vvEPA
United States        Environmental Sciences Research  EPA-600/8-82-014
Environmental Protection   Laboratory           August 1982
Agency          Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Research and Development                       	
PTPLU—A Single
Source Gaussian
Dispersion Algorithm

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                              EPA-600/8-82-014


    PTPLU - A SINGLE SOURCE  GAUSSIAN

         DISPERSION ALGORITHM

             User's Guide


                  by

   Thomas E. Pierce, D. Bruce  Turner
   Meteorology and Assessment  Division
Environmental Sciences Research  Laboratory
      Research Triangle Park,  NC  27711

  Joseph A. Catalano and Frank V.  Hale  III
             Aerocomp , Inc.
         3303 Harbor Boulevard
         Costa Mesa, CA  92626
       Contract No. EPA 68-02-3442
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH  LABORATORY
   OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
  U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION  AGENCY
      RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK,  NC
                          CHICAGO 1L 60604-3590

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                            DISCLAIMER

     This report  has  been  reviewed  by the Environmental
Sciences Research  Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency,   and  approved   for publication.   Approval  does not
signify  that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of  the  U.S.   Environmental  Protection  Agency, nor
does mention of trade  names  or commercial products constitute
endorsement  or  recommendation  for  use.
                          AFFILIATION

     Mr.  Thomas  E.  Pierce  and  Mr.  D.  Bruce  Turner are
meteorologists  in  the  Meteorology and  Assessment  Division,
Environmental  Protection   Agency,  Research  Triangle   Park,
North  Carolina.   They  are on  assignment  from the  National
Oceanic  and Atmospheric  Administration,  U.S.  Department
of Commerce.  (Mr. Pierce  is  now employed  by NUS  Corporation
Gaithersburg,  Maryland)   Mr.  Joseph A. Catalano and Mr.
Frank  V.  Hale  III  are employed  by  Aerocomp,  Inc.,   Costa
Mesa , Californ ia.
                              11

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                            FOREWORD
    Within   the   Office  of  Air,  Land,  and  Water  Use,   the
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory  conducts  a   research
program  in the physical sciences  to detect, define, and  quantify
the effects of air  pollution  on  urban,   regional,  and  global
atmospheres  and  the subsequent  impact on  water quality  and  land
use.  This includes research and  development programs designed  to
quantitate the relationships between emissions of pollutants  from
all types of sources, air quality, and atmospheric effects.

    The Meteorology and  Assessment  Division  conducts   research
programs  in  environmental meteorology to  describe the roles  and
interrelationships  of   atmospheric   processes   and    airborne
pollutants   in   effective   air,   water,   and  land   resource
management.  Developed air  quality  simulation  models   (in   the
FORTRAN computer language) are made available to dispersion model
users  in  computer-readable  form  by availability of a magnetic
tape from NTIS (see preface).

    PTPLU is a dispersion algorithm made available in 1981.    The
program   is   based   upon   Gaussian   dispersion  concepts   of
steady-state modeling.  Limitations are imposed  on  use  of   the
algorithm  by the assumptions that pollutants are nonreactive  and
that one wind vector and one stability class  are  representative
of  the  area  being  modeled.    Despite these limitations, PTPLU
provides a useful short-term  algorithm  to  obtain  the  highest
concentration and corresponding distance for point sources.
                              K. L. Demer j i an
                              Di rector
                              Meteorology and Assessment Division
                               i i i
                                   ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIOH AGENCY

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                             PREFACE
    One  area  of  research within the Meteorology and Assessment
Division is development, evaluation, validation, and  application
of   models  for  air  quality  simulation,  photochemistry,  and
meteorology.  The models must be able to describe air quality and
atmospheric  processes  affecting  the  dispersion  of   airborne
pollutants  on  scales  ranging from local to global.  Within the
Division,  the  Environmental  Operations   Branch   adapts   and
evaluates  new  and existing meteorological dispersion models and
statistical  technique  models,  tailors  effective  models   for
recurring  user  application,  and  makes  these models available
through EPA's UNAMAP system.

    PTPLU  is a screening model that uses Gaussian plume  modeling
techniques.   PTPLU  is designed for low-cost, detailed screening
of point sources to determine maximum one-hour concentrations and
also to determine if it is necessary  to  use  one  of  the  more
i nt r icate mode Is.

    Although  attempts  are  made  to  thoroughly  check computer
programs  with  a  wide  variety  of  input  data,   errors   are
occasionally found.  Revisions may be obtained as they are  issued
by  completing  and  sending  the  form  on the  last page of this
guide.

    This document  is  divided  into  three  parts.   Sections   1
through  3 are directed to managers and project  directors who may
wish to become acquainted with the model.  Sections 4 and   5  are
directed   to  engineers, meteorologists, and other scientists who
are required to become familiar with the  workings  of  a  model.
Since  a number of nonmeteorologists will be using this screening
model, Appendix A, Modeling Concepts, presents some of the  basic
concepts of air pollution meteorology.  Together with a Glossary,
this   should   provide   the  less-experienced  user  sufficient
background to apply the model.  Finally, sections 6, 7, and 8 are
directed to programmers and data  processing  professionals,  who
are  often  required   to  implement  and  run  the  model.  These
sections   employ  the  standard  terminology  of   the   computer
i ndus t ry.

    Comments and suggestions regarding this publication should be
d i rected to
                                IV

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           Chief, Environmental Operations Branch
           Meteorology and Assessment Division (MD-80)
           Environmental Protection Agency
           Research Triangle Park, NC  27711.

    Technical  questions  regarding use of the model may be asked
by calling (919) 541-4564.  Users within the  Federal  Government
may  call FTS 629-4564.  Copies of the user's guide are available
from  the  National   Technical   Information   Service   (NTIS),
Springfield, VA  22161.

    The magnetic tape containing FORTRAN source code for PTPLU is
contained (along with other dispersion models) in UNAMAP (Version
4), which may be ordered as PB 81 164 600 from Computer Products,
NTIS, Springfield,  VA  22161 (phone number:  (703) 487-4763).

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                            ABSTRACT
    PTPLU  (from Po i nT PLUme) is an improved model for estimating
the location of  the  maximum  short-term  concentration  from  a
single  point  source  as a function of stability and wind speed.
The algorithm is similar to PTMAX, which was  first  released  in
May 1973.  Among the improvements in this version are options for
the  estimation  of  gradual  plume  rise,  stack  downwash,  and
buoyancy-induced dispersion.  Maximum  concentrations  and  their
corresponding  downwind  distances are calculated for two sets of
wind speeds:  winds assumed to be constant with height and  winds
assumed to increase with height.  For the latter case, wind speed
is  extrapolated  from  anemometer  height  to  stack top using a
power-law wind profile.   PTPLU  is  based  on  the  point-source
solutions of the Gaussian plume equations.  It uses Briggs' plume
rise  equations, Pasquill stability classes, and Pasqui11-Gifford
dispersion parameters.  Multiple reflections are considered until
the vertical dispersion parameter is 1.6 times the mixing height;
uniform mixing is assumed thereafter.  No fumigation or  chemical
reactions  are  considered.   A built-in test example is provided
with the  interactive  version  of  the  program.  This  document
describes the input, processing, and output of both the batch and
interactive versions of the program.
                               v i

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                            CONTENTS
Foreword	i i i
Preface	   iv
Abstract	vi
Figures	viii
Tables  	   ix
Symbols and Abbreviations  	    x
Acknowledgments  	   xi

    1.  Introduction   	    1
    2.  Data-Requirements Checklist  	    3
    3.  Features and Limitations	    4
    4.  Technical Description  	    6
    5.  Program Overview and Structure	10
    6.  Input Data Preparation	14
    7.  Execution of the Model and Sample Test	15
    8.  Example Calculation  	   29

References	32
Append ices

    A.  Modeling Concepts  	   33
             Basic Concepts	33
             Gaussian Equations  for Estimating
               Concentrations  	   37
             Plume Rise for Point Sources	41
             Dispersion Parameters   	   44
             Buoyancy-Induced Dispersion  	   50
             References	50
    B.  Indexed Listing of FORTRAN Source
          Statements (Batch)   	   52
    C.  Sensitivity Analysis   	   87
             Options	87
             Plume-Rise-Related  Parameters   	   89

Glossary	94
                               vi i

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                             FIGURES


Number                                                      Page

  1   Iterative search routine used by PTPLU 	  8

  2   Structure of batch version of PTPLU  	 13

  3   Sample job stream for batch version of PTPLU 	 15

  4   Schematic of batch output of PTPLU 	 17

  5   Batch output of PTPLU  	 18

  6   Output of unabridged interactive version of PTPLU  .  . 20

  7   Batch output of example calculation  	 30

 A-l  Coordinate system showing Gaussian distributions
        in the horizontal and vertical	39

 A-2  Estimation of lateral dispersion parameter 	 49

 C-l  Sensitivity of maximum concentration and distance-to-
        maximum to changes in stack gas temperature  .... 90

 C-2  Sensitivity of maximum concentration and distance-to-
        maximum to changes in stack gas velocity 	 93
                              VI 1 1

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                             TABLES
Number                                                      Page

  1   Record Input Sequence  	  14

 A-l  Key to Stability Categories	45

 A-2  Basis and Scope of the Original P-G Curves	46

 A-3  Constants for the Vertical Dispersion Parameter
        Equation	48

 C-l  Plume Heights and Concentrations with and without
        the Gradual-Rise Option  	  88

 C-2  Maximum Concentrations with and without Stack
        Downwash, for Stability Class D  	  88

 C-3  Maximum Concentrations with and without BID	89

 C-4  Percent Increase  in Maximum Concentration with
        Decreasing Stack Gas Temperature 	  91

 C-5  Percent Decrease  in Distance to Maximum Concentration
        with Decreasing Stack Gas Temperature   	  91

 C-6  Percent Increase  in Maximum Concentration with
        Decreasing Stack Gas Velocity  	  92

 C-7  Percent Decrease  in Distance to Maximum Concentration
        with Decreasing Stack Gas Velocity  	  92
                                IX

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                    SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS


             Dimensions are abbreviated as follows:
        m = mass, 1 = length, t = time, T = temperature.

d         -- stack inside diameter  (1)
F         -- buoyancy flux parameter  (l"*/t3)
g         -- acceleration due to gravity (1/t2)
H         -- effective height of plume (1)
h         -- stack height above ground (1)
h'        -- stack height adjusted  for stack downwash  (1)
L         --mixing height (1)
p         -- wind-profile exponent
Q         -- emission rate (m/t)
s         --stability parameter (t~2)
T         -- ambient air temperature  (T)
Ts        -- stack gas temperature  (T)
u         -- wind speed at stack top  (1/t)
vs        -- stack gas exit velocity  (1/t)
x         -- downwind distance (1)
Xf        -- distance to final rise (1)
x*        -- distance at which atmospheric turbulence  begins
               to dominate entrainment (1)
y         -- crosswind distance (1)
z         -- receptor height above  ground (1)
Ah        -- plume rise (1)
AT        -- temperature difference between ambient air and
               stack gas (T)
(AT)C     -- temperature difference for crossover from momentum
               to buoyancy-dominated  plume (T)
80/9z     -- vertical potential temperature gradient of a  layer
               of air (T/1)
IT         -- pi ,  3. 14159
e         -- base of natural logarithms, 2.71828
ay        -- lateral dispersion parameter (1)
Oye       -- effective lateral dispersion (1)
cFyO       -- buoyancy-induced lateral dispersion (1)
az        -- vertical dispersion parameter (1)
crze       -- effective vertical dispersion (1)
azo       -- buoyancy-induced vertical dispersion (1)
Xp        -- concentration due to a point source (m/13)

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                         ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    The authors wish to express their appreciation to Mr. William
B.  Petersen and Mr. John S. Irwin for helpful comments regarding
aspects of the work presented here.  Support of Aerocomp  by  the
Environmental  Protection  Agency Contract No. 68-02-3442 is also
gratefully acknowledged.
                               x i

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                            SECTION 1

                          INTRODUCTION
    PTPLU (from Po i nT PLUme) provides  a  method  for  estimating
maximum  ground-level  concentrations from a single point source.
The algorithm is based on  Gaussian  plume  modeling  assumptions
incorporating  the  Pasqui11-Gifford (P-G) dispersion parameters.
Briggs' plume rise equations (Briggs, 1969) are employed  by  the
model to determine the effective height of pollutant release.

    Three  technical  options  are  available  with PTPLU.  Stack
downwash  may  be  considered,  as   well   as   buoyancy-induced
dispersion  and  gradual  plume  rise.   In  addition, anemometer
height,  wind-profile  exponents,  and  mixing  height   can   be
specified on input.

    The  routines  employed  to estimate dispersion by PTPLU have
been extracted from MPTER (Multiple Point source  algorithm  with
TERrain  adjustments) (Pierce and Turner, 1980), which is in turn
based on point-source  segments  of  the  rural  version  of  RAM
(Turner  and  Novak,  1978).   PTPLU  provides  an economical and
technically sound approach to estimating  maximum  concentrations
for  comparison with ambient air quality standards and for use in
air pollution research.

    Modeling the effects of the release of inert pollutants  into
the  atmosphere  usually  follows a three-step procedure.  First,
simple screening steps are performed using a hand  calculator  or
air  quality  nomograms.   This  simple screening method is, as a
rule,  sufficiently   conservative   to   ensure   that   maximum
concentrations  will  not  be  underestimated.  If results of the
simple screening indicate a potential air quality problem, a more
detailed screening is warranted.  This intermediate step  usually
involves  the  use  of  simple  computer  models  to quantify the
effects of pollutant release on air quality.   A  more  elaborate
procedure  is  followed  when detailed screening indicates that a
more refined analysis is required.  For sources with  significant
potential  effects,   computation  continues,  using models better
suited for handling multiple  sources,  multiple  receptors,  and
topographic  effects.   The user is referred to the "Guideline on
Air Quality Models"  (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1978)
in selecting the models appropriate for regulatory applications.

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    The model described herein is  suited  for  the  intermediate
step  of  detailed  screening.   If  concentrations  are  low, no
detailed  modeling  will  then  be  required.   In  this  manner,
resources are conserved, and only potentially troublesome sources
are left for analysis with the more refined models.

    The  Environmental  Operations  Branch  of  EPA  supports the
User's Network for Applied Modeling of Air  Pollution — a  set  of
models commonly known by the acronym UNAMAP.  A brief description
of   the   latest   version  of  UNAMAP  is  available  from  the
Environmental Operations Branch.

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                            SECTION 2

                   DATA-REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST


    PTPLU requires data on  options,  sources,  meteorology,  and
receptors.    The   user  must  indicate  whether  any  of  three
options--gradua1  rise,  stack  downwash,   or   buoyancy-induced
dispersion--is  to  be  employed.    Information  required  on the
sources includes the following:

             source strength (grams per second),

             physical stack height (meters),

          •  stack gas temperature (kelvin),

             stack gas velocity (meters per second), and

          •  stack inside diameter (meters).

The meteorological data needed to compute maximum  concentrations
are as follows:

             ambient air temperature (kelvin),

             mixing height (meters),

             wind-profile exponents, and

             anemometer height (meters).

The only input required for receptors is the uniform height above
ground of the  receptors (in meters).

    Because the maximum concentration is directly proportional to
the  emission   rate  of  the  source, care should be exercised to
accurately determine  this  parameter.    The  mixing  height  and
ambient  air temperature should be representative of the vicinity
of  the source.

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                            SECTION 3

                    FEATURES AND LIMITATIONS


    As noted previously, PTPLU is an upgraded version of  program
PTMAX  released  in  mid-1973  (UNAMAP  Version  1).  Since then,
several larger models have been developed, such as CRSTER  (U. S.
Environmental  Protection Agency, 1977), RAM, and MPTER.  Certain
features of these  more  complex  models  suitable  for  detailed
screening  have  been  transferred  to PTPLU.  Hence, a number of
features not found in PTMAX are now available  in  PTPLU.   These
improvements are as follows:

        calculations using wind speeds at anemometer height
        and wind speeds extrapolated to stack top;

        optional gradual plume rise;

        optional stack downwash;

     •  optional buoyancy-induced dispersion;

        three modes of operation:  batch, interactive with a
        paper terminal, and interactive with a video display;

        input of anemometer height;

        input of mixing height;

        input of wind-profile exponents;

        calculations for any number of single sources in
        one run; and

        consideration of momentum-dominated as well as
        buoyancy-dominated plumes.

PTPLU  still  retains  some of the limitations of PTMAX, however.
Among these are the following:

        predetermined wind speeds,

        unsuitabi1ity for complex terrain,

        no consideration of building downwash,

                                  4

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        no provision for calculating the effect of multiple
        point sources,

     •   no consideration of fumigation, and

        no consideration of pollutant removal or chemical
        react i ons.  '

    The model is most applicable within  10  km  of  the  source.
Beyond   this  distance,  the  estimates  are  expected to be less
accurate,  due to mesoscale  influences  such  as  wind  direction
shear  with  height and changing meteorological conditions during
the time of transport.

    As  a screening  model,  PTPLU can be applied to single  sources
for the fo1lowi ng:

        monitor ing-network design,

        prevention  of significant deterioration,

        new source  review,

        fuel-conversion studies,

        control  technology evaluation, and

     •   combustion-source  permit applications.

    PTPLU is primarily  useful  in determining the maximum one-hour
concentration   from   a  point  source  and  the  meteorological
conditions associated with the maximum.   Maximum  concentrations
are  computed  for   49   different  combinations of wind speed and
stability.

    PTPLU can also  be used in  selecting  the  distances  used  as
input  into  the models CRSTER and MPTER for generation of polar
coordinate receptor arrays.

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                            SECTION 4

                      TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION


    PTPLU is a Gaussian plume dispersion model designed to screen
maximum concentrations from single point  sources.   Persons  not
familiar with Gaussian point source modeling techniques and plume
rise estimates are referred to Appendix A.

    PTPLU determines the distance to and the magnitude of maximum
concentrations  from  a  point source for 49 internally generated
combinations of wind speed and stability.  PTPLU  is based on  the
following modeling assumptions:

        the wind speed existing at stack top applies to both
        plume rise and dilution;

        plume rise is calculated using methods suggested by
        Briggs;

        the pollutant release is continuous at a  rate specified
        by the user;

        calculations are made as if the atmosphere has reached
        a steady-state condition; and

     •  for unstable and neutral conditions, complete eddy
        reflection is calculated both from the ground and from
        the stable layer aloft given by the mixing height.

    In calculating maximum concentrations, PTPLU  is much like the
PTMAX   algorithm  (Turner  and  Busse,  1973).   However,  PTPLU
calculates concentrations for  both  wind  speeds  constant  with
height and wind speeds extrapolated to stack top.  In addition to
the   user-supplied  wind-profile  exponents,  PTPLU  allows  for
optional calculations due to the effect of 1) gradual plume rise,
2) stack downwash, and 3) buoyancy-induced dispersion.   Any  one
of these processes can alter the distance or magnitude of maximum
concentration.   Thus,  the  user  is offered more flexibility in
screening analyses.

    The distance to maximum concentration  is  determined  by  an
iterative  sequential search.  For each combination of wind speed
and stability, the maximum  concentration  is  selected  from  16
fixed  distances  (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20,

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30, 40, 50, and 100 km).  This distance  then   becomes   the   start
for  the   iterative  search   for  the maximum.  Calculations  begin
with increments appropriate  to the  starting point   (+0.1  km  for
starting points 0.1-0.7 km,  +1 km for  starting points  1-7 km,  +10
km  for  starting  points  10-50   km,  and  -10  km  for  the  100-km
starting point).   Iterations  proceed back and  forth  in  one-tenth
increments  until  the  increment   reaches  one  meter.   If   the
distance of the maximum exceeds  100 km,  the search  ceases   and   a
warning message is printed.

    Figure  1   illustrates the technique used  to find  the maximum
concentration and  the distance to the  maximum.   In   the  initial
step,  a   concentration is calculated  sequentially  at  each  of  the
16 fixed distances  noted  above,   and   an  absolute  maximum   is
selected   from  the 16 values.   The chosen maximum  is  represented
by point 1 in Figure 1.  The  iterative search  begins  here, moving
from  right  to  left  in  fixed   increments   along   the    curve.
Concentrations  are  computed  using this increment  until a  lower
concentration is encountered.  At  this   point  the   direction   is
reversed   and   this point becomes  the  starting point  for the next
iteration, with a  new distance increment reduced by  an  order   of
magnitude  from  the previous one.  As indicated in  Figure  1,  the
next two iterations yield starting  points at points  3  and 4.  The
search for the absolute maximum  ceases   when   the   increment  has
been reduced to one meter.

    Gradual  plume  rise  (option   1)  is available  as  an optional
calculation in PTPLU.  Although  the  2/3  dependence   for   rising
plumes  determines average plume  height  with distance  quite well,
the dispersive processes  that   occur  during  buoyant  rise  are
thought to be different from  those  that  occur  during  steady-state
transport.   The   P-G  dispersion  parameters represent  horizontal
and vertical dispersion about a  horizontal plume,  which  may   or
may   not  be  appropriate   for   estimating  dispersion  about   a
bent-over  plume.   By making computations with  and without gradual
plume rise, identification of potentially high concentrations   is
possible.   When   gradual  rise  is  not employed, computations use
only the final effective plume height.

    Stack-top downwash (option 2)  can  be  considered   using  the
methods  of  Briggs.    In such an  analysis,  a  height  increment  is
deducted from the  physical height   before  momentum   or  buoyancy
rise  is   determined.   Use   of   this  option  primarily  affects
computations from  stacks having  small  ratios of exit  velocity   to
wind speed.

    Buoyancy-induced   dispersion   calculations  (option  3)  are
offered because emitted plumes undergo a certain amount of growth
during the plume rise  phase.   This   is  due  to   the  turbulent
motions  associated  with  conditions  of  plume  release and the
turbulent  entrainment of ambient   air.  During  the initial  growth
phases  of release, the plume is   assumed to be nearly symmetrical

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about its centerline; hence, the buoyancy-induced  dispersion   in
the  horizontal  direction  is  modeled  as  equal to that in the
vertical direction.  The contribution by buoyant  plume  rise   to
the total dispersion is small compared with the dispersion caused
by  atmospheric  turbulence.  The maximum effects on ground-level
concentrations occur for short heights of release  combined  with
large  plume  rise,  but, in general, buoyancy-induced dispersion
has little effect on maximum surface concentrations from elevated
re leases.

    To simulate increased wind speed with height, PTPLU  requires
the  input  of  wind-profile  exponents for each stability class.
With this feature,  maximum concentrations are computed  for  both
wind  speed  at  anemometer height and wind speed extrapolated  to
stack top.

    The  three  options  and  the  additional  calculations   for
extrapolated  wind  speeds  allow more flexibility and realism  in
identifying maximum concentrations.  When employing  PTPLU  as  a
screening  model for regulatory applications, the user is advised
to contact the regional meteorologist or modeling  contact  about
the proper specifications of options and wind-profile exponents..

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                            SECTION 5

                 PROGRAM OVERVIEW AND STRUCTURE
    PTPLU   may  be  run  either  in batch mode or interactively.
There are two interactive versions:   one  with  minimal  output,
quite  useful  for  terminals  using paper, and one with expanded
output useful for terminals with video display.

    The  interactive  version  consists  of  the  batch   version
(modified  to serve as a subroutine) and a set of subroutines for
preparing the input to the model.  The program is menu-driven  so
that  the  user  may  select for execution any one of a number of
routines.  Routines are available for entering or modifying   (any
number  of  times)  meteorology, receptor height, options, source
parameters, and run title.  The user may also  invoke a subroutine
to display the current input data.   After  the  data  have   been
prepared  in  this interactive manner, the model may be executed.
When  each  subroutine  has  finished  execution,  the  user   is
presented  with  the  original  menu.  The interactive session is
completed by selecting "END" on the menu.

    There are two versions of the interactive  routines within the
program, and the first action of the  user  is  to  select  which
version  is  to  be used.  One version produces unabridged output
with  full headings and data  descriptions.   The  other  produces
abridged  output  with  little  data description.  The unabridged
version  is designed for use with a visua1-display output  device.
In  such  an output medium, length of output has little effect on
running  time or cost.  The abridged  version is designed  for  use
with  a  hard-copy device, in which  case length of output affects
both  running time and cost.   In  addition,  the  output  of  the
unabridged  version  assists  a  new  user  by means of full  data
descriptions, whereas the abridged version is more useful  to  an
experienced  user  who  is  familiar  with  the  operation of the
program  and can work with abbreviated output.

    The  program contains default data,  which  serve  as  both   a
template  for the user and a built-in test data set.  The default
data  represent a  hypothetical  source   of  medium  height.   The
default  source  parameters  are  as follows:  source strength of
2750  g/s, physical stack height of 165  m,  exit  temperature  of
425 K,   exit velocity of 38 m/s, and inside stack diameter of 4.5
m.  The  remaining default data were  selected   as  being  typical.
All   options  default to 1 (use option).  Ambient air temperature

                                 10

-------
and mixing height default to  293 K  and  2000  m,  respectively.
Anemometer  height  is  taken  as  10  m.  Wind-profile exponents
default to 0.07, 0.07, 0.10, 0.15, 0.35, and 0.55   for  stability
Glasses  A -through F, respectively.  These values correspond  to a
roughness parameter of  0.03  m.   The  height  of  the   receptor
defaults to zero (ground  level).

    When  the   interactive  routines  are expecting numeric  input
from the user,  care must  be taken that data of  the  proper   type
are  entered.   The  entry  of alphabetic characters when numeric
data are expected can result in a FORTRAN error  and   termination
of  the program.  If this arrangement is not satisfactory,  it may
be  possible  to  add  a  routine  that  reads  numeric   data  as
alphanumeric  data,  checks  the  format of the input, and  either
converts the alphanumeric data to a number or produces  an   error
message  under  program control.  Alternatively, on many  systems,
the ERR= option of the FORTRAN language could be used  to  process
this error (the notable exception being IBM OS systems).

    The  subroutines of the model (PH, TPMX, PHX, RCON, and  PSIG)
are identical in the batch and interactive  versions.   The  main
routine of the  batch version has been transformed into subroutine
PTPLU  of  the  interactive  version.   The  conversion   involved
replacing  read  statements  with   subroutine   parameters   and
assignment  statements.   Also,  the  format  of  the  output was
modified for use with a 79-character visual display.  Aside   from
these  changes  of input and output, subroutine PTPLU is identical
to the main routine of the batch version.

PROGRAM MODULES

IPTPLU -- Main module of  the interactive version.   IPTPLU invokes
          either LPTPLU or SPTPLU depending on the  type of  output
          desired--long   form  for  CRT  runs,  short  form   for
          hard-copy terminals.

IPLDIS -- Prints model input parameters as currently available in
          memory.

IPLMET -- Allows substitution of meteorological parameters.

IPLOPT -- Allows changing of options.

IPLREC -- Allows changing of receptor height.

IPLSOR -- Allows modification of source parameters.

IPLTTL -- Provides  a way  to change the title.

LPTPLU -- Unabridged  interactive  version  of PTPLU.   Provides a
          menu-driven means to   prepare  input  and   execute  the
          mode 1.
                                 11

-------
PH     -- Calculates  specific  plume rise parameters for a given
          wind speed.

PHX    -- Calculates  gradual  plume  rise,  if  the  option    is
          employed.

PSIG   -- Calculates   the   lateral   and   vertical  dispersion
          parameters as a function of distance  from  the  source
          and stabi1i ty class.

PTPLU  -- Main  module  of  the batch version and a subroutine of
          the interactive version.  PTPLU  produces  all  printed
          output  (input  parameters,  calculated parameters, and
          output tables), calculates the plume rise as a function
          of wind speed, and controls the input to TPMX in  order
          to produce the maximum concentration tables.

RCON   -- Calculates  the  relative  concentration (concentration
          divided by  source  strength)  under  a  given  set  of
          conditions (solves the appropriate Gaussian equation).

SPLDIS -- Abridged display of interactive input data.

SPLMET -- Abridged  modification  of  interactive  meteorological
          data.

SPLOPT -- Abridged modification of interactive options.

SPLREC -- Abridged modification of receptor height.

SPLSOR -- Abridged modification of source data.

SPLTTL -- Abridged modification of run title.

SPTPLU -- Abridged interactive  version  of  PTPLU.   Provides  a
          terse  menu-driven  means  to prepare input and execute
          the mode 1 .

TPMX   -- Searches for the distance to the maximum  concentration
          by  calling RCON,  first at a set of fixed distances and
          then at incremental distances.


    Figure 2 shows the structure of the batch version of PTPLU.
                                 12

-------
      PTPLU
      EXIT
             READ   AND  CHECK  INPUT  DATA




             CALCULATE  PORTIONS  OF  PLUME RISE




             LOOP  FOR  EACH STABILITY




             LOOP  FOR CONSTANT WIND SPEEDS  WITH  HEIGHT




                PH




                TPMX




                    -   PHX




                    -   RCON




                         '	  PSIG



             ADD  CAUTIONARY  LABELS








             LOOP  FOR WIND SPEEDS VARYING WITH HEIGHT




                PH




                TPMX




                    —   PHX




                    —   RCON




                         I	  PSIG




             ADD CAUTIONARY  LABELS
             WRITE  OUTPUT
Figure  2.   Structure of  batch version  of  PTPLU,
                        13

-------
                            SECTION 6

                     INPUT DATA PREPARATION
    Table 1 (below) applies to input preparation  for  the  batch
execution  mode.  Data requirements are identical to those of the
interactive mode.  Data fields follow a free form (i.e., they are
separated by commas).  The  input  data  should  conform  to  the
variable-name type.  That is,  decimals should be included for all
values corresponding to real variables.
Record
 type
                TABLE 1.  RECORD INPUT SEQUENCE*
Var iable
  name
Variable description
  1        IOPT(1)     Gradual plume rise option
           IOPT(2)     Stack downwash option
           IOPT(3)     Buoyancy-induced dispersion option
                       (1 = use option, 0 = do not use option)
           T           Ambient air temperature (kelvin)
                       (default value is 293 K)
           HL          Mixing height (meters)
           Z           Receptor's elevation above ground (meters)

  2        HANE        Anemometer height (meters)
           PL          Wind-profile exponents (6 values)

  3        ALP         80-character title

  4        Q           Source strength (grams per second)
           HP          Physical stack height (meters)
           TS          Stack gas temperature (kelvin)
           VS          Stack gas velocity (meters per second)
           D           Stack diameter (meters)
  Record Types
  t imes .
     3 and 4 may be repeated (as a pair) any  number of
    When  one  of  the
entered by the user in
The  same  parameters
vers i ons.
             interactive versions
             response to requests
             are required for the
                     is used, the data are
                      from  the   program.
                     batch and interactive
                                 14

-------
                            SECTION 7

             EXECUTION OF THE MODEL AND SAMPLE TEST
    PTPLU produces an error-free compile on IBM  MVS  and  Univac
EXEC  8  computers.    Execution  results are comparable to within
0.2% for these two systems.   The program can also be used in mini
and microcomputers having  comparable  accuracy.    A  sample  job
stream for the batch version is presented below.
                           i
                            END  OF  JOB
                                               7
                       INPUT  RECORDS
UNIT 5
                               DATA
                   UNIT  6
        PRINTER
                EXECUTE  PTPLU
             'JOB  CARD
     Figure  3.   Sample  job  stream for  batch  version  of  PTPLU.
                                 15

-------
    Test data for the batch version are as follows:

     0,1,1,278. ,1500. ,2.
     7.,.07,.07,.10,.15 , .35 , .55
     PTPLU EXAMPLE RUN  - INPUT BY T. PIERCE  12/29/80
     1000. ,200.,450. ,20.,5.

    A  job  stream  for  a  Univac  EXEC  8 system might have the
fo1lowi ng form:

     @RUN,R/R JOB-ID,ETC
     @ASG,A MODELS*LOAD.
     @XQT MODELS*LOAD.PTPLU
     (input records shown above)
     aFiN

    The following is  a  sample job stream for an IBM system  under
OS or MVS:

     //JOBID    JOB  (PROJ,ACCT,OTHER),CLASS=A,TIME=1
     //XPTPLU   EXEC PGM=PTPLU,TIME=(,05)
     //STEPLIB  DD   DSN=USER.MODELS.LOAD,DISP=SHR
     //FT06F001 DD   SYSOUT=A
     //FT05F001 DD   *
     (input records shown above)
     /*
     //

    A  sample  job  stream  for a CDC  system under Scope 3.14 may
look as fo1 lows:

     XX,T05,P4.
     USER,HALE,EPA.
     PROJECT,*PRJ*XX.
     ATTACH,LIB,MODELSLIB,ID=XX.
     LIBRARY,LIB.
     PTPLU.
     *
     (input records shown above)
     *
    A schematic  illustrating  the various  sections
output resulting  from  the batch version  is   shown
Model  outputs   include  a heading  (A  in  Figure
the program name  and
              Sec t i on
              buoyancy
                           of the two-page
                            in  F igure  4.
            (A in Figure 4) that indicates
source.   Section  B  displays  the  input
C  gives two calculated values, volumetric
 flux  parameter  used  for  plume   rise.
parameters.
flow and the
Section D contains the output, with results for the assumption of
constant  wind  speed  with  height  on  the  left  and those for
extrapolated wind speed with  height  on  the  right.   For  each
combination   of   wind   speed   and   stability,   the  maximum
concentration,  the  distance  of  the  maximum,  and  the  plume

                                 16

-------
effective  height at  this
qualifying footnotes  that
Figure 5 gives  the batch run
distance are given.  Section E contains
may  be  referred  to   in   section  D.
   output of the sample test.
                        as.:;  n
                                                     (B)
         Figure  4.   Schematic of batch output of PTPLU.
    In  the  interactive version, a sample test is built  into  the
program.  The only step involved in running the  sample   test   is
selecting  "RUN"  from  the main menu.  The output resulting from
the unabridged interactive version using this built-in test  data
set is given in Figure 6, where, as illustration, all interactive
options  are exercised.  Users may verify the proper execution  of
the program by comparing their results with those given in Figure
6.
                                 17

-------
                     riTi.u (VLHSION  aiojb)
                     AN IMI'llOVLI) POINT SOUIM'L SCREENING MODEL
                     MODI F 1 Ell I1Y:  JOt CATALANO AND FRANK IIAI.E
                     AEHOOOMP,  INC.  -  INPUT PARAMETERS«<
              PTPI.U EXAMPLE HUN  - INPUT UY T. PIERCE  12/29/80
 •'•OPTIONS** *
 If -  I,  USt OPTION
 IF ^  0,  IGNORE OPTION
 IOPTI I )  -  0  (OHAD PLUME RISE)
 IOI'I'(2)  -  1  (STACK DOWNWASII)
 IOPTU)  =  1  (BUOY. INDUCED DISP. )
••-METEOROLOGY*••
AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE
MIXING HEIGHT
ANEMOMETER HEIGHT
WIND PROFILE EXPONENTS
    278.00  (K)
=  1500.00  (M)
      7.00  (M)
= A:0.07, B-.0.07, C:0. 10
  DsO.15, E:0.3S, F:0.55
"•RECEPTOR  IIEK1IIT"*
                           2.00 (M)
 VOI.UMtTKIC  H.OIV  -   JS2.70 (M**J/SEC)
                                             »CALCULATED PARAMETERS<«
                                               BUOYANCY FLUX PARAMETER =
•••SOURCE*"
EMISSION RATE -
STACK HEIGHT   -
EXIT TEMP.
EXIT VELOCITY =
STACK D1AM.
1000.00  (G/SEC)
 200.00  (M)
 450.00  (K)
  20.00  (M/SEC)
   5.00  (M)
                                                                           468.52  (M"4/SEC"3)
 PIPI.U LXAMI'Lfc  RUN  -  INPUT BY T.  PIERCE   12/29/80
 STABILITY
                   ••••WINDS CONSTANT WITH HEIGHT*"*
            WIND SPEED   MAX CONC   DIST OF MAX    PLUME HT

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(M/SbC)
0.50
0.80
1 .00
1 .50
2.00
2.50
3.00
(G/CU M)
O.OOOOE'OO
.OOOOE'OO
.OOOOE'OO
.9137E-04
.3549E-04
.1038E-04
3.1729E-04
(KM)
0.000
0.000
0.000
1 .664
1.551
1 .294
1.154
(M)
3299.5(2)
2137.2(2)
1749.7(2)
1233.2(2)
974.9(2)
819. «(2)
716.6(2)
"••WINDS CONSTANT WITH HEIGHT**"
STABILITY

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
WIND SPEED
(M/SbC)
0.50
0.80
1 .00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
4.00
5.00
MAX CONC
(U/CU M)
O.OOOOE'OO
O.OOOOE'OO
O.OOOOE'OO
.5562E-04
.3268E-04
.3650E-04
.4472E-04
.5571E-04
.6101E-04
DIST OF MAX
(KM)
0.000
0.000
0.000
7.764
6.175
4.679
4.092
3.428
3.025
PLUME HT
(M)
3299.5(2)
2137.2(2)
1749.7(2)
1233.2(2)
974.9(2)
819.9(2)
716.6(2)
587.4(2)
509.9(2)
••"WINDS CONSTANT WITH HEIGHT""
STABILITY

3
J
3
3
3
3
J
3
3
WIND SPEED
(M/SEC)
2.00
2.50
3.00
4.00
5.00
7.00
10.00
12.00
15.00
MAX CONC
(G/CU M)
8.2078E-05
B.BJaUt-Oi
9.5617E-05
1.0570E-C4
1 . 1146E-04
1.I556E-04
1.1311E-04
1 .0928E-04
1.0373E-04
DIST OF MAX
(KM)
14.653
11.061
9.533
7.759
6.696
5.499
4.602
4.259
3.886
PLUME HT
(M)
974.9(2)
819.9(2)
716.6(2)
587.4(2)
509.9(2)
421 .4(2)
355.0(2)
329.1(2)
301 .6(2)
STACK TOP WINDS (EXTRAPOLATED FROM 7
WIND SPEED MAX CONC
(M/SEC) (G/CU M)
0.63 O.OOOOE'OO
1.01 O.OOOOE'OO
1.'26 4.2626E-04
1.90 3.4502E-04
2.53 3.I034E-04
3.16 3.2021E-04
3.79 3.2851E-04
DIST OF MAX
(KM)
0.000
0.000
.693
.582
.280
.130
.059
STACK TOP WINDS (EXTRAPOLATED FROM 7
WIND SPEED MAX CONC
(M/SEC) (G/CU M)
0.63 O.OOOOE'OO
1.01 O.OOOOE'OO
1.26 .7943E-04
1.90 .3483E-04
2.53 .3700E-04
3.16 .4700E-04
3.79 .5400E-04
5.06 .6120E-04
6.32 .6291E-04
DIST OF MAX
(KM)
0.000
0.000
8.001
6.628
4.634
3.957
3.535
3.006
2.684
STACK TOP WINDS (EXTRAPOLATED FROM 7
WIND SPEED MAX CONC
(M/SEC) (G/CU M)
2.80 9.2853E-05
3.50 I.0128E-04
4.19 1.0710E-04
5.59 1.1349E-04
6.99 .1555E-04
9.79 .I345E-04
13.98 .0538E-04
16.78 .0068E-04
20.97 .3312E-05
DIST OF MAX
(KM)
10.070
8.512
7.513
6.251
5.501
4.648
3.999
3.716
3.435
0 METERS)****
PLUME HT
(M)
2651.2(2)
1732.0(2)
1425.6(2)
1017.1(2)
812.8(2)
690.2(2)
608.5(2)
0 METERS)****
PLUME HT
(M)
2651 .2(2)
1732.0(2)
1425.6(2)
1017. 1(2)
812.8(2)
690.2(2)
608.5(2)
506.4(2)
445.1(2)
0 METERS)*"*
PLUME HT
(M)
754.2(2)
643.3(2)
569.4(2)
477.1(2)
421.7(2)
358.3(2)
310.1(2)
289.3(2)
268.4(2)
                            Figure   5.     Batch   output  of  PTPLU.

-------
••••WINDS CONSTANT WITH HEIGHT""
5 1 AH 1 1.1 IY

4
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
t
4
4
4
WIND SI'!. 1.11
(M/SLC)
11 50
0.80
1 .00
1 .50
2.00
2.50
3.00
4 00
5 00
7.00
10.00
12.00
15.00
20.00


0
0
0
9
9
1
1
2
2
3
}
J
3
3
MAX CONC
((i/CU M)
.OOOOE'OO
.OOOOEtOO
.OOOOEtOO
.9990E»09
.9990E'09
.6235E-05
.9170E-05
.4067E-05
.780IE-05
.2S4IE-05
.4767E-05
.4927E-05
.47I8E-05
.3S89E-05
DIST OK MAX
(KM)
0.000
0.000
0.000
999.999(3)
999.999(3)
91 .619
71.819
50.S8I
39.291
29.980
22.760
20.120
17.431
14.690
PLUME HT
(M)
1299.5(2)
2117 .2(2)
1 7 19 . 7 ( 2 )
1211.2(2)
974.9(2)
819.9(2)
716.6(2)
587.4(2)
509.9(2)
421.4(2)
355.0(2)
329.1(2)
101 .6(2)
272.5(2)
••••WINDS CONSTANT WITH HEIGHT"**
SI'AUILITY

5
5
5
5
5
WIND SPL'ED
(M/SLC)
2.00
2 50
1.00
4.00
5.00


3
3
3
2.
2.
MAX CONC
Ui/CU M)
.9085E-05
.S456E-05
.2630E-05
.844IE-05
.5432E-05
DIST OF MAX
(KM)
88.920(1)
80.118(1)
74.220
65.981
60.182
PLUME HT
(M)
180.0(2)
367.1(2)
1S7 .1(2)
142.9(2)
112.7(2)
••••WINDS CONSTANT WITH HEIGHT****
STABILITY

b
6
6
6
6
WIN!) SPEED
(M/SEC)
2.00
2.50
3.00
4.00
5.00


9.
9
9.
9
9.
MAX CONC
(G/CU M)
,9990E*09
.9990EI09
.9990E>09
,9990E>09
,9990E>09
O1ST OF MAX
(KM)
999.999(1)
999.999(3)
999.999(1)
999.999(1)
999.999(1)
PLUME HT
(M)
349.4(2)
118.7(2)
330.5(2)
318.6(2)
310.1(2)
••••STACK TOP WINDS (EXTRAPOLATED FROM 7
WIND SPEED
(M/SEC)
0.83
1.32
1.65
2.48
3.31
4.11
4.96
6.61
8.27
11 .57
16.51
19.84
24.80
31.07
MAX CONC
(O/CU M)
0. OOOOE<00
9.9990E<09
9.9990E«09
1.6I12E-05
2.0808E-05
2.4628E-05
2.7671E-05
1. 1917E-05
1.3882E-05
3.4949E-05
1.4511E-05
1.1640E-OS
3. 1826E-05
2.8586E-OS
DIST OF MAX
(KM)
0.000
999.999(1)
999.999(1)
92.609
63.590
48.590
39.601
30.000
26.220
20.591
16.401
14.770
11.201
11.691
••••STACK TOP WINDS (EXTRAPOLATED FKOM 7
WIND SPEED
(M/SEC)
6.47
8.08
9.70
12.91
16.16
MAX CONC
(G/CU M)
2.2232E-05
1.9687E-05
1.7767E-05
1.S021E-05
1 .3611E-05
DIST OF MAX
(KM)
54.680
50.490
47.282
42.942
40.000
••••STACK TOP WINDS (EXTRAPOLATED FROM 7
WIND SPEED
(M/SEC)
12.64
15.80
18.96
25.28
11 .60
MAX CONC
(G/CU M)
9.9990E«09
9.9990E«09
9.9990E*09
9.9990E»09
9.9990E+09
DIST OF MAX
(KM)
999.999(1)
999.999(1)
999.999(1)
999.999(1)
999.999(1)
. 0 METERS)""
PLUME HT
(M)
2074.6(2)
1371 .6(2)
1117.1(2)
824.9(2)
668.6(2)
574.9(2)
512.4(2)
434.3(2)
38T.5I2)
133.9(2)
290.8(2)
271.2(2)
255.5(2)
217.9(2)
.0 METERS)**"
PLUME HT
(M)
121.8(2)
113.0(2)
306.4(2)
296.6(2)
287.1(2)
.0 METERS)""
PLUME HT
(M)
280.8(2)
272.7(2)
266. 1(2)
257.0(2)
250.9(2)
(1)  HIE DISTANCE TO THE POINT OF MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION  IS SO OREAT THAT THE SAME STABILITY  IS NOT LIKELY
       TO PLKSIbT I.ONO ENOUGH FOR THE PLUME TO TRAVEL  THIS FAR.

(2)  Till. HI.UllL IS CALCULATED TO HE AT A HEIGHT WHERE CARE SHOULD BE USED IN INTERPRETING THE COMPUTATION.

(J)  NO COMPUTATION WAS ATTEMPTED FOR THIS HEIGHT AS THE POINT OF MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION  IS GREATER THAN  100 KILOMETERS
       FROM THE SOURCE
                                   Figure  5.     (continued)

-------
     DO YOU WISH TO USE THE  ABRIDGED VERSION?
    NO

              IPTPLU -  IMPROVED  POINT SOURCE SCREENING MODEL - VERSION 81035
              THE INTERACTIVE  VERSION OF PTPLU DEVELOPED UNDER CONTRACT BY
              AEROCOMP, INC. - COSTA MESA, CA     FOR THE
              ENVIRONMENTAL  OPERATIONS BRANCH, EPA

      1 CHANGE OPTIONS
      2 CHANGE METEOROLOGY
      3 CHANGE RECEPTOR ELEVATION
      4 CHANGE SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS
      5 CHANGE TITLE
      6 DISPLAY INPUT DATA
      7 RUN
      8 END

     ENTER SELECTION (1,2,3,4,5,6,7 OR 8)
    1

     PRESENT OPTIONS ARE:
      1  COMPUTE GRADUAL RISE
      2  COMPUTE DOWNWASH
      3  COMPUTE BUOYANCY INDUCED DISPERSION

     CHANGE WHICH OPTION?  (4 TO  DISPLAY; 5 TO RETURN TO MENU)
    5

      1 CHANGE OPTIONS
      2 CHANGE METEOROLOGY
      3 CHANGE RECEPTOR ELEVATION
      4 CHANGE SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS
      5 CHANGE TITLE
      6 DISPLAY INPUT DATA
      7 RUN
      8 END

     ENTER SELECTION (1,2,3,4,5,6,7 OR 8)
    2

     PRESENT METEOROLOGY:
       1  AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE (K): 293.0
       2  MIXING HEIGHT (M):   2000.0
       3  ANEMOMETER HEIGHT  (M):  10.0
       4  WIND PROFILE  EXPONENTS:
           0.07 0.07 0.10  0.15  0.35 0.55

     CHANGE WHICH ITEM? (5 TO  DISPLAY; 6 TO RETURN TO MENU)
    1
     ENTER NEW AIR TEMPERATURE (K):
    293. 0

     CHANGE WHICH ITEM? (5 TO  DISPLAY; 6 TO RETURN TO MENU)
    2
Figure  6.   Output  of  unabridged  interactive  version of PTPLU.
                                     20

-------
 ENTER NEW MIXING HEIGHT (M):
2080.0

 CHANGE WHICH ITEM?  (5  TO DISPLAY;  6  TO  RETURN  TO MENU)
3
 ENTER NEW ANEMOMETER HEIGHT  (M):
10.0

 CHANGE WHICH ITEM?  (5  TO DISPLAY;  6  TO  RETURN  TO MENU)
4
 ENTER NEW WIND PROFILE EXPONENTS  (SIX):
 07,.07,.10,. 15, .35,.55

 CHANGE WHICH ITEM?  (5  TO DISPLAY;  6  TO  RETURN  TO MENU)
5

 PRESENT METEOROLOGY:
   1  AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE  (K):  293.0
   2  MIXING  HEIGHT  (M):   2000.0
   3  ANEMOMETER HEIGHT (M):   10.0
   4  WIND PROFILE EXPONENTS:
       0.07 0.07  0.10 0.15 0.35  0.55

 CHANGE WHICH ITEM?  (5  TO DISPLAY;  6  TO  RETURN  TO MENU)
6

  1 CHANGE OPTIONS
  2 CHANGE METEOROLOGY
  3 CHANGE RECEPTOR  ELEVATION
  4 CHANGE SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS
  5 CHANGE TITLE
  6 DISPLAY INPUT DATA
  7 RUN
  8 END

 ENTER SELECTION (1,2,3,4,5,6,7 OR  8)
3

 PRESENT HEIGHT OF RECEPTORS  IS  (M):     0.0
 ENTER NEW RECEPTOR  HEIGHT (M)
0.0

  1 CHANGE OPTIONS
  2 CHANGE METEOROLOGY
  3 CHANGE RECEPTOR  ELEVATION
  4 CHANGE SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS
  5 CHANGE TITLE
  6 DISPLAY INPUT DATA
  7 RUN
  8 END

 ENTER SELECTION (1,2,3,4,5,6,7 OR  8)
4
              Figure  6.   (continued)
                           21

-------
 PRESENT SOURCE  CHARACTERISTICS ARE:
   1   SOURCE STRENGTH  (G/SEC):  2750.0
   2   PHYSICAL HEIGHT  OF  STACK  (M):   165.0
   3   STACK GAS  TEMPERATURE  (K):  425.0
   4   STACK GAS  VELOCITY  (M/SEC):   38.0
   5   INSIDE STACK  DIAMETER  (M):   4.5

 CHANGE WHICH CHARACTERISTIC?  (6  TO DISPLAY;  7 TO RETURN)
1
 ENTER NEW SOURCE STRENGTH  (G/SEC):
2750.0

 CHANGE WHICH CHARACTERISTIC?  (6  TO DISPLAY;  7 TO RETURN)
2
 ENTER NEW PHYSICAL STACK HEIGHT  (M):
165.0

 CHANGE WHICH CHARACTERISTIC?  (6  TO DISPLAY;  7 TO RETURN)
3
 ENTER NEW STACK GAS TEMPERATURE  (K):
425.0

 CHANGE WHICH CHARACTERISTIC?  (6  TO DISPLAY;  7 TO RETURN)
4
 ENTER NEW STACK GAS VELOCITY  (M/SEC):
38.0

 CHANGE WHICH CHARACTERISTIC?  (6  TO DISPLAY;  7 TO RETURN)
5
 ENTER NEW INSIDE STACK DIAMETER  (M):
4.50

 CHANGE WHICH CHARACTERISTIC?  (6  TO DISPLAY;  7 TO RETURN)
6

 PRESENT SOURCE  CHARACTERISTICS ARE:
   1   SOURCE STRENGTH  (G/SEC):  2750.0
   2   PHYSICAL HEIGHT  OF  STACK  (M):   165.0
   3   STACK GAS  TEMPERATURE  (K):  425.0
   4   STACK GAS  VELOCITY  (M/SEC):   38.0
   5   INSIDE STACK  DIAMETER  (M):   4.5

 CHANGE WHICH CHARACTERISTIC?  (6  TO DISPLAY;  7 TO RETURN)
7

  1 CHANGE OPTIONS
  2 CHANGE METEOROLOGY
  3 CHANGE RECEPTOR ELEVATION
  4 CHANGE SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS
  5 CHANGE TITLE
  6 DISPLAY INPUT DATA
  7 RUN
  8 END
               Figure  6.    (continued)
                            22

-------
 ENTER SELECTION (1,2,3,4,5,6,7 OR 8)
5

 PRESENT TITLE IS:
 *** TEST OF PTPLU «**
 CHANGE TO: (NOT MORE THAN 60 CHARACTERS)
DEMONSTRATION OF INTERACTIVE SESSION SUBMITTED BY T.  CHICO

  1 CHANGE OPTIONS
  2 CHANGE METEOROLOGY
  3 CHANGE RECEPTOR ELEVATION
  4 CHANGE SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS
  5 CHANGE TITLE
  6 DISPLAY INPUT DATA
  7 RUN
  8 END

 ENTER SELECTION (1,2,3,4,5,6,7 OR 8)
6

 CURRENT INPUT DATA:

    OPTIONS:
       COMPUTE GRADUAL RISE
       COMPUTE DOWNWASH
       COMPUTE BUOYANCY INDUCED DISPERSION
    METEOROLOGY:
       AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE (K):  293.0
       MIXING HEIGHT (M):   2000.0
       ANEMOMETER HEIGHT (M):   10.0
       WIND PROFILE EXPONENTS:  0.07 0.07  0.10 0.15  0.35  0.55
    RECEPTOR HEIGHT (M):    0.0
    SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS:
       SOURCE STRENGTH (G/SEC):  2750.0
       PHYSICAL HEIGHT OF  STACK (M):  165.0
       STACK GAS TEMPERATURE (K): 425.0
       STACK GAS VELOCITY  (M/SEC):   38.0
       INSIDE STACK DIAMETER (M):  4.5
    TITLE:
       DEMONSTRATION OF INTERACTIVE  SESSION  SUBMITTED BY  T.  CHICO

 ENTER M TO RETURN TO MENU
M

  1 CHANGE OPTIONS
  2 CHANGE METEOROLOGY
  3 CHANGE RECEPTOR ELEVATION
  4 CHANGE SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS
  5 CHANGE TITLE
  6 DISPLAY INPUT DATA
  7 RUN
  8 END

 ENTER SELECTION (1,2,3,4,5,6,7 OR 8)
7
               Figure  6.    (continued)
                           23

-------
PTPLU -- IMPROVED MODEL FOR SCREENING MAXIMUM CONCENTRATIONS  --  VERSION  81035

***TITLE***
DEMONSTRATION OF INTERACTIVE SESSION SUBMITTED BY T.  CHICO

"•OPTIONS***
IF = 1,  USE OPTION
IF = 0,  IGNORE OPTION
IOPTU)  = 1  (GRAD PLUME RISE)
IOPT(2)  = 1  (STACK DOWNWASH)
IOPT(3)  = 1  (BUOY. INDUCED DISP.)
**'METEOROLOGY***
AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE
MIXING HEIGHT
ANEMOMETER HEIGHT
WIND PROFILE EXPONENTS
 "•RECEPTOR HEIGHT"
           293.00  (K)
          2000.00  (M)
            10.00  (M)
         A:0.07,  B:0.07,
C:0.10
                          D:0. 15 ,  E:0.35 ,  F-.0.55

                              0.00 (M)
**'SOURCE***
EMISSION RATE =
STACK HEIGHT  =
EXIT TEMP.
EXIT VELOCITY =
STACK DIAM.
2750.00  (G/SEC)
 165.00  (M)
 425.00  (K)
  38.00  (M/SEC)
   4.50  (M)
»CALCULATED PARAMETERS<«

VOLUMETRIC FLOW =   604.36 (M**3/SEC)
BUOYANCY FLUX PARAMETER =   585.91 (M«*4/SEC**3)
DEMONSTRATION OF INTERACTIVE SESSION SUBMITTED BY T.  CHICO

****WINDS CONSTANT WITH HEIGHT****
STABILITY

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
****STACK
STAB I L I TY

1
WIND SPEED
(M/SEC)
0.50
0.80
1 .00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
MAX CONC
(G/CU M)
O.OOOOE+00
O.OOOOE+QO
8.5341E-04
7 .2139E-04
8.1207E-04
9.7610E-04
1 .0968E-03
TOP WINDS (EXTRAPOLATED
WIND SPEED
(M/SEC)
0.61
MAX CONC
(G/CU M)
O.OOOOE+00
DIST OF MAX
(KM)
0. 000
0.000
1.971
1 .839
1. 152
1 .042
0.967
PLUME HT
(M)
2276.0(2)
2380.3(2)
1937 .2(2)
1346.5(2)
900.2(2)
715.1(2)
601.1(2)
FROM 10.0 METERS ) * * * *
DIST OF MAX
(KM)
0.000
PLUME HT
(M)
2365.5(2)
                      Figure  6.   (continued)
                                   24

-------
1
1
1
1
1
1
*»**WINDS
STABILITY

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
****STACK
STABILITY

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
****WINDS
STABILITY

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
****STACK
STABILITY

3
3
3
3
3
0.97
1.22
1.83
2.43
3.04
3.65
CONSTANT WITH
WIND SPEED
(M/SEC)
0.50
0.80
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
4.00
5.00
8.6173E-04
7.9007E-04
7.4371E-04
9.5698E-04
1.1053E-03
1.2024E-03
HEIGHT****
MAX CONC
(G/CU M)
O.OOOOE+00
O.OOOOE+00
3.6782E-04
2.7921E-04
2.9739E-04
3.3243E-04
3.6094E-04
4.0207E-04
4.2822E-04
TOP WINDS (EXTRAPOLATED
WIND SPEED
(M/SEC)
0.61
0.97
1.22
1.83
2.43
3.04
3.65
4.87
6.08
CONSTANT WITH
WIND SPEED
(M/SEC)
2.00
2.50
3.00
4.00
5.00
7.00
10.00
12.00
15 .00
MAX CONC
(G/CU M)
O.OOOOE+00
3.7696E-04
3. 1362E-04
2 .8484E-04
3.2815E-04
3.6306E-04
3.8972E-04
4.2541E-04
4.4524E-04
HEIGHT****
MAX CONC
(G/CU M)
1.8735E-04
2.1485E-04
2.3785E-04
2.7289E-04
2.9702E-04
3.2415E-04
3.3578E-04
3 .3386E-04
3. 2435E-04
TOP WINDS (EXTRAPOLATED
WIND SPEED
(M/SEC)
2.65
3.31
3. 97
5.29
6 .62
MAX CONC
(G/CU M)
2.2207E-04
2.5008E-04
2.7203E-04
3.0253E-04
3.2060E-04
1.974
1.931
1.205
1.054
0.962
0.899

DIST OF MAX
(KM)
0.000
0.000
10.381
8.514
5.786
4.858
4.264
3.511
3.053
FROM 10.0 METERS
DIST OF MAX
(KM)
0.000
10.369
10.025
6.337
4. 954
4.222
3.728
3.103
2.723

DIST OF MAX
(KM)
14.212
11.631
9.980
7.956
6.750
5.389
4.380
3.990
3 .599
1985.6(2)
1621.5(2)
995.2(2)
734.4(2)
593.6(2)
506.4(2)

PLUME HT
(M)
2276.0(2)
2380.3(2)
1937 .2(2)
1346.5(2)
1051. 1(2)
873.9(2)
755.7(2)
608. 1(2)
519.4(2)
) * * * *
PLUME HT
(M)
2365 .5(2)
1985.6(2)
1621.5(2)
1136.0(2)
893.2(2)
747.6(2)
650.5(2)
529.1(2)
456.3(2)

PLUME HT
(M)
1051. 1(2)
873.9(2)
755.7(2)
608. 1(2 )
519.4(2)
418.2(2)
342.2(2)
312.7(2)
283. 1(2)
FROM 10.0 METERS ) * * * *
DIST OF MAX
(KM)
11 .084
9 .217
7 .996
6.483
5.582
PLUME HT
(M)
834.5(2)
700.6(2)
611.3(2)
499 .7(2)
432.8(2)
Figure 6.  (continued)
          25

-------
                9.27
               13.24
               15.88
               19.85
                        3.3497E-04
                        3.3062E-04
                        3.2074E-04
                        3.0259E-04
 4.565
 3.806
 3.513
 3.218
             356.3(2)
             298.9(2)
             276.6(2)
             254.3(2)
****WINDS CONSTANT WITH HEIGHT****
STABILITY   WIND SPEED
              (M/SEC)
                0.50
                0.80
                  00
                  50
                  00
                2.50
                3.
                4.
                5.
                7.
                 .00
                 .00
                 .00
                 .00
               10.00
               12.00
               15.00
               20.00
MAX CONC
(G/CU M)
0
0
9
9
9
3
4
6
7
9
1
1
1
1
.OOOOE+00
.OOOOE+00
.9990E+09
.9990E+09
.9990E+09
.8419E-05
.6683E-05
.1618E-05
.4276E-05
.2719E-05
.0637E-04
.1080E-04
.1334E-04
.1179E-04
DIST OF MAX
(KM)
0.
0.
999.
999.
999.
99.
76.
51.
38.
28.
20.
17 .
15.
12.
000
000
999(3)
999(3)
999(3)
338
209
671
990
710
774
950
293
771
PLUME HT
(M)
2276
2380
1937
1346
1051
873
755
608
519
418
342
312
283
253
.0(2
• 3(
.2(
.5(
.!(
.9(
.7(
.!(
.4(
.2(
.2(
.7(
.!(
.6(
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
                                  FROM  10.0 METERS)****
****STACK TOP WINDS (EXTRAPOLATED
STABILITY   WIND SPEED
              (M/SEC)
   4            0.76
   4            1.22
   4            1.52
   4            2.28
   4            3.05
   4            3.81
   4            4.57
   4            6.09
   4            7.61
   4           10.66
   4           15.23
   4           18.27
   4           22.84
   4           30.45

****WINDS CONSTANT WITH HEIGHT*"**
STABILITY   WIND SPEED   MAX CONC   DIST OF MAX


0
9
9
9
4
5
6
8
9
1
1
1
1
1
MAX CONC
(G/CU M)
.OOOOE+00
.9990E+09
.9990E+09
.9990E+09
.7410E-05
.8910E-05
.9087E-05
.5636E-05
.6420E-05
.0815E-04
.1339E-04
.1285E-04
.0937E-04
.0377E-04
DIST OF MAX
(KM)
0
999
999
999
74
55
43
30
26
19
15
13
11
10
.000
.999(3)
.999(3)
.999(3)
.688
.160
.631
.961
.493
.710
.131
.470
.871
.150
PLUME HT
(M)
2492
1619
1328
940
746
630
553
456
397
331
281
262
242
220
.7(2)
.8(2)
.9(2)
.9(2)
.9(2)
.5(2)
.0(2)
.0(2)
.8(2)
.3(2)
.4(2)
.0(2)
.6(2)
.9(2)
              (M/SEC)
                2.00
                2.50
                3.00
                4.00
                5.00
                         (G/CU  M)
                        1.3457E-04
                        1.2444E-04
                        1.1633E-04
                        1.0392E-04
                        9.4705E-05
 (KM)
68.893(1)
61 .581
  .252
  .083
56.
49 .
                                       44.291
PLUME HT
   (M)
 362.4(2)
 348.2(2)
 337.4(2)
 321.7(2)
 310.4(2)
****STACK TOP WINDS (EXTRAPOLATED FROM  10.0 METERS)****
STABILITY   WIND SPEED   MAX CONC   DIST OF MAX     PLUME  HT
              (M/SEC)     (G/CU M)        (KM)           (M)
   5            5.34    9.2100E-05     42.981        307.3(2)
               Figure  6.    (continued)
                           26

-------
                 6.67
                 8.00
                10.67
                13.34
                         8.3409E-05
                         7.6437E-05
                         6.5760E-05
                         5.7935E-05
40.000
40.000
40.000
39.984
297 .1(2)
289.3(2)
278.0(2)
269.9(2)
 ****WINDS CONSTANT WITH  HEIGHT****
 STABILITY   WIND SPEED
               (M/SEC)
                   00
                   50
                   00
                   00
                 5.00
MAX CONC
(G/CU M)
9.9990E+09
9.9990E+09
9.9990E+09
9.9990E+09
9.9990E+09
DIST OF MAX
(KM)
999.999(3)
999.999(3)
999.999(3)
999.999(3)
999.999(3)
PLUME HT
(M)
328.8(2)
317.1(2)
308. 1(2)
295.0(2)
285.7(2)
 ****STACK TOP WINDS  (EXTRAPOLATED FROM   10.0 METERS)****
STABILITY

6
6
6
6
6
WIND SPEED
(M/SEC)
9.35
11 .68
14.02
18.69
23.37
MAX CONC
(G/CU M)
9.9990E+09
9.9990E+09
9.9990E+09
9.9990E+09
9.9990E+09
DIST OF MAX
(KM)
999.999(3)
999.999(3)
999.999(3)
999.999(3)
999.999(3)
PLUME HT
(M)
263.0(2)
256.0(2)
250.6(2)
242.8(2)
237.2(2)
 (1)  THE DISTANCE  TO  THE  POINT OF MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION IS SO
     GREAT THAT THE SAME  STABILITY  IS NOT LIKELY TO PERSIST
     LONG ENOUGH FOR  THE  PLUME TO TRAVEL THIS FAR.

 (2)  THE PLUME IS  CALCULATED TO BE  AT A HEIGHT WHERE CARE
     SHOULD BE USED IN  INTERPRETING THE COMPUTATION.

 (3)  NO COMPUTATION WAS ATTEMPTED FOR THIS HEIGHT AS THE POINT
     OF MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION  IS GREATER THAN 100 KILOMETERS
     FROM THE  SOURCE.
  1  CHANGE  OPTIONS
  2  CHANGE  METEOROLOGY
  3  CHANGE  RECEPTOR  ELEVATION
  4  CHANGE  SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS
  5  CHANGE  TITLE
  6  DISPLAY INPUT DATA
  7  RUN
  8  END

 ENTER SELECTION  (1,2,3,4,5,6,7 OR 8)
3
 PTPLU RUN  TERMINATED AT USER REQUEST
8
                Figure  6.    (continued)
                             27

-------
    Three cautionary messages are  given  by  the  program:   one
pertains to the probability that the stability will change before
the plume can reach the estimated point of maximum concentration;
one   is  for  elevated  plumes;  and  one  pertains  to  maximum
concentrations occurring at extreme distances.  Effective heights
of more than 200 m are regarded as extreme and are tagged with  a
cautionary  message.  Distances to maximum concentrations greater
than 100 km are considered to be beyond the scope of this  model.
These  calculations  are  tagged; the concentrations are shown as
9.9990E+09 g/m3, and the distances are shown as 999.999 km.

    To determine the probability that the stability  will  change
before  the  plume  can  travel to the estimated point of maximum
concentration, the distance to the maximum is divided by the wind
speed  (assuming  a  uniform  wind  speed  at  all  points  under
consideration),  yielding  an  estimated  travel  time.   If this
travel time is greater than the threshold value for the stability
considered, the corresponding distance  is   tagged.  Travel-time
threshold values employed by the program are as follows:

                  Stabi1i ty     Travel time

                      A          4.0 hours
                      B          6.0 hours
                      C          8.0 hours
                      D        277.5 hours
                      E          8.0 hours
                      F          8.0 hours
                                 28

-------
                            SECTION 8

                       EXAMPLE CALCULATION
    The  following example illustrates the application  of PTPLU.
A 40-meter stack  emits  151  g/s  of  a  pollutant.   The  stack
diameter  is 2.68 m, the exit velocity is 20.0 m/s, and the stack
gas temperature is 350 K.  It is desired to determine the maximum
concentration,  to find the distance at which it  occurs,  and  to
see,  in  general,  how  concentration varies with wind speed and
stability.  For the options, ambient temperature, mixing  height,
receptor  elevation,  anemometer height, and wind speed power-law
exponents, users are referred to the batch output of Figure 7.

    The  maximum  concentration  is  selected  as   the   largest
concentration  in  column 7 of output section D  (see Figure 4 for
designation of  output  sections).   The  concentrations  in   this
column  can  also be plotted as a function of wind speed, to  give
an overall picture of the dependency of pollutant  concentrations
on wind speed and stability.

    Portions of this example are used in the sensitivity analysis
presented in Appendix C.
                                 29

-------
                     •TITLE""
                                      IMPI.U (VhUSION 8IOJ6)
                                       AN IMPROVED I'OIN'I  SOUIlCh SCREENING MODEL
                                       MODI Fl Ell BY: JO1£ CATALANO AND FRANK HALE
                                       ALKOOOMP, INC.  - CUSTA MESA, CA     FOB THE
                                       ENVIRONMENTAL OPERATIONS BRANCH,  EPA

                                                                >» INPUT PARAMETERS<«
                                EXAMPLE CALCULATION - SECTION 8 OF USER'S GUIDE
                    •"OPTIONS"*
                    IF = I,  USL OPTION
                    IF - 0,  IGNORE OPTION
                    101'1(1)  -  I (GltAD PLUME KISE)
                    IOI'I'(2)  -  0 (STACK IJOWNWASII)
                    101'l'(l)  =  0 (UUOY. INDUCED DISP. )
•••METEOROLOGY•••
AMUIENT AIR TEMPERATURE
MIXING HEIGHT
ANEMOMETER HEIGHT
WIND PROFILE EXPONENTS
  293.00  (K)
 1500.00  (M)
   10.00  (M)
A:0.07, B:0.07, C:0.10
DiO.15, E:0.35, F:0.55
"•SOURCE"*
EMISSION  KATE
STACK HEIGHT
EXIT TEMP.
EXIT VELOCITY
STACK DIAM.
151.00  (G/SEC)
 40.00  (M)
350.00  (K)
 20.00  (M/SEC)
  2.68  (M)
                   •"HtTLPTOH HEIGHT*" -
                                             0.00 (M)
                   VOLUMLTKIC KI.OW -   112.82  (M"3/SEC)
                                                              >»CALCULATED PARAMETERS<«
                                                                BUOYANCY FLUX PARAMETER =
                                                                                            57.35 
-------
••••WINIIS CONSTANT WITH HEIGHT***'
STAUII.ITY

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
WIND SPLE1)
(M/SbC)
11.50
0.80
1 .00
1 .50
2.00
2.50
3.00
4.00
5 .00
7.00
10.00
12.00
15.00
20.00


a
1
2
J
5
7
8





1
1
MAX CONC
(G/CU M)
9990E»09
65IIE-05
3036E-05
9940E-05
660IE-05
29I5E-05
7243E-05
I252E-04
3348t 04
6431E-04
8725E-04
9439E-04
98IOE-04
9449E-04
DIST OF MAX
(KM)
999.999(3)
60.481
40.220
21 .551
13.842
10.000
8.086
5.618
4.314
3.000
2.252
1 .953
1.669
1 .402
••••WINDS CONSTANT WITH HEIGHT
SI'AHILI I'Y

5
5
5
5
5
WIND SPtED
(M/StC)
2.00
2.50
3.00
4.00
5.00







MAX CONC
(G/CU M)
8946E-04
7455E-04
6286E-04
4512E-04
325IE-04
DIST OF MAX
(KM)
9.923
8.963
8.280
7.298
6.644
PLUME HT
(M)
919.0(2)
589.4(2)
479.5(2)
333.0(2)
259.7(2)
215.8(2)
186.5
149.9
127.9
102.8
83.9
76.6
69.3
62.0
«* • •
PLUME HT
(M)
131 .0
124.5
119.5
112.2
107.0
••••WINDS CONSTANT WITH HEIGHT"**
STAUII.ITY

b
6
6
e
6
WIND SPttD
(M/StC)
2.01)
2.50
3.00
4.00
5.00


I
1
1
1
9
MAX CONC
(G/CU M)
2707E-04
2I43E-04
1662E-04
0748E-04
893IE-05
DIST OF MAX
(KM)
19.741
17.010
15.082
14.999
14.410
Pl.UME HT
(M)
115.5
110.1
105.9
99.9
95.6
••••STACK TOP WINDS (EXTRAPOLATED FKOM 10.0 METERS)'
WIND SPEED
(M/SEC)
0.62
0.98
1.23
1.85
2.46
3.08
3.69
4.92
6.16
8.62
12.31
14.77
18.47
24.62


1
2
3
5
7
e
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
MAX CONC
(G/CU M)
1091E-05
2524E-05
1073E-05
I505E-05
1708E-05
9369E-05
0524E-04
3204E-04
5290E-04
7899E-04
9511E-04
9803E-04
9640E-04
8654E-04
DIST OK MAX
(KM)
98.419
41 .362
29.491
15.612
10. 160
7.619
6.197
4.390
3.429
2.553
1.916
1 .686
1 .468
1 .260
••••STACK TOP WINDS ( EXTKAPOLATED FKOM 10
WIND SPEED
(M/SEC)
3.25
4.06
4.87
6.50
8.12







MAX CONC
(G/CU M)
5788E-04
4443E-04
3395E-04
1837E-04
07I1E-04
DIST OF MAX
(KM)
7.988
7.259
6.715
5.968
5.466
••••STACK TOP WINDS (EXTKAPOLATED FROM 10
WIND SPEED
(M/SEC)
4.29
5.36
6.43
8.57
10.72


i
9
8
7
7
MAX CONC
(G/CU M)
0491E-04
6261E-05
9407E-05
9123E-05
1622E-05
DIST OF MAX
(KM)
14.999
13.952
12.821
11.280
10.241
Pl.UMt HT
(M)
754.0(2)
486.2(2)
397.0(2)
278.0(2)
218.5(2)
182.8
159.0
129.2
111.4
91.0
75.7
69.7
63.6
57.8
0 METEKS)*'
PLUME HT
(M)
117.4
111.8
107.6
101 .4
97.0
0 METERS!**
PLUME HT
(M)
98.5
94.4
91. 1
86.5
83.1
(1)  HIE DISTANCE TO THE POINT OK MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION  IS SO GREAT THAT THE SAME STABILITY IS NOT LIKELY
       TO PERSIST LONG ENOUGH FOR THE PLUME TO TRAVEL  THIS PAH.

(2)  lilt Pl.UME IS CALCULATED TO BE AT A HEIGHT WHERE CARE SHOULD BE USED IN INTERPRETING THE COMPUTATION.

U)  NO (IMPUTATION WAS ATTEMPTED FOR THIS HEIGHT AS THE POINT OF MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION IS GREATER THAN  100 KILOMETERS
       FROM THE SOURCE.
                                    Figure   7.     (continued)

-------
                           REFERENCES


Briggs,  G. A.  1969.  Plume Rise.  USAEC Critical Review Series.
     TID-25075,   National   Technical    Information    Service,
     Springfield,  VA.  81 pp.

Pierce, T. E., and D. B. Turner.  1980.  User's  Guide for MPTER:
     A Multiple Point Gaussian Dispersion Algorithm with Optional
     Terrain  Adjustment.   EPA-600/8-80-016, U. S. Environmental
     Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.  247 pp.

Turner, D. B., and A. D. Busse.   1973.   Users'  Guides  to  the
     Interactive   Versions  of  Three  Point  Source  Dispersion
     Programs:  PTMAX, PTDIS,  and  PTMTP.   U. S.  Environmental
     Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.

Turner,  D. B.,  and  J. H.  Novak.  1978.  User's Guide for RAM,
     Volume I, Algorithm Description and Use.  EPA-600/8-78-016a,
     U. S. Environmental  Protection  Agency,  Research  Triangle
     Park, NC.  70 pp.

U. S.  Environmental Protection Agency.  1977.  User's Manual for
     Single Source (CRSTER) Model.  Monitoring and Data  Analysis
     Division, EPA-450/2-77-013.  Research Triangle Park, NC.

U. S.  Environmental  Protection Agency.  1978.  Guideline on Air
     Quality Models.  EPA-450/2-78-027,  Office  of  Air  Quality
     Planning   and  Standards,  U. S.  Environmental  Protection
     Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.  83 pp.
                                 32

-------
                           APPENDIX A

                        MODELING CONCEPTS
BASIC CONCEPTS

    Meteorological  factors  of wind and turbulence are important
in the dispersion process.  The dispersion of pollutants  emitted
into  the  atmosphere  depends on the turbulent mixing that takes
place between the polluted air  and  its  cleaner   surroundings.
This turbulent mixing occurs primarily through eddy dispersion by
the  circular  motions  (eddies)  that exist in many sizes in the
atmosphere, which tend to  break  portions  from  the  volume  of
polluted air and mix them with clean air.

    In  addition  to  meteorological  factors,  other factors are
significant in modeling  the  dispersion  process  and  pollutant
concentrations.   Source  characteristics  and  surface roughness
features, as well  as  topography,  are  among  the  interrelated
factors that determine the pollutant concentration field.

Source-Related Factors

    An important parameter related to pollutant concentrations is
the   rate   of  emission  of  the  pollutant  from  the  source.
Concentrations  are  directly  proportional  to  emission   rate,
usually expressed as mass per unit time.  The effective height of
release  is  also  important.   Roughly, the maximum ground-level
concentration is inversely proportional  to  the  square  of  the
height  of  release.   The  effective  height  of  release is the
combination of physical release height and  any  additional  rise
due to buoyancy or momentum effects.  The buoyancy of a hot plume
will usually dominate over the effect of momentum.  Buoyant plume
rise is affected by the excess of the stack gas temperature above
the  ambient  air temperature and the volume flow of stack gases.
Buoyant rise also decreases with  increasing  wind  speed  and  is
affected  by  the  thermal  stability of the air above the plume.
Momentum  rise  is  important  for  plumes  with  little   excess
temperature  and  is proportional to stack gas velocity and stack
d i ame t e r .

    Over relatively flat terrain, a higher effective stack height
decreases ground-level  concentrations  and  causes  the  maximum
concentration  to  occur  farther  from  the  source.   Effective
heights are raised by increasing  the physical stack  height,  the

                                  33

-------
'•••-stack    gas   temperature,   the   volume   of   exit   gases   (without
  decreasing  the  exit  temperature),  or  the stack  gas  exit  velocity.

  Meteorological  Factors

     Wind direction   is   a   primary   variable    in   determining
  concentrations   at   specific  receptors, because   it   determines
  whether  transport  takes  place  from the  source  towards  the  general
  direction of  the receptor.   Concentrations   from   line  and   area
  sources   are    less    sensitive   to  wind   direction  than   are
  concentrations  from  point  sources.

     Wind speed  dilutes  air  pollutants from  continuous  sources  as
  the   plume   emerges   from the  stack.  With  increasing  wind speed,
  the pollutant  concentrations in  the  plume become more  dilute.

     Both mechanical   production  of    turbulence    and    buoyant
  production   or   loss   of  turbulence  are  important  in  pollutant
  dispersion.   Mechanical  turbulence results  from wind   flow  over
  objects.   The   number,   size,   and   spacing  of   the   objects or
  roughness    elements    influence   the    growth   of   mechanical
  turbulence.    When   roughness  elements  are close  together,  like
  trees  in a  forest, mechanical  turbulence is  not enhanced,  because
  a  new interface forms,  allowing  the  air to  flow smoothly over the
  objects. Mechanical  turbulence   is   enhanced   in   regions where
  large   objects   like  mountains or  skyscrapers  disturb  the  general
  air  flow.   In  general,  an  increase of wind   speed   will   increase
  the mechanical  turbulence.

      In  light-wind   situations,   the  heating   or   cooling of the
  earth's  surface increases  the  importance of  buoyantly   produced
  turbulence   to   dispersion   processes.    As   the   sun   heats   the
  surface, the   air  next   to  the  surface  is   heated   and  rises
  buoyantly.    During   times   of   strong   surface heating, commonly
  referred  to   as  unstable   conditions,  buoyant   turbulence    is
  produced by the rising  thermals  of heated air,  further amplifying
  the   mechanical  turbulence.  Furthermore,  strong  surface  heating
  leads   to   superadiabatic   lapse  rates  (see   Glossary)   which
  encourage  the  formation  of  convective cells.  Rising  thermals are
  carried   upwards in  narrow convective updrafts. A general region
  of subsiding   air  surrounds  these   narrow  columns.    Thus,  in
  unstable  conditions,  a  plume   spreads over  a  relatively large
  vertical distance.

     At nighttime,  radiant  heat  loss  at  the  surface cools the   air
  near   the   ground.    In   such  situations, commonly referred to as
  stable conditions,   a  temperature  inversion   exists.   Further,
  buoyant   turbulence   is   not  produced,  and mechanically  induced
  turbulence   is   suppressed.   Thus,   a    plume   spreads   little
  vertically  in stable  conditions.
                                   34

-------
     In  a   temperature   structure where  the  air  is  neither  heated
nor  cooled,   turbulence   is  neither  amplified   nor   suppressed.
These conditions are commonly  referred  to as neutral.

     Pasquill   (1961)  devised  a method  for classifying  turbulence
in  terms of atmospheric  conditions  into  six  stability  categories,
ranging from  very unstable  (class A), to neutral   (class  D),   to
moderately  stable   (class  F)  (see  Table  A-l).   For  PTPLU,  the
dispersion  due  to atmospheric  turbulence is  assumed  to  be related
to  the Pasquill stability classes.

     Wind speed  generally  increases with  height above  the surface,
and  this   increase  depends   on  both   surface    roughness    and
atmospheric stability.  A power-law profile  of the  form

                       u(z) =  u(za)(z/za)p

is   frequently  used  to approximate  this  increase.  The  wind  speed
at  a height z above  the ground is u(z);  u(za)  is  the  wind   speed
measured at the anemometer height, za, above the  ground; and p  is
a   function of  stability.  For a more detailed discussion of wind
profiles, see  Irwin  (1979).

     Another condition that affects  vertical   dispersion  is   the
thickness   of the neutral or unstable layer, often  referred  to  as
the mixing  layer.   At   the  top  of  the  convective   layer,   an
inversion   usually  exists,  tending to  damp out  vertical motions
and  limiting   the  extent  to  which    pollutants   can    spread
vertically.   The  strength  and  depth  of the inversion are also
important;  if the inversion is weak or   shallow,  pollutants  may
still diffuse through it.

    The  mixing  height varies both seasonally and diurnally.   It
is  typically high in summer and at mid-day and low  in winter, and
it   frequently  is  undefined  at  night  (when   a  surface-based
inversion  exists).    For  a  clima tologica1   summary   of  mixing
heights across  the United States  see Holzworth (1972).

Further Considerations

    Usually,  the  wind  turns  with  height,  due  primarily   to
friction of the wind with the ground.   Friction causes  slowing  of
the  wind  near  the  surface, which causes the low-level flow  to
deviate toward  low pressure.  This results  in a clockwise turning
of the wind with height.   Other forces also cause turning of  the
wind  with  height.   Within a barotropic atmosphere (in which the
surfaces of constant  pressure  are  also  surfaces  of  constant
density),  the wind direction is constant with height, except near
the surface, where frictional effects  take  place.  The atmosphere
is usually not barotropic; when surfaces of constant pressure and
constant  density  do  not coincide, the atmosphere is said to  be
baroclinic.   In such an atmosphere,  the  wind direction must   vary

                                 35

-------
with   height,   since   colder   air  is  advected  (transported
horizontally) into warmer surroundings (or warmer air into colder
surroundings).  During cold-air  advection,  the  wind  direction
backs   (counterclockwise   rotation)  with  height,  and  during
warm-air advection, the wind direction veers (clockwise rotation)
with height.  Vertical wind shear causes portions of  a  polluted
plume that has dispersed to different altitudes to be transported
away  from  the  source  in  different  directions,  resulting in
additional horizontal spreading or dispersion.   Because  effects
of  wind direction shear are ignored in the model presented here,
estimates of  concentration  directly  downwind  of  sources  are
likely  to  be  higher  than  concentrations actually observed at
distances greater than 10 km from the source.  Methods to account
for the effect of wind direction shear are discussed by  Pasquill
(1976) .

    Besides  causing  wind direction shear,  the frictional effect
also causes a wind speed shear, with the  wind  speed  decreasing
near  the earth's surface (to zero at the surface).  Under stable
conditions, the increase of speed with height to the  wind  speed
of  the  free  atmosphere may take place through a shallow layer,
only 100 to 200 m thick.  This also  tends to be the case  if  the
surface  is  smooth.   Under  conditions  of instability or large
surface roughness, the transition  takes  place  through  a  much
deeper  layer.   The  combined  effects  of  stability and surface
roughness result in different patterns of wind speed with time of
day at different heights.  For  example,  wind  speeds  near  the
ground (10 m) generally exhibit a nighttime minimum and a daytime
maximum.   At  greater  heights  (e.g., 200 m above ground), wind
speeds may reach a  minimum  (maximum  surface  friction  effect)
during  mid-afternoon  and a maximum (nearest the free atmosphere
speed) at n ight.

    In  considering  buoyant   production    or   suppression   of
turbulence as reflected in the vertical temperature structure, it
is  important  to  realize  that the layer adjacent to the ground
surface characterizes the state of the atmosphere.  For instance,
when conditions are  very  unstable,  the  temperature  structure
through  the  well-mixed convective  layer (typically on the order
of 1000 to 2000 m thick) is  nearly  adiabatic,  indicating  that
turbulent motion is neither suppressed nor enhanced.  Only within
the  near-surface  layer  (typically  100 m  thick or less) is the
temperature  structure  superadiabatic.   If  one  attempted   to
specify  the  state  of  the  atmosphere  using  the  temperature
structure  in the higher layers, one  would   erroneously  conclude
that  the  atmosphere  was  nearly   neutral,  when  in fact it was
convectively unstable.  During stable conditions, the temperature
structure above  the  surface-based  inversion   is  often  nearly
adiabatic.   Hence,  during  stable  conditions,  the temperature
structure within the layers  aloft  may  not  truly  reflect  how
stable the entire dispersion layer is.  Therefore,  in considering
ground-level  concentrations  from point sources, it is important

                                 36
o

-------
 to   examine   the   surface   layer   near   the  ground   to   properly
 determine  the   influences  of  buoyant  production   or   loss   of
 turbulent kinetic  energy on dispersion  through  the surface  layer.

     Information  about conditions above  the ground  is  by  no  means
 useless.  On  the contrary,  detailed  structures  of  temperature  and
 wind  velocity with height  are extremely useful  for assessing  air
 pollution transport and dispersion;  but  they are most  useful when
 interpreted with near-surface measurements.

    Air pollution  simulations are  frequently complicated  by  local
 flows.  Uneven solar heating on the  sides of valleys  or   cold-air
 drainage  at  night  can  cause small-scale circulations  that  may
 make analysis  of  meteorological  measurements  difficult.    For
 example,  during   the  Lewiston,   Idaho  -- Clarkston, Washington
 study (U. S. Department of  Health, Education, and Welfare,  1964),
 maximum ground-level concentrations  were observed at   a   receptor
 down-valley   from  the  source  at   the  time   when   surface wind
 measurements  indicated an   up-valley  flow.   Thorough   analysis,
 revealed  that the high concentrations were due  to the fumigation
 (rapid downward mixing) of  the detached  plume,  which   had  been
 flowing  down-valley  during  the  night.  The plume was  not mixed
 downward to the  valley floor until the winds had already  shifted
 to up-va11ey.

    Another cause  of local  circulations  is land-water  interfaces,
 which  can  produce  land   and  sea  breezes,   due  to horizontal
 temperature  differences,   especially  during   periods   of   light
 general wind  flow.

    The effects  of local flow are  sufficiently  complex to require
 a special modeling approach for each condition.

 GAUSSIAN EQUATIONS FOR ESTIMATING CONCENTRATIONS

    In using the Gaussian plume model, one assumes that  pollutant
 concentrations from a continuously emitted plume are proportional
 to  emission  rate,  and  are diluted by the wind at  the  point  of
 emission at a rate inversely proportional to the wind  speed.   One
 also assumes that  the time-averaged  (over approximately  one hour)
 pollutant concentrations crosswind and in the vertical   near   the
 source    are    closely   described   by   Gaussian    or   normal
 distributions.  The standard deviations of a plume  concentration
 in  these two directions are empirically related to the  levels  of
 turbulence in the atmosphere and increase with distance  from   the
 source.

    In  its  simplest  form,  the  Gaussian model is based on  the
 assumption that  the pollutant does not undergo chemical  reactions
 or other removal  processes during  its transport from the  source.
 Furthermore,   pollutants  reaching   the  ground or the top of  the
mixing height  as  the plume grows are assumed to be eddy-reflected

                                 37

-------
back toward the plume center-line.

    The three Gaussian equations  given  below  are  based  on  a
coordinate  scheme  with  the  origin at the base of the stack, x
downwind from the source, y crosswind, and z vertical; Figure A-l
illustrates the coordinate system.  These equations include  four
components,  from left to right in Eq. Al:  1) concentrations are
proportional to  emission  rate,  2)  the  released  effluent  is
diluted by the wind passing the point of release, 3) the effluent
is  spread  horizontally,  resulting  in  a  Gaussian  or  normal
(be 11-shaped)  crosswind  distribution  downwind,  and   4)   the
effluent is spread vertically.  Vertical spread also results in a
normal  vertical  distribution  near  the source, which at greater
downwind distances is modified by eddy reflection at  the  ground
and, if appropriate,  by eddy reflection at the mixing height.

    The following symbols are used:

     Xp -- concentration (grams per cubic meter),

     Q  -- emission rate (grams per second),

     u  -- wind speed (meters per second),

     av -- standard deviation of plume concentration distributed
           in the horizontal (evaluated at distance x and for
           the appropriate stability) (meters),

     az -- standard deviation of plume concentration distributed
           in the vertical (evaluated at distance x and for the
           appropriate stability) (meters),

     L  -- mixing height (meters),

     H  -- effective height of emission (meters),

     z  -- receptor height above ground (meters), and

     y  -- crosswind distance from plume centerline (meters).

    The  concentration,  Xp>  &t  a   receptor at (x,y,z) from the
continuous emission from a point source  located  at  (0,0,H)  is
given by one of the three following equations.

    For stable conditions or unlimited mixing,

            Xp = Q • 1/u • g1/(/?F oy)  • g2/(/2rF az) ,        (Al)

where

                    %l = exp(-0.5 y2/ay), and


                                 38

-------
Figure A-l.
Coordinate system showing Gaussian distributions
in the horizontal and vertical.
                            39

-------
          g2 = exp[-0.5(z-H) 2/oz] + exp [ -0 . 5 ( z+H) 2 /a| ] .

    Note  that  if  y = 0,  or z = 0, or both z and H  are 0,  this
equation simplifies greatly.

    For unstable or neutral conditions, where az is greater   than
1.6 L,

                Xp = Q • 1/u • g!/(/2iT ay) • 1/L.             (A2)

    For  unstable or neutral conditions, provided that both H and
z are less than L, where az is less than or equal to  1.6 L,

            Xp = Q • 1/u • gi/(/TF ay) • g3/(/TiT az ) ,         (A3)

where
         oo
   g3 -  y  texp[-0.5(z-H+2NL)2/a|] + exp [ -0 . 5 ( Z+H+2NL) 2 /a| ] } .
        N---<"
(This infinite series converges rapidly, and  evaluation  with  N
varying from -4 to +4 is usually sufficient.)

    When  estimates  are calculated by hand, Eq . Al is frequently
applied until az = 0.8 L, and then Eq .  A2  is  applied  for  all
distances  where  az  exceeds  0.8 L.   This causes an inflection
point in a plot of concentrations with distance.  Adding Eq .  A3,
which  includes  multiple  eddy  reflections,   and  changing  the
criteria for use of Eq .  A2 to situations where az is greater  than
1.6 L  results  in  a  smooth  transition  to   uniform   mixing,
regardless of source or  receptor height.  Values must be obtained
for  the  dispersion  parameters  in the above equations.   In his
original  discussions  of  dispersion  and  in   his   subsequent
writings, Pasquill (1961, 1974, 1976) emphasized the desirability
of   using   direct   measurements   of  turbulent  intensity  to
characterize atmospheric  dispersion.   Typically,  we  lack  the
required  turbulence  measurements and resort  to other methods of
estimating the parameters.  Although not  expressed  as  standard
deviations  for  use  with  Gaussian  equations,  Pasquill  (1961)
provided some estimates  of dispersion qualified by, "for  use  in
the  likely  absence  of  special  measurements of wind structure
there was clearly a need for broad estimates of 6 and h in  terms
of   routine   meteorological  data."  Pasquill's  parameters  of
spreading are 9 and h.   Gifford  (1960)  transformed  Pasquill's
parameters  to  ay  and   az  for  use  with  Gaussian  equations.
Commonly referred to as   the  Pasqu i 1 1 -Gi f f ord  (P-G)  dispersion
parameters, these are discussed later in this  appendix.

    By  differentiating   Eq .  Al with respect  to distance,  x, and
setting the derivative equal to zero,  an  equation  for  maximum
concentration can be derived:
                                 40

-------
                      Xmax = 2Qaz/ayeTTuH2;

the  distance to maximum concentration is the distance where az =
H//2".  However,  this equation is correct only  if  the  ratio  of
az/ay is constant with distance (see Pasquill (1974), p. 273, for
further details).  For the P-G parameter values, the ratio  is not
constant, and maximum concentrations, if required, are determined
using iterative methods.

PLUME RISE FOR POINT SOURCES

    The  use  of the methods of Briggs to estimate plume rise and
effective height of emission are discussed below.

    First, actual or estimated wind speed at stack top, u(h),  is
assumed to be available.

Stack Downwash

    To  consider  stack  downwash,  the  physical stack height is
modified following Briggs (1973, p. 4).  The h'  is found from

        h' = h + 2{[vs/u(h)] - 1.5}d  for  vs <  1.5u(h),     (A4)

                    h1 = h for v"s > 1.5u(h) ,

where h  is physical  stack  height  (meters),  vs  is  stack  gas
velocity  (meters per second), and d  is  inside stack-top diameter
(meters).  This h1  is used throughout the remainder  of the  plume
height  computation.  If stack downwash  is not considered,  h1 = h
in the  following equations.

Buoyancy Flux

    For most plume  rise  situations,  the  value  of   the   Briggs
buoyancy  flux  parameter,  F  (mVs3)   is needed.   The following
equation  is  equivalent to Briggs1  (1975, p.  63)  Eq.  12:

                      F = (gvsd2AT)/(4Ts),                   (A5)

where AT = Ts - T, Ts is stack gas temperature  (kelvin), and T is
ambient air  temperature (kelvin).

Unstable or  Neutral;  Crossover Between  Momentum and Buoyancy

    For cases with  stack gas temperature greater  than  or equal to
ambient air  temperature, it must be determined whether the  plume
rise   is  dominated  by  momentum  or  buoyancy.   The  crossover
temperature  difference  (AT)C is determined for  1) F  less than  55
and   2) F greater than or equal to 55.   If the difference between
stack gas temperature and ambient  air temperature, AT, exceeds or
equals  the  (AT)C, plume rise is assumed  to be buoyancy dominated;

                                 41

-------
if the difference is less than (AT)C, plume rise  is assumed  to be
momentum dominated  (see below).

    The crossover temperature  difference   is  found  by  setting
Briggs' (1969, p. 59) Eq. 5.2 equal  to the  combination of Briggs1
(1971, p. 1031) Eqs. 6 and 7 and solving for AT.  For F  less  than
55,

                    (AT)C = 0.0297v^/3Ts/d2/3.                 (A6)

For F equal to or greater than 55,

                    (AT)C = 0.00575vs:/3Ts/d1 /3.                (A7)

Unstable or Neutral:  Buoyancy Rise

    For  situations  where  AT  exceeds  or  is equal to (AT)C as
determined above, buoyancy is assumed to dominate.  The  distance
to   final  rise  xf  (in  kilometers)  is  determined   from  the
equivalent of Briggs1 (1971, p. 1031) Eq. 7, and  the distance  to
final  rise   is  assumed to be 3.5x*, where x* is the distance at
which atmospheric turbulence begins  to dominate entrainment.  For
F  less than 55,

                         xf = 0.049F5/8.                      (A8)

For F equal to or greater than 55,

                         xf = 0.119F2'5.                      (A9)

    The plume height, H  (in  meters),  is  determined   from  the
equivalent  of  the combination of Briggs1  (1971, p. 1031) Eqs. 6
and 7.  For F less  than 55,

                    H = h'  + 21.425F3M/u(h).                (A10)

For F equal to or greater than 55,

                    H = h1  + 38.71F3/5/u(h).                 (All)

Unstable or Neutral:  Momentum Rise

    For situations where the stack gas temperature  is  less   than
the ambient air temperature, it is assumed  that the plume rise is
dominated  by  momentum.  Also, if AT is less than  (AT)C from Eq.
A6 or A7, it  is assumed that  the  plume  rise  is  dominated  by
momentum.   The  plume  height  is calculated from Briggs1 (1969,
p. 59) Eq. 5.2:

                       H = h' + 3dvs/u(h).                   (A12)

Briggs (1969) suggests that this equation is most applicable when

                                 42

-------
vs/u is greater than 4.  Since momentum rise occurs  quite  close
to  the point of release, the distance to final rise is set equal
to zero.

Stability Parameter

    For  stable  situations,  the  stability   parameter   s    is
calculated from the equation (Briggs, 1971, p. 1031):

                         s = g(39/az)/T.                    (A13)

As an approximation, for stability class E (or 5), 96/3z  is taken
as  0.02  K/m, and for stability class F (or 6), 36/3z  is  taken  as
0.035 K/m.

Stable;  Crossover Between Momentum and Buoyancy

    For cases with stack gas temperature greater  than  or  equal  to
ambient air temperature, it must be determined whether the  plume
rise  is   dominated  by  momentum  or  buoyancy.   The  crossover
temperature difference  (AT)C is found by setting  Briggs'  (1975,
p. 96)  Eq.  59  equal   to  Briggs'  (1969,  p. 59) Eq. 4.28, and
solving for AT.  The result is

                    (AT)C = 0.019582vsT s1/2.               (A14)

If the difference between stack gas temperature and  ambient  air
temperature  (AT)  exceeds  or  equals  (AT)C,  the plume rise  is
assumed to be buoyancy  dominated;  if AT is less than   (AT)C,  the
plume rise is assumed to be momentum dominated.

Stable;  Buoyancy Rise

    For  situations  where  AT is greater than or equal to (AT)C,
buoyancy  is assumed to  dominate.  The distance to final rise  (in
kilometers)  is  determined by the equivalent of  a combination  of
Briggs' (1975, p. 96) Eqs. 48 and 59:

                    Xf  = 0.0020715u(h)s~1/2.                (A15)

    The plume height is determined by the equivalent   of  Briggs'
(1975, p. 96) Eq. 59:

                   H =  h' + 2.6{F/[u(h)s]}1/3.              (A16)

    The  stable  buoyancy rise for calm conditions (Briggs, 1975,
pp. 81-82) is also evaluated:

                      H = h' + 4FlMs-3/8.                   (A17)

The lower of the two values obtained from Eqs.  A16  and  A17   is
taken as  the final effective height.

                                 43

-------
    By  setting  Eqs. A16 and A17 equal to each other and solving
for u(h), one can determine the wind speed that yields  the  same
plume rise for the wind conditions (A16) as does the equation for
calm conditions (A17).  This wind speed is

                     u(h) = (2.6/4)3F1Ms1/8

                          = 0.2746F1'"s1/8.                 (A18)

    For  wind  speed  less  than  or equal to this value, Eq. A17
should be used for plume rise; for wind speeds greater than  this
value, Eq. A16 should be used.

Stable;  Momentum Rise

    When  the  stack gas temperature is less than the ambient air
temperature, it is assumed that the plume rise  is  dominated  by
momentum.   If AT is less than (AT)C as determined by Eq. A14, it
is also assumed that the plume rise is  dominated  by   momentum.
The  plume  height   is  calculated from Briggs1 (1969, p. 59) Eq.
4.28:

            H = h' + 1.5{(v|d2T)/[4Tsu(h)]}1/3s-1/6.        (A19)

    The equation for unstable or neutral momentum rise  (A12)  is
also  evaluated.  The lower result of these two equations is used
as the resulting plume height.

All Conditions;  Distance Less than Distance to
Final Rise (Gradual Rise)

    Where gradual rise is to be estimated for  unstable,  neutral
or  stable  conditions,  if  the distance upwind from receptor to
source x (in kilometers), is less  than  the  distance  to  final
rise,  the equivalent of Briggs' (1971, p. 1030) Eq. 2 is used to
determine plume height:

                  H = h' + (160F1 /3x2 /3)/u(h).              (A20)

This height  is  used  only  for  buoyancy-dominated  conditions;
should  it  exceed  the final rise for the appropriate condition,
the final rise is substituted instead.

DISPERSION PARAMETERS

    PTPLU  uses  the  method  presented  by  Pasquill  (1961)  to
estimate  the  dispersion  potential  of the atmosphere.  In this
method, six stability categories are specified in terms  of  wind
speed  and  solar  radiation.   Stability categories are given in
Table A-l.  Class A  is the most unstable and  class  F  the  most
s table.
                                 44

-------
  TABLE A-l.   KEY TO STABILITY CATEGORIES FROM PASQUILL (1961)*
                           Day
Nightt
 Surface wind   Incoming solar radiation  Thinly overcast  3/8 or
speed (at 10m)   ——	  or 4/8 or  more   less
    (m/s)       Strong  Moderate  Slight     low cloud      cloud
< 2
2-3
3-5
5-6
> 6
A
A-B
B
C
C
A-B
B
B-C
C-D
D
B
C
C
D
D
_
E
D
D
D
_
F
E
D
D
* The neutral class, D, should be used  for  overcast  conditions
  during day or night.
t Night refers to the period from one hour before sunset  to  one
  hour after sunrise.
    The  lateral  and  vertical  dispersion  parameters are those
computed by Gifford (1960)  from  the  original  plume  spreading
parameters  reported by Pasquill (1961).  The relevant background
of the P-G curves is summarized by Pasquill (1976) and  is  given
in  Table  A-2.   It should be noted from Table A-2 that vertical
dispersion estimates were based on surface release of material.

    The algorithms employed by PTPLU to evaluate  the  horizontal
and  vertical  dispersion parameters are discussed next.  Similar
algorithms are employed by MPTER, RAM, PTDIS, and PTMTP.

    One of the assumptions of Gaussian  plume  modeling  is  that
concentrations  within the plume vary vertically and horizontally
according  to   a   normal   distribution,   with   the   maximum
concentrations  along  the plume centerline.  In converting plume
dimensions to standard deviations, Gifford assumed that the  edge
of  the  plume is equivalent to the point where the concentration
is 1/10 of the centerline concentration at the same distance from
the source.  This is equivalent to 2.15 a.
Vertical Dispersion

    The P-G curves describing the vertical spread of plumes
been shown to fit an exponential equation of the form

                            az = ax ,
         have
where  x  is  the downwind distance.  Values of a and b vary with
stability class and range of  downwind  distance.   The  vertical
dispersion  parameter  is  set to 5000 m for stability class A at
distances greater than 3.11 km  and  for  stability  class  B  at

                                 45

-------
  TABLE A-2.
BASIS AND SCOPE OF THE ORIGINAL P-G CURVES FROM
                PASQUILL (1976)
Crosswind spread
  Source height

  Samp 1i ng t ime

  Basis for x = 0.1 to 1 km
                Any (within mixed layer).

                3 mi n.

                Preliminary   statistics   of  wind
                direction fluctuation for a surface
                roughness length of 3 cm.
  Bas is for x =
  10 to 100 km  Extrapolation  of  short-range data
                in the  light  of  limited  special
                observations of  tracer  dispersion
                over   level   terrain   of   mixed
                roughness (implied roughness length
                of 30 cm).
Ver t i cal spread
  Source height
  Samp 1i ng t ime
  Basis for x = 0.1 to 1 km
  Basis for x = 10 to 100 km
                Effectively zero  (surface  release
                of   material),   but   offered  as
                usable for any height  in  a  mixed
                layer,  in  the  absence  of strong
                evidence to the contrary.

                Any.  For  elevated  sources  up to
                about 100 m, the limiting  sampling
                time  is  roughly  proportional  to
                the height of the  source;  if  the
                height  of  the  source   is   above
                100 m, the sampling time  is roughly
                10 min.

                Properties of the wind profile over
                a   surface   of   small  roughness
                (roughness length  of  3  cm),  with
                guidance  from  dispersion studies,
                especially in regard to the  effect
                of thermal stratification.

                As for the crosswind  spread,  with
                guidance   from   early   data   on
                the  properties  of  the   vertical
                component  of turbulence  at heights
                throughout the mixed layer.
                               46

-------
distances  greater  than  35  km.   Table A-3 shows the constants
employed by PTPLU.  It should be noted that  the  program   limits
the vertical dispersion parameter to 5000 m.

Lateral Dispersion

    Lateral dispersion has been estimated at 0.1 km and 100 km by
measuring the half-angle from the plume centerline to the edge of
the  plume  at  2.15 standard deviations.  Lateral dispersion for
any downwind distance less than 100 km can be estimated by  linear
interpolation, with  the  half-angle  as  the  ordinate  and  the
logarithm  of the downwind distance as the abscissa.  The tangent
of this angle is 2.15 standard deviations divided by the downwind
distance.  Using these facts, the horizontal dispersion parameter
(in meters) can be obtained from the interpolated  half-angle  as
fo1 lows:

                    ay = 1000 x tan(9)/2.15,

where x is the downwind distance in kilometers.

    The half-angles (degrees) employed by the model at 0.1 km and
100 km for each stability class are
                               0.1 km
                        100 km
Stabi1i ty
  class

    A
    B
    C
    D
    E
    F
Figure   A-2   graphically   represents  the  equations  for  the
half-angle.  Although commom logarithms are used in this  figure,
the  program  employs  the natural logarithm of downwind distance
for the abscissa.  Therefore, the corresponding values to 0.1 and
100 km are -2.30 and 4.6.  As an example, the  equation  used  to
determine the half-angle for stability A is obtained as follows:
30.0
22.5
15.0
10.0
7.5
5.0
12.50
10.00
7.50
5.00
3.75
2.50
where
and
                        9 = a ln(x) + b,
a = [(12.50 - 30.0)/(4.6 + 2.3)]
b = 30 + 2.3a,

9 = -2.5334 ln(x) + 24.167.
                                 47

-------
TABLE A-3.
CONSTANTS FOR THE VERTICAL DISPERSION PARAMETER
                   EQUATION
Stability Di
class
A
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.4

B
0.2

C
D
0.3
1
3
10

E
0.1
0.3
1
2
4
10
20

F
0.2
0.7
1
2
3
7
15
30

s t ance
(km)
< 0.1
- 0.15
- 0.2
- 0.25
- 0.3
- 0.4
- 0.5
> 0.5
< 0.2
- 0.4
> 0.4

< 0.3
- 1
- 3
- 10
- 30
> 30
< 0.1
- 0.3
- 1
- 2
- 4
- 10
- 20
- 40
> 40
< 0.2
- 0.7
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 7
- 15
- 30
- 60
> 60
a
122.80
158.08
170.22
179.52
217.41
258.89
346.75
453.85
90.673
98.483
109.300
61.141
34.459
32.093
32.093
33.504
36.650
44.053
24.260
23.331
21.628
21.628
22.534
24.703
26 .970
35.420
47.618
15.209
14.457
13.953
13.953
14.823
16.187
17.836
22.651
27.074
34.219

0
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
b
.9447
.0542
.0932
.1262
.2644
.4094
.7283
.1166
. 93198
.98332
.09710
.91465
. 86974
.81066
.64403
.60486
.56589
.51179
.83660
.81956
. 75660
.63077
.57154
.50527
.46713
.37615
.29592
.81558
. 78407
.68465
.63227
.54503
.46490
.41507
.32681
.27436
.21716
                            48

-------
                                                                  2.15 oy
                                                                  — *• plume
                                                                     centerline
INTERPOLATION OF HALF-ANGLE
FOR CALCULATION OF HORIZONTAL
DISPERSION PARAMETER
0y = (x/2.15) tan(Q)
                                X (km)
                                                                               100
        Figure A-2.   Estimation of  lateral dispersion  parameter.

-------
The constants a and b for each stability class are as follows:

                 Stabi1ity
                   class         a           b
                     A
                     B
                     C
                     D
                     E
                     F
BUOYANCY-INDUCED DISPERSION
-2.5334
-1.8096
-1.0857
-0.72382
-0.54287
-0.36191
24.167
18.333
12.500
8.3333
6.2500
4.1667
    For strongly buoyant plumes, entrainment as the plume ascends
through   the  ambient  air  contributes  to  both  vertical  and
horizontal spread.  Pasquill (1976) suggests  that  this  induced
dispersion, crzo, can be approximated by the plume rise divided by
3.5.   The  effective dispersion can then be determined by adding
var iances:
                       Jze
                          = (a2
                                    2 \ 1 / 2
                              zo
                     a*)
where aze is the effective dispersion, and az is  the  dispersion
due  to ambient turbulence levels.  At the distance of final rise
and beyond,  the induced dispersion  is  constant,  based  on  the
height of final rise.  At distances closer to the source, gradual
plume rise is used to determine the induced dispersion.

    Since  in  the initial growth phases of release, the plume  is
nearly  symmetrical  about   its   centerline,   buoyancy-induced
dispersion in the horizontal direction, QyO, equal to  that in the
vertical direction,  is used:
                          Jyo
                  Ah/3.5.
To  yield  an  effective  lateral  dispersion  value,  °~ye >
express i on is
turbulence:
combined with that for dispersion  due  to'
   this
amb i ent
                       ye
                                   a',) l
                                    *
                                       /2
REFERENCES

Briggs,  G. A.  1969.  Plume Rise.  USAEC Critical Review Series,
     TID-25075,   National   Technical    Information    Service,
     Springfield, VA.  81 pp.
                                 50

-------
Briggs,   G. A.   1971.   Some  Recent  Analyses  of  Plume  Rise
     Observation.  In:  Proceedings of the  Second  International
     Clean  Air  Congress,  H. M.  Englund  and W. T. Beery, eds.
     Academic Press,  New York.  pp. 1029-1032.

Briggs, G. A.  1973.   Diffusion Estimation for  Small  Emissions.
     NOAA  Atmos.  Turb.  and  Diff.  Lab., Contribution File No.
     (Draft) 79.  Oak Ridge, TN.  59 pp.

Briggs, G. A.  1975.   Plume rise predictions.   In:   Lectures  on
     Air  Pollution  and  Environmental  Impact  Analysis,  D. A.
     Haugen, ed.  Amer. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, MA.  pp. 59-111.

Gifford, F. A.  1960.  Atmospheric dispersion calculations  using
     the  generalized  Gaussian  plume  model.   Nucl.  Safety 2:
     56-59.

Holzworth,  G. C.   1972.   Mixing  Heights,  Wind  Speeds,   and
     Potential  for Urban Air Pollution Throughout the Contiguous
     United States.  Office of Air Programs, U. S.  Environmental
     Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.  118 pp.

Irwin,   J. S.  1979.   A theoretical variation of the wind profile
     power-law exponent as a function of  surface  roughness  and
     stability.  Atmos. Environ. 13:  191-194.

Pasquill,  F.   1961.   The estimation of dispersion of windborne
     material.  Meteorol. Magazine 90:  33-49.

Pasquill, F.  1974.  Atmospheric Diffusion, 2nd ed.   John  Wiley
     and Sons, New York.  429 pp.

Pasquill,   F.    1976.   Atmospheric  Dispersion  Parameters  in
     Gaussian Plume Modeling.  Part  II.   Possible  Requirements
     for    Change    in    the    Turner    Workbook     Values.
     EPA-600/4-76-030b, U. S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency,
     Research Triangle Park, NC.  44 pp.

U. S.  Department  of  Health,  Education,  and Welfare.  1964.  A
     Study of Air Pollution in the Interstate Region of Lewiston,
     Idaho, and Clarkson, Washington.  Public Health Service Pub.
     No. 999-AP-8, Cincinnati, OH.  154 pp.
                                 51

-------
                           APPENDIX B

      INDEXED LISTING OF FORTRAN SOURCE STATEMENTS (BATCH)
    The source code and a cross-referenced listing of  the  batch
version  of  PTPLU follow.  The cross-referenced listing contains
all references to statement labels,  subprograms,  and  variables
that  appear  in  the  source  program.  Statement numbers appear
first  in the listing and  are  in  numerical   order.   Variables,
arrays, etc., appear second and are in alphabetical order.
                                 52

-------
                 INDEX
                                                                                                   PAGE
                                                      PTPLU VERSION  81036
01
co
00001*
00002*
00003*
00004*
00005*
00006*
00007*
00008*
00009*
00010*
0001 1*
00012*
00013*
00014*
00015*
00016*
00017*
00018*
00019*
00020*
00021*
00022*
00023*
00024*
00025*
00026*
00027*
00028*
00029*
00030*
00031*
00032*
00033*
00034*
00035*
00036*
00037*
00038*
00039*
00040*
00041*
00042*
00043*
00044*
00045*
00046*
00047*
00048*
00049*
00050*
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
PTPLU VERSION 81036
THIS IS THE BATCH VERSION OF PTPLU .

PTPLU ABSTRACT:
PTPLU FEATURES SEVERAL IMPROVEMENTS OF THE PTMAX
ALGORITHM. THE ANALYSIS OF CONCENTRATION HAS BEEN
EXPANDED TO INCLUDE COMPUTATIONS BASED ON INCREASED
WIND SPEED WITH HEIGHT FROM USER INPUT WIND PROFILE
EXPONENTS. OTHER FEATURES INCLUDE OPTIONS FOR CALCULATION
OF GRADUAL PLUME RISE, STACK DOWNWASH, AND INITIAL
PLUME SIZE DUE TO BUOYANCY INDUCED DISPERSION.

PTPLU AUTHORS :
THOMAS E. PIERCE AND D. BRUCE TURNER
(ON ASSIGNMENT FROM NOAA)
ENVIRONMENTAL OPERATIONS BRANCH (MD - 80)
METEOROLOGY AND ASSESSMENT DIVISION, ESRL
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

PTPLU MODIFIED BY:
JOE CATALANO AND FRANK HALE
AEROCOMP, INC.
3303 HARBOR BLVD.
COSTA MESA, CA 92626

PTPLU SUPPORTED BY:
ENVIRONMENTAL OPERATIONS BRANCH
MAIL DROP 80, EPA
RESRCH TRI PK , NC 27711

PHONE: (919) 541-4564 FTS 629-4564

PTPLU INPUT:
DATA IN CARD TYPES 1,2 AND 4 MUST BE SEPARATED BY A SPACE
OR A COMMA TO BE COMPATIBLE WITH UNIVAC'S FREE FORMAT.
ADDITIONAL SOURCES CAN BE COMPUTED WITH EXTRA INPUT OF CARD
TYPES 3 AND 4. TWO BLANK DATA CARDS FOLLOW TO TERMINATE
EXECUTION.

««« CARD TYPE ONE (FREE FORMAT) »»»
VARIABLE DESCRIPTION
lOPT(l) GRADUAL RISE OPTION 0: DO NOT COMPUTE GRADUAL RISE
1: COMPUTE GRADUAL RISE
IOPT(2) STACK DOWNWASH OPTION 0: DON'T COMPUTE DOWNWASH
1 : DO COMPUTE DOWNWASH
IOPT(3) BUOYANCY INDUCED DISPERSION
0: NONE COMPUTED
1: USE PASQU ILL'S TECHNIQUE
T AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE (DEC, K)
HL MIXING HEIGHT (METERS)
PLB00010
PLB00020
PLB00030
PLB00040
PLB00050
PLB00060
PLB00070
PLB00080
PLB00090
PLB00100
PLB00110
PLB00120
PLB00130
PLB00140
PLB00150
PLB00160
PLB00170
PLB00180
PLB00190
PLB00200
PLB00210
PLB00220
PLB00230
PLB00240
PLB00250
PLB00260
PLB00270
PLB00280
PLB00290
PLB00300
PLB00310
PLB00320
PLB00330
PLB00340
PLB00350
PLB00360
PLB00370
PLB00380
PLB00390
PLB00400
PLB00410
PLB00420
PLB00430
PLB00440
PLB00450
PLB00460
PLB00470
PLB00480
PLB00490
PLB00500

-------
      I  N I) bi X
OOU51*
00052*
00053*
00054*
00055*
00056*
00057*
00058*
00059*
00060*
00061*
00062*
00063*
00064*
00065*
00066*
00067*
00068*
00069*
00070*
00071*
00072*
00073*
00074*
00075*
00076*
00077*
00078*
00079*
00080*
00081*
00082*
00083*
00084*
00085*
00086*
00087*
00088*
00089*
00090*
00091*
00092*
00093*
00094*
00095*
00096*
00097*
00098*
00099*
00100*
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
                                                           PAGE
               PTPLU VERSION 81036

Z            RECEPTOR ELEVATION (ABOVE GRND SFC, IN METERS)

 ««« CARD TYPE TWO (FREE FORMAT) »»»
       ******************************************************
       *              IMPORTANT MESSAGE                     *
       *      CALCULATIONS SUBMITTED TO SATISFY REGULATORY  *
       *  REQUIREMENTS MAY REQUIRE CERTAIN PARAMETER VALUES *
       *  FOR WIND PROFILE EXPONENTS AND THE USE OF CERTAIN *
       *  OPTIONS.  CHECK WITH THE APPROPRIATE EPA REGIONAL  *
       *  OFFICE TO INSURE THAT ACCEPTABLE PARAMETER VALUES *
       *  ARE USED IN YOUR RUN.                             *
       ******************************************************
HANE         ANEMOMETER HEIGHT (METERS)
             NORMAL HEIGHT IS TEN METERS
PL(I,I=1,6)   WIND PROFILE EXPONENTS
             (SIX VALUES CORRESPONDING TO EACH STABILITY CLASS)

 ««« CARD TYPE THREE (20A4) »»»
ALP          ALPHANUMERIC DATA FOR OUTPUT HEADING (80 CHARACTERS)

 ««« CARD TYPE FOUR (FREE FORMAT) »»»
  Q
  HP
  TS
  VS
  D
   SOURCE STRENGTH  (G/SEC)
   PHYSICAL STACK HEIGHT  (M)
   STACK GAS TEMPERATURE  (DEC K)
   STACK GAS VELOCITY  (M/SEC)
   STACK DIAMETER  (M)

PTPLU FLOW RELATIONS

         PTPLU

             * READ AND CHECK INPUT DATA

             * CALCULATE PORTIONS OF PLUME RISE

             - IJOOP FOR EACH STABILITY

             - LOOP FOR CONSTANT WIND SPEEDS WITH HEIGHT

             * * PH

             * * TPMX
                   I
                   * * PHX
                   I
                   * * RCON
                        I
                        * * PSIG

             * ADD CAUTIONARY LABELS
PLB00510
PLB00520
PLB00530
PLB00540
PLB00550
PLB00560
PLB00570
PLB00580
PLB00590
PLB00600
PLB00610
PLB00620
PLB00630
PLB00640
PLB00650
PLB00660
PLB00670
PLB00680
PLB00690
PLB00700
PLB00710
PLB00720
PLB00730
PLB00740
PLB00750
PLB00760
PLB00770
PLB00780
PLB00790
PLB00800
PLB00810
PLB00820
PLB00830
PLB00840
PLB00850
PLB00860
PLB00870
PLB00880
PLB00890
PLB00900
PLB00910
PLB00920
PLB00930
PLB00940
PLB00950
PLB00960
PLB00970
PLB00980
PLB00990
PLB01000

-------
                 INDEX
                                                                                                   PAGE
                                                       PTPLU  VERSION  81036
CJl
o>
00101*
00102*
00103*
00104*
00105*
00106*
00107*
00108*
00109*
00110*
00111*
00112*
00113*
00114*
00115*
00116*
00117*
00118*
00119*
00120*
00121*
00122*
00123*
00124*
00125*
0 0 1 2 6 *
00127*
00128*
00129*
00130*
00131*
00132*
00133*
00134*
00135*
00136*
00137*
00138*
00139*
0014U*
00141*
00142*
00143*
00144*
00145*
00146*
00147*
00148*
00149*
00150*
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
                                                           -  LOOP  FOR WIND SPEEDS  VARYING WITH HEIGHT
                                                           *  *  PH
                                                               TPMX
                                                                 I
                                                                 *  *
                                                                 I
             PHX
                                                                     RCON
                                                                      *  *  PSIG
                                                             ADD CAUTIONARY LABELS
 I
EXIT
                                                           WRITE OUTPUT
                              1           COMV1ON  /MS/  KST,X,SY,SZ
                              2           COMMON  /MH/  HP,VS,XFUN,DHU,ME,XFOUSE,DHUTE,DHAUE,DUTE,DHCAE,DHCAF
                                         IMF,XFOUSF,DHUTF,DHAUF,DUTF,D
                              3           COMMON  /ALL/ IOPT(3),U,HL,H,Z,Y,XF,DELH,HF,CMAX,XMAX,RC,PDHX,HPRM
                              4           DIMENSION ANOT(4), UA(14),  CM(6,14),  XM(6,14),  HE(6,14), AD(6,14)
                                         1  AH(6,14), ALP(20), CM2(6,14),  XM2(6,14),  HE2(6,14),  AD2
                                         2(6,14),  AH2(6,14), UZ(6,14),  PL(6), WI(6)
                              5           DATA  UA /.5,.8,1.,1.5,2.,2.5,3.,4.,5.,7.,10.,12.,15.)20./
                              6           DATA  ANOT /'   I,1(l)l,'(2)',1(3)1/
                              7            IRD=5
                              8            IWRI=6
                              9           WRITE(IWRI,5432)
                             10      5432  FORMAT('1' ,21X, 'PTPLU (VERSION 81036 ) '/22X, 'AN  IMPROVED POINT1,
                                         .' SOURCE SCREENING MODEL'/22X,'MODIFIED BY:  JOE CATALANO AND ',
                                         .'FRANK  HALE1/22X,'AEROCOMP,  INC.  - COSTA MESA,  CA     FOR THE1/
                                         .22X,'ENVIRONMENTAL OPERATIONS BRANCH, EPA1)
                                    C        READ CARD TYPE  1,  OPTIONS, TEMP, MX HT, AND  RECEPTOR HT
                             11           READ  (IRD, * )  (IOPT(I),I=1,3),T,HL,Z
                                    C        READ CARD TYPE  2,  ANEMOMETER HT AND WIND SPEED EXPONENTS
                             12           READ  (IRD, * )  HANE,(PL(I),I=1,6)
                                    C        ENTRY POINT  FOR CALCULATIONS OF ADDITIONAL SOURCES.
                                    C        READ CARD TYPE  3,  OUTPUT HEADING
                             13      10    READ  (IRD,430,END=400)  ALP
                                    C        READ CARD TYPE  4,  SOURCE INFORMATION
                             14           READ  (IRD, * ,END=400)  Q,HP,TS,VS,D
 PLB01010
 PLB01020
 PLB01030
 PLB01040
 PLB01050
 PLB01060
 PLB01070
 PLB01080
 PLB01090
 PLB01100
 PLB01110
 PLB01120
 PLB01130
 PLB01140
 PLB01150
 PLB01160
 PLB01170
 PLB01180
 PLB01190
 PLB01200
 PLB01210
 PLB01220
 PLB01230
 PLB01240
 PLB01250
 PLB01260
.PLB01270
 PLB01280
 PLB01290
,PLB01300
 PLB01310
 PLB01320
 PLB01330
 PLB01340
 PLB01350
 PLB01360
 PLB01370
 PLB01380
 PLB01390
 PLB01400
 PLB01410
 PLB01420
 PLB01430
 PLB01440
 PLB01450
 PLB01460
 PLB01470
 PLB01480
 PLB01490
 PLB01500

-------
      INDEX
                                                                                        PAGE
                                            PTPLU VERSION 81036
00151*
00152*
00153*
00154*
00155*
00156*
00157*
00158*
00159*
00160*
00161*
00162*
00163*
00164*
00165*
00166*
00167*
00168*
00169*
00170*
00171*
00172*
00173*
00174*
00175*
00176*
00177*
00178*
00179*
00180*
00181*
00182*
00183*
00184*
00185*
00186*
00187*
00188*
00189*
00190*
00191*
00192*
00193*
00194*
00195*
00196*
00197*
00198*
00199*
00200*
15           DO 20  K=l,6                                                        PLB01510
16     20     WI(K)=(HP/HANE)**PL(K)                                             PLB01520
       C        WI  WILL BE  USED TO CALCULATE THE WIND AT STACK TOP             PLB01530
       C        THE FOLLOWING  3 STATEMENTS  CHECK TO INSURE THE REASONABLENESS  PLB01540
       C        OF  THE  INPUT PARAMETERS.                                        PLB01550
17           IF  (HL.LE.0.0)  HL=5000.0                                           PLB01560
18           IF  (Z.LE.0.0)  Z=0.0                                               PLB01570
19           IF  (Q.GT.O.) GO TO 530                                             PLB01580
       C        CHECK ON  EMISSION  VALUE                                         PLB01590
20           WRITE  (IWRI,410)  Q                                                PLB01600
21           STOP                                                               PLB01610
       C        IF  NO AMBIENT  AIR  TEMP  IS  INPUT  293  KELVIN IS ASSUMED.         PLB01620
22     530    IF  (T.EQ.O.) T=293.                                               PLB01630
23           VF=0.785398*VS*D*D                                                PLB01640
       C        CALCULATE VOLUME FLOW   (VF)                                     PLB01650
       C        PRINT  INITIAL  INFORMATION                                       PLB01660
24           WRITE(IWRI,440)ALP                                                PLB01670
25           WRITE(IWRI,460)T,Q                                                PLB01680
26           WRITE(IWRI,461)HL,HP,IOPT(1),HANE,TS                              PLB01690
27           WRITE(IWRI,462)IOPT(2),(PL(I),1=1,3),VS                            PLB01700
28           WRITE(IWRl,463)IOPT(3),(PL(I),I=4,6),D,Z                          PLB01710
29           DELT=TS-T                                                          PLB01720
       C        DELT (TEMPERATURE  DIFFERENCE)                                   PLB01730
30           F=3.1214*VF*DELT/TS                                               PLB01740
       C        CALCULATE F  (BUOYANCY FLUX  PARAMETER)                          PLB01750
       C        WRITE CALCULATED PARAMETERS.                                    PLB01760
31           WRITE(IWRI,465)VF,F                                               PLB01770
32           WRITE  (IWRI,470)ALP                                               PLB01780
33           PDHX=160.*F**0.33333                                               PLB01790
       C        PDHX = PARTIAL DELH(X)                                          PLB01800
       C        THIS EQUATION  IS PART OF THAT  IN BRIGGS(1969)  P.  57             PLB01810
       C        CHECK TO  SEE IF BUOYANT OR  MOMENTUM FLOW;STABLE OR UNSTABLE    PLB01820
34           IF  (TS.LT.T) GO TO 40                                              PLB01830
35           IF  (F.GE.55.) GO  TO 30                                             PLB01840
       C        DETERMINE DELTA-T  FOR BUOYANCY-MOMENTUM CROSSOVER (F<55)  FOUND PLB01850
       C        BY  EQUATING  BRIGGSU969) EQ 5.2,PAGE  59 WITH COMBINATION  OF    PLB01860
       C        BRIGGS  (1971)  EQUATIONS  6 AND  7,  PAGE 1031 FOR F<55.            PLB01870
36           DTMB=0.0297*TS*VS**0.33333/D**0.66667                              PLB01880
37           IF  (DELT.LT.DTMB) GO  TO 40                                         PLB01890
       C        THE FOLLOWING  VARIABLES HAVE BEEN NORMALIZED WITH RESPECT TO U PLB01900
       C             E.G. XFUN =  FINAL DISTANCE (X)  AS A FNCN OF U.            PLB01910
       C        (0.049  IS 14*3.5/1000)BRIGGS(1971)  EQUATION 7,F<55,  AND         PLB01920
       C        FINAL DISTANCE AS  A  FUNCTION OF U IS  3.5*XSTAR                 PLB01930
38           XFUN=0.049*F**0.625                                               PLB01940
       C        USED A COMBINATION OF BRIGGS(1971)  EQNS.  6 AND 7,  P.  1031 FOR  PLB01950
       C        F<55 - DHU  IS  AGAIN  A FUNCTION  OF WIND SPEED.                   PLB01960
39           DHU=21.425*F**0.75                                                PLB01970
40           GO TO  50                                                           PLB01980
       C        DETERMINE DELTA-T  FOR BUOYANCY-MOMENTUM CROSSOVER (F>55)        PLB01990
       C        FOUND BY  EQUATING  BRIGGS(1969)  EQ.  5.2, PAGE 59 WITH           PLB02000

-------
      INDEX
                                           PTPLU VERSION  81036
                                                                                        PAGE
00201*
00202*
00203*
00204*
00205*
00206*
00207*
00208*
00209*
00210*
00211*
00212*
00213*
00214*
00215*
00216*
00217*
00218*
00219*
00220*
00221*
00222*
00223*
00224*
00225*
00226*
00227*
00228*
00229*
00230*
00231*
00232*
00233*
00234*
00235*
00236*
00237*
00238*
00239*
00240*
00241*
00242*
00243*
00244*
00245*
00246*
00247*
00248*
00249*
00250*
       C        COMBINATION  OF  BRIGGS(1971)  EQNS.  6  AND 7,  PAGE 1031  FOR F>55.  PLB02010
41      30     DTMB=0.00575*TS*VS**0.66667/D**0.33333                             PLB02020
42            IF  (DELT.LT.DTMB)  GO TO 40                                         PLB02030
       C        DISTANCE  TO  FINAL BUOYANT RISE AS  A  FUNCTION OF U              PLB02040
       C          (  0.119 =  34*3.5/100   )                                      PLB02050
       C        FROM BRIGGSU971) EQN.  7, F>55, AND  DISTANCE TO FINAL RISE IS  PLB02060
       C        3.5  XSTAR.                                                      PLB02070
43            XFUN=0.119*F**0.4                                                  PLB02080
       C        USING A COMBINATION OF  BRIGGS (1971) EQNS.  6 AND 7,  PAGE 1031  PLB02090
       C        FOR  F > 55.                              '                       PLB02100
44            DHU=38.71*F**0.6                                                   PLB02110
45            GO  TO 50                                                          PLB02120
       C        UNSTABLE-NEUTRAL MOMENTUM RISE FROM  BRIGGSU969) EQN.5.2,  P.59  PLB02130
       C        NOTE:  MOST ACCURATE WHEN VS/U>4  IT  TENDS TO OVERESTIMATE RISE  PLB02140
       C        WHEN VS/U<4   (SEE BRIGGS(1975) PAGE  78, FIG. 4)                PLB02150
46      40     XFUN=0.                                                            PLB02160
47            DHU=3.*VS*D                                                        PLB02170
       C        PREPARE PLUME  RISE CALCULATIONS FOR  STABLE CONDITIONS          PLB02180
       C        SE-  STABILITY  E     SF-  STABILITY  F                             PLB02190
       C        0.196123  = 9.80616 * 0.02                                      PLB02200
48      50     SE=0.196123/T                                                     PLB02210
       C        1.75 = 0.035/0.02                                              PLB02220
49            SF=1.75*SE                                                        PLB02230
       C        ME AND MF ARE  INDICATORS FOR MOMENTUM PREDICTORS UNDER         PLB02240
       C        STABILITIES  E  AND F, RESPECTIVELY.                             PLB02250
50            ME=0                                                               PLB02260
51            MF = 0                                                               PLB02270
52            IF  (TS.LT.T) GO TO 60                                             PLB02280
       C        DETERMINE DELTA-T FOR BUOYANCY-MOMENTUM CROSSOVER (STABLE)     PLB02290
       C        FOUND BY  EQUATING BRIGGSU975) EQ. 59, PAGE 96 FOR STABLE      PLB02300
       C        BUOYANT RISE WITH BRIGGS(1969) EQ. 4.25, PAGE 59 .              PLB02310
       C                 STABILITY E CALCULATIONS                               PLB02320
53            DTMB=0.019582*T*VS*SQRT(SE)                                       PLB02330
54            IF  (DELT.LT.DTMB)  GO TO 60                                         PLB02340
       C        STABLE BUOYANT RISE  (DELTA-H WILL BE DETERMINED LATER  IN THE  PLB02350
       C        PROGRAM AFTER  THE WIND SPEED IS INPUT)(WIND WILL BE ALLOWED TO PLB02360
       C        BE LOW ENOUGH  TO REQUIRE STABLE RISE IN CALM CONDITIONS)       PLB02370
       C        BRIGGSU975) EQ. 59,PAGE 96.                                   PLB02380
55            DHUTE=2.6*(F/SE)**0.33333                                          PLB02390
56            DHCAE=4.0*F**0.25/SE**0.375                                       PLB02400
       C       PLUME RISE UNDER CALM CONDITIONS,  EQ  56 AND TOP P82 (BRIGGS 75)  PLB02410
       C       COMBINATION OF  BRIGGS(1975) EQNS.  48  AND 59, DISTANCE TO FINAL  PLB02420
       C       RISE  WILL  BE  DETERMINED AFTER THE  WIND SPEED IS  INTRODUCED.     PLB02430
57            XFOUSE=0.0020715/SQRT(SE)                                          PLB02440
58            GO TO 70                                                          PLB02450
       C       STABLE MOMENTUM RISE FOR E STABILITY                             PLB02460
5»     60     ME=1                                                               PLB02470
60            DHAUE=3.*VS*D                                                     PLB02480
       C       THE FOLLOWING TWO EQNS.  ARE TAKEN  FROM BRIGGS EQNS.  4.28, P.  59-PLB02490
       C       DUM IS A DUMMY  EXPRESSION USED IN  CALCULATING DELTA-H.          PLB02500

-------
      I N D E X
                                                                                        PAGE
                                            PTPLU VERSION 81036
00251*
00252*
00253*
00254*
00255*
00256*
00257*
00258*
00259*
00260*
00261*
00262*
00263*
00264*
00265*
00266*
00267*
00268*
00269*
00270*
00271*
00272*
00273*
00274*
00275*
00276*
00277*
00278*
0 0 2 7 9 *
00280*
00281*
00282*
00283*
00284*
00285*
00286*
00287*
00288*
00289*
00290*
00291*
00292*
00293*
00294*
00295*
00296*
00297*
00298*
00299*
00300*
61
62

63


64
65
66

67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74













75
76
77

78

79
80
81

82

83
84
85

86

87


C
70
C
C



C


80



90

C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
100


C

C
no


C

C
120


C

C
130
DUM=1 . 5*(VS*VS*D*D*T/(4.*TS))**0.33333
DUTE=DUM/SE**0. 166667
F STABILITY CASE
DTMB=0.019582*T*VS*SQRT(SF)
THE FOLLOWING EXPRESSIONS ARE SIMILAR TO THOSE USED IN THE
E-STABILITY SECTION.
IF (DELT.LT.DTMB) GO TO 80
DHUTF=2.6*(F/SF)**0.33333
DHCAF=4.0*F**0.25/SF**0. 375
PLUME RISE UNDER CALM CONDITIONS, EQ 56 AND TOP P82 (BRIGGS 75
XFOUSF=0.0020715/SQRT(SF)
GO TO 90
MF=1
DHAUF=3.*VS*D
IF (ME.EQ.O) DUM=1.5*(VS*VS*D*D*T/(4.*TS) )**0. 33333
DUTF=DUM/SF**0. 166667
DO 330 KST=1,6
GOTO (100,110,120,130,140,150), KST
SET DO LOOP LIMITS AND TEST TIME (THOUSANDS OF SECONDS) AS A
FUNCTION OF STABILITY.
IA AND IB ARE INDICIES WHICH RESTRICT THE WIND SPEEDS
PLB02510
PLB02520
PLB02530
PLB02540
PLB02550
PLB02560
PLB02570
PLB02580
PLB02590
)PLB02600
PLB02610
PLB02620
PLB02630
PLB02640
PLB02650
PLB02660
PLB02670
PLB02680
PLB02690
PLB02700
PLB02710
FOR EACH STABILITY CLASS. TM, THE TRAVEIL TIME OF THE PLUME, ISPLB02720
THE MAXIMUM TIME A PLUME IS EXPECTED TO REMAIN AT A PARTICULAR
STABILITY. THE LIMITS FOR EACH STABILITY CLASS ARE
A - 4 HOURS
B - 6 HOURS
C - 8 HOURS
D - UNLIMITED
E - 8 HOURS
F - 8 HOURS

IA=1
IB=7
TM=14.4
14.4 IS EQUIVALENT TO 4 HOURS. (IN THOUSANDS OF SECONDS)
GO TO 160
STABILITY B (60)
IA=1
IB=9
TM=21.6
21.6 IS EQUIVALENT TO 6 HOURS.
GO TO 160
STABILITY C (70)
IA=5
IB=13
TM=28.8
28.8 IS EQUIVALENT TO 8 HOURS.
GO TO 160
STABILITY D (80)
1A=1
PLB02730
PLB02740
PLB02750
PLB02760
PLB02770
PLB02780
PLB02790
PLB02800
PLB02810
PLB02820
PLB02830
PLB02840
PLB02850
PLB02860
PLB02870
PLB02880
PLB02890
PLB02900
PLB02910
PLB02920
PLB02930
PLB02940
PLB02950
PLB02960
PLB02970
PLB02980
PLB02990
PLB03000

-------
      INDEX
                                                                                        PAGE
                                            PTPLU  VERSION  81036
00301*
00302»
00303*
00304*
00305*
00306*
00307*
00308*
00309*
00310*
00311*
00312*
00313*
00314*
00315*
00316*
00317*
00318*
00319*
00320*
00321*
00322*
00323*
00324*
00325*
00326*
00327*
00328*
00329*
00330*
00331*
00332*
00333*
00334*
00335*
00336*
00337*
00338*
00339*
00340*
00341*
00342*
00343*
00344*
00345*
00346*
00347*
00348*
00349*
00350*
88
89
 90

 91
 92
 93

 94

 95
 96
 97
 98

 99
100

101

102
103
104
105
106
107

108
109
110

111

112
113
114
115

116
117
       C
       C

       C
       140
       C
       150

       C
       C
       160
       C

       C
       170
       180
       C
       C
       C

       C
       C
       200
       240
       C
       C
       C
       C
IB=14
TM=999.
   999. IS MORE THAN 24 HOURS SINCE THE MET CONDITIONS PRODUCING
   D-STABILITY CAN PERSIST FOR EXTENDED PERIODS OF TIME.
GO TO 160
   STABILITY E (90)
IA=5
IB=9
TM=28.8
   28.8 IS EQUIVALENT TO 8 HOURS.
GO TO 160
   STABILITY F (100)
IA=5
IB=9
   TM IS STILL EQUAL TO 28.8 (8 HOURS).
   CALCULATE FOR EACH APPROPRIATE WIND SPEED.
DO 240 I=IA,IB
U=UA(I)
   DETERMINE  PLUME HEIGHT.
CALL PH
H=HF
   DETERMINE MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION FOR THIS EFFECTIVE HEIGHT.
CALL TPMX
   DETERMINE IF CAUTIONARY NOTES ARE NEEDED.
IF (CMAX.NE.9.999E+9) GO TO  170
CM(KST, I )=CMAX
GO TO 180
CM(KST, I )=CMAX*Q
XM(KST, I )=XMAX
HE(KST,I)=H
   TI IS THE TRAVEL TIME FROM SOURCE TO DISTANCE OF MAX.
TI=XMAX/U
   SECTION FOR CAUTIONARY MESSAGES.
   INITIALIZE CAUTIONARY FLAGS.
AH(KST.I) = ANOT(l)
AD(KST.I) = ANOT(l)
   TEST FOR EXCESSIVE TRAVEL TIME.
IF(TI .GT.TM)AD(KST, I ) =ANOT(2)
   CHECK FOR DIST TO MAX GREATER THAN  100 KM.
IF(XMAX.LT. 100. )GOTO200
CM(KST, I )=9.999E+9
XM(KST, I )=999.999
AD(KST, I )=ANOT(4)
   TEST FOR EFFECTIVE HEIGHT MORE THAN 200 M.
IFUI.GT. 200. )AH(KST, I )=ANOT( 3)
CONTINUE
   END OF LOOP FOR  EACH WIND SPEED.

   DO-LOOP WITH WIND PROFILE EXPONENTS
PLB03010
PLB03020
PLB03030
PLB03040
PLB03050
PLB03060
PLB03070
PLB03080
PLB03090
PLB03100
PLB03110
PLB03120
PLB03130
PLB03140
PLB03150
PLB03160
PLB03170
PLB03180
PLB03190
PLB03200
PLB03210
PLB03220
PLB03230
PLB03240
PLB03250
PLB03260
PLB03270
PLB03280
PLB03290
PLB03300
PLB03310
PLB03320
PLB03330
PLB03340
PLB03350
PLB03360
PLB03370
PLB03380
PLB03390
PLB03400
PLB03410
PLB03420
PLB03430
PLB03440
PLB03450
PLB03460
PLB03470
PLB03480
PLB03490
PLB03500

-------
                INDEX
                                                                                                  PAGE
                                                      PTPLU VERSION 81036
02
o
00351*
00352*
00353*
00354*
00355*
00356*
00357*
00358*
00359*
00360*
00361*
00362*
00363*
00364*
00365*
00366*
00367*
00368*
00369*
00370*
00371*
00372*
00373*
00374*
00375*
00376*
00377*
00378*
00379*
00380*
00381*
00382*
00383*
00384*
00385*
00386*
00387*
00388*
00389*
00390*
00391*
00392*
00393*
00394*
00395*
00396*
00397*
00398*
00399*
00400*
118           DO  320  I=IA,IB                                                     PLB03510
119           U=UA(I)*WI(KST)                                                    PLB03520
        C        CALCULATE  THE  EFFECTIVE STACK HEIGHT                           PLB03530
        C        CALL  THE PLUME RISE  ROUTINE                                    PLB03540
120           CALL  PH                                                            PLB03550
121           H=HF                                                               PLB03560
        C        CALCULATE  MAXIMUM CNCENTRATION AND                             PLB03570
        C        LOCATE  THE DISTANCE  TO MAX CONCENTRATION FOR THIS              PLB03580
        C        WIND  SPEED AND STABILITY BY CALLING TPMX                       PLB03590
122           CALL  TPMX                                                          PLB03600
123           IF  (CMAX.NE.9.999E+9) GO TO 250                                   PLB03610
124           CM2(KST,I)=CMAX                                                    PLB03620
125           GO  TO 260                                                          PLB03630
126     250    CM2(KST,I)=CMAX*Q                                                 PLB03640
127     260    XM2(KST,I)=XMAX                                                    PLB03650
128           HE2(KST,I)=H                                                       PLB03660
129           UZ(KST,I)=U                                                        PLB03670
130           TI=XMAX/U                                                          PLB03680
        C        SECTION FOR CAUTIONARY MESSAGES.                                PLB03690
        C        INITIALIZE CAUTIONARY FLAGS.                                   PLB03700
131           AH2(KST,I) =  ANOT(l)                                               PLB03710
132           AD2(KST,I) =  ANOT(l)                                               PLB03720
        C        TEST  FOR EXCESSIVE TRAVEL TIME.                                 PLB03730
133           IF(TI.GT.TM)AD2(KST,I)  = ANOT(2)                                   PLB03740
        C        CHECK FOR  DIST TO MAX GREATER THAN 100  KM.                      PLB03750
134           IF(XMAX.LT.100.)GOTO201                                            PLB03760
135           CM2(KST,I)=9.999E+9                                                PLB03770
136           XM2(KST,I)=999.999                                                PLB03780
137           AD2(KST,I)=ANOT(4)                                                PLB03790
        C        TEST  FOR EFFECTIVE HEIGHT MORE THAN 200 M.                      PLB03800
138     201    IF(H.GT.200.)AH2(KST,I)=ANOT(3)                                   PLB03810
139     320    CONTINUE                                                           PLB03820
        C        END OF  LOOP FOR EXTRAPOLATED WIND SPEEDS.                       PLB03830
140     330    CONTINUE                                                           PLB03840
        C        END OF  LOOP FOR EACH  STABILITY.                                 PLB03850
        C                                                                       PLB03860
        C        WRITE OUTPUT SUMMARY  TABLE.                                     PLB03870
141           KST=1                                                              PLB03880
142           WRITE (IWRI,480)HANE                                              PLB03890
143           WRITE(IWRI ,482)                                                    PLB03900
144           WRITE (IWRI,485)                                                   PLB03910
145           DO  340 N=l,7                                                       PLB03920
146           WRITE (IWRI,490)  KST,UA(N),CM(KST,N),XM(KST,N),AD(KST,N),HE(KST,N)PLB03930
             1,AH(KST,N),UZ(KST,N),CM2(KST,N),XM2(KST,N),AD2(KST,N),HE2(KST,N).APLB03940
             2H2(KST,N)                                                          PLB03950
147     340    CONTINUE                                                           PLB03960
148           KST=2                                                              PLB03970
149           WRITE  (IWRI,480)HANE                                              PLB03980
150           WKITE(IWRI,482)                                                    PLB03990
151           WRITE  (IWRI,485)                                                   PLB04000

-------
      INDEX
                                                                                        PAGE
                                            PTPLU  VERSION  81036
00401*
00402*
00403*
00404*
00405*
00406*
00407*
00408*
00409*
00410*
00411*
00412*
00413*
00414*
00415*
00416*
00417*
00418*
00419*
00420*
00421*
00422*
00423*
00424*
00425*
00426*
00427*
00428*
00429*
00430*
00431*
00432*
00433*
00434*
00435*
00436*
00437*
00438*
00439*
00440*
00441*
00442*
00443*
00444*
00445*
00446*
00447*
00448*
00449*
00450*
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
163
184
185
186
187

188

189
        350
        360
        370
        380
        390
400
C
410

430
      DO 350 N=l,9                                                      PLB04010
      WRITE (IWRI ,490) KST,UA(N),CM(KST,N),XM(KST,N),AD(KST,N), IIE(KST,N)PLB04020
     1,AH(KST,N),UZ(KST,N),CM2(KST,N),XM2(KST,N),AD2(KST,N),HE2(KST,N),APLB04030
     2H2(KST,N)                                                         PLB04040
      CONTINUE                                                          PLB04050
      KST=3                                                             PLB04060
      WRITE (IWRI,480)HANE                                              PLB04070
      WRITE(IWRI,482)                                                   PLB04080
      WRITE (IWRI,485)                                                  PLB04090
      DO 360 N = 5, 13                                                     PLB04100
      WRITE (IWRI,490) KST,UA(N),CM(KST,N),XM(KST,N),AD(KST,N),HE(KST,N)PLB04110
     1 ,AH(KST,N),UZ(KST,N),CM2(KST,N),XM2(KST,N),AD2(KST,N),HE2(KST,N).APLB04120
     2H2(KST,N)                                                         PLB04130
      CONTINUE                                                          PLB04140
      KST=4                                                             PLB04150
      WRITE (IWRI,480)HANE                                              PLB04160
      WRITE(IWRI,482)                                                   PLB04170
      WRITE (IWRI,485)                                                  PLB04180
      DO 370 N=l, 14                                                     PLB04190
      WRITE (IWRI,490) KST,UA(N),CM(KST,N),XM(KST,N),AD(KST,N),HE(KST,N)PLB04200
     1,AH(KST,N),UZ(KST,N),CM2(KST,N),XM2(KST,N),AD2(KST,N),HE2(KST,N).APLB04210
     2H2(KST,N)                                                         PLB04220
      CONTINUE                                                          PLB04230
      KST=5                                                             PLB04240
      WRITE ( IWRI ,480 )HANE                                              PLB04250
      WR1TE(IWRI,482)                                                   PLB04260
      WRITE (IWRI,485)                                                  PLB04270
      DO 380 N=5,9                                                      PLB04280
      WRITE (IWRI,490) KST,UA(N),CM(KST,N),XM(KST,N),AD(KST,N),HE(KST,N)PLB04290
     1,AH(KST,N),UZ(KST,N),CM2(KST,N),XM2(KST,N),AD2(KST,N),HE2(KST,N).APLB04300
     2H2(KST,N)                                                         PLB04310
      CONTINUE                                                          PLB04320
      KST=6                                                             PLB04330
      WRITE (6,480)HANE                                                 PLB04340
      WRITE(IWRI,482)                                                   PLB04350
      WRITE (6,485)                                                     PLB04360
      DO 390 N=5,9                                                      PLB04370
      WRITE (IWRI,490) KST,UA(N),CM(KST,N),XM(KST,N),AD(KST,N),UE(KST,N)PLB04380
     1,AH(KST,N),UZ(KST,N),CM2(KST,N),XM2(KST,N),AD2(KST,N),HE2(KST,N).APLB04390
2H2(KST,N)
 CONTINUE
 WRITE (IWRI,500)
 WRITE (IWRI,510)
 WRITE (IWRI,520)
 GO TO 10
 STOP

 FORMAT (IX,1  EMISSION OF '.F10.4,1 G/SEC NOT ACCEPTABLE.'/1
1 EXECUTION  TERMINATED - CHECK INPUT DATA  *** ' )
 FORMAT (20A4)
PLB04400
PLB04410
PLB04420
PLB04430
PLB04440
PLB04450
PLB04460
PLB04470
PLB04480
PLB04490
PLB04500

-------
INDEX
                                                                                  PAGE   10
                                     PTPLU VERSION 81036
00451*
00452*
00453*
00454*
00455*
00456*
00457*
00458*
00459*
00460*
00461*
00462*
00463*
00464*
00465*
00466*
00467*
00468*
00469*
00470*
00471*
00472*
00473*
00474*
00475*
00476*
00477*
00478*
00479*
00480*
00481*
00482*
00483*
00484*
00485*
00486*
00487*
00488*
00489*
00490*
00491*
190
191



192



193


194


195


196
197


198


199

200

201



202

203



204

440
460



461



462


463


465


470
480


482


485

490

500



510

520


C

C
                        FORMAT(/49X, '»> INPUT PARAMETERS <«'/' *** TITLE***   ',20A4)       PLB04510
                        FORMAT(/IX,'***OPT1ONS***',24X,                                    PLB04520
                        1 '* "METEOROLOGY***' ,33X,'***SOURCE***'/1X,'IF  =  1, USE OPTION',    PLB04530
                        219X,'AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE =',F9.2,' (K)',12X,                   PLB04540
                        3'EMISSION RATE =',F9.2,'  (G/SEC)')                                 PLB04550
                        FORMATdX,'IF =  0,  IGNORE OPTION',16X,'MIXING  HEIGHT1,11X,         PLB04560
                        5'=',F9.2,'  (M)',12X,'STACK HEIGHT  =',F9.2,' (M)'/1X,              PLB04570
                        6'IOPTd) =  ',11,'  (GRAD  PLUME RISE)',8X,'ANEMOMETER HEIGHT',       PLBQ4580
                        77X,'=',F9.2,' (M)',12X,'EXIT TEMP.    =',F9.2,'  (K)')              PLB04590
                        FORMATdX, ' IOPT( 2)  =  ',11,' ( STACK DOWNWASH)', 9X,                  PLB04600
                        9'WIND PROFILE EXPONENTS   = A:',F4.2,', B:',F4.2,', C: ' ,            PLB04610
                        .F4.2,2X,'EXIT VELOCITY =',F9.2,' (M/SEC)')                         PLB04620
                        FORMATdX,'IOPT(3)  =  ',11,' (BUOY. INDUCED DISP.)',SOX,            PLB04630
                        .'D: ' ,F4.2,' , E:',F4.2,1,  F:' ,F4.2,2X,'STACK DIAM.   =',            PLB04640
                        .F9.2,'  (M)'/'0***RECEPTOR HEIGHT***  =',F9.2,'  (M)')                PLB04650
                        FORMAT  (/47X, ' >»CALCULATED PARAMETERS <«',/1X,'VOLUMETRIC FLO' , ' PLB04660
                        1W =',F9.2,'  (M**3/SEC)',11X,'BUOYANCY FLUX PARAMETER  =',F9.2,      PLB04670
                        2' (M**4/SEC**3)')                                                  PLB04680
                        FORMAT(//1X,20A4)                                                  PLB04690
                        FORMAT  (1H0.20X,'****WINDS CONSTANT WITH HEIGHT****',              PLB04700
                        .9X,'****STACK TOP WINDS  (EXTRAPOLATED FROM ',F5.1,' METERS)',      PLB04710
                        .'****')                                                            PLB04720
                        FORMAT(' STABILITY',3X,'WIND SPEED',                               PLB04730
                        13X,'MAX CONC',3X,'DIST OF MAX',3X,' PLUME HT ',7X,'WIND SPEED',    PLB04740
                        23X,'MAX CONC',3X,'DIST OF MAX',3X,' PLUME HT')                     PLB04750
                        FORMATdSX,'(M/SEC)    (G/CU M)',7X,4H(KM),10X,3H(M),12X,          PLB04760
                        4'(M/SEC)     (G/CU M)1,7X,4H(KM),10X,3H(M))                         PLB04770
                        FORMAT  (4X,II,10X.F6.2,3X,1PE10.4,4X,OPF8.3,A3,IX,F8.1,A3,9X,      PLB04780
                        1F6.2.3X,1PE10.4,4X,OPF8.3,A3,1X,F8.1,A3)                           PLB04790
                        FORMAT  (1HO,1 (1) THE DISTANCE TO THE POINT OF MAXIMUM CONCENTRATIPLB04800
                        ION  IS SO GREAT THAT THE  SAME STABILITY IS NOT  LIKELY'/1H ,         PLB04810
                        2'        TO PERSIST LONG ENOUGH FOR THE PLUME TO  TRAVEL THIS FAR.'PLB04820
                        3)                                                                  PLB04830
                        FORMAT  CO  (2)  THE  PLUME  IS CALCULATED TO BE AT A HEIGHT WHERE CARPLB04840
                        IE SHOULD BE USED  IN  INTERPRETING THE COMPUTATION.1)                PLB04850
                        FORMAT  (1HO,1 (3) NO COMPUTATION WAS ATTEMPTED FOR THIS HEIGHT AS  PLB04860
                        1THE POINT OF MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION IS GREATER THAN 100 KILOMETERS'PLB04870
                        2/1H  ,'        FROM THE SOURCE.1)                                   PLB04880
                                                                                           PLB04890
                        END                                                                PLB04900
                                                                                           PLB04910

-------
OJ
CO
                 INDEX
SYMBOL

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
ISO
160
170
180
200
201
240
250
260
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
430
440
460
461
462
463
465
470
480
482
485
490
500
510
520
                                                                                                    PAGE   11
                                                       PTPLU VERSION  81036
                                                                REFERENCES
 13*
 15
 35
 34
 40
 52
 58
 64
 68
 74
 74
 74
 74
 74
 74
 78
102
104
112
134
 97
123
125
118
 73
145
152
159
166
173
180
 13RD
 20WR
 13RD
 24WR
 25WR
 26WR
 27WR
 28WR
 31WR
 32WR
142VVR
143WR
144WR
146WR
183WR
184WR
185WR
186
 16*
 41*
 37
 45
 54
 63*
 69*
 73*
 75*
 79*
 83*
 87*
 91*
 95*
 82
105*
106*
116*
138*
117*
126*
127*
139*
140*
147*
154*
161*
168*
175*
182*
 14RD
188*
189*
190*
191*
192*
193*
194*
195*
196*
149WR
150WR
151WR
153WR
201*
202*
203*
                                                 42
                                                 48*
                                                 59*
                                                         46«
                                                 86
                                                         90
                                                                  94
                 97'
                                                187*
                                                156WR
                                                157WR
                                                158WR
                                                160WR
163WR
164WR
165WR
167WR
170WR
171WR
172WR
174WR
177WR   197*
178WR   198*
179WR   199*
181WR   200*

-------
05
                 INDEX
530
5432
AD
AD 2
AH
All 2
ALL
ALP
ANOT

CM
CM 2
CMAX
D

DELH
DELT
DHAUE
DHAUF
DHCAE
DIICAF
DHU
DHUTE
DIfUTF
DTMB
DUM
DUTE
DUTF
F

H
HANE
HE
HE2
HF
HL
HP
HPRM
I
                    1A
                    IB
                    I OPT
                    IRD
                    IWRI
                                                                                                     PAGE  12
                                                       PTPLU  VERSION 81036
19
9WR
4DI
4DI
4DI
4DI
3OO
4DI
4DI
137
4DI
4DI
SCO
2CO
61
3CO
29 =
2CO
2CO
2CO
2CO
2CO
2CO
2CO
36 =
61 =
2CO
2CO
30 =
65
300
12RD
4DI
4DI
3CO
SCO
2CO
SCO
11RD
103
116
133
75 =
76 =
SCO
7 =
8 =
142WR
158WR
178WR
22»
10*
110 =
132 =
109 =
131 =

13RD
6 DA
138
103 =
124 =
102
14RD
70

30
60 =
70 =
56 =
66 =
39 =
55 =
65 =
37
62
62 =
72 =
31WR
66
100 =
16
107 =
128 =
100
11RD
14RD

11RD
105
118
135
79 =
80 =
11RD
11RD
9WR
143WR
160WR
181WR


111 =
133 =
116 =
138 =

24WR
109

105 =
126 =
103
23
71

37




44 =


41 =
71 =


33

107
26WR
146WR
146WR
121
17
16 '

12RD
106
119
136
83 =
84 =
26WR
12RD
20WR
144WR
163WR
183WR


115 =
137 =
146WR
146WR

32WR
110

113 =
135 =
105
23
71

42




47 =


42
72


35

116
142WR
153WR
153WR

17 =
26WR

12RD
107
124
137
87 =
88 =
27WR
13RD
24WR
146WR
164WR
184WR


146WR
146WR
153WR
153WR


111

146WR
146WR
123
28WR


54







53 =



38

121 =
149WR
160WR
16 OWli

26WR


27WR
109
126
138
91 =
92 =
28WR
14RD
25WR
149WR
165WR
185WR


153WR
153WR
160WR
160WR


115

153WR
153WR
124
36


64







54



39

128
156WR
167WR
167WR




27WR
110
127

95 =
96 =


26WR
150WR
167WR



160WR
160WR
167WR
167WR


116

160WR
160WR
126
41










63 =



43

138
163WR
174WR
174WR




28WR
111
128

97
97


27WR
151WR
170WR



167WR
167WR
174WR
174WR


131

167WR
167WR

47










64



44


170WR
181WR
181WR




28VVR
113
129

118
118


28WR
153WR
171WR



174WR
174WR
181WR
181WR


132

174WR
174WR

60














55


177WR






97
114
131





31WR
156WR
172WR



181WR
181WR




133

181WR
181WR

61














56









98
115
132





32WR
157WR
174WR


-------
01
                 INDEX
                    K
                    KST
                                                                                                     PAGE   13
                                                        PTPLU VERSION 81036
                    ME
                    MF
                    Mil
                    MS
                    N
                    PDHX
                    PH
                    PL
                    Q
                    RC
                    SE
                    SF
                    SQRT
                    SY
                    sz
                    T

                    TI
                    TM
                    TPMX
                    TS
                    U
                    UA
                    UZ
                    VF
                    VS

                    Wl
                    X
                    XF
                    XFOUSE
15
ICO
113
131
146WR
148 =
153WR
160WR
167WR
174WR
174WR
181WR
20O
2CO
200
ICO
145
146WR
153WR
160WR
167WR
167WR
174WR
181WR
3CO
99
4DI
14RD
SCO
48 =
49 =
53
ICO
ICO
11RD
63
108 =
77 =
101
14RD
SCO
4DI
4DI
23 =
2CO
61
4D1
ICO
3CO
2CO
16
73
114
132
146WR
153WR
153WR
160WR
167WR
174WR
174WR
181WR
50 =
51 =


146WR
146WR
153WR
160WR
167WR
167WR
174WR
181WR
33 =
120
12RD
19

49
63
57


22
71
111
81 =
122
26WR
98 =
5 DA
129 =
30
14RD
63
16 =


57 =
16
74
115
133
146WR
153WR
153WR
160WR
167WR
174WR
176 =
181WR
59 =
69 =


146WR
146WR
153WR
160WR
167WR
173
174WR
181WR


16
20WR

53
65
63


22 =

130 =
85 =

29
108
98
146WR
31WR
23
70
119




103
1 16
135
146WR
153WR
155 =
160WR
167WR
174WR
181WR
181WR
71



146WR
152
153WR
160WR
167WR
174WR
174WR
181WR


27WR
25WR

55
66
67


25WR

133
89 =

30
119 =
119
153WR

27WR
71





105
119
136
146WR
153WR
160WR
160WR
167WR
174WR
181WR
181WR




146WR
153WR
153WR
160WR
167WR
174WR
174WR
181WR


28WR
105

56
67



29


93 =

34
129
146WR
160WR

36
71





106
124
137
146WR
153WR
160WR
160WR
167WR
174WR
181WR





146WR
153WR
153WR
160WR
167WR
174WR
180
181WR



126

57
72



34


111

36
130
153WR
167WR

41






107
126
138
146WR
153WR
160WR
162 =
167WR
174WR
181WR





146VVR
153WR
159
160WR
167WR
174WR
181WR
181WR





62




48


133

41

160WR
174WR

47






109
127
141 =
146WR
153WR
160WR
167WR
167WR
174WR
181WR





146WR
153WR
160WR
160WR
167WR
174WR
181WR
181WR










52




52

167WR
181WR

53






110
128
146WR
146WR
153WR
160WR
167WR
167WR
174WR
181WR





146WR
153WR
160WR
160WR
167WR
174WR
181WR











53




61

174WR


60






111
129
146WR
146WR
153WR
160WR
167WR
169 =
174WR
181WR





146WR
153WR
160WR
166
167WR
174WR
181WR











61




71

181WR


61






-------
                 INDEX
                                                       PTPLU  VERSION 81036
                                                                                                     PAGE  14
XFOUSF -
XFUN
XM
XM2
XMAX
Y
Z
2CO
2OO
4DI
41)1
3CO
3CO
3OO
67 =
38 =
106 =
127 =
106

11RD

43 =
114 =
136 =
108

18

46 =
146WR
146WR
112

18 =


153WR
153WR
127

28WR


160WR
160WR
130




167WR
167WR
134




174WR
174WR





181WR
181WR



Oi
05

-------
      INDEX
                                                                                        PAGE  15
                                              SUBROUTINE  RCON
00492*
00493*
00494*
00495*
00496*
00497*
00498*
00499*
00500*
00501*
00502*
00503*
00504*
00505*
00506*
00507*
00508*
00509*
00510*
00511*
00512*
00513*
00514*
00515*
00516*
00517*
00518*
00519*
00520*
00521*
00522*
00523*
00524*
00525*
00526*
00527*
00528*
00529*
00530*
00531*
00532*
00533*
00534*
00535*
00536*
00537*
00538*
00539*
00540*
00541*
      SUBROUTINE RCON
C
C->->->->SECTION RCON.A - COMMON.
      COMV10N /MS/KST,X,SY,SZ
      COMMON /ALL/IOPT(3),U,HL,H,Z,Y,XF,DELH,HF,CMAX,XMAX,RC,PDHX,HPRM
C
C
C->->->->SECTION RCON.B - EXPLANATIONS AND COMPUTATIONS
                         COMMON TO ALL CONDITIONS.

   RCON DETERMINES RELATIVE CONCENTRATIONS, CHI/Q, FROM POINT SOURCES.
          RCON CALLS PSIG FOR THE DISPERSION COEFFICENTS.
         THE INPUT VARIABLES ARE:
          U  WIND SPEED (M/SEC)
          Z    RECEPTOR HEIGHT (M)
          H    EFFECTIVE STACK HEIGHT (M)
          HL   MIXING HEIGHT- TOP OF NEUTRAL OR UNSTABLE LAYER(M).
          X    DISTANCE RECEPTOR IS DOWNWIND OF SOURCE (KM)
          Y    DISTANCE RECEPTOR IS CROSSWIND FROM SOURCE  (KM)
          KST  STABILITY CLASS
          DELH PLUME RISE(METERS)
         THE OUTPUT VARIABLES ARE	
                 HORIZONTAL DISPERSION PARAMETER
                VERTICAL DISPERSION PARAMETER
               RELATIVE CONCENTRATION (SEC/M**3)
                   OUTPUT UNIT CONTROL
PLB04920
PLB04930
PLB04940
PLB04950
PLB04960
PLB04970
PLB04980
PLB04990
PLB05000
PLB05010
PLB05020
PLB05030
PLB05040
PLB05050
PLB05060
PLB05070
PLB05080
PLB05090
PLB05100
PLB05110
PLB05120
PLB05130
PLB05140
PLB05150
PLB05160
PLB05170
PLB05180
PLB05190
PLB05200
                SY
                SZ
                RC    RELATIVE CONCENTRATION (SEC/M**3)  ,CHI/Q
                IWRI
4           IWRI=6
      C        THE  FOLLOWING EQUATION IS SOLVED --
      C        RC = (1/(2*PI*U*SIGMA Y*SIGMA Z))* (EXP(-0.5*(Y/SIGMA Y)**2))
      C           (EXP(-0.5*((Z-H)/SIGMA Z)**2) +• EXP(-0.5*((Z+H)/SIGMA Z)**2)PLB05210
      C             PLUS  THE SUM OF THE FOLLOWING 4  TERMS K TIMES  (N=1,K) --  PLB05220
      C                  FOR NEUTRAL OR UNSTABLE CASES:                        PLB05230
      C              TERM 1- EXP(-0.5*((Z-H-2NL)/SIGMA  Z)**2)                 PLB05240
      C              TERM 2- EXP(-0.5*((Z+H-2NL)/SIGMA  Z)**2)                 PLB05250
      C              TERM 3- EXP(-0.5*((Z-H+2NL)/SIGMA  Z)**2)                 PLB05260
      C              TERM 4- EXP(-0.5*((Z+H+2NL)/SIGMA  Z)**2)                 PLB05270
      C NOTE THAT MIXING  HEIGHT- THE TOP OF THE NEUTRAL OR UNSTABLE LAYER-    PLB05280
      C HAS  A VALUE ONLY  FOR STABILITIES 1-4,  THAT IS,  MIXING HEIGHT,         PLB05290
      C THE  HEIGHT  OF THE NEUTRAL OR UNSTABLE LAYER,  DOES NOT EXIST FOR STABLEPLB05300
      C LAYERS AT THE GROUND SURFACE- STABILITY 5 OR 6.                        PLB05310
      C        THE  ABOVE  EQUATION IS SIMILAR TO EQUATION  (5.8) P 36 IN        PLB05320
      C         WORKBOOK  OF ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION ESTIMATES WITH THE ADDITIONPLB05330
      C         OF  THE EXPONENTIAL INVOLVING Y.                               PLB05340
      C       IF STABLE,  SKIP CONSIDERATION OF MIXING HEIGHT.                 PLB05350
5           IF (KST.GE.5) GO TO 50                                            PLB05360
      C        IF THE SOURCE IS ABOVE THE LID, SET RC = 0., AND RETURN.       PLB05370
6           IF (H.GT.HL)  GO TO 20                                             PLB05380
7           IF (Z-HL) 50,50,40                                                PLB05390
8     20    IF (Z.LT.HL)  GO TO 40                                             PLB05400
9           WRITE (IWRI,470)                                                  PLB05410

-------
                 I N D E X
                                                                                                   PAGE  16
                                                        SUBROUTINE RCON
CTV
oo
00542*
00543*
00544*
00545*
00546*
00547*
00548*
00549*
00550*
00551*
00552*
00553*
00554*
00555*
00556*
00557*
00558*
00559*
00560*
00561*
00562*
00563*
00564*
00565*
00566*
00567*
00568*
00569*
00570*
00571*
00572*
00573*
00574*
00575*
00576*
00577*
00578*
00579*
00580*
00581*
00582*
00583*
00584*
00585*
00586*
00587*
00588*
00589*
00590*
00591*
                             10
                             11
                             12

                             13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

23
24
25
26
27
28
                            29
                            30
                            31
                            32
                            33

                            34
                            35
                            36
                            37
                            38
                                                                                               THIS  AVOIDS
40    RC=0.
      RETURN
C        IF X IS LESS THAN 1 METER, SET RC=0. AND RETURN.
C         PROBLEMS OF INCORRECT VALUES NEAR THE SOURCE.
50    IF (X.LT.0.001) GO TO 40
C        CALL PSIG TO OBTAIN VALUES FOR SY AND SZ
      CALL PSIG
C         SY = SIGMA Y, THE STANDARD DEVIATION OF CONCENTRATION  IN  THE
C         Y-DIRECTION (M)
C         SZ = SIGMA Z, THE STANDARD DEVIATION OF CONCENTRATION  IN  THE
C         Z-DIRECTION (M)
C       IF IOPT(3) = 1, CONSIDER BUOYANCY INDUCED DISPERSION
      IF (IOPT(3).EQ.O) GO TO 70
      DUM=DELH/3.5
      IF(IOPT(1).EQ.O.  .AND. X.LT.XF)DUM=PDHX*X**0.666667/(3.5*U)
      DUM=DUM*DUM
      SY=SQRT(SY*SY+DUM)
      SZ=SQRT(SZ*SZ+DUM)
70    Cl=l.
      IF (Y.EQ.0.0) GO TO 100
      YD=1000.*Y
C        YD IS CROSSWIND DISTANCE IN METERS.
      DUM=YD/SY
      T£MP=0.5*DUM*DUM
      IF (TEMP.GE.50.) GO TO 40
      C1=EXP(TEMP)
100   IF (KST.GT.4) GO TO 120
      IF (HL.LT.5000.) GO TO 200
C        IF STABLE CONDITION OR UNLIMITED MIXING HEIGHT,
C         USE EQUATION 3.2 IF Z = 0, OR EQ 3.1 FOR NON-ZERO Z.
C         (EQUATION NUMBERS REFER TO WORKBOOK OF ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION  PLB05720
C         ESTIMATES.)                                                    PLB05730
120   C2=2.*SZ*SZ                                                        PLB05740
      IF (Z)  40,130,150                                                  PLB05750
C       NOTE:  AN ERRONEOUS NEGATIVE Z WILL RESULT IN ZERO CONCENTRATIONSPLBO5760
C                                                                        PLB05770
C->->->->SECTION RCON.C - STABLE OR UNLIMITED MIXING, Z  IS ZERO.         PLB05780
C                                                                        PLB05790
130   C3=H*H/C2                                                           PLB05800
                                                                         PLB05810
                                                                         PLB05820
                                                                         PLB05830
                                                                         PLB05840
                                                                         PLB05850
                                                                         PLB05860
                                                                         PLB05870
                                                                         PLB05880
                                                                         PLB05890
                                                                         PLB05900
                                                                         PLB05910
PLB05420
PLB05430
PLB05440
PLB05450
PLB05460
PLB05470
PLB05480
PLB05490
PLB05500
PLB05510
PLB05520
PLB05530
PLB05540
PLB05550
PLB05560
PLB05570
PLB05580
PLB05590
PLB05600
PLB05610
PLB05620
PLB05630
PLB05640
PLB05650
PLB05660
PLB05670
PLB05680
PLB05690
PLB05700
PLB05710
            C3=H*H/C2
             IF  (C3.GE.50.) GO TO 40
            A2=l./EXP(C3)
       C        WADE  EQUATION  3.2.
            RC=A2/(3.14159*U*SY*SZ*C1)
            RETURN
       C
       C->->->->SECTION RCON.D -  STABLE OR  UNLIMITED MIXING,  Z IS NON-ZERO.
       C
       150   A2=0.
            A3 = 0.
            CA=Z-H

-------
      INDEX
                                                                                        PAGE  17
00592*
00593*
00594*
00595*
00596*
00597*
00598*
00599*
00600*
00601*
00602*
00603*
00604*
00605*
00606*
00607*
00608*
00609*
00610*
00611*
00612*
00613*
00614*
00615*
00616*
00617*
00618*
00619*
00620*
00621*
00622*
00623*
00624*
00625*
00626*
00627*
00628*
00629*
00630*
00631*
00632*
00633*
00634*
00635*
00636*
00637*
00638*
00639*
00640*
00641*
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

46
47
48

49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
170

C
190
                     SUBROUTINE RCON

      CB=Z+H
      C3=CA*CA/C2
      C4=CB*CB/C2
      IF (C3.GE.50.) GO TO 170
      A2=1./EXP(C3)
      IF (C4.GE.50.) GO TO 190
      A3 = l ./EXP(C4)
         WADE EQUATION 3.1.
      RC=(A2+A3)/(6.28318*U*SY*SZ*C1)
      RETURN
C
C->->->->SECTION RCON.E - UNSTABLE, ASSURED OF UNIFORM MIXING.
C
C
C
C
C
200
C
         IF SIGMA-Z IS GREATER THAN 1.6 TIMES THE MIXING HEIGHT,
         THE DISTRIBUTION BELOW THE MIXING HEIGHT IS UNIFORM WITH
         HEIGHT REGARDLESS OF SOURCE HEIGHT OR RECEPTOR HEIGHT BECAUSE
         OF REPEATED EDDY REFLECTIONS FROM THE GROUND AND THE MIXING HT
      IF (SZ/HL.LE.1.6) GO TO 220
         WADE EQUATION 3.5.
      RC=1./(2.5066*U*SY*HL*C1)
      RETURN
C        INITIAL VALUE OF AN SET = 0.
C         AN - THE NUMBER OF TIMES THE SUMMATION TERM IS EVALUATED
C               AND ADDED IN.
220   AN=0.
      IF (Z) 40,380,230
C
C->->->->SECTION RCON.F - UNSTABLE, CALCULATE MULTIPLE EDDY
C                        REFLECTIONS, Z IS NON-ZERO.
C
C       STATEMENTS 220-260 CALCULATE RC, THE RELATIVE CONCENTRATION,
C         USING THE EQUATION DISCUSSED ABOVE.  SEVERAL INTERMEDIATE
C         VARIABLES ARE USED TO AVOID REPEATING CALCULATIONS.
C         CHECKS ARE MADE TO BE SURE THAT THE ARGUMENT OF THE
C         EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION IS NEVER GREATER THAN 50 (OR LESS THAN
C         -50).
C        CALCULATE MULTIPLE EDDY REFLECTIONS FOR RECEPTOR HEIGHT Z.
230   Al=l./(6.28318*U*SY*SZ*C1)
      C2=2.*SZ*SZ
      A2 = 0.
      A3 = 0.
      CA=Z-H
      CB=Z+H
      C3=CA*CA/C2
      C4=CB*CB/C2
      IF (C3.GE.50.) GO TO 250
      A2=1./EXP(C3)
250   IF (C4.GE.50.) GO TO 270
      A3=1./EXP(C4)
270   SUM=0.
PLB05920
PLB05930
PLB05940
PLB05950
PLB05960
PLB05970
PLB05980
PLB05990
PLB06000
PLB06010
PLB06020
PLB06030
PLB06040
PLB06050
PLB06060
PLB06070
PLB06080
PLB06090
PLB06100
PLB06110
PLB06120
PLB06130
PLB06140
PLB06150
PLB06160
PLB06170
PLB06180
PLB06190
PLB06200
PLB06210
PLB06220
PLB06230
PLB06240
PLB06250
PLB06260
PLB06270
PLB06280
PLB06290
PLB06300
PLB06310
PLB06320
PLB06330
PLB06340
PLB06350
PLB06360
PLB06370
PLB06380
PLB06390
PLB06400
PLB06410

-------
      INDEX
                                                                                         PAGE   18
                                              SUBROUTINE RCON
00642*
00643*
00644*
00645*
00646*
00647*
00648*
00649*
00650*
00651*
00652*
00653*
00654*
00655*
00656*
00657*
00658*
00659*
00660*
00661*
00662*
00663*
00664*
00665*
00666*
00667*
00668*
00669*
00670*
00671*
00672*
00673*
00674*
00675*
00676*
00677*
00678*
00679*
00680*
00681*
00682*
00683*
00684*
00685*
00686*
00687*
00688*
00689*
00690*
00691*
 66
 67
 68
 69
 70
 71
 72
 73
 74
 75
 76
 77
 78
 79
 80
 81
 82
 83
 84
 85
 86
 87
 88
 89
 90
 91
 92
 93
 94
 95
 96
 97
 98
 99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109

280















300

320

340

•360




C
C->->
C
C
C
C
380





400

410







THL=2.*HL
AN=AN+1 .

A5 = 0.
A6 = 0.
A7 = 0.
C5=AN*THL
CC=CA-C5
CD=CB-C5
CE=CA+C5
CF=CB+C5
C6=CC*CC/C2
C7=CD*CD/C2
C8=CE*CE/C2
C9=CF*CF/C2
IF (C6.GE.50.) GO TO 300
A4=1./EXP(C6)
IF (C7.GE.50.) GO TO 320
A5=1./EXP(C7)
IF (C8.GE.50.) GO TO 340
A6=1./EXP(C8)
IF (C9.GE.50.) GO TO 360
A7=1./EXP(C9)
T=A4+A5+A6+A7
SUM=SUM+T
IF (T.GE.0.01) GO TO 280
RC=A1*(A2+A3+SUM)
RETURN

->->SECTION RCON.G - UNSTABLE, CALCULATE MULTIPLE EDDY
REFLECTIONS, Z IS ZERO.

CALCULATE MULTIPLE EDDY REFLECTIONS FOR GROUND LEVEL RECEPTOR
HEIGHT.
A1=1./(6.28318*U*SY*SZ*C1)
A2 = 0 .
C2=2.*SZ*SZ
C3=H*H/C2
IF (C3.GE.50. ) GO TO 400
A2=2./EXP(C3)
SUM=0.
THL=2.*HL
AN=AN+1.
A4 = 0.
A6 = 0.
C5=AN*THL
CC=H-C5
CE=H+C5
C6=CC*CC/C2
C8=CE*CE/C2
PLB06420
PLB06430
PLB06440
PLB06450
PLB06460
PLB06470
PLB06480
PLB06490
PLB06500
PLB06510
PLB06520
PLB06530
PLB06540
PLB06550
PLB06560
PLB06570
PLB06580
PLB06590
PLB06600
PLB06610
PLB06620
PLB06630
PLB06640
PLB06650
PLB06660
PLB06670
PLB06680
PLB06690
PLB06700
PLB06710
PLB06720
PLB06730
PLB06740
PLB06750
PLB06760
PLB06770
PLB06780
PLB06790
PLB06800
PLB06810
PLB06820
PLB06830
PLB06840
PLB06850
PLB06860
PLB06870
PLB06880
PLB06890
PLB06900
PLB06910

-------
      INDEX
                                                                                        PAGE   19
                                             SUBROUTINE RCON
00692*
00693*
00694*
00695*
00696*
00697*
00698*
00699*
00700*
00701*
00702*
00703*
00704*
00705*
00706*
00707*
00708*
00709*
00710*
00711*
00712*
00713*
00714*
00715*
00716*
00717*
00718*
00719*
00720*
00721*
110
111
112
13
14
15
16
17
18
















119


120



430

450




C
C
C***
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C->-
470

C

C
IF (C6.GE.50.) GO TO 430
A4=2./EXP(C6)
IF (C8.GE.50. ) GO TO 450
A6=2./EXP(C8)
T=A4+A6
SUM=SUM+T
IF (T.GE.0.01) GO TO 410
RC=A1*(A2+SUM)
RETURN


SECTIONS OF SUBROUTINE RCON.
SECTION RCON. A - COMMON.
SECTION RCON.B - EXPLANATIONS AND COMPUTATIONS COMMON TO ALL
CONDITIONS.
SECTION RCON.C - STABLE OR UNLIMITED MIXING, Z IS ZERO.
SECTION RCON.D - STABLE OR UNLIMITED MIXING, Z IS NON-ZERO.
SECTION RCON.E - UNSTABLE, ASSURED OF UNIFORM MIXING.
SECTION RCON.F - UNSTABLE, CALCULATE MULTIPLE EDDY
REFLECTIONS; Z IS NON-ZERO.
SECTION RCON.G - UNSTABLE, CALCULATE MULTIPLE EDDY
REFLECTIONS; Z IS ZERO.
SECTION RCON.H - FORMAT.

>->->SECTION RCON.H - FORMAT
PLB06920
PLB06930
PLB06940
PLB06950
PLB06960
PLB06970
PLB06980
PLB06990
PLB07000
PLB07010
PLB07020
PLB07030
PLB07040
PLB07050
PLB07060
PLB07070
PLB07080
PLB07090
PLB07100
PLB07110
PLB07120
PLB07130
PLB07140
PLB07150
PLB07160
FORMAT (IHO.'BOTH H AND Z ARE ABOVE THE MIXING HEIGHT SO A RELI ABLPLB07 170
IE COMPUTATION CAN NOT BE MADE.1)

END

PLB07180
PLB07190
PLB07200
PLB07210

-------
INDEX                                                                         PAGE  20


   SYMBOL

   20
   40
   SO
   70
   100
   120
   130
   ISO
   170
   190
   200
   220
   230
   2SO
   270
   280
   300
   320
   340
   360
   380
   400
   410
   430
   4SO
   470
   Al
   A2

   A3
   A4
   AS
   A6
   A7
   ALL
   AN
   Cl
   C2

   C3

   C4
   C5
   C6
   C7
   C8
   C9
   CA

6
7
5
14
21
27
30
30
42
44
28
48
52
61
63
67*
81
83
85
87
52
98
102*
110
112
9WR
53 =
33 =
117
37 =
68 =
69 =
70 =
71 =
300
51 =
20 =
29 =
80
31 =
98
41 =
72 =
77 =
78 =
79 =
80 =
38 =

8*
8
7
20*
27*
29*
31*
36*
44*
46*
48*
51*
53*
63*
65*
91
83*
85*
87*
89*
94*
100*
116
112*
114*
119*
92
34

45 =
82 =
84 =
86 =
88 =

67 =
26 =
31
96 =
32
99
44
73
81
83
85
87
40


10*
7























94 =
36 =

46
89
89
89
89

67
34
40
97
33

45
74
82
84
86
88
40
SUBROUTINE ROON
— — — D K"I?PT} CNJf'CQ _______________

12 25 30 32 52
12*























117
43= 46 55= 62= 92 95= 9

56= 64= 92
103= 111= 114

104= 113= 114


72 102= 102 105
46 49 53 94
41 54= 59 60 77 78 7
108 109
40= 42 43 59= 61 62 9

60= 63 64
75 76 105= 106 107
108= 110 111

109= 112 113

57= 59 59 73 75

-------
INDEX                                                                          PAGE  21
                                        SUBROUTINE  RCON
CB
CC
CD
CE
CF
CMAX
DELH
DUM
EXP

H

HF
HL
HPRM
I OPT
1WRI
KST
MS
PDHX
PSIG
RC
RCON
SQRT
SUM
SY
SZ

T
TEMP
THL
U
X
XF
XMAX
Y
YD
Z
39 =
73 =
74 =
75 =
76 =
SCO
SCO
15 =
26
99
300
106
SCO
SCO
SCO
SCO
4 =
2OO
2CO
SCO
13
SCO
1EY
18
65 =
2CO
2OO
54
89 =
24 =
66 =
SCO
200
SCO
SCO
SCO
22 =
3CO
41
77
78
79
80

15
16 =
33
111
6
107

6

14
9WR
5

16

10 =

19
90 =
18 =
19 =
54
90
25
72
16
12
16

21
23
7
41
77
78
79
80


17 =
43
113
31


7

16

27



34 =


90
18
19
94
91
26
101 =
34
16


22

8
58 =
106 =

107 =



17
45

31


8







46 =


92
18
19
96
114 =

105
46
16




30
-4---I 	 1-_4-
60
108

109



17
62

38


28







49 =


100 =
23
29
96
115


49





38
60 74 76
108

109



18 19 23= 24
64 82 84 86

39 57 58 97


48 49 66 101


_,




92= 117=


115= 115 117
34 46 49 53
29 34 46 48

116


53 94





39 52 57 58







24
88

97














94
53












-------
       INDEX
                                              SUBROUTINE TPMX
                                                                                         PAGE   22
 00722*
 00723*
 00724*
 00725*
 00726*
 00727*
 00728*
 00729*
 00730*
 00731*
 00732*
 00733*
 00734*
 00735*
 00736*
 00737*
 00738*
 00739*
 00740*
 00741*
 00742*
 00743*
 00744*
 00745*
 00746*
 00747*
 00748*
 00749*
 00750*
 00751*
 00752*
 00753*
 00754*
 00755*
 00756*
 00757*
 00758*
 00759*
 00760*
00761*
 00762*
00763*
00764*
00765*
00766*
00767*
00768*
00769*
00770*
00771*
  1           SUBROUTINE TPMX
       C        SUBROUTINE TPMX LOCATES THE DISTANCE TO MAX CONCENTRATION.
       C        THE PROXIMITY OF THE MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION IS DETERMINED  BY
       C        SCREENING THE CALCULATED CONCENTRATIONS OF 16 PRESET DISTANCES
       C        THEN AN ITERATIVE PROCEDURE IS EMPLOYED TO PINPOINT THE
       C        DISTANCE TO MAX CONCENTRATION TO WITHIN ONE METER.
  2           COMMON /MS/KST,X,SY,SZ
  3           COMMON /ALL/IOPT(3),U,HL,H,Z,Y,XF,DELH,HF,CMAX,XMAX,RC,PDHX,HPRM
  4           DIMENSION XV(16),DX1(16 )
  5           DATA XV/.1,.3,.5,.7,1.,2.,3.,5.,7.,10.,15.,20.,30.,40.,50. ,100./
  6           DATA DX1/4*-!.,5*-10.,6*-100.,100./
  7           DUM = DELH
  8           CMAX=0.
  9           RC=0.0
10           Y=0.
11           XMAX=0.0
       C         DO LOOP DETERMINING THE DISTANCE OF MAX CONG AMONG THE
       C         FIXED DISTANCES.
12           DO 5 I =1,16
13           X = XV(I)
       C        OPTION 1 EMPLOYS THE GRADUAL RISE ROUTINE
14           IF(lOPT(l).EQ.O)GOTO15
15           DELH=DUM
16           H=HF
17           IF(X.GE.XF)GOTO15
18           CALL PHX
19     15    CALL RCON
20           IF (.NOT.(H.GT.HL.AND.KST.LE.4))  GO TO 347
21              CMAX = 0.  '
22              XMAX = 0.
23              RETURN
24     347   CONTINUE
25           IF(RC.LT.CMAX)GOT05
26           CMAX=RC
27           XMAX=X
28           JB=!
29     5      CONTINUE
       C         CMAX IS  THE HIGHEST OF  THE  16  CONCENTRATIONS  OCCURRING
       C          AT DISTANCE XMAX.  JB  IS  THE  INDEX (1-16)  FOR THE MAX.
30           X=XMAX
       C         SET X EQUAL TO  XMAX FOUND FROM PRESET  X'S
31           CLST=CMAX
32           XLST=XMAX
       C         THE FOLLOWING  INCREMENTS  ARE USED:
       C            0.1 KM  FOR X LESS THAN 1 KM
       C            1 .0 KM  FOR X 1  KM TO 10 KM
       C            10. KM  FOR X 10  KM TO  100 KM
33           DX=DX1(JB)
34     8      IF(ABS(DX) .LE. .OODRETURN
       C          INCREMENT  NOT  ALLOWED  TO BE LESS  THAN 1 METER
 PLB07220
 PLB07230
 PLB07240
.PLB07250
 PLB07260
 PLB07270
 PLB07280
 PLB07290
 PLB07300
 PLB07310
 PLB07320
 PLB07330
 PLB07340
 PLB07350
 PLB07360
 PLB07370
 PLB07380
 PLB07390
 PLB07400
 PLB07410
 PLB07420
 PLB07430
 PLB07440
 PLB07450
 PLB07460
 PLB07470
 PLB07480
 PLB07490
 PLB07500
 PLB07510
 PLB07520
 PLB07530
 PLB07540
 PLB07550
 PLB07560
 PLB07570
 PLB07580
 PLB07590
 PLB07600
 PLB07610
 PLB07620
 PLB07630
 PLB07640
 PLB07650
PLB07660
 PLB07670
PLB07680
PLB07690
PLB07700
PLB07710

-------
      INDEX
                                                                                        PAGE  23
                                              SUBROUTINE  TPMX
00772*
00773*
00774*
00775*
00776*
00777*
00778*
00779*
00780*
00781*
00782*
00783*
00784*
00785*
00786*
00787*
00788*
00789*
00790*
00791*
00792*
00793*
00794*
00795*
00796*
00797*
00798*
00799*
00800*
35           DX=-0.1*DX                                                        PLB07720
       C        REVERSE DIRECTIONS,  REDUCE INCREMENT BY ONE-TENTH              PLB07730
       C        THE ITERATIVE PROCESS CONTINUES IN THIS MANNER                 PLB07740
       C        WITH CALCULATIONS GOING BACKWARDS AND FORWARDS                 PLB07750
       C        IN SMALLER AND SMALLER INCREMENTS UNTIL A 1                    PLB07760
       C        METER INTERVAL IS REACHED.                                     PLB07770
36     9     IF(X.GT.100.)RETURN                                               PLB07780
       C        IF X REACHES 100 KM CEASE COMPUTATIONS FOR THIS WIND SPEED.    PLB07790
37           X=X+DX                                                            PLB07800
       C        OPTION 1 EMPLOYS GRADUAL PLUME RISE ROUTINE                    PLB07810
38           IF(lOPT(l).EQ.O)GOTO7                                             PLB07820
39           DELH=DUM                                                          PLB07830
40           H=HF                                                              PLB07840
41           IF(X.GE.XF)GOTO7                                                  PLB07850
42           CALL PHX                                                          PLB07860
43     7     CALL RCON                                                         PLB07870
44           IF(RC.LE.CLST)GOT050                                              PLB07880
       C        NEW CONCENTRATION IS HIGHER, KEEP GOING TO FIND MAX.           PLB07890
45           CLST=RC                                                           PLB07900
46           XLST=X                                                            PLB07910
47           GOTO9                                                             PLB07920
48     50    CMAX=CLST                                                         PLB07930
       C        NEW CONCENTRATION IS LOWER, RETURN TO REVERSE DIRECTIONS       PLB07940
49           XMAX=XLST                                                         PLB07950
50           CLST=RC                                                           PLB07960
51           XLST=X                                                            PLB07970
52           GOTO8                                                             PLB07980
53           END                                                               PLB07990
       C                                                                       PLB08000

-------
OS
                 INDEX
SYMBOL

5
7
8
9
15
50
347
ABS
ALL
CLST
CMAX
DELH
DUM
DX
DX1
H
HF
ML
HPRM
I
I OPT
JB
KST
MS
PDHX
PHX
RC
RCON
SY
SZ
TPMX
U
X

XF
XLST
XMAX
XV
Y
Z
                                                           SUBROUTINE TPMX
                                                                                                       PAGE   24
12
38
34*
36*
14
44
20
34
SCO
31 =
SCO
300
7 =
33 =
4DI
3CO
SCO
SCO
SCO
12
SCO
28 =
2CO
2CO
3CO
18
SCO
19
2CO
2CO
1EY
3CO
2CO
51
SCO
32 =
SCO
4DI
SCO
SCO
25
41
52
47
17
48*
24*


44
8 =
7
15
34
6DA
16 =
16
20

IS
14
33
20


42
9 =
43




13 =

17
46 =
11 =
5DA
10 =

------- KKtfK
29*
43*


19*




45= 48 50=
21= 25 26=
15= 39=
39
35= 35 37
33
20 40 =
40


28
38





25 26 44





17 27 30=

41
49 51 =
22= 27= 30
13


                                                                           31
                                                                                    48 =
                                                          27       30=      36       37=      37       41       46
                                                                           32
                                                                                    49 =
                       h- + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _4._ + _ + _+._ + _ + _ + _ + _.1._.(._.f_.(._.(.

-------
      INDEX
                                                                                        PAGE  25
                                               SUBROUTINE PH
00801*
00802»
00803*
00804*
00805*
00806*
00807*
00808*
00809*
00810*
00811*
00812*
00813*
00814*
00815*
00816*
00817*
00818*
00819*
00820*
00821*
00822*
00823*
00824*
00825*
00826*
00827*
00828*
00829*
00830*
00831*
00832*
00833*
00834*
00835*
00836*
00837*
00838*
00839*
00840*
00841*
00842*
00843*
00844*
00845*
00846*
00847*
00848*
00849*
00850*
 1           SUBROUTINE PH                                                     PLB08010
       C        ROUTINE FOR DETERMINING PLUME RISE.                             PLB08020
 2           COMMON /MS/ KST,X,SY,SZ                                           PLB08030
 3           COMMON /MH/ HP,VS,XFUN,DHU,ME,XFOUSE,DHUTE,DHAUE,DUTE,DHCAE,DHCAF,PLB08040
            IMF,XFOUSF,DHUTF,DHAUF,DUTF,D                                      PLBO 8 050
 4           COMMON /ALL/ IOPT(3),U,HL,H,Z,Y,XF,DELH,HF,CMAX,XMAX,RC,PDHX,HPRM PLB08060
       C   THE FOLLOWING PARAMETERS ARE INPUT TO SUBROUTINE PH:                PLB08070
       C       DHAUE:  DELTA-H*U MOMENTUM RISE USING UNSTABLE RISE FOR E       PLB08080
       C       DHAUF:    "           "      "     "       "      "    "   F       PLB08090
       C       DHCAE:  DELTA-H CALM BUOYANT RISE FOR E-STABILITY                PLB08100
       C       DHCAF:    "      "      "     "    "   F-STABILITY                PLB08110
       C       DHU: DELTA-H*U (UNSTABLE AND NEUTRAL)                           PLB08120
       C       DHUTE:  DELTA-H*U*».3333 STABLE BUOYANT RISE FOR E               PLB08130
       C       DHUTF:    "    "    "      "      "      "     "  F               PLB08140
       C       DUTE:  DELTA-H*U**.3333 STABLE MOMENTUM RISE FOR E               PLB08150
       C       DUTF:    "   "   "          "        "       "   "  F               PLB08160
       C       HP:  PHYSICAL STACK  HEIGHT (FROM CARD INPUT)                     PLB08170
       C       ME:  MOMENTUM INDICATOR FOR E-STABILITY                          PLB08180
       C       MF:      "        "       "   F-STABILITY                          PLB08190
       C       VS:  STACK GAS  VELOCITY (FROM CARD INPUT)                        PLB08200
       C       XFOUSE: DISTANCE TO STABLE BUOYANCY  RISE/U FOR E                PLB08210
       C       XFOUSF:    "     "     "       "      "      "  F                PLB08220
       C       XFUN:  DIST(KM)  TO FINAL BUOYANT RISE (UNSTABLE AND NEUTRAL)     PLB08230
       C                                                                       PLB08240
       C    THE FOLLOWING PARAMETERS ARE OUTPUT FROM SUBROUTINE PH:             PLB08250
       C       XF:  DISTANCE OF FINAL RISE                                      PLB08260
       C       DELH:  FINAL PLUME RISE                                          PLB08270
       C       HF:  FINAL EFFECTIVE HEIGHT                                      PLB08280
       C                                                                       PLB08290
 5           HPRM=HP                                                           PLB08300
 6           IF (IOPT(2).EQ.O) GOTO 10                                        PLB08310
       C        OPTION FOR STACK DOWNWASH                                      PLB08320
 7           DUM^VS/U                                                          PLB08330
 8           IF (DUM.LT.1.5)  HPRM=HP+2.*D*(DUM-1.5)                             PLB08340
 9           IF (HPRM.LT.O.)  HPRM=0.                                           PLB08350
10     10     GOTO  (20,20,20,20,30,50), KST                                    PLB08360
       C       NEUTRAL OR UNSTABLE                                             PLB08370
11     20     XF=XFUN                                                           PLB08380
12           DELH=DHU/U                                                        PLB08390
13           HF=HPRM+DELH                                                      PLB08400
14           RETURN                                                            PLB08410
       C         E  STABILITY                                                    PLB08420
15     30     IF (ME.EQ.l) GO  TO 40                                             PLB08430
16           XF=XFOUSE*U                                                       PLB08440
17           DELH=DHUTE/U**0.33333                                             PLB08450
18           IF (DHCAE.LT.DELH)  DELH=DHCAE                                     PLB08460
       C        COMPARE CALC  PLUME RISE WITH CALM WIND PLUME RISE              PLB08470
19           HF=HPRM+DELH                                                      PLB08480
20           RETURN                                                            PLB08490
       C        MOMENTUM RISE FOR  E STABILITY                                  PLB08500

-------
      INDEX
00851*
00852*
00853*
00854*
00855*
00856*
00857*
00858*
00859*
00860*
00861*
00862*
00863*
00864*
00865*
00866*
00867*
00868*
00869*
00870*
00871*
00872*
00873*
00874*
21
22
23
24
25
26

27
28
29
30

31
32

33
34
35
36
37
38

39
                         40
C
50
C
60
C

C
                SUBROUTINE PH

XF = 0.
DHA=DHAUE/U
DELH=DUTE/U** 0.3 3 3 3 3
IF (DHA.LT.DELH) DELH=DHA
HF=HPRM+DELH
RETURN
   F STABILITY
IF (MF.EQ.l) GO TO 60
XF=XFOUSF*U
DELH=DHUTF/U**0.33333
IF (DHCAF.LT.DELH) DELH=DHCAF
   COMPARE CALC PLUME RISE FOR CALM WIND PLUME RISE
HF=HPRM+DELH
RETURN
   MOMENTUM RISE FOR F STABILITY
XF = 0.
DHA=DHAUF/U
DELH=DUTF/U**0.33333
IF (DHA.LT.DELH) DELH=DHA
HF=HPRM+DELH
RETURN

END
                                                                                        PAGE  26
PLB08510
PLB08520
PLB08530
PLB08540
PLB08550
PLB08560
PLB08570
PLB08580
PLB08590
PLB08600
PLB08610
PLB08620
PLB08630
PLB08640
PLB08650
PLB08660
PLB08670
PLB08680
PLB08690
PLB08700
PLB08710
PLB08720
PLB08730
PLB08740

-------
INDEX
   SYMBOL
                                                                                  PAGE   27
 SUBROUTINE PH



= =    REFERENCES
10
20
30
40
50
60
ALL
CMAX
D
DELH

DHA
DHAUE
DHAUF
DHCAE
DHCAF
DHU
DHUTE
DHUTF
DUM
DUTE
DUTF
H
HF
HL
HP
HPRM
I OPT
KST
ME
MF
MH
MS
PDHX
PH
RC
SY
SZ
U
VS
X
XF
XFOUSE -
XFOUSF -
XI-UN
XMAX
Y
Z
6
10
10
15
10
27
4CO
4OO
SCO
4CO
25
22 =
SCO
SCO
3CO
SCO
SCO
3CO
SCO
7 =
SCO
300
4CO
4CO
4CO
SCO
4CO
4CO
2CO
SCO
SCO
SCO
2CO
4CO
1EY
4CO
2CO
2CO
4CO
3CX)
2CO
4CO
SCO
SCO
SCO
4OO
4CO
4CO
10*
10 10 10 11*
15*
21*
27*
33*


8
12= 13 17= 18 18= 19
29= 30 30= 31 35= 36
24 24 34= 36 36
22
34
18 18
30 30
12
17
29
8 8
23
35

13= 19= 25= 31= 37=

5 8
5= 8= 9 9= 13 19
6
10
15
27







7 12 16 17 22 23
7

11= 16= 21= 28= 33=
16
28
11












23= 24
36= 37















25 31











28 29









                                                                                         24=
                                                                                         37
                                                                                         34
                                                                                                 35

-------
                 INDEX
                                                                                                   PAGE  28
                                                         SUBROUTINE  PHX
           00875*
           00876*
           00877*
           00878*
           00879*
           00880*
           00881*
           00882*
           00883*
           00884*
           00885*
SUBROUTINE PHX                                                     PLB08750
   THIS ROUTINE CALLED WHEN EMPLOYING THE GRADUAL RISE OPTION.     PLB08760
COMMON /MS/KST,X,SY,SZ                                             PLB08770
COIVMON/ALL/IOPT(3),U,HL,H,Z,Y,XF,DELH,HF,CMAX,XMAX,RC,PDHX.HPRM    PLB08780
   PDHX IS 160.*F**0.3333                                          PLB08790
DELH = PDHX*X**0.6666667/U                                         PLB08800
HX =HPRM + DELH                                                    PLB08810
IF (HX ,LT. HF) H = HX                                             PLB08820
RETURN                                                             PLB08830
END                                                                PLB08840
                                                                   PLB08850
CO
o
                 INDEX
                                                                                                   PAGE  29
               SUBROUTINE PHX
SYMBO1
ALL
CMAX
DELH
H
HF
HL
HPRM
HX
I OPT
KST
MS
PDHX
PHX
RC
SY
sz
u
X
XF
XMAX
Y
Z
SCO
SCO
SCO
SCO
SCO
SCO
3CO
5 =
3CO
2CO
2CO
SCO
1EY
SCO
2CO
2CO
SCO
2CO
3CO
3CO
SCO
3CO
= = = = = = = = = = = KtrbKtNUtO = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

4= 5
6 =
6

5
6 6



4




4
4



h-t_ + --|._ + - + _ + - + -4._ + - + - + - + _ + - + - + --(-_ + _-)-_ + _ + _ + . + _ + _ + _ + _ + _+ +_+ + + + + +

-------
      INDEX
                                                                                        PACK  30
                                              SUBROUTINE PSIG
00886*
00887*
00888*
00889*
00890*
00891*
00892*
00893*
00894*
00895*
00896*
00897*
00898*
00899*
00900*
00901*
00902*
00903*
00904*
00905*
00906*
00907*
00908*
00909*
00910*
00911*
00912*
00913*
00914*
00915*
00916*
00917*
00918*
00919*
00920*
00921*
00922*
00923*
00924*
00925*
00926*
00927*
00928*
00929*
00930*
00931*
00932*
00933*
00934*
00935*
 1           SUBROUTINE PSIG                                                   PLB08860
       C        VERTICAL DISPERSION PARAMETER VALUE,  SZ DETERMINED BY          PLB08870
       C         SZ =  A * X **  B WHERE A AND B ARE FUNCTIONS OF BOTH STABILITY PLB08880
       C         AND RANGE OF X.                                               PLB08890
       C        HORIZONTAL DISPERSION PARAMETER VALUE,  SY DETERMINED BY        PLB08900
       C         LOGARITHMIC INTERPOLATION OF PLUME HALF-ANGLE ACCORDING TO    PLB08910
       C         DISTANCE AND CALCULATION OF 1/2.15 TIMES HALF-ARC LENGTH.     PLB08920
 2           COMMON /MS/KST,X,SY,SZ                                            PLB08930
 3           DIMENSION XA(7), XB(2),  XD(5),  XE(8), XF(9), AA(8), BA(8), AB(3), PLB08940
            1BB(3), AD(6), BD(6), AE(9),  BE(9), AF(10), BF(10)                 PLB08950
 4           DATA XA /.5, .4, .3, .25, .2,.15, .!/                                  PLB08960
 5           DATA XB /.4,.2/                                                   PLB08970
 6           DATA XD /30. ,10. ,3. ,1. , .3/                                        PLB08980
 7           DATA XE /40. ,20. ,10. ,4. ,2. ,1 . , .3, .!/                               PLB08990
 8           DATA XF /60. ,30. , 15. ,7. ,3. ,2. ,1.,.7 , .2/                            PLB09000
 9           DATA AA / 453 . 85 , 346 . 75 , 258 . 89 , 217 . 41 , 1 79 . 52 , 170 . 22 , 1 58 . 08 ,1 22 . 8/  PLB09010
10           DATA BA /2.1166,1.7283,1.4094,1.2644,1.1262,1 .0932,1.0542, .9447/  PLB09020
11           DATA AB 7109.30,98 .483.90.673/                                     PLB09030
12           DATA BB /1.0971,0.98332,0.93198/                                  PLB09040
13           DATA AD /44.053 , 36 . 650 , 33.504,32.093,32.093 , 34.459/               PLB09050
14           DATA BD /O . 5 1179 , 0 . 56589,0.60486,0.64403 , 0 . 81066 , 0 . S6974/         PLB09060
15           DATA AE /47.618,35.420,26.970,24.703,22.534,21.628,21.628,23.331,2PLB09070
            14.26/                                                             PLB09080
16           DATA BE /O.29592,0.37615,0.46713,0.50527,0.57154,0.63077,0.75660,OPLB09090
            1.81956,0.8366/                                                    PLB09100
17           DATA AF /34.219,27.074,22.651,17.836,16.187,14.823,13.953,13.953,1PLB09110
            14.457.15.209/                                                     PLB09120
18           DATA BF /O. 21716 ,0. 27436,0.32681,0.41507,0.46490,0.54503,0.63227,OPLB09130
            1.68465,0.78407,0.815587                                            PLB09140
19           XY=X                                                              PLB09150
20           GOTO (10,40,70,80,110,140), KST                                  PLB09160
       C        STABILITY A (10)                                               PLB09170
21     10     TH=(24.167-2.5334*ALOG(XY))/57.2958                               PLB09180
22           IF  (X.GT.3.11) GOTO 170                                          PLB09190
23           DO  20 ID=1,7                                                      PLB09200
24           IF  (X.GE.XA(ID)) GO TO 30                                         PLB09210
25     20     CONTINUE                                                           PLB09220
26           ID=8                                                              PLB09230
27     30     SZ=AA(ID)*X**BA(ID)                                               PLB09240
28           GO  TO 190                                                         PLB09250
       C        STABILITY B (20)                                               PLB09260
29     40     TH=(18.333-1.8096*ALOG(XY))/57.2958                               PLB09270
30           IF  (X.GT.35.) GOTO 170                                            PLB09280
31           DO  50 ID=1,2                                                      PLB09290
32           IF  (X.GE.XB(ID)) GO TO 60                                         PLB09300
33     50     CONTINUE                                                           PLB09310
34           ID=3                                                              PLB09320
35     60     SZ=AB(ID)*X**BB(ID)                                               PLB09330
36           GO  TO 180                                                         PLB09340
       C        STABILITY C (30)                                               PLB09350

-------
                 INDEX
                                                        SUBROUTINE PSIG
                                                                                                   PAGE  31
oo
CO
00936*
00937*
00938*
00939*
00940*
00941*
00942*
00943*
00944*
00945*
00946*
00947*
00948*
00949*
00950*
00951*
00952*
00953*
00954*
00955*
00956*
00957*
00958*
00959*
00960*
00961*
00962*
00963*
00964*
00965*
00966*
00967*
00968*
00969*
00970*
37     70    TH=(12.5-1.0857*ALOG(XY))/57.2958
38           SZ=61.141*X**0.91465
39           GO TO  180
       C        STABILITY D (40)
40     80    TH=(8.3333-0.72382*ALOG(XY))/57.2958
41           DO 90  ID=1,5
42           IF (X.GE.XD(ID))  GO TO 100
43     90    CONTINUE
44           ID=6
45     100   SZ=AD(ID)*X**BD(ID)
46           GO TO  180
       C        STABILITY E (50)
47     110   TH=(6. 25-0.54287*ALOG(XY))/57 . 2958
48           DO 120  ID=1,8
49           IF (X.GE.XE(ID))  GO TO 130
50     120   CONTINUE
51           ID=9
52     130   SZ=AE(ID)*X**BE(ID)
53           GO TO  180
       C        STABILITY F (60)
54     140   TH=(4.1667-0.36191*ALOG(XY))/57.2958
55           DO 150  ID=1,9
56           IF (X.GE.XF(ID))  GOTO 160
57     150   CONTINUE
58           ID=10
59     160   SZ=AF(ID)*X**BF(ID)
60           GO TO  180
61     170   SZ=5000.
62           GO TO  190
63     180   IF (SZ.GT.5000.)  SZ=5000.
64     190   SY=465.116*XY*S1N(TH)/COS(TH)
       C        465.116  = 1000.  (M/KM)  /  2.15
65           RETURN
       C
66           END
PLB09360
PLB09370
PLB09380
PLB09390
PLB09400
PLB09410
PLB09420
PLB09430
PLB09440
PLB09450
PLB09460
PLB09470
PLB09480
PLB09490
PLB09500
PLB09510
PLB09520
PLB09530
PLB09540
PLB09550
PLB09560
PLB09570
PLB09580
PLB09590
PLB09600
PLB09610
PLB09620
PLB09630
PLB09640
PLB09650
PLB09660
PLB09670
PLB09680
PLB09690
PLB09700

-------
INDEX
                                                                                  PAGE  32
                                        SUBROUTINE PSIG
a I1VUKJL
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
AA
AB
AD
AE
AF
ALOG
BA
BB
BD
BE
BF
COS
ID


KST
MS
PSIG
SIN
SY
sz
TII
X

XA
XB
XD
XE
XF
XY
20
23
24
20
31
32
20
20
41
42
20
48
49
20
55
56
22
36
28
3DI
3DI
3DI
3DI
3DI
21
3DI
3DI
3DI
3DI
3D!
64
23
41
55
2CO
2OO
1EY
64
20O
2GO
21 =
2CO
45
3DI
3DI
3DI
3DI
3DI
19 =
21*
25*
27*
29*
33*
35*
37*
40*
43*
45*
47*
50*
52*
54*
57*
59*
30
39
62
9DA
11DA
13DA
15DA
17DA
29
10DA
12DA
14DA
16DA
18DA

24
42
56
20



64 =
27 =
29 =
19
49
4 DA
5DA
6 DA
7 DA
8 DA
21
; ------- Kfcr tKtNUbS __-____-_-____















61*
46 53 60 63*
64*
27
35
45
52
59
37 40 47 54
27
35
45
52
59

26= 27 27 31 32 34= 35
44= 45 45 48 49 51= 52
58= 59 59





35= 38= 45= 52= 59= 61= 63
37= 40= 47= 54= 64 64
22 24 27 30 32 35 38
52 56 59
24
32
42
49
56
29 37 40 47 54 64































35
52






63

42








-------
INDEX
   SYMBOL

   Al
   A2
   A3
   A4
   A5
   A6
   A7
   AA
   AB
   ABS
   AD
   AD 2
   AE
   AF
   AH
   AH2
   ALOG
   ALP
   AN
   ANOT
   BA
   BB
   BD
   BE
   BF
   Cl
   C2
   C3
   C4
   C5
   C6
   C7
   C8
   C9
   CA
   CB
   CC
   CD
   CE
   CF
   CLST
   CM
   CM2
   CMAX
   COS
   D
   DELH
   DELT
                                                                                 PAGE  33
RCON
RCON
RCON
RCON
RCON
RCON
RCON
PSIG
PSIG
TPMX
MAIN P
MAIN P
PSIG
PSIG
MAIN P
MAIN P
PSIG
MAIN P
RCON
MAIN P
PSIG
PSIG
PSIG
PSIG
PSIG
RCON
RCON
RCON
RCON
RCON
RCON
RCON
RCON
RCON
RCON
RCON
RCON
RCON
RCON
RCON
TPMX
MAIN P
MAIN P
MAIN P
PSIG
MAIN P
PH
MAIN P










PSIG
































TPMX

PH
PHX

                                "******** SUPER  INDEX **********

                                ROUTINES IN WHICH THE SYMBOL IS USED
RCON
          TPMX

-------
                 INDEX
                                                                                                   PAGE   34
                                                       '**  SUPER INDEX **********
00
Ol
DMA
DHAUE
DHAUF
DHCAE
DHCAF
DHU
DHUTE
DHUTF
DTMB
DUM
DUTE
DUTF
DX
DX1
EXP
F
H
I1ANE
HE
HE2
HF
HL
HP
HPRM
HX
I
IA
IB
ID
I OPT
IRD
IWRI
JB
K
KST
ME
MF
N
PDHX
PH
PHX
PL
PSIG
Q
RC
RCON
SE
SF
SIN
SQRT
- PH
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- TPMX
- TPMX
- RCON
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- PH
- PHX
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- PSIG
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- TPMX
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- TPMX
- MAIN
- RCON
- MAIN
- RCON
- TPMX
- MAIN
- MAIN
- PSIG
- MAIN

P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P



P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P


P
P
P

P
P
P

P
P
P
P
P
P
P

P

P


P
P

P

PH
PH
PH
PH
PH
PH
PH

PH
PH
PH




PHX



PH
RCON
PH
PHX

TPMX



PH

RCON


PH
PH
PH

PHX





TPMX




RCON









RCON






RCON



PHX
TPMX







RCON




PSIG



RCON











                                                             TPMX
                                                             TPMX
                                                  PSIG       RCON      TPMX

-------
                INDEX
                                                                                                   PAGE  3 5
oo
cr.
SUM
SY
SZ
T
TEMP
TH
THL
TI
TM
TPMX
TS
U
UA
UZ
VF
VS
WI
X
XA
XB
XD
XE
XF
XFOUSE
XFOUSF
XFUN
XLST
XM
XM2
XMAX
XV
XY
Y
YD
Z
******
- RCON
- PS 1C,
- PSIG
- MAIN
- RCON
- PSIG
- RCON
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- PHX
- PSIG
- PSIG
- PSIG
- PSIG
- PH
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- TPMX
- MAIN
- MAIN
- MAIN
- TPMX
- PSIG
- RCON
- RCON
- MAIN
*********



P



P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P






P
P
P

P
P
P




P
* * *

RCON
RCON
RCON







PH



PH

PSIG




PSIG
PH
PH
PH



TPMX


TPMX

RCON
*******
                                               ********** SUPER  INDEX
                                                                       **********
                                                  PHX
                                                  RCON
                                                  ROON
                                                            RCON
                                                            TPMX
                                                            TPMX
                                                                    >*********************a
                                                            INDEX
                                                         END OF  ANALYSIS
                                                    JPL  FORTRAN V  VERSION

-------
                           APPENDIX C

                      SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
    This  section presents a simple analysis designed to acquaint
the user with  the  magnitude  of  changes  expected  in  surface
concentrations when certain model  inputs are varied.

OPTIONS

    PTPLU has three technical options:  gradual plume rise, stack
downwash,   and  buoyancy-induced  dispersion.   The  effects  of
employing each of the options are discussed next, using as a base
the calculation presented in Section 8.

Gradual Plume Rise

    The gradual plume rise option  alters  the  assumptions  made
about  the  height of the plume up to the distance of final rise.
If the option is not employed, calculations are made  as  if  the
plume  is  always  at  the  effective  height.   If the option is
employed, the plume is assumed to rise  gradually  to  the  final
height  as  the  distance  downwind  increases.   The  effect  of
employing the option is to decrease the plume height between  the
point  of  release  and the point of final rise, which results in
higher ground-level concentrations.

    In  the  example  presented  in  Section   8,   the   maximum
concentration occurs at a point beyond the distance of final rise
(see  Figure  7).   Thus,  the  gradual  plume rise option has no
effect for stabilities B or D  with  a  wind  speed  of   4  m/s.
Despite  the fact that the option has no effect on the maxima, it
should be noted that in the process of searching for the maximum,
the option affects calculations for locations between the  source
and  the  distance  to  final  rise.   Table  C-l shows the plume
heights and concentrations with and without the option  for  some
of  the  distances  for  which  calculations  were performed, for
stability B with a wind speed of 4 m/s.   It  can  be  seen  that
beyond  0.6  km,   which is the distance to final rise, the option
has  no  effect.   Also  note  in  Figure  7  that   the   maximum
concentration  for  stability  A  with a wind speed of 3.0 m/s is
affected by the option, as this maximum occurs before final rise.
                                 87

-------
      TABLE C-l.
PLUME HEIGHTS AND CONCENTRATIONS WITH AND
    WITHOUT THE GRADUAL-RISE OPTION*
                Wi th gradual r ise
                      Without gradual rise
Di s t ance
(km)
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
Height
(m)
73.3
109.2
137.2
150.0
Cone .
(yg/m3)
0
11
77
190
He ight
(m)
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
Cone .
(yg/m3)
0
0
38
190
     * For stability B and wind speed of 4 m/s.
Stack Downwash

    The  stack  downwash  option  simulates lowering of the plume
just after it leaves the stack, as a result of low  pressures  on
the  leeward  side  of  the  stack.   The  model carries out this
simulation by using a modified value  for  the  physical  height,
which lowers the effective height of the plume.  Again, decreased
plume height results in higher ground-level concentrations.
    The  stack  downwash option is important if •
of the effluent is less than 1.5 times the wind
example  considered here, the wind speed is only
stack gas velocity is 20 m/s;  therefore  stack
have  a minimal effect.  As can be seen in Table
                               he exit veloc i ty
                               speed.   In  the
                               4 m/s, wh i1e the
                               downwash  should
                               C-2,  this is the
case. However, if the wind speed in this example was  15  m/s  or
greater, the option becomes important and should be implemented.
       TABLE C-2.
 MAXIMUM CONCENTRATIONS WITH AND WITHOUT
  STACK DOWNWASH, FOR STABILITY CLASS D
          With stack downwash

                  Distance to
          Cone.    max. cone.
              .3
                Without stack downwash
         (yg/m3)
           204
   (km)
   1.64
 Cone.
(yg/m3)

  198
Distance to
 max. cone.
    (km)

    1.67
                               88

-------
Buoyancy- ]j_nduc_e_d _Di_s_^er_s_i on  (BID)

    Buoyancy-induced dispersion  is estimated by   an   increase   in
the  dispersion  parameters  proportional  to the  plume  rise  under
the assumption that the  more  buoyant  a  plume,   the  more   the
buoyancy contributes to dispersion.   In the  two cases considered,
this increase in the dispersion  parameters results  in an  increase
in the maximum ground-level  concentrations.  However, use  of  this
option  will  not  always  produce  higher   concentrations.    For
stability A with a  wind  speed  of   0.5  m/s,  concentration   is
reduced   23%.     In  general,   the   effect  of   buoyancy-induced
dispersion on concentration  is negligible, except when  the  stack
height  is  small  compared  with  the  plume  rise   (as   in  this
example).  It should be noted  that multiple  concentration  peaks
are  possible  when  this  option  is used along  with the  gradual
plume rise opt ion.


    TABLE C-3.  MAXIMUM CONCENTRATIONS WITH AND WITHOUT BID

                     With BID               Wi thout BID

Stabi 1 i ty
class
B
D

Cone .
(ug/m3)
282
122
Distance to
max. cone.
(km)
0.97
4.79

Cone .
(ug/m3)
278
112
Di s tance
to
max. cone.
(km)
1.02
5.63



PLUME-RISE-RELATED PARAMETERS

    Of several parameters that can influence plume  rise,  two   are
varied here.  The results of these variations are discussed next.

Stack Gas Temperature

    Sensitivity  to  variations  in  stack  gas  temperature   was
studied using the program's  built-in  sample   test  as   a  base.
Figure  C-l shows the percent change in maximum concentration  and
the percent change in distance to maximum concentration  resulting
from decreases in stack gas  temperature  under  three   wind   and
stability conditions.  These results are also presented  in Tables
C-4  and  C-5  with  an  additional  wind and stability  condition
analyzed.
                                 89

-------
                      % Change  in Distance
                                                                  %  Change  in  Concentration
   c
   T
   ft)

   o
   I
r+ GO
O  (C
 I  3
3  <»
PS  —
X  «-!•

I' <'
c  —
3  ~
o  o
   >-«v
o
=*• 3
P  ps
3  X

n>  3
en  C
_ 3

3  ra
   o
en  3
f O

O  3
gq p

en «.
   O
r* 3
(D
3 P
'a 3
(D a

P Q.
   3
   Q
   0)
    I
                        I
                        10
                        o
                  •o
                  
                  ^*
                         I
                        Ul
                        O   —

-------
     TABLE C-4.  PERCENT INCREASE IN MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION
                   WITH DECREASING STACK GAS TEMPERATURE
Stabi 1 ity
class
B
C
C
D
Wind
(m/s)
4.0
4.0
2.0
4.0
Decrease in stack gas temperature

5%
10.26
11.08
12.91
15.01

10%
24.57
26.66
31.69
36.97

15%
45.95
50.21
61.35
71.93

20%
81.70
90.22
115.04
135.35
TABLE C-5.
PERCENT DECREASE IN DISTANCE TO MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION
        WITH DECREASING STACK GAS TEMPERATURE
Stabi 1 ity
class
B
C
C
D
Wind
(m/s)
4.0
4.0
2.0
4.0
Decrease in stack gas temperature

5%
-4.70
-5.47
-6.47
-9.13

10%
-10.17
-11.88
-14.30
-19.37

15%
-16.83
-19.52
-23.22
-30.85

20%
-25.23
-29.02
-34.22
-41.94
    From Tables C-4 and C-5, it is apparent that decreased  stack
gas  temperature,  which  makes the plume less buoyant, generally
results in a higher maximum closer to the source.   The  specific
changes, however, also depend on the stability and wind speed.

Stack Gas Velocity

    Sensitivity  to  variation  in stack gas velocity was studied
using the built-in sample test as a base.   Tables  C-6  and  C-7
show  the percent change in maximum concentration and the percent
change  in  distance  to  maximum  concentration  resulting  from
decreases  in  stack  gas  velocity under four wind and stability
conditions.   Figure  C-2  graphically  depicts  some  of   these
changes.   It  is apparent from Tables C-6 and C-7 and Figure C-2
that decreased stack gas velocity, which  decreases  plume  rise,
generally  results in higher maximum concentrations closer to the
source.  However, the specific change in the results  depends  on
the  stability  and  wind speed as well.  In general, for a given
stability, higher wind speed counters the  effect  of  increasing
the stack gas velocity.
                                 91

-------
     TABLE C-6.  PERCENT INCREASE IN MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION
                    WITH DECREASING STACK GAS VELOCITY
Stabi 1 i ty
class
B
C
C
D
Wind
(m/s)
4.0
4.0
2.0
4.0
Decrease in stack gas ve

5%
4.14
4.46
5.15
5.98

10%
8.66
9.33
10.85
12.62

15%
13.59
14.68
17.19
20.00
loc i ty

20%
19.00
25.58
24.28
28.30
TABLE C-7.  PERCENT DECREASE IN DISTANCE TO MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION
                     WITH DECREASING STACK GAS VELOCITY

                             Decrease in stack gas velocity
otaui j. i i y
class
B
C
C
D
VY 1 IIU
(m/s)
4.0
4.0
2.0
4.0
5%
-1.94
-2.30
-2.68
-3.95
10%
-3.99
-4.65
-5.78
-7.88
15%
-6.04
-7.05
-8.64
-11.85
20%
-8.15
-9.55
-11.52
-15.68
                                 92

-------
CD
co
           TJ

           oq
           C
           <-i
           (0

           O
           I
           to
       «•+ co
       O c&
        I  3
       3 w
       as -.
       X rf
       i' <'
       c  ~.
       3  ~
 O  O
    l-b
 O
 ^  3
 »  JB
 3  X
(K?  -.
 CD 3
 W C
   3
        o
     en 3

     S3 CD
     O 3

        <~s
    Cfq  fo
     03  .-1
     CO  —.
        O
    <  3
    
-------
                            GLOSSARY


    Some of the following definitions are taken from "Glossary of
Meteorology,"  Ralph E. Huschke, editor.  American Meteorological
Society, Boston.  1959.  638 pp.

ADIABATIC PROCESS—A thermodynami c change of state of a system in
     which there is no  transfer  of  heat  or  mass  across  the
     boundaries   of   the  system.   In  an  adiabatic  process,
     compression always results  in warming, expansion in cooling.

ADVECTION--The process of transport of  an  atmospheric  property
     solely   by   the   mass  motion  (velocity  field)  of  the
     atmosphere.  Refers to predominantly horizontal  large-scale
     motions of the atmosphere.

AIR MASS--A   widespread   body  of  air  that  is  approximately
     homogeneous  in   its  horizontal  and  vertical  properties,
     particularly  with  reference  to  temperature  and moisture
     d i s tr ibut ion.

ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY--State of  the atmosphere  with  respect  to
     vertical  motions.  Atmospheric conditions may be classified
     as stable, neutral, or unstable.  In stable conditions,  the
     potential  temperature  increases  with height, and vertical
     motions are inhibited.  Under these  conditions,  pollutants
     emitted  at  the  ground tend to accumulate,  while effluents
     from  elevated  sources  normally  remain  aloft  for   long
     distances.     In   unstable   conditions,   the   potential
     temperature decreases with  height, and vertical motions  are
     enhanced.  Low-level emissions are dispersed rapidly upward,
     and  high-level   emissions  are  dispersed  rapidly  in  the
     vertical.  Elevated sources frequently  make  their  maximum
     contribution  to  short-term ambient pollutant concentrations
     under unstable  conditions.   Between  stable  and  unstable
     conditions   is   the   situation   in  which  the  vertical
     temperature profile decreases  nearly  adiabatica1ly.   This
     condition,  called "neutral stability," is quite frequent in
     most locations.   For sources with tall stacks, the high wind
     speed neutral condition  suppresses  plume  rise,  and  high
     ground-level   concentrations   are   often  observed.   For
     ground-level  emissions,  near-neutral  conditions   usually
     result  in  concentrations  between  those  for  stable  and
     unstable conditions.
                                 94

-------
BUOYANCY FLUX--A  parameter  related  to  the  buoyant   vertical
     motions  of  a released volume of effluent due to  its excess
     of temperature over the surrounding air.

CONING--Spreading to produce a cone-shaped plume with  its apex at
     the source.  This usually occurs under windy conditions, and
     when the vertical  temperature   is  near  dry  adiabatic  or
     somewhat subadiabatic.

DOWNWASH--Rapid  mixing  downward  of  a  plume  by strong winds;
     usually observed in the lee of buildings and stacks.

DRY ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE--The rate  of  decrease  of   temperature
     with  height  of a parcel of dry air lifted adiabatica1 ly to
     lower pressures; 9.8°C/km.

EFFECTIVE STACK HEIGHT--The  physical  stack  height   plus   plume
     rise.   The  point  above  the  ground  at which  the gaseous
     effluent becomes essentially level.

ELEVATED INVERSION--An inversion layer above the  ground  surface
     that  inhibits  the  dispersion of buoyant plumes.  Elevated
     inversions  are  initiated  by  subsiding  air  from    upper
     atmospheric  levels  or  are  the transitional zones between
     dissimilar air masses.  Elevated inversions can also  result
     from  radiation inversions (which start at the surface) that
     are partially eliminated from below, due to surface heating.

FANNING--Spreading of a plume to give the  appearance   of  a  fan
     spread  horizontally.   This  occurs under stable  conditions
     when the vertical dispersion is greatly  suppressed  due  to
     the   vertical   thermal   structure  but  does   not  impede
     horizontal direction variations.

FUMIGATION--The rapid mixing downward to the ground  of  material
     previously  emitted   into  a  stable layer.  Commonly occurs
     when  the  nocturnal  temperature   inversion   is   rapidly
     dissipated  by  solar heating of the surface; also occurs in
     sea  breeze  circulations  during  late  morning   or    early
     afternoon.

INSOLATION--Incoming  solar  radiation  received  at   the earth's
     sur face.

INVERSION—A layer of air in  which  temperature  increases  with
     altitude;  that  is, inverted with respect to the more  usual
     decrease of temperature with altitude.

LAPSE RATE--Adiabatic lapse  rate  is  the  rate  of   temperature
     change  with  height of a parcel displaced vertically in the
     atmosphere adiabatically.   The parcel  becomes  cooler  with
     lifting  as  it  expands  upon  encountering  less pressure;

                                 95

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      conversely,  the  parcel  becomes  warmer  with  descent  as  it   is
      compressed   due   to   higher   pressures.   The  adiabatic  lapse
      rate  is  a   decrease   of   about   1°C/100 m  rise.    When   the
      temperature   structure   of  the  atmosphere (the  environmental
      lapse  rate)  is  subadiabatic  (i.e.,   cooling  is   less   rapid
      with   height   than  the  adiabatic  rate),  the atmosphere  damps
      out vertical  motion.   When   the   temperature   structure   is
      superadiabatic,   (i.e.,   cooling   with  height  is more  rapid
      than   the   adiabatic   rate),   rising  parcels   continue    to
      accelerate   upward.   When   the  environmental  lapse  rate is
      near  the dry  adiabatic  rate,  vertical  motions   are  neither
      damped out  nor  enhanced.

 LOFTING--Upward   spreading of  the  plume in  the vertical  above  the
      plume  centerline, but minimum  spreading   downward,  because
      the   plume   is   unable   to   penetrate  an  inversion  below  the
      plume  centerline.

 LOOP ING--Plume  spreading with   the  instantaneous   appearance   of
      large   loops;   the  emitted   plume is  caught  in  thermals  and
      rises,  and  a  few seconds  later, the  newly emitted   plume   is
      caught   in   descending  air  and  moves downward  from  the  point
      of  emission.  Occurs  in  strongly  unstable air;  usually,   the
      vertical    thermal  structure  is  superadiabatic   near   the
      ground.

 MIXING HEIGHT--Height of the  unstable  or  neutral  layer   that   is
      well-mixed.   Usually  the   height  of the  first  significant
      inversion  above  the surface  delimits the  depth  available  for
      vertical dispersion of  pollutants.

.NOCTURNAL  INVERSION—Surface-based inversion   induced  by   radia-
      tional  cooling.

 PHYSICAL STACK  HEIGHT—ACtua 1  height (above ground)  of a stack or
      effluent source.

 PLUME RISE--The   height  of  a  plume  centerline above  the point of
      release  at  a  distance downwind  from a  source  due  to buoyancy
      and momentum  effects.    (The  height  above   the   point   of
      release  where   the   plume   becomes  level is  the  final  plume
      rise.)

 SUBSIDENCE INVERSION—A  temperature   inversion  produced  by   the
      adiabatic   warming  of a  layer of  descending air.  Results in
      a limited  mixing volume  below the subsiding layer.

 SURFACE-BASED INVERSION--An  inversion  layer of stable  air   close
      to   the  ground, usually  a  radiation  inversion.   Inhibits
      dispersion of low-level  releases  of  fugitive  dust and   other
      pollutants.


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SURFACE BOUNDARY LAYER--The  thin  layer of air immediately above
     the earth's surface.  (In this layer, shearing stresses  are
     nearly cons tant.)

SURFACE ROUGHNESS--Irregular ities  in  or
     that increase mechanical turbulence
     d i spers i on.
 on the earth's surface
and  enhance  pollutant
TRAPPING--Plume  spreading is moderate to rapid near the point of
     emission, but is impeded vertically (trapped) by an elevated
     stable layer.  Usually,   thermal  conditions  in  the  lower
     layer are adiabatic or subadiabatic.
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                                 Date
Chief,  Environmental Operations  Branch
Meteorology  and Assessment Division (MD-80)
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research  Triangle Park, NC   27711
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