
    	,1	x	


     Interpretation of TCEMS data for determining  source emission levels should

be as consistent  as  possible with applicable reference method  and regulatory

considerations.
     For  SO   emission level  determinations at  NSPS  Subpart  D  sources,  the

following data reduction  procedures  are  applicable:


     (1)  Ignore the first 5  minutes of  sampling data obtained during each
          one-hour  sampling run  to allow for  complete system stabilization
          following the system  calibration.   Divide the remaining  sampling
          time into two equal duration  sampling  periods  per  sampling run
          for both  the SO  and  diluent (CO- or  Op) monitoring channels.


     (2)  Determine the  average  effluent level  for  both  the   SO   and
          diluent monitoring channels for each  sampling  period.   Convert
          the effluent levels  to equivalent effluent  concentrations for
          both monitoring  channels using  the  procedure  in "A" above.


     (3)  Using the  SO  and  diluent, concentrations,  calculate  emission
          levels in units  of lbs/10  Btu  using  procedures  specified  in
          Subpart D for each sampling period.
     (4)  Average the two  sampling  period  results  obtained during  each
          run .


     (5)  Arrange the three  sample run results  in  units  of lbs/10  Btu to
          determine  the  test result.
     For NO  emission  level  determinations at NSPS  Subpart  D  sources,  the same

procedures apply as for S0_ determinations, except that  each sampling  run  may

be treated as a  single value  (i.e.  the sampling run need  not be  divided  into

two sampling  periods) .  Note that the results of three sample runs expressed in

units of lbs/10   Btu are averaged to obtain the test result.
                                 47

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C.   SO.,  and NO^  GEM  Relative Accuracy Tests


     (1)   Ignore the first 5 minutes of data obtained during each sampling
          run  to allow  for  complete system  stabilization  following  the
          system calibration.

     (2)   Determine   the  integrated  average   effluent  levels   for   all
          monitoring channels  in  use for each  sampling run.   Convert  the
          effluent levels  to  equivalent  effluent concentrations  for  each
          monitoring channel   using  the  procedure  in "A"  above.   Also,
          calculate  the average pollutant and diluent concentrations using
          the  results of all sampling runs.

     (3)   Using  the  pollutant  and diluent measurement results,  calculate
          the  emission  levels  in  units  of  lbs/10  Btu for each  sampling
          run. Calculate  the  average of all TCEMS sampling runs  in units
          of lbs/10   Btu.

     (4)   Determine   the  installed  CEMS  monitoring  results  (pollutant
          concentration, diluent  concentration, and  emission  levels)  for
          the  periods concurrent  with each sampling run of the TCEMS using
          the  same  procedure  that is employed  by the source  operator  in
          reporting  emissions.

     (5)   The  mean   difference,   95  percent   confidence   interval,   and
          relative accuracy must  be computed for each monitoring  channel
          and  for the combined system in units of lbs/10   Btu.
     Calculate  the algebraic mean difference of the data set as follows
                            n
                  MD  = 1/n  Z  V.
             where: n = number of data points

                  D. = sample run ( i) difference
                   1   (CEMSi - TCEMS^
                                 48

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Calculate the 95 percent (two-sided)  confidence  interval (CI)
as follows :
          CI
       where:
\/nZD 2 -  (ZD V
n
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
fc.975
4.303
3. 182
2.776
2.571
2.447
2.365
2.306
Calculate the relative accuracy  (RA) of the data set
as:
                       iMDl + CI
                 RA
                          AVG
       where:    AVG  =  average TCEMS value for all
                      sample runs.

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            APPENDIX I.




     PRINCIPLES OP OPERATION:




S02, NO/NOX, C02, AND 02 ANALYZERS

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                           PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION;
                      SO,, NO/NO ,  C00> AND 00 ANALYZERS
                               —x-
     The following  discussions  briefly outline  the operational  principles of




each analyzer used  in  the TCEMS.  Additional  information  may be found  in the




instrument manuals provided by the manufacturers.






A.  Beckman Model 865 SO,, Analyzer








     The  Model  865  Infrared  SO   Analyzer  automatically  and  continuously




determines the concentration  of  S02  in a flowing  gas  mixture.   The analytical




technique is based on the absorption of infrared energy by S02-






     Within  the   analyzer,  two  infrared  beams  of  equal  energy are  directed




through two  optical  cells:  a flow-through sample  cell, and  a sealed reference




cell.  Solid  state electronic circuitry  continuously measures  the difference




between  the  amounts  of infrared  energy  absorbed  in  the  two  cells.   The




concentration is  read  out on a  front  panel  meter which has  a  range from 0 to




100 percent.  A field-selectable current  output  of either 4  to  20  ma  or 10 to




50 ma  is provided  for strip chart recorder connection.






     Since  the  outputs  of  these  instruments  are non-linear,  an  optional




linearizer  circuit board  is  also included.   A solenoid  activated reflecting




window is provided  for routine upscale  calibration.   This  window reflects  a




fixed  amount of  infrared energy from  the sample beam to  simulate  a specified




concentration of  SO^.    The  instrument is equipped  with  two  ranges:  Range 1,




which  is  adjustable (from 500 to 2500 ppm full scale), and  Range  3,  which is




equal  to 20  percent  of  Range  1.  (Range 2  is  omitted  from this instrument.)
                                 1-3

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B.  Beckman Mod^l 931 NO-NO  JVnalyzer
                           JC ' "'   T i. i i • iii






     The Beckman Model 951, NO-NO  Chemiluminescence Analyzer automatically and
                                 X.



continuously monitors a  flowing  gas  mixture.  It  is  capable of performing two




determinations: nitric oxide  (NO) and oxides of nitrogen (NO ).







     The analyzer employs the Chemiluminescence method  of  detection.  When the




analyzer is adjusted to the NO mode, the sample NO is quantitatively converted




to NO^ by gas phase oxidation with ozone produced within the analyzer.  In this




reaction, the N02 molecules are elevated to an electronically excited state and




then  immediately revert  to  a  non-excited  ground  state.  The   reversion  is




accompanied by emission of photons, which impinge on a photomultiplier detector




and generate a low level DC current.  The current is then  amplified  and used to




drive a front panel meter and a recorder.







     The NO  mode works by the same principles as  the NO mode  described above,




with the exception that the  sample  is  routed through a converter  where NO- is




dissociated to form NO before entering the reaction chamber. The NO  reading on




the instrument includes both  the NO  in  the effluent and the NO resulting from




the dissociation of N0_.






     The analyzer is equipped with seven ranges: 10, 25, 100,  250,  1000, 2500,




and 10,000 ppm NO or NO .









C.  Beckman Model 864 C00 Analyzer







     The Beckman Model 864 Infrared C0_ Analyzer automatically and continuously




determines the concentration of CO- in a flowing gas  mixture.   The  analysis is




based on the absorption of infared energy of C0_.







                             1-4

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     Within  the  analyzer,  two infrared  beams  of equal  energy are  directed




through two optical cells: a  flow  through sample  cell, and  a  sealed reference




cell.  Solid  sate  electronic  circuitry continuously  measures  the  difference




between  the  amounts  of  infrared  energy  absorbed  in  the   two  cells.   The




concentration is read out on a front panel meter with a scale  of 0-100 percent




of set range.  A field selectable current output, 4 to 20 ma or 10 to 50 ma, is




provided for a recorder hook-up.






     Since  the  output of  the instrument  is  non-linear,  a  linearizer circuit




board has been provided.   For convenience in a  routine upscale calibration, a




solenoid activated reflecting window has been included. This  window reflects a




fixed amount  of  infrared  energy from  the sample  beam  to simulate  a specific




concentration of C0?.   The instrument  is equipped with  two  ranges:  Range 1,




equal to 0 to 20% CO  , and Range 3,  equal  to  0 to  5% C02.  (Range 2 is omitted




from this instrument.)









D.  Teledyne Model 320P-4 Op Analyzer






     The  Teledyne  Model  320P-4 utilizes  a  patented  micro-fuel  cell,  which




consumes  09  from  the  atmosphere  surrounding   the  measuring  probe.   The




consumption  of  Op  generates a proportional electrical  current,  which  is  then




amplified and used to drive a  built-in  front  panel meter with  a  scale of 0 to




25%.  Facilities are  also provided for  a recorder  hook-up with  a  range of 0 to




100 mv DC.






     The  instrument  incorporates  its own  integral  pump and  power system.  The




power  system consists of  two permanently mounted rechargeable  nickel-cadmium




batteries.
                                  1-5

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     The 320P-4 monitor has been specifically designed to make  spot  checks for




Op in flue gas streams.
                                    1-6

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             APPENDIX II.
STRATIFICATION TESTING METHODOLOGY FOR
     GASEOUS EFFLUENT CONSTITUENTS

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                   STRATIFICATION TESTING METHODOLOGY  FOR
                        GASEOUS EFFLUENT CONSTITUENTS


      Stratification  is  the uneven distribution of the  effluent component  gases
 across  the cross section of the ductwork or stack which transports  the  effluent
 to  the  atmosphere.   Stratification of gaseous constituents (S0p,  NO ,  0„,  C0_,
 etc.) may occur at or downstream of points along the effluent  pathway where the
 concentration  of one  of more  constituents  of the  effluent  changes.   Thus,
 points  at  which air inleakage occurs, points at  which control devices affect
 pollutant emission  levels  (such as at the outlet of  flue gas desulfurization
 systems) , and points at which dissimilar gas streams are combined may result  in
 stratification  of  the  effluent  stream.   Samples obtained at  locations   where
 stratification  exists may not  provide results that   are representative of the
 entire  effluent stream. It  is  necessary, in  some cases, to conduct a  test  to
 detect  and/or to  quantify  the  existence of stratification at  the  existing  or
 proposed sampling site. The  procedures  presented  in  this report are designed
 to determine whether effluent stratification  is  present; this  methodology does
 not quantify the stratified  effluent profile.

     Current Performance Specifications  for gaseous emission  monitors  require
 that monitors be installed  in  locations  providing measurements  that  are (or
 can  be  corrected to be)  consistently representative  of  emissions from  the
 source.   These regulations allow the  control  agency to require stratification
 testing  at  proposed  CEM  sampling locations  where the location cannot be  assumed
 to be non-stratified.

     Proposed  revisions to   the Performance  Specifications  (Jan.  26,  19811
Federal  Register)  allow the monitor to be  installed  at any location  provided
                                II-3

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that the reference method  testing  to determine  the  relative accuracy of  said

monitors be  performed  in locations that  are representative  of the  source's

emissions.  Stratification testing is an  accepted  means of  demonstrating  that

particular   sampling   locations   provide  representative  emission  measurement

results.


     Stratification can be  measured  for either pollutant gases (S0?  or  NO  )  or

diluent gases (0?  or  C0_)  in units of  concentration. Alternatively, at  steam

generators,  stratification  may  be  quantified  in  units  of  the  applicable

standard (Ibs  of  pollutant  per million  Btu  of  heat   input).   This  second

alternative  is  useful  where  both the  pollutant  and   diluent  monitors  are

installed in such  a  manner as to  view  the   same  portion  of the  effluent  and

where the potential  for  stratification  is due  only to air  inleakage.   Also,

testing  to  determine  the  representativeness of  a   compliance  test  sampling

location should  be conducted  in units of the  standard.


     The only quantitative definition for stratification that   is  provided  in

the  existing  regulations   is  contained   within  Paragraph 3.9,   Performance

Specification 2,  Appendix  B,  40 CFR 60.  The  definition is as follows:


     "3.9 Stratification.   A condition  identified  by  a difference  in
     excess of  10  percent  between  the average concentration in  the duct
     or  stack and  the concentration at any  point more  than  1.0 meters
     from the duct or stack wall."


     Paragraph 4.3 of  this  specification  provides the only  guidance regarding

the sampling methodology to be used  to determine whether stratification exists;

this paragraph reads:


     "4.3.   The owner or operator may perform a  traverse to characterize
     any stratification of effluent gases  .,, ."
                                II-4

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     Thus, stratification  testing  is performed  by  making  a series of traverse




measurements across the stack or duct  sampling  location.  To determine whether




or not effluent stratification exists as  per  the above definition, the average




effluent concentration across the stack or duct  must  also  be known during each




measurement made  along  the stack traverse.   Determining  the  average effluent




concentration  concurrent   with  each  traverse point  meaurement  presents  some




difficulties.   Ideally,   concurrent   determinations   could    be   made   by




simultaneously measuring emissions at several points along  the cross section of




the  duct or  stack.  However,  this  approach is not  feasible  because of the




extensive manpower  and  equipment required  to measure  spatial  stratification.




to  ensure  that the  stratification determination  is not  affected  by temporal




changes  in the  average effluent  concentration,  a  sampling   and  calculation




method was developed to eliminate the effects of such temporal variations. This




method employs a  dual  probe system  to  sample alternately at a  traverse  point




and a reference point.






     Steady operation  is  preferable  for stratification  testing, because  the




results  are  unaffected  by incremental  effluent concentration  shifts caused by




changing process conditions. If stratification testing  is  performed  on sources




operating  under  batch  process conditions,  the testing  should  be  conducted




during segments of steady operation.
EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION






     The  sampling  apparatus  necessary   for   stratification   testing   is  an




extractive continuous monitoring system comprised of the  following:  a  sample




acquisition and  gas  conditioning  system;  S0_,  CO-,  Op,  and/or  NO  monitors;




strip chart recorders; and  an automatic data processor  (optional).   The  sample




                                II-5

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acquisition system consists of two  heated  stainless steel sampling probes, and




the  monitoring  system  is  capable  of  alternately  measuring   the  effluent




extracted  through  each  of the  two probes.   A detailed  description  of the




extractive  monitoring   system,  along  with   its   calibration  and  sampling




procedures, is contained  in  a  document  prepared for the  EPA,  SSCD,   entitled,




"Transportable Continuous Emission  Monitoring  System Operational  Protocol" .








SAMPLING PROCEDURE






     To eliminate the  effects  of temporal  variations  of  the  average effluent




concentration, all effluent measurements must  be noraalizd to  a  specific  point




in time ('t') before  the  average concentration  and percent difference at each




traverse  point  are  calculated;  therefore, a  dual probe system  is used  to




measure the effluent  emissions.  One  probe is used as  a  stationary  reference




point placed at the  stack  or duct  centroid during  the  stratification sampling




period; this  probe  is used  to indicate the  temporal  change  of the effluent




concentrations.   The second probe is used  for  sampling  at  specified traverse




points determined in  accordance with the  sampling  point  location criteria of




Paragraph  3.3-1  of   proposed  revisions  to   Performance   Specification  2,




Appendix A, 40 CFR 60 (Federal  Register. Vol.  MU, No.  197, October 10,  1979).




The monitoring system samples at the reference point, traverse  point,  reference




point, etc., sequentially throughout the testing period  for  three (3) to five




(5) minutes at  each  point.  The monitoirng   system is  calibrated  with  gases




analyzed   by  the   reference  methods  immediately   before    and   after  the




stratification test.
                               II-6

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CALCULATION PROCEDURE


     The derivation  of the  stratification calculation  procedure is based on two

principle assumptions:

     1.   For  each  traverse   point  x,  there  exists  a  unique  constant  of
         proportionality between  the concentrations of the Reference point and
         traverse point, such  that:
Tx = KXRX
                                                           [EQ. 1]
                where:    T  = Concentration at traverse point x
                         Kx  = Proportionality constant for point x
                         Rx  = Reference  point concentration
                          x  =  1 ,  2,  3.  . .

                This relationship implies that:
  Kx =
                                                            [EQ. 2]
     2.  All changes in effluent concentration occur  in  such  a  manner that the
         average  concentration  for   a  given  measurement  time  interval  is
         approximately equal  to  the  average of  the concentrations  measured
         before and after  that measurement time interval.

         Thus, the average Reference concentration at  a  time  when the traverse
         point concentration is  being  measured is equal  to the average of the
         reference concentrations measured before and  after  the traverse point
         concentration measurement.
  Rx = Rxab = Rxb
                                             xa
                                                                  3]
                  where:   R .  =  Reference concentration before measurement
                                of traverse point x

                          R   =  Reference concentration after measurement
                           v a
                                of traverse point x

         In order to compare  one traverse point measurement  to another  on  a
         consistent  basis, the  effect  of effluent  concentration  changes with
         time  must   be    eliminated.    Consequently,   all   traverse   point
         measurements must be  normalized to some benchmark reference time, t.

                                  II-7

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 xn
r   =
 xn
 K   =
  x
 R   =
                         R
                       *  t
                               [EQ.  4]

normalized value of concentration  for point x

proportionality constant,  defined  in EQ. 2

Reference concentration at reference time, t
Equation 4  results  in the  value  that would  have  been measured  for
traverse point x if  the reference  concentration had been equal to R .
                                                                  U

Combining  EQ.  2 and  EQ.  4 and simplifying  the  resultant  normalized
concentration is:
                   xn
Changes in effluent flow rate  or  other  process operating  parameters,
such as failure of a  fan,  could cause changes  in  the nature  of any
stratification present.  This  could  cause  the  K  values  to  change,
rendering  normalized  traverse  concentrations  inaccurate.  Again,  this
is only a  problem if  stratification  does exist, and  the test  will
still  (detect this stratification,  although  it  will not  accurately
quantify it.

The second  assumption may provide a more  likely reason for inaccurate
indications  of the  magnitude  of  effluent  stratification.    This
assumption  is valid only if the sampling  time for each traverse point
is   small   compared    to   any  cyclic   changes  in  the   effluent
concentrations, or if the magnitude of these changes in concentration
is small.   As changes  in concentration become larger,  the assumption
that:

               Rx = Rxb +  Rxa
becomes  more  critical .    Errors   in  this  assumption  become  more
pronounced as the measurement  time  period  approaches one-half the time
period of a  cyclic concentration change.   The most likely  result  of
such  errors  is  an   overestimation  of   stratification.   Thus,  the
perviously   discussed   stratification   test   procedure   will   err
conservatively, and  indications of no  stratification  can be  viewed
with a high level of  confidence.
                          II-8

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                        STRATIFICATION DATA SHEET
Source and Location
                                      Temporal Chance
Traverse Probe
Reference Probe
                                                 22222
    Y///////S
    W/Y7,
                                          Y//////////////
                                  Y/X//X//X//X//X/////,

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                                   TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                            (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
 EPA-340/1-83/016
                                               3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
   TRANSPORTABLE CONTINUOUS  EMISSION MONITORING SYSTEM
   OPERATIONAL PROTOCOL: Instrumental Monitoring of  S02,
   NOX,  C02,  and 02 Effluent  Concentrations
                                               5. REPORT DATE
                                                 January  1983
                                               6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
   James  W.
Peeler
                                               8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAM£ AND ADDRESS
   Entropy Environmentalists, Inc.
   P.O.  Box 12291
   Research Triangle Park, NC   27709
                                               10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
                                                11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.

                                                  68-01-6317
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
   OAQPS
   Stationary Source Compliance Division
   Waterside  Mall, 401 M Street,  SW
   Washington, DC  20460
                                                13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
                                                  FINAL -  IN-HOUSE
                                                14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE

                                                  EPA/200/04
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
   A  transportable continuous  emission monitoring  system (TCEMS) capable  of providing
   reliable and accurate effluent measurements of  S02»  NO/NOX, C02, and/or 02 has
   been developed and field  tested at numerous industrial and utility  boilers.  This
   report presents the operational protocol for  the  TCEMS,  including set-up, opera-
   tion,  calibration, quality  assurance, and data  reduction procedures.   The TCEMS
   and  the operational protocol  are designed for use in conducting source emission
   tests, continuous emission  monitor (CEM) relative accuracy tests, and  stratifi-
   cation tests.  Extensive  field testing has shown  that the TCEMS can be set up,
   calibrated, and recording accurate and precise  data  within two to four hours after
   arrival at the site.
 7.
                                KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                  DESCRIPTORS
                                               b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
                                                             c.  COSATI Field/Group
   Air Pollution
   Monitoring
                                   Transportable CEMS

                                   Operational Protocol
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

   Release  to Public
                                  19. SECURITY CLASS (TIlisReport)
                                    unclassified
21. NO. Or PAGES
      72
                                               20. SECURITY_ CLASS (Thispage)
                                                unclassified
                                                                          22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (R«v. 4-77)    PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE

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