EPA-910/9-73-006 A
WATER
SUPPLY
ROGRAM
UATION
-------
SUMMARY
IDAHO WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM
EVALUATION
EPA-910/9-73-006A
Water Supply Unit
Municipal Section
Air & Water Programs Division
Environmental Protection Agency
Region X
October 1973
-------
PREFACE
Information contained in this SUMMARY has been condensed
from the full report, IDAHO WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM EVALUATION.
Significant study findings and major recommendations needed to
give Idaho an effective public water supply program are
presented. More detailed information concerning the quality
and surveillance of public drinking water in Idaho is included
in the full report which is available from the Idaho Department
of Environmental and Community Services or the Environmental
Protection Agency.
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION 1
PLAN OF STUDY
WATER SUPPLIES SURVEYED 5
PROGRAM EVALUATION 6
STUDY FINDINGS
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM STATUS
Water Quality - Bacteriological u
Water Quality - Chemical 12
Facilities and Operation 13
Surveillance 15
WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM
Authority, Regulations and Standards ... 17
Organization, Manpower and Budget 18
Engineering Activities 19
Laboratory Support 20
RECOMMENDATIONS 23
REFERENCES 27
PARTICIPANTS 28
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 31
STATE AND FEDERAL AGENCY ADDRESSES 32
-------
INTRODUCTION
The great strides made in water treatment in past years have
reduced the threat of the once feared major water-borne epidemics.
With this technological advancement has come a sense of assurance
that our drinking water supplies are failsafe and free from
potential health hazards. This false sense of security is reflect-
ed not only by the average citizen, but has spread to portions of
the water supply industry itself. Many supplies have become
victims of their own success. They have maintained a status quo
without concern for improving the reliability of their system or
for meeting the challenge of newer and more stringent quality
standards.
The Community Hater Supply Study (1) indicated that compla-
cency is not restricted solely to the citizenry and utilities,
but has spread also to the regulatory agencies. In general,
state agencies are much less active in drinking water supply
surveillance today than in past years. Program emphasis and
resources have been reallocated to meet the demands of new
pollution control mandates. Although extensive water pollution
control efforts can provide improved raw water quality, these
programs alone do not assure safety or reliability of drinking
water. Such assurance is attainable only through renewed aware-
ness of the public health significance of drinking water and the
-------
establishment of active water supply programs at the state and
local levels.
Recognizing this, James L. Agee, Region X Administrator,
Environmental Protection Agency, when requested by the Honorable
Cecil D. Andrus, Governor of the State of Idaho, to assist in
supporting environmental programs in Idaho, recommended as part
of a total environmental program assessment package an evalua-
tion of the State's water supply activities. Subsequent corre-
spondence and discussion with State water supply program personnel
resulted in establishment of an agreement for the evaluation,
the purposes of which were:
1. To ascertain the condition of Idaho's water supplies
through field surveys of water supply systems, laboratory analyses
of drinking water samples for bacteriological, chemical and radio-
chemical constituents, and examination of pertinent data recorded
in the State files,
2. To determine the adequacy of legal statutes, regulations
and policies, budget and manpower resources, surveillance activi-
ties, laboratory support, and operator training,
3. To evaluate the effectiveness of the Idaho water supply
program as determined by the condition of a representative
number of the State's water supplies, and
4. To recommend improvements and additions which may be
needed to assure an adequate supply of safe drinking water for
residents of Idaho.
-------
Field surveys to determine the adequacy of water system
facilities, water quality, State laboratory facilities and opera-
tions, and overall public water supply surveillance were conducted
in late 1971 and early 1972. Additional information concerning
subsequent legislation affecting the water supply program, recent
organizational changes establishing the Department of Environmental
and Community Services, and manpower and funding expenditures for
public water supply surveillance through Fiscal Year 1973 has been
included.
-------
PLAN OF STUDY
WATER SUPPLIES SURVEYED
Resident population in Idaho, according to the 1970 census,
is 713,000. Approximately 482,000 of these people, or 68 percent
of the State's population, are served by 274 public water supplies.
The health of this segment of the State's population is directly
affected by the quality of their drinking water. Under State law
the Department of Environmental and Community Services is respon-
sible for establishing requirements and providing surveillance
of these supplies to assure safe drinking water. In addition to
the public supplies, there is an unknown number of systems, gen-
erally designated semi-public, which serve State residents and
the traveling public at restaurants, service stations, recreation
facilities, trailer courts and similar establishments. Presently
these supplies are neither listed nor under surveillance by the
State.
To accomplish the system evaluation objective, the 274 public
water supplies were divided into five population groups as shown
in Table 1. Twenty-eight supplies representing 10 percent of
the State's public water systems were selected at random to repre-
sent the respective percentage of supplies within the predetermined
population groupings. The random selection was examined and found
acceptable from the standpoint of geographical distribution, type
-------
of source and type of treatment. Location of the supplies is shown
in Figure 1.
State dental health records indicate fourteen (14) of the 274
public water supply systems in Idaho adjust the fluoride content
of their water for dental health protection. A special fluoride
study was conducted of all fourteen supplies. Figure 2 shows the
location of the fluoridated systems surveyed.
PROGRAM EVALUATION
The effectiveness of the Idaho water supply program in protect-
ing the public health was judged on:
1. Evaluation of State statues pertaining to protection of
the State's water resource for drinking purposes to determine if
sufficient policy and regulation setting power is available to
conduct its activities properly,
2. Review of regulations and policies adopted by the Depart-
ment of Environmental and Community Services to determine their
adequacy with respect to current good water supply practice,
3. Evaluation of the Department's routine bacteriological,
chemical, and facility surveillance pronram through review of
available records and selected field surveys,
4. Review of other program activities such as operator
training and certification, cross-connection control, fluoridation
and technical assistance to other State and local agencies concerned
with water supply,
-------
TABLE 1
SELECTION OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES
POPULATION
GROUP
Over
5,000 -
1,000 -
500 -
Under
25,000
25,000
5,000
1,000
500
POPULATION
SERVED
152,500
150,081
120,597
28,170
30,551
NUMBER OF
SYSTEMS
3
12
53
42
164
% SYSTEMS
1.1
4.4
19.3
15.3
59.9
(% SYSTEMS) (28)
0.3
1.2
5.4
4.3
16.8
NUMBER
SELECTED
1
1
5
4
17
TOTAL
481,899
274
100.0
28.0
28
-------
BOISE
LEWISTON
GRANGEVILLE
ST. ANTHONY
ST. MARIES
ABERDEEN
ARCO
COUNCIL
POTLATCH
RIRIE
HORSESHOE BEND
HAGERMAN
FRANKLIN
LAPWAI
HAZELTON
FIRTH
ARIMO
ROCKLAND
MOYIE SPRINGS
ATHOL
MIDVALE
EAST HOPE
CASTLEFORD
STANLEY POND W.A.
MURPHY
HOPE
HOLLISTER
EUGENE OUTLOOK W.A.
f \
fadamsl valley '
*> / '«
/«\l A^
Washington } ,J /L custer
"\ i • / \
' r r1 boise
payette
nU
canyon
1
24-
28-
'^ y dark J 4
^ I I ' fremontl
,; L--r~' K ..
•3 / 'Jefferson ! tet n
^ I ^ J.
x butte L, _ •>—J-j
r-T I bonneville
"—* r '—^-u in
I _ •! • I W-— | ^^
^ r ; ; ' i ^—, in
, i1.-,,^, jelmore .camas u_ ""r'bingham . ~ ~
*"**.'•''"VV-I t.o^Hin7^mcoln ^ I I* '6/ .-—^
vl-._ g°°dl"S; min,^ A, ' ;"^ Ucaribou
V gooding Imcom Or- .---:
, 005| mimdoka! i_O ^L
, ( —it'*' H , I f ^ power \ kannnrk
owyhee —| ^Jjeromer /---^-to Sbannoc-iL
25 twm faTis-'^t'.l 5 i -r\17
^t> ^J I " w 11 ^_ • *j a j
__ i cassia ', f franklin
'13
lake
FIGURE 1
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS SURVEYED
-------
BONNERS FERRY
COUNCIL
JEROME
LAPWAI
LEWISTON
MC CALL
MERIDIAN
9
10
11
12
13
14 SHOSHONE
U f
clark
\ f1 i ' fremont
ashmgton } rl jC.
"V_ ' ! r-. V
MONTPELIER
MOUNTAIN HOME
ORIFINO
PRESTON
SALMON
SANDPOINT
nez perce ^
I
-s.,]-,
m " '
bingham
canyon" ( \ / ! ^~7 ^X ,^ bucte L,, ,^-
K »• ^^ A '.blame < r-Jl bonneville
\ j 77 l S \__ H '—^-u.
•J acja lelmore Icamas ' ' r'bmpham
^V.,'9
owyhee
lmore camas _j ___ -— ringam
"9 goUnlF'"^ Fi I' ! ^ —
^-i *-•! A .••mmidoka, . l_' 1
( __ |14Ty--L~J I SP°wer\ban
^ . • erome "-- i
bannock
-~e —
lake
FIGURE 2
FLUORIDATED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN IDAHO
-------
5. Evaluation of the Department's bacteriological and chemical
laboratories to determine their capability to provide adequate sup-
port for the water supply program,
6. Comparison of budget and manpower allocations for the present
program with those considered minimal for operation of an adequate
program, and
7. Evaluation of the Department's organizational structure and
the water supply program's relationship to the Health Districts.
The following specific criteria were used in evaluating the
components of the program noted above. Bacteriological and chemical
water quality was judged against the criteria of the U.S. Public
Health Service Drinking Hater Standards, 1962 edition (2) , (herein-
after referred to as the Drinking Water Standards). Water supply
system facilities were evaluated against recommendations of the
Manual for Evaluating Public Drinking Hater Supplies (3). Labora-
tory operations were compared with recommended practices of Standard
Methods for the Examination of Hater and Wastewater, 13th Edition
(4). Legislative authority, rules and regulations, program opera-
tions, and budget and staffing levels were reviewed against guide-
lines developed by EPA through evaluation of state water supply
surveillance programs nationwide.
10
-------
STUDY FINDINGS
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM STATUS
The 28 water supplies surveyed provide drinking water to
approximately 1/5 of Idaho's population served by the public
water supplies and are judged to be representative of public
supplies throughout the State. The findings of the survey are
presented below by major categories examined.
Hater Quality - Bacteriological
Bacteriological testing is essential to determine if
drinking water is safe. The Drinking Hater Standards recognize
the coliform organism group as a reliable indicator of the
bacteriological quality of drinking water. The presence of
coliform organisms in the distribution system suggests either
inadequate treatment or access of contaminants to the water
after treatment. Failure to meet the bacteriological quality
standards indicates that the water is a potential carrier of
infectious disease. Such a situation is a serious potential
health hazard and calls for immediate corrective action.
Of the Idaho systems examined, 21 (75 percent) either
did not meet the bacteriological quality standards
two or more months during the twelve-month period prior
to the survey, or failed to collect sufficient samples
-------
during this same period to assess the bacteriological
quality. These systems serve a combined peculation
of 13,750. Considering only those water samples
collected during the survey, five systems (18 per-
cent) failed to meet the bacteriological quality
criteria of the Drinking Water Standards. Comparison
of bacteriological sampling results to system size
indicates that smaller water systems in Idaho gen-
erally distribute water of poorer bacteriological
quality.
Water Quality - Chemical
Drinking water should not contain substances which arc toxic
or may cause adverse health effects. The Drinking Mater Standards
establish mandatory chemical limits for these substances. Sup-
plies or individual sources from which samples have been confirmed
as failing to meet these standards should be rejected.
One of the public water supply systems (4 percent)
examined in Idaho did not meet mandatory chemical
drinking water standards. The system failing to
meet the mandatory chemical standard serves a pop-
ulation of approximately 400.
Good quality drinking water should not contain substances
12
-------
which adversely affect its appearance, odor and taste, or which
cause discomfort to man. The Drinking Water Standards set recom-
mended chemical limits to assure that drinking water contains no
substance in concentrations which would render it undesirable or
aesthetically inferior. A supply or source of water failing to
meet these standards should be considered for treatment or used
as standby for alternate higher quality sources.
Seven Idaho water systems (25 percent) failed to meet
one or more of the recommended chemical limits. These
systems serve a combined population of over 80,000.
Facilities and Operation
Water supply facilities include all structures and equipment
utilized for collection, treatment, storage and distribution of
drinking water from the source to the customer's tap. These
facilities and their operation must be capable of consistently
producing adequate quantities of safe drinking water and pre-
venting contamination from entering the system. Any condition,
device or operational practice which allows water of questionable
quality to be provided to the consumer constitutes a potential
health hazard.
Fourteen Idaho systems (50 percent) had inadequate
protection of the sources against contamination.
13
-------
Nine of these fourteen supplies also were found to
have either inadequate treatment or none at all.
Ten Idaho systems (36 percent) need either additional
treatment facilities or improved protection of the
source of supply.
Eleven Idaho systems (39 percent) had inadequate
distribution system facilities or need improved oper-
ation of existing facilities.
Twenty-seven Idaho systems (96 percent) were providing
inadequate quality control to assure protection of the
water supplied. A number of the larger supplies were
providing appropriate bacteriological and chemical
testing and were maintaining operating records. Only
one supply was judged to be carrying out an adequate
cross-connection control program. Most of the smaller
supplies were deficient in two or more of these areas.
Twenty Idaho systems (71 percent) employed operators
who had never participated in any water supply opera-
tors short course training. Many operators, although
aware of their lack of knowledge on critical public
health aspects of water supply operations, felt they
could not be away from the job for even short course
trainina.
14
-------
Only two (25 percent) of the eight Idaho fluoridation
installations in operation at the time of the survey
were providing a fluoride content in the range recom-
mended by the State for maximum dental health benefits.
Four (50 percent) of the eight operating Idaho fluori-
dation installations had unsatisfactory storage of
chemical compounds and inadequate fluoride feed equip-
ment.
None of the eight operating Idaho fluoridation installa-
tions was providing complete analytical control of the
fluoride feed level.
Surveillance
Surveillance of water supply systems is one of the essential
responsibilities of a state health agency. It requires routine
monitoring of bacteriological and chemical water quality to detect
possible contamination, and regular review of system facilities
and operational procedure to prevent serious health hazards from
developing.
There is no complete, updated inventory of all the Idaho
public water supplies for which the Department of Envi-
ronmental and Community Services is responsible.
Twenty-two (78 percent) of the Idaho systems evaluated
had not been subject to a sanitary survey within the
15
-------
previous 12 months. The average period since the last
sanitary servey was over seven years.
Nineteen Idaho systems (68 percent) failed to collect
the required number of bacteriological samples two or
more months of the previous 12-month reporting period.
Little resampling or investigation was done as a
follow-up to samples showing contamination.
Twenty Idaho systems (71 percent) had not received a
chemical analysis within the previous three years.
The average period since the last chemical analysis
was nine years. Those analyses which were completed
did not include important health parameters such as
arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, lead, selenium
and silver.
'Jo routine surveillance has been provided for Idaho
communities which adjust the fluoride level in their
water supply. Little surveillance of bottled water
or bottling operations in Idaho has been provided.
16
-------
WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM
The conditions of water supply facilities and drinking water
quality are directly related to the implementation of adequate
regulatory powers and the provisions of training and technical
assistance programs for water supply operators. The generally
poor public health conditions and practices found in the field
survey are largely attributable to the lack of an aggressive
water supply program at the State and local levels. Signifi-
cant features of the State program are described below.
Authority, Regulations and Standards
The Idaho statues give broad authority to the Board of
Environmental and Community Services for regulation of public
water supplies. Administrative responsibility for implementing
these acts is vested in the Administrator of the Department of
Environmental and Community Services.
*
Regulations governing protection of public water supply
were issued in 1964. These regulations, Idaho Drinking Water
Standards (5), adopt the U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Hater
Standards, 1962 Edition, and orovide standards for design and
construction of drinking water system facilities. In addition,
minimum well construction standards were adopted by the Depart-
ment of Water Administration in 1968 and all water well contrac-
tors are required to be licensed. These two sets of regulations
-------
are generally adequate to permit operation of an acceptable public
water supply program.
Organization, Manpower and Budget
Considerable reorganization of health and social service
agencies has occurred recently in Idaho. At the time of the
field surveys in 1971-1972 the water supply program was organi-
zationally located in the Department of Health. At that time
the water supply activity was not an identifiable unit within
the parent organization. General program direction was pro-
vided by the Chief of the Engineering Division and field work
was accomplished by individuals in the three Health Department
Regional Offices. The total manpower allocations for water supply
surveillance and technical assistance in fiscal years 1971 and
1972 were 1.0 man-year. Estimated expenditures for field acti-
vities were $22,000. Laboratory support increased total water
supply program expenditures to $91,000 per year.
Action by the 1972 and 1973 Idaho legislatures resulted in
reorganization of the State health programs and establishment of
the Department of Environmental and Community Services. General
water supply program direction is now provided by the Director
of Categorical Programs with field work being carried out by the
regional offices staff under direction of the Director of
Regional Operations. Manpower allocations for water supply
18
-------
activities increased to 2.7 man-years in fiscal year 1973. Total
expenditures, including laboratory support, increased to $124,000.
Although these increases have improved the State's water supply
surveillance activities over that at the time of the field survey,
the overall effort remains inadequate and the water supply program
is not yet considered to be fulfilling its responsibilities.
The State has not delegated to the local Health Districts
any portion of the responsibility for enforcement of the State
public water supply regulations. Informal working agreements
have evolved between certain Health Districts and the State
regional engineers. However, the ultimate potential for fully
utilizing the Health Districts in selected areas of surveillance
and enforcement of water supply regulations has yet to be
developed.
Engineering Activities
Few formal inspections and follow-up surveys of water system
facilities along with limited review of water quality and opera-
ting records have resulted in little enforcement of established
standards. Enforcement is hampered, not only by lack of manpower
to carry out field surveys and laboratory analyses, but also by
the continued use of a time consuming, manually operated data
recording and retrieval system.
Review of plans and specifications for new construction and
modifications to existing water system facilities has been carried
19
-------
out with some degree of regularity. This effor, along with
providing technical assistance on special problems and emergencies,
has accounted for the majority of the professional manpower
resource allocation to water supply activities.
The Department conducts an annual three-day water supply and
wastewater operators short school. Many of the smaller water
system operators, who most need the training, are not being
reached by this program. The State maintains voluntary operator
certification programs for both water supply and wastewater
operators. As of July 1973, 178 water supply operators repre-
senting 38 communities (14 percent) have been certified under
this program.
Laboratory Support
Bacteriological and chemical laboratory support for the
water supply program is provided by the Department's Laboratory
Section. Facilities and analytical procedures were evaluated
at the chemical laboratory and three of the six bacteriological
laboratories. Procedures and operations were found in general
compliance with recognized analytical methods. Additional
emphasis will be required to provide laboratory capability to
routinely analyze for toxic chemicals in drinking water.
20
-------
In summary, the Idaho Department of Environmental and
Community Services is not providing the surveillance and con-
sultative services necessary to fulfill its responsibilities
to protect the health of those who drink water from public sys-
tems in Idaho. It is evident that Idaho must implement an
expanded water supply program with increased commitment in the
overall spectrum of activities that will assure the State's
residents and visitors an adequate and safe supply of drinking
water.
21
-------
RECOMMENDATIONS
A primary purpose of this evaluation was to propose recom-
mendations needed to provide an effective water supply program
for Idaho. To properly provide the health evaluations, engin-
eering services, and technical assistance necessary, it is
recommended that:
1. The water supply program be upgraded to a stature
commensurate with its importance to the health of Idaho resi-
dents and visitors with a minimum annual budget of $239,000
allocated as follows :
a. Engineering surveillance and $128,000
activities
b. Laboratory services 71,000
c. Management and overhead 40.000
$239,000
2. The water supply program manpower resources be increased
to a minimum of 6 man-years of professional staff and 2 man-years
of secretarial support, to provide essential surveillance, train-
ing and program direction activities.
3. The bacteriological surveillance program be redirected
to:
a. Encourage water supply purveyors to develop their
own bacteriological monitoring program,
b. Charge a reasonable fee to cover the cost of
routine bacteriological analyses, and
-------
c. Conduct a check sampling program, at State expense,
to assure validity of routine sampling by purveyors.
4. The chemical surveillance program be expanded and
modified to:
a. Conduct at least one complete chemical analysis on
each surface water supply annually and on each ground water
supply triennally, and
b. Discontinue the practice of performing chemical
analyses for operational control which are considered the respon-
sibility of the water supply purveyor.
5. Enabling legislation be adopted requiring:
a. Mandatory certification of all public water supply
facility operators,
b. Coordinated planning and development of new public
water supply systems and the consolidation of the large number of
small suppliers in urbanized regions of the State, and
c. Fluoridation of community water supplies not
containing dentally significant concentrations of natural fluo-
rides. Enactment of this requirement should be delayed until
qualified operators are available and the Department's surveil-
lance and monitoring program improves.
6. The 1964 Idaho Drinking Water Standards be revised to:
a. Recognize recent organization changes,
b. Update water quality and monitoring criteria,
c. Incorporate special design, operation and moni-
toring requirements for small public water supplies and bottled
water facilities,
d. Establish chlorination as the minimum treatment
for all public water supplies and filtration for all surface
water sources with individual cases being exempted at the dis-
cretion of the Administrator if the purveyor can demonstrate
adherence to standards with disinfection alone, and
e. Reflect improved water treatment and distribu-
tion practices.
24
-------
7. A program be established to document present and future
policy decisions for distribution in a water supply program
policy manual.
8. Surveillance of all public water supplies be increased
to provide at least the minimum levels set forth in the Drinking
Hater Standards and the Manual for Evaluation of Public Water
Supplies, including but not necessarily limited to:
a. Development and continued updating of a compre-
hensive inventory of public water supplies,
b. Thorough annual sanitary surveys of each system
with follow-up as required,
c. Increased effort to assure minimum bacteriological
sampling along with the required check samples from all supplies,
d. Establishment of a routine complete chemical
sampling program for each supply,
e. Establishment of a program to encourage adoption
of local cross-connection control ordinances and institution of
viable surveillance programs for elimination of backflow condi-
tions,
f. Increased emphasis on surveillance of fluoridated
supplies to assure adequacy of these operations, and
g. Initiation of a surveillance program to assure that
bottled water quality and bottling practices comply with estab-
lished standards for food packaging and water quality.
9. Operator training be improved by:
a. The Department working more closely with the State
universities and community colleges on operator entry level and
upgrade training programs, and,
b. Increased program flexibility to meet the needs
and schedules of both full and part-time operators.
25
-------
10. Computer services be utilized for storage and retrieval
of water quality data, engineering report information, monthly
operating report records and inventory data.
11. A memorandum of agreement be developed with each Health
District for surveillance of and technical assistance to the
State's small public and recreational water supply systems.
26
-------
REFERENCES
1. Community Water Supply Study - Analyses of National Survey
Findings. U.S. Public Health Service, Bureau of Water
Hygiene, July, 1970.
2. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, 1962 ed.
USPHS Pub. No. 956, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C. , 1969.
3. Manual for Evaluating Public Drinking Water Supplies.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1971.
4. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater, 31th ed. American Public Health Association,
New York, New York, 1971.
5. Idaho Drinking Water Standards. State of Idaho, Boise, 1964.
27
-------
PARTICIPANTS
Tne following persons and/or agencies made major contribution to
the successful completion of this study.
Study Director
William A. Mullen, Chief, Water Supply Unit
Air & Water Programs Division, EPA, Region X, Seattle
Study Advisor
Francis L. Nelson, Chief, Technical Support Branch
Surveillance and Analysis Division, EPA, Region X, Seattle
Field Evaluation
Howard L. Burkherdt, Regional Environmental Engineer,
Idaho Department of Environmental Protection & Health, Pocatello I/
Thomas M. Hushower, Chief, Special Studies Section
Water Supply Division, EPA, Washington, D.C.
Earl F. McFarren, Supervisory Chemist, Standards Attainment Branch
Water Supply Research Laboratory, NERC, EPA, Cincinnati
William A. Mullen, Chief, Water Supply Unit
Air & Water Pronrams Division, EPA, Region X, Seattle
Harry D. Nash, ["icrobiologist, Standards Attainment Branch
Water Supply Research Laboratory, NERC, EPAS Cincinnati
Francis L. Nelson, Chief, Technical Support Branch
Surveillance and Analyses Division, EPA, Region X, Seattle
Jeffrey T. Pearlman, Dental Technician, Dental Health Section
Idaho Department of Environmental Protection & Kealth, Boise I/
James E. Warren, Staff Engineer, Surveillance and Technical Assistance
Section
Water Supply Division, EPA, Washington, D.C.
Arthur W. Van't Hul, Regional Environmental Engineer
Idano Department of Environmental Protection & Health, Lewiston I/
Jerry L. Yoder, Regional Environmental Engineer
Idaho Department of Environmental Protection & Health, Boise I/
28
-------
Laboratory Support
Fluoride Laboratory, Water Supply Division, EPA, Washington, D.C.
Cincinnati Water Hygiene Laboratory, EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio 2/
Gulf Coast Water Hygiene Laboratory, EPA, Mobile, Alabama 3/
Northeast Water Hygiene Laboratory, EPA, Narragansett, Rhode Island 3/
Northwest Water Hygiene Laboratory, EPA, Gig Harbor, Washington 3/
Southwest Radiological Health Laboratory, EPA, Las Vegas, Nevada 4/
Idaho Department of Environmental Protection & Health Laboratory,
Boise ]_/
Idaho Health District Laboratory, Coeur d'Alene
Idaho Health District Laboratory, Idaho Falls
Idaho Health District Laboratory, Lewiston
Idaho Health District Laboratory, Pocatello
Idaho Health District Laboratory, Twin Falls
Data Processing - Water Supply Division, Data Processing Unit, Cincinnati
Grace D. Bardo, Statistical Clerk
Arthur F. Hammonds, Computer Systems Analyst
George C. Kent, Chief, Water Quality Register Branch
Richard L. Manning, Computer Systems Analyst
29
-------
Report Preparation
Karen M. Ihrig, Principal Typist
William A. Mullen, Chief, Water Supply Unit
Francis L. Nelson, Chief, Technical Support Branch
]_/ Agency subsequently renamed Idaho Department of Environmental and
Community Services.
2/ Laboratory subsequently renamed Water Supply Research Laboratory,
~~ National Environmental Research Center-Cincinnati.
3/ Laboratory subsequently consolidated with Water Supply Research
Laboratory, NERC-Cincinnati.
4/ Laboratory subsequently renamed National Environmental Research
~~ Center-Las Vegas.
30
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The assistance and cooperation of Mr. Vaughn Anderson,
Director of Categorical Programs, Environmental Protection
Division, Idaho Department of Environmental and Community
Services, is greatly appreciated. Mr. Anderson and his office
staff gave freely of their time and contributed valuable back-
ground information during the formative stages of the study.
The effort expended by the Regional Engineers in scheduling
the field surveys and accompanying the survey officers is
gratefully acknowledged. Dr. Darrell Brock, Director,
Laboratory Section, Office of Program Support, Idaho Depart-
ment of Environmental and Community Services, and the staff
members of the laboratories providing bacteriological and
chemical analyses made significant contributions. A special
thank you is also given to all the residents, waterworks per-
sonnel and utility officials who provided information and
generously cooperated in the study.
31
-------
STATE AND FEDERAL AGENCY ADDRESSES
STATE:
Idaho Department of Environmental and Community Services
Environmental Protection Division
Categorical Programs
Statehouse
Boise, Idaho 83701
Telephone: 208-384-2390
FEDERAL:
Environmental Protection Agency, Pvegion X
Air & Water Programs Branch
Water Supply Unit
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, Washington 98101
Telephone: 206-442-1216
32
------- |