EPA/600/K-94/003
FY-1994
EPA Research Program Guide
October 1, 1993— September 30, 1994
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC 20460
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Floor
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
Printed on Recycled Paper
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Notice
The program descriptions and resource estimates included in this document reflect the
latest detailed information available at time of publication. Time will change some of
this information. In addition, the resource figures have been rounded off and some
smaller programs omitted. For the latest information, contact the individual listed.
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Contents
Introduction 1
How to Use the Program Guide 3
Protecting Ecological Systems 4
Wetlands Issue 5
Large Lakes and Rivers Issue 6
Coastal and Marine Issue 7
Contaminated Sediments Issue 8
Aquatic Ecocriteria Issue 9
Non-Point Sources Issue 10
Ecological Risk Assessment Issue 11
Habitat and Biodiversity Issue 12
Environmental Releases of Biotechnology Products Issue 13
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 14
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Issue (EMAP) 14
Global Change 16
Global Climate Change Issue 17
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Issue 18
Air Pollution 19
Acid Deposition Issue 20
Air Toxics Issue 21
Criteria Air Pollutants Issue 22
Pollutants from Motor Vehicles Issue 23
Indoor Air Pollution Issue 24
Drinking Water Contamination 25
Drinking Water Pollutants and Disinfection Issue 26
Ground Water Issue 27
Waste Management 28
Municipal Solid Waste Issue 29
Hazardous Waste Issue 30
Wastewater and Sludge Issue 31
Environmental Cleanup 32
Surface Cleanup Issue 33
Bioremediation Issue 34
Health Risk Assessment 35
Human Exposure Issue 36
Health Effects Issue 38
Health Risk Assessment Methods Issue 39
in
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Contents (continued)
Innovative Technology and Outreach 40
Pollution Prevention Issue 41
Innovative Technologies Issue 43
Environmental Education Issue 45
International and National Technology Issue 46
Exploratory Research and Special Environmental Problems 47
Environmental Review of Toxic Chemicals Issue 48
Lead Issue 49
Anticipatory Research on Emerging Environmental Problems Issue 50
Exploratory Grants and Centers Issue 51
Laboratory Infrastructure 52
Cross-Program 53
Organization Chart 55
ORD Organization 56
ORD Organizational Descriptions 62
ORD Office/Laboratory Abbreviations 79
ORD Key Contacts 83
IV
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Introduction
Research to provide the scientific foundation for environmental
decisionmaking is a vital part of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's (EPA's) mission. To be effective, environmental research must
continually evolve in response to changes in scientific understanding of the
nature and complexity of environmental problems. In recent years, EPA has
been reexamining the structure and focus of its research as part of an
ongoing effort to improve the quality of its science and to expand the range,
efficiency, and effectiveness of the approaches and tools available to
mitigate and solve our nation's environmental problems.
To assist in this reexamination, EPA called upon two independent advi-
sory groups: the Science Advisory Board and the Expert Panel on the Role
of Science at EPA. In response to their recommendations and to new policy
directions within the Agency, EPA's Office of Research and Development
(see box below) has redesigned both the content and structure of its research
programs to produce a comprehensive, integrated, and targeted research
agenda that can more effectively respond to the environmental
decisionmaking needs of the coming years.
EPA'S OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD) includes 12 research
laboratories and approximately 1,300 scientists and engineers across the
nation. This office is responsible for the scientific foundation of EPA
policies and the scientific credibility of EPA decisions. ORD conducts
basic and applied research to:
• Advance scientific understanding of environmental problems
• Develop new ideas, methods, and approaches for solving those
problems
• Support EPA's programs, regulations, and policies
ORD's research laboratories and its scientists and engineers are active on
many frontiers of environmental research. They collaborate with other
federal agencies, universities, and industry laboratories in designing and
conducting research, and they disseminate the knowledge generated by EPA
science to national and international communities that can apply this
knowledge to promote environmental quality. Upon request, ORD scien-
tists and engineers also provide technical reviews, expert consultation,
technical assistance, and advice to environmental researchers and
decisionmakers in federal, state, local, and foreign governments.
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ORD's research is divided into 12 broad Research Themes with some
themes having specific research issues. The following information
describes the research themes and the related issues with the funds avail-
able for FY-94.
RESEARCH THEMES AND ISSUES
I. Protecting Ecological Systems
Issues: Wetlands
Urge Lakes and Rivers
Coastal and Marine
Contaminated Sediments
Aquatic Ecocnteria
Non-Point Sources
Ecological Risk Assessment
Habitat and Biodiversity
Environmental Releases of Biotechnology Products
2. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment*
3. Global Change
Issues: Global Climate Change
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
4. Air Pollution
Issues: Acid Deposition
Air Toxics
Criteria Air Pollutants
Pollutants from Motor Vehicles
Indoor Air Pollution
5. Drinking Water Contamination
Issues- Drinking Water Pollutants and Disinfection
Ground Water
6. Waste Management
Issues. Municipal Solid Waste
Hazardous Waste
Wastewatcr and Sludge
7. Environmental Cleanup
Issues: Surface Cleanup
Bioremedtation
8. Health Risk Assessment
Issues- Human Exposure
Health Effects
Health Risk Assessment Methods
9. Innovative Technology and Outreach
Issues- Pollution Prevention
Innovative Technologies
Environmental Education
International and National Technology Transfer
10. Exploratory Research and Special Environmental Problems
Issues: Environmental Review of Toxic Chemicals
Lead
Anticipatory Research on Emerging Environmental Problems
Exploratory Grants and Centers
11. Laboratory Infrastructure*
12. Cross Program*
•Note: Theme areas not broken down into separate issues count as both a theme and a research issue.
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How to Use the Program Guide
The following descriptions of ORD's research program are organized by
themes and issues. Each description is a very broad summary of the
research being done, where that research is being done, who to contact for
more information about the program, and the approximate total funding for
that area. Funding is spent through extramural contracts, grants and
coperative agreements.
For each program description, one or more contacts are listed along with
the major research areas to be pursued. For further information, you may
call the contacts. Their telephone numbers are listed in a separate section
near the end of this report. Where two or more research laboratories are
listed, please turn to the "ORD Organization" section of this report for
descriptions of the major mission and functions of each.
Some of the research funded for this fiscal year will be done in-house by
EPA's laboratories. The rest will be accomplished extramurally. Proposals
for funds for research in areas of interest to the agency are welcomed and
are considered on a competitive basis. To receive information regarding
application procedures for extramural funds, please contact the person
indicated in the area of specific interest to you. In addition, approximately
fifteen percent of EPA's research budget is used to support long-term
exploratory research. Information regarding funds for exploratory research
grants can be obtained from the:
Research Grants Program
Office of Exploratory Research (3903F)
USEPA
Washington, DC 20460
(202)260-9266
Finally, for further information regarding Office of Research and Devel-
opment research publications (600/625 series) or for additional copies of
this report, please contact:
Center for Environmental Research Information
USEPA
26 W. Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
(513)569-7562
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Protecting Ecological Systems
"Natural ecosystems like forests, wetlands, and oceans are extraordinar-
ily valuable," the SAB wrote in its Reducing Risk report. They contain
natural resources that feed, clothe, and house the human race, and they act
as sinks that absorb and neutralize the pollutants we generate. However,
the SAB cautioned, ecological systems "have a limited capacity for
absorbing the environmental degradation caused by human activities."
After that capacity is exceeded, it is only a matter of time before those
ecosystems deteriorate, and human health and welfare begin to suffer.
Largely because of the laws that EPA administers, the Agency's research
and policicies in the 1970s and 1980s focused on reducing risks to human
health. The SAB has now recommended that EPA attach as much impor-
tance to reducing ecological risk as it does to reducing human health risk
because of the inherent value of ecological systems and their strong links
to human health.
In response to these recommendations, EPA's Office of Research and
Development has begun substantial forward-looking research to provide
the scientific basis needed to anticipate, prevent, and control ecosystem
damage. This research answers questions such as: What causes risk to
ecosystems? How can we measure and predict risk? What can we do to
prevent, reduce, and control risk? How can we restore damaged ecosys-
tems? How can we evaluate the success of our protection efforts?
Pollution, loss of habitat, and other stresses caused by human activity
threaten ecosystems at the local, regional, and global levels. The nine
research issues that compose the Protecting Ecological Systems Research
Theme focus on protecting ecosystems at the regional and local levels, and
cover three broad areas:
• "Ecosystem" issues examine impacts on and protective measures for
different types of ecosystems
• "Assessment" issues focus on developing tools and methods for
reducing pollution and improving the overall health of ecosystems
• "Emerging ecological issues" reflect specific issues of particular
concern in the coming years.
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Wetlands Issue - Wetlands function as buffers between land and
water, improving the environmental quality of both by purifying water,
storing flood waters, recharging ground water, and providing habitat for
diverse animal and plant life, including over one-third of our nation's
endangered species. During the last 200 years, we have lost more than
half the U.S. wetlands to human activities—primarily the conversion of
wetlands for agricultural use. Despite growing recognition of their
ecological value, wetlands continue to decline and disappear at a signifi-
cant rate nationwide. Some states have lost 90 percent of their wetlands.
Concern over the loss of wetlands and the valuable functions they provide
has led to substantial federal mandates to manage and protect these
resources. Many scientific issues concerning the value, use, and protec-
tion of wetlands must be addressed to respond to these mandates and
develop an effective risk reduction program. EPA's research program is
designed to advance our understanding of wetlands at both the individual
and landscape levels in many fundamental areas, including:
• Determining how wetlands contribute to environmental quality
• Developing methods for assessing and enhancing the
function of wetlands
• Investigating how pollution and other pressures affect
wetlands
• Assessing the risks posed by the loss of wetlands and
wetland functions.
• Developing guidelines and criteria for restoring
or creating wetlands to reduce these risks
• Improving the performance of wetlands constructed for wastewater
treatment, and identifying the ecological risks and benefits of
their use
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Thomas Murphy, Issue Planner
MaryKentula ERL/Corvallis 1,902.5
William Sanville ERL/Duluth 750.0
Subhas Sikdar RREL/CINN 320.0
Steve Cordle OEPER/HQ 30.0
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Large Lakes and Rivers Issue - The five Great Lakes and connecting
rivers are the largest surface freshwater system on earth. They provide just
over 20 percent of the world's water supply and serve as a source of water
for municipal and industrial use, shipping, boating, and recreational and
commercial fishing. Because of their large size, the Great Lakes are
affected by many different anthropogenic stresses: chemicals from agricul-
tural runoff, hazardous waste sites, contaminated sediments, industrial
outfalls, and atmospheric deposition; lake level controls, commercial
development, and dredging operations that destroy wetlands and alter
shoreline structure; and fish management practices and proliferation of
non-native species that alter the balance of ecosystems.
Preventing and controlling pollution in the Great Lakes and connecting
rivers poses a significant challenge because of their complexity, because
they retain pollutants for long periods of time, and because of numerous,
sometimes overlapping, legislative and programmatic authorities. Research
is needed to develop realistic ecological goals, a management program that
strategically directs resources, and ecological indicators that document
progress toward restoring and protecting ecosystem integrity. Results from
research on the Great Lakes and connecting rivers will ultimately be
extrapolated to managing other lakes and rivers.
ORD researchers are developing models—known as "mass balance"
models—that simulate the flow of pollutants into, and their impacts on,
large lakes and rivers. These models will enable local, state, regional, and
international organizations to compare the risk reductions that can be
achieved by various pollution prevention and control strategies. Also, ORD
will continue efforts to develop a strategy for predicting and coping with the
dramatic, long-term consequences of ecological explosions that are often
caused when non-native species are introduced into large freshwater
ecosystems.
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Oilman Veith, Issue Planner
Robert Ambrose ERL/Athens 63.6
William Richardson ERL/Duluth 3,673.0
Steve Cordle OEPER/HQ 88.0
**» **» »*»»**»*»*** »** **•
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Coastal and Marine Issue - Coastal ecosystems of the United States
comprise 19,200 linear miles of estuaries. About half of the nation's
population of over 270 million people live in coastal areas. This large and
growing population places coastal and estuarine ecosystems at risk from the
cumulative effects of multiple pollutants and habitat degradation. We do
not know the capacity of coastal ecosystems to assimilate these stresses
without significant loss of ecological integrity.
EPA's problem-oriented research will develop models and methods to
identify, assess, and predict the cumulative effects of human activities on
these ecosystems. These models and methods will be used to establish
priorities for protecting ecosystems and to determine the effectiveness of
pollution control strategies. ORD's marine and estuarine scientists are
developing mathematical and physical ("microcosm") models to better
understand risks to coastal waters from toxic chemicals, nutrient
overenrichment, and habitat changes.
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Norb Jaworski, Issue Planner
Jonathan Garber ERL, Narr 422.4
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Contaminated Sediments Issue - Sediments—the mud and sand that
settle on the bottom of lakes, rivers, estuaries, and other water bodies—are
the ultimate sink for many pollutants in aquatic systems. Once contami-
nated, sediments can serve as a persistent source of toxic chemicals long
after other pollution sources have been eliminated. Contaminants released
from sediments are taken up by aquatic life, thereby threatening aquatic
species, communities, and populations, causing habitat loss, and reducing
species diversity. By infiltrating critical food webs, organic chemicals and
metals associated with sediments can pose a risk to humans and wildlife.
The SAB's Reducing Risk report identified contaminated sediments as
posing a "high risk" to local ecosystems. Research is needed to better
understand what effect contaminated sediments have on the ecosystems—
especially the benthic, or "bottom-dwelling," ecosystems—and to develop
effective pollution prevention and control strategies.
EPA's research will focus on developing:
• Criteria for sediment quality that will help us better know when
sediments do and do not pose a risk to aquatic life, wildlife, and
human health
• Models to better understand and predict the flow of contaminants into
and out of sediment
• Tests to evaluate and monitor contamination in sediments
• A national inventory of sites with contaminated sediments
• Strategies to prevent and control sediment pollution, and to clean up
contaminated sediments safely and cost-effectively
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Norb Jaworski, Issue Planner
William Budde EMSL/CINN 22.4
SubhasSikdar RREL/CINN 100.0
Lawrence Burns ERL/Athens 159.1
Gary Ankley ERL/Duluth 450.0
Norman Rubinstein ERL/Narr 515.3
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Aquatic Ecocriteria Issue - Aquatic ecosystems are highly sensitive to
pollution and disturbance. As such, they serve as sentinels in assessing the
health of our ecological resources. They provide early warning in pollution
prevention programs and benchmarks in restoring polluted watersheds. The
protection of aquatic systems is one of EPA's paramount missions and is
specifically mandated in several laws. Though EPA has successfully
controlled specific pollutants and discharges into water bodies, ecosystem
integrity continues to decline in many systems. More comprehensive
approaches are needed to protect aquatic ecosystems from the cumulative
impact of many diffuse sources of pollution and the many other stresses and
disturbances that result from human activity.
Historically, EPA has protected aquatic life by controlling pollution based
on the risk to individual species. In this issue area, ORD research will focus
on developing methods to also assess the risk at the population and commu-
nity levels. Risks to wildlife that feed on the aquatic food chain will receive
high priority. This research will include creating a diagnostic framework to
determine which of many possible stresses are damaging particular ecosys-
tems.
Also, ORD scientists will develop biological indicators (such as the
presence or abundance of a particular aquatic or bird species) that can be
used to evaluate the structure and function of aquatic communities. Once
scientists better understand how to measure ecological integrity, they can set
baseline levels ("ecocriteria") for aquatic parameters that must be met to
ensure aquatic integrity. Also, this understanding will provide a scientific
foundation for efforts to restore adversely affected systems.
Contact
Oilman Veith, Issue Planner
Terence Harvey
Rosemarie Russo
Nelson Thomas
Wayne Davis
Foster Mayer
Ken Hood
Charles Ris
Office/Lab
ECAO/CINN
ERL/Athens
ERL/Duluth
ERL/Narr
ERL/GB
OEPER/HQ
HHAG/HQ
Total Extramural
Funds
($K)
38.3
75.7
616.4
25.0
1,137.6
79.2
17.8
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Non-Point Sources Issue - Many reports by the EPA, SAB, states, and
others have identified pollution from non-point sources—such as agricul-
ture, urban runoff, atmospheric deposition, land disposal, construction, and
mining—as the largest category of contamination threatening our nation's
water quality. In 1990, EPA reported to Congress that non-point source
pollution has severely damaged aquatic communities nationwide and
destroyed the aesthetic values of many treasured recreational waters.
Non-point source pollution affects primarily aquatic ecosystems. Current
estimates are that 45 percent of damaged estuaries, 76 percent of damaged
lakes, and 65 percent of damaged river miles are caused by non-point
sources. Research is needed to answer four key questions:
• What causes the problems observed in watersheds?
• How can prevention, restoration, and management reduce pollution
from major non-point sources?
• How do we evaluate the efficacy of prevention, restoration, and
management efforts?
• Which management practices and technologies are most effective in
solving problems at various geographic scales?
Working collaboratively with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the
U.S. Geological Survey, and other federal agencies, ORD will:
• Develop new methods for assessing the causes and consequences of
pollution in watersheds
• Measure the effectiveness of current controls of pollution in
watersheds
• Develop data on the cost-effectiveness of various ways to manage
non-point sources in watershed restoration projects
• Document and promote new and innovative ways to prevent and con-
trol pollution
• Emphasize research on integrated farm management, integrated pest
management, chemical and waste reduction, innovative forestry
practices, new mining methods, and sustainable development in
urban, suburban, and rural environments
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Rosemarie Russo, Issue Planner
Mason Hewitt EMSL/LV 234.0
Robert Carsel ERL/Athens 891.6
Michael Jawson ERL/Ada 316.5
Christine Ribic ERL/Corvallis 260.0
Anthony Carlson ERL/Duluth 260.0
10
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Ecological Risk Assessment Issue - Until the late 1980s, EPA consid-
ered the protection of human health to be its primary mission and was less
concerned about risks posed to ecosystems. One consequence of this
historical policy has been that the development of methods to assess the
risks pollution poses to ecosystems lags far behind our achievements in
assessing risks to human health. For example, we lack methods to assess
the risks to large-scale ecosystems and to evaluate the risks posed by
non-chemical stressors such as land use changes, global climate change, or
hydrologic modification. EPA needs to strengthen its ability to reliably
assess ecological risk and to reduce the most significant risks.
Research in this area will focus on ecosystems that are defined within
watersheds. ORD will develop risk methods for assessing and comparing
risks for ecosystems from the many different kinds of stressors within a
watershed. This research will be performed in conjunction with the
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) to character-
ize environmental conditions and pollution sources. The long-term goal is
to provide the scientific basis for developing an ecosystem-level planning
and decisionmaking or management framework based on predicting,
assessing, and monitoring ecological risk.
Contact
Mike Slimak, Issue Planner
Tom Waddell
Lawrence Burns
Joan Baker
Jonathan Garber
Foster Mayer
Steven Hedtke
Dorothy Patton
Mike Slimak
Office/Lab
EMAP/RTP
ERI7 Athens
ERIVCorvallis
ERL/Narr
ERL/GB
ERL/Dul
RAF/HQ
OEPER/HQ
Total Extramural
Funds
($K)
363.1
810.6
5364.5
402.4
504.1
763.8
94.0
1,334.4
11
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Habitat and Biodiversity Issue - In its Reducing Risk report, the SAB
ranked loss of habitat and loss of biodiversity among the highest ecological
risks facing the nation because of their scale, intensity, and irreversibility.
The two issues are intimately linked: the number and variety of species
decline as their land and water habitats are modified, damaged, or de-
stroyed. The greatest current threat to biodiversity is habitat loss—often as
a result of independent and poorly coordinated land use decisions that
fragment habitats and isolate species. Cohesive policies and coordinated
management decisions are needed to prevent further unintentional habitat
loss on private and public land.
Dealing effectively with issues of habitat and biodiversity will require
participation by a multitude of public land management agencies and
private parties. EPA is in a unique position to provide leadership for
scientific integration of this public/private effort. As a first step, EPA has
organized a consortium of public agencies and non-governmental organiza-
tions to conduct a pilot regional assessment of the comparative risks to
biodiversity. This will be done by comparing wildlife diversity, environ-
mental diversity, and environmental stressors within a sampling grid
developed by the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program.
Subsequent research will analyze biodiversity nationwide, search for
correlations between species diversity and environmental diversity, evaluate
the comparative risks to biodiversity, and develop approaches for managing
environmental diversity to preserve and enhance species diversity.
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Tom Murphy, Issue Planner
Eric Preston ERL/Corvallis 360.0
Bruce Jones EMSL/LV 86.7
Peter Jutro OEPER/HQ 4.0
*** *** *»* *** *»* *** *** *»*
12
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Environmental Releases of Biotechnology Products Issue - The safe use
of biotechnological products to remediate, restore, and improve our envi-
ronment is a recent concept that has growing public acceptance and scien-
tific credibility. Many of these products are created by modifying the
genetic material in organisms ranging from microorganisms to plants and
animals. Others are natural organisms specifically cultivated for large-scale
introduction into an environment they might not normally inhabit — for
example, when certain microorganisms are introduced to control pests. We
know little about whether, and to what extent, the use of these biotechnol-
ogy products in the environment may pose a risk to ecosystems and human
health.
EPA's research in this area covers a broad range of issues to improve our
ability to predict, measure, prevent, and control the ecological and human
health risks these products may pose. Specifically, research is examining:
• How well organisms introduced into the environment move through,
survive, and multiply in the environment
• To what extent these organisms exchange genes with natural organ-
isms in the environment
• Whether genetically engineered organisms can change the structure
function, and stability of communities of natural organisms and
thereby pose risks to ecosystems and human health
• Methods for monitoring the fate of introduced organisms in the
environment
• Strategies for preventing, reducing, and controlling human health and
ecological risk
Contact Office/Lab
Robert E. Menzer, Issue Planner
Steve Hern EMSL/LV
Roger Wilmoth RREL/CINN
Larry Claxton HERL/RTP
Lidia Watrud ERL/Corvallis
Richardson Anderson ERL/Duluth
Robert E. Menzer ERL/GB
Marshall Dick OEETD/HQ
Jack Durham OEPER/HQ
Total Extramural
Funds
($K)
192.3
100.0
750.0
2,324.0
310.0
3,187.3
14.8
127.7
13
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Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Issue - Environmental
monitoring in the 1970s and 1980s was usually short-term and local-we did
not develop systems to evaluate overall ecological conditions at the
regional or national level. Consequently, we have lacked the ability to
monitor trends in ecosystem health. Such monitoring is essential to
anticipate, and potentially avert, future environmental problems, and to
assess how effective our environmental protection efforts have been.
The Science Advisory Board, in its 1988 Future Risk report, recom-
mended that EPA "explicitly develop and use monitoring systems that help
the Agency anticipate future environmental conditions." In direct response
to this recommendation, EPA initiated the Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment Program (EMAP)—an ambitious long-term, nationwide
program to regularly assess and document the condition of our nation's
ecological resources.
EMAP began in 1990. Working collaboratively, scientists from EPA,
other federal agencies, and universities have been developing innovative
tools and methods needed to monitor ecological resources on a national and
regional scale. EPA, other federal agencies, and the states have begun using
these tools to monitor key environmental indicators and resources. Once
several years of monitoring information is available, scientists will be able
to:
• Analyze the current condition of resources and trends affecting them
• Evaluate overall ecosystem conditions
• Relate effects to possible causes
EMAP is currently in the pilot demonstration phase. When fully imple-
mented nationwide in the late 1990s, EMAP will monitor eight types of
ecological resources: estuaries, the Great Lakes, wetlands, surface waters,
agricultural ecosystems, arid ecosystems, forests, and landscapes. Each
year, the program will provide resource managers and the public with a
national report card on ecological status and trends at regional and national
levels. EMAP staff will work to make sure that potential users of the
monitoring information know what is available and how to access it.
EMAP research has value beyond the U.S. national and regional scope it
is designed for. Local studies are also being conducted to demonstrate how
the new tools developed under EMAP can be applied to monitoring at the
local, state, and regional levels. EMAP scientists are also working with the
international community to apply EMAP indicators to monitoring programs
in other countries.
• Working Together to Produce Results
The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program is highly collabo-
rative. EMAP has been integrating data from many other ongoing monitor-
ing efforts by the U.S. Forest Service, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Geological
Survey, the National Science Foundation, the Nature Conservancy, the
government of Canada, and others. Also, other federal agencies contribute
in-kind services to EMAP and, in some cases, take the lead in directing
EMAP monitoring activities in their areas of expertise.
14
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• Early Program Benefits
EMAP has already provided significant benefits to scientists and
decisionmakers. State environmental offices, EPA regional offices, and
other federal agencies are already interpreting monitoring data for estuaries,
forests, and other ecosystems. EMAP results have increased our under-
standing of the ecological health of the Chesapeake Bay and lakes in the
northeast. Also, EMAP research has significantly advanced the
state-of-the-art in ecological monitoring and assessment technologies.
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Ed Martinko, Issue Planner
Bob Schonbrod EMSL/LV 6,368.4
Bernie Daniel EMSL/CINN 631.6
Roger Blair ERL/Corvallis 5,819.7
Johnnie Pearson AREAL/RTP 1,263.1
Stephen Lozano ERL/Duluth 789.5
Norman Rubinstein ERL/Narr 1,052.6
Kevin Summers ERL/GB 4,289.5
Sidney Draggan EMAP/HQ 2,421.9
Ken Hood OEPER/HQ 275.0
Rick Linthurst EMAP/RTP 13,533.7
15
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Global Change
In its Reducing Risk report, the SAB ranked global climate change and
stratospheric ozone depletion as relatively high-risk problems affecting both
the natural ecology and human welfare. These problems are of concern, the
SAB noted, because they may impact large regions or even the entire planet,
because a very long time period would likely be required to mitigate any
impacts, and because some effects may be irreversible.
Already, changes in the earth's atmosphere demonstrate that we are
altering our global system, and recent evidence indicates that some of these
changes may be occurring more rapidly than we previously thought. In
1990, EPA began working with other research organizations to increase our
understanding of these problems and develop approaches to mitigation.
This work includes two areas of research: global climate change and
stratospheric ozone depletion.
16
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Global Climate Change Issue - Human activities are dramatically chang-
ing the earth's atmosphere. In recent years, atmospheric levels of carbon
dioxide and other "greenhouse gases" that may contribute to global warm-
ing have increased. Current best scientific judgement is that the average
annual temperature at the earth's surface could increase by 1.5°C to 3.5°C
before the year 2050. Although this increase may seem small, it could have
serious consequences for life on this planet.
There are many uncertainties in our ability to predict the rate and extent of
global climate change. For example, we still don't know how clouds,
oceans, and land affect the global warming process. EPA began its global
change research in 1990 under the United States Global Change Research
Program to improve knowledge of the causes and effects of global
change—particularly climate change. Several federal agencies have
collaborated to plan and implement this multi-year research program. EPA
is responsible for investigating several areas:
• The rate of tropical deforestation and its contribution to greenhouse
gases
• How changes in land use and associated human activities affect
processes that drive the production, consumption, and emission of
greenhouse gases in soil and plant systems
• Assessing the global warming potential of gases other than carbon
dioxide
• Investigating the potential impacts of climate change on terrestrial
systems (including soils, plants, and freshwaters )
• Predicting and modeling the emissions—resulting from mankind's
activities—of greenhouse gases and other chemically active gases that
influence greenhouse gas concentrations
• Developing technologies to cost-effectively reduce the sources of or
increase the sinks for greenhouse gases and their chemical precursors
• Greenhouse gas emissions feedbacks due to climate change (and land
use changes) at the sub-grid scale for terrestrial biosphere — Earth
Systems Models
Contact
Courtney Riordan, Issue Planner
Michael Maxwell
Joe Sickles
Bill Forte
Lee Mulkey
David Tingey
John Eaton
Hal Walker
William Davis
Michael Dellarco
Jack Durham
Office/Lab
AEERL/RTP
AREAL/RTP
EMSL/LV
ERL/Athens
ERL/Corvallis
ERL/Duluth
ERL/Narr
ERL/GB
OMMSQA/HQ
OEPER/HQ
Total Extramural
Funds
($K)
4,289.4
1,744.4
2,146.0
3,015.5
5,150.0
500.0
859.3
400.0
4861.6
*J» *** *** «** *** *** *** »**
17
-------
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Issue - The stratospheric ozone layer in the
earth's upper atmosphere protects humans and other forms of life from
harmful levels of ultraviolet radiation. Man-made chemicals emitted into
the atmosphere — such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) — are depleting this
protective layer. Scientific evidence suggests that increased exposure to
ultraviolet light may damage our immune system and eyes, increase the
incidence of skin cancer, and threaten ecosystems on land and in the ocean.
Satellite data show that ozone is being depleted in several areas, including
over the poles and the continental United States. Recent satellite data
suggest that this depletion may be happening more rapidly than scientists
originally anticipated.
Congress recognized the urgency of the problem in 1 990 by adding a
stratospheric ozone protection title (Title VI) to the Clean Air Act. This new
provision requires EPA to phase out all known ozone depleting chemicals,
to develop procedures for evaluating the safety of proposed alternatives, and
to establish recycling and disposal standards for ozone-depleting chemicals.
A primary focus of EPA's stratospheric ozone research is to provide, in
cooperation with industry, the scientific and engineering information needed
to:
• Replace ozone-depleting compounds with more environmentally
acceptable alternatives
• Recycle or safely dispose of ozone-depleting chemicals
However, even if ozone-depleting compounds are phased out according
to the most optimistic forecasts, stratospheric ozone depletion will
continue over the next 40 to 60 years. Therefore, another important focus
of the research program is to better define the potential human health and
ecological effects of increased ultraviolet radiation. This knowledge will
enhance the scientific basis for ongoing policy development and help
determine whether and what kind of strategies are needed to prevent or
minimize any effects.
Contact Office/Lab
F. T. Princiotta, Issue Planner
Larry Cupitt AREAL/RTP
William Rhodes AEERL/RTP
Hillel Koren HERL/RTP
Lee Mulkey ERL/Athens
Henry Lee ERL/Narr
Total Extramural
Funds
($K)
1 ,448.8
2,250.1
396.0
200.0
390.0
»J» «J» «J» »t* »** »t* »*»
18
-------
Air Pollution
Air pollution is a concern for several reasons. Once released into the
atmosphere, air pollutants cannot be contained or controlled. Atmospheric
dispersion can lead to widespread human exposure. With a total surface
area the size of a tennis court, the human lung is a vulnerable interface
through which air pollutants can enter and, in sufficient concentrations,
harm the human system. Air pollutants also can damage ecosystems, reduce
visibility, and corrode materials. In light of these concerns, the SAB, in its
Reducing Risk report, ranked both ambient and indoor air pollution as
relatively high risks to human health, and identified acid deposition and
airborne toxics as medium-risk problems affecting both natural ecosystems
and human welfare.
A number of recent laws, such as the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990,
have given EPA new mandates to reduce the risks from air pollution. In
response, ORD has significantly expanded its air pollution research so that
the Agency can provide federal and state decisionmakers with the informa-
tion they will need to implement these mandates. EPA's air pollution
research is divided into five research issues described below: acid deposi-
tion, air toxics, criteria air pollutants, pollutants from motor vehicles, and
indoor air pollution.
19
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Acid Deposition Issue - Certain pollutants—particularly sulfur dioxide
and nitrogen oxide emissions from fuel combustion—are transformed in the
atmosphere and deposited back to earth in dry or wet (acid rain) forms.
Acid deposition has many impacts. It damages lakes and streams, harms
forests, corrodes materials, reduces visibility, and may damage human
health. The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments require reduction of sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions to prevent further environmental
damage. The Amendments also require monitoring to assess the environ-
mental improvements resulting from reduced emissions.
EPA's acid deposition research program is designed to provide the
scientific basis for fulfilling EPA's mandate under the Clean Air Act, and to
implement international obligations under agreements with the United
Nations and Canada. In the near term, EPA research will:
• Evaluate devices that will be placed within stacks for continuous
monitoring of emissions - these devices are central to enforcing the
Clean Air Act provisions that set limits for the quantity of pollutants,
such as sulfur dioxide, that a source will be allowed to emit
• Evaluate an atmospheric chemistry model that links sources of air pol-
lutants to sites of deposition by simulating atmospheric movement and
chemical changes
Emphasis will then shift to assessing the benefits that result from control
of acid-generating air pollutants. Monitoring programs will track changes
in acid deposition levels, lake and stream chemistry, forest conditions, and
visibility. Monitoring under this program will fill in critical holes in
existing monitoring networks, with a particular focus on highly stressed and
susceptible geographic regions.
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Gary Foley, Issue Planner
Charles Sedman AEERL/RTP 275.0
James S. Vickery AREAL/RTP 5,599.2
Joan Baker ERL/Corvallis 685.0
Jack Puzak OMMSQA/HQ
20
-------
Air Toxics Issue - The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments require
regulations to control emissions of toxic air pollutants and research to
examine deposition of these pollutants to large lakes and coastal waters.
Overall, to meet the air toxics mandate in the Amendments, research is
needed to better understand the health and ecological risk from air toxics
and to develop better ways to measure, prevent, and control emissions.
For the next five years, EPA's research program will continue to identify
the most effective means to prevent and control air emissions. The
program will also develop analytical chemistry methods and tools to
measure emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is studying air toxic problems
in urban areas and deposition of air toxics to large lakes and coastal
waters. EPA also will collect and evaluate data to assess the health and
ecological effects of toxic air pollutants.
Contact
Jeanette Wiltse, Issue Planner
Doug McKinney
Larry Cupitt
Al Dufour
Ila Cote
Judy Graham
Jeanette Wiltse
Marshall Dick
Charles Ris
Office/Lab
AEERL/RTP
AREAL/RTP
EMSL/CINN
HERL/RTP
ECAO/RTP
OHEA/HQ
OEETD/HQ
HHAG/HQ
Total Extramural
Funds
($K)
2,319.4
3,972.2
196.6
1,472.1
1,257.4
393.3
87.7
374.3
21
-------
Criteria Air Pollutants Issue - Under the Clean Air Act, EPA has
established air quality standards for several widespread air pollutants—
nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, ozone, paniculate matter, sulfur oxides,
and lead (referred to collectively as criteria air pollutants). Over the last
two decades, we have significantly reduced levels of these pollutants.
However, there is still concern that these substances may continue to pose a
human health and ecological risk—either because pollutant levels remain
higher than the air quality standards in some areas, or because new scien-
tific evidence suggests some of the standards may not be sufficiently
protective. Of particular concern is the failure to meet the ozone standard in
many areas.
EPA research—designed primarily to support both federal and state
efforts to implement the Clean Air Act—will provide:
• Improved understanding of the human health and ecological effects of
criteria pollutants—particularly ozone, particulate matter, and acid
aerosols—to help determine whether any air quality standards should
be revised
• An assessment of the natural and human sources of criteria pollutants
that contribute to the formation of ozone
• Improved characterization and modeling of the atmospheric processes
that determine exposures to ozone, particles, and other criteria
pollutants
• A better understanding of how pollution and natural factors contribute
to reductions in visibility, so that we can better predict and assess the
visibility impacts of pollution in the future
• Methods for monitoring ambient concentrations of criteria pollutants
• Low-cost approaches to preventing and controlling certain types of
emissions, particularly VOC and nitrogen
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Les Grant, Issue Planner
Larry Purdue AREAL/RTP 13,202.6
Charles Sedman AEERL/RTP 4,150.9
William Hogsett ERL/Corvallis 2,143.1
Michael Dellarco OMMSQA/HQ
Marshall Dick OEETD/HQ 125.0
Paul Ringold OEPER/HQ 111.2
Les Grant ECAO/RTP 1,088.6
Ila Cote HERL/RTP 8,247.0
22
-------
Pollutants from Motor Vehicles Issue - Pollutants from motor vehicles
are a primary reason why certain areas in the United States still fail to meet
EPA standards for ambient air quality. To address these problems, several
new laws mandate or provide incentives for switching from conventional
gasoline and diesel fuel to reformulated gasoline and alternative fuels, such
as methanol. This new direction raises several important questions:
• Will the new fuels pose any human health or ecological risks?
• If so, how do these risks compare to the risks of using conventional
fuels?
• Which fuels will achieve maximum air quality benefits with minimum
risks to human health or welfare?
EPA research is designed to answer these questions and to support the
Agency in fulfilling its new mandates. The Office of Research and Devel-
opment is actively encouraging other agencies and institutions to participate
in this research, which will be coordinated with the "Criteria Air Pollutants"
and "Air Toxics" research described above. Over the next five years, EPA's
research in this area will:
• Characterize the emissions for reformulated gasoline and alternative
fuels
• Provide data to identify how a switch to new fuels could affect air
quality
• Improve models for assessing human exposure to motor vehicle pol-
lutants
• Identify the possible human health hazards associated with evapora-
tive emissions from alternative fuels or major fuel additives
• Assess the major toxic chemicals—such as benzene—associated with
fuel use
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Les Grant, Issue Planner
KenKnapp AREAL/RTP 1,754.2
Ila Cote HERL/RTP 3,566.0
Judy Graham ECAO/RTP 35.0
Michael Dellarco OMMSQA/HQ
Hugh McKinnon HHAG/HQ 79.7
23
-------
Indoor Air Pollution Issue - Indoor air pollution—in residences,
offices, schools, and other buildings—is widely recognized as one of the
most serious potential environmental risks to human health. Concern about
indoor air pollution is high because most people spend more than 90 percent
of their time indoors where concentrations of many pollutants—including
chemicals, microorganisms, allergens, particles, and fibers—are substan-
tially higher than outdoors. Also, population subgroups (such as children,
the elderly, and the infirm) who are potentially more vulnerable to any ill
effects are more likely to spend most of their time indoors.
Research has shown that there are many documented, suspected, and
potential health risks associated with indoor air pollution. Though scientists
have considerable information about many indoor pollutants, their sources,
and their associated health effects, they know little about how much risk
indoor air pollutants pose to human health. Research is needed to identify,
characterize, and compare the health risks associated with indoor air
pollutants so that risk managers can make informed decisions to protect
public health. Also, more cost-effective ways are needed to prevent and
reduce exposures in residences, businesses, and institutions. Key questions
that must be addressed include:
• What are the most important health effects associated with indoor air
pollution, and what pollutants and pollutant mixtures cause these
effects?
• What pollution sources, exposure scenarios, and building practices
influence indoor exposures?
• How does the perception of indoor air quality affect worker produc-
tivity, absenteeism, and health care costs?
• What are typical and high-end indoor exposures, and how do these
exposures relate to indoor pollutant levels?
• What are the most cost-effective ways to design, construct, operate,
and maintain buildings to optimize indoor air quality and energy
efficiency?
The primary focus of EPA's indoor air research will be to determine
whether the signs and symptoms typically regarded as indicators of indoor
air pollution (e.g., headaches, eye irritation, and skin rashes) are indeed
associated with particular indoor air pollutants or pollutant mixtures. If so,
further research will be conducted to ascertain whether repeated or pro-
longed exposures to these pollutants may cause damage or disease, and to
develop risk management strategies to reduce these exposures.
Contact
Ken Sexton, Issue Planner
Mike Berry
Al Dufour
Roger Wilmoth
Dale A. Pahl
Mike Osborne
Robert Dyer
Michael Dellarco
Ken Sexton
Office/Lab
ECAO/RTP
EMSL/CINN
RREL/CINN
AREAL/RTP
AEERL/RTP
HERL/RTP
OMMSQA/HQ
OHR/HQ
»** *J» »*» »*» »*» »*» *** «•*•
Total Extramural
Funds
($K)
350.0
315.0
237.5
1,470.2
3,342.8
1,250.0
158.2
24
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Drinking Water Contamination
Drinking water—essential to human life—comes from surface waters,
marine and ground water. Many of these sources are contaminated to some
degree with pollutants and with disease-causing microorganisms. Most
drinking water is disinfected and treated prior to distribution to kill
microorganisms and remove chemical contaminants. However, even
treated drinking water may pose public health concerns:
• Drinking water may be recontaminated as it travels through the
distribution system to the tap
• While disinfection eliminates the risk of contagious disease from
drinking water, disinfectants—and the by-products formed when
disinfectants react with natural and man-made organic matter in
water—may themselves pose a risk to human health
• Occasionally, some pollutants and microorganisms may remain after
treatment if treatment systems are ineffective or if a drinking water
source is polluted before consumption
Since everyone drinks water, a risk associated with drinking water could
affect large numbers of people. For this reason, the Science Advisory
Board ranked pollutants in drinking water as a high risk to human health.
The 1986 Safe Drinking Water Act requires EPA to identify and regulate
drinking water contaminants that may affect human health. To do this,
new technologies are needed to identify additional contaminants and to
monitor pollutants at increasingly lower levels. EPA is conducting
research in two issue areas—drinking water pollutants and disinfection,
and ground water—to ensure the safety of our public water supplies and to
provide the scientific basis needed to implement the Clean Water Act and
Safe Drinking Water Act and its amendments.
25
-------
Drinking Water Pollutants and Disinfection Issue - To ensure that
drinking water is safe, answers are needed in two fundamental areas:
• Pollutants - Does drinking water contain pollutants at levels that may
pose a significant risk to human health? If so, how can these pollut-
ants be reduced or eliminated?
• Disinfection - Do disinfectants and their by-products pose a signifi-
cant risk to human health? If so, are alternative technologies available
that can reduce the risk of microbial disease, yet not pose a significant
human health risk?
In the first area, ORD is conducting long-term research to identify, assess,
and control contaminants in public water supplies. Also, ORD is develop-
ing new cost-effective screening techniques to evaluate the safety of
drinking water supplies.
In the second area, ORD researchers are examining how effective various
disinfection technologies are, what kind of by-products they form, the
human health risk of the disinfectants and their by-products, and whether
by-product formation can be controlled. Research is also being conducted
to better understand exactly how much risk microorganisms in drinking
water pose and how much disinfection is needed to prevent disease. After
several more years of research, ORD scientists hope to have sufficient
information to compare the risks of microorganisms with the risks of
disinfectants and their by-products.
Contact Office/Lab
Terence Harvey, Issue Planner
Lynn Papa ECAO/CINN
Robert Clark RREL/CINN
William Budde EMSL/CINN
Fred Hauchman HERL/RTP
Wayne Marchant EMSL/LV
Don Tang OEETD/HQ
Richard Hardesty OHEA/HQ
James Cogliano HHAG/HQ
Total Extramural
Funds
($K)
306.7
1,360.4
941.7
2,101.2
105.5
43.4
71.3
20.7
*** *»* ****** *»* *** *** ***
26
-------
Ground Water Issue - Ground water is an extremely valuable natural
resource. Ground water feeds our streams, lakes, and wetlands, provides
water for irrigation, and supplies us with a quarter of the freshwater we use
for all purposes in the United States today. Almost half the United States'
population relies on ground water for drinking water; in rural areas, ground
water is the main source of drinking water.
Until recently, we assumed that the subsurface environment could
somehow assimilate residential, urban, farming, and industrial waste
without deterioration. However, we now know the subsurface is at risk
from many sources. Chemical use and improper waste disposal have
contaminated many of our ground water supplies, resulting in closure of
municipal water supplies and, in some cases, major disease outbreaks.
Once contaminated, ground water is expensive, difficult, and often impos-
sible to clean up.
Significant scientific advances are needed to measure, prevent, contain,
and remediate ground water contamination. Our knowledge of the extent of
subsurface contamination is limited by a shortage of measurement and
monitoring methods. We still know relatively little about how subsurface
transport and transformation processes contribute to or mediate the impacts
of pollution on ground water resources. Also, we lack tools for
cost-effective remediation of ground water per acre. Ground water
remediation is currently very expensive in the best of circumstances and
impossible with existing technology in the worst of circumstances.
EPA research is addressing these scientific challenges. Specifically,
researchers are working to:
• Improve our ability to identify and quantify threats to ground water
and develop effective, scientifically defensible approaches to pollution
prevention
• Develop technologies and decision tools to contain, remove, and de-
stroy contaminants in subsurface environments
• Improve our understanding of how the subsurface transports and
transforms pollutants, and of how pollutants move between ground
water and surface water
• Develop practical, cost-effective, and reliable monitoring methods
• Examine the impacts of pollution on subsurface microbial ecology
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Clinton Hall, Issue Planner
Steve Gardner EMSL/LV 2,484.1
Lee Mulkey ERL/Athens 1,350.4
James McNabb ERL/Ada 6,432.4
Subhas Sikdar RREL/CINN 842.3
Ken Sala OMMSQA/HQ
Will LaVeille OEPER/HQ 293.0
»** **» »** #J> *** **• **» »*•
27
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Waste Management
Just about all human activities generate some form of waste. Beginning
in 1965, the federal government began to require safeguards and encourage
environmentally sound methods for disposal of household, municipal,
commercial, and industrial refuse. Today, solid and hazardous waste
disposal are regulated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
Discharges of industrial and municipal wastewater, as well as the sludge
produced by wastewater treatment, are regulated under the Clean Water Act.
Waste management poses many challenges. Though we have turned
some of our wastes into resources through recycling and recovery programs,
we still generate a substantial volume of waste we must dispose of. At the
same time, the public has become increasingly concerned about the poten-
tial ecological and health risks, and the costs, of waste management
practices. Effective waste management will continue to require a combina-
tion of technological and socioeconomic solutions, such as changes in
institutional and personal behavior. Both the public and government
decisionmakers need better information on the performance, costs, and
comparative risks and benefits of the various waste management alterna-
tives. EPA's waste research is divided into three areas described below:
municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, and wastewater and sludge.
28
-------
Municipal Solid Waste Issue - Municipal solid waste management
touches the life of every U.S. citizen daily and is among the most important
issues directly affecting local governments. The issue receives strong
public interest and scrutiny on the local and national levels and demands
ever larger local government appropriations. We generate over four pounds
of municipal solid waste per person per day in the United States—only
about 15 percent of which is recycled. Yet public concern about the
potential risks of two of the primary waste disposal options—incineration
and landfilling—is often very high, making it difficult for local public
officials to find an acceptable solution for waste disposal. Waste reduction
and recycling are generally preferred as management options, but these
approaches currently can divert only a limited volume of waste from
disposal.
Improved information on environmental and health risks of waste
management and safer management practices—such as reducing waste
volume and toxicity, and improved recycling and disposal options—are
needed to restore public confidence. These changes will require a partner-
ship between government and industry to produce innovative technologies
and management strategies and cooperation among all levels of government
to ensure that research results are translated into tools and information that
can be used by local decisionmakers and the public.
The primary goals of ORD's municipal solid waste research are to
optimize waste reduction and recycling; stimulate cost-effective, innovative
waste management technologies; accurately assess the health and environ-
mental risks of waste management; and minimize these risks. Areas of
greatest priority under this research issue are:
• Systematically evaluating innovative waste management systems,
technologies, and techniques—particularly those related to recycling
• Assessing and developing strategies for managing recycling and im-
proving the market for recyclables
• Improving the combustion process to minimize release of pollutants
• Evaluating approaches to operating landfills as bioreactors that
produce energy from solid waste in the form of methane
• Evaluating the health and ecological risks of waste management op-
tions, and identifying opportunities to reduce those forms of waste that
result in toxic emissions
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Stephen A. Lingle, Issue Planner
Robert Landreth RREL/CINN 1,138.7
Robert Hall AEERL/RTP 395.0
Richard Hardesty OHEA/HQ 40.0
»J» »*» »J* »** »** »** «J* ***
29
-------
Hazardous Waste Issue - Under the 1976 Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) and subsequent amendments, EPA administers a
complex regulatory program governing the treatment and disposal of
hazardous waste. The challenge of this program is to efficiently and
effectively manage hazardous wastes at minimal overall cost to the
economy. The RCRA regulations and the permitting decisions that stem
from them must be based on sound science and engineering, and costs must
be reliably estimated.
In its Reducing Risk report, the Science Advisory Board noted that
mismanagement of hazardous wastes—while not as critical as some other
environmental problems—can have significant health effects on a local
level. Also, hazardous wastes may threaten sensitive areas, such as wet-
lands, and critical habitats. Regardless of expert opinion, the public
perceives hazardous wastes as a significant health threat and one of the top
environmental issues of our time. Because of public perception, hazardous
waste concerns may significantly reduce property values and affect commu-
nity activity and development.
ORD has been conducting research for several years to provide the
scientific basis, tools, and information that EPA, states, industry, and the
public need to implement the RCRA program. In the coming years, EPA
research will:
• Identify source reduction or recycling solutions for
difficult-to-manage RCRA wastes—particularly wastes from smaller
companies that lack the technological and financial basis to invest in
research
• Assess the risks of incineration and other waste management
alternatives
• Improve techniques for monitoring and sampling at incinerators,
landfills, and waste sites
• Improve the combustion process to minimize releases of toxic
chemicals from hazardous waste incinerators
• Determine the effectiveness of modern landfills and the long-term
integrity of stabilized or solidified wastes
Also, depending on the new mandate EPA receives when RCRA is
reauthorized, research will likely expand into new areas, including
non-hazardous industrial wastes and large-volume industrial wastes such as
mining wastes and oil and gas drilling muds and brines.
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Alfred Lindsey, Issue Planner
Clyde Dempsey/Subhas Sikdar RREL/CINN 1,419.7
Bruce Peirano ECAO/CINN 117.8
M. Rodney Midgett AREAL/RTP 222.5
Robert Hall AEERL/RTP 185.0
William Budde EMSL/CINN 96.8
Christian Daughton EMSL/LV 648.3
Ken Sala OMMSQA/HQ
Bala Krishnan OEETD/HQ 36.0
Richard Hardesty OHEA/HQ 44.8
James Cogliano HHAG/HQ 20.0
John Schaum EAG/HQ 53.0
*•* *** *5* *** *** *** *»* ***
30
-------
Wastewater and Sludge Issue - Most municipalities and many industries
produce wastewater that is discharged into surface water after treatment.
Contaminants in wastewater may impact local ecology and may affect
human health if people are exposed to pollutants by swimming in polluted
surface water, drinking untreated surface water, or eating fish or shellfish
that have concentrated pollutants in their tissues.
Under the Clean Water Act, EPA regulates industrial and municipal
wastewaters and requires their treatment prior to discharge. As a result, the
quality of our nation's surface waters has dramatically improved over the
past 20 years. Nevertheless, significant water quality problems still occur
frequently throughout the United States, including fish kills, beach closures,
fishing advisories and bans, and contaminated sediments. Also, wastewater
treatment generates large volumes of sludge that contain higher levels of
contaminants and microorganisms than the wastewater. Safe use or disposal
of sludge is often a major challenge.
ORD will continue to conduct research to reduce the health and ecological
risks from wastewater discharge and sludge use and disposal:
• Municipal Wastewater and Sludge. In the near term, research will
focus on municipal wastewater and sludge. EPA recently issued new
regulations for managing the use and disposal of sewage sludge. ORD
is supporting this new effort through research to better define and
reduce the risk from chemicals and disease causing microorganisms
when sewage sludge and wastewater are used or disposed.
• Urban Wet Weather Discharges. In the mid-term, research will focus
on wet weather flows—the voluminous discharges into surface water
of raw sewage and stormwater that occur during periods of high
precipitation in cities with combined sewage and stormwater systems.
ORD scientists will monitor these flows to determine the fate and risk
of the pollutants and microorganisms they contain, and will develop
cost-effective strategies for preventing and controlling these flows.
• Industrial/Municipal. Over the long term, ORD will develop better
methods to:
•Prevent and treat releases from industrial and municipal sources
•Provide cost-effective wastewater treatment in small communities
•Improve the sewage system infrastructure, much of which is in
poor condition
• Standardized Methods. ORD will develop standardized methods that
can be used for monitoring chemical and biological contaminants in
all forms of wastewater and urban discharges. New monitoring and
quality assurance methods are needed to detect these substances at the
increasingly lower concentration levels required in water quality cri-
teria and discharge permits.
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
E. Timothy Oppelt, Issue Planner
SubhasSikdar RREL/CINN 813.2
Norman Kowal ECAO/CINN 104.0
William Budde EMSL/CINN 420.4
Carol Finch OMMSQA/HQ
Don Tang OEETD/HQ 53.6
Richard Hardesty OHEA/HQ 59.1
»** *** «J*
31
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Environmental Cleanup
For much of this and previous centuries, most industrial and municipal
wastes were disposed of with little regard for the public health or environ-
mental consequences. This "out of sight, out of mind" attitude has left us
with a legacy of thousands of uncontrolled and abandoned hazardous waste
sites that continue to pollute the environment—especially ground water—
and endanger human health.
To address this problem, Congress enacted the Comprehensive Environ-
mental Response, Compensation and Liability Act—more commonly
known as Superfund—in 1980, and the Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act (SARA) in 1986. SARA established a multibillion
dollar program to continue cleanup of hazardous waste sites and leaking
underground storage tanks, and provided EPA with new directions and
mandates—including a greater emphasis on cleanup, development of more
efficient and effective cleanup technologies, and improved assessment of
the human health and ecological risks posed by Superfund sites. EPA's
research in this area, described below, responds to this mandate. Research
is divided into two issue areas: surface cleanup and bioremediation. Also,
research conducted in several other issue areas—ecological risk assessment,
ground water, health effects, health risk assessment methods, and cross
program—will aid Superfund efforts.
32
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Surface Cleanup Issue - As many as 30,000 hazardous waste sites in the
United States may need remediation. Over 1,200 of these are currently on
EPA's National Priority List. With an average remediation cost approach-
ing $25 million per site, about $30 billion will be needed to clean up these
priority sites alone. Hundreds more sites will be added to the priority list as
EPA continues its assessment process. To make significant progress, more
cost-effective techniques are clearly needed to evaluate and clean up sites.
The primary goal of EPA's surface cleanup research is to improve the
efficiency, cost, and effectiveness of site assessment, decisionmaking, and
cleanup activities. While many promising remedial technologies exist, they
are not being used because they have not been adequately developed or
demonstrated. Over the next few years, ORD research in this area will:
• Develop monitoring and analytical technologies that can be used to
rapidly and cost-effectively determine the presence and concentration
of toxic and cancer-causing substances at contaminated sites, and to
track the progress of cleanup actions
• Develop mobile treatment equipment that can be transported to sites to
provide onsite treatment, which avoids the costs and risks associated
with transporting wastes off site
• Conduct pilot-scale and field demonstrations to encourage the
commercialization and use of innovative and alternative technologies
to reduce the toxicity, mobility, and volume of hazardous substances
• Evaluate new technologies developed by the private sector for their
efficacy in treating wastes at Superfund sites
• Investigate the use of geographic information systems as an organiz-
ing and planning tool to help site managers improve the efficiency of
cleanup operations
• Develop new information management and quality assurance tools
and procedures to improve the speed with which data are tracked,
interpreted, and reviewed at sites
• Provide technical assistance and training to encourage the application
of new technologies in the field
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Alfred Lindsey, Issue Planner
Robert Olexsey RREL/CINN 18,956.9
Steve Billets EMSL/LV 3,634.7
William Budde EMSL/CINN 713.8
William A. McClenny AREAL/RTP 611.8
Richard Nalesnik OEETD/HQ 385.5
Ken Sala OMMSQA/HQ
33
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Bioremediation Issue - Bioremediation—the use of biodegradation
processes to convert contaminants to natural by-products—offers
cost-competitive, less intrusive, environmentally sound cleanup options that
can be tailored to specific chemical contaminants and environmental media
(i.e., air, land, water, and ground water). Many complex issues must be
addressed as this technology is considered and implemented for commercial
application:
• What biodegradation pathways and processes can be used for
bioremediation of various types of chemicals and waste mixtures?
• How do various chemical and environmental factors affect the rate
and effectiveness of bioremediation processes, and how can this
information be integrated into various bioremediation strategies?
• What engineering processes are needed to maximize biodegradation
processes and opportunities for application?
• What are the human health and ecological implications of
contaminants before, during, and after bioremediation?
EPA is conducting an extensive bioremediation research program in
cooperation with other federal agencies and industry. Several biological
systems have already been developed that can successfully degrade particu-
lar pollutants under laboratory conditions. Over the next several years,
ORD will:
• Test these systems in the field at actual contaminated sites (e.g., sites
that have been contaminated by an oil spill or hazardous wastes)
• Identify, characterize, and develop microorganisms (plus whole plants,
fungi, etc. and possibly, genetically engineered microorganisms) that
can be used for bioremediation of oil spills, wood preservative wastes,
pesticides, and munition wastes in soils and sediments
• Monitor the toxicity of the target chemicals before, during, and after
bioremediation
• Develop computer models that can assist in tailoring bioremediation
strategies to various chemical contaminants and environmental
situations, and provide a sound basis for optimizing chemical and
biological degradation process steps and the design of practical field
technologies
• Transfer research results to outside communities, such as industry, the
states, and other agencies (e.g. DOD and DOE) to enhance the use of
bioremediation
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Robert Menzer, Issue Planner
Fred Bishop RREL/CINN 3044.5
John Rogers ERL/Athens 1336.5
HapPritchard ERL/GB 1751.5
John T. Wilson ERL/Ada 1130.0
Sue McMaster HERL/RTP 539.2
Fran Kremer CERI/CINN 470.0
KurtJakobson OEETD/HQ 977.1
»*» »*» 4>^» »** »^» »*» »*» »*»
34
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Health Risk Assessment
Human health risk assessment is a systematic process scientists use to
evaluate whether a pollutant poses a risk to human health, what kind of risk
it poses, and how great that risk is. Health risk assessment is a fundamental
tool for environmental management. EPA scientists have used it exten-
sively to determine which environmental pollutants pose human health
risks and where to focus environmental protection efforts.
The health risk assessment process is only as good as the data on which
it is based. Many data gaps and uncertainties remain that compromise the
utility of health risk assessments and force scientists and risk managers to
substitute knowledge with conservative assumptions. For example, we still
don't know the extent of human exposure to pollution, and we lack
fundamental information on the extent to which the pollutants we are
exposed to actually penetrate and harm the human body.
Risk information is in ever greater demand as more and more environ-
mental decisions are based on opportunities for greatest risk reduction.
Recent congressional hearings and new environmental legislation have
stressed the need to improve health risk assessment methods. In its
Reducing Risk report, the SAB recommended that EPA "improve the data
and analytical methodologies that support the assessment, comparison, and
reduction of different environmental risks." In response, ORD is conduct-
ing research in three areas—human exposure, health effects, and health risk
assessment methods—to improve the ability of scientists within EPA and
outside the Agency to assess, predict, and compare the human health risk of
environmental pollutants.
35
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Human Exposure Issue - We are exposed to pollutants in several ways—
by drinking water, breathing air, eating food, and through skin contact.
Without exposure there is no risk. Therefore, assessing exposure is a
fundamental step in the risk assessment process. This step examines such
questions as:
• What are the sources of contaminants?
• By what environmental pathways (e.g., air, water, food) are we
exposed?
• How much of a contaminant are we exposed to, how often, and for
how long?
• How many and what kinds of people (e.g., the elderly, children) are
exposed?
• What activities and lifestyles determine exposure?
• How much of what we are exposed to actually enters our bodies and
reaches vulnerable tissues and organs?
Despite its importance, human exposure has been relatively neglected.
Scientists rarely studied people's actual exposure (e.g., by using personal
monitors or checking their body tissues and fluids). Instead, they made
crude estimates of exposure based on concentrations of pollutants in the
environment (e.g., monitoring air quality or spot-checking food). Also,
exposure studies usually focused on estimating or measuring exposure to
individual pollutants by single routes of exposure (i.e., air, skin, water,
food). In reality, we are often exposed to many pollutants simultaneously
via several exposure routes.
As a result, we still know little about the extent and degree of human
exposure to pollution. Congress, the National Research Council, and other
groups have stressed the need for improved exposure assessments. In its
Future Risk report, the SAB recommended that EPA "expand its efforts to
understand how and to what extent humans are exposed to pollutants in the
real world."
During the next five years, ORD will embark on a major human exposure
research effort—the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey
(NHEXAS). This ambitious program will be the first to develop an
integrated system that will allow risk assessors and managers to estimate
total human exposure to environmental pollutants from all pathways of
exposure.
Under NHEXAS, EPA—in cooperation with other agencies and research
programs—will design and implement a national monitoring program to
assess the status of and trends in exposures to important environmental
chemicals. NHEXAS will monitor exposure of both the general population
and highly exposed subgroups. The project will produce a comprehensive
human exposure database that can be used to measure the success of risk
management decisions, compare the relative risks of various environmental
agents, identify existing or emerging problems, and refine tools used for
exposure assessment. Research under NHEXAS will include:
• Use of personal monitors and human tissue and fluid samples
("biomarkers") to collect exposure data by environmental media and
route, activity pattern, and socioeconomic status
36
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• A survey of human activity patterns
• Identification and characterization of important emission sources and
the pathways by which pollutants are transported
• Evaluating alternative strategies for reducing exposure
• Epidemiological studies to examine the association between measured
exposures and environmentally induced disease
• Development of improved methods for monitoring and modeling
human exposure, including the identification and measurement of
"non-listed," unknown chemicals in environmental and body burden
samples
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Ken Sexton, Issue Planner
Jim Quackenboss EMSL/LV 2,452.6
Dale A. Pahl AREAL/RTP 2,281.7
Maurice Berry EMSL/CINN 449.7
Chris Saint OMMSQA/HQ
Elizabeth Bryan OHR/HQ 3,791.3
37
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Health Effects Issue - Three key questions that must be addressed during
the human health risk assessment process are:
• What health effects does this substance cause?
• How do effects change with increasing dose?
• How can we estimate human health effects from animal studies?
Our ability to answer these questions is hampered by large gaps in
biological data and by uncertainties in the tools we use to assess risks. Past
research efforts to fill data gaps have focused largely on understanding
which chemicals cause cancer and how. Relatively little attention has been
paid to environmental causes of other important health problems such as
pulmonary disease and effects on behavior, development, and reproduction.
Also, much of the health effects research so far has been conducted on
animals or isolated human cells. Consequently, we lack direct information
on health effects in human populations.
ORD's health effects research is designed to improve the biological basis
for risk assessment by filling some of these data gaps and refining risk
assessment tools. Scientists will explore how chemicals act on a cellular
and subcellular level to harm human tissue, why effects vary with the level,
duration, and frequency of exposure, and how our bodies process various
types of environmental chemicals. Researchers will develop:
• Physiologically based models that allow scientists to predict to what
extent the environmental pollutants we are exposed to will end up in
human tissues
• Biologically based models to estimate the type, extent, and severity of
cancer and non-cancer effects that may result when pollutants do
penetrate the human system
• New epidemiological methods to improve our ability to identify
emerging environmental health problems in human populations
• Health effects data to support EPA regulatory programs, including the
air, water, toxics, pesticides, Superfund, and hazardous waste
programs
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Lawrence W. Reiter, Issue Planner
John Vandenberg HERL/RTP 4,558.1
David E. Kleffman OHR/HQ 802.9
38
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Health Risk Assessment Methods Issue - In performing a health risk
assessment, scientists must often extrapolate from one set of circumstances
to another to compensate for data gaps. For example, risk scientists may
use animal data to predict effects in humans or effects seen at very high
levels of exposure to predict effects at low levels of exposure. Extrapola-
tion introduces uncertainty because we simply don't understand enough
about fundamental biological, chemical, and physical processes to know
whether these extrapolations are valid or not.
ORD is working to refine the methods used for health risk assessment and
to better quantify and express uncertainty when performing an assessment.
This research focuses on improving the health risk assessment process itself
and is complementary to the data and tools orientation of the health effects
research described above. Under this issue area, ORD also performs health
risk assessments and provides guidance and risk information to scientists
and decisionmakers within and outside EPA. ORD's methods research
includes:
• Using data from exposure studies to check the assumptions made in
risk assessments when exposure information is lacking
• Developing and refining models that can help us extrapolate from one
species to another and from high to low doses
• Developing methods to more explicitly incorporate and express
uncertainty in risk assessments
• Developing methods for comparing different risks
• Developing risk assessment guidelines—for use within and outside
EPA—that incorporate advances in science and health risk assessment
methods
• Assessing the risk of high-profile chemicals, such as dioxin, and
conducting risk assessments to support EPA's regulations and cleanup
actions
• Maintaining and developing systems to disseminate health risk in-
formation to EPA offices, other federal agencies, the states, and the
overall scientific community
Contact Office/Lab
William H. Farland, Issue Planner
John Vandenberg HERL/RTP
John Winter EMSL/CINN
Philip Cook ERL/Duluth
Michael Dourson ECAO/CINN
Jay Benforado OSPRE/HQ
Herman Gibb OHEA/HQ
Chris Saint OMMSQA/HQ
Charles Ris HHAG/HQ
Dorothy Patton RAF/HQ
John Schaum EAG/HQ
Michael Berry ECAO/RTP
****** ***
Total Extramural
Funds
($K)
4,066.1
226.6
200.0
698.1
200.0
1,352.9
454.4
157.6
860.3
67.0
39
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Innovative Technology and Outreach
A major theme of the Science Advisory Board's Future Risk and Reducing
Risk reports is that controlling pollution after it has been generated—the
primary environmental protection approach used by EPA in the 1970s and
1980s—is no longer sufficient. This approach tends to shift pollutants from
one environmental medium to another—for example, when air pollutants
captured in stacks are disposed of on land. It is also purely reactive, and
does nothing to anticipate or prevent pollution. And some kinds of environ-
mental contamination—such as radon in homes and agricultural run-off—
simply cannot be solved by the federal command-and-control approaches
we have used in the past. Also, despite our past successes, persistent and
cumulative pollution continues to damage ecosystems and natural resources
around the world.
To make meaningful progress in solving environmental problems, we will
need new strategies and innovative technologies. In its Reducing Risk and
Future Risk reports, the Science Advisory Board recommended that EPA—
and the nation as a whole—make greater use of all the tools available to
anticipate and reduce risk, and that EPA use education and technology
transfer to encourage other sectors of society to use those tools. This
research theme focuses on new and innovative approaches to reducing
environmental risk. It includes four issue areas: pollution prevention,
innovative technologies, environmental education, and technology transfer.
40
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Pollution Prevention Issue - Pollution may occur when a product is
manufactured, used, and disposed of, so there are many points in the life
cycle of a product where change may reduce or eliminate pollution. For
example, a manufacturing process can be modified and different raw
materials used so that certain pollutants are no longer generated. Products
can be redesigned for maximum life and ease of recycling. Waste materials
from one industry may be used as resources by another. Consumers can
choose products based on their low environmental impact. All these options
prevent, rather than control, pollution. In its Reducing Risk report, the
Science Advisory Board recommended that EPA "emphasize pollution
prevention as the preferred option for reducing risk." This research issue
responds directly to that recommendation.
Activities in this issue area will support EPA's pollution prevention
strategy as it is developed and applied in various economic sectors. Tools
will be developed to enable planning, implementation, and evaluation of
pollution prevention. In partnership with other EPA offices, Federal, State
and local government agencies, and industry, ORD will apply
multi-disciplinary research to:
• Develop and validate tools—such as methods for assessing the life
cycle of products, computerized tools for simulating and designing
production processes, and measurement methods—to enable industry
to incorporate pollution prevention into products and manufacturing
operations
• Develop and evaluate the efficacy of policy, financial, managerial, and
other techniques for encouraging the development and adoption of
pollution prevention technologies and practices
• Develop and evaluate source reduction options that can be included in
EPA regulations and in enforcement and compliance agreements
• Provide new technologies and technical assistance to help small
businesses comply with EPA regulations and reduce risk to public
health and the environment and be more economically competitive
• Disseminate information on pollution prevention approaches,
techniques, and technologies to other federal agencies, states, industry,
and other actively involved parties
• Develop and evaluate new technologies to prevent pollution from
agricultural chemicals and animal waste management, with a special
focus on protecting sensitive ecosystems from agricultural impact
• Help other federal agencies adopt pollution prevention practices and
technologies
• Provide oversight of pollution prevention in several other issue areas:
air toxics, indoor air, global climate change, hazardous waste, munici-
pal solid waste, non-point sources, stratospheric ozone depletion, and
technology transfer
41
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Contact Office/Lab
Stephen A. Lingle, Issue Planner
Michael Dourson ECAO/CINN
Harry Freeman RREL/CINN
Wade Ponder AEERL/RTP
Werner Beckert EMSL/LV
Robert Carsel ERL/Athens
Paul Shapiro ' OEETD/HQ
Total Extramural
Funds
($K)
75.0
2,447.0
2,095.3
80.0
600.0
976.9
42
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Innovative Technologies Issue - The more efficient and cost-effective
technologies we can develop to measure, reduce, control, and clean up
pollution, the more successful we will be at protecting human health and the
environment with the available resources. In 1986, a gold mine of opportu-
nity for development and commercialization of new technologies opened
with the passage of the Federal Technology Transfer Act (FTTA), which
allows joint ventures between the federal and private sectors. The combina-
tion of EPA's often unique R&D resources with extensive industry experi-
ence and capabilities in full-scale development and marketing is a powerful
force for innovation and change. Also for this year, Congress appropriated
funds to expand the development and use of innovative technologies under
the Environmental Technology Initiative (ETI). This program, which is
focused primarily on the commercialization stage of technology develop-
ment, will fund numerous projects in ORD.
Under this research issue, ORD is creating synergistic partnerships with
the private sector to advance the development and application of
state-of-the-art environmental technology. During the next five years, ORD
will establish a comprehensive research program covering these areas:
Fundamental R&D. ORD will develop pollution prevention, control,
and/or monitoring technologies that show promise for efficient and
effective application across different environmental media. Products
will be commercialized by industry through FTTA agreements.
• Small Business Innovation Research. ORD will support small
businesses in developing concepts by funding feasibility and pilot
studies of innovative ideas. ORD will then encourage (but not fund)
large-scale development and commercialization of promising tech-
nologies.
• Public-Private Partnerships. ORD will establish partnerships with
the private sector to accelerate commercialization of innovative
technologies. ORD will sponsor early, pilot-scale development, with
co-funding and technical assistance from industry. Industry will then
assume responsibility for full-scale demonstration and subsequent
commercialization. ORD will retain a share of rights to any invention;
income will be used to fund the program.
• Advanced Manufacturing. EPA will emphasize innovative, advanced
manufacturing technologies which substantially reduce or prevent
pollution emissions to all media, working closely with other federal
agencies to ensure that environmental concerns receive high priority in
all research and development activities.
• Environmental Technology Initiative (ETI). ETI's goals are to advance
environmental protection through the use of innovative technologies
and to enhance the marketplace for U.S. environmental technologies
both at home and abroad. ORD will manage 42 out of 73 selected
projects comprising ETI's FY 1994 Program Plan. ORD will perform
work and establish partnerships with federal agencies, and other
public and private institutions to achieve ETI's goals.
43
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Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Frank T. Princiotta, Issue Planner
Doug McKinney AEERL/RTP 1,000.0
JohnConvery RREL/CINN 1,000.0
Penny Hansen OEETD/HQ 23,229.0
Melinda McClanahan OER/HQ 5,151.2
44
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Environmental Education Issue - Long-range progress in environmen-
tal protection depends on the availability of a well-educated scientific and
technical work force. "Without the steady infusion of young talent into
university, state, federal, and private sector laboratories," the Science
Advisory Board wrote in Future Risk, "the country could face a personnel
shortage that would cripple our environmental protection efforts." The SAB
recommended that EPA increase the amount and improve the quality of the
scientific and engineering talent dedicated to environmental research.
As the primary federal center for environmental science, ORD has the
opportunity to be an important catalyst, encouraging talented youths to enter
the environmental field and apply their skills at EPA and other institutions
in solving our nation's environmental problems. Under this issue area,
ORD will:
• Encourage students attending minority institutions to pursue environ-
mental careers by supporting undergraduate education and training
through academic fellowships and summer internships and supporting
graduate education through academic traineeships
• Promote its research laboratories as resource centers for local
communities to learn about environmental science and engineering
• Encourage students to pursue environmental science careers by
working with colleges and universities to develop enrichment
programs that provide students with mentors and research experience
• Continue working with colleges and universities to establish under-
graduate and graduate programs in environmental science, environ-
mental engineering, and risk communication
• Work with minority institutions to make EPA an attractive employer to
qualified applicants
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Cal Lawrence, Issue Planner
Ron Slotkin OSPRE/HQ 400.0
Melinda McClanahan OER/HQ 1,400.0
45
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International and National Technology Transfer Issue - Research
provides the scientific and technological basis for action. The faster we can
get new information, ideas, and technologies out to user communities—in a
clear, usable form—the more progress we can make in solving environmen-
tal problems. Under this issue area, ORD will advance, integrate, and
coordinate its technology transfer efforts. Activities will include:
• Development of cross-media and cross-issue publications and techni-
cal meetings for small communities, small industries, the international
community, and federal, state, and local regulators - groups that have
not traditionally been extensive users of ORD products. Small
communities and industries face particular environmental challenges
because of their limited resources. International technology transfer
will focus on helping developing countries achieve their national
objectives in an environmentally sound manner.
• Working with issue planners to develop the technology transfer plans
for their issue areas
• Soliciting feedback on the effectiveness and utility of technology
transfer tools and products
• Promoting cooperative R&D agreements between EPA and industry
by educating the private sector about the new possibilities for joint
ventures now allowed under the Federal Technology Transfer Act
• Evaluating state-of-the-art information storage and dissemination
technologies—such as optical imaging, CD-ROM, intelligent
databases, and interactive information capabilities—that can enhance
technology transfer efforts
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Cal Lawrence, Issue Planner
Denis Lussier CERI/CINN 1,909.1
Mike Moore OSPRE/HQ 520.9
Virginia Kahn ORPM/HQ 310.6
Ann Alford-Stevens EMSL/CINN 56.7
46
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Exploratory Research and Special Environmental
Problems
In its Safeguarding the Future report, the Expert Panel observed that "If
scientists can identify emerging environmental trends and their conse-
quences, EPA and the nation can take steps now to reduce the risks posed by
these trends, rather than pay the much larger costs to address problems that
have evolved to maturity."
Investing in exploratory research generates fresh ideas, better research
tools, and more powerful insights into environmental problems. The Expert
Panel recommended that EPA place a high priority on establishing an
effective grants and centers program aimed at enlisting the nation's scien-
tific expertise to address issues of central importance. In addition to such
investigator-initiated research, ORD will also conduct research on special,
cross-cutting environmental problems that do not fit into the issues dis-
cussed above. This theme area covers four issues: environmental review of
toxic chemicals, lead, anticipatory research, and exploratory grants and
centers.
47
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Environmental Review of Toxic Chemicals Issue - Under the Toxic
Substances Control Act, EPA is responsible for ensuring that new and
existing chemicals do not pose an unreasonable risk to the environment or
human health. If they do, the Agency may restrict their production and use.
The volume of chemicals to be assessed is staggering—many thousands of
chemicals already exist and thousands more are created each year. Once an
industry notifies EPA of its intent to manufacture or import a new chemical,
the Agency has a very limited time frame to decide whether to restrict
production or use. Conventional laboratory techniques are too expensive
and time-consuming for use in screening chemicals for risk. Faster, more
cost-effective methods—such as the ability to predict chemical fate/
exposure and effects based on chemical structure—are needed to predict
and measure risk.
This research issue will support EPA's need for more efficient screening
and assessment techniques by developing methods to:
• Rapidly screen and assess the health and ecological risks of chemicals
• Predict the transport, fate, and persistence of chemicals in the environ-
ment
• Predict the occupational and environmental exposures associated with
chemicals and chemical processes or uses
Also, ORD will evaluate pollution prevention techniques that can be used
to minimize environmental releases and occupational exposure.
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Lawrence Reiter, Issue Planner
Suzanne McMaster HERL/RTP 2,061.9
Steve Hern EMSL/LV 40.0
Steven Bradbury ERL/Dul 70.8
Sam Karickhoff ERL/Athens 64.0
48
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Lead Issue - Lead is an environmental chemical of great concern. We
have long known that it causes serious, irreversible health effects—
including lowered IQ and learning disabilities in children—at relatively low
levels. Despite dramatic success in reducing environmental lead exposure
over the past two decades, it still remains one of our most serious public
health problems.
We are exposed to lead from many sources—including water, soil, paint,
and air. Because exposure is so broad and complex, EPA has created an
Agency-wide "Lead Strategy" to reduce overall lead exposure in the general
population and to markedly reduce lead exposure in children and women of
childbearing age. R&D in this area will provide immediate support for
EPA's Lead Strategy and will investigate additional lead issues of emerging
scientific interest and likely future policy concern. ORD's lead research
will include the following areas of focus:
• Improving methods for rapidly and reliably detecting and measuring
lead in paint, soil, and dust
• Developing methods to clean up lead in urban soils and at hazardous
1 waste sites
• Developing treatment methods to reduce the rate of leaching of lead
into drinking water from plumbing and distribution systems
• Evaluating alternatives to land disposal of debris from abatement of
lead in paint and soil
• Measuring the relative human exposure to lead from various
sources, and mapping "hot spots" where exposure to multiple
sources may create high-risk areas warranting early abatement
attention
• Developing models to predict how exposure to lead affects the level
of lead in the blood and how lead is distributed among target organs
in the human body
• Further investigating the health effects of lead and defining the factors
that make children more vulnerable to lead
• Supporting outreach efforts—including lead information clearing
houses and symposia, workshops, and training courses on lead-related
issues
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Les Grant, Issue Planner
John Burckle RREL/CINN 706.0
Ronald Evans AREAL/RTP 811.3
Harlal Choudhury ECAO/CINN 100.0
Harold Vincent EMSL/LV 674.3
Robert Elias ECAO/RTP 275.0
Maurice Berry EMSL/CINN 132.0
Lee Mulkey ERL/Athens 200.0
Don Tang OEETD/HQ 107.0
Chris Saint OMMSQA/HQ
Charles Ris HHAG/HQ 150.0
»**
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Anticipatory Research on Emerging Environmental Problems Issue - In
the past, EPA's research—driven largely by the Agency's legislative
mandates—focused on existing environmental problems. ORD did little to
anticipate or predict emerging environmental problems. Both the Science
Advisory Board and the Expert Panel pointed out that great benefit can be
derived from identifying and responding to trends in environmental quality
before they begin to cause serious ecological or human health problems.
Early identification and response reduce the overall cost of protection and
avert damaging health and ecological effects. The SAB specifically
recommended that EPA improve its capability to anticipate environmental
problems.
EPA does not now have a research program in this area. The proposed
program will identify and "jump start" research on new issues that may
become important for future Agency pollution prevention and risk reduction
efforts. Working with other EPA offices, the academic community, and
other scientific organizations, ORD will identify emerging issues and
research needs that may result from national policy decisions and economic,
environmental, and social trends, such as changing economic and energy
policies, agricultural practices, population densities, and manufacturing
practices.
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Harold Zenick, Issue Planner HERL/RTP
50
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Exploratory Grants and Centers Issue - By funding environmental
R&D outside EPA, grants and centers strengthen links between EPA and the
outside scientific community. Under the grant mechanism, EPA funds
projects proposed by researchers at research institutions, such as universities
and institutes.
Centers are selected through a competitive process to provide R&D in a
broad research area, such as mechanisms of ecosystem toxicity. Supporting
the efforts of external scientists through grants and centers produces high-
quality research, stimulates cross-fertilization of ideas between EPA and
external scientists, and provides training opportunities for young scientists
and engineers.
ORD will continue and, if resources allow, increase its use of grants and
centers to fund environmental R&D by the academic community. Grants
will be used to fund research in ecology and environmental biology,
chemistry and physics, environmental health, socio-economics, and
environmental engineering. ORD will fund at least four exploratory
environmental research centers and five hazardous substance research
centers. In the near term, this issue will also support the experimental
program to stimulate competitive research and several additional centers to
conduct research on such topics as air toxics and environmental equity.
Targeted support will also be provided to Clark-Atlanta University and the
University of Texas at El Paso.
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Melinda McClanahan, Issue Planner
Melinda McClanahan OER/HQ 39,166.3
51
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Laboratory Infrastructure
Underlying the success of ORD's scientific research program is its
infrastructure—trained scientists and engineers, laboratories and equipment,
supplies to conduct research, and the sound management of these resources.
The current condition of ORD's infrastructure is inadequate and could
seriously impair the quality and type of research being conducted within
ORD.
Providing an adequate infrastructure to conduct research is ORD's highest
priority. A significant step in this direction has been the recognition of
infrastructure as an important cross-cutting issue. ORD is addressing
deficiencies, including replacement of obsolete equipment, provision of
sufficient operating expenses for laboratories, and repair and maintenance
of facilities. This issue area will build on established planning and over-
sight processes and will address new questions such as:
• How can ORD address the serious problem of limited federal
workyears to manage a large extramural research program?
• How can ORD implement the human resource management recom-
mendations made by the SAB and the Expert Panel?
• What impact will various levels of capital investment for new facili-
ties and repairs have on the implementation of ORD's research
strategy?
• How might new strategic initiatives impact ORD's infrastructure?
Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
Clarence Mahan, Issue Planner ORPM/HQ
52
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Cross Program
Several ORD functions apply to many EPA research and program areas.
For efficiency, ORD has grouped these cross-program functions into a
single theme area, described here. This coordinated approach allows ORD
to take a broad, multimedia view when performing these functions, and
ensures that the tools developed will have maximum flexiblity and value for
many different applications.
Integrated Analytical Methods. Many of EPA's research and
program efforts require technologies to monitor and measure pollutants
in the environment. To meet these needs, ORD will focus on develop-
ing multimedia monitoring methods needed by the Regions and states
to implement environmental laws and regulations.
Quality Assurance (QA). Ensuring quality is an essential part of any
program—results must be reliable and usable. QA activities include
defining data needs, determining how to collect meaningful and
accurate data, and assessing the overall quality of a program and its
results. ORD will coordinate quality assurance activities across all
Agency regulatory and research programs, developing new and
improved QA approaches and systems based on innovative ideas
and experiences within and outside EPA. ORD will continue to review
QA programs across EPA to measure their effectiveness in providing
environmental data of appropriate type and quality for decisionmakers.
High Performance Computing. This initiative is part of a federal
program sanctioned under the High Performance Computing Act of
1991. High performance computing and communications technology
will expand environmental assessment capabilities to enable multi-
pollutant and multimedia analysis. This "holistic" approach expands
our ability to model and monitor the environment—for example, it will
provide a foundation for future assessment of impacts on entire
ecosystems. The primary goal of ORD's high performance computing
program is to provide reliable and useful assessment tools for use by
government, industry, and others.
Planning, Budgeting, Regulatory Science Review, and Regional
Liaison. The science, planning, and budget efforts that ORD conducts
must be linked with the environmental policy and regulatory activities
of EPA's program and regional offices. To do this, ORD provides
advice on and analysis of the scientific and technological basis for both
regulatory and non-regulatory programs; manages the issue-based
process for planning; works to improve EPA's science knowledge base;
promotes the interests of EPA regional offices in activities; and
manages and tracks budget activities.
53
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Total Extramural
Funds
Contact Office/Lab ($K)
John C. Puzak, Issue Planner
Gerald McKee EMSL/CINN 1,624.0
Joan Novak AREAL/RTP 7,572.3
Nancy Wentworth OMMSQA/HQ 980.5
Virginia Kahn ORPM/HQ 501.0
Joe DeSantis OSPRE/HQ 530.0
RonLandy REG. SCI./HQ 913.2
54
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Office of Research
Program Management
Clarence E. Mahan, Dir.
Office of Modeling
Monitoring Systems &
Quality Assurance
H. Matthew Bills, Dir.
Atmospheric
Research & Exposure
Assessment Lab,
Research Triangle
Park, NC
Jay Messer*, Dir.
Environmental
Monitoring Systems
Lab, Cincinnati, OH
Thomas A. Clark, Dir.
Environmental
Monitoring Systems
Lab, Las Vegas, NV
Wayne N. Merchant,
Dir.
Risk Assessment
Forum
Dorothy E. Patton, Dir.
Office of Environmental
Engineering & Technology
Demonstration
Alfred W. Lmdsey, Dir.
Air & Energy
Engineering Research
Lab, Research
Triangle Park, NC
Frank T. Prmciotta, Dir.
Risk Reduction
Engineering Lab,
Cincinnati, OH
E. Timothy Oppelt, Dir.
Office of Senior ORD
Official - Cincinnati, OH
Calvin O. Lawrence
Office of Senior ORD
Official - RTP, NC
Lawrence W. Reiter
Assistant Administrator for
Research and Development
Gary J. Foley *
Deputy Assistant
Administrator
Vacant
Office of Exploratory
Research
Melmda McClanahan*,
Dir.
Office of Environmental
Processes & Effects
Research
Courtney Riordan, Dir.
Environmental Research
Lab, Corvallis, OR
Thomas A. Murphy, Dir.
Environmental Research
Lab, Athens, GA
Rosemane C. Russo, Dir.
Environmental Research
Lab, Duluth, MN
Oilman Veith, Dir.
Environmental Research
Lab, Narragansett, Rl
Norbert A. Jaworski, Dir.
Environmental Research
Lab, Gulf Breeze, FL
Robert E. Menzer, Dir.
R.S. Kerr Environmental
Research Lab, Ada, OK
Clinton W. Hall, Dir.
Office of Health
Research
Ken Sexton, Dir.
Health Effects
Research Lab,
Research Triangle
Park, NC
Lawrence W. Reiter,
Dir.
Center for
Environmental
Research Information
Cincinnati, OH
Calvin 0. Lawrence,
Dir.
Office of Science, Planning
and Regulatory Evaluation
Peter W. Preuss, Dir.
Office of Health &
Environmental Assessment
William H. Farland, Dir.
—
Human Health
Assessment Group
Hugh W. McKinnon, Dir.
Exposure Assessment
Group
Michael A. Callahan, Dir.
Environmental Criteria
& Assessment Office,
Research Triangle
Park, NC
Lester D. Grant, Dir.
Environmental Criteria
& Assessment Office,
Cincinnati, OH
Terence Harvey, Dir.
* Acting
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ORD Organization
Assistant Administrator for Research and Development
Gary J. Foley*
Headquarters, Washington, DC (8101)
Deputy Assistant Administrator
Vacant
Headquarters, Washington, DC (8101)
Risk Assessment Forum
Dorothy E. Patton
Headquarters, Washington, DC (8602)
Office of Senior ORD Official, Cincinnati
Calvin O. Lawrence, Senior Official
Director, Andrew Avel
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Office of Senior ORD Official, Research Triangle Park
Lawrence W. Reiter, Senior Official
Director, John J. O'Neil
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Office of Science, Planning and Regulatory Evaluation
Director, Peter W. Preuss
Deputy Director, Jay Benforado
Headquarters, Washington, DC (8105)
Regulatory Support Staff
Director, Jay Benforado
Science and Planning Review Staff
Director, Joe De Santis
Technology Transfer Staff
Director, Mike Moore
Regional Operations Staff
Director, David Klauder
Regional Scientist Program Coordinator,
Ron Landy
Superfund Technical Liaison Program
Chief, Amy Mills
(202) 260-7676
(202) 260-7676
(202) 260-6743
(513) 569-7391
(513) 569-7951
(919) 541-2281
(919) 541-0179
(202) 260-7669
(202) 260-7669
(202) 260-7669
(202) 260-7891
(202) 260-7671
(202) 260-7667
(202) 260-7667
(202) 260-7667
56
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ORD Organization
Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI)
Director, Calvin O. Lawrence (513) 569-7391
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Office of Research Program Management
Director, Clarence E. Mahan (202) 260-7500
Deputy Director, Thomas Hadd*
Headquarters, Washington, DC (8102)
Evaluation and Review Staff (202) 260-2597
Chief, Peter Durant*
Resource Policy Staff (202) 260-2597
Chief, Peter Durant
Financial Operations Staff (202) 260-1013
Chief, Virginia Kahn
Program Operations Management Staff (202) 260-7462
Chief, Candace J. Castillo
Program Coordination Staff (202) 260-7468
Chief, Lek Kadeli*
Information System Staff (202) 260-7471
Chief, Clifford Moore
Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology
Demonstration
Director, Alfred Lindsey (202) 260-2600
Deputy Director, Stephen Lingle (202) 260-4073
Headquarters, Washington, DC (8301)
Program Development Staff
Director, Greg Ondich (202) 260-5747
Program Management Staff
Director, Al Galli (202) 260-2583
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
Director, Frank Princiotta (MD-60) (919) 541-2822
Deputy Director, George B. Martin (919) 541-7504
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
57
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ORD Organization
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Director, E. Timothy Oppelt (513) 569-7418
Deputy Director, John Convery (513) 569-7896
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Releases Control Branch
Chief, Jack Farlow (908) 321-6635
Edison, NJ 08817
Office of Environmental Processes and Effects Research
Director, Courtney Riordan (202) 260-5950
Deputy Director, Michael W. Slimak (202) 260-5950
Headquarters, Washington, DC (8401)
Program Operations Staff
Director, Patricia M. Neuschatz (202) 260-5961
Terrestrial and Ground Water Effects Staff
Director, Stephen R. Cordle (202) 260-5939
Marine, Freshwater and Modeling Staff
Director, Jack Durham (202) 260-8930
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
Director, Clinton W. Hall (405) 436-8511
P.O. Box 1198
Ada, OK 74820
Environmental Research Laboratory
Director, Rosemarie C. Russo (706) 546-3500
Director for Research, Robert R. Swank (706) 546-3128
960 College Station Road
Athens, GA 30605-2720
Environmental Research Laboratory
Director, Thomas A. Murphy (503) 754-4601
Deputy Director, Robert T. Lackey (503) 754-4601
200 SW 35th Street
Corvallis, OR 97333
Environmental Research Laboratory
Director, Oilman Veith (218) 720-5550
Associate Director for Research, Steven F. Hedtke (218) 720-5610
6201 Congdon Boulevard
Duluth, MN 55804
58
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ORD Organization
Large Lakes Research Station
9311 Groh Road
Grosse He, MI 48138
Environmental Research Laboratory
Director, Norbert A. Jaworski
Acting Deputy Director, Norman Rubinstein
South Ferry Road
Narragansett, RI 02882
Hatfield Marine Science Center
Newport, OR 97365
Environmental Research Laboratory
Director, Robert E. Menzer
Deputy Director, Raymond G. Wilhour
1 Sabine Island Drive
Gulf Breeze, FL 32561
Office of Exploratory Research
Director, Melinda McClanahan
Headquarters, Washington, DC (8701)
Research Grants Staff
Director, Robert Papetti
Centers and Special Programs
Director, Karen Morehouse
Small Business Innovation Research Program
Director, Donald Carey
(313) 692-7600
(401) 782-3001
(401) 782-3002
(503) 867-4040
(904) 934-9208
(904) 934-9213
(202) 260-5750
(202) 260-7473
(202) 260-5750
(202) 260-7899
Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
Director, William H. Farland
Deputy Director, Jeanette Wiltse
Headquarters, Washington, DC (8601)
Program Operations Staff
Director, Lorraine U. Inglis
Technical Information Staff
Director, Judy B. Theisen
(202) 260-7315
(202) 260-7315
(202) 260-7340
(202) 260-7345
59
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ORD Organization
Human Health Assessment Group
Director, Hugh McKinnon (202) 260-5998
Exposure Assessment Group
Director, Michael Callahan (202) 260-8909
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office
Director, Lester Grant (MD-52) (919) 541-4173
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office
Director, Terence Harvey (513) 569-7531
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Office of Health Research
Director, Ken Sexton (202) 260-5900
Deputy Director, David Kleffman
Headquarters, Washington, DC (8501)
Health Research Management Staff
Director, Mary Ellen Radzikowski (202) 260-5891
Health Effects Research Laboratory
Director, Lawrence W. Reiter (MD-51) (919) 541-2281
Deputy Director, Harold Zenick (919) 541-2283
Office of Modeling, Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance
Director, H. Matthew Bills (202) 260-5767
Deputy Director, John C. Puzak (202) 260-5767
Headquarters, Washington, DC (8201)
Program Operations Staff
Director, Paul D. Palm (202) 260-5761
Quality Assurance Management Staff
Director, Nancy Wentworth (202) 260-5763
Modeling and Monitoring Systems Staff
Director, William H. Keith (202) 260-5776
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) Staff
Director, Edward A. Martinko (202) 260-5776
Deputy Director, Sidney Draggan (202) 260-5776
60
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ORD Organization
EMAP Center Staff
Director, Rick Linthurst (919) 541-4909
EMAP Headquarters Staff
Director, Thomas Baugh (202) 260-5776
Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory
Director, Gary J. Foley (919) 541-2106
Deputy Director, Jay J. Messer (919) 541-2107
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
Director, Thomas A. Clark (513) 569-7301
Deputy Director, Gerald D. McKee (513) 569-7303
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
Director, Wayne Marchant (702) 798-2525
Acting Deputy Director, John Moore (702) 798-2522
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Vint Hill Station
Director, Donald Garofalo (703) 341 -7503
P.O. Box 1587, Building 166
Warrenton, VA 22186
61
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ORD Organizational Descriptions
Office of Science,
Planning and
Regulatory
Evaluation
The Office of Science, Planning and Regulatory
Evaluation (OSPRE) performs several major functions
that link ORD's science program and the environmen-
tal policy and regulatory activities of EPA's program
and regional offices. The first major function, regula-
tory support, is to ensure that all relevant scientific and
technology information is considered and improves the
science that underlies Agency regulations, decisions,
and policies. The OSPRE staff, working with labora-
tory experts, evaluates legislation; represents ORD in
Agency initiatives that require creative scientific
approaches; and works with other federal agencies, like
the Department of Agriculture, to design joint research
programs. The second major function, research
planning and science review, is to implement ORD's
new issue-based research planning process and the
recommendations of the Expert Panel on the Role of
Science at EPA. OSPRE planning staff facilitates the
many steps of the process among the ORD Headquar-
ters offices and laboratories and communicates ORD's
research agenda to the external scientific community.
The science review staff is implementing several key
recommendations of the Expert Panel for improving
the science base for Agency decision making. The
third major function, technology transfer, is to promote
ORD science and information to the broadest possible
audience outside the Agency. OSPRE staff has the lead
for the Agency's participation in the National Technol-
ogy Initiative, a federal government effort to forge
partnerships between Federal laboratories and the
private sector and implements the Agency's Federal
Technology Transfer Act program. The Center for
Environmental Research Information develops tech-
nology transfer products including databases, publica-
tions, seminars, and workshops for state and local
governments, academia, and international organiza-
tions. The fourth major function, regional operations, is
to link ORD with EPA's regional offices and the
environmental decision makers in state and local
government. OSPRE advocates regional needs in
ORD's research program and promotes the flow of
information and technology to state and local govern-
ment clients through three programs: 1) the Regional
Scientist Program, 2) the Superfund Technical Liaison
Program, and 3) the State and Local Program.
62
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ORD Organizational Descriptions
Office of Research
Program
Management
The Office of Research Program Management
(ORPM) is a principal staff office to the Assistant
Administrator. In this role, ORPM provides executive
leadership and guidance on matters of budgeting,
accountability, program planning, analysis, review,
integration and coordination, resource management,
organizational and manpower management, environ-
mental compliance, policy development and analysis,
and administrative development and management
services. ORPM is responsible for the overall budget
execution and financial management of all ORD
resources. ORPM is also responsible for assuring that
the budget requests to the Agency, OMB, and Con-
gress respond to the regulatory and programmatic
needs of EPA, while at the same time anticipating
future environmental research necessary to address
emerging issues. ORPM also has national responsibil-
ity for human resource management (HRM) programs
within ORD, with the ORD Comprehensive Human
Resource Management Plan providing the basis for
these programs.
Office of
Environmental
Engineering and
Technology
Demonstration
The Office of Environmental Engineering and
Technology Demonstration (OEETD) is responsible for
the assessment and development of methods for control
of the environmental and socio-economic impacts of
municipal and industrial operations and of energy and
mineral resource extraction, processing, conversion,
and utilization systems.
The Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory in
Cincinnati, Ohio, investigates ways to prevent, control,
and treat hazardous wastes and Superfund related
activities. This includes defining and characterizing
sources of pollution, catalyzing advances in the state-
of-the-art of pollution control, providing engineering
concepts for cost-effective engineering solutions to
difficult pollution problems and early-warning of
emerging sources of pollution.
It also investigates, develops and demonstrates
cost-effective methods for the treatment and manage-
ment of municipal wastewater and sludges and urban
runoff; and of industrial processing and manufacturing
and toxic discharges; and the development of technol-
ogy and management systems for the treatment,
distribution, and presentation of public drinking water
supplies.
63
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ORD Organizational Descriptions
Drinking Water: This research program integrates
chemistry, engineering, microbiology, and cost
information to provide effective, reliable, and cost-
effective techniques for assuring the delivery of
safe drinking water to reduce the risk of chemi-
cally and microbiologically induced health effects
to the public. Included are laboratory, pilot plant,
and field studies on control of lead, radon,
synthetic organics, disinfection by-products,
viruses, and cysts.
Hazardous Wastes: This program focuses on
investigating incineration, land disposal, and
alternative technologies for treating, detoxifying,
and disposing of hazardous wastes.
LUST Trust Fund Technical Support: This pro-
gram works in close support to the Office of
Underground Storage Tanks (OUST) to develop
procedures for detecting and preventing leaks from
storage tanks and associated piping. Under the
LUST Trust Fund, technical assistance is provided
on site assessment, technology selection, and
corrective action to decision officials.
Pesticides: This research program evaluates
processes for treating wastes from production,
application, and disposal of pesticides. The
program also evaluates treatment alternatives for
disposing cancelled and suspended pesticides, and
provides data and guidance on the effectiveness of
protective equipment for reducing worker exposure
to pesticides.
Superfund: Research is directed at identifying,
developing and evaluating technologies to support
remediation, removal, and enforcement actions.
The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
(SITE) program facilitates development and
conducts demonstrations of innovative technolo-
gies as alternatives to containment. The Superfund
Technical Assistance Response Team (START)
provides engineering and scientific assistance to
Regional Offices, Program Offices, and others on
64
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ORD Organizational Descriptions
the cleanup of hazardous wastes, particularly those
associated with Superfund sites.
Toxic Chemical Testing and Assessment: The goals
of this research program are to provide test
protocols, treatment and control procedures for
regulating the manufacture and use of existing
toxic chemicals (including asbestos); assess release
and exposure in review of Premanufacturing
Notices (PMNs) for new chemicals; and evaluate
techniques and devices to contain and destroy
genetically engineered organisms.
Wastewater Treatment (Municipal and Industrial):
Research efforts are focused on developing cost-
effective methods for treating municipal wastewa-
ter and sludges, urban runoff, and industrial
wastewater discharges from processing and
manufacturing operations. The main goal is to
provide design and operating guidelines for
efficient wastewater management based on the
principles of pollution prevention and process
integration. The research also includes the devel-
opment of toxicity-based permitting via use of
bioassay procedures.
Municipal Waste: This program promotes the
integration of municipal solid waste management
technologies through research on safe and effective
recycling practices, reducing multimedia pollutant
releases from municipal land disposal facilities,
and research on the utilization and safe disposal of
municipal waste combustion residues.
Pollution Prevention: Research is conducted (1) to
assess opportunities for multimedia pollution
prevention through source reduction and recycling
within operating industrial facilities, (2) to develop
and demonstrate innovative pollution prevention
technologies for industrial, agricultural, and
transportation sector processes, (3) to develop and
standardize methodologies for performing con-
sumer product life cycle analyses and for measur-
ing waste reduction.
65
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ORD Organizational Descriptions
• Oil Spills: As a result of EPA's involvement in
efforts to clean up the Alaskan oil spill, research
is underway to develop and evaluate remediation
technologies. The program emphasizes exploiting
the natural ability of indigenous microorganisms to
degrade oil, with or without nutrient addition.
The major purpose of the Air and Energy Engi-
neering Research Laboratory in Research Triangle
Park, NC, is to develop and assess methods and
technologies for preventing or reducing the effects of
air pollutants on human health and welfare and on the
global environment.
• Acid Rain: This program focuses on developing
innovative controls for acid rain precursors, SO2
and NOx, including the Limestone Injection
Multistage Burner; developing models that will
identify the best possible control alternatives for
various scenarios; and developing inventories of
acid rain precursor emissions.
• Air Toxics: Emphasis is placed on developing
technologies and pollution prevention approaches
to reduce emissions of volatile organic compounds
(VOCs); identifying sources of VOCs; developing
improved designs that will achieve better control
of woodstove emissions; and providing direct
technical assistance to state and local agencies
through the Control Technology Center (CTC),
which has extensive information on existing
technologies applicable to a variety of air pollution
sources.
• Hazardous Wastes: The primary goal of this
program is to study the fundamental combustion
mechanisms that influence thermal destruction of
hazardous wastes. Included are studies of metal
aerosols from waste incineration, failure modes in
a small pilot-scale rotary kiln, and small pilot-
scale studies of fluidized-bed incineration.
• Indoor Air Quality/Radon: Research is currently
concentrating on (1) developing and demonstrating
technologies for reducing the entry of naturally
occurring radon into houses, schools, and other
66
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ORD Organizational Descriptions
public buildings, (2) studying emissions from
building materials and consumer products as
sources of indoor air pollution, (3) evaluating the
effects of "sinks" that adsorb/desorb pollutants in
the indoor environment, and (4) evaluating indoor
air control options for gases and particles.
Municipal Waste Combustion: Work focuses on
evaluating techniques to minimize pollutant
formation during combustion, and determining the
effectiveness of various devices in controlling air
pollution from municipal waste incinerators.
Ozone Non-Attainment: This program supports
ORD's overall ozone non-attainment strategy by
developing innovative technologies, mitigation
strategies, process modifications and improving
existing technologies that will prevent or reduce,
the emission of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and
VOCs.
Stratospheric Ozone: In cooperation with industry,
AEERL evaluates, identifies, and recommends
substitute products and new industrial processes
that will replace ozone depleting substances that
are now in use. The current emphasis is on
alternatives for home and commercial refrigeration
systems.
Global Climate Change: This program is evaluat-
ing mitigation options for greenhouse gases
(carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide) including
innovative technological solutions to the problem.
Also planned are inventories of emissions that are
contributing to global climate change.
Office of
Environmental
Processes and
Effects Research
The Office of Environmental Processes and Effects
Research (OEPER) is responsible for the administra-
tion of a broad range of ecological research programs.
These programs are structured to provide the scientific
data and technological methods necessary to under-
stand the entry and movement of pollutants into the
environment and to determine the effects of such
substances on organisms and ecosystems. The informa-
tion and research products resulting from these
67
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ORD Organizational Descriptions
programs are directly applicable to fulfilling the
Agency's regulatory responsibilities.
Research is conducted within the full realm of
environmental media—atmosphere, soil, ground water,
surface water, and coastal and marine waters. Major
areas of study include toxic substances, hazardous
waste, pesticides, acid deposition, biotechnology,
global climate change, stratospheric ozone, wetlands,
water quality, ecological risk assessment, and status of
critical ecological resources. The Office actively
provides technical support in environmental science
and technology to regions and states to assist in
problem solving and to transfer information and
technology to local users.
The Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research
Laboratory (RSKERL) in Ada, OK, serves as U.S.
EPA's center for ground water research, focusing its
efforts on studies of the transport and fate of contami-
nants in the subsurface, development of methodologies
for protection and restoration of ground water quality,
and evaluation of the applicability and limitations of
using natural soil and subsurface processes for the
treatment of hazardous wastes. Subsurface transport
and fate information is incorporated into mathematical
models for use in predicting the transport and fate of
contaminants in the subsurface. Efforts to support the
immediate needs and activities of EPA's operating
programs are focused on the Underground Injection
Control Program, the Wellhead Protection Program,
and the Hazardous Waste and Superfund Programs.
RSKERL's Technology Support Program provides
decision-makers with a source of information on
subsurface fate and transport of contaminants and in
situ remediation technologies, as well as the associated
expert assistance required to effectively use this
information.
The Environmental Research Laboratory in
Athens, GA, conducts and manages fundamental and
applied research, and provides technical assistance/
technology transfer required by the Agency to predict
the transformation, speciation, and transport of pollut-
ants across and within the air-water-soil-media. This
research is the foundation for the development of
model-based methodologies: (1) to assess the potential
68
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ORD Organizational Descriptions
ecological and human exposures and risks associated
with conventional and toxic pollutants released or
deposited into the water and sediment of aquatic/
marine ecosystems and in soil ecosystems; (2) to
quantify the interactions of soil ecosystems with and
responses to global climate change and land use/
management at the sub-grid scale in order to account
for greenhouse gas emissions feedbacks for Earth
Systems Models, plus design sequestration strategies;
and (3) to design and evaluate strategies for soil-
related remediation/risk reduction techniques, such as
non-point source control and contaminated soil
cleanup.
This research identifies and characterizes the
natural biological and chemical processes that deter-
mine the environmental fate and effects of specific
substances, such as pesticides, toxic chemicals, or
metals. The results are applied in state-of-the-art
computer models for assessing and managing environ-
mental pollution problems in a multimedia context.
Emphasized research areas are radiatively important
trace (greenhouse) gas emissions from temperate and
tropical terrestrial/soil systems in response to global
climate change and land use/management, ecological
exposure and risk assessment methods, artificial
intelligence-expert systems for predicting chemical
reactivity from structure, remediation processes and
hazardous waste site and non-point source pollution
evaluation.
EPA's Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling
(CEAM), an internationally known center of modeling
expertise located at the Athens Lab, provides docu-
mentation and codes for selected multimedia models
related to hazardous waste management, non-point
source assessment, ecological exposure/risk analysis
and general water quality evaluation.
The Environmental Research Laboratory in
Corvallis, OR, conducts research on terrestrial and
watershed ecology and assesses the comprehensive
ecological impact of inland pollution and other
environmental changes caused by man. This includes
the ecological effects of airborne pollutants, such as
acid deposition; the ecological effects of global climate
and UV-B changes; the effects of toxic chemicals on
terrestrial plants, animals, and ecosystems; the assess-
69
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ORD Organizational Descriptions
ment and restoration of contaminated or degraded
environments; the characterization and assessment of
the vulnerability of ecological systems, such as
wetlands, to human impacts; and the ecological risks
from the terrestrial release of bioengineered organisms
and other biological control agents.
The Environmental Research Laboratory in
Duluth, MN, is primarily responsible for developing
measures of ecological health for the nation's freshwa-
ters. The mission of this laboratory is to develop
methods for predicting and assessing the effects of
pollutants and pollution activities on freshwater
resources. Located on Lake Superior, the laboratory
specializes in the toxicology and ecological effects of
industrial chemicals, pesticides, and other hazardous
substances.
In conjunction with its field station in Grosse He,
MI, the primary research programs include developing
ecosystem response models, diagnostic methods for
watersheds, and mass balance ecosystem models for
the Great Lakes. Studies of exotic species, integration
of research data into EMAP, and non-point pollution
also will be of high priority.
ERL-Duluth continues to conduct its research in
surface freshwater systems, both flowing and lakes,
including the Great Lakes and freshwater wetlands.
Research programs center on stresses from water
criteria pollutants, xenobiotics, and biological stressors
including climate changes and sediments. Investiga-
tions focus on the impact of these stresses through a
risk assessment framework including stressor source
assessment, classification/characterization, hazard
identification, and stressor dose-response analysis.
The Environmental Research Laboratory at
Narragansett, RI, along with its Pacific Coast labora-
tory in Newport, OR, is a National Marine Water
Quality Research Laboratory that has been given
expanded roles in sediment quality and monitoring.
The Laboratory's research and monitoring efforts
support primarily the EPA Office of Water, Office of
Emergency and Remedial Response, and the Office of
Air and Radiation. The Laboratory efforts respond
mainly to legislative requirements of the Clean Water
Act, the Marine Protection Act, Research Sanctuaries
70
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ORD Organizational Descriptions
Act, Clean Air Act, and the Superfund Reauthorization
Act. Major emphasis is placed on providing the
scientific base for environmental criteria, waste
disposal practices, environmental analysis, and impact
assessments of marine and estuarine risk of regulatory
activities by responsible offices.
The principal research and monitoring themes of
the Laboratory reflect its major strengths and are
critical to accomplishing the Laboratory's mission and
the Ecological Risk Assessment Program of the
Agency. The Laboratory's major themes are: (1)
Predictive Biological Test Method Development, (2)
Ecological Processes and Significance, (3) Environ-
mental Exposure and Chemistry, and (4) Ecological
Indicators and Monitoring.
The Laboratory is responsible for the following
research and program areas: (1) marine and estuarine
disposal, (2) water use designation and derivation of
criteria for marine and estuarine water and sediment,
(3) environmental assessment of ocean disposal and
discharges of waste and wastewaters, (4) technical and
research support for evaluating remediation options at
proposed and designated marine/estuarine Superfund
sites, (5) research on the effects of global warming and
the depletion of stratospheric ozone on marine systems,
and (6) ecological monitoring for Near Coastal
Ecosystems. Technical assistance, technology transfer,
and investigations of an emergency nature; e.g., spills
of toxic materials; are also provided to aid EPA offices
in evaluating environmental threats posed by toxicants,
other pollutants, and physical modifications along our
nation's coasts. Technical assistance is also provided to
other federal agencies, states, municipalities, and
industry.
The Environmental Research Laboratory in Gulf
Breeze, FL, has broad research objectives related to
the near-coastal marine environment that include the
development of scientific information for (1) formula-
tion of guidelines, standards, and strategies for man-
agement of pesticides and toxic chemicals in the
near-coastal marine environment, (2) definition of
current ecological "health" status and measurement and
prediction of changes in ecological structure and
function over time, (3) description of cause(s) of
aberrant conditions or observed changes in ecological
71
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ORD Organizational Descriptions
status, and (4) application of biological systems to
bioremediate toxic and hazardous chemicals in the
environment. Research is primarily devoted to chemical
compounds and biological products regulated by EPA's
Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances,
the Office of Water Programs, and the Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response.
Research programs specifically addressed by the
Laboratory include (1) definition and evaluation of
factors and mechanisms that affect biodegradation rates
and bioaccumulation potential in food-webs, (2)
development of procedures and evaluation protocols for
the biological treatment of toxic chemicals and hazard-
ous wastes in the environment, (3) determination of
effects of carcinogens, mutagens, and teratogens in
aquatic species, (4) development of principles and
applications of ecotoxicology, including measurements
and predictions of the fate and effects of chemicals and
biotechnological products on estuarine organisms,
populations, communities, and associated ecological
structure and function, (5) development and verification
of methods and data that allow extrapolation of effects
from laboratory observations to field situations, within
and among species, populations, communities, and
ecosystems, (6) development of methods to evaluate
the environmental risk of toxic chemicals and products
of biotechnology to the marine environment, (7)
environmental monitoring and assessment of bays and
estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico to define ecological
"health" status and to define changes over time and
cause(s), and (8) development and evaluation of
procedures and chemical and biological products for
remediating spilled oil at sea or in coastal environ-
ments.
Office of
Exploratory
Research
The Office of Exploratory Research (OER) is
responsible for planning, administering, managing and
evaluating EPA's exploratory research program in
general and, in particular, its extramural grant research
in response to Agency priorities as established by
Agency planning mechanisms. Its basic objective is to
support research aimed at developing a better basic
scientific understanding of the environment and its
inherent problems. OER accomplishes this objective
through several core programs: a Competitive Research
72
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ORD Organizational Descriptions
Grants Program, an Environmental Research Centers
Program, a Hazardous Substance Research Centers
Program, a Visiting Scientists Program, a Small
Business Innovation Research Program, and an
Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive
Research (EPSCoR). In addition to the core programs,
OER administers other programs that are important to
the accomplishment of the OER objective. They
include:
A Minority Institute Undergraduate Fellowship
Program that awards fellowships to college seniors
and graduate students enrolled on a full-time basis
at Historically Black Colleges and Universities
(HBCU) and the Hispanic Association of Colleges
and Universities (HACU) and majoring in cur-
ricula that could lead to environmental careers.
• A Minority Institute Summer Intern Program that
extends to recipients of fellowships under the
Minority Fellowship Program the opportunity for
hands-on experience in the area of their academic
training by way of a summer internship at an EPA
facility.
• The Agency's Senior Environmental Employment
Program (SEEP) that utilizes the skills and talents
of older Americans to meet employment needs of
environmental programs.
The Federal Workforce Training Program that
coordinates ORD's participation in workforce
training programs used by state and local govern-
ments.
• The Resident Research Associate Program which
provides a mechanism for non-federal post-
doctoral and senior scientists to conduct research
projects in ORD Laboratories.
Office of Health and
Environmental
Assessment
The Office of Health and Environmental Assess-
ment (OHEA) is responsible for assessing the effects
of environmental pollutants in varying exposure
situations on human health and ecological systems and
73
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ORD Organizational Descriptions
determining the degree of risks from these exposures.
The risk assessments performed by OHEA are used by
the Agency as the scientific basis for regulatory and
enforcement decisions. OHEA's responsibilities also
include the development of risk assessment guidelines
and methodologies, and recommendations for new
research efforts that will better support future EPA risk
assessment activities and reduce the uncertainties in
EPA risk assessment activities.
Comprehensive methodologies are prepared for
health assessments of both single chemicals and
complex mixtures. Technical assistance to various
Agency programs and regional offices concerning
acceptable pollutant levels and dose-response relations
is also provided.
The Office includes four organizational groups:
The Human Health Assessment Group provides
state-of-the-art methodology, guidance, and procedures
on the health risks associated with suspected cancer-
causing agents and the risks associated with chemicals
that are suspected of causing detrimental reproductive
effects, including mutagenic, teratogenic, and other
adverse reproductive outcomes and reduced fertility.
The group also assures quality and consistency in the
Agency's scientific risk assessments; provides advice
on proposed testing requirements for adequate risk
assessments; and prepares independent risk assess-
ments.
The Exposure Assessment Group provides advice
on the exposure characteristics and factors of agents
that are suspected of causing detrimental health effects;
provides state-of-the-art methodology, guidance, and
procedures for exposure determinations; assures quality
and consistency in the Agency's exposure assessments,
and prepares independent assessments of exposure and
recommendations concerning the exposure potential of
specific agents.
The Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office
in Research Triangle Park, NC, is responsible for
preparing air quality criteria documents and air
pollutant health assessment documents for use in
Agency regulatory activities, as well as legislatively
required health-related reports.
74
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ORD Organizational Descriptions
The Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office
in Cincinnati, OH, prepares health and hazard assess-
ment documents on water pollution and solid and
hazardous wastes and hazardous air pollutants.
Office of Health
Research
The Office of Health Research (OHR) is respon-
sible for developing and evaluating toxicity test
methods and for providing toxicity data to enable the
Agency to accurately identify hazards and determine
human risk from environmental exposure. To fulfill
this mission, research is conducted in three major
areas:
• Toxicity test method development
• Generation of dose-response data
• Development of methods to use data from
toxicity testing and dose-response studies to
estimate human morbidity and mortality;
including extrapolation from animal data to
human effects, from high to low doses, from
acute toxicity to long-term effects, and from
exposure to dose.
The Health Effects Research Laboratory (HERL)
in Research Triangle Park, NC, conducts research, both
intramurally and extramurally, which is responsive to
these goals. Physical, biological, and chemical agents
are studied, and research is conducted in the scientific
disciplines of pulmonary toxicology, genetic toxicol-
ogy, neurotoxicology, developmental and reproductive
toxicology, and epidemiology and biometry. Research
to improve the quality of health risk assessment is
being conducted through the development of pharma-
cokinetic and biologically based models. These models
are being developed to more accurately predict the
relationship between environmental concentration,
target tissue dose, and ultimate health effect.
Office of Modeling,
Monitoring Systems
and Quality
Assurance
The Office of Modeling, Monitoring Systems and
Quality Assurance (OMMSQA), under the supervision
of an Office Director, is responsible to the Assistant
Administrator for Research and Development for
planning, managing, and evaluating a comprehensive
program for: research, monitoring, and assessment of
the condition of our Nation's ecological resources;
75
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ORD Organizational Descriptions
research with respect to the characterization, transport,
and fate of pollutants which are released into the
atmosphere; development and demonstration of
techniques and methods to monitor and model human
and ecological exposure and to relate ambient concen-
trations to exposure by critical receptors; research,
development, and demonstration of new monitoring
methods, systems, techniques, and equipment for
detection, identification, and characterization of
pollutants at the source and in the ambient environ-
ment and for use as reference or standard monitoring
methods; establishment, coordination, and review of
Agency-wide Quality Assurance Program; development
and provision of quality assurance methods, tech-
niques, and materials including validation and stan-
dardization of analytical methods, sampling techniques,
quality control methods, standard reference materials,
and techniques for data collection, evaluation, and
interpretation.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Program (EMAP) Office. The Environmental Monitor-
ing Assessment Program (EMAP) Office, under the
direction of a Director, is responsible for: (1) designing
and implementing a comprehensive, long-term nation-
wide environmental research, monitoring, and assess-
ment program to assess and to document periodically
the condition of the Nation's ecological resources; (2)
designing data management systems, analytical
procedures, and assessment guidelines which ensure
that the results of the freshwater, terrestrial, and near
coastal ecosystem monitoring activities can be com-
bined into a consistent framework for reporting and
assessing overall status and trends; (3) providing
service to a wide spectrum of users including: (a)
decision-makers, both internal and external to the
Agency; (b) Agency and other program managers; (c)
EPA, other federal and academic scientists; and (d)
operational managers and analysts; (4) collecting,
archiving, and reporting on the status and trends in
indicators of ecological condition on a regional and
national basis; (5) providing a scientifically valid
process for combining the ecosystem-specific data into
comprehensive ecological risk assessments of major
environmental conditions on a regional and national
basis; (6) providing a scientifically, technically, and
managerially innovative program with extensive
76
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ORD Organizational Descriptions
involvement of EPA laboratories, several other federal
agencies, EPA's Office of Policy, Planning and
Evaluation, EPA Regulatory Program and Regional
Offices, states, and interested international communi-
ties; (7) providing a Quality Assurance function for
ecological monitoring and assessment.
The Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
in Las Vegas, NV, conducts research and develops
programs related to (a) monitoring of pollutants in the
environment, (b) developing sampling strategies and
techniques for monitoring hazardous waste leachates in
soil and groundwater, (c) developing remote sensing
techniques, (d) conducting human exposure monitoring
and modeling studies covering several environmental
media, (e) evaluating analytical methods for the
characterization and quantification of hazardous wastes,
and (f) providing quality assurance in support of the
EPA's hazardous waste, Superfund, pesticides, ionizing
radiation, and acid deposition programs.
The Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
in Cincinnati, OH, has as its primary mission: (a)
conducting research in the development, evaluation,
and standardization of chemical and biological methods
for environmental assessments, (b) conducting research
for detecting, identifying, and quantifying microbial
pathogens found in environmental media, (c) providing
technical assistance to the Program Offices and regions
for conducting bioassessments of aquatic systems, (d)
providing quality assurance in support of the wastewa-
ter, and related solid wastes, Superfund, and toxics
programs.
The Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assess-
ment Laboratory in Research Triangle Park, NC,
conducts intramural and extramural research programs
through laboratory and field research in chemical,
physical, and biological sciences to (a) characterize
and quantify present and future ambient air pollutant
levels and resultant exposures to humans and ecosys-
tems on local, regional, and global scales, (b) develop
and validate models to predict changes in air pollution
levels and air pollutant exposures and determine the
relationships among the factors affected by predicted
and observed changes, (c) determine source-to-receptor
relationships relating to ambient air quality and air
pollutant exposures, developing predictive models to
77
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ORD Organizational Descriptions
be used for assessments of regulatory alternatives
derived from these relationships, directly or indirectly,
and (d) conduct long-term research in the areas of
atmospheric methods, quality assurance, field monitor-
ing, biomarkers, spatial statistics, exposure assessment,
human activity patterns, and modeling research.
78
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ORD Office/Laboratory
Abbreviations
CERI/CINN
Center for Environmental Research Information
Cincinnati, OH 45268
(513)569-7391
ECAO/CINN
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office
Cincinnati, OH 45268
(513) 569-7531
ECAO/RTP
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919) 541-4173
EMSL/CINN
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH 45268
(513) 569-7301
EMSL/LV
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
(702) 798-2525
AREAL/RTP
Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919) 541-2106
RSKERL/ADA
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
P.O. Box 1198
Ada, OK 74820
(405) 436-8511
ERL/ATH
Environmental Research Laboratory
960 College Station Road
Athens, GA 30605-2720
(706) 546-3500
79
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ORD Office/Laboratory
Abbreviations
ERL/COR
Environmental Research Laboratory
200 SW 35th Street
Corvallis, OR 97333
(503) 754-4601
ERL/DUL
Environmental Research Laboratory
6201 Congdon Boulevard
Duluth, MN 55804
(218)720-5550
ERL/GB
Environmental Research Laboratory
Sabine Island
Gulf Breeze, FL 32561
(904) 934-9208
ERL/NARR
Environmental Research Laboratory
South Ferry Road
Narragansett, RI 02882
(401) 782-3001
HERL/RTP
Health Effects Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 2771:
(919) 541-2281
RREL/CIN
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH 45268
(513) 569-7418
AEERL/RTP
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919) 541-2822
OEETD/HQ
Office of Environmental Engineering and
Technology Demonstration (8301)
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 260-2600
80
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ORD Office/Laboratory
Abbreviations
OEPER/HQ
OER/HQ
OHEA/HQ
OHR/HQ
OMMSQA/HQ
Office of Environmental Processes and Effects
Research (8401)
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 260-5950
Office of Exploratory Research (8701)
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 260-5750
Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
(8601)
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 260-7317
Office of Health Research (8501)
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 260-5900
Office of Modeling, Monitoring Systems and Quality
Assurance (8201)
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 260-5767
ORPM/HQ
OSPRE/HQ
HHAG/HQ
EAG/HQ
RAF/HQ
Office of Research Program Management (8102)
Washington, DC
(202) 260-7500
Office of Science, Planning and Regulatory Evaluation
(8105)
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 260-7669
Human Health Assessment Group (8602)
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 260-5898
Exposure Assessment Group (8603)
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 260-8909
Risk Assessment Forum (8602)
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 260-6743
81
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ORD Office/Laboratory
Abbreviations
REG SCI/HQ Regional Scientist Program (8105)
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 260-7667
EMAP/RTP Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Program (MD-75)
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919) 541-4909
82
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ORD Key Contacts
Alford-Stevens, Ann
Ambrose, Robert
Anderson, Richard
Ankley, Gary
Baker, Joan
Beckett, Werner
Benforado, Jay
Berry, Maurice
Berry, Michael
Billets, Steve
Bishop, Fred
Blair, Roger
Bradbury, Steve
Bryan, Elizabeth
Budde, William
Burckle, John
Burns, Lawrence
Carlson, Anthony R.
Carsel, Robert
Choudhury, Harlal
Clark, Robert
Claxton, Larry
Cogliano, James
(513) 569-7492
(706) 546-3323
(218) 7205616
(218) 720-5603
(503) 754-4517
(702) 798-2137
(202) 260-7669
(513) 569-7284
(919) 541-4169
(702) 798-2232
(513) 569-7625
(503) 754-4662
(218) 720-5527
(202) 260-5900
(513) 569-7309
(513) 569-7506
(706) 546-3511
(218) 720-5523
(706) 546-3210
(513)569-7536
(513)569-7201
(919) 541-2329
(202) 260-2575
Convery, John
Cook, Philip M.
Cordle, Steve
Cote, Ila
Cupitt, Larry
Daniel, Bernie
Daughton, Christian
Davis, Wayne
Davis, William
Dellarco, Michael
Dempsey, Clyde
DeSantis, Joe
Dick, Marshall
Dourson, Michael
Draggan, Sidney
Dufour, Alfred
Durham, Jack
Dyer, Robert
Eaton, John
Elias, Robert
Evans, Ronald
Farland, William
Finch, Carol
(513) 569-7896
(218) 720-5553
(202) 260-5939
(919) 541-3644
(919) 541-2454
(513) 569-7401
(702) 798-2207
(401) 782-3065
(904) 934-9312
(202) 260-5776
(513) 569-7546
(202) 260-7891
(202) 260-2605
(513) 569-7533
(202) 260-5776
(513) 569-7218
(202) 260-8930
(919) 541-2760
(218) 720-5557
(919) 541-4167
(919) 541-5488
(202) 260-7315
(202) 260-9463
83
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ORD Key Contacts
Foley, Gary
Forte, Bill
Freeman, Harry
Galli, Alfred
Garber, Jonathan
Gardner, Steve
Gibb, Herman
Graham, Judith
Grant, Les
Hall, Clinton
Hall, Robert E.
Hansen, Penny
Hardesty, Richard
Harvey, Terence
Hauchman, Fred
Hedtke, Steven
Hern, Stephen
Hewitt, Mason S.
Hogsett, William
Hood, Kenneth
Inglis, Lorraine
Jakobson, Kurt
Jaworski, Norbert A.
Jawson, Michael
(919) 541-2106
(702) 798-2697
(513) 569-7529
(202) 260-2583
(401) 782-3154
(702) 798-2580
(202) 260-7315
(919) 541-0349
(919) 541-4173
(405) 436-8510
(919) 541-2477
(202) 260-7315
(202) 260-7315
(513) 569-7531
(919) 541-3893
(218) 720-5550
(702) 798-2594
(702) 798-2377
(503) 754-4632
(202) 260-5976
(202) 260-7340
(202) 260-0594
(401) 782-3001
(405) 436-8560
84
Jones, Bruce
Jutro, Peter
Kahn, Virginia
Karichoff, Samuel
Kentula, Mary
Kleffman, David
Knapp, Kenneth
Koren, Hillel
Kowal, Norman
Kremer, Fran
Krishnan, Bala
Landreth, Robert E.
Landy, Ron
La Veille, Will
Lawrence, Calvin
Lee, Henry
Lindsey, Alfred
Lingle, Stephen A.
Linthurst, Rick
Lozano, Stephen
Lussier, Denis
Mahan, Clarence
Marchant, Wayne
Martinko, Edward
(702) 798-2671
(202) 260-5937
(202) 260-1013
(706) 546-3349
(503)-754-4478
(202) 260-5900
(919) 541-1352
(919) 966-6200
(513) 569-7584
(513) 569-7346
(202) 260-2613
(513) 569-7871
(202) 260-7667
(202) 260-5990
(513) 569-7391
(503) 867-4042
(202) 260-2600
(202) 260-4073
(919) 541-4909
(218) 720-5594
(513) 569-7354
(202) 260-7500
(702) 798-2525
(202) 260-5776
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ORD Key Contacts
Maxwell, Michael
Mayer, Foster
McClanahan, Melinda
McClenny, William
McKee, Gerald
McKinney, Doug
McKinnon, Hugh
McMaster, Suzanne
McNabb, James
Menzer, Robert
Midge tt, M. Rodney
Moore, Michael
Mulkey, Lee A.
Murphy, Thomas A.
Nalesnik, Richard P.
Novak, Joan
Olexsey, Robert
Oppelt, Timothy
Osborne, Mike
Pahl, Dale
Papa, Linda R.
Patton, Dorothy
Pearson, Johnnie
Peirano, Bruce
(919)541-3091
(904) 934-9380
(202) 260-5750
(919) 541-3158
(513) 569-7303
(919) 541-3006
(202) 260-5898
(919) 541-3844
(405) 436-8590
(904) 934-9208
(919) 541-2196
(202) 260-7671
(706)546-3129
(503) 754-4601
(202) 260-8903
(919) 541-4545
(513) 569-7861
(513) 569-7418
(919) 541-4113
(919) 541-1851
(513) 569-7587
(202) 260-6743
(919) 541-0572
(513)569-7540
85
Ponder, Wade
Preston, Eric
Pritchard, Hap
Princiotta, Frank
Purdue, Larry
Puzak, Jack
Quackenboss, Jim
Reiter, Lawrence
Rhodes, William
Ribic, Christine
Richardson, William
Ringold, Paul
Riordan, Courtney
Ris, Charles
Rogers, John
Rubinstein, Norman
Russo, Rosemarie, C.
Saint, Chris
Sala, Ken
Sanville, William
Schaum John
Schonbrod, Bob
Sedman, Charles
Sexton, Ken
(919) 541-2818
(503) 754-4459
(904) 934-9260
(919) 541-2922
(919) 541-2665
(202) 260-5767
(702) 798-2442
(919) 541-2281
(919) 541-2853
(503) 754-4717
(313) 692-7611
(202)260-5609
(202) 260-5950
(202) 260-7338
(706) 546-3592
(401) 782-3002
(706) 546-3500
(202) 260-5772
(202) 260-9711
(218) 720-5723
(202) 260-5988
(702) 798-2203
(919) 541-7700
(202) 260-5900
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ORD Key Contacts
Shapiro, Paul
Sikdar, Subhas
Sickles, Joe
Slimak, Mike
Slotkin, Ron
Summers, Kevin
Tang, Don
Thomas, Nelson
Tingey, Dave
Vanderberg, John
Veith, Oilman
Vickery, James
Vincent, Harold
Waddell, Thomas
Walker, Henry A.
Watrud, Lidia
Wentworth, Nancy
Wilmoth, Roger
Wilson, John T.
Wiltse, Jeanette
Winter, John
Zenick, Harold
(202) 260-4969
(513) 569-7528
(919) 541-2446
(202) 260-5950
(202) 260-7671
(904) 934-9244
(202) 260-2621
(218) 720-5702
(503) 754-4621
(919) 541-4527
(218) 720-5550
(919) 541-2857
(702) 798-2129
(919) 541-2957
(401)782-3134
(503) 754-4874
(202) 260-5763
(513) 569-7509
(405) 436-8532
(202) 260-7315
(513) 569-7325
(919) 541-2281
86
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