United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office Of The
Administrator
(A-101F)
EPA171-R-92-028
September 1992
&EPA
U.S. EPA Region 3 403(c)
Determination Of
Bethany Beach, DE And
Ocean City, MD Ocean Outfalls
Printed on Recycled Pap&f
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U.S. EPA REGION III 403(C) DETERMINATION
OF BETHANY BEACH, DE AND OCEAN CITY, MD OCEAN OUTFALLS
William C. Muir
Regional Oceanographer
Mark A. Barath
Environmental Scientist
Peggy Prevoznik
Environmental Scientist
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
:-£> Contents Page
>^ Executive Summary i
,f^ A. Purpose 1
v "i
0 B. Background 1
"^ Table 1: Ocean Discharge Guidelines 2
Table 2: Regional Wastewater Facilities 4
C. Near Coastal Initiative 3
D. Facility and Outfall Characteristics 5
E. Regulatory Requirements 5
Figure 1: The Near Coastal Waters of EPA Region III 11
Figure 2: National, State, and Local Wildlife Refuges
and Seashores of EPA Region III 12
Table 3: Water Quality Criteria 16
F. Summary and Conclusions 15
Bibliography 18
Appendix A: Cruise Plan: Operation SOWE, July, 1992 20
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A. Purpose
The purpose of this document is to determine that the 402 requirements of the
Clean Water Act (CWA) are being met at two of Region Ill's ocean outfalls. The
Ocean Discharge Criteria, Section 403(c), of the CWA states:
No permit under section 402 of this Act for a discharge into the territorial
sea, the waters of the contiguous zone, or the oceans shall be issued,
after promulgation of guidelines established under section (c) of this
section, except in compliance with such guidelines.
The determination is based on U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region
Ill's five year Ocean Outfall Study and the findings of the 1992 follow-up study. The
determination is intended to assist both the state and the public in assessing impacts
and compliance of the permit with regards to the guidelines prescribed by 403(c) of
the CWA.
B. Background
Under the authority of the Clean Water Act, the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency or delegated states issue National Pollution Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) permits to discharge into navigable waters if the effluent meets all applicable
requirements of the law. Section 403(c) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
establishes criteria to assess the impact of ocean discharge on surrounding biological
communities in the territorial seas, the contiguous zone, and the ocean. The permit
issued by the Agency, in addition to other applicable requirements, must satisfy the
ocean discharge guidelines as set out in 40 CFR 125.120-124 (see Table 1) from
which EPA must determine whether a discharge will, or will not, cause "unreasonable
degradation" on the marine environment. (U.S. EPAg, 1991, p.5). Unreasonable
degradation is defined in the 403 regulations as:
* Significant adverse changes in ecosystem diversity, productivity, and stability
of the biological community within the area of discharge and surrounding
biological communities,
* Threat to human health through direct exposure to pollutants or through
consumption of exposed aquatic organisms, or
* Loss of aesthetic, recreational, scientific, or economic values which is
unreasonable in relation to the benefit derived from the discharge (ibid, p.5).
"If technology-based and water-quality based limitations are met by the
discharger, but it is determined that the discharge will cause unreasonable
degradation of the marine environment, then additional restrictions must be imposed
on the discharge to ensure that unreasonable degradation does not occur" (U.S. EPA,,
1992, p. 2).
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TABLE 1: OCEAN DISCHARGE GUIDELINES1
(1) Quantities, composition, and potential bioaccumulation or persistence of the
pollutants to be discharged;
(2) Potential transport of the pollutants by biological, physical, or chemical
processes;
(3) Composition and vulnerability of potentially exposed biological communities
including
* unique species or communities,
* endangered or threatened species,
* species critical to the structure or function of the ecosystem;
(4) Importance of the receiving water area to the surrounding biological community,
e.g.;
* spawning sites,
* nursery/forage areas,
* migratory pathways,
* areas necessary for critical life stages/functions of an organism;
(5) The existence of special aquatic sites, including (but not limited to)
* marine sanctuaries/refuges,
* parks,
* monuments,
* national seashores,
* wilderness areas,
* coral reefs/seagrass beds;
(6) Potential direct or indirect impacts on human health;
(7) Existing or potential recreational and commercial fishing;
(8) Any applicable requirements of an approved Coastal Zone Management Plan
(CZMP);
(9) Such other factors relating to the effects of the discharge as may be
appropriate;
(10) Marine water quality criteria.
1U.S. EPAE, 1991, p.6.
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"If sufficient information is unavailable to make a determination that "no
unreasonable degradation" will result, the Regional Administrator, or State Director in a
delegated state, may issue a permit if s/he determines that the discharge will not
cause "irreparable harm" to the marine environment. Irreparable harm is defined in the
Clean Water Act as 'significant impacts occurring after the date of permit issuance that
will not be reversed after cessation or modification of the discharge.' The permit,
however, must require an ongoing monitoring program to allow a determination of
whether unreasonable degradation may occur" (U.S. EPA,, 1992, p. 2).
Region III conducts near coastal monitoring to fulfill EPA's mandated
responsibilities under the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972
and the various statutes of the Water Pollution Control Acts Amendments of 1972,
1977, and 1987 (CWA). The near coastal waters of Region III have been monitored
since the 1970's. The programs have adapted to the changing utilizations of and
stresses on these waters, primarily concerning sewage outfalls. The phasing out of
industrial waste and municipal sludge dumping has diminished some of the stress
forced upon these waters. Yet increased recreational use of the Delmarva peninsula
and its coastal waters as well as increased concerns over water quality prompted the
EPA to conduct an in depth study of the ocean outfalls in the Mid-Atlantic Bight. (U.S.
EPAe, 1992, p. 3). The three outfalls in Region III are located off the coast of Bethany
Beach, DE, Ocean City, MD, and Virginia Beach, VA (see Table 2).
The multipurpose design of the five year Ocean Outfall study had been to
determine whether the discharges are a public health threat and whether they have
impact on the surrounding benthic environment. The study found that the discharges
are not a public health threat but the benthic ecology has been impacted. The
recently released report, The Mid-Atlantic Bight. Monograph Series: Report of
Sediment Quality Near Ocean Outfalls FY87-91 (February, 1992), on the monitoring
program suggests that although the three facilities meet their NPDES permit
requirements, the criteria of "no unreasonable degradation" may not be met at Region
Ill's ocean outfall locations. The report makes recommendations for action including
continued sediment quality monitoring, additional field studies to determine benthic
infaunal condition, and more sophisticated analyses on existing and future data, (ibid,
p. 3). The follow-up, July, 1992 study is designed to determine whether the impact on
the benthic environment is statistically significant and eco-relevant. As with this report,
the survey will study the Bethany Beach, DE and Ocean City, MD sewage outfalls for
403(c) determination.
C. Near Coastal Initiative
The recent, EPA adopted National Coastal and Marine Policy strongly
emphasizes the government's commitment to the protection, restoration, and
maintenance of the nation's coastal and marine waters. Specific goals had been
proposed for recovery of full recreational use of shore, beaches, and waters;
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TABLE 2: REGION III WASTEWATER FACILITIES
Name
NPDES NO.
Permit Expiration
Date
Flow(MGD)2
South Coastal Regional
Wastewater Facility
Bethany Beach, DE
Ocean City Wastewater
Treatment Plant
Ocean City, MD
HRSD Atlantic Sewage
Treatment Plant
Virginia Beach, VA
DE 0050008
MD 0020044
VA 0081248
9/30/95
6/30/95
8/01/95
3.0
10.79 max
31.0
2An average annual flow rate is used here unless otherwise noted.
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restoration of the nation's shell fisheries and salt water fisheries; strict limitations on
ocean disposal of wastes; and, a better understanding of pollution effects through
scientific research and monitoring (U.S. EPAA> 1988, p. 2). EPA Region III has
implemented the Near Coastal Initiative to rationally and effectively address the
demands of this policy. The Near Coastal Initiative involves various programs
including water quality and sediment quality analysis, which the above study
addressed. An aerial surveillance component has been designed to provide an
overview of the activities of the near coastal waters of the Mid-Atlantic Bight.
D. Facility and Outfall Characteristics
The South Coastal Regional Wastewater Facility is located in Sussex County,
DE, south of Ocean View and the Bethany Beach Area. The facility currently services
domestic wastewater from Fenwick Island and North and South Bethany Beach.
There are no industrial facilities within the wastewater facility's jurisdiction. The flow
design capacity is 6.0 million gallons per day (mgd). The current peak flow averages
about 3.0 mgd during the summer months and .7 mgd during the winter months. The
treatment begins with a hydrogen peroxide pretreatment at the two pumping stations.
Preliminary treatment follows with a barminutor/barscreen followed by an aerated grit
chamber and surge tank. Biological treatment consists of three parallel systems using
activated sludge, clarification and aerobic digestion. After clarification, the wastewater
is filtered through microstrainers and chlorinated before being pumped to the Atlantic
Ocean for disposal. The outfall pipe extends approximately one mile out from the
coast. (NPDES Permit # DE 0050008).
The Ocean City Wastewater Treatment Plant treats exclusively domestic
wastewater from Ocean City, MD and the surrounding area. The flow design capacity
is 14.0 mgd with an average flow of about 4.78 mgd and a maximum summertime flow
of 10.79 mgd. The treatment consists of a primary clarifier with bar screens and grit
chambers followed by pure oxygen activated sludge and a secondary clarifier.
Chlorination and dechlorination complete the process before the water is pumped into
the Atlantic Ocean for disposal. The outfall pipe extends approximately two miles out
from the coast. (NPDES Permit # MD 0020044).
E. Regulatory Requirements
Both the South Coastal Regional Wastewater Facility in Sussex County, DE and
the Ocean City Wastewater Treatment Plant in Ocean City, MD are in compliance with
the NPDES permit requirements. The characteristics of the two outfalls are reviewed
below in terms of the ten guidelines delineated in Table 1.
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1. Quantities, composition, and potential bioaccumulation or persistence of the
pollutants to be discharged;
Discharge pollutants do not vary significantly from limits set forth in NPDES
discharge permits. Monitoring is the primary means of determining whether effluent
limitations contained in the NPDES permit are met. The NPDES permit specifies
discharge parameters to be measured, measurement frequency, sample type, and
sample location. The permittee is self-monitoring and sends the records to EPA,
Region III Water Permits and Enforcement Branch as well as to the respective state
programs each month. Monitoring data are reviewed for permit compliance and
entered into the Permit Compliance System (PCS) data base. (U.S. EPA,, 1992, p. 8)
Neither the Bethany Beach, DE, nor the Ocean City, MD facility process and discharge
industrial waste; both facilities service domestic waste water exclusively. Monthly
NPDES discharge monitoring reports, therefore, track the discharge of the required
marine water criteria: total suspended solids, BOD5> Fecal Coliforms, total residual
chlorine, dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature. Heavy metals and other toxics are
not anticipated in the waste stream or discharged from either of these facilities.
(Barath, M. pers.com., 1992; U.S. EPA, 1976.)
Under its Near Coastal Initiative introduced in 1 987 and in compliance with the
1989 National Coastal and Marine Policy, U.S. EPA Region III has been conducting
intensive monitoring of its near coastal waters (U.S. EPAA, 1988). The long term,
intensive study provides an historical record, and thus a better understanding, of the
status and trends of the coastal waters. Subsequently, any influences resulting from
ocean outfalls will be detected more easily. The conditions present in the near *p234X
coastal waters are determined by a number of factors including seasonal changes,
meteorological events, as well as the estuarine influx from the Delaware and
Chesapeake Bays. The interactions of these changing variables are complicated, and
yet the general status and trends of the near coastal waters has emerged. (U.S.
1990, pp. 25-26.)
In general, the water quality has been found to be within acceptable levels with
no noted areas of stress. Temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen values has
been within expected ranges. Bacteria levels did not exceed the 200 cells/1 00 ml
shellfish and bathing beach standards. Although nutrient values have been generally
low, elevated dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations, primarily Ammonium-
nitrogen, have been found just south of the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. The
near coastal waters adjacent to the bays have been distinguished statistically as
separate water masses. This decisively points to the two bays as strong point
dischargers of dissolved inorganic nitrogen to the near coastal waters. The Delaware
Bay, just north of the two outfall pipes under study, is the largest contributor of
nutrients to the near coastal waters of Region III. Thus, any potential influence on the
water column nutrient levels by the discharge from these two outfalls is minimal in
comparison. (U.S. EPA^ 1987, pp. 32-41; U.S. EPAp, 1990, pp. 25-34; Barath. M. and
Muir, W., pers. com., 1992.)
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An additional aspect of their Near Coastal Initiative, Region III has assessed the
potential transport and subsequent impact of the pollutants using sediment impact.
The water column is fluid and will dilute, spread out and remove pollutants from the
point of discharge. The benthic environment, on the other hand, tends to be more
stable and static. (U.S. EPA^ 1992, p. 9). Any long term negative and cumulative
impact from the ocean discharges is likely to manifest itself on the benthic
environment. The final report of the five year study, The Mid-Atlantic Bight.
Monograph Series: Report of Sediment Quality Near Ocean Outfalls FY87-91
(February, 1992), summarizes the findings on pollutant impact and transport from the
outfall effluent. Five parameters of sediment quality have been used to determine
effluent influence:
* Most Probable Number (MPN) of Enterococci
* MPN of Clostridium Perfringens
* Presence of Acanthamoebae
* Number of Antibiotic Resistances found in the Enterobacteria Isolates
* Visual Observation of Sediment Modification (p. 12).
Since the individual parameters all measure sewage effluent influence, the study
had adopted a more powerful determination of the degree of this influence by
combining all the parameters into a single metric called the Sediment Quality Index
(SQI). These parameters have been examined for each of the 14 to 16 stations in the
vicinity of the two outfalls (the sample grid), four months during each of the five years.
The parameters then have been assessed for monthly and yearly averages and
trends. For the purpose of this discussion, annual metrics will be used (ibid, p. 13).
Overall, sediment quality parameter values have been very high at Bethany
Beach compared to the other outfalls studied. The yearly trends at Bethany Beach
indicates increasing influence during the five year monitoring period. This trend is
most pronounced in Enterococci, C.perfringens, and sediment modification. The
annual SQI shows a relatively sharp increase in influence in 1991 after a flat trend in
preceding years. Perhaps more significantly, fairly wide ranges in SQI exists among
stations in the Bethany Beach sample grid, a finding consistent with the ridge and
swale topography found in the area. Also, one station consistently has ranked among
the highest (most influenced) in SQI; this station is in close proximity to the outfall
pipe, (ibid, pp. 21-23.)
Values at the Ocean City sampling grid have been consistently lower than at
Bethany Beach. Ocean City, however, experiences a great change in population, from
10,000 in winter to 300,000 during the summer weekends. The yearly trend for the
bacteria and for the SQI shows peak values in 1988 and 1989 and decreases in both
1990 and 1991. SQI ranking among the stations for each parameter show a wide
range of values between the most influenced and the least influenced stations. The
latter indicates a core group of stations that exhibit little or no sewage effluent
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influence; these stations are located along a ridge that runs diagonally across the
sampling grid, in contrast, stations located in depressions exhibit higher SQI values.
In particular, one station located furthest from the outfall pipe and yet at the deepest
point in the sample grid experienced the greatest degree of influence. It appears that
relative depth is more important than distance from the pollution source, (ibid, pp. 30-
32.)
No bioaccumulation studies have been conducted as there is no evidence that
bioaccumulation occurs in the flora or fauna of the near coastal waters near these
outfalls (Barath, M. and Muir, W., pers. com., 1992).
2. Potential transport of the pollutants by biological, physical, or chemical processes;
Due to its fluidity, water quality analysis is not a sufficient indicator of pollution
transport. On the other hand, sediment quality analysis often provides insight to the
transport and impact of discharged pollutants. Sediments can be a sink for many
pollutants deposited in the ocean. These pollutants can be easily transported within
the ocean environment and to non-marine organisms. Sand fauna tend to be mobile
and adept at burial and recovery from moving sediment. Water and sediment oxygen
levels are high and suspended food is abundant (Pratt, 1973, pp. 5-9). The degree of
activity in this ecosystem varies with the substrate. Both outfalls are known to emerge
in areas with a ridge and swale topography (U.S. EPAu, 1992, p.4). Swales and other
depressions may, and often do, provide a reservoir of concentrated, residual
pollutants which may affect the surrounding area long after the loading has concluded
or diminished. The recently completed five year study of the Mid-Atlantic Bight
suggests that areas of greater depth exhibit greater impact from the outfall (ibid, p.32).
Thus, despite of the mobility of both the sediment and fauna of the surrounding area,
evidence suggests that the benthic environment has been impacted, especially in the
deeper regions around the outfalls.
An additional study in July, 1992, had been designed to examine further the
extent of the influence in terms of distance from the outfall as well as the degree of
influence within the benthic environment. Core samples from nine stations at or
around the two outfalls will be analyzed for species composition and diversity, grain
size, total organic carbons, and total sulfides. The cores will be subsampled for public
health bacteriology, similar to the above, including total coliform, E.coli, enterococci,
and C.perfringens. A bioassay will also performed on dredge samples from five of the
nine stations to determine toxicity. The BOSS plume tracking system will be
implemented to detect salinity, density, temperature, sigma t, oxygen, transmissivity,
and chlorophyll a of the effluent. (Please see Appendix A: Cruise Plan; Operation
SOWE, July, 1992.)
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3. Composition and vulnerability of potentially exposed biological communities,
including:
* unique species or communities,
* endangered or threatened species,
* species critical to the structure or function of the ecosystem;
According to the National Marine Fisheries Service, the near coastal waters of
the Middle Atlantic Bight are the occasional home to several endangered and
threatened species. The migratory patterns of the Humpback whale, Fin whale, and
the Right whale, all of which are endangered species, include the near coastal waters
along the Delmarva peninsula. These waters are also home to the Green turtle and
the Ridley turtle, which are also endangered, as well as the Loggerhead turtle, which is
a threatened species. To the degree that these species are affected by the sewage
effluent, a section 7 consultation needs to be done. (Beach, D., pers. com., 1992.)
The aerial surveillance program, part of Region Ill's Near Coastal Initiative, has
been designed to collect data on living species within the near coastal waters of the
Mid-Atlantic Bight. During the four years since the program has commenced,
occasional turtle sightings have been made, including 2 in the area of the outfalls
during the summer of 1991. No whale sightings have been recorded. Though not
endangered, dolphins are sighted throughout the summer near these ocean outfalls.
(U.S. EPAn, 1992, pp. 17-19; Barath, M., pers. com., 1992.)
4. Importance of the receiving water area to the surrounding biological community,
e.g.,
* spawning sites,
* nursery/forage areas,
* migratory pathways,
* areas necessary for critical life stages/functions of an organism;
According to the National Marine Fisheries Service, there are no special aquatic
sites, spawning or nursery areas in the area of the ocean outfall pipes. The near
coastal waters of Delaware and Maryland are a migratory pathway for several marine
fish including juvenile sea trout, summer flounder, and croakers. (Goodger, T., pers.
com., 1992.)
The upcoming survey will sample the outfall areas to assess the nature of the
community structure. Measures of community structure will include species
composition and diversity, biomass, dominance, abundance of pollution sensitive
species, and the abundance of pollution tolerant and opportunistic species. Measures
of community structure within the areas of effect will be compared with similar
communities in unaffected (reference) areas to assess the effects of sewage effluent.
(See Appendix A.)
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5. The existence of special aquatic sites, including (but not limited to)
* marine sanctuaries/refuges,
* parks or monuments,
* national seashores,
* wilderness areas,
* coral reefs/seagrass beds;
The two outfall pipes in question are located in the near coastal waters of the
Mid-Atlantic Bight. The Bethany Beach outfall pipe is located approximately 1 mile off
shore; the Ocean City, MD outfall pipe is approximately 2 miles off shore. Because of
the outfall locations, expected influence on special aquatic sites is negligible. (NPDES
permit # DE 0050008, MD 0030044.)
The Norfolk Canyon is the nearest marine sanctuary within the Region, and it is
over 100 miles south of the Ocean City outfall pipe. The Assawoman State Wildlife
Area is located on shore, in between the two outfall locations. The Primehook
National Wildlife Refuge is just north of Bethany Beach along the shore of the
Delaware Bay. Assateague State Park and Assateague National Seashore are both
south of the Ocean City outfall location. All of these aquatic sites are outside the
influence of the outfalls. There are no coral reefs or seagrass beds in the Region's
marine waters. (Please see the attached maps.) (Gusey, 1976, p. 33; Muir, W., pers.
com., 1992.)
6. Potential direct or indirect impacts on human health;
There is negligible health risk involved from effluent dispersion in the water
column. Both outfall pipes empty a significant distance from any potential direct
contact with swimmers. The sediments, however, are known to be a sink for many
contaminants in the marine environment. Contaminants in the sediments are available
for transport within the marine community and to non-marine organisms. The public
health risk exists in the bacteria from the effluent and in the commercial and sport-
valued fauna which are later consumed by the public.
EPA, Region Ill's recent study of the sediment quality near their ocean outfalls
has indicated that there is no public health threat from the outfall effluent. The Mid-
Atlantic Bight. Monograph Series: Report of Sediment Quality Near Ocean Outfalls
FY87-91 (February, 1992), the five year monitoring report, discusses the public health
impact of both enteric bacteria and pathogenic amoebae. Although there are various
forms of enteric bacteria which are of public health concern, Clostridium perfringens,
which produce long lived spores, and enterococci, a fecal streptococci, have been
documented at both the Bethany Beach and the Ocean City Outfalls. C. perfringens
produce spores which remain viable for years. They are used to trace the movement
and dilution of sewage in the environment. Fecal streptococci, on the other hand,
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FIGURE 1: THE NEAR COASTAL WATERS OF EPA REGION III
Pj Sampling Grid Boundaries
y Outfall Pipe
. Sampling Station
A/ State Boundary, Shoreline
• City
60mies
11
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FIGURE 2: SEASHORE REFERENCE MAP
M.
A
e X
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does not remain viable for a long time period. Their presence is used to indicate
recent sewage impact and potential human health risk. Thus, enterococci is an
indicator of a public health threat whereas C.perfringens is not, although it is a public
health concern. (U.S. EPA^ 1992, p. 10.) The yearly trend for Bethany Beach is
increasing for both bacteria; the significant increase of C.perfringens suggests that it
has become endemic to the area (ibid, p. 21). The yearly trend for Ocean City is
remarkably similar for enterococci and C.perfringens, peaking in 1988 and 1989 and
decreasing in 1990 and again in 1991 (ibid, p. 30).
The study also examined the virulence of the bacterial community by measuring
whether the isolated species are resistant to antibiotic drugs. 'The more drugs that
isolated species are resistant to, the greater the virulence of the bacterial community in
a given sample" (ibid, p. 10). The yearly trend for drug resistance for the Bethany
Beach community exhibited a significant decline from its peak year of resistance in
1989 (ibid, p. 21). The Ocean City bacterial communities have also shown a decline in
drug resistance, most significantly from 1990 to 1991 (ibid, p. 30).
The pathogenic amoebae studied was the Amoebida: Acanthamoebae, a cyst
forming protozoan which originates exclusively from sources of human origin such as
sewage and sewage sludge. Thus, acanthamoebae, like C.perfringens, serves as a
good tracer of human waste in the environment. It represents a public health concern
since it can cause eye lesions and other conditions. "Cases involving wind surfers
and bathers who became infected after their eyes were scratched by sand under
contact lenses have been documented" (ibid, p. 10). After peaking in 1989, the yearly
trend for acanthamoebae for both Bethany Beach and Ocean City outfalls has been
decreasing (ibid, p. 21, 30).
7. Existing or potential recreational and commercial fishing;
The area of interest is an important shellfish and finfish habitat. Millions of
people annually engage in recreational fishing, although little to no commercial fishing
occurs in these immediate waters (ibid, p. 3). Some of the most commonly caught
sport fish off the coast of Ocean City, MD-Sea Basses, Billfishes, Cods, Hakes,
Pollock, Porgies, Mackerels, tuna, and crabs, to name a few (Gusey, 1976, p. 354-
355). Region Ill's aerial surveillance data shows the presence of fish schools and
much recreational fishing pressures in this stretch of the near coastal waters (U.S.
H, 1992, pp. 8-14).
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8. Any applicable requirements of an approved Coastal Zone Management Plan
(CZMP);
Both wastewater treatment facilities have been granted NPDES permits. Upon
regular monitoring, they have been found to be in compliance with all NPDES
regulations. By virtue of the state regulatory nature, all requirements are consistent
with the respective state's CZM Plan. U.S. EPA, Region Ill's monitoring of these
permitted outfalls, also, is consistent with and allowable under the state's CZM Plan.
(Cooksey, S. and Ghigiarelli, E., pers. com., 1992.)
9. Such other factors relating to the effects of the discharge as may be appropriate:
As described above, Region III is interested primarily in studying the sewage
outfall impact on the surrounding benthic environment. If there is any significant, long
term influence, it will most likely manifest itself in the local benthic community.
Techniques such as sediment chemistry and bioassay will address additional factors
such as TOCs, total sulfides, and toxins. Another factor is organic enrichment of the
sediment which overloads the natural ability to assimilate. Plume tracking is another
technique which provides measurements of salinity, temperature, transmissivity
measurements of the effluent plume. The July, 1992 study will take all of these factors
into consideration. (Please see Appendix A.)
10. Marine water quality criteria:
The NPDES permit process requires continual monitoring of the wastewater
effluent prior to disposal. Each state requires that the facilities meet their established
specific water quality criteria. Both facilities in question process domestic wastewater
only, and not industrial waste; the parameters to be examined for domestic
wastewater are as follows (also see Table 3):
* Dissolved Oxygen
* Total Suspended Solids
* Fecal Coliform
* Total Residual Chlorine
*pH
Both facilities meet the state criteria, where applicable, in all but two areas.
First, the detected amount of total residual chlorine (TRC) is high, on a magnitude of
10 times greater than the established water quality criteria. However, the potential for
chloroamines, the most significant threat resulting from high TRCs, is low because it is
not accompanied by a high amount of organic solids in the discharge effluent.
Without solids to adhere to, TRCs quickly dissipate into the receiving waters and are
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unlikely to accumulate in the sediment. Whether or not the organically enriched
sediment at certain stations is found to contain chloroamines and exhibit resulting
toxicity will be determined as part of the July, 1992 study. Also, toxicity tests have
shown no residual toxicity in the effluent of either treatment facility. (Barath, M. and
Muir, W., pers. com., 1992.)
Second, the South Coastal Regional Wastewater Facility in Delaware has an
average minimum pH of 6.2 which falls below the minimum criteria of 6.5. This is a
measure of the effluent before it is discharged into the ocean. The effluent is quickly
diluted upon contact with ocean water, which by its very nature has a high buffering
capacity resulting in a rapid return to ambient pH. (ibid.)
F. Summary and Conclusion
The purpose of this document has been to determine that the discharge from
the Bethany Beach, DE and the Ocean City, MD outfalls had not caused
"unreasonable degradation" of the marine environment as defined by the 403
regulations of the CWA. The two wastewater facilities have been described and
characterized according to the ten Ocean Discharge Guidelines delineated in 40 CFR
125.120-124. The primary source of information has been EPA, Region Ill's five year
Ocean Outfall Study which had commenced in 1987. To date, final conclusions
cannot be made; a more complete determination is dependent on the data collected
during the July, 1992 study.
Some preliminary conclusions, however, can be drawn. First, based on EPA
Region Ill's five year Ocean Outfall Study, the two ocean outfalls do not present a
significant public health threat. With the exception of enterococci and C.perfringens at
Bethany Beach, the yearly trends for enteric bacteria, their virulence, and pathogenic
amoebae have been decreasing since 1989 for both outfall locations. Second, that
same study indicates that the two ocean outfalls are degrading the surrounding
benthic environment. Sediment quality serves as a good indicator of long-term
pollutant disposal effects. The Sediment Quality Index3 shows a sharp increase in
1991 after a flat trend at Bethany Beach (U.S. EPA,,, 1992, p. 21-22). The Sediment
Quality Index shows a steady increase of influence through 1990 with a substantial
decrease in influence in 1991 at Ocean City, MD (ibid, pp. 30-31). Therefore, an
assessment of the ten Ocean Discharge Criteria indicate that three criteria need further
study:
1. Quantities, composition, and potential bioaccumulation or
persistence of the pollutants to be discharged; and
°The five individual parameters used in the five year ocean outfall study as a measure of sewage
effluent influence are combined into a single metric called the Sediment Quality Index (SQI). The SQI
decreases the type II error, thereby reducing the chance of a false positive result. In addition, the SQI
minimizes much of the variability found in the individual parameters.
15
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TABLES: WATER QUALTTY CRITERIA4
CRITERIA
BODS
Dissolved Oxygen
(X > 5.0 mg/l;
X > 6.0 mg/l)
Total Suspended
Solids
Fecal Coliform
DE: X < log mean
of 2007100ml
MD: X < 14 MPN/
100ml
Total Residual Chlorine
(X< 10ug/l)
PH
6.5 < X < 8.5
DELAWARE
AA = 9.8 mg/l
max = 13.0 mg/l
min = 7.5 mg/l
AA = 6.8 mg/l
max = 8.4 mg/l
min = 4.0 mg/l
max = 12.5/1 00ml
AA = 2.4 mg/l
max = 2.7 mg/l
min = 2.1 mg/l
max = 7.6
min = 6.2
MARYLAND
min = 6.1 mg/l
13.3 mg/l
max = 4.8 MPN/
100ml
max = 1 .03mg/l
max = 7.15
min = 6.6
NOTE: AA = annual average
max = maximum monthly average
min = minimum monthly average
4 (U.S. EPA, 1976; NPDES permit #'s DE 0050008, and MD 0020044; Muir, W., pers. com., 1992.)
16
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2. Potential transport of the pollutants by biological, physical, or
chemical processes;
9. Such other factors relating to the effects of the discharge as may be
appropriate:
As mentioned above, the July, 1992 study had been designed for just that
purpose. The persistence and transport of the pollutants on the benthic environment
have been examined. The July, 1992 survey also has investigated the potential toxic
effects of the sediment: toxicity studies of the effluent and macrobenthic invertebrate
studies have been conducted to ascertain the composition and changing nature of the
biological community structure. Third, the July, 1992 study has been conducted to
determine the statistical significance as well as the eco-relevance of the conclusions
drawn from the five year study. (See Appendix A.) The data and analysis from the
July, 1992 survey will provide the basis for a more thorough determination of no
unreasonable degradation resulting from two of EPA Region Ill's ocean outfalls.
17
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 33 U.S.C. 466 et seq. Section 403, Ocean
Discharge Criteria.
Gusey, William F. The Fish and Wildlife Resources of the Middle Atlantic Bight.
Houston, Texas: Shell Oil Company. 1976.
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit MD 0020044.
Permittee: Ocean City Wastewater Treatment Plant. Department of the
Environment, State of Maryland.
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit DE 0050008.
Permittee: South Coastal Regional Wastewater Facilities, Sussex County.
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, State of
Delaware.
Pratt, S. D. "Benthic Fauna." Coastal and Offshore Environmental Inventory: Cape
Hatteras to Nantucket Shoals. Eds., Marine Experiment Station, Graduate
School of Oceanography. University of Rhode Island: Marine Publication
Series No. 2, pp. 5-1 - 5-70. 1973.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Quality Criteria For Water. Washington, D.C.:
U.S. EPA. July, 1976.
U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyA, Region III. Integrated Marine Management
Strategy for the Middle Atlantic Bight. Philadelphia, PA: U.S. EPA. 1988.
U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyB, Region III. The Mid-Atlantic Bight Monograph
Series: Report of Sediment Quality Near Ocean Outfalls FY87 - 91.
Philadelphia, PA: U.S. EPA. February, 1992.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agencyc, Region III, and Battelle. Mid-Atlantic Near
Coastal Waters Program Statistical Analysis of Eutrophication: Chlorophyll and
Nutrient Trends 1987-1990. EPA Contract No. 68-C8-0105; Work Assignment 3-
216. Duxbury, MA: Battelle. June, 1992.
U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyD, Region III. Middle Atlantic Near Coastal Water
Quality Report. Philadelphia, PA: U.S. EPA. Summer, 1987.
U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyE, Region III. Monitoring Under the "No
Irreparable Harm" Provisions of Section 403 of the Clean Water Act: Monitoring
Options and Case Studies. Draft. Fairfax, VA: Tetra Tech, Inc. February,
1991.
18
-------
U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyF, Region III. Region III Near Coastal Initiative.
1990: Water Quality Summary Report. Philadelphia, PA: U.S. EPA. 1990.
U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyQ, Region III. 403fC) Summary Report.
Philadelphia, PA: U.S. EPA. 1990.
U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyH, Region III. 1991 Aerial Surveillance Summary
Report: Near Coastal Initiative. Arlington, VA: American Management Systems,
Inc. June, 1992.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,, Region IV. Plan of Study for Southeast Florida
POTWS Section 403(C) of the Clean Water Act. Draft. Atlanta, GA: U.S. EPA.
1992.
Interviews:
Barath, Mark A., Environmental Scientist. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Region III. Office of Marine and Estuarine Protection.
Beach, Douglas. United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service. Habitat and
Protected Resources Division. Oxford, MD 21654.
Cooksey, Sarah, Environmental Program Administrator of the Delaware Coastal
Management Program. Division of Soil and Water Conservation, Department of
Natural Resources and Environmental Control, State of Delaware.
Ghigiarelli, Elder, Chief. Coastal Zone Consistency Unit, Water Resources
Administration. Department of Natural Resources, State of Maryland.
Goodger, E. Timothy, Assistant Coordinator. United States Department of Commerce,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries
Service. Habitat and Protected Resources Division. Oxford, MD 21654.
Muir, William C., Regional Oceanographer. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Region III. Office of Marine and Estuarine Protection.
19
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APPENDIX A
20
-------
EPA Contract 68-C8-0105
WA# 3-125-1
WA# 3-131-1
WA# 3-311-1
CRUISE PLAN
OPERATION SOWE
CRUISE 92-2
EPA O.S.V. PETER W. ANDERSON
JULY 21 - 25, 1992
William C. Muir
Senior Oceanographer
Mark A. Barath
Work Assignment Manager
George R. Gibson
Criteria Specialist
Margaret A. Prevoznik
Cruise Planner
EPA Region III (3ES41)
841 Chestnut Building
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 597-9296
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE #
1.0 General 1
2.0 Schedule of Operations 2
2.1 Itinerary 2
3.0 Background Information 3
3.1 EPA Region III Near Coastal Study Area 4
4.0 Survey Justification and Rationale 5
5.0 Objectives 5
6.0 Environmental Management Questions Asked by
Proj ect/Survey 6
7.0 Survey Location and Description 7
7.1 EPA Region III Coastal Outfall Study Location 8
7.2 EPA Region III Eutrophication Study Location 9
8.0 Survey Sampling Methodologies 10
8.1 Sample Log Sheet
8.2 Sampling Methodology Protocol 10
8.2 Procedures for Chlorophyll and Nutrient Collection 13
9.0 Sequence of Survey Tasks/Events 14
9.1 Sampling Location Protocol for Ocean Outfall Study 14
9.2 Sampling Location Protocol for Eutrophication Study 15
10.0 Navigation and Positioning Control 17
10.1 Coastal Outfall Stations Lat/Long Coordinates 17
10.2 Coastal Eutrophication Stations Lat/Long Coordinates 18
11.0 Equipment and Supplies 21
11.1 Sampling Activities' Equipment Protocol 22
12.0 QA/QC Procedures 23
13.0 Scientific Party 24
14.0 Proposed Reporting Requirements 24
15.0 Diving Operations 25
16.0 Diver Emergency Aid List 26
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SURVEY PLAN
August 7, 1992
Page 1 of 27
1.0 GENERAL
Project Title: Mid-Atlantic Near Coastal Water Initiative
Survey Title: 403(C) Assessment at Bethany Beach, De and Ocean City, MD and
Near Coastal Eutrophication Assessment
Anderson Requested By: William C. Muir
Organization: EPA, Region III
Project/Work Assignment Manager: William C. Muir and George R. Gibson
Organization: EPA, Region III and EPA Headquarters
Survey Chief Scientist: William C. Muir (3ES41)
Organization: EPA, Region III
Organization Address: 841 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107
Organization Telephone No.: (215)597-2541
FAX No.: (215)597-7906
EPA Funding/Contract No.: 68-C8-0105
Work Assignment No.: WA3-311
Work Assignment Leader: William C. Muir
Contractor Organization: Battelle
Contractor Telephone No.: (617)934-0571
FAX No.: (617)934-2124
Comments:
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SURVEY PLAN Date: July 15, 1992
Page 2 of 27
2.0 SCHEDULE OF OPERATIONS
Mobilization Date: July 20, 1992
Location: Cape May, NJ
Departure Date: July 21, 1992
Planned Survey Duration pays): 4
Allowable Weather/Breakdown Days: 1
Maximum Duration (Days/. 5
Demobilization Date: July 25, 1992
Location: Cape May, NJ
2.1 ITINERARY OF JULY 1992 SURVEY
DATE TIME ACTIVITY
07-20-92 2200 MOBILIZATION AT CAPE MAY, NJ
07-21-92 0800 DEPART CAPE MAY, NJ FOR COASTAL
EUTROPHICATION STUDY SAMPLING AT
OCEAN CITY, NJ
1030 COMMENCE COASTAL EUTROPHICATION STUDY
SAMPLING
07-22-92 0400 COMMENCE 403(c) BENTHIC OPERATION AT BETHANY
BEACH, DE AND OCEAN CITY, MD
07-22-92 1800 RECOMMENCE COASTAL EUTROPHICATION STUDY AT BO 4
07-23=92 2200 IN TRANSIT TO OCEAN CITY OCEAN OUTFALL
07-24-92 0800 COMMENCE BOSS OPERATION AT OCEAN CITY, MD AND
BETHANY BEACH, DE OUTFALLS
07-25-92 1400 RETURN TO CAPE MAY, NJ
DEMOBILIZE
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SURVEY PLAN Date: July 15,1992
Page 3 of 27
3.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Region 111 of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is engaged in a long term
monitoring project of the near coastal waters extending from southern New Jersey
south to the Virginia/North Carolina border. With this multi-disciplinary survey, EPA
Region III is continuing its comprehensive evaluation of the status and trends of water
quality and benthic ecology in the Mid-Atlantic near coastal waters. These activities
are part of the EPA Near Coastal Initiative for assessing the current status of the
Nation's marine environment. See Attachment 3.1 for presentation of the study area.
This oceanographic operation has three primary objectives. First, the proposed
survey is designed to assess the cumulative impact of the two sewage outfalls along
the Delaware-Maryland Coast on the surrounding benthic ecology. The overall results
of a recently completed five year study indicate that the ocean outfalls within Region III
are degrading the surrounding benthic environment and the degradation has
worsened over the last five years. Second, the survey design and results will be
assessed for possible translation into universally applicable criteria for evaluating
sewage outfalls and other point source perturbations. The third major objective of this
survey is the evaluation of the near coastal waters for the identification of conditions
which lead to coastal eutrophication and possible dissolved oxygen depletion.
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SURVEY PLAN
3.1 EPA Region III Near Coastal Study Area
Date: July 15,
Page 4 of
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SURVEY PLAN Date: July 15, 1992
Page 5 of 27
4.0 SURVEY JUSTIFICATION AND RATIONALE
1. As mandated by the Clean Water Act, the EPA is responsible for determining "no
unreasonable degradation" of the marine environment. The data collected in the
403(C) determination study will provide a better understanding of the current status
and existing trends of the benthic environment and will allow for the possible
identification of developing environmental and public health hazards.
2. In addition, the results of this study will be utilized to develop nationally
applicable techniques and criteria for the National Biological Criteria Program and for
403(c) determination.
3. As part of the goals under EPA's Near Coastal Initiatives, the data collected in
the Coastal Eutrophication Study will allow for a better understanding of current status
and trends, and allow for the possible advance identification of disruptive
environmental conditions.
5. The EPA O.S.V. Peter W. Anderson is the most suitable vessel for the
conducting of this multi-disciplinary effort for several reasons. First, it provides the
most economical method for performing this survey. Second, EPA Region III is able
to accomplish a variety of different operations on a single cruise.
5.0 OBJECTIVES
1. The study is designed to statistically quantify the benthic infauna by number of
individuals and taxa, TOC's, biomass, and grain size and compare across sites.
A. The benthic infauna will be collected at the nine representative stations arranged
in a linear sequence. Four replicates will be taken at each station with a Smith
Maclntyre sampler, totaling 36 samples (9 stations X 4 samples/station).
B. In addition, 11 sediment cores will be taken at the two control sites, A and B,
totaling 22 core samples. Each core will be approximately 3 inches in diameter
and 15 cm deep. Twenty cores (10 samples/station) will be analyzed for species
composition and diversity.
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SURVEY PLAN Date: July 15,1992
Page 6 of 27
C. infauna analyses will be performed on 27 of the Smith-Maclntyre grab samples
(3 per station) as well as on the 20 (10/11) core samples described above. In
addition each grab sample and 2 of the 22 (1/11) core samples will be analyzed for
TOC's and grain size.
D. A chemical analysis will be performed on the fourth Smith-Maclntyre sample
from each of the nine stations. Each sample will be analyzed for total sulfides as
well as for public health bacteriology including total conform, e. coli, enterococci,
and clostridium perfringens.
D. A bioassay will be performed on dredge samples from sites A, C, E, G, and I.
Rhepoxynius abronious and ampelisca abdita will be used for the bioassay.
E. The BOSS plume tracking system will be used to detect salinity, density,
temperature, sigma t, oxygen, transmissivity, and chlorophyll a.
2. Coastal Eutrophication Study
A. A hydrocast will be performed at fifty-four stations in eighteen transects for the
determination of physical/chemical water quality characteristics in the water
column. A Secchi Disc reading will also be obtained at each station occupied
during daylight hours. Data collected will complement and extend the
NOAA-NEMP water quality monitoring observations.
B. Surface water samples will be obtained at the forty-nine stations in the thirteen
transects J 16-18, CD 11-17, CC 12-13, and C 14 for the determination of nutrients,
chlorophyll a, and pheophytin a water quality characteristics. Mid-depth water
samples will also be obtained at the thirteen "M" stations located approximately in
the middle of the transects. These sample will be analyzed for the determination of
nutrients, chlorophyll a, and pheophytin a water quality characteristics. Surface,
mid-depth, and bottom water samples will be obtained at five stations (J 19 and
20, and CD 18-20) for the determination of nutrients water quality characteristics.
6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT QUESTIONS ASKED BY
PROJECT/SURVEY
1. Do the total numbers of benthic individuals and of taxa differ across sites within the
first 5 cm of sediment?
2. Is there any correlation between grain size, TOC's, and taxa or other metrics?
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SURVEY PLAN Date: July 15,1992
Page 7 of 27
3. What are the impacts-the physical, chemical, and biological effects of the
effluents?
4. Will cores provide equivalent correlation to impacts provided by the Smith-
Maclntyre grabs?
5. Can we recognize biological community gradients?
6. Is there a depth gradient within the sediments?
7. What is the status of the coastal water quality?
7.0 SURVEY LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION (Attach detail/tables/figures if
needed)
Survey Area(s) Name(s): Bethany Beach, DE and Ocean City, MD sewage outfalls
Atlantic Near Coastal Waters from the South Jersey Shore to the VA/NC border
Survey Area Locations (Refer *> shore): See Attached Station Tables
Survey Area Boundary Coordinates:
Survey Area Sizes:
Survey Station Types:
Number of Stations by Type:
Survey Station Sizes:
Survey Station Water Depths:
Survey Transect Types/Quantities:
Survey Transect Lengths:
Transect Line Spacings:
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SURVEY PLAN
7.1 EPA Region 111 Coastal Outfall Study Location
Date:
Page 8 of
REG I ON III
Bethany Beach, DE
Ocean City, MD
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SURVEY PLAN
7.2 EPA Regionlll Eutrophication Study Location
Date:
Page 9 of
39'30'N
39'00'N
38'30'N
38'00'N
37'30'tt
37'00-N
36'30'N
74-30' W
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SURVEY PLAN Date: July 15, 1992
Page 10 of 27
8.0 SURVEY/SAMPLING METHODOLOGIES (Attach detail/tables/figures if
needed)
Method Description: All sampling activities will follow standard EPA procedures for
insuring acceptable data collection. All activities relating to data and sample collection
will be documented on the station log presented in Attachment 8.1. The sampling
methodology protocol is presented in section 8.2. The specific sampling procedures
for nutrient and chlorophyll sample collection are documented in section 8.3. At the
middle stations in the Coastal Eutrophication Study transects, both a surface and at
depth sample will be obtained while at the five transects located in the mouth of the
bays, surface, mid-depth, and bottom samples will be retrieved.
Method Rationale: The Smith-Maclntyre sampler is efficient and cost effective. Other
grab samplers have been tested in the area and are less effective in achieving an
adequate sample due to the sediment size and composition.
Diving on Survey: YES: X NO: <» yes. see section. 15 and ie>
8.1 SAMPLING METHODOLOGY PROTOCOL
A. Hydrographic - At all Coastal Eutrophication and Sewgae Outfall stations:
Performed through water column from surface to bottom.
1. Seabird SBE 9/11 utilized for obtained in situ measurements
a. Temperature in degree Celsius
b. Conductivity in m-ohms/cm
c. Dissolved oxygen in mg/l
d. Salinity in ppt.
2. Secchi Disc readings in meters of visibility
B. Chlorophyll and nutrients
1. Grab samples obtained using discrete surface sampler and/or Niskin bottle for
at-depth sample
-------
Secchi Disc.
Station
Wind Dir.
8.1 STATION LOG SHEET
_m STATION LOG
Date Time
Vel. Sea state
LORAN C
_Depth
angle_
Depth
Meter Corrected
Cond.
Salinity
Temp.
D.O.
Shipek drop 1_
Shipek drop 2_
Shipek drop 3_
Smith-Mclntyre
Samples
Benthic Tow
Core
pH
Sur.
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
bottom grab description
Smith-Mc drop
Surface
Water
Bacti
Amoeba
3 TOC
Depth of
sediments
Depth of banding (cm)
Width of banding (cm)
Dredge typ<
Tow time
Note:
>
Depth of
penetration
Depth of
banding (cm)
Width of
banding (cm)
Sediment
type
TPC
PHYTO-
PLANKTON
CHLOROPHYL1
NUTRIENT
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SURVEY PLAN Date: July 15,1992
Page 11 of 27
a. Chlorophyll samples (2) collected on filter paper
b. Nutrients samples (4) collected from filtrate water of chlorophyll sampling
C. Sediment Sample
1. 4 sediment samples obtained using a Smith-Maclntyre grab sampler at each of
the nine designated stations
a. Measure depth of the Smith-Maclntyre sample in centimeters at the center
of the sample and note on log sheet. Any sample with a depth reading of
less than 5 cm must be discarded and a new sample must be obtained.
b. Provide a good physical description of sediment, noting color and
sediment consistency, on station log sheet before subsampling
c. Infaunal Analysis - Triplicate Grabs
1. Samples collected from 27 of the 36 Smith-Maclntyre grab samples
(3/station) obtained on a linear transect as shown in Figure 7.1.
2. Using a 3" diameter coring tube, obtain a sample core from the center of
the grab sample. Carefully cover the bottom of the tube with proscribed
instrument for removal. Note depth of core sample in centimeters on
log sheet. Place core sample in Whirlpack, label appropriately, and
store with other infauna samples as determined by contractor
3. With 1" diameter coring tube, take a 50-1 OOg representative subsample
for sediment analysis and drop in Whirlpak. Label containers
appropriately and store grain samples in refrigerator.
4. With a 1" diameter coring tube, take a representative 50-1 OOg
subsample for TOC analysis and drop in Whirlpack. Label container
appropriately and store with other TOC samples in dark refrigerator.
5. Save the remaining Smith-Mclntyre sample for a comparative analysis
with the corresponding core smaples. The contractor will provide
proper storage protocol. Stow with other infaunal samples
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SURVEY PLAN Date: July 15,1992
Page 12 of 27
d. Sulfides and Bacteria - Replicate samples
1. Samples obtained from 9 of the 36 Smith-Mclntyre grab samples
(1 /station) described above (c.1.).
2. Using a sterile spatula, collect three 25-1 OOg samples of sediment from
top 2 cm of the grab sample for bacterial analysis and place in individual
Whirlpaks. Label containers appropriately. Stow with other TOC
samples in refrigerator.
3. With 1" diameter coring tube, take a 35-50g subsample for sulfide
analysis and drop in Whirlpak. Preserve with zinc acetate. Label
containers appropriately. Stow with other TOC samples in refrigerator.
e. Samples also collected from an anchor dredge obtained from five of the
nine stations (the two control stations, the two impacted stations, and the
centrally located transitional station). Collection and storage procedurees
will be provided by contractor.
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SURVEY PLAN Date: July 15,1992
Page 13 of 27
8.3 PROCEDURES FOR CHLOROPHYLL AND NUTRIENT COLLECTION
A. Chlorophyll sample collection
1. Set up: Use a double flask vacuum filter set-up. Connect vacuum pump
to manifold rig. Trap flask goes between filter flask and pump. System will
filter when stopcorks are parallel to tubing and pump is turned on.
2. Rinse funnel and flask with distilled water before each sample. If nutrients
are to be collected from filtrate, discard rinse water
3. Place filter pad (GF/F) gridded side down onto filter holder
4. Transfer part of well mixed sample into graduate cylinder to one liter level
5. Pour well mixed surface water through pre-wetted zooplankton filter and
through phytoplankton filter until filter turns an olive green color
(usually around 1 - 2 liters for off shore stations and 0.5 liters for near
shore stations)
6. Using forceps, remove filter paper, fold in half green side in, wrap with Al
foil, wrap with time tape, label outside with date, station, and amount
filtered. Place in labelled storage bag and place in freezer
7. Repeat procedure. Label as chlorophyll "B" sample
B. Nutrient sample collection
1. Fill four prelabeled, triple rinsed (using filtrate water) analyzer cups, then fill
2/3 full with filtrate water from "B" operations
2. Cap and freeze upright immediately
3. Rinse funnel, holder, and flask with distilled water between sample sites
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SURVEY PLAN Date: July 15, 1992
Page 14 of 27
9.0 SEQUENCE OF SURVEY TASKS/EVENTS
9.1 SAMPLING LOCATION PROTOCAL FOR OCEAN OUTFALL STUDY
STATIONS SAMPLE TYPES
Smith- Diver Dredge Plume
Maclntvre Cores Samples Tracking
A 4 11 X
B 4
C 4 X X
D 4
E 4 X
F 4
G 4 X X
H 4
I 4 11 X
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SURVEY PLAN
Date: July 15, 1992
Page 15 of 27
9.2 SAMPLING LOCATION PROTOCOL FOR EUTROPHICATION STUDY
STATIONS
Hydrocast:
SAMPLE TYPES
Water Grab: Sediment:
Smith-
Surface M-depth Bottom Maclntvre
J 16
J 16(a)
J 16(b)
J 17
J 17(a)
J 17(b)
J 17(y)
J 18
J 18(a)
J 18(b)
J 18(y)
J 18(z)
J 19
CD 11
CD 1 1 (a)
CD 1 1 (b)
CD11(y)
CD 1 1 (z)
J20
CD 12
CD 12(a)
CD 12(b)
CD 12(y)
CD 13
CD 13(a)
BO 4
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(Is
X
X
X
X
X
X
p
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(NUTRIENTS ONLY)
X
X
X
X
X
X
(NUTRIENTS ONLY)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
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SURVEY PLAN
Date: July 15, 1992
Page 16 of 27
STATIONS
SAMPLE TYPES
Hydrocast:
Water Grab:
CD 13(y)
CD 13(z)
CD 14
CD 14(a)
CD 14(b)
CD 14(y)
CD 14(z)
CD 15
CD 15(a)
CD 15(b)
CD 16
CD 16(a)
CD 16(b)
CD 17
CD17(a)
CD 17(b)
CD 18
CD 19
CD 20
CC 12
CC 12(a)
CC 12(b)
CC13
CC 13(a)
CC 13(b)
C14
C 14(a)
C 14(b)
Surface
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
(NUTRIENTS ONLY)
X X
(NUTRIENTS ONLY)
X X
(NUTRIENTS ONLY)
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
Sediment:
Smith-
M-depth Bottom Maclntvre
X
X
X
X
X
X
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SURVEY PLAN Date: July 15,1992
Page 17 of 27
10.0 NAVIGATION AND POSITIONING CONTROL
10.1 COASTAL OUTFALL STATIONS LATITUDE/LONGITUDE COORDINATES
Station Latitude Longitude
A 38° 35.4' 75° 01.3'
B 38° 33.63" 75° 01.57'
C 38° 31.87' 75° 01.86'
D 38° 29.65' 75° 01.9'
E 38° 27.35' 75° 02.2'
F 38° 25.28' 75° 02.54'
G 38° 23.26' 75° 03.13703.20'
H 38° 21.7' 75° 03.7"
I 38° 20.3' 75° 04.3'
10.1.A INSTRUCTIONS TO BRIDGE REGARDING REPLICATE SAMPLING
The exact location and depth of the two outfall stations, C & G must be verified
before any sampling has commenced. Although all stations should be located at the
proper lat/long coordinates indicated above, every effort must be made to match the
depth shown at station C for stations A, B, & D and at station G for stations F, H, & I.
The deck crew will make the drop at the direction of the bridge when the ships
fathometer indicates a depth reading equivalent to either stations C or G, respectively,
plus or minus (±) 5 feet. The drops at station E should be at an average depth
between those recorded at stations C & G.
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Page 18 of 27
10.2 COASTAL EUTROPHICATION STATIONS LATITUDE/LONGITUDE
COORDINATES
Station Latitude Longitude
J16(m) 39° 13.3' 74° 29.4'
J 16(a) 39° 11.8' 74° 26.7'
J 16(b) 39° 15.1' 74° 32.7'
J 17(m) 39° 00.6' 74° 42.2'
J 17(a) 39° 00.4' 74° 38.2'
J 17(b) 39° 00.6' 74° 45.6'
J 17(y) 39° 00' 74° 28.9'
J 18(m) 38° 54.4' 74° 46.3'
J 18(a) 38° 53.4' 74° 42.4'
J 18(b) 38° 56.2' 74° 48.5'
J18(y) 38° 50.4' 74° 37.4'
J 18(z) 38° 45.4' 74° 28.8'
J 19 38° 53' 74° 53.8'
CD11(m) 38° 48.1' 74° 56'
CD 11 (a) 38° 46.6' 74° 52'
CD 11 (b) 38° 49.5' 74° 58'
CD 11 (y) 38° 44.6' 74° 48.4'
CD 11 (z) 38° 40.5' 74° 39.3'
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SURVEY PLAN Date: July 15,1992
Page 19 of 27
Station Latitude Longitude
J 20 38° 46.2' 75° 00.3'
CD 12(m) 38° 41' 74° 58.9'
CD 12(a) 38° 41' 74° 53.3'
CD12(b) 38° 41' 75° 02.5'
CD12(y) 38° 41' 74° 48.8'
CD 12(z) 38° 40.5' 74° 39.3'
CD13(m) 38° 30' 74° 58.2'
CD13(a) 38° 30' 74° 53.1'
BO 4 38° 30' 75° 00.3'
CD 13(y) 38° 30' 74° 47.7
CD13(z) 38° 30' 74° 37.5
CD 14(m) 38° 15.9' 75° 01.9'
CD 14(a) 38° 15.3' 74° 55.9'
CD 14(b) 38° 16.2' 75° 05.3'
CD 14(y) 38° 14.5' 74° 51.4'
CD 14(z) 38° 13.8' 74° 41.1'
CD 15(m) 37° 47.4' 75° 15'
CD 15(a) 37° 48' 75° 10.3'
CD 15(b) 37° 50.8' 75° 18.6'
CD16(m) 37° 30.4' 75° 31.6'
CD 16(a) 37° 30.1' 75° 27.2'
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SURVEY PLAN Date: July 15,1992
Page 20 of 27
Station Latitude Longitude
CD16(b) 37° 29.9' 75° 36'
CD 17(m) 37° 17' 75° 40'
CD 17(a) 37° 16.5' 75° 36.5'
CD 17(b) 37° 17.5' 75° 44'
CD 18 36° 58.66' 75° 58.68'
CD 19 36° 57.58' 75° 59.39'
CD 20 36° 56.76' 75° 59.95'
CC 12(m) 36° 53.1' 75° 52.2'
CC 12(a) 36° 52.9' 75° 48.3'
CC 12(b) 36° 52.7' 75° 56'
CC13(m) 36° 46' 75° 51'
CC 13(a) 36° 46' 75° 46.9'
CC13(b) 36° 46' 75° 55'
C 14(m) 36° 35' 75° 46.6'
C 14(a) 36° 35' 75° 42.2'
C14(b) 36° 35' 75° 50.5'
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SURVEY PLAN Date: July 15, 1992
Page 21 of 27
1 1 .0 EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
Equipment from Anderson (*^h*id«son checklist appropriate):
The O.S.V. Anderson will provide the necessary refrigerators, freezers, and
laboratory space. The Anderson will have ready for use their Seabird SBE 9/1 1 and
all support units. In addition, the Anderson will have ready backup hydrocast
equipment(Surveyor II probe and control box). The O.S.V. Anderson will supply the
Smith-Maclntyre sampler and the necessary dive tanks. As needed, the crew of the
O.S.V. Anderson will be utilized to assist in the setting up and tearing down of
sampling equipment.
The U.S. EPA Region III will supply the Secchi Discs and personal dive equipment.
All charts, log sheets, and portable computer capabilities will also be furnished by the
EPA Region III.
Equipment from Other Sources:
Battelle, one contractor, will supply the anchor dredge and associated equipment
as well as the BOSS plume tracking system. Battelle will also provide one diver and
the needed diving gear to complete the required tasks.
Cove, a second contractor, will be required to provide for all of the necessary
equipment and supplies for the preparation, preservation, and transport of all samples.
The contractors should be present to ensure the delivery of all necessary supplies and
equipment, the proper handling of all samples, and the timely pick-up, delivery, and
analyses of these samples. If the contractor(s) is unable to be present, an acceptable
alternate method of activity disposition must be arranged.
(Attach Anderson check M« appropriate):
Expendable Supplies from Other Sources:
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SURVEY PLAN Date:
Page 22 of
11.1 SAMPUNG ACTIVITIES' EQUIPMENT PROTOCOL
Sampling
Activity
Hydrocast
Water
Grab
Sediment
Sampling
Method
Seabird
SEE 9/11
Secchi
Disc
Niskin
Bottle
or
Discrete
Grab
Sampler
Smith-
Mclntyre
Parameters
D.O. , Cond. ,
Salinity
Temp.
Light
Extinction
Chlorophyll
Nutrient
(NH4, PO4
N02, N03)
Containers
N.A.
N.A.
Filter,
Al foil
Auto
Analyzer
Cup
Benthic 2 liter
Macrofaunal PE Jug
Invertebrates
Physical
Appearance
Grain.
Size
TOC
Heavy
Metals
N.A.
Small
coring
tube in
Whirlpak
Whirlpak
40 dram
vials in
Whirlpak
Preservation
Technioue
Computer
Disc
Log Reading
No Light and
Freeze
Freeze
Rose Bengal
tinted
Formalin
Log
Observation
Refrigerate
Freeze
Freeze
Analyst
Survey
Crew
Survey
Crew
Contrad
Contrad
Contrad
Survey
Crew
Contrac1
Contrac
Contrac
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12.0 QA/QC PROCEDURES (Attach detail/tables/figures if needed)
QA/QC Procedures for Collection Equipment:
The activities outlined in previous sections covers the quality assurance of
sampling procedures. All standard EPA procedures will be followed to ensure this
quality assurance.The Seabird SBE 9/11 will be prepared prior to the survey by the
Anderson crew. All sampling activities will be documented on the station log and on
the survey vessel's activity log. The hydrocast activities will be recorded by the
Anderson's computer with both a hard copy and floppy disc provided at the end of
the survey.
QA/QC Procedures for Collection Methods:
All samples will be prepared, preserved, and stored using identified standard
procedures. Upon completion of the survey, these samples will be properly
transported to the laboratories performing the analysis per previous arrangement
made by the respective contractors. Each laboratory will provide Quality
Assurance/Quality Control for the specified analytical procedures.
QA/QC Procedures for Analytical Equipment/Methods:
With the exception of the hydrocast activities, no on board analysis work will be
performed. The Seabird SBE 9/11 probe will be assembled and used per the
manufacture's
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SURVEY PLAN
13.0 SCIENTIFIC PARTY
Date: July 15, 1992
Page 24 of 27
NAME
1) William C. Muir
2) George R. Gibson
3) Mark Barath
4) Peggy Prevoznik
5) Todd Frazier
6) Tim Morris
7) Jeff Shaw
8) Wayne Trulli
9) Anne Spellacy
10) Don Lear
11) Bill Hoffman
12) Rachel Fineberg
13) Julie Frieder
14) Chuck
15) Ed Mclean
13.1 Watch Assignments
SURVEY RESPONSIBILITY
Chief Scientist/Watch Captain/Diver
Sediment QA
Watch Captain
Sediment QA
Sediment QA
Diver
Watch Captain
Diver
Diver
ORGANIZATION
EPA, Regionlll
EPA, HQ
EPA, Region III
EPA, Region III
EPA, Region III
Cove Corp.
Cove Corp.
Battelle
Battelle
Contractor
EPA, Region III
EPA, Region III
EPA, Region III
Battelle
EPA, HQ
Watch 1
William Muir
Wayne Trulli
Tim Morris
Rachel Fineberg
Watch 2
Mark Barath
Peggy Prevoznik
Anne Spellacy
Jeff Shaw
Chuck (Battelle)
Watch 3
Don Lear
George Gibson
Bill Hoffman
Todd Frazier
Julie Frieder
14.0 PROPOSED REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
Debriefing Telephone Call: YES: NO: X
No. of Days After Demob:
Survey Report Due Date &>ow
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SURVEY PLAN Date: July 15, 1992
Page 25 of 27
15.0 DIVING OPERATIONS
Locations: Two control sites north of Bethany Beach, DE and south of Ocean City, MD
(see station location table)
Potential Hazards: None anticipated
Depth Range: 35-45 feet
Maximum Depth: 50 feet
Dive Master: William C. Muir (3ES41)
Organization: EPA, Region III
841 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107
Diver #1: William C. Muir
Organization: EPA, Region III
Diver #2: William Hoffman
Organization: EPA, Region III
Diver #3: Anne Spellacy
Organization: Battelle
Diver #4: Ed McLean
Organization: EPA, HQ
PURPOSE:
The purpose of this dive operation is two fold: to perform a comparative analysis
between the Smith-Maclntyre grab samples and the diver core samples; and to
determine the variation in benthic community with depth of the sediment.
Divers' Tasks:
Collect 11 sediment cores from each of the two control sites designated prior to the
survey for infauna analysis and sediment chemsitry.
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SURVEY PLAN Date: July 15, 1992
Page 26 of 27
REQUIREMENTS REMINDER:
OXYGEN WILL BE ON SITE ON BOTH THE ANDERSON AND TENDER BOAT.
(Oxygen will be provided by the Anderson.)
STANDBY DIVER WILL BE SUITED UP IN THE TENDER BOAT READY TO DIVE.
(Dive team scheduling and bottom time planning must allow for this.)
Anderson Anchored: YES: NO: X
Tender Boat Anchored: YES: NO: X
Communications: VHP Radio
Tender Boat: Special
Equipment Needed: 15 cm deep core tubes
16.0 DIVER EMERGENCY AID LIST
DIVERS ALERT NETWORK (DAN) 24-Hour Telephone No.: (919) 684-8111
NEAREST RECOMPRESSION CHAMBER (Facility name and address):
Telephone No.: University of Pennsylvania Chamber, 3400 Spruce Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19104 [(215)662-4000]
24-Hour Telephone No.: 215-898-9095
Telephone Call On Day of Initial Diving Operations To Be Made By:
Hyperbaric Physician(s): Dr. Thomas
Telephone No.:
NEAREST HOSPITAL (Facility name and address):
Telephone No.: 302-645-3300 Beebe Medical Center
24-Hour Telephone No.: same 424 Savannah Road
Hyperbaric Physician(s): Lewes, DE 19958
Telephone No.:
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SURVEY PLAN
NEAREST COAST GUARD STATION (Facility name and address):
Date: July 15, 1992
Page 27 of 27
VHP Channel: ch. 16 (Group Cape May)
Telephone No.: 302-227-2440/2121
USCG
Indian River Inlet Station
800 Inlet Road
Rehoboth, DE, 19971
Telephone Number: 609-884-6995
Emergency Response: 609-884-1700
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT:
Location: wet lab
Oxygen Location: wet lab
DIVER MEDIC (Name if planned):
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS:
USCG
Station Cape May
c/o Tracen
Cape May, NJ 08204
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