vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office Of The Administrator
(A-101F6)
EPA 101/F-90/038
September 1990
Mobilizing For
Safe Drinking Water:
A Blueprint For Action
#90-2506
Printed on Recycled Paper
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Mobilizing for Safe Drinking Water
A Blueprint for Action
Prepared for
Peter Karalekas, Jr.
Chief, Water Supply Section
US EPA Region I
by
Mary Ann Hill
National Network of Environmental Management Studies Fellow
Summer 1990
US Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5 Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Blvd., 12th Floor
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
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DISCLAIMER
This report was furnished to the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency by the graduate student identified on the cover page, under
a National Network for Environmental Management Studies
fellowship.
The contents are essentially as received from the author. The
opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed are those of the author
and not necessarily those of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Mention, if any, of company, process, or product names is
not to be considered as an endorsement by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
ADDITIONAL COPIES
To order additional copies of Mobilizing for Safe Drinking
Water: A Blueprint For Action, please call the National Technical
Information Service (NTIS) of the U.S. Commerce Department at
(703) 487-4650. To order this report ask for report number
PB91-100131. Both paper copy and microfiche are available.
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ABSTRACT
Mobilizing for Safe Drinking Water: A blueprint for action
The 1986 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), which are being
phased in over several years, are designed to protect public health against both the short- and
long-term effects of over 200 contaminants. Compliance will place a tremendous strain on
state drinking water programs and thousands of public water systems, particularly small
systems serving fewer than 3,300 people.
Forging cooperative relationships among the numerous agencies and organizations
affected by the amendments can help ease the burden of compliance. Such partnerships are
necessary because EPA and state agencies alone can provide only a fraction of the technical,
managerial, and financial assistance needed to facilitate compliance.
This report describes the crisis in primacy (primary enforcement authority) that state
drinking water program's face in light of the SDWA amendments and the urgent need for
increased resources necessary to retain primacy. Recommendations for designing a state
Mobilization Program are presented, drawing on examples of cooperative efforts in other states.
An eighteen-month action plan for EPA regional water supply staff is included.
The blueprint should be used by EPA and state drinking water officials and other
individuals who have an interest in ensuring the continuous provision of safe drinking water
to the nation.
This blueprint was prepared by Mary Ann Hill, a National Network of Environmental
Management Studies Fellow, for Peter Karalekas, Jr., chief of the Water Supply Branch, US
EPA Region I. Ms. Hill is a candidate for a Masters in Public Policy degree at the John F.
Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.
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Table of Contents
Mobilization: Creating action-oriented partnerships 1
Mobilization blueprint for Region One: How to use this report 3
Primacy crisis: The high cost of protecting public health 4
The case for retaining primacy 4
Immediate need for additional resources 5
Building coalitions: establishing a drinking water advisory committee 6
Alternative Funding Mechanisms (AFMs) 8
Designing a comprehensive Mobilization Program 9
Establishing an advisory committee 10
State Capacity 11
Institutional Support 11
Local Health Officials 15
Technology and Training 16
Non-Transient Non-Community Systems 19
Public Education 21
Mobilization action plan for Region I (9/90 - 3/92) 23
Resource Directory 25
Mobilization Initiative Leaders 25
Region I Mobilization Coordinators 26
Program Contacts in Other States 27
Assistance Programs and Trade Associations 28
Endnotes 29
Appendices
Appendix A: Pennsylvania Small Water Systems Committee
Appendix B: Alternative Funding Mechanisms: advantages and disadvantages
Appendix C: Connecticut regulations for permit review and approval
Appendix D: Including financial review in permitting process
Appendix E: Maryland requirements for proposed privately-owned water systems
Appendix F: Sample Memoranda of Understanding (MOU):California and Connecticut
Appendix G: Restructuring options to overcome diseconomies of scale
Appendix H: Sample contract for operations and management (O&M) contracting
Appendix I: Case studies of O&M contracting
Appendix J: Case studies of mergers and acquisitions
Appendix K: Pennsylvania legislation on acquisition of public water systems
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Appendices (continued)
Appendix L: Newsletter article, "Ensuring Safe Drinking Water: New Challenges for
Local Health Officials"
Appendix M: Office of Drinking Water publications
Appendix N: Massachusetts questionnaire for technical services network
Appendix O: Pennsylvania resource directory, "A Water Utility's Guide to Financial
and Technical Assistance Programs"
Appendix P: Adopt-a-Small-System program in Alameda County, California
Appendix Q: Public information fact sheets from Alaska and New Hampshire
Appendix R: "Summary of National Organizations' Activities in Support of the
Mobilization Strategy"
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Mobilization: Creating action-oriented partnerships
We all want consistently safe drinking water. But today's
economic and industrial growth pose greater threats than ever to our
water supplies. The 1986 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act
(SDWA) are designed to protect public health against both the short- and
long-term effects of these contaminants.
The regulations are strict, calling for the monitoring of more than
200 chemicals by the year 2000. Compliance will be very expensive, but
it is an investment we must make. In brief, the amendments call for:
o an increase in the number of regulated contaminants to nearly 200
by the year 2000;
o filtration for nearly all surface water systems and disinfection for
all surface water and many groundwater systems;
o a ban on lead-based solder, pipe, and flux materials.
Recognizing the scope and seriousness of the challenge of
compliance with the SDWA requirements, the Environmental Protection The concept of Mobilization is
Agency (EPA) has undertaken a broad and far reaching mobilization £"' expressed by the ada$e,
effort » bring the resources and talents of all groups affected by the Many fands mate hght worL
regulations to bear on their implementation. The concept of Mobilization
is best expressed by the adage, "Many hands make light work."
Forging cooperative working relationships among federal agencies,
State drinking water programs, business and civic groups, educational
institutions, local water systems, and industry groups can help ease the
burden of compliance. In fact, such partnerships are necessary because
EPA and State agencies alone can provide only a fraction of the
technical, managerial, and financial assistance needed to facilitate
compliance.
The groups involved in Mobilization include those traditionally
associated with the water industry such as the American Water Works
Association, the National Rural Water Association, and the Association
of State Drinking Water Administrators as well as those new to the
industry such as the Grocery Manufacturers of America and the
Manufactured Housing Federation.
EPA recognizes that many State programs already have established
successful working relationships with agencies and organizations
concerned with safe drinking water and have realized the benefits that
such cooperation can bring. EPA's Mobilization Program is an effort to
expand these efforts to all States, to encourage partnerships in a more
structured and comprehensive manner in order to yield even greater
returns.
Creativity, effort, and patience are needed to forge these new
partnerships. New lines of communication and cooperation must be
opened and maintained. Relationships between organizations must be
redefined and expanded from the traditional regulator-regulatee mode;
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The common element among
these initiatives is that each
seeks to achieve its objectives
through the coordinated efforts
of external groups and
associations.
any past difficulties and "turf battles" must be put aside in a spirit
cooperation and mutual self-interest. The path will not be easy, but
potential and need for cooperation has never been greater.
EPA and State programs must pursue three principal objectives:
1. Strengthen the institutional framework for water supply at b
the State program level and the small water system level,
promoting legislation to increase State program resources and
promoting restructuring of small systems to ensure their viabilit
2. Build technical and managerial capabilities for SD\
implementation by identifying and promoting appropr
technological solutions and by developing training coalitions
small system operators, local health officials, and others.
3. Change public attitudes by educating and garnering the suppor
a public that views drinking water as a valuable commodity, om
which it is willing to invest its resources.
The Mobilization effort serves as a coordinating umbrella fo
variety of initiatives. The common element among these initiatives is
each seeks to achieve its objectives through the coordinated efforts
external groups and associations - with the coordination provided by E
and State drinking water programs. Beyond this common element,
actual substance of the various initiatives is different, ranging ft
increasing State program resources to identifying simple, low-(
technology for small systems.
Six initiatives have been identified and developed by EPA
accomplish the objectives of the Mobilization Program:
o State Capacity Initiative focuses on State executive and legislai
leaders to gain their support for increased resources for S
drinking water programs.
o Institutional Support Initiative aims to ensure that small syste
(those serving fewer than 3,300 people) are capable of sustained
consistent compliance with federal and State drinking w;
regulations.
o Local Health Officials Initiative seeks the active support of tc
and county health officials to ensure that all citizens - includ
those with private household wells — enjoy the benefits of <
drinking water.
o Technology and Training Support Initiative focuses on
engineering and technical community to ensure identification an
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use of appropriate low-cost technology for small systems and
development and delivery of needed training.
o Non-Transient Non-Community Systems Initiative aims to
develop awareness of SDWA regulations and facilitate compliance
among these systems.
o Public Education Initiative seeks to build an understanding by
the general public and local officials of the importance of safe
drinking water as a valuable resource in which we must be willing
to invest.
Mobilization blueprint for Region One: How to use this report
Just as each State's drinking water program varies, so will its
needs, priorities, and resources for mobilization efforts. This report is a
blueprint for each State in Region I to use in designing its own
Mobilization Program. In addition, the Regional EPA Water Supply
Section can use the report as a guide in encouraging and facilitating the
States' chosen efforts.
The blueprint is structured in four sections. The first concentrates
on the "primacy crisis" posed by the SDWA amendments, the critical
need of State drinking water programs for the increased resources needed
to retain primacy. Because it is likely that appropriations from a State's
general fund will not be sufficient to adequately support its drinking
water programs, alternative funding mechanisms (AFMs) must be
explored and instituted to supplement general fund resources. The
advantages and disadvantages of several AFMs are discussed along with
specific steps that a State can take to determine which would be most
appropriate for its needs.
The second section of the blueprint focuses on the key initiatives
that States can take to facilitate and ensure compliance with the SDWA
amendments, with a particular concentration on the needs of small
systems. Programs range from low-cost technical assistance efforts such
as Adopt-A-System programs to more resource-intensive efforts to
strengthen permitting regulations and improve system viability.
The blueprint's third section is an 18-month action plan for
Region I, both EPA's Water Supply Section and State drinking water
programs. The specific actions highlighted in the plan by no means
exhaust the options available to drinking water program officials; in fact,
they are just the beginning. All parties should use the action plan as a
springboard for future Mobilization initiatives.
A resource directory of drinking water organizations and officials
mentioned in the report is included in the final section.
Drinking water officials should use this blueprint as a "menu" for
creating balanced and comprehensive Mobilization Programs throughout
Region I. As in designing a balanced diet, State programs should be
Drinking water officials should
use this^blueprint as a "menu" for
creating balanced and
comprehensive Mobilization
Programs throughout Region I.
As in designing a balanced diet,
state programs should be sure to
select at least one option from
each of the six initiatives.
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these regulations are a
for public health
protection, their implementation
and enforcement threaten to bust
state drinking water programs.
sure to select at least one option from each of the six initiatives. Wit!
each initiative there is tremendous variety, allowing for the creation o
Mobilization Program tailored to individual needs, priorities, and resourc
Primacy crisis: The high cost of protecting public heal
Passage of the 1986 SDWA amendments marked the dawn of a m
era in the protection of America's drinking water. The amendme
^^ increase the scope and stringency of the national drinking wa
regulations, placing considerable emphasis on long-term health effects.
fact, the standards for regulated contaminants are set at very low levels
ensure a lifetime of protection against both acute and chronic hea
effects.
While these regulations are a boon for public health protection, th
implementation and enforcement threaten to bust State drinking wa
programs. A joint report by the Association of State Drinking Wa
Administrators (ASDWA) and EPA estimated that States need an additioi
$34 million per year to implement the current requirements. In additk
implementation of the 1986 amendments will cost the States $184 milli
in one-time, upfront costs through 1992 and will lead to an increase
$152 million in annual costs per year after 1992.1 Dramatic increases
federal subsidies are highly unlikely; therefore, States must bej
immediately to build support to substantially increase their drinking wa
program budgets.
The case for retaining primacy
Without additional resources for increased program costs, Sta
could lose primary enforcement authority or "primacy." The consequenc
of losing primacy would be dire - increased costs to water systems a
consumers and the loss of State control in implementation and enforcer™
of drinking water regulations.
When it passed the SDWA in 1974, Congress realized that Sta
were in a better position than EPA to implement and enforce drinki
water regulations and to mediate and accommodate certain situations
conditions that might occur. Therefore, it provided for States to ret!
primary enforcement of the regulations. To assume and retain primacy
State must not only adopt drinking water regulations that are at least
stringent as the federal requirements but also must be able to adminis
and enforce these regulations.
EPA's stated emphasis is on enforcement against those who viol
federal regulations. The 1986 amendments gave EPA increas
enforcement authority including the ability to levy immediate fines a
penalties of up to $25,000 per day. On the other hand, the State approa
to drinking water regulations is more concerned with protecting pub
health by preventing violations before they occur.
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Primacy involves two basic issues: money and control. Retaining
primacy is expensive: States must have sufficient staff to monitor and
enforce SDWA regulations. Yet a recent study by the Virginia
Department of Health found that "while increased State resources would
be needed to retain primacy, the final cost to the waterworks owner (and
inevitably the consumer) would increase if primacy were returned to the
EPA."2
By relinquishing primacy to the EPA, a State would lose the
ability to address its own problems. Loss of primacy would mean the
loss of a State's control and discretion regarding the application of
certain portions of the federal regulations to the State's water systems.
For example, the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) gives primacy
States considerable discretion in addressing issues such as which sources
are surface-influenced and evaluation of treatment plant performance. If
a State loses primacy, its water systems would be expected to comply
with the EPA's strict literal interpretation of the SWTR with no
discretion.3
Small systems would be especially hard hit by a loss of primacy.
These systems, which face the most difficulty maintaining compliance
with the new regulations, would lose the ability to work through their
own special problems with State agency staff. In addition, EPA does not
have the resources for the technical assistance programs so sorely needed
by small systems. As a result, there would be an increase in the risk of
waterborne disease outbreaks, with public health in rural areas facing the
greatest threat.
Immediate need for additional resources
Given the increased scope and stringency of the SDWA
amendments, the cost of safe, dependable water will rise, in some cases,
dramatically. Water system operating, monitoring, and maintenance costs
will increase as will monitoring, enforcement, and reporting costs of State
drinking water programs. Additional resources will be needed to cover
the program costs necessary for a State program to retain primacy. In
addition to increased funds needed to administer their drinking water
programs, many States are wrestling with the question of how to provide
financial assistance to small systems.
Ultimately, these increased costs will be borne by water
consumers. The size of increases in household water bills will vary,
depending on the system's customer base and the type of treatment
needed. Not all water systems will need to construct new facilities to
comply with the new regulations. Yet estimates of the increased
resources needed for State programs to maintain primacy equal to double
the current program budgets are not uncommon.
Most State drinking water programs receive the bulk of their
funding through annual appropriations from the General Fund. However,
as pressure for the use of general fund revenue for other purposes
"States want to keep primacy
because EPA does not nave the
resources to administer programs
sensitively and will use automatic
penalties and enforcement.
Another dimension is that states
have had many dimensions of
programs, for example review of
plans ana specifications in
drinking water plants. EPA has
no authority for these programs."
Mike Cook, director of EPA's
Office of Drinking Water
"Even if they wanted to, the
federal government cannot worry
about specific cases; they must
use a broad brush to apply the
regulations across the board. A
state run program, on the other
hand, can take full advantage of
the flexibility built into the
federal regulations in order to
address local issues."
Allen Hammer, VA Department
of Health
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State drinking water programs
must harness the energy and
resources of drinking water's
broad-based constituencies.
State drinking water programs
must be willing to commit staff
resources to organize, motivate.
and administer the committees
efforts.
mounts (including competing environmental and public health progran
States may need to investigate and secure alternative funding mechanis
(AFMs) to provide additional resources specifically designated ;
distributed for the purpose of retaining primacy. Each State m
investigate the range of available options and determine the mixture
funding mechanisms that is feasible and best serves its needs.
Examples of AFMs include fees, dedicated taxes, and fines i
penalties for program administration. Bond proceeds can be used in St
revolving funds to assist water utilities in financing infrastructure cost;
Building coalitions: establishing a drinking water advisory commit
Given New England's current fiscal crunch and economic downti
State programs must work hard to develop broad-based and strong supp
for new revenues, most of which will require legislative approval. 1
only must industry and consumers be educated about the higher cc
associated with providing drinking water that meets standards, but they a
must be convinced to support the increased revenues needed to meet th
costs.
State drinking water programs can not and should not undert
these efforts alone — they must harness the energy and resources
drinking water's broad-based constituencies.
The most effective way for State programs to build the coaliti
necessary to generate support for increased resources for drinking w;
programs is to form an advisory committee or task force. In many wj
the advisory committee is a microcosm of the State's entire Mobilizat
effort. Members of this working group should represent a wide range
organizations affected by the federal regulations: statewide water indu;
associations, water system owners, local governments, business and ci
organizations.
With such a wide range of interests and constituencies, differen
among committee members are bound to surface. However, all par
must make the commitment to begin the process with clean slates, leav
behind past difficulties, and to work together in a spirit of cooperation
partnership. An excellent example of an effective advisory committe<
Pennsylvania's Small Water System Committee, formed in 1988 as
interagency small systems forum and network. In addition to assisting
the passage of legislation affecting water systems, the Committee fos
constructive working relationships among various agencies concerned v
safe drinking water. A list of Committee members and a sample age
from a recent meeting can be found in Appendix A.
State drinking water programs must be willing to commit s
resources to organize, motivate, and administer the committees' effor
A volunteer committee's success and effectiveness is largely determined
the level of staff resources available to administer and implement
programs and recommendations. The committee's staff member she
undertake tasks such as developing briefing materials for committee
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members, devising meeting agendas, and conducting appropriate follow-
up activities to ensure the smooth and efficient operation of the
committee.
The goal of an advisory committee is to build consensus among
interested parties for increased drinking water program resources and to
turn this support into reality. State program staff should follow the steps
outlined below to form a committee and ensure the realization of this
goal:
o Identify organizations and contact appropriate representatives by
an initial telephone conversation to determine interest in becoming
a committee member;
o Send letter to interested members, thanking them for agreeing to
participate and outlining goals of committee. Include a list of
other preliminary committee members.
o Hold initial organizational meeting to determine action plan for
committee's efforts, including administrative issues such as
committee structure;
o Organize regular advisory committee meetings — develop agenda,
organize speakers and presentations, record and distribute meeting
minutes, conduct follow-up activities as needed
In addition to developing a strategy for building consensus for
increased drinking water program resources and determining what
combination of General Fund and AFM revenues are most appropriate to
the program's needs, the advisory committee can take specific actions to
voice its support for the State program's efforts:
o Organizations can go on public record as supporting State primacy
by passing resolutions, writing letters to legislators and other
industry opinion makers, and speaking before interested groups.
o In addition, committee members can urge the State legislature to
take the actions necessary to ensure that proper resources are
authorized to retain primacy and to support an AFM specifically
dedicated to drinking water programs.
o Committee members should mobilize their own members and
reach out to other constituencies to generate support for an AFM
to meet the increased needs of the drinking water program.
Members of a drinking water
advisory committee should
represent a broad range of
constituencies, such as:
Cooperative Extension Services
Rural Community Assistance
Programs
New England Water Works
Association
State Water Works Association
Northeast Rural Water
Association
Conservation Commissions
New England Manufactured
Housing Association
State Association of Health
Boards/Officials
Public Utilities Commission
US EPA
Dept. of Environmental
Protection
Dept. of Public Health
Large utilities
Municipalities
State Municipal Association
League of Women Voters
Audubon Society
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In addition to building
consensus for increased
program revenues, a drinking
water advisory committee
must develop and recommend
a package of funding
mechanisms that will best
serve the primacy agency's
needs.
Alternative Funding Mechanisms (AFMs):
In addition to building consensus for increased program revenues, a drinki
water advisory committee must develop and recommend a package of fundi
mechanisms that will best serve the primacy agency's needs. As mention
earlier, it is likely that a mixture of General Fund and AFM revenues will
the preferred funding alternative.
In devising the best revenue package, the advisory committee must not or
consider the various types of funding mechanisms but also have some mea
by which to measure the effectiveness and feasibility of these differe
revenue sources. Appendix B includes a discussion of three AFMs (servi
fees, user fees, and fines and penalties) and presents eight criteria that
advisory committee can use to measure a source's effectiveness.
Water Protection Fund
Because of increased jej$uiitements in its drinking water program,
,the:-:-..VjtaNtt • Department o£ Sealth's Division vo£ Water Suppl)
Eagiaeering (DWSE) realized that it could not effectively continue tc
operate its; program without a commensurate; increase in resources,
By building cpafitions with associations and organizations concerned
about drinking water, they were able to convince the administration
and legislature of their need
The BW$1 has teemed '£"one year budget increase of nearly
SoXXJtQOO which provide* an aM&oual 19 FTEs, 17 of which are
designated to tie technical and two clerical positions. This 40%
increase In staff is expected to strengthen the State's capacity
in the areas of enforcement and technical assistance foi
non-community systems and small community water
systems*
Contractor assistance available to States
Because it considers State Capacity as the most important initiative of
Mobilization strategy, EPA's Office of Drinking Water is making availal
to State programs the services of a variety of contractors and natioi
associations. These contractors and organizations can assist States in th
efforts to implement AFMs to meet their programs' increasing needs.
Securing the services of a contractor is contingent upon a State progran
willingness to devote some of its resources to the funding effort as pan
an overall Mobilization program.
Contractors can help a State program develop an AFM proposal and c
ensure that the proposal is presented to key decisionmakers. For example, i
National Conference of State Legislatures can share its expertise in worki
with both the legislative and executive branches. Another example of
8
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contractor assistance is in the development of an AFM proposal for a
State drinking water program; an EPA-retained contractor can provide
the following assistance:
o project program revenue needs associated with the SDWA
requirements;
o develop a clear and effective visual presentation of the need for
an AFM (for presentation to industry and/or legislative groups);
o use flexible computer models to develop revenue projections for
a number of fee alternatives; and
o calculate the annual cost of different fee alternatives to individual
systems and consumers.
The contractor continues to build a body of research about the fee
mechanisms considered or implemented in other States, drawing on the
experiences of both successful and unsuccessful proposals. It has
developed computer spreadsheet models that can be readily adapted to
meet state-specific situations ~ predicting program revenue needs,
evaluating and setting fees, and accurately predicting revenue collections.
By drawing on its research, models, and program management
expertise, a contractor can assist States in proposing an AFM that is fair,
politically acceptable, and successful in meeting the needs of the primacy
agency.
States that are interested in receiving contractor assistance with
their State Capacity initiatives should contact their regional EPA
Mobilization Coordinator, listed in the resource directory in Section IV.
Designing a comprehensive Mobilization Program
Ideally, each State's Mobilization Program would include
aggressive programs in each of the six initiative areas: state capacity,
institutional support, local health officials, technology and training, non-
transient non-community systems, and public education. But financial
and staff restraints limit the development and implementation of such
comprehensive programs. Indeed, aU six of the Mobilization Initiatives
may not be desireable or feasible for a particular State drinking water
program. It is important to remember that the purpose of any
Mobilization Program is that the State maximizes the effectiveness of its
external relationships, drawing on the expertise and assistance of many
different organizations.
Not all Mobilization programs and efforts require large financial
resources; with strong coalitions and support from other organizations,
States can go a long way towards compliance with the new SDWA
requirements.
By drawing on its research,
models, and program management
expertise, a contractor can assist
States in proposing an AFM that
is fair, politically acceptable, and
successful in meeting the needs of
the primacy agency.
The purpose of any Mobilization
Program is that the State
maximizes the effectiveness of its
external relationships, drawing on
the expertise and assistance of
many different organizations.
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The absolute minimum
Mobilization component of any
State drinking water program
should be an advisory committee
which includes individuals
whose day-to-day responsibilities
involve direct contact with water
systems at the local level.
The time spent in organizing
and building a committee and
the effort expended to maintain
these coalitions is one of the
greatest investments a drinking
water program can make.
This section of the blueprint details each of the six Mobilization initial
areas and the program alternatives within each that States can underu
Successful initiatives are highlighted in an effort to spark the imaginai
of primacy agency staff in other States and to serve as a catalyst for
development of similar programs in Region I.
Establishing an advisory committee
The absolute minimum Mobilization component of any S
drinking water program should be an advisory committee which inclu
individuals whose day-to-day responsibilities involve direct contact v
water systems at the local level.
An advisory committee can be a valuable resource for progi
development, providing guidance in numerous areas, pooling the resoui
and expertise of diverse constituents, and serving as a clearinghouse
information and assistance efforts. Specifically, an advisory committee
provide the following assistance to a primacy agency:
o assess a State program's needs and resources;
o evaluate options with an eye to resources and ability to meet spe
needs within the State;
o help determine which options are realistic and feasible;
o build support for increased resources and program activities ami
the public, industry representatives, and State and local governrn
o help establish a Technical Assistance network among drinking w;
organizations and agencies;
o establish mechanisms for measuring and evaluating programs;
o provide feedback on State programs from systems and users.
The time spent in organizing and building a committee and
effort expended to maintain these coalitions is one of the grea
investments a drinking water program can make. The commitment
drinking water program staff resources is crucial to the success of
effort All of the Mobilization efforts outlined below can benefit fi
input from a drinking water advisory committee.
10
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State Capacity
As discussed in the first section of this report, nearly every State
drinking water program has an immediate need for increased funding;
consequently, increasing State program capacity is ODW's top
Mobilization priority.
Most of the New England States already have expressed an
interest in increasing their State capacity to implement the SDWA
amendments and retain primacy. New Hampshire's Water Supply
Engineering Bureau already has gained a 50 percent increase in its
drinking water program staff through its Permit to Operate fee program.
Institutional Support
Because small systems account for the vast majority of MCL and
M/R violations and because the SDWA establishes, as its primary
objective, the elimination of these violations, State drinking water
programs should make special efforts to ensure small system viability.
The "viability" of a system refers to its ability to consistently
meet the requirements of the SDWA amendments. "Non-viable" refers
to a system with technical, financial, or managerial weaknesses that may
render jt incapable of complying with drinking water regulations.
Small systems account for 93 percent of MCL violations and 94
percent of M/R violations.4 The barriers that small systems face in
complying with the regulations include:
o lack of financial capacity, including access to capital and other
financing mechanisms needed to update aging and/or inadequate
infrastructure;
o lack of technical knowledge of State and federal requirements and
how to meet them;
o lack of information on sources of assistance;
p lack of economies of scale, leading to a high per-customer cost
of operation;
o lack of affordable technologies to comply with existing and new
regulations.
It is important to stress at the outset that no one program or
regulation will resolve the compliance challenges faced by small public
water systems. An integrated and comprehensive set of policies - one
which provides not only sanctions but also incentives — is necessary if
a State program is to continue to guarantee a continuous and adequate
supply of safe drinking water for all its residents.
State programs can motivate and assist small communities and
systems to meet the new standards through a variety of activities
including: training, education, information, management, and financial
assistance. Drinking water programs and their advisory committees
Because small systems account
for the vast majority of MCL and
M/R violations ana because the
SDWA establishes, as its primary
objective, the elimination of these
violations, State drinking water
programs should make special
efforts to ensure small system
viability.
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Given the tremendous resources
that will be needed by small
systems to comply with the 1986
SDWA amendments, it is
imperative that State programs
consider systematic reviews of
the financial, technical, ana
managerial strength of proposed
new public water systems.
should consider the following initiatives in designing their Institutio
Support efforts:
1. Develop and articulate a policy which recognizes the spec
challenges faced by small systems.
In a recent study of existing small systems, EPA recommends tl
States develop a policy statement acknowledging the extra needs of sm
systems.3 Although this is a position that a drinking water agency, w
the input of its advisory committee, must develop itself in order
maintain consistency with its remaining policies, a sample statement mij
read:
Recognizing the special needs and challenges faced by small wa
systems in meeting the regulations of the Safe Drinking Water A
The Agency's policies will focus on the prevention of small syst
failure in order to guarantee the continuous provision of s
drinking water to all people of State. The Agency will implem
procedures and programs to prevent the proliferation of new sm
underfinanced systems and to assist existing systems maim
compliance.
2. Strengthen the approval process for new public water systems
ensure that proposed systems can meet the operational, financi
and managerial standards necessary for system viability a
compliance with SDWA requirements.
States should investigate efforts to ensure the viability of new, sir
water systems. The permitting process provides an ideal mechanism
the review of a potential system's viability and capacity to meet i
SDWA regulations. If a State program does not have a procedure
review or certify systems, it should consider implementing one.
A State that has a permit approval process should consii
expanding and strengthening its procedures to encourage alternatives to
creation of new systems when feasible and to require review of a propo:
system's financial, technical, and operational capacity.
A recent review of five State drinking water programs revealed t
all either review or have plans to review proposed small water syste
through their permitting processes and use these requirements to place
burden of proof of viability on the proposed systems.6 In effect, th<
States have adopted the principle that water systems are similar to ot
public services (like electric or natural gas companies or hospitals) t
must demonstrate a need before creating new infrastructure.
In addition, a State program should consider alternatives to
creation of new systems. For example, interconnection to or satel
management by an existing viable system (when feasible) could be u:
to decrease the total number of new systems created, thereby reducing
12
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likelihood that such a system would become non-compliant
Although definitions of feasibility vary, several States encourage
or require proposed systems to interconnect with existing systems when
feasible. Connecticut's small system permitting process, one of the most
rigorous in the country, is intended to "restrict the proliferation of new
small water systems."7 State drinking water regulations require a
proposed system to connect with an existing system if feasible. If
interconnection is not feasible and if other operational and managerial
alternatives have been exhausted, then the system must prove that it has
the technical and financial capacity to remain in compliance.
Connecticut's permit approval process is more fully described in
Appendix C.
An additional benefit of limiting or reducing the number of small
systems is the decreased staff resources needed to track system
compliance. This is particularly important given the budgetary restraints
of most State programs.
Given the tremendous resources that will be needed by small
systems to comply with the 1986 SDWA amendments, it is imperative
that State programs consider systematic reviews of the financial,
technical, and managerial strength of proposed new public water systems.
Appendix D contains a discussion of the role of the permitting process
as a mechanism for system review, including the criteria available to
determine viability.
3. Increase the State's ability to assist systems in their compliance
efforts through the encouragement of restructuring options
such as satellite management, contracting arrangements, or
mergers and acquisitions of small systems.
Preventing the establishment of new potentially non-viable water
systems is only a piece of the overall solution to system viability.
Implementation of the SDWA amendments will exacerbate many of the
.problems now facing small systems, particularly lack of technical
knowledge and financial capacity and diseconomies of scale which lead
to higher per-unit costs. As a result, more systems will face the risk of
becoming noncompliant and threatening public health.
A recently-published EPA study focuses on restructuring initiatives
that States can implement to help systems, particularly small systems,
overcome barriers to complying with SDWA regulations.'
Appendix G contains a discussion of three restructuring options
that can be used to address the problems of diseconomies of scale:
contract operations and management (O&M), cooperatives, and mergers
and acquisitions. The advantages and disadvantages of each option are
explored along with incentives that State programs can implement to
encourage systems to enter into these restructuring arrangements.
Small water systems can solve
some of the diseconomies of
scale that they face by utilizing
restructuring options such as
operations ana management
contracting, cooperatives, and
mergers ana acquisitions.
13
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Although mobile home parks
(MHPs) only make up about
3 percent of all small systems
in New England, they account
for 12 percent of the total
number of small system
violations.
4. Build coalitions with organizations representing small syste
particularly mobile home park associations.
Mobile home parks and homeowner associations are a key focus
Mobilization since they account for approximately 40 percent of si
systems nationwide. These systems are often neglected by their ow
because water supply is not their principal business interest and because I
lack the technical and managerial skills needed to effectively operate a w
system. In fact, owners often do not even realize that they are opera
public water systems.
Recognizing that New England MHPs have not been targeted for educat
training, and technical assistance by drinking water programs, EPA Regi<
has begun to work with the New England Manufactured Housing Associa
(NEMHA) to help MHP owners and operators understand and main
compliance with SDWA requirements. For example, at the NEMHA ani
meeting in October 1990, there will be an EPA-sponsored Safe Drinl
Water exhibit. Staff members will be available to answer questions
distribute materials on drinking water regulations and available resources.
article on SDWA requirements will be published in NEMHA's quart
newsletter.
State drinking water programs can continue these efforts with their <
statewide MHP organizations. Maine's drinking water program has develc
an excellent relationship with the Maine Manufactured Housing Board (MF
the State regulatory agency for MHPs. Written into its licensing agreeme
the MHB requires parks to comply with drinking water regulations. If a \
system is in violation of the requirements, the MHB can direct then:
comply or face fines or, only in an extreme case, the suspension of t
license to operate. If a system has had several violations, the MHB
encourage the park owner to seek training or technical assistance.
Pennsylvania Mobile Home Park Cooperative
In a project funded by EPA and administered by the AWWA, a coopera
was formed of ten mobile home parks in Berks County, Pennsylvania.
pilot project was designed to enhance compliance of these small \v
systems with safe drinking water regulations.
Cooperative members met monthly to learn about regulatory requirem
and discuss various water supply topics. A circuit rider program was initi
to provide basic water supply operational services. Efforts to establis
cooperative arrangement for the procurement of water treatment and O
services were not successful, possibly because of an absence of motivati<
factors and financial incentives.
Successes of the project include the certification of two MHP sys
operators. The Pennsylvania Manufactured Housing Association is worl
with the State to schedule a training session on certification for 2!
participants.
14
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Local Health Officials
Local health officials are in an excellent position to help ensure
safe drinking water within their communities, particularly for private well
owners. In fact, many already are involved in some aspect of drinking
water protection. Activities range from technical assistance for household
well owners to inspections of public water systems.
Local health officials can include local boards of health, county
sanitarians, and other public health professionals. Each New England
state organizes its health departments in a different way: For example,
Rhode Island has a State health department but no local health
departments, whereas Massachusetts local health departments are linked
to its town governments — over 350 of them.
State drinking water programs should consider the following
initiatives in designing a Mobilization Program component for Local
Health Officials:
1. Initiate outreach programs to provide local health officials with
a greater awareness of the new requirements and increased
understanding of the critical role they can play in the
successful implementation of the SDWA.
Outreach efforts can include one-to-one meetings with statewide
health organizations to establish cooperative working relationships. For
example, local health officials can help State programs get drinking water
material to private well owners by distributing informational pamphlets
at the time of well inspections.
Association newsletters are excellent vehicles for informing health
officials of contaminant health effects, applicable regulatory requirements,
treatment technology, and source protection with special emphasis on
private wells. A sample article, published in the National Environmental
Health Association's newsletter, can be found in Appendix L.
State programs can contact Beth Hall, the EPA leader for the
Local Health Officials initiative, who has numerous articles available and
can "custom design" others for publication in specific newsletters. See
Appendix M for more information.
2. Encourage and help local health officials in their efforts to
assist household well owners in providing information on safe
drinking water, providing advice about household treatment
devices, and educating well owners and the community about
groundwater protection.
Private wells serving individual households are not subject to the
federal drinking water requirements, and in most cases, regulation occurs
only at the local level. Local health officials can assist private well
owners by answering questions and conducting educational programs
Local health officials are in an
excellent position to help ensure
safe drinking water within their
communities, particularly for
private well owners.
15
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A recent study in Pennsylvania
showed that 90 percent of small
systems can comply with the
new stringent performance
requirements if they have the
technical and managerial
expertise needed to optimize
operational practices and install
monitoring devices.
to address the health risks associated with drinking water contamina
These professionals can also provide technical assistance to household \
owners with respect to water sampling and analysis, including
interpretation of laboratory results.
3. Provide public information materials on the SDWA regulatii
to local health officials to use in educating public water syst
consumers about the importance of safe drinking water.
Local health officials can play a critical role in their communi
by answering consumers' questions about the importance and impact of
SDWA regulations and the public health significance of drinking w:
contamination. Local health officials could help generate support, ami
both the general public and state legislators, for increased drinking w
program resources. State drinking water programs should work with k
health officials and their professional organizations to distrit
informational pamphlets and brochures.
Technology and Training
Because most small systems do not have the technical capabili
to implement the extensive monitoring and treatment technologies requ
by the 1986 amendments, training and technical assistance (TA) progr;
will be needed for water system operators and managers. A recent st
in Pennsylvania showed that 90 percent of small systems can comply \
the new stringent performance requirements if they have the technical
managerial expertise needed to optimize operational practices and ins
monitoring devices.
1. At a minimum, States should develop a resource directory
technical and financial assistance and training programs avails
throughout the State.
An advisory committee could assist with the identification
resources, including the development of a questionnaire to State, regio
and federal assistance programs. Massachusetts' drinking water prog
is conducting such a survey as part of a planned Technical Assists
Network, using the questionnaire shown in Appendix N.
A resource directory can range from a simple list of phone numl
of organizations providing technical assistance to a more comprehen
and elaborate publication listing detailing information about avail;
programs. An excellent example of a resource directory is Pennsylvar
guide, A Water Utility's Guide to Financial and Technical Assistz
Programs, shown in Appendix O.
16
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In addition to a resource directory, State programs should consider
the following initiatives in designing their Technology and Training
Support efforts:
2. Drawing on the coalition building efforts with the drinking
water advisory committee, develop a comprehensive training
program.
The Office of Drinking Water has developed a National Training
Strategy that identifies and targets the highest priority training needs of
State drinking water program staff, system operators, and local health
officials. Workshops or seminars on sampling techniques or reporting
requirements can be productive if system operators are able to attend.
However, small system operators often work part-time or live far from
the workshop location; as a result, those systems that most need
assistance are unable to get it.
Studies demonstrate that personal contact or hands-on assistance,
rather than dissemination of information through the mail, is most
effective in helping small systems achieve compliance. Two New
England states, Maine and Rhode Island, provide one-to-one assistance to
small systems.
Maine's drinking water program provides a yearly grant to the
Maine Rural Water Association (MRWA) to provide technical assistance
to systems. If a system is in violation, the State automatically alerts the
MRWA at the same time that it notifies the system operator. As a
result, the MRWA circuit rider contacts the system with an offer of
assistance to help correct the violation. The MRWA's non-regulatory
status serves as a buffer between the system and the primacy agency;
operators are often more forthcoming about their difficulties with the
circuit riders because they do not fear enforcement measures or penalties.
Vermont's primacy agency has established a similar relationship with the
Northeast Rural Water Association.
In Rhode Island state sanitarians collect nearly all required water
samples, visiting every small water system at least quarterly.
Consequently, sanitarians are familiar with each system and manager and
are available for consultation as needed. Rhode Island Department of
Health officials have found this to be "an effective form of outreach that
has displaced the need for a formal technical assistance program for
small water systems.1"
3. Establish a technical assistance network or program, such as
an Adopt-A-System program.
"Adopt-A-System" programs, which link small systems with larger
utilities, are relatively low-cost initiatives that States can encourage to
assist small systems. California's Alameda County Water District
(ACWD), which recently founded such a program, compiled a list of its
Studies demonstrate that personal
contact or hands-on assistance.
rather than dissemination of
information through the mail, is
most effective in helping small
systems achieve compliance.
17
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services and areas of expertise available to small systems within a 50-
100-mile radius. Circuit riders from the Rural Water Association <
Rural Community Assistance Corporation distribute the list and prbgr
information. Small systems can contact engineers and technicians direc
through this information clearinghouse on topics such as backflow devic
sampling and testing, corrosion control and leak detection. M<
information on the ACWD program can be found in Appendix P.
The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (DI
plans to launch a similar pilot program in its western region. DEP
considering a more formal and structured program than the one
California. Rather than simply publishing a directory of the "pare
system's personnel and their area of expertise, DEP envisions
development of a closer relationship between a utility and several (perh
5 or 6) small systems.
An Adopt-A-System program can benefit the parent system as v
as the small systems receiving assistance:
o Corporate goodwill and public relations are boosted by participat
in such an initiative. Articles in local newspapers featuring
parent system providing assistance to small systems not o
illustrates the company's goodwill and community spirit but also <
serve as a mechanism for educating the public to the importance
safe drinking water.
o Cooperative purchasing arrangements can be financially beneficia
all parties. Because large systems have the ability to purchase
bulk at a lower per unit cost, they could in turn sell some of tl
materials to the smaller systems at a price higher than their c
(so they make a profit) and yet still lower than the price the sn
system would be paying if it purchased the item separately (so
small system saves money).
o A parent system could contract some of its services to small syste
on a fee basis. In the instance where a small system may n
assistance that is too costly or time-consuming for the parent sysi
to donate, the parties could develop a contractual relationship for
provision of the services. The benefits of such an arrangement
twofold: the small system has its work performed by a known
trusted contractor, and the parent system charges a fee for
services.
Before implementing an Adopt-A-System program, a State progra
legal department should review plans to guard against possible liabi
problems. Although ACWD has not experienced any such problem:
primacy agency might consider drafting a standard agreement (such «
18
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Memorandum of Agreement), including an indemnification clause, to be
used by participants in its program. The more an agency facilitates
participation in such a program, the more successful the initiative is
likely to be.
PAY Technical Assistance Prop-am for Small Systems
l?en»$yivania''$ Technical Assistance fctogram for Small Systems
(TAPSS) was established In 1989 to *M small water systems
comply with new SDWA ttqafoeaaefttt. Another goal was to
achieve a corresponding redacttoa in violations and improve
operation and maintenance practices in thtte specific areas of
operation: ffltratkja,disinfeqdoa»andcoowiona»^oU Technical
assistance is provided tfaroogh contracts with private consultants
experiences in water supply treatment attd systems operations,
Since t98£ the Division of 'Water Sujppl&s ha* Greeted
$750.000 in State and federal monies to the oa-site training of 360
small water systems. Watt J&raer, of the $£*»*» Department of
Environmental Resoarces, credits TAPSS^s success to the
program's efforts to remove the barriers to training, "to take
training to tfcfc ojxstRtors* door step «*d iwodc one*o«-eRW with.
them/ • '• '
The largest barrier to compliance
that owners and operators of
NTNCWS face may be that they
are not even aware of the SOW A
regulations or that they must
comply with them.
Non-Transient Non-Community Systems
Non-transient non-community water systems (NTNCWS), those
serving the same 25 or more people for at least six months per year, are
to a large extent a newly regulated group of public water systems. Prior
to the 1986 SDWA amendments, the regulatory requirements for these
systems, usually schools and businesses, were scant. However, since the
.focus of the new requirements is on protection from the long-term health
effects of contaminants, Congress decided that the same type of
protection afforded to users of community water systems would be
extended to NTNCWS users. Studies have shown that most people
consume nearly as much water at school or work as they do at home.
The vast majority, more than 92 percent, of NTNCWS are very
small systems serving fewer than 500 people. Consequently, they face
the same barriers to compliance discussed in the section on the
Institutional Support Initiative — diseconomies of scale and lack of
technical, financial, and managerial resources.
The largest barrier to compliance that owners and operators of
NTNCWS face may be that they are not even aware of the SDWA
regulations or that they must comply with them. Therefore, States must
undertake efforts to increase awareness among NTNCWS of the
regulations and to facilitate compliance with them.
19
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Outreach to NTNCWS should
include not only information
about the regulatory
requirements but also training,
technical or financial assistance
programs, and other options to
facilitate compliance.
The most effective way for States to inform these systems of t
responsibilities under the SDWA is through established coalitions
organizations such as State Principals Associations and Chambers
Commerce.
Unlike the general public, which must be educated about :
drinking water, NTNCWS must comply with the regulations. In m
instances, compliance with the regulations will include the installation
operation of certain treatment technologies; in fact, about 84 perceni
NTNCWS will need to treat. Therefore, outreach efforts should incl
not only information about the regulatory requirements but also train
technical or financial assistance programs, and other options to facili
compliance (e.g. certified operator contracting, cooperative purchasing
merger with a municipal system).
State programs should consider the following initiatives
establishing their efforts to assist NTNCWS:
1. Establish informational outreach efforts for NTNCWS thro
the numerous vehicles provided by organizations reaching tl
systems.
States can get information on drinking water regulatory requirem
and options for compliance to NTNCWS using similar mechanisms as
Public Education Initiative described in the following section. The
step in any of these initiatives is contacting an organization wl
membership includes significant numbers of NTNCWS to establis
cooperative relationship; all it takes is an initial telephone call. Spei
actions might include:
o writing articles to be published in trade journals, associa
newsletters, or general mailings to members (see Appendix M
a list of generic articles available from EPA);
o giving speeches at membership meetings or conferences
associations whose membership includes significant number:
NTNCWS;
o setting up exhibits and distributing public information materia
trade shows or conferences.
2. Encourage capable NTNCWSs, such as large factories or sc
districts, to establish training or technical assistance progr
for their personnel or for smaller systems.
A "Big Brother" assistance program or network for NTNCWSs
be modelled on the Adopt-A-System programs used by public v
systems. Such efforts are being considered in other parts of the cou
For example, the Chemical Manufacturers Association, the Grocery
20
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Manufacturers of America, and the National School Boards Association
are considering establishment of a "help network" of industry
professionals to assist schools that have their own water supplies.
During the past year, EPA worked with DuPont on the company's efforts
to offer a comprehensive 2 day SDWA training program for their facility
personnel.
Public Education
Public confidence, understanding, and support of safe drinking
water regulations and the increased costs needed to ensure compliance is
critical to the success of any drinking water program. Indeed, it could
be argued that, without the support of a well-informed public, neither
regulators nor public water systems will be able to accomplish the
mission of the 1986 SDWA amendments.
State drinking water programs should work with their advisory
committees to informs citizens, especially those in small communities,
about the SDWA requirements, the regulatory process, and the need to
support higher water rates or bond issuances to pay for this increased
protection. "Public" should be defined broadly to include not only
private citizens but also local public officials, business groups, civic
organizations, and teachers.
States should take advantage of every available opportunity to
educate the public. Mechanisms for outreach are numerous and need not
consume a large portion of a drinking water program's budget. Programs
should pursue available free and low-cost media such as press releases,
radio talk shows, public service announcements, and newsletters. Below
is a list of specific opportunities and resources for public education
efforts; it is by no means exhaustive or comprehensive.
o The Safe Drinking Water Hotline is a toll-free, nationwide
information service for public water systems, local health officials,
and the general public. Operators can answer a wide range of
drinking water questions; for example, How do I know if my
town water is safe? Do I need a filter for my kitchen tap? How
do I get my water tested?
o Program staff and advisory committee members can make
speeches and slide shows to civic and business organizations and
other interested parties about the importance of safe drinking
water.
o Public opinion leaders (e.g. local elected officials or industry
leaders) should be encouraged to write op-ed pieces supporting
increased resources for drinking water programs for publication in
local newspapers.
Public confidence,
understanding, and support of
safe drinking water regulations
and the increased costs needed
to ensure compliance is critical
to the success of any drinking
water program.
21
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o Articles on SDWA can be published in agency or association newslett
to keep staff and members informed about regulatory requirements. £
has published several generic newsletter articles that are available
distribution to any State programs. See Appendix M for a list of arti
titles.
o Booths or exhibits at community events such as county fairs can be u:
to disseminate informational materials such as pamphlets or brochures.
travelling exhibit is available from the Regional EPA Office.
o Alaska and New Hampshire are examples of states that have developed i
sheets which deliver information on safe drinking water in simple, n
technical language. See Appendix Q for samples.
o The Office of Drinking Water has publications ranging from brochures
one-page fact sheets on numerous topics related to safe drinking water.
Appendix M for a list of titles and contact information for ordering.
With the services of an EPA contractor, a pilot project is being launc
in Region I to build an effective and comprehensive public educai
program. Efforts will include the building of coalitions with organizati
such as AWWA, National Rural Water Association, Cooperative Extens
Services, League of Women Voters, and various civic associations.
22
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Mobilization action plan for Region I (9/90 - 3/92)
This action plan includes recommendations for both EPA's Water
Supply Section and State drinking water programs in Region I.
1. Provide State programs with regular updates on Mobilization
Program activities in other States, including examples of both
successful and unsuccessful efforts and individual contacts.
2. Encourage and assist State primacy agencies to establish advisory
committees to develop statewide mobilization strategies, with a
principal focus on building consensus on the need for increased
revenues for drinking water programs.
3. Provide support as needed to at least three state primacy agencies
in their efforts to increase program resources. Facilitate
relationship with EPA contractor. Assist in developing a case and
strategy for obtaining increased program revenues.
4. Follow-up by EPA State coordinators with State program staff,
including Mobilization coordinators, after Small Systems Viability
Conference in Scottsdale, AZ in September, sharing information
and publications and encouraging contact with other State
programs.
5. Brief Regional Administrator and Deputy Regional Administrator
quarterly on Mobilization activities and seek their active support
and assistance. Specific areas of assistance can include inclusion
of Mobilization Program activities in speeches and presentations
and commitments to attend and speak at Regional SDWA forums
and conferences.
6. Develop talking points on SDWA amendments and Mobilization
Program activities for drinking water program staff, Regional
Administrator, and Deputy Regional Administrator to include in
all speeches or presentations to water industry-related groups.
7. Conduct quarterly meetings of EPA and State Mobilization
Coordinators to facilitate sharing of information and resources
and to develop regional strategies for reaching and improving
compliance with SDWA requirements.
8. Meet with executive director of New England Manufactured
Housing Association in preparation for the organization's annual
meeting (October 4 - 5 in Portsmouth, NH) and to discuss how
NEMHA can take an active role in regional mobilization activities.
23
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9. Contact State manufactured housing associations and regulat
boards to establish cooperative efforts in Mobilization Progr;
throughout the region. Follow-up activities should include:
o Publication of articles on responsibilities of mobile he
parks under SDWA regulatory requirements in newsier
of State associations.
o Attendance at associations' annual meetings with SD\
exhibit and distribution of SDWA informational material
10. Pursue mechanisms to improve mobile home park compliance ir
least two states. Possible avenues include establishment of a p
cooperative similar to that in Pennsylvania and strengthen
licensing requirements to include compliance with safe drink
water regulations.
11. Work with at least three states to develop a technical am
financial assistance resource directory to be distributed to sysi
owners and operators.
12. Continue to provide support, including legislative contra<
assistance if needed, to the Massachusetts Department
Environmental Protection in its efforts to develop a strategy
improve small system viability.
13. Work with local health organizations in at least three states
example, county sanitarians in Massachusetts) to develop
distribute public information materials on SDWA regulatic
particularly to private well owners.
14. Work with state primacy agencies and other water indu
associations to increase attendence at informational forums
conferences, particularly by small system owners and operators.
15. Co-sponsor conferences such as Connecticut's workshop
September, "Safe Drinking Water: Meeting the Challenge of
90s." Provide speakers, information, publications, and follow
assistance as needed
16. Begin one-to-one meetings with State program staff
organizations representing regulated systems such as State Princ
Associations, State chapters of the League of Women Vot
Chambers of Commerce to discuss Mobilization Program activii
For list of organizations to contact, see the EPA "Summary
National Organizations' Activities in support of the Mobiliza
Strategy" in Appendix R. A list of the state affiliates of tl
organizations is being prepared by EPA and will be forwarded to
Regional office.
24
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Resource Directory
Below is a list of drinking water officials from the States and
organizations mentioned in this report. They are most helpful and
willing to share information on their experiences and ideas to assist
public water systems reach and maintain compliance with the SDWA
regulations.
Mobilization Initiative Leaders
Mobilization Manager
Peter E. Shanaghan
Office of Drinking Water
State Programs Division
US EPA -- WH 550E, ET 1045
401 M Street
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 382-5813
State Capacity Initiative
James Bourne
Office of Drinking Water
US EPA -- WH 550B, ET 1045
401 M Street
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 382-5557
Institutional Support Initiative
Jane Ephremides
Office of Drinking Water
US EPA - WH 550B, ET 1017A
401 M Street
Washington, DA 20460
(202) 382-5513
Local Health Officials Initiative
Beth Hall
Office of Drinking Water
US EPA - WH 550E, 1001A
401 M Street
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 382-5553
Technology and Training Support
Initiative
Training Support:
Judy Lebowich
Office of Drinking Water
US EPA - WH 550E,
401 M Street
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 382-7593
Small Systems Technology:
David Schnare
Office of Drinking Water
US EPA -- WH 550B
401 M Street
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 382-5541
Non-Transient Non-Community
Systems Initiative
Jeff Hass
Drinking Water/Ground Water
Protection Branch
US EPA ~ Region m
841 Chestnut Street
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 597-9873
Public Education Initiative
Charlene Shaw
Office of Drinking Water
US EPA - WH 550A, ET 1013B
401 M Street
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 382-2285
25
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Region I Mobilization Coordinators
EPA Region I New Hampshire
Al Wong
Water Supply Branch
US EPA -- Region I
JFK Federal Bldg, WSS 2113
Boston, MA 02203
(617) 565-3608
Connecticut
Cliff McClellan, Jr.
Water Supplies Section
Dept. of Health Services
150 Washington Street
Hartford, CT 06106
(203) 566-1253
Maine
Jeff Jenks
Drinking Water Program
Dept. of Human Services
State House Station 10
Augusta, ME 04333
(207) 289-5685
Massachusetts
George A. Zoto
Division of Water Supply
Dept. of Environmental Protection
One Winter Street, 9th floor
Boston, MA 02108
(617) 292-5966
Bernard Lucey
Water Supply Engineering Boan
Dept of Environmental Services
P.O. Box 95, Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03301
(603) 271-3139
Rhode Island
June Swallow
Division of Drinking Water Qua.
Dept. of Health
75 Davis Street
Providence, RI 02908
(401) 277-6867
Vermont
Winslow Ladue
Division of Environmental Heal
Dept. of Health
60 Main Street
Burlington, VT 05401
(802) 863-7230
26
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Program Contacts in Other States
ACWD's Adopt-A-Small-System Maryland's bonding and escrow
Program requirements for new systems
John Marchand
Alameda County Water District
P.O. Box 5110
43885 South Grimmer Boulevard
Fremont, CA 94537
(415) 659-1970, x522
California's Memorandum of
Understanding with PUC
Cliff Sharpe
Office of Drinking Water
Dept. of Health Services
714 P Street, Room 692
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 323-1381
Connecticut's financial
requirements for system approval
Richard Albani
Dept. of Public Utilities Control
One Central Park Plaza
New Britain, CT 06051
(203) 827-1553
Barry O'Brien
Water Supply Program
Dept. of the Environment
2500 Broening Highway, Room
1122
Baltimore, MD 21224
(301) 631-3706
Shantini Senanayake
Water Supply Program
Dept. of the Environment
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, MD 21224
(301) 631-3712
Pennsylvania's small systems
program and TAPSS
Steve Schmidt
Division of Water Supplies
Dept. of Environmental Resources
P.O. Box 2357
Harrisburg, PA 17105
(717) 787-0122
Washington's financial review
process for operating permits
Rick Sieffert
Dept. of Social and Health Service
(206) 753-4299
27
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Assistance Programs and Trade Associations
Rural Communities Assistance
Program
John McCarthy
218 Central Street, Box 425
Winchendon, MA 01475
(508) 297-1376
Maine Rural Water Association
84 Maine Street, Suite A
Brunswick, ME 04011
(207) 729-6569
Northeast Rural
Association
512 St. George Road
Williston, VT 05495
(802) 878-3276
Water
NJ, CT & RI Rural Wa
Association
Branford Hill Plaza
One Summit Place, suite 204V
Branford, CT 06405
(203) 483-4645
Maine Manufactured Hous
Board
David Preble, executive directoi
State House Station 35
Augusta, ME 04333
(207) 582-8723, x2312
New England Manufactu
Housing Association
Jim Ayotte, executive director
15 Midstate Drive, suite 212
Auburn, MA 01501
(508) 832-0642
28
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Endnotes
1. State Costs of Implementing the 1986 Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments, a joint report
by the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators and US Environmental Protection
Agency, August 1989.
2. "Virginia Addresses the Question of Primacy" in Meeting the Challenge: An Update on
ODW's Mobilization Effort, published by the USEPA Office of Drinking Water, May 1990.
3. "The Impact of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 on the Commonwealth
of Virginia," Report of the Department of Health to the Governor and the General Assembly
of Virginia, House document no. 30, Richmond, 1990.
4. FRDS 07 and FRDS 19A, FY 1987.
5. Improving the viability of existing small drinking water systems. EPA 570/9-90-004, June
1990.
6. Programs studied were Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Washington, and Pennsylvania.
Programs in the first four states were compared in "Ensuring the Viability of New, Small
Drinking Water Systems - A Study of State Programs," published by EPA's Office of
Drinking Water, April 1989.
7. Final regulations for application procedures and criteria for issuing Certificates of Public
Convenience and Necessity for small water companies. Connecticut Department of Public
Utility Control, September, 1987.
8. Much of this section is excerpted or summarized from this study, Improving the viability
of existing small drinking water systems. EPA 570/9-90-004, June 1990.
9. "Technical Assistance to Small Water Systems" description, written by the Rhode Island
Division of Drinking Water Quality and included in the "1990 State Program Resource
Compilation" by ASDWA and AWWA.
29
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Appendix A
Pennsylvania Small Water Systems Committee
Dr. Charles Abdulla
Department of Agriculture, Economics
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Pennsylvania Small Water Systems CommiUee
Ms. Judy Carlson
Public Utility Commission
Office of Special Assistants
Room 115 - North Office Bldg.
P.O. Box 3265
Harrisburg, PA 17120
Dr. Beverly Cigler
Pennsylvania State University - Capitol Campus
Division of Public Affairs
Rt. 230
Middletown, PA 17057
Mr. Charles Covage
PA State Association of Boroughs
2941 North Front Street
Harrisburg, PA 17110
Ms. Jean W. Eason
Vice President/Treasurer
Eastern Gas ic Water Investment Co.
681 Moore Road
King of Prussia, PA 19406
Mr. Tom Fidler
DER
Division of State Water Plan
3600 Vartan Way
P.O. Box 1467
Harrisburg, PA 17120
Mr. Richard Fox
Executive Director
Joint Air and Water Pollution Control
and Conservation Committee
Box 254 Main Capitol
Harrisburg, PA 17120
Mr. David Hess
Executive Director
Senate Env. Resources and
Energy Committee
Room 172 Main Capitol
Harrisburg, PA 17120
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Appendix
/Ivania Small Water Systems Committee
Mr. Donald Holbrook
Water Works Operators Assn of PA
PA American Water Co.
4349 Carlisle Pike
Camp Hill, PA 17011
Mr. Dale R. Kratzer
Vice President
PSC Environmental Services
649 North Lewis Road
Limerick, PA 19464
Mr. Mark Leevan
PENNVEST
4th Floor - Keystone Building
22 South Third Street
P.O. Box 1344
Harrisburg, PA 17105
Dr. David Long
Professor of Civil Engineering
212 Sackett Building
PA State University
University Park, PA 16802
Mr. Thomas May
Vice President
BCM Engineers
1 Plymouth Meeting Mall
Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462
Mr. Victor Miller
Department of Community Affairs
Bureau of Local Government Services
Municipal Consulting Services Division
Room 533, Forum Building
Harrisburg, PA 17120
Mr. James R. Moore
Executive Vice President
PA Manufactured Housing Assn.
P.O. Box 248
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Mr. Jerry Pillus
Pottsville DER Office
107 Brook Lane
New Philadelphia, PA 17959
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Pennsylvania Small Water Systems Committee
Mr. Herb Pizer
Program Manager
PA Rural Water Association
Saitsburg Plaza
P.O. Box 90
Saitsburg, PA 15681
Mr. Van Dyke Polhemus
Vice President
Greeley-Polhemus Group, Inc.
105 South High Street
West Chester, PA 19382
Mr. Ron Rams
Minority Exec- ;e Director
Senate Environmental Resources
and Energy Committee
Room 458 Main Capitol
Harrisburg, PA 17120
Mr. Scott Rubin
Water Coordinator
Office of Consumer Advocate
Office of Attorney General
Room 1425, Strawberry Square
Harrisburg, PA 17120
Mr. J. Stephen Schmidt
Division of Water Supplies
PA DER
P.O. Box 2357
Harrisburg, PA 17105
Mr. Robert Slatick
DER
State Board for Certification
6th Floor, Fulton Building
P.O. Box 2063
Harrisburg, PA 17120
Mr. Lawrence Stepenuck
Water Resources Specialist
Rural Water Resources, Inc.
218 Central Street
Winchendon, MA 01475
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AoDer.uix A
Pennsylvania Small Water Systems Committee
Ms. Edith Stevens
PA League of Women Voters
R.D. #1
Cresco, PA 18326
Mr. Frederick R. Taylor
Esquire
House Conservation Committee
Room 21-C Capitol Annex
Harrisburg, PA 17120
Mr. William Thomas
Executive Director
House Conservation Committee
Room 38E, East Wing Main Capitol
Harrisburg, PA 17120
John Williams, P.E., Community Programs
U.S. Farmers Home Administration
Suite 330
One Credit Union Place
Harrisburg, PA 17110-2996
Ms. Patti K. Wisniewski
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Drinking Water Section (3WM41)
814 Chestnut Building
Philadelphia, PA 19107
Mr. Robert M. Wolfel
AWWA Small Systems Committee
St. Marys Area Joint Water
479 Wolfel Avenue
St. Marys, PA 15857
Mr. Bill Woll
Executive Director
PA Municipal Authorities Assn.
2941 North Front Street
Harrisburg, PA 17110
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April 24,
AGENDA
PENNSYLVANIA SMALL WATER SYSTEMS COMMITTEE
1. Introduction of new attendees
2. Minutes of January 23, 1990 meeting
3. Progress: extension of TAPSS; mobile home park cooperative
4. PENNVEST program activities
5. Public meetings of PA Comprehensive Water Supply Policy Plan
6. Lessons learned from TAPSS (Jack Ashton, ACMSC)
7. Future enforcement by DER (Tom Sabatino, DER)
8. Viability of New and Existing Systems (Steering Committee)
9. Donation of water meters (Allen & Pizer)
10. Input of legislative staff
11. Report of Rate Subcommittee (Allen, Brogan, Stan Brown, Eason)
- Status of H.B. 24 and 25
12. Regulation issues:
- Status of lead ban, Lead Contamination Control Act,
State Plumbing Code
13. Education issues:
- Improving resources for operator training
- Reports from recent conferences and seminars
14. Certification issues:
- Committee to improve small system certification (Slatick)
- Use of national test for small systems operators
15. PUC initiatives (Carol Allen)
16. Other agency/organization activities for small water systems
17. Other business
18. Next meeting - Wednesday, July 18, 1990, same location;
items of concern requested for agenda
19. Ad j ournment
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Appendix B
Alternative Funding Mechanisms: advantages and disadvantages
Whatever funding mechanism(s) it selects and works to implement, an advisory
committee should aim for a package that provides enough revenue to cover the full cost of
the State's drinking water program. A single fee-for-service will not be sufficient to cover
a State program's increased costs under the new regulations. Because legislatures are not
receptive to programs that return every year with requests for additional funding, a State can
best use its resources by aiming high and making a strong case for a comprehensive funding
package.
Every government revenue source, whether used for on-going operations or capital
projects, whether raised through debt or on a current basis, has eight criteria to measure its
effectiveness and efficiency.1 No funding source will meet all these measures fully, but the
more measures addressed in a revenue source, the better it is and more likely it is to be
supported and approved.
1. EQUITY reflects the fairness of the distribution of the funding burden among
individuals. In environmental programs, equity can be approached from two directions
— those who create or contribute to environmental problems should bear the funding
burden (the "polluter" pays) or those who benefit from program activities should bear
the funding burden (the "beneficiary" pays).
2. LEGISLATIVE ACCEPTABILITY reflects the political attractiveness of a financing
mechanism. There are unique legislative predispositions in each State that often
influence the choice of a financing mechanism. Establishing dedicated funds for
drinking water programs may be perceived favorably by the public but not by State
legislatures. Designating fees or charges for specific programs creates a direct link
between payment and the provision of services ~ in this case, the continuous provision
of safe drinking water. However, legislatures may resist dedicating revenues because
it decreases their flexibility in appropriating funds.
3. PUBLIC ACCEPTABILITY reflects the willingness of those subject to a fee or tax
to pay or the willingness of the public to make a particular sector pay.
4. FEASIBILITY relates to the legal authority to impose a fee or tax as well as to
factors that affect the workability of a financing mechanism.
5. REVENUE POTENTIAL is measured by the amount of money that can be raised with
a particular financing mechanism and whether a mechanism provides a one-time or a
continuing source of revenues.
6. FLEXIBILITY reflects the ability to use revenues from alternative financing
mechanisms as needed for a variety of program activities.
7. ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS relate to the effort needed to implement an
alternative financing mechanism, including start-up costs and on-going collection and
management of funds.
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8. IMPACTS relate to whether a financing mechanism creates incentives for desirable (or
possibly undesirable) behavior and whether it places an undue financial burden on
industry or general taxpayers.
The principal AFMs discussed for drinking water programs are fees, dedicated taxes
or user charges, and fines and penalties. A recent survey conducted by the National Governor's
Association of AFM use in State environmental programs reported that 63 percent of the 431
active AFM programs were fees.2 The survey also found that fines and penalties and taxes
accounted for 16 percent and 9 percent of the total number of AFM programs, respectively.
Of the $3 billion in AFM revenues collected during the period studied, 1988-89, 15 percent
came from taxes and 8 percent from fees; an additional 39 percent came from bond proceeds.3
A. Service Fees
Fees provide a direct link between the demand for a service and the costs of providing
it. A well-structured fee, where there is a clear relationship between the demand for services
and the cost of providing them, is the most equitable means of matching program costs with
those responsible for or those benefiting from program activities. In addition, there is a
growing acceptance among both legislatures and the public of the concept of "fee for service"
in the provision of public services.
Examples of drinking water fees include fees to conduct sanitary surveys, to review and
certify construction plans, and to conduct laboratory analyses of samples.
Fees can be either fixed, where all parties pay the same amount, or variable, where the
fee is based on a rate schedule based on differences in the cost of providing the service. An
example of a variable fee is a construction review fee based on the number of connections or
total cost of the project.
An example of a service fee used as an AFM is New Hampshire's recent Permit to
Operate Fee that will be used to fund the drinking water program and maintain primacy,
allowing the primacy agency to increase its program staff by 50 percent. Under the fee
structure, community systems pay a fixed operating permit fee of $600 per year, except that
no home will pay in excess of $10 per year, this cap avoids undue financial burdens on
households connected to small community systems. Non-transient non-community systems pay
a flat fee of $200 annually.
Although they can, and should, be structured to cover the full cost of providing a
service (including collection), the drawback to fees is that they generally do not provide
adequate revenues to cover the full costs faced by a drinking water program. Historically,
States and municipalities have been reluctant to set fees high enough to recover program costs
and have charged only a nominal amount for services. Therefore, a comprehensive funding
package for increased revenues should include other AFMs in addition to fees.
B. User Fees
Historically used most frequently by sewer and water utilities, user fees are structured
so that only those who use a good or service bear its cost. If they are applied to a broad
base, user fees even at a low rate can generate sufficient revenues to pay for general operating
and maintenance costs.
The political atmosphere had a mixed effect on the use of fees. Some States have
opposed them because they arc considered to be "taxes in disguise," or because they felt that
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AFMs would have a negative effect on their economies. In other States, fees have been seen
as a way to get the user of a service to pay for it.
One of the key issues in any type of user fee is that of equity. Because of their larger
customer base, large utilities would bear the brunt of a user fee program and so would be less
likely to support one. In designing the fee structure, it is important that larger utilities are not
completely subsidizing smaller systems. One idea is a cap on the total amount that a large
system can be charged — as a result, their per person rates are lower than the smaller systems
even though the total amount of money generated by the fee is larger than for smaller systems.
C. Fines and Penalties
Because they are imposed for violations of regulations, fines and penalties do not
provide a steady stream of revenue for drinking water programs. However, States can
generally exercise considerable discretion in the use of these revenues. In addition, fines are
based on the principle that "the polluter pays" and consequently, enjoy both public and
legislative acceptability. While States should not rely on fines or penalties as a major
funding source of program activities, a primacy agency should periodically reevaluate its
penalty levels to determine if they provide water systems with the appropriate incentives.
1. These measures are taken from a draft copy of "Drinking Water Mobilization Coordinators'
Handbook," published by the Office of Drinking Water, September 1989.
2. Funding Environmental Programs: An Examination of Alternatives, published by the
National Governor's Association, 1989.
3. Much of the material on AFMS in the following sections was excerpted from Paying for
Safe Water: Alternative Financing Mechanisms for State Drinking Water Programs, published
by EPA's Office of Drinking Water, May 1990.
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STATE OF CONNECTICUT
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC UTILITY CONTROL
Appendix C
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC UTILITY CONTROL REGULATIONS
FOR
APPLICATION PROCEDURES AND CRITERIA TOR ISSUING CERTIFICATES OF
PUBLIC CONOTENCE AND NECESSITY
FOR
SMALL HATHl COMPANIES
FINAL REGULATIONS
EITECTIVE SEPTEMBER 28,1987
One Central Park Piaza • New Britain, Connecticut 06051
An Equal Opportunity Employtr
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The Regulations 01
Sections 16-262n»-l to 16-262n>-9, inclusive, as follows:
Section 16-262m-l. Definitions
(a) "Connunity Water System" or "System", as used herein, shall mean a system
which supplies to the public piped water for human consumption, if such system
has at least fifteen and no more than two hundred fifty service connections or
regularly serves an average of twenty-five to one thousand persons daily at
least sixty days out of the year, when such water is supplied as part of a
lease or contract. A community water system includes but is not limited to,
(1) any collection, treatment, storage, and distribution facilities under
control of an operator of such system and used primarily in connection with
such system, and (2) any collection or pre-treatment storage facilities not
under such control which are used primarily in connection with such system.
Community water systems may include, but are not limited to service to:
residential sub-divisions, cluster-housing projects, homeowners associations,
municipalities, tax districts, duplexes, townhouses, apartment buildings or
complexes, residential and office condominium developments, elderly housing
projects, convalescent homes, trailer or mobile home parks, industrial paries,
shopping centers or malls, large manufacturing buildings and other commercial
enterprises.
(b) "Feasible Interconnections", as used herein, shall mean that the extension
of an existing utility's water mains is considered feasible to serve a
proposed project with at least fifteen service connections or twenty-five
persons if the developer's investment for such extension, including service
connections and appurtenances, is less than, $5,000)(construction costs only)
per dwelling or office unit and if there Yr—sufficient supply and storage
facilities to accommodate the anticipated demand available from the existing
utility. If there is insufficient supply and storage available from the
existing utility, the cost of developing such facilities may be included in
the water main extension proposal, as additional items.
(c) "Duplication of Water Facilities" as used herein, shall mean that plant
and equipment of a community water system which the Department of Public
Utility Control determines is substantially repetitive to the plant and
equipment of another water purveyor or community water system within one
linear mile of the proposed project, as measured along public or private
roadways. Geological factors such as elevation differences, slope of the land
and depth to bedrock will be considered in determining duplication of
facilities.
(d) "Expansion", as used herein, shall mean the following: (l)a five percent
increase in the number of service connections to be served by a community
water system, above the number allowed under an existing certificate or permit
issued by the Department of Public Utility Control and the Department of
Health Services* or (2)a five percent increase in the number of service
connections to be served by a community water system above the number served
as of the effective date of these regulations.
(e) "Phase I-A, Phase I-B and Phase II", as used herein, shall mean the three
parts of the application and review procedure for the construction or
expansion of any community water system.
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Phase I-A grants the developer approval of his well sites and permission
to obtain the well drilling permits from the appropriate town to proceed with
groundwater exploration and development of such wells. The issuance of this
approval means that the Department of Public Utility Control and the
Department of Health Services have determined that a main extension to an
existing system is not feasible (for new water systems only) and that there
will be no duplication of service of other existing water utilities in the
area when the project is finished. Phase I-B evaluates the well yield and
water quality data so that proper pump sizing, storage and appurtenant
equipment and any required treatment processes can be incorporated into the
design of the water system. This approval permits the developer to obtain
building permits from the town to clear the site, lay out the roads, construct
the drainage facilities and dig or pour the foundations of the buildings
themselves. Phase II Approval, the final Certificate, permits the developer
to go forward with the remainder of the project, i.e. installing the water
distribution system and waterworks (storage tanks, transfer pumps, meters,
etc.) and the septic or sewer systems (assuming appropriate approvals have
already been obtained from the Department of Health Services or local
Directors of Health or Department of Environmental Protection) for the septic
or sewer systems and the diversion of water.
(f) "Service Connection", as used herein, means the service pipe from the main
to the curb stop, at or adjacent to the street line or the customer's property
line.
(g) "Customer", as used herein, means any person, firm, corporation, company,
association, governmental unit, lessee who by the terms of a written lease is
responsible for the water bill, or owner of property furnished water service
by a water company.
(h) "Existing System", as used herein, shall mean a regulated public service
or municipal utility or regional water authority having an operating water
system within one linear mile of the proposed project as measured along public
and private roadways.
(i) "Satellite system" as used herein, shall mean a non-connected community
water system of an exiating system.
(j) "Regulated Public Service Utility", aa used herein, shall mean a water
company, as defined in Section 16-1 of the General Statutes of Connecticut,
that is under the jurisdiction of the Department of Public Utility Control.
Section 16-262m-2. Chronolottcal Application Procedures
The following procedures for applying for and issuing certificates of
public convenience and necessity shall be followed by any applicant for a
certificate of public convenience and. necessity in accordance with General
Statutes of Connecticut Section 16-262m, and by the Department of Public
Utility Control, the Department of Health Services, and any other participant
in the proceeding on such an application:
(a) The Department of Public Utility Control nay conduct a pre-application
conference with any potential applicant.
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(b) (1) The applicant shall submit three (3) originals of the application
for approval under Phase I-A, Phase I-B, or Phase II to the Department
of Public Utility Control's Engineering Division in the format
prescribed by the Department of Public Utility Control.
(2) An application fee of $100.00 shall be enclosed with the initial
application when it is submitted to the Department. Checks shall be
made payable to the Treasurer of the State of Connecticut. Payment of
only one (1) fee shall be required per application, even if the
application is submitted in separate phases. An applicant whose
application is rejected or denied will be required to pay a separate fee
for any application subsequently resubaitted. An applicant may elect to
submit Phase I-A, Phase I-B and Phase II data of the application
simultaneously, but each Phase will be reviewed separately.
(c) The Department of Public Utility Control will forward one copy of the
application for approval under Phase I-A, Phase I-B and Phase II to the
Department of Health Services, notifying it that processing and
reviewing should begin. The Department of Health Services should
conduct well site inspections upon receiving notice from the Department
of Public Utility Control that the Application is considered complete
and an interconnection has been found not to be feasible.
(d) The Department of Public Utility Control shall review each phase of the
application preliminarily for completeness and either accept or reject
the application, or specify the additional information required. The
Department of Public Utility Control shall notify, in writing, any
applicant and the Department of Health Services of the Department of
Public Utility Control's decision to accept or reject the application or
to require additional information. Upon completion of review of each
phase of an application, the Department of Health Services shall forward
its approval or denial in writing to the Department of Public Utility
Control.
(e) (1) The Department of Public Utility Control and the Department of
Health Services shall simultaneously review each phase of the
application on its merits, and either recommend approving or denying the
application's request.
(2) The Department of Public Utility Control and the Department of
Health Services may consult with each other and with the applicant to
modify the application prior to such approval or denial, providing all
modification* are confirmed and submitted in writing by the applicant.
(f) Upon the joint approval of any phase of the application by the
Department of Public Utility Control and the Department of Health
Services, the Department of Public Utility Control shall issue a letter
of approval for that phase of the project.
(g) Upon the joint agreement between the Department of Public Utility
Control and the Department of Health Services* the two ag«aci«s shall
issue the Certificate pursuant to General Statutes of Connecticut
Section 16-262m. If either Department finds reason for denial of a
Certificate, no Certificate shall be issued.
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Ch) Any applicant issued a certificate under Phase II shall submit one (1)
copy of as-built plans, certified by a professional engineer registered
in the State of Connecticut, each, to the Department of Public Utility
Control, to the Department of Health Services, to the specified owner of
the water system, and to the town in which the project is located.
These as-built plans shall be submitted to the respective parties no
later than ninety (90) days from the completion of the construction.
(i) The Department of Public Utility Control and the Department of Health
Services shall complete its review of each phase of the application in
accordance with the schedule set forth below:
(1) Phase I-A reviews- shall be completed within sixty (60) days of the
Applicant filing the information specified in Section 16-262m-5 herein,
with the Department of Public Utility Control;
(2) Phase I-B reviews shall be completed within thirty (30) days of the
Applicant filing the information specified in Section 16-262m-6 herein,
with the Department, of Public Utility Control;
(3) Phase II reviews Shall be completed within sixty (60) days of the
Applicant filing the information specified, in Sections 16-262n-7,
16-262m-8 and 16-2620-9 (if applicable) herein, with the Department of
Public Utility Control;.
(4) If the Applicant elects to submit Phase I-A, Phase I-B and Phase II
data of the application simultaneously, each phase will be reviewed
separately as indicated in paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 above.
Section 16-262m-3. Application and Approval of Three-Phase Construction
(a) The application for a new system or for an expansion of an existing
system which involves a'new water source shall be -submitted and reviewed in
three phases, as Phase I-A, Phase I-B and Phase II. The same chronology and
procedures established iriv Section 16-262m-2 •hall be followed sequentially
first for Phase I-A and subsequently for Phase I-B and Phase II. It is
recognized that some applications for expansion may not require a Phase I-A or
Phase I-B review. In such cases only a Phase II application shall be required.
(b) (1) The application-for Phase I-A, shall identify items including, but
not limited to, the following: (A) The feasibility of interconnection
to an existing system; (B) the location and:proposed construction of any
source of supply; (C) the possible duplication of service and water
facilities caused by. the installation of *h*'proposed system; (D) the
name of an existing regulated or municipal water utility or regional
water authority which will own, operate .-and maintain the final
constructed water supply facilities if ttwy . are to remain as a
non-connected satellite system; '
*«r ' '*
(2) The Department of Public Utility Control and the Department of
Health Services shall determine the issues In subparagraphs (b)(l)(A),
(b)(l)(B), (b)(L)(C), and (b)(l)(D) in this subsection;
(3) If the Department of Public Utility Control.and Department of Health
Services jointly determine that the applicant meets the criteria
reviewed under subdivisions (1) and (2) of this subsection, the
Department of Public Utility Control snail frant approval of the Phase
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I-A application, in writing to allow the applicant to construct the
source of supply proposed in the application. The applicant shall
proceed to construct the source of supply in conformance with the
application and any conditions set by the Department of Public Utility
Control and Department of Health Services in the approval. Applicants
proposing withdrawals in excess of 50,000 gallons of water from one or
more wells joined in a system where combined maximum withdrawal exceeds
50,000 gallons of water during any twenty-four hour period must confer
with the Department of Environmental Protection to determine appropriate
water diversion permit requirements under Section 22a-365 of the General
Statutes of Connecticut;
(A) Approval under Phase I-A shall not in and of itself guarantee the
later issuance of a certificate of public convenience and necessity.
(c) (1) The application for Phase I-B shall identify items including, but
not limited to, the following:
(A) well yield data for each well, based on a suitable yield test
performed by a qualified well yield tester in accordance with the
criteria set forth in section 16-262m-8 herein and Section
19-13-B5KK) of the Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies; and
(B) water quality data for each well as specified by the Department
of Health Services.
(2) The Department of Public Utility Control and the Department of
Health Services shall jointly evaluate the data in subparagraphs
(c)(l)(A) and (c)(l)(B) in this subsection.
(3) If the Department of Public Utility Control and Department of Health
Services determine that the applicant meets the criteria reviewed under
subparagraphs (c)(l)(A) and (c)(l)(B) of this subsection, the Department
of Public Utility Control shall grant approval of the Phase I-B
application, in writing to allow the applicant to obtain building
permits to perform the functions specified in section 16-262m-l(e). The
applicant shall proceed with construction in conformance with the
application and any conditions set by the Department of Public Utility
Control and the Department of Health Services in the approval. Approval
under Phase I-B shall not in and of itself guarantee the Later issuance
of a certificate of public convenience and necessity for the applicant.
(d) (1) After receiving approval to proceed with the various aspects of the
project under subsection (c) above, an applicant shall submit an
application under Phase II. This application shall demonstrate items
including, but not limited to, the following:
(A) conformance of proposed construction with the Department of
Public Utility Control's and Department of Health Services'
engineering standards;
(B) conformance of proposed construction with all federal and state
standards on water supply;
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(C) the financial, managerial, and technical resources of the
applicant and ability to maintain adequate service.
(2) The Department of Public Utility Control and Department of Health
Services shall jointly evaluate the issues in subparagraphs (d)(l)(A),
(d)(l)(B) and (d)(l)(C) of this subsection.
(3) If the Department of Public Utility Control and Department of Health
Services determine that the application meets the criteria in
subparagraphs (d)(l)(A), (d)(l)(B) and (d)(l)(C) of this subsection the
Department of Public Utility Control and Department of Health Services
shall jointly issue a certificate of public convenience and necessity to
the applicant.
(4) The applicant shall notify the Department of Public Utility Control,
the Department of Health Services and the specified owner of the water
sys'.em when the construction of the pumphouse, distribution system and
service lines commence so that a field inspection can be scheduled to
witness the installation of such items and when construction is
completed so that a field inspection can be scheduled to inspect the
as-built facilities.
Section 16-262m-4. Options When Main Extensions are not Feasible
(a) In the event that the Department of Public Utility Control and Department
of Health Services determine that a main extension ia not feasible, i.e. that
it is too costly to construct a main extension; and that no existing regulated
public service or municipal utility or regional water authority is willing to
expand or own, operate and maintain the final constructed water supply
facilities as a non-connected satellite system, the applicant may pursue the
following options:
(1) If an existing regulated public service or municipal utility or
regional water authority is willing to provide satellite ownership and
management services, but is unable to meet all the criteria described in
Sections 16-262m-8 and 16-262m-9 herein, the Department of Public
Utility Control and the Department of Health Services may waive specific
criteria in writing, if it is deemed to be in the best interest of the
public affected.
(2) The applicant may withdraw the application and request the town in
which the project is to be constructed to determine if the town's zoning
requirements will permit individual wells. If this proposal is
acceptable to the town, the developer may change the configuration of
the project in order to accommodate individual veils. This option is
available to the applicant at any time and may be pursued without
obtaining a Certificate of Public. Convenience and Necessity.
(3) The applicant may continue forward with the application by
sustaining the burden of proof that the entity that will own the water
system has the financial, managerial and technical resources to operate
the proposed water supply system in a reliable and efficient manner and
will provide continuous, adequate service to the proposed consumers to
be served by the system. The criteria for meeting this burden of proof
is set forth in Section 16-262m-9 of these Regulations.
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The above options must be pursued in Che order presented, i.e. option
three cannot be pursued until options one and two have been exhausted.
(b) Any party who is aggrieved such that a specific personal and legal
interest of said party has been specially and adversely affected by the
decision to approve, reject or modify the application for the issuance of a
Certificate may request a hearing which will be held jointly before the
Department of Public Utility Control and the Department of Health Services.
Such appeal will be based on the Administrative record compiled by the
Department of Public Utility Control and the Department of Health Services
including such additional relevant evidence and testimony as the parties may
submit.
(c) If a community water system, as defined in Section 16-262m-l(a) herein,
is constructed without the required Certificate of Public Convenience and
Necessity, the Department of Public Utility Control and the Department of
Health Services shall notify the appropriate Town officials, of the Town in
which the system is located, that such Town is responsible for the future
operations of that community water system, in accordance with Section 8-25a of
the General Statutes of Connecticut.
Section 16-262m-5. Components of the Application Under Phase I-A
Any application for Phase I-A snail include, but not be limited to, the
following:
(a) exact legal name, address, and telephone number of applicant and
name and title of contact person; in the event the applicant is a
corporation, the applicant should also provide the names and addresses
of the corporate officers;
(b) name, address, telephone number of proposed registered professional
civil engineer who will have design and supervision responsibility for
the construction of the system;
(c) a check for $100.00 payable to the Treasurer of the State of
Connecticut;
(d) engineering data certified by a professional engineer registered in
the State of Connecticut as follows:
(1) At a minimum, a cite plan and specifications for any water
sources which shall provide for adequate well location, adequate
well construction procedure*, and proper sanitary easements for the
well*. There shall be at least two wells shown on the plan and a
reserve site for additional wells, as needed.
(2) Plans shoving the relationship of the proposed water system to
the sanitary sewage and storm drainage facilities, and indicating
the distances from the proposed wells; wetlands and watercourses,
observation wells; contour lines, customer previses* and sanitary
sewage, storm drainage and septic facilities;
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(3) A minimum 8" square location plan map showing the location and
extent of service areas of any existing community water system or
other water purveyor within one linear mile of any portion of the
proposed system and identifying all adjacent entities or property
owners;(use a Scale 1" • 2000'). The map should also indicate any
known probable future building areas (as filed with the Town
Planning & Zoning Coonission) which might reasonably be served by
main extensions of the subject system;
(4) An evaluation of the quantity of water necessary to provide an
adequate supply at required pressures to existing and projected
customers, including probable future building areas, during periods
of average and peak demands for at least 15 years after
construction;
(5) Sanitary survey evaluation of pollution sources (present and
past), such as, but not limited to: sanitary sewage, cemeteries,
landfills, salt storage and commercial and industrial facilities,
which might affect the groundwater quality;
(6) A description of the groundwater quality and subsurface soils
as classified by the United States Geological Survey, for the
project area;
(7) A plan for controlling pollution sources which might affect the
wells;
(8) A description of the procedures, methods, schedule and
location, for conducting required sampling, testing and reporting
on yield testing and water quality;
(9) A topographical map showing the relationship and location of
the proposed project to the surrounding area;
(10) A brief description of the water system project and
operational layout;
(e) A letter from the town where the project is located indicating
whether or not fire protection facilities arc required to be included in
the design of the water system. If fire protection is to be required,
the letter from the town should indicate the number of hydrants required
to serve the project as well as the minimum distance allowed between
hydrants;
(f) letters from all regulated public service or municipal water
utilities or regional water authorities within one linear mile of the
applicant's project expressing willingness or unwillingness to serve as
water supplier to the applicant's project. If a water utility expressed
willingness to serve, the letter submitted shall include the proposed
manner of service and cost, via main extension or satellite ownership.
The letter shall discuss the alternative of the water utility owning and
operating the system as a non-connected satellite system. The letter
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shall also include the linear footage, size of pipe, material, and cost
of a main extension including service connections, if such extension
were required to be constructed. It should also indicate whether
additional supply, storage and booster facilities, and their related
costs, are necessary for providing proper service;
(g) if the applicant's project is located in an area where there is an
adopted coordinated plan, in accordance with Sections 25-33c to 25-33j,
inclusive, of the General Statutes of Connecticut, the water utility
expressing willingness to serve the applicant's project must do so, in
conformance with the established plan with full regard to exclusive
service areas and satellite ownership and management stipulations. If a
water utility coordinating committee has been convened for the
appropriate management area, but does not yet have an approved
coordinated plan, the applicant should furnish a letter from the
committee indicating that the project is conceptually agreeable to it.
Section 16-262m-6. Components of the Application Under Phase I-B
Any application for the issuance of a certificate of public convenience
and necessity under Phase I-B shall include, but not be limited to, the
following:
(a) A copy of the well drillers completion report for each well;
(b) A copy of the yield test results for each well indicating pumping
rates, certified well yields and drawdown information;
(c) A copy of the water quality test results from samples obtained
during the yield test;
(d) A signed agreement between the developer of the water system and
the existing regulated public service or municipal water utility or
regional water authority indicating that the final constructed
water supply facilities will be dedicated to that utility. With a
regulated public service company such agreement will specify any
refunds that the developer may be entitled to for each service
connection made to the community water system. The utility will be
expected to receive from the developer an itemized breakdown of the
actual costs of the water system facilities so that proper
accountability and rate-making treatments (if applicable) can be
afforded to the utility by the Department of Public Utility Control.
(e) The requirements of Section 16-262m-9 shall be addressed in Phase
I-B.
Section 16-262m-7. Components of the Application Under Phase II
Engineering data certified by a professional engineer registered in the
State of Connecticut as follows:
(a) Plans and specifications for the project must include but not be
limited to: transfer pumps, well pumps and pump curves,
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hydropneumatic tanks, treatment facilities, distribution system
layout, atmospheric storage facilities, metering (each source and
customer), location of sample taps, on-site standby power, presence
of emergency alarms, location of pressure gauges, location of gate
valves and blow-offs, water level gauges on storage tank, fire
protection (if necessary), and disinfection procedures;
(b) A hydraulic gradient of the proposed system;
(c) A detail of a typical service line, service connection, thrust
block installation, hydrant installation, cross-section of trench
containing pipe, and a meter installation;
. ' .•
(d) A plan and profile drawing of the water main and all other
underground utilities (sewer, gas, electric, telephone or cable
television); .*• •
*
(e) Name, address* telephone number and title of proposed operator with
day-to-day responsibility for system.
Section 16-262m-8. Design Criteria
All community water systems proposed for construction or expansion in
accordance with Section 16-262m of the General Statutes of Connecticut shall
be designed substantially in accordance with ' the technical standards
enumerated herein. :...'
(a) For the purposes of -this Section and Sections. 16-262m-5, 16-262m-6 and
16-262m-7 inclusive, the following definitions shall apply:
(1) "Anticipated Average Daily Demand" shall mean the estimated normal
water usage af the system as determined for the most representative
24 hour period of record not affected by unusual demand conditions
such as drought.or a significant temporary increase in demand;
(2) "Peak Hour Demand" shall swan largest hourly volume of water
consumed and shall be considered 1/3 of the average daily demand;
(3) "Design Population" shall mean the estimated number of people per
service connection, calculated as fellows, unless specific
circumstances dictate otherwise: '"•.'
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Design Population
Type of service Per Service
Connection
Single family dwelling k
(Over 3 bedrooms add 1 person
per additional bedroom)
Multi-dwelling (i.e. apartments, elderly
housing, duplexes, tovnhouses and
residential condominiums
One bedroom unit 2
Two bedroom unit 3
Three bedroom unit 4
(over 3 bedrooms add 1 person per
additional bedroom)
Mobile Homes or Trailers 2.5
Convalescent Homes Use Number of beds
All other components described in 16-262m-l(a) Use Estimated
Population
(4) "Safe Daily Yield of a Water Supply System" shall mean the amount
of water which can be delivered to the system from all the system
sources at the safe yield rate simultaneously in an 18 hour period
expressed in gallons per day;
(5) "Safe Yield of a Well" shall be calculated as follows: (A)
Unconsolidated aquifer ground water sources. The safe yield shall
be based on an analysis of the impact of minimum water table
elevations projected in a dry period on the yield of the
well(s) and an analysis of critical impacts such as decreased
stream flow or induction of pollutants. (B) Confined and bedrock
aquifer ground water sources. Safe yield shall be equal to 90X of
the hourly yield of the well multiplied by 18 hours of pumping per
day except that the safe yield may be less when utilization of this
yield will have unacceptable impacts or when historical reports or
other information indicates that the cafe yield is less. Hourly
well yield shall be based on a pump test during which the cone of
depression caused by the pumping of the well shall be stabilized
for at least 24 hours;
(6) "Source" shall mean any Department of Health Services approved
well, spring, reservoir or other location where water is siphoned,
pumped, channeled or drawn for use in a potable water supply;
(7) "Source of Pollution" shall mean any place from which stems or
condition which may cause pollution of a ground or surface water
supply. It may include but not be restricted to a watercourse
including any stream, pond* lake or river; privy; subsurface sewage
disposal system; cemeteries; sanitary landfill; sewage lagoon;
industrial waste disposal location; sanitary or storm sewers; or a
buried oil or gasoline storage tank;
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(8) "Well Pump Capacity" shall mean the maximum quantity of water the
well pump can supply under normal operating conditions. The pump
capacity shall not exceed the safe yield of the well;
(9) "Yield of a Well" shall mean the amount of ground water which can be
withdrawn from a well as determined, by the yield test. The yield
of a well is expressed as gallons per minute (gpm);
(10) "Service Pipe", as used herein shall mean the pipe that runs
between the curb stop, at or adjacent to the street line or the
customer's property line, and the customer's place of consumption.
(b) Facility location. These include such items as, but not limited to,
treatment plants, pumping stations, storage tanks* etc., but do not include
water intakes and connecting pipelines.
New facilities are to be located: (1) Above the level of the one
hundred year flood and not within the floodway boundary as established on
flood boundary and floodway mapping prepared pursuant to the federal flood
insurance program; (2) Where chlorine gas will not be stored or used within
three hundred feet of any residence; and (3) Where the facility is not likely
to be subject to fires or other natural or manmade disasters.
(c) The following equations are to be used when determining the design
population and water demand of the community vater system. Where unusual
circumstances exist, the Department of Public Utility Control and Department
of Health Services will determine the appropriateness of these equations.
(1) Design Population Served • number of service connections x number of
people per service;
(2) Average Daily Demand » population served x 75 gallons per person per
day;
(3) Peak Hour Demand » average daily demand x 1/3.
(d) Water Supply requirements:
(1) Each community water systen shall be designed to furnish and
maintain sufficient facilities to provide a continuous and adequate
supply of water; and there shall be at least xa 151 margin of safety
maintained between the system's safe daily yield and anticipated average
daily demand. Unless other acceptable provisions are made to assure
continuous service, the community water system should be able to meet
the anticipated average daily demand with it* largest well and/or pump
out of service;
(2) For a system utilising only groundwater supplies, a minimum of 2
well sources shall be provided;
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(3) All wells shall be subjected to a minimum 72-hour yield test, by a
qualified well yield tester, such that at a constant pumped discharge
rate, the drawdown level has stabilized for at least a 24-hour period.
The pump must run continuously during the yield test for the entire 72
hour period irregardless of the anticipated well yield The following
items must be recorded and measured during the test:
(A) Static water level before pumping;
(B) Date, time, pump rate and drawdown (at least hourly);
(C) Time and water levels after pump has been shut down until well
has recovered;
(D) Each well shall have a drawdown curve plotted from the results
of the yield test, with the tester's established safe daily yield
at its stabilized drawdown certified and printed thereon. Suitable
provisions shall be made in cases of wells that are located in
close proximity to each other and subject to "interference." In
such cases a simultaneous pumping of each well shall be required;
(E) Whenever possible, the pump test shall be performed during the
summer months and should be conducted during a time period absent
of precipitation or as reasonably close to non-precipitation as
possible;
(F) Suitable provisions including data from observation wells
shall be made in cases of wells located in close proximity to
wetlands, drainage ways, or watercourses in order to quantify the
effect of induced recharge on flows in such wetlands, drainage ways
or watercourses;
(4) All wells, especially deep drilled rock wells, are subject to
diminution of their yields after a period of tine. Therefore, they
should be periodically monitored for possible loss of yield, and
scheduled for an appropriate maintenance program when conditions
dictate. When new wells are added at a future date, especially in the
vicinity of existing wells, suitable Measures shall be taken to
ascertain potential loss of yield fro* the adjacent wells simultaneously
with the yield testing of the new wells;
(5) Reserve well site property is required and aust be shown on the
final map;
(6) There shall be a safe yield capacity sufficient to supply 75
gallons per person per day and at least 151 additional supply to
maintain an adequate margin of safety and be able to accoonodate
adjacent growth in the future.
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(e) Source Protection:
(1) The following minimum separating distances are required by Public
Health Code Sections 19-13-B51 and 19-13-B103 (Technical Standards).
Item Minimum Distances*
Under 10 gpm 10-50 gpm Over 50 gpm
(A) Septic system, buried 75' 150' 200'
oil tanks or other
sources of pollution
(B) Cast iron sewer pipe 25' 75' 100'
or equivalent
(C) Surface water body 25' 50' 50'
or drain
*Greater separating distances are required for gravel wells with pumping
capacities greater than 50 gpm where ledge is found at less than 10 feet
and/or the soil percolation rate is faster than 1 inch per minute at
surrounding septic systems.
(D) Sanitary conditions within the radial separating distance required
shall be under the control of the water supply owner by direct
ownership, easement, or other arrangement approved by the Department of
Health Services and detailed on the as-built map.
(f) Well Construction and Water Quality:
(1) Wells shall be constructed in accordance with Public Health Code
Regulation 19-13-B51 and the Regulations of Connecticut State
Agencies Sections 25-128-1 through 25-128-64, inclusive
(Regulations of the Well Drilling Industry);
(2) The bacterial« physical, inorganic chemical, organic chemical and
radiological quality of the source must satisfy the requirements of
Public Health Code Regulation 19-13-B102 and the Connecticut
Department of Health Services action levels for organic compounds.
Suitable treatment may be required by the Department of Health
Services;
(3) Each well shall be equipped with a water level probe for periodic
drawdown measurement; and there shall be provided suitable low
water level well pu*p shut-off and lightning protection devices in
accordance with Section 19-13-B102(n) of. the Regulations of
Connecticut State Agencies.
(g) Atmospheric Storage Tank:
(1) The atmospheric storage tank shall be equipped with a properly
bolted entry hatch to allow access for cleaning and painting of the tank
and a filler pipe to provide for water to be trucked in. The filler
pipe must be capped and locked. The tank shall also be equipped with a
sight glass gauge, a screened vent pipe and a high and low water level
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signal system. There shall be a drain valve at the bottom of the
accessible face of the tank. Drain lines must discharge to the ground.
No direct connection to a sanitary sewer will be permitted;
(2) Atmospheric storage tank capacity shall be at least 200 gallons per
residential customer or equal to the average daily demand of the system,
whichever is the greater number. If commercial or industrial customers
are included, additional storage shall be provided based on reasonable
average day estimated water usage thereof;
(3) Hydropneumatic tank and transfer pumps:
(A) A hydropneumatic tank and transfer pump arrangement, used in
tandem with the' atmospheric tank, shall be sized to accommodate the peak
hour demand. A minimum of two (2) transfer pumps shall be installed to
operate alternately, each capable of providing water to the system at
the peak hour demand rate; (B) The transfer pumps shall be installed
between the atmospheric tank and the hydropneumatic tank; (C) The
required gross volume of the hydropneumatic storage tank shall be
calculated using the following equations:
Usable Volume * 5 minutes x largest transfer pump capacity (gpm)
Gross Volume * 1001 x Usable Volume
X usable volume
(D) Transfer pumps shall be protected by low water level shutoff
controls in the storage tank.
(U) All waterworks equipment shall be designed and installed so as to
assure safe and easy access to the equipment for normal service and for
repairs or replacement work.
(h) On-site Standby Power:
(1) Wherever possible, there shall be included on-site a permanently
installed gasoline, propane-fueled, diesel, natural gas or oil fired
generator capable of supporting at least the largest well pump, one
transfer pump, any high service booster stations and all treatment
systems simultaneously in the event of an electrical outage. Portable
generators may be considered acceptable as an alternate to an on-site
generator;
(2) Fuel storage shall be above ground, and provided with a containment
area capable of holding the full volume of the fuel tank.
(i) Transmission and Distribution System:
(1) The transmission pipelines, (i.e. that pipe from the source of
supply to the pumphouse or treatment facility or from the source of
supply to the distribution system) from sources of supply shall be
designed to deliver, in combination with related storage facilities and
to the limits of the capacity of those sources of supply, the maximum
requirements of that portion of the system which is dependent upon such
transmission pipelines;
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(2) The distribution system shall be of adequate size and design to
maintain minimum nomal operating pressures. Minimum distribution pipe
diameter shall be 6 inches except in cul-de-sacs where the mains are not
subject to being extended or a* otherwise approved by the Department of
Public Utility Control. If fire protection is to be provided, minimum
distribution pipe diameter shall be 8 inches. All mains shall be
installed in the rights-of-way of paved roadways to allow all weather
access and to facilitate repairs;
(3) Normal operating pressures, including peak demand conditions in the
distribution main shall be between 35 psi and 125 psi at the service
connection; ' . '.--.
.• •
(4) Where static pressures would exceed 125 psi* pressure reducing
devices shall be provided on distribution mains;
*• • •
(5) Insofar as practicable, the distribution system shall be designed
so as to avoid dead ends in the mains. Suitable right-of-way easement
control shall be .provided to the proposed owner and operator and his
assigns to permit future such extensions. Where a dead end line is to
be used, an adequately, sized blow-off shall be installed at the end of
the line;
(6) Sufficient isolation valves shall be provided on water mains so
that inconvenience to customers and sanitary hazards will be minimized
during repairs and flushing. At intersections, valves shall be
installed on all connecting mains;
(7) Customer Booster Pumps: No community water system shall be
designed to furnish water service to any customer who must utilize a
booster pump to pump water from the utility's water main into the
customer's plumbing -facilities in order to maintain a minimum 35 psi
pressure service, except in extreme circumstances and when authorized by
the Department of Public Utility Control.. The system's gradient shall
be designed to preclude this need under reasonable foreseeable
conditions for the ultimate service area. Consideration shall be given
both to deteriorating pipe conditions leading to increases in pressure
losses in the maids and also to any potential hazard which might be
created if contamination should be introduced into the system through a
cross-connection when a negative pressure is induced in the water main
by a customer's booster pump; '-.\
• • *•
(8) Air Relief Valves: At high points in water mains where air can
accumulate, provisions shall be made to .remove. the air by means of
hydrants or air relief valves. Suitable protection measures shall be
included in the design to cover situation* where flooding of the manhole
or chamber may occur; . • .
(9) Air Relief Valve Piping: The open end of .an air relief pipe from
automatic valves shall be extended to at least;one foot above grade and
provided with a screened, downward-facing elbow. The pipe from a
manually operated valve should be extended to the top of the pit;
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(10) Chamber Drainage: Chambers, pita or manholes containing valves,
blow-offs, meters, or other such appurtenances to a distribution system,
shall not be connected directly to any sewer. Such chambers or pits
shall be drained to the surface of the ground where they are not subject
to flooding by surface water, or to absorption pits underground;
(11) When installing pipe, care must be taken to keep the pipe clean.
Trenches shall be kept as free of water as is possible;
(12) When laying of pipe is interrupted overnight or for any longer
period of time, the open end of the pipe shall be plugged tightly and
the open trench covered with wood or steel covers;
(13) Installation and pressure testing shall incorporate the provisions
of the American Water Works Association Standards and/corresponding
installation procedures;
(14) A continuous and uniform bedding shall be provided in the trench
for all buried pipe. Backfill material, free of detrimental substances,
shall be used. That backfill material shall be tamped in layers around
the pipe and to a sufficient height above the pipe to adequately support
and protect the pipe. During pipe laying, stones, boulders and any
other significantly detrimental materials found in the trench shall be
removed for a depth of at least six inches below the bottom of the pipe;
(15) All pipe shall be provided with a minimum earth cover of 4.5 feet.
When rock blasting is necessary, ample excess depth shall be provided to
allow for a suitable depth of bedding material between the pipe bottom
and the rock base. Where frost can be expected to occur deeper than 4.5
feet, additional pipe cover shall be provided to suit. The mains should
have adequate cover over the top of the pipe, using suitable backfill
material, for protection against surface loads. For river or stream
crossings where the water main may be exposed to the air, the water main
shall be protected against freezing by an alternate means;
(16) Whenever possible, water and sewer lines (sanitary and storm) shall
be located in separate trenches at least 10 feet apart. Where laid in
the same trench, the water pipe shall be laid on a shelf at least 18
inches above the sewer pipe and at least 12 inches, but preferably 18
inches, horizontally from the side of the sewer pipe. The horizontal
separating distance between a sanitary sever manhole and a water line
shall be 10 feet;
(17) Where water and sewer lines cross, a minisKui vertical distance of
18 inches shall be maintained between the water and sewer line with the
sewer at the lower elevation. At crossings, pipe joints shall be spaced
as far from the crossing as possible;
(18) For force sewer lines there shall be no deviation from the 10 foot
horizontal separation and the 18 inch vertical separation distances;
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(19) When it is not possible to satisfy the requirements in paragraph
(17) of this subsection above one or more of the following precautions
•ay be approved by the Department of Health Services as acceptable
alternatives:
(A) Sleeving of the sever;
(B) Concrete encasement of the sewer;
(C) The use of a thicker-walled sewer pipe (pressure testing will
be required);
(D) Concrete encasement of the water pipe;
(E) The use of thicker-walled water pipe;
(F) The design engineer may also propose other precautionary
measures which will be subject to review and approval;
(20) The layout plan should provide for suitable ownership or easement
control of the water supply operator to permit further extension of the
piping, particularly where dead ends may occur and/or where expansion of
the water system can be readily foreseen.
(j) Materials:
(1) Metallic and non-metallic materials may be used to construct
component parts of a water system including, but not limited to,
conduits, pipes, couplings, caulking materials, protective linings and
coatings, services, valves, hydrants, pumps, tanks and reservoirs;
provided:
(A) The materials shall have a reasonable useful service life;
(B) The material shall be capable of withstanding the internal and
external forces to which it may be subjected while in service;
(C) The material shall not cause the water to become impure,
unwholesome, nonpotable or unhealthful;
(D) Materials and equipment shall be designed and selected with
factors of safety included and installed as to mitigate corrosion,
electrolysis and deterioration. Mien the possibility of a near
future interconnection with another utility exists, some components
such as pressure tanks and compressors may be designed for limited
service life;
(E) Us* of non-metallic pipe shall require a suitable tracer wire
for pip* location;
(F) No material shall be allowed which does not Met standards
established by the American
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system, and the requirements of the Department of Health Services and
the Department of Public Utility Control. Such Specifications shall
include the following:
(A) Proper protection shall be given to metal surfaces by paints
or other protective coatings;
(B) All paints, liners or coatings proposed for use in a water
supply system that will come in contact with the potable water must
be approved by the Department of Health Services. Following final
curing, disinfection and dissipation of the chlorine residual,
water samples must be collected and tested in accordance with
Section 19-13-B102 of the Regulations of Connecticut State
Agencies, for hydrocarbon, organohalide, inorganic chemical,
physical, and total coliform analysis from a sampling point
approved by the Department of Health Services. The results of these
analyses must be reviewed and approved by the Department of Health
Services both at the time of initial drilling of the wells and
after the design and construction stages but before using che
facility;
(C) Cathodic protection, when required, must be designed and
installed by competent technically qualified personnel;
(3) Upon completion of the construction of the community water supply
system, the well(s), storage tank(s), and appurtenances must be
disinfected, in accordance with procedures established by the Department
of Health Services;
(4) Prior to acceptance and use, the design engineer shall supervise
appropriate pressure testing of all piping and tanks for leakage to
assure specified standards are met.
(k) Fire protection: Whenever fire protection is required, the water system
shall be designed and constructed in accordance with recommendations of the
Fire underwriter's Insurance Services Office, the Departownt of Public Utility
Control and the specified water utility that will eventually own the water
system. No fire hydrants shall be permitted unless the community water system
has at least 150,000 gallon* of water in atmospheric storage.
(1) Service Pipes:
(1) The sice* design, material, and installations of the service pipe
shall conform to the reasonable requirements of .the utility that will
eventually own the water system; provided, however, that the minimum
size of the pipe shall be not less than 3/4-inch and that the use of
non-metallic pipe shall include a.suitable tracer wire for pipe location;
(2) All service pipes shall be installed below the frost line to
prevent freezing;
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(3) Service pipes shall not be connected to hydrant branch lines, and
they shall not cross intervening properties even with the protection of
easements. If fire protection to the customer's property is required,
there shall be a separate service connection and separate service pipe
paralleling the domestic service pipe to the customer's place of
consumption;
The service pipe shall be connected to a single-service corporation
at the main, installed with a suitable gooseneck and be sufficiently
flexible to prevent fracture from expansion or contraction. It shall be
run perpendicular from the water main to the customer premises and be
free from any tee, branch connection, irregularity or defect;
(5) The service pipe shall be installed with a suitable shutoff valve
and curb box at the property line. There shall also be a suitable
shutoff valve at the interior of the premises. In the case of service
pipes dedicated for fire protection, there shall be a detector check
meter installed on the pipe;
(6) No physical connection between the distribution system of a public
water supply and any non-public water supply is permitted except as
provided for in Section 19-13-B37 of the Regulations of Connecticut
State Agencies;
(7) A separate service connection shall be required for any dwelling
unit or office unit that is adaptive to individual ownership. Thus, an
application for a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity for
the following types of projects must include provisions for installing a
separate service connection for each dwelling or commercial unit:
residential subdivisions, including homeowners associations and
municipal tax districts; cluster housing projects; duplexes; townhouses;
residential and office condominiums; industrial parks; shopping centers
or malls; trailer or mobile home parks; elderly housing projects and
garden apartment complexes. Projects that may or may not require
individual service connections, and subject to the Department of Public
Utility Control's judgement, include high rise apartment complexes,
multi-storied homes, commercial buildings and high rise condominiums;
(8) Each service connection shall be separately mete red. The service
line in each dwelling or office unit shall contain two ball valves and
an American Water Works Association-certified meter adaptive to a remote
reading device setting. The water utility which will eventually own the
water system shall be responsible for providing the water meters to each
customer premise at its own expense.
(•) Pumphouse requirements:
(1) Well pit ari/or pumphouse construction shall be designed to prevent
the entrance of rodents and other small animals. All facilities shall
be locked and fenced and otherwise protected and secured to prevent
entrance of unauthorized persons;
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(2) Adequate drainage of all well houses and pits including the use of
floor drains shall be provided as required in Public Health Code
Regulation 19-13-fl51h;
(3) Necessary electrical controls shall be installed to enable both
manual and automatic operation of all pumps, motors and accessory
equipment. All controls must be clearly labeled as to their function.
All electrical wiring, controls and appurtenances shall be installed in
conformance with the National Electrical Code;
Flow meters capable of measuring totalized and instantaneous flow
shall be installed to accurately measure independently each source, of
supply and their installation •hall provide for ease of meter readying,
repair and/or removal. Additional meters may be required where water
treatment and/or other conditions dictate;
(5) Water treatment, when required, shall be installed in accordance
with procedures established by the Department of Health Services;
(6) Smooth end (e.g. threadless chrome) sampling taps shall be
installed on the discharge line of each well and at a representative
point(s) off the discharge pipe(s) coming from the storage tank(s).
Where treatment is used, taps before and after treatment facilities
shall also be installed. Taps shall be at least 12 inches above the
finished floor and any possible high water level. Taps must point
downward;
(7) Suitable over and under voltage protection shall be provided on the
various electrical equipment;
(8) The waterworks facilities shall be provided with suitable lighting,
heat and ventilation. If necessary, a dehumidifier shall be used during
summer operations;
(9) The pumphouse, wells and other plant facilities should be
accessible to the various maintenance vehicles.
Section 16-262m-9. Financial. Manaierial. sad Technical Qualifications
Criteria
(a) If the Department of Public Utility Control and Department of Health
Services determined that a main extension is not feasible or no utility is
willing to extend such main, and that no existing regulated public service or
municipal utility or regional water authority la willing to own, operate and
maintain the final constructed water supply facilities aa a non-connected,
satellite systesi, and if it is not feasible to install private individual
wells, the applicant may continue forward with the application by
satisfactorily providing the following additional information:
j(l) A description of the applicant's business organisation along with
certified copies of the executed documents or any authority granted
pursuant to Section 2-20a of the General Statutes of Connecticut;
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(2) Certified copy of most current 12-month balance sheet and income
statement of proposed owner of water system including a statement
of current assets and liabilities;
(3) Copy of most current income tax return of proposed owner of water
system;
(A) Indicated source of financial resources that would be used to fund
the daily operations and any needed future capital improvements;
(5) Describe the financial ability of the proposed owner of the water
system to provide a continuous, adequate and pure supply of water
in routine and emergency situations including a pro forma cash flow
statement for. .one. year starting immediately after construction is
completed; .• . .
(6) Describe the annual budget formulation process;
(7) Indicate the .'name, address, and qualifications of person/company
who will be responsible for the budget preparation and
administration;
(8) Describe the controls that will be in place to keep operations
within budget and the sanctions or consequences that there will be
for budget overruns; ;
(9) Indicate the name and address of person responsible for filing tax
returns and annual audit reports;
(10) Indicate the.name and address of person(s)/company(s) who will be
responsible for routine operations including maintenance, customers
billing and .collections, repairs, emergency service and daily
management; •
(11) Describe the planning process to be implemented and assignment of
responsibilities to provide for future needs of the customers
including a program for routine system maintenance and the increase
of future supplies aa say be necessary5 . :.
(12) Describe the technical background anil experience of the proposed
operator including any membership in professional water industry
organisations; • .;••; ;-^..
(13) Famish a signed agreement or contract/.^toder which the proposed
operator will serve, including guarantees of continuous long-term
operation; <~.v •
• •»• • •
(14) Indicate the name and address of person/company who will manage the
water system if different from operator; .
(15) If there will be a business manager, in addition to the operator,
describe his or her qualifications;
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.'16) Describe the governing board, its background in utility business
governance and the decision making process of the management entity;
(17) List items which the operator will be responsible for and those
which the manager will be responsible for;
(18) A plan for conducting cross-connection investigations including
identification of the personnel capable of conducting
cross-connection inspections;
(19) A plan (including the procedures, methods, schedule and location)
for conducting required sampling, testing and reporting regarding:
(A) water quality testing; (B) pressure testing; (C) production
metering; (0) customer meter testing; (E) ground water monitoring
purusuant to Section 19-13-B102(n) of the Regulations of
Connecticut State Agencies;
(20) A plan for maintenance of the system;
(21) A plan for the maintenance of required records including at least:
(A) service area maps; (B) water quality, pressure, metering
and other tests; (C) emergency procedures; (D) metering; (E)
energy use; (F) chemical use; (G) water levels; (H) production
and consumption; (I) customer complaints; (J) non-revenue
water; (K) all financial records;
(22) A plan for operator safety;
(23) A plan for leak detection;
(24) A plan for long range conservation including supply and demand
management practices;
(25) A plan for action and proper notification of authorities in the
event of an emergency;
(A) Aa used above, "emergency" means any hurricane, tornado,
storm, flood, high water* wind-driven water, tidal wave,
tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, mudslide,
snowstorm, drought or fire, explosion, electrical outage,
toxic spill or attack or aeries of attacks by an enemy of the
United States cauaing, or which may cause, substantial damage
or injury to civilian property or persons in the United States
in any manner by sabotage r by the use of bombs, shellfire or
atomic, radiological, chemical, bacteriological or biological
means or other weapona or processes.
(26) Estimated itemised cost of water facilities to be constructed or
expanded.
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(b) In addition to the above requirements, the Department of Public Utility
Control shall be furnished the proposed owner's plans for the following:
(1) Preparation of adequate rules and regulations for providing water
service, including termination of customers for non-payment of
bills;
(2) Preparation and administration of a proper metered rate schedule
and the rates themselves;
(3) A procedure for handling customer complaints;
(4) A procedure for meter reading and accurate billing of customers;
(5) A listing in the local telephone directory of an emergency and
general inquiry telephone number for the customers.
Purpose; The purpose of these regulations is to allow the Department of
Public Utility Control and the Department of Health Services to implement
jointly the provisions of General Statutes of Connecticut S16-262n, which was
enacted to address the difficulties associated with the construction or
expansion of small water systems, such aa inadequate construction ana
financing, which ultimately leads to inadequate levels of service provided by
such water companies.
These Regulations are intended to restrict the proliferation of new
small water systems, to promote good public utility practices, to encourage
efficiency and economy, to deliver potable water in accordance with applicable
health standards, and to establish minimum standards to be hereafter observed
in the design, construction and operation of waterworks facilities of new
small water systems and on which existing community water systems should base
their future plans should they choose to expand. The Certificate of Public
Convenience and Necessity assures town governments that community water
systems will operate in accordance with the general requirements and
applicable minimum standards of Sections 16-11-50 through 16-11-97, inclusive
and Sections 19-13-B32, 19-13-B51. 19-13-B46, 19-13-B47 and 19-13-B102 of the
Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies.
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Appendix D
Including financial review in permitting process
States can improve water quality and the financial health of communities and small
systems by providing technical assistance during the early part of the small system planning
process. This assistance can range from informational materials about the costs of compliance
with the SDWA amendments and the importance of full cost pricing to development of a
standardized form for determining the financial health of a proposed system.
Given the tremendous resources that will be needed by small systems to comply with
the 1986 SDWA amendments, it is imperative that State programs consider systematic reviews
of the financial, technical, and managerial strength of proposed new public water systems.
Documents to be reviewed might include:
a description of the certified operator, business manager, and bookkeeper;
engineering plans according to State design standards;
an outline of the budget process;
financial reports such as a current income statement and balance sheet; and
projected operation and maintenance expenses, including monitoring, sampling, and
analysis, and projected revenues.
In addition to the analysis of financial records, some States require proposed systems
to provide some kind of security to serve as a source of funding in case of emergency. For
example, Maryland requires new privately owned systems to establish two escrow accounts,
one each for the replacement of the highest cost treatment unit and for initial O&M costs, as
well as a sinking fund to pay for the replacement of the system in 20 years. More
information on Maryland's security requirements is located in Appendix E.
Developing criteria to determine new system viability
Requiring financial, technical, and managerial information is only the first step in
analysis of a proposed system's ability to comply with the SDWA requirements. State
drinking water programs should consider developing guidelines by which to evaluate the long-
term viability of proposed systems.
Guidelines should include the evaluation of key indicators of financial health, such as
liquidity, solvency, long-term planning, and debt retirement plans.
EPA and its contractor, The Cadmus Group, Inc., have published an excellent series
of four handbooks on financial self-assessment of water systems for privately- and publicly-
owned systems, home owners associations, and mobile home parks.1
The mere existence of the permit review process may cause systems to improve their
operations and finances voluntarily. The knowledge that they must provide financial
information can encourage marginal systems to assess their capabilities and seek alternative
arrangements without the need for State involvement
Including the Department of Public Utilities (DPU) in the permitting process
Several State drinking water programs have established formal relationships with their
Department of Public Utilities (DPU) or Public Utilities Commission (PUC), agencies which
carry out financial analyses routinely as part of their rate-setting processes.
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Formulating a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the two agencies can
be a good mechanism for mutual acknowledgement of the small system problem and the
parties' shared interest in and responsibility for devising a solution to this problem.
Several State drinking water programs are drafting or have already signed such
interagency MOUs. Officials in these States believe that the process of drafting the MOU has
been helpful in fostering a sense of shared purpose and mission regarding the provision of safe
drinking water. Sample MOUs from California and Connecticut are included in Appendix F.
LDocument numbers EPA 570/9-89-011 through /9-89-015.
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Appendix E
MARYLAND DEPARTMENT OF' THE ENVIRONMENT
REQUIREMENTS
PROPOSED PRIVATELY-OWNED WATER SYSTEMS
These requirements have been developed by the Maryland Department of
the Environment (MDE) as a result of our observation that, for privately-
owned water systems, plant operation and maintenance problems which
increase over time, can be mitigated if the following requirements are met.
These requirements have been established to assure that, with proper
operation and maintenance of the system, consumers enjoy a safe and
adequate supply of drinking water, now and in the future.
For those water systems which a county intends to purchase and/or
operate, please send a copy of the appropriate public works agreement to
Mr. William Parrish, Program Administrator, Water Supply Program, Water
Management Administration, 2500 Broening Highway, Baltimore Maryland 21224.
For publicly-owned systems, some of the financial requirements may be
omitted from the public works agreement if the county believes that its
existing financial plan accommodates new systems and if sufficient funds
will be available throughout the life of these systems to assure safe and
adequate supplies of drinking water for all consumers.
Requi rements:
1. The project must be described and shown in the county Water and
Sewerage Plan with the appropriate service area category designation. "
2. A water appropriation permit must be obtained from the Water
Resources Administration (Maryland Department of Natural Resources) with a
copy of same submitted to the Water Supply Program (MDE).
3. A well construction permit must be obtained from the Residential
Sanitation Division (MDE). Call Mr. Raymond Ludlow at (301)631-3654
regarding procedures.
4. A financial management plan must be submitted to the Water Supply
Program. Call Mr. Barry O'Brien at (301)631-3706 regarding these procedures
for MDE review and approval. This plan must detail estimated operating
costs and the revenues required to support these costs.
5. An agreement must be developed and executed between the Water
Management Administration and the owner of the proposed water system. The
agreement must provide for deposit into an escrow account of funds
sufficient to cover the repair or replacement of the highest-cost water
treatment plant unit. In addition, a separate deposit account must be
established to provide for sufficient funds for the initial operation and
maintenance of the system. This account will remain in effect until
operating costs are completely supported by income. Finally, the agreement
must provide for establishing an account sufficient to fund the replacement
of the system in 20 years from the date of initial operation. This
financial assurance requirement is a condition of COMAR 26.04.03 "Water
Supply and Sewerage Systems in the Subdivision '?f Land in Maryland" and may
include such guarantees of equal protection os may be requested by the
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applicant. Attached is a copy of such an agreement. Mr. O'Brien can
discuss this with you further.
6. An operation and maintenance plan must also be prepared and submitted
to the Division of Design Review (MDE). Call Dr. Ta-shon Yu at (301)631-
3757 for review and approval.
7. A State construction permit must be obtained from MDE for the
installation of the system. Call Mr. John Stewart at (301)631-3767
regarding procedures.
After the State construction permit has been issued, there are two
additional requirements which must be met prior to commencing the actual
operation of the new system:
A. A water treatment plant suoerintendent and operator, certified in the
appropriate classification by tf~ Board of Waterworks and Waste System
Operators, must be employed pric to plant sta-i-up to operate the plant.
Call Mr. Oktay Ertugrul at (301)631-3167 for details of this program.
B. Plans must be made for compliance with the monitoring and reporting
requirements of COMAR 26.04.01 "Quality of Drinking Water in Maryland "
before start-up of the plant.
C. A final inspection of the system and approval to operate must be made
by MDE before the system is placed in service. Call Mr. O'Brien at
(301)631-3700 at least two weeks in advance to schedule the final inspection,
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Appendix E
i HIS ACRttMENT mode this day of of the year
Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Seven (1987) by and between Kimberwood Corporation,
hereinafter colled the "Developer" and the DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT of
the State of Maryland, hereinafter colled the "DEPARTMENT".
WHEREAS, the developer is the owner of certain property located in Queen Anne's
County, Maryland, more particularly described by the Subdivision Plats of Bay View at
Kent Narrows, intended to be recorded among the Plat Records of Queen Anne's County,
Maryland hereinafter called the "Property"; and
WHEREAS, Developer is interested constructing certain structures on the Property
which will be served by a community water system to be constructed on the Property,
which will be initially owned by Kimberwood Corporation, later to be owned by Bay View
at Kent Narrows Condominium Association, Inc., which shall be comprised of all owners
of the Property; and
WHEREAS, COMAR 10.17.03.00 of the Deportment's regulations entitled Water
Supply and Sewerage Systems in the Subdivision of Land In Maryland requires that
departmental approval be conditioned upon compliance with the financial and ownership
requirements determined to be necessary to assure the continued, efficient, and
effective operation of the system.
WHEREAS, the Department has determined that the financial assurances set out In
this Agreement and the attached Financial Management Plan (Exhibit I), which are
incorporated by reference as if set forth herein, are necessary to assure compliance with
the above regulations.
NOW, THEREFORE, this Agreement witnesses that, the Developer in consideration
of these requirements and the Department's approval of Its attendant community water
system, hereby agrees to bind itself, its heirs, successors and assigns as follows:
I. To construct a water treatment system in accordance with the plans and
specifications approved by the Department.
2. To properly maintain and operate the water system to serve the, proposed
development in order to protect the health, safety and welfare of the general population
living in the area and also the residents and guests on and about the properly.
3. To properly maintain and operate the water system In accordance with all the
applicable regulations, laws and standards of the Department and other appropriate
agencies.
U. That prior to the signing of the proposed plots and/or recordotion of same, the
Developer will secure a bond for $18,600. This bond shall be designated as the Water
System Emergency Reserve Bond, as shown in Exhibit I, Appendix C.
The value of the bond will be maintained so that it guarantees the equivalent cost
of repair or replacement of the most expensive piece of equipment of the Water
Treatment System. The replacement costs of all major pieces of equipment will be
reviewed annually to confirm that replacement costs are guaranteed or>d the value of the
bond will be adjusted to reflect any revised repair/replacement cost estimates.
Adjustments shall be made within 60 days of the review of replacement costs. In the
event of the failure of the Developer to repair or replace any equipment, the bond shall
be utilized to perform all work necessary to return the Water Treatment System to
operating condition. If this bond is drawn upon, the amount drawn shall be replaced
within 90 days.
5. That Water System Emergency Reserve Bond shall only be used to pay for
repairs or improvements to the water system and not for ordinary operation
maintenance. The Developer shall notify the Department of any use of this bond.
6. That prior to placing the water treatment system in operation, tj^e Developer
shall create an operation and maintenance bond in the amount of $4,500.00, as shown in
Exhibit I, Appendix B. The purpose of this bond is to insure that the water supply system
will hove sufficient minimal funds for the operation and maintenance of the water
system.
Page I of 3
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7. • That prior to approval of the development, the Developer shall establish by
restrictive <-ov(»vm»«. r,,™\r*~ .uitK. tK. inr>H_ as uort of a general scheme of development,
the obligation of each owner of a condominium to pay an annual fee into the water suoply
system reserve fund. This fund shall provide on amount sufficient to replace the water
system 20 years after Initial construction. The annual assessments established pursuant
hereto shall constitute a lien on all property affected. The Developer shall similarly
establish the obligation of each owner to pay an annual assessment Into the water supply
system operation and maintenance fund sufficient to meet all operation and maintenance
costs.
8. When, as stipulated in the Bay View at Kent Narrows Condominium Association,
the obligations and rights of the Developer shall automatically transfer to Bay View at
Kent Narrows Condominium Association and/or the Council of Unit Owners of the
condomlnium(s)) and shall be assumed by and inure to the benefit of such entity, the
Developer shall thereupon be discharged from further obligations under this Agreement.
9. If the Developer fails to make repairs or improvements required for proper
maintenance and operation of the water system, the posted bonds and/or reserve funds
may be utilized at the option of the Department arid used to effect such repairs or
Improvements. The water system reserve fund shall be restored to the original balance
within 90 days by the Developer upon any such withdrawal required to me » such repairs
or improvements.
10. Upon assumption of ownership of the system by a p- ilic utility, the funds and
bonds (as established in paragraph 4 and paragraph 7) shall be abolished and all deposits
shall be received by the Developer, his assignee, or the Bay View at Kent r-Jprrows
Condominium Association for its use.
II. Nothing herein shall be construed to limit the liability of the Developer for any
costs of repairs or improvements for which he is responsible by law. Any and all other
remedies that the Department may have at its disposal, Including the revocation of any
permit or approval, shall be strictly preserved. Any entry for inspection, repairs or
improvements shall not be considered trespass, and permission to do so is hereby granted
Irrevocably.
12. The Department may transfer its rights and obligations under this Agreement to
any other public agency authorized to carry out such functions and specifically may
transfer the Agreement to Queen Anne's County. The Developer may transfer Its rights
and obligations under this Agreement to any purchaser of the Property, in the even* that
the Developer itself does not develop the property.
)3. The Developer, its successors and assigns, shall remain subject to all applicable
provisions of law regulating the operation and maintenance of water faci'ities.
I ft. The Developer shall cause this Agreement to be recorded among the Land
Records of Queen Anne's County and this Agreement shall be noted upon the subdivision
plots of the property.
15. The Developer further agrees that in addition to Its personal liability this
Agreement shall run with the land and be binding on all persons having or acquiring any
rights, title or interest in said property, or any part thereof.
16. That the Developer shall additionally in any other Declaration of Covenanfs It
may execute with regard to the proposed condominiums, Incorporate directly or by
reference Ihe provisions of this Agreement.
Page 2 of 3
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Appendix P
17. In the event that the requirements of any provision of
substance is not complied with, the plat approval may, at the
option of the Department, be declared null and void and the
Department may take appropriate judicial action to have saia
plat expunged from the land records.
AS WITNESS the hands and seals of the parties herein the
date and year first about written.
BY:
DATE Jack B.Dietrich,President
KIMBERWOOD CORPORATION
WITNESS:
DATE
BY:
_ _ _ _
OAT! ~ Richard B. Sellars, Jr., Director
Water Management Administration .
DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT
Approved as to form and legal sufficiency
this ft/1" day of 'vi^fe >"V i?#-. 1987
AssistanitJAttor^niy Central
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ADpend:i_x F
MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SERVICES
and
PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION
ON MAINTAINING SAFE AND RELIABLE WATER SUPPLIES
FOR REGULATED WATER COMPANIES IN CALIFORNIA
The Department of Health Services (DHS) and the Public Utilities
Commission (?"JC) recognize that it is their joint goal to ensure
-hat California water companies regulated by PUC are economically
maintaining safe and reliable water supplies. This Memorandum of
Understanding (MOU) sets forth those policies and procedures to
which CHS and PUC commit -hemseives towards achievement of that
goal.
OBJECTIVES
The common objectives of the program, as they relate to public
water systems subject to regulation by PUC and DHS, are as
follows:
L. To monitor the systems to assure that safe and reliable
water supplies are being maintained in accordance with
applicable drinking water standards.
2. To identify contaminants and determine system improvements,
including alternatives, necessary to provide safe and
reliable water supplies.
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2. To assure that systen improvement projects, necessary to
upgrade supplies to neet standards, are selected on the
basis of priority and only after reasonable alternatives
have been defined and -&*4- cost-effective analyses performed
to arrive at a cost-effective solution.
4. To establish mutually agreed upon priorities for necessary
system improvements.
PRINCIPLES OF AGREE::- .T
For the purpose of this agreement, DHS and PUC agree that their
staffs shall abide by the following principles:
I. To the extent its resources permit, DHS shall be
responsible for evaluating and determining all technical
aspects of monitoring water quality and identifying
contaminants, and for identifying the various potential
improvements necessary to provide safe and reliable
water supplies. DHS will also recommend its preferred
solution. P¥C shall be responsible for evaluating fire flow
requirements and for making recommendations on the financial
and rate making aspects associated with implementing the
improvements identified by DHS to provide safe and reliable
water supplies.
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2. The staffs of the two agencies shall endeavor to keep each •
other fully informed of their respective activities and to
assist each agency in carrying out its responsibilities.
3. Both agencies shall exchange all information available
regarding water companies that are experiencing water
quality and/or water availability problems. The information
about the problems should include, but is not limited to:
a. All communications with utilities;
b. Orders;
c. Decisions;
d. Regulations and Policies;
e. Proposed new water systems;
f. Permits; and
g. Reports, investigations, etc.
4. The PUC will notify DHS of all requests for rate increases
from public water systems and shall routinely provide DHS
with schedules of hearings. DHS will provide technical
input to PUC as necessary and appropriate in PUC
proceedings. This may include testimony before the PUC.
5. Identified system improvements necessary to provide safe and
reliable water supplies should consider:
a. Protection of public health;
b. Short and long term benefits;
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c. Cost effectiveness;
d. Cost to customers; and
e. Ability of customers to pay.
6. Each agency shall endeavor to provide appropriate assistance
in necessary enforcement actions taken against individual
water systems.
AGENCY RESPONSIBILITIES
The intent of this MOU is to identify the separate and distinct
responsibilities of DHS and PUC. The following represents a
general description of the roles and responsibilities of each of
the respective agencies relating to water companies under PUC
jurisdiction. Each agency agrees to adopt and implement policies
and procedures necessary to administer its respective duties.
These policies and procedures shall be coordinated between the
agencies.
1. DHS shall be responsible for the following:
a. Evaluation of public water systems to identify public
health deficiencies and determine compliance with the
Safe Drinking Water Act.
b. Identification of alternative cost effective corrective
actions necessary to upgrade water supplies to meet
standards, and recommendation of its preferred solutic-.
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c. Review and approval of plans and specifications and
issuance of domestic water supply pernits for improvemer
d. Inspection of water quality improvement projects both
during and after construction, and sharing project
status reports with PUC.
e. Participation at appropriate PUC public meetings with
customers and/or evidentiary hearings where water
quality matters raised by DHS or any ether person are to
be discussed.
PUC shall be responsible for the following:
a. Determination of the type of rate relief needed to
finance necessary system improvement projects for other
than Safe Drinking Water Bond Act loan projects, which
by existing policy are required to be paid off by a
surcharge on customer bills.
b. Arrange public meetings with customers and/or
evidentiary hearings to ensure that customers are made
aware of the need for system improvement projects and
the impacts the projects will have on rates.
c. Promptly inform DHS of PUC public meetings with
customers and/or evidentiary hearings where water
quality problems will be discussed so that DHS may
prepare and participate.
d. Provide analyses of the financial impacts, if any, of
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sys-em improvement projects on both custoners and warer
companies.
PROJECT COORDINATION
1. DHS and PUC will designate project managers for their
respective agencies when water quality and/or water
availability problems exist and an improvement project is
necessary. The project managers will be the principal
contact persons for their agencies on a particular project.
2. whenever a potential conflict regarding a specific project
is identified, each agency will examine the alternative
solutions available for upgrading water supplies and then
meet-/ to thoroughly discuss the issues involved and attempt
to cone to an agreement before announcing a position. If an
agreement can not be reached after consultation between the
Chief of the Sanitary Engineering Branch of DHS and the
Chief of the Water Utilities Branch of PUC, DHS and PUC
staff may advocate separate positions. Notwithstanding such
disagreements, this MOU shall remain in effect.
3. There should be a complete exchange of information between
DHS and PUC through the project managers. Each agency will
set forth where and to whoa material shall be sent. Copies
of all correspondence Between an agency and other parties
concerning a water system improvement project shall be sent
to the project manager of each agency until project
completion.
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Apnendix F
The Chief of the Sanitary Engineering Branch of DHS and the
Chief of the Water Utilities Branch of PUC, with designated
members of their staff, shall meet as necessary but at least
semi-annually to review progress of the water quality
improvement effort in California and resolve any issues
which have been identified by staff.
AMENDMENTS
:his KOU nay be amended by mutual agreement of DHS and PUC. It
shall remain in effect until- DHS and/or PUC decide otherwise.
Approved:
Director '
Department of Health Services
Date: Februarv 9, 19S7
Approved:
Executive Director
Public Utilities Commission
Date: December 9. 1986
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MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
AMONG
THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION,
AND
THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SERVICES,
AND
THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC UTILITY CONTROL
OF THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT
PURPOSE
This Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) provides a common set of
guidelines for water companies and other parties who are required to
prepare either water conservation plans or emergency contingency plar.s.
The purpose of this Memorandum of Understanding is to avoid overlap and
redundancy in requirements and authority of the signatory agencies in
water conservation issues and emergency contingency plans. This
Memorandum links the requirements of the Department of Environmental
Protection (DEP), the Department of Health Services (DOHS) and the
Department of Public Utility Control (DPUC) for these two areas of their
responsibility under one set of commonly agreed upon guidelines and
establishes a process of coordination, review and approval.
As a result of a 1988 DPUC docket on water conservation, a program to
retrofit state buildings with water conservation devices, revisions to
the State Building Code, and legislation (Public Act 89-327, An Act
Establishing a Water Resources Policy; Public Act 89-303, An Act
Concerning Minimum Efficiency Standards for Plumbing Fixtures; and Public
Act 89-266, An Act Establishing a Residential Water Saving Program," the
Governor and the General Assembly have established a clear policy
direction concerning the important role of water conservation in water
management. Pursuant to Public Act 89-377, an Act Establishing a Water
Resources Policy, the Bepartnent of Environmental Protection, the
Department of Health Services and the Department of Public Utility
Control hereby establish this Memorandum of Understanding.
APPLICATIONS
Pursuant to Public Act 89-377 four sections of the Connecticut General
Statutes are covered by this Menorandum of Understanding. In addition,
three sections of th= Connecticut State Regulations are included in this
Memorandum of Understanding pursuant to Section 4-8 of the Connecticut
General Statutes.
Statutes Included in MOU
Sec. 16-19(a) (DPUC) - Plans for promoting water conservation required
in conjunction with a vater company rate case;
Sec. 16-32e(b) (DPUC) - Plans by water companies for restoring service
which is interrupted as a result of an emergency;
Sec. 22a-369(9) (DEP) - The long-range water conservation plan of an
applicant for a diversion permit, including contingency measures for
limiting water use during seasonal or drought shortages;
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Sec. 25a-32d(b) (DOHS)- Water company water supply plans -
vulnerability assessment and contingency procedures for public
drinking water supply emergencies; an analysis of the impact of water
conservation practices and a strategy for implementing supply and
demand management measures.
Regulations Included in MOU
- Sec. 16-262m-9(a)(2A) (DPUC & DOHS) - Long-range conservation plan,
including supply and demand management practices required pursuant to
issuing joint Departnent of Health Services and Department of
Public Utility Control Certificate of Public Convenience and
Necessity;
- Sec. 19-13-B102(s) (DOTS) - Conservation requirements of the State
Public Health Code, including a program to reduce the amount of water
which cannot be accounted for;
- Sec. 22a-430a-3(o) (C '?} - Holders of a wastewater discharge perrrit
are to maintain practices and facilities which result in the minimum
amount of wastewater discharged utilizing such methods as water
conservation, resource recovery, waste recycling or wastewater reuse.
INTERAGENCY COORDINATIONCOMMITTEE FOR WATER CONSERVATION AND EMERGENCY
CONTINGENCY PLANS
There is established an Interagency Coordination Committee for Water
Conservation and Emergency Contingency Plans composed of an agency
representative designated by the Commissioner of the Department of
Environmental Protection, the Commissioner of the Department of Health
Services, the Chairman of the Department of Public Utility Control, the
Consumer Counsel of the Office of Consumer Counsel, and the Secretary of
the Office of Policy and Management. The Office of Policy and Management
shall chair the Committee. This Interagency Coordination Committee shall
be utilized to facilitate discussion of issues which are critical to the
signatory agencies, to resolv* disputes relating to the statutes and
regulations within the purview of this Memorandum of Understanding and to
monitor and recommend improvements to the Guidelines and their
implementation. The goal of this process is to have either a water
conservation plan or an emergency contingincy plan, which is submitted to
one agency and reviewed by each of the signatory agencies and through the
interagency review process, as described below, be acceptable to all of
the signatory agencies in any regulatory proceedings under their
respective jurisdictions.
IMPLEMENTATION
This Memorandum of Understanding is implemented through guidelines for
water conservation plans and emergency contingency plans which serve as
instructions to water companies, industrial/comraercial/institutional
water "users, and agricultural water users in the preparation of these
plans. Both this Memorandum of Understanding and the Guidelines are
hereby adopted by the Department of Environmental Protection, the
Department of Health Services, and the Department of Public Utility
Control. The guidelines are divided into four separate documents:
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Appendix ~
-Water Conservation Plans prepared by Water Companies;
-Emergency Contingency Plans prepared by Water Companies;
-Water Conservation and Emergency Contingency Plans prepared by
Industrial/Conanercial/Institutional Water Users;
-Water Conservation and Emergency Contingency Plans prepared by
Agricultural water users.
A proposed water conservation or emergency contingency plan (or a
component of an application which comes under the purview of this
Memorandum) will be submitted to the specific state agency from which
regulatory approval is being sought. The state agency then will forward
a copy of the plan to the other signatory agencies for review and
comment. The signatory agencies will each have 60 days from receipt of a
plan or a component to determine the adequacy of the proposal and to
submit comments to the regulatory agency for its consideration for
incorporation into a letter of deficiency. In addition, a signatory
agency may submit minor comments to the regulatory agency for forwardir.g
to the applicant for information purposes only. If the regulatory ager.cv
finds either that as a result of its review or the review by the other
signatory agencies that significant deficiencies do exist in the plan or
a component of a plan, the regulatory state agency will prepare a draft
letter of deficiency and will forward it to the signatory agencies for
review prior to submittal to the applicant. If no comment is received by
the regulatory agency from the other signatory agencies within 15 working
days from the date the draft letter of deficiency was sent by the
regulatory agency, it vill be assumed that there is no objection to the
contents of the letter of deficiency and then it may be issued with the
requirement that the applicant address the concerns raised therein.
If a signatory agency feels that its comments were not adequately
incorporated into the draft letter of deficiency; are within its areas of
jurisdiction; and are of a critical nature, the commenting agency then
shall inform the regulatory agency in writing within 15 working days fro^
the date that the regulatory agency sent the draft letter of deficiency
of its specific objections with the content of the letter of deficiency.
Staff from the regulatory agency and staff from the specific commenting
agency will then meet to come to a resolution as to the importance of
having the signatory agency's comments addressed by the applicant. If no
agreement is reached by the staffs of the agencies, the matter will then
be referred to the Interagency Coordination Committee to facilitate
discussion, if the commenting agency wishes to do so.
In reaching a concensus on the adequacy of a proposed plan in question,
the Interagency Coordination Committee will be guided by the following
general areas of statutory jurisdiction. The Department of Environmental
Protection has jurisdiction over: the conservation of water by wastewater
discharge permittees; providing for the prevention and abatement of water
pollution; the amelioration of seasonal shortages of water; and
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providing for the coordination and management of the state's wste:
resources to assure their protection, enhancement, proper allocation arc
uz -zation. The Department of Health Services has jurisdiction over the
pu -y, adequacy and safety of public water supplies, plant and systems;
an.: such other matters as may affect public health. The Department of
Public Utility Control has jurisdiction over investor owned water companv
financing, system operations and the cost effectiveness of plans and
programs. None of the signatory agencies will hold up another agency's
regulatory process unless there is a major outstanding issue. The object
of this process is to have close coordination between the signatory
agaencies so that issues are resolved to each agency's satisfaction.
REGULATORY APPLICATION
Each of the participating agencies shall consider any approved water
conservation and/or emergency contingency plans, as applicable, in all
related regulatory activities. Plan approval does not preclude or bind
the outcome of specific administrative proceedings for permits required
under the Reflations of Connecticut State Agencies or the Connecticut
General Statutes. A water user who comes under the purview of the
statutes listed in this Memorandum of Understanding shall implement all
approved plans in compliance with all applicable state agency regulatory
programs and statutory requirements.
It is the intention of the signatory agencies that only the sections of a
plan pertinent to its jurisdiction shall be considered for official
comment by it, when a plan prepared pursuant to this Memorandum of
Understanding is utilized to fulfill a requirement in one of the
above-referenced statutes or regulations. The intent of this Memorandum
of Understanding is to eliminate duplication of effort, reduce
overlapping authorities and ensure regulatory consistency at the state
level.
TIMEFRAME FOR MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
This Memorandum of Understanding is effective from the date of signing by
these three agencies and will remain in force for the signatory agencies
until amended or revoked by them. However, any plans submitted as a
result of the above statutes and regulations during the six months from
the signing of this Memorandum of Understanding, will not have to be in
conformance with their pertinent guidelines during this grace period.
The Memorandum, of Understanding may be revoked at any time by written
notification from any signatory to the other signatory agencies.
COORDINATION
Any changes fn statutes which would affect this Memorandum of
Understanding and/or accompanying Guidelines will be taken into
consideration by the three signatory agencies and through the
coordination of the Office of Policy and Management will result in any
modifications to the Memorandum and/or in the Guidelines as would be
appropriate. Periodically, the Interagency Coordination Committee will
evaluate and recommend improvements to the review process and the
Memorandum of Understanding.
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Appendix G
Restructuring options to overcome diseconomies of scale
This section will focus on various solutions to these diseconomies of scale. As in any
enterprise, the cost of a good or service per unit is generally less the larger the size of the
purchase. Small systems cannot purchase in large amounts, so they pay relatively high unit
prices. Similarly, the larger the customer base, the lower the cost per customer of a particular
purchased item. But by definition, small systems have a small customer base, so the effect
of costs on water rates is relatively higher than for larger systems.
The three solutions listed below address these problems of diseconomies of scale:
1) Contract operation and management (O&M)
2) Cooperatives
3) Mergers and acquisitions
By contracting out for O&M services, a small water system may enjoy the economies
of scale already achieved by a firm that provides O&M to many clients. In cooperatives,
several small systems buy goods or services jointly, decreasing their per-unit costs by
increasing the size of their purchases. In a merger or acquisition, the small system becomes
part of a larger system, taking advantage of the economies of scale achieved by the acquiring
entity.
Defining the terms
Contract operations and management: A contractual arrangement whereby a small water
system buys services from a larger entity, either another private or public system or a private
company. No transfer of assets is involved. Contract O&M is also referred to as satellite
management, third-party operator, service contract, privatization, or turn-key operation.
Cooperative: A group of small systems can join together (formally or informally) to purchase
goods or services cooperatively (e.g. sharing a certified operator). If the systems create a new,
independent entity to perform this function, the entity is called a "cooperative."
Mergers and acquisitions: A merger or acquisition occurs when a water system (either
publicly or privately owned) assumes ownership of another water system. Mergers and
acquisitions do not necessarily involve the physical interconnection of the systems involved;
however, they do involve the transfer of assets.
A. Contract O&M (a.k.a. satellite management)
Many small systems lack the necessary trained personnel to monitor or report the
concentrations of regulated contaminants or to maintain and repair system equipment. In such
cases, professional help may be obtained by contracting for O&M assistance. Services covered
can include: routine maintenance, monitoring and reporting, managerial services, or system
improvements.
Because their operations do not require constant attention, small systems often do not
need full-time operators. Therefore, instead of hiring full-time operators themselves, small
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systems can contract with private service companies to obtain certified operators on an as-
needed basis.
Private water service companies are the leading providers of O&M contracting, but
capable municipal systems should also be encouraged to provide such services.
Contract O&M is most effective when small systems need trained operators to manage
daily operations or perform routine monitoring and reporting functions. Small systems with
more severe problems should consider other options, such as mergers or acquisitions.
States should approve the plans for satellite arrangements before they are initiated to
be sure they conform to operating permit requirements. During this review, the State can
ensure that the satellite owner or manager will correct small system problems in a timely
fashion. In addition, States can promote satellite management and ownership by providing
grants or low-interest loans to water systems that conduct satellite planning and assessment.
Incentives for contract O&M
States can provide several incentives for systems to enter into contract O&M
arrangements:
1. Provide a sample O&M contract, with appropriate language, to facilitate the
establishment of such agreements. A sample of such an agreement can be found in
Appendix H.
2. Inform and educate larger water systems of contracting opportunities. For example,
many large municipal systems have their own certified microbiological laboratories at
which they do coliform and VOC testing. Such labs should be encouraged to sell their
services to smaller systems. Informational materials could be developed and distributed
at the time of lab (re)certification.
3. Maintain a registry of qualified certified operators who can provide services to
systems that do not need full-time operators.
4. Modify agency policies to require an entity (such as a hospital or school) that is part
of an existing PWS and that wants to install its own treatment to contract the
associated services to its existing public water supplier. The existing PWS, usually a
municipality, would be required to charge its true, full cost of providing these services
(treatment, monitoring, management). Such an arrangement would avoid the
proliferation of new small systems, simplify compliance tracking, and be economically
beneficial to both parties.
Appendix I contains case studies of contract O&M arrangements.
Liability issues with O&M contracting
Liability can present an obstacle to small water systems that seek contract O&M
services from private companies or large water utilities. States normally hold system owners
accountable for MCL or M/R violations; however, if the owners have contracted for operator
services, the contract operator may be held liable.
States can modify their regulations to avoid liability disputes. Oregon recently modified
its regulations to state that contract operators must recommend all necessary changes to
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maintain or bring about system compliance, thus shifting compliance responsibility back to the
systems. If a system fails to adopt the operator's recommendation, it will be responsible for
any resulting violations. Contractor operators can be held liable if they have been negligent;
they are responsible for the accuracy of their work, but system owners are responsible for
implementing changes to maintain compliance.
A primacy agency could also recommend that the parties involved in satellite
management arrangements incorporate an indemnification clause in their contracts to prevent
liability disputes. The sample contract in Appendix H contains such a clause.
B. Cooperatives
By joining together, small systems can achieve greater economies of scale and reduce
the unit prices of their purchases at little or no cost to the systems or the primacy agency.
Examples of goods and services that may be purchased more cheaply include: operation and
maintenance services, laboratory services, chemicals, and equipment.
In addition to the cost savings that might be achieved by such arrangements, an
additional feature of cooperatives is the forum they create for sharing knowledge and expertise
about regulations, pricing, and solutions to common problems.
The simplest type of cooperative purchasing may result from a larger system helping
a small system, to the mutual benefit of each. Because large systems have the ability to
purchase in bulk at a lower per-unit cost, they could sell some of their materials to a small
system at a price higher than their original cost (so they make a profit) and yet at a price still
lower than that which the small system would be paying if it purchased the item separately
(so the small system saves money).
Water system cooperatives are most appropriate for systems that are structurally sound.
For these systems, cooperatives can be an effective way of reducing costs. However, if a
system is only marginally viable because of major technical, financial, or managerial
deficiencies, then mergers and acquisitions may be a more appropriate option.
Formation of a water cooperative requires that significant effort be devoted to
management. If there is an informal purchasing arrangement, it will depend on the voluntary
contributions of time from its members to get quotes from vendors, place orders, and deliver
the goods. Members who do not do their share will lose their right to participate. Small
system owners and operators are often independent; because of this, some systems fear
delegating responsibility to an organization that it cannot completely control. This may limit
the feasibility of cooperatives among some systems.
Incentives for cooperatives
The most effective mechanism for encouraging cooperative purchasing is through the
dissemination of information about available options and their successful implementation in
other areas.
In addition, specific cooperative purchasing arrangements can be encouraged. For
example, the tests for the new total coliform rule are significantly cheaper when bought in
large quantities. As part of its informational process for the new total coliform rule, a State
drinking water program could encourage larger municipal and private systems to purchase extra
tests and sell them to small systems.
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C. Mergers and acquisitions
A merger or acquisition occurs when a publicly- or privately-owned water system
assumes ownership of another system. The entities that are acquired or merged can be either
privately or publicly owned. The new systems that result have a larger customer base,
increased access to capital, and eligibility for State grant and loan funds (usually only if the
acquiring entity is a public system). A typical example is a municipal water system acquiring
a small, privately owned system outside its service boundaries. Other case studies of both
private and public mergers and acquisitions are located in Appendix J.
Mergers may result from the State primacy agency's requirements, or they may result
from a system's plans to expand its service area. Although the regulations vary from state
to state, public mergers, acquisitions, and the formation of new public systems generally
require approval by the primacy agency.
The terms of private mergers are usually reviewed by either the primacy agency or the
State's PUC. Primacy agencies review proposed mergers to determine whether the new system
will comply with operating permit requirements. Similarly, PUCs review proposals before
granting operating permits, conducting hearings to determine if the acquisition is in the public
interest, to set rates, and to determine whether acquisition costs should be recovered through
rate increases.
State regulation of voluntary mergers can ensure that they are an effective way of
addressing small system problems. Voluntary private mergers and acquisitions usually occur
when the private companies involved determine that financial restructuring is advantageous for
both companies involved. A recent study of voluntary private acquisitions showed that the
acquiring company is usually motivated by the wish to expand its customer base and service
area.1 The acquired system usually wishes to get out of the water service business.
Sometimes voluntary action is not enough. There may be conditions under which the
State must compel involuntary mergers and acquisitions, for example, when a small system
is in gross violation of standards and is financially incapable of correcting the problems.
Under existing drinking water statutes, most States do not have the authority to mandate
the takeover of a non-compliant system. However, recent Connecticut legislation gives the
State the authority to compel involuntary mergers or acquisitions under specific conditions.
Pennsylvania recently passed a bill which gives the State PUC the authority to order a capable
public utility to acquire a small system that the commission has determined to be nonviable.
More information on the Pennsylvania takeover provisions can be found in Appendix K.
Incentives for mergers and acquisitions
The State program should work with its advisory committee to determine how best to
encourage and facilitate mergers and acquisitions. States must create financial incentives for
municipal systems to acquire smaller systems, otherwise they will be unable to gain support
for legislation requiring the takeover of financially troubled systems.
Devising an appropriate financial incentive will require the input of numerous interested
parties. Possible financial incentives could include:
o reduced interest rates from State bond authorities on bond issuances by municipalities
whose water system agrees to acquire a troubled smaller system;
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o State tax credits for private utilities that agree to acquire or merge with another system;
o reduced or waived fees by the drinking water program.
Massachusetts' Department of Environmental Protection is working on a new fee-for-
services program which, because it exempts municipal systems, is itself an incentive for
smaller systems to merge with a public system. The program's proposed fees — for example,
an annual compliance fee of up to $4500 per system — may deter smaller systems from
remaining independent and encourage them to merge or be acquired by an existing municipal
system.
If coordinated with the primacy program, reviews by the Public Utility Commission can
help ensure that a merger or acquisition will alleviate the problems the small system faced
prior to restructuring. However, most State PUCs do not have jurisdiction over all sizes and
types of public water systems. Therefore, this type of cooperation may be limited to certain
system categories. As mentioned in the previous section on financial viability, State drinking
water programs may find the development of an interagency Memorandum of Understanding
with the PUC will facilitate this process.
1. Patrick Mann, G. Richard Dresse, "Commission Regulation of Small Water Utilities:
Mergers and Acquisitions," NRRI, Chapter 4.
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Appendix H
EXHIBIT A
MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT
This agreement is between Waterguard, Inc. (Waterguard) and
Statement Of Intent - It is the intent of this agreement for Water-
guard to provide and to receive the professional services of a
part time state-certified Class I water system operator (Operator).
Only the services described in this Agreement or those later appended
by written mutual consent are incorporated in this Agreement. This Ag-
reement is intended to assist in its basic compliance with Oregon
state laws and regulations pertaining to minimum operating standards
for community water systems.
RESPONSIBILITIES
Waterguard - Waterguard will provide and supervise the services of an
Operator who possesses a valid Class I certificate of competency issued
by the State of Oregon. The Operator will perform or provide for the
performance of water system services as mutually agreed upon and
authorized under State of Oregon Class I Water Distribution certifica-
tion. Such services are limited to those necessary to consistently
satisfy the minimum health standards of the State of Oregon for com-
munity water systems. The basic Operator services mutually agreed upon
as of the date hereof are itemized in the ensuing section entitled
"Specific Services". The services will be provided on a mutually
agreed-upon schedule. Additional services may be added to this Agree-
ment from time to time by written consent of Waterguard and
- as owner of the water system will provide guidance and
direction to the Operator to the extent necessary for timely decisions
and direction on any action, expenditure or work needed to keep the
system in compliance with State health standards for community water
systems.
agrees to take whatever steps are required by federal and state
law and Oregon Health Department regulations to keep the system in
compliance with all current and future community water system minimum
standards.
agrees that the physical plant, assets, liabilities and legal
obligations connected with the ownership and operation of the system
are its exclusive responsibility and not-that of the Waterguard or
Operator.
acknowledges that insurance coverage desired L^ in
connection with this Agreement, including but not limited to errors and
omissions coverage, will be the responsibility of
SERVICE FEES
Waterguard - will pay $40.00 per hour exclusive of travel time,
for the Operator's services. Waterguard agrees to itemize its charges
and bill monthly for Operator services. Billings shall be in
one-quarter hour increments.
(1)
Cont ir.ued
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Memorandum Of Agreement (continued)
will pay all agreed upon Waterguard billings for
Operator services within 30 days of receipt.
will periodically review the Operator's work, reports and
recommendations and promptly advise the Operator of any changes in the
scope or nature of services it desires.
HOLD HARMLESS AGREEMENT
Indemnification - will hold harmless and indemnify Waterguard,
and its officers, agents, and employees against any claim, liability,
or expense incurred by Waterguard arising out of its work under this
agreement, except to the extent that the claim, liability or expense
arises out of alleged negligent or intentionally wrongful actions or
failures to act of Waterguard or its officers, agents or employees.
EXCLUSIONS
LABORATORY SERVICES - All laboratory charges for testing, analysis or
evaluation of the quality/qua.-.tity of the system's water will be in
addition to the fees mentioned in this Agreement.
SYSTEM REPLACEMENT, OPERATION AND REPAIR COSTS - all system replace-
ment, operation and repair costs will be the responsibility of Villa.
SPECIFIC SERVICES
The Operator will advise on the requirements necessary to keep
the system in compliance with all laws and regulations. The Operator
//ill perform or provide, consistent with reasonable and customary
standards, all basic community water system operational and management
services required to keep the system in compliance with the following
requirements as well as any other requirements arising out of laws or
regulations hereafter existing:
1. Responsibilities Of Water Supplier as required by OAR 333-61-025
(attached);
2. Maximum Contaminant Levels as required by OAR 333-61-030 (at-
tached ) ;
3. Sampling And Analytical Requirements as required by OAR 331-61-
035 (attached);
4. Reporting, Public Notification And Record Keeping as
required by OAR 333-61-040 (attached);
5. Construction Standards as required by OAR 333-61-050 (attached);
6. Plan Submission And Review Requirements as required by OAR 333-
61-060;
7. Operation And Maintenance as required by OAR 333-61-065 (at-
tached) ;
8. Cross Connection Control Requirements as required by OAR 333-61-
070 (attached);
9. Fluoridation as required by OAR 333-61-085 (attached);
10. Product Acceptability Criteria as required by OAR 333-61-087
(attached).
(2)
Continued
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AppendixH
Memorandum Of Agreement (continued)
The OAR Chapter 333 sections listed above and any subsequent changes
made to them are by this reference included in and made a part of this
agreement.
DESIGNATION OF OPERATOR
Waterguard hereby designates Don Weidner as the Operator to perform
the services described in this aareement. Waterguard agrees to notify
in writing and obtain written agreement prior to making
any changes in its Operator designation.
ADDITIONAL SERVICES
This Agreement may be modified, expanded or limited at any time by
the written mutual consent of both and the Waterguard. Notice of
a proposed change will be given by the proposing party to the other
party at least 30 days prior to the effect of the proposed change.
OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE
Waterguard and agree to designate an official address and
telephone number to which each may send all official communications to
the other. Both parties to this agreement will promptly advise the
other of any changes in addresses and phone numbers.
TERMINATION OF AGREEMENT
This Agreement can be terminated by either party with 30 days written
notice to the other party. Waterguard will be paid for all services
provided to hereunder prior to receipt of notice of termination
or to such later date as the notice may specify.
EFFECTIVE DATE
This agreement will be effective as of
Signed
Title
Signed
Date
Title
(3
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Appendix I
WATERGUARD, INC-OAM CONTRACTING
SUMMARY: Waterguard demonstrates how small systems in Oregon use O&M
contracting to obtain regulatory advice, routine testing, and maintenance
work, as wefl as financial analysis, rate-setting advice, and bookkeeping.
To found Waterguard, die owner obtained a list of die regulated systems in Oregon,
targeted die ones serving fewer than 300 connections, and sent diem flyers announcing the
services he could offer. A few systems responded immediately, but not until the mandatory
certification law was passed did Waterguard acquire a substantial number of clients.
Waterguard currently has contracts with 32 systems, of which about half are mobile home
parks. The rest include educational institutions and sub-divisions. The average size of a
mobile home park served by Waterguard is approximately 100 connections, while the
average size of a sub-division is approximately 50 connections.
Waterguard offers a wide variety of services to small water systems. The company
performs routine maintenance, monitoring and reporting (for bacd and turbidity), and
system repairs. It also provides management services such as financial analysis, rate-setting
advice, and bookkeeping. Furthermore, Waterguard will help small systems comply with
new State drinking water regulations. For example, die firm will write die annual report
that State law requires from each operator. Waterguard also provides emergency assis-
tance.
When Waterguard is hired by a small water system, both parties sign a Memoran-
dum of Agreement. An example of the Memorandum is provided in Appendix A.
On average, Waterguard charges its systems $90.00 per month for routine O&M.
FOR INFORMATION CONTACT:
Jim Boydston, Manager
Drinking Water Program, Health Division
1400 S.W. 5th Avenue, Rm. 611
Portland, OR 97201
903-229-6310
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WASTEWATER SERVICES, INC.-OAM CONTRACTING
SUMMARY: Wastewater Services is another example of an O&M contracting
company used by small systems to improve compliance with SDWA and State
regulations.
Wastewater Services was created 13 years ago by a certified operator to provide
contractual assistance to small public water systems. Currently, Wastewater Services has 30
employees and has contracts with approximately 20 systems in western North Carolina.
Most of the contracts are with systems that have fewer than ISO connections.
Wastewater Services offers a w.de variety of services to small systems, but it r ly
performs monitoring and reporting, -astewater Services has a laboratory to provide ting
for bacteriological and inorganic contaminants. Additionally, if systems need infrastructure
work, the company has a construction section. Wastewater Services does not, however,
provide financial services such as rate-setting or bookkeeping advice.
The fees depend on the services provided. The average cost of a certified operator
who will be responsible for routine O&M functions is $250 per month.
FOR INFORMATION CONTACT:
Bob Barr
Wastewater Services, Inc.
P.O. Box 18029
Asheville, NC 28814-0029
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Appendix T
CROSBY WATER AND SEWER SERVICES, INC-OftM CONTRACTING
SUMMARY: Crosby Water and Sewer Services is an example of how a mobile
home park owner became a certified operator and created a business
providing O&M services to other nearby system owners.
Crosby Water and Sewer Services was created by a mobile home park owner who
had experienced difficulty in operating her water system. After she became certified, a few
neighboring systems informally asked her for assistance. In 1985, she and her husband
decided to start a water and wastewater service business. Today, they assist approximately
19 wastewater and 19 water systems. The company consists of four full-time certified
operators who serve systems within a 35-mile radius, mainly in Wake County. Most of
Crosby's contracts are with mobile home parks and housing developments that have an
average size of 75 service connections.
According to Crosby, each customer has a unique set- of service requirements. In
general, they provide monitoring, reporting, and routine maintenance work. There is at
least one system that they completely manage. For this system they read meters, handle
customer billing, and perform routine O&M work. Crosby also provides emergency
assistance to any system it serves. There is a 24-hour answering service that systems may
call when a problem arises. Before Crosby performs any major work, it makes recommen-
dations and obtains approval from the system. The firm usually is authorized to incur up
to $100 in costs without seeking approval.
Crosby's fees depend on the services performed. For routine O&M work, it charges
approximately $100 per month. For a system that it completely manages, Crosby charges
$550 per month.
FOR INFORMATION CONTACT:
Don Williams
Regional Engineer, Drinking Water Division
Fayetteville, NC
919-486-1191
10
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SOUTHERN NEW HAMPSHIRE WATER COMPANY-SATELLITE MANAGEMENT
SUMMARY: Southern New Hampshire Water Company is an example of a
large water utility providing O&M services to a small municipal water system
through a satellite management program.
In late 1989, Southern New Hampshire Water Company and Deny Waterworks
entered into a satellite management arrangement. Southern New Hampshire is a large
utility that provides water to many dries in southern New Hampshire. Deny Waterworks is
a small municipal system that wanted to contract out for O&M services. Previously, Deny
used private service companies for O&M services. This year, however, Southern New
Hampshire had the lowest bid for services and was awarded the contract.
Southern New Hampshire provides Deny with operations and maintenance services.
A contract between the two companies specifies the services to be rendered. These
include: providing a certified operator, performing daily operations; reading meters;
performing sampling, monitoring, and reporting; and implementing backflow prevention.
Deny performs all other system functions.
Southern New Hampshire Water Company charges an hourly fee. Information on
specific fees is confidential.
FOR INFORMATION CONTACT:
Larry Gingrow
Southern New Hampshire Water Company
322 Nashua Rd.
Londonderry, NH 03053
603-882-3322
12
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Appendix i
PUBLIC UTILITY DISTRICT NO. 1 OF KTTSAP COUNTY-SATELLITE MANAGEMENT
SUMMARY: Public Utility District No. 1 of Kftsap County is an example of a small
Homeowner's Association contracting widi a large public water system for a
comprehensive system assessment.
Public Utility District No. 1 of Kltsap County, Washington is a public water system
which serves approximately 4/XX) people. As a PUD, the system has jurisdiction over the
entire county and is able to borrow money, contract indebtedness, issue bonds, and levy
taxes. Currently, the PUD owns and operates a number of small water systems in the
county and has just begun to provide contract O&M services.
The Sandy Hook Community Club, a Homeowner's Association in Poulsbo,
Washington recently contracted with PUD No. 1 for a comprehensive assessment of its
water system. Sandy Hook needs assistance in determining what system improvements
should be made in order to deliver better water quality to its 75 residences. PUD No. 1
was contracted to do die following: document above-ground problem areas; evaluate the
steel main and water services to determine approximate conditions below ground; revisit
the source and storage locations to evaluate die physical and mechanical operations; and
prepare a report detailing findings and recommendations to reserve system deficiencies.
The contract is short-term; the services will be completed widiin 45 days of die final
signature date. Once die assessment is completed, Sandy Hook may agree to have the
PUD perform die necessary improvements. It may also agree to have the PUD assume
long-term management of the system.
All labor and professional hours will be billed hourly. All materials and equipment
that die PUD uses in executing the contract will be billed at cost plus 10 percent for
handling. The contract stipulates diat die total cost of services cannot, however, exceed
$500.00.
FOR INFORMATION CONTACT:
David Siburg, Assistant Manager
PUD No. 1 of Kltsap County
1431 Finn Hill Road
Poulsbo, WA 98370
206-779-7658
13
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Appendix J
WASHINGTON COUNTY SANITARY DISTRICT-PUBLIC ACQUISITION
SUMMARY: The following case study shows how a State can require a public
merger a* a way of solving small system problems. In this case study, a
municipal water system extension was ordered by die primacy agent to provide
safe drinking water to residents outside die boundary of die publicly owned
Maryland requires each county to develop a plan of its water systems' operations,
including satellite programs and mergers. Tbe State also haftJDft.Jta|uipry «utivxky »^ *
require a public water system to be constructed or for an nffrnsipjt ID occur.
In 1981, residents of the Martin's Crossroads-Cearfoss area of Washington County
experienced an outbreak of Hepatitis A due to bacteriological contamination. After
detennining that water quality problems could not be corrected by die existing systems, the
Maryland Department of Environment (MDE) ordered Washington County to develop a
feasibility study for ntrwHng water service from die dry of Hagerstown water system to
die Martin's Crossroads-Cearfoss area, to develop a construction schedule, and to imple-
ment the extension by a specified date. The Martin's Crossroads-Cearfoss area contained
218 homes at die time of die order.
The county plan examined all options for complying with the order and determined
the most cost-effective method of meeting current and expected future water demand.
This plan was then submitted to MDE prior to system extension, ffitiitffur rtHrfti•umisWi(\
were provided from user fees, Washington Gout* JIBUTI i iiiiiii mil ||i(, ^iiJpBIT
f acffide* Fund. The area was included In die county plan as a*sanitary subcustrict, and all
customers in die designated area were required to hookup to die water system. The cost
of water service fai die new customers was equivalent to diat paid by die city's original
customers. •
FOR INFORMATION CONTACT:
William F. Parrish, Jr.
Water Supply Program, MDE
Point Breeze, Bldg. 40, Rm. 8
2500 Broenlng Highway
Dundalk, MD 21224
301-431-3702
18
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LAKEWOOD VILLAGE-FORMATION OF A PUBLIC SYSTEM
SUMMARY": The Lakewood case shows how the formation of a publicly-owned
water system can allow small systems to finance needed system improvements.
After obtaining a FmHA loan, the Lakewood system interconnected to and
purchased water from a neighboring municipal water system.
Lakewood Village to a subdivision containing approximately 500 single-family homes
it to located two miles south of Des Moines, Iowa. Lakewood's developer sunk a deep wt
to provide water to the community because interconnection with existing systems was not
feasible. The water contained high levels of dissolved minerals and was corrosive.
Residents complained about staining of clothes, deterioration of plumbing fixtures, period]
water outages, and declining property values as the result of poor water quality. Because
of high costs, die owners of the subdivision did not fully treat the water and were often
before the public utilities commission, contesting water rate adjustments with the resident:
In 1981, some of Lakewood's residents proposed forming a "benefited water distric
and purchasing the system from die developer. Under Iowa law a "benefited water distric
to a quasi-public entity with Its own taxing and bonding authority. As a public system,
Lakewood would be able to purchase water from the Des Moines Water Department,
eliminating die wen and, hence, the source of the problem. After the residents submitted
petition, the County Board of Supervisors held hearings and formed die District without
objection.
In a special election, three trustees were chosen and given, by simple majority vote
the authority to incur debt on behalf of the district. *^jfflftdg*PPl*
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Appendix J
NORTH LAKEPORT-FORMATION OF A NEW PUBLIC WATER SYSTEM
SUMMARY: North Lakeport demonstrates how a county can take the initiatf'e
to consolidate existing small water systems by forming a. regional system.
The North Lakeport project is located in Lake County, California, and has a
population of fewer than 90,000 people. The county has a considerable number of small
resorts, mobile home parks, and subdivisions that have their own water systems. Prior to
1981, the county had a limited regulatory program for small water systems, most of which
did little or no treatment. The county had concerns about the quality of the finished water
these systems provided.
In November of 1984 and 1986 the voters of California approved the Safe Drinking
Water Bond Laws, which provided $150 million of low-interest loans and grants for water
system construction needed to correct public health problems. The California Department
of Health Services identified North Lakeport as a potential area for a regional water system
and the County Special District Office was invited to submit an application for funding. To
prepare the application and define die essential projects, the county hired an engineering
firm to conduct a feasibility study, which was completed in June of 1985. The study •
recommended forming a regional system that would consolidate die 41 **ri«H«fl small
systems and individual homes which had Inadequate water quality; the Lakeside Community
Hospital; die County's Juvenile Hall detention facility; four new residential developments;
and die County's planned minimum-security prison for 500 prisoners.
On die basis of die engineering feasibility study the county's application was
completed and the State of California made a commitment to provide $5 million in low-
interest loans and a $400,000 grant. Having the necessary funding and technical details, the
county initiated proceedings to form an assessment district to assure diat the State loan
could be repaid. Several public meetings were held to discuss the details of the project
and its costs. The County Health Department maintained that small systems would need to
make significant and cosdy improvements in order to comply widi regulations and ensure
adequate water quality. The voters in the county decided that forming a regional system
was die least costly solution and die district was approved in October 1989. The construc-
tion of the new regional system began in January 1990.
FOR INFORMATION CONTACT:
B. David dark, P.E.
District Engineer
Office of Drinking Water
Santa Rosa District Office
50 D Street, Room 205
Santa Rosa, CA 95404
707-576-2729
20
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ACQUISITION OP GREENACRES WATER SUPPLY-PRIVATE MERGERS
SUMMARY: The Greenacres case study shows the combined efforts of the PUC
and primacy agency to require a takeover in order to alleviate water systems
non-viability.
Greenacres Water Supply had difficulty complying with a DOHS order to submit a
plan for improvements to enhance water quality and increase water supply. Greenacres'
owners did not have the resources to comply with the order and notified DOHS that they
wanted to leave die water business. DOHS asked DPUC to conduct a hearing about the
system. During the hearing, two water companies, Bridgeport Hydraulic Company (BHQ
and Tyler Lake Water Company, expressed interest in purchasing and operating Greenacres
as a satellite system. Although the owners of Greenacres and Tyler Lake negotiated a
purchase price of 110,000 for the system, the Consumer Counsel opposed the price as
excessive. After examining the financial records of Greenacres and considering the
improvements that the system required, DOHS and DPUC determined that Bridgeport
Hydraulic was a "more suitable entity" to own and operate Greenacres. .
The joint decision addressed several points raised during the proceedings. The
examination of Greenacres' financial records and the cost estimates for the system upgrade
revealed that a reasonable acquisition cost was only $617, primarily because of the large
outstanding debt that the acquirer would have to assume and the poor condition of the
system. BHC was. ordered to spread the COM
$191,000) among its 96,000 customers in order Ib fCttftrtf" ih< tuamM UmJLH?ofthe-»
upgrade on the Greenacres customent The approved acquisition costs, not including the
original net cost of the plant, was required to be charged to a deferred debits account for
amortization over four years. DOHS and DPUC decided to allow BHC to include unamor-
tizcd acquisition costs in its rate base, as the company had requested.
DOHS and DPUC ruled that Greenacres customers should be billed at their old rate
until all the residences had been metered. Then BHC could bill them at the same rate as
its other customers in the area. BHC was also given a schedule for system improvements
and was required to submit certain financial information to DPUC. The company was also
required to notify the Greenacres customers of its ownership.
Connecticut's takeover legislation allowed the State to facilitate acquisition by a
privately owned utility to correct the problems of a non-viable system. The State acquisi-
tion hearing on Greenacres determined the following: who should take over the failing
system; the acquisition cost; what system improvements must be undertaken by the
acquiring system; and what rates the customers of the acquired system should be charged.
FOR INFORMATION CONTACT:
Richard Albani
DPUC, Water Section
One Central Park Plaza
New Britain, CT 06051
203-827-1553
23
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Appendix j
ACQUISITION OF HELMS, INC.-PRIVATE MERCERS
SUMMARY: The acquisition of Helms, Inc., a small privately-owned water system,
by Connecticut Water Company (CWC) shows how the State primacy agent and
the PUC can jointly order water systems to act as receivers, to implement specific
system improvements on a time schedule, and to acquire other water systems.
Under Connecticut General Statutes 16-262, the Department of Health Services
(DOHS) and the Department of Public Utility Control (DPUC) called a hearing to find a
suitable water company to acquire the two divisions of Helms, Inc., Nathan Hale and
Lakeview in Coventry, Connecticut. These two water systems had a history of repeated
outages, and the owners of Helms, Inc. had failed to comply with seven Administrative
Orders from DPUC and DOHS. These systems had severe engineering deficiencies, and
had an old, poorly maintained system in need of reconstruction. No corrective action was
being taken by the owners.
Helms, Inc. provided water to 169 unmetered residential customers and 10 seasonal
customers. There were no treatment facilities at either Nathan Hale or Lakeview. The
owners had difficulty maintaining contracts with licensed pump companies, resulting in
periods during which no maintenance took place.
A temporary receiver had previously been appointed under CGS 16-2621, who
incurred liabilities for the maintenance of the system. DPUC and DOHS subsequently
recommended that the CWC acquire Helm, Inc. CWC was required to pay the receiver an
amount equal to his liabilities; this amount was added to the cost of acquisition that CWC
was allowed to recover through its rates.
Two years after the Joint Hearing, the former Helms customers were being charged
a flat rate of 1307.80 per year as stipulated in the Decision. When system upgrades are
completed, customers will be metered and charged the same rate as all other CWC
customers, which in 1988 was $315 per 72,000 gallons of water per household.
FOR INFORMATION CONTACT:
Richard Albani
DPUC, Water Section
One Central Park Plaza
New Britain, CT 06051
203-827-1553
24
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Appendix Y
PRINTER'S NO. 27
THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF PENNSYLVANIA
HOUSE BILL
NO. 25
Session of
1989
INTRODUCED BY LLOYD, BATTISTO, D. R. WRIGHT, NOYE, HALUSKA,
GIGLIOTTI, VEON, HASAY, STABACK, KOSINSKI, G. SNYDER,
E. Z. TAYLOR, KUKOVICH, BELFANTI, TIGUE, CAWLEY, STUBAN,
ITKIN AND COLAIZ20, JANUARY 18, 1989
REFERRED TO COMMITTEE ON CONSUMER AFFAIRS, JANUARY 18, 1989
AN ACT
1 Amending Title 66 (Public Utilities) of the Pennsylvania
2 Consolidated Statutes, providing for the commission to order
3 the acquisition of small water and sewer utilities.
4 The General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
5 hereby enacts as follows:
6 Section 1. Title 66 of the Pennsylvania Consolidated
7 Statutes is amended by adding a section to read:
8 § 529. Power of commission to order acquisition of small water
9 and sewer utilities.
10 (a) General rul«*—The commission may order a capable public
11 utility to acquire a aaall water or sewer utility if the
12 commission, after notice and an opportunity to be heard,
13 determines;
14 (1) that the small water or sewer utility is in
15 violation of statutory or regulatory standards which affect
16 the safety, adequacy, efficiency or reasonableness of the
17 service provided by the small water or sewer utility;
-------
1 (2) that the small water or sewer utility has fai'ed •
2 comply, within a -?asonable period of time, wj;.-. anv -rder
3 the Department of Environmental Resources or the commissicr
4 concerning the safety, adequacy, efficiency or reasonabler.e
5 of service, including, but not limited to, the availability
6 of water, the potability of water, the palatability of vate
7 or the provision of water at adequate volume and pressure;
8 (3) that the small water or sewer utility cannot
9 reasonably be expected to furnish and maintain adequate,
10 efficient, safe and reasonable service and facilities in tt
11 future;
12 (4) that alternatives to acquit .on have been
13 considered in accordance with subsect.on (b) and have been
14 determined by the commission to be impractical or not
15 economically feasible; and
16 (5) that the rates charged by the acquiring capable
17 public utility to its preacquisition customers will not
18 increase unreasonably because of the acquisition.
19 (b) Alternatives to acquisition.—Before the commission ma
20 order the acquisition of a small water or sewer utility in
21 accordance with subsection (a), the commission shall discuss
22 with the small water or sewer utility, and shall give such
23 utility a reasonable opportunity to investigate, alternatives
24 acquisition, including, but not limited to;
25 (1) The reorganization of the small water or sewer
26 utility under new management.
27 (2) The entering of a contract with another public
28 utility or a management or service company to operate the
29 small water or sewer utility.
30 (3) Th appointment of a receiver to assure the
- 2 -
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Appendix v
I provision of adequate, efficient, 5a:e and reasonable service
2 and facilities to the public.
3 (4) The merger of the small water or sewer utility with
4 one or more other public utilities.
5 (5) The acquisition of the small water or sewer utility
6 by a municipality, a municipal authority or a cooperative.
7 (c) Factors to be considered.—In making a determination
8 pursuant to subsection (a), the commission shall consider:
9 (1) The financial, managerial and technical ability of
10 the small water or sewer utility.
11 (2) The financial, managerial and technical ability of
12 all proximate public utilities providing the same type of
13 service.
14 (3) The expenditures which may be necessary to make
15 improvements to the small water or sewer utility to assure
16 compliance with applicable statutory or regulatory standards
17 concerning the adequacy, efficiency, safety or reasonableness
18 of utility service.
19 (4) The expansion of the franchise area of the acquiring
20 capable public utility so as to include the service area of
21 the small water or sewer utility to be acquired.
22 (5) Any other matters which may be relevant.
23 (d) Order of the commission.—Subsequent to the
24 determinations required by subsection (a), the commission shall
25 issue an order for the acquisition of the small water or sewer
26 utility by a capable public utility. Such order shall provide
27 for the extension of the service area of the acquiring public
28 utility.
29 (e) Acquisition prict.—The price for the acquisition of the
30 small water or sewer utility shall be determined by agreement
- 3 -
-------
1 between the small water or sewer utility and the acquiring
2 capable public utility, subject So a determination by the
3 conunissior -hat the price is reasonable. If the small water or
4 sewer util^sy and the acquiring capable public utility are
5 unable to agree on the acquisition price or the commission
6 disapproves the acquisition price on which the utilities have
7 agreed, the commission shall issue an order directing the
8 acquiring capable public utility to acquire the small water or
9 sewer utility by exercising the power of eminent domain pursuant
10 to the act of June 22, 1964 (Sp.Sess., P.L.84, No.6), known as
11 the Eminent Domain Code.
12 (f) Separate t .ffs.—The ccmnission may, in its discretion
13 and for a reasonable period of tir.e after the date of
14 acquisition, allow the acquiring capable public utility to
15 charge and collect rates from the customers of the acquired
16 small water or sewer utility pursuant to a separate tariff.
17 (g) Appointment of receiver.—The commission may, in its
18 discretion, appoint a receiver to protect the interests of the
19 customers of the small water or sewer utility. Any such
20 appointment shall be by order of the commission, whic- order
21 shall specify the duties and responsibilities of the :ceive
22 (h) Notice.—The notice required by subsection (a; or any
23 other provision of this section shall be served upon the small
24 water or sewer utility affected, the Office of Consumer
25 Advocate, the Office of Trial Staff/ the Department of
26 Environmental Resources, all proximate public utilities
27 providing the same type of service as the small water or sewer
28 utility, all proximate municipalities and municipal authorities
29 providing the same type of service as the small water or sewer
30 utility, and the municipalities served by the small water or
- 4 -
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Aooer.dix
1 sewer utility. The commission shall order the affected small
2 water or sewer utility to provide notice to its customers of the
3 initiation of proceedings under this section in the same manner
4 in which the utility is required to notify its customers of
5 proposed general rate increases.
6 (i) Burden of proof.—The Law Bureau shall have the burden
7 of establishing a prima facie case that the acquisition of the
8 small water or sewer utility would be in the public interest and
9 in compliance with the provisions of this section. Once the
10 commission determines that a prima facie case has been
11 established;
12 (1) the small water or sewer utility shall have the
13 burden of proving its ability to render adequate, efficient,
14 safe and reasonable service at just and reasonable rates; and
15 (2) a proximate public utility providing the same type
16 of service as the small water or sewer utility shall have the
17 opportunity and burden of proving its financial, managerial
18 or technical inability to acquire and operate the small water
19 or sewer utility.
20 (j) Plan for improvements.—Any capable public utility
21 ordered by the commission to acquire a small water or sewer
22 utility shall, prior to acquisition, submit to the commission
23 for approval a plan, including a timetable, for bringing the
24 small water or sewer utility into compliance with applicable
25 statutory or regulatory standards. The capable public utility
26 shall also provide a copy of the plan to the Department of
27 Environmental Resources and such other State or local agency as
28 the commission may direct. The reasonably and prudently incurred
29 costs of each improvement shall be recoverable in rates only
30 after that improvement becomes used and useful in the public
- 5 -
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1 service.
2 (k) Limitations on .lability.—Upon approval by the
3 commission of a plan for improvements submitted pursuant to
4 subsection (j) and the acquisition o£ a small water or sewer
5 utility by a capable public utility, the acquiring capable
6 public utility shall not be subject to any enforcement actions
7 by State or local agencies which had notice of the plan and
8 shall not be liable for any damages beyond the aggregate amount
9 of $50,OOP, including a maximum amount of $5,000 per incident,
10 if the cause of those damages or the basis of such enforcement
11 action is proximately related to identified violations of
12 applicable statutes or regulations by the small water or sewer
13 utility. This subsection shall not apply;
14 (1) beyond the end of the timetable in the plan for
15 improvements;
16 (2) whenever the acquiring capable public utility is not
17 in compliance with the plan for improvements; or
18 (3) i£> within 30 days of having received notice of the
19 proposed plan for improvements, the Department of
20 Environmental Resources submitted written objections to the
21 commission and those objections have not subsequently been
22 withdrawn.
23 (1) Definitions.—As used in this section, the following
24 words and phrases shall have the meanings given to them in this
25 subsection;
26 "Capable public utility." A public utility which regularly
27 provides the same type of service as the small water utility or
28 the small sewer utility to 4,000 or more customer connections,
29 which is not an affiliated interest of the small water utility
30 or the small sewer utility, and which provides adequate,
- 6 -
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Aoper.dix
L efficier.:, safe and reasonaole service.
2 "Small sewer utility." A oublic utility which regularly
3 provides sewer service to 1,000 or fewer customer connections.
4 "Small water utility." A public utility which regularly
5 provides water service to 1,000 or fewer customer connections.
6 Section 2. This act shall take effect in 60 days.
L15L66JRW/19890H0025B0027 - 7 -
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Appendix T,
NEHA
Environmental Healthjrencls Report
Volume 3, Number 4
Fall Quarter 1989
Ensuring Safe Drinking Water
New Challenges for Local Health Officials
Passage of the 1986 Safe Drink-
ing Water Act (SDWA) Amend-
ments marked the dawn of a new
era in the protection of America's
drinking water. The amendments
mandate a sweeping and compre-
hensive regulatory program to
ensure the uniform safety of drink-
ing water for all Americans served
by public water systems, at home,
at school, at work, or on the road.
The U.S. EPA Office of Drinking
Water (ODW) recognizes the seri-
ousness of the challenge it faces in
turning the 1986 amendments into
reality. To meet the challenge,
ODW has undertaken a broad and
far-reaching "Mobilization" effort.
The basic concept behind Mobili-
zation is expressed by the adage
"Many hands make light work."
Through Mobilization, ODWhopes
to bring the talents and resources
of all groups and organizations
impacted by the drinking water
requirements to bear on their im-
plementation.
Local health officials are a key
focus of the Mobilization effort,
since they are in.an excellent posi-
tion to contribute to the implem-
entation of the new drinking wa-
ter requirements. In fact, local
health officials are critical to the
successful implementation of
SDWA. This article is intended to
provide local health officials with
an increased awareness of the new
drinking requirements, and an
understanding of how they can
best contribute to successful im-
plementation.
Background
History of the National Drink-
ing Water Program. Prior to
1974, the federal government
possessed very limited regulatory
authority, and most drinking
water standards and practices
were established by individual
sfates. The first federal drinking
water standards were adopted in
1914, but regulated only those
suppliers serving interstate carri-
ers, for example, passenger trains.
Because the nature and enforce-
ment of state standards varied
greatly, the U.S. Congress passed
the original 1974 SDWA and es-
tablished the federal Public Wa-
ter Supply (PWS) Program. Ad-
ministered by the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency Office
of Drinking Water, the program
regulates the quality of drinking
water provided by the nation's
public water systems. As shown in
Figure 1,85% of all Americans re-
ceive their drinking water from
water systems subject to regula-
tion under SDWA. The remaining
15% of the population are largely
served by individual, private wells.
A major goal of the 1974 act was
to provide uniformity and consis-
tency to state regulatory efforts.
Under a management system
known as primacy, states are re-
sponsible for implementing and
enforcing the PWS Program.
To achieve primacy, each state
must adopt regulatory require-
ments at least as stringentas those
promulgated by EPA and must
have adequate authority to en-
force the requirements. States
may establish siting, design, con-
struction, and operation require-
ments. Presently, the only states
without primacy are Wyoming,
Indiana, Indian Lands, and the
Figure 1.
U.S. population served by
SDWA-regulated and non-
regulated systems.
2«4 M men
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NEHA
District of Columbia. The U.S.
EPA is responsible for implemen-
tation and enforcement in non-
primacy States.
The nature of the regulated
community. There are approxi-
mately 200,000 public water sys-
tems (PWSs) regulated under
SDWA. A public water system is
defined as any system providing
piped water for human consump-
tion, and serving 25 or more people
or 15 or more service connections
for at at least 60 days per year. As
shown in Figure 2, there are three
major categories of public water
supply systems: community water
systems; non-transient, non com-
munity water systems; and tran-
sient non-community systems.
Figure 2.
Regulated universe of Public
Water Systems.
Totol PiiXk WcMf eyMBn* « 301442
10%
A community water system
(CWS) provides water to the same
people on a year-round basis.
CWSs range in nature from large
urban water systems to mobile
home parks and nursing homes
having their own supply source.
Two-hundred and .twenty-one
million people receive their house-
hold drinking water from CWSs.
As shown in Figure 3, the vast
majority of the U.S. population is
served by a relatively small n ..Ti-
ber of large CWSs, and these -ys-
tems are capable of compliance
without great difficulty. On the
other hand, a minority (11 per-
Figure 3.
Community water systems size
distribution.
PERCENT
100
! Percent of Total Public Water Systems
; Percentage of Total Population Served
Very Small Small
Medium Large Very Large
SIZE CATEGORY
cent) of the population is served by
a large number of small water
systems. These small systems ac-
count for over 90 percent of the
violations of current drinking
water requirements.
Small and very small CWSs
(those serving fewer than 3,300
persons^, with their smaller and
less dense service populations,
have difficulty consistently deliv-
ering safe drinking water at af-
fordable prices. These systems are
characterized by low revenues,
high user rates, poor financial
Figure 4.
Regulated universe of Community
Water Systems.
capabilities, poor business and
technical management, and a lack
of engineering/planning knowl-
edge. As shown in Figure 4, ap-
proximately 40 percent of small
and very small CWSs are mobile
home park and homeowner asso-
ciation systems. These two cate-
gories are particularly trouble-
some. Mobile home park systems
are often neglected by park own-
ers because water supply is not
their principal business interest.
Homeowner association systems
are created for water supply provi-
sion when residential develop-
ments are isolated from larger
CWSs. Unfortunately, homeowner
associations lack the technical and
managerial skills needed to effec-
tively operate a water system
A non-transient, non-commun-
ity water system (NTNCWS), un-
like a CWS, does not serve a year-
round population. Rather, it serves
a daily average of at least 25 of the
same individuals for at least six
months out of the year. The most
common types of NTNCWSs are
factories and rural schools having
their own well or other supply
-------
AoDer.cix
source. Historically, NTNCWSs
were required to meet only those
standards (nitrates and bacteria)
required to prevent short-term
health problems. As discussed in
more detail later, these systems
are now required to meet the same
standards as CWSs since their
service populations consist of long-
term users.
A transient non-community
water system (TNCWS), like a
NTNCWS, does not serve a year-
round community population.
Unlike a NTNCWS, it serves a
transient population of at least 25
individuals daily, that is, the sys-
tem does not serve the same 25 or
more individuals on a long-term
basis as do schools and factories.
The most common kinds of
TNCWSs include rest stops, res-
taurants, gasoline service stations,
campgrounds, and park facilities.
Unlike CWSs and NTNCWSs,
TNCWSs are required to meet only
those standards designed to pre-
vent short-term health problems.
Roles and responsibilities in
the current PWS program. The
ultimate goal of the drinking wa-
ter program is to prevent endan-
germent to human health result-
ing from the contamination of
drinking water supplies. This
'mission requires intense coopera-
tion among U.S. EPA, state pri-
macy agencies, and the regulated
community. Each has a well-de-
fined and vital role in the regula-
tory process.
EPA is responsible for estab-
lishing regulations'and policy for
national program oversight.
States are responsible for imple-
menting and enforcing the national
regulations as well as carrying out
their own programs of plan re-
view, technical assistance, and
operator certification.
Local water suppliers are
responsible for constructing, oper-
Figure 5.
State shortfall of funds
necessary to implement the
Public Water Supply Program.
Funding for
Current PWS Program
Funding for Current and
New Requirements
[Total • $129 million par year)
Currant PWS
Program Shortfall
$34 Million
Currant PWS
n Fund
Million
(34%)
{Total • $281 million p«r year)
•For th» TWW rtqutrtfnamt, and addtonal $1 BO
mikon doflan In orw-tm* eotu i* il«o n*c*tsary.
ating, and maintaining public
water systems capable of compli-
ance with all federal, state 'and
local regulations.
The State Drinking Water
Program capacity problem. As
will be discussed in the next sec-
tion, EPA is developing numerous
new regulations in response to the
mandate of the 1986 SDWA
Amendments. To retain primacy,
states will have to adopt and en-
force these new regulations. State
Drinking Water Program budgets
must more than double to support
this new work.
States currently spend about $95
million per year. Of that amount,
states contribute two-thirds and
federal grant dollars constitute the
remainder. Figure 5 indicates that
states need an additional $34 mil-
lion per year just to implement the
current requirements. In addition,
implementation of the 1986
Amendments will cost the states
$180 million in one-time costs
through 1992, and will lead to an
increase in annual costs of $150
million per year after 1992. Dra-
matic increases in federal subsi-
dies are unlikely, thus states must
build support to substantially in-
crease their drinking water
budgets.
Is the public's drinking water
safe? Recently, EPA's enforcement
of drinking water requirements
has been criticized by some as
insufficient Such allegations have
-------
Figure 6.
Drinking Water Regulatory Development Schedule.
Con tmmlnin t/Ptqulnmin t
Final flute"
E/feef/v» D»tff
Fluonde
Lead Ban (SOWA 1417)
Phase 1 Volatile Organics
Public Notification
Lead Ban Policy Guidance
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Total Coliform Rule
Lead/Copper
Phase M 38 Contaminants
Phase III Radionuclides
Phase IV Disinfection
Phase V 25 Contaminants
Phase VMst list
c
2nd list
4/86
6/86
6/87
10/87
9/88
6/89
6/89
1990
12/90
1991
1992
1991
1991
1994
10/87
6/86
1/89
4/89
3/89
12/90,
12/90
1991
6/92
1993
1994
1992
1993
1996
• As of June 1989
- All dates after January 1990 am estimated.
— EPA Rules are generally effective 18 months after being finalized.
Stats rules are required to be adopted by the EPA effective date.
received considerable media cov-
erage over the past year. As a
result, citizens have confronted
their water suppliers and local
health departments to determine
whether such problems exist
locally.
EPA's compliance data (the same
data upon which the negative alle-
gations are based) indicates that
America's drinking water is very
safe. In 1987 and 1988,75 percent
of the 60,000 CWSs met all drink-
ing water regulations all of the
time. More than 180 million Ameri-
cans received their water from
systems in full compliance. Of the
41 million people whose CWSs
violated the regulations at least
once, only about 10 percent were
served by systems with signifi-
The New Program
Since the passage of the original
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
in 1974, and up through 1985,
U.S. EPA adopted National Pri-
mary Drinking Water Regulations
(NPDWRs) for 26 contaminants.
In 1986, SDWA was comprehen-
sively amended to greatly increase
the scope and stringency of the
PWS Program and the national
drinking water regulations. Fig-
ure 6 displays the schedule for
regulatory changes r .liredbythe
1986 Amendments. brief, U.S.
EPA is required to rr.ake the fol-
lowing changes to the PWS Pro-
gram and the NPDWRs:
• Increase to nearly 200 by the
year 2000, the number of regu-
lated contaminants (see Figure
7).
• Require water systems to moni-
tor over 100 yet unregulated
contaminants.
• Require filtration for nearly all
surface water systems, and dis-
infection for all surface wate-
and many g~5undwater system
cant compliance problems. Most
systems that experienced compli-
ance problems, corrected those
problems within one month. In
most cases, they simply failed to
test their water for contaminants,
and were not in direct violation of
a health standard. For large sys-
tems that must test hundreds of
samples each month, missing even
a single sample is recorded as a
violation.
Small and very small systems
are the most frequent violators. In
1988, small system violators out-
numbered larger violators by 11 to
1. Also, the greatest percentage of
violators are not located in the
continental U.S., but are located
in Guam, the Virgin Islands, and
other Territories.
• Ensure th.
based mo.
materials
men ted.
». new ban on lea
pipe, and fl -
j properly imple-
• Take action in response to bol-
stered enforcement powers.
Furthermore, in 1988 Congress
passed the Lead Contamination
Control Act which requires U.S.
EPA to maintain an updated list
of water coolers with lead-based
components, and to develop guid-
ance for controlling the lead con-
tamination of school drinking
water.
The health basis for drinking
water requirements. SDWA re-
quires all NPDWR standards to be
health-based, and establishes the
rationale that EPA must use when
developing those standards. A
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Appendix L
Trends
health-based standard must be
adopted for each regulated con-
taminant and must consist of ei-
ther a Maximum Contaminant
Level (MCL), or a treatment tech-
nique requirement. An MCL is the
contaminant concentration level
that legally cannot be exceeded in
treated drinking water. If it is not
feasible to detect the contaminant
in drinking water, a treatment
technique requirement is estab-
lished in lieu of an MCL.
In establishing an MCL, EPA
must first develop an MCL Goal or
MCLG. The MCLG reflects the
concentration level at which there
is no known or anticipated ad-
verse health effect, based upon a
lifetime consumption of drinking
water at the MCLG, concentration.
The MCL is then set as close to the
MCLG as feasible. Feasible means
the treated water concentration
that can be achieved using the
best treatment technology (taking
cost into consideration) available.
It is important to note that much
emphasis is being placed upon
long-term health effects. In fact,
the standards for regulated con-
taminants are being set at very
low levels in order to ensure a
lifetime of protection against both
acute and chronic health effects.
Figure 7.
Contaminant; regulated pursuant
to the Public Water Supply
Program.
Roles for Local Officials owners in the following ways:
Local health officials are in an
excellent position to fulfill key
roles in ensuring safe drinking
water within their communities.
As a part of their existing activi-
ties and responsibilities, many
local health officials are already .
involved in some aspect of drink-
ing water protection. The existing
roles of local health officials range
from technical assistance for
household well owners to formal
involvement in the Public Water
Supply (PWS) Program, such as
carrying out inspections of public
water systems.
Of course, the future roles as-
sumed by local health officials will
vary from place to place and de-
pend upon many factors, includ-
ing most importantly 1) the re-
sources available to local health
departments, 2) the nature of in-
dividual state PWS programs, 3)
the presence oflegal barriers which
prevent state PWS programs from
delegating drinking water authori-
ties to local governments, and 4)
thtfnterest of local health officials
themselves. The EPA Office of
Drinking Water has identified
three general areas of activity
where local health officials can
take on key roles.
Working with household well
owners. Most local health offi-
cials are already involved with
private well owners. Private wells
serving individual households are
not subject to the federal drinking
water requirements, and in most
cases, regulation occurs only at
the local level. Nonetheless, EPA
is concerned about the welfare of
household well owners, and de-
sires to be certain that they bene-
fit from the agency's understand-
ing of health risks related to the
consumption of contaminated
drinking water. Local health offi-
cials can assist houshold well
• By answering questions and
conducting proactive education
programs addressing the health
risks associated with drinking
water contaminants, especially
those common to the local area.
• By providing information and
technical assistance to well
owners with respect to water
sampling and analysis, includ-
ing the interpretation of labora-
tory results.
• By providing advice with re spe ct
to- what type(s) of household
treatment devices can be used to
prevent the consumption of con-
taminated water.
• By educating well owners and
the community at large about
groundwater protection (a form
of pollution prevention). And
also by providing local residents
with a better understanding of
the impacts on groundwater
caused by septic tank placement
and maintenance, and various
forms of land use such as agri-
cultural and livestock, under-
ground storage of petroleum
products and other chemicals,
and the improper handling and
disposal ofhousehold chemicals.
Informing Public Water Sys-
tem consumers As previously
discussed, most of our nation's
population—about 85 percent—
receives household drinking wa-
ter from public water systems.
Most of the water that is consumed
away from the home—at school, at
work, or in public places such as
restaurants and parks—is also
provided by public water systems.
Each new rule and regulation that
appb'es to public water systems
will directly affect the average
citizen. As a result, public water
system consumers will have more
questions and concerns about their
drinking water.
-------
NEHA
Irene
Local health officials can play a
critical role in their communities
by answering consumers' questions
about the importance and impact
of the new regulations, about the
public health significance of drink-
ingwater contamination, and what
steps, if any, area consumers
should be taking.
More specifically, local health
officials can provide such assis-
tance to customers of public water
systems by conducting proactive
public education programs—in co-
ordination with area water utili-
ties and the state PWS program—
addressing 1) the significance and
health effects of drinking water
contamination, 2) the protection
of drinking water at the supply
source, 3) the techniques for con-
serving drinking water,and 4) the
need for higher water ra&s in order
to pay for protection from long-
term health effects.
Assuming a Formal Role In the
Public Water Supply Program
As discussed above, one of the
unfortunate realities confronting
state PWS programs is a signifi-
cant lack of funding.
Local health officials can help
the states with their financial woes
in numerous ways. Most immedi-
ately and importantly, localhealth
officials could help generate sup-
port, amongboth the general public
and state legislators, for increased
state PWS program resources.
Once the state program secures
additional resources, local health
officials can enter into formal
agreements with the state. These
agreements would enable local
health officials to assume certain
state PWS program respc- abili-
ties, such as sampling, insp- ons,
and some enforcement act: -.ties.
In brief, the following are various
ways in which local health offi-
cials can become more involved
with the state PWS program:
• By supporting all efforts to in-
crease the capacity of the state
PWS Program.
• By actively encouraging both
elected and appointed decision-
makers to support increased
resources for their state PWS
program, and by explaining to
the public the importance of a
strongvstate PWS program.
• By supporting state PWS pro-
gram efforts to resolve small
water system problems, espe-
cially the promotion of manage-
rial consolidation among nearby
small systems, and helping small
systems with understanding
monitoring requirements and
interpreting monitoring results.
To conclude, drinking water
program requirements are now
expanding to an unprecedented
degree. The successful implemen-
tation of these requirements will
involve the utmost cooperation
from all affected parties. Both U.S.
EPA and state PWS programs are
now relying upon local health offi-
cials, as never before, to expand
and apply their knowledge, exper-
tise, and assistance, especially in
light of the close relationships they
enjoy with the local public.
Prepared for NEHA by Peter
Shanaghan, Mobilization Coordi-
nator, Office of Drinking Water,
U.S. EPA. For further informa-
tion, please call the U.S. EPA Safe
Drinking Water Hotline at 1-800
426-4791; 382-5533 in the Wash-
ington, D.C., metro area.
National Environmental Health Association
720 S. Colorado Blvd.
Suite 970, South Tower
Denver, CO 80222
Non-Profit Org.
U.S. Postage
PAID
Denver, CO
Permit *618
-------
Appendix M
ODW Publications
Brochures and Pamphlets
Is Your Drinking Water Safe?
A pamphlet that provides an overview of the regulatory requirements of the SDWA
amendments. Written in simple, non-technical terms, the pamphlet is a good source of basic
information on EPA's public water supply program.
Bottled Water
Household Water Treatment
SDWA for State and Local Officials
Radon
Compliance/Enforcement
Your Drinking Water: From Source to Tap
Lead and Your Drinking Water
Reports and Studies
Paving for Safe Water: Alternative Financing Mechanisms for State Drinking Water Programs
A handbook that discusses methods that State drinking water programs can use to raise
revenues to finance the costs associated with implementation of the SDWA amendments.
Ensuring the Viability of New. Small Drinking Water Systems: A Study of State Programs
A study of four State programs aimed at controlling the creation of non-viable small drinking
water systems. Programs in Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, and Washington are evaluated.
(EPA document number 570/9-89-004, April 1989)
Improving the Viability of Existing Small Drinking Water Systems
A study of State initiatives used to address the problems of small drinking water systems,
including restructuring options such as O&M contracting and acquisition of non-viable systems.
Case studies of successful programs and names and telephone numbers of persons to contact
for additional information are included. (EPA document number 570-9-90-004, June 1990)
-------
Newsletter Articles
The following articles arc available from Beth Hall who is coordinating the development of
the generic articles; her phone number is (202) 382-5553.
Drinking Water Regulations Expand for School and Business Operated Systems
A 3 1/2-page article that reviews current drinking water requirements for NTNCWSs and
provides a brief overview of forthcoming requirements.
Teachers and Safe Drinking Water
This 2-page article discusses the role that teachers play in preparing their communities for the
new requirements. Emphasis is placed on local involvement and public education.
Small Communities and Drinking Water
This 3 1/2-page article discusses the role that community leaders and decision makers can play
in preparing their communities for the new requirements. Emphasis is placed on understanding
the new regulatory requirements, identifying sources of assistance, and considering all the
options for compliance.
-------
Appe
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection
QUESTIONNAIRE ON TECHNICAL SERVICES AND PUBLIC OUTREACH
FOR SAFE DRINKING WATER
1. ORGANIZATION
2. MAILING ADDRESS
TOWN STATE ZIP CODE_
3. TELEPHONE NO. ( ) -
4. CONTACT PERSON:
TITLE
ADDRESS
TOWN STATE ZIP CODE
5 STATUS OF ORGANIZATION: Profit Nonprofit 501 C3 Government Agency (circle type below)
federal state county local
6. ORGANIZATION CATEGORY DESCRIPTION:
a. Water Supply b. Environmental Consulting c. Legal d. Planning e. Financial f. Library g. Public Education
h. Other (please specify)
IN WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SERVICES AND ACnVTTES IS YOUR ORGANIZATION INVOLVED?
Please answer all that apply, and please be as specific as possible.
A. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
a. On-Site Inspections/Maintenance/Management of (i.e. water
supply distribution systems, water supply sanitary surveys, soils, etc.)
for (grve purpose)
b. Accept Telephone Inquiries on (give subject areas)
c. Grant Proposal Development (state/federal/pnvate S sources) for
(i.e. financial assistance to conduct studies, construct facilities, purchase equipment and supplies, etc.)
d. Training/Education
Certification/Degrees offered (if any)
e. Legal Assistance
f. Planning Assistance
g. Other (please specify)
3. OUTREACH/EDUCATION
a. Publication Types (i.e. fact sheets, pamphlets, newsletters, etc.)
Topics of Publications
b. Technical Library
c. Computer Ncrwork/Bulletm Board
d. Audio Visual Resources
e. Mass Media (i.e. outreach through T.V., billboards, etc.)
f. Workshops/Semmars/Classes
Certification/Degrees offered (if any)
g. Other
(continued next page)
-------
C. LOBB-iING
a. Federal/Sute/Local Lobbying
b. Grassroots Lobbying
D. FUNDING SOURCE
E. OTHER
WHAT SEGMENT OF THE PUBLIC DOES YOUR ORGANIZATION ADDRESS?
(i.e. general public; water suppliers; local, state or federal government, etc.)
-------
Appendix Q
EIMIMVEST
PENNSYLVANIA INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT AUTHORITY
22 South Third Street Harnsburg, Pennsylvania 17101
A water utility's Guide To
Financial and Technical
Assistance Programs
issued By The
Pennsylvania Infrastructure Investment Authority
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Governor Robert P Casey.
Chairman
January 1990
-------
COMMONWEALTH or PENNSYLVANIA
Orricc or THE GOVERNOR
HAHHISBURO
THE GOVERNOR
We are committed to improving the quality of life for
Pennsylvania families by helping supply the clean water for our
communities. The Pennsylvania Infrastructure Investment
Authority ~ or PENNVEST ~ has become the vital source of
funding for these desperately needed infrastructure
improvements.
For too long our Commonwealth's smaller communities found it
almost impossible to finance the kind of capital investment so vital
to a healthy environment and a robust economy. We established
PENNVEST in 1988 to help provide more than $2.5 billion for
improvements in Pennsylvania's drinking water and sewer systems.
There are about 2,400 local water systems in Pennsylvania,
more than any other state in the nation. Some 2,100 of them
serve fewer than 3,300 customers, frequently in communities with
a narrow or shrinking tax base. The burden of millions of
dollars of improvements in these systems — which average only
478 customers each — could result in enormous rate increases.
Instead, PENNVEST's low-interest loans, along with the other
assistance plans described in this booklet, can keep down the
costs to our consumers and create jobs in our communities.
This "Water Utility's Guide to Financial and T- nical
Assistance Programs" provides a list of agencies tha. are ready to
provide the environmental infrastructure we need tc .eave our
children and grandchildren. They have a right to clean drinking
water, and through PENNVEST, we are now making that right
into a reality.
Robert P. Casey
Governor
-------
Appendix 0
Pennsylvania infrastructure investment Authority
program
PENNVEST
Types of Assistance
Low interest loans and supplemental grants for drinking water and wastewater
including industrial wastewater systems
who is Eligible
Any owner or operator of any wastewater or drinking water system The owner or
operator may be either a public or private entity, including any person, corporation
partnership, association, cooperative, municipal authority or governmental unit
program use
Financial assistance is available for construction, improvement, expansion, extension,
acquisition, repair or rehabilitation of all or any part of any facility or system, whether
publicly or privately owned, for the collection, treatment or disposal of wastewater
including industrial wastewater, or for the supply, treatment, storage or distribution of
drinking water Eligible costs may include, but are not limited to, construction, project
design and engineering, administration, permit fees, legal fees, acquisition of property
rights and equipment that are preliminary to or a necessary part of the project and
interest during construction
Activity and Amount of Funds Available
PENNVEST is able to finance up to 100% of eligible project costs, subject to the
following limits There is an overall project cap of S11 million per project. This cap is
increased to S20 million if more than one municipality is served and can be exceeded
with Authority approval if four or more communities are served The Authority may
require the applicant to participate in financing a project when it determines that the
applicant has the financial capability to do so and that such participation is desirable
PENNVEST financial assistance will primarily consist of low interest loans with some
supplemental grant funds available for economically distressed communities, interest
rates vary based, in part, on the cost of funds to the Commonwealth. Once a PENNVEST
loan is approved, interest is fixed for the term of the loan, it is anticipated that most of
the loans will have a term of 20 years and carry interest rates ranging from 1% to
approximately 6% There are no application, loan origination, or service fees. There are
no pre-payment penalties on loans. Loan applicants are eligible for an expedited rate
review process established by the PUC to facilitate debt service repayment.
Application procedure
Contact the Pennsylvania infrastructure Investment Authority and request an
application form for publicly-owned wastewater, publicly-owned drinking water, non-
governmental wastewater, or non-governmental drinking water systems, as
appropriate The fundamental objectives that will guide project evaluation and
selection are improvements to public health, public safety and the environment.
Performance on other criteria, including improvements to economic development,
compliance with State and Federal requirements, social impact, and improvements to
adequacy and efficiency are also considered Meetings are held on a quarterly basis
Special meetings can be held on emergency situations.
Where to Apply
Pennsylvania infrastructure investment Authority
22 South Third Street
Harnsburg, PA 17101
(717)787-8137
-------
Pennsylvania infrastructure investment Authority
Program
PENNVEST Advanced F-unding Program
Types of Assistance
LOW interest loans and possibly supplemental grants are available for feasibility studies
arid the design and engineering of drinking water systems The design and engineer ing
of wastewater systems may also be funded Feasibility studies of wastewater systems
may be funded by Act 537 as administered by DER
Who Is Eligible
Any current or prospective owner or operator of any drinking water 01 wastewater
system This may be either a public or a private organisation, including any person.
corporation, partnership, association, cooperative, municipal authority, or
governmental unit
Program DM
The intent of the Advanced Funding Program is to aid providers and prospective
pioviders of water and wastewater service who cannot i to locally finance the
costs of the preliminary tasks required in order to apply foi a pfcNNVEST construction
loan Loans are made available for a term of five years
The approval of an advance funding application is not a guarantee of construction
funding, nor is it a requirement to use PENNVEST to fund construe tion The applicant
will be obliged to implement any project receiving advance funding if construction
funding is later approved, the advance funding loan can be made a part of the
construction loan
The great majority of advance funding will be made available in the form of low
interest loans Grants are possible but will be very limited In most cases any grant
funds provided will be combined with loan funds interest rates are determined in the
same way as is done for construction projects
Application Procedure
The application procedure is similar to that used for the construction loan projects
Application forms can be obtained from the PENNVEST office All applicants are
required to conduct a preliminary planning consultation with DER in order to assure
maximum coordination
Where to Apply
Pennsylvania Infrastructure Investment Authority
22 South Third Street
HarnsburgPA17101
(71717878137
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental
Resources
Program
Technical Assistance Program foi Small Systems (TAI'SSi
Types of Assistance
On site technical assistance and training
who Is Eligible
This progiam focuses on small publicly diul privately owned drinking water systems
serving 2b or more people DER is offering this technical assistance and training to
small water system opei ators in Pennsylvania
Program Use
DER is contracting with consultants highly experienced in effective operation of
drinking watei treatment facilities to go to small water systems and provide technical
assistance and training to the operators The progi jin (overs proper operation and
maintenance of facilities for filtration disinfeition 01 c or region control Evaluation of
the effectiveness of the treatment, including performaiue samples will be provided
Training to meet both noimal and emergency operating conditions will be given Hie
goal is to improve the quality of the drinking water as much as possible with the
existing facilities and meet the i equii ements of the Pennsylvania S.if e Di inking Watei
Act TAPSS will also provide information on funding sources. Such as PtNNVtSf to
assist in upgrading treatment facilities
Activity and Amount of Funds
The training will be provided on site at eat h opt-i ati>r s water system jnu dm HUJ hours
convenient to the operator including evenings Hie cost ot tecMnic Jl assistance and
training will be borne solely by DtR The system owner or operator will not be (haiged
for any services provided through this program
Application Procedure
Contact the l'< ,• t Manager listed below Priority is based on the minimi/aiion of
violations oi UK ii..)ny new drinking water requirements and the likelihood uf
improved drinkn iy water quality as a result of the technical assistance and training'
where to Apply
Walt Harner. Proiec t Manager Pennsylvania Depar I merit ot t nvironmer it al Kesour ces
Bureau of Community Environmental Control Division of Water Supplies
PO Box2557
Harnsburg. PA 171?0
(71717875017
-------
o
x
c
OJ
p,
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental
Resources
Program
lUnfMuof W.KPt PPSOUI r or> Maruiqpmpnt
W.itrr ( onspr vn( lonATpr hni< -il ASMM.VH r Program
Types of Assistance
lot hnir jl ,is<;iM anrp is provider) (o smnll (1 OOO or fewpr service connections) publicly 01
privately owner) community drinking water systems through on site visits hy OEP
personnel
who Is Eligible
Any owner/operator of a small community water system with 1.000 or fewer service
connections Municipalities municipal authorities, corporations, partnerships.
proprietorships associations and institutions are eligible
Program use
The following services are available through the program leak detection, water meter
management, rate scheduling and drought contingency planning Leak detection
equipment and training in the proper care and handling of available equipment is
provided free of charge
Activity and Amount of Funds Available
Technical assistance is provided free of cost No charge will be made to the system
owner/operator
Application Procedure
Contact the Bureau of Water Resources Management and request assistance Eligibility
and priority will be determined by the Bureau based on public health and safety issues
and compliance with State and Federal standards
Where to Apply
Tom F idler Chief
Water f onservat ion Technical Services Sect ion
State Water Plan Bureau of Water Resources Management
Department of Environmental Resources
Evangelic al Press Building
Third and Reily Streets
Harnsburg PA 17170
17171 7R7B7SO
Pennsylvania Department of Commerce
Community Facilities Grant
Type* of Assistance
Supplemental financial assistance (proiect grantsi for needed public facilities to
strengthen income producing capability, improve health and safety and alleviate
financial hardship of the community
Wtio Is BNgJWe
Any Pennsylvania borough, township, city, municipality or county authority with a
population of 12.000 or fewer people Authorities serving multiple communities with a
combined population of 12.000 or more people are ineligible
Program live
Construction, rehabilitation, alteration, expansion or improvement of water facilities.
pumping stations, distribution and treatment facilities, reservoir rehabilitation
projects and access roads
Activity and Amount of Funds Available
Grants are limited to protects of S2.qpO,000 or less Grants may be awarded for up to
S50.000 or 50% of eligible project cost, whichever is less Eligible costs include
construction, project design, engineering and legal costs (relating to construction)
Eligible municipalities and certain economically distressed communities within
counties having annual average unemployment rates more than 30% higher than the
statewide average are eligible for maximum grants of up to 575.000 or 75% of total
eligible project cost, whichever is less
Application Procedure
Send letter of intent to Bureau of Business Financing by April 15th File application by
May 1st The application will be evaluated on the basis of order of importance
improvement of health and safety, degree of economic distress, economic impact
project readiness and cost effectiveness Funding decisions will be reached by July
51st
Where to Apply
Mary McGlmchey. Chief. Division of Grants and Loans
Bureau of Business Financing
PA Department of Commerce
Room 194. Forum Building
Harnsburg. PA 17120
(717)787 7120
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Pennsylvania Department of Commerce
Pennsylvania Department of Commerce
Program
Site Development Grant
Types of Assistance
Project grams to increase industrial employment Dy encouraging the industrial
growth of the Commonwealth
wnolsEHglMe
Any Pennsylvania municipality (township, borough, cityl, nonprofit industrial
development agency or state agency which will ser ve an industrial or tourist site
Program Use
installation of water facilities, pumping stations, distribution and tieatmem facilities
sanitary sewage lines, channel realignment and access roads Sewage treatment and
storm sewer protects are ineligible for funding
Activity and Amount of Funds
Maximum grants may be for S50.000 or 50% of eligible project costs whichever is less
bligible costs include construction, project design, engineering and legal costs (relating
to construction) Eligible municipalities and certain distressed communities within
counties having annual average unemployment rates more than 30% higher than the
statewide average are eligible for maximum grants of up to 5100.000 or 50% of total
eligible project cost, whichever is less
Application Procedure
Send letter of intent to Bureau of Business Financing by April 1st File application by
May 1st Applications will be evaluated based on the following ilisted in order of
importance) degree of economic distress, economic impact of project project
readiness, improvement of healt h and safety and cost effectiveness
where to Apply
Mary McClinchey. Chief Division of Grants and Loans
Bureau of Business Financing
PA Department of Commerce
Room 494. Forum Building
Harnsburg, PA17120
(717)787 7120
Program
business Inf r asti ucture Development 1'iogr Jin (BID!
Types of Assistance
Grants or loans lo local sponsors in order to install specific inlr astruc lure
improvements necessaiy to complement industrial investment by private
companies which increase Pennsylvania s snare of demesne and international
commerce and create new lobs
Who Is Eligible
Eligible sponsors include local governments (boroughs townships cmesi councils of
governments municipal authorities and redevelopment authorities Eligible private
businesses include agricultural industrial and manufactuunij businesses ana research
development enterprises
Program Use
Construction expansion improvement and rehabilitation is limited to drainage
systems, energy facilitu'., die ind safety facilities transpoitation facilities water
systems and waste disposal facilities lo be eligible all infrastructure improvement
projects must be necessary tor (he operation of an eligible business 01 busmev i .'
specific job generating site The infrastructure improvement must net one
time job (at the specific job sitel within three years for every SIS000
granted The private business must be providing 52 in investment for every •,< i\\ u\U
funding
Activity and Amount of Funds Available
Individual grants ,uid loans may not exceed 51 SOOOOO Interest rales and loan trims
will be detei mined by the Department of Commerce Maximum loan term sluil be no
greater than 20 years Eligible costs include construction site clearance demolition
engineering and design expenses, legal costs and administrative expenses intviied to
effectively administer BID grants or loans)
Application Procedures
Eligible sponsor provides letter of application lequesl along with a letter of intent
from the private business to Pennsylvania Department of comment' if pmjeit is
determined eligible apphr anon material will then be sent Completed applu ations will
be processed within thirty days of then receipt
Where to Apply
Mary McClinchey. Chief Divi1.
Bureau of Business F m.n.
PA Depart merit of Con)
Room4M .1 nt, i
Marrisburg i
1/17)78/7120
if Grant sand loans
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Pennsylvania Department of Commerce
Program
App.ilarhian Ppqinnal nrvplnpmrnt Supplpmental Grant
Types of Assistance
Supplemental- grants to rommunities within the Appalachian Loral Development
districts (see Apppncjix A (or listing! to aid construction protects vital to regional
growth
wnolsHlglble
Municipalities municipal authorities sewer authorities, school districts planning
commissions ot public or private non profit organizations There are no size or income
restrictions
Program Use
Construction of watpr systems, sewer systems and treatment plants Eligible costs
include construction project design and engineering costs and all legal and
administrative fees
Activity and Amount of Funds Available
Thr bulk of funds available to Pennsylvania recipients are used to support enterprise
development in Pennsylvania s seven Appalachian local Development Districts
Application Procedures
Contact the Office of Enterprise Development or the Appalachian local Development
District serving the county in which t he protect is loc ated (See Appendix A) The project
will be assessed based on the seventy of the problem and number of people affected
Where to Apply
Katherme Wilson Chief
Office of Enterprise Development
PA Department of Commerce
Room 404. Forum Building
Harnsburg PA 17170
Pennsylvania Department of Community Affairs
Bureau of Housing and Development. Small Communities Division Community
Development Block Grants/Small Municipalities Entitlement and Competitive Grant
Program
Types of Assistance
Grants to provide the Federal non entitlement municipalities of Pennsylvania with
funding needed to address local community development needs in the areas of
housing, community facilities, economic development and public services including
community drinking water systems
wno Is HIglDW
General purpose units of local government not designated as Federal entitlement
counties or municipalities (see Appendix 8 for a listing of Federal entitlement
governments which are ineligible for DCA money! Applicants must demonstrate that
no less than 51% of funding to be received will principally benefit persons of low/
moderate income The municipality may apply through its county or directly apply
itself
Acquisition, construction, reconstruction or installation of water and sewage facilities
Activities and Amount of Funds Available
Entitlement funding is allocated to eligible municipalities and counties on a formula
basis Selected projects must meet specific program regulations and requirements to
be approved bv DCA Competitive funding is specific project funding which is
competitively awarded by OCA to eligible municipalities based on specific project
proposals DCA determines priority based on community need, project scope impact
on low/moderate income residents and other factors
Eligible costs include engineering and construction costs Ineligible costs include
construction equipment purchases, operating and maintenance costs and staff
salaries
For competitive grants, contact DC As Small Communities Division and request an
application For entitlement grants, contact the local county planning office or apply
directly to DCA's Small Communities Division Applications will be evaluated on the basis
of the following community need, seriousness of the problem, resolution to the
problem, benefit to low/moderate income residents and timeliness of project
completion
Wnere to Apply
RileyStoy. Chief
Small Communities Program Division
Department of Community Affairs
Room 515. Forum Building
Harnsburg. PA 17120
17171783 3910
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Pennsylvania Department of Health
Program
Division of Health Promotion Fluondation Program for Community Di inking Water
Systems
Types of Assistance
Financial assistance (grants) to initiate community drinking water fluondation
Technical information on the benefits, safety and economy of fluctuation is also
offered
who Is Eligible
Any publn (municipality or municipal authority) or any private nonprofit (association)
owner of a community drinking water system The governing entity must have taken
formal action authorizing the addition of fluoride to the water Engineering plans must
be approved by the Department of Environmental Resources
Program UM
Grants are provided through the Department of Health to community drinking water
systems in order that fluondation may be included in the drinking water system
Fluondation is one of the most efficient and practical means for preventing and
suppressing tooth decay and dental disease The Department of Health will contract
with eligible entities to provide fluondation Up to 100% of the costs of fluoridating
may be reimbursed depending upon the availability of funds Reimbursable items
include cost of engineering plans, purchasing and installation of equipment, testing
equipment and supplies, training of operators) and the first year s supply of fluoride
chemical The Department of Health also provides technical information on the value
of community drinking water fluondation
Activity and Amount of Funds Available
Funds for reimbursement of costs of fluoridating are allocated annually from the
Preventive Health and Health Services Block Grant The amount of assistance available
depends upon allocations and requests received Fluondation information and
educational materials are available free of charge
Application procedure
Submit a copy of the formal action to fluoridate taken by the governing entity a
narrative description of the water system and the population and geogiaphic area
served together with an itemized proposed budget From this information, a proposed
contract for services will be prepared and returned for review and signature
Where to Apply
Pennsylvania Department of Health
Division of Health Promotion
Room 912 A
Health and Welfare Building
P 0 Box 90
Harnsburg PA 17108
(717)7876967
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Farmers Home Administration (FmHA)
Program
Wdter and Waste Disposal Grants and t uans (Program #104181
Types of Assistance
Grants and dire* t i > n water and waste disposal facilities in rural areas and towns
of10000orfe«.n >,, ,,,,k
Who Is Eligible
Public entities such as municipalities municipal authorities counties nonprofit
organisations and community action agencies Population restr it lion is 10.000 people
per community Priority will be given to rural communities with populations of 5.000 or
fewer people
Program use
Acquisition of a water supply construe Honor improvement of water supply reservoirs
pipelines wells pumping plants water and sewage filtration and treatment facilities
Eligible costs include legal and administrative fees, engineering fees, equipment costs
relating to the project (as deemed appropriate by FmHA) and all construction costs
Activity and Amount of Funds Available
FmHA is primarily a loan agency with supplemental gr.jnt money used at the discretion
of FmHA to maintain the water and sewer rates charged to the system users a(
reasonable levels Interest rates are determined by the median income ot the
community and arc classified as poverty intermediate 01 market rates Poveity
classification is based on median income of 512.918 or less pel home for I98/
Application Procedure
Contact the FmHA District Oftice for your county to submit an application and tile
FoimADb21 Priority will be given to public entities in areas ot bOOOurlewei people
with consider ation given to median income, severity of the problem and availabihty of
other credit
where to Apply
See Appendix C
FmHA District Offices
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Farmers Home Administration (FmHA)
Program
HompOwnershiploansiPmqram »r>0? anrt fSCMI
Typ«s of Assistance
low interest loans and interest subsidies to provide water supply and sewage disposal
Who Is Eligible
Individuals of low to moderate income living in FmHA served areas who need housing
rehabilitation hut are unable to obtain affordable credit elsewhere
Program use
Building or rehabilitation of a dwelling by providing a water supply and/or sewage
disposal facility This could include constructing or modernizing kitchens or
bathrooms developing a drinking water well or connecting with community water
systems
Activity and Amount of Funds Available
Eligible costs include water or sewer connection fees
Application Pr
•dure
Contact the FmHA County Office in your county for an interview The county
supervisor will arrange an inspection of the property Loans will be awarded based on
the supervisors inspection report
MFftere to Apply
See Appendix D
FmHA County Offices
Economic Development Administration (EDA)
Program
Public Works and Development Facilities Program
Types of
Grants and loans for water and sewer projects which primarily serve industrial and
commercial users to assist in the construction of public facilities needed to initiate and
encourage the creation and retention of lobs in the private sector
who to i
States, cities, counties, political subdivisions and private or public non profit
organizations
Acquisition, construction, rehabilitation, expansion or improvement of water and
sewage facilities and access roads Protect must enhance economic development of its
industrial and commercial users or stimulate community growth by creating iocs.
reducing unemployment and raising family incomes
Activity and Amount of Funds Available
Eligible projects may receive grants of up to 50% of total project cost
Application PioceUure
Contact your local Economic Development District to establish a pre application
conference An EDA representative will then determine if further processing is
necessary Priority will be determined by project economic impact, community needs.
availability of funds and the nature of the protect
wiiei e to Apply
See Appendix E
EDA District Offices
12
13
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National Rural water Association
Program
Pennsylvania Rural Water Association
Training and Technical Assistance Program
Types of Assistance
Technical assistance provided by certified water plant opeiatois dlung with naming
sessions whose purpose is to supply a community water system owner/operator with
educational training in operational daily work areas in order that the system may be
better able to comply with the Pennsylvania Safe Drinking Water Ac t
wholsfHglbto
Any community drinking water system in Pennsylvania with a resident population of
mnoo or less is eligible System types include municipalities municipal authorities
i ii ions, corporations, institutions, partnerships, proprietorships and mobile
hoi ne parks
Program use
Technical assistance includes an on site visit to provide extensive water system training
in water loss, leak detection, chlormation. metering, rate structuring proper record
keeping, and day to day operation and maintenance Training sessions are offered
throughout Pennsylvania Topics discussed include filtration, distribution.
maintenance and public education Pennsylvania Rural Water Association s Training
Program has been accepted as credit experience for water system operator
certification
Activity and Amount of Funds AvaHaMe
Technical assistance and training sessions are provided free to community water
systems The cost of the program is borne solely by the National Rural Water
Association On average. 720 site visits and 14 to 16 training sessions are held on an
annual basis Pennsylvania Rural Water Association s Training Program has been
accepted as credit experience for water system operator certification
Application Procedure
Contact the Pennsylvania Chapter of the National Rural water Association and request
a meeting
where to Apply
Herb Pizer. Program Manager
Pennsylvania Rural Water Association
Saltsburg Plaza
PO Box 90
Saltsburg. PA 15681
(412) 6595246
14
Rural Housing improvement, inc.
Program
Rural Watei K'esouices ik'Wki foimerly the Rural Community Assistance Program
(RCAPI
Types of Assistance
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American Water Works Association
Program
Small System Program
Program Use
I he new Small System Program will provide technical assistance to small community
drinking water system owners and operators through instruction and training packets
along with public education seminars The goal of the program is to help small system
owners and operators develop expertise in daily system operations water system
management and fmanre water related legislation and regulations Specific program
tonics may include iron and manganese removal wells, pumps hydrants filters.
cor rosion and t ross connect ions
AWWA also cochairs with DER a Committee on Small Drinking Water System Issues
which includes representation from many private and governmental organizations
concerned with small drinking water systems This committee can serve as a clearing
house for information and assistance desired by a small drinking water system owner
or operator
Where to Apply
For more information on AWWAs Small System Program, contact
DaleKratzer
PSC Environmental Services Inc
700 North Warner Road
Suite 300
King of Prussia PA 19406
l?1S> 557 5060
Pennsylvania Public Utilities Commission
Public Utility Technical Assistance
TypMof AssManra
The Commission can supply water providers with assistance and information on
general operations, rate structures, compliance with regulations, and customer
relations, including billing and collection procedures Assistance with filing for rate
increases can also be made available
Special expedient rate considerations can be allowed under certain circumstances
WftO M RNQlDW
Any regulated utility may receive technical assistance, although it is most often used
by utilities with less than S200.000 in annual revenues
Expedient rate considerations can be granted in either of two special circumstances as
discussed below
pioomnUM
The two types of expedient rate considerations are short form filings and pass
through filings
Short form filings are for small utilities, generally identified as those generating less
than S200.000 annually Short form filings require less time for consideration than the
more complex regular filings
Pass through filings are those that request rate increases solely for the purpose of
defraying the expenses associated with the repayment of a PENNVEST loan, the
purchase of water from another provider or the purchase of electricity Since these
rate increases involve only the passing through of costs to the utility, the Commission
is able to process them more quickly
AppBotlon PF ooiiuf>
There is no formal application procedure to obtain technical assistance It is
recommended that utilities requiring such assistance write or telephone the
Commission at the address below
Forms for short form and pass through rate increase filings can be obtained from the
commission at the address below
wim • to Apply
Attention Judy Carlson
Pennsylvania Public Utilities Commission
PO Box 3265
Harnsburg. PA 17120
(71717835590
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Appendix A
Pennsylvania Department of Commerce
local Appalachian Region Development Districts
SEDA Council of Governments
TimberhavenRD f1
lewisburg PA 17857
(7171 5244491
Counties served Centre. Clinton. Columbia Juni.ua tycoming, Mitfhn. Montour,
Northumberland. Perry, Snyder and Union
Southwestern Pennsylvania Economic Development District
110 Market Street
Pittsburgh. PA 15222
(4121391 1240
Counties served Allegheny. Armstrong Beaver Butler Fayette Greene Indiana
Huntmgton and Westmoreland
North Central Pennsylvania Regional Planning and Developmeni Commission
651 Mom moreno Avenue
PO Box 488
Ridgway. PA 1585S
1814)7733162
Counties served Cameron, Clearfield. Elk. Jefferson. McKean and Potter
Southern Alleghenies Planning and Development Commission
Suite 100
Southern Alleghenies Pla^a
1506 Eleventh Avenue
Altoona PA 16601
(81419461641
Counties served Bedford Blair. Cambria Fulton. Huntingdon and Somerset
Northern Iiei Regional Planning and Development Commission
SO/Main Street
Towanda. PA 18848
(7171265910$
Counties served Bradford, Sullivan. Susquehanna Tioga and Wyoming
Eronomic Development Council of Northeastern Pennsylvania
1151 Oak Street
Pittston, PA 18640 5795
(717)6555581
Counties served Carbon, Lackawanna luzerne Monroe Pike Schuylkill and Wayne
Northwest Pennsylvania Regional Planning and Development Commission
Suite 406
Biery Building
Franklin PA 16523
(8141437 3024
Counties served Clarion. Crawford, Erie. Forest Lawrence. Mercer venjngo arid
Warren
18
Appendix B
Department of Community Affairs
Federal entitlement governments which are ineligible for OCA grant money are as
follows
Entitlement
Counties
All.
B,....
Beiks
Bucks
Chester
Delaware
Lancaster
lu/erne
Montgomery
WjsliirKji.iii
Westmoreland
York
Federal
Entitlement
Municipalities
Allentowiiitehighl
Altoona (Blair)
Bethlehem (Northampton)
Carlisle (Cumberland)
Easton (Northampton)
trieitnei
Han isbui y iDauphin)
Johnstown (Cambria)
Lebanon (I ebanoni
Pit tsbur yh (Allegheny)
Philadelphia (Philadelphia)
Sc ranton (l a< kawanna)
ShaioruMercerl
St jt e College (Cei \ 11 ei
Williamsport ilyconunyi
Hie following communities have opted out of Urban County Pioyrams jnd aie
eligible for OCA administered( DBG grant funds
Bradford Woods Horouyh (Allegheny)
Fllwood City Borough IBeaven
Potter lownship (Beaver)
West Pikeland Township(Chester)
West Bradford Township (Chester)
West Goshen Township (Chester)
Nanticoke City (Lucerne*
PittstonCity (Lucerne)
Conshohocken Horouyh (Montgomeiyi
tirnerick Township(Montgumeiyi
Arnold City (Westrnorelandi
Jeannette City (Westmoreland)
Monessen City (Westmoreland)
New Kensington City (Weslrin.i eland)
Scottsdale Borough iwestriiui eland)
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Appendix C
Farmers Home Administration District Offices
District Office
Mpjnviiir
Ipwisniitq
Allpnfnwn
M.irs
Chambprsburg
County Office
Brookville
ClrarfieM
Franklin
Bfllefonte
Bloomsburg
I ewisburg
Mifflmtown
Montrose
Towanda
Wellsboro
Williamsport
Allentown
Cleona
Doylpstown
Honesdale
Iresport
N.inticokp
WPS( Chester
Butler
Fbensburg
Greensburg
Kit tanning
Somerset
Uniontown
Washington
Bedford
Carlisle
Chambersburg
Gettysburg
Hollid.ivsbiirg
Hunfingrjon
lanrastpr
York
Address and Phone
Ed Kau Building
101 2 Water Street
Meadville.PA 16555
(814)5566155
P O Box 252
Room 405 Federal Building
Lewisburg. PA17857
(717)5244450
850 North 5th Street
Allentown. PA 18 102
(215)7764296
Mars Prof essional Building
PO Box 422
Pittsburgh Street
Mars PA 16046
(412)6255174
501 Lortz Avenue
Chambersburg PA 17201
(717)7652728
Appendix D
Farmers Home Administration
County Offices
County Office
Allentown
Bedford
Bellefonte
Bloomsburg
Brook vtlle
Butler
Carlisle
Chambersburg
Clearfield
fleona
County Served
Lehigh
Carbon
Monroe
Northampton
Bedford
Fulton
Centre
Columbia
Montour
Northumberland
Jefferson
Clarion
Elk
Butler
Beaver
Cumberland
Perry
Franklin
Clearfield
Lebanon
Dauphin
Address and Phone
Suite »112
5405 Airport Road
Allentown. PA 1810 5
(2151 2669-188
Barclay Building
PO Box 121
Bedford. PA 15522
(814)6259077
R D »5. PO Box 58
Bellefonte. PA 16825
(814)5551555
PO BOX806
1127 Old Berwick Road
Bloomsburg PA 17815
(717)7849055
Jefferson County Service
Center
RD *5
Brookville. PA 15825
1814)8492521
106 Thompson Road
Butler. PA 15825
(412)2824450
Melmar Suite
45 Brookwood Avenue
Carlisle. PA 17015
(717)2496506
550 Cleveland Avenue
Chambersburg. PA 17201
(717)264 5442
Agricultural Service Center
650 Leonard Street
Clearfield. PA 168 50
(814)7655516
528 East Penn Avenue
Cleona.PA!7042
(717)2742879
70
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I
County Office
Doylestown
Ebensburg
Franklin
Gettysburg
Greensburg
Hollidaysburg
Honesdale
Huntingdon
Kittanmng
Lancaster
County Served
Bucks
Montgomery
Philadelphia
Cambria
Venango
Forest
Adams
Westmoreland
Blair
Wayne
Latkawanna
Pike
Huntingdon
Armstrong
Indiana
Lancaster
Address and Phone
4 2 59 Swan ip Road
Doylestown PA 18901
(215) 548 I1b6
PO Box 194
tbensbuicj PA 159 51
(814)4725500
R 0 H"\ Box 665
Franklin PA 16525
(814)457 5642
44Sourl)FianklinStieet
Gettysburg PA 17525
(717)5549251
958 St flan Way
Route 50
Creensbuig PA 15601
(412)8540596
1407Blan Street
Holhdaysburg PA 16648
(814)6959875
4 /O Sunt ise Avenue
Honesdale PA 18451
(71712551570
902 Pennsylvania Avenue
Huntingdon PA 16652
(814164 5 6 720
PO Box 921
Armsdale Admin Bldg
Kitianning PA 16201
(4121548 5458
1585 Arcadia Road
Lancaster, PA 17601
17171 5954760
county Office
Mejdville
Meiter
MtfHlMIGWM
Mont rose
Nanticoke
Sniethport
Someiset
lowanda
Umonlown
County Served
Crawford
Mercer
Lawrence
lumata
Mitflin
Susquehanna
Wyoming
luzerne
McKean
C ameron
Potter
Somerset
Bradford
Sullivan
Fayette
Address and Phone
t a Kau Building
Wairen 1012 Water Street
Meadville PA 16555
(814)7248117
41 i (.,1 et-nville Road
Meicer PA 16157
(412)6624080
22 North 4th Street
Mifflmtown. PA 17059
(717)4568951
R D #5 Box27F
Mont rose PA 18801
(7171278 5781
71 North Market sii..
PO Bo* 148
Nanticoke PA 18654
(717) 7558700
Marvin Street Lxteiision
R 0 #1
bmeihpmt PA IL741J
(814)8875686
R D »') Box 559A
Somerset PA 15501
(81414458914
K D *5 Box 105
TowjnJ.i PA 18848
(717)2656165
P 0 Box 2004 Greene
255 South Mt Vernon
Avenue
umontown PA 15401
(412)4572708
Leesport
Berks
Schuylkill
P' i fiox 520
Leesport. PA 19555
(21515724686
Was/iington
Washington
Allegheny
5 > Highland Avenue
Washington PA 15501
(412)2225060
Lewisburg
Union
Snyder
R D *2 P 0 Box 60
Lewisburg. PA 17857
(717)5244429
Waterford
Erie
R D »5 Rt 19
Waterford PA 16441
(814)7966781
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county Office
WHKIxirn
county Served
Wtlli.imf-port
Chpstpr
[lpl.iw.irp
lyrnminq
fhnton
York
Address and Phone
Putnam Building
ri East Avenue
wellsboro. PA 16101
in?) 7244812
1 North New Strppt
West Chester. PA 19 WO
(215I4369541
P 0 Box 68
Federal Building 240
?<10West Third Street
Williamsport PA 1770?
(7171 J?6 55S7
1 ?4 Plpasant Acres Poad
York PA 17402
(7171 757 7655
Appendix E
Economic Development Administration
District Of flees
North Central PA Regional Planning and Development Commission
651 Montmorenci Avenue
Box 488
Ridgway. PA 15853
(814)7733162
Counties served Cameron. Clearfield. Elk. Jefferson. McKean and Potter
Northwest PA Regional Planning and Development Commission
Suite 406 Biery Building
Franklin. PA 16323
(814)4373024
Counties served Clarion. Crawford. Erie. Forest. Lawrence. Mercer, venango and
Warren
Southern Alleghenies Planning and Development Commission
Suite 100 Southern Allegheny Plaza
1506 Eleventh Avenue
Altoona. PA 16601
(814)9461641
Counties served Bedford. Blair Cambria. Fulton. Huntingdon and Somerset
Southwestern PA Economic Development District
110 Market Street
Pittsburgh PA 15222
(412)591 1240
Counties served Allegheny. Armstrong, Beaver. Fayette. Greene. Indiana. Washington
and Westmoreland
SE DA Council of Governments
Route »1
lewisburg. PA 17837
(717)5244491
Counties served Centre. Clinton. Columbia. Juniata Lycoming. Mifflr Montour.
Northumberland. Perry. Snyder and Union
Northern Tier Regional Planning and Development Commission
507 Main Street
Towanda. PA 18845
(717)2659103
Counties served Bradford. Sullivan. Susguehanna. Tioga and Wyoming
Economic Development Council of Northeastern Pennsylvania
1151 Oak Street
Pittston. PA 18640
1717)6555581
Counties served Carbon. Lackawanna. Luzerne. Monroe, Pike. Schuylkill & I Wayne
?4
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.Appendix ?
Meeting the Challenge
"Adopt-a-Small-System"
California, long the bea-
con of fresh attitudes and
ideas, is the home of a new
program which is putting
the Mobilization con-
cept into action.
Alameda County
Water District
(ACWD) has
founded an
"Adopt-a-Small-
System" program
which is an inspirational example of
how water suppliers can work to-
gether to protect their public.
"Adopt-a-Small-System" is the
brain child of an interagency small
systems outreach committee created
to address the unique problems of
small systems. Through the program,
small systems can draw on the re-
sources available at larger facilities.
The first step was compilation of a list
of services available from ACWD to
small systems within a 50-100 mile
radius. The list is a sampling of pos-
sibleservicesavailable with the phone
numbers of ACWD employees with
expertise in specific areas of water
systems management. The small
systems can pick up the phone and
talk to real live engineers and techni-
cians through an information clear-
inghouse on topics such as: sampling
and testing, monitoring, backflow
devices, meters, emergency operat-
ing procedures, water main specs,
plant operation, training and safety,
hazardous materials, wells,corrosion
control, leaks, computer systems and
setting water rates. Distribution of
this list and information about the
program is handled by circuit riders
from RWA and RCAC, who have
established personal relationships
with the small systems owners or
operators.
A big part of the program is not just
offering to answer call-in questions,
but to educate the operators so they
can ask the right questions. Since
many of the small systems have part-
time or volunteer operators, they may
not know enough about a problem to
aska good question, where to turn for
help, or even what the 1986 SOW A
Amendments require of them.
Funds don't allow for ACWD
employees to travel to the small sys-
tems sites, but in addition to provid-
ing over-the-phone assistance, lim-
ited training at ACWD*s own loca-
tions would be available. Small sys-
tems owners or operators are wel-
come and encouraged to visit the
facilities and meet one-on-one with
the technicians and engineers there.
The Bay Area Resource Council
(BARC) is being told of the genesis
and progress of the "Adopt-a-Small-
System" in hopes that neighboring
utilities will follow in suit and estab-
lish a help network throughout The
Bay Area. At the April meeting of the
California chapter of the AWWA,
ACWD presented its program effort.
The wheels are in motion and all
"Adopt-a-Small-System" needs now
are some phone calls from anyone
with questions, advice or who just
wants to touch base. No question is
too small or large. If ACWD cannot
help, they can at least steer the in-
luirer in the right direction..
For more information on "Adopt-
I a-Small-System" or for a list of the
javailable services call John Marchand
I of ACWD at (415) 659-1970 ext. 522.
Congressional Legislation
Legislation presently being considered by Congress which
may affect small water systems.
Small Community Environmental Assistance Act of 1990-Sen. Bau-
cus (D-MT>—This bill was introduced in February 1990 and would direct
states to create revolving loan programs to help small communities con-
struct wastewater treatment works, public water systems, and solid waste
facilities.
Rural Economic Development Act of 1989-Reps. English (D-OK),
Coleman (R-MO), and Gunderson (R-WI)—The bill would authorize $60
million for grants and loans to be made available to small water and waste
disposal facilities whose communitiesface "significant" health risks. (Status:
in the Agriculture Committee). -;x
Rural Partnership Act of 1989-Sen. ILeehy (D-VT>—The bill would call for
the Rural Electrification Administpatjorltomake loans to local governments
to provide water, sewar and wasillScility. services. (Status: good for
passage {MsiS^nr^oFSa^ •••••V.^Y-
Rural YtMr^^]^*\»^^j^^9^^^^fd^ jp.iJD}--The
bill would-'*c>c^s;.tha;pro to
small, sparsely:pbpulated, rural communities. It would creafe'a single-pur-
pose revolving fund to incure appropriate water quality and quantity.
(Status: in the Environment and Public Works Committee).
National Infrastructure Council Act of 1990-Sens. Burdick (D-ND),
Moynlhan (D-NY), Baucus (D-MT), Lautenberg (D-NJ), Warner (R-VA),
Mitchell (D-ME), Bentsen (D-TX), Reid (D-NV), Lieberman (D-CT) and
Breaux (D-LA)—The bill would establish a Council to coordinate technical
assistance to communities needing advice on infrastructure issues and
serve as a clearinghouse of information. (Status: in the Environment and
Public Works Committee).
Environmental Infrastructure Act of 1989-Sens. Domenlcl (R-NM), and
Boren (D-OK>—The bill is designed to restore some of the tax-exempt
status previously enjoyed by government bonds prior to the passage of the
Tax Reform Act of 1986. (Status: in the Senate Finance Committee).
May 1990
-------
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ALAMEDA COUNTY WATER DISTRICT INTER-OFFICE MEMORANDUM
TO: BARRAP, n£ir CH - RCAC DATE: JUNF 9, 5989
FROM: JOHN MARCHANU - LABORATORY
SUBJECT: ADOPT-A-SMALL SYSTEM PROGRAM ASSISTANCE
The attached is a list of advice and Information services which the
Alampda County Water District could provide to small systems through
the Adopt-A-Sma11-System Program proposed by RCAC. While the
District could not provide routine, on-site assistance, small system
operators and staff would be welcome to tour our facilities and meet
with our technicians and advisors. The District could also provide
limited training at our facilities in the areas indicated on the
attached sheet. While this is, of course, not for general
distribution to all 10,800 small systems in our state, it could serve
and a guideline of the types of services which other larger systems
and utilities could provide to smaller systems. Please keep me
posted on the progress of the program.
Later this month, the Bay Area Resource Council, a group of thp other
large Bay Area water systems, will he m«etinp here at A.C.W.D. At
that time, I will ask what services they could provide to small
systems. I will keep you informed as to the results of the meeting.
c.c. Jim Beard, General Manager, A.C.W.O.
Phil Utic, Operations Manager
Doug Chun, Operations Superintendent
-------
Apcer.c:_:< ?
AlAMEOA COUNTY WATER DISTRICT INTER-OFFICE MEMORANDUM
TO: ADOPT-A-SMAU. SYSTEM PARTICIPANTS DATE: FEBRUARY ?, 1990
FROM: JOHN MARCHAND - LABORATORY
SUBJECT: AOOPT-A-SMALL SYSTFM PROGRAM
In August, 19R9, the Alameda County Water District agreed to
participate in an experimental program called the Adopt-a-Small
System Program. The basic idea is to provide over-the-phonp
technical assistance or limited on-site orientation at A.C.W.D.
locations for operators of small water systems.
Since this is a new and experimental program, there is no way to
predict the volume of inquiries which we may receive. Even thouqh
the list, was first circulated in August, 1989, to my knowledge, no
one on the list has hepn contacted. I have included a copy of the
resource list for your information. This memo may he a reminder to
some and may he the first notification to others about this program.
If you should receive a call from someone identifying themselves as
being from a small system, please give them the benefit of your
r-xpertisp. Many of these operators may not know enough about their
water systems to ask a decent question. The District is taking it
upon itself to at. least turn them in the right direction. If you are
contacted by anyone, or have any questions about the program, please
contact me.
Thank you.
Attachment
C.c. Attached list
0. Beard
P. Ut1c
r. Hill
-------
A1.AMEDA COUNTY WATER PI STRICT
fall list, for technical assistance 1-(415) 659-J970
Laboratory sampling nr t.estinq procedures - John Marchand - ext.. :,
Monitoring rf?q;il ronifrits - Michael Lanier - ext, 0?0
Bockflow drvicp testing and itMintpnancp - Mikp. Rranco - cxt.579
infori'iation and repair - Ed litnon - cxt. OQO
rncy Operation Procedures - Orry Nottingham - cxt. D70
Nr-y; water main specificoHons and standards - Gary McGhip - pxt. 410
Waler Trpatnipfit Plant Opf?ration - Rico Rossi - ext. 511
Training and safety films and videos - Bon Arington - pxt.
Hazardous Materials - Jill Duoriq - sxt. 440
Operations and maintenance: - Clark Armstrong - ext.573
Wflls, nenpral maintenance - Jim Edwards - ext. D17
Cnomical handling and safety - Orry Nottingham - ext. 570
Corrosion Control - Torti lyons - ext 480
rrp.iirs - Hank fscohar - pxt. 540
" systems and telemetry - Sam Yee - ext. 571
Srtt- water rates - Aftity W .njMUji - ext. ext 3Q>
-------
Steve Cowper
Governor
Dennis Kelso
Commissioner
AmtfKyle
Deputy Commissioner
Larry Dietrick
Director. Environmental
Quality
Deena Henklns
Chief, Wastewater and
Water Treatment
Charier* Dengs, PhD
Manager. Drinking
Water Program
Appendix Q
DRINKING WATER PROGRAM
FACT SHEET
Goal
To protect the health of all Alaskans by ensuring that drinking water from
public water systems is safe.
Program Background
In 1974. the U.S. Congress passed the Safe Drinking Water Act which
established minimum standards for all public water supply systems in the
United States. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was put in
charge of this program and given the authority to delegate the responsibility
to the individual states, so programs could be more responsive to the needs
of individual states.
In Alaska, the Department of Environmental Conservation's (DEC) Drinking
Water Program administers the program through the state Drinking Water
Regulations. Various amendments to the original act and state regulations
have since been added, as more Is learned about how to do a better job of
protecting the health of the public.
Issue
Many people assume that an environment which looks pristine means
uncontamlnated drinking water. This is not necessarily true! Even in
unpopulated areas, disease-causing organisms such as Glardla lamblia
from beavers or muskrats may contaminate the water, making it unsafe to
drink without treatment Other possible diseases caused by microorgan-
isms or viruses In drinking water include salmonellosis. cholera, gastroen-
teritis, dysentery, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever.
High concentrations of minerals, such as lead and arsenic, or chemicals
from agriculture. Industry, mining, military operations, homes, or Institu-
tions can also contaminate untreated water. Since 1974. many chemicals
have been linked to cancer, genetic mutations, and birth defects. In Alaska.
contamination of underground drinking water sources by petroleum prod-
uct leaks and spills is a particular problem.
Major Features
The major features of the Alaska Drinking Water Program include:
Responding to water contamination emergencies
Special-purpose sampling to identify and resolve contamination
problems
ADEC DRINKING WATER PROGRAM
. i .
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Major Features (continued)
' Technical assistance to water system operators so they may do a better Job In producing and
delivering safe drinking water
Sanitary surveys of public water systems to Identify possible health problems
Standards for new construction and operation
Standards for public notification of problems/concerns with the water systems
Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for Inorganic chemicals
MCLs for organic chemicals such as pesticides, volatile organlcs such as petroleum
products, and the by-products produced when organic compounds are disinfected along
with the microbiological contaminants
* MCLs for physical contaminants such as turbidity
• MCLs for microbiological contaminants such as coliform bacteria
* MCLs for radioactive contaminants
* Minimum separation distances between water sources and potential sources of
contamination such as sewage treatment systems and fuel tanks
• Use of "lead-free" pipe, solder, and flux In water systems.
Progress to Date
• Implementation of 18 AAC 80 - State of Alaska Drinking Water Regulations.
* 1989 proposed revision of the Drinking Water Regulations to include Volatile Organic
Chemicals (VOCs) and enhance public notification procedures.
* Implementation of a ban of lead pipe and solder in repairs and new construction of drinking
water systems that connect to public water supplies.
Activities in 1989 to 1990
Upcoming revisions to the Drinking Water Regulations to includet
Surface water treatment regulations
Increased coliform bacteria monitoring requirements
Requirements for the disinfection of all public water supplies
Increased monitoring for inorganic and organic contaminants
Increased monitoring for lead In drinking water.
Program Beneflts
The beneflts of both the DEC and EPA Drinking Water programs are that they improve the public
health and reduce the Incidence of waterborne diseases of all Alaskans regardless of whether they
live in the Bush or in town.
ADEC DRINKING WATER PROGRAM
-2-
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Appendix Q
DRINKING WATER PROGRAM STAFF
CENTRAL OFFICE (JUNEAU) 3 465-2656
Charlene Denys
Drinking Water Program Manager
Kerry Llndley
Environmental Engineer
Rural Water Systems Coordinator
Steve Cowper
Governor
Dennis Kelso
Commissioner
Amy Kyle
Deputy Commissioner
Larry Dietrlck
Director, Environmental
Quality
DeenaHenktns
Chief. Wastewater and
Water Treatment
Chanene-Denys. PhD
Manager, Drinking
Water Program
NORTHERN REGIONAL OFFICE (FAIRBANKS) S 452-1714
Stan Justice
Environmental Engineer
NRO Drinking Water Program Manager
Linda Hendershot
Environmental Field Officer
Plan review is performed at the Interior. Tok. Nome, and North Slope district
offices. All other activity is conducted at the regional office.
SOUTHCENTRAL REGIONAL OFFICE (ANCHORAGE) B 563-6529
Art Ronimus
Environmental Engineer
SCRO Drinking Water Program Manager
Lynette Dean
Environmental Field Officer
Plan review is performed at the Anchorage Western. Mat-Su. Kenai. and
Prince William Sound district offices. Other activity is conducted at either
the district or regional offices, depending on which district is involved.
SOUTHEAST REGIONAL OFFICE (JUNEAU) 8789-3151
RonFlinn
Environmental Field Officer
SERO Drinking Water Program Manager
Plan review is performed at the Juneau. Sitka. and Ketchlkan district
offices. Other activity is conducted at either the district or regional offices.
depending on which district is involved.
ADEC DRINKING WATER PROGRAM
-------
Steve Cowper
Governor
Dennis Keiso
Commissioner
Amy Kyle
Deputy Commissioner
Larry Dlf trick
Director. Environmental
Deenn Henkins
Chief, Waste water and
Water Treatment
Charierte Dengs,
Manager. Drinking
Water Program
Appendix Q
TEN MOST FREQUENTLY ASKED
QUESTIONS ABOUT DRINKING WATER
1.
WHERE DOES BIT DRINKING WATER COME FROM?
There are two possible sources for drinking water surface water or ground
water. Lakes, reservoirs, streams, and rivers are "surface" water sources.
Ground water is surface water that has percolated through the soil into
underground aquifers. Ground water is the source of well water.
2.
HOW DO I KNOW THAT MY WATER IS SAFE?
The DEC Drinking Water Program requires regular water testing of all water
systems that regularly serve 25 or more people. Testing for bacteria is
required monthly: testing for chemicals is required less frequently. State
regulations require that all public water systems inform their customers of
any failures to either perform the required testing or "pass" the test.
As a consumer, you are entitled to information regarding your water sys-
tem: its test procedures, schedule, and performance record. Call your local
water supply or DEC office for Information.
Two groups of systems are not required to test their water on a regular
basis: private systems (i.e.. a well or a surface water source that serves only
one single-family residence), and small systems that serve less than 25
people (for example, a 4-plex apartment building that has its own water
source). There are no regulations to ensure that the water from these types
of systems is tested regularly, or that consumers are Informed of any exist-
ing hazards.
3. ON A DAILY BASIS. WHO MAKES SURE MY DRINKING WATER IS
SAFE?
Your local water system operator ensures that your water is safe to drink.
He or she makes sure the water plant is running correctly, applies whatever
kind of treatment the water requires, samples the water on a regular basis.
maintains test records, and notifies the public when a problem arises.
4. WHAT HAPPENS TO MY DRINKING WATER BEFORE IT GETS TO
ME?
If you have a well, the water is most likely pumped directly from the well
Into your home or other watering point For small surface systems, water is
often piped to a holding tank, where chlorine or some other disinfectant is
added to kill bacteria and other microorganisms that are commonly found in
surface water. Larger systems may have more complex treatment: the
water may be strained to remove debris, like branches and rocks, and
treated with a coagulant to help make small particles settle to the bottom of
a sedimentation tank. The water then may go through beds of gravel and
sand for final filtering. The final step of treatment Is to disinfect the water
before it goes into the distribution system.
ADEC DRDVKBVG WATER PROGRAM
• I •
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4. WHAT HAPPENS TO MY DRINKING WATER?... (continued)
State regulations require that your water system regularly test the water provided to consumers to
make sure it is safe.
5. HOW CAN DRINKING WATER BECOME CONTAMINATED?
Drinking water contamination can come from many sources, which is why most drinking water is
treated before it gets to the consumer.
Contamination before treatment can come from natural minerals and salts and human and animal
organic waste. (Even though they are natural, some minerals and salts can be dangerous if con-
sumed.) Leaking or corroded underground storage tanks, leaching landfills, agricultural runoff (con
talnlng fertilizers and pesticides), surface run-off (overflowing storm sewers, rainwater from oil-slick
or salt-treated roads), or improperly disposed chemicals are among the more common pollutants of
drinking water.
Water can also sometimes be contaminated after treatment. For example, corrosion of certain pipir
materials can cause contamination with lead or asbestos. Also, bacteria and dirt can get into the
water through leaking pipes.
6. WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON DRINKING WATER CONTAMINANTS IN ALASKA?
Primary - (Health hazard) Coliform bacteria, turbidity. Giardia. arsenic, volatile organic chemical
Secondary - (Aesthetics) Iron, manganese, calcium, color
7. WHERE DO THE DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS COME PROM?
Congress passed the Safe Drinking Water Act in 1974. The Act required the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) to set drinking water standards (called Maximum Contaminant Levels, or
MCLs) for any contaminant that "may have an adverse effect on human health." In 1986. Congress
amended the Act to lengthen the list of contaminants to be regulated to protect public health.
The Act also allowed the federal government to delegate the responsibility for operating the drinking
water program to individual states.
The program was delegated to DEC in 1978. That means that every time the federal government sets
standards, the state must set standards that are at least as strict as the federal standards and must
enforce those standards. DEC is in the process of revising the state drinking water regulations to
incorporate the new federal standards. The revision process Is expected to continue for several more
years, as new federal regulations come into effect.
8. WHO PATS TO KEEP DRINKING WATER SAFE?
The cost of keeping drinking water safe is ultimately paid by the consumer, through utility bills and.
in some cases, taxes. Water system bills defray the cost of running the water plant, testing to make
sure the water is safe, and the purchase of new equipment to solve contamination problems. In some
areas, taxes help pay for building new water systems and modifying older ones to meet drinking wate
standards.
The state also pays for part of the operation of the state Drinking Water Program. (About half of the
state Drinking Water Program is paid for by a grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.)
Currently, the average cost of drinking water in Alaska is a great value: one penny buys 80 8-ounce
glasses of treated drinking water.
ADEC DRINKING WATER PROGRAM
-2-
-------
Appendix O
9. WHAT ROLE DOES DEC PLAT IN KEEPING ALASKA'S DRINKING WATER
SAFE?
DEC Drinking Water Program personnel review plans for new or modified water plants to ensure the
water system is properly engineered and will be capable of serving safe water they assist water sys-
tem operators and owners In meeting the requirements of the regulations: and they ensure that sys-
tems test their water as they should, and that the results are acceptable. If test results indicate there
is a problem. DEC works with the system operator to solve the problem. DEC also enforces its regula
Uons to make sure that drinking water is kept safe for all consumers.
10. IF MY WATER IS FILTERED AND DISINFECTED AT THE TREATMENT PLANT, WILL
AN ADDITIONAL FILTER ON MY TAP MAKE MY WATER EVEN SAFER?
Tap water from Class A or Class B public water systems should be safe from primary, health-threat-
ening, contaminants. Although secondary contaminants, those that affect the color, odor, or taste of
treated drinking water, do not pose a health risk, the consumer may wish to remove them prior to
consumption. Chlorine is one of the most common substances that consumers commonly prefer to
remove at the tap. While the smell and taste of chlorine assures the consumer that the water has
been treated to remove pathogens, a granular activated-carbon (GAC) filter attached to the tap is a re-
liable means of removing the smell and taste of chlorine. A word of caution about GAC and other
"point of uae filter*:" Any filter must be regularly maintained to ensure proper operation and
cleaned to remove bacterial growth that actually can increase bacteria levels in the water as it comes
from the tap.
ADEC DRINKING WATER PROGRAM
-3-
-------
Steve Cowper
Governor
Dennis Kelso
Commissioner
Amy Kyle
Deputy Commissioner
Lorry Dfetrick
Director. Environmental
Quality
Oeena Henkins
Chfe/ Wastewater arvi
Water Treatment
Charlene Denys. PhD
Marager. Drtnlrfn0
Water Program
Appendix Q
GLOSSARY OF
DRINKING WATER TERMS
Acute Exposure: A single exposure to a toxic substance which results in
severe biological harm or death. Acute exposures are usually characterized
as lasting no longer than a day.
Acute Toxiclty: The ability of a substance to cause poisonous effects
resulting in severe biological harm or death soon after a single exposure or
dose. Also, any severe poisonous effect resulting from a single short-term
exposure to a toxic substance.
Algae: Simple rootless plants that grow in sunlit waters in relative propor-
tion to the amounts of nutrients available. They can affect water quality
adversely by lowering the dissolved oxygen in the water. They are food for
fish and small aquatic animals.
Background Level: In toxic substances monitoring, the average presence in
the environment, originally referring to naturally occurring phenomena.
Bacteria: (Singular bacterium) Microscopic living organisms which can
aid In pollution control by consuming or breaking down organic matter in
sewage, or by similarly acting on oil spills or other water pollutants. Bacte-
ria in soil, water or air can also cause human, animal and plant health
problems.
Carcinogen: Any substance that can cause or contribute to the production
of cancer.
Carcinogenic: Cancer-producing.
Chlorlnation: The application of chlorine to drinking water, sewage, or
Industrial waste to disinfect or to oxidize undesirable compounds.
Chlorlnator. A device that adds chlorine, in gas or liquid form, to water or
sewage to kill infectious bacteria.
Chlorine-Contact Chamber That part of a water treatment plant where
effluent is disinfected by chlorine.
Coliform Organism: Microorganisms found in the Intestinal tract of hu-
mans and animals. Their presence In water indicates fecal pollution and
potentially dangerous bacterial contamination by disease-causing microor-
ganisms.
Community Water System: A public water system which serves at least 15
service connections used by year-round residents or regularly serves at
least 25 year-round residents.
Confined Aquifer: An aquifer in which ground water is confined under
pressure which Is significantly greater than atmospheric pressure.
ADEC DRINKING WATER PROGRAM
-------
Contaminant: Any physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance or matter that has an
adverse effect on air. water, or soil. •
Disinfectant: A chemical or physical process that kills pathogenic organisms in water. Chlorine is
often used to disinfect sewage treatment effluent, water supplies, wells, and swimming pools.
Epidemic: Widespread outbreak of a disease, or a large number of cases of a disease in a single
community or relatively small area.
Fecal Colifonn Bacteria: Bacteria found in the intestinal tracts of mammals. Their presence In
water or sludge is an indicator of pollution and possible contamination by pathogens.
First Draw: The water that immediately comes out when a tap is first opened. This water is likely to
have the highest level of lead contamination from plumbing materials.
Fluorosls: An abnormal condition caused by excessive intake of fluorine, characterized chiefly by
mottling of the teeth.
Flush: 1. To open a cold-water tap to clear out all the water which may have been sitting for a long
time in the pipes. In new homes, to flush a system means to send large volumes of water gushing
through the unused pipes to remove loose particles of solder and flux. 2. To force large amounts of
water through liquid to clean out piping or tubing, storage or process tanks.
Fresh Water Water that generally contains less than 1.000 milllgrams-per-llter of dissolved solids.
Ground Water: The supply of fresh water found beneath the Earth's surface, usually in aquifers.
which is often used for supplying wells and springs. Because ground water is a major source of
drinking water there is growing concern over areas where leaching agricultural or industrial pollut-
ants or substances from leaking underground storage tanks are contaminating ground water.
Hard Water Alkaline water containing dissolved salts that interfere with some Industrial processes
and prevent soap from lathering.
Heary Metals: Metallic elements with high atomic weights, e.g.. mercury, chromium, cadmium.
arsenic, and lead. They can damage living things at low concentrations and tend to accumulate in th
food chain.
Hydrogeology: The geology of ground water, with particular emphasis on the chemistry and move-
ment of water.
Hydrology: The science dealing with the properties, distribution, and circulation of water.
Infiltration: The penetration of water through the ground surface into sub-surface soil or the pene-
tration of water from the soil into sewer or other pipes through defective Joints, connections, or man-
hole walls.
Influent: Water, wastewater. or other liquid flowing into a reservoir, basin, or treatment plant.
Interstate Carrier Water Supply: A source of water for drinking and sanitary use on planes.'tmses.
trains, and ships operating in more than one state. These sources are federally regulated. *i<
Leachate: A liquid that results from water collecting contaminants as it trickles through wastes, agri
cultural pesticides or fertilizers. Leaching may occur in farming areas, feedlots. and landfills, and ma
result in hazardous substances entering surface water, ground water, or soil.
ADEC DRDVKDW3 WATER PROGRAM
-------
Appendix Q
Lead (Pb): A heavy metal that Is hazardous to health if breathed or swallowed. Its use in gasoline.
paints, and plumbing compounds has been sharply restricted or eliminated by federal laws and
regulations. (See: heavy metals.)
Million-gallon* Per Day (MGD): A measure of water flow.
Microorganism: Living organisms so small that Individually they can usually only be seen through a
microscope.
Multiple Use: Use of land for more than one purpose; i.e.. grazing of livestock, wildlife production.
recreation, watershed, and timber production. Could also apply to use of bodies of water for recrea-
tional purposes, fishing, and water supply.
Non-Community Water System: A public water system that is not a community water system: e.g..
the water supply at a camp site or national park, school, factory or restaurant.
Non-ConTentional Pollutant: Any pollutant which Is not a statutortly listed or which Is poorly
understood by the scientific community.
Non-Point Source: Pollution sources which are diffuse and do not have a single point of origin or are
not introduced into a receiving stream from a specific outlet. The pollutants are generally carried off
the land by stormwater runoff. The commonly used categories for non-point sources are: agriculture.
forestry, urban, mining, construction, dams and channels, land disposal, and saltwater intrusion.
Organism: Any living thing.
Pathogens: Microorganisms that can cause disease in other organisms or in humans, animals and
plants. They may be bacteria, viruses, or parasites and are found in sewage, in runoff from animal
farms or rural areas populated with domestic and/or wild animals, and in water used for swimming.
Fish and shellfish contaminated by pathogens, or the contaminated water itself, can cause serious
Illnesses.
Percolation: The movement of water downward and radially through the sub-surface soil layers.
usually continuing downward to the ground water.
Point Source: A stationery location or fixed facility from which pollutants are discharged or emitted.
Also, any single identifiable source of pollution, e.g.. a pipe, ditch, ship, ore pit. factory smokestack.
Pollutant: Generally, any substance introduced Into the environment that adversely aflects the
usefulness of a resource.
Pollution: Generally, the presence of matter or energy whose nature, location or quantity produces
undeslred environmental effects. Under the Clean Water Act. for example, the term is defined as the
man-made or man-induced alteration of the physical, biological, and radiological integrity of water.
Potable Water: Water that is safe for drinking and cooking.
Pumping Station: Mechanical devices installed in sewer or water systems or other liquid-carrying
pipelines that move the liquids to a higher level.
Reservoir: Any natural or artificial holding area used to store, regulate, or control water.
Riparian Rights: Entitlement of a land owner to the water on or bordering his property, including
the right to prevent diversion or misuse of upstream waters. Generally, a matter of state law.
ADEC DRINKING WATER PROGRAM
-3-
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Run-Off: That part of precipitation, snow melt, or Irrigation water that runs off the land into streams
or other surface water. It can carry pollutants from the air and land Into the receiving waters.
Salinity: The degree of salt in water.
Sand Filters: Devices that remove some suspended solids from sewage. Air and bacteria decompose
additional wastes filtering through the sand so that cleaner water drains from the bed.
Maximum Contaminant Level: Maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water which is
delivered to the free flowing outlet of the ultimate user of a water supply, the consumer or of contami-
nation resulting from corrosion of piping and plumbing caused by water quality.
Semi-Confined Aquifer: An aquifer that is partially confined by a soil layer (or layers) of low permea-
bility through which recharge and discharge can occur.
Soft Water: Any water that is not "hard." i.e.. does not contain a significant amount of dissolved
minerals such as salts containing calcium or magnesium.
Solder: A metallic compound used to seal the joints between pipes. Until recently, most solder
contained 50 percent lead. The use of lead solder is now prohibited for pipes carrying potable water.
Sole Source Aquifer: An aquifer that supplies 50 percent or more of the drinking water of an area.
Surface Pump: A mechanism for removing water or wastewater from a sump or wet well.
Surface Water: All water naturally open to the atmosphere (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, streams, im-
poundments, seas, estuaries, etc.) and all springs, wells, or other collectors which are directly influ-
enced by surface water.
Toxic: Harmful to living organisms.
Toxic Pollutants: Materials contaminating the environment that cause death, disease, birth defects
in organisms that ingest or absorb them. The quantities and length of exposure necessary to cause
these effects can vary widely.
Toxic Substance: A chemical or mixture that may represent an unreasonable risk of injury to health
or the environment.
Toxicant: A poisonous agent that kills or injures animal or plant life.
Toxicity: The degree of danger posed by a substance to animal or plant life. (See: acute tcodcity.)
Toxicology: The science and study of poisons control.
Trihalomethane (THM): One of a family of organic compounds, named as derivatives of methane.
THMs are generally the by-product from chlortnatlon of drinking water that contains organic material.
Turbidimeter: A device that measures the amount of suspended solids in a liquid.
Turbidity: 1. Haziness in air caused by the presence of particles and pollutants. 2. A similar cloudy
condition in water due to suspended silt or organic matter.
Urban Runoff: Stormwater from city streets and adjacent domestic or commercial properties that may
cany pollutants of various kinds into the sewer systems and/or receiving waters.
ADEC DRINKING WATER PROGRAM
-------
Appendix Q
Vims: The smallest form of microorganisms capable of causing disease.
Watershed: The land area that drains Into a stream.
Water Supplier A person who owns or operates a public water system.
Water Supply System: The collection, treatment, storage, and distribution of potable water from
source to consumer.
Water Solubility: The maximum concentration of a chemical compound which can result when it is
dissolved in water. If a substance is water soluble, it can very readily disperse through the environ-
ment.
Water Table: The level of ground water.
Well: A bored, drilled, or driven shaft, or a dug hole, whose depth is greater than the largest surface
dimension and whose purpose is to reach underground water supplies or oil. or to store or bury fluids
bdow ground.
Well Monitoring: The measurement, by on-slte Instruments or laboratory methods, of the quality of
water in a well.
Well Plug: A watertight and gastight seal installed in a bore hole or well to prevent movement of
fluids.
ADEC DRINKING WATER PROGRAM
-5-
-------
Appendix Q
HEPATITIS A
Steve Cowper
Governor
Dennis Kelso
Commissioner
Amy Kyle
Deputy Commissioner
Larry Dietrtok
Director, Environmental
Quality
Drena Hentclns
Chief. Wastf water and
Water Treatment
Chaiiene Denys. PKD
Manager. Drinking
Water Program
Hepatitis A. previously known as "Infectious hepatitis." is a viral disease
that has been and continues to be a problem in Alaska.
Hepatitis A may spread In epidemic fashion by drinking contaminated water
or by Inadequate hand washing by food handlers or by eating raw shellfish
which were raised In water polluted by sewage. Improper handling of
drinking water in areas without piped distribution systems can be a major
contributing factor in those communities.
In Alaska, hepatitis A often occurs in a cyclic pattern. It begins when a
population experiences on outbreak, after which it is immune to further
outbreaks. No new cases occur for five or 10 years -- until there Is a new
generation (mostly children) which has not previously been exposed. An-
other outbreak occurs and that new generation becomes immune. Every five
to 10 years, the pattern repeats itself.
There Is no treatment for hepatitis A. Immune globulin, if given immediately
after exposure, can sometimes prevent Illness in contacts. It is not fully
protective. The only real protection against hepatitis A is good personal
hygiene, proper treatment and handling of drinking water, and proper
disposal of human wastes.
Once a person has the disease, he or she is immune to reinfection. Work is
ongoing to develop a vaccine, but none is ready yet.
Hepatitis A should not be confused with hepatitis B (formerly serum hepati-
tis). This type is usually spread through blood products or bodily fluids and
Is usually much more serious. Fortunately a preventatlve vaccine has been
developed for hepatitis B.
Symptons of hepatlts A Include nausea, vomiting, muscles aches and
jaundice which occurs approximately 15 to 45 days after exposure. This
long Incubation period makes It difficult to relate the illness to the con-
sumption of contaminated water.
AOEC DRINKING WATER PROGRAM
-------
Steve Cowper
Gouerrior
Dennis Kelso
Commissioner
Amy Kyi*
Deputy Commissioner
lorry Dletrkk
Director. Environmental
Quality
Oeena HenJcirvs
Chief. Wastewater and
Water Treatment
Chariene Denys. PhD
Manager. Drinking
Water Program
C ARDIA
Glardla lamblia is the single-celled animal (protozoan) which causes the
disease gtardlasls. or "beaver fever". This organism is carried by warm-
blooded animals and has become the most common waterbome disease
the U.S.
In Alaska. DEC is very concerned about the possibility that this disease i
be spread by public water systems that use surface water sources. The <
currence of this organism In the animals that live n the watersheds of
public drinking water supplies, particularly beav-r and muskrat. is ct
particular concern. Adequate treatment of this water is the only protectic
trom infection since there are no preventative medicines or vaccines for t
disease.
This organism can exist In both the free-swimming (trophozoite) form wh
lives in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, or in the cyst or dorman
form. The cyst form is very resistant and can survive outside of an infect
animal for a long time. Drinking untreated water contaminated with as f
as one to ten cysts is enough to cause infection. The cyst form is the ma
concern of water treatment plants since the free-swimming form cannot
survive for long outside of a carrier on its own.
The new EPA surface water treatment rules will require filtration for mosi
surface water systems and specific disinfectant concentrations and coma
times to treat surface waters for Giardla. (Under the previous standards.
chlorine concentrations and contact times were established for bacteria.:
single-celled animals.) After much research, new standards and treatmei
techniques have been devised to protect against Giardla cysts.
Glardlasis may also spread through direct person-to-person contact. The
spread of the disease among children at day-care centers is fairly commoi
In such cases, cleanliness and proper hand washing is the key to prevent
infection.
Symptoms of giardlasis usually occur from one to four weeks after infectii
and include explosive, watery, foul-smelling diarrhea, gas in the stomach
intestines, nausea, and loss of appetite. Giardiasis is treated by one or
more of the four commonly prescribed drugs available in the U.S. Becausi
there are no drugs that can prevent the disease, water treatment is the or
means of preventing It. Boiling water for 20 minutes is an effective mean*
killing the giardia organism in small quantities of water.
ADEC DRINKING WATER PROGRAM
-------
Append.x 0
Steve Cowper
Governor
Dennis Kelso
Commissioner
Amy Kyle
Deputy Commissioner
Lorry Dietrfck
Director, Environmental
Deeno. Henklna
Chief. Wostewoter and
Water Treatment
Charlene Denys. PhD
Manager. Drinking
Water Program
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM
Cryptosporidium has been called the "new super-bug" of the water treat-
ment industry. It. like Glardla lamblla. is a single-celled protozoan that
resists chlorinatlon.
Almost any animal found in a watershed may serve as a host to this organ-
ism, including birds, fish, and reptiles. In a rural setting, cattle seem to be
the most common animal-to-human carrier. In urban settings, bacterial
contamination from day-care centers, sexual activities, food-handling, and
water storage and handling are common sources.
As with Giardia. Cryptosporidium exists in either the free-swimming, tro-
phozolte form or the dormant oocyst form. One oocyst is enough to cause
an infection and the symptoms include diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea,
dehydration, and headaches.
Presently, there is no cure for cryptosportdiosis. but the disease is self-
limiting in individuals with healthy immune systems. However, once in-
fected, the host is a life-time carrier and subject to relapses. Among people
with suppressed immune systems, such as those Infected with acquired
immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), the disease is life-threatening and is.
in fact, a major cause of death among AIDS patients.
Water treatment for Cryptosporidium must rely on properly designed and
operated filtration systems. Chlorine disinfection of the organism Is ineffec-
tive. One study has shown that the oocyst can withstand pure bleach
(50.000 parts-pcr-mlllion chlorine) for 24 hours and still cause an infection!
Boiling water for as little as one minute, however, will kill the organism.
So far there have only been two confirmed outbreaks of cryptosportdiosis in
the U.S. There have probably been more. but. until recently, both crypto-
sportdiosls and glardlasls have been diagnosed as acute gastroenteritis.
ADEC DRINKING WATER PROGRAM
-------
Steve Cowper
Governor
Dennis Kelso
Commissioner
Amy Kyle
Deputy Commissioner
Larry Dtetrtck
Director, EniAronmental
Quality
Deena Henktns
Chief. Wastewater and
Water Treatment
Charier* Denys. PhD
Manager. Drinking
Water Program
OTHER DISEASES
Of all the reported cases of waterbome diseases in the U.S. from 1920 to
1980, only 56% of them could be traced to an identifiable cause. The
remaining 44% were classified as "acute gastroenteritis." characterized b?
symptoms of abdominai -amps, nausea, vomiting, and diarrh ; occurrtr
from 12 to 48 hours afu msuming contaminated water. In .ny of the
cases, the search for the use of the outbreak was either linn jd to thos<
organisms that are easily -entified. or a qualified specimen was either nc
taken or not taken in a timer/ manner.
Despite advances in laboratory techniques, water sampling techniques, a
knowledge of newly recognized and Identifiable disease agents, causes of
outbreaks frequently cannot be determined. The challenge of supplying s,
water continues.
In the interim, the best means of assuring that drinking water from a sur
face source is safe is to employ the old standbys: chlorlnatlon and fllt.rat.lc
or boiling.
ADEC DRINKING WATER PROGRAM
-------
Augu»t 1990
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
State of New Hampshire
P.O. Box 95, Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03301-6628
603-271-3445/3446
Radon Facts
Does your household water come from a well? If so,
you may have radon gas in your water.
Radon gas is normally found in all wells but
particularly in bedrock (sometimes called "drilled" or
"artesian") wells. If you obtain your water from such a source,
you may want to know to what degree radon gas is present in
your water. Every well has some radon. The important question
is how much.
What is Radon?
Radon is a radioactive gas produced through the decay
of naturally occurring radioactive minerals in soil and rocks. It
is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. Radon gas can dissolve in
water and later be released into the air during such normal
household activities as showering. Radon gas can also enter a
home directly from the soil beneath and around the building.
When trapped in an enclosed space (such as indoors), radon gas
can accumulate and pose a significant health risk.
Health Effects
Radon gas is unusual among drinking water
contaminants in that it is not normally harmful when consumed.
The primary risk from exposure to radon gas is through
breathing. Studies show that high levels of radon gas in the air
increase the risk of lung cancer.
How Much is Too Much?
Radon gas in air or in water is measured
in pCi/L. Generally, a radon gas concentration of 10,000 pCi/L
in water can be expected to increase the radon level of the air by
IpCi/L.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has
set a radon "action level" of 4 pCi/L for radon gas in indoor air.
While not a health standard, this level is a guideline for people
10 use in assessing the seriousness of their exposure. Above this
level, a homeowner should consider some remedial action to
reduce the radon p.esent in the air. Appropriate actions could
include water treatment and/or remedial construction actions
such as basement venting or sealing.
EPA is currently considering options for a new federal
drinking water standard between 200 and 2,000 pCi/L for radon.
We expect that up to eO% of the bedrock wells in N^w
Hampshire would fail suv.n a future EPA standard.
Testing
Because breathing radon gas is considered to be a
greater health risk than drinking water containing radon gas,
testing your air for radon gas is usually more important than
testing your water. However, if the level of radon in the air of
your home is high, you should find out the level of radon in
your water, since its removal may be an effective means of
reducing the airborne levels in your home.
Air: Test kits may be obtained from Hutu Tnm iig
the NH Department of Health and Human Services/£T271-
4674. A number of commercial laboratories also perform air
tests for radon gas and kits are available from many hardware
and discount stores, toe cost can be from SIS to $40 per test
Water: A test for radon gas in your drinking water
requires approximately three weeks for processing and costs
S15. A container for the radon water test may be obtained from
the DES Water Laboratory by calling 271-3445/3446.
Other Radionudides
In addition to radon gas, other minerals such as radium
and uranium may produce dissolved radioactivity in your
drinking water. A test of your drinking water for radon gas does
not necessarily indicate the presence or absence of any other
mineral radionuclides, nor does a positive test for these
dissolved minerals imply the presence of excessive amounts of
radon gas. In other words, it will take two laboratory tests of
your drinking water, one for dissolved radioactivity, the other
for radon gas, to address the radioactivity potential of your
water. For more information, we recommend that you contact
the NH Dept. of Health and Human Services, Radiological
Health Program, at 217-4585.
Treatment
In most cases, removal of radon from indoor air is the
most effective means of reducing one's risk from exposure to
radon. The most commonly used reduction method for radon
gas in air is soil gas ventilation or suction, which works by
drawing away radon gas under and around the house.
Preventive measures such as sealing off potential radon gas
entry routes into the house (cracks in floors and walb) are also
effective. In new construction, the problem of radon gas entry
from the soil may be avoided by providing escape routes for the
gas so that it does not build up in the soil and enter the house.
For more information on treatment removal methods
for radon in water, contact the DES Water Quality Er.£uv~ring
Bureau at 271-3139. For information about radon reduction
methods in your home's air, contact DHHS, 271-4674.
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DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
State of New Hampshire
P.O. Box 96, Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03301-6528
603-271-3445/3446
Augu»t
Arsenic Fad
Does your household water come from underground
water supplies? If so, you may have arsenic in your water.
Arsenic is frequently found in bedrock wells
(sometimes called "drilled" or "artesian" wells). Many wells
have some arsenic. The important question is how much.
Where Does Arsenic Come From?
Arsenic occurs naturally in wells throughout the
United States. Geological reports dating back to the late
1890's testify to the presence of arsenic in NH bedrock. Other
sources of arsenic in the environment include meats, fish,
shellfish, wines, cigarettes, and leafy vegetables.
Health Effects
Some studies suggest that arsenic may be a
carcinogen when inhaled or ingestetfJYxher studies indicate
that trace amounts of arsenic may be essential for metabolism.
Elevated levels of arsenic in water, however, have been
associated with chronic gastro-intestinal upset, diarrhea,
liver damage, nervous system changes, Mood unbalance, and
skin changes. There is no need to treat water used for
bathing, toilet, washing, or other non-consumption uses.
If you have specific questions about arsenic's effect
on you or your family, you should contact your personal
physician. For more general information on arsenic's health
effects, contact the Environmental Hcaiiit Risk Assessment
Unit of the Division of Public Health Services (271-4664).
How Much is Too Much?
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
has established a Maximum Contaminant Level for arsenic in
public drinking water supplies of .05mg/L. This figure may
also be expressed as parts per billion (ppb) or parts per million
(ppm) [.OS mg/L = .OS parts per million » SO parts per billion].
EPA's health standard is based on the consumption, by a
normal adult male, of two liters (appr* .imately 2 quarts) of
water per day for a lifetime (70 years).
Within the next year, EPA is expected to propose a
revised standard for arsenic that will be more stringent than
the current standard.
If the water in your well has an arst..ic concentration
over .OS mg/L, the U.S. standard, we recommend that you use
an alternate supply of water for drinking and cooking, or
install a device to treat your drinking water.
Testing
Because arsenic concentrations in well water \
with the seasons, we recommend that several tests of the w
be taken over a pehod of months to determine the true avca
arsenic concentration. The NH Department of Environme
Services Laboratory (271-3445) will test your water
arsenic for a S10 charge. A number of private laboratory
the state also test for arsenic.
Corrective Action
\ to con
There are two basic options: 1) )6 construct a :
and possibly different type of well, or 2) install a cream
system for your existing well-V
New well:
Substitution of a shallow dug well may reduce
arsenic in your water, but such a well may also be affectec
backyard activities or surface water runoff.
It is possible that a new bedrock well in a diffe
location will provide water with lower levels of arsenic. If
have a large lot, this may be an option. However, you she
check First to see if the arsenic levels of all neighbor
bedrock wells are low before investing in a new bedrock wi
Treatment Devices:
Our experience over the past decade indicates i
the simplest and most cost-effective treatment to remi
arsenic from drinking water is activated alumina. Only a I
gallons of water need to be treated per day. (Typically
gallons per day will provide enough water for drinking
cooking purposes.) Water passes through the cartridge
activated alumina into a small storage tank which holds
arsenic-free water until needed.
This device installs easily under the sink ant
relatively inexpensive. You must be sure to replace
cartridge regularly, as arsenic levels will begin to rise w
die capacity of the cartridge is exceeded. The old canri
may be disposed of along with your houselv :: trash. Oi
treatment options include reverse osmosis and jcionizatkxi
-------
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-»^..-,;; -, :-.-.• .«• • - - • .-:^-^!*?,•:; •^•'<;'^
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Summary of National Organizations1 Activities in Support
of the Mobilization Strategy
Part 1 - Major Associations
»
JUN 1 2 1990
-------
SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION
MOBILIZATION INVOLVEMENT
American Water Works Association (AWWA)
AWWA is an international, non-profit,
scientific, and educational association
dedicated to safe drinking water. It was formed
to promote public health, safety, and welfare
through the improvement of the quality and
quantity of water delivered to the public and
the development of public understanding of the
industry. The association has nearly 50,000
members including water utility managers,
superintendents, engineers, chemists,
bacteriologists, and others interested in public
water supply; municipal and investor owned water
departments; boards of health; manufacturers of
waterworks equipment; government officials and
consultants interested in water supply.
666 W. Quincy Avenue
Denver, CO 80235
(303) 794-7711
John Mannion, Executive Director
1010 Vermont Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20005
Jack Sullivan, Washington Representative
(202) 628-8303
Trudie Lay, Small Systems Coordinator
(303) 794-7711, ext. 2309
o Working through its sections, AWWA is
providing valuable support for State
drinking water program capacity building
efforts in a number of States.
o Serving on the Steering Committee for the
National Training Strategy.
o Collaboration on National Drinking Water
Week.
o Participating in the Low-Cost Small System
treatment technology initiative.
o AWWA's small systems effort is closely
coordinating with and expressing strong
public support for the Mobilization
strategy.
o Received Grant to develop 11 outreach
strategies for use by outreach providers
o Managing P3 grant for PA Mobile Home Park
Cooperative.
o Received Grant from Region 8 for
Mobilization to communicate the impact of
radionuclide contaminants on small drinking
water systems in Wyoming.
o Regularly receives Updates on status of
National Pesticide Survey.
o Briefed one-on-one by NPS staff.
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION
MOBILIZATION INVOLVEMENT
Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies
(AMWA1
AHWA represents the interests and concerns of
the nation's largest water supply agencies.
1717 K Street, N.W., Suite 1006
Washington, D.C. 20036
Diane Van de Hei, Executive Director
(202) 331-2820
o Collaboration on National Drinking Water
Week.
o Through its member systems, support the
State capacity initiative.
o Some member systems are providing outreach
and technical assistance to small systems
located near their own operating area.
o Regularly receives Updates and health
effects materials from National Pesticide
Survey.
Association of State Drinking Water
Administrators fASDWAl
ASDWA is the professional association that
represents the collective interests of State
drinking water programs. Members of the
association are the drinking water program
administrators in the States and territories.
Other State and local drinking water personnel
may be associate members. ASDWA works to meet
communication and coordination needs of state
drinking water program managers; facilitates the
exchange of information and experience among
state drinking water agencies and serves as a
liaison with Congress and U.S. EPA.
o
o
o
Received a grant to assist with the State
drinking water program capacity building
initiative. Providing consultation and
advise to selected States. Tracking State
program capacity building efforts
nationwide.
Collaborated with ODW in reviewing State
Compliance Assurance Plan grant proposals.
Serving on the steering committee for the
National Training Strategy
Participating in the Low-Cost Small System
Treatment Technology Initiative.
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION
MOBILIZATION INVOLVEMENT
1911 N. Fort Myer Drive, Suite 1100
Arlington, VA 22209
(703) 524-2428
G. Wade Miller, Executive Director
Lori O'Toole (703) 524-2428
o Collaboration on National Drinking Water
Week.
o Regularly receives Updates on status of
National Pesticide Survey and health effects
materials.
o Received a grant to facilitate state
participation in National Pesticide Survey
pilot program.
Association of State and Territorial Health
Officials fASTHOl
Executive officers of state and territorial
health departments. Represents state and
territorial health officers on matters of
federal health, legislation, and policies; aids
public or private agencies dealing with human
health, especially in interstate and federal
relationships.
6728 Old McLean Village Drive
McLean, Virginia 22101
(703) 556-9222
George Degnon, Executive Director
Joy Silver (703) 556-9222
o Briefed several times on the State Capacity
Initiative - ASTHO has indicated an interest
in supporting our efforts - we are currently
discussing possible specific actions with
them.
o Participated in review of National Pesticide
Survey public information materials.
o Briefed one-on-one by NFS staff.
o Regularly receives NPS Update and health
effects materials.
f
a
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION
MOBILIZATION INVOLVEMENT
Association of State and Territorial Public
Health Laboratory Directors fASTPHLDl
ASTPHLD facilitates the sharing of information
and techniqn diagnostic and analytical
profession.* i -/ratory work. Its membership is
comprised oi une laboratory directors in the
States and territories.
The Health Effects Branch is working with
the association to facilitate information
transfer to the laboratory directors.
The association has been briefed on
Mobilization and has expressed an interest
in maintaining a dialogue with us.
Chemical Manufacturers .Association (CMA1
Manufacturers of basic chemicals who sell a
substantial portion of their production to
others. Administers research in areas of broad
import to chemical manufacturing, such as air
and water pollution control, and other special
research programs. Conducts committee studies,
workshops, and technical symposia. Promotes in-
plant safety through incentive programs and
annual awards.
2501 M Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20037
(202) 887-1100
Dr. Brenda Cuccherini
o Association provided with information on the
requirements for non-transient non-community
systems.
o Mat with Jeff Hass 5/90 to discuss possible
Mobilizaiton activities.
o DuPont has conducted a Safe Drinking Water
Workshop that Jeff Hass spoke at discussing
NTNC systems.
o CMA is interested in working with DuPont and
other members to develop a big brother help
networks.
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION
MOBILIZATION INVOLVEMENT
National Bank for Cooperatives fCoBank)
A $12 million financial institution,
(cooperative bank) specializing in agricultural
and utility financing. CoBank is a
consolidation of 11 strong banks for
cooperatives that joined efforts in January,
1989.
Conducting demonstration project in
cooperation with RCAC on financing and
outreach for small water and wastewater
systems. P3 funding through OMPC.
P.O. Box 5110
Denver, Colorado 80217
Street location:
5500 South Quebec Street
Englewood, CO 80111
(303) 740-4000
W. M. Harding
Cooperative Extension Service (CESi
Informal non-classroom educational system on
agricultural, home economics, natural resources
and youth programs. Affiliated with land grant
colleges and universities and in partnership
with county, state, and federal governments for
funding and program development.
CES has been briefed on the Mobilization
Initiative and we have continued the
dialogue. We have agreed to meet regularly
to discuss possible cooperative efforts.
CES has provided the Regional Mobilization^
Coordinators with guidance and information^
on working with State extension programs.
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION
MOBILIZATION INVOLVEMENT
USDA Cooperative Extension Service
Room 3347 South
14th & Independence Ave., SW
Washington, D.C. 20250-0900
Fred Swader
(202) 250-0900
Cynthia Garman-Squier
(202) 447-5245
Cathy Burwell
(202) 447-4682
o State extension programs make information on
safe drinking water available to consumers.
o CES is interested in forming a joint effort
to provide training to small communities on
drinking water issues. On the steering
committee for the National Training
Strategy.
o Collaboration on National Drinking Water
Week.
o Promoted Meeting the Challenge on their
electronic nail system to State CES Water
Quality Coordinators. Coordinators in KB,
NC and Headquaters have requested additional
copies.
Council of Infrastructure Financing
AuthoritiesfCIFAl
The purposes of CIFA are to: educate
infrastructure financing agencies, other public
officials and the general public concerning the
sources, methods and needs for financing public
infrastructures in the U.S.; engage in research
and policy analyses; represent infrastructure
financing authorities before public bodies and
officials.
300 Metropolitan Square
655 Fifteenth Street, NW
Washington, D.C. 20005
(202) 347-6333
CIFA has been briefed on Mobilization and
strongly supports the effort. Several joint
conferences have been held on issues related
to financing drinking water infrastructure
in small systems.
CIFA has published an article on the
Mobilization effort in their newsletter.
-------
SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION
MOBILIZATION INVOLVEMENT
Council of State Governments
Joint agency of all state governments. Works to
strengthen state governments by: improving
administrative and managerial capability and
performance, promoting intergovernmental
cooperation; collecting, processing, generating,
and disseminating information needed by states,
assisting states in solving specific problems of
policy formulation and operations; serving as a
catalyst on issues and opportunities affecting
the states.
Iron Works Pike
Box 11910
Lexington, KY 40578
(606) 252-2291
Steven Brown, Dir., Center for the Environment
and Natural Resources
Presently applying for grant to work with
National Conference of State Legislatures in
addressing problems of small systems.
Edison Electric Institute fEEIl
Investor-owned electric utility companies
operating in the U.S. Has affiliate members in
North, Central, and South America.
1111 19th St., NW
Washington, DC 20036
William Fang (202) 778-6617
C. Richard Bozek (202) 778-6641
Institute has been briefed on requirements
for non-transient non-community systems and
is interested in follow-up activities.
Mat with Jeff Haas 5/90 to discuss possible
cooperative efforts.
a
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION
MOBILIZATION INVOLVEMENT
Farmers Home Administration fFmHA)
The (FmHA) is authorized to provide financial
assistance for water and waste disposal
facilities in rural areas and towns of up to
10,000 people. FmHA funds are allocated among
the States based on rural population and poverty
level.
o FmHA has been briefed on Mobilization.
o Engaged in an ongoing dialogue.
Grocery Manufacturers of America (GMA)
Manufacturers of food and non-food products sold
through grocery trade. Promotes high standards
in the manufacture and distribution of grocery
products.
1010 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W., Suite 800
Washington, D.C. 20007
(202) 337-9400
George Koch, President
Marsha McNeil (202) 337-9400
Paul Bruns, Ph.D.
Nabisco Brands Inc.
200 DeForest Ave.
P.O. Box 1944
East Hanover, NJ 07936-1944
(201) 503-4186
Association has been briefed on the
requirements for non-transient
non-communities and is interested in
supporting State Capacity and Public
Education activities.
Their Environmental Task Force »et with Jeff
Hass and Peter Shanaghan 5/90 to discuss
possible cooperative efforts.
Has offered to print and distribute some of
our public education materials. We have sent
them samples of our publications.
Interested in developing big brother help
networks.
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION
MOBILIZATION INVOLVEMENT
League of Women Voters Education Fund (LWVEF)
Educational arm of the League of Women Voters of
the United States. Conducts a variety of
research and educational activities related to
public policy issues. Activities include:
developing objective information on important
national issues, sponsoring regional community
seminars on issues such as election systems,
land use, national security, and techniques for
more effective citizen participation in
government.
1730 M Street, N.W., Suite 1000
Washington, D.C. 20036
(202) 429-1965
Grant Thompson, Executive Director
Elizabeth Kraft, Director of Natural Resources
X266
Valerie Strauss, Agricultural Chemicals
o Has received a grant to produce public
education video.
o Variety of activities in the public
education area.
o Participated in focus group on public
attitudes toward drinking water and
pesticides.
o Participated in early planning discussions
for National Pesticide Survey.
o Reviewed public information materials for
NPS.
o Participated in focus group on public
attitudes toward drinking water and
pesticides.
o Regularly receives Updates on status of NPS.
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION
MOBILIZATION INVOLVEMENT
National Assoc Lation of County Health Officials
fNACHO)
Organization of county health officials.
Purposes are to: stimulate and contribute to
the improvement of county health programs and
public health practices throughout the U.S.;
disseminate information on county health
programs and practices; participates in the
formulation and advancement of the policies of
the National Association of Counties.
440 First Street, N.W., Suite 500
Washington, D.C. 20062
(202) 783-5550
Nancy Rawding, Executive Director
o Has established a formal agreement with the
Local Health Officials Initiative.
o Co-sponsored focus group for Local Health
Officials to review information products at
National Meeting.
o Regularly publishes drinking water related
articles in their newsletter.
o Collaborating on National Drinking Water
Week.
o Represented on National Pesticide Survey's
Regional/State/County Workgroups.
o Reviewed public information NPS materials.
o Regularly receives Updates on NPS status.
o Frequent one-on-one breifings by NPS staff.
National Association of Towns and Townships
fNATaTl
Federation of state organizations and individual
communities. To provide technical assistance,
educational services, and public policy support
to local government officials of small
communities across the country. Conducts
research and develops public policy
Maintaining an open dialogue. NaTAT has
expressed an interest in publishing drinking
water related articles.
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION
MOBILIZATION INVOLVEMENT
recommendations to help improve the quality of
life for people living in small communities.
Sponsors educational conferences and training
workshops.
1522 K Street, N.W., Suite 730
Washington, D.C. 20005
(202) 737-5200
Jeffrey H. Schiff, Executive Director
National Association of Water Companies fNAWCl
Privately and commercially owned and operated
water companies; associate members are
individuals with an engineering, scientific, or
other professionals interested in the
association. Conducts research and informs
members of economic, legal and regulatory
developments; encourages communication between
investor-owned water companies and regulatory
agencies.
1725 K Street, N.W., Suite 1212
Washington, D.C. 20006
(202) 833-8383
James Graff, Executive Director
Elaine Krawiec (202) 833-8383
Collaborating on National Drinking Water
Week.
Regularly receives Updates on National
Pesticide Survey.
11
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION
MOBILIZATION INVOLVEMENT
National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL)
National organization of state legislators or
legislative staff. Aims are: to improve the
quality and effectiveness of state legislatures,
to ensure states a strong, cohesive voice in the
federal decision-making process; to foster
interstate communication and cooperation.
Provides training and development and service on
current issues. Maintains Office of
State-Federal Relations in Washington, D.C. to
monitor federal legislation.
1050 17th Street, Suite 2100
Denver, CO 80265
(303) 623-7800
William Pound, Executive Director
National Education Association fNEAl
Professional organization and union of
elementary and secondary school teachers,
college and university professors,
administrators, principals, counselors, and
others concerned with education.
1201 16th Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20036
Don Cameron, Executive Director
Joel Packer (202) 822-7329
TEMPORARY LOCATION:Coyne Building
1156 15th St., NW
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Have received a grant to prepare a guide for
State legislators on the impacts of the Safe
Drinking Water Act.
Working to support State Capacity and
Institutional Support Initiatives.
Have received a grant to provide direct
technical assistance to selected State
legislatures.
Regularly receives Updates on status of
National Pesticide Survey.
Reviewed NPS public information materials.
Association has been briefed on the
requirements for non-transient non-community
(NTNC) systems.
Have expressed an interest in publishing
public education articles on drinking water.
Mat with Jeff Hass 5/90 to discuss possible
cooperative efforts.
Looking into the possibility of providing
then with a listing from FRD8 of schools
which are NTNC systems in answer to their
request for a state-by-state inventory of
affected public schools .
12
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION
MOBILIZATION INVOLVEMENT
National Environmental Health Association (NEHA)
Professional society of persons engaged in
environmental health for governmental public
health agencies, public health and environmental
protection education, industry, colleges, and
universities. Conducts national professional
registration program and continuing education
program. Provides self-paced learning modules
for field professionals.
720 S. Colorado Blvd.
Suite 970, South Tower'
Denver, CO 80222
(303) 756-9090
Nelson Fabian, Executive Director
o Actively support Local Health Officials
Initiative.
o Published special newsletter on the Safe
Drinking Water Act and the local health
official's role.
o Have received a grant to prepare a guide to
agreements between State primacy agencies
and local health departments.
o Participating on the steering committee for
the National Training Strategy.
o Collaboration on National Drinking Water
Week.
o Regularly receives Updates on status of
National Pesticide Survey.
National Governors Association (NGA)
Governors of the 50 states, Guam, American
Samoa, the Virgin Islands, the Northern Mariana
Islands, and Puerto Rico. Serves as a vehicle
through which governors influence the
development and implementation of national
policy and apply creative leadership to state
problems. Keeps the federal establishment
informed of the needs and perceptions of states.
o
o
Provides support to State Capacity
Initiative as part of OW agreement with
OCEM.
Arranged briefings on National Pesticide
Survey for governors' representatives in
Washington.
Reviewed NPS public information materials.
One-on-one advance briefing on plans for NPS
final report.
a
13
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION
444 N. Capitol Street, Suite 250
Washington, DC 20001 •
(202)624-5300
Raymond Scheppach, Executive Director
Jim Solyst (202) 624-7739
Tom Curtis, Dir. Energy and Environment
Committee 624-5389
MOBILIZATION INVOLVEMENT
Regularly receives Updates on NFS status.
National Manufactured Housing Federation
A group of associations of manufacturers and
owners of manufactured housing created to
represent their members before Federal and State
governments.
Mr. Dan Gilligan
1701 K Street, N.W. Suite 400
Washington, D.C. 20006
(202) 822-6470
Inviting EPA participation in their
conferences.
Involved in demonstration projects in TX and
PA.
Assisting in information transfer to a
number of small systems to facilitate
compliance.
14
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION
MOBILIZATION INVOLVEMENT
National Restaurant Association (NRA1
Restaurants, cafeterias, clubs, contract food-
service management, drive-ins, caterers,
institutional food services, and other members
of the food service industry; also represents
establishments belonging to non-affiliated state
and local restaurant associations in
governmental affairs.
1200 17th Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20036
William P. Fisher, Executive V.P.
Robert Harrington, Asst. Dir. of Tech. Service
(202) 331-5900
National Rural Water Association (NRWA)
NRWA's mission is improving the quality of life
in rural and small towns.
NRWA's members are small publicly owned water
systems.
P.O. Box 1428
Duncan, Oklahoma 73534
(405) 252-0629
Sam Wade, Executive Director
John Trax (202) 333-8830
Association has been provided with
information on the requirements for non-
transient non-community systems.
o Received a grant to provide training and
technical assistance to small water systems.
o Collaborate on National Drinking Water Week.
o On the steering committee for the National
Training Strategy.
o Conduct demonstration projects in support of
Mobilization objectives.
o Regularly receives Updates on status of
National Pesticide Survey.
o Requested 50 additional copies of Meeting
the Challenge to distribute to States. (Sent
out by Roger Barnes)
15
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION
MOBILIZATION INVOLVEMENT
National School Boards Association fNSBA)
Federation of state school boards associations,
and the boards of education in the District of
Columbia and the Virgin Islands. Provides
information on topics such as curriculum
development and legislation and court decisions
affecting education and school policy.
1680 Duke St.
Alexandria, VA 22314
(703) 838-6722
Kate Herber (703) 838-6727
o Association has been briefed on the
requirements for non-transient non-community
systems.
o Met with Jeff Haas 5/90 to discuss possible
Mobilization activities.
o Has offered to identify schools in LA and TX
which would benefit from a big brother help
network.
o Regularly receives Updates on status of
National Pesticide Survey.
National Soft Drink Association (NSDA)
Active members are manufacturers of soft drinks;
associate members are suppliers of materials and
services. Objectives include government affairs
on the national and state levels; discussion of
industry problems; general improvement of
operating procedures.
1101 16th St. NW
Washington, DC 20036
(202) 463-6732
Dwight C. Reed
Michael Redman
President
Technical Director
o Association has been briefed on the
requirements for non-transient non-community
systems.
o Met with Jeff Hass 5/90 to discuss possible
Mobilisation activities.
o They have a well established network at the
States level and has offered to possibly
help with our State Capacity Initiative.
o Have been briefed on the possiblity of
establishing a big brother help network.
(202) 463-6750
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION
MOBILIZATION INVOLVEMENT
National Water Alliance fNWAl
Corporations, nonprofit organizations, trade
associations, state and local governments, and
interested individuals. Seeks to influence
national policies regarding water resources and
educate the public about problems affecting the
nation's water supply. Disseminates information
on water pollution and conservation; presents
position papers to the U.S. Congress.
1225 I St., N.W., Suite 300
Washington, DC 20005
(202) 646-0917
Ron Linton, President
Rural Community Assistance Program fRCAP)
RCAP is a national network of nonprofit
organizations dedicated to better rural health,
increased rural development, and enhanced
quality of rural life. RCAP works to improve
the delivery of water supply, waste disposal,
and related services to rural, low-income
residents.
602 s. King Street, Suite 402
Leesburg, Virginia 22075
Edwin Cobb, Executive Director
(703) 478-8652
o Collaborate on National Drinking Water Week.
o Regularly receives Update on status of
National Pesticide Survey.
Received a grant to provide technical
assistance to small systems.
Serve on the steering committee for the
National Training Strategy.
Conduct a wide variety of demonstration
projects which support the Mobilization
objectives.
17
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION
MOBILIZATION INVOLVEMENT
Water Wastewater Equipment Manufacturers
Association fWWEMA)
Manufacturers of equipment for water works,
wastewater, and industrial wastes disposal
plants; manufacturers1 representatives and
distributors. Sponsors public relations, public
affairs, and marketing programs.
o
o
Collaborate in National Drinking Water Week,
Participate in the Low-Cost Small System
Treatment Technology Initiative.
P.O. Box 17402
Dulles International Airport
(703) 661-8011
Dawn Kristof, President
20041
18
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ADDITIONAL ORGANIZATIONS WITH A POSSIBLE ROLE
SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION MOBILIZATION' S INVOLVEMENT
American Association of School
Administrators (AASA)
Professional association of administrators o Association has been provided with information on the
and executives of school systems and requirements for non-transient non-community systems.
educational service agencies; school
district superintendents; central, building,
and service unit administrators; presidents
of colleges, deans, and professors of
educational administration; placement
officers; executive directors and
administrators of education associations;
heads of private schools.
1801 N. Moore St.
Arlington, VA 22209
(703) 528-0700
Richard D. Miller, Executive Director
Virginia Vertiz
Bruce Hunter
"8
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION MOBILIZATION'S INVOLVEMENT
American Bankers Association (ABA)
Commercial banks and trust companies; o Association has been provided with information on th.
combined assets of members represent about requirements for non-transient non-communities and is
95% of the industry. Serves banking interested in follow-up activities.
industry through banker committee structure
in areas of banking professions, banking
organizations, communications, education,
government relations, and memberships and
administrative services.
1120 Connecticut Ave., N.W.
Washington, DC 2003d
(202) 663-5000
Don Ogilvie, Executive V.P.
American Council on Education (ACE)
A council of colleges and universities, o Association has been provided with information on the
educational organizations, and affiliates. requirements for non-transient non-communities and is
Represents accredited post-secondary interested in follow-up activities.
institutions directly or through national
and regional higher education associations;
advocates on their behalf before Congress,
the federal government, and federal and
state courts.
One Dupont Circle, N.W., Suite 800
Washington, DC 20036
(202) 939-9300
Robert H. Atwell, President
Mr. Shelly Steinback (202) 939-9355
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION MOBILIZATION'S INVOLVEMENT
American Federation of Teachers (AFT|
Works with teachers and other educational o Association has been provided with information on the
employees at the state and local level in requirements for non-transient non-communities and is
organizing, collective bargaining, research, interested in follow-up activities.
educational issues, and public relations.
Conducts research in areas such as
educational reform, bilingual education,
teacher certification, and evaluation.
Represents members' concerns through
legislative action; offers technical
assistance.
555 New Jersey Ave., N.W.
Washington, DC 20001
(202) 879-4400
Albert Shanker, President
Gregory Humphrey (202) 879-4400
American Mining Congress (AMC)
Domestic producers of coal, metals, and o Association has been provided with information on the
minerals; manufacturers of mining equipment; requirements for non-transient non-communities and is
engineering, consulting, constructing, and interested in follow-up activities.
leasing companies; financial institutions
that serve the mining industry.
1920 N St. N.W., Suite 300 &
Washington, DC 20036 ffi
(202) 861-2800 p
John Knebel, President
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION MOBILIZATION'S INVOLVEMENT
American Paper Institute
U.S. manufacturers of pulp, paper, and o Institute has been provided with information on the
paperboard. Gathers, compiles, and requirements for non-transient non-community systems
disseminates information; conducts research and is interested in follow-up activities.
on scientific and technical problems;
represents members in industry matters
before governmental, transportation,
industrial, and other agencies.
260 Madison Ave.
New York, NY 10016
(212) 340-0600
Red Cavaney, President
1250 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 210
Washington, DC 20036
Marilyn Haugen (202) 463-2591
American Petroleum Institute
Producers, refiners, marketers, and o Institute has been briefed on requirements for
transporters of petroleum and allied non-transient non-communities and is interested in
products such as crude oil, lubricating oil, follow-up activities.
gasoline, and natural gas. Seeks to
maintain cooperation between government and
industry on all matters of national concern;
fosters foreign and domestic trade in
American petroleum products; promotes the
interests of the petroleum industry;
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION MOBILIZATION'S INVOLVEMENT
encourages the mutual improvement of
members.
1220 L St. N.W.
Washington, DC 20005
(202) 682-8000
Charles DiBona, President
Stephanie Meadows, Senior Regulatory
Analyst (202) 682-8475
American Society of Agricultural Engineers
fASAEl
Professional and technical organization of o Society has been provided with information on the
individuals interested in engineering and requirements for non-transient non-community systems.
technology for agriculture. Develops
engineering standards used in agriculture.
2950 Niles Road
St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659
(616) 429-0300
Roger Castensen, Executive Vice-President
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION MOBILIZATION'S INVOLVEMENT
American Textile Manufacturers Institute
fATMIl
Textile mill firms operating machinery for o Institute has been briefed on the requirements for
manufacturing .md processing cotton, non-transient non .-mmunity systems and is interested
man-made, wool, and silk textile products; in follow-up activities.
includes spinning, weaving, bleaching,
finishing, knitting, and allied plants; does
not include manufacturers of hosiery or
firms that produce man-made fibers and yarns
by a chemical process. Operates public
relations program for the industry,
government relations program, textile market
program, and statistical and economic
information service.
1801 K St. N.W., Suite 900
Washington, DC 20006
(202) 862-0500
Carlos Moore, Executive V.P.
Nancy Weinberg (202) 862-0580
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION
MOBILIZATION * 8 INVOLVEMENT
Association of Physical Plant Administrators
of Universities and Colleges (APPAUC)
Represents administrators in colleges and
universities; members in other categories
are school districts, governmental
installations, etc. Individuals who have
responsibilities for buildings and grounds
of the institutions.
1446 Duke Street
Alexandria, VA 22314^-3492
Wayne Leroy, Associate Vice President
(703) 684-1446
o Association has been provided information on the
requirements for non-transient non-community systems.
Council for American Private Education
(CAPE)
Coalition of national organizations serving
the interests of private schools (K-12).
Weeks to promote understanding and
cooperation between private schools, public
schools, and the government at all levels;
to encourage the sharing of resources among
member organizations and their schools; to
stimulate the creation and effectiveness of
o Council has been provided information on the
requirements for non-transient non-community systems.
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION MOBILIZATION'S INVOLVEMENT
state and local private school groups; to
formulate and disseminate public policy
concerning private schools at the national,
state, and local levels.
1625 I St., NW, Suite 412
Washington, DC 20006
(202) 659-0016
Robert L. Smith, Executive Director
Carol Ruple (202) 659-00016
Council of Chief State School Officers
The 50 chief state school officers (state o Association has been provided with information on the
superintendents and commissioners of requirements for non-transient non-community systems.
education) and the heads of education
agencies in the D. C., Guam, American Samoa,
Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and the
Northern Mariana Islands. Expresses
members' views on educational issues before
civic and professional organizations,
federal agencies, Congress, and the public.
379 Hall of States
400 N. Capitol St., N.W.
Washington, DC 20001-1511
Gordon M. Ambach, Executive Director
Carnie Hayes (202) 393-8161
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION
MOBILIZATION'S INVOLVEMENT
Independent Petroleum Association of America
(IPAA)
Independent oil and gas operators, royalty
owners, and others (suppliers, drilling
contractors, bankers, oil attorneys,
trucking contractors, and rig building
contractors) interested in the production of
crude oil and natural gas. Represents small
oil and natural gas producers in legislative
and regulatory areas at the federal level.
1101 16th St., N.W.
Washington, DC 20036
(202) 857-4722
H.B. Scoggins, Jr., President
Mr. Jim Groninger (202) 857-4722
National Association of Conservation
Districts
A nonprofit organization serving as the
national instrument of its membership -
3,000 local districts and 54 states and
territorial associations. Conservation
districts, local subdivisions of state
government, work to promote the
o Association has been briefed on the requirements for
non-transient non-community systems.
o The association has been briefed on Mobilization and
has expressed an interest in maintaining a dialogue
with us.
o Met with National Pesticide Survey's director to
discuss contents and framework of NPS final report.
o Regularly receives Updates on NPS status.
I
a.
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION
MOBILIZATION'S INVOLVEMENT
conservation, wise use and orderly
development of land, water, forests,
wildlife, and related natural resources,
509 Capitol t..ijurt, NE
Washington, DC 20002
(202) 547-6223
Eugene Lamb
o Offered to distribute materials for Mobilization.
National Association of Counties
*
Only national organization in US
representing county governments. Purpose is
to improve county government, act as liason
with other levels of government, act a voice
of county government and advance public
understanding of rate of counties.
440 1st St., NW
Washington, DC 20001
(202) 393-6226
o The association has been briefed on Mobilization and
has expressed an interest in maintaining a dialogue
with us.
o Reviewed National Pesticide Survey's public education
materials including health effects information.
o Represented on NPS regional/State/County workgroup.
o Met with NPS director to discuss contents and framework
of final report.
o Briefed one-on-one by NPS staff when appropriate.
o Regularly receives Update on status of Survey.
10
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION MOBILIZATION'S INVOLVEMENT
National Association of Elementary School
Principals (NAESP)
Professional association of principals o Association has been briefed on the requirements for
engaged in administration and supervision of non-transient non-community systems.
schools with elementary grades, including
teaching principals, assistant or vice
principals, and supervising principals;
persons engaged in educational research and
in the professional education of elementary
school administrators
1615 Duke St.
Alexandria, VA 22314-3483
(703) 684-3345
Samuel G. Sava, Executive Director
Edward Keller (703) 684-3345
National Association of Independent Schools
fNAISl
Independent elementary and secondary school o Association has been briefed on requirements for non-
members; regional associations of transient non-community systems.
independent schools and related
associations. Provides curricular and ^
f
11 a
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION MOBILIZATION'S INVOLVEMENT
administrative research and services;
conducts seminars. Offers computerized
services.
75 Federal Street
Boston, MA 02110
(617) 451-2444
John C. Esty, Jr., President
11 Dupont Circle, NW, Suite 210
Washington, DC 20036
Kellen Canavan (202) 462-3886
National Association of Manufacturers (NAM)
Manufacturers cooperating are non- o Association has been provided with information on the
manufacturers having a direct interest in or requirements for non-transient non-community systems.
relationship to manufacturing. Represents
industry's views on national and
international problems to government.
Maintains public relations program. Reviews
current and proposed legislation,
administrative rulings, and interpretations,
judicial decisions, and legal matters
affecting industry.
1331 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W.,
Suite 1500 N.
Washington, DC 20004
(202) 637-3000
Alexander B. Trowbridge, President
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION MOBILIZATION'S INVOLVEMENT
National Association of Private Schools for
Exceptional Children fNAPSECl
Is concerned with the needs of private o Association has been brief on requirements for
schools that work with exceptional children. non-transient non-community systems.
Provides a forum for exchange among
facilities serving exceptional students and
acts as a national voice for these
facilities. Informs parents and the public
of special services available to exceptional
students, in an effort to match the student
with the program best fitting his or her
needs.
1522 K Street, NW, Suite 1032
Washington, DC 20005
(202) 408-3338
Kenneth C. Terrell, Executive Director
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION MOBILIZATION'S INVOLVEMENT
National Rural Electric Cooperative
Association
Rural electric cooperative systems, public
power districts, and public utility
districts in 46 states. Activities include:
management institutes, professional
conferences; training and consulting
services; legal representation; energy
efficiency and conservation campaigns.
1800 Massachusetts Ave., NW
Washington, DC 20036
(202) 857-9500
Bob Bergland Exec. V.P.
National Association of Secondary School
Principals (NASSP1
Secondary school principals and assistant o Association has been brief on requirements for
principals; other persons engaged in non-transient non-community systems.
secondary school administration and/or
supervision; college professors teaching
courses in secondary education. Sponsors
National Association of Student Councils,
National Honor Society, and National Junior
Honor Society.
1904 Association Dr.
Reston, VA 22091
(703) 860-0200
Scott D. Thompson, Exec. Dir.
14
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION MOBILIZATION'S INVOLVEMENT
National Coal Association (NCA)
Producers and sellers of coal, equipment o Have provided information on the requirements for
suppliers, other energy suppliers, non-transient non-community water systems.
consultants, and coal transporters. Serves
as liaison between the industry and federal
branches and agencies of government. Keeps
members informed of legislative and
administrative actions concerning taxation.
Works with industry, consumers, and
government agencies to•control air
pollution. Seeks improved conditions for
export of steam and metallurgical coal.
1130 17th St., N.W.
Washington, DC 20036
(202) 463-2625
Richard L. Lawson, President
David Branard (202) 463-2625
a
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION MOBILIZATION' B INVOLVEMENT
National Licensed Beverage Association
(NLBA1
Bars, taverns, restaurants, cocktail o Association has been provided with information on the
lounges, and hotels selling alcoholic requirements for non-transient non-community systems.
beverages for on-premises consumption in
states where such sales are legal. Conducts
server education programs. Initiated
promotion of May as National Tavern Month,
an industry wide campaign.
4214 King St., W.
Alexandria, VA 22302
(703) 671-7575
Gerald E. Murphy, Executive Director
Kevin Kilgren (202) 638-6400
John Chwat (202) 638-6400
National Parent Teachers Association fNPTA)
6.6 million member association focusing on o Association has been briefed on the requirements for
the concerns of children and youth. non-transient non-community systems.
1201 16th Street, NW, Suite 619
Washington, D.C. 20036
Carolyn Henrich, Governmental Affairs
Representative
(202) 822-7878
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION
MOBILIZATION'S INVOLVEMENT
National Petroleum Refiners Association NPRA
Petroleum, petrochemical, and refining
companies.
1899 L St., N.W., Suite 1000
Washington, DC 20036
(202) 457-0480
Urvan R. Sternfels, President
Maurice McBride, Government Affairs
Representative
(202) 457-0480
o Association has been provided with information on the
requirements for non-transient non-community systems.
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association
fPMA)
Manufacturers of ethical pharmaceutical and
biological products that are distributed
under their own labels. Encourages high
standards for quality control and good
manufacturing practices; research toward
development of new and better medical
products; enactment of uniform and
reasonable drug legislation for the
protection of public health. Disseminates
information on governmental regulations and
policies, but does not maintain or supply
information on specific products, prices,
o Association has been provided with information on the
requirements for non-transient non-community systems.
a
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION MOBILIZATION'S INVOLVEMENT
distribution, promotion, or sales policies
of its individual members.
1100 15th St., N.W.
Washington, DC 20005
(202) 835-3400
Gerald J. Mossinghoff, President
Tom White, Regulatory Affairs Representative
(202) 835-355
U.S. Catholic Conference (USCC)
Civil entity of the American Catholic o Conference has been briefed on the requirements for
Bishops "assisting them in their service to non-transient non-community systems.
the church in this country by uniting the o Requested 400 additional copies of Meeting the
people of God where voluntary, collective challenge to distribute to their school administrators
action on a broad diocesan level is needed." and facilities managers.
3211 4th Street, NE
Washington, DC 20017
(202) 541-3000
Rev. Msgr. Daniel Hoye, General Secretary
Richard E. Duffy (202) 541-3000
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SUMMARY OF MOBILIZATION ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION MOBILIZATION'S INVOLVEMENT
U.S. Department of Education (USDOE) -
Office of Private Education
Office responsible for advocacy and liaison o USDOE has been provided with information on the
for National non-public schools and requirements for non-transient non-community systems.
religious schools.
400 Maryland Avenue, S.W., Rm 4137
Washington, D.C. 20202
Dr. Charles O'Malley (202) 401-1365
FTS 441-1365
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