United States Administration And EPA205-R-93-001
Environmental Protection Resources Management January 1993
Agency (PM-225)
&EPA FISCAL YEAR 1994
JUSTIFICATION OF APPROPRIATION
ESTIMATES FOR COMMITTEE ON
APPROPRIATIONS
Rvcyctod/ftocyotabte
PrinHd on papv 1M COM*
t l«Mt 50% rwcyctod KMT
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
page
SUBJECT INDEX 1
SUMMARY 1-1
AIR 2-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Air Quality Research ....................... 2-13
Acid Deposition Research ..................... 2-28
Global Change Research ...................... 2-33
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Air Quality and Stationary Source Planning and Standards ..... 2-39
Emission Standards and Technology Assessment ......... 2-40
State Program Guidelines and Air Standards Development .... 2-44
Mobile Source Air Pollution Control and Fuel Economy ....... 2-47
Mobile Source Program Implementation ............. 2-49
Emission Standards, Technical Assessment and Characterization . 2-50
Testing, Technical and Administrative Support ......... 2-53
Emissions and Fuel Economy Compliance ............. 2-55
Resource Assistance for State, Local & Tribal Agencies ..... . 2-59
Resource Assistance for State, Local & Tribal Agencies . . . 2-0
Air Quality Management Implementation .............. 2-65
Air Quality Management Implementation ............. 2-66
Trends Monitoring and Progress Assessment ............ 2-71
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring ................ 2-72
Air Quality and Emissions Data Management and Analysis .... 2-74
Atmospheric Programs . ...................... 2-79
Acid Rain Program ....................... 2-80
Stratospheric Protection Program ............... 2-83
Global Change Program ..................... 2-84
Indoor Air Program ........................ 2-89
Indoor Air Program ...................... 2-90
ENFORCEMENT
Enforcement ........................... 2-95
Stationary Source Enforcement ................. 2-96
Mobile Source Enforcement ................... 2-100
WATER QUALITY 3-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Water Quality Research ...................... 3-13
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Water Quality and Grants Program Management ........... 3-31
Great Lakes Program .... .................. 3-32
Chesapeake Bay Program .................... 3-35
Engineering & Analysis ...................... 3-39
Engineering and Analysis ................... 3*40
Grants Assistance Programs .................... 3-43
Control Agency Resource Supplementation (Section 106) ..... 3-44
Clean Lakes Program .... .................. 3-46
Water Quality Strategies Implementation ............. 3-47
Wetlands Protection ...................... 3-49
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12to Floqr
Chicago, tl_ 60604-3590
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of. Contents
*
(Continued)
? Pace
Nonpoint Source Management Grants 3-52
Wetlands Implementation Program 3-53
;_-iOil spills Program 3-54
Ocean Disposal Permits 3-55
Environmental Emergency Response & Prevention 3-57
. ; 'Water' Quality Criteria,eStandards & Applications 3-57
.Wafcer Quality Monitoring arid Analysis 3-61
17 "Coastal'Environment Management 3-62
f;Assessment and Watershed Protection 3-65
Municipal Source Pollution , 3-71
3; ^Municipal Pollution Control 3-72
ENFORCEMENT
;Wa|er Quality Enforcement 3-77
*,*- "Water-Quality Enforcement 3-78
Quality Permit Issuance 3-81
'Water Quality Permit Issuance 3-82
DRINKING WATER 4-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
'Drinking Water Research 4-11
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
.Criteria, Standards and Guidelines 4-23
?-vrDrinking Water Implementation 4-24
Jf£ r'Drinkirig Water Criteria . : ". 4-27
'State Program Resource Assistance 4-31
.Public'Water Systems Supervision Program Grants 4-32
Underground Injection Control Program Grants ... 4-34
-;v"tSpecia'l Studies arid Demonstrations 4-36
'Grcjund Water Protection 4-39
7", ..Ground- Water Protection ; 4-40
ENFORCEMENT
Drinking Water Enforcement 4-45
C'JDr inking Water Enforcement 4-46
HAZARDOUS WASTE. , 5-1
r'*- '{< *
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Hazardous Waste Research 5-11
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Waste Management Regulations, Guidelines and Policies 5-25
rt- Regulations, Guidelines and Policies - Hazardous Waste .... 5-27
j>/Regulations, Guidelines and Policies - Air and Radiation ... 5-30
"":-' 'Regulations, Guidelines and Policies - Water 5-30
t: Regulations, Guidelines & Policies - Underground Storage Tanks 5-31
-"J^naricial Assistance '.. 'r 5-35
/'Hazardous Waste Management Financial Assistance to States . . . 5-36
s&';: Jjnderground Storage Tanks State Grants ,. ". .... . . ,...>j 5-39
'Hazardous Waste Management Strategies Implementation, . 5-41
/Hazardous Waste Management Strategies Implementation 5-42
Emergency Planning/Community Right-to-kriow - Title ill 5-45
ENFORCEMENT .,._l7r..rjr j,f-j ri--.-,^ >r :...
"Hazardous Waste Enforcement . . . ".//. ,.f.. <.,, .u£:.,s-\-» ...... 5-51
-Hazardous Waste Enforcement . . . """ r^j-rac -;va:s 5-52
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of Contents
(Continued):'
Paoe
PESTICIDES ., ,,c, , -_,,,,. 6-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ^ J ' . ;'"":'
Pesticides Research *. . 6-13
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL . " . --
Registration, Special Registration and Tolerances . r_.' "*' 6-27
Registration, Special Registration and Tolerances ". 6-28
Generic Chemical Review 1 . " 6*-31
Generic Chemical Review ;,.......,.. '..'.'. 16-32
Pesticides Program Implementation . . . / ',. .,_ , . .; ""6-35
Pesticides Program Implementation ..'.'.'. ,.' . .6-36
Pesticides Program Implementation Grants '." -,'- 6^38
ENFORCEMENT . , "" I"* £-? r'*
Pesticides Enforcement ^ ^ . . . : . ..... v;g*41
Pesticides Enforcement ./"'. . ..... . . . . 6-42
Pesticides Enforcement Grants -1. . . ,6-44
RADIATION . 7-.1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ._,,, . , :. _.- vl
Radiation Research ,. tAf"'l:"T^ ~~ .. ,,, "".,.7-'2>:. £
Radiation Research .'"..''..,.,,.' ^,, ]7,*'iO
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL ,. . , .?" '" -,'~^'-.<
Radiation Criteria, Standards and Guidelines .-.._.. . . , . ..V.^JJt-lS
Radiation Criteria, Standards and Guide"l£ne$ ;';-j: 'J"- .r..-? ',' *\r- ' 7-16
Radiation Program Implementation . . ..... i,;*:*' --:"-' -,-.c T"21
Radiation Program Implementation . . . f_ !',"?':f'a.''. .''rs^'",_.. ,. .'"., 7s"3'2
Radon Action Program Implementation - .'^f''. . ;;' . £%';",. '!.,' ".*' >;.-7-24
Radiation Environmental Impact Assessment;- AH. :/ . . ^~,j. '.'.-. -._.^'* ^-27
Radon Action Program -.-''.'-: ' ?£ .''. .
Radiation Environmental Impact Assessment. . . i.
Radon State Grant Program . . .....,..,
MOLTIMEDIA "^
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Multimedia Research
Multimedia Research .
Headquarters Expenses
Lab & Field Expenses
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL , J ',- ;- ^, ;;r;;j",. '
Environmental Review and Coordination .... .' . . . ." . .""I .r ./V-'.-. = ? - 3'5
Office of Cooperative Environmental Management . . . . . .' V. ~. ".*.!. ^; 8-41
Academic Training Grants ,......_..'.., J".."^7."f;"."-'8'-45
Regional Multimedia Programs ..."....... '..1..T, "-?,-.; 8-47
Analytical Environmental Services . ~.^*p.'".*'.V","*J8-51
Border Environmental Activities . . . . . . ,_.-' - *'-'-\:%"'"' ^r'"'"""-,-?"*^^
Pollution Prevention Activities .-V- . . . .J .^ . .' .;'.. .!".-'.,,..J^,," y*"" 8-57
Pollution Prevention State Grants . -. . . .'":* . .'. .'.". '.''Vj-~'. nV|-58
Office of Pollution Prevention .r'/(.\. . .. .... .\. '*'*~ 3~;... .,"~ ?8-S9
Pollution Prevention- Projects :. . . . . , "V ;:* .;;. . . -3 -- ~i"'.~ "^,,; f.'6^-
ENFORCEMENT : ' - *' '-" "' '"' *-' "* '**-'" u ", ~^J.-v;"IU<".7
Enforcement Policy and Technical Support . . . . . .
Enforcement Policy and Operations . . . . . 'j;
Criminal Enforcement Program ::''l' : : ". . . . . .'" . / .8-69
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of Contents
(Continued)
Page
Office of International Activities ............ . .-.'- 10-42
Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation ............ 10-45
Program Management - Policy, Planning and Evaluation ..... 1°-47
Office of Policy Analysis ................ __ .-.. '.'. io-48'
Office of Regulatory Management and Evaluation ........ 1.0-51
Office of Strategic Planning & Environmental Data ...... ' . 10-54
Office of Administration and Resources Management ........ 10-57
Program Management -Administration and Resources Management . . W--GO
Financial Management - Headquarters ............ . . i;0-'6f
Office of the Comptroller ................... 10-62
Office of Environmental Equity ............. ... 10-63
Human Resources Management ................ . . 10-64
Organization and Health Services ............... 10-65
Contracts and Grants Management - Headquarters ... ..... 10-67
Facilities Management and Services ............... 10"- 68
Information Systems and Services ............... 10-69
REGIONAL MANAGEMENT
Regional Management ....................... 10-73
Resource Management - Regions ................. id -76
Contracts and Grants Management - Regions ....... ' :. ..... . 10-77
Regional Counsel ............. , ...... *-. u- . . 10-77
Regional Management ........... ... ........ 10-78
Planning, Evaluation and Analysis - Regions . . , - ...... -. -. 10"- 79
Financial Management - Regions . . ............. »; .-'* 10-81
Human Resources Management - Regions ............. 10-82
Administrative Management - Regions .............. 10-82
SUPPORT COST - ;.,£ ._.-.-, -"i_
Support Costs .......................... 10-85
Lab Support - Pesticides and Toxic Substances ...... i .- ,C>V'- -lO-'S'T1-'
Professional Training ................. i=>?.: .--M .T xor* gg?
Nationwide Support Services ......... -.....;* ;v. &."* ~'XOt89
Headquarters Support Services ............... . *:. /^ 40-90
Regional Support Services ............... ; . . , f."-.?1Xf-91
Lab Support - Air and Radiation ............ -..'.. -l'0-92
Automated Data Processing Support Costs .- ...... -* . <.*' '. , .-ft~; ±0^93
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES " i ' - -il-p;f.«
New Facilities .............. ;. . . ^.. . ^ ..... -; .- - ia-7
New Facilities . . . . ........ -. ..... ......#* 11-8
Repairs and Improvements ........ ............... %ll-9
Repairs and Improvements ..... ....... , . .*..,-. . - .. 11^10
CONSTRUCTION GRANTS (WATER INFRASTRUCTORE) , .. 1,2:'1
Water Infrastructure ....... .-. . . .-.,.-. . . , . .,..., . ^.1*2 -7
Clean Water State Revolving Fund -. . . .1. . i . . , . . -. : . , , 12 - 8
Water Quality Management Cooperative Agreements ........ 12-9
Mexican Border Projects ....... ......... ..... 12^10
Special Needs Programs ...... -7 . ,t... ?-'- ........ 12-11
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund ...... .'*-<> ......... 12-12'
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund . , . :y ;^.Ti;r. ..... . -.-. 12^12
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SUPERFUND
Table of Contents
(Continued)
Page
13-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Hazardous Substance Research 13-11
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESPONSE
Hazardous Substance Response 13-23
Hazardous Spill and Site Response 13-24
Hazardous Substance Response - Support 13-35
Hazardous Substance Response - Office of Water 13-36
Hazardous Substance Response - Office of Air and Radiation . . 13-37
Hazardous Substance Response - Interagency 13-41
Department of Health and Human Services 13-43
Department of Justice 13-46
United States Coast Guard 13-46
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 13-47
Department of the Interior 13-48
Federal Emergency Management Agency 13-49
Occupational Safety and Health Administration 13-50
ENFORCEMENT
Hazardous Substance Response - Enforcement 13-53
Hazardous Substance Technical Enforcement 13-55
Hazardous Substance Legal Enforcement 13-57
Hazardous Substance Criminal Enforcement Program 13-60
Hazardous Substance Technical Support 13-62
Hazardous Substance Federal Facilities Enforcement 13-63
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
Hazardous Substance Management and Support 13-69
' Hazardous Substance Financial Management - Headquarters .... 13-74
Hazardous Substance Financial Management - Regions 13-75
Hazardous Substance Administrative Management - Headquarters . 13-76
Hazardous Substance Administrative Management - Regions .... 13-77
Hazardous Substance Contracts and Grants
Management - Headquarters 13-78
Hazardous Substance Contracts and Grants
Management - Regions 13-79
Hazardous Substance Support Services - Nationwide/Headquarters 13-79
Hazardous Substance Support Services - Regions 13-80
Hazardous Substance Computer Services 13-81
Hazardous Substance Legal Services - Headquarters 13-81
Hazardous Substance Legal Services - Regions 13-82
Hazardous Substance - Office of the Inspector General 13-83
Hazardous Substance - Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation 13-85
Hazardous Substance - Office of the Comptroller 13-87
Hazardous Substance - Office of the Administrator 13-88
Hazardous Substance - Office of Research and Development . . . 13-90
Hazardous Substance - Analytical Environmental Services .... 13-91
LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS 14-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
LUST Research 14-7
LUST Research 14-8
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
LUST Guidelines and Implementation 14-11
Guidelines and Implementation - LUST Trust Fund 14-12
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Table of Contents
(Continued)
Page
ENFORCEMENT
LUST Enforcement 14-15
LUST Legal Enforcement 14-16
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
LUST Management and Support 14-19
LUST Support Services - Headquarters/Nationwide 14-21
LUST Administrative Management - Headquarters 14-21
LUST Administrative Management - Regions 14-22
Legal Services - Office of General Counsel 14-22
Office of the Inspector General -LUST 14-23
OIL SPILLS RESPONSE 15-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Oil Spill Response Research 15-7
OIL SPILL RESPONSE AND PREVENTION
Oil Spill Response and Prevention 15-11
Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention . . 15-12
ENFORCEMENT
OPA - Enforcement 15-15
OPA - Enforcement Policy and Operations 15-16
OPA - Crimical Enforcement Program 15-16
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
OPA - Management and Support 15-19..
Oil Spill Response - Nationwide Support Services . 15-20
Oil Spill Response - Headquarters Support Services .15-20
Oil Spill Response - Regional Support Services . 15-20
Office of Administrative Law Judges (Oil Pollution Act) 15-20
7
SPECIAL ANALYSES
EPA ORGANIZATIONAL CHART , 16-1
EPA REGIONAL OFFICES - LOCATIONS . 16-2
SUMMARY OF RESOURCES - BY APPROPRIATION 16-3
SUMMARY OF RESOURCES - BY MEDIA 16-6
OBJECT CLASSIFICATION - BY APPROPRIATION 16-10
PERMANENT POSITIONS BY GRADE - BY APPROPRIATION 16-15
AVERAGE GRADE AND SALARY 16-23
SUMMARY OF STATE GRANTS 16-24
AGENCY USER FEES 17-1
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AIR
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
Subject Index by Media
Page
Acid Deposition (Acid Rain) 2-7,19,28-32,80,83
Allowances, Sulphurdioxide 2-7,80,81
ADVOCATE 2-23
Air Quality Monitoring 2-6,20,21,72-75
Air Toxics 2-6,19,20,41-43,51
Alternative Fuel 2-23,24
Best Available Control Measures (BACM) . . 2-45,67
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 2-44,46
Clean Fuels 2-6,23
Clean Vehicles 2-6,23
Compliance Monitoring Inspections 2-96-98
Control Technology Guideline (CTG) 2-41
Consulting Services - Air 2-10
Enforcement - Air 2-8
Fuel Economy 2-23,55,57
Global Climate Change (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) . . . 2-8,16-18,33,34,84-88
Grand Canyon Visability Commission 2-63
Green Programs (Lights, Computers, etc.) 2-8,84-88
Health Effects Institute - Air 2-22,23,25
Indoor Air 2-9,24-25,90-94
Inspection and Maintenance Program - Air 2-49-50,52
In-use Emission Factors 2-55-57
Lead Substitute Fee - Gasoline Additives 17-2
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 2-7,20,40-43
Methane Emissions 2-8,16,85-87
Mobile Source Enforcement 2-100
Mobile Source Pollutants 2-49-52
Modeling Air Quality ' 2-72,75
Montreal Protocol 2-7
Motor Vehicle Emissions Laboratory 2-23-24,53-55
Motor Vehicle & Engine Compliance Program Fee 2-10;17-1
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) .... 2-5,21,22
Natl. Emission Standards - Haz. Air Poll. (NESHAPs) . . 2-44-46,96-100
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) 2-44-46
Nitrogen Oxide 2-22,41
Ozone (Ground Level) 2-18,19,36,44-46
Par.ticulate Matter (PM-10) 2-41,45,66,68-69,97
Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT) .... 2-62,67
State Grants - Air 2-60-63
State Implementation Plans (SIPs) 2-21,44-46,49-50,
53,67-69,73,96
State Operating Permits 2-61-63
Stationary Source Enforcement 2-10,91-94
Stratospheric Ozone 2-8,18-19,36,83
Tampering and Fuel Switching 2-97-100
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) 2-41-43,53,60,66,96
8
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Subject Index by Media
(Continued)
WATER QUftLITY
Chesapeake Bay Program 3-8,22,31,34-35,37
Chesapeake Bay Nutrient Reduction Strategy 3-35,36
Clean Lakes 3-11,43,46,67,68
Coastal Environment Management 3-17,61
Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) 3-5,6,44,45,58,59,74,
78,79,82-84
Construction Grants Management 3-73,74
Control Agency Resource Supplementation (Section 106) . 3-43-45
Corps of Engineers 3-49,50,55-57,73,74
Effluent Guidelines 3-40,41,83
Enforcement - Water Quality 3-45,77,78,79
Great Lakes Program 3-8-9,18,19,22-24,
31-35,69
Gulf of Mexico 3-8,9,22,63,64,89
Indian Tribes - Water Quality 3-44,50,54,74
Mexican Border 3-8
National Estuary Program 3-62-65
Near Coastal Waters 3-64,65
Nonpoint Sources 3-5,6,17,23,49,
51-53,64,66-69
NPDES Permits 3-44,45,78,80,81-83
NPDES Permit Fee 17-2
Operator Training - Water Qualty 3-72,74
Pretreatment 3-83,84
Sludge Management 3-25,59
State Revolving Funds 3-12,52,72-74
Storm Water 3-5,44,45,74,79,82-84
Toxic Pollutant Controls 3-45,82,84
Water Quality Research 3-13,14,16,26,27
Wetlands (Section 404) 3-8,9,19,20,47,49-54
DRINKING WATER
Agriculture Chemicals 4-15
American Wat^e (forks Association 4-18,38
Class V W«im 4-7,47
Comprehenai^«||*St*te Ground Water Protection Programs . 4-6,7
Disinfectantl^frisinfection by-products ........ 4-6,8,14,16-18,
26,28,40
Drinking Water Implementation 4-6
Enforcement 4-32,33,36,38,
45-47
Ground-Water Activities 4-7,18,40
Health Advisories 4-27,29
Health Effects - Drinking Water . 4-17
Indian Tribes -Drinking Water ..... 4-34,47
National Environmental Training Centers 4-38
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations 4-25-28,34,48
National Rural Water Association 4-37,40
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Subject Index by Media
(Continued)
Page
Public Water Systems Supervision 4-25,32-34,48
Rural Community Assistance Programs 4-37
Small Business Development Act of 1982 4-20
Special Studies and Demonstrations 4-36
Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) 4-6-8,25,26,32-34,38,
46
Underground Injection Control 4-6,18,34-36,40,47,48
Wellhead Protection 4-6-8,13,18,19,-37
HAZARDOUS WASTE
Air Emission Standards (RCRA) 5-30
BioRemediation 5-8,18
Chemical Emergency Planning 5-46
Clean Air Act - Community Right-to-know 5-8,46,48
Compliance Inspections 5-37,52,54
Corrective Action (HSWA) 5-6,36,52
Enforcement - Hazardous Waste 5-6,37,46
Hazardous Waste Research 5-11,16
Incineration 5-27,36
Innovative/Alternatives Technologies 5-22,23,28
Land Disposal Regulation 5-7,28,29,31
Listing/Delisting «. 5-48
Municipal Solid Waste Research 5-15
Municipal Waste Incineration 5-15
Permitting - Hazardous Waste 5-28,42
Policy and Guidance - Hazardous Waste 5-5,27
Pollution Prevention (RCRA) 5-20,28,36,53
POTW Requirements - Hazardous Waste 5-28
Quality Assurance - Hazardous Waste 5-42
RCRA Fees 17-2
Regulations Development - Hazardous Waste 5-7,27
Reports to Congress - Hazardous Waste 5-29
Solid Waste (RCRA) 5-28,42
State Authorizations 5-37,53
State Grant* - Hazardous Waste 5-28,36
Subtitle D Criteria 5-27
Title III - Hazardous Waste 5-7,46
Underground Storage Tanks - Regulations and Guidelines 5-7,32
Underground Storage Tanks Grants 5-32,39
PESTICIDES
Antimicrobial Strategy 6-28,43
Biotechnology 6-19
Biological Pesticides 6-29
Certification and Training 6-8,36-38
Consulting Services - Pesticides 6-9
Data Call-in 6-30,32
Dietary Risk Exposure System 6-32
Disposal 6-7,33,34
10
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Subject Index by Media
(Continued)
Page
Emergency Exemptions 6-29
Endangered Species 6-30,34,36-39
FIFRA '88 6-5-8,32,33,43,44
Food Safety 6-30
Good Laboratories Practices 6-42,43
Ground Water - Pesticides 6-20,33,36-39
Human Exposure Research 6-21
Maintenance Fee 6-32-34;17-1
Material Weaknesses 6-28,42,43
National Pesticide Survey 6-34
Neurotoxicology Research 6-22
Pesticides Labelling 6-29,30
Pesticides Program Implementation 6-36
Pesticide Tolerance Fee 6-28-30;17-1
Reregistration 6-6,29,32-34,42,43
Registration Fee 6-32-34;17-1
Reproduction Toxicology Research 6-22
Special Reviews 6-32-34
State Grants - Pesticides 6-38,39,44
Tolerances 6-28-30
Worker Protection 6-33,34,36-39,44
RADIATION
Electromagnetic Radiation Fields (EMR) 7-12
Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring Sys.(ERAMS) 7-11,13,31-33
Nevada Nuclear Test Site 7-11,31
Radioactive Waste Standards 7-7,16
Radiological Emergency Response Plans 7-22,23,31
Radionuclide NESHAPS 7-5,16,22
Radon Action Program 7-6,25,30
Radon Proficiency and Testing Fee 7-29,-17-2
Radon Mitigation Research 7-7
Radon State Grants 7-24,33,34
Waste Isolation Pilot Project 7-5,16,18
MULTIMEDIA
Academic Training Grants 8-45,46
Border Environmental Activities 8-55
Case Referrals 8-72,74
Center for Environmental Research 8-27
Cross Programs 8-29,66,67
Core Research - Risk Reduction 8-15,22,23
Criminal Investigations 8-69
Ecological Risk Assessment 8-15
Ecosystems 8-15
Enforcement Policy and Operations 8-65
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) 8-15
Environmental Review and Coordination 8-36
Environmental Analytical Services 8-5,52
11
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Subject Index by Media
(Continued)
Page
Environmental Technology Initiative 8-23
Exploratory Research 8-27
Federal Facility Compliance 8-75
Grants and Centers 8-27
Health Effects 8-21
Health Risk Assessment 8-22
Human Exposure Research 8-20
Indians Programs 8-36
Lead and Other Heavy Metals 8-26
Mexican Border/NAFTA 2-63,67,74
National Enforcement Investigation Center (NEIC) . . . 8-73
National Enforcement Training Institute (NETI) .... 8-68,73,74
NEPA Compliance Program 8-36,39
Office of Cooperation Environmental Management .... 8-41,42
Office of Enforcement 8-35,63
Operating Expense - Field and Lab 8-32,33
Operating Expense - Headquarters 8-32,33
Pollution Prevention Activities 2-26/8-23,57,58
Pollution Prosecution Act 8-66
Quality Assurance and Monitoring System 8-29
Regional Multimedia Programs 8-47,48
Small Business Innovation Research 2-22;3-27;4-20;
5-23;6-23;7-13;
8-24;9-26;13-20
Technology Transfer 8-25
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Adipose Tissue Survey 9-39
Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA) .... 9-5,41,51
Asbestos in Public Buildings 9-41
Asbestos-in-Schools Loans and Grants 9-30
Asbestos Research 9-21
Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act (ASHAA) 9-5,41
Asbestos Accreditation Programs 9-30,41
Biotechnology 9-15,18,19,40
Biotechnology Research 9-18
Credit Refasp 9-42
Ecological Kick Assessment 9-7,9,16-18
Enforcement - Toxic Substances 9-50
EPCRA (Emergency Planning & Community Right
to Know Act) -Enforcement 9-54
EPCRA - Research Support 9-20
EPCRA - Toxic Release Inventory 9-20,46,54
Existing Chemical Review 8-38
Exposure Monitoring Research 9-22
Interagency Testing Committee (ITC) 9-35,36
Lab/Data Integrity 9-50
Lead - Based Paint Abatement 9-27
Neurotoxicology Research 9-23
New Chemical Follow-up 9-40
12
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Subject Index by Media
(Continued)
Page
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBS) 9-38
Pre-Manufacture Notice Fees 9-8;17-1
Regional Toxics Program 9-42
Residential Lead-based Paint Hazard
Reduction Act (Title X) 9-5,27,37
Risk Assessment - Toxic Substances 9-39
SARA Section 110 Toxicological Profiles 9-39
Significant New Use Rule (SNUR) 9-40
Test Guidelines 9-36
Test Rules 9-35,36
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
Agency-wide Strategic Plan 10-54
Buildings and Facilities 11-1,2,5
Civil Rights 10-18,29
Contracts and Grants Management 10-58,67,73,77
Environmental Appeals Board 10-28
Environmental Education 10-25
Environmental Education Foundation 10-17,21
Environmental Equity 10-57,63
Environmental Statistics 10-54
Integrated Contracts Management System 10-89
International Activities 10-41,42
New Facilities 11-7,8
Office of Administration and Resources Management . . . 10-57
Office of General Counsel 10-37-39
Office of Inspector General 10-33-36
Office of Small & Disadvantaged Business Utilization . 10-17,22
Pollution Prevention - OPPE 10-48
Regional Management 10-73,78
Repairs and Improvements 11-9,10
Science Advisory Board 10-18,31
Support Costs 10-85
CONSTRUCTIOH GRANTS (WATER INFRASTRUCTURE)
Colonias .,, 12-9
Clean Water SRF 12-5
Drinking Water SRF 12-5,6,8,12
Mexican Border Projects 12-6,10
Needs Survey 12-5
Pretreatment 12-10
Set-Asides - Construction Grants 12-9
Six Coastal Cities 12-8,9
Special Needs Programs 12-5,11
Tijuana Internatinal Treatment Plant 12-6,9,11
Title II Closeout 12-5
Title VI SRF 12-5
Water Quality Cooperative Agreements (104 b) 12-9
13
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Subject Index by Media
(Continued)
Page
SUPERFUND
Alternative Technologies 13-20,55
Analytical Environmental Services 13-71,91
Biomediation 13-16,17
CERCLA 13-60,61,64-67
Contracts and Grants Management 13-69,78,79
Cost Recovery - Superfund 13-55
Criminal Investigations - Superfund 13-60
Enforcement - Superfund 13-53
Enforcement Response Team 13-24,25
Exploratory Research 13-21
Federal Facility Enforcement 13-63
Health Research - Superfund 13-18,19
Interagency - Superfund 13-41-50
Minority Research Program 13-15
Office of Inspector General Superfund 13-83-85
Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study 13-53,54
Remedial Design/Remedial Actions 13-30,31
Remedial Support 13-30-32
Removal Support 13-30-33
Response Management 13-23-30
Research and Development - Superfund 13-14
Risk Assessments 13-17,19
SACM 13-57,58
SITE Program 13-15,16
SBIR 13-20
University Research Centers ... 13-21
LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK
Cooperative Agreements - LUST 14-5,12,13
Corrective Action 14-5,6,12
Enforcement - LUST 14-5,6,15,16
Guidelines - LUST 14-11,12
Management - LUST 14-6,19-23
Office of In»p«ctor General - LUST 14-23
Research Df*»lopment - LUST 14-7-10
Technical Support - LUST 14-10,16,70
OIL SPILL RESPONSE
Administrative Law Judges 15-19,20
Area Contingency Plans 15-3,4,12-14
Bioremediation 15-4,8-14
Enforcement 15-3,4,12-17
Environmental Appeals Board 15-3,12
Facility Response Plan 15-3,4,12-14
Oil Pollution Act 15-3,12-14
Oil Spill Trust Fund - Support 15-19-21
14
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Subject Index by Media
(Continued)
Research and Development - Oil Spills 15-7-10
Spill Prevention, Control and Counter Measures .... 15-11,12
USER FEES
Lead Substitute Gasoline Additives 17-2
Motor Vehicle Testing Fee 17-1
NPDES Permits Fee 17-2
Pesticide Maintenance Fee 17-1
Pesticides Registration Fee 17-1
Pesticides Tolerance Fee 17-1
Pre-Manufacture Notice Fee 17-1
Radon Proficiency and Testing Fee 17-2
RCRA Fees 17-2
15
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ENVIRONMENTAL PI
Alphabetic SutHact Index
Page
Academic Training Grants 8-45,46
Acid Deposition (Acid Rain) 2-7,19,28-32,80,83
Adipose Tissue Survey 9-39
Administrative Law Judges 15-19,20
ADVOCATE 2-23
Agency-wide Strategic Plan 10-54
Agriculture Chemicals 4-15
Air Emission Standards (RCRA) 5-30
Air Quality Monitoring 2-6,20,21,72-75
Air Toxics 2-6,19,20,41-43,51
Allowances, Sulphurdioxide 2-7,80,81
Alternative Fuel 2-23,24
Alternative Technologies 13-20,55
American Water Works Association 4-18,38
Analytical Environmental Services 13-71,91
Antimicrobial Strategy 6-28,43
Area Contingency Plans 15-3,4,12-14
Asbestos Accreditation Programs 9-30,41
Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA) . . . . 9-5,41,51
Asbestos in Public Buildings 9-41
Asbestos-in-Schools Loans and Grants 9-30
Asbestos Research 9-21
Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act (ASHAA) 9-5,41
I
Best Available Control Measures (BACM) 2-45,67
Biological Pesticides 6-29
Bioremediation 5-8,18;8-14;13-16,17,
15-4
Biotechnology 6-19;9-15,18,19,40
Biotechnology Research 9-18
Border Environmental Activities . 8-55
Buildings and Facilities 11-1,2,5
£
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 2-44,46
Case Referrals 8-72,74
Center for Environmental Research 8-27
CERCLA 13-60,61,64-67
Certification and Training 6-8,36-38
Chemical Emergency Planning 5-46
Chesapeake Bay Nutrient Reduction Strategy 3-35,36
Chesapeake Bay Program 3-8,22,31,34-35,37
Civil Rights 10-18,29
Class V Wells 4-7,47
Clean Air Act- - Community Right-to-know 5-8,46,48
Clean Fuels 2-6,23
Clean Lakes 3-11,43,46,67,68
Clean Vehicles 2-6,23
Clean Water SRF 12-5
Coastal Environment Management 3-17,61
Colonias 12-9
16
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Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) ............. 3-5,6,44,45,58,59,74,
78,79,82-84
Compliance Inspections ................ 5-37,52,54
Compliance Monitoring Inspections ........... 2-96-98
Comprehensive State Ground Water Protection Programs . 4-6,7
Construction Grants Management ............ 3-73,74
Consulting Services - Air ............... 2-10
Consulting Services - Pesticides ........... 6-9
Contracts and Grants Management ............ 10-58, 67, 73, 77, -13-
69,78,79
Control Agency Resource Supplementation (Section 106) . 3-43-45
Control Technology Guideline (CTG) .......... 2-41
Cooperative Agreements - LUST ............. 14-5,12,13
Core Research - Risk Reduction ............ 8-15,22,23
Corps of Engineers .................. 3-49,50,55-57,73,74
Corrective Action .................. 14-5,6,12
Corrective Action (HSWA) ............... 5-6,36,52
Cost Recovery - Superfund .............. 13-55
Credit Reform ..................... 9-42
Criminal Investigations ................ 8-69
Criminal Investigations - Superfund .......... 13-60
Cross Programs .................... 8-29,66,67
Data Call-In ..................... 6-30,32
Dietary Risk Exposure System .......... ... 6-32
Disinfectants/Disinfection by-products ........ 4-6,8,14,16-
18,26,28,40
Disposal ....................... 6-7,33,34
Drinking Water Implementation ............. 4-6
Drinking Water SRP .................. 12-5,6,8,12
1
Ecological Risk Assessment .............. 8-15;9-7,9, 16-18
Ecosystems ...................... 8-15
Effluent Guidelines .................. 3-40,41,83
Electromagnetic Radiation Fields (EMR) ........ 7-12
Emergency Exemptions ................. 6-29
Endangered Species .................. 6-30,34,36-39
Enforcement ...................... 4-32,33,36,38,45-
47;15-3,4,12-17
Enforcement - Air ................... 2-8
Enforcement - Hazardous Waste ............. 5-6,37,46
Enforcement - LOST .................. 14-5,6,15,16
Enforcement Policy and Operations ........... 8-65
Enforcement: fcsponse Team .. .............. 13-24,25
Enforcement-* Superfund . . .............. 13-53
Enforcement - Toxic Substances ............ 9-50
Enforcement - Water Quality .............. 3-45,77,78,79
Environmental Analytical Services ........... 8-5,52
Environmental Appeals Board .............. 10-28;15-3,12
Environmental Education ................ 10-25
Environmental Education Foundation .......... 10-17,21
Environmental Equity ................. 10-57,63
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) 8-15
Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring Sys. (ERAMS) 7-11,13,31-33
Environmental Review and Coordination ......... 8-36
Environmental Statistics ............... 10-54
Environmental Technology Initiative .......... 8-23
EPCRA (Emergency Planning & Community Right
to Know Act) -Enforcement .............. 9-54
EPCRA - Research Support ............... 9-20
17
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EPCRA - Toxic Release Inventory 9-20,46,54
Existing Chemical Review 8-38
Exploratory Research 8-27;i3-21
Exposure Monitoring Research 9-22
£
Facility Response Plan 15-3,4,12-14
Federal Facility Compliance 8-75
Federal Facility Enforcement 13-63
FIFRA '88 6-5-8,32,33,43,44
Food Safety 6-30
Fuel Economy 2-23,55,57
Q.
Global Climate Change (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) . . . 2-8,16-18,33,34,84-88
Good Laboratories Practices .... 6-42,43
Grand Canyon Visability Commission 2-63
Grants and Centers 8-27
Great Lakes Program 3-8-9,18,19,22-24,31-
35,69
Green Programs (Lights, Computers, etc.) 2-8,84-88
Ground Water - Pesticides 6-20,33,36-39
Ground-Water Activities 4-7,18,40
Guidelines - LUST 14-11,12
Gulf of Mexico 3-8,9,22,63,64,89
H
Hazardous Waste Research 5-11,16
Health Advisories 4-27,29
Health Effects 8-21
Health Effects - Drinking Water 4-17
Health Effects Institute - Air 2-22,23,25
Health Research - Superfund 13-18,19
Health Risk Assessment 8-22
Human Exposure Research 6-21;8-20
I
In-use Emission Factors 2-55-57
Incineration 5-27,36
Indian TribM -Drinking Water 4-34,47
Indian TribMl - Water Quality 3-44,50,54,74
Indians Programs 8-36
Indoor Air ." 2-9,24-25,90-94
Innovative/Alternatives Technologies 5-22,23,28
Inspection and Maintenance Program - Air 2-49-50,52
Integrated Contracts Management System 10-89
Interagency Testing Committee (ITC) 9-35,36
Interagency - Superfund 13-41-50
International Activities 10-41,42
L
Lab/Data Integrity 9-50
Land Disposal Regulation 5-7,28,29,31
Lead and Other Heavy Metals 8-26
Lead Based Paint Abatement 9-27
Lead Substitute Fee - Gasoline Additives 17-2
18
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Lead Substitute Gasoline Additives 17-2
Listing/Delisting 5-48
M
Maintenance Fee 6-32-34;17-l
Management - LUST 14-6,19-23
Material Weaknesses 6-28,42,43
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) 2-7,20,40-43
Methane Emissions 2-8,16,85-87
Mexican Border 3-8
Mexican Border/NAFTA 2-63,67,74
Mexican Border Projects 12-6,10
Minority Research Program . 13-15
Mobile Source Enforcement 2-100
Mobile Source Pollutants 2-49-52
Modeling Air Quality 2-72,75
Montreal Protocol 2-7
Motor Vehicle & Engine Compliance Program Fee 2-10,-17-1
Motor Vehicle Emissions Laboratory . 2-23-24,53-55
Motor Vehicle Testing Fee 17-1
Municipal Solid Waste Research 5-15
Municipal Waste Incineration 5-15
N
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) . . . . 2-5,21,22
National Emission Standards - Haz. Air Poll. (NESHAPs) 2-44-46,96-100
National Enforcement Investigation Center (NEIC) ... 8-73
National Enforcement Training Institute (NETI) . . . . 8-68,73,74
National Environmental Training Centers 4-38
National Estuary Program 3-62-65
National Pesticide Survey 6-34
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations 4-25-28,34,48
National Rural Water Association 4-37,40
Near Coastal Waters 3-64,65
Needs Survey 12-5
NEPA Compliance Program 8-36,39
Neurotoxicology Research 6-22;9-23
Nevada Nuclear Test Site 7-11,31
New Chemical Follow-up 9-40
New Facilities 11-7,8
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) 2-44-46
Nitrogen Oxide 2-22,41
Nonpoint Source* 3-5,6,17,23,49,51-
53,64,66-69
NPDES Permit* 3-44,45,78,80,81-83
NPDES Permifefrfl* 17-2
Office of Administration and Resources Management ... 10-57
Office of Cooperation Environmental Management .... 8-41,42
Office of Enforcement 8-35,63
Office of General Counsel 10-37-39
Office of inspector General 10-33-36
Office of Inspector General - LUST 14-23
Office of Inspector General Superfund 13-83-85
Office of Small & Disadvantaged Business Utilization . 10-17,22
Oil Pollution Act 15-3,12-14
Oil Spill Trust Fund - Support 15-19-21
Operating Expense - Field and Lab 8-32,33
Operating Expense - Headquarters 8-32,33
19
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Operator Training - Water Qualty 3-72,74
Ozone (Ground Level) 2-18,19,36,44-46
£
Particulate Matter (PM-10) 2-41,45,66,68-69,97
Permitting - Hazardous Waste 5-28,42
Pesticide Maintenance Fee 17-1
Pesticide Tolerance Fee 6-28-30;17-l
Pesticides Labelling 6-29,30
Pesticides Program Implementation 6-36
Pesticides Registration Fee 17-l
Policy and Guidance - Hazardous Waste 5-5,27
Pollution Prevention Activities 2-26;8-23,57,58
Pollution Prevention - OPPE 10-48
Pollution Prevention (RCRA) 5-20,28,36,53
Pollution Prosecution Act 8-66
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBS) 9-38
POTW Requirements - Hazardous Waste 5-28
Pre-Manufacture Notice Fees 9-8/17-1
Pretreatment 3-83,84,-12-10
Public Water Systems Supervision 4-25,32-34,48
Q.
Quality Assurance and Monitoring System 8-29
Quality Assurance - Hazardous Waste 5-42
R
Radioactive Waste Standards 7-7,16
Radiological Emergency Response Plans 7-22,23,31
Radionuclide NESHAPS 7-5,16,22
Radon Action Program 7-6,25,30
Radon Mitigation Research 7-7
Radon Proficiency and Testing Fee 7-29,-17-2
Radon State Grants 7-24,33,34
RCRA Fees 17-2
Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT) . . . . 2-62,67
Regional Management 10-73,78
Regional Multimedia Programs 8-47,48
Regional Toxics Program 9-42
Registration Fee 6-32-34/17-1
Regulations Development - Hazardous Waste 5-7,27
Remedial Deaign/Remedial Actions 13-30,31
Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study 13-53,54
Remedial Support 13-30-32
Removal Support 13-30-33
Repairs and Improvements 11-9,10
Reports to Congress - Hazardous Waste 5-29
Reproduction Toxicology Research 6-22
Reregistration 6-6,29,32-34,42,43
Research Development - LUST 14-7-10
Research and Development - Oil Spills 15-7-10
Research and Development - Superfund 13-14
Residential Lead-based Paint Hazard
Reduction Act (Title X) 9-5,27,37
Response Management 13-23-30
Risk Assessment - Toxic Substances 9-39
Risk Assessments 13-17,19
Rural Community Assistance Programs 4-37
20
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SACM 13-57,58
SARA Section 110 Toxicological Profiles 9-39
SBIR 13-20
Science Advisory Board 10-18,31
Set-Asides - Construction Grants 12-9
Significant New Use Rule (SNUR) 9-40
SITE Program 13-15,16
Six Coastal Cities 12-8,9
Sludge Management 3-25,59
Small Business Development Act of 1982 4-20
Small Business Innovation Research 2-22;3-27;4-20;
5-23;6-23;7-13;
8-24;9-26;13-20
Solid Waste (RCRA) 5-28,42
Special Needs Programs 12-5,11
Special Reviews 6-32-34
Special Studies and Demonstrations 4-36
Spill Prevention, Control and Counter Measures .... 15-11,12
State Authorizations 5-37,53
State Grants - Air 2-60-63
State Grants - Hazardous Waste 5-28,36
State Grants - Pesticides 6-38,39,44
State Implementation Plans (SIPs) 2-21,44-46,49-50,
State Operating Permits 2-61-.63
State Revolving Funds 3-12,52,72-74
Stationary Source Enforcement 2-10,91-94
Storm Water 3-5,44,45,74,79,82-84
Stratospheric Ozone 2-8,18-19,36,83
Subtitle D Criteria 5-27
Support Costs 10-85
Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) 4-6-8,25,26,32-34,38,
46
I
Tampering and Fuel Switching 2-97-100
Technical Support - LUST 14-10,16,70
Technology Transfer 8-25
Test Guidelines 9-36
Test Rules 9-35,36
Tijuana Internatinal Treatment Plant 12-6,9,11
Title II Closeout 12-5
Title III - Hazardous Waste 5-7,46
Title VI SRF 12-5
Tolerances 6-28-30
Toxic Pollutant Controls 3-45,82,84
2
Underground Storage Tanks - Regulations and Guidelines 5-7,32
Underground Storage Tanks Grants 5-32,39
Underground Injection Control 4-6,18,34-36,40,47,48
University Research Centers 13-21
Y
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) 2-41-43,53,60,66,96
21
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w
Waste Isolation Pilot Project 7-5,16,18
Water Quality Cooperative Agreements (104 b) 12-9
Water Quality Research 3-13,14,16,26,27
Wellhead Protection 4-6-8,13,18,19,37
Wetlands (Section 404) 3-8,9,19,20,47,49-54
Worker Protection 6-33,34,36-39,44
22
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Paoe
SUMMARY 1-1
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
FISCAL YEAR 1994 BUDGET REQUEST
The President's 1994 Budget Request for the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) totals $6,363,482,500, supported by 17,469 workyears. This represents an
overall decrease of $528,941,500 from the 1993 current estimate. The following
chart provides a summary of budget authority for EPA's twelve appropriations. The
1994 President's Request column below, and throughout this document, includes
resources requested as part of the President's Investments Program.
Budget Authority
(dollars in thousands)
Program and
Research Operations
OIG - General Fund
OIG - Trust Funds
Research & Development
Abatement, Control
and Compliance
Buildings & Facilities
AC&C Loan Account
Oil Spill Response
Superfund
LUST Trust Fund
Water Infrastructure
Financing
Drinking Water SRF
1994 REQUEST
1993
Enacted
823,607.0
42,799.0
0.0
323,000.0
1993
Current
Estimate
823,607.0
26,419.0
16,380.0
323,000.0
1994
President
Request
859,170.4
28,246.3
16,947.7
353,565.0
Increase/
Decrease
1993 vs 1994
+35,563.4
+1,827.3
+567.7
+30,565.0
1,318,965.0
134,300.0
31,225.0
20,000.0
1,573,528.0
75,000.0
1,318,965.0 1,367,535.1 +48,570.1
134,300.0 18,000.0 -116,300.0
31,225.0 0.0 -31,225.0
20,000.0 21,239.0 +1,239.0
1,573,528.0' 1,496,400.0 -77,128.0
75,000.0 75,379.0 +379.0
2,550,000.0 2,550,000.0 1,528,000.0 -1,022,000.0
0.0 0.0 599.000.0 +599.000.0
6,892,424.0 6,892,424.0 6,363,482.5 -528,941.5
1 Superfund 1993 current estimate does not include $11.7 million in carryover
distributed in the Agency's operating plan. Those resources are included in the
program element descriptions contained in this Budget.
1-1
-------
and benefit costs and travel. The decrease in workyears reflects a government-wide
reduction that is part of the President's program to reduce the size and cost of
government.
Please note that throughout this document the 1992 Actuals and the 1993
President's Budget Request for the Program and Research Operations Account (PRO)
represent the "old" Salaries and Expenses Account (S&E). For 1993, Congress
restructured and renamed the Agency's accounts. The PC&B and travel costs formerly
funded in S&E are now funded in PRO. The expense costs once funded in S&E are now
funded within the Abatement Control and Compliance Account. The 1993 Enacted, 1993
Current Estimate, and 1994 President's Request column* reflect this change.
OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL - GENERAL AND TRUST FUNDS
The Agency requests a total of $45,194,000 for the two Office of the Inspector
General (OIG) appropriations: Office of Inspector General, $28,246,300, and Inspector
General Trust Funds, $16,947,700. This represents an increase of $2,395,000 (5.0%)
above the 1993 current estimate.
With the OIG Appropriation, the OIG will continue the implementation of the
Chief Financial Officers Act for audits of Agency financial statements. Audit
coverage of Agency contracts will expand. Resources from the OIG Trust Fund
Appropriation consists of $16,278,600 from Superfund and $669,100 from LUST. The
Superfund resources will expand audit coverage of critical Superfund contracts and
investigation of the Contract Laboratory Program, as well as conduct performance
audits and investigations. The LUST funds will support continued contract and
management audits and expansion of LUST investigations.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
For 1994, EPA is requesting $353,565,000 for the Research and Development
appropriation, an increase of $30,565 (9.5%) over the 1993 current estimate. This
appropriation finances research contracts, grants and agreements with universities
and private industry, as well as in-house activities, to produce the scientific
knowledge and technologies necessary for regulating, preventing and abating
pollution.
Increases are provided in 1994 for enhancements to risk-based media research
to strengthen the Agency's research program; for the support of the Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP); for technology innovation development to
provide clean technologies for small business and improving international
competitiveness of U.S. environmental technology. Additional resources are being
provided for Federal Coordinating Council on Science and Engineering Technology
(FCCSET) for the Agency's Supercomputer and high speed communications link and for
advances in manufacturing, biotechnology, and global climate. Finally, resources are
provided to evaluate and improve the lab structure within Research and Development.
ABATEMENT. CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE
The Agency is requesting $1,367,535,100 for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation, an increase of $48,570,100 (3.7%)over the 1993 current
estimate. This appropriation funds contracts, grants, cooperative agreements for
pollution abatement, control and compliance activities, and administrative activities
of the operating programs. The 1994 request includes resources to implement the
1-3
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Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, enhance the Agency's ecosystem approach for
addressing water quality pollution, and provides technical assistance and outreach
to states and localities. Specific programs include pollution prevention, the Great
Water Bodies programs, the Agency Lead strategy program and strategic investments
that will result in significant environmental returns.
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
The Agency is requesting $18,000,000 for the Buildings and Facilities
appropriation. This represents a decrease of $116,300,000 (64.6%) below the 1993
current estimate. This appropriation finances the construction of new facilities and
the repair, improvement, alteration, and purchase of fixed equipment for facilities
which the Agency currently leases or which are Federally owned. The requested level
will permit the Agency to continue to ensure healthy and safe working conditions. It
will also provide for the build-out and design of new facilities.
OIL SPILL RESPONSE
The 1994 President's Budget provides $21,239,000 for the Oil Spill Response
appropriation. This account, with its increase of $1,239,000 over 1993, provides
resources to support the review and approval of facility plans to respond to
releases. The 1994 Oil Spill Response program will focus on preventing harmful
releases of oil and petroleum products, providing nationwide capability for
containment and removal of releases that occur, and minimizing the environmental
damage resulting from oil spills. The Agency will continue to use its enforcement
authorities to compel compliance with the Oil Pollution Act by coordinating
enforcement and response activities with other federal and state agencies.
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE SUPERFUND
The President's 1994 Budget request of $1,496,400,000 for Superfund represents
a decrease of $88,828,000 (5.6%) from the 1993 current estimate. The reduced funding
will not impair the momentum of site completions due to the Agency's efforts to
continue shifting cleanup financing from the Trust Fund to polluters, and
streamlining the Superfund process. The decrease in workyears is a result of the
government-wide reduction in workyears that is part of the President's program to
reduce the size and cost of government.
In 1994, the Superfund Enforcement program will place special emphasis on
monitoring existing settlements for compliance and reaching settlements with small
contributors at Superfund sites. The Department of Justice will receive $32.3
million to ensure adequate support for the steadily increasing Superfund caseload.
The Agency will oversee the increasing number of Federal facility cleanups and
ensure expeditious and environmentally sound review and restoration at closing
military bases. Increased emphasis continues to be placed on Superfund research,
particularly in regard to bioremediation, groundwater contamination, and new
technology.
The Agency's Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model (SACM), focusing on
streamlining and accelerating cleanups, will be fully implemented in 1994.
Specifically, SACM streamlines the site assessment and remedy selection processes,
increases the use of removal authority to reduce risks quickly, and brings
responsible parties into the cleanup process sooner. Focus will continue to be
1-4
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placed on managing "classical" emergencies or time critical responses where there is
no responsible party and no -state or local response alternative.
LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS (LUST)
The Agency requests $75,379,000 in 1994. This appropriation supports an
effective response program for the prevention and remediation of releases from
leaking underground storage tanks containing petroleum and other hazardous material.
For 1994, the Agency continues to support state and territory efforts to develop and
implement comprehensive LUST programs by providing Federal assistance through
cooperative agreements, which comprise 85% of the total LUST budget. In 1994, the
Agency will emphasize work on streamlining state procedures for site closures, site
assessments and cleanup plan reviews. The Agency will continue to emphasize an
enforcement strategy which focuses on achieving voluntary compliance and the
promotion of innovative information on enforcement and remediation technologies.
WATER INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING
The 1994 budget request is $1,528,000,000 for the Water Infrastructure
Financing (formerly the State Revolving Funds/Construction Grants) account. This
request includes $1,198,000,000 for Clean Water State Revolving Funds, requiring
authorizing legislation; $150,000,000 for Mexican Border projects, which includes
$70,000,000 for construction at the International Wastewater Treatment Plant to treat
Tijuana sewage that currently flows into the United States at San Diego, $60 million
for U.S. colonias and an additional $20 million for several other high priority
border wastewater projects; $100,000,000 for the construction of secondary treatment
for one or more cities with extraordinary secondary treatment needs and high user
charges; and $80,000,000 for non-point source grants.
DRINKING WATER STATE REVOLVING FUNDS
The Administration requests $599,000,000 for the Drinking Water State Revolving
Funds account. This new program requires authorizing legislation. These resources
will provide low interest loans to help municipalities comply with Safe Drinking
Water Act requirements.
1-5
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays, and Workyears
By Appropriation
. (dollars in thousands)
Salaries and Eipemea/Program and
Research Operation!
Budget Authority. $
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Office of Inspector General
General Funds
Budget Authority $
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Office of Inspector General -
Trust Funds
Budget Authority. $
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Research and Development
Budget Authority S
Obligations
Outlays
Abatement, Control and
Compliance
Budget Authority S
Obligations
Outlays
Building and Facilities
Budget Authority S
Obligations
Outlays.
Ofl Spffl Response
Budget Authority S
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Budget Authority S
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears.
Total Workyears.
Actual
1992
1,035,549.0 $
1 030 674 4
1 065 788 0
12,0263
12,593 9
25,623.0 S
249269
26,669.0
264.9
267.8
15,577.0 S
13,524 9
12 1120
95.2
95.2
318,400.0 S
3124068
251 8150
1.116,842.0 S
1 105 145.2
942^95.0
39300.0 S
32,617 7
16.412.0
18,434.0 S
18,434.0
8,6040
70.0
70.0
19,400.0 S
18,0077
2,147.0
0.9
0.9
PresBud
1993
1,157,064.0 S
1 1570640
1 1256180
13359.2
13 359.2
29,715.0 S
297150
287150
300.0
300.0
15,643.0 S
156430
15351 0
160.5
160.5
338,500.0 S
3385000
3187150
1,091,860.0 S
1 091 8600
1 0599310
42,100.0 S
42,1000
31.525.0
23,340.0 S
233400
180980
89.8
89.8
0.0 S
00
0.0
0.0
0.0
Enacted
1993
823,607.0 S
8236070
879 056 0
13,298.7
13,298 7
26,419.0 S
264190
268490
300.0
300.0
16,380.0 S
163800
143540
160.5
160.5
323,000.0 S
3230000
3140690
1318,965.0 S
1 3189650
1447 428 0
134,300.0 S
1343000
554070
20,000.0 S
200000
165450
89.8
89.8
31,225.0 S
31,2250
13,682.0
0.0
0.0
Current
Estimate
1993
823,607.0 S
823 6070
879 056 0
13,237.6
13 2376
26,419.0 S
26410 O
26 8490
297.0
297.0
16,380.0 $
163800
14 3540
158.9
158.9
323,000.0 S
3230000
3140690
1,318,965.0 S
1 3189650
1,2474280
134,300.0 S
1343000
554070
20,000.0 S
200000
165450
89.0
89.0
31425.0 S
31,2250
13,682 0
0.0
0.0
Request
1994 1
859,170.4
BCQ nr\A
88D OB? n
13,038.7
i * nit i
28,246.3
")O -JAjl 'i
37 .wo n
287.0
287.0
16,947.7
169477
1A *K ft
162.0
162.0
353,565.0
353 565 0
343 039 0
1,367,535.1
1 367 535 1
1 365 541 0
18,000.0
180000
798940
21,239.0
21,2390
19 1550
87.6
87.6
0.0
00
18,5240
0.0
0.0
1-6
-------
Hazardous Substance
Supernmd
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyean
Total Workyean
LUST Trust Fund
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Drinking Water - SRF
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Actual
1992
S 1,600,128.0 $
1,782,868.5
1,290,670.0
3,387.8
3,535.6
$ 75,000.0 S
75,383.0
67,289.0
79.2
82.7
S 0.0 S
0.0
0.0
PresBud
1993
1,750,000.0 $
1,750,000.0
1,526,864.0
3.604.4
3,604.4
75,000.0 $
75,000.0
86,772.0
95.4
95.4
0.0 S
0.0
0.0
Enacted
1993
1,585,228.0 S
1,585,228.0
1,599.263.0
3,604.4
3,604.4
75,000.0 S
75,000.0
74,331.0
95.4
95.4
0.0 S
0.0
0.0
Current
Estimate
1993
1,585,228.0 S
1.585,228.0
1,599,263.0
3,568.4
3,568.4
75,000.0 S
75,000.0
74,331.0
94.3
94.3
0.0 S
0.0
0.0
Request
1994
1,496,400.0
1,496,400 0
1,598,724.0
3,514.4
3,514.4
75,379.0
75 379 0
75,315.0
93.1
93.1
599,000.0
599,000.0
23.960.0
Construction Grants/Water
Infrastructure Financing
Budget Authority
S 2,400.000.0 S 2,500,000.0 S 2,550.000.0 S 2.550,000.0 S 1,528,000.0
Outlays
Ocean Dumping Fund
Obligations
Permanent Workyean
Total Workyean
Tolerances
Revolving Fund
Obligations
Outlays
Misc. Contrlb. Funds
Obligations
Outlays
Reregistranon A Expedited
Processing Revolving Fund
(FIFRA)
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyean
Total Workyean
Asbestos hi schools fund
Outlays.
Reimbursements - S&E
Obligations
Permanent Workyean
Total Workyean
2,420,825.0
S 747.8 S
11.5
11.5
S 1,104.0 S
m.O)
"*/
S 0.0 S
0.0
S 21,930.7 S
7,887.0
256.3
2643
S 21284.0 S
S 24,058.0 S
822
82.7
2,171.438.0
0.0 $
0.0
0.0
1200.0 S
(200.0)
V /
10.0 S
10.0
0.0 S
1,480.0
226.0
226.0
17229.0 S
36,575.0 S
82.0
82.0
2,397,297.0
0.0 S
0.0
0.0
1200.0 S
(200.0)
y*vv.ws
10.0 S
10.0
0.0 S
3,872.0
226.0
226.0
17229.0 S
25.000.0 S
142.5
142.5
2,397297.0
0.0 S
0.0
0.0
1200.0 S
(200.0)
\* **"**'/
10.0 S
10.0
16,492.0 S
3,872.0
211.6
211.6
17229.0 S
25,000.0 S
2,565.011.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1,400.0
0.0
10.0
10.0
0.0
1,357.0
206.0
206.0
4,000.0
25,000.0
80.0
80.0
1-7
-------
Actual
1992
PrcsBud
1993
Enacted
1993
Current
Estimate
1993
Request
1994 1
Reimbursements - Superlund
Obligations .............
Pennanent Workyears .....
Total Workyears .........
Reimbursements - R&D
Obligations ............
180,291.0 S 30,000.0 S 30,000.0 S 30,000.0 $
5.7
5.7
14.525.0 S
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5,000.0 S 25,000.0 S 25.000.0 S
30,000.0
0.0
0.0
25,000.0
Obligations
Pesticide Registration Fees
(Receipts requiring Appropriation action)
Budget Authority
Outlays
1,531.0 S
0.0
0.0
0.0 S 50,000.0 S 50,000.0 S 50.000.0
TOTAL. EPA
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Pennanent Workyears
Total Workyears
6,664,253.0 S
6,968,934.2
6,133,786.0
16,280.0
17.0103
(15,000.0)
(15,000.0)
7,00*222.0 S
7,096,007.0
6,386,546.0
17,9173
17,9173
0.0
0.0
6,904,124.0 S
7,035,334.0
6,659,192.0
17,9173
17,9173
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6,904.124.0 S 6,363,482.5
7,051.826.0 6,494,892.5
6,659,192.0 7,019,676.0
17,738.0
17,738.0
17,468.8
17,468.8
1-8
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlay*, and Workyears
By Media
(dollars in thousands)
Ajr
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Water Quality
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Drinking Water
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Hazardous Waste
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Pesticides
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Radiation
Budget Authority.
Obligations.
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Actual
1992
S 518,801.3 S
503,410.4
453,577.2
2,044.0
2,1362
S 461,571.6 S
459,5892
381345.6
2,132.9
2222.2
S 142,5753 S
140226.7
131,101.8
719.3
756.4
S 335,629.6 S
325324.1
332279.7
1,527.9
1,601.4
$ 117.195.4 S
122240.1
113398.5
8312
856.7
S 38,752.7 S
38250.0
38,621.4
211.5
218.7
PresBud
1993
560,192.1 S
560,192.1
541,759.9
2390.4
2390.4
449,140.4 S
449,140.4
406,615.1
2373.9
2373.9
146,681.9 S
146,681.9
144,048.4
800.4
800.4
344,651.9 S
344,651.9
341.973.1
1,687.9
1,687.9
128.834.4 S
128,834.4
126,8462
903.6
903.6
40,085.6 S
40.085.6
32,645.8
2442
2442
Enacted
1993
521,128.1 S
521,128.1
517,762.4
2341.5
2341.5
479250.1 S
479250.1
447224.9
2356.0
2356.0
144,710.4 S
144,710.4
144,751.9
791.8
791.8
312,063.1 S
312,063.1
307,863.0
1,650.6
1,650.6
119326.0 S
119326.0
119,7762
885.9
885.9
32,970.4 S
32,970.4
34,7202
231.9
231.9
Current
Estimate
1993
518267.3 S
518267.3
512,900.4
23452
23452
484,900.8 S
484,900.8
451,503.6
2326.1
2326.1
145343.8 S
145343.8
144,974.5
789.7
789.7
314,549.7 S
314,549.7
311227.5
1,649.9
1,649.9
119,196.4 S
119,196.4
119,9892
886.5
886.5
34,765.9 S
34,765.9
34,758.1
235.7
235.7
Request
1994
551,674.8
551,674.8
552,1182
2301.5
2301.5
464,4032
464,4032
387,1772
2206.9
2206.9
143,849.8
143,849.8
144,7072
768.0
768.0
320,463.1
320,463.1
322,161.9
1,6012
1,6012
124,415.5
124,415.5
125,476.7
866.9
866.9
35348.5
35348.5
35,675.0
288.7
288.7
1-9
-------
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays, and Workyean
By Media
(dollars in thousands)
Multimedia
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyean
Total Workyears
Toric Substances
Budget Authority
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyean
Management and Support
Budget Authority.
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyean
Total Workyean
frifldlnp and Faculties
Budget Authority.
Obligations.
Outlavs
S 217,892.5 S
222,012.3
184,0307
847.5
889.5
S 176,107.3 S
160,408.5
136,862.6
829.8
856.9
S 533,622.3 $
538.133.7
526.101.0
3,218.8
3394.6
S 39300.0 S
32,617.7
16.412.0
Pro Bud
1993
2534223 S
253,522.3
254590.2
A*^Vy*/7V.A
1.024.7
1.024.7
126,9047 S
126,904.2
125,890.7
902.9
902.9
589,0457 S
589,0457
575,480.7
3.421.0
3,421.0
42,100.0 S
42,100.0
31.525.0
Enacted
1993
251,549.5 S
251,549.5
250788 2
A-rVp*OO.A
1,015.4
1,015.4
155,892.2 S
155,8927
138,015.9
8957
8957
5763267 $
5763267
562,7263
3,5207
3,5207
134300.0 S
134300.0
55.407.0
Current
Estimate
1993
253,668.5 S
2?7 ££0 <
4J<} AQt t
AJA.fyj.*!
1,021.3
1,0213
1563297 S
1563292
1 /Ut«7A7*A
138383.9
892.4
892.4
566,194.4 $
566 1944
-H^jf.iy».*»
556 8963
/«7\)tO7U.«J
3,476.8
3,476.8
134300.0 S
134300.0
554070
Request
322,009.6
fn fvio £
j£t,uuy.o
11< QdA A
Ji3,yy4.4
1,094.9
1.094.9
139,0777
1 10 O77 ">
U7.1/7 / .4
1 SK V>< A
1 JO.JvJ.*t
841.9
841.9
587775.1
««7 07 c |
Jo/X/j.l
-------
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays, and Workyears
By Media
(dollars in thousands)
Construction Grants/Water
Infrastructure Financing
Budget Authority.
Obligations
Outlays
Ocean Dumping Fund
Obligations
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Tolerances
Revolving Fund
Obligations
Outlays
Obligations
Outlays
Reregfctration A Expedited
Processing Revolving Fund
(FIFRA)
Obligations
Outlays
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Asbestos in schools fund
Outlays
ReJmbursemcnts-SAE
Obligations
Permanent Workyears.....
Total Workyears
Reimbursements- Superftmd
Obligations
Permanent Workyears
Total Workyears
Reimbursements- R&D
Obligations
Reimbursements - ACAC
Actual
1992
S 2,400,000.0 S
2310,757.6
2,420,823.0
S 747.8 S
11.5
11.5
S 1,104.0 S
(11.0)
S 0.0 S
0.0
S 21,930.7 S
7,887.0
2563
2643
$ 21,284.0 $
S 24,058.0 S
82.2
82.7
S 180,291.0 S
0.0
0.0
S 14,525.0 S
PresBud
1993
2,500.000.0 S
2,500,000.0
2,171,438.0
0.0 S
0.0
0.0
UOO.O S
(200.0)
10.0 S
10.0
0.0 S
1,480.0
226.0
226.0
17,229.0 S
36,575.0 S
82.0
82.0
30,000.0 S
0.0
0.0
5,000.0 S
Enacted
1993
2,500,000.0 S
2,500,000.0
2371,797.0
0.0 S
0.0
0.0
UOO.O
(200.0)
10.0 $
10.0
0.0 $
3.872.0
226.0
226.0
17,229.0 S
25,000.0 S
142.5
142.5
30,000.0 S
0.0
0.0
25,000.0 S
Current
Estimate
1993
2,500,000.0 S
2^00,000.0
2371,797.0
0.0 S
0.0
0.0
UOO.O S
(200.0)
10.0 S
10.0
16,492.0 S
3,872.0
211.6
211.6
17,229.0 S
25,000.0 S
8U
8U
30,000.0 S
0.0
0.0
25,000.0 S
Request
1994
2,047,000.0
2,047,000.0
2,588,971.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1,400.0
0.0
10.0
10.0
0.0
1357.0
206.0
206.0
4,000.0
25,000.0
0.0
0.0
30,000.0
0.0
0.0
25,000.0
Obligations
1,531.0 S
0.0 S 50.000.0 S 50,000.0 S 50,000.0
1-11
-------
Summary of Budget Authority,
Obligations, Outlays, and Workyean
By Media
(dollars in thousands)
Actual
1992
PresBud
1993
Enacted
1993
Current
Estimate
1993
Request
1994
Pesticide Registration Fees
(Receipts requiring Appropriation action)
Budget Authority
Outlays
ORD Recession
Budget Authority
ACAC Recession
Budget Authority
TOTAL, EPA
Budget Authority.
Obligations
Outlays
Pennancnt Wontyears
Total Workyean
0.0 S
0.0
2,100.0
5,800.0
6,664,253.0 S
6,968,934.2
6,133,786.0
16.280.0
17,0103
(15,000.0)$
(15,000.0)
0.0
0.0
0.0 S
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0 S
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7,008,222.0 S 6,904,124.0 S 6,904,124.0 S 6363,482.5
7,096,007.0 7,035334.0 7,051,826.0 6,494,892.5
6386,546.0 6^59,192.0 6,659,192.0 7,019,676.0
17.9173
17.9173
17,9173
17,9173
17,738.0
17,738.0
17,468.8
17,468.8
1-12
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
of Contents
Page
ME 2-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Air Quality Research ....................... 2-13
Acid Deposition Research ..................... 2-28
Global Change Research ...................... 2-33
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Air Quality and Stationary Source Planning and Standards ..... 2-39
Emission Standards and Technology Assessment ......... 2-40
State Program Guidelines and Air Standards Development .... 2-44
Mobile Source Air Pollution Control and Fuel Economy ....... 2-47
Mobile Source Program Implementation ............. 2-49
Emission Standards, Technical Assessment and Characterization . 2-50
Testing, Technical and Administrative Support ......... 2-53
Emissions and Fuel Economy Compliance ............. 2-55
Resource Assistance for State, Local & Tribal Agencies ...... 2-59
Resource Assistance for State, Local & Tribal Agencies ... 2-60
Air Quality Management Implementation .............. 2-65
Air Quality Management Implementation ............. 2-66
Trends Monitoring and Progress Assessment ............ 2-71
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring ................ 2-72
Air Quality and Emissions Data Management and Analysis .... 2-74
Atmospheric Programs ....................... 2-79
Acid Rain Program ....................... 2-80
Stratospheric Protection Program ............... 2-83
Global Change Program ..................... 2-84
Indoor Air Program ........................ 2-89
Indoor Air Program ...................... 2-90
ENFORCEMENT
Enforcement ........................... 2-95
Stationary Source Enforcement ................. 2-96
Mobile Source Enforcement ................... 2-100
-------
APPROPRIATION
AIR
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
TOTAL, Air
$132,195.7 $149,659.7 $141,571.8 $141.253.8 $146.610.6 $5,356.8 -$3,049.1
$277,798.8 $306,098.3 $279,808.9 $277,266.1 $311,654.6 $34,388.5 $5,556.3
$93,415.9 $104,434.1 $99.747.4 $99,747.4 $93.409.6 -$6.337.8 -$11.024.5
$503,410.4 $560.192.1 $521,128.1 $518,267.3 $551,674.8 $33,407.5 -$8,517.3
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
OUTLAYS
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS
2.075.3
2,167.7
2,390.4
2,390.4
2,370.0
2,370.0
2,345.2
2,345.2
2,301.5
2,301.5
-43.7
-43.7
-88.9
-88.9
$453.577.2 $541.759.9 $517,762.4 $512,900.4 $552,118.2 $39,217.8 $10,358.3
Reauthorization of the Clean Air Act expired September 30, 1981. The Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990 reauthorize the Air program at such sums as may be necessary for all
Fiscal Years through 1998.
2-1
-------
PRES.
BUDGET ENACTED
1993 1993
AIR
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
DIFFERENCE
ENACTED VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
ENACTED
APPROPRIATION
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
TOTAL, Air
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$149,659.7 $141,571.8 $141,253.8 -$8,087.9 -$8,405.9 -$318.0
$306,098.3 $279,808.9 $277,266.1 -$26,289.4 -$28,832.2 -$2,542.8
$104,434.1 $99,747.4 $99,747.4 -$4,686.7 -$4,686.7
$560,192.1 $521,128.1 $518,267.3 -$39,064.0 -$41.924.8 -$2,860.8
2,390.4
2,390.4
2,370.0
2,370.0
2,345.2
2,345.2
-20.4
-20.4
-45.2
-45.2
-24.8
-24.8
The following points list the major reasons that the dollars devoted to this media have changed from
submission of the President's FY 1993 Budget Request to the FY 1993 Current Estimates.
PROGRAM AND RESEARCH OPERATIONS
o Congressional restructuring of former Salaries and Expenses account
o Redirection to Administrator's Priorities
ABATEMENT. CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE
o Congressional restructuring of account
o General Agency Reduction
o Redirection to Administrator's Priorities
o $10.OH in funding for Multi-Lateral Fund denied by Congress
o $7.8M in Congressional Directives
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
o Congressionally directed projects for the Adirondack Destruction Assessment Program, National Acid
Precipitation Assessment Program, Global Warming and Stratospheric Ozone Mitigation Research, Indoor
Air Research, the Liquified Gaseous Fuels Spills Test Facility, and the Ultraviolet Monitoring
Center, were funded.
o Reductions made to meet FY 1993 Congressionally appropriated funding level included: Global Climate
Change, Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, Acid Depostion, Air Toxics, Criteria Air Pollutants, and
Pollutants from Motor Vehicles.
2-2
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MEDIA BRIDGE TABLES
MEDIA: AIR
MEDIA
PRO AC&C R&D Total
FY 1993 CURRENT ESTIMATE $141,254 $277,266 $99,747 $518,267
Changes by Category:
Workforce Costs (+/-) +$5,356 +$5,356
Legislative Initiatives (+/-) +$8,500 +$8,500
Program Initiatives (+/-) +$17,704 +$5.500 +$23,204
Discontinuation of Specific
Increases to FY 1992 Request {-) -$7,800 -$4,950 -$12,750
Others (+/-) +$15,985 -$6,888 +$9,097
FY 1994 PRESIDENT'S BUDGET $146,611 $311,655 $93,410 $551,675
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AIR
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
The Clean Air Act authorizes a nationwide program to reduce air pollution
through air quality planning, regulation, enforcement, and research. In November
1990 the President signed the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA), which
expanded requirements and capabilities to clean our nation's air. In implementing
the Act, EPA will use not only traditional approaches for controlling air
pollution, but will also strive to harness the power of the marketplace,
encourage local initiatives, and emphasize pollution prevention. Since 1990,
EPA has proposed or finalized rules that will remove three quarters of the 57
billion pounds of air pollutant reduction mandated by the Act. EPA will
emphasize implementation of the finalized rules and completing work on remaining
regulations. In addition to carrying out the CAAA, EPA will expand its efforts
to analyze and address indoor air quality problems.
EPA's goals for 1994 include reducing health and environmental risks
through: (1) further empowering states to attain National Ambient Air Quality
Standards; (2) implementing new clean vehicle and fuel programs; (3) developing
and implementing national air toxic standards; (4) developing state and local
operating permit and fee programs; (5) carrying out a market-based acid rain
emissions trading system; (6) implementing domestic rules and U.S.
responsibilities under the revised Montreal Protocol for reducing stratospheric
ozone depletion; (7) implementing new enforcement authorities and approaches; (8)
increasing technical support to state indoor air programs; and (9) conducting
research to provide strong scientific and technical bases for regulatory and
nonregulatory programs.
Attain National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Polluted air creates high health and environmental risks. To protect
health and welfare EPA set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six
pollutants: ozone, carbon monoxide, particulate matter (PM-10), lead, sulfur
dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Nonattainment of the standards is most widespread
for the first three pollutants. Today, almost 100 areas in the United States
fail to meet the national health standard for ozone; more than 40 areas fail to
meet the health standards for carbon monoxide; and over 60 areas exceed the
health standards for PM-10.
The primary mechanisms provided by the Clean Air Act to achieve clean air
standards are state implementation plans and federal rules and guidance. In 1994
EPA will help states develop expanded, more stringent state implementation plans
that will further reduce pollutant emissions from both stationary and mobile
sources. The Agency will issue guidance for state control strategy
demonstrations, provide states with technical aid and guidance for instituting
or enhancing mobile and stationary source pollution controls, and encourage the
use of market-based approaches where appropriate. In 1994 the Agency also will
provide grants to states, helping them build their capacity to meet the expanded
requirements and responsibilities of the CAAA.
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In 1994 EPA will develop national guidelines and standards for major
stationary sources where emissions contribute to ozone, PM-10, sulfur dioxide,
and nitrogen oxide pollution. To support state efforts to control stationary
sources the Agency will develop control technique guidelines for major pollution
source groups. The Agency will also continue to develop new source performance
standards that apply nationwide. The Agency will emphasize pollution prevention
in support of state efforts and development of national standards.
To help states revise their implementation plans to meet new requirements
EPA will expand work on emission inventories, assure quality data, and develop
tracking procedures. Complete and comprehensive emission inventories are key to
the development of sound and enforceable state plans, effective regulations, and
meaningful measures of progress for achieving clean air. Accurate and
comprehensive emission inventories are also integral to the success of new
market-based pollution control approaches.
EPA also will help states upgrade and expand air quality monitoring
systems. States will continue an initiative begun in 1991 to systematically
replace worn-out air quality monitors. Accurate air quality measurements are
essential in developing state plans and evaluating their effectiveness.
Establishing New Clean Vehicles and Fuels Programs
Air pollution from mobile sources accounts for over half of the nationwide
emissions of ozone precursors (volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides),
carbon monoxide, and air toxics. Because mobile source emissions account for
such a large percentage of the total air pollution problem, reducing these
emissions holds the greatest potential for cleaning our nation's air.
The CAAA require significant changes in vehicle control technologies and
fuel types and expansion of state control programs. EPA and the states will work
together to carry out an aggressive mobile source pollution abatement program.
The new Act requires EPA to adopt about 60 new mobile source rules covering:
reformulated gasoline, leaded gasoline, clean alternative fuels, vehicle fleet
requirements,, vehicle emission standards, and state program requirements. States
must establish clean fuels programs and new or enhanced vehicle inspection and
maintenance programs.
In 1994 the Agency will continue development of rules to reduce emissions
from non-road engines. In addition, EPA will increase support to states for new
and enhanced programs for clean fuels and vehicles and for vehicle inspection and
maintenance.
Implementing National Air Toxics Standards
According to industry estimates, more than 2.4 billion pounds of toxic
pollutants were emitted into the atmosphere in 1989. These emissions may result
in a variety of adverse health effects including cancer, reproductive effects,
birth defects, and respiratory illness. The CAAA direct EPA to control 189
hazardous air pollutants through technology based standards over the next 10
years.
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In early 1994 EPA will issue Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT)
standards for 40 categories of polluters that account for the most health risk.
During 1994 the Agency will also continue work on MACT standards required within
four years of enactment. To set MACT standards, EPA must gather information on
toxics emissions, manufacturing processes, pollution controls, and environmental
and control costs. As part of the standards development, the Agency will examine
process changes, substitution of feedstocks, and other pollution prevention
options. EPA will continue implementation of the early reductions program to
accelerate emissions reductions by facilities that would be subject to the next
phase of MACT standards.
In 1994 EPA will also address air toxic source groups not covered by the
MACT provisions, but included in other new Clean Air Act requirements. These
sources include commercial and industrial solid waste incinerators and medical
waste incinerators. EPA will also continue assessments of air toxic deposition
in the Great Lakes.
Establishing Operating Permit and Fee Programs
The CAAA provide for state and local operating permit and fee programs to
enhance the effectiveness of programs for reducing acid rain, attaining National
Ambient Air Quality Standards, and controlling air toxics. When fully
implemented, the permit program will consolidate requirements for reducing air
emissions and ensure that the regulated community has a clear, consistent picture
of applicable rules.
In 1994 EPA will work with state and local agencies to establish operating
permit programs. States must submit their permit program plans to EPA late in
calendar 1993. EPA will issue comprehensive guidance and undertake outreach and
training efforts to help state and local agencies implement their permitting
programs.
Implementing a Market Based Acid Rain Emissions Trading System
Acid rain causes damage to lakes, forests, and man-made structures;
contributes to reduced visibility; and is suspected of causing damage to human
health. The acid rain provisions of the CAAA will reduce acid rain causing
emissions through an innovative market-based emission allowance program that will
provide affected sources with flexibility in meeting required emission
reductions. A successful allowance trading system will minimize compliance
costs, maximize economic efficiency, and allow for growth. The new Act requires
a permanent 10 million ton reduction in sulfur dioxide and a two million ton
reduction in nitrogen oxides. The acid rain program is already being seen as a
model for regulatory reform efforts here and abroad.
In 1994 EPA will complete testing and begin operating the first stage of
what will become by 1996 an integrated acid rain data system. The Agency will
track hourly emissions data from each certified source, track allowance
allocations and transfers, and process permits for Phase I sources.
Upon promulgation of the opt-in and nitrogen oxides control rules, the EPA
will review and approve permit applications and compliance plans, and continuous
2-7
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emissions monitor certifications. EPA will continue to promote energy efficiency
as a compliance strategy. Finally, the Agency will continue development of an
ongoing acid rain program evaluation component and participate in the National
Acid Precipitation Assessment Program.
Reducing Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
For every one percent drop in the level of stratospheric ozone there will
be an additional million cases of skin cancer. The CAAA codify and expand upon
the revised Montreal Protocol negotiated to protect the stratosphere and reduce
health and environmental risks. The amendments establish deadlines for the
complete phase-out of two groups of ozone depleting chemicals.
Recent scientific data suggest that ozone depletion is substantially
greater than previously estimated. Based on this new data, EPA will focus on
four program areas in 1994: earlier domestic and international elimination of
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and methyl chloroform; further limitations
on hydro-fluorocarbons (HCFCs), more intensive recycling programs in the United
States and abroad; and earlier voluntary phase-out of CFCs and HCFCs from
developing countries. The EPA budget reguest will provide United States support
for a multi-lateral fund to help developing countries shift away from ozone
depleting chemicals.
Reducing Emissions of Greenhouse Gases
In U.S. Views, the basis for the U.S. action plan to move towards the Rio
goals of stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions, EPA proposed voluntary programs
to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. EPA's proposals account for 70 percent
of the reductions necessary to meet the U.S. goal. In 1994 EPA will support four
major components of the U.S. Views proposals: Green Lights, Energy Star
Buildings, Energy Star Computers, and methane programs such as National Gas Star
and Agstar. Efforts will include: (1) expanding marketing to get corporations
and others to upgrade their lighting facilities; (2) supporting program
development for Energy Star Buildings to assure cost-effective decisions to
reduce energy use in buildings; (3) enhancing program implementation to,support
green program partners in achieving their commitments to save energy; and, (4)
expanding methane reduction programs to profitably capture and use methane
emissions from landfills, coal mines, natural gas pipelines, animal waste, and
livestock by providing technical support, removing institutional obstacles such
as property rights issues and fair pricing from utilities, and recruiting
partners for these voluntary programs.
Implementing New Enforcement Authorities
The CAAA restructure, strengthen, and expand both EPA and state enforcement
authority. New types of programs, such as the allowance program for ozone-
depleting chemicals, the market-based acid rain program, the state operating
permit program, and the clean vehicles and fuels program, require new approaches
to enforcement. EPA will also maintain and strengthen existing enforcement
capabilities to assure compliance with revised state plans and federal rules.
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In 1994 EPA will continue to support state development of enforceable
emission reduction rules and operating permit programs. The Agency will also
implement the compliance monitoring and inspection targeting program to increase
the effectiveness of inspection resources.
EPA will carry out an expanded CFC compliance program through increased
inspections of sources and initiation of enforcement actions. The Agency will
also begin implementation of the field citation program with efforts concentrated
in nonattainment areas. In addition, the Agency will monitor the status of
compliance of sources subject to the Phase I acid rain requirements. The Agency
will assure that large utility steam generating units install the continuous
emission monitoring systems needed to carry out the acid rain program.
EPA will continue to shift enforcement activities to areas of highest
potential environmental benefit and stress greater coordination among regional
and state programs.
Addressing Exposure to Indoor Air
According to a Science Advisory Board report, indoor air pollution
represents one of the most significant public health risks facing the Agency.
In 1994 EPA will initiate a program to increase public awareness of residential
indoor air pollution and demonstrate how environmentally "healthy" housing can
be competitive in the housing market. The Agency will continue a national study
of indoor air quality in large buildings. The major objectives of the study are
(1) to develop baseline information on the factors believed to determine indoor
air quality and assess their relationship to occupant health symptoms and (2) to
improve and standardize the indoor air quality investigative approach. The
Agency will also continue an inventory of indoor air emission sources to help
provide consumers with the ability to select lower emitting products for the
indoor environment and to encourage manufacturers to produce such products.
EPA will enhance the ability of its regional offices to help states address
indoor air pollution by providing improved training capabilities. The Agency
will also continue to operate the Indoor Air Quality Information Center to
provide information to a growing body of users.
Providing a Strong Scientific and Technical Basis for Regulatory Programs
The Office of Research and Development (ORD) will support the Office of Air
and Radiation by providing health and ecological effects data, monitoring methods
and support, models, assessments, emission reduction technologies, and quality
assurance in support of the regulatory, policy, and public information needs of
the air program. Several significant changes are reflected in this submission,
including an increase in new research needed to fulfill the requirements of the
CAAA, and expansion in global climate change research.
The Agency is proposing an enhanced research program to implement the
requirements of the CAAA with particular emphasis on low-level or boundary layer
tropospheric ozone, visibility, and air toxic research. This research will
include programs to strengthen the foundation to address the global concerns of
stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change; understand and predict the
2-9
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effects of acid deposition; investigate toxic air pollutants and develop new risk
assessment methods; conduct additional research to address the human health and
environmental risks posed by criteria air pollutants; and understand emissions
and air quality effects under the rapid dynamics of changing fuel composition and
vehicular technologies.
The Agency is proposing an initiative for global change research as part
of a coordinated, multi-institutional effort to develop and provide the
scientific basis to assess, evaluate, and predict ecological and environmental
consequences of global change. Research will focus on key processes that
influence or govern earth system behavior, studying biogeochemical cycling and
carbon cycle dynamics, investigating atmospheric processes, conducting ecological
research, monitoring work to identify how rapidly global ecological systems are
changing, and studying the effects of increased UV-B on human health and
sensitive aquatic ecosystems. ORD will specifically enhance research for early
detection of the greenhouse signature, ecological research, and expanded earth
systems modeling research.
The indoor air research program will identify, characterize, and compare
the health risks associated with exposures to indoor air pollutants so that risk
assessors and risk managers can make informed decisions to protect public health.
ORD will provide critical scientific information to EPA program offices and
strategies. Researchers will address source characterization, exposure
assessment, health effects, risk assessment, and solutions to prevent and
mitigate indoor pollutants in residences and office buildings.
Consulting Services
The Office of Air and Radiation will fund a limited amount of consulting
services in 1994. Section 117 of the Clean Air Act requires consultation with
appropriate advisory committees prior to publishing any New Source Performance
Standard or National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants. The
National Air Pollution Control Techniques Advisory Committee is comprised of
members from industry, environmental groups, academia, and state and local
governments. The committee typically meets three or four times per year to
review the technical basis of federal emission standards.
A few small management service contracts will be awarded in 1994. The
purpose of these contracts will be to provide specialized expertise in
environmental economics needed to assess the economic impacts and benefits of
various source standards and other regulatory actions. The assessment of
economic impacts and benefits is required by Executive Order 12291.
Fees
In 1994 the Agency expects to collect $10,300,000 in fees from the mobile
source program, including fuel economy, certification, and recall (funded in the
mobile source enforcement program) programs.
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AIR
CURRENT INCREASE ( + )
ACTUAL ESTIMATE ESTIMATE DECREASE (-)
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES 1992 1993 1994 1994 VS 1993
National Ambient Air
Quality Standards
Number of Pollutants
Covered (Cumulative) 666 0
Proposals* 1 0 1 +1
Promulgations* .... 0 2 1 -1
New Source Performance Standards
Number of Source Categories
Covered (Cumulative) 66 67 70 +3
Proposals** 0 2 0 -2
Promulgations 1 3 2 -1
National Emission Standards
for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Number of Source Categories
Covered (Cumulative) 33 33 75 +42
Number of Pollutants
Covered (Cumulative) 7 7 152 +145
Proposals** 1 5 11 +6
Promulgations 0 3 4 +1
Acid Rain and Stratospheric
Ozone Rules
Proposals 4 5 1 -4
Promulgations 2 9 3 -6
Enforcement Actions - Stationary Sources
Inspections 2,675 2,809 2,809 0
Notices of Violation . 407 501 526 +25
Administrative Orders . 339 440 575 +135
Civil Litigation ... 87 78 70 -8
Criminal Litigation . . 7 7 7 0
Enforcement Actions - Mobile Sources
Assembly Line Audits . 16 14 14 0
Production Compliance
Audit 1 2 2 0
Recall Investigations . 38 32 32 0
Notices of Violation
Tampering/Fuel Switching 173 150 150 0
* Revisions or reaffinflations
** New source categories and revisions. NESHAPs include air toxic standards
developed under other regulatory authorities
NOTE: All outputs are incremental except as indicated.
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2-12
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EMVIRONKENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
T«hie of Contents
Page
AIR
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Air Quality Research 2-13
Acid Deposition Research 2-28
Global Change Research 2-33
-------
AIR
Air Quality Research
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED
1992 BUDGET
1993
(DOLLARS
PROGRAM
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST INCREASE
1994 DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
IN THOUSANDS)
Air Quality Research
Program & Research $25.117.6 $27,434.6 $27,186.8 $27,118.6 $28,289.8 $1,171.2 $855.2
Operations
Research & Development $60,107.7 $68,403.9 $63,154.3 $63,154.3 $59,154.5 -$3,999.8 -$9,249.4
TOTAL $85,225.3 $95,838.5 $90,341.1 $90,272.9 $87.444.3 -$2,828.6 -$8,394.2
Acid Deposition
Research
Program & Research $1,959.5 $2,021.0 $2,403.4 $2,400.1 $1,138.8 -$1,261.3 -$882.2
Operat i ons
Research & Development $11,583.9 $12,830.2 $13,283.1 $13,283.1 $9.747.6 -$3,535.5 -$3,082.6
TOTAL $13,543.4 $14,851.2 $15,686.5 $15,683.2 $10,886.4 -$4,796.8 -$3.964.8
Global Change Research
Research
Program & Research $2,781.1 $2,548.6 $2,544.6 $2,540.6 $2,952.6 $412.0 $404.0
Operations
Research & Development $21,724.3 $23,200.0 $23,310.0 $23,310.0 $24,507.5 $1,197.5 $1,307.5
TOTAL $24,505.4 $25,748.6 $25,854.6 $25,850.6 $27,460.1 $1,609.5 $1,711.5
TOTAL:
Program & Research $29,858.2 $32,004.2 $32,134.8 $32,059.3 $32,381.2 $321.9 $377.0
Operations
Research & Development $93,415.9 $104,434.1 $99,747.4 $99,747.4 $93,409.6 -$6,337.8 -$11,024.5
Air Quality Research TOTAL $123,274.1 $136,438.3 $131,882.2 $131,806.7 $125,790.8 -$6,015.9 -$10,647.5
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Air Quality Research
Acid Deposition
Research
Global Change Research
Research
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Air Quality Research
Acid Deposition
Research
380.4
30.2
34.6
445.2
390.6
30.4
426.6
30.9
38.9
496.4
426.6
30.9
415.6
33.9
38.9
488.4
415.6
33.9
410.1
33.4
38.9
482.4
410.1
33.4
402.3
14.9
37.4
454.6
402.3
14.9
-7.8
-18.5
-1.5
-27.8
-7.8
-18.5
-24.3
-16.0
-1.5
-41.8
-24.3
-16.0
Global Change Research 35.5 38.9 38.9 38.9 37.4 -1.5 -1.5
Research
TOTAL UORICYEARS 456.5 496.4 488.4 482.4 454.6 -27.8 -41.8
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AIR
Air Quality Research
Principal Outputs
1994 o First External Review Draft of Revised Ozone Air Quality Criteria
Document (AQCD), to be released for public comment and CASAC review.
o Implementation of Audit Program for Primary Air Monitoring Sites
(PAHS) in the Enhanced Ozone Monitoring Network.
o Emissions characterization from DOE vehicles using alternative fuels
in the Washington, D.C. area.
o Report to Congress; Preliminary Research Results on Area Source
Toxic Exposures and Risk (Urban Air Toxics).
o Completion of Inhalation Reference Concentrations for All Hazardous
Air Pollutants for which Appropriate Inhalation Data Exist.
o Interim human exposure assessment for vehicle emissions of met Hanoi,
formaldehyde, benzene, and carbon monoxide in residential garages.
o Development of Bio-Response Methods for characterizing indoor
pollutant sources.
1993 o Assessment of "Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Lung
Cancer and Other Disorders."
o Characterization of tailpipe emissions from "real-world" vehicles
measured in tunnels and on roadsides.
o National source emission inventory for Atlanta, GA.
o Report to CASAC on Acid Aerosols Measurement.
o Development of standardized study protocol and quality assurance
plan for indoor air quality building studies.
o Report describing possible development and reproductive effects
associated with methanol.
1992 o Alternative Air Quality indicators for a secondary federal standard
for ozone.
o Protocol for testing the degradation of EPA certified woodstoves.
o Development of data and methodologies that improve our understanding
of the underlying mechanisms that lead to lung function changes and
morbidity in humans exposed to ozone.
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Completed inhalation reference concentration (RfC) evaluations (non-
cancer health effects) for 42 air toxics substances named by the
CAAA of 1990.
Completed a hazard ranking of carcinogens on the Clean Air Act
Hazardous Air Pollutant list, representing a comparative analysis of
about 100 carcinogens.
Completed studies on emissions of oxygenated fuels under a variety
of driving conditions.
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AIR
Air Quality Research
BUDGET REQUEST
1994 Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $87,444,300 and 402.3 total workyears for
1994, a decrease of $2,828,600 and 7.8 total workyears from 1993. Of the
request, $28,289,800 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation, and $59,154,500 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,171,200 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, and decrease of $3,999,800 in the Research and
Development appropriation. The increase to the Program and Research Operations
appropriation reflects additional personnel compensation and benefits (PC&B), and
travel expenses associated with funding ORD's staff of scientists, managers and
support personnel in areas such as quality assurance, extramural resource
management, and high priority research. The decrease for the Research and
Development appropriation reflects the redirection of research resources to other
higher priority activities, offsetting additional resources provided for
Tropospheric Ozone and Visibility research. The decrease in total workyears
reflects base redirections to support priority initiatives where scientific
information is needed to address higher health and environmental risks as well
as the overall reduction in Federal workyears directed by the President.
1993 Budget
The Agency is allocating a total of $90,272,900 and 410.1 total workyears
for this program, of which $27,118,600 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation, and $63,154,300 is from the Research and Development
appropriation.
FY 1992 Budget
The Agency obligated a total of $85,225,300 and 390.6 total workyears for
this program element, of which $25,117,600 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation, and $60,107,700 was from the Research and Development
appropriation.
RESEARCH ISSUES
The sections below describe research program issues by each fiscal year:
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
1994 Program Request
ORD will initiate Phase III of a landfill demonstration project which is
investigating the potential for reducing methane emissions while producing energy
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by using the waste methane as the fuel for a commercially available 200-kW
phosphoric acid fuel cell. The third phase is a one year test of the fuel cell
energy recovery concept where data on the performance of the gas pretreatment
system and energy produced by the fuel cell will be collected and evaluated. ORD
will also focus on the design phase of the second fuel cell energy recovery
demonstration which will evaluate the feasibility of using waste methane gas from
Baltimore's Back River Wastewater Treatment Plant in a fuel cell. Engineers will
concentrate on the design of the gas treatment system (which will require a
different type of gas pretreatment system than the one used for the landfill
demonstration) and tests will be initiated to establish the performance of
different components of the system.
ORD will also continue further application studies of fuzzy logic
principles to enhance the efficiency of large alternate current induction motor
operation to reduce energy consumption. Researchers will seek agreements to
conduct cooperative demonstrations of this technology with industry.
1993 Program
In FY 1993, ORD is conducting cooperative research to demonstrate methods
and technologies to reduce methane emissions while recovering energy at a
wastewater treatment facility and at a landfill. EPA/ORD has identified
Baltimore's Back River Wastewater Treatment Plant as the site for the anaerobic
digestion demonstration. Site personnel are taking a comprehensive look at the
overall system conceptual configuration and preparing for the next developmental
phases of the demonstration. The landfill demonstration, being conducted in
southern California, has successfully completed fabrication of the gas
pretreatment system and the fuel cell, both of which have passed acceptance
tests. The next phases of the project are focused on completion of site
preparation for the pretreatment module and fuel cell power plant and further
testing of critical components of the system.
Congressional Directives. A total of $1,500,000 is for the Congressionally
directed projects for Fuel Cell Demonstrations ($1,200,000) and for Global
Warming and Stratospheric Ozone Mitigation Research ($300,000).
1992 Accomplishments
Efforts devoted to global mitigation research in FY 1992 focused on: (1)
evaluating methods for reducing emissions of methane from landfills, coal mines,
and anaerobic digestion; and 2) demonstrating the use of solar photovoltaics (PV)
in end-use (retail) applications. Researchers initiated a program to evaluate
the feasibility of using methane gas from the anaerobic digestion of solid waste
as a fuel option for a phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) power plant and have
identified the City of Baltimore's Back River Wastewater Treatment Plant as a
feasible site for such a demonstration. ORD initiated the design of the landfill
demonstration gas pretreatment system as well as construction and testing for the
next phases of the demonstration project. Researchers also conducted
investigations of nitrogen flooding to enhance methane recovery from underground
coal seams. Solar photovoltaics research focused on transforming solar radiation
directly into electric power (PV conversion) as a means for displacing fossil
fuels. Several power pack PV systems (approximately 10 kW) were placed at
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selected retail locations to determine how well they can reduce the peak power
load and improve the load by shifting demand usage.
STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION
1994 Program Request
ORD will continue to evaluate alternative chemical technologies which can
be used to replace current uses of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and
hydrochlorof luorocarbons (HCFCs). This research directly supports implementation
of requirements in both the Montreal Protocol and Title VI of the Clean Air Act
Amendments (CAAA) to phase-out consumption and use of these ozone depleting
compounds (ODCs) in prescribed time frames. Using data from modelling, initial
property testing, and small scale end-use applicability testing of new chemicals
and mixtures, researchers expect to identify and evaluate the most promising
candidates to replace CFCs and HCFCs used in refrigeration, space cooling, and
insulation systems. The goal will be to identify those compounds which have zero
ozone depletion potential and do not pose any other adverse risks to the
environment. ORD will continue to coordinate this research with industry and
academia.
1993 Program
ORD is evaluating alternative chemical technologies which can be used to
replace current uses of CFCs and HCFCs. Emphasis is placed on modelling, initial
property testing, and small scale end-use applicability testing of new chemicals
and mixtures. ORD conducts this research through cooperative ventures with
industry and academia, which helps to ensure that the most promising alternatives
are adequately evaluated and that the permanent solution chosen for a given end-
use is commercialized as quickly as possible. Work on disposal options is also
underway including investigating the environmental impacts and feasibility of
thermal incineration as a disposal technique.
ORD is also investigating several new classes of chemicals which can be
used as possible substitutes for Halon-1301 as a total flooding fire
extinguishing agent and explosion suppression/prevention agent. The performance
of the most promising chemicals are being evaluated at an intermediate (field)
scale to confirm earlier laboratory performance studies. These studies include
improved delivery systems which could improve performance. This work is
conducted cooperatively with industry through the Halons Alternatives Research
Corporation (HARC).
Congressional Directives. A total of $200,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project for Global Harming and Stratospheric Ozone Mitigation Research.
1992 Accomplishments
ORD has identified several alternative chemicals as possible replacements
for current uses of CFCs and HCFCs. Laboratory testing and modeling was
conducted to determine the potential applicability of these new chemicals to
specific end-use applications. Screening tests were conducted to determine the
chemical and physical properties (flammability, acute toxicity, thermal
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conductivity, ect.) of the new chemicals selected as promising candidates for
long-term replacement of ozone depleting substances. In addition, research on
disposal techniques for ozone depleting substances was conducted with emphasis
on characterizing hazardous emissions associated with the thermal destruction of
ozone depleting substances.
ACID DEPOSITION
1994 Program Request
These resources are being moved into the Acid Deposition program element
to continue related high priority research.
1993 Program
ORD is conducting a risk assessment of ozone on forests which is looking
at the influence of other stressors that co-occur with ozone, and how they
influence tree response to ozone. Researchers use this information to evaluate
the importance of acidic inputs and their role in influencing overall forest
susceptibility to air pollution.
1992 Accomplishments
In FY 1992, aquatic monitoring and effects research centered on surface
waters and high elevation lakes and streams. Research included the design and
implementation of a regional network to detect and quantify regional trends in
the acid-base status of sensitive surface waters and sampling of lakes in the
northeastern United States. Researchers continued ongoing monitoring programs
to assess long-term trends in the acid-base status of 90 surface waters in the
Northeast, Midwest, and West. In addition, a program was developed to determine
whether acidic deposition causes significant episodic acidification during
snowmelt in sensitive surface waters in the high elevation West.
Acid deposition modeling research included development of modeling
approaches to project the long-term effects of nitrogen deposition on sensitive
soils and aquatic ecosystems. These efforts will provide initial estimates of
effects from nitrogen deposition for future EPA and National Acid Precipitation
Assessment Program (NAPAP) assessments for Congress.
AIR TOXICS
1994 Program Request
In FY 1994, ORD will conduct research to obtain and assess the data needed
to focus on air toxics problems and to prevent or control the significant
problems through technically and economically efficient means. ORD will develop
and validate source measurement methodologies for ambient air toxics and
individual source emissions to support regulatory requirements under the Clean
Air Act Amendments (CAAA). These methods will be incorporated into emissions
standards as a means of measuring compliance, assessing emissions levels of
stationary sources, and for assessing environmental results. Work is planned to
acquire toxicological test data and emissions research data in support of the
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second phase of regulation addressing residual risk and in support of the Great
Waters and Urban Toxics program.
Urban toxics/area sources research will focus on improving monitoring,
modeling, atmospheric chemistry, and emission inventory work to identify the
degree and nature of urban toxics contamination. ORD will also concentrate on
Great Waters research to investigate relative loading of toxics from air
deposition vs. water contamination, the transport and fate of pollutants through
the food chain to human/animal/plant targets, and to identify the emission
sources responsible for any significant air deposition. Newly acquired data and
methods will be used to assess biological effects of HAPs to determine effects
to humans or the environment.
1993 Program
ORD conducts research under the CAA and its amendments to address key
scientific questions about the nature and extent of the air toxics problem, the
technologies for prevention and control of significant emissions, and the methods
of analysis and measurement needed by the Federal, state, and local agencies
implementing the terms of the CAA. Research is being conducted to develop source
test methods (emissions measurement), emission factors techniques, and to
evaluate new processes, control equipment, and process management practices for
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standards. These standards are set
for major sources emitting one or more of the 189 listed hazardous air pollutants
(HAPs) and will address the greater part of existing risk from major sources.
Scientists are providing expert consultation on hazard and risk decisions
about hazardous air pollutants and hazard and risk ranking for early rules.
Research projects are being conducted to assess air toxics deposition in the
Great Lakes and other protected waters, and to support the mandated urban air
toxic strategy. Substantial efforts are ongoing to provide basic toxicological
data, hazard assessment methods and risk assessments to focus on the significant
problems to maximize effectiveness of activities in addressing risk.
Congressional Directives. A total of $1,850,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project for Air Toxics Spill Dispersion Tests.
1992 Accomplishments
Researchers began developing, evaluating, and standardizing monitoring
systems for measuring HAPs in ambient air, including selective detectors,
portable monitors, advanced methods to deal with special conditions imposed by
complex mixtures of chemicals, and quality assurance methodologies for new and
existing methods. Methods were also developed to improve emissions estimates for
specific air toxic source categories to support development of the national area
source strategy mandated under the 1990 CAAA and the Great Lakes Study. To
support the revamped air toxics regulatory approach in the 1990 CAAA, research
was conducted on innovative air toxic control approaches applicable to source
categories (including area sources) as well as demonstrations of source reduction
approaches for auto body refinishing and wood furniture coating operations.
Technical assistance to state and local agencies was expanded to address the
expected increase in requests for technical information due to the 1990 CAAA.
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The Interdivisional Air Toxics Program evaluated cancer and various non-
cancer effects of key hazardous air pollutants and mixtures of pollutants. ORD
also prepared final reports on the health effects and methodologies for
identifying major sources of carcinogenic chemicals emitted into the air or
arising from atmospheric transformation. Researchers studied mutagenicity, DNA
adduct dosimetry, and carcinogenicity of complex mixtures of source emissions and
ambient urban toxic air pollutants. For listed air toxics, inhalation reference
concentrations (RfCs) (noncancer assessments) and cancer unit risks were
developed to support hazard ranking for source modifications, lesser quantity
cutoffs, source category listing/delisting, and air toxics listing/delisting
petitions.
CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS
1994 Program Request
This research will enable the timely conduct of mandated periodic
review/revision of criteria for primary and secondary National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS), related technical support for other mandated
activities, and provide the tools needed to ensure effective development of and
compliance with State Implementation Plans (SIPs). ORD will dedicate additional
funding to address the human health and environmental risks posed by criteria air
pollutants, with particular emphasis on tropospheric ozone and visibility issues.
Two new epidemiology studies are expected to be initiated on ozone and reports
from epidemiology studies on the effects of acid aerosols (and other criteria
pollutants) on children will be prepared.
Ecosystems research will include preliminary analyses of various indices
or forms for a secondary ozone standard to protect crops and tree species.
Research will also continue to improve the accuracy of zone ecorisks assessment
modeling by quantifying influences of multiple environmental stresses on long-
lived tree species. Several reports and analyses will be prepared to facilitate
visibility modeling and support the Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission.
The atmospheric aerosol program will provide a users' guide to an aerosols model,
information on optimal techniques for measuring organic aerosols, a comparison
of urban and rural organic aerosols, and a personal exposure model for acid
aerosols. Research will progress on developing a first external review draft of
the Air Quality Criteria Document (AQCDs) for ozone to support NAAQS decision
making.
Increased research to facilitate attainment of air quality objectives is
expected to provide a volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions tracking system,
fully validate a new method for measuring VOC emissions, and initiate work on
analytical techniques for low level concentrations of a variety of nitrogen
oxides. Research concentrating on sensitivity analysis of the Regional Oxidant
Model and development of a "MODEL 3" Framework will facilitate improvements in
source, fate,and transport modeling. The recently developed 03 UV DIAL will be
used in the Southern Oxidant Study to investigate the interaction of a power
plant plume with the urban plume of Nashville, TN. Fluid modeling experiments
will be conducted to adopt point-source regulatory models to complex terrain and
building wakes.
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1993 Program
In FY 1993, research addressing criteria air pollutants remains focused on
efforts to conduct timely periodic review/revision of criteria for primary and
secondary NAAQS, related support for other mandated activities, and providing the
tools to ensure effective development of and compliance with SIPs. Health
effects studies of ozone in humans and animals are intended to improve dosimetry
models, provide risk assessment models, and improve understanding of the
relationship to chronic disease processes of ozone induced lung inflammation
observed at ambient levels. EPA is co-funding several major epidemiology studies
to improve understanding of the health effects of ozone, acid aerosols,
particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. Ecological effects studies are focused
on improving ozone ecorisk assessment by understanding and quantifying the
influence of multiple stressors (drought, temperature, ect.) on the response of
long-lived tree species to ozone. The AQCD for NOX is being put into final form,
and an updated revision of the O, AQCD is being initiated.
Workshops are being conducted on the southwest desert and national
visibility to identify highest priority research needs and to coordinate EPA and
non-EPA programs. Acid aerosols studies will provide information on atmospheric
neutralization of acid aerosols and an exposure/health database for subsequent
epidemiological evaluation of PM/acid aerosols health effects. Priority is also
assigned to improving the scientific foundation for more effectively addressing
the ozone non-attainment problem. This includes research to facilitate
attainment of air quality objectives, to provide improved remote monitoring
methods for ozone (UV-DIAL), improved mobile source emissions inventories, a
natural source emission inventory to support the Southern Oxidants Study, an
expanded national ambient air performance audit program, and selected
certification methods. Research also focuses on improving source, fate and
regional transport models, especially as related to ozone and particulates, and
on point source models using the EPA Fluid Modeling Facility. Emissions
reduction and control research is designed to improve ozone prevention and
control technology for nitrogen oxides.
Congressional Directives. A total of $200,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project for Airshed Modelling on the Illinois/Missouri Border.
1992 Accomplishments
Monitoring support was provided on atmospheric processes and monitoring
methodologies to support new and existing NAAQS. Researchers evaluated
analytical systems for measuring criteria pollutants in ambient air and developed
standard methods for measuring acid aerosols. Health research focused on three
major areas: 1) acute and chronic health effects of NAAQS pollutants (primarily
Os, NO,, acid aerosols, particulate) in test animals and humans; 2) extrapolation
models; and 3) acute and chronic health effects from exposure to "real world"
levels of oxidants. Ecological research centered on the effects of ozone on
forest tree species in response to a suite of exposure combinations and
concentrations, duration of exposure at various concentrations, and varying tree
age. Assistance was provided to support the MOHAVE study mandated by Congress
of the effects of the Mohave power plant on visibility in the Grand Canyon. EPA
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also released an external review draft of the NOX AQCD for public comment and
CASAC review.
Research was conducted to improve emission estimation methodologies for
criteria pollutants and their precursors and to evaluate and demonstrate
technologies and prevention approaches to reduce emissions of VOCs, SO,, NOX, and
PM from major point and area sources. Control/prevention research included
innovative control approaches for VOC area sources and SO,/NO, controls for
industrial facilities, approaches to reduce VOCs emitted from non-process related
solvent usage, and pilot scale evaluations of the ADVOCATE process at the TVA 10
Mwe Shawnee plant. Also, support was provided on atmospheric and monitoring
methodologies for New Source Performance Standards (NSPSs) and SIPs to assure
attainment and maintenance of ambient air standards. As designated by the 1990
CAAA, ORD .conducted major studies of ozone formation in the Southeast as part of
the Southern Oxidant Study. Additional work included air dispersion modeling
experiments, testing and model development to modify existing regulatory models
and to support PM-10 regulatory activities, and upgrading of both regional and
urban particulate models.
POLLUTANTS FROM MOTOR VEHICLES
1994 Program Request
Mobile sources research will seek to better understand emissions and air
quality under the rapid dynamics of changing fuel compositions and vehicular
technologies, with particular emphasis on alternative fuels and reformulated
gasolines. Research on emissions characterizations and air quality will help to
confirm/evaluate the results of mandated emissions testing by industry, and
develop analytical methods for EPA-required certification tests. Research will
also produce new data on emissions from alcohol fuels that will be compared to
those for conventional fuels to estimate air quality impacts.
Human exposure research will concentrate on required development,
improvement, and verification of exposure-prediction models to provide needed
data to augment the very limited quantitative exposure assessments for fuel
emissions. Monitoring will also be conducted within high-exposure
microenvironments (e.g. personal garages, inside cars). In the area of health
effects, research will focus on characterizing the potential for methanol to
cause developmental effects, and revision of the quantitative cancer risk
assessments for important mobile source air toxics (benzene and butadiene).
EPA/ORD will also co-fund the Health Effects Institute (HEI) along with the auto
industry to enhance mobile source health effects research by funding researchers
from universities and other institutions.
1993 Program
This research program focuses on emissions, air quality, human exposure,
health effects, and scientific assessments of vehicular fuels. Emissions
characterization and air quality research is concentrated on revising and
validating emissions models using studies characterizing real-world vehicular
emissions. Researchers are also looking at laboratory-based emissions of
reformulated gasolines and alternative fuels to illustrate the important
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correlation of fuels and operating conditions to emissions characterization
models. Significant progress is anticipated on characterizing microenvironments
of importance to human exposure and incorporating these research efforts into
exposure models for air toxics emitted from vehicles.
ORD conducts health effects studies on inhaled methanol vapor to provide
data on potential developmental effects in animals as well as the extrapolation
research needed to assist in interpreting the correlation between the methanol
animal studies and humans. EPA/ORD also provides support to HEI to enhance
health effects research. The "Research Strategy in Alternative Fuels" is also
being developed, which eventually will be used to generate an international
research agenda so that data provided by non-EPA organizations will be more
useful to EPA and its goals.
1992 Accomplishments
In FY 1992, research focused on evaporative and exhaust emissions with an
emphasis on alternative fuels. Emissions research studied gasoline-fueled
vehicle emissions, including evaporative hydrocarbon emissions as a result of
refueling, running losses, long-term standing, and tailpipe emissions at elevated
ambient temperatures. Research was also conducted to determine human exposure
to mobile source emissions of CO, benzene, and other volatile organics. EPA's
in-house health program conducted research to evaluate the increase in
mutagenicity of emissions and developed new molecular methods to understand the
relationship between exposure, dosimetry and risk for mobile sources.
Significant progress was also achieved in understanding the potential
developmental effects resulting from methanol.
Research was initiated to reassess the cancer unit risks of two major fuel-
related carcinogens, and noncancer chronic exposure health assessments were
developed for MTBE (a widely used fuel oxygenate) and diesel emissions. EPA/ORD
also provided support to HEI which focused on wide-ranging investigations of
health effects associated with various mobile source pollutants, including diesel
exhaust, aldehydes, and expansion of its research on alternative fuels.
INDOOR AIR
1994 Program Request
While we have considerable information about indoor pollutants, research
is needed to further identify, characterize, and compare the health risks
associated with exposures to indoor air pollutants. In FY 1994, ORD will focus
on understanding the relative contributions of organic vapors and particulate
matter to observed signs and symptoms associated with air pollution exposures
inside residences and office buildings. Researchers will address source
characterization, exposure assessment, health effects, risk assessment, and
solutions to prevent and mitigate indoor pollutants.
Research devoted to source characterization and pollutant transport will
be conducted to understand pollutant emissions and transport from indoor sources
under various environmental conditions. ORD will also develop, validate, and
compare measurement techniques and monitoring protocols for indoor air quality
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in large buildings. Indoor air health effects research will provide a better
understanding of the health effects resulting from indoor exposure to organic
vapors, including the dimensions and implication of organic vapor-induced signs
and symptoms. Research devoted to preventing and mitigating indoor pollution
risks will focus on source control/prevention, effective energy-efficient
ventilation approaches, and air cleaning techniques. ORD will also demonstrate
prevention approaches to reduce emissions associated with textiles and composite
wood products.
1993 Program
ORD has targeted source characterization research on indoor sources of
chemical and biological contaminants and the factors that affect emission rates.
Emphasis is placed on developing measurement techniques and monitoring protocols
to assess indoor exposures, and on developing the methods to test and evaluate
various indoor air control technologies to prevent and mitigate pollutants. This
program also focuses on identifying the health effects and characterizing the
risks associated with exposures to indoor air pollutants.
Congressional Directives. A total of $700,000 is for the Congressionally
directed projects for Indoor Air Research.
1992 Accomplishments
Researchers evaluated emissions from a variety of indoor sources and
collected data on compounds emitted, emission rates of these compounds, emission
rate decay, and the interaction of source emissions with indoor surfaces. Indoor
air mitigation research focused on alternative indoor air quality approaches such
as source management, ventilation strategies, and air cleaning devices. The
results of these studies for large buildings are being used to develop guidance
on the most effective design and operation of large buildings to minimize human
exposure to indoor air pollutants. Indoor air health research focused on the
study of indoor VOCs through human clinical studies of the neurobehavioral,
physiological, and immunological effects of VOC mixtures. A risk
characterization methodology was also developed to assess non-cancer health
effects associated with different indoor air pollution exposures in a variety
indoor environments.
HEALTH EFFECTS
1994 Program Request
In FY 1994, this research will be redirected into Multimedia Research where
it is more appropriately funded to continue environmental equity research.
1993 Program
The Agency is conducting research in support of the larger Agency-wide
initiative on Environmental Equity to determine if disparities exist in the
exposure to environmental pollutants experienced by racial minorities and the
economically disadvantaged. This program investigates the relationship between
existing exposure data and demographic data from the 1990 U.S. Census and/or the
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1990 Donnelley Marketing Information System. This information is expected to
yield both national and regional specific insights into the occurrence of
inequities in exposures to environmental pollutants.
1992 Accomplishments
Investigations were initiated into the relationship that exists, if any,
between the sources and magnitude of pollutant emissions from industrial
facilities and the socioeconomic and racial distribution of surrounding
communities. Research efforts also focused on integrating data from the EPA
Toxic Release Inventory and the U.S. Census and Donnelly Marketing Information
Services.
POLLUTION PREVENTION
1994 Program Request
No work will be conducted in this area in Air Quality. These resources
will be redirected to support cross-media pollution prevention research
activities in the Multimedia Pollution Prevention Program.
1993 Program
These funds support the Source Reduction Review Project through the
development of pollution prevention options for outyear Maximum Achievable
Control Technology standards. Characterization methods are also being developed
for emissions from consumer aerosol products that are used indoors.
1992 Accomplishments
There were no Air Quality resources in Pollution Prevention in FY 1992.
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES/SBIR
1994 Program Request
As mandated by the Small Business Development Act of 1982 (Public Law 97-219),
EPA will allocate 1.50% of its extramural Research and Development budget for the
Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program. These funds will be used to
support small businesses engaged in the development of equipment for pollution
abatement and control, and instrumentation for monitoring environmental trends
and conditions. Under this program, ORD will take advantage of unique solutions
to Air Quality Research problems and other environmental issues that may be
offered by the private sector. Resources will be identified in the operating
plan and consolidated into the Multimedia Program Element once enactment occurs.
1993 Program
As mandated by the Small Business Development Act of 1982 (Public Law 97-219),
EPA is allocating 1.50% of its extramural Research and Development budget for the
Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program. These funds are used to
support small businesses engaged in the development of equipment for pollution
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abatement and control, and instrumentation for monitoring environmental trends
and conditions. Under this program, ORD is able to take advantage of unique
solutions to pesticide related problems and other environmental issues that may
be offered by the private sector.
1992 Accomplishments
Resources and accomplishments supporting this program were budgeted in the
Multimedia program element for 1992.
INFRASTRUCTURE
1994 Program Request
Adequately funded infrastructure is critical to ORD' s success in conducting
the quality science needed to assure that the Agency' s decisions are
scientifically sound. The most critical part of ORD1 s infrastructure is its
staff. The assumption underlying all our research activities includes a
productive workforce.
ORD has established a cohesive, cross-cutting issue for infrastructure
based upon the importance of this activity to planned and ongoing research
activities. Program and Research Operations (PRO) appropriation funding for the
Air Quality Research PE will be centralized within the infrastructure issue to
provide improved management for ORD' s personnel compensation and benefits, and
travel costs associated with managing research programs.
1993 Program
ORD' e current infrastructure program provides compensation and benefits,
and travel for ORD scientists and engineers. ORD' s workforce carries out
scientific programs in support of the Agency' s mission.
1992 Accomplishments
ORD funded its workyears in scientific support of the Agency' s mission,
providing the necessary personnel compensation and benefits, and travel for ORD
scientists and engineers.
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AIR
Acid Deposition Research
Principal Outputs
1994 o Data and results from air and surface water monitoring programs.
o Assessement results of Congressional questions on protective
standards and trading of SO, for NO,.
o Development of a framework for an integrated assessment of the
impact of emissions reductions through Title IV of the CAAA.
1993 o Analyze and prepare a statistical summary of the FY 92 CASTNET
monitoring data.
o Prepare a statistical summary of the FY 92 data on aquatic effects
monitoring.
o Report assessing the impact the implementation of the CAA has had on
the nation's atmosphere, and aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
o Complete development of a mountain cloud deposition sampler.
1992 o Completed development and external peer review of the Regional Acid
Deposition Model (RADM 2.6).
o Completed the southeast demonstration project under the forest
health monitoring program using various established and new forest
health indicators.
o Completed 1991 statistical summary of various forest indices
defining forest health.
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AIR
Acid Deposition Research
BUDGET REQUEST
1994 Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $10,886,400 and 14.9 total workyears for
1994, a decrease of $4,796,800 and 18.5 total workyears from 1993. Of the
request, $1,138,800 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation, and $9,747,600 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents a decrease of $1,261,300 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, and a decrease of $3,535,500 in the Research
and Development appropriation. The decrease to the Program and Research
Operations appropriation reflects redirection of personnel compensation and
benefits (PC&B), and travel expenses associated with funding ORD's staff of
scientists, managers and support personnel for this program. The decrease for
the Research and Development appropriation reflects the redirection of research
resources to higher priority research activities. The decrease in total
workyears reflects base redirections to support priority initiatives where
scientific information is needed to address higher health and environmental risks
as well as a result of the government-wide workyear reduction to reduce the size
and cost of government.
1993 Budget
The Agency is allocating a total of $15,683,200 and 33.4 total workyears
for this program element, of which $2,400,100 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation, and $13,283,100 is from the Research and Development
appropriation.
FY 1992 Budget
The Agency obligated a total of $13,543,400 and 30.4 total workyears for
this program element, of which $1,959,500 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation, and $11,583,900 was from the Research and Development
appropriation.
RESEARCH ISSUES
The sections below describe research program issues by each fiscal year:
ACID DEPOSITION
1994 Program Request
In FY 1994, acid deposition research will move towards assessing the
benefits resulting from acid deposition controls. The Office of Research and
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Development (ORD) will reconfigure the current wet and dry acidic deposition
monitoring network. This reconfiguration will refocus monitoring efforts to
specifically address regional and ecosystem issues to better use the current
capabilities of ORD monitoring sites. Research investigating the impacts of
ambient acid aerosols on human health will be highlighted as recommended by the
Science Advisory Board (SAB) in their discussion of Priority Research Areas.
Assessment activities in FY 1994 will rely upon data collected by aquatics
monitoring through the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP),
continued forest monitoring in cooperation with the U.S. Forest Service, and
improved benefits estimation. ORD's modeling research will also provide vital
information in support of acid deposition assessment activities.
Continuous emission monitoring (OEM) research will evaluate flow monitor
performance using improved velocity measurement procedures and determination of
total system bias. These monitors provide the Agency the means to monitor power
plant emissions, evaluate the effectiveness of advanced NO, burner controls,
produce preliminary estimates of the effects of SO, and NO, trading on surface
water acidification, and conduct field studies for evaluating the effects of
acidic deposition on tree growth. Control technology research will use data
collected from the completed Limestone Injection Multistage Burner (LIMB)
demonstration and other technology demonstrations to further evaluate the
performance of low-NO, burner control technology.
Visibility research will conduct studies to better understand the
relationship between acid aerosols and visibility. Aquatics and terrestrial
effects research will begin revisiting sites originally measured in 1990 as part
of the Forest Health Monitoring program for purposes of establishing .trends in
FHM indicators, while a field study will be initiated to provide improved
information on the response of surface waters to nitrogen deposition.
FY 1993 Program
In FY 1993, acid deposition research concentrates on supporting regulatory
activities in several areas. ORD is reviewing the current acidic deposition
monitoring network to determine the most cost effective way to limit network
costs in support of CASTNET, and to more accurately establish status and trends
of acid deposition and atmospheric constituents. The data collected supports
various other programs including the National Acid Precipitation Assessment
Program (NAPAP), EMAP, and CAA assessments. Recognizing that visibility is
generally the first indicator of atmospheric change in acid aerosol
concentrations, ORD is also evaluating locations for new visibility monitoring
sites to better establish the relationship between acid aerosols and visibility.
Control technology research is directed primarily toward completion of the
LIMB demonstration project and promoting the development and demonstration of
other innovative low-cost technologies. The Agency also performs studies to
further investigate and improve the accuracy of CEM measurements in accordance
with regulatory commitments.
ORD's aquatics and terrestrial effects research concentrates on improving
watershed models of chronic acidification to project the long-term effects on
sensitive soils and aquatic ecosystems. Assessments are conducted on the
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environmental impacts and trends of changes in acid deposition on sensitive
ecosystems and supports activities to assess ecosystem response to change.
Modeling activities are focused on the impacts of atmospheric emissions which
is critical for establishing monitoring networks, determining spatial
distributions of acidic constituents, and understanding the transport and fate
of pollutants.
Congressional Directives. A total of $1,000,000 is for the Congressionally
directed projects for the Adirondack Destruction Assessment Program ($500,000),
and the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program ($500,000).
FY 1992 Accomplishments
In FY 1992, EPA's operational network of 51 dry deposition monitoring sites
collected air quality, meteorological, and vegetation data necessary for
estimating dry deposition as an important component of total deposition. EPA
provided support for 7-9 sites of the National Acid Deposition Program/National
Trends Network (NADP/NTN), as well as other wet deposition monitoring networks
in the United States (U.S.). EPA also developed responses to issues raised by
State-of-Science and Technology and Integrated Assessment reports prepared by
NAPAP. Control technology research focused on designing and testing an advanced
low-NOx coal firing system for tangential utility boilers at Yorktown, Virginia.
This jointly funded government and industry large-scale demonstration is
important because approximately 45 percent of U.S. utility boilers are
tangentially-fired. Equipment installation for the Yorktown LIMB demonstration
was completed, and testing which began in FY 1992 is expected to be completed in
FY 1993.
Aquatic and terrestrial monitoring activities continued in FY 1992,
investigating the effects of acid deposition on leaching of critical elements
from soils and the impact on forest growth which will be used to develop and
evaluate appropriate models. Other monitoring efforts provided information on
changes and trends in chemical conditions in acid sensitive ecosystems. Research
continued to perfect the Regional Acid Deposition Model/Engineering Model
(RADM/EM) to estimate deposition to sensitive receptor areas in both the U.S. and
Canada. The RADM was used to study various control strategies and to interpolate
data from the monitoring network, as well as answer inter-program effects
questions about oxidant, volatile organic emissions (VOCs), acid deposition, and
nitrogen loading.
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES/SBIR
1994 Program Request
As mandated by the Small Business Development Act of 1982 (Public Law 97-
219), EPA will allocate 1.50% of its extramural Research and Development budget
for the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program. These funds will be
used to support small businesses engaged in the development of equipment for
pollution abatement and control, and instrumentation for monitoring environmental
trends and conditions. Under this program, ORD will take advantage of unique
solutions to Acid Deposition Research problems and other environmental issues
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that may be offered by the private sector. Resources will be identified in the
operating plan and consolidated into the Multimedia Program Element once
enactment occurs.
1993 Program
As mandated by the Small Business Development Act of 1982 (Public Law 97-
219), EPA is allocating 1.50% of its extramural Research and Development budget
for the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program. These funds are used
to support small businesses engaged in the development of equipment for pollution
abatement and control, and instrumentation for monitoring environmental trends
and conditions. Under this program, ORD is able to take advantage of unique
solutions to pesticide related problems and other environmental issues that may
be offered by the private sector.
1992 Accomplishments
Resources and accomplishments supporting this program were budgeted in the
Multimedia program element for 1992.
INFRASTRUCTURE
1994 Program Request
Adequately funded infrastructure is critical to ORD1 s success in conducting
the quality science needed to assure that the Agency' s decisions are
scientifically sound. The most critical part of ORD1 s infrastructure is its
staff. The assumption underlying all our research activities includes a
productive workforce.
ORD has established a cohesive, cross-cutting issue for infrastructure
based upon the importance of this activity to planned and ongoing research
activities. Program and Research Operations (PRO) appropriation funding for the
Acid Deposition Research PE will be centralized within the infrastructure issue
to provide improved management for ORD' s personnel compensation and benefits, and
travel costs associated with managing research programs.
1993 Program
ORD1 s current infrastructure program provides compensation and benefits,
and travel for ORD scientists and engineers. ORD' s workforce carries out
scientific programs in support of the Agency' s mission.
1992 Accomplishments
ORD funded its workyears in scientific support of the Agency' s mission,
providing the necessary personnel compensation and benefits, and travel for ORD
scientists and engineers.
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AIR
Global Change Research
Principal Outputs
1994 o Complete analysis of land cover and changes in southern Mexico as a
prototype study in the North American Landscape Characterization
Program.
o Biogenic and anthropogenic carbon budgets (pools and fluxes) for the
United States, Russia, and Brazil.
o Summarization of field study results of carbon storage and
greenhouse gas fluxes in tundra, taiga, temperate, and tropical
ecosystems.
o Assessment of sensitivity of carbon biospheric storage and fluxes to
climate change in temperate regions.
o Assessment of effects of climate change on northern freshwater
fisheries.
1993 o Complete national analyses of methane emissions from coal mining and
natural gas operations.
o Report on the biospheric fate of selected CFC substitutes and their
degradation properties.
o Report on the short-term epidemiology study of UV-B induced health
effects in humans living in the southern tip of Chile.
o Technology assessment of biomass utilization for direct and indirect
electricity generation and for production of liquid fuels for the
transportation and utility sectors.
o Assessment of effects of projected climate change on rice genotypes.
1992 o Assessment of potential benefits of managing U.S. forests to store
additional atmospheric carbon.
o Assessment of potential benefit of managing soils to store
additional atmospheric carbon.
o Completed predictive modeling studies on the amount of additional
carbon that might be released to the atmosphere if climate changes
cause a displacement of temperate and high-latitude forests.
o Performed field measurements of the flux of CO2, N2O, and CH4 between
selected terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere.
o Developed biogeochemical process model for the soil carbon cycle and
related biospheric feedbacks.
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AIR
Global Change Research
BUDGET REQUEST
1994 Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $27,460,100 and 37.4 total workyears for
1994, an increase of $1,609,500 and a decrease of 1.5 total workyears from 1993.
Of the request, $2,952,600 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation, and $24,507,500 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents an increase of $412,000 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, and increase of $1,197,500 in the Research and
Development appropriation. The increase to the Program and Research Operations
appropriation reflects additional personnel compensation and benefits (PC&B), and
travel expenses associated with funding ORD's staff of scientists, managers and
support personnel in areas such as quality assurance, extramural resource
management, and high priority research. The increase for the Research and
Development appropriation reflects additional resources for Global Climate
research partially offset by redirection of other research resources to higher
priority research activities. The decrease in total workyears reflects base
redirections to support priority initiatives where scientific information is
needed to address higher health and environmental risks as well as the result of
the government-wide reduction in workyears that is part of the President's
program to reduce the size of the and cost of government.
1993 Budget
The Agency is allocating a total of $25,850,600 and 38.9 total workyears
for this program element, of which $2,540,600 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation, and $23,310,000 is from the Research and Development
appropr iat ion.
FY 1992 Budget
The Agency obligated a total of $24,505,400 and 35.5 total workyears for
this program element, of which $2,781,100 was from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation, and $21,724,300 was from the Research and Development
appropriat ion.
RESEARCH ISSUES
The sections below describe research program issues by each fiscal year:
GLOBAL CLIMATE
1994 Program Reguest
Global climate research is focused on understanding the effects of climate
change on the terrestrial biosphere and predicting the extent of such biospheric
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effects in the future. Research investigating processes and effects will focus
on key physical, chemical, biological, ecological, and human controlled processes
that influence or govern Earth system behavior. This will include studies on
biogeochemical cycling and carbon cycle dynamics, their resultant feedback to the
climate system, investigations into the atmospheric processes influencing global
warming and cooling, and studies on ecosystem effects and vegetative responses.
Ecological research efforts will be refocused and new experiments will be
intiated to study the transient effects of climate change and the responses of
ecosystems.
Monitoring work in FY 1994 will use remote sensing efforts and atmospheric
measurements to identify how rapidly global ecological systems are changing, and
what their relative contributions are to changing atmospheric burdens of relevant
trace gases. These monitoring activities will further characterize landscapes
of North America, continue monitoring biomass burning and land cover changes,
and initiate an assessment activity to optimize monitoring efforts for early
detection of the greenhouse signature. Working with the International Geosphere
and Biosphere Program and the World Meteorological Organization, this early
detection activity will focus on major earth systems which can rapidly respond
to climate change (atmosphere, cryosphere, oceans, and terrestrial biosphere),
use models to identify unique greenhouse gas warming responses, and design
appropriate observational programs to detect the predicted signals.
State-of-science assessments will be conducted to support the internation
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) efforts to re-evaluate the
likely impacts of climate change and effective mitigation and adaptation
responses. ORD will also expand investment in modeling research to accelerate
development of a framework for earth systems modeling, focusing on the need to
couple terrestrial biospheric response to atmospheric and oceanic general
circulation models. Such modeling capability is essential if we are to predict
global climate change with the accuracy and resolution required for assessing
climate change impacts and developing effective response strategies. Global
research is in support of the FCCSET initiative and U.S. Global Climate Research
Program.
1993 Program
In FY 1993, global climate research provides the scientific basis to
assess, evaluate, and predict the ecological and environmental consequences of
global change. Processes and effects research concentrates on investigating the
sources, sinks, pools, and fluxes of greenhouse gases, both natural and human
influenced. This research program also investigates the response of vegetation
to climate change from the plant scale to the landscape and regional scales.
Studies are performed to investigate the tropospheric chemistry of greenhouse and
other trace gases and begin the process of quantifying climate induced biospheric
feedbacks.
Monitoring research includes landscape characterization of North America
to provide the necessary data for predicting the influence of land use changes
on carbon fluxes, as well as monitoring of biomass burning and forest cover
changes. ORD modeling investments are focused on developing the framework to
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demonstrate the feasibility of fully coupled three-dimensional models of the
earth system through development key components for such a modeling framework.
1992 Accomplishments
In FY 1992, research activities centered on reducing several major areas
of uncertainty regarding global climate change. Researchers studied the
influence of the terrestrial biosphere on the carbon cycle, which included
quantifying the role of the terrestrial biosphere as a global sink as well as
quantifying the dynamic biofeedbacks of carbon dioxide and methane to the
atmosphere. Several reports were produced in FY 1992 addressing forest growth,
soil carbon cycle, and related feedbacks in U.S. agroecosystems. Researchers
also investigated global warming potentials for gases other than carbon dioxide,
focusing on quantifying interactive atmospheric chemistry and developing models
to predict tropospheric concentrations and lifetimes of gases. In addition,
evaluations were conducted on the ability of EPA atmospheric models to simulate
transformations of urban carbon compounds and NO, into greenhouse gases.
The potential effects of global change were also studied, emphasizing the
identification of vulnerable natural systems and estimating the effects for
predicted changes. Finally, emission factors were developed for anthropogenic
sources of methane and nitrous oxide, along with reports addressing national
estimates of current and future U.S. emissions of methane from coal mining, and
global estimates of current emissions of methane from landfills.
STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION
1994 Program Request
Stratospheric ozone research will focus on: 1) investigating the effects
of increased UV-B on human health and sensitive aquatic ecosystems; 2)
establishing a ground-based UV-B monitoring network to provide data on UV-B
exposure; and 3) evaluating the fate of industry and government proposed
replacements for ozone depleting compounds (ODCs) to ensure they do not pose
other environmental risks. Health effects research will conduct human
immunosuppression studies to define the basic mechanism which causes UV-B to
induce adverse effects in humans and the extent to which this influences human
susceptibility to infections. In addition, ORD will conduct studies to determine
if UV-B exposure reduces the effectiveness of vaccines and conduct UV-B
epidemiology studies. Aquatic effects research will focus on laboratory
experiments to define the impact of increased UV-B on phytoplankton productivity
and include field experiments on the effects of higher UV-B exposure on sensitive
near-coastal ecosystems.
ORD will also support ground based UV-B monitoring research, including
efforts to establish several monitoring sites and agreements with other federal
agencies and nations to share information on UV-B levels. ORD will also conduct
research on the atmospheric transformation and ecological effects of CFC/HCFC
replacement substances. This research will help determine the atmospheric fate
of proposed replacements for ODCs and the environmental risks associated with
these compounds and their degradation products. Researchers will continue to
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develop a multimedia exposure model to predict environmental concentrations of
replacement compounds and their degradation products.
1993 Program
In FY 1993, researchers continue to investigate critical human and
ecological effects caused by increased levels of UV-B which are reaching the
Earth's surface due to stratospheric ozone depletion. The health effects program
concentrates on determining the extent to which UV-B induces immunosuppression
in humans, including defining the mechanism which causes this effect.
Investments in aquatic effects research center on how phytoplankton species are
adversely impacted by elevated UV-B radiation levels and evaluating how these
effects indirectly impact an entire ecosystem.
ORD also conducts research on the atmospheric transformation and ecological
effects of CFC/HCFC replacement substances. This research helps determine the
atmospheric fate and environmental risks of volatile compounds which are expected
to be used as replacements for ODCs. Researchers are also working to develop a
multimedia exposure model which predicts environmental concentrations of
replacement compounds and their degradation products.
Congressional Directives. A total of $700,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project for the National Ultraviolet Monitoring Center.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, EPA provided data to support major scientific assessments as
scheduled under the Montreal Protocol to determine whether: 1) additional
chemicals should be regulated, 2) the regulatory schedule should be modified,
and 3) greater or lesser controls should be imposed on regulated chemicals.
Planning was initiated for establishing a UV-B monitoring network and exposure
index. Health researchers examined the effects of elevated UV-B radiation on the
human immune system, while ecological studies were conducted on the adverse
impacts associated with increased UV-B on phytoplankton species and the indirect
impact on an entire marine ecosystem. These results will allow EPA to
scientifically evaluate overall policy implications as new scientific information
is developed.
Research was also conducted to predict the atmospheric fate of replacement
chemicals and to determine the potential ecological impacts of the quantity of
these compounds which could be released into the environment.
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES/SBIR
1994 Program Request
As mandated by the Small Business Development Act of 1982 (Public Law 97-219),
EPA will allocate 1.50% of its extramural Research and Development budget for the
Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program. These funds will be used to
support small businesses engaged in the development of equipment for pollution
abatement and control, and instrumentation for monitoring environmental trends
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and conditions. Under this program, ORD will take advantage of unique solutions
to Global Change Research problems and other environmental issues that may be
offered by the private sector. Resources will be identified in the operating
plan and consolidated into the Multimedia Program Element once enactment occurs.
1993 Program
As mandated by the Small Business Development Act of 1982 (Public Law 97-219),
EPA is allocating 1.50% of its extramural Research and Development budget for the
Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program. These funds are used to
support small businesses engaged in the development of equipment for pollution
abatement and control, and instrumentation for monitoring environmental trends
and conditions. Under this program, ORD is able to take advantage of unique
solutions to pesticide related problems and other environmental issues that may
be offered by the private sector.
1992 Accomplishments
Resources and accomplishments supporting this program were budgeted in the
Multimedia program element for 1992.
INFRASTRUCTURE
1994 Program Request
Adequately funded infrastructure is critical to ORD' e success in conducting
the quality science needed to assure that the Agency1 s decisions are
scientifically sound. The most critical part of ORD1 s infrastructure is its
staff. The assumption underlying all our research activities includes a
productive workforce.
ORD has established a cohesive, cross-cutting issue for infrastructure
based upon the importance of this activity to planned and ongoing research
activities. Program and Research Operations (PRO) appropriation funding for the
Global Change Research PE will be centralized within the infrastructure issue to
provide improved management for ORD' s personnel compensation and benefits, and
travel costs associated with managing research programs.
1993 Program
ORD1 s current infrastructure program provides compensation and benefits,
and travel for ORD scientists and engineers. ORD' s workforce carries out
scientific programs in support of the Agency' s mission.
1992 Accomplishments
ORD funded its workyears in scientific support of the Agency1 s mission,
providing the necessary personnel compensation and benefits, and travel for ORD
scientists and engineers.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
of Contents
Page
AIR
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Air Quality and Stationary Source Planning and Standards 2-39
Emission Standards and Technology Assessment 2-40
State Program Guidelines and Air Standards Development .... 2-44
Mobile Source Air Pollution Control and Fuel Economy 2-47
Mobile Source Program Implementation 2-49
Emission Standards, Technical Assessment and Characterization . 2-50
Testing, Technical and Administrative Support 2-53
Emissions and Fuel Economy Compliance 2-55
Resource Assistance for State, Local & Tribal Agencies 2-59
Resource Assistance for State, Local & Tribal Agencies ... 2-60
Air Quality Management Implementation 2-65
Air Quality Management Implementation 2-66
Trends Monitoring and Progress Assessment 2-71
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 2-72
Air Quality and Emissions Data Management and Analysis .... 2-74
Atmospheric Programs 2-79
Acid Rain Program 2-80
Stratospheric Protection Program 2-83
Global Change Program 2-84
Indoor Air Program 2-89
Indoor Air Program 2-90
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AIR
Air Quality & Stationary Source Planning & Standards
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED
1992 BUDGET 1993
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST INCREASE
1994 DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Emission Standards &
Technology Assessment
Program & Research $9,723.2 $10,513.1 $9,777.0 $9,781.3 $10,079.4 $298.1 -$433.7
Operations
Abatement Control and $21,293.4 $23,928.7 $18,087.9 $18,080.4 $19,944.9 $1,864.5 -$3,983.8
Compliance
TOTAL $31,016.6 $34,441.8 $27,864.9 $27,861.7 $30,024.3 $2,162.6 -$4,417.5
State Program
Guidelines & Air
Standards Development
Program & Research $7.351.2 $7.956.3 $7.152.3 $7,072.0 $7,196.5 $124.5 -$759.8
Operations
Abatement Control and $7,077.4 $7,675.3 $5,863.0 $5,859.9 $6.556.5 $696.6 -$1.118.8
Coinpl isnce
TOTAL $14,428.6 $15,631.6 $13,015.3 $12,931.9 $13,753.0 $821.1 -$1,878.6
TOTAL:
Program & Research $17,074.4 $18,469.4 $16,929.3 $16,853.3 $17,275.9 $422.6 -$1,193.5
Operations
Abatement Control and $28,370.8 $31,604.0 $23,950.9 $23,940.3 $26,501.4 $2,561.1 -$5,102.6
Coinpl i ance
Air Quality & TOTAL $45,445.2 $50,073.4 $40,880.2 $40,793.6 $43,777.3 $2,983.7 -$6,296.1
Stationary Source
Planning & Standards
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Emission Standards &
Technology Assessment
State Program
142.3
112.7
153.0
116.7
148.5
114.8
146.9
113.6
156.0
111.7
9.1
-1.9
3.0
-5.0
Guidelines & Air
Standards Development
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 255.0 269.7 263.3 260.5 267.7 7.2 -2.0
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Emission Standards & 149.5 153.0 148.5 146.9 156.0 9.1 3.0
Technology Assessment
State Program 115.1 116.7 114.8 113.6 111.7 -1.9 -5.0
Guidelines & Air
Standards Development
TOTAL WORKYEARS 264.6 269.7 263.3 260.5 267.7 7.2 -2.0
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AIR
Air Quality & Stationary Source Planning and Standards
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $43,777,300 supported by 267.7 total
workyears for 1994, an increase of $2,983,700 and 7.2 total workyears from 1993.
Of the request, $17,275,900 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $26,501,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase in the Program and Research
Operations appropriation of $425,600 and an increase of $2,561,100 in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
EMISSION STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $30,024,300 supported by 156.0 total
workyears for this program, of which $10,079,400 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $19,944,900 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase from 1993 of
$298,100 in the Program and Research Operations appropriation for increased
workforce costs, an increase of $1,864,500 in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation for Clean Air Act activities, and an increase of 9.1 in
total workyears.
In 1994 in order to implement the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, EPA
will focus on promulgating Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standards
for about 20 source categories (4-year standards) and continue work on about 61
source categories (7-year category). The Agency will review the MACT regulatory
schedule and make adjustments as appropriate. The Agency will develop a program
to review and respond to the concerns and recommendations of the National Academy
of Science Risk Assessment Review study to be completed in 1993.
In 1994 significant funds will be focused on completion of a preliminary
report to Congress by November 1993 to identify at least 30 hazardous air
pollutants representing the greatest threat to public health in the largest
number of urban areas. This information will allow EPA to better understand the
nature of the air toxics problem in urban areas and to begin immediately to
develop a comprehensive national strategy by November 1995 for controlling these
area sources. The strategy will focus on a limited number of urban areas
including Chicago, Houston, and Baltimore.
The available data on atmospheric deposition of hazardous air pollutants
to the Great Lakes, Chesapeake Bay, Lake Champlain, and some U.S. coastal waters
obtained in 1993 will be reviewed and summarized in the first report to Congress
to be submitted in early 1994 (reports due every two years thereafter). The
report will identify air toxics sources, potential control or emission reduction
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options, and whether Title III provisions are adequate to prevent serious public
health or environmental effects. Work will continue on expanding the scope of
the analyses to include more U.S. coastal waters.
The municipal waste combuster (MWC) II and III standards will be
promulgated in 1994. Work will then focus on assisting states in implementing
the standards. Work will also begin on developing standards for commercial and
industrial solid waste incinerators. In addition, medical waste standards will
be promulgated in 1994. Significant funds are requested for completing the study
of all air toxic emissions from utilities in 1995. The study will include
alternative control strategies and a recommendation whether a MACT standard is
warranted. In addition, a study of mercury emissions from electric utility steam
generating units, MWCs, and other sources, including area sources will be
completed at the end of 1994 and the results summarized in a report to Congress
in early 1995. The study will include emissions, health and environmental
effects, control technologies and costs.
In 1994 final guidance will be completed for use by state and local
agencies in implementing the modification requirements (section 112(g)) and in
obtaining approval and delegation of Federal air toxic programs (section 112(1)).
Six final control technology guidelines (CTGs) will be published in 1994.
Work on CTGs for the wood furniture, aerospace, and shipbuilding industries is
on a later schedule (early 1995) due to the need to coordinate with section 112
MACT standards being developed for the same categories. A MACT standard will be
developed for autobody refinishing in lieu of a CTG. Final alternative control
technology (ACT) documents will be published for industrial cleanup solvents and
pesticides in lieu of CTGs. Final ACT documents will be published for major
nitrogen oxide (NOx) and volatile organic compound (VOC) sources. Work on
developing consumer product standards will begin in 1994. Additionally, the
Agency will focus on revising the New Source Performance Standard (NSPS) for
electric utilities (Subpart Da) as required by Title V. The major focus will be
on the NOx NSPS. The sulfur dioxide NSPSs are to be revised in accordance with
the deletion of the percent reduction provisions of section 111, and the NOx NSPS
are to be revised based on new, more efficient, control alternatives.
In 1994 EPA will continue to provide support to Regional Offices and state
and local air pollution control agencies in their implementation of programs to
control air toxics, VOC, and PM-10 emissions through the operation of four
technical centers and clearinghouses. The Agency will operate a small business
technical assistance service in coordination with the existing technical
assistance centers to provide technical guidance on control technology, pollution
prevention, and chemical emergency prevention, and consideration of small
business needs and concerns, i.e., regulations that affect them.
1993 PROGRAM
In 1993 the Agency is allocating a total of $27,861,700 supported by 146.9
total workyears for this program, of which $9,781,300 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $18,080,400 is from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
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In 1993 the major focus of the program is implementation of the Clean Air
Act Amendments of 1990, particularly requirements for reducing air toxics through
development of MACT standards for high priority pollutants and source categories.
The EPA is giving high priority to promulgating MACT standards for the hazardous
organic National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) (40
source categories), coke ovens, and dry cleaners. The Agency is also focusing
on development of MACT standards for additional categories to help meet the four-
year deadline in the Act and is continuing work on standards for source
categories to meet the seven-year deadline. In addition, the Agency is providing
technical assistance to states and local agencies in implementing the promulgated
MACT standards.
In addition, this is a critical year for the Early Reductions Program. The
Agency has received approximately 70 applications that must be processed. A
permit rule for these sources must also be promulgated because the operating
permits programs will not be in place soon enough.
In 1993 EPA is continuing development of standards for medical waste
incinerators and municipal waste combustors and performing the screening study
on other waste combustors required by the Clean Air Act; development of final
guidance for the implementation of section 112(g) of the Act, "Modifications;"
and final guidance for states to use in obtaining approval and delegation of
Federal air toxic programs under section 112(1); and supporting the National
Academy of Sciences in their review of EPA's risk assessment procedures and
methods. The Agency is continuing the assessment of emissions of hazardous air
pollutants from electric utilities and increasing efforts to assess the
concentrations of air toxics in the ambient air in urban areas. Also, several
monitoring, modeling, and emission inventories efforts are also continuing in the
Gulf of Mexico.
To help states address ozone nonattainment problems, EPA is continuing: (1)
development of CTGs for 13 categories of sources of volatile organic compounds
(VOCs); (2) an ACT document for sources of nitrogen oxides and a jet aircraft
study of nitrogen oxide emissions; (3) efforts to complete a study on VOC
emissions from consumer commercial products; and (3) development of standards for
marine vessels and architectural and industrial coatings. EPA's revision of the
NSPS for electric utilities and the utility boiler operator certification program
are also ongoing.
The EPA is continuing implementation support to state programs through the
operation of four centers and clearinghouses and through the publication of
implementation support and technology transfer documents for air toxics, ozone,
and PM-10 control. The Agency is also continuing to assist states in the
development of permit programs for air toxics. In addition, the Agency is
initiating support to states in providing compliance and technical assistance to
small businesses that must comply with Clean Air Act requirements.
Congressional Directives; The Agency is increasing efforts to study the
deposition of hazardous air pollutants in the Great Lakes, particularly in
developing and analyzing toxic data bases for the Great Lakes.
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1992 Accomplishments
In 1992 the Agency obligated a total of $31,016,600 supported by 149.5
total workyears for this program, of which $9,723,200 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $21,293,400 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1992 the major focus of the program was implementation of Title III,
"Hazardous Air Pollutants," of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, particularly
requirements for reducing air toxics through development of MACT standards for
high priority pollutants and source categories. The EPA published an initial
list of source categories for which MACT standards must be developed and a draft
regulatory schedule for the promulgation of MACT standards for all listed source
categories. The Agency focused on development of MACT standards to meet the two-
year and four-year deadlines and also began developing MACT standards to meet the
seven-year deadline. The Agency proposed standards for major and area dry
cleaning sources and completed the Early Reduction Program rule to give industry
incentives for voluntarily achieving reductions in emissions of toxic air
pollutants. The Agency developed draft interim pollutant petition process
procedures to respond to petitions to add or delete pollutants and began
developing source category delisting petition guidance as well.
In 1992 EPA promulgated emission standards under section 111 for calciners
and dryers. The Agency continued: (1) work on a study on the deposition of
hazardous air pollutants in the Great Lakes; (2) development of standards for
medical waste incinerators and MWCs; (3) development of guidance for the
implementation of the "Modifications" provisions of section 112(g) and of a draft
rule providing state program guidance under section 112(1) of the Act, (4)
support to the National Academy of Sciences in their review of EPA's risk
assessment procedures and methods; and (5) work on a study of the emissions of
hazardous air pollutants from electric utilities.
EPA also continued development of CTGs for 11 source categories of VOC
emissions and an alternative control technology document for sources of nitrogen
oxides; initiated the development of CTGs for two additional source categories;
continued preparation of a study of VOC emissions from consumer commercial
products; and development of standards for marine vessels. The Agency continued
work on a revision to the NSPS for reducing emissions from electric utilities.
Additionally, development of RACMs and BACMs for major PM-10 sources that
contribute to PM-10 nonattainment in specific geographic areas continued.
EPA provided implementation support to state programs through the operation
of four information centers and clearinghouses and the publication of
implementation support and technology transfer documents for air toxics, ozone,
and PM-10 control. The Agency also assisted states in developing their small
business technical assistance programs for the implementation of air toxics
rules.
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STATE PROGRAM GUIDELINES AND AIR STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $13,753,000 supported by 111.7 total
workyears for this program, of which $7,196,500 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $6,556,500 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $124,500
in the Program and Research Operations due to increased workforce costs, $696,600
in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation and a decrease of 1.9
workyears from 1993. This program focuses on implementing requirements of the
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 for meeting National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQSs) and establishing state operating permit and fee programs. The
decrease in workyears is a result of the government-wide reduction in workyears
that is part of the President's program to reduce the size and cost of
government.
In 1994 EPA will take final action to revise or reaffirm the primary NAAQSs
for sulfur dioxide,or to repropose a new short-term standard, and will complete
its review of the carbon monoxide (CO) NAAQS. The Agency will develop revised
"significant harm" levels for sulfur dioxide and issue implementation guidance.
The Agency will provide benefits, health, and Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA)
support for Federal and state rulemaking activities, including development of New
Source Performance Standards (NSPSs) and National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs). Reviews of the NAAQS for ozone, PM-10, and
nitrogen dioxide will be underway.
EPA will develop rules and provide states with the guidance, assistance,
and training needed to implement the SIP activities required by the new Clean Air
Act. The Agency will review and approve initial SIP submittals and, if
necessary, develop Federal rules and sanctions for disapproved SIPs. The Agency
will issue economic incentive rules, revise the list of nonattainment areas based
on new air quality data or changes to the NAAQSs, and assist ozone transport and
visibility commissions. The Agency will provide states with the procedures,
techniques, and assistance needed for determining required emission reductions;
developing market-based approaches for improving air quality; evaluating and
selecting alternative control measures; preparing control strategy
demonstrations; analyzing transport strategies in the Northeast; implementing
effective tracking mechanisms; and assisting in the identification, adoption, and
implementation of non-traditional control measures that will directly involve the
public (e.g., transportation controls and consumer solvent substitution). The
Agency will review state plans for small business technical assistance programs
and approve or disapprove the submittals.
EPA will provide states with the guidance, assistance, and training to
implement new requirements for operating permits and fees and will review and
approve or disapprove state operating permit program submittals. The Agency will
propose rules for issuing Federal operating permits in the absence of an
acceptable state program. The Agency also will provide guidance and assistance
to Regions and states for permitting new sources. The Agency will issue rules
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to implement a variety of changes in the new clean Air Act for the new source
review program.
EPA will complete a report to Congress on the impact of the Clean Air Act
on visibility. The Agency will provide guidance on integration of sulfur control
programs (e.g., SIPs and acid rain). The Agency will also provide training to
states through short courses, self-study courses, videos, and workshops for
implementing Clean Air Act requirements.
1993 Program
In 1993 the Agency is allocating a total of $12,931,900 supported by 113.6
total workyears for this program, of which $7,072,000 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $5,859,900 is from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
In 1993 EPA will provide states with guidance and other assistance needed
to implement the new Clean Air Act requirements for state operating permit and
fee programs, including general permits, enabling legislation, fee recovery
requirements, and monitoring/reporting requirements. The Agency will propose
rules to implement a variety of changes to the new source review program in the
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The Agency will also propose rules to simplify
the new source review program and to provide guidance for best available control
technology (BACT). The Agency will continue to provide new source review
guidance and assistance to Regions and states and support to national litigation
over current rules.
In 1993 EPA will complete review of the NAAQS for ozone and the secondary
SO2 standard. The Agency will repropose or promulgate revised or reaffirmed
primary NAAQSs for sulfur dioxide.
EPA will continue to develop the guidance and regulations needed to
implement the SIP activities under the new Clean Air Act. This will include
"General Preamble" addenda providing guidance for NO, controls in ozone SIP's,
serious PM-10 areas, and lead nonattainment areas, proposed general conformity
and economic incentive rules, final sanctions criteria, revising and issuing the
list of nonattainment areas, and assisting ozone and visibility transport
commissions. The Agency will develop procedures and techniques for determining
required emission reductions; evaluating and selecting alternative control
measures; preparing control strategy demonstrations; analyzing transport
strategies in the Northeast; and identifying, adopting, and implementing
nontraditional control measures that will directly involve the public (e.g.,
transportation controls and consumer solvent substitution). The Agency also will
develop best available control measure (BACM) and other PM-10 guidance on
woodstoves, prescribed burning, agricultural activities, fugitive source and
nontraditional source control measures (e.g., street cleaning), and secondary
particle formation.
EPA will continue to administer a review process for SIPs submitted by
states. EPA will review and approve or disapprove the initial SIP submittals.
If necessary, the Agency will impose sanctions and develop Federal rules for
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disapproved SIPs. The Agency will continue to implement innovative measures to
reduce the backlog of SIP revisions and expedite processing, including the
operation of a computerized SIP tracking and information system.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992 EPA obligated a total of $14,428,600 supported by 115.1 total
workyears to this program, of which $7,351,200 was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $7,077,400 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. In 1992 EPA gave highest priority to implementation of new Clean
Air Act requirements, including designation and classification of nonattainment
areas; preparation of guidance on developing SIPs for PM-10, sulfur dioxide,
lead, ozone, and carbon monoxide; promulgation of operating permit and fee rules;
and development of guidance for state small business assistance programs.
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AIR
Mobile Source Air Pollution Control & Fuel Economy
PROGRAM
Mobile Source Program
Implementation
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Emission Standards,
Technical Assessment &
Character i zat i on
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Testing, Technical &
Administrative Support
Program & Research
Operat i ons
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Emissions & Fuel
Economy Compliance
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994.
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$769.2
$769.2
$8,194.1
$21,983.9
$30,178.0
$8,351.2
$1,592.7
$9,943.9
$3,128.9
$227.1
$3,356.0
$20,443.4
$23,803.7
$2,869.9
$2,869.9
$11,161.4
$17,423.7
$28,585.1
$6,572.3
$2,600.2
$9,172.5
$2,967.9
$263.1
$3,231.0
$23,571.5
$20,287.0
$2,724.0
$2
$2,724.2
$8,175.0
$12,939.7
$21.114.7
$5,476.5
$3,453.3
$8,929.8
$2,777.7
$434.8
$3,212.5
$19,153.2
$16,828.0
$2,723.5
$2
$2,723.7
$8,176.9
$12,780.9
$20,957.8
$5,466.6
$3,448.0
$8,914.6
$2,783.7
$430.3
$3,214.0
$19,150.7
$16,659.4
$2,985.1
$2
$2,985.3
$9,085.8
$13.841.0
$22,926.8
$6,378.9
$10,889.6
$17,268.5
$2,898.4
$427.1
$3,325.5
$21,348.2
$25,157.9
$261.6
$261.6
$908.9
$1,060.1
$1,969.0
$912.3
$7,441.6
$8,353.9
$114.7
-$3.2
$111.5
$2,197.5
$8,498.5
$115.2
$2
$115.4
-$2,075.6
-$3,582.7
-$5,658.3
-$193.4
$8,289.4
$8,096.0
-$69.5
$164.0
S94.5
-$2,223.3
$4.870.9
Compliance
Mobile Source Air
Pollution Control &
Fuel Economy
TOTAL $44,247.1 $43,858.5 $35,981.2 $35,810.1 $46,506.1 $10.696.0 $2.647.6
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AIR
Mobile Source Air Pollution Control & Fuel Economy
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT
1992 BUDGET 1993 ESTIMATE
1993 1993
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
REQUEST INCREASE
1994 DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
Mobile Source Program
Implementation
Emission Standards,
Technical Assessment &
Characterization
Testing, Technical &
Administrative Support
Emissions & Fuel
Economy Compliance
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Mobile Source Program
Implementation
Emission Standards,
Technical Assessment &
Characterization
Testing, Technical &
Administrative Support
Emissions & Fuel
Economy Compliance
TOTAL UORKYEARS
15.1
121.2
113.0
43.9
293.2
15.6
131.8
118.4
50.2
316.0
52.4
146.9
104.2
47.7
351.2
52.4
146.9
104.2
47.7
351.2
52.1
148.4
104.2
47.7
352.4
52.1
148.4
104.2
47.7
352.4
51.6
146.9
103.2
47.2
348.9
51.6
146.9
103.2
47.2
348.9
50.8
143.7
101.1
46.5
342.1
50.8
143.7
101.1
46.5
342.1
-8
3.2
2.1
-7
6.8
-8
3.2
2.1
-7
6.8
-1.6
-3.2
-3.1
-1.2
-9.1
-1.6
-3.2
-3.1
-1.2
-9.1
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AIR
Mobile Source Air Pollution Control and Fuel Economy
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $46,506,100 supported by 342.1 total
workyears for 1994, an increase of $10,696,000 and a decrease of 6.8 workyears
from 1993. Of the request, $21,348,200 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $25,157,900 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $2,197,500 in the
Program and Research Operations appropriation and an increase of $8,498,500 in
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1994 the Agency expects to collect $10,300,000 in fees from the mobile
source program, including fuel economy, certification, and recall (funded in the
mobile source enforcement program) programs.
MOBILE SOURCE PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $2,985,300 supported by 50.8 total workyears
for this program, of which $2,985,100 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $200 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $261,600 in the Program
and Research Operations appropriation, no change in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation, and a decrease of 0.8 total workyears. The increase
reflects increased workforce costs and the decrease in workyears is a result of
the government-wide reduction in workyears that is part of the President's
program to reduce the size and cost of government.
In 1994 the Regional program will continue to provide policy guidance and
technical support to states developing and implementing I/M programs as part of
their SIPs. Approximately 38 SIPs will need to be reviewed and approved. The
Regional program will continue to provide guidance in the development of mobile
source emissions inventories, transportation control measures, and conformity
determinations. They also will continue to support the states in the development
and implementation of other programs mandated by the CAAA.
EPA Regional offices will provide technical guidance to those states and
localities that are required under the CAAA to implement new or enhanced vehicle
I/M programs. In 1994 an additional 22 cities and areas, which do not currently
have new basic inspection programs, will be required by the CAAA to implement the
new program, and approximately 75 existing basic areas will need to upgrade I/M
programs to meet the new I/M rule requirements. The Regions will continue to
review program proposals and implementation plans and provide appropriate
guidance.
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1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $2,723,700 supported by 51.6 total
workyears for this program, of which $2,723,500 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $200 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1993 the Regional program will continue to provide policy guidance and
technical support to states developing and implementing motor vehicle I/M
programs as part of their SIPs. The Regions will continue to provide guidance
in the development of mobile source emissions inventories, transportation control
measures, and conformity determinations. They also will continue to support the
states in the development and implementation of other programs mandated by the
CAAA, including the oxygenated fuels and clean fuel fleet programs. The Regions
will continue to review program proposals and implementation plans and provide
appropriate guidance. The Regions will continue to audit individual state
programs and make determinations as to consistency with implementation plans and
program effectiveness. The Regional program will support compliance monitoring
of the enhanced I/M program implementation. In 1993 an additional 51 cities and
areas, which do not currently have existing or basic inspection programs, are
required by the CAAA to implement the new program.
1992 Accomplishments
The Agency obligated a total of $769,200 supported by 15.6 total workyears
for this program, all of which was from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation.
The Regional program provided policy guidance and technical support to
states developing and implementing motor vehicle I/M programs as part of their
SIPs. The Regions provided guidance in the development of mobile source
emissions inventories, transportation control measures, and conformity
determinations. They also supported the states in the development and
implementation of other programs mandated by the CAAA, including the oxygenated
fuels and clean fuel fleet programs. The Regions reviewed program proposals and
implementation plans and provided appropriate guidance. The Regions audited
individual state programs and made determinations as to consistency with
implementation plans and program effectiveness.
EMISSION STANDARDS. TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $22,926,800 supported by 143.7 total
workyears for this program, of which $9,085,800 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $13,841,000 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $908,900
in the Program and Research Operations appropriation, and an increase of
$1,060,100 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, and a decrease
of 3.2 total workyears. The increases reflect additional workforce costs and
additional resources for implementation of enhanced inspection/maintenance (I/M)
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programs. The decrease in workyears is a result of the government-wide reduction
in workyears that is part of the President's program to reduce the size and cost
of government.
In 1994 the Agency will continue regulatory work with the revision of motor
vehicle and fuel standards that are already in place, and the development of new
programs to address persistent air quality problems. EPA will promulgate
emissions standards for motor vehicles fueled with Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
and Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG), emission control standards for designated
non-road engines, and methanol test procedures, and will propose non-road marine
standards. EPA will also promulgate standards and sale requirements for the
California pilot program, conversion standards for the clean fuel fleets, and
final standards for the reformulated gasoline/complex model in response to the
mandates of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA).
The emission factor program will continue its efforts to improve the
availability of data on the contributions of mobile sources to air quality
problems by focusing work on assessing the potential impact of new clean vehicles
and fuels, and on non-road sources. This program collects data from in-use
vehicles to assess the impact on emissions from using oxygenated fuels and other
fuels that have been reformulated to be less polluting. The program also
collects emissions data from in-use vehicles representing the new technologies
required to meet the more stringent emission standards mandated by the CAAA.
Work will continue to refine air quality projections and update the mobile source
air quality model, MOBILEX.
The Agency will focus on the implementation of enhanced I/M programs and
will continue to review state implementation plans (SIPs). EPA will provide
technical support to states and local agencies in the implementation of high
technology-based I/M programs and state and local clean fuels/vehicles fleet
programs, including the development of market incentives to provide economically
efficient ways to implement the requirements of the Clean Air Act. In 1994, an
additional 22 cities and areas, which do not currently have new basic inspection
programs, will be required by the CAA to implement the new program, and
approximately 75 existing basic areas will need to upgrade I/M programs to meet
the new I/M rule requirements.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $20,957,800 supported by 146.9 total
workyears for this program, of which $8,176,900 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $12,780,900 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1993 the mobile source program will continue to develop the emission
standards mandated by the CAAA (e.g., reformulated gasoline, unregulated
pollutants, and hydrocarbon reactivity from clean fuels). The Agency continues
developing test protocols to assess the emission impact of new fuels and fuel
additives prior to registration and will promulgate the final rule. As a follow-
on to the mobile source air toxics study, required by the CAAA and to be
published in 1993, EPA is developing emission control strategies for those air
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toxics from mobile sources that warrant control. EPA will propose emissions
standards for motor vehicles fueled with CNG and LPG. in addition, the Agency
will promulgate evaporative emissions standards for motor vehicles (running
losses) to control excessive hydrocarbon emissions and will propose emission
control standards for designated non-road engines.
The emission factor program continues its efforts, at reduced resource
levels, to improve the availability of data on the contributions of mobile
sources to air quality problems by focusing work on assessing the potential
impact of new clean vehicles and fuels. This program collects data from in-use
vehicles to assess the impact on emissions from using oxygenated fuels and other
fuels that have been reformulated to be less polluting. The program also
collects emissions data from in-use vehicles representing the new technologies
required to meet the more stringent emission standards mandated by the CAAA.
Work continues to refine air quality projections and update MOBILEX. The Agency
is also testing the extent to which light-duty truck controls last the full
useful life of the vehicle and new technology developed for heavy-duty vehicles
reduces emissions.
EPA is developing technical guidelines for the clean fuel programs (e.g.,
reformulated gasoline, fuels and fuel additives, oxygenated and other fuels, and
the California pilot program) at the state and local level. The Agency will
propose clean fuel vehicle standards and promulgate clean fuel vehicle credit
programs (for fleets and California programs). Also, EPA will issue a
supplemental proposal and promulgate final standards for reformulated gasoline.
The enhanced I/M regulations will be promulgated. The Agency will continue to
review SIPs and to provide technical support to states and local agencies in the
implementation of high technology-based I/M programs and state and local clean
fuels/vehicles fleet programs, including the development of market incentives to
provide economically efficient ways to implement the requirements of the new
CAAA. Emissions benefits from these programs will depend largely on the
effectiveness of their implementation.
Congressional Directives. Congress has provided $550,000 in 1993 for a
high altitude in-use vehicle compliance program and for a high altitude research
center.
1992 Accomplishments
The Agency obligated a total of $30,178,000 supported by 131.8 total
workyears for this program, of which $8,194,100 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $21,983,900 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1992 the mobile source standards program emphasized control of ozone
precursors and air toxics (e.g., reformulated gasoline, assessing unregulated
pollutants, and characterizing hydrocarbon reactivity from clean fuels). As a
result of regulatory development work on Low Emissions Vehicles (LEVs), EPA
proposed clean fuel vehicle credit programs (for fleets and California programs).
The emission factor program focused on emissions from in-use vehicles using
oxygenated fuels, variables related to non-federal test procedure conditions, and
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new technology heavy-duty engines. In addition, the Agency published a study of
emissions from non-road vehicles, showing that these sources account for 18
percent of the existing inventories of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs). The Agency continued the assessment of emissions performance
of the in-use fleet for updating the MOBILEX model used by state and local
agencies to calculate emissions.
EPA proposed regulations requiring that all gasoline sold in the nine worst
ozone nonattainment areas be reformulated to be less polluting and published the
final rule for the oxygenated fuel program. Additionally, the Agency continued
to work on proposed emissions standards for motor vehicles fueled with CNG and
LPG. These rules were developed to supplement established standards for
methanol-fueled vehicles. The Agency continued work on a study of air toxics
related to mobile sources to determine if additional emission standards for non-
criteria pollutants were needed. Work continued on rules to control excess
evaporative emissions from motor vehicles (running losses), and on developing
test protocols to assess the emission impact of new fuels and fuel additives
prior to registration.
Support to implement and review SIPs continued with emphasis on I/M
programs for in-use vehicles. The enhanced I/M regulations were proposed.
Technical support was provided to state and local jurisdictions enhancing
existing programs (approximately 47 programs in serious or worse ozone
nonattainment areas) or developing new programs (approximately 64 new basic
programs in moderate pzone nonattainment areas). In addition, EPA performed 15
I/M audits.
TESTING. TECHNICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $17,268,500 supported by 101.1 total
workyears for this program, of which $6,378,900 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $10,889,600 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $912,300
in the Program and Research Operations appropriation, an increase of $7,441,600
in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, and a decrease of 2.1
total workyears. The increases reflect increased workyear costs and the need to
provide laboratory equipment and facilities to implement the CAAA. The decrease
in workyears is a result of the government-wide reduction in workyears that is
part of the President's program to reduce the size and cost of government.
In 1994 this program will continue to provide testing, technical, and
administrative support to the operating programs of the Office of Mobile Sources.
Implementation of new test procedures resulting from setting the standards
mandated by the CAAA will continue. Testing on in-use vehicles in support of the
emissions factors and recall programs will continue at a reduced level. EPA will
perform approximately 1,000 in-use tests. In addition, the Agency will perform
approximately 1,000 certification and fuel economy tests at the National Vehicle
and Fuels Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL) to support the compliance program. In
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1994, at least 80% of the new light-duty vehicle (LDV) fleet will be certified
in compliance with the new LDV emission standards. Testing and analysis of fuel
samples collected for enforcement purposes (including volatility and oxygenate
control) will continue. Additionally, EPA will continue to perform tests on
in-use heavy-duty engines to support the implementation and enforcement of the
new standards for these engines.
New leased office space will be provided to replace trailers. Laboratory
facilities will be expanded and upgraded. New equipment will be purchased to
provide testing and technical support for the new test requirements for cold
testing, evaporative emissions, and other mandates of the CAAA. These upgrades
will return the NVFEL to its place as the premier vehicle and fuels emissions
testing facility in the country.
Activities will continue to provide support for: automated data processing
(ADP) timesharing services, local area networks (LANs), laboratory data
acquisition, and computer operations; testing of motor vehicles to measure
emissions and fuel economy; quality assurance and control and correlation
services for EPA and industry testing programs; maintenance and engineering
design of emission testing equipment; and personnel, safety, administrative,
environmental compliance, and facilities support services.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $8,914,600 supported by 103_2 total
workyears for this program, of which $5,466,600 is from the Program Research and
Operations appropriation and $3,448,000 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1993 this program continues providing testing, technical, and
administrative support to the operating programs of the Office of Mobile Sources.
Planning for the implementation of new test procedures resulting from setting the
standards mandated by the CAAA continues. Testing on in-use vehicles in support
of the emissions factors and recall programs will continue at a reduced level.
EPA will perform approximately 1,200 in-use tests. In addition, the Agency will
perform 800 certification and fuel economy tests at the NVFEL to support the
compliance program as it addresses the new standards that vehicles must meet
starting in 1993 for model year 1994. Testing and analysis of fuel samples
collected for enforcement purposes (including volatility and oxygenate control)
continues. Additionally, EPA continues performing tests on in-use heavy-duty
engines to support the implementation and enforcement of the new standards for
these engines.
General activities continue to provide support for: ADP timesharing
services, LANs, laboratory data acquisition, and computer operations; testing of
motor vehicles to measure emissions and fuel economy; quality assurance and
control and correlation services for EPA and industry testing programs;
maintenance and engineering design of emission testing equipment; and personnel,
safety, administrative, environmental compliance, and facilities support
services.
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1992 Accomplishments
In 1992 the Agency obligated a total of $9,943,900 supported by 118.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $8,351,200 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $1,592,700 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
This program provided testing, technical, and administrative support to
recall, tampering/fuel switching, standard setting, emissions characterization,
technology assessment, clean fuels/vehicles, fuel economy, in-use vehicle
emissions assessment, certification, and inspection/maintenance.
Testing support to the certification, fuel economy, and in-use compliance
and assessment programs produced 2,149 tests. Routine testing and analysis of
approximately 2,500 fuel samples collected in the field were completed to
continue enforcement of fuels regulations for volatility and contaminants.
Correlation programs to maintain equivalent test procedures between manufacturers
and EPA continued. Test equipment maintenance, calibration, and repair services
were provided. The adequacy of existing procedures and equipment to test newer
technology was evaluated. When necessary, new equipment and procedures were
designed.
The Agency provided support to: ADP timesharing services, laboratory data
acquisition, LANs, and computer operations; quality assurance and control and
correlation services for EPA and industry testing programs; maintenance and
engineering design of emission testing equipment; environmental compliance, and
facilities support services.
EMISSIONS AND FUEL ECONOMY COMPLIANCE
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $3,325,500 supported by 46.5 total workyears
for this program, of which $2,898,400 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $427,100 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $114,700 in the Program
and Research Operations appropriation, a decrease of $3,200 in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation, and a decrease of 0.7 total workyears. The
increase reflects increased workforce costs and the decreases are a result of the
government-wide reduction in workyears that is part of the President's program
to reduce the size and cost of government.
The emissions certification program will expect to oversee more than 100
original equipment manufacturers and to issue certificates of compliance for
light-duty vehicles, heavy-duty engines, and motorcycles. In 1994 at least 80%
of the new LDV fleet will be certified in compliance with the new LDV emission
standards. Participation in the certification program by importers reselling
vehicles will continue at a stabilized level. The mobile sources fees program
will result in estimated collections of $10.3 million in fees associated with the
issuance of certificates of conformity for motor vehicles and engines.
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The in-use assessment program will continue to work on the Federal Test
Procedure (FTP) to determine if the driving cycles and test parameters remain
representative of in-use conditions. A revised FTP will be proposed if
warranted. In addition, rules to incorporate into the FTP an inspection and
maintenance short test cycle to improve the effectiveness of inspection and
maintenance programs will be promulgated.
The statutory fuel economy information program will continue to produce
labels, Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) calculations, and data for the Gas
Mileage Guide, in accordance with the revised CAFE and fuel economy labeling
requirements.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $3,214,000 supported by 47.2 total
workyears for this program, of which $2,783,700 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $430,300 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The emissions certification program expects to oversee more than 100
original equipment manufacturers and to issue certificates of compliance for
light-duty vehicles, heavy-duty engines, and motorcycles. Participation in the
certification program by importers reselling vehicles is expected to continue at
a stabilized level. The mobile sources fees program will collect an estimated
$9,278,600 in fees associated with the issuance of certificates of conformity for
motor vehicles and engines.
The in-use assessment program continues working on the FTP to determine if
the driving cycles and test parameters remain representative of in-use
conditions. The Agency will publish the FTP study and make the determination on
whether the FTP should be revised. In addition, rules to incorporate into the
FTP an inspection and maintenance short test cycle to improve the effectiveness
of inspection and maintenance programs will be proposed. New requirements for
on-board diagnostic systems will be promulgated.
The statutory fuel economy information program continues producing labels,
CAFE calculations, and data for the Gas Mileage Guide, in accordance with the
revised CAFE and fuel economy labeling requirements. EPA will promulgate
revisions to light-duty durability procedures. Revisions will include
improvements to the current mileage accumulation cycle and provisions for
alternative accelerated durability procedures.
1992 Accomplishments
The Agency obligated a total of $3,356,000 supported by 50.2 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,128,900 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $227,100 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
Work continued on suspected problems with manufacturers' use of defeat
devices. The emissions certification program assessed the validity of
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applications for certification of 100 original equipment manufacturers of
light-duty vehicles, heavy-duty engines, and motorcycles. Reforms implemented
during the last several years, including abbreviation of certification
procedures, revision of the application format, and computerization of much of
the data communication between EPA and manufacturers, has eased EPA's workload
and reduced the burden on manufacturers. Participation in the certification
program by independent commercial importers (ICIs) has stabilized. EPA issued
56 certificates of conformity to ICIs. Certification engineering review
continued to deter the production of vehicle designs incapable of meeting
emission standards. The mobile sources fees program collected $851,300 in fees
associated with the issuance of certificates of conformity for motor vehicles and
engines.
New standards for carbon monoxide emissions in cold ambient conditions were
promulgated. In addition, the rule to implement the mobile source fees program
was promulgated. Light-duty durability procedures revisions were promulgated.
The statutory fuel economy information program was carried out, with 1,522
labels, 32 CAFE calculations, and data for the Gas Mileage Guide.
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co
in
I
CM
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AIR
Resource Assistance For State, Local & Tribal Agencies
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1992 BUDGET 1993 ESTIMATE 1994 DECREASE DECREASE
1993 1993 1994 REG 1994 REQ
VS VS
1993 CE 1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Resource Assistance For
State, Local, and
Tribal Agencies
Abatement Control and $163,818.9 $174,550.0 $176.171.7 $174.588.6 $172.888.6 -$1,700.0 -$1,661.4
Compliance
TOTAL $163,818.9 $174,550.0 $176,171.7 $174.588.6 $172.888.6 -$1.700.0 -$1.661.4
Training
Program & Research $293.8
Operat i ons
TOTAL $293.8
TOTAL:
Program & Research $293.8
Operations
Abatement Control and $163,818.9 $174,550.0 $176,171.7 $174,588.6 $172,888.6 -$1,700.0 -$1,661.4
Compliance
Resource Assistance TOTAL $164,112.7 $174,550.0 $176,171.7 $174,588.6 $172,888.6 -$1,700.0 -$1,661.4
For State. Local and
Tribal Agencies
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Training 4.0
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS 4.0
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Training 4.1
TOTAL UORKYEARS 4.1
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AIR
Resource Assistance for State, Local and Tribal Agencies
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $172,888,600 supported by no workyears for
1994, a decrease of $1,700,000 and no change in workyears from 1993. of the
request, $172,888,600 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents a decrease of $1,700,000 in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation.
RESOURCE ASSISTANCE FOR STATE. LOCAL AND TRIBAL AGENCIES
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $172,888,600 all of which will be for the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an decrease of
$1,700,000 which will reduce the Agency's efforts in PM-10 SIP development and
regional ozone modeling, and the initiation of state air permit fee programs.
In 1994 the multi-state, state, local and tribal agencies will continue to
play a primary role in implementing the new Clean Air Act amendments. EPA will
support these efforts through grants awarded under authorities provided by
sections 103, 105, 106 and 112 of the Act. The agencies will continue efforts
to attain the ozone NAAQSs, giving priority to completing and submitting revised
SIPs with attainment demonstrations due in November 1994. The agencies will
develop and submit SIP revisions to account for 15 percent reductions in volatile
organic compounds (VOCs). The agencies will also continue to develop projected
attainment year inventories and develop and implement programs to track
reasonable further progress (RFP) and to provide for the annual reporting of
emission statements by source operators.
State and local agencies will focus on implementation of regulations for
both stationary and mobile sources. These include inspection and compliance
activities for Class A and Class B VOC sources and nitrogen oxides sources.
Upgrading and replacing ozone and carbon monoxide monitoring networks will
continue. Activities in the Northeast resulting from establishment of the
Northeast Transport Commission and the follow-on efforts of the regional ozone
modeling efforts (ROMNET) will continue. Programs for enhanced ozone sampling
and for long-term sampling of ozone precursors will continue. State and local
agencies will continue to implement programs for assessing and reducing exposure
to air toxics. Efforts associated with the air toxics early reduction program
will continue including the review and processing of permit applications from
candidate sources. PM-10 SIP development activities will continue for areas
designated as "serious" nonattainment areas and for newly designated
nonattainment areas. Quality assurance and quality control efforts relating to
emissions inventories for ozone, carbon monoxide, and PM-10 will continue.
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State and local agencies will continue to develop and begin implementation
of operating permit program requirements for major sources of criteria pollutants
and air toxics. Operating permit program activities will be continued to provide
for review of submitted permit programs, implementation of approved programs and
support for development of programs in states where programs have not been
submitted. Outreach and training programs for states developing and implementing
permit programs will be provided. Acid rain program development will also
continue. States will continue to operate sulfur dioxide and PM-10 monitoring
networks and inspect major sulfur dioxide and PM-10 sources. State prevention
of significant deterioration and new source review programs will also continue
as well as continued support for Indian tribes. Support will continue for
visibility monitoring in Class I areas and for the Grand Canyon Visibility
Commission . Support will also continue for upgrading existing air pollution
control training courses with an emphasis on providing delivery of courses
addressing the new Clean Air Act needs and requirements. Studies and control
strategy planning will continue to address the U.S.-Mexico border air quality
problem. Efforts are continued at the state level to provide for staff training,
inspection, and outreach to address stratospheric ozone depletion. States and
selected local agencies will provide technical assistance and guidance to small
manufacturing and business establishments that may be affected by the
requirements of the new Clean Air Act.
1993 Program
In 1993 the Agency is allocating a total of $174,588,600 all of which will
be from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These resources are
supporting implementation of new or expanded Clean Air Act requirements for
operating permit programs, mobile source controls, small business technical
assistance, early reductions activities, market-based approaches, phase-out of
chlorofluorocarbons, and enhanced ozone monitoring networks.
In 1993 the state and local agencies continue to play a primary role in
implementing the new Clean Air Act amendments. State and local agencies are
continuing efforts to attain the ozone and carbon monoxide NAAQSs, giving
priority to completing and submitting revised Ozone SIPs with attainment
demonstrations. The agencies are developing and submitting SIP revisions to
account for 15 percent reductions in volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Activities in the Northeast resulting from establishment of the Northeast
Transport Commission continue and the follow-on efforts of the regional ozone
modeling efforts (ROMNET) are being completed. States are also developing
projected attainment year inventories and developing and implementing programs
to track reasonable further progress (RFP) and to provide for source operators
to submit annual emission statements.
State and local agencies are adopting and implementing regulations for both
stationary and mobile sources. These new regulations are resulting in inspection
and compliance activities for Class A and Class B VOC sources and nitrogen oxides
sources. Ozone and carbon monoxide monitoring networks continue to be upgraded
and obsolete equipment replaced. Enhanced ozone sampling networks and networks
for long-term sampling of ozone precursors are being established. State and
local agencies are implementing programs for assessing and reducing exposure to
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air toxics. Efforts associated with the air toxics early reduction program have
expanded and include the review and processing of permit applications from
candidate sources. PM-10 SIP development activities continue for areas
designated as "serious" nonattainment areas. States are providing quality
assurance and quality control reviews of emissions inventories for ozone, carbon
monoxide, and PM-10.
State and local agencies continue to develop operating permit programs for
major sources of criteria pollutants and air toxics. Operating permit program
activities have expanded to provide for development of approvable interim permit
programs and outreach and training programs. The development of state acid rain
programs continue. States continue to operate and maintain sulfur dioxide and
PM-10 monitoring networks and operate quality assurance and quality control
programs for these networks. States continue to maintain the prevention of
significant deterioration and new source review programs as well as provide
support for Indian tribes. Support is being provided for visibility monitoring
in Class I areas and for the Grand Canyon Visibility Commission. The upgrading
of existing air pollution control training courses and the development of new
courses addressing the new Clean Air Act needs and requirements is in the third
year of a three-year effort. New efforts have been initiated at the state level
to provide for staff training, inspection, and outreach to address stratospheric
ozone depletion. States and selected local agencies are initiating new programs
to provide technical assistance and guidance to small manufacturing and business
establishments that may be affected by the requirements of the new Clean Air Act.
Studies and control strategy planning are being expanded to further address the
U.S.-Mexico border air quality problem.
Congressional Directives. A total of $1,700,000 is being provided for two
special projects: A PM-10 ambient air quality study in Central Valley,
California and additional funding for the Northeast States for Coordinated Air
Use Management (NESCAUM) for interstate pollution control and ozone reduction.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992 the Agency allocated a total of $163,818,900 all of which was from
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1992 the control agency support program focused on implementation of the
requirements contained in the new Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. A principal
portion of that effort was the development and implementation of strategies to
attain NAAQSs for ozone and carbon monoxide. Base year emissions inventories in
ozone and carbon monoxide nonattainment areas were developed and updated with
particular emphasis on expanding the inventories to include small point sources
and source category tracking requirements. Included in this effort were the
initial efforts at developing projection year inventories for ozone. States
adopted and implemented additional stationary and mobile source control programs
in 1992, including reasonably available control technology (RACT) for existing
and new VOC stationary sources and enhanced vehicle inspection/maintenance
programs. States also continued their efforts in evaluating the effectiveness
of current VOC control programs in order to better account for the overall
reductions in emissions. The Northeast Transport Commission was established to
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oversee and coordinate efforts to further identify ozone transport and to assess
control options for the northeast areas. Ozone and carbon monoxide monitoring
networks were upgraded and expanded and obsolete monitors continued to be
replaced. Initial design and planning efforts for the enhanced ozone/precursor
networks were completed. Both the inspection and compliance level of Class A and
B VOC sources continued to improve in 1992.
State and local agencies continued development of programs for assessing
and reducing exposure to air toxics and developed strategies for achieving both
near-term and long-term air toxic reductions. States developed demonstration
programs to incorporate market based incentive programs to aid in compliance
efforts associated with smaller toxic point and area sources. States also
continued development and upgrading of their air toxics programs to provide for
the implementation of the hazardous air pollutant provisions of the Clean Air Act
amendments. States also developed and implemented the air toxics Early Reduction
Program. Inspection and compliance activities associated with sources of
hazardous emissions expanded. Initial development of an urban air monitoring
network began in 1992. States continued their efforts in developing operating
permit programs.
States prepared and submitted required SIPs for areas designated as
nonattainment for PM-10. In addition, states updated and performing quality
assurance reviews of emissions inventories associated with these SIPs. Efforts
continued by the states to achieve and maintain the NAAQS for lead through
coordinated activities that addressed source inspections, monitoring, and SIP
planning. States continued to expand staff capabilities to better coordinate
acid rain activities with EPA and provided review and verification of utility
data. States continued to operate sulfur dioxide and PM-10 monitoring networks
and inspect major sulfur dioxide and PM-10 sources. State prevention of
significant deterioration and new source review programs also continued. Support
for Indian tribes increased to allow for identification and assessment of air
quality problems on Indian lands.
Increased support was provided for expanding visibility monitoring in both
the northeast and western Class I areas. The Grand Canyon Visibility Commission
was established to coordinate efforts by those affected states to address
visibility problems in the Grand Canyon. Resources were directed specifically
to assessing the air quality problems associated with the U.S.-Mexico border and
to the development of control strategies to address these problems. Existing air
pollution training courses were upgraded and new courses are being developed to
addressing the needs and requirements stipulated in the new Clean Air Act
amendments.
Congressional Directives; A total of $2,074,900 was provided for three
special projects: Northeast interstate nonattainment and visibility problems,
the South Coast Air Quality Management District's alternative fuels options
demonstration project, and a small business technical assistance program.
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TRAINING
1994 Program Request
This program does not exist in FY 1994.
1993 Program
The Agency request for this program is included under State Program
Guidelines and Air Standards Development.
1992 Accomplishments x
THe Agency allocated a total of $293,800, supported by 4.1 total workyears
to this program, all of which was from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation.
In 1992, the Agency trained and provided self-instructional materials to
persons involved in air pollution control at the state and local level. The
program developed and revised short courses to address the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990. Some technical support was also provided to the states and
Regions for specialty workshops and training courses.
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AIR
Air Quality Management Implementation
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST
1993 ESTIMATE 1994
1993
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Air Quality Management
Implementation
Program & Research $18,470.9
Operations
Abatement Control and $1,167.6
Compliance
TOTAL $19,638.5
$21,590.3
$322.9
$21,913.2
$22,271.6 $22,191.9 $22,841.0
$936.9 $963.7 $357.3
$23,208.5 $23,155.6 $23,198.3
$649.1
-$606.4
$42.7
$1,250.7
$34.4
$1,285.1
TOTAL:
Program & Research $18,470.9 $21,590.3 $22,271.6 $22,191.9 $22,841.0 $649.1 $1,250.7
Operations
Abatement Control and $1,167.6 $322.9 $936.9 $963.7 $357.3 -$606.4 $34.4
Compliance
Air Quality Management TOTAL $19,638.5 $21,913.2 $23,208.5 $23,155.6 $23,198.3 $42.7 $1,285.1
Implementation
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Air Quality Management
Implementation
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
327.0 394.2 398.7 394.8 388.7 -6.1 -5.5
327.0 394.2 398.7 394.8 388.7 -6.1 -5.5
Air Quality Management 341.2 394.2 398.7 394.8 388.7 -6.1 -5.5
Implementation
TOTAL UORKYEARS 341.2 394.2 398.7 394.8 388.7 -6.1 -5.5
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AIR
Air Quality Management Implementation
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $23,198,300 supported by 388.7 total
workyears for 1994, an increase of $42,700 and a decrease of 6.1 workyears due
to the Administration's government streamlining efforts. Of the request,
$22,841,000 will be for the Program and Research Operations appropriation and
$357,300 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This
represents an increase in the Program and Research Operations appropriation of
$649,100 due to increased workforce costs and a decrease in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation of $606,400.
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $23,198,300 supported by 388.7 total
workyears for this program, of which $22,841,000 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $357,300 will be for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $649,100 for the
Program and Research Operations appropriation to reflect increased workforce
costs and a decrease of $606,400 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance
Appropriation. The decrease of 6.1 total workyears is a result of the
government-wide reduction in workyears that is part of the President's program
to reduce the size and cost of government.
In 1994 the Regional air quality management program will continue to focus
on providing assistance to the states in developing ozone state implementation
plans (SIPs) to implement the many requirements of the Clean Air Act Amendments
of 1990. The Regions will oversee the development of plans to achieve a 15
percent reduction in volatile organic compounds (VOCs), data bases and control
strategies needed to demonstrate attainment and the development of SIP revisions,
and state programs for the reporting of annual emission statements by operators
of sources of VOCs and nitrogen oxides. During 1994 the Regions will review
state submitted regulatory changes for approvability.
Regional Offices will also provide assistance and guidance to states in
developing processes and methods to allow for the periodic updating (every three
years) of emissions inventory data for ozone, carbon monoxide, and size-specific
particulate matter (PM-10). In order to provide the capability to track actual
emissions reductions and to verify the states' reasonable further progress (RFP)
requirements, efforts will be directed at development and implementation of RFP
tracking systems.
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Requirements for PM-10 will focus on developing attainment demonstrations
in areas classified as "serious." Assistance will be provided to state and local
agencies in developing regulations to implement best available control measures
(BACM) for PM-10 sources.
Regions will continue efforts to help states to remove sulfur dioxide SIP
deficiencies in order to provide a compliance base for sources applying for
operating permits.
States must establish operating permit program requirements for all major
stationary sources. Regional Offices will be required to provide assistance and
guidance to states as they develop and implement operating permit programs. As
permit programs are submitted by the states, Regional Offices will review the
acceptability of permit programs and take rulemaking action to approve or
disapprove them. Regional Offices will also develop and implement audit programs
to oversee state permitting activities.
During 1994 EPA Regions will integrate the administration of toxics and
permits programs since operating permit program applies to sources of air toxics
as well as sources of the criteria pollutants. With an expanded universe of
sources to permit and provisions and stipulations in the Clean Air Act that allow
toxic sources to seek early reductions in emissions, Regional Offices will
provide review of these toxic source requests and assess alternate compliance
programs for sources. Efforts will also be continued in support of an air toxic
deposition study in the Great Lakes.
Regions will provide guidance and support to states in establishing small
business technical assistance programs. Efforts will also continue to assess air
quality and emissions along the U.S. - Mexico border and begin to develop shared
control strategy responsibilities.
1993 Program
In 1993 the Agency is allocating a total of $23,155,600 supported by 394.8
total workyears to this program, of which $22,191,900 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $963,700 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1993 the Regional air quality management program continues to focus on
providing assistance to the states in developing ozone/carbon monoxide SIPs to
implement the many requirements of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. These
requirements include developing and adopting reasonably available control
technology (RACT) regulations for newly designated nonattainment areas,
completing the correction to RACT regulations in existing nonattainment areas,
completing base year emission inventories to reflect 1990 emissions and expanding
inventories to include additional sources based upon the requirements stipulated
by the area's classification (i.e. moderate, serious, severe or extreme). The
Regions are working with the states to develop emission inventory data bases and
control strategies that are needed to demonstrate attainment. Regions are
providing assistance in the development of SIP revisions and programs for the
submission of annual emission statements by operators of sources of VOCs and
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nitrogen oxides. Regions are also performing detailed reviews of base year
inventories and continue to expand programs to quality assure critical inventory
components. State submitted regulatory changes are being reviewed for
approvab i1ity.
Regional Offices are also providing assistance and guidance to states in
developing processes and methods to allow for the periodic updating (every three
years) of emissions inventory data for ozone, carbon monoxide, and PM-10. In
order to provide the capability to track actual emissions reductions and to
verify the states' RFP requirements, Regional efforts are being directed at
development and implementation of RFP tracking systems.
Assistance is being provided to state and local agencies in developing
regulations to implement reasonably available control measures (RACMs) for PM-10
sources and for the development of SIP revisions for lead. Regions are reviewing
PM-10 and lead SIP revisions and preparing rulemaking packages addressing these
SIP revisions.
Regions are expanding efforts to help states remove sulfur dioxide SIP
deficiencies in order to provide a compliance base for sources applying for
operating permits under the soon to be implemented permit programs.
Under the permit programs, states must establish operating permit program
requirements for all major stationary sources. Regional Offices are providing
assistance and guidance to states as they develop and implement operating permit
programs. A number of states do not have sufficient legislative authority to
meet all the requirements of the operating permit program as defined in the Clean
Air Act Amendments of 1990 Regional Offices are working with these states to
review legislative authorities and provide assistance in assuring state law meets
the legal requirements of the operating permit program. As interim permit
programs are developed by the states, Regional Offices are reviewing them for
acceptability. Regional offices are also reviewing source permits issued under
such programs. Regional Offices are beginning to develop and implement audit
programs to oversee state permitting activities.
Regional offices are integrating the administration of toxics and permits
programs since operating permit program applies to sources of air toxics as well
as sources of the criteria pollutants. With an expanded universe of sources to
permit and provisions and stipulations in the Clean Air Act that allow toxic
sources to seek early reductions in emissions, Regional Offices are providing
expanded review of these toxic source requests and are assessing alternate
compliance programs for these sources. Efforts are also being expanded to
support an air toxic deposition study in the Great Lakes.
Regions are providing guidance and support to states in establishing small
business technical assistance programs. Efforts are being expended to assess air
quality and emissions along the U.S. - Mexico border and begin the development
of shared control strategy responsibilities.
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Congressional Directives; In 1993 a total of $600,000 is being provided
to fund an alternate fuels demonstration project for the South Coast Air Quality
Management District.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992 the Agency allocated a total of $19,638,500 supported by 341.2
total workyears to this program, of which $18,470,900 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $1,167,600 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1992 Regions were involved in implementing the requirements of the Clean
Air Act Amendments of 1990. Guidance and assistance was provided to the states
in a number of areas including emissions inventory quality assurance and quality
control, correction of existing VOC stationary source regulations, and procedures
and techniques for determining required emission reductions. Additionally,
Regions also provided assistance in evaluating and selecting control measures,
and preparing attainment demonstrations. Many of the state and local control
regulations were reviewed for effectiveness.
Regions reviewed state submitted SIPs and rulemakings were initiated as a
result of these reviews. SIP revisions reviewed included VOC rule correction
revisions and PM-10 SIPs for moderate nonattainment areas. Regions continued to
work closely with state agencies regarding emissions inventory management.
Regions provided quality assure guidance to states and worked to ensure
correction of identified deficiencies in the various state submitted draft
inventories prior to their formal submission. Guidance was provided to states
for VOC and PM-10 emissions inventories. Regions provided assistance in refining
base year inventories, tracking RFP requirements and completing projection year
inventories. Follow-on activities regarding regional transport work in the
northeast continued along with the establishment of the Northeast Transport
Commission. Regions provided guidance and assistance to states for the
development and submission of SIPs for PM-10 nonattainment areas designated as
"serious." Technical assistance and support was provided to state and local
governments regarding the development and implementation of operating permit
programs for both criteria pollutants and air toxics. Regions also provided
assistance in reviewing existing state legal authorities needed for
implementation of the operating permit program. Regions provided guidance and
oversight to states as they developed their early reduction toxic programs.
Regions provided support to state and local programs to control air toxics under
the new Act, as well as supporting state efforts to mitigate high-risk urban
impacts. Efforts were initiated this year to study air toxic deposition in the
Great Lakes. Assistance was also provided in revising sulfur dioxide SIPs to
ensure compliance with the integrated sulfur dioxide program. A number of other
ongoing air quality management activities continued including review/oversight
of the air grants process, providing support to Indian tribes, supporting
litigation activities, and supporting state new source review and prevention of
deterioration programs.
Congressional Directives; In 1992 a total of $600,000 was provided for a
multi-year study on high risk pollution in the Baton Rouge/New Orleans corridor.
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(O
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AIR
Trends Monitoring & Progress Assessment
ACTUAL PRES.
1992 BUDGET
1993
ENACTED CURRENT
1993 ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST INCREASE
1994 DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Ambient Air Quality
Monitoring
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
$4,655.0 $5,219.6
$96.7 $122.8
$4,751.7 $5,342.4
$5,136.2 $5,136.2
$188.5 $198.8
$5,324.7 $5,335.0
$5,447.3 $311.1
$198.8
$5,646.1 $311.1
$227.7
$76.0
$303.7
Air Quality & Emission
Data Management &
Analysis
Program & Research $6,809.3 $7,895.0 $7,091.7 $7,071.6 $6,955.5 -$116.1 -$939.5
Operations
Abatement Control and $23,092.9 $26,398.4 $19,160.1 $19,256.2 $19,875.6 $619.4 -$6,522.8
Compliance
TOTAL $29,902.2 $34,293.4 $26,251.8 $26,327.8 $26,831.1 $503.3 -$7.462.3
TOTAL:
Program & Research $11,464.3 $13,114.6 $12,227.9 $12,207.8 $12,402.8 $195.0 -$711.8
Operations
Abatement Control and $23,189.6 $26,521.2 $19,348.6 $19,455.0 $20,074.4 $619.4 -$6,446.8
Compliance
Trends Monitoring & TOTAL $34,653.9 $39,635.8 $31,576.5 $31,662.8 $32,477.2 $814.4 -$7,158.6
Progress Assessment
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Ambient Air
Monitoring
kir Quality
Quality
& Emission
82
104
.5
.9
95
115
.3
.8
95.1
111.2
94.1
110.1
92
108
.7
.5
-1.4
-1.6
-2.6
-7.3
Data Management &
Analysis
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 187.4 211.1 206.3 204.2 201.2 -3.0 -9.9
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Ambient Air Quality 88.2 95.3 95.1 94.1 92.7 -1.4 -2.6
Monitoring
Air Quality & Emission 108.3 115.8 111.2 110.1 108.5 -1.6 -7.3
Data Management &
Analysis
TOTAL WORKYEARS 196.5 211.1 206.3 204.2 201.2 -3.0 -9.9
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AIR
Trends Monitoring and Progress Assessment
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $32,477,200 supported by 201.2 total
workyears for 1994, an increase of $814,400 and a decrease of 3.0 workyears from
1993. The decrease in workyears is a result of the government-wide reduction
in workyears that is part of the President's program to reduce the size and cost
of government. Of the request, $12,402,800 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $20,074,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation of $195,000 due to increased workforce costs
and an increase of $619,400 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $5,646,100 supported by 92.7 total workyears
for this program, of which $5,447,300 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $198,800 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $311,100 for the
Program and Research Operations appropriation for increased workforce costs, no
change in the Abatement, Control and Compliance Appropriation, and a decrease of
1.4 total workyears which is a result of the government-wide reduction in
workyears that is part of the President's program to reduce the size and cost of
government.
In 1994 the ten EPA Regional Offices will continue overview and management
of state air monitoring programs including grants review, coordination of
emission and air quality data bases, and validation of data from the National Air
Monitoring System (NAMS) and the State and Local Air Monitoring System (SLAMS)
data base. Data analyses including air quality trend information will be
developed as input to the Regional Trend Reports.
In the area of quality assurance, significant resources will be used for
on-site systems audits of state networks and monitors. In addition, the Regional
laboratories will continue to participate in the national air audit program.
Size-specific particulate matter (PM-10) monitors established or moved during
1993 will require review and site visits to verify compliance with EPA air
monitoring regulations. Reviews of PM-10 ambient data and sampling frequency
will be performed and will include data critical to classification determinations
and identification of possible control strategies. The Regions will continue to
provide quality assurance support to Indian tribal units and to assist in
developing ambient monitoring programs.
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Technical oversight and support will be provided to state and local
programs in refining and validating data bases needed to prepare state
implementation plans (SIPs) for 97 ozone areas and 42 carbon monoxide areas.
Support to the upgrading of the ambient networks for these areas will be expanded
with special emphasis on planning and implementing enhancements to ozone and
precursor networks in areas classified as "serious," "severe" and "extreme."
Efforts for 1994 will focus on assisting state and local agencies in establishing
the second sites in each area, providing consultation on the acquisition and
operation of state-of-the-art equipment for sampling volatile organic compounds,
assisting in the refinement of quality assurance programs, and fostering programs
to analyze ambient precursor data.
The Agency's toxic monitoring program will continue with support to pilot
programs for organics, support to other state and local sampling on methods,
siting and quality assurance, and support to control agencies in evaluating the
impact of specific toxic emission sources and refining toxic emission data bases.
Support will also be given to new Agency efforts to establish ambient toxics
sampling in the vicinity of the Great Lakes and other major boundary waters. To
address key requirements of section 815 of the 1990 Amendments, the Regions will
expand their support to ambient sampling programs along the U.S. - Mexico border.
Support will be provided in several border areas and will focus on network
planning, program oversight, and providing guidance to Mexican environmental
staff.
1993 Program
In 1993 the Agency is allocating a total of $5,335,000 supported by 94.1
total workyears for this program, of which $5,136,200 will be from the Program
and Research Operations appropriation and $198,800 will be from the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1993 the ten EPA Regional Offices will continue overview and management
of state air monitoring programs including grants review, coordination of
emission and air quality data bases, and validation of data from the NAMS and
SLAMS data base. Data analyses including air quality trend information will be
developed as input to the Regional Trend Reports.
In the area of quality assurance, significant resources will be used for
on-site systems audits of state networks and monitors. In addition, the Regional
laboratories will continue to participate in the national air audit program. PM-
10 monitors established or moved during 1992 will require review and site visits
to verify compliance with EPA air monitoring regulations. Reviews of PM-10
ambient data and sampling frequency will be performed and will include data
critical to classification determinations and identification of possible control
strategies.
During 1993 the Regional Offices will continue oversight of a toxic pilot
program for organic species in ten cities established in 1992. Initially, the
organics collected at these sites are only being analyzed for toxic species.
During the summer of 1993 these sites will become part of the enhanced
ozone/precursor network. Resources will also be used to provide moni-
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toring/quality assurance support and technical assistance to states in evaluating
the source impact of specific toxic air pollutants from sources considered for
regulation under state control programs. Support for state and local toxics
efforts in urban areas will continue with management, coordination, and technical
assistance provided to complete or refine toxics emission data bases and to
improve state and local ambient monitoring capabilities.
Technical oversight and support will be provided to state/local programs
developing data bases needed to prepare SIPs. This will include data bases for
97 ozone areas and 42 carbon monoxide areas as well as additional areas
identified through recent exceedances. Significant support is being provided in
planning networks and selecting the initial sites for enhanced ozone and
precursor networks to be established in 1993. Oversight of revisions to the
carbon monoxide and ozone ambient networks will continue with emphasis on
evaluating networks for nonattainment areas designated since 1991 and
implementing corrective actions. The Regions will continue to provide quality
assurance support to Indian tribes and to assist in developing tribal monitoring
programs. To address key requirements of section 815 of the 1990 amendments, the
Regions are supporting ambient sampling programs along the U.S. - Mexico border.
Support will be provided in three border areas and will focus on network
planning, program oversight, and providing guidance to Mexican environmental
staff.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated a total of $4,751,700 supported by 88.2 total
workyears, of which $4,655,000 was from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $96,700 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1992 the Regional Offices coordinated the collection, validation and
submission of ambient data with emphasis on areas developing revised SIPs for
ozone and carbon monoxide. Ambient network support focused on eliminating air
monitoring sites having marginal utility and in identifying changes needed to
adequately monitor current or projected areas of ozone and carbon monoxide
nonattainment. In addition, the Regions assisted states in implementing network
plans for ambient monitoring of PM-10, completing quality assurance plans
necessary to meet EPA requirements, and in updating multi-year plans for
replacement of ambient monitors and related equipment. On-site audits of 285
monitors were conducted including 121 newly established PM-10 samplers. The
Regions also assisted 25 state and local agencies in assessing potential risks
from toxic pollutants through ambient sampling and 12 agencies in developing
emission inventories. The Regions also provided quality assurance support to
Indian tribes and assistance in developing tribal monitoring programs.
AIR QUALITY AND EMISSION DATA MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $26,831,100 supported by 108.5 total
workyears for this program, of which $6,955,500 will be for the Program and
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Research Operations appropriation and $19,875,600 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents a decrease of $116,100 for
the Program and Research Operations appropriation, an increase of $619,400 for
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, and a decrease of 1.6
workyears from 1993. The decrease in workyears is a result of the government-
wide reduction in workyears that is part of the President's program to reduce the
size and cost of government.
The increases will allow support of modifications to EPA data systems which
will support the Regional Offices and states in management of operating permits
information. Emission Testing support to the development of Maximum Achievable
Control Technology (MACT) standards will be decreased. All three of the
Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) Subsystems will be maintained and
guidance will be provided to users. Two states and three to five additional local
agencies will be provided with access to the Facility Subsystem (AFS). New
software to support high priority reports and analyses will be implemented
including modifications to AFS which will support Regional Office and state
management of data on operating permits. Additional AIRS software to track,
summarize, and display air quality and emission data relating to ozone, carbon
monoxide and PM-10 regulatory programs will be developed.
Support of Headquarters, Regional Office, and state and local modeling of
both criteria and toxics pollutants will be continued as will ongoing efforts to
evaluate model accuracy and provide refined models and guidance. Implementation
of the Agency's toxic monitoring strategy will continue and include planning and
coordination of efforts to establish toxic sampling in the vicinity of the Great
Lakes and other major boundary waters. Support to the development of MACT
standards will be continued through accelerated programs to test candidate
sources and develop test methods. Technical support to state and local test
programs will be continued. The program will continue emission tests of selected
criteria pollutant sources and to publish emission factors and related guidance
to support state toxics programs. The program will also continue to prepare
analyses of ambient and emission trends, issue status and trends reports, and
provide national oversight of SIP ambient monitoring.
Technical support to the ozone/carbon monoxide program will be continued
at a high level in seven critical areas: (1) Refinement of baseline software for
storing, retrieving, and analyzing emissions inventory data on smaller (area)
sources and for mobile sources. This will complement related EPA capabilities
for handling inventory data from large (point) sources; (2) Technical support to
state and local programs to enhance carbon monoxide, ozone, and ozone precursor
monitoring networks; (3) Technical support to the application of urban grid
models in about 30 ozone areas; (4) National oversight and quality assurance of
the SIP (baseline) emission inventories and support to the development of
periodic inventories and other data bases which will be used for attainment
demonstrations; (5) Development of VOC, nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide
emission factors; (6) refinement and management of systems for tracking future
reductions to baseline emissions; and (7) technical support to application of
EPA's Regional Oxidant Model in the Southeast, Northeast, and Midwest.
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The program will continue to provide technical guidance to Regional Offices
and state and local agencies in applying PM-10 dispersion and receptor models,
applying PM-10 emission factors and inventory guidance, evaluating monitoring
networks and ambient data, conducting special studies, and applying methods for
testing sources of particulates. Efforts to develop emission factors for
additional PM-10 source categories will be continued. Guidance will be provided
concerning the application of improved factors and dispersion models in assessing
the air quality impact of emissions from surface coal mines.
1993 Program
In 1993 the Agency is allocating a total of $26,327,800 supported by 110.1
workyears for this program, of which $7,071,600 will be from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $19,256,200 will be from the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1993 active support is provided for implementation of the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990. Emphasis will be placed on developing required rules and
guidance on modeling and monitoring, participation in several required studies
and on generally providing expanded technical support to the ozone/carbon
monoxide program and to the toxics program. For the ozone/carbon monoxide
program, implementation support will focus on: completion of baseline software
for a new system for storing, retrieving, and analyzing emissions inventory data
on smaller (area) sources and on mobile sources; issuance of final rules
requiring the establishment of long-term networks for sampling ozone precursors,
and technical support to the planning and implementation of enhanced networks;
technical support to the application of urban grid models used in ozone
attainment demonstrations; provision of technical and operational support to
state/local modeling efforts for both carbon monoxide and ozone areas;
continuation of work on long-term application of Regional Oxidant Models in three
regions; continuation of programs for managing, tracking, and quality assuring
emission inventory data including data quality reviews of SIP inventories for
national consistency. Also, efforts will be initiated to develop prescriptive
requirements for preparing point and area source inventories in the future.
Efforts to develop improved methods for compiling future PM-10 inventories
will be continued as will efforts to develop and issue emission factors for
significant sources of particulates. Support of Headquarters, Regional Office
and state/local modeling of both criteria and toxic pollutants will be continued
as will ongoing efforts to evaluate model accuracy and provide refined models and
guidance. Implementation of the Agency's toxic monitoring strategy will
continue. The program will also continue to prepare analyses of ambient and
emission trends, issue status and trends reports and provide national oversight
of SIP ambient monitoring. Additional analyses will be done for a completed
study of the impact of emissions from the Mohave Power Plant on visibility in and
near Grand Canyon National Park.
Air toxics support will continue in four areas: (1) development of
emission test methods for MACT standards to be issued within four and seven years
of enactment; (2) provision of technical support to states on test method
application; (3) development of emission factors to support state implementation
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of toxics programs; and (4) dispersion analyses for proposed MACT standards and
guidance for screening analyses.
The AIRS Subsystems will be maintained and guidance provided to users. Six
to eight additional agencies will be provided access to the Facility Subsystem
and new software to support high priority reports and analyses will be
implemented. Special assistance and additional AIRS software will be provided
to facilitate the quality assurance of emission inventories for ozone and carbon
monoxide and their incorporation in AIRS. The program will complete development
of the initial software to allow the review of operating permit applications and
the tracking of key events within AIRS and through micro-computer software for
non-AIRS users.
Congressional Directives; A total of $550,000 is provided for
Congressionally directed projects: $150,000 to identify and evaluate sources of
visibility impairment in Class I areas, and $400,000 to conduct air quality
studies in the Southern Appalachian Mountains.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992 the Agency obligated a total of $29,902,200 supported by 108.3
total workyears, of which $6,809,300 was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $23,092,900 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1992 comprehensive user support and enhanced software was provided to
50 agencies using the AIRS Air Quality Subsystem. Additional emission and
compliance data bases were converted and refined and the baseline software and
files for the AIRS Facility Subsystem were enhanced. AIRS Facility Subsystem
user training was provided to staff from Regional Offices, 15 states, 1 territory
and 12 local agencies. User support was provided to 51 agencies that opted to
access the Facility Subsystem directly. To support future inventory efforts,
development was accomplished on a system for storing and retrieving area source
and mobile source data. Support was provided to future ozone and carbon monoxide
SIP revisions with emphasis on guidance for preparing emission inventories,
review of draft inventory components, assistance in preparing data bases and
applying grid and statistical models, and application of Regional Oxidant
Modeling analyses to support the Northeast Ozone Transport Commission and state
control strategy planning by the states. Other major activities included:
significant efforts on the initial software for storing and managing operating
permits information within AIRS; publication of the Air Quality and Emissions
Trend Report for 1990; development of new PM-10 emission factors for eight source
categories; technical support to the Regional Offices and states on application
of factors for PM-10 and other pollutants; and emission test support to
Headquarters offices developing emission standards and to state and local
agencies in applying test methods.
Congressional Directives; $700,000 was provided to evaluate visibility
impairment in Class I areas and to refine dispersion modeling techniques used in
such assessments.
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oo
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AIR
Atmospheric Programs
PROGRAM
Acid Rain Program
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Stratospheric
Protection Program
Program & Research
Operat i ons
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Global Change Program
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Atmospheric Programs TOTAL
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Acid Rain Program
Stratospheric
Protection Program
Global Change Program
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Acid Rain Program
Stratospheric
Protection Program
Global Change Program
TOTAL WORKYEARS
ACTUAL
1992
$3,702.1
$5,416.6
$9,118.7
$3,067.3
$15,947.8
$19,015.1
$6,769.4
$21,364.4
$28,133.8
52.4
35.7
88.1
54.1
39.8
93.9
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$4,686.3 $4,033.7 $4,013.0
$6,481.8 $6,250.7 $6,198.8
$11,168.1 $10,284.4 $10,211.8
$3,944.5
$28,126.9
$32,071.4
$8,630.8
$34,608.7
$43,239.5
65.8
52.7
118.5
65.8
52.7
118.5
$4,463.9
$22,534.3
$26,998.2
$8,497.6
$28,785.0
$37,282.6
65.7
62.7
128.4
65.7
62.7
128.4
2-79
$4,449.5
$21,683.5
$26,133.0
$8.462.5
$27,882.3
$36,344.8
65.1
62.1
127.2
65.1
62.1
127.2
REQUEST
1994
$4,330.9
$6,529.9
$10,860.8
$2,173.6
$20,371.4
$22,545.0
$2,402.5
$22,554.6
$24,957.1
$8.907.6
$49,455.9
$58,362.9
63.1
30.7
33.9
127.7
63.1
30.7
33.9
127.7
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REO
VS
1993 CE
$317.9
$331.1
$649.0
$2,173.6
$20,371.4
$22.545.0
-$2,047.0
$871.1
-$1,175.9
$444.5
$21,573.6
$22,018.1
-2.0
30.7
-28.2
5
-2.0
30.7
-28.2
5
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REO
VS
1993 PB
-$355.4
$48.1
-$307.3
$2,173.6
$20,371.4
$22,545.0
-$1,542.0
-$5,572.3
-$7,114.3
$276.2
$14,847.2
$15,123.4
-2.7
30.7
-18.8
9.2
-2.7
30.7
-18.8
9.2
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AIR
Atmospheric Programs
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $58,362,900 and 127.7 total workyears for
1994, an increase of $22,018,100 and 0.5 total workyears from 1993. Of the
request, $8,907,600 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation, and $49,455,900 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $444,500 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and an increase of $21,573,600 in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
ACID RAIN PROGRAM
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $10,860,800 and 63.1 total workyears for
this program, of which $4,330,900 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $6,529,900 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $317,900 for Program and Research
Operations, an increase of $331,100 for Abatement, Control and Compliance and a
decrease of 2.0 total workyears. The increase in Abatement, Control and
Compliance will support efforts to implement the acid rain rulemaking agenda
within the Regions. The decrease in workyears is a result of the government-wide
reduction in workyears that is part of the President's program to reduce the size
and cost of government.
In 1994 the acid rain program will continue to provide both guidance for
sources and administrative procedures for Headquarters, Regions, and states on
the implementation of Continuous Emissions Monitoring (CEM) certification,
alternative monitoring systems, computerized emissions reporting and tracking,
permitting for sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, state program development for
Phase II allowance transactions, auctions and sales, conservation verification
protocol, opt-ins and environmental and economic program evaluation.
The acid rain program will conduct the annual auction as well as the annual
direct sale of allowances. The program will review and approve applications for
allowances from independent power producers and small diesel refineries as well
as applications for allowances from the Conservation and Renewable Energy
Reserve. The acid rain program will review, approve, and record official
transfers of allowances at the request of affected sources. In addition, the
program will offer implementation training.
In 1994 the program will operate the integrated acid rain data system,
including: tracking hourly emissions data from each certified source; tracking
allowance allocations and transfers, including results of the annual auction and
sales; and permit processing for each Phase I source.
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The acid rain program will review and approve permit applications and
compliance plans, and OEM certifications. The primary tasks that the program
must perform to make the national market-based system work include:
Review and issue Phase I permits
Review and approve over 2,000 CEM certifications
Review and approve up to 50 state authorization documents
Review opt-in applications and issue permits
Process emissions monitoring data and permits information for the acid
rain data system
1993 Program
In 1993 the Agency is allocating a total of $10,211,800 supported by 65.1
total workyears to this program, of which $4,013,000 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $6,198,800 is from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
During 1993, the acid rain program is shifting its emphasis toward
operational issues from "rule writing" to "rule implementation."
Specifically, the program is focusing resources in five operational areas: (1)
processing permits; (2) managing the allowance system; (3) certifying CEMs; and
(4) evaluating the effectiveness of the acid rain program.
The acid rain program is issuing both guidance for sources and
administrative procedures for headquarters, Regions, and states on the
implementation of CEM certification, alternative monitoring systems, computerized
emissions reporting and tracking, permitting for sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides, allowance transactions, auctions and sales, conservation verification
protocol, and state program development.
The majority of the 263 Phase I units require Agency action for permits and
CEMs during 1993 in order to meet their statutory deadlines. In addition,
because over 2,000 Phase II CEMs must be certified by the end of 1994, the acid
rain program expects sources to request certification of a large number of Phase
II CEMs in 1993.
In March 1993 the acid rain program is conducting the first annual auction.
In June the first annual direct sale of allowances will be held. The program is
processing applications for allowances from independent power producers and small
diesel refineries as well as applications for allowances from the conservation
and renewable energy reserve. The acid rain program is beginning to review,
approve, and record official transfers of allowances at the request of affected
sources. In addition, the program offers limited implementation training.
The program is developing, testing and will begin operation of initial acid
rain data systems for tracking hourly emissions data from each certified source;
tracking allowance allocations and transfers, including results of the annual
auction and sales; and tracking permit processing for each Phase I source.
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The program is also continuing to develop an ongoing acid rain program
evaluation component, and continuing participation in the National Acid
Precipitation Assessment Program. The acid rain program continues to work on
reports to Congress on the industrial sulfur dioxide emissions inventory and on
the feasibility of an acidic deposition standard. The acid rain program
continues to promote energy conservation and encourages the improvement of energy
efficiency as a compliance strategy.
Under the U.S. - Canadian Bilateral Air Quality Committee, the acid rain
program is preparing the second biannual report on the progress of the acid rain
programs in both countries.
Congressional Directive; A total of $750,000 for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation is for the National Acid Precipitation Assessment
Program.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992 the Agency obligated a total of $9,118,700 supported by 54.1 total
workyears, of which $3,702,100 was from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $5,416,600 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The acid rain program continued to implement the statutory mandate
established in Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 by proposing a
series of major regulations including: (1) permitting which includes a
source's emissions control plans and requirements and allows a source to benefit
from the allowance trading system; (2) allowance tracking and transfers
which provides a source the flexibility to meet its sulfur dioxide emissions
limitation requirements economically while providing environmental accountability
for collective compliance with the national cap on sulfur dioxide emissions; (3)
continuous emissions monitoring which not only ensures source compliance but
also instills confidence in the market-based approach by certifying the existence
of the commodity being traded; and (4) excess emissions which defines the
consequences for failing to comply with the acid rain program's sulfur dioxide
and nitrogen oxides emissions requirements.
The program began development of an ongoing acid rain program evaluation
component and continued participation in the National Acid Precipitation
Assessment Program. In addition, the acid rain program initiated work on reports
to Congress required by statute. The program also promoted energy conservation
and encouraged the improvement of energy efficiency as a compliance strategy.
Under the U.S. - Canadian Bilateral Air Quality Committee, the acid rain
program prepared the first biannual report on the progress of the acid rain
programs in both countries.
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STRATOSPHERIC PROTECTION PROGRAM
1994 Program Request
In 1994 the Agency requests for this program a total of $22,545,000
supported by 30.7 total workyears, of which $2,173,600 will be for the Program
and Research Operations appropriation and $20,371,400 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. The stratospheric protection program is
a new program element in 1994. In 1993 the stratospheric protection program is
a component of the Global Change program element.
The United States has signed the Montreal Protocol on Substances that
Deplete the Ozone Layer. In accordance with agreements made under the Protocol
and its amendments, the EPA will implement and enforce rules, support domestic
implementation of rulemakings under the Protocol, continue refinements, initiate
risk and economic assessments to monitor progress made under the Protocol, and
coordinate with other groups and countries on technical and scientific
developments and use of alternative chemicals to curtail ozone depletion.
The Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund is used to provide financial
assistance to developing countries to help pay for meeting the incremental cost
of shifting away from ozone depleting chemicals. In addition, the Multilateral
Fund provides resources to expand the Parties to the Montreal Protocol to include
all developed countries, all major regional economic integration organizations,
and all major developing countries. In 1994 the Environmental Protection Agency
has budgeted $17 million dollars for the Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund.
In 1994 the stratospheric protection program will expand outreach
activities. These activities are critical to a smooth transition out of
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and methyl chloroform in 1996. The goal of the
outreach program is to assist small companies and industries in shifting out of
the use of ozone depleting substances. The program will also increase efforts
to minimize impacts of a phase-out on existing capital equipment by encouraging
timely shifts to retrofits or replacements. In addition, the Agency will
continue to develop guidance materials on the phase-out of CFCs.
The Significant New Alternatives Program (SNAP) program, required under the
Clean Air Act, will be established to review the environmental and health effects
of safe substitutes to be used in place of ozone depleting substances. The
program will include a comprehensive evaluation of developing substitutes, and
examine the environmental benefits and hazards of using (or not using) substitute
chemicals. A list of safe substitutes will be developed and made available to
industry as they begin to transition into the use of chemicals and manufacturing
processes that are safer to human health and the environment. The program will
work to remove institutional/regulatory roadblocks to allow full implementation
of CFC alternatives by reforming standards and codes currently restricting the
use of promising alternative refrigerants, foam blowing agents, solvents and
halons. Finally, a program will be established to ensure that federal
procurement policy specifies the use of energy efficient, CFC-free technology
that is cost effective.
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1993 Program
In 1993 the stratospheric protection program is a component of the global
change program element. The program plan for the stratospheric protection
program is described within the global change program element for 1993.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992 the stratospheric protection program was a component of the global
change program element. The accomplishments for the stratospheric protection
program are described within the global change program element for 1992.
GLOBAL CHANGE PROGRAM
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $24,957,100 and 33.9 total workyears for
this program, of which $2,402,500 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $22,554,600 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents a decrease of $2,047,000 for Program and Research
Operations, an increase of $871,100 for Abatement, Control and Compliance and a
decrease of 28.2 total workyears. The decreases reflect the movement of the
stratospheric protection program out of the global change program element in
1994. Excluding the stratospheric protection program, in 1994 the global change
program reflects an increase of $14,242,500 for Abatement, Control and Compliance
and an increase of 2.5 total workyears. The increase in Abatement, Control and
Compliance reflects a significant expansion to EPA's voluntary, profitable "Green
Programs."
The "Green Programs" focus on energy-efficient technologies that can
dramatically reduce energy consumption and prevent pollution while delivering
better products to the marketplace. Use of energy-efficient technologies
everywhere they are profitable can dramatically reduce electricity requirements
and emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide. In
addition to preventing the emission of air pollutants, saving energy through
energy-efficient products also reduces the environmental damage caused by
electricity generation.
Over the past two years the global change program has launched highly
successful pollution prevention programs. The programs are voluntary, profitable
partnerships between the private sector and the federal government. EPA will
work with the Department of the Interior and other Federal Agencies to implement
these Green Programs in the Federal sector.
The 1994 global change program will expand in three specific areas. First,
the Green Lights program, a voluntary program for installing energy-efficient
lighting wherever it is profitable, will augment its marketing and sales effort,
intensify its implementation assistance, and launch new auditing and technical
assistance programs. Special emphasis will be placed on accelerating investments
corporations have already committed to make in contracts with EPA.
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Second, in the area of energy productivity and pollution prevention, a
series of programs including Energy Star Buildings (heating, ventilation and air
conditioning), Energy Star Computers, and Residential (e.g. "Golden Carrot")
programs are aimed at increasing the productivity of energy systems wherever
profitable. In the buildings area, EPA will significantly augment its marketing
and sales effort, intensify its implementation assistance, and launch new
auditing and technical assistance programs. As a result of its efforts, the
program anticipates a major increase in electronics used for speed control in
ventilating and air conditioning systems, significant price reductions, and an
expansion of manufacturing capacity for energy efficient products. In terms of
Energy Star Computers, the program will target a community-based outreach program
to local vendors and users of computer equipment. Up to one-third of all
computer equipment is bought and sold in small retail outlets that are currently
unaware of the economic and environmental benefits of Energy Star equipment. In
the residential sector, the focus will be to begin providing incentives to
builders and vendors to begin development of innovative financing mechanisms for
advanced heat pumps, water heating systems, increased insulation, and a number
of additional residential technologies (including those using natural gas).
Finally, the 1994 program will expand the methane program. Since methane
has energy value, its emission to the air is equivalent to energy evaporating
before use. Lack of motivation and know-how, as well as institutional obstacles,
have prevented this resource from achieving effective utilization. The methane
program will seek to profitably capture this "lost energy" in five areas: coal
mines, natural gas, agricultural wastes, livestock and landfills. The coal mines
component will be aimed at generating methane capture in Appalachia during coal
mining. The natural gas program is a voluntary effort with industry that will
be aimed at accelerating investments to reduce pipeline leaks in the U.S. and
increase exports to the former Soviet Union of this technology. The agricultural
wastes component focuses efforts on accelerating farmer utilization of waste as
an energy source by investing in collection systems and generators and/or
absorption refrigeration. The livestock program will aim at partitioning carbon
to useful products (milk and meat) by nutritional supplements and/or range
improvements. Finally, in the area of landfills, the 1994 program will aim at
helping small communities meet local energy demand and the need for acceptable
landfills by creating a recovery industry profitable for these communities.
1993 Program
In 1993 the Agency is allocating a total of $26,133,000 supported by 62.1
total workyears to this program, of which $4,449,500 is for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $21,683,500 is for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
In 1993 the focus of the global change program is on four voluntary
programs. First, the "Green Lights" program is successfully working with
industry to implement high-efficiency lighting in major U.S. corporations. High-
efficiency lighting systems have been demonstrated to lower electricity costs,
improve lighting quality and increase worker productivity. Over 750 partners
have already committed to the "Green Lights" program. EPA is also working with
other Federal Agencies to implement the Green Programs in the Federal sector.
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Second, the Energy Star Computers program is a voluntary program working
with computer equipment manufacturers to achieve efficiency improvements in
computer products by 1995. Partnerships with 40 manufacturers will introduce
desktop computers that can cut energy use by 50% without sacrificing performance
or raising prices. Third, the Energy Star Buildings program is a voluntary
program working with corporations to install highly-efficient heating,
ventilation, air conditioning and water heating technologies, achieving
reductions in energy consumption at a profit.
Fourth, the Methane program is focusing on reductions in'methane emissions
from coal mining, natural gas pipelines, agricultural waste, livestock and
landfills. Significant methane emission reductions are possible at a profit.
However, market obstacles exist in the development and deployment of technologies
and techniques to control methane emissions. Obstacles include: (1) access and
dissemination of information, (2) development of financing, and (3) regulatory
and legal issues. In 1993 the global change program is expanding the methane
program to institute support systems to remove institutional obstacles and
financial disincentives to capturing profitable emission reductions for methane.
This involves working with industry representatives to outline major obstacles
and to design and implement effective solutions.
In 1993 the stratospheric protection program is focussing on four program
response areas: (1) earlier domestic and international elimination of
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and methyl chloroform; (2) further
limitations on hydro-chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs); (3) more intensive recycling
programs in the U.S. and abroad; and (4) earlier voluntary phaseout from
developing nations of CFCs and HCFCs.
The stratospheric protection program continues to work on recycling
rulemakings that require EPA to set the lowest achievable emissions for CFC-using
equipment, to restrict the sale of small canisters containing CFC refrigerants,
and to set safe disposal requirements of refrigerants. The national recycling
program will also investigate options to recycle or recover chemicals at disposal
and to expand the list of recyclable chemicals to include HCFCs. In addition,
full implementation of the national recycling program, as required by the Clean
Air Act, will be implemented for the major air-conditioning and refrigeration
sectors to minimize the costs of the phase-out required under the amendments to
the Protocol and the Clean Air Act. The stratospheric protection program is also
working on a rule to establish the SNAP program which will list safe alternatives
to ozone depleting substances.
In addition to the above regulatory activities, the stratospheric
protection program is engaged in many outreach activities. The goal of this
campaign is to educate the industries on the upcoming phaseout schedule for CFCs
and to encourage the industry to begin to conserve existing supplies of CFCs and
begin to purchase replacement equipment. A similar campaign is planned for the
general public in the spring of 1993. The goal is to educate the public on the
legal maintenance and repair of air conditioning and refrigeration equipment and
proper disposal of appliances with refrigerants.
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The management of existing halon supplies is another 1993 program
initiative. The development of halons will be phased out in 1994. The halon
banking initiative keeps track of existing halon quantities, educates halon users
on the proper handling of halon emissions, and encourages organizations to
transition to the use of halon alternatives. Halons that are replaced by the use
of a halon substitute are banked and made available only for critical fire
protection needs.
In 1993 the stratospheric protection program ia continuing to provide
technical data, technical support, and regulatory initiatives to meet the
implementation requirements of the Montreal Protocol. In addition, the program
provides financial support through a multi-lateral fund to help developing
countries finance the incremental cost of shifting away from ozone depleting
chemicals.
Congressional Directive; A total of $2,750,000 for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance Appropriation is for two: methane energy and agriculture
development and green market incentives promotion.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992 the Agency obligated a total of $19,015,100 supported by 39.8 total
workyears, of which $3,067,300 was from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation
and $15,947,800 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
To implement the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the global change
program collected production, import, and use data on regulated chemicals and
prepared periodic reports to Congress based on this information. The program
responded to petitions that requested that EPA expedite the schedule for the
phase-out of ozone depleting chemicals, and evaluated exemptions to the schedule
for medical purposes, fire suppression, essential uses, and national security.
The global change program facilitated national and international technology
transfer through ad-hoc working groups and trade conferences and, through the
implementation of the Multi-lateral Fund under the Protocol. The program also:
(1) participated in scientific and technical assessments that are required under
the Montreal Protocol, (2) facilitated the transfer of technologies to developing
countries, and (3) maintained its lead role in meetings of the Protocol members.
The global change program expanded the tracking and administrative controls
used to operate the regulatory program. To fully implement the amendments to the
Montreal Protocol and the new Clean Air Act, the administrative controls and
tracking system required incorporation of additional chemicals, regulated
companies, and more frequent electronic reporting by companies. More effective
communication with the U.S. Customs Bureau will be required to monitor possible
import violations.
To address global warming issues, the program evaluated options to reduce
production of greenhouse gases by stabilizing methane from livestock and coal
mining and prepared reports as required under the Clean Air Act. The program
expanded efforts to promote cost-effective energy conservation and pollution
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prevention. The program examined renewable sources of energy such as an energy
efficient lighting program and energy efficient appliances and equipment in the
residential and commercial sectors.
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AIR
Indoor Air Program
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST
1992 BUDGET 1993 ESTIMATE 1994
1993 1993
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Indoor Air Program
Program & Research $1,540.5 $2,191.5 $2,021.9 $2,021.0 $2,040.6
Operations
Abatement Control and $5,021.6 $5,911.5 $4,127.7 $4,127.2 $4,828.4
Compliance
TOTAL $6,562.1 $8,103.0 $6,149.6 $6,148.2 $6,869.0
TOTAL:
Program & Research $1,540.5 $2,191.5 $2,021.9 $2,021.0 $2,040.6
Operations
Abatement Control and $5,021.6 $5,911.5 $4,127.7 $4,127.2 $4,828.4
Compliance
Indoor Air Program TOTAL $6,562.1 $8,103.0 $6,149.6 $6,148.2 $6,869.0
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Indoor Air Program 20.4 32.5 31.4 31.1 31.0
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS 20.4 32.5 31.4 31.1 31.0
TOTAL UORKYEARS
INCREASE INCREASE
DECREASE DECREASE
1994 REQ 1994 REQ
VS VS
1993 CE 1993 PB
$19.6 -$150.9
$701.2 -$1,083.1
$720.8 -$1,234.0
$19.6 -$150.9
$701.2 -$1,083.1
$720.8 -$1,234.0
-1 -1.5
-1 -1.5
Indoor Air Program
21.3
32.5
31.4
31.1
31.0
-1
-1.5
TOTAL UORKYEARS
21.3
32.5
31.4
31.1
31.0
-1
-1.5
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AIR
Indoor Air
Budget Request
In 1994 the Agency requests a total of $6,869,000 supported by 31.0 total
workyears, of which $2,040,600 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $4,828,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $19,600 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, an increase of $701,200 in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation, and a decrease of 0.1 total workyears.
INDOOR AIR PROGRAM
1994 Program Request
In 1994 the Agency requests a total of $6,869,000 supported by 31.0 total
workyears, of which $2,040,600 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $4,828,400 will be for Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $19,600 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, an increase of $701,200 in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation, and a decrease of 0.1 total workyears. The
increase in the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation will support the
Building Assessment Survey Evaluation (BASE) and outreach efforts to address the
Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) issue. The decrease in workyears is a result
of the government-wide reduction in workyears that is part of the President's
program to reduce the size and cost of government.
In recent years, comparative risk studies performed by EPA and its Science
Advisory Board have consistently ranked indoor air pollution among the top five
environmental risks to public health. Working in close cooperation with other
EPA offices, other federal agencies, and the private sector, the goal of the
indoor air program is to reduce human exposure to air pollutants in offices,
homes, schools and other indoor environments where they live, work and play. The
primary pollutants of concern indoors include: ETS, volatile organic compounds,
biological contaminants, combustion gases, respirable particulates, lead,
formaldehyde, asbestos and radon.
In 1994 the indoor air program will be developing training programs and
other outreach strategies to ensure that key audiences access and implement core
guidance on improving indoor air quality. Audiences targeted with specific
guidance documents and training or outreach programs include school facilities
managers, architects and design engineers, new home buyers, stationary engineers,
physicians and other health care professionals, government officials and other
decision makers with responsibility for determining or implementing smoking
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policies in indoor spaces. These audiences will be reached through cooperative
agreements and partnerships with multiplier groups.
A key outreach initiative will be the continued development and
implementation of a partnership program similar to EPA' s successful Green Lights
program which will allow partners to implement voluntary, incentive-based
initiatives to improve indoor air quality through memoranda of understanding with
EPA. The program will seek partners who commit to institute certain essential
indoor air and pollution prevention measures derived from EPA' s publication
entitled Building Air Quality: A Guide for Building Owners and Facility
Managers. After an initial pilot phase of the program in 1993 with owners and
managers of commercial buildings, the program will move to implementation in
1994. Additional phases of the partnership program may include partnerships for
schools and public buildings.
Building on its first and highly successful year of operation in 1993, the
indoor air quality INFO clearinghouse will continue to operate to meet the
growing demand for indoor air information through publications and direct
telephone response to public concerns. The clearinghouse will be a source for
EPA indoor air related training schedules and materials, and will provide support
information to aid in the implementation of the partnership program.
Public sector training will continue to receive attention as states and
localities pursue the development of staff capabilities to solve indoor air
quality problems. Building on regional training approaches initiated in 1992 and
expanded in 1993, deliveries of training for public sector environmental health
officials, for owners and managers of public and commercial buildings, and for
other related indoor air quality professionals will be continued through training
institutions such as the Regional Radon Training Centers and other training
providers. A public sector training needs assessment conducted in 1993 will
identify additional curriculum development and delivery needs to be addressed in
1994 and beyond.
The brochure What You Can Do About Secondhand Smoke, targeted to address
the general public, will be used as the centerpiece of an active campaign to
inform the public about the health hazards presented by environmental tobacco
smoke (ETS) in indoor air. A cooperative agreement with the American Lung
Association initiated in FY 1993 will develop an information campaign targeted
to minorities and high risk populations to alert them about the documented health
risks posed by ETS exposure. The Guide to Smoking Policies, targeted to private
sector businesses, will be used in developing partnerships with businesses to
promote fair and effective smoking policies. Additional efforts will develop
information materials encouraging action by parents and institutions serving
children to protect children from ETS exposure, assist state and local
governments in developing effective regulations protecting non-smokers from ETS
in public access facilities, provide guidance on construction of smoking rooms,
and share information and experiences with the international community.
The indoor air program will also continue to provide leadership and
coordination of indoor air quality issues within the federal government through
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its provision of staff and dollar support to the interagency Committee on Indoor
Air Quality (CIAQ).
The Building Assessment Survey and Evaluation (BASE) program, which is a
national study of indoor air quality in public and commercial buildings, will
build upon the 1993 pilot study and begin its first full year of a three to five
year investigation. The program will develop baseline information on factors
believed to affect indoor air quality in large buildings and assess their
relationship to occupant health symptoms. These data will reside in a publicly
accessible data base. The planning phase for extending BASE to include schools
will conclude in preparation for future implementation.
In cooperation with other EPA offices and outside groups, the indoor air
program will complete the planning stage for construction of its test and
demonstration house (s). These residences are designed to demonstrate features
which promote healthy indoor air quality while incorporating radon resistant
construction and high energy efficiency.
The multi-year development of a comprehensive inventory of indoor pollutant
source emissions will enter its third year of activity. The program will perform
tests on paints and coatings to determine their emissions contribution to the
indoor environment. The database will be finalized.
1993 Program
In 1993 the Agency is allocating a total of $6,148,200 supported by 31.1
total workyears, of which $2,021,000 is for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $4,127,200 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1993 the indoor air program is completing core guidance documents and
developing training and outreach programs for audiences such as owners and
managers of public and commercial buildings; architects and design engineers;
school facility managers; homebuilders; public sector environmental health
officials; physicians and other health care professionals, and decision makers
with responsibility for smoking policies inside buildings. These efforts will
be accomplished in partnership with the trade and professional organizations that
represent the intended target audiences.
One example of a key outreach program under development is a voluntary
partnership program with owners and managers of large commercial buildings.
Participants will be asked to commit to key indoor air pollution prevention,
operation and maintenance, and problem resolution approaches based on the
guidance in EPA1 s "Building Air Quality: A Guide for Building Owners and
Managers."
In the beginning of 1993 the program launched the Indoor Air Quality
Information Clearinghouse, which provides a range of information services to the
public, federal, state and local indoor air personnel, the private sector, and
the research community. The services are being modified and expanded to better
serve the needs of the users.
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The Building Assessment Survey and Evaluation (BASE) Program (a national
study of indoor air quality in public and commercial buildings) will complete
planning this year and conduct a pilot study, in preparation for the planned
three to five year study. The two major objectives of the study are to: (1)
develop baseline information on the factors believed to determine indoor air
quality in large buildings and assess their relationship to occupant health
symptoms; and (2) improve and standardize the IAQ investigative approach. During
FY 1993, data from the pilot study will be used to refine the study design and
protocol. The information from the study will be useful to public health
departments and building diagnosticians; to indoor air/health effects
researchers; to ventilation engineers and building designers; and, as input for
the further development of Federal guidance on indoor air quality issues.
Public sector training continues to receive increasing attention as states
and localities pursue the development of staff capabilities to solve indoor air
quality problems. Building on regional training approaches begun in 1992,
additional providers of training are being selected and supported to create and
deliver training based on guidance provided by the indoor air program.
The multi-year development of a comprehensive inventory of indoor pollutant
source emissions has entered its second year. A source-ranking database which
considers such factors as emissions, extent of use, environment, and potential
health effects is being developed and will provide the means to prioritize
actions on source emissions. The growing body of information compiled is being
put to a variety of uses, and is providing information needed to drive
continuing non-regulatory dialogues with manufacturers to create lower-emitting
products.
In January 1993 EPA issued a major assessment of the respiratory health
effects of passive smoking, declaring second hand smoke a Group A or known human
carcinogen, and estimating that 3,000 cases of lung cancer and 150,000-300,000
cases of childhood respiratory infections are due to secondhand smoke exposure.
The indoor air program is preparing a brochure on reducing exposure to second
hand smoke and a guide to developing effective smoking policies and is planning
to enter into cooperative arrangements with key organizations such as the
American Lung Association and the DHHS Office on Smoking and Health.
The Agency is cooperating with other EPA offices and outside groups in the
design and construction of a demonstration/test house which will include indoor
air quality, radon resistance, and energy efficiency features. Both the process
of building the house and the finished house itself will afford the Agency
opportunities to increase public awareness about residential indoor air pollution
and energy conservation issues, while demonstrating to homebuilders, appliance
and consumer goods manufacturers, the lending community, and home buyers, the
cost effectiveness and compatibility of sound energy utilization and indoor air
quality approaches.
The Agency continues to provide leadership and coordination of indoor air
quality issues within the federal government through its support of the
Interagency Committee on Indoor Air Quality, ensuring that all federal agencies
with interest, expertise, and responsibility for indoor air quality are aware of
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one another's activities, and are given the opportunity to participate in the
development and execution of one another's agenda.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated a total of $6,562,100 supported by 21.3 total
workyears to this program, of which $1,540,500 was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $5,021,600 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
Early in 1992, the indoor air program published a major guidance document
for the owners and managers of large public and commercial buildings. The guide,
"Building Air Quality," was aggressively promoted for use nationwide and a
companion training course was made widely available.
In 1992 the regional training centers, selected to develop and offer indoor
air quality training courses in 1991, were maintained and the network expanded.
The program initiated the Building Assessment Survey and Evaluation (BASE)
Program, a study of indoor air quality in public and commercial buildings. This
program will investigate public and commercial buildings to provide the data
needed to define the indoor air quality of the nation's building stock. The
study design and draft protocols including an occupant questionnaire, were
developed through the consensus of national experts.
Expansion of the regional training center curriculum through the
development of targeted courses for specific indoor air quality audiences has
created a strong foundation for an effective partnership with state and local
authorities. At the same time, initiation of an indoor air source emissions
inventory provided an important tool for consumers and key decision-makers to
select lower emitting materials in the indoor environment. This is a crucial
element in an effective national response to indoor air quality concerns.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
n-F Contents
Page
ENFORCEMENT
Enforcement 2-95
Stationary Source Enforcement 2-96
Mobile Source Enforcement 2-100
-------
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
AIR
Enforcement
ENACTED CURRENT
1993 ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST INCREASE
1994 DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Stationary Source
Compliance
Program & Research $19,288.5 $22,353.5 $21.524.5 $21,546.1 $22,619.8 $1,073.7 $266.3
Operations
Abatement Control and $6,045.9 $6,302.9 $4,666.1 $4,663.7 $6,015.1 $1,351.4 -$287.8
Compliance
TOTAL $25,334.4 $28,656.4 $26,190.6 $26,209.8 $28,634.9 $2,425.1 -$21.5
Mobile Source
Enforcement
Program & Research $6,992.3 $7,733.9 $6,811.0 $6,761.2 $6,794.1 $32.9 -$939.8
Operations
Abatement Control and $5,016.3 $5,990.1 $4,994.0 $4,985.9 $6,375.6 $1,389.7 $385.5
Compliance
TOTAL $12,008.6 $13,724.0 $11,805.0 $11,747.1 $13,169.7 $1,422.6 -$554.3
TOTAL:
Program & Research $26,220.8 $30,087.4 $28,335.5 $28,307.3 $29,413.9 $1,106.6 -$673.5
Operations
Abatement Control and $11,062.2 $12,293.0 $9,660.1 $9,649.6 $12,390.7 $2,741.1 $97.7
Compliance
Enforcement TOTAL $37,343.0 $42,380.4 $37,995.6 $37,956.9 $41,804.6 $3,847.7 -$575.8
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
379.5 -5.8 -13.0
109.0 -1.8 -15.3
488.5 -7.6 -28.3
379.5 -5.8 -13.0
109.0 -1.8 -15.3
488.5 -7.6 -28.3
Stationary Source
Compliance
Mobile Source
Enforcement
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Stationary Source
Compliance
Mobile Source
Enforcement
TOTAL UORKYEARS
342.4
111.5
453.9
358.6
113.9
472.5
392.5
124.3
516.8
392.5
124.3
516.8
389.2
111.9
501.1
389.2
111.9
501.1
385.3
110.8
496.1
385.3
110.8
496.1
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Air
Enforcement
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $41,804,600 supported by 488.5 total workyears
for 1994, an increase of $3,847,700 and a decrease of 7.6 total workyears from
1993. The decrease in workyears is a result of the government-wide reduction in
workyears that is part of the President's program to reduce the size and cost of
government. Of the request, $29,413,900 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $12,390,700 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation of $1,106,600 and an increase in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation of $2,741,100.
STATIONARY SOURCE ENFORCEMENT
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $28,634,900 supported by 379.5 total
workyears for this program, of which $22,619,800 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $6,015,100 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,073,700
for the Program and Research Operations appropriation due to increased workforce
costs, an increase of $1,351,400 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation, and a decrease of 5.8 in total workyears from 1993, as a result
of the government-wide reduction in workyears that is part of the President's
program to reduce the size and cost of government. The increase will support an
expanded chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) compliance program and case development
efforts.
In 1994 compliance monitoring and enforcement efforts (in concert with the
states) will continue to ensure the compliance of sources covered by state
implementation plans (SIPs), New Source Performance Standards (NSPSs) and
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs).
Implementation of the strategies for addressing multi-state and multi-program
violators and for corporate-wide patterns of non-compliance will continue, as
will initiatives to enforce the newly adopted NESHAPs standard. The
implementation of an expanded CFC compliance program will be supported through
increased inspections of sources and initiation of enforcement actions.
Additional resources will focus on monitoring the status of compliance of sources
subject to the phase I acid rain requirements and on the implementation of an EPA
wide goal of improving data quality from sources applying for permits and
reporting their compliance.
A comprehensive program to determine the effectiveness of volatile organic
compounds (VOC) rules, implementation of the compliance monitoring and inspection
targeting program to ensure better use of inspection resources, and workshop and
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technical support will be emphasis areas. Efforts to enhance VOC compliance in
ozone nonattainment areas, including small VOC sources, will continue.
Inspections that may result in the need to issue administrative orders and the
processing of litigation referrals will be conducted at major sources. State
program building will be a high priority in an expanded SIP assistance program
for assuring the enforceability of new requirements. Support will continue for
inspections and enforcement of the CFC program, as well as the expanding air
toxics program. Implementation of the field citation program will commence with
focused enforcement efforts concentrated in nonattainment areas where EPA has
primacy. Continuing support will be provided for the development of the
operating permits program. Headquarters and Regional contract resources will
support training for increased permitting inspections, administrative orders, and
litigation referrals due to newly regulated sources.
We will continue to explore opportunities to solve significant multimedia
environmental problems when addressing violating sources. We will also
continue our analyses of major sources and their compliance practices. We will
examine risk and compliance concerns and develop strategies to address them.
These could include geographic, industrial or corporate type initiatives.
Rulemaking activities will also continue to ensure prompt implementation of Clean
Air Act requirements. This will include the promulgation of the enhanced
monitoring and compliance certification provisions, the citizen suits
requirements, the awards program, the field citation program and the contractor
listing regulations. There will also be activity in the development of guidance
and training material for the implementation of these programs.
1993 Program
The Agency allocated a total of $26,209,800 supported by 385.3 total
workyears to this program, of which $21,546,100 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $4,663,700 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1993 the national compliance program, primarily through the ten EPA
Regional Offices, is implementing compliance monitoring and enforcement efforts
to ensure the compliance of SIP, NSPS, NESHAP, and stratospheric ozone protection
sources. Implementation of the strategies for the NESHAP for the asbestos
demolition and renovation program, radionuclides, and benzene continues. A
comprehensive program to determine the effectiveness of rules is being expanded
to cover VOC sources and other pollutant categories. Implementation of the
compliance monitoring and inspection targeting program to ensure better use of
inspection resources continues as well as conducting workshops and providing
technical support. Resources are directed toward implementation of an effective
enforcement program for reducing ozone in nonattainment areas.
In the area of PM-10, the Regions are reviewing proposed PM-10 SIPs for
enforceability and ensured compliance of sources subject to newly promulgated
PM-10 SIPs. Enforcement of continuous emission monitoring (CEM) requirements for
federally regulated sources continues. Regions are providing support for the
phase-down of CFC production to control importation of CFC chemicals and support
the development and implementation of recycling regulations required by changes
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in the CAA of 1990. In addition, state program building is being emphasized in
an expanded SIP assistance program for assuring the enforceability of new
requirements in training and in the focus of resources for targeting compliance
efforts toward significant multimedia environmental problems.
In 1993 EPA Headquarters continues to participate in the development of
policy guidance, planning, and budgeting activities, and the review of selected
Regional activities and program performance. Headquarters is also assuring the
enforceability of proposed Agency regulations under Title III (NESHAP) and
prevention of significant deterioration programs; managing the National Asbestos
Registry System (NARS) and the compliance portion of the Aerometric Information
Retrieval System (AIRS); managing the level of effort contracts; and conducting
technical studies. Headquarters continues the implementation of the technical
agenda by developing jointly with the Regions a planned list of technical
projects to be initiated in 1993. In addition, this program area will assure the
successful implementation of the revised asbestos demolition and renovation
strategy, the woodstove NSPS and the CFC phase-out and use restriction program.
During 1993, EPA Headquarters is ensuring enhanced VOC compliance by
providing VOC technical and training support to the Regions and state agencies,
issuing policy guidance, monitoring compliance and enforcement activities, and
overview of the implementation of the rule-effectiveness protocol. In addition,
Headquarters is continuing the implementation of the laboratory program for
woodstove testing, reviewing applications for woodstove certification, monitoring
certification tests, and certifying production lines. The woodstove program is
moving into the second phase of certification and enforcement including the
implementation of the Random Compliance Audit and the Selective Enforcement Audit
programs. The national enforcement strategy to address nationwide non-compliance
issues continues and is being expanded to include additional types of industries
which have a nationwide impact on air quality.
Support for the stratospheric ozone protection program is being continued
through participation in rule development and the preparation of compliance
monitoring strategies and guidance for automobile, commercial and residential air
conditioning, and refrigeration recycling programs. This is in addition to a
doubling of the number of production facilities which occurred in 1992 and which
must still be monitored as a result of revisions to the Clean Air Act and the
Montreal Protocol. Review of the phase-out of CFCs and halons through monitoring
compliance of manufacturers and importers continues with the identification of
violators and appropriate enforcement actions.
Support is being provided to ensure adequate direction and oversight of air
toxics compliance and enforcement efforts resulting from new legislative
requirements, particularly in those states where delegations of authority for
both existing and prospective standards have not been requested. EPA is also
actively pursuing the implementation of the early reductions program for air
toxics.
Implementation of the administrative enforcement requirements resulting
from the new Clean Air Act is continuing. Also, activity is continuing in the
development of a field citation program for enforcement of the Clean Air Act
2-98
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requirements for stationary sources, citizen award provisions, citizen suit
guidelines, and contractor listing procedures. The implementation of regulations
for enhanced monitoring and compliance certification authority is continuing.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992 the Agency obligated a total of $25,334,400 supported by 358.6
total workyears, of which $19,288,500 was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $6,045,900 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
The major activities in the ten Regional Offices included the enforcement
of VOC source requirements in ozone nonattainment areas, the implementation of
a comprehensive program to determine if adopted VOC measures were effectively
implemented and the conduct of VOC compliance workshops to improve inspection
quality to enable state and local air pollution agencies to improve their
technical capabilities. Identification and enforcement actions were taken
against 765 significant violators, a 26 percent increase over the previous year.
VOC enforcement involved addressing 323 significant violators, a 42 percent
increase over VOC violators addressed in the previous year. Federal enforcement
actions focused on major violating sources in nonattainment areas. EPA worked
closely with the states on finalizing the guidance on "timely and appropriate"
enforcement actions to address the most significant environmental problems.
In 1992, EPA Headquarters continued oversight of Regional programs to
assure consistency of rules and guidance through programmatic reviews and reviews
of certain classes of enforcement actions. The headquarters' program continued
to assure the enforceability of proposed EPA regulations; managed the AIRS
Facility Subsystem; managed the level of effort contract support program;
developed technical and program guidance; and conducted planning and budgeting
activities.
Also in 1992, EPA Headquarters initiated several workgroups to implement
the major provisions of Title VII of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. This
effort focused on enhanced monitoring and compliance certification,
administrative penalties, field citation, awards, citizen suits and contractor
listing.
Implementation of the compliance monitoring and inspection targeting
strategy continued. The Administrative Penalty Program resulted in the filing
of 100 administrative complaints. Included as a result of the 1992 Clean Air Act
Administrative Case Initiative were 52 cases with penalties in excess of
$4,000,000. Implementation of the NSPS woodstoves program continued, including
the review of applications for woodstoves certification, the monitoring of
certification tests, and the evaluation of test results. Headquarters continued
oversight and evaluation of Regional Random Compliance Audits and state efforts
to implement the rule-effectiveness assessments.
In 1992, Headquarters continued to monitor the enforcement programs for PM-
10 and lead for national consistency issues. A national enforcement strategy for
lead sources was continued to assure full compliance with emission limitations
2-99
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and to adopt additional measures in geographical areas still experiencing
violations of the lead National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).
Support for the stratospheric ozone protection program was expanded through
participation in rule development and the preparation of compliance monitoring
strategies and guidance for automobile, commercial and residential air
conditioning, and refrigeration recycling programs. This is in addition to a
doubling of the number of production facilities which were monitored as a result
of revisions to the Clean Air Act and the Montreal Protocol. Review of the
phase-out of CFCs and halons through monitoring compliance of manufacturers and
importers was increased with a growth in the number of violators identified and
enforcement actions taken.
Support was provided to ensure adequate direction and oversight of air
toxics compliance and enforcement efforts resulting from new legislative
requirements, particularly in those states where delegations of authority for
both existing and prospective standards will be requested. EPA also actively
pursued the implementation of the early reduction program for air toxics. The
Agency initiated a major enforcement strategy initiative to address non-
compliance issues dealing with the woodproduct industry.
MOBILE SOURCE ENFORCEMENT
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $13,169,700 supported by 109.0 total work
years for this program, of which $6,794,100 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $6,375,600 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $32,900 in the Program
and Research Operations appropriation, an increase of $1,389,700 in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, and a decrease of 1.8 total work
years. The increases reflect additional workforce costs and the additional
resources needed to continue the implementation of the Clean Air Act Amendments
of 1990 (CAAA). The decrease in workyears is a result of the government-wide
reduction in workyears that is part of the President's program to reduce the size
and cost of government.
In 1994 the light-duty recall program will continue investigations of
suspect light-duty vehicle classes, with related diagnostic evaluation and remedy
development work, and high mileage, light-duty truck classes. The fuel
inspection program will continue to enforce the more stringent Phase II fuel
volatility requirements and sample for other fuel additives by collecting fuel
samples from refiners, importers, distributors, and retail outlets throughout the
country. Expanded fuel enforcement will address fuel quality issues for all
conventional fuels, including volatility, diesel fuel sulfur, and oxygenates.
Tampering inspection programs will continue as a deterrent to the removal of
emission control components from vehicles. The fuel and fuel additives
registration program activities will be augmented by the implementation of the
new testing protocols program for fuel and fuel additives.
2-100
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The EPA recall program will investigate approximately 30 suspect light-duty
vehicle classes. In addition, the Agency will conduct two investigations to
assess compliance with the more stringent full useful life standards of high
mileage, light-duty truck classes. The Agency will continue its investigative
efforts of heavy-duty gasoline engine classes but at a reduced level. The Agency
will also continue investigations into the operations of importers of non-
conforming vehicles to ensure that certification procedures are adequately
implemented. The Selective Enforcement Audit (SEA) program will conduct
approximately six audits of light-duty vehicle manufacturer facilities, eight
audits of heavy-duty manufacturer facilities, and two production compliance
audits in support of the non-conformance penalties (NCPs) program to ensure that
new production vehicles and engines meet emissions and NCP requirements.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $11,747,100 supported by 110.8 total
workyears for this program, of which $6,761,200 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $4,985,900 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
EPA implemented the oxygenated fuel provisions of the CAAA allowing the use
of marketable oxygen credits from gasolines with higher oxygen content to offset
the sale or use of gasoline with a lower oxygen content in 39 areas throughout
the country. Fuel samples will be collected from all points in the distribution
chain to ensure that appropriate oxygen levels are present in gasoline to reduce
carbon monoxide emissions at cold temperatures. The fuel inspection program also
continues to enforce the more stringent Phase II fuel volatility requirements and
samples for other fuel additives by collecting fuel samples from refiners,
importers, distributors, and retail outlets throughout the country. The Agency
continues to investigate reported incidents of tampering and to issue violations
both to fleet operators and individuals who violate the provisions of the CAAA.
The EPA recall program will continue to investigate approximately 32
suspect light-duty vehicle classes. The Agency will continue its investigative
efforts of heavy-duty gasoline engine classes but at a reduced level. The Agency
will also continue investigations into the operations of importers of non-
conforming vehicles to ensure that certification procedures are adequately
implemented. The SEA program will conduct approximately six audits of light-duty
vehicle manufacturer facilities, eight audits of heavy-duty manufacturer
facilities, and two production compliance audits in support of the NCP program
to ensure that new production vehicles and engines meet emissions and NCP
requirements. The Agency will promulgate regulations for revised volatility, for
lead substitutes, and for the revised fuel and fuel additives registration.
Additionally, EPA will provide oxygenated fuels guidance, and will promulgate the
oxygenated labelling regulations.
1992 Accomplishments
The Agency obligated a total of $12,008,600 supported by 113.9 total
workyears for this program, of which $6,992,300 was from the Salaries and
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Expenses appropriation and $5,016,300 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
EPA promulgated rules allowing the use of marketable oxygen credits from
gasolines with higher oxygen content to offset the sale or use of gasoline with
a lower oxygen content for 39 areas throughout the country. The fuel inspection
program began to enforce the more stringent Phase II fuel volatility requirements
and also sample for alcohol and other fuel additives by collecting approximately
8,000 fuel samples from refiners, importers, distributors, and retail outlets
throughout the country. These inspections led to approximately 100 notices of
violations. A total of 585 tampering investigations resulted in 173 notices of
violation. The Agency audited the incidence of tampering and fuel switching at
10 sites primarily to gauge the effectiveness of the anti-tampering programs
implemented by state and local jurisdictions.
The EPA recall program investigated 36 suspect light-duty vehicle classes
and carried out related diagnostic evaluation and remedy development work. The
Agency also conducted two investigations to assess compliance with the more
stringent full useful life standards of high mileage, light-duty truck classes.
In addition, the Agency implemented a small heavy-duty recall program and
conducted one investigation of heavy-duty engine classes. The Agency continued
investigations into the operations of importers of non-conforming vehicles to
ensure that certification procedures are adequately implemented. The SEA program
conducted three audits of light-duty vehicle manufacturer facilities, 12 audits
of heavy-duty manufacturer facilities, and one production compliance audit in
support of the NCP program to ensure that new production vehicles and engines
meet emissions and NCP requirements.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
Tgh*le of Contents
Page
WATER QUALITY 3-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Water Quality Research 3-13
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Hater Quality and Grants Program Management 3-31
Great Lakes Program 3-32
Chesapeake Bay Program 3-35
Engineering & Analysis 3-39
Engineering and Analysis 3-40
Grants Assistance Programs 3-43
Control Agency Resource Supplementation (Section 106) 3-44
Clean Lakes Program 3-46
Water Quality Strategies Implementation 3-47
Wetlands Protection 3-49
Nonpoint Source Management Grants 3-52
Wetlands Implementation Program 3-53
Oil spills Program 3-54
Ocean Disposal Permits 3-55
Environmental Emergency Response & Prevention 3-57
Water Quality Criteria, Standards & Applications 3-57
Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis 3-61
Coastal Environment Management 3-62
Assessment and Watershed Protection 3-65
Municipal Source Pollution 3-71
Municipal Pollution Control 3-72
ENFORCEMENT
Water Quality Enforcement 3-77
Water Quality Enforcement 3-78
Water Quality Permit Issuance 3-81
Water Quality Permit Issuance 3-82
-------
APPROPRIATION
WATER QUALITY
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REO
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
Construction Grants
Oil Spills Trust Fund
TOTAL. Water Quality
$128,766.7 $138,440.1 $136,297.8 $136,177.5 $138,879.9 $2,702.4 $439.8
$315,235.3 $273,763.4 $259,158.4 $264,930.4 $231,845.4 -$33,085.0 -$41,918.0
$15,587.2 $17,275.8 $16,716.8 $16,716.8 $13,677.9 -$3,038.9 -$3,597.9
$50,000.0 $50,000.0 $80,000.0 $30,000.0 $80,000.0
$19,661.1 $17,077.1 $17,076.1 -$17,076.1 -$19,661.1
$459,589.2 $449,140.4 $479,250.1 $484,900.8 $464,403.2 -$20,497.6 $15,262.8
Ocean Dumping Fund
$619.9
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
OUTLAYS
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS
2,146.0
2,235.3
2,373.9
2,373.9
2,356.0
2,356.0
2,326.1
2,326.1
2,206.9
2,206.9
-119.2
-119.2
-167.0
-167.0
$381,345.6 $406,615.1 $447,224.9 $451,503.6 $387,177.2 -$64,326.4 -$19,437.9
Authorization for the Clean Water Act as amended in 1987 expired on September 30, 1989.
Reauthorization is pending.
3-1
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WATER QUALITY
PRES. CURRENT
BUDGET ENACTED ESTIMATE
1993 1993 1993
DIFFERENCE
ENACTED VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
ENACTED
APPROPRIATION
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
Construction Grants
Oil Spills Trust Fund
TOTAL, Water Quality
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
$138,440.1 $136,297.8 $136,177.5 -$2.142.3 -$2.262.6 -$120.3
$273,763.4 $259,158.4 $264,930.4 -$14,605.0 -$8,833.0 $5.772.0
$17,275.8 $16,716.8 $16,716.8 -$559.0 -$559.0
$50,000.0 $50,000.0 $50,000.0 $50,000.0
$19,661.1
$449,140.4
2,373.9
2,373.9
$17,077.1
$479,250.1
2,356.0
2,356.0
$17,076.1
$484,900.8
2,326.1
2.326.1
-$2,584.0
$30,109.7
-17.9
-17.9
-$2,585.0
$35,760.4
-47.8
-47.8
-$1.0
$5,650.7
-29.9
-29.9
The following points list the major reasons that the dollars devoted to this media have changed from
submission of the President's FY 1993 Budget Request to the FY 1993 Current Estimates:
ABATEMENT. CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE
o +$42 M in Congressional add-on projects.
o -$29 M in Congressionally directed reductions.
o -$26 M transferred to Construction Grants for Nonpoint Source Grants.
PROGRAM AND RESEARCH OPERATIONS
o -$5.1 M for Agency Priorities.
RESEARCH AMD DEVELOPMENT
o +$525 K for Congressional add-on projects for the NAS Wetlands Study and Great Lakes Research.
o Congressionally directed add-ons for Great Lakes research, Zebra Mussels research, the Water
Environment Research Foundation, the Center for Analysis of Environmental Change, and nutrient
loading research in Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay.
o Congressionally directed general reductions to the Research and Development appropriation.
OIL SPILL RESPONSE
o -$2.6 M in Congressionally directed reduction.
3-2
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MEDIA Water Quality
NPM Water
FY 1993 CURRENT ESTIMATE
Changes by Category:
Workforce Costs (+/-)
Legislative Initiatives (+/-)
Program Initiatives (+/-)
Discontinuation of Specific
Increases to FY 1993 Request (-)
Others (+/)
FY 1994 PRESIDENT'S BUDGET
MEDIA BRIDGE TABLES
Water Quality
PRO AC&C W_i£ R&D Oil Total
$136,177.5 $264,930.4 $50,000.0 $16.716.8 17,076.1 $484,900.8
$0.0 $2,185.1
$0.0 $2,000.0
$0.0 $37,827.1
$0.0 -$44,854.9
$2,702.4
$0.0
$0.0
$0.0
$0.0
138,879.9
-$517.1
$2,000.0
$7,577.1
-$41,980.0
-$165.0
$231,845.4
$0.0
$0.0
$30,000.0
$0.0
$0.0
$80,000.0
$0.0
$0.0
$250.0
-$2,874.9
-$413.8
$13,677.9
$0.0 $464,403.2
3-3
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n
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WATER QUALITY
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
The fundamental philosophy behind the 1994 water quality program is an
ecosystem-based, risk-targeted approach to pollution prevention and control.
This approach consists of a continued focus on our existing, and expanding,
statutory responsibilities for traditional pollution sources, and an increased
emphasis on our most significant non-traditional unaddressed pollution source,
wet weather runoff (stormwater, nonpoint source [NFS] and combined sewer
overflows [CSOs]).
Over the past two decades the water program has made great strides in
improving the nation's water quality, a success which can be attributed to
nationwide regulations limiting point source discharges from industrial and
municipal facilities. Through legislation such as the Water Quality Act of 1987,
which amended the Clean Water Act (CWA), our responsibilities continue to grow.
The CWA ratified existing programs such as technology-based and water quality-
based effluent limits for point source dischargers, and provided new tools, such
as mandatory permits to control sewage sludge contamination, administrative
penalties to streamline enforcement actions, and the State Revolving Fund
program, which authorized funds for municipal wastewater treatment. Other
statutory mandates have been added through the Great Lakes Critical Programs Act
(GLCPA), Water Resources Development Act of 1992 and the Coastal Zone Act
Reauthorization Amendments (CZARA). During 1994 we will continue to place
emphasis on our traditional, legislatively-mandated programs which are crucial
to maintaining the improved water quality the nation enjoys today.
However, many significant water quality challenges remain. Wet weather
runoff is a major cause of impairment of our nation's waters. High volumes of
pollutants are carried into surface waters due to everyday flows from the
landscape and as rains temporarily overflow the traditional water quality
infrastructure of storm and sanitary sewers. The results pose risks to human
health, threaten aquatic habitats and public water supplies, and impair the use
and enjoyment of surface waters. The 1994 program places strong emphasis on
working with states, Tribes and local governments to develop needed programs for
stormwater, CSOs, sludge use and disposal, and nonpoint sources, and to provide
them with the necessary science and data to develop, defend and effectively
implement those programs.
EPA carries out these programs at the national level and through specific
geographic initiatives targeting critical watersheds. To further the strategic
goals of the water program in 1994 and beyond we must maintain a strong national
program on which states and localities can base their implementation efforts.
1994 PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
EPA is working with other Federal, state and local agencies and private
interest groups and citizens to refocus and operate existing water pollution
control programs in a more comprehensive and coordinated manner. There is a
growing consensus that our remaining water quality problems can best be solved
by increasing our focus on basin-wide approaches that take into account all
3-5
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pollution sources in a watershed and target actions for coordinated responses by
all interested parties.
The 1994 program strengthens the base upon which the Watershed Protection
Approach (WPA) is built by shifting resources and adding new resources to
accelerate the development and implementation of national programs for
monitoring, permitting, and enforcing permit conditions with respect to
stormwater and CSO discharges, and sludge use and disposal. These national
programs will be developed with the increased involvement of key stakeholders
including state and local governments, industry and environmental organizations.
WET WEATHER RUNOFF
Also, the Agency will begin the watershed restoration grants program, in
which Clean Water Act Section 319 funds will be targeted to specific state-
designated local watershed projects designed to restore wetlands, stream banks,
shorelines, seagrass beds and other aquatic habitats. Such watershed projects
will include: restoration of riparian habitats in man-altered watersheds; urban
lake renewal; improvement and restoration of important wetland habitats; shaping
or restoration of altered stream channels and riparian habitats; and protection
and restoration of eroding shorelines and their habitats.
The Agency will also provide section 319 grants to assist states in
implementing their EPA-approved nonpoint source (NPS) management programs. In
1994, these grants are supporting continuing statewide base NPS implementation
activities, including the upgrade of the level and quality of NPS controls being
applied in the high priority watersheds to reflect the best economically
achievable management measures available. In particular, these funds are being
focused on several specific priority NPS categories agriculture, silviculture,
urban, and hydro-modification in cooperation with other Federal agencies to
begin implementation of the Agency's management measures guidance for coastal
areas developed under the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments (CZARA) of
1990.
Our monitoring support will help states begin to use environmental
indicators and other "non-traditional" monitoring approaches that are essential
to watershed-based data collection, analysis and decision-making consistent with
the WPA. These approaches are being considered by the Interagency Task Force on
Monitoring (ITFM).
The water quality standards program will focus on developing guidance and
providing assistance and training to state and local communities. These
activities will strengthen states' abilities to adopt water quality standards
reflective of wet weather events and assist states, within the total maximum
daily load framework, to develop permit limits addressing water quality standards
for wet weather runoff, including CSOs. It will provide the primary analytical
basis for developing watershed-specific prevention and control strategies and
trading schemes.
We will develop scientifically sound and easily usable models for waste
load allocations and mixing zones. Effective and scientifically defensible waste
load allocations for CSOs, stormwater discharges, and load allocations for
3-6
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agricultural and other nonpoint sources will be developed and applied in order
to more effectively control these sources. The Agency will undertake a variety
of activities to control wet weather discharges in accordance with CWA mandates
and WPA goals.
ADDRESSING STATUTORY MANDATES
To meet the statutory mandate of Section 304(m) of the CWA, which was
subsequently incorporated in the 1992 Consent Decree between EPA and Natural
Resources Defense Council, the Agency must develop effluent limitation guidelines
for industries that present the most significant risk to public health and the
environment. The development of these guidelines is supported by detailed
engineering, economic and statistical analyses and analytical methods for toxic
and hazardous pollutants. Potential impacts on other environmental media are
considered as virtually all guidelines are developed in coordination with other
media. Pursuant to the Water Resources Development Act of 1992, the Agency must
develop a comprehensive national survey of sediment quality. The resulting
contaminated sediment inventory will serve to target water quality standards
adoption and control program implementation.
MEETING SCIENCE AND DATA NEEDS
The water quality program will focus on improving the quality and
application of our scientific and technical tools. These tools underlie water
programs, support water quality decisions and are essential to the protection of
human health and the environment. In particular, efforts will focus on
scientific improvements in assessing human and ecological risk and contamination
of fish and sediment; controlling and preventing industrial toxic releases;
assisting and guiding in implementation of these tools; and measuring the success
of our prevention and control programs.
The Agency will enhance its scientific capabilities for developing
consistent methodologies for human health and ecological risk assessments,
specifically through development of environmental indicators. This focus will
support development of improved methods to quantify and describe risks. The
program will support application of new risk studies, microbiological quality of
water research and microbial methods development. Similarly, in the wetlands
program, a categorization approach will be implemented as a means to better
tailor regulatory efforts to the functions and values of these natural resources.
The quality and access to water quality data systems will be improved to
facilitate public use of these systems and ensure national consistency. We will
enhance the effectiveness of targeted nonpoint source implementation, including
needed changes to U.S. Geological Survey systems. We will continue to emphasize
greater consistency in water quality data collected by the states under CWA
section 305(b). Improving this data will strengthen our basis for targeting
resources among different watersheds and geographic areas. These efforts are key
because our ability to defend project selections based on baseline environmental
data will largely dictate our success in evaluating these efforts in the future.
3-7
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The Agency will also focus on ecosystem management. The tools that enable
Regions and states to assess environmental impacts on a. system-wide base include
scientifically sound national water quality criteria; tools to tailor criteria
to site-specific circumstances; methods for assessing the health of ecological
communities and models to predict the impact of stressors on ecosystems. EPA
will work with states and dischargers to revise criteria to reflect increased
knowledge of environmental and human health impacts and under the Total Maximum
Daily Load program identify: (1) the site-specific needs for pollution control
and (2) the most effective means of obtaining water quality objectives.
SPECIAL PROGRAM WATER QUALITY EFFORTS
In 1994, the emphasis is on activities that address significant human
health needs or ecological threats identified in targeted watersheds.
The Great Lakes National Program Office (GLNPO) will continue to be guided
by Five-Year-Strategy goals for toxics reduction and habitat protection and
restoration. GLNPO is leading state and Federal air and water programs in a
joint effort to develop integrated open water, tributary, biota, and air
monitoring in the Great Lakes Basin to develop baseline information on toxic
loadings and concentrations. Habitat protection and restoration projects in the
Basin will support healthy and diverse communities, emphasizing habitats
necessary to maintain bio-diversity in the Great Lakes Basin.
The Chesapeake Bay Program Office (CBPO) will encourage private sector
involvement in nonpoint source pollution efforts throughout the watershed.
Outreach efforts will encourage expanded public involvement in efforts to reduce
the effects of nonpoint sources of pollution. The CBPO will continue its
nutrient reduction effort to meet the goal of a 40-percent reduction by the year
2000 through the implementation of tributary-specific nutrient reduction
strategies.
Efforts by the Gulf of Mexico Program will target the most critical and
vulnerable marine life with pollution prevention and control activities so as to
expand shellfish-growing waters. Support will continue for demonstration
projects and other important efforts of the Gulf Program's technical
subcommittees.
The Agency will address environmental problems at the Mexican Border,
including major water-related sanitation issues raised by the Integrated Border
Environmental Plan (IBEP). The 1994 program supports the effort to provide
needed services to U.S. colonias and Mexican border cities through construction
of wastewater treatment facilities funded under the Water Infrastructure
Financing (WIF) appropriation.
Working with the Army Corps of Engineers and other Federal agencies, EPA
will continue to build a strong, consistent wetlands protection program.
Consistent with the watershed protection approach, the wetlands program will
direct its efforts to those wetlands at greatest risk. Activities will include
continued enhancement of our state partnerships, including attention to sound
management of the state grants program and development of State Wetlands
Conservation Strategies.
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WATER QUALITY RESEARCH
The water quality research program will develop and improve scientific data
and technologies to help protect and enhance the designated uses of our nation's
waters and related ecosystems, including research on coastal and marine waters,
large lakes and rivers, wetlands, contaminated sediments, aquatic eco-criteria,
nonpoint sources of pollution, habitat and bio-diversity, and wastewater and
sludge.
To help implement a national policy of "no net loss of wetlands," the
Agency is carrying out a multi-year research plan endorsed by the Science
Advisory Board in 1991 to develop a risk-based approach for wetland protection
and management. Research will be conducted to describe the water quality
functions of wetlands, develop the methods for assessing the cumulative impacts
of wetlands losses, and evaluate the creation and restoration of wetlands.
Increased resources will be used to evaluate the restoration potential of
agriculturally converted wetlands in the prairie pothole region.
The Agency will also conduct research to improve our ability to understand
and predict the impact of human activities on large lakes and rivers by focussing
on the Great Lakes and extrapolating results to other lakes and rivers. The
research program is designed to develop the scientific data needed to establish
realistic ecological and public health goals for such ecosystems, help develop
a management program that strategically directs resources, and provide ecological
indicators that document progress toward achieving these goals.
The agency research program will develop aquatic eco-criteria and other
methods for assessing and predicting the long-term cumulative effects of
anthropogenic stresses on the Great Lakes, the Gulf of Mexico, and other coastal
and marine ecosystems. Research will be conducted to develop and apply a risk-
based framework to identify and prioritize the major risks to habitat and bio-
diversity. The scale and intensity of habitat modification and the subsequent
loss and degradation of critical natural functions has become immense in the
United States, with long-term adverse consequences to both ecological and
socioeconomic values.
Work will continue to provide the scientific and engineering basis to
effectively protect benthic habitats and implement pollution control and
prevention strategies that will someday obviate the contaminated sediment
problem. The Agency will also carry out research to develop the technology and
methods necessary to ensure the most cost effective and environmentally sound
management and disposal of wastewater and sludge, including research on wet
weather discharges and innovative treatment technologies and pollution prevention
for industrial wastewater processes.
The Agency will continue to develop the scientific data necessary to
prevent or reduce nonpoint sources of pollution by focusing research on the
environmental and ecological impacts of alternative agricultural management
systems. The research, carried out in conjunction with USDA, will study the
ecological benefits from new farm and watershed management methods including
those promoted for voluntary adoption throughout the midwest.
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Consulting Services Activities
The Agency uses consulting resources to fulfill the requirements of its
authorizing legislation. Specifically, EPA uses these resources to provide
technical assistance to Regions, states, and local governments; collect data and
monitor background levels as a basis for future regulatory actions; and conduct
studies and analyses which support new programs.
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WATER QUALITY
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES
INCREMENTAL OUTPUTS
ACTUAL
1992
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
ESTIMATE
1994
INCREASE(+)
DECREASE (-)
1994 vs.1993
Ocean Pumping Dredged Material
Permit Review
Ocean Dumping
Site Designations
187
237
230
Ocean Discharge Criteria Eval,
General
Major
Minor
Construction Grants
Awards
Active Construction
Workload (BOY)
3
21
23
31
3839
Permits Issued by EPA Municipal '
Major 173
Sludge Requirements 50
Non-Municipal 2
Major 152
General 13
Adiudicatorv Hearings
Settled 116
Enforcement Actions
Inspections 2068
Admin Compliance Orders 759
Admin Penalty Orders 233
Civil Litigation 57
Criminal Litigation 28
Clean Lakes
Projects/Studies/Assessments 90
Water Quality Criteria
Aquatic Life 4
Sediment 0
5
24
23
15
3070
149
150
150
50
150
2305
675
235
91
32
85
4
5
3
20
13
10
2180
160
225
170
100
150
2400
555
354
73
34
-7
-1
-2
-4
-10
-5
-890
+11
+75
+20
+50
0
0
+95 3
-120 4
+119
-18
+2
-85
-4
-5
3-11
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WATER QUALITY
CURRENT
ACTUAL ESTIMATE
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES 1992 1993
CUMULATIVE OUTPUTS
Operation SRF Programs 6 51 51
Effluent Guidelines Categories
New Final Rules " 51 52
Regulations /Support Documents
for Sludge Reuse/Disposal 4 3
NPDES State Approvals 39 40
General Permit State Programs 32 35
National Estuary Projects 17 18
Water Quality Criteria
Aquatic Life 39 43
Sediment 05
ESTIMATE
1994
51
52
INCREASE(+)
DECREASE (-)
1994 vs.1993
41
38
21
43
5
-2
+ 1
+3
+3
0
0
1. Manors The permit issuance total for major municpals issued by EPA will
increase slightly over this three year period as Regions are beginning to
be able to handle the more complex permits and states have adopted new
water quality standards which will be reflected as necessary.
Sludge Both majors and minors are combined as one number.
2. Manors The permit issuance total for major non-municipals issued by EPA
decreases as states are able to handle more complex permits.
General 1993 general permits will cover storm water dischargers. A
general permit is an administrative mechanism to allow the state or Region
to cover more than one discharger with similar characteristics with one
permit (e.g., storm water discharges associated with industrial
activities, boat yards, fish hatcheries).
3. Includes inspections for sludge.
4. Outputs for majors only.
5. Fifty states and Puerto Rico have operational SRF programs.
6. Offshore Oil and Gas only; other rules are revisions to categories already
counted in the 51 .
3-12
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
WATER QUALITY
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Water Quality Research 3-13
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UATER QUALITY
Water Quality Research
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Water Quality Research
Program & Research $12.895.3 $15,375.6 $14.994.8 $14,925.7 $15,398.5 $472.8 $22.9
Operations
Research & Development $15,587.2 $17,275.8 $16,191.8 $16,191.8 $13,677.9 -$2.513.9 -$3.597.9
TOTAL $28,482.5 $32.651.4 $31,186.6 $31,117.5 $29,076.4 -$2,041.1 -$3,575.0
Congressional Directive
Water
Research & Development $400.0 $400.0 -$400.0
TOTAL $400.0 $400.0 -$400.0
Congressional Directive
Water
Research & Development $125.0 $125.0 -$125.0
TOTAL $125.0 $125.0 -$125.0
TOTAL:
Program & Research $12,895.3 $15,375.6 $14,994.8 $14,925.7 $15,398.5 $472.8 $22.9
Operations
Research & Development $15,587.2 $17,275.8 $16,716.8 $16,716.8 $13,677.9 -$3,038.9 -$3,597.9
Water Quality Research TOTAL $28,482.5 $32,651.4 $31,711.6 $31,642.5 $29,076.4 -$2,566.1 -$3.575.0
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Water Quality Research 207.6 236.9 226.3 223.5 214.2 -9.3 -22.7
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 207.6 236.9 226.3 223.5 214.2 -9.3 -22.7
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Water Quality Research 219.0 236.9 226.3 223.5 214.2 -9.3 -22.7
TOTAL WORKYEARS 219.0 236.9 226.3 223.5 214.2 -9.3 -22.7
3-13
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Research
Principal Outputs
1994s o Initial report on the state of scientific information relating to
the causes of toxic and nuisance algal blooms in coastal waters
o CIS-based Decision Support System for Midwestern Watershed
Management Planning
o Watershed Landscape Design for Aquatic, Terrestrial, and
Groundwater Improvements for Walnut Creek
o Standard methods for in situ capping of sediments
o Standard chronic toxicity methods for selected benthic species
1993; o Completion of Green Bay mass balance model
o Completion of Green Bay pelagic food web model
o Report on organic contaminant and heavy metal concentrations in
zebra mussel tissue from western Lake Erie
o Revised guidelines for the development of aquatic life water quality
criteria
o Completion and delivery of report on Phase I of the coastal
Biomarkers Research Program
o Model for predicting toxicity of PAH contaminated sediments in the
field
o SAB Briefing Report: Proposed Methods for Deriving Sediment Quality
Criteria for metals.
o Development and testing of marine microcosm conditions needed to
simulate site-specific coastal habitats for the purpose of
quantifying risks to marine systems posed by anthropogenic
pollutants.
o Report on state-of-the-science review on stressors, impacts, and
indicators of function of urban emergent wetland types.
1992; o SAB Briefing Report: SAB Briefing Report: Technical basis for
Sediment Quality Criteria for non-ionic organic chemicals
o Report on synthesis of methods to predict bioaccumulation of
sediment pollutants
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A Synoptic Approach to Cumulative Impact Assessment: A Proposed
Methodology for Wetlands and Watersheds
o Completed field study of subsurface-flow constructed wetlands
systems for use in developing preliminary design guidance.
o Report on sludge incineration studies
o RREL Treatability Data Base Version 4.0.
o Methods for the Determination of Chemical Substances in Marine and
Estuarine Environmental Samples
o Report on bioassessment protocols to support implementation of
biocriteria
o Completed the design and testing of methods to assess the
time-to-recovery of Boston Harbor sediment communities.
o Pathogen risk assessment methodology for landfilled sludge.
o Provide technical support to the regions and states on existing
water quality standards and revise ambient water quality criteria as
necessary.
3-15
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Research
BUDGET REQUEST
1994 Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $29,076,400 supported by 214.2 total
workyears for 1994, of which $15,398,500 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $13,677,900 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents an increase of $472,800 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, a decrease of $3,038,900 in the Research and
Development appropriation, and a decrease of 9.3 total workyears. The increase
to the Program and Research Operations appropriation reflects additional
personnel compensation and benefits (PC&B), and travel expenses associated with
funding ORD's staff of scientists, managers and support personnel in such areas
as quality assurance, extramural resource management, and high priority research.
The decrease for the Research and Development appropriation reflects the
redirection of resources to higher priority activities which is partially offset
by an increase for wetlands research. The decrease for the Research and
Development appropriation reflects the elimination of Congressionally directed
projects funded in 1993 and the redirection of resources to support the
Multimedia Program Element.
1993 Budget
The Agency is allocating a total of $31,642,500 supported by 223.5 total
workyears for this program element, of which $14,925,700 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $16,716,800 is from the Research and
Deve1opment appropriat ion.
1992 Budget
The Agency obligated a total of $28,482,500 supported by 219.0 total
workyears for this program element, of which $12,895,300 was from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $15,587,200 was from the Research and
Development appropriation.
RESEARCH ISSUES
The sections below describe research program issues by each fiscal year:
COASTAL AND MARINE
1994 Program Request
Coastal and marine ecosystems are at risk from long-term cumulative effects
of multiple pollutant discharges and habitat degradation. Stresses on these
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systems include point and non-point (including atmospheric) inputs of toxic
wastes and excess nutrients, eroding sediment, and the effects of coastal wetland
and bottom habitat degradation. We do not know the capacity of coastal
ecosystems to assimilate pollutants and other stresses without significant loss
of ecological integrity, productivity and sustainability. To protect these
ecosystems, ORD is conducting research which will produce methods to identify,
assess, predict and manage the cumulative effects of human activities on coastal
and marine ecosystems. The products of this research will provide EPA regions
and coastal states with conceptual, analytical, and practical tools to assess the
relative effects of nutrients, organic matter, toxic chemicals, and other
anthropogenic stresses on coastal systems. These tools will include
dose-response models for nutrients and toxic chemicals, system-level indicators
of pollution-related problems, and standard analytical methods. These methods
will provide the scientific basis for cost-effective protection of coastal
ecosystems through correctly-targeted pollution control measures and resource
management.
1994 will be a transition year in which the focus of research will begin
to shift from individual stressor research to a more integrated program aimed at
understanding the cumulative impacts of multiple stresses. The research will be
organized around a matrix of program areas (problem characterization, marine
ecological processes, risk assessment) and specific threats to coastal water
quality and ecological integrity (nutrient and organic overenrichment, toxic
chemical contamination, eutrophication, and toxic algal blooms). In this way,
researchers will focus on the highest priority threats to coastal ecosystems as
identified in EPA Report on the Quality of the Nation's Water (the 305(b)Report).
Another component of the research program will address the monitoring activities
necessary to implement the National Coastal Monitoring Act of 1992.
1993 Program
ORD is conducting research to develop methods for assessing and predicting
the long-term accumulation effects of multiple anthropogenic stresses on coastal
and marine ecosystems. Researchers are carrying out work in the area of toxic
chemical contamination to produce reports on the occurrence and effects of toxic
chemicals in free-ranging marine mammals and other endangered species; methods
for assessing biological and ecological impacts of drilling waste in the Gulf of
Mexico; better understanding of the effects of toxic chemicals (including PCB's)
on the reproductive systems of marine fish; chemical markers of pollution sources
in marine environments; and biological mechanisms (biomarkers) of
chemical-induced cancers in marine shellfish. ORD is also supporting further
development and delivery of technical assistance to coastal states and regions
for the application of mathematical models of ocean outfalls plumes in areas
including Puget Sound, San Francisco Bay, Santa Monica Bay, and San Diego Bay.
In the area of ecological processes, researchers are completing a microcosm-based
study of the time-to-recovery of Boston Harbor and planning work on marine
ecological processes in the Massachusetts Bays region. ORD is also conducting
risk assessment case studies in Portsmouth Harbor, NH, and Greenwich Bay, RI.,
and carrying out new research activities in the areas of nutrient pollution,
organic overenrichment, and toxic algal blooms, and national coastal ecosystems
monitoring.
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Congressional Directives. A total of $400,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project for a nutrient loading research project in Boston Harbor and
Massachusetts Bay.
1992 Accomplishments
Researchers produced several peer-reviewed reports in the area of toxic
contamination including reports on the reproductive effects of PCB's on marine
fish, Outfall Plume Modeling Manual for computer models of pollutant transport
and fate from ocean outfalls, and Synthesis of Methods to Predict Bioaccumulation
of Sediment Pollutants. In the area of ecological processes, researchers
developed a CAT-scan method for quantifying community-level responses to
pollution of marine benthic communities, and a report on the importance of the
seawater surface microlayer on the sea-air exchange of PCB's in New Bedford
Harbor.
LARGE LAKES AND RIVERS
1994 Program Request
ORD will conduct research to improve our ability to understand and predict
the impact of human activities on large lakes and rivers. The large lakes and
rivers of the Nation are subject to disturbances from the activities of man that
result in loadings of toxic chemicals and nutrients as well as loss of habitat
and the invasion of non-indigenous species. For the purposes of the ORD research
effort, the Great Lakes and the rivers serving as connecting channels are
considered to represent both the geographic target of research and the model from
which to extrapolate the approaches and results to other lakes and rivers. In
addition to persistent chemical insults, the Great Lakes have been subjected to
a variety of physical and biological alterations including the invasion of
non-indigenous nuisance species such as the zebra mussel and major losses of
wetlands and shoreline structure which impact on the sustainability of the lake
ecosystems.
The ORD research program is designed to develop the scientific data needed
to establish realistic ecological and public health goals for such ecosystems,
to help develop a management program that strategically directs resources, and
provides ecological indicators that document progress toward achieving these
goals. Researchers will focus on: developing mass balance and food web models
to establish and predict relationships of chemical loadings (emphasizing both
sediment and atmospheric loadings) to residues in aquatic life and wildlife;
developing watershed models to understand and predict the relationship of
watershed conditions and management activities to loadings into rivers and lakes;
determining the ecosystem effects of exposure to chemicals and changes in habitat
conditions; validating fate and transport models used to predict chemical
residues in fish; and evaluating the impact of new invading species on existing
ecological relationships.
3-18
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1993 Program
Results from the multi-agency Green Bay (Lake Michigan) mass balance study
are being made available to lake managers planning future studies in support of
lake-wide management plans, and to local regulatory agencies responsible for the
clean-up of the Fox River. This study will show the utility of the mass balance
approach in addressing and prioritizing remedial actions for large systems. The
model incorporates the importance of sediment resuspension and sediment
contamination in predicting residues in fish over a twenty-five year timeframe.
Researchers are initiating work on the design of an atmospheric data collection
program for the coupling of atmospheric input models to water quality mass
balance food chain residue models.
Congressional Directives. A total of $1,000,000 is for the Congressionally
directed projects for continued research on zebra mussels ($250,000) and for
research in support of the Great Lakes National Program office ($750,000).
1992 Accomplishments
ORD developed hydrodynamic driven sediment models for use in understanding
the role of sediments in controlling fate of toxic substances. Sediments are
known to contain tremendous reservoirs of toxic substances that continue to
recontaminate the water columns and biota well after the sources of contamination
have been eliminated. During 1992, a management level mass balance food chain
model for Lake Michigan was completed and presented to the Lake Michigan
Management Committee. The model results are being used to design future loading
and open lake monitoring studies.
WETLANDS
1994 Program Request
Wetlands are the interface between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and
contribute to environmental quality by purifying water, storing flood waters,
recharging groundwater, and providing habitat. Despite growing recognition of
their ecological value, there was a net loss of over 2.6 million acres between
the mid-1970's and mid-1980's. To help implement a national policy of "no net
loss of wetlands, ORD is carrying out research to develop a risk-based approach
for wetlands protection and management. Research goals are to: 1) determine how
wetland functions contribute to environmental quality, both individually and as
an aggregate within the landscape, and develop methods for assessing and
enhancing function; 2) quantify the effects of stressors and landscape factors
on wetland functions and use the information to assess the risks posed by the
associated loss of wetlands and their functions; 3) develop design guidelines and
performance criteria to reduce risk through wetland restoration and creation; and
4) improve the design and performance of wetlands constructed or restored for
water quality improvement and identify the ecological risks and benefits of their
use.
ORD will continue to carry out the multi-year wetlands research plan
endorsed by the SAB in 1991. Increased resources will be used to evaluate the
3-19
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restoration potential of agriculturally converted wetlands in the prairie pothole
region. This research will support the Food Securities Act and the Northern
Waterfowl Reserve. Researchers will also fully implement another major study of
the wetlands of the prairie pothole region. This study will include landscape
and site-specific work on wetland function, and an evaluation of wetland
restoration in the region. The results from this multi-scale study will be
integrated into a risk assessment for the region. ORD will also study the
ecological consequences of wetlands constructed to treat wastewater and begin to
revise the 1988 design manual for this type of constructed wetland. Researchers
will complete the first studies to develop an approach to setting priorities for
siting restoration projects in watersheds in the arid West.
1993 Program
ORD La carrying out the five-year wetlands research plan endorsed by the
SAB in 1991. Workers are continuing to identify the functions of individual and
small groups of wetlands and how they are affected by environmental impacts.
They are developing information needed to characterize and compare levels of
function attainable in populations of natural, restored, and created wetlands.
Researchers are developing methods for assessing and protecting landscape
function in the prairie pothole region. ORD is also continuing to evaluate the
performance of wetlands constructed for wastewater treatment and to propose
improved designs for such systems. Researchers will use the research on
landscape function, wetlands function, and characterization and restoration to
develop and test a risk-based approach to wetland management.
1992 Accomplishments
1992 was a year of transition from the research conducted under the five
year plan adopted in 1986 to the research proposed in the new five year plan.
In concluding the work under the 1986 plan, researchers completed two major
studies which represented a synthesis of the major research work. An Approach
to Improving Decision Making in Restoration and Creation uses the results of five
years of research evaluating wetland mitigation projects to illustrate a strategy
that uses monitoring of populations of natural wetlands and projects to develop
performance criteria and design guidelines. The Synoptic Approach to Cumulative
Impact Assessment documents a method for rapidly assessing impacts of wetland
loss on the landscape that uses readily available data. Results of research done
over the past five years are used as case studies to illustrate how the approach
can be used at a variety of scales.
CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS
1994 Program Request
Toxic chemicals and conventional pollutants have steadily accumulated in
the sediments of coastal, estuarine and freshwater ecosystems over the past
century. Studies by the Office of Water and the National Academy of Sciences
indicate that the extent of sediment contamination may be large with potentially
far reaching effects. It appears that sediments at hundreds of locations across
the country, in all types of waterbodies, are contaminated at levels that will
harm benthic and other aquatic communities; and potentially threaten human health
3-20
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and wildlife due to bioaccumulation of sediment contaminants through the food
chain. ORD is carrying out research to provide the scientific basis to
effectively protect benthic habitats through meaningful regulatory practices as
identified through the Agency's Contaminated Sediment Management Strategy.
Research results will provide the scientific and engineering basis to implement
pollution control and prevention strategies that will someday obviate the
contaminated sediment problem.
ORD research will focus on development and validation of scientific and
engineering approaches to identify contaminated sediments in aquatic
environments; assess their potential impact on aquatic life, wildlife, and human
health; and remediate contaminated sediment sites in a cost-effective and
environmentally consistent manner.
Researchers will develop and validate methods for deriving national
sediment quality criteria for the protection of aquatic life, wildlife, and human
health. They will develop assessment methods to predict the fate and effects of
contaminated sediments in aquatic systems, including the potential of sediment
associated contaminants to bioaccumulate in human food chains. Researchers will
also develop methods to identify toxic constituents in sediments and determine
contaminant sources to aquatic systems.
ORD will conduct develop and evaluate innovative and cost effective
remediation techniques, such as in situ contaminant biological treatment, and
metals treatment and reclamation, for freshwater marine and estuarine habitats.
Rates of natural recovery of benthic communities will also be examined to insure
that appropriate remediation options are considered.
1993 Program
Researchers are focusing on the development and validation of methods for
deriving national sediment quality criteria for the protection of aquatic life,
wildlife, and human health. They are developing chemical specific sediment
quality criteria documents for endrin, dieldrin, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, and
acenapthrene. To improve assessment methods, they are developing chronic
sediment toxicity tests. For remediation research, they are completing a report
on biological treatment of sediments.
1992 Accomplishments
Researchers completed laboratory and field studies on the equilibrium
partitioning approach for deriving sediment quality criteria for dieldrin and
endrin. They also completed research on ionizable organic partitioning,
including solubility coefficients relationships and initiated research to
assess treatment techniques for the remediation of contaminated sediments.
AQUATIC ECOCRITERIA
1994 Program Request
Aquatic ecosystems are sensitive to pollution and disturbance and, as such,
serve as a sentinel in assessing the health of our ecological resources. Aquatic
3-21
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communities will likely be among the first to show the impacts of global climate
change. Current scientific knowledge allows EPA to control specific pollutants
in our waters through the use of water quality criteria, and to control toxic
discharges using toxicity-based permitting of point sources of pollution.
However, scientific knowledge is insufficient to formulate comprehensive
approaches to protect aquatic ecosystems from the cumulative impact of diffuse
sources of pollution and from a large variety of non-pollutant stresses or
disturbances. To overcome this problem, ORD must develop the scientific basis
to extend the concepts of water quality criteria to that of ecological criteria
which address multiple impacts over larger spatial scales.
Aquatic ecocriteria research is designed to extend the concept of water
quality criteria by developing analogous ecological criteria to protect the
environment from any stressor which diminishes ecosystem integrity. By
developing such criteria, ORD will create the required next generation of methods
and guidance to identify risks associated with human activity to shape pollution
prevention programs and to select restoration approaches in areas of diminished
ecological integrity. Ecological criteria must apply to specific geographic
regions and this work will initially focus primarily on the Gulf of Mexico and
to a lesser extent the Great Lakes. Subsequent work will include aquatic
ecocriteria for the Chesapeake Bay.
ORD will conduct studies in all five areas that make up aquatic ecological
criteria. These include chemical criteria, complex effluent, biocriteria,
ecosystem criteria, and ecosystem diagnostics. The main emphasis in the chemical
criteria will be reduce the uncertainties associated with some of the criteria
for important chemicals. Specifically, researchers will conduct studies to more
accurately express the bioavailability form of the heavy metal criteria. Workers
conducting complex effluent research will focus on developing methods to identify
chemicals that bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms and wildlife. Researchers will
also develop indicators for biological criteria for near coastal areas and large
lakes; initiate diagnostic procedures to identify the causes of aquatic community
dysfunction for headwater rivers and large lakes; and identify ecosystem criteria
(which include many of the determinate factors controlling the biological
communities present) for rivers and large lakes. Additional effort will be
placed on identifying ecological measurements that will assist in determining the
ecological condition, and causes of that condition, of marine communities and
ecosystems.
1993 Program
ORD is initiating a major effort to develop aquatic ecocriteria with
initial focus on the Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes. Researchers are
beginning work to provide fundamental knowledge of the ecology of near Gulf Coast
ecosystems to better enable formulations of ecological risk assessment. The
research will provide tools to assist the Agency is determining how effective
management decisions are in protecting estuaries including: 1) development of
procedures to measure the current health, predict future health and to assess
recovery of estuaries (a diagnostics protocol will be field tested to assess its
applicability and predictive capability); 2) identification and prioritization
of the causes of impact on the biotic communities, e.g., point and non-point
3-22
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toxics; and 3) determination of the tolerance limits of major floral and fauna
communities and establishment of effective biocriteria to protect the biota.
Work in the Great Lakes watershed is focusing on low order (headwater)
streams and Great Lakes coastal wetlands. Researchers studying low order streams
will extend previous work in the Saginaw River Watershed dealing with biocriteria
evaluation and the relationship between watershed land use practices and the
nature and degree of aquatic ecological disturbances in low order streams. Great
Lakes coastal wetlands are an integral component of the Great Lakes ecosystem for
which much more study is required. Scientists are directing their research
efforts on such wetlands towards developing a classification system for defining
the ecological integrity of these wetlands, developing indicators of disturbance,
and developing restoration strategies for degraded wetlands in the Great Lakes.
Results of the research on both wetlands and low order streams in the Great Lakes
region is expected to be transferable to a large extent to other regions of the
United States. This work will be integrated with other components of the
ecocriteria program further along in development (e.g. biocriteria). It will
also be coordinated with research on other wetlands, non-point source
contaminants and global climate change effects.
1992 Accomplishments
Researchers completed initial work to develop ecocriteria including:
extensive biological, chemical and physical characterization of the very diverse
Saginaw River MI water shed through field sample collection and analysis;
development of a GIS system to receive and integrate information on terrestrial
and aquatic, natural and human-activity related features of the watershed; and
development of program plans for the in-house and extramural components of the
ERL-Duluth ecocriteria program. Other accomplishments included: development of
six chemical-specific criteria for aquatic life and development of the first four
chemical-specific criteria for the protection of Great Lakes wildlife.
NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION
1994 Program Request
Reports by the Office of Water, Science Advisory Board (SAB), the States,
and GAO have identified nonpoint source pollution (NFS) as the largest remaining
category of contamination threatening our nation's water quality. ORD research
efforts on NFS focus on agriculture and the most pervasive pollutants nitrogen
and pesticides. Agriculture NFS is the largest NFS, affecting about 50 to 70
percent of the impaired surface waters.
ORD will conduct research on the environmental and ecological impacts of
alternative agricultural management systems being implemented as part of the
President's Water Quality Initiative for agricultural systems administered by
USDA. This effort, the Midwest Agriculture Surface/Subsurface Transport and
Effects Research program (MASTER) is being carried out in close cooperation with
the USDA and USGS. The research is being conducted in concert with the USDA
Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) Program in the midwest, and will
concentrate on the water quality and ecological benefits of watershed management
3-23
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approaches. The research in 1994 will study the ecological benefits from new
farm and watershed management methods including those promoted for voluntary
adoption throughout the midwest. Water quality impacts from agricultural
chemicals, sediment, and habitat alteration will be measured and assessed for
experimental watersheds and extrapolated to similar midwestern conditions. A
companion piece of this work focusing on drinking water aspects of the problem
is funded under the Drinking Water Research budget.
1993 Program
ORD is initiating a limited research effort to study the impact of
multimedia nitrogen on estuarine and near coastal ecosystems, particularly the
Chesapeake Bay. Researchers are developing a framework for mass balance studies
to enable allocation of source loads among the various media including watershed
drainage, atmospheric deposition, and point sources. The study will include
sources from and assimilation by various land types (e.g. forests, croplands,
etc.), municipal and industrial discharges and various air emissions (autos,
power plants, etc.). Future work on this research initiative would allow EPA and
the States to evaluate the ecological consequences of alternative nitrogen
control options and to select the wisest combinations of policies.
The MASTER program was entirely funded in 1993 under the Drinking Water
Research budget. A shift of part of the resources for the MASTER program from
Drinking Water Research to Water Quality Research is being made in 1994 to
properly reflect the fact that the MASTER program also deals with surface water
quality research issues.
1992 Accomplishments
The MASTER program was entirely funded in 1992 under the Drinking Water
Research budget.
HABITAT/BIODIVERSITY
ORD will carry out the second year of a research plan to assess the major
threats to habitat/biodiversity. The scale and intensity of habitat modification
and the subsequent loss and degradation of critical natural functions has become
immense in the United States, with long-term adverse consequences to both
ecological and socioeconomic values. ORD is developing methods and data to
support risk-based approaches to habitat assessment, management, and monitoring.
The assessment component will rank relative risks to major habitat types based
on their associated value and major stressors. The management component will
evaluate how high value habitats will respond to specific protection and
restoration strategies. The monitoring component will develop landscape level
indicators of habitat condition in coordination with EMAP.
Researchers will develop and apply a hierarchical, landscape-scale
assessment framework to prioritized relative risks to habitat and biodiversity
considering value, exposure to anthropogenic stresses, and restoration potential.
Pilot studies will be carried out to ascertain the best methods and data bases
to conduct a national comparative risk assessment for habitat and biodiversity.
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The pilot studies will use species occurrence data from The Nature Conservancy
and National Heritage Programs; 2) habitat and landscape data from the Advanced
Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite land classification data base
and Fish and Wild Life Service Gap Analysis Project vegetation maps; and 3)
stressor data on housing, population census variables by townships, groundwater
data, transportation data and other stressor information when available. The
pilot studies will include Idaho-Oregon, Southern California, Utah, Chesapeake
Bay Watershed/Pennsylvania, as well as a national study to assess the
consistency, comparability and interpretability of the AVHRR satellite land
classification system.
1993 Program
ORD is initiating work to develop and apply a risk-based framework to
identify and prioritized the major risks to habitat values, including wetland
habitats. ORD has formed a biodiversity research consortium to develop generally
accepted data bases and analytical methods for assessing and managing risks to
biodiversity. Initially, membership will include the US Fish and Wildlife
Service, the USDA Forest Service, the USDI Geological Survey, the US
Environmental Protection Agency, and The Nature Conservancy (TNC) who
additionally represent the Network of State Natural Heritage Programs. In the
future, membership may be expanded to include the Bureau of Land Management, the
National Park Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Department of Defense, the Smithsonian Institution, and additional governmental
agencies and non-governmental organizations. Although the program's objectives
are national in scope, several scientific issues will be addressed initially and
resolved in an integrated series of pilot projects. These pilot studies were
initiated in 1993 and will be completed over a three-year period (1993-95). The
pilot studies will enable us to make an informed judgment about the most rigorous
methods and suitable databases to use for a national scale analysis. All of the
information to be gathered in this study will be synthesized to help make the
decision on the best direction for the national implementation.
Congressional Directives. A total of $250,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project for the Center for the Analysis of Environmental Change to
provide comprehensive approaches needed for the wise management of the Columbia
and Snake rivers ecosystem resources.
1992 Accomplishments
There was no funding for this activity in 1992.
WASTEWATER AND SLUDGE
1994 Program Request
EPA will carry out research to develop the technology and methods necessary
to ensure the most cost effective and environmentally sound management and
disposal of wastewater and sludge. Wastewater and Sludge research focuses on
three research areas: 1) municipal wastewater/sludge treatment, 2) urban wet-
weather discharges and 3) industrial wastewater management. Municipal
wastewater/sludge management includes: monitoring methods and quality assurance
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for microbiological and chemical methods, sludge pathogen and chemical risk
assessment, municipal wastewater sludge disposal including beneficial use. Urban
wet-weather discharges research focuses on monitoring methods and quality
assurance for microbiological methods, risk assessments and reduction of
discharges from urban sources. Industrial wastewater treatment research includes
monitoring methods and quality assurance, pollution prevention for industrial
wastewater processes and innovative treatment technologies.
1993 Program
ORD is placing primary emphasis on research which supports the Office of
Water in the development of Section 503 Sludge regulations. Workers are carrying
out research, development, and demonstration activities which stress development
and evaluation of specific gene probes for pathogens, risk assessment methods for
pathogens, and the fate of and techniques for controlling pathogens in sludge
prior to its final disposition. Researchers are continuing studies on annual
water pollution performance evaluations and the annual Discharge Monitoring
Report-QA performance evaluations for the QA reference materials program. They
expect to complete the following products: development of gene probe methods for
Shigella, Salmonella, and viruses; a pathogen risk assessment methodology for the
landfilling of municipal sludge; and a preliminary evaluation of best management
practices for stormwater pollution control.
Congressional Directives. A total of $700,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project for the Water Environment Research Foundation.
1992 Accomplishments
Wastewater and sludge research products have been used by the EPA program
offices, Regions, States, local governments and the industrial sector for
regulation and management of wastewater and sludge. Researchers developed sample
processing procedures for recovering intestinal viruses from wastewater and
sludge and a method for non-radioactive detection of Norwalk viruses from
wastewater sludge. They also completed a preliminary human health risk
assessment for viruses in municipal sludge applied to land and developed new and
revised analytical methods for the NPDES Point Source and Nonpoint Source
programs which reduce or eliminate hazardous laboratory waste, lower detection
limits and meet requirements of EPA's Environmental Monitoring Management
Council.
POLLUTION PREVENTION
1994 Program Request
No work will be done in Water Quality Research in 1994. Resources are
being moved to pollution prevention research in the Multimedia Program Element.
1993 Program
Support is being provided for research on the assimilative capacity of
subsurface soils for agricultural chemicals.
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1992 Accomplishments
There were no Water Quality Research resources in the pollution prevention
research area in 1992.
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
1994 Program Request
As mandated by the Small Business Development Act of 1982 (Public Law 97-
219), EPA will allocate 1.50% of its extramural Research and Development budget
for the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program. These funds will be
used to support small businesses engaged in the development of equipment for
pollution abatement and control, and instrumentation for monitoring environmental
trends and conditions. Under this program, ORD will take advantage of unique
solutions to water quality problems and other environmental issues that may be
offered by the private sector. Resources will be identified in the operating
plan and consolidated into the Multimedia Program Element once enactment occurs.
1993 Program
As mandated by the Small Business Development Act of 1982 (Public Law 97-
219), EPA is allocating 1.50% of its extramural Research and Development budget
for the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program. These funds are used
to support small businesses engaged in the development of equipment for pollution
abatement and control, and instrumentation for monitoring environmental trends
and conditions. Under this program, ORD is able to take advantage of unique
solutions to water quality related problems and other environmental issues that
may be offered by the private sector.
1992 Accomplishments
Resources and accomplishments supporting this program were budgeted in the
Multimedia program element for 1992.
INFRASTRUCTURE
1994 Program Request
Adequately funded infrastructure is critical to ORD's success in conducting
the quality science needed to assure that the Agency's decisions are
scientifically sound. The most critical part of ORD's infrastructure is its
staff. The assumption underlying all our research activities includes a
productive workforce.
ORD has established a cohesive, cross-cutting issue for infrastructure
based upon the importance of this activity to planned and ongoing research
activities. Program and Research Operations appropriation funding for the Water
Quality Research PE will be centralized within the infrastructure issue to
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provide improved management for ORD's personnel compensation and benefits, and
travel costs associated with managing research programs.
1993 Program
ORD's current infrastructure program provides compensation and benefits,
and travel for ORD scientists and engineers. ORD's workforce carries out
scientific programs in support of the Agency's mission.
1992 Accomplishments
ORD funded its workyears in scientific support of the Agency's mission,
providing the necessary personnel compensation and benefits, and travel for ORD
scientists and engineers.
CROSS PROGRAM
1994 Program Request
EPA will continue to produce and improve standardized analytical methods
for quantifying pollutants or their metabolic products in fresh water,
wastewater, biological tissue sediment, and sludge. Researchers will focus on
the development of more sensitive and lower cost chemical analytical methods
required to detect substances at concentrations compatible with federal and state
water quality criteria. The goal is to provide analytical methods which minimize
or eliminate the use of hazardous solvents and reagents, thereby reducing
exposure by laboratory workers and minimizing waste which must be disposed of in
accordance with Resource Conservation and Recovery Act regulations.
1993 Program
This activity provides analytical chemical methods for quantifying
pollutants or their metabolic products in fresh water, wastewater, biological
tissue, sediment, and sludge. These standardized methods ensure comparability
of ambient water quality monitoring data generated by the EPA and the regulated
community. Currently available methods are being revised to improve sensitivity
and robustness, reduce costs, and increase ease of use.
1992 Accomplishments
A compilation of analytical methods to determine a wide variety of
pollutants in marine water was provided to the Regions. ORD completed and
delivered five improved methods that significantly reduce the use of hazardous
organic solvents and chemicals used as reagents.
1993 Research and Development Congressional Directives in the Office of Water
1994 Budget Request
No funds requested for this program in 1994.
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NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES STUDY OF WETLANDS
1993 Program
Congressional Directive. A total of $400,000 if for the Congressionally directed
"Study of Wetlands Characterization" to the National Academy of Sciences.
GREAT LAKES RESEARCH WITH INTERNATIONAL JOINT COUNCIL
1993 Program
Congressional Directive. A total of $125,000 is for the Council of Great Lakes
Research Managers to coordinate research on Great Lakes Basin issues.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
WATER QUALITY
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Water Quality and Grants Program Management 3-31
Great Lakes Program 3-32
Chesapeake Bay Program 3-35
Engineering & Analysis 3-39
Engineering and Analysis 3-40
Grants Assistance Programs 3-43
Control Agency Resource Supplementation (Section 106) 3-44
Clean Lakes Program 3-46
Water Quality Strategies Implementation 3-47
Wetlands Protection 3-49
Nonpoint Source Management Grants 3-52
Wetlands Implementation Program 3-53
Oil spills Program 3-54
Ocean Disposal Permits 3-55
Environmental Emergency Response & Prevention 3-57
Water Quality Criteria, Standards & Applications 3-57
Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis 3-61
Coastal Environment Management 3-62
Assessment and Watershed Protection 3-65
Municipal Source Pollution 3-71
Municipal Pollution Control 3-72
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality And Grants Program Management
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE
1993 ESTIMATE 1994 DECREASE
1993 1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Great Lakes Program
Program & Research $3,140.3
Operations
Abatement Control and $9,608.0
Compliance
TOTAL $12,748.3
Chesapeake Bay Program
Program & Research $2,035.1
Operations
Abatement Control and $16,531.6
Compliance
TOTAL $18,566.7
$3,562.2
$10,873.7
$14,435.9
$1,545.6
$18,248.8
$19,794.4
$3,121.8 $3,069.1 $2,894.6 -$174.5
$15,856.3 $15,856.3 $11,538.0 -$4,318.3
$18,978.1 $18,925.4 $14,432.6 -$4,492.8
$872.9 $872.9 $741.7 -$131.2
$20,017.5 $20,017.5 $19,209.7 -$807.8
$20,890.4 $20,890.4 $19,951.4 -$939.0
-$667.6
$664.3
-$3.3
-$803.9
$960.9
$157.0
TOTAL:
Program & Research $5,267.3 $5,107.8 $3,994.7 $3,942.0 $3,636.3 -$305.7 -$1,471.5
Operat i ons
Abatement Control and $26,169.6 $29,122.5 $35,873.8 $35,873.8 $30,747.7 -$5,126.1 $1,625.2
Compliance
Water Quality And TOTAL $31,436.9 $34,230.3 $39,868.5 $39,815.8 $34,384.0 -$5,431.8 $153.7
Grants Program
Management
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Great Lakes Program
Chesapeake Bay Program
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Great Lakes Program
Chesapeake Bay Program
TOTAL WORKYEARS
45.5
18.2
65.0
47.1
19.0
67.4
48.4
12.0
60.4
48.4
12.0
60.4
49.4
12.0
61.4
49.4
12.0
61.4
48.4
12.0
60.4
48.4
12.0
60.4
48.4
12.0
60.4
48.4
12.0
60.4
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality & Grants Program Management
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of §34,384,000 supported by 60.4 total
workyears for 1994, a decrease of $5,431,800. Of the request, $3,636,300 will
be for the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $30,747,700 will be
for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents a
decrease of $305,700 in the Program and Research Operations appropriation and a
decrease of $5,126,100 in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
GREAT LAKES PROGRAM
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $14,432,600 supported by 48.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $2,894,600 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $11,538,000 will be for the Abatement,
Control, and Compliance appropriation. This represents a decrease of $174,500
in Program and Research Operations and a decrease of $4,318,300 in Abatement,
Control, and Compliance. This decrease reflects the elimination or completion
of 1993 Congressional directives more appropriate for state and local government.
Great Lakes National Program Office (GLNPO) activities will continue to be
guided by 5 Year Strategy goals for toxics reduction and habitat
protect ion/restorat ion.
GLNPO is leading State and Federal air and water programs in a joint effort
to develop integrated open water, tributary, biota, and air monitoring in the
Great Lakes Basin to develop baseline information on toxic loadings and
concentrations. Activities in 1994 include intensive Lake Michigan monitoring
to quantify toxic pollutant sources and loads for the targeting of reduction
efforts and the establishment of baseline information. Toxic pollutant screening
will continue for Lake Superior tributaries and will begin for Lake Ontario.
Satellite air deposition stations on Lakes Michigan and Superior will continue
to supplement air toxic deposition monitoring done at master
stations, while preparations are made to enhance satellite station support in
Lakes Superior and Ontario. Open water surveys will be conducted on each Great
Lake for toxics and for indicators of trophic condition and biological integrity.
Identification of sources and quantification of loadings will
continue to support remedial efforts and allow measurements of environmental
progress under Lakewide Management Plans (LaMPs) and Remedial Action Plans
(RAPs).
Pursuant to the Science Advisory Board's recommendation of improving data
integration and analytical methodologies, GLNPO will be providing better and more
efficient access to existing information to States and Regions. Resources will
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establish the capability for the management of information pertaining to the
loadings, fate, and transport of toxic substances and will
support state and Regional hardware, training, and infrastructure to provide
basin-wide sharing of environmental data. Increased resources to data management
will improve EPA's knowledge base and be used to deliver the data management
system to states and other Great Lakes partners, enhancing the decision-making
of environmental managers.
Under a coordinated habitat protection strategy involving GLNPO, states,
other Federal organizations, and private entities, the most important Basin
habitat sites will be identified and protection/restoration activities will
commence. Restoration and protection will continue at habitat projects begun in
1993 to address significant losses of habitat quality and quantity in the Great
Lakes Basin. Projects will support healthy and diverse communities, emphasizing
habitats necessary to maintain biodiversity in the Great Lakes Basin.
GLNPO's Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) program
(demonstrating alternative technologies for the remediation of contaminated
sediments) will issue its final report to Congress on its findings. The Great
Lakes sediments program will continue to support state and local groups needing
contaminated sediment characterization and assessments leading to remediation
projects. GLNPO will make necessary field sampling support available, as well
as sediment expertise (through direct technical support, guidance documents, case
studies, and workshops).
GLNPO will continue assisting the Regions and states in developing
cross-media efforts to use tools such as LaMPs and RAPs while continuing
technical and management support for pollution prevention and control activities.
Specific pollution prevention support targeted at reductions of Great Lakes
critical pollutants will be provided through state projects. LaMPs will be
completed or nearing completion for Lakes Michigan, Ontario, and Superior and
will be under development for Lake Erie. GLNPO will continue assisting the
states and Regions in completing RAPs for Areas of Concern with assistance in
identifying environmental problems, causes of use impairment, and specific
remedial measures.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $18,925,400 supported by 48.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,069,100 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $15,856,300 is from the Abatement, Control, and
Compliance appropriation.
In support of the 5 Year Strategy goal for toxics reduction, GLNPO leads
state and Federal air and water programs in a joint effort to develop integrated
open water, tributary, biota, and air monitoring in the Great Lakes Basin to
develop baseline information on toxic loadings and concentrations. 1993
activities include shakedown and screening level monitoring for Lake Michigan,
toxic pollutant screening for Lake Superior, and integrated monitoring plan
development for Lakes Ontario and Erie. Nine satellite air deposition stations
on Lakes Michigan and Superior will supplement air toxic deposition monitoring
done at the five master stations. Open water surveys will be conducted on each
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of the Great Lakes for toxics and for indicators of trophic condition and
biological integrity. Identification of sources and quantification of loadings
will support remedial efforts and allow measurements of environmental progress
under LaMPs and RAPs.
GLNPO is working jointly with state and Federal environmental programs to
afford environmental managers organized access to existing Agency data on the
Great Lakes and to establish an architecture for loadings information in 1993.
These are initial components of the Great Lakes multi-media environmental data
management and analysis system.
In support of the 5 year Strategy goal of habitat protection/ restoration,
GLNPO is completing five restoration and protection actions for high priority
Basin habitat to address significant losses of habitat quality and quantity in
the Great Lakes Basin. Other habitat related activities supporting the habitat
goal of the 5 Year Strategy include development of a coordinated habitat
protection strategy with states, other Federal organizations, and private
entities. GLNPO's Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS)
program (demonstrating alternative technologies for the remediation of
contaminated sediments) is assisting state and local groups with contaminated
sediment characterization and assessments, representing the shift in this program
to technology transfer. GLNPO is also preparing final ARCS reports required
under the Great Lakes Critical Programs Act.
GLNPO is continuing assistance to Regions and states in the development of
LaMPs for Lakes Michigan, Ontario, and Superior, and is initiating the LaMP for
Lake Erie in 1993. GLNPO is assisting the states and Regions in completing RAPs
for Areas of Concern through the identification of environmental problems and
causes of use impairment and identification of specific remedial measures.
Congressional Directives. A total of $4,460,000 is for Congressionally-
directed projects, including the clean-up of contaminated sediments in the
Buffalo River; GLNPO activities, including enhanced -monitoring; Great Lakes
modeling activities; and support of the Lake Superior Binational program,
including a mercury study.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated a total of $12,748,300 supported by 47.1
total workyears for this program, of which $3,140,300 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $9,608,000 was from the Abatement, Control, and
Compliance appropriation.
This program orchestrated completion of the Great Lakes 5 Year Strategy (to
focus on toxic reduction, habitat protection/restoration, and species diversity)
among 15 state, Federal, and tribal organizations. In support of that Strategy,
the program championed integrated, multi-agency planning in the Great Lakes with
a strong monitoring component. Working with Canada, GLNPO
satisfied Great Lakes Critical Program Act requirements for establishing air
toxics monitoring stations on each of the Great Lakes. GLNPO also conducted open
water surveys on each Lake for toxics and for indicators of trophic condition and
biological integrity.
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Working with state and Federal partners, GLNPO completed on-site field
scale demonstrations of contaminated sediment remediation technology (including
bio-remediation) in satisfaction of the Great Lakes Critical Programs Act.
Utilizing public/private partnerships, GLNPO supported development of a listing
of priority Great Lakes habitat sites and protection/restoration demonstrations
at seven sites. GLNPO also supported the Regions and states with development of
Remedial Action Plans and Lakewide Management Plans.
CHESAPEAKE BAY PROGRAM
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $19,951,400 supported by 12.0 total
workyears for this program, of which $741,700 will be for Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $19,209,700 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents a decrease $131,200 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, and a decrease of $807,800 in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This decrease reflects the elimination ar
completion of 1993 Congressional directives more appropriate for state and local
governments. There is an increase for habitat restoration.
The Chesapeake Bay Program will continue to provide technical and
management support for pollution prevention and control activities to protect
living resource critical habitats, surface water, and ground water in the
Chesapeake Bay watershed. Implementation of nonpoint source nutrient pollution
control projects through state implementation grants and toxicity assessments of
living resource habitats will be ongoing, but will place added emphasis on the
private sector role, including opportunities for trading. To improve water
quality, the program will establish baywide living resource distribution,
abundance, and species diversity restoration goals. Activities to address toxics
will involve a balance of research, monitoring, and actual prevention and control
projects as dictated by the amended Toxic Reduction Strategy. New projects to
improve living resources through improved fish passage and habitat construction
will be developed.
The Chesapeake Bay Program will fulfill priority program tasks, including
development of a "Tool Chest" of computerized information assistance to expand
the ability of local governments to meet environmental goals. Resources are
provided for outreach and expanded public involvement in programs to reduce the
effects of nonpoint sources of pollution. The Agency will escalate the pace of
the Nutrient Reduction Program to meet the goals of a 40 percent reduction of
nutrient levels by the year 2000 through the implementation of tributary-specific
nutrient reduction strategies. As a result, modelling and monitoring efforts
will be increased in tributaries.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $20,890,400 supported by 12.0 total
workyears for this program, of which $872,900 is for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $20,017,500 is for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
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The Chesapeake Bay Program is continuing to provide interstate leadership
and technical and managerial support for the pollution prevention and control
activities of numerous agencies for the restoration of the Chesapeake Bay and its
living resources. Traditional coordination efforts among the Program and Bay
states are being expanded to include and integrate other EPA programs and Federal
agencies. The possibility of reducing nutrient loads faster and more cost-
effectively through pollution reduction trading is being investigated.
Implementation of the Basin-wide Nutrient Reduction Strategy continues.
To stay on course for achieving the goal of a 40 percent reduction in nutrients
entering the Bay by the year 2000, the program is accelerating the pace of point
and nonpoint source programs. Implementation grants to state agencies for
nonpoint source pollution control yield a greater targeting of resources to the
highest areas of pollutant load based upon monitoring data. These grants also
provide for standardization of nutrient management methods on farmlands as well
as expanded marketing of these methods to the private sector and the public.
Special emphasis is placed on refining environmental indicators, modeling and
management of air sources of nutrients and toxics, and integrating the multiple
NPS control authorities of EPA and other Agencies.
Activities to address toxics involve a balance of research, monitoring and
actual prevention and control projects. A reevaluation of the Basin-wide Toxics
Reduction Strategy is being completed. The program is expanding the monitoring
network to include air deposited-toxics.
Bay modeling and management strategies are being refined to incorporate new
information about the impact of Clean Air Act Amendments requirements. Special
emphasis is being placed on refining environmental progress indicators, modeling
and management of air sources of nutrients and toxics. Cross-program
coordination is also being enhanced through the continued integration of water
quality and living resources management activities.
The program is establishing quantitative Bay-wide restoration goals for the
diversity, abundance and distribution of living resources. Implementation of
species management plans is being accelerated. The program is fostering habitat
enhancement through priority fish passage projects, by the refinement of wetlands
inventories in the region and by efforts to restore submerged grasses. Work on
the oyster reef demonstration, funded in the 1992 and 1993 appropriations, will
yield valuable experience for reversing the precipitous decline in this critical
commercial species.
Congressional Directives; A total of $1,100,000 is for Congressionally
directed projects. These activities are oyster reseeding in the Chesapeake Bay
and the development of a strategy to enhance and protect the Potomac River.
1992 Accomplishments
The Agency obligated a total of $18,566,700 supported by 19.0 total
workyears for this program, of which $2,035,100 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $16,531,600 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
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The Agency continued to meet its expanded responsibilities under the
Chesapeake Bay Agreement in concert with the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland and
Virginia; the District of Columbia; and the Chesapeake Bay Commission. The
Program continued management of state coordination, computer services/data
management, administrative and public information support.
Program participants completed a reevaluation of the 1987 goal to reduce
nutrient levels to the Bay by 40 percent between 1985 and 2000. As a result, the
Executive Council adopted amendments to the 1987 Agreements which reaffirm the
40 percent goal, commit to at least that level post-2000, recognize the need to
act to reduce the contribution of air sources of nitrogen to the Bay, adopt the
first specific living resource goal, dealing with Bay grasses, and require
tributary specific plans for nitrogen reduction by August 1993.
Toxic studies, expanded monitoring data, pesticide management
demonstrations and use surveys, analytical capabilities surveys and toxic loading
inventories were a part of the continued implementation of the Basin-wide Toxics
Reduction Strategy that ultimately refined and redirected the Strategy and
improved regulatory efforts. New elements introduced through outreach and
negotiation placed a greater emphasis on pollution prevention aspects and
voluntary reductions of toxics through outreach and negotiation. A scheduled
reevaluation of the Toxics Reduction Strategy was being developed for adoption
by the program committees. Efforts continued to integrate and coordinate the
work of the other EPA programs in support of the program. Targeted
implementation projects by other programs continued to expand using models and
protocols developed to date for the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System and Federal facility compliance improvements, air deposition modeling,
Clean Air Act impacts analysis, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program
(EMAP) environmental indicators and wetlands baseline determinations. Efforts
continued to focus to a greater extent on the funding of pollution prevention
projects.
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WATER QUALITY
Engineering and Analysis
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1992 BUDGET 1993 ESTIMATE 1994 DECREASE DECREASE
1993 1993 1994 REQ 1994 REQ
VS VS
1993 CE 1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Engineering and
Analysis
Program & Research $4,601.6 $5,742.4 $4,695.6 $4,688.6 $5,290.5 $601.9 -$451.9
Operations
Abatement Control and $12,533.3 $15,884.1 $10,211.9 $12,818.6 $16,721.3 $3,902.7 $837.2
Compliance
TOTAL $17,134.9 $21,626.5 $14,907.5 $17,507.2 $22,011.8 $4,504.6 $385.3
TOTAL:
Program & Research $4,601.6 $5,742.4 $4,695.6 $4,688.6 $5,290.5 $601.9 -$451.9
Operat i ons
Abatement Control and $12,533.3 $15,884.1 $10,211.9 $12,818.6 $16,721.3 $3,902.7 $837.2
Compliance
Engineering and TOTAL $17,134.9 $21,626.5 $14,907.5 $17,507.2 $22,011.8 $4,504.6 $385.3
Analysis
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Engineering and 59.1 74.0 73.3 73.3 73.3 -7
Analysis
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 59.1 74.0 73.3 73.3 73.3 -7
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Engineering and 61.5 74.0 73.3 73.3 73.3 -7
Analysis
TOTAL WORKYEARS 61.5 74.0 73.3 73.3 73.3 -7
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WATER QUALITY
Engineering & Analysis
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $22,011,800 supported by 73.3 total
workyears for 1994. Of the request, $5,290,500 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $16,721,300 will be for the Abatement,
Control, and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $601,900
in the Program Research Operations appropriation and $3,902,700 in the Abatement,
Control, and Compliance appropriation.
ENGINEERING AND ANALYSIS
1994 Program Request
In 1994, the Agency requests a total of $22,011,800 supported by
73.3 total workyears for this program of which $5,290,500 will be for the Program
and Research Operations appropriation and $16,721,300 will be for the Abatement,
Control, and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $601,900
in Program and Research Operations appropriation and $3,902,700 in the Abatement,
Control, and Compliance appropriation. The increases support rising workyear
costs and additional funding required to meet court ordered effluent guidelines.
As required by the EPA-NRDC Consent Decree and 304(m) plan, the Agency will
continue to develop effluent guidelines for industries that present the most
significant risk to public health and the environment. These regulations are
supported by engineering, economic, and statistical analyses, including the
development of analytical methods for toxic and non-conventional pollutants.
In 1994 the Agency will propose rules for 4 industries: pulp and paper;
pesticides formulating and packaging; centralized waste treatment (formerly waste
treatment - Phase I); and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The program will
continue the development of the guidelines started in 1993 (landfills and
incinerators (formerly waste treatment - Phase II), industrial laundries, and
transportation equipment cleaning), with a heavy emphasis in 1994 on wastewater
testing at facilities to determine the performance of the various technologies
being used. Development will continue on rules for the metal products machinery,
and coastal oil and gas industries.
Where possible, guideline development activities will be done in
cooperation with other agency programs. The pulp and paper and Pharmaceuticals
guidelines will be coordinated with the Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards; the centralized waste treatment rule with the Office of Solid Waste
and Emergency Response; and the pesticides rule with the Office of Prevention,
Pesticides and Toxic Substances.
The Agency will continue with the studies begun in 1993 and initiate
studies of two additional industrial categories. In addition, the Agency will
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continue to support the Effluent Guidelines Task Force. The Agency will also
continue to provide information and technical assistance to the wider Caribbean
and Eastern European nations to manage discharge of industrial wastewater in
their waters.
1993 Program
In 1993, the Agency is allocating a total of $17,507,200 supported by
73.3 total workyears for this program, of which $4,688,600 will be from the
Program Research Operation appropriation and $12,818,600 will be from the
Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation.
In accordance with the EPA-NRDC Consent Decree and the 304(m) plan, EPA
plans to promulgate final regulations for three industrial categories: offshore
oil and gas, pesticides manufacturing, and organic chemicals, plastics, and
synthetic fibers. In addition, the Agency continues the development of
regulations for six additional industrial categories: pulp and paper; pesticides
formulating and packaging; centralized waste treatment (formerly waste treatment-
Phase I); machinery, manufacturing and rebuilding; Pharmaceuticals; and coastal
oil and gas. These industrial categories have been assessed by EPA to present
the greatest existing risk to human health and the environment. As required in
the Consent Decree and 304(m) plan, new guidelines are being initiated in 1993
for landfills and incinerators (formerly waste treatment - Phase II), industrial
laundries, and transportation equipment cleaning facilities. The Agency
continues work on two studies begun in 1992 and initiates studies of two
additional industrial categories. In addition a new Effluent Guideline Task
Force, mandated by the Decree, convenes in 1993 to advise the Agency on long-term
strategy for the program.
The development of analytical methods, analytical service support,
technical assistance to permit writers and publicly owned treatment works (POTW)
operations continue to be high EPA priorities in 1993.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency allocated a total of $17,134,900 supported by 61.5
total workyears for this program, of which $4,601,600 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $12,533,300 was from the Abatement, Control, and
Compliance appropriation.
The effluent guidelines program successfully reached a settlement with the
Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) that required the Agency to: continue
the development of nine rulemakings; begin development of three additional rules
in 1993; continue and initiate eleven industry studies to determine industries
for future regulation; and develop nine additional rules between 1995 and 2003.
The settlement agreement also established a Task Force to advise the Agency on
the effluent guidelines process. In conjunction with these activities, in
January 1992 the Agency published the 1993 304(m) plan which included the court-
ordered schedule for rulemaking activities.
Rulemakings continued for the following nine industrial categories:
pesticides manufacturing; offshore oil and gas; pulp and paper; coastal oil and
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gas; organic chemicals; Pharmaceuticals; pesticide formulating and packaging;
waste treatment and metal products and machinery. The Agency negotiated with
NRDC the extension of the final promulgation date for the offshore oil and gas
rule to January 1993 and the proposed pesticide manufacturing rule was published
in March 1992. Further, the Agency negotiated with the Environmental Defense
Fund and the National Wildlife Federation a final settlement agreement on the
content and schedule for the proposed pulp and paper rule. The Agency initiated
a petroleum refining study and a metal finishing study in 1992. These projects
developed several analytical methods to support regulatory development activities
for the pulp and paper, pesticide manufacturing and oil and gas industries. All
regulatory activities were supported by economic and regulatory impact analyses
and were coordinated with other EPA headquarters and regional offices; e.g., the
Office of Water initiated a cooperative effort with the Office of Air and
Radiation to do a joint OAR/OW pulp and paper industrial rulemaking.
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PROGRAM
WATER QUALITY
Grants Assistance Programs
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Control Agency Resource
Supplementation
(Section 106)
Abatement Control and
Compliance
$81,854.7 $81,700.0 $81,659.1 $81,659.0 $81,700.0 $41.0
TOTAL $81,854.7 $81,700.0 $81,659.1 $81,659.0 $81,700.0 $41.0
Clean Lakes Program
Abatement Control and
Compliance
$6,859.5
TOTAL $6,859.5
$4,000.0 $4,000.0
$4,000.0 $4,000.0
-$4,000.0
-$4,000.0
TOTAL:
Abatement Control and
Compliance
$88,714.2 $81,700.0 $85,659.1 $85,659.0 $81,700.0 -$3,959.0
Grants Assistance TOTAL $88,714.2 $81,700.0 $85,659.1 $85,659.0 $81,700.0 -$3,959.0
Programs
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WATER QUALITY
Grants Assistance Programs
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $81,700,000 supported by 0 total workyears
for 1994, a decrease of $3,959,000 of which, all will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. The decrease results from the elimination
of Congressionally directed programs more appropriately funded by state and
local governments.
CONTROL AGENCY RESOURCE SUPPLEMENTATION (SECTION 106)
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $81,700,000 for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $41,000 which restores
the reduction resulting from Congressionally-directed general reductions in 1993.
Section 106 grants will continue to support water pollution control
programs operated by State, interstate and territorial agencies and approximately
60 Indian tribes qualified under Section 518(e). Grantees will continue to
improve their abilities to assess water quality conditions and trends, and
conduct comprehensive monitoring to identify areas impaired by point and nonpoint
source toxic pollutants. Improvements will be made in response to EPA guidance
responding to the recommendations of the Intergovernmental Task Force on
Monitoring. The States will continue to administer water quality standards
programs that reflect refinements to human health and aquatic life criteria and
develop new standards based on criteria that consider the entire ecosystem
including habitat, wildlife, and biological criteria.
Under the Office of Water's Wet Weather Flow effort, authorized States,
primarily under general permitting authorities, will be issuing permits that
incorporate the new stormwater pollution control criteria. States, located
primarily in the Northeastern United States, will implement an expedited Combined
Sewer Overflow (CSO) control program and will work to develop appropriate
controls for CSO discharges taking place during wet weather events. Authorized
States will emphasize reissuance of expiring NPDES permits that incorporate
toxic/toxicity-based limits and will modify permits to incorporate new limits
based on findings from water quality analyses. Grantees will continue to focus
on selected high priority permit modifications for Publicly Owned Treatment Works
(POTWs) to address pretreatment requirements.
States and qualified Indian Tribes will undertake activities to address
priority ground water protection needs as they develop comprehensive approaches
to implementing the Agency's Ground Water Strategy for the 1990s.
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1993 Program
In 1993, the Agency is allocating a total of $81,659,000 for this program,
all of which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
States are implementing water quality-based controls for toxic discharges
in high priority waters, and are continuing to assess water quality conditions
and trends. States are also conducting comprehensive monitoring (including water
column, biotic integrity, fish tissue and sediment) to justify risk-based control
decisions at sites impacted by toxic and conventional pollutants. Grantees are
administering water quality standards programs that focus on new standards for
toxic pollutants based on EPA water quality criteria guidance and EPA review of
standards, as required by the statute.
States are continuing to emphasize reissuance of expiring NPDES permits
that incorporate toxic/toxicity based limits and are modifying other permits as
needed. Resources are redirected at the State-level to ensure that statutory and
regulatory deadlines are met for implementation of stormwater, CSO and sludge
permitting programs. Grantees are also focusing on selected, high priority
permit modifications for POTWs to address pretreatment requirements. States are
continuing to develop and implement comprehensive ground water protection
programs which serve as State-level mechanisms to integrate Federal ground water
activities.
States and qualified Indian tribes are assessing their total ground water
efforts; comparing them against the strategic activities to a comprehensive
resource protection approach; identifying gaps and necessary actions. States are
also enhancing their efforts to incorporate wellhead protection activities and
pesticide management plans into their comprehensive programs.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated a total of $81,854,700 for this program, all
of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
Section 106 grants provided funding assistance for water pollution control
programs operated by 63 States, interstate and territorial agencies and
approximately 60 qualified Indian tribes. Water quality programs focused on
meeting legislative requirements and presidential mandates related to toxic
contamination, nonpoint sources, wetland losses, coastal and marine pollution,
stormwater, CSOs, and enforcement. States administered water quality programs
which emphasized sustaining ecological resources and protecting human health and
welfare through the protection, restoration, and enhancement of the Nation's
water resources. States devoted resources to geographically targeted watersheds
to improve water quality in critical areas.
EPA developed permit programs to address CSOs, stormwater, and sludge.
States focused permitting, compliance, pretreatment and enforcement activities
in waters at highest risk, particularly in critical aquatic habitats. Monitoring
and assessment data were used to establish priorities for needed control measures
and to develop wasteload allocations for permits, states continued to develop
CGWPPs, to assess their ground water resources, to evaluate or rank the highest
3-45
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risk contaminants, and establish priorities and approaches to ground water
protection.
CLEAN LAKES PROGRAM
1994 Program Request
No funds are requested for this program.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating $4,000,000 for this program from the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation.
The Agency is supporting state lake programs through a combination of
assistance (1) for state-wide programs to assess and classify lakes, develop
state-wide protection programs, support volunteer efforts, and coordinate lake
protection with other water resource programs; and (2) for specific lake projects
selected based on a competitive evaluation of environmental and public benefits.
Congressional Directives. A total of $4,000,000 is for Congressionally
directed Clean Lakes activities.
1992 Accomplishments
The Agency obligated $6,859,500 for this program from the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation.
The Clean Lakes program supported state-EPA cooperative agreements under
section 314 of the Clean Water Act. The agreements were used to support the
highest priority Phase I lake diagnostic feasibility studies, Phase II
implementation activities to restore and protect lake water quality and Phase III
post-restoration monitoring projects to enhance the scientific basis for various
lake restoration methodologies. Projects were selected based on an evaluation
of the environmental and public benefits of state Clean Lakes proposals.
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Strategies Implementation
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REO
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Wetlands Protection
Program & Research $9,299.4 $10,639.5 $10,760.7 $10,757.0 $11,349.7 $592.7 $710.2
Operations
Abatement Control and $6,779.5 $7,463.0 $8,108.2 $8,027.8 $5,864.4 -$2,163.4 -$1,598.6
Compliance
TOTAL $16,078.9 $18,102.5 $18,868.9 $18,784.8 $17,214.1 -$1,570.7 -$888.4
NonPoint Source Grants
Abatement Control and $52,524.6 $26,000.0 -$26,000.0
Compliance
Construction Grants $50,000.0 $50,000.0 $80,000.0 $30,000.0 $80,000.0
TOTAL $52,524.6 $26,000.0 $50,000.0 $50,000.0 $80,000.0 $30,000.0 $54,000.0
Wetlands Program
Implementation - Grants
Abatement Control and $8,499.9 $10,000.0 $10,000.0 $10,000.0 $10,000.0
Compliance
TOTAL $8,499.9 $10,000.0 $10,000.0 $10,000.0 $10,000.0
Oil Spills Program
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Ocean Disposal Permits
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Ocean Dumping Fund $619.9
TOTAL $8,403.7 $8,582.8 $7,651.7 $7,797.8 $8,076.3 $278.5 -$506.5
Environmental Emergency
Response & Prevention
Program & Research $3,230.6
Operations
Abatement Control and $9,579.0
Compliance
Oil Spills Trust Fund $19,661.1 $17,077.1 $17,076.1 -$17,076.1 -$19,661.1
TOTAL $12,809.6 $19,661.1 $17,077.1 $17,076.1 -$17,076.1 -$19,661.1
Water Quality Criteria,
Standards and
Applications
Program & Research $6,843.7 $7,472.9 $7,659.2 $7,635.0 $7,435.6 -$199.4 -$37.3
Operations
Abatement Control and $9,366.8 $10,246.7 $11,597.1 $11,549.8 $10,962.6 -$587.2 $715.9
Compliance
TOTAL $16.210.5 $17,719.6 $19,256.3 $19,184.8 $18,398.2 -$786.6 $678.6
$285.5
$285.5
$2,710.7 $3,125.9 $2,953.4 $2,953.0 $3,190.1
$5,073.1 $5,456.9 $4,698.3 $4,844.8 $4,886.2
$237.1 $64.2
$41.4 -$570.7
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WATER QUALITY
Uater Quality Strategies Implementation
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT REQUEST
ESTIMATE 1994
1993
INCREASE INCREASE
DECREASE DECREASE
1994 REQ 1994 REQ
VS VS
1993 CE 1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Construction Grants
Ocean Dumping Fund
Oil Spills Trust Fund
Water Quality TOTAL
Strategies
Implementation
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Wetlands Protection
Ocean Disposal Permits
Environmental Emergency
Response & Prevention
Water Quality Criteria,
Standards and
Applications
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Wetlands Protection
Ocean Disposal Permits
Environmental Emergency
Response & Prevention
Water Quality Criteria,
$22,084.4
$92, 108.4
$619.9
$114,812.7
164.0
56.3
54.6
109.5
384.4
169.1
58.7
58.7
113.7
$21,238.3
$59,166.6
$19,661.1
$100,066.0
184.9
50.3
84.8
120.1
440.1
184.9
50.3
84.8
120.1
$21,373.3
$34,403.6
$50,000.0
$17,077.1
$122,854.0
184.5
50.3
84.8
119.0
438.6
184.5
50.3
84.8
119.0
$21,345.0 $21,975.4
$34,422.4 $31,713.2
$50,000.0 $80,000.0
$17,076.1
$122,843.5 $133,688.6
184.5 184.5
50.3 50.3
84.0
116.0 114.0
434.8 348.8
184.5 184.5
50.3 50.3
84.0
116.0 114.0
$630.4 $737.1
-$2,709.2 -$27,453.4
$30,000.0 $80,000.0
-$17,076.1 -$19,661.1
$10,845.1 $33,622.6
-4
-84.0 -84.8
-2.0 -6.1
-86.0 -91.3
-4
-84.0 -84.8
-2.0 -6.1
Standards and
Applications
TOTAL WORKYEARS 400.2 440.1 438.6 434.8 348.8 -86.0 -91.3
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Strategies Implementation
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $133,688,600 supported by 348.8 total
workyears for 1994. This represents an increase of $10,845,100 and a decrease
of 86.0 total workyears from 1993 of which $17,076,100 and 84 workyears decrease
is a result of transfer of the Environmental Emergency Response and Prevention
program to the new Oil Spills Response appropriation. There is an increase of
$30 million for Nonpoint Source Grants in the Water Infrastructure Financing
appropriation. Of the request, $21,975,400 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $31,713,200 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $630,400 in the Program
and Research Operations appropriation, an increase of $2,709,200 in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation and $80 million will be for the
Water Infrastructure Financing appropriation (formally Construction Grants).
WETLANDS PROTECTION
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $17,214,100 supported by 184.5 total
workyears for this program, of which $11,349,700 will be for the Program and
Research appropriation and $5,864,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $592,700 in Program and
Research Operations and a decrease of $2,163,400 in Abatement, Control and
Compliance. This decrease reflects the elimination or completion of 1993
Congressional directives more appropriate for state and local governments. There
is an increase for the wetlands program.
Headquarters and the Regions will continue to build a strong, consistent
regulatory (Clean Water Act Section 404) wetlands protection program working with
the Army Corps of Engineers (COE) and other Federal agencies, with particular
emphasis on tailoring wetlands protection activities to reflect the functions of
wetlands at specific geographic areas/sites. EPA will proceed with development
of a wetlands categorization approach under the Section 404 program. Consistent
with the watershed protection approach, the program will direct its efforts to
those wetlands at greatest risk. Specific guidance, assistance and oversight for
this risk based approach will be provided.
The Agency will provide continued assistance to state wetlands programs,
including increased attention to management of the state grants program. This
will include support for developing guidance on new state Section 404 assumption
regulations. There will be significant attention paid to providing national
guidance on State Wetlands Conservation Strategies (including non-regulatory
components and landowner incentives), and on the integration of wetlands
protection with other ongoing programs, such as watershed protection.
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The Agency, along with other Federal agencies such as the Departments of
Agriculture and Interior, will continue work on targeted outreach/education on
wetlands issues. Headquarters will support Regional strategies for direct
communication with their agricultural communities to address the types of
farming, wetlands and kinds of issues that are endemic to the Regions; these
include wetlands locations, values, regulatory requirements and project
alternatives. A key objective is to convince the public, including farmers, that
wetlands possess great value in their natural state.
EPA will provide increased support for improving the scientific information
base for wetland evaluation methods, categorization, mitigation banking,
monitoring and ecological indicators.
The Agency will continue to support strong state programs through grants,
technical assistance and technology transfer. EPA will assist states developing
and implementing comprehensive state wetlands protection plans, ensure a strong
state role in wetlands assessment and mitigation banking, and support cross-
Regional geographically targeted/watershed initiatives, aimed at risk reduction
in high priority areas. These initiatives will link state planning efforts, the
advance identification (ADID) process, education/outreach actions, and
cooperative efforts among all levels of government and the private sector.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $18,784,800 supported by 184.5 total
workyears for this program, of which $10,757,000 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $8,027,800 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1993, the Agency is continuing at a reduced level to build a strong,
consistent Section 404 regulatory program working with the Army Corps of
Engineers and other Federal agencies. The Agency is coordinating Federal agency
support for the National Academy of Sciences wetlands delineation study as
directed by Congress. Implementation of a watershed management approach to the
protection/maintenance of water quality and protection of wetlands values and
functions is continuing and expanding.
Support to states and Indian tribes is continuing to grow as they build on
anticipatory approaches to wetlands protection with increased use of advance
identification (ADID), special area management plans, and comprehensive state
wetlands conservation plans, among others. The ADID process is a unique tool for
achieving several objectives in a given geographic area; it involves both an
extensive public education and outreach effort and contains the elementary
components of a wetlands classification method at a particular watershed or site.
The Corps of Engineers (COE) is increasingly willing to support ADIDs because the
result may be a general permit for the geographic area, thus eventually reducing
the permitting workload for the Corps.
The Agency is continuing to develop guidance regarding use of wetlands
mitigation banking systems. Such systems can provide scientifically sound
compensation for the unavoidable loss of wetlands in which compensatory
mitigation for more than one project is aggregated and effected in advance at a
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single large site. This can both provide environmental benefits and streamline
the permit review process. A guidance document for field staff, issued jointly
with the COE, will clarify the appropriate role of mitigation banking in the
Section 404 program.
Building on wetlands indicators work begun in 1992, Great Lakes wetlands
protection activities will establish baselines for habitat restoration in the
Great Lakes Basin by identifying indicator plants and animals. The program is
also developing inventories of habitat areas necessary for the prevention of
species loss or decline. The Agency is supporting the preparation of state
protection strategies based upon status and trends analyses of Great Lakes
wetlands and tributary habitats.
Congressional Directives. A total of $3,100,000 is for Congressionally
directed projects, including the Susquehanna River Wetlands Demonstration,
Hayward Marsh Wetlands, McKenzie River Basin Wetlands Study, Warrenton, Oregon
Wetlands, Canaan Valley, West Virginia Wetlands, and the New Mexico Colonias
Wetlands Demonstration Project.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated a total of $16,078,900 supported by 169.1
total workyears for this program, of which $9,299,400 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $6,779,500 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1992, the Agency worked with other Federal agencies to ensure a sound
and consistent Federal approach to wetlands protection, assist with comprehensive
planning for Federal land management agencies, and provide appropriate levels of
compliance monitoring and enforcement. The program continued to improve
consistency with the COE under the Section 404 regulatory program.
The Agency placed a high priority on implementing a watershed protection
approach, which seeks to integrate EPA programs, along with other Federal agency,
state, and local programs, to address watershed protection in a holistic manner.
The integration of point and nonpoint source controls with wetlands protection
can greatly enhance the prevention of pollution and the reduction of risks to
public health and the environment. Wetlands protection activities were included
as components of a number of watershed initiatives.
The wetlands program worked with the Marine and Estuarine Protection
Program to implement the improved test methods and procedural guidance on
sediment criteria and disposal of dredged material in coastal waters, and began
development of comparable methods and guidance applicable to inland waters.
EPA continued to assist in the development of state and local wetlands
protection programs through the Regions and states, including the development of
state water quality standards in several states. Continued focus was placed upon
anticipatory approaches to wetlands protection, including advance identification.
The Agency implemented a variety of projects aimed at protecting special wetland
ecosystems such as those in coastal Louisiana.
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EPA disseminated new technical tools emerging from the Agency's research
efforts in the areas of wetlands restoration and cumulative impact assessments.
EPA played an active role in international activities, seeking opportunities to
share U.S. experience and expertise with others, especially developing countries.
NONPOINT SOURCE MANAGEMENT GRANTS
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $80,000,000 for this program for the Water
Infrastructure Financing appropriation. This represents an increase of
$30,000,000 for watershed restoration grants.
The Agency and the states will continue to target high priority watersheds
and state nonpoint source (NFS) management program needs, consistent with
approved state Section 319 NFS programs. Additional targeted grant funding will
be provided to support specific watershed restoration projects.
In 1994, a significant portion of Section 319 funds will be targeted to
specific state-designated local watershed projects designed to restore wetlands,
streambanks, shorelines, seagrass beds and other coastal and inland habitats.
Such watershed projects will include: restoration of riparian habitats in man-
altered watersheds; urban lake renewal; improvement and restoration of important
wetland habitats; shaping or restoration of altered stream channels and riparian
habitats; and protection/restoration of eroding shorelines and their habitats.
These grants will also support continuing statewide NFS implementation
activities. This will include the upgrade of the level and quality of NFS
controls being applied in the high priority watersheds to reflect the best
economically achievable management measures available. In particular, these
funds will be focused on several specific priority NFS categories agriculture,
silviculture, urban, and hydromodification in cooperation with other Federal
agencies to begin implementation of state coastal nonpoint source management
programs under the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments (CZARA) of 1990.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $50,000,000 for this program from the
Construction Grants/State Revolving Fund appropriation.
These funds support state implementation of their Section 319 NFS
management programs. Headquarters and the Regions, based on careful analyses and
oversight of state Clean Water Act (CWA) Section 319 management plans and grant
submittals, is selecting state NFS activities for funding which: 1) support
development of effective pollution prevention mechanisms to minimize generation
of NFS pollution at the source, with emphasis on high priority watersheds; 2)
support innovative state approaches to resolve NFS agriculture, mining and
forestry problems in high priority watersheds; 3) assure performance, continuity,
and self-sufficiency of NFS programs at the state level through hiring of staff
and establishment of state-wide programs for education, technical assistance, and
technology transfer; and, 4) support fully integrated urban pollution programs
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in high priority watersheds by enhancing CWA section 319 programs designed to
address urban stormwater not regulated by National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permits.
Congressional Directives; A total of §24,000,000 was directed by Congress
to increase nonpoint source grants under CWA Section 319.
1992 Accomplishments
The Agency obligated a total of $52,524,600 for this program, all of which
is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The Agency and states targeted high priority watersheds and statewide
activities for the abatement and prevention of NFS pollution. Projects included
provisions for: (1) on-site assistance, education, outreach technology and
information transfer; (2) innovative prevention and control techniques; (3) state
and local regulatory and enforcement mechanisms; (4) programs and techniques to
avoid groundwater contamination; and (5) institutional and financial arrangements
that lead to long-term water quality improvements. All activities selected for
funding achieved discrete, measurable results that reduce risk to the aquatic
environment or human health and advanced states toward effective implementation
of comprehensive NPS management programs (including, as appropriate, groundwater
protection).
WETLANDS IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM GRANTS
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $10,000,000 for this program, all of which
is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. There is no change
from 1993.
States will continue to move toward the goal of no net loss of wetlands by
strengthening their protection programs. Grant funds will be provided under the
authority of Clean Water Act (CWA) Section 104, which calls for Federal, state,
and local cooperation in conducting and promoting pollution prevention, reduction
and elimination activities. These activities may include investigations,
experiments, training, demonstrations and studies. Wetlands grants to states
will support such projects that assist states in their efforts to assume
responsibility for the CWA section 404 regulatory program. Projects that
integrate state, local and private sector programs and activities that focus on
integrated protection efforts in priority watersheds will be of highest priority.
The Agency will also continue to place emphasis on encouraging and supporting the
efforts of Indian tribes to develop and implement effective wetlands protection
programs.
The Agency will expand the number of states developing comprehensive state
wetlands protection plans and provide funding for state demonstrations that
support geographically-targeted watershed initiatives aimed at risk reduction in
high priority areas. Focus will be placed on state and Indian initiatives that
link planning efforts, education and outreach actions and cooperative efforts
among all levels of government and the private sector.
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1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $10,000,000 for this program, all of
which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
States are continuing to move toward the goal of no net loss of wetlands
by strengthening their protection programs. Grant funds are being used for a
wide variety of activities, including examining the feasibility of assuming
responsibility for administration of the Section 404 program. States are
developing water quality standards for wetlands, incorporating wetlands into the
Section 401 state water quality certification process, developing comprehensive
statewide or geographically targeted wetlands protection management plans, and
working with local governments and citizen groups to promote wetlands protection
programs. Projects that integrate state, local and private sector programs and
activities and that focus on integrated protection efforts in priority watersheds
are a high priority. The Agency is placing emphasis on encouraging and
supporting the efforts of Indian tribes to develop and implement effective
wetlands protection programs.
The Agency hopes to expand the number of states developing comprehensive
state wetlands conservation plans that link planning efforts, education/outreach
actions and cooperative efforts among all levels of government and the private
sector.
1992 Accomplishments
The Agency obligated a total of $8,499,900 for this program, all of which
was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1992, EPA received 157 grant applications from 43 states, 29 tribes, and
2 territories. Eighty grants were awarded to 41 states, 9 tribes, and 1
territory. These grants supported demonstration projects, outreach activities,
investigations and training programs. Examples of funded activities were:
development of state wetlands conservation plans or plan components; wetland
water quality standards; evaluation of assumption of the Section 404 regulatory
program; and integration of wetlands protection into watershed projects. In
addition, several states used the grants to support wetlands mitigation banking
programs.
OIL SPILLS PROGRAM
1994 Program Request
The Agency did not request funds for this program in 1994.
1993 Program
The Agency did not request funds for this program in 1993.
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1992 Accomplishments
The Agency obligated a total $285,500 for this program in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. The Agency continued support for the
Alaska Restoration Task Force which included review of restoration feasability
studies and the development of the restoration planning process to ensure
consistency with EPA policy.
OCEAN DISPOSAL PERMITS
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $8,076,300 supported by 50.3 total workyears
for this program, of which $3,190,100 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $4,886,200 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $237,100 in Program and
Research Operations and a $41,400 increase in Abatement, Control and Compliance
to support increased workforce costs.
The Agency will propose revised regulations for management of dredged
material disposal including ocean disposal site designation and ocean disposal
of dredged materials. The Agency will develop, with the Army Corps of Engineers
(COE), long-term management strategies for dredged materials. In addition, ocean
disposal sites will continue to be monitored. Headquarters will continue to
implement an environmentally protective ocean dumping program and assist in the
development/implementation of the Agency's contaminated sediment strategy. A
comprehensive management plan will be completed for dioxin which will serve as
an example for other contaminants found in sediments. The plan will address
management as well as technical issues related to contaminated sediments. Joint
efforts with the COE will continue in the management of dredged material
disposal. Joint guidance documents will be drafted on (1) site designation,
management and monitoring, and (2) the role and technical aspects of capping.
A memorandum of understanding (MOD) will be developed that will address
management interactions between the two agencies and enforcement activities. The
Agency, in cooperation with other Federal agencies, will develop a compliance and
enforcement improvement program for ocean dumping to reduce the risk to human
health and aquatic life. This program includes guidance, training and public
awareness and support from Headquarters for Regional permit and regulatory
compliance actions. The Agency will work with the COE to develop improved
procedures for identifying illegal ocean dumping of dredged materials and with
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the U.S. Coast Guard
(USCG) on improving surveillance capabilities.
Headquarters will continue to control marine debris by identifying sources
and developing and implementing control programs. As an example, the Agency is
developing a demonstration program for beach clean up activities in two coastal
states. The demonstration will serve to reduce marine debris, assess sources of
marine debris, and educate and involve the public in maintaining beach quality.
A national marine debris strategy will be produced with Regional assistance.
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The Regions will continue ocean disposal site management and monitoring
activities to ensure compliance and enforcement of ocean dumping criteria and
permit requirements. The Regions will continue to implement the Ocean Dumping
Ban Act (ODBA) by working with former sludge dumpers to ensure implementation of
long-term alternatives to ocean dumping and by analyzing data collected at the
disposal site.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $7,797,800 supported by 50.3 total
workyears for this program, of which $2,953,000 is from the Program and Research
and Operations appropriation, $4,844,800 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Agency is developing a proposal to revise the Ocean Dumping regulations
on disposal site designation and dredged material disposal. A regulation is
being proposed that will amend the list of ocean dumping sites to update and
correct the list. Work continues on developing regulations under the Shore
Protection Act to address the transport of waste materials by vessels in coastal
waters. Regions are continuing site designation actions and are initiating
efforts with the Corps of Engineers to conduct site monitoring. Headquarters
continues to support Regional implementation of the regulations through training,
technical assistance, and the monitoring capability of the Ocean Survey Vessel
Anderson. Headquarters continues to evaluate requests for ocean dumping permits
such as deep ocean disposal of contaminated materials or intentional spills of
oil for research purposes.
The Agency continues to meet the requirements of ODBA. Sludge dumping at
the 106 Mile Site ceased in June 1992, but monitoring and assessment of findings
continues. Regional oversight of the nine municipalities continues to assure
that the enforcement agreement schedules are met for implementation of long term
sewage sludge disposal activities.
The Agency continues to participate in activities under the London
Convention of 1972 (previously called the London Dumping Convention), the
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, and the
Cartagena Convention to preserve coastal and marine environments. Major 1993
efforts are needed in development of amendments to the London Convention of 1972.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated a total of $8,403,700 supported by 58.7 total
workyears for this program, of which $2,710,700 and 49.1 FTE were from the
Salaries and Expenses appropriation, $5,073,100 was from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation and $619,900 and 9.6 FTE were from the Ocean Dumping
Fund.
Support for ODBA programs continued in management and oversight of sludge
dumper operations and in monitoring at the disposal site to assure compliance and
to evaluate the effects of dumping. Sewage sludge dumping stopped on June 30,
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1992. Additional support for Region II continued for monitoring of nearshore
waters to address problems on the New York-New Jersey beaches.
Headquarters prepared a draft document on plastic pellets in the marine
environment which provided guidance to industry on pollution prevention measures.
The annual beach clean-ups of marine debris and the marine debris information
center were co-sponsored with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
The Regions continued their role in the development of environmental impact
statements for ocean dredged material disposal sites, permit review, and in site
management and monitoring as more interim dredged material disposal sites were
designated as final sites. The Agency, in cooperation with other Federal
agencies, began to develop a compliance and enforcement improvement initiative;
worked with the Corps of Engineer to develop improved procedures for identifying
illegal ocean dumping of dredged materials; and worked toward improved
surveillance programs.
ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE & PREVENTION
1994 Program Request
The Agency is requesting funding for this program in 1994 under the new Oil
Spills medium.
1993 Program
In 1993, the Agency is allocating a total of $17,076,100 ($12,108,900
extramural and $4,967,200 intramural) supported by 84.0 total workyears for this
program from the Oil Spill Response Trust Fund. This is the first year that
resources for this program are provided from the Oil Spill Response Trust Fund.
Previously resources from the Salaries and Expenses and Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation supported the program. For a detailed explanation of
the activities expected to be completed this year please refer to the new Oil
Spills medium.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated $12,809,600 supported by 58.7 total workyears
for this program, of which $9,579,000 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation and $3,230,600 was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation. For a detailed explanation of the activities completed in 1992
please refer to the new oil Spills medium.
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA. STANDARDS AND APPLICATION
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $18,398,200 supported by 114.0 total
workyears for this program, decrease of $786,600. Of the request, $7,435,600
will be for the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $10,962,600
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will be for the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation. This
represents a decrease of of 2 total workyears and $199,400 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and a decrease of $587,200 in the Abatement,
Control, and Compliance appropriation. The decrease in total workyears and in
the Program and Research Operations appropriation reflects the elimination of
wildlife criteria development and adjustments made to workyear costs. The
decrease in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation reflects the
elimination or completion of 1993 Congressional directives more appropriate for
state and local governments.
An increasing Agency priority is the focus on ecosystem management. The
tools that enable Regions and states to assess environmental impacts on a system-
wide basis include' scientifically sound national water quality criteria,
including nutrient criteria; tools to tailor criteria to site-specific
circumstances; methods for assessing the health of ecological communities; and
models to predict the impact of stressors on ecosystems. In 1994, the ongoing
development of those tools to facilitate ecosystem decision making will be the
top program priority.
Through the program, EPA will work with states and dischargers to complete
revision to the human health and ambient water quality criteria methodologies to
reflect increased knowledge of environmental and human health impacts. Work on
development and implementation of revised criteria developed using these revised
methodologies will be initiated under a comprehensive framework which considers
the entire ecosystem, including habitat and aquatic life. The framework will
also be used to guide the development and implementation of the other water
quality criteria activities that the Agency will be continuing and expanding in
1994. These include biological criteria, nutrient criteria, dissolved oxygen
criteria, sediment criteria and criteria for specific bioaccumulative compounds
such as dioxins and PCBs.
In conjunction with this activity and pursuant to the Water Resources
Development Act of 1992, the Agency will develop a comprehensive national survey
of sediment quality. The resulting inventory will serve to target the adoption
of water quality standards and modify implementation of control programs.
The Agency, under the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) program, identifies
the site-specific needs for pollution control and the most effective means of
obtaining water quality objectives. In 1994, the focus of this program will be
to improve and make more user friendly existing models; develop additional
models; and issue guidance within the TMDL framework to assist states in
developing cost effective permit limits that meet water quality standards for wet
weather runoff, including CSOs. In conjunction with this activity, assistance
and training will be provided to strengthen states' abilities to adopt water
quality standards reflective of wet weather events.
According to the Science Advisory Board, human consumption of fish is the
primary route of exposure to carcinogens in surface water. This poses special
concerns because a large segment of the disadvantaged, minority public eat large
quantities of fish that are contaminated with cancer causing compounds.
State/local abilities to identify the risks are limited and there is a little
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consistency in how pollutants are managed. EPA will develop consistent risk
assessment methodologies for fish advisories that states have requested.
Development of Round II sewage sludge regulations will continue. The Round
II regulation will reassess those aspects of Round I risk assessment which were
identified as having the greatest uncertainty and evaluate additional pollutants
for regulation. Work will begin on a comprehensive ecological evaluation of
sludge management practices to provide additional input for the Round II
regulation. Activities to assist states to adopt and utilize numeric toxic
standards and identify priorities for the 1994-1996 triennium will also continue.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $19,184,800 supported by 116.0 total
workyears for this program, of which 7,635,000 is from Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $11,549,800 is from Abatement, Control, and
Compliance appropriation.
The Agency, in 1993, plans to propose the Great Lakes Water Quality
Initiative guidance and the associated human health, aquatic life, and wildlife
criteria. EPA plans to issue the contaminated sediment management strategy;
propose final sediment criteria documents for five organic compounds; and present
the methodology for sediment quality criteria for metals for the Agency's Science
Advisory Board in 1993. The Agency continues to work with states to develop and
implement narrative biological measures. Work on biological criteria continues:
completion of criteria for streams; draft of criteria for lakes, reservoirs,
estuaries and near coastal waters; and the initiation of criteria for rivers.
The Agency is continuing to work with states and dischargers on providing input
which leads to final guidance on aquatic life criteria for metals. Work on other
types of water quality criteria is focused on: revision of the human health and
aquatic life criteria methodologies; a comprehensive ecological assessment
methodology that provides a framework for future development and implementation
of water quality criteria; dissolved oxygen criteria for marine waters; wildlife
criteria methodology and the development of a database which facilitates site-
specific wildlife criteria. Work is being initiated to develop a policy to
address the integrated application of various types of water quality.
The Final Round I sludge regulation was signed by the Administrator on
November 25, 1992 and published in the Federal Register in February 1993.
Comments on the cadmium criteria in the final Round I Sludge regulation are being
addressed and work is being initiated on developing a comprehensive ecological
evaluation of sludge management practices. A schedule and list of pollutants for
Round II is being developed in accordance with the Consent Agreement.
Final water quality standards to cover states that failed to adopt numeric
toxic standards were published on December 22, 1992. In conjunction with this
activity, EPA works with states and Regions to identify priorities for the 1994-
1996 triennium and continues to provide training for Tribes that qualify for
treatment as states. The Agency also continues to: review standards for
implementing recommendations for wet weather/CSO standards; implement the
agreement between the Agency and the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and the water quality standards aspects
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of the Endangered Species Act; develop new fish consumption rates used in water
quality criteria; and work with Regions/states to develop TMDLs to support
integrated watershed approaches.
Congressional Directive. A total of $2,700,000 is for the Congressionally
directed project, Coastal Sediment Decontamination Program.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated a total of $16,210,500 supported by 113.7
total workyears for this program, of which $6,843,700 was from the Salaries and
Expense appropriation and $9,366,800 was from the Abatement, Control, and
Compliance appropriation.
The Agency continued to work on developing guidance for use by states to
adopt minimum standards to protect the Great Lakes. The draft Great Lakes Water
Quality Initiative guidance was completed at the end of 1992. Human health,
aquatic life and wildlife criteria were developed to support this guidance.
Interim guidance on Interpretation and Implementation of Aquatic Life Criteria
for Metals was issued in May 1992 and the draft contaminated management strategy
was published in March 1992. Draft sediment criteria for organic chemicals and
a state-of-the art methodology for deriving sediment quality criteria for metals
were completed. The Agency continued to develop methodologies for biological
criteria; completed a preliminary revision of the methodology for deriving
ambient water quality criteria for human health; and, on June 5, 1992, published
interim guidance an aquatic life criteria for metals. Work on the final Round I
sludge regulation was completed at the end of 1992 for signature by the
Administrator and promulgation early in 1993.
Proposed water quality standards to cover states that fail to adopt numeric
toxic standards were published on November 19, 1992. The Agency continued to
work with states and Regions to develop their water quality programs by
organizing and participating in conferences, workshops and meetings to discuss
water quality issues. EPA continued to examine the appropriateness of water
quality criteria, standards and TMDL policy and guidance as it relates to wet
weather discharges. The Agency developed an electronic bulletin board on fish
advisories and evaluated the fish consumption rate used in the water quality
criteria for possible revision. EPA also signed a joint guidance with FWS and
the NMFS on coordination of the requirements of the Endangered Species Act and
the Clean Water Act with the water quality criteria and standards program.
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Monitoring & Analysis
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Coastal Environment
Management
Program & Research $8.471.9 $9,755.9 $10,324.0 $10,372.9 $8,776.2 -$1,596.7 -$979.7
Operations
Abatement Control and $41,342.2 $38,129.0 $34,368.2 $37,688.0 $32,171.1 -$5,516.9 -$5,957.9
Compliance
TOTAL $49,814.1 $47,884.9 $44,692.2 $48,060.9 $40,947.3 -$7,113.6 -$6,937.6
Assessment and
Watershed Protection
Program & Research $15,651.0 $16,992.3 $16,542.7 $16,532.5 $17,341.1 $808.6 $348.8
Operations
Abatement Control and $14.683.2 $16,157.3 $26,750.3 $27,106.4 $11,313.4 -$15,793.0 -$4.843.9
Compliance
TOTAL $30,334.2 $33,149.6 $43,293.0 $43,638.9 $28,654.5 -$14,984.4 -$4,495.1
TOTAL:
Program & Research $24,031.0 $26,748.2 $26,866.7 $26,905.4 $26,117.3 -$788.1 -$630.9
Operations
Abatement Control and $55,995.4 $54,286.3 $61,118.5 $64,794.4 $43,484.5 -$21,309.9 -$10,801.8
Compliance
Water Quality TOTAL $80,026.4 $81,034.5 $87,985.2 $91,699.8 $69,601.8 -$22,098.0 -$11.432.7
Monitoring & Analysis
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Coastal Environment 134.9 166.6 165.4 166.4 139.4 -27.0 -27.2
Management
Assessment and 244.5 262.8 262.0 262.0 284.0 22.0 21.2
Watershed Protection
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS 378.1 429.4 427.4 428.4 423.4 -5.0 -6.0
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Coastal Environment 138.6 166.6 165.4 166.4 139.4 -27.0 -27.2
Management
Assessment and 255.2 262.8 262.0 262.0 284.0 22.0 21.2
Watershed Protection
TOTAL WORKYEARS 392.5 429.4 427.4 428.4 423.4 -5.0 -6.0
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Monitoring & Analysis
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $69,601,800 supported by 423.4 total
workyears for 1994, a decrease of $22,098,000 and a decrease of 5 total workyears
from 1993. Of the request, $26,117,300 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $43,484,500 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents a decrease of $788,100 in the Program
and Research Operations appropriation and a decrease of $21,309,900 in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
COASTAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $40,947,300 supported by 139.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $8,776,200 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $32,171,100 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents decreases of 27.0 total
workyears, $1,596,700 in Program and Research Operations and $5,516,900 in
Abatement, Control and Compliance reflecting a reduced effort in the Near Coastal
Water Program; and efforts to support the Florida Keys Marine Sanctuary; the
Saginaw River Watershed; Maumee River and Bay; the Rio Grande Coastal Impact
Monitoring Station; the National Estuary Program, including Buzzards Bay, Long
Island Sound, and Puget Sound; and Great Lakes Basin erosion activities that were
1993 activities.
The Agency will continue to guide and support 21 existing estuary projects
in the National Estuary Program (NEP) under Section 320 of the Clean Water Act
(CWA). As part of the NEP, Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plans
(CCMP) are being developed to protect and enhance water quality and living
resources of these targeted estuaries. The CCMPs are developed in three phases:
1) priority problem identification; 2) characterization of water quality and
living resources; and 3) development of a management plan which addresses the
identified problems.
Limited resources are requested for transferring lessons learned from CCMP
development among the NEPs and other important estuaries and water bodies. This
activity has been undertaken through a separate Near Coastal Waters Program that
is now consolidated with the National Estuary Program.
The program will continue to support coastal and marine regulatory
responsibilities under the Clean Water Act; these programs manage point source
discharges to marine waters. The 301(h) program provides an opportunity for
municipalities to avoid secondary treatment when it is shown that treatment is
not necessary to protect coastal waters. Activities will include continued
review of Section 301(h) marine discharges for the ten remaining waiver requests
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and waiver extensions. The Agency will continue to improve the integration of
CWA Section 403 ecological risk-based decision-making into the Section 402 permit
program to more effectively and efficiently implement the permit review mandates
of Section 403.
The Agency will work with Department of the Interior (DOI) to implement the
Clean Vessel Act (CVA) guidelines and will work with the Regions on needs for no
disposal zones.
The Agency will continue to support the Great Lakes States in the
development and implementation of Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) for Areas of
Concern (AOCs). The program will continue to improve integrated, multi-media
approaches to reducing mass loadings of critical pollutants in order to restore
beneficial uses in geographically targeted areas. An important component of this
effort will be enhanced public involvement in all phases of RAPs.
Through the continued coordination of load reduction actions with other
Federal, state and local entities, EPA will further reduce mass loadings of
critical pollutants across the Great Lakes Basin. In addition, EPA intends to
enhance the integration of base program activities, under all relevant statutory
authorities (e.g., CWA, CAA, CERCLA, RCRA, TOSCA, FIFRA, EPCRA) which are the
foundation for achieving specific lakewide goals and objectives. By targeting
specific program enhancements, EPA and the states will accelerate ongoing
prevention, control, abatement and remediation actions. Ultimately, this program
will enhance the Agency's ability to realize the goals and objectives of both the
CWA and the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.
Support continues for the Gulf of Mexico Program, through the Office of
Water in coordination with Regions IV and VI, with a special emphasis on
shellfish water restoration, habitat protection and restoration, beach clean up
activities, public education and outreach projects, and initiatives to improve
nonpoint source controls. In addition, several demonstration projects to restore
habitat and improve water quality are being implemented. Activities to identify
data needs of the Gulf Coast environmental decision makers and to determine the
role for the Gulf Program in coordinating geographic information systems in the
Gulf states are also continuing. The Program continues to support the
characterization of Gulf problems and development of Action Agendas to address
these problems through increased cooperation with Federal, state and private
partners.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $48,060,900 supported by 166.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $10,372,900 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $37,688,000 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Agency is continuing to guide and support the 21 estuaries in the
National Estuary Program; three of the 21 were added in early 1993. In 1993,
Narragansett Bay completed its CCMP and San Francisco Bay, Albemarle-Pamlico
Sound, and Long Island Sound are completing their CCMPs. The Regions are working
with the states on data and information exchange on key technical, scientific and
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infrastructure issues. The NEP and Near Coastal Waters (NCW) Programs are
integrating with the NFS control programs, wetlands protection, and point source
programs, emphasizing watershed protection approaches.
Efforts in the Gulf of Mexico Program will continue to target protection
of the most critical and vulnerable marine life through work on the nutrient
enrichment project, marine debris action plan and habitat degradation activities.
Activities to identify data needs of the Gulf Coast environmental decision makers
and to determine the role the Gulf Program should play in coordinating geographic
information systems in the Gulf states will continue. The Program will also
continue existing support of BAYWATCH, beach cleanup activities, the Florida
Marine Key Sanctuary water quality plan, coastal erosion projects, and other
efforts of the technical committees.
In the secondary treatment waiver program, Headquarters continues to
support Regional implementation of waiver applications, secondary equivalency
determinations, and permit reissuance activities. In addition, the Agency
continues work on critical regulatory, programmatic and technical guidance to
facilitate the performance of 403 ocean discharge criteria reviews and decision-
making. The Phase II Report to Congress on application of section 403 to
dischargers in estuarine waters is being completed.
The Agency is assisting the Department of Interior in development of
guidance under the Clean Vessel Act. The guidance is for state programs to fund
pump out facilities for boat sewage wastes and will be used by the Agency in
focussing efforts under CWA 312 to establish comprehensive programs for marine
sanitation devices (e.g., public education, no discharge zones). The OSV
Anderson is continuing to provide support for coastal and ocean surveys to
support environmental management decisions in the NEP, NCW, and 403/301(h)
programs.
The Agency is providing funds and technical assistance to the Great Lakes
States for the development and implementation of RAPs for the 31 US AOCs.
Remedial Action Plans are intended to ensure reduced loadings of toxic pollutants
in targeted geographical areas, such that beneficial uses are restored consistent
the CWA and the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. Of primary concern to the
states and EPA is the elimination of adverse risks resulting from the presence
of contaminated sediments in all AOCs.
The Agency is continuing to work with Great Lakes States to refine Lakewide
Management Plans (LaMPs) for the reduction of loadings of toxic pollutants for
Lake Superior and Michigan, including publication of the final Lake Michigan LaMP
in the Federal Register; to complete conversion of the Lake Ontario Toxics
Management Plan into a LaMP; and, to begin development of a Lake Erie LaMP
identifying pollutants impairing beneficial uses. Consistent with the LaMPs, the
Agency and the states are implementing coordinated monitoring programs for air,
water, biota, and sediments for the open waters, nearshore, tributaries, and
harbors of Lake Michigan, Ontario and Superior to establish baselines, identify
sources, quantify loadings, and target load reduction activities.
Congressional Directives. A total of §5,150,000 is for Congressionally
directed projects, including: support for the National Estuary Program, including
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Buzzards Bay, Long Island Sound, and Puget Sound; Great Lakes Basin erosion
activities; the Florida Keys Marine Sanctuary; the Saginaw River Watershed;
Maumee River and Bay; and the Rio Grande Coastal Impact Monitoring Station.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated a total of $49,814,100 supported by 138.6
total workyears for this program, of which $8,471,900 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $41,342,200 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Agency continued to provide support to the 17 management conferences
in the NEP; the Buzzards Bay CCMP was completed. One new estuary was added to
the NEP, Peconic Bay, New York, and nominations were solicited and reviewed for
three additional NEPs early 1993. A comprehensive programmatic guidance on NCW
program strategies was completed and distributed to the Regions. Implementation
of completed Regional Near Coastal Water strategies was initiated. To test the
effectiveness of various pollution prevention approaches, grants were provided
to state and local governments for selected action demonstration projects
identified as national priorities in NCW strategies or through the NEP projects.
Efforts to develop comprehensive technical assistance and outreach strategies
were initiated to assist NEPs and NCW programs in dealing with coastal problems.
The Agency continued development of regulations, technical guidance and
support documents and management of a national data base in support of coastal
and marine regulatory responsibilities including secondary treatment waivers
(Section 301[h]), ocean discharge criteria (Section 403[c]) and marine sanitation
devices (Section 312). The Agency continued development of a strong overall
framework for marine ecological risk assessment under 301(h)/403 and conduct of
ocean and coastal surveys by the OSV Anderson to support environmental management
decisions in NEPs, NCW, and 301(h)/403 programs.
The Agency assisted state development and implementation of RAPs for AOCs
resulted in the completion of seven Stage I and two Stage II RAPs. A total of
nine RAPs were submitted to the International Joint Commission for review.
Implementation activities were undertaken by EPA, the states and other
responsible parties in these and other AOCs.
The Agency published the draft Lake Michigan LaMP in the Federal Register
for public review and comment, began efforts to convert the Lake Ontario Toxics
Management Plan into a LaMP, and began development of the Lake Superior LaMP.
Load reduction actions are underway in all Lakes.
ASSESSMENT AND WATERSHED PROTECTION
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $28,654,500 supported by 284.0 total
workyears for this program, of which $17,341,100 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $11,313,400 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of 22
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workyears and $808,600 in the Program and Research Operations appropriation; and
a decrease of $15,793,000 in Abatement, Control and Compliance. This decrease
reflects completed funding for a lake/watershed management in Region V; water
quality projects on the Tar Pamlico River, Grand River and on the
Oklahoma/Arkansas border; Lake restoration activities in Lakes Roosevelt,
Onondaga, Decker, Ponchartrain, Black Hawk and Champlain; St. Croix River
International Waterway Commission; New Jersey lake water activities; and a
nonpoint source pollution study in conjunction with Nebraska, Iowa and Kansas
that were 1993 activities. There is an increase to assist states by providing
information for decision using total daily maximum load (TMDL) analysis and
watershed monitoring. The workyear increase will provide technical support for
the nonpoint source grants.
Working with a wide range of government and private stakeholders, the
Agency will support policy, outreach and technical assistance activities to
strengthen state implementation of watershed planning, monitoring, lakes, and
coastal/inland nonpoint source (NPS) control programs, including compliance with
statutory mandates.
This will be an important year for implementing watershed protection
approaches. As one important action in this area, states will submit lists
(required under Clean Water Act Section 303(d)) of their second round of waters
targeted for development of total maximum daily loadings (TMDL) in April 1994.
The Agency will review and approve these state lists, assuring they reflect
watershed priorities and remaining control needs. The states will be fully
engaged in developing TMDLs in priority watersheds to support water quality
decision-making, including addressing complex pollution problems, such as storm-
related loadings and habitat impacts. Many states will tackle these challenges
for the first time and the Agency will be providing increased technical
assistance and policy guidance to ensure that approvable TMDLs are developed to
support watershed protection. The Agency will provide technical assistance to
state watershed efforts to clean-up and preserve lakes consistent with our lakes
strategy proposed in 1993.
Using the NPS Strategy developed in 1993, the Agency will work with the
states to better integrate state coastal and inland NPS programs, including
consistent use of Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments of 1990 (CZARA)
management measures and better utilization of other Federal, state, and private
NPS initiatives. Working with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), final procedures for reviewing and approving initial state
coastal NPS program submissions will be developed and used. Consistent with the
1993 NPS Strategy, the Agency will work with states both to improve their Section
319 NPS programs and to develop, as appropriate, their coastal NPS programs. The
Agency will strengthen our oversight of Section 319 grants, including restoration
projects. The Agency will begin threshold reviews of the coastal programs and
provide technical assistance to the states. The effectiveness of initial
voluntary action projects under the Agricultural Pollution Prevention Strategy
will be evaluated by the Agency, with successful approaches transferred to new
projects.
The Intergovernmental Task Force on Monitoring (ITFM) Water Quality,
chaired by the EPA and including representatives of eight Federal agencies and
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eight states, will further refine and begin implementing a national monitoring
strategy, including monitoring site design, comparable methods, data sharing,
environmental indicators, and reporting. Support will be provided to selected
states to test the effectiveness of the ITFM strategy. The Agency will begin
implementing our five-year water monitoring plan, including updating national
monitoring guidance based on interagency and state recommendations. The Agency
will develop guidance for using and reporting environmental indicators.
Guidelines for the national Clean Water Act (CWA) Section 305(b) biannual report
of state water quality status will be significantly updated consonant with
findings of the ITFM. The Agency will continue supporting volunteer monitoring
through further technical assistance and guidance. The modernization of
STORET/BIOS/ODES [the national water quality and biological data systems] will
reach the 50 percent completion stage, with a fully renovated system to be
operational by 1998.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $43,638,900 supported by 262.0 total
workyears for this program, of which $16,532,500 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $27,106,400 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Agency is tailoring our outreach and technical assistance to support
states' evolving operation of base monitoring, water quality planning and NPS
control programs consistent with watershed protection. This includes
implementation of a national program to identify priority watersheds for
targeted/integrated management programs, with emphasis on developing watershed-
based TMDLs. The Clean Lakes program continues to provide technical assistance
to states to encourage stronger state-wide programs and better ties to volunteer
efforts. Future directions for the lakes program are being developed in a Lakes
Strategy.
The national NPS program is continuing to support state watershed
protection through guidance, technical assistance, workshops, and a
clearinghouse. Working with other Federal agencies, the Agency continues our
Federal alliances to focus Federal policies, programs, and resources on NPS
efforts in state-targeted watersheds. Specifically, the Agency is working with
NOAA to implement CZARA NPS requirements in coastal areas and with the U.S.
Department of Agriculture (USDA) on their Water Quality Initiative to assure
effective linkages of both efforts to state CWA Section 319 programs. The Agency
is also developing a strategic plan that takes into account lessons learned from
the first years of NPS program implementation and that guides mid-course
corrections to improve program effectiveness.
The Agency is establishing a slower pace to develop the system architecture
for a modernized STORET/BIOS/ODES data system. The Agency is developing
indicators to assess ecological integrity and cost-effective rapid bioassessment
methods to determine aquatic ecosystems stresses as a basis for targeting and
evaluating watershed protection initiatives. The Agency continues chairing the
Interagency Task Force on Monitoring, which is developing a nation-wide
monitoring strategy for integration of regional data collection and reporting.
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The Agency is supporting volunteer monitoring activities through technical
assistance and guidance.
Support is being given to the Agency's Agricultural Pollution Prevention
Strategy by formulating new initiatives with key Federal agencies with emphasis
on nutrient management plans implemented through USDA's Water Quality Initiative
and state CWA Section 319 programs. The Agency is also working with the Forest
Service on reducing significant ecological risks, including developing specific
habitat protection approaches for timber operations.
The Regions are implementing special geographic initiatives reflecting
priorities in individual regional strategic plans.
Congressional Directives. A total of $13,820,000 is for Congressionally
directed projects. These activities are: lake/watershed management in Region V;
water quality projects on the Tar Pamlico River, Grand River and on the
Oklahoma/Arkansas border; Lake restoration activities in Lakes Roosevelt,
Onondaga, Decker, Ponchartrain, Black Hawk and Champlain; St. Croix River
International Waterway Commission; New Jersey lake water activities; and a
nonpoint source pollution study in conjunction with Nebraska, Iowa and Kansas.
1992 Accomplishments
The Agency obligated a total of $30,334,200 supported by 255.2 total
workyears for this program, of which $15,651,000 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $14,683,200 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Agency placed renewed emphasis on the water quality planning
requirements of CWA Section 303(d) to support the watershed protection approach.
Revised regulations were issued and states began identifying targeted watersheds
for TMDL development. Outreach and technical assistance efforts were undertaken
to implement the new regulations and support TMDL development. The Agency made
substantial progress in clarifying its mission and opportunities in protecting
habitat and ecosystems. The Clean Lakes program continued providing limited
technical and programmatic support.
The Agency emphasized NPS pollution reduction activities under the CWA for
those watersheds where water quality was most threatened. Continued direct
support to states went to integrated, cooperative efforts to implement statewide
and geographically-targeted controls. Special emphasis was on controlling non-
traditional, high-risk pollution sources which threatened or degraded priority
watersheds identified in state CWA Section 319 programs. A national Volunteer
Action Project was initiated to build a consensus among Federal agencies, states,
local government and private citizens on actions needed for watershed protection.
Under CZARA, the Agency substantially developed final NPS management measures
guidelines for the coastal zone.
The Agency continued the transition of the national monitoring program from
the limited chemical-specific assessments needed for individual point source
control decisions to a broader ecologically-based approach. Program shifts
within base resources included increased emphasis on a watershed approach in
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water quality assessment, targeting, and evaluation activities to support the
Agency's watershed protection approach and related nonpoint source control
program needs. STORET/BIOS/ODES modernization efforts were continued.
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U)
I
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o
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WATER QUALITY
Municipal Source Control
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1992 BUDGET 1993 ESTIMATE 1994 DECREASE DECREASE
1993 1993 1994 REQ 1994 REQ
VS VS
1993 CE 1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Municipal Pollution
Control
Program & Research $20,390.4 $20,404.3 $20,912.0 $20,931.6 $21,100.1 $168.5 $695.8
Operations
Abatement Control and $26,029.7 $19,442.6 $22,148.4 $22,141.0 $17,155.2 -$4,985.8 -$2,287.4
Compliance
TOTAL $46,420.1 $39,846.9 $43,060.4 $43,072.6 $38,255.3 -$4,817.3 -$1,591.6
TOTAL:
Program & Research $20,390.4 $20,404.3 $20,912.0 $20,931.6 $21,100.1 $168.5 $695.8
Operations
Abatement Control and $26,029.7 $19,442.6 $22,148.4 $22,141.0 $17,155.2 -$4,985.8 -$2,287.4
Compliance
Municipal Source TOTAL $46,420.1 $39,846.9 $43,060.4 $43,072.6 $38,255.3 -$4,817.3 -$1,591.6
Control
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Municipal Pollution 327.5 355.0 354.6 340.4 340.4 -14.6
Control
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 327.5 355.0 354.6 340.4 340.4 -14.6
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Municipal Pollution 339.5 355.0 354.6 340.4 340.4 -14.6
Control
TOTAL UORKYEARS 339.5 355.0 354.6 340.4 340.4 -14.6
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WATER QUALITY
Municipal Source Control
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $38,255,300 supported by 340.4 total
workyears for 1994, a decrease of $4,817,300. Of the request, $21,100,100 will
be for the Program and Research Operations appropriation, and $17,155,200 will
be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an
increase of $168,500 for the Program and Research Operations appropriation, and
a decrease of $4,985,800 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
MUNICIPAL POLLUTION CONTROL
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $38,255,300 supported by 340.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $21,100,100 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $17,155,200 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $168,500
in the Program and Research Operations appropriation and a decrease of $4,985,800
in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The increase in Program
and Research Operations results from an adjustment made to fully fund the 1994
workyears. The decrease in Abatement, Control and Compliance results from the
completion of Congressionally-directed add-ons for Wastewater Operator Training,
EPA's National Training Center at West Virginia University, Small Flows
Clearinghouse at West Virginia University, EPA's Water Conservation Task Force,
Rural Community Assistance Program, alternative wastewater treatment technologies
such as solar aquatics, an innovative/alternative wastewater treatment
demonstration project in the Florida Keys, a national demonstration project of
onsite wastewater treatment technologies and management systems, a Small Towns
Environmental Program to aid small communities in new approaches to design and
construct water and wastewater systems and for the Association of State and
Interstate Water Pollution Control Administrators.
In 1994, fifty states and Puerto Rico will have operational State Revolving
Funds (SRF) programs. The Agency will continue to support the states in
implementing existing SRFs, assuring that limited funds are applied to the
highest priority risk-based needs for wastewater treatment, nonpoint source
control and estuarine protection. EPA will initiate the inclusion of safe
drinking water projects under the new Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DW-
SRF). The Agency will amend existing regulations and guidance and support the
States in identifying drinking water priorities and projects. Using as much of
existing SRF financial framework as possible, the Municipal Pollution Control
program will work closely with the Drinking Water program and the States to
initiate loans for drinking water facilities.
The Agency will continue to promote alternative sources of financing to
assist the states in supplementing funds available under planned Federal
capitalization authorizations, with particular emphasis on financing small
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community needs. A new 1994 Needs Survey will focus on assessing the capital
financing needs for safe drinking water facilities.
Although funding for construction grants ended in 1990, including the
205(g) set-aside, over 3,000 remaining projects will require ongoing management
in 1994. Headquarters will continue to direct the prompt completion and closeout
of active construction projects and resolution of audit problems, and support the
States in planning, managing, data processing and reporting on the on-going
construction grants activities. Regional staff will work directly with states
on the expeditious completion of the program as well as provide technical
assistance to states and small communities. The Corps of Engineers continues to
play a major role in assisting EPA and the states in completing and closing out
the construction grants program. The Agency will continue to manage the Water
Quality Grants (Section 106) programs and the Indian set-aside program under
Section 518 of the Clean Water Act.
To assure that the national investment in wastewater treatment infra-
structure is protected, EPA will continue to emphasize state-based municipal
water pollution prevention programs that focus on preventive measures rather than
more expensive corrective actions which could require capital financing.
Headquarters will continue to direct operations and maintenance (O&M), operator
training, small community outreach, water use efficiency and municipal financing
including public/private partnerships to address needs. In addition,
Headquarters will continue science and data enhancements through technology
transfer to encourage the beneficial use of sewage sludge. The Agency will also
support the wet weather programs by evaluating existing and innovative
technologies and promoting the most promising and cost effective approaches to
reduce ecological risks. '
The Agency will enhance its support in the U.S./Mexico Border area in
fulfillment of EPA's Integrated Border Environmental Plan to address the very
serious and persistent health problems associated with inadequate sewage
treatment along the Mexico border region and the U.S. Colonias.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $43,072,600 supported by 340.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $20,931,600 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $22,141,000 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
With 51 wastewater SRF programs operating, the Agency continues to manage
the implementation of SRF programs as states switch to more complex SRF financing
proposals. Although funding for the construction grants program ended in 1990,
the traditional program management workload of state oversight responsibilities
remains high, as Regions address over 3,800 active grant projects. EPA continues
to direct the prompt completion and closeout of ongoing grant projects and
resolution of audit problems. In addition, EPA is managing the administration
of major grants totaling $345,500,000 to six coastal cities; $102,500,000 in
support of the U.S./Mexico Border projects; and another $108,000,000 in support
of projects representing unique Congressional priorities.
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Funds allocated for the Corps of Engineers Interagency Agreement support
personnel to provide construction management and completion and closeout
assistance to EPA and the states. Set-aside funding is continuing for
construction of treatment facilities for Indian tribes and Alaska Native
Villages. The Agency is finalizing the 1992 Needs Survey which is expanded to
include extensive modeling of CSO, stormwater and other SRF expanded eligibility.
In 1993 program emphasis will be directed toward the enhancement of wet
weather program activities, which includes technical assistance on constructed
wetlands and sewage sludge, and promoting the CSO and stormwater programs by
evaluating existing and innovative technologies. The Agency continues to
implement municipal water pollution prevention programs, including O&M, water use
efficiency, operator training, small community outreach, and municipal and
public/private partnerships.
The Agency continues to implement the U.S./Mexico Border Integrated Border
Environmental Plan which addresses the very serious and persistent health
problems associated with inadequate sewage treatment in Tijuana, the U.S.
Colonias and other high priority projects along the U.S. Mexico Border. In
addition, the Agency is initiating the development of an industrial wastewater
pretreatment training program for Mexico.
Congressional Directives. A total of $8,050,000 is for Congressionally
directed projects for: Wastewater Operator Training ($1,350,000), EPA's National
Training Center at West Virginia University ($1,000,000), Small Flows
Clearinghouse at West Virginia University ($1,000,000), EPA's Water Conservation
Task Force ($350,000), Rural Community Assistance Program ($250,000), alternative
wastewater treatment technologies such as solar aquatics ($1,000,000), an
innovative/ alternative wastewater treatment demonstration project in the Florida
Keys ($500,000), a national demonstration project of onsite wastewater treatment
technologies and management systems ($1,500,000), a Small Towns Environmental
Program to aid small communities in new approaches to design and construct water
and wastewater systems ($700,000), and for the Association of State and
Interstate Water Pollution Control Administrators ($400,000).
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated a total of $46,420,100 supported by 339.5
total workyears for this program, of which $20,390,400 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $26,029,700 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
EPA managed two large financial assistance programs emphasizing the prompt
completion of construction grants projects and implementation and oversight of
SRF programs. The Regions emphasized traditional construction grants management
activities which addressed a workload of over 4,800 grant projects. Under the
Indian set-aside program, funding was provided to a total of 30 Indian tribes and
23 Alaska Native Villages. The $13,000,000 allocated for the Corps of Engineers
Interagency Agreement supported 161 total workyears and provided construction
management assistance to EPA and the states.
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EPA promoted the development of state programs related to municipal water
pollution prevention, water conservation and technology transfer to assure that
the national investment in wastewater treatment infrastructure is protected.
$1,950,000 was targeted to operator training grants for onsite assistance to
small communities. EPA provided increased information and assistance to help
municipalities address alternative financing methods for wastewater treatment
needs.
The Agency supported the CSO program in evaluating existing and innovative
technologies and promoting the most promising and cost effective approaches to
reduce ecological risks. Headquarters coordinated research, technology transfer
and outreach activities with other agencies and national organizations, including
the Small Flows Clearinghouse.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
of Contents
Page
WATER QUALITY
ENFORCEMENT
Water Quality Enforcement .................... 3-77
Water Quality Enforcement ................... 3-78
Water Quality Permit Issuance .................. 3-81
Water Quality Permit Issuance ................. 3-82
-------
WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Enforcement
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Water Quality
Enforcement
Program & Research $21,671.1 $22,737.3 $22,696.7 $22,689.3 $23,332.4 $643.1 $595.1
Operations
Abatement Control and $6,238.3 $7,138.3 $5,142.3 $4,651.3 $4,959.5 $308.2 -$2,178.8
Compliance
TOTAL $27,909.4 $29,875.6 $27,839.0 $27,340.6 $28,291.9 $951.3 -$1,583.7
TOTAL:
Program & Research $21,671.1 $22,737.3 $22,696.7 $22,689.3 $23,332.4 $643.1 $595.1
Operations
Abatement Control and $6,238.3 $7,138.3 $5,142.3 $4,651.3 $4,959.5 $308.2 -$2,178.8
Compliance
Water Quality TOTAL $27,909.4 $29,875.6 $27,839.0 $27,340.6 $28,291.9 $951.3 -$1,583.7
Enforcement
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Water Quality 395.0 403.4 401.7 392.6 386.7 -5.9 -16.7
Enforcement
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 395.0 403.4 401.7 392.6 386.7 -5.9 -16.7
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Water Quality 416.2 403.4 401.7 392.6 386.7 -5.9 -16.7
Enforcement
TOTAL WORKYEARS 416.2 403.4 401.7 392.6 386.7 -5.9 -16.7
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WATER QUALITY
Enforcement
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $28,291,900 supported by 386.7 total
workyears for 1994, a decrease of 5.9 total workyears from 1993. Of this request
$23,332/400 will be for the Program and Research Operations appropriation and
$4,959,500 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
This represents an increase of §643,100 for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation, and an increase of $308,200 for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
WATER QUALITY ENFORCEMENT
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $28,291,900 supported by 386.7 total
workyears for this program, of which $23,332,400 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $4,959,500 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $643,100
for the Program and Research Operations appropriation; an increase of $308,200
for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation; and a decrease of 5.9
total workyears reflecting reduced activity supporting compliance reviews.
The enforcement priority for the Agency will be the issuance of enforceable
schedules to meet Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) requirements. Approximately 110
administrative orders will be issued to municipalities to set schedules for
implementing actions necessary to correct compliance problems resulting from
CSOs, and approximately 30 facilities will be subject to enforcement actions as
a result of the dry weather enforcement initiative. EPA will monitor compliance
with schedules for the remaining 42 National Municipal Policy facilities.
The Agency will continue to promote the use of some multi-media inspections
and enforcement actions. EPA will also initiate enforcement actions against
municipalities or industrial users who fail to implement approved local
pretreatment programs or to comply with pretreatment requirements. All instances
of significant noncompliance will be responded to on a timely basis and some
violations of new program requirements (sludge, stormwater) may be addressed
where there are problems in a particular watershed.
The Agency will continue to develop and implement an approach for measuring
the loadings of toxic pollutants to waterbodies as a means of measuring the
environmental benefits of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) program and for use in targeting enforcement and permitting priorities.
Efforts to improve public access to the Permit Compliance System (PCS) will
continue. The Agency will expand the number of environmental projects sought in
enforcement settlements.
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1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $27,340,600 supported by 392.6 total
workyears for this program, of which $22,689,300 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $4,651,300 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
EPA is tracking compliance with schedules to attain final effluent limits
for approximately 89 National Municipal Policy (NMP) facilities which have not
yet completed construction and is working with states to implement individual
Municipal Water Pollution Prevention (MWPP) programs.
The Agency is revising the definition of reportable noncompliance and
significant noncompliance for Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) violating
pretreatment requirements and modifying oversight procedures for pretreatment,
providing additional flexibility through a variety of onsite inspection
techniques.
The Agency will continue to address noncompliance by municipalities with
approved pretreatment programs and will conduct pretreatment and NPDES
inspections, although contract inspections will be eliminated. Some multi-media
inspections and enforcement cases will augment the base program.
The enforcement program will initiate activity in the area of CSO
requirements through an enforcement initiative addressing dry weather overflows.
Enforcement of the new sludge technical regulations will be limited to violations
causing substantial environmental problems. Timely and appropriate enforcement
action is being taken in all instances of significant noncompliance.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated a total of $27,909,400 supported by 416.2
total workyears for this program, of which $21,671,100 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $6,238,300 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
During FY 1992, 37 of the remaining 129 major facilities completed
construction to attain final effluent limits. Contempt actions were initiated
against 3 major facilities for failure to comply with NMP schedules. EPA
supported implementation of the MWPP program promoting national consistency and
conformance with MWPP guidance, in order to prevent pollution by anticipating
design capacity overload in POTWs. The Agency continued to focus on municipal
facilities to ensure compliance with final effluent limits.
In the area of pretreatment, EPA emphasized compliance for IDs with Organic
Chemicals, Plastics and Synthetic Fibers pretreatment standards and assessed the
compliance status of lUs through a statistical survey. It conducted its third
pretreatment enforcement initiative which included actions by EPA, states, and
local governments against 354 noncompliers and 54 municipalities and 300
industrial users. In 1992, EPA began the development of policy and guidance
needed to implement the new sludge technical regulations. In addition, EPA
drafted strategies for enforcing storm water and CSO requirements.
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In 1992, the overall rate of significant noncompliance (SNC) of major NPDES
permittees under the Clean Water Act remained steady at 9%. In addition, the
municipal SNC rate for the quarter ending June 30 was the lowest in 7 years.
EPA's formal enforcement activities included 1,477 administrative and judicial
actions, which includes actions against minors.
PCS was expanded to incorporate latitude/longitude data for a portion of
the minor facilities to provide integrated environmental geographic information
and support environmental indicators. EPA completed the first pilot test of
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) to increase speed and accuracy of data entry.
EPA also completed a feasibility study to determine a strategy for public access
and began implementation.
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Permit Issuance
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Permit Issuance
Program & Research -$17,825.6 $21,086.2 $20,764.0 $20,749.9 $22,029.4 $1,279.5 $943.2
Ope rati ons
Abatement Control and $7,446.4 $7,023.0 $4,600.8 $4,569.9 $5,364.0 $794.1 -$1,659.0
Compliance
TOTAL $25,272.0 $28,109.2 $25,364.8 $25,319.8 $27,393.4 $2,073.6 -$715.8
TOTAL:
Program & Research $17,825.6 $21,086.2 $20,764.0 $20,749.9 $22,029.4 $1,279.5 $943.2
Operations
Abatement Control and $7,446.4 $7,023.0 $4,600.8 $4,569.9 $5,364.0 $794.1 -$1,659.0
Compliance
Water Quality Permit TOTAL $25,272.0 $28,109.2 $25,364.8 $25,319.8 $27,393.4 $2,073.6 -$715.8
Issuance
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Permit Issuance 325.8 374.7 372.7 372.7 359.7 -13.0 -15.0
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS 325.8 374.7 372.7 372.7 359.7 -13.0 -15.0
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Permit Issuance 335.5 374.7 372.7 372.7 359.7 -13.0 -15.0
TOTAL UORKYEARS 335.5 374.7 372.7 372.7 359.7 -13.0 -15.0
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WATER QUALITY
Water Quality Permit Issuance
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $27,393,400 supported by 359.7 total
workyears for 1994, an increase of $2,073,600 and a decrease of 13 total
workyears from 1993. Of the request, $22,029,400 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $5,364,000 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,279,500
and an increase of $794,100, respectively.
PERMIT ISSUANCE
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $27,393,400 supported by 359.7 total
workyears for this program, of which $22,029,400 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $5,364,000 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,279,500
in the Program and Research Operations appropriation, which results from an
increased cost in salaries, and an increase of $794,100 in the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation which responds to the need for technical assistance
for implementing the NPDES program, and a decrease of 13 total workyears which
reflects a de-emphasis in oversight of state delegated programs.
EPA will focus on controlling wet weather run-off through Combined Sewer
Overflow (CSO) and stormwater permitting, encouraging the beneficial use of
sludge through sludge permitting, and controlling toxic discharges through
support of water quality-based permitting and pretreatment. The Agency will
issue permits to stormwater dischargers and establish effective stormwater
programs within existing Regional/ state National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) programs. The Agency will work to use stormwater pollution
prevention plans as the approach to control non-traditional sources. To support
states, the Agency will develop guidance on stormwater permitting, develop model
permits based on stormwater group applications, and provide assistance and
outreach to assure effective stormwater programs are implemented. Where EPA is
the permitting authority, the Agency will issue permits to large and medium
municipal separate storm sewer systems and issue general industrial stormwater
permits for group applications. The Agency will also work with the states to
issue CSO permits and oversee implementation of the revised CSO policy to ensure
national consistency.
The Agency will also focus on upgrading existing permits to control toxic
discharges and will continue to stress water quality-based permitting to
implement new toxic water quality standards adopted by states over the last
several years. As a result of the stormwater requirements, the universe of
69,000 permitted discharges covered under the traditional NPDES program has
increased several times. In addition, the new sewage sludge regulations will
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involve approximately 15,000 Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) and an
additional 5,000 sewage sludge treaters. This growth of the universe of permits
is particularly significant in light of the additional emphasis on control of
toxic discharges and the resultant complexity in permit requirements. The Agency
is emphasizing pollution prevention in permit issuance.
The Agency will promote the beneficial use of sludge by implementing the
sludge permitting program and will support the states in getting sludge
permitting program approval, either as part of their NPDES authority or
separately. The Agency will issue permits for treatment works treating domestic
sewage in a phased approach, first where site-specific requirements are needed
and then as NPDES permits are reissued.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $25,319,800 supported by 372.7 total
workyears for this program, of which $20,749,900 is from the Program Research
Operations appropriation and $4,569,900 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
For stormwater permitting, the Agency is focusing on issuing in non-
authorized States and assisting authorized states in issuing general stormwater
permits for industrial activities, providing stormwater permit training, and
developing model permits to cover groups of industrial dischargers covering
44,000 facilities. The Agency is completing and beginning to implement an
accelerated national CSO strategy which emphasizes issuing permits first to the
most environmentally significant CSOs.
The Agency and states are continuing to reissue permits to meet state and
national toxic water quality standards and to implement new effluent guidelines.
The Agency expects that regions and states will be issuing about 1400 major
permits. In addition, the Agency anticipates that oil and gas drilling platforms
in coastal Texas and Louisiana will be permitted for the first time. To support
this effort, the Agency is conducting permit quality reviews as well as providing
technical assistance and training for permit writers which focuses on water
quality-based toxics controls, energy sector permit requirements, pollution
prevention, and new effluent guidelines. In addition, the Agency is continuing
to realign its permitting issuance activities in accordance with watershed
approaches.
The Agency is assisting POTWs to develop/modify local limits which control
toxic and/or hazardous pollutants in accordance with revised pretreatment
requirements and ensuring compliance with CSO, stormwater, sludge, and water
quality-based limits in POTW permits.
With promulgation of the sewage sludge technical standards and the expected
increased workload of sewage sludge permits, the Agency is focusing on outreach
and training and on assisting states to develop sewage sludge permitting
programs. Until states apply for and are authorized to manage state sewage
sludge programs, the Agency is responsible for all sludge permit issuance.
3-83
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1992 Program Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated a total of $25,272,000 supported by 335.5
total workyears for this program, of which $17,825,600 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $7,446,400 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
Activities supporting permit programs included reissuance of NPDES permits
to include control of toxic pollutants (258 by EPA and 1,078 by authorized
states), review and evaluation of pretreatment programs, and issuance of final
general stormwater permits for 12 non-authorized states for industrial and
construction activity. In addition, the Agency conducted nine workshops on
developing permits to implement toxic water quality standards, four workshops on
the basic NPDES program, 50 workshops on pretreatment, and three workshops on
pollution prevention.
In the stormwater program, the Agency received and began processing over
1250 storm water group applications and conducted 28 stormwater workshops in 20
cities and 10 EPA Regions. The Agency responded to over 46,000 calls on the
stormwater hotline. To develop an accelerated CSO strategy, the Agency
coordinated a negotiated policy dialogue between the regulators and the regulated
and environmental communities. The Agency also developed strategies for the
implementation of the sludge permitting program and proposed sludge permit
regulations to establish a phased permitting program.
3-84
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
DRINKING WATER 4-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Drinking Water Research 4-11
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Criteria, Standards and Guidelines 4-23
Drinking Water Implementation 4-24
Drinking Water Criteria 4-27
State Program Resource Assistance 4-31
Public Water Systems Supervision Program Grants 4-32
Underground Injection Control Program Grants 4-34
Special Studies and Demonstrations 4-36
Ground Water Protection 4-39
Ground Water Protection 4-40
ENFORCEMENT
Drinking Water Enforcement 4-45
Drinking Water Enforcement 4-46
-------
APPROPRIATION
DRINKING WATER
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
TOTAL, Drinking Water
$43,017.5 $47,894.9 $47,516.4 $47,406.3 $49,515.0 $2,108.7 $1,620.1
$85,884.6 $88,113.8 $88,042.7 $88,786.2 $86,017.6 -$2,768.6 -$2,096.2
$11,324.6 $10,673.2 $9,151.3 $9.151.3 $8,317.2 -$834.1 -$2,356.0
$140,226.7 $146,681.9 $144,710.4 $145,343.8 $143,849.8 -$1,494.0 -$2,832.1
FIFRA Revolving Fund
$149.7
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORICYEARS
OUTLAYS
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS
722.0
759.1
800.4
800.4
791.8
791.8
789.7
789.7
768.0
768.0
-21.7
-21.7
$131,101.8 $144,048.4 $144,751.9 $144,974.5 $144.707.2 -$267.3
Authorization for the Safe Drinking Water Act expired on September 30, 1991.
Reauthorization is pending.
-32.4
-32.4
$658.8
4-1
-------
DRINKING UATER
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
DIFFERENCE
ENACTED VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
ENACTED
APPROPRIATION
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
TOTAL, Drinking Uater
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
$47,894.9 $47,516.4 $47.406.3 -$378.5 -$488.6
$88,113.8 $88,042.7 $88,786.2 -$71.1 $672.4
$10,673.2 $9,151.3 $9,151.3 -$1,521.9 -$1,521.9
$146,681.9 $144.710.4 $145,343.8 -$1,971.5 -$1,338.1
800.4
800.4
791.8
791.8
789.7
789.7
-8.6
-8.6
-10.7
-10.7
-$110.1
$743.5
$633.4
-2.1
-2.1
The following points list the major reasons that the dollars devoted to this media have changed from
submission of the President's FY 1993 Budget Request to the FY 1993 Current Estimates:
ABATEMENT. CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE
o +$6.8 M for Congressional add-on projects.
o +$0.4 M from Uater Quality to support meeting court ordered deadlines for NPDURs
promuIgat i ons/proposaIs.
PROGRAM AND RESEARCH OPERATIONS
o -$212 K for redirected for Agency prtorites.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
o Congressionally directed add-on for the Uater Environment Research Foundation.
o CongressionaIly directed general reductions to the Research and Development appropriation.
4-2
-------
MEDIA BRIDGE TABLES
MEDIA Drinking Water
NPM Water
FY 1993 CURRENT ESTIMATE
Changes by Category:
Workforce Costs <+/-)
Legislative Initiatives (+/-)
Program Initiatives (+/)
Discontinuation of Specific
Increases to FY 1993 Request (-)
Others <+/->
FY 1994 PRESIDENT'S BUDGET
Drinking Water
PRO
$47,406.3
$2,108.7
$0.0
$0.0
$0.0
$0.0
$49,515.0
AC&C
$88,786.2
$477.2
$0.0
$3,552.0
-$6,800.0
$2.2
$86,017.6
R&O
$9,151.3
$0.0
$0.0
$1,000.0
-$575.0
-$1,259.0
$8,317.3
Total
$145,343.8
$2,585.8
$0.0
$4,552.0
-$7,375.0
-$1,256.8
$143,849.8
4-3
-------
4-4
-------
DRINKING WATER
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
The 1986 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) mandate dramatic
changes in nationwide safeguards for drinking water and establish new Federal
enforcement responsibility in the event of state inaction. The amendments
require regulation of a specified list of priority contaminants, tripling the
number of contaminants previously regulated. The amendments also require control
of 25 more contaminants every three years.
To meet these mandates requires greater scientific data and more
sophisticated analyses, including the establishment and acceptance of criteria
for what constitutes a potential risk. Besides health and occurrence data
analyses, new analytical methods and economic assessment models must be
developed, and new treatment technologies assessed.
As of 1994, EPA will have promulgated regulations controlling 86
contaminants. Because these regulations will prevent over 500 cancer cases and
over 200,000 non-cancer cases of disease each year, the ability of the states to
adopt and implement these regulations is critical. To ensure effective
implementation, and to bolster our state/federal partnership, EPA is taking
action on four major fronts: increasing state grants; supporting state capacity
building efforts (including development and implementation of a Drinking Water
State Revolving Fund); setting priorities; and advocating and supporting
aggressive implementation and timely enforcement.
In 1993 moderate increases to the drinking water grant program helped to
communicate a continuing Federal commitment to the program. States also
increased their own funding. In 1992, 19 states sought additional funding,
primarily through user and service fees. Thus far, 11 states have received
increases totalling $7 million. EPA continues to work with other states to build
their financial capacity and mobilize outside resources to meet the drinking
water program challenges, especially for small systems.
Even with this continued commitment, implementation and enforcement of
existing drinking water regulations is falling drastically behind as more
requirements become effective. To help states balance the workload, EPA has
developed a priority setting plan intended to focus state and Federal resources
on the greatest public health threats first, giving states time to build
additional resources for carrying out the program.
As we work with states to develop and implement drinking water programs,
EPA is also demanding a strong enforcement presence to ensure that water supplies
meet SDWA requirements. Noncompliance is expected to escalate with the increase
in monitoring and treatment/control needs. Technical assistance to systems will
be provided, but aggressive enforcement is expected where noncompliance persists.
EPA will continue to provide technical and enforcement support to states, but
will also take direct enforcement actions where a state is unable or unwilling
to do so.
4-5
-------
As in the drinking water program, states are facing increasing challenges
in preventing contamination of ground water resources. State ground water
programs vary considerably from one state to another and are often a patchwork
of federal, state and local source control efforts, focusing on individual
sources of contamination rather than the resource as a whole. The task to pull
together these pieces into an integrated program was first identified in the
Administrator's Ground Water Protection Strategy in July 1992, and EPA recently
issued final guidance on Comprehensive State Ground Water Protection Programs.
In 1994 the ground water protection program will provide technical support
to states for developing and implementing the ground water, wellhead protection
(WHP) and underground injection control (UIC) programs. Having issued the final
guidance, EPA will provide very limited assistance and support to states as they
work to develop and implement Comprehensive State Ground Water Protection
Programs (CSGWPPs). Where appropriate within CSGWPPS, EPA supports the
development of state and local projects for identification and delineation of
wellhead protection areas to protect ground water. EPA and the states are also
implementing the Underground Injection Control program to control contamination
from discharges to underground sources of drinking water. Particular emphasis
is on shallow injection wells, since injection into these wells enters shallow
aquifers, thereby rapidly impacting drinking water supplies. Therefore, shallow
wells pose the greatest threat to public and private wells.
PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Drinking Water Implementation
EPA will increase support to develop a stronger scientific basis in the
drinking water program to ensure proper limits and requirements are developed to
protect public health. This support will include the development of an occurrence
data base and analytical models used to determine which contaminants pose
significant health threats. Assessments of chemical contaminants will continue
to focus on carcinogenic risks, but must also be expanded to include other risks
such as neurotoxic, and reproductive/ teratogenic risks. The major contaminants
remaining to be addressed in 1994 include arsenic, disinfectant/disinfection by-
products, Phase VIB and ground water disinfection rules. In addition, EPA will
continue the mandated triennial review of treatment technology innovations.
In 1994, all states should have approved programs for Total Coliform and
Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR). EPA will be completing extension agreements
and will be continuing approval of primacy applications for the Lead and Copper,
Phase II and Phase V rules. Work will begin on training states and public water
systems (PWSs) on the implementation, enforcement and data reporting requirements
for the Radionuclides rule, which will be promulgated in spring 1993.
EPA workload will increase as implementation of the Safe Drinking Water Act
regulations escalates. Although the primary responsibility for implementation
falls on the states, due to the complex technical nature of these rules and the
need for individualized solutions for each system, EPA will provide assistance.
EPA will also provide new financial support to aid state implementation and
enforcement efforts and to reduce or eliminate primacy returns and/or withdrawals
which would otherwise occur. Beginning in 1994 a Drinking Water State Revolving
4-6
-------
Fund (DW-SRF) will be introduced. The drinking water implementation program will
provide assistance for the development, management and oversight of this fund.
The fund will provide loans, through individual state DW-SRF programs to help
municipalities comply with Safe Drinking Water requirements.
States and EPA will continue to work with public water systems to provide
training and additional technical assistance, whether by simply answering
technical questions on the telephone or making a system visit. Of particular
concern will be small systems. Given the sheer number of small systems, and
their general lack of sophistication and resources, EPA and states face the
immense challenge of developing an approach that will enable small systems to
upgrade treatment and monitoring capability to meet the new requirements.
In 1994 the drinking water enforcement program will continue to be
emphasized. EPA is dealing with widespread noncompliance problems that are
expected to increase as new requirements become effective. A crucial activity
in 1994 will be providing case support for the SWTR. We expect to take
enforcement actions against some of the largest municipal systems, and EPA will
take a direct role to ensure compliance schedules are negotiated and orders are
issued for the maximum protection of the consumer. EPA will achieve an increase
in the number of administrative enforcement actions and will pursue Department
of Justice referrals for an increased number of civil referrals. Effective and
increased use of section 1431 orders to protect against substantial and imminent
endangerment will be a priority. In the UIC program, emphasis will shift from
enforcement actions against Class II oil and gas injection wells toward Class V
shallow injection wells.
EPA will also improve the existing drinking water data system to provide
more complete and accurate assessments, which will assist in initial SRF project
screenings. Concurrently, EPA will aggressively pursue development of a more
modern system. As more regulations are implemented, the amount of drinking water
data will grow significantly and EPA must ensure that the data will be of high
quality and easily accessible for use and analysis. EPA will work with the
states to modify their systems to accommodate the reporting requirements from the
new regulations, as well as adopting the new national data system which EPA is
developing.
Ground Water Protection
Given the complexity of the ground water resource, the institutional and
organizational barriers within most states regarding ground water, and the
pollution prevention aspect, the states will face a major challenge in producing
complete and implementable CSGWPPs that cover all programs that impact ground
water. Having completed the final guidance in 1993, EPA will provide limited
support to states for their continued ground water efforts, including developing
and implementing Comprehensive State Ground Water Protection Programs (CSGWPP).
EPA will continue to encourage states to incorporate wellhead protection programs
wherever appropriate into the overall comprehensive effort.
4-7
-------
EPA will continue to oversee and/or directly implement the Underground
Injection Control program, providing technical and financial assistance and
ensuring compliance. EPA has direct implementation responsibility for 16 state
programs covering 115,000 wells. In FY 1994, EPA will focus on the management
of Class V shallow injection wells. EPA will also prepare revisions to the
regulatory controls for Class II oil and gas related injection wells. EPA will
review and approve state primacy revisions to adopt the new UIC regulations.
Research and Development
The Agency will continue to focus research on alternative drinking water
disinfectants. Because of increased concern about the potential adverse effects
of chlorine, many municipalities will begin using ozone and chloramine for
drinking water disinfection. Increased resources will be used to initiate
research in comparative risk modeling in order to be able to identify the risk
tradeoff between safe microbial levels and acceptable risks from exposures to
disinfection/disinfection by-products. Other drinking water research will
concentrate on filling critical data gaps in the areas of microbiologic,
epidemiologic, comparative risk analysis, and chemical analytical methods.
The Agency focuses ground water research relating to wellhead protection
and underground injection control on four research areas: prevention of
subsurface contamination, subsurface characterization, subsurface transport and
transformation, and subsurface microbial ecology. WHP research concentrates on
developing and evaluating improved methods for delineation and management of
wellhead protection areas. UIC research is focused on evaluating technologies
for closing of abandoned wells and determining the mechanical integrity of
injection wells.
The Agency, working with USDA and USGS, is studying the impact of
agricultural chemicals and management practices on the quality of ground water
and surface water. This is a major source of concern because of the threat to
drinking water supplies and the potential for ground water contamination in the
food/agriculture production process. The program will examine the impact of
alternative farming and watershed practices.
Consulting Services
The Agency uses consulting resources to fulfill the requirements of its
authorizing legislation. Specifically, EPA uses these resources to provide
technical assistance to Regions, states and local governments; to collect data
and monitor background levels as a basis for future regulatory actions; and to
conduct studies and analyses which support new programs.
4-8
-------
DRINKING WATER
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES
ACTUAL
1992
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
ESTIMATE
1994
INCREASE*
DECREASE-
1994 VS.
1993
Incremental Outputs
UIC Permit Determinations
- for existing and new
facilities, by primacy
states
- for existing and new
facilities, by EPA
UIC Mechanical Integrity
testing
13,584
411
37,080
6,094
516
25,355
PWS Primacy Development
Grants to Indian Tribes
6,094
516
25,355
0
0
Enforcement Actions - PWS
Notices of Violation . . .
Administrative Orders . .
Civil Litigation (new) .
Criminal Litigation ....
n/a
**/ &
1,495
361
6
0
n/a
"/ a
592
380
7
0
n/a
**/ a
748
480
9
0
156
100
2
0
Enforcement Actions - UIC
Inspections ............
Notices of Violation . . .
Administrative Orders . .
Civil Ligation (new) ...
Criminal Liaation
67,481
n/a
146
12
0
56, 144
n/a
137
6
0
56 144
J W / A"*"*
n/a
137
6
0
0
0
0
Cumulative Outputs
PWS Primacy States
UIC Primacy States (full
and partial programs) ..
Designated Sole Source
Aquifers
Approved State Wellhead
Protection Programs
Water Quality Criteria
Human Health
55
36/6
58
26
108
55
36/6
69
34
108
55
37/6
80
42
118
0
1/0
11
8
10
4-9
-------
4-10
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Pace
DRINKING WATER
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Drinking Water Research 4-ll
-------
PROGRAM
DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water Research
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$10,393.1 $11,186.2 $10,962.4 $10,904.7 $11,334.9
Drinking Water Research
Program & Research
Operations
Research & Development $11,324.6 $10,673.2 $9,151.3 $9,151.3 $8,317.2
TOTAL $21,717.7 $21,859.4 $20,113.7 $20,056.0 $19,652.1
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Research & Development
Drinking Water
Research
$10,393.1 $11,186.2 $10,962.4 $10,904.7 $11,334.9
$11,324.6 $10,673.2 $9,151.3 $9,151.3 $8,317.2
TOTAL $21,717.7 $21,859.4 $20,113.7 $20,056.0 $19,652.1
$430.2
$148.7
-$834.1 -$2,356.0
-$403.9 -$2.207.3
$430.2 $148.7
-$834.1 -$2,356.0
-$403.9 -$2,207.3
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Drinking Water Research 164.2 171.2
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 164.2 171.2
166.4
166.4
164.3
164.3
157.6
157.6
-6.7
-6.7
-13.6
-13.6
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Drinking Water Research
TOTAL WORKYEARS
170.8
170.8
171.2
171.2
166.4
166.4
164.3
164.3
157.6
157.6
-6.7
-6.7
-13.6
-13.6
4-11
-------
DRINKING WATER
Drinking Hater Research
Principal Outputs
1994; o Completion of pilot studies on ozone and its use in drinking water
treatment system
o Pharmacokinetics of bromodichloromethane research to develop a
physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for BDCM
o Develop/validate models for risk assessment comparative potencies
for cancer and non-cancer endpoints
o Final Report - Result of National Survey of Groundwater Viral
Pathogens
o Watershed Landscape Design for Aquatic, Terrestrial, and Groundwater
Improvements for Walnut Creek
1993; o Development and distribution of EPA-NET, a computer program which
simulates the propogation of contaminants in the drinking water
distribution system as a function of system hydraulics
o Final Report - Multiplication of Legionella in Amoebae and
assessment of strain virulence
o Finalization - Health Risk Assessments for VIB contaminants and
chlorine and chloramines.
o Toxicity of Dichloroacetec Acid Report on Health Effects research on
dose-response and mechanism of action DCA
o Preliminary environmental assessment of Walnut Creek, IA.
o Report on methods for delineating wellhead protection areas in
fractured bedrock. »
o Walnut .Creek Watershed: Description of Site, Observations, and
Protocols
o Assist in workgroup for the Phase VI-A Disinfection and Disinfection
By-Products rule which will be proposed for regulation.
1992; o Completion of Phase V Drinking Water Documents
o Participated in Phase VI-B workgroup for defining the next 25
chemicals to be regulated under the SDWA and develop the health risk
assessment documentation for these chemicals.
4-12
-------
Provided guidance on monitoring strategies for wellhead protection
areas.
Technical assistance rendered and report on research conducted on
the South American cholera epidemic.
Report on the reproductive and developmental effects of bromo- and
chloro acetic acids.
Status report on the Epidemiology Research Program, including a
report on the Iowa chlorine and bladder cancer study, and possible
future epidemiological studies on chloramination and ozonation.
Interim performance evaluation for ozone, chlorine dioxide,
and chloromines as alternative disinfectants.
Report on evaluation of a major test kit for analyses of lead in
drinking water
Report of disinfection by - product precursors by nanofiltration
Report on Numerical Codes for Delineating Wellhead Protection in
Agricultural Regions Based on the Assimilative Capacity Criterion.
4-13
-------
DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water Research
BUDGET REQUEST
1994 Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $19,652,100 supported by 157.6 total
workyeare for 1993, of which $11,334,900 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $8,317,200 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents an increase of $430,200 for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, a decrease of $834,100 for the Research and
Development appropriation, and a decrease of 6.7 total workyears from 1992. The
increase to the Program and Research Operations appropriation reflects additional
personnel compensation and benefits (PC&B), and travel expenses associated with
funding ORD's staff of scientists, managers and support personnel in such areas
as quality assurance, extramural resource management, and high priority research.
The decrease for the Research and Development appropriation reflects a reduction
for nonpoint sources research which is partially offset by an increase for
drinking water pollution and disinfectants research. The decreases for the
Research and Development appropriation reflects the redirection of resources to
support Multimedia Program Element, a reduction relating to the transfer from the
Drinking Water Research to the Water Quality research program element part of the
cost of the Midwest Agricultural Surface/Subsurface Transport and Effects
Research (MASTER) program dealing with surface water quality research and the
elimination of Congressionally directed projects funded in 1993.
1993 Budget
The Agency is allocating a total of $20,056,000 supported by 164.3 total
workyears for this program element, of which $10,904,700 is from Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $9,151,300 is from the Research and
Development appropriation.
1992 Budget
The Agency obligated a total of $21,717,700 supported by 171.4 total
workyears for this program element, of which $10,393,100 was from Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $11,324,600 was from the Research and
Development appropriation.
RESEARCH ISSUES
The sections below describe research program issues by each fiscal year:
4-14
-------
NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION
1994 Program Request
Reports by the Office of Water, Science Advisory Board (SAB), the States,
and GAO have identified nonpoint source pollution (NFS) as the largest remaining
category of contamination threatening our nation's water quality, including
drinking water. NFS pollution is caused by agriculture, urban runoff,
atmospheric deposition, highway maintenance, hydromodification (stream
channelization, flood prevention, lake drainage), silviculture, construction
practices, land disposal activities, and mining. Current estimates assign 45
percent of the impaired estuarine area, 76 percent of the impaired lake area, and
65 percent of the impaired river miles to NFS causes. ORD research efforts on
NFS initially focus on agriculture since it is the largest NFS, affecting about
50 to 70 percent of the impaired surface waters. EPA and USGS
have also documented the high levels of pesticides found in drinking water wells
and aquifers.
ORD will continue research begun in 1992 to study the impact of
agricultural chemicals and management practices on the quality of groundwater and
surface water. Agrochemical contamination is a major source of concern because
of the threat to drinking water supplies and the potential for groundwater
contamination in the food/agricultural production process. The research project,
the Midwest Agriculture Surface/Subsurface Transport and Effects Research program
(MASTER) will be carried out in close cooperation with the USDA and USGS and is
part of the Water Quality Initiative for agricultural systems administered by
USDA. Researchers, using a watershed approach, will assess the impacts of
agricultural management practices including developing an improved understanding
of conditions under which agrochemicals move through the ground and surface
water. This work will provide policy and decision-makers with models, decision
aids, and assessment tools which will improve our ability to select the best
agricultural management practices to protect our water resources and support
rationally and environmentally compatible food, fiber, and timber production
policy development. A companion piece of this work focusing on surface water
aspects of the problem is funded under the Water Quality Research budget.
FY 1993 Program
ORD is studying the impact of agricultural contamination on the quality of
groundwater and drinking water supplies under the MASTER program. Researchers
are concentrating on an initial assessment of the environmental condition of the
Walnut Creek Experimental Watershed in Iowa. The assessment will identify what
is known about relating alternative agricultural management practices to ground
water and drinking water supplies in midwestern regions.
FY 1992 Accomplishments
The MASTER program was developed for the midwest and implementation was
initiated by a joint agreement among EPA, USDA, and the USGS. A peer-reviewed
research plan was developed and data collection and assessment studies were
started.
4-15
-------
DRINKING WATER POLLUTANTS AND DISINFECTION
1994 Program Request
The Drinking Water Pollutants and Disinfection Research Program is designed
to provide scientific and technical support to help EPA identify and regulate
drinking water contaminants and otherwise ensure the safety of our public water
supplies in cost effective ways. The SAB has identified drinking water
contaminants as one of those areas having the greatest risk to human health
because large populations are exposed directly to various agents, some of which
are highly toxic. The program conducts research on health effects, microbiology,
risk assessment, treatment technology, and chemical analytical methods.
Advances in science technology and risk assessment have indicated that
potentially adverse human health risks may be associated with disinfectants and
their by-products, and especially with the use of chlorine based compounds, the
most widely used disinfectant type. Because of increasing concerns over the
possible health risks associated with disinfectiqn, EPA has established an
standards setting agenda for disinfectants and disinfectant by-products (D/DBPs).
Furthermore, EPA is also under court order to issue regulations on some of these
D/DBPs by June of 1995. However, we lack the scientific data to promulgate
comprehensive and fully applicable regulations to guide public water supply users
on the use of alternative disinfectants. A long-term research program is crucial
before such regulations can be promulgated. Hence the 1995 regulations will only
be part of the problem. Thus, a stepped-up research program in 1994 is essential
to meet this regulatory time frame.
ORD will conduct research in support of this regulatory effort including
studies to determine the health risks associated with alternative disinfectants
such as ozone, chloramines, chlorine dioxide, disinfectant combinations, granular
activated carbon, and membrane filtration. The work will also allow us to
maximize feasibility/cost considerations based upon science facts. This is
important since costs of implementing alternative disinfections processes are
estimated at $2-3 billion.
As part of this effort, ORD will initiate research in comparative risk
modeling in order to be able to identify the risk tradeoff between safe microbial
levels and acceptable risks from exposures to D/DBPs. Better data on
disinfectant efficacy, by-product formation, health effects, risk assessment, and
control technology are required to allow a comprehensive assessment of the risks
associated with exposure to microbes versus toxic chemicals formed in the
disinfection process.
At present, there is a lack of pertinent microbiological and chemical risk
assessment data and methods. For example, data on viruses are sparse for surface
water and groundwater. The amount of pathogenic organisms (viruses, protozoans,
or cysts) that must be encountered to cause an infection is not well understood.
There are also significant uncertainties regarding alternative disinfectants
(other than chlorination) and their byproducts, such as how byproducts are formed
or controlled.
Under the SDWA, the Agency is required to establish Maximum Contaminant
4-16
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Level (MCL) and Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLG) for drinking water
contaminants which may result in adverse health effects. ORD will continue to
conduct research to provide the scientific and technical support for these
regulations.
Research will be conducted to reduce or minimize risks through control
technology and alternate treatment. Data will also be developed on the hazards
and risks associated with these alternate treatments. For example, there is
increasing concern about the deterioration of water quality after the water
enters the distribution system and before it reaches the consumer. Alternative
disinfectants such as ozone may be very effective in reducing disinfection
(halogenated) by-product problems but may encourage regrowth of microorganisms
in the system. ORD will conduct research to help define the role of the
distribution system (including residual interactions with pipeline biofilm
kinetics) in contributing to the deterioration of water quality and to provide
guidance as to how to minimize quality deterioration in distribution systems.
1993 Program
Researchers are focusing on developing a better understanding of the health
risks from exposure to both microbes and disinfectants and to use this knowledge
in developing a quantitative comparison of the various levels of control
necessary to minimize these risks. Key activities center around research studies
to evaluate the formation of toxic substances within the distribution system
including microbes (biofilm formation) and the use of innovative technology such
as membranes to minimize risk as well as validate alternate treatment trains
(i.e., ozone plus chlorine and/or chloramine). Researchers are developing
analytical methods to standardize measurement of D/DBPs and their breakdown
products and various synthetic organic contaminants identified in vib.
In the areas of health effects research, researchers are conducting studies
to develop dose-response data on various pathogens such as Giardia and
Legionella. These studies are designed to evaluate both infectivity and
virulence. The studies are also being conducted to evaluate dose-response and
mechanism of action for dechloroacetic acids. Researchers are carrying out risk
assessment research which uses dose-response data from both microbes and
chemicals to design comparative risk models for trade off analysis. Specific
research will focus on the development of comparative potency assessments for
specific health effects/endpoints; cancer, non-cancer and microbial.
ORD is providing support for regulatory efforts such as the Groundwater
Disinfection Requirements (GWDR) and the development of MCLs and MCLGs for the
Phase VIB Chemical Contaminant Rule. ORD is developing toxicological, microbial',
and epidemiological data to determine the human health effects of contaminants
in public drinking water to support the preparation of health risk criteria
documents and the setting of MCLs by the Office of Water (OW). Under the GWDR,
public systems using ground water will be required to disinfect unless it can be
shown that the source water is not significantly vulnerable to virus or other
contamination. Currently, more than 50% of public systems using ground water do
not disinfect. Annual costs to implement the GWDR could range from $200 million
to $1 billion. ORD is developing data to better characterize virus fate and
transport through aquifer movement to enable OW to identify which systems are
4-17
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vulnerable to virus and other contamination. This work will both protect public
health by identifying vulnerable systems and avoid the imposition of unnecessary
disinfection costs and risks on other local water systems.
ORD is also developing technologies for detecting and removing contaminants
from public drinking water and distribution systems. The SDWA amendments mandate
the regulation of more than 125 compounds by 1994. ORD research is providing the
support necessary for the development and evaluation of detection and removal
technologies for many of these compounds.
Researchers are developing standardized analytical procedures for
determining contaminants in drinking water that are both technically and
economically feasible, and which meet laboratory analysis and on-site monitoring
needs. ORD carries out a quality assurance/quality control program to ensure the
quality of drinking water analytical data and provides quality control and
performance evaluation samples and calibration standards to Federal, State and
local laboratories.
Congressional Directives. A total of $575,000 is for the American Water
Works Association Research Foundation.
1992 Accomplishments
Major accomplishments include the development of test methods for zonated
by-products; validation of radiation research and methods; completion of an
interim performance evaluation for ozone, chlorine dioxide and chloramines;
development of final Health Risk Assessments for Phase V chemical contaminants;
development of occurrence data on Giardia and Cyptosponidium; completion of a
pilot study on ozonation and secondary treatment of chlorine/chloramine;
completed a cancer bioassay on health effects of dichloroacetic acids; completed
a risk assessment/risk characterization report on chlorine and chloramines; and
completed disinfection studies for characterizing inactivation of Hepatitis A.
GROUNDWATER
FY 1994 Program Request
EPA will conduct research to protect underground drinking water sources in
support of regulatory, enforcement, and management decisions required under the
SDWA. Such research is essential since groundwater is the source of drinking
water for 50 percent of the population as well as the water source for much of
the nation's agricultural production. Groundwater is a significant, yet poorly
understood, pathway for contamination of drinking water. Researchers will carry
out the work in four basic areas: prevention of subsurface contamination,
subsurface monitoring and characterization, and subsurface transport and
transformation, and remediation of subsurface contamination.
The research will primarily support two program areas, water wellhead
protection (WHP), and underground injection controls (UIC). EPA will carry out
. research to provide technical information to local wellhead protection managers
on the approaches available for identifying, assessing and managing the potential
4-18
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risks from different sources of contamination to wellhead water. Research will
also be conducted in support of the UIC regulatory program of OW. This work is
important since approximately 40 percent of the chemical waste generated in the
United States is disposed of by injection into the subsurface, and because there
are a number of unresolved scientific questions regarding the risks involved with
disposing of wastes through underground injection.
Researchers will complete field evaluation of models for predicting the
transport and fate of viruses in the subsurface; evaluation of the use of
drilling fluids for plugging abandoned wells; and basic studies on the sorption
and degradation of organic contaminants in the subsurface. Researcher will
continue to work on the development and evaluation of improved methods for
delineating wellhead protection areas; testing of new methods for evaluating
mechanical integrity of injection wells; development of monitoring network
designs for monitoring wellhead protection areas; development of decision support
systems for assessing the vulnerability of ground water to different potential
sources of contamination; and incorporating chemical and biological
transformation processes into models for predicting the fate and transport of
contaminants in the subsurface.
1993 Program
ORD is carrying out groundwater research in four basic areas: prevention
of subsurface contamination, subsurface monitoring and characterization, and
subsurface transport and transformation, and remediation of subsurface
contamination. Prevention of subsurface contamination research is centered in
two areas, wellhead protection and underground injection control methods. WHP
research concentrates on developing and evaluating improved methods for
delineation and management of wellhead protection areas. UIC research is
focused on evaluating technologies for closing of abandoned wells and determining
the mechanical integrity of injection wells. Subsurface characterization
research involves development of improved methods for monitoring WHP areas.
Subsurface transport and transformation research focuses on sorption,
biotransformation, facilitated transport, and other physical/chemical processes
such as hydrolysis which affect the fate and transport of organic chemicals and
viruses in the subsurface. Limited work is being initiated to develop and
evaluate bioindicators for determining the impact of man's activities on
subsurface microbial communities.
1992 Accomplishments
EPA completed a long-term research effort to develop a model for predicting the
transport of viruses in the soil. Researchers initiated wellhead protection work
to develop and evaluate improved delineation methods in Florida, Indiana, Kansas,
and Utah and completed five regional case studies on monitoring of wellhead
protection areas. They also completed chemical and biological processes research
on the role of facilitated transport and anaerobic transformations on the fate
and transport of contaminants in the subsurface. ORD testing of the oxygen
activation method for determining the mechanical integrity of injection wells
resulted in EPA approval of the method for determining water flow through
channels adjacent to the injection well bore.
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INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
1994 Program Request
As mandated by the Small Business Development Act of 1982 (Public Law 97-
219), EPA will allocate 1.50% of its extramural Research and Development budget
for the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program. These funds will be
used to support small businesses engaged in the development of equipment for
pollution abatement and control, and instrumentation for monitoring environmental
trends and conditions. Under this program, ORD will take advantage of unique
solutions to drinking water problems and other environmental issues that may be
offered by the private sector. Resources will be identified in the operating
plan and consolidated into the Multimedia Program Element once enactment occurs.
1993 Program
As mandated by the Small Business Development Act of 1982 (Public Law 97-
219), EPA is allocating 1.50% of its extramural Research and Development budget
for the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program. These funds are used
to support small businesses engaged in the development of equipment for pollution
abatement and control, and instrumentation for monitoring environmental trends
and conditions. Under this program, ORD is able to take advantage of unique
solutions to drinking water related problems and other environmental issues that
may be offered by the private sector.
1992 Accomplishments
Resources and accomplishments supporting this program were budgeted in the
Multimedia program element for 1992.
INFRASTRUCTURE
1994 Program Request
Adequately funded infrastructure is critical to ORD's success in conducting
the quality science needed to assure that the Agency's decisions are
scientifically sound. The most critical part of ORD's infrastructure is its
staff. The assumption underlying all our research activities includes a
productive workforce.
ORD has established a cohesive, cross-cutting issue for infrastructure
based upon the importance of this activity to planned and ongoing research
activities. Program and Research Operations appropriation funding for the
Drinking Water Research PE will be centralized within the infrastructure issue
to provide improved management for ORD's personnel compensation and benefits, and
travel costs associated with managing research programs.
1993 Program
ORD's current infrastructure program provides compensation and benefits,
and travel for ORD scientists and engineers. ORD's workforce carries out
scientific programs in support of the Agency's mission.
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1992 Accomplishments
ORD funded its workyears in scientific support of the Agency's mission,
providing the necessary personnel compensation and benefits, and travel for ORD
scientists and engineers.
4-21
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M
10
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
of Contents
Page
DRINKING WATER
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Criteria, Standards and Guidelines ................ 4-23
Drinking Water Implementation ................. 4-24
Drinking Water Criteria .................... 4-27
State Program Resource Assistance ................ 4-31
Public Water Systems Supervision Program Grants ........ 4-32
Underground Injection Control Program Grants ......... 4-34
Special Studies and Demonstrations .............. 4-36
Ground Water Protection ..................... 4-39
Ground Water Protection .................... 4-40
-------
DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water Criteria, Standards & Guidelines
ACTUAL
199Z
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Drinking Water
Implementation
Program & Research $13,888.5 $15,115.5 $15,066.0 $15,033.4 $16,735.8 $1,702.4 $1,620.3
Operat i ons
Abatement Control and $10,053.8 $11,229.8 $7,715.9 $8,678.8 $12,014.5 $3,335.7 $784.7
Compliance
TOTAL $23,942.3 $26,345.3 $22,781.9 $23.712.2 $28,750.3 $5,038.1 $2,405.0
Drinking Water Criteria
Program & Research $1,051.7 $1,211.4 $1,004.0 $1,004.5 $1,097.1 $92.6 -$114.3
Operations
Abatement Control and $850.1 $747.5 $383.1 $412.2 $770.8 $358.6 $23.3
Compliance
FIFRA Revolving Fund $75.4
TOTAL $1,977.2 $1,958.9 $1,387.1 $1,416.7 $1,867.9 $451.2 -$91.0
TOTAL:
Program & Research $14,940.2 $16,326.9 $16,070.0 $16,037.9 $17,832.9 $1,795.0 $1,506.0
Operations
Abatement Control and $10,903.9 $11,977.3 $8,099.0 $9,091.0 $12,785.3 $3,694.3 $808.0
Compliance
FIFRA Revolving Fund $75.4
Drinking Water TOTAL $25,919.5 $28,304.2 $24,169.0 $25,128.9 $30,618.2 $5,489.3 $2,314.0
Criteria, Standards &
Guidelines
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Drinking Water
Implementation
Drinking Water Criteria
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Drinking Water
Implementation
Drinking Water Criteria
TOTAL WORKYEARS
220.9
14.6
235.5
236.4
14.6
251.0
251.8
15.5
267.3
251.8
15.5
267.3
250.5
15.2
265.7
250.5
15.2
265.7
250.5
15.2
265.7
250.5
15.2
265.7
263.5
15.2
278.7
263.5
15.2
278.7
13.0 11.7
-3
13.0 11.4
13.0 11.7
-3
13.0 11.4
4-23
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DRINKING WATER
Criteria, Standards & Guidelines
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $30,618.2 and 278.7 workyears for 1994, an
increase of $5,489,300 and 13.0 total workyears from 1993. Of this request,
$17,832,900 will be for the Program and Research Operations appropriation and
$12,785,300 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This
represents an increase of $1,795,000 for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $3,694,300 for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropr iat ion.
DRINKING WATER IMPLEMENTATION
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $28,750,300 and 263.5 total workyears for
1994, an increase of $5,038,100 and 13.0 total workyears from 1993. Of the
request, $16,735,800 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $12,014,500 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,702,400 for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $3,335,700 for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. The increased workyears will be directed at
developing, managing and overseeing the technical aspects of the new Drinking
Water State Revolving Fund. The increase in the Program and Research Operation
appropriation reflects increased personnel costs and the increase in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation supports new scientific data
collection and analysis work and modernization of the drinking water data system.
In 1994, EPA will continue to develop a stronger scientific basis for
identifying which contaminants need to be controlled and at what levels. The
Agency will place additional emphasis on development of an occurrence data base
and the analytical models used to determine which contaminants pose significant
health threats in geographically targeted areas. As EPA implements the mandate
of the Safe Drinking Water Act to promulgate an additional 25 contaminants every
three years, we want to be certain that the contaminants regulated pose the
greatest risk. EPA will also reevaluate the economic impact assessment models
and input assumptions, particularly financial and operating data, in order to
improve the economic cost/benefit analysis for future regulations. EPA will also
begin a triennial review of innovations in technology, as required by SDWA, and
will develop and initiate a process for discovering low cost/off-the-shelf
technology approaches to achieving various aspects of compliance (e.g. monitoring
and treatment). In 1994, EPA will publish the third drinking water priority list
and will re-propose the sulfate rule. A rule revising the Maximum Contaminant
Levels (MCL) for aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxite and aldicarb sulfone will be
promulgated.
4-24
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In 1994, EPA will have completed all extension agreements and will be
continuing approval of primacy applications for Lead and Copper and Phase II
rules. EPA will be completing extension agreements for the remainder of the
states for Phase V and will be heavily involved in primacy application approvals.
As the Radionuclides rule is promulgated in spring 1993, work will begin on
training states and public water systems on the implementation, enforcement and
data reporting requirements for this rule.
Beginning in 1994, a Drinking Water State Revolving Fund ( DW-SRF) will be
established after enactment of authorizing language. The drinking water
implementation program will provide technical assistance for the development,
management and oversight of this fund. The fund will provide loans, through
state DW-SRF programs to help municipalities comply with Safe Drinking Water Act
requirements.
This data system will support initial screening for DW-SRF projects based
upon compliance. Additionally, in 1994 EPA will support a continuation of the
development of the new national data system which will provide the data necessary
to properly manage the drinking water program, including information on
compliance and enforcement. EPA will also work with states to modify the their
data systems to incorporate the new requirements while also considering system
implications of the upcoming new national data system. With the number of new
rules in place, Regions will conduct an increased number of data audits to
maintain or improve data quality.
A primary emphasis in 1994 will be strengthening implementation of the new
drinking water regulations. EPA will continue to provide assistance and guidance
support for Total Coliform and Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) as well as
supporting newer regulations, such as the Lead and Copper treatment rule and
Phase II. Because of the number of contaminants regulated in 1994, and the
complexity of some of the regulations, EPA will work with the states to ensure
appropriate implementation of the Public Water System Supervision Program
Priority Guidance which identifies "must do" activities and provides states some
flexibility in addressing national program requirements. This is a short-term
response to enable states to build sufficient program capacity, with EPA's
support, to implement and enforce all aspects of all rules.
Requests by states and local water systems for training and technical
assistance are expected to accelerate. EPA will develop more innovative methods
for producing and distributing training materials. Technical assistance needs
for Lead and Copper will grow significantly in 1994 as the monitoring
requirements and corrosion control studies are developed. Although the primary
responsibility for these decisions falls on the states, EPA expects to provide
ongoing support to Regions and states because of the complex technical nature and
the need for tailored solutions specific to each system. Mobilization efforts
will move from generic subjects and issues and focus on specific identifiable
problems in targeted areas.
EPA will work with additional tribes, to offer implementation and technical
support, with the goal of these tribes achieving Treatment as a State (TAS)
status.
4-25
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1993 Program
In 1993, the Agency allocated a total of $23,712,200 and 250.5 total
workyears for this program, of which $15,033,400 was from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $8,678,800 was from the Abatement Control
and Compliance appropriation.
The program is working to promulgate the Phase V and the Radionuclide rules
and is proposing the arsenic, disinfectant/
disinfection by-products, Phase VIB, and ground water disinfection rules. In
addition, EPA is working to improve its scientific data base from which to
determine occurrence of contaminants and set exposure levels. The program is
undertaking a review of existing data, analytical methods, risk and economic
considerations to provide a more solid foundation for future regulations. In
response to Congressional directives, EPA is developing two reports to Congress.
The first one is a report on recommendations for reauthorization of the SDWA.
The second report examines the risks and costs of radon.
EPA is heavily involved with program implementation activities. Guidance
on Phase V implementation is being developed. Volume II of the Lead and Copper
Implementation Manual, which provides guidance for corrosion control, is being
finalized and published. EPA is developing guidance on new regulations and is
conducting training for Regions, states and public water systems on Surface Water
Treatment, Phase II, Phase V, and Lead and Copper Rules. EPA is also expanding
the current Federal data system to incorporate new requirements and continues
limited work on developing a new Federal system, as well as improving state data
systems.
The Agency is actively involved in tracking and evaluating filtration
decisions for the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), as well as evaluating
monitoring results from large and medium systems for the Lead and Copper Rule to
determine compliance. We are also negotiating extension agreements for the Lead
and Copper, Phase II and Phase V rules. The Agency is reviewing and approving
state primacy revision applications, with most of the workload for Total
Coliform, SWTR, Lead and Copper, and modest work for Phase II and Phase V rules.
Additionally, we are working with tribes to directly implement the drinking water
program and to assist in developing applications for Treatment as State
applications.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency allocated $23,942,300 supported by 236.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $13,888,500 is from the Salaries and Expense
Appropriation and $10,053,800 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
The program continued providing oversight to the primacy states by issuing
guidance and reviewing state regulations and primacy revision packages. All
states had adopted the Volatile Organic Chemical and Public Notice regulation;
46 states adopted the Surface Water Treatment Rule; 48 states adopted Total
Coliform Rule; 15 states adopted Phase II Rule; and 12 states adopted the Lead
and Copper Rule. EPA directly implemented essential activities, to assure at
4-26
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least minimal compliance with the new requirements, in primacy states with
approved time extensions, as well as in non-primacy states and on Indian lands.
Technical assistance was provided to the states on the lead testing protocol and
remedial action guidance for lead contaminated drinking water, and to ban lead
content plumbing supplies. The Agency focused on state implementation of the
filtration and disinfection requirements for surface water systems and the
revised total coliform standards. Improvements were made to the PWS data system
to expand and improve date entry and quality control.
EPA continued mobilization strategies and technology transfer activities
for states and water systems to build state capacity, promote institutional
changes, and encourage adoption of innovative technologies for small systems,
especially those systems which have had chronic compliance problems. Fourteen
states achieved increased funding through appropriations or user fees in the
amount of an additional $18,000,000 to support their state drinking water
programs.
DRINKING WATER CRITERIA
1994 Program Request
In 1994, the Agency requests a total of $1,867,900 supported by 15.2 total
workyears for this program of which $1,097,100 will be for the Program Research
Operations appropriation and $770,800 will be for the Abatement, Control, and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $92,600 in Program
Research Operations and $358,600 in the Abatement, Control, and Compliance
appropriations. This increase supports increased workforce costs.
EPA will continue to make progress on the review and development of
drinking water regulations under the Safe Drinking Water Act. Criteria
documents, Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs) and health advisories will
support promulgation of final radionuclide National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations (NPDWRs) early in 1994. Additional work will focus on the review of
comments and the development of MCLGs, health criteria documents and risk
characterizations in support of the proposed arsenic NPDWR, the final sulfate
NPDWR, and the final Phase VI A (disinfectants and disinfection by-products) and
Phase VI B (other organic and inorganic contaminants) NPDWRs. A final decision
on whether to revise the fluoride regulation will be made, and, if appropriate,
work will start on the development of a proposed rulemaking for public comment.
As new information becomes available, other NPDWRs will be reviewed to determine
if revisions are warranted in accordance with the triennial review requirements
of the Safe Drinking Water Act. Work will continue to support Agency positions
in potential litigation on previously promulgated MCLs and MCLGs (e.g. aldicarb,
atrazine, nickel, and beryllium). The development of new revised health
advisories for unregulated drinking water contaminants will continue and the
program will also continue to take a lead role in the development of World Health
Organization drinking water guidelines.
In anticipation that ozonation will increase significantly as a result of
revised disinfection and disinfectant by-product (D/DBP) standards, work on
comprehensively assessing the health impacts and risks of ozone by-products will
4-27
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increase. Further, in recognition of the impact that relative source
contribution (RSC) assumptions have on current and future drinking water
standards, efforts to more precisely determine RSCs will be expanded. Work will
also continue on refining risk assessments and characterizations for complex
classes of drinking water contaminants such as D/DBPs, and radionuclides,
atrazine, and arsenic.
1993 Program
In 1993, the Agency is allocating $1,416,700 supported by 15.2 total
workyears for the program, of which $1,004,500 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $412,200 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
The Agency plans to simultaneously propose the Disinfectants/Disinfection
By-Product, Ground Water Disinfection (Phase VI A) and additional organic and
inorganic chemical contaminants from the Safe Drinking Water Act Priority List
(Phase VI B). Risk Assessments, health criteria documents and MCLGs are being
developed to support these proposed rules. Special emphasis is being given to
the ozonation by-product risk assessment in order to ensure that the Phase VI A
regulation does not increase the risk of disease from pathogens; i.e. disease
causing microorganisms.
MCLGs and health criteria documents are being developed to support the
final radionuclide and the proposed arsenic regulations. Additionally, a report
examining the relative risks and costs of controlling radon is being completed,
pursuant to the 1993 Appropriations Act.
In response to potential litigation, EPA is reviewing new information on
pesticides (aldicarb and atrazine) and metals (nickel and beryllium) to determine
whether this information will have an impact on the recently promulgated MCLGs.
The Agency is also reviewing the health basis for the fluoride standard to
determine whether this standard is still protective of human health. The Agency
continues actions to review and revise these risk assessment methodologies. The
revised methodologies will be used in developing current and future NPDWRs.
1992 Accomplishments
The Agency obligated a total $1,977,200 and 14.6 total workyears for this
program, of which $1,051,700 was from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation,
$850,100 was from the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation, and
$75,400 was from the Registration and Expedited Processing Revolving Fund. Total
workyears included 13.6 from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 1.0 from
the Registration and Expedited Processing Revolving Fund.
In July 1992, the Agency published final Phase V NPDWRs, which include
MCLGs, and health criteria documents for 23 organic and inorganic chemical
contaminants. Work continued to support development of the
Disinfectant/Disinfection By-Product, Ground Water Disinfection Regulations
(Phase VI A) and additional organic and inorganic chemical contaminants from the
Safe Drinking Water Act Priority List (Phase VI B). EPA also developed MCLGs and
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health criteria documents for sulfates, arsenic, and radionuclide NPDWRs to be
proposed or promulgated in 1993 and 1994.
Health advisories provided information to states and local authorities on
health effects of unregulated drinking water contaminants. In 1992, the Agency
published.two books: Drinking Water Health Advisories for Inorganic. Pesticide.
and Organic Contaminants and Munitions. Vol. I. In addition, health advisories
were completed and/or reviewed for 14 other drinking water contaminants.
4-29
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4-30
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DRINKING WATER
Drinking Water State Program Resource Assistance
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1992 BUDGET 1993 ESTIMATE 1994 DECREASE DECREASE
1993 1993 1994 REQ 1994 RED
VS VS
1993 CE 1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Public Water Systems
Supervision Program
Grants
Abatement Control and $50,027.8 $58,900.0 $58,864.9 $58,862.7 $58,900.0 $37.3
Conpl iance
TOTAL $50,027.8 $58,900.0 $58,864.9 $58,862.7 $58,900.0 $37.3
Underground Injection
Control Program Grants
Abatement Control and $10,546.5 $10,500.0 $10,480.3 $10,302.3 $10,500.0 $197.7
Coinpl iance
TOTAL $10,546.5 $10,500.0 $10,480.3 $10,302.3 $10.500.0 $197.7
Special Studies &
Demonstrations
Abatement Control and $6,050.0 $500.0 $4,500.0 $4,500.0 $500.0 -$4,000.0
Conpl iance
TOTAL $6,050.0 $500.0 $4,500.0 $4,500.0 $500.0 -$4,000.0
TOTAL
Abatement Control and $66,624.3 $69,900.0 $73,845.2 $73,665.0 $69,900.0 -$3,765.0
Compliance
Drinking Water State TOTAL $66,624.3 $69,900.0 $73,845.2 $73,665.0 $69,900.0 -$3,765.0
Program Resource
Assistance
4-31
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DRINKING WATER
State Program Resource Assistance
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $69,900,000 for 1994, representing a
decrease of $3,765,000 from 1993. All of the request will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation.
PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS SUPERVISION PROGRAM GRANTS
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $58,900,000 for this program, all of which
will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents
an increase of $37,300 from 1993, which reflects a restoration of 1993 program
reductions.
State workload will increase dramatically in 1994 as states deal with the
implementation requirements of the new regulations. In the short-term, states
will use the Public Water System Supervision (PWSS) Priority Guidance to
prioritize activities as they develop their program capabilities and develop
alternative funding mechanisms. Program priorities, project identification,
policies and guidance must also be established so that states will have
appropriate mechanisms in place to fund drinking water projects as expeditiously
as possible.
In 1994, many states will adopt rules and accept full responsibility for
the Lead and Copper Treatment, Phase II and Phase V rules. Many states will
request extensions for new rules, in particular, the Radionuclides and the Phase
V rule for those remaining states which did not adopt the rule. During the
extension period, the states will have limited implementation responsibilities
for the new rules, but will be undertaking the necessary technical,
administrative and/or legal changes to receive primacy. States will also be
heavily involved in implementing the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR),
including making the remainder of the determinations for filtration and ground
water systems under the direct influence of surface water. The Lead and Copper
rule will require a large workload as corrosion control decisions must be made,
treatment determinations reached for large and medium systems and monitoring
results received for small systems.
Aggressive enforcement will continue for systems that must meet the
requirements of the SWTR. States will take enforcement actions against all
systems that do not meet the filtration deadline and any already filtered systems
that fail to meet the SWTR performance criteria.
These new SDWA regulatory requirements will place additional demands on the
states to provide outreach to public water systems, to provide increased training
and technical assistance, whether by simply answering technical questions on the
4-32
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telephone or making a system visit. Of particular concern will be small systems.
Given the sheer number of small systems, and their general lack of sophistication
and resources, states face the immense challenge of developing an approach that
will enable small systems to upgrade to meet the new requirements. This will
demand training, technical assistance, on-site visits and periodic phone calls
to work with small systems.
Also, state data systems must be adapted to handle data for all the new
contaminants. States without automated data systems will work to develop such
systems to handle the vast amounts of monitoring, violation and enforcement data
being generated. They will be working with EPA Regions to ensure compatibility
and provide for the automated transfer of data between the state system and the
current and future national systems.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $58,862,700 for this program, all of
which will be from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. PWSS
grants support 55 state primacy programs and two state programs where EPA
directly implements the programs. PWSS grants also provide direct implementation
and program development for Indian tribes.
Several new drinking water regulations have been promulgated, including
Surface Water Treatment, Total Coliform, Volatile Organic Chemicals, Phase II and
Lead and Copper. Primacy states must adopt the legal and administrative
authorities to enforce these new requirements and provide assistance to drinking
water systems to comply with the new requirements. This includes upgrading
individual state data management systems, laboratory certification, on-site
evaluations and technical assistance, especially with respect to monitoring by
small systems, and compliance activities and enforcement actions.
States are working under negotiated extensions to build program capability
to adopt and implement the Total Coliform, Surface Water Treatment, Lead and
Copper and Phase II rules. These rules are complex and states are struggling to
meet all the requirements within the given time frames. In December 1992, the
two-year extensions for Total Coliform and SWTR expired and states should have
rules in place to assume full responsibility for these two rules. As systems
become more familiar with Total Coliform, EPA expects a constant but lower
workload for the states. For SWTR, however, the workload remains heavy.
Initially, the decisions were made on which surface water systems would have to
put filtration in place. Now a portion of the determinations on which ground
water systems are under the direct influence of surface water are being made.
This information will be needed for future filtration decisions.
States are also confronting the need to increase their enforcement efforts
as the number of contaminants regulated increases and system noncompliance
escalates. By June 1993, surface water systems required to filter must have
their filtration system in place. In addition, systems already filtering must
meet the stiffer performance criteria under SWTR. The enforcement workload for
this one rule alone will be burdensome. States must also evaluate monitoring
data from large and medium systems for the Lead and Copper Treatment rule and
enforce against systems failing to monitor.
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Many primacy states are experiencing difficulty in establishing capable
program to implement the new requirements and are facing serious funding
shortfalls. States will continue to work with EPA to implement the Public Water
Supply Supervision (PWSS) Priority Guidance which identifies "must do" activities
and provides some flexibility in addressing program requirements. Current EPA
estimates are that at states are facing a shortfall of about $200,000,000
annually between available and needed resources. EPA is working with states to
develop alternative financing programs, promoting mobilization and technology
transfer and exploring low cost technology options.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency allocated a total of $50,027,800 for this program, all
of which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
Public water system grants continued to support 55 state primacy programs,
two EPA direct implementation programs and programs on Indian lands. Grant funds
provided for laboratory certification, on-site evaluations and technical
assistance, sanitary surveys and compliance and enforcement actions. States and
EPA assisted communities and systems affected by continuing incidences of
contamination threatening public health. Systems in violation of National
Primacy Drinking Water Regulations either received technical assistance to bring
them into compliance or were placed on formal compliance schedules.
States supervised compliance with drinking water regulations, revised their
legal authorities to accommodate new regulations, expanded state staff and
laboratory capability to meet new requirements and continued an emphasis on
compliance. EPA assisted approximately 46 states toward adoption of new
requirements for SWTR, 48 states with Total Coliform, 15 states with Phase II and
12 states with Lead and Copper. States were heavily involved in evaluating
public water systems and determining filtration requirements.
States aggressively pursued legislative and institutional changes to help
enable them to gain additional resources and address small system problems.
Fourteen states received additional resources as a result of these efforts and
numerous states sought legal authority to ensure that small systems would have
the technical, financial and management requirements to ensure viable programs.
UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL PROGRAM GRANTS
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $10,500,000 for this program, all of which
will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents
an increase of $197,700 from 1993, which restores the grant reduction in 1993.
Underground Injection Control (UIC) grants will continue to support
programs to protect underground sources of drinking water (USDW) from
contamination through underground injection in all 57 states and territories, as
well as on Indian lands. Where states and Indian tribal authorities have failed
4-34
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to assume UIC primacy, EPA will use grant allotments to support direct
implementation of Federal UIC requirements.
In addition to basic program operations, states and Regions will focus
their attention on locating and assessing priority shallow injection wells,
especially Class IV wells and endangering Class V wells. Examples include some
industrial, storm and agriculture drainage wells, automobile service station
wells and injection wells located in proximity to drinking water wells. These
pose the highest risk to the public and will require immediate closure. States
will continue to emphasize outreach activities and efforts to encourage local
jurisdictions to help in addressing the shallow injection well problem. States
will undertake increased enforcement actions, particularly for shallow wells,
including expediting remedial actions and obtaining higher penalties.
In 1994, the Agency will promulgate revisions to the regulations on oil and
gas injection wells (Class II) and a new regulation covering shallow injection
wells (Class V). Primacy states will have 270 days to adopt these new
regulations. They will submit state primacy revisions for review and approval
by EPA. It is estimated that many of the states will experience difficulty
adopting the new regulations on shallow injection wells and will negotiate time
extensions with the Regions.
1993 Program
In 1993, the Agency is allocating a total of $10,302,300 for this program,
all of which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
UIC grants support 41 primacy states, 35 full and 6 partial. EPA is
responsible for direct implementation in the remaining states and Indian land
programs, 16 full and 6 partial programs plus the Osage Reservation, and uses
grant resources to support direct implementation of Federal UIC requirements.
Primacy states and EPA are responsible for making new permit
determinations, evaluating appeals on previous denials, and reviewing
applications to modify existing permits, including hazardous waste Class I well
petitions. The states and Regions supervise injection practices in the field by
witnessing mechanical integrity tests, inspecting and reviewing plugged and
abandoned injection wells, reviewing well records, and tracking compliance with
regulatory requirements and permit conditions.
The Agency is proposing regulations on shallow injection wells in 1993,
which for'the first time will limit the injection of wastes. States and Regions
continue to focus their efforts on locating and assessing priority shallow
injection wells, especially storm drainage and agriculture drainage wells and
those wells which are in proximity to drinking water wells and pose the highest
risk to the public. When Class IV wells are located or Class V wells that
endanger underground sources of drinking water or sensitive ecosystems, states
and Regions require immediate closure. States and Regions are targeting priority
enforcement efforts against violations of shallow well requirements. They are
also emphasizing outreach activities and efforts to encourage local jurisdictions
to help in addressing the shallow injection well problems.
4-35
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1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated a. total of $10,546,500 for this program, all
of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
States and Regions continued to issue or deny new permits, evaluate appeals
on previous denials, and review applications to modify existing permits,
including hazardous waste Class I well petitions. In assuring that permit
conditions were being met, the states and Regions continued to review monthly,
quarterly, and annual reports from operators and conducted inspections. The
states and Regions continued to supervise injection practices in the field by
witnessing mechanical integrity tests, inspecting and reviewing plugged and
abandoned injection wells, reviewing well records, and tracking compliance with
regulatory requirements and permit conditions. Grant funds also supported
technical assistance to operators, maintained well inventory data, and supported
regulatory changes to accommodate new EPA requirements and guidelines. The
states continued to implement the enforcement role through field presence and by
initiating appropriate enforcement actions.
States and Regions initiated programs to address contamination problems
from shallow injection wells which threaten underground sources of drinking
water. Contaminants such as benzene, organic solvents, and
other toxic chemicals, which pose known health and environmental threats, are
found in fluids injected in these wells.
Administrative Orders (AOs) and/or legal actions were initiated by state
programs against owners and operators in violation of UIC regulatory
requirements. This included preparing public notification of violation and
intent to issue AOs, and conducting public hearings.
The states and EPA completed 13,584 permit determinations for new and
existing wells and conducted evaluations to determine if permit requirements were
being met. In addition, 37,080 mechanical integrity tests were conducted to
ensure the integrity of wells. The states and EPA also focused on compliance
activities through increased field inspections and enforcement actions. Other
activities included the review of monitoring reports and maintenance of inventory
data.
SPECIAL STUDIES AND DEMONSTRATIONS
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $500,000 for this program, all of which will
be from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents a
decrease of $4,000,000 from 1993. This decrease reflects the Agency's effort to
achieve maximum leverage with limited resources and the belief that the recipient
organizations can and should secure additional funding through organizational
dues, training fees and other mechanisms.
In 1994, EPA will continue to fund organizations that address the problems
of small rural community water systems. Through training and technical
4-36
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assistance, small rural communities will have improved operational, technical and
financial capabilities for operating their drinking water systems. The NRWA
grant will provide funding for 47 state non-profit associations to provide
operator training and technical assistance. The RCAP grant will provide funding
for compliance training and technical and managerial assistance in support of
systems and community decision-makers. Through another grant to NRWA, EPA will
promote the Wellhead Protection program by funding training and technical
assistance to 100 communities to establish local wellhead protection programs.
1993 Program
In 1993, the Agency is allocating a total of $4,500,000 for this program,
all of which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These
funds provide $3,800,000 to the National Rural Water Association (NRWA), and
$700,000 to the Rural Community Assistance Program (RCAP).
EPA provides technical assistance and training to small rural community
water systems through grants to the National Rural Water Association (NRWA) and
the national Rural Community Assistance Program (RCAP). These grants promote
small system compliance by helping owners and operators enhance their system's
physical, financial and managerial infrastructure and operation. In 1993,
systems in 48 States will be served by 46 state NRWA associations. The six
regional RCAP affiliates serve 26 states.
Congressional Directives. A total of $4,000,000 is for Congressionally
directed projects with the National Rural Water Association and the Rural
Community Assistance Program.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated a total of $6,050,000 for these programs, all
of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These
funds included $700,000 for the RCAP to foster small system compliance; $300,000
to NETA; $3,800,000 to the NRWA to provide training and technical assistance to
support small system compliance and $1,250,000 to the American Water Works
Association Research Foundation to support development of drinking water
regulations.
In 1992, the NRWA and its 46 state affiliates conducted a total of 792
technical assistance and training sessions including: 472 technical training
sessions; 201 jointly sponsored specialized training sessions with other state
and Federal agencies; and 119 SOWA training sessions. In addition, NRWA
affiliates provided a total of 13,102 hours of on-site technical assistance to
address individual rural water system problems related to compliance, operations
and maintenance, finance and management.
In 1992, the RCAP provided community-specific training and compliance
assistance to small system owners, operators and community leaders in 128 small
rural communities in 24 states and Puerto Rico. Assistance included diagnosing
compliance problems and identifying solutions, compliance training, developing
institutional capacity to meet compliance standards, conducting watershed
4-37
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surveys, consolidating or restructuring current water
establishing and maintaining responsible financial and mana
assisting in properly operating and maintaining systems aft
compliance. RCAP also assisted specific state and local regu
identified problems and needs. RCAP published 18 new issu
Water Bulletin and distributed 7,000 copies to small sys
governing board members, and worked with the National Tra
state training coalitions in providing regulatory training
In 1992, NETA completed the state regulatory users p<
Regulations Compliance Training Project. The Regulator'
National Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Regulations
reference on all the maximum contaminant levels of the SOW.
seven study aid modules include the Introduction to the
Contamination Control act. Surface Water Treatment Rule. Tj
Lead and Copper Rule. Chemical Rules. Transient Non-Corona
Regulations, and the Compliance and Enforcement Under the
Act. Each module consists of a video tape highlighting
information and a learner's guide that provides concise but c
the subject along with activities to reinforce the learning
books and modules were distributed to state and local regula
environmental training centers, the National Training Coali
affiliates, and to trainers upon request. Also, NETA began tt
of study aids and developed educational materials for the Surl
Rule and the Lead and Copper Rule.
A field test of a new and unique EPA-developed computer
by the American Hater Works Association Research Foundation.
levels of virus contamination in vulnerable ground waters. Ti
be used to calculate disinfection requirements for the develc
water disinfection rule.
ply services,
it systems, and
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4-38
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DRINKING WATER
GroundUater Protection
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Ground-Water Protection
- FIFRA Fund
Program & Research $12,791.5 $14,225.5 $14,429.9 $14,412.5 $13,666.8 -$745.7 -$558.7
Operations
Abatement Control and $8,306.4 $6,236.5 $6,031.7 $6,010.1 $3,183.2 -$2,826.9 -$3,053.3
Conpliftnce
FIFRA Revolving Fund $74.3
TOTAL $21.172.2 $20,462.0 $20,461.6 $20,422.6 $16,850.0 -$3.572.6 -$3,612.0
TOTAL:
Program & Research $12,791.5 $14,225.5 $14,429.9 $14,412.5 $13,666.8 -$745.7 -$558.7
Operations
Abatement Control and $8,306.4 $6,236.5 $6,031.7 $6,010.1 $3,183.2 -$2,826.9 -$3,053.3
Conpliflnce
FIFRA Revolving Fund $74.3
Ground-Water TOTAL $21,172.2 $20,462.0 $20,461.6 $20,422.6 $16,850.0 -$3,572.6 -$3,612.0
Protection
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Ground-Water Protection 229.9 252.0 249.9 249.9 221.9 -28.0 -30.1
- FIFRA Fund
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 229.9 252.0 249.9 249.9 221.9 -28.0 -30.1
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Ground-Water Protection 240.0 252.0 249.9 249.9 221.9 -28.0 -30.1
- FIFRA Fund
TOTAL WORKYEARS 240.0 252.0 249.9 249.9 221.9 -28.0 -30.1
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DRINKING WATER
Groundwater Protection
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $16,850,000, and 221.9 total workyears for
1994, a decrease of $3,572,600 and 28.0 total workyears from 1993. Of the
request, $13,666,800 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $3,183,200 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents a decrease of $745,700 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, and a decrease of $2,826,900 in the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation.
GROUND WATER PROTECTION
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $16,850,000, and 221.9 total workyears for
this program, of which $13,666,800 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $3,183,200 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents a decrease of $745,700 for Program and
Research Operations, a decrease of $2,826,900 for Abatement, Control and
Compliance and a decrease of 28.0 total workyears. The decrease in Program and
Research Operations reflects decreased personnel costs associated with the
reduction in the oversight of state Underground Injection Control (UIC) programs.
The decrease also reflects an elimination of coordination for Comprehensive State
Ground Water Protection Programs (CSGWPP) across all EPA programs that impact
ground water, as well as with other Federal agencies, while maintaining limited
support for state efforts. The decrease in Abatement, control and Compliance
represents the completion of Congressionally-directed activities for the Spokane
Aquifer, the algae crisis in West Maui, the National Rural Water Association's
programs for ground water protection, the Calumet Lake Groundwater Study and
support for public information in the UIC program.
EPA will respond to specific state concerns as they develop and implement
their Comprehensive State Ground Water Protection Programs (CSGWPP). EPA will
issue two of the six guidance documents which cover the strategic activities of
a CSGWPP. In 1994, EPA will continue to emphasize the importance of Wellhead
Protection Programs (WHP) for pollution prevention. EPA expects to approve eight
additional state WHPs, bringing the total to 42. Emphasis in the WHP is shifting
from state program approvals to providing technical assistance for the
implementation of local WHPs. EPA will continue to promote the program by
developing guidance addressing technical issues, pollution prevention in wellhead
programs, and by transferring the information gained from earlier WHP projects.
In 1994, new UIC regulations will be promulgated for the management of
Class V shallow injection wells as well as revisions to the regulatory controls
for Class II oil and gas related injection wells. Primacy states will have 270
4-40
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days to adopt these new regulations. EPA will begin working with states to adopt
the new rules. It is estimated that many of the states will experience
difficulty adopting the new regulations on shallow injection wells and will
negotiate time extensions with EPA.
EPA will continue to conduct data integrity audits to gauge state progress
in implementing recommended changes for data management systems. EPA will also
provide technical assistance to selected states for upgrading data management
systems to incorporate the new regulations. The Agency will continue UIC program
oversight responsibilities by negotiating workplans with UIC primacy states,
awarding UIC grants, providing technical assistance and conducting UIC program
evaluations. This program will coordinate with the RCRA program in the
development of hazardous waste rules and the implementation of those rules at
injection well operations.
In the 23 non-primacy UIC programs, EPA will be directly responsible for
all aspects of the program including inspections, reporting and data
verification, compliance reviews and education and outreach to the regulated
community. The Regions will aggressively involve the regulated community,
apprising them of their responsibilities under the new regulations, and
monitoring and tracking their compliance efforts. In a similar fashion, the
Regions will assist Indian tribes in implementation of these program changes and
requirements.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $20,422,600 supported by 249.9 total
workyears for this program, of which $14,412,500 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $6,010,100 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
EPA is providing assistance to states in the development and implementation
of Comprehensive State Ground Water Protection Programs (CSGWPP). EPA issued the
final national guidance for CSGWPPs, which defines the six strategic activities
of a CSGWPP and identifies adequacy criteria. The Agency is also working to
provide greater integration and consistency within its ground-water related
programs, as well as with other Federal Agencies' programs, to facilitate
comprehensive protection at the state level.
The Agency continues to assist states in their development and
implementation of Wellhead Protection Programs (WHP) and expects to approve 8
additional state programs in 1993. EPA continues to promote the program by
issuing guidance addressing technical considerations involved in WHPs, including
delineating wellhead protection areas and inventorying sources of contamination.
EPA is continuing to improve the collection and accessibility of ground-
water information. The Agency is issuing guidance for the collection of data for
national and state ground-water environmental indicators. EPA is developing and
implementing policies on cross-program integration of ground-water data, and is
promoting state use of Geographic Information Systems (CIS) as a priority setting
and decision making tool for state and local officials.
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EPA is continuing management, oversight and tracking responsibilities for
the Underground Injection Control (UIC) program, including securing the closure
of shallow injection wells which endanger ground water. The Agency oversees UIC
programs in 41 primacy states (35 full and 6 partial) and directly implements
Federal programs in states and on Indian lands which do not have primacy (16 full
and 6 partial, plus the Osage Reservation). The Agency is proposing revisions
to the regulations on oil and gas injection wells (Class II) and a new regulation
covering shallow injection wells (Class V).
Congressional Directives; A total of $2,800,000 from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation is for the Congressionally directed projects on the
Spokane Aquifer, for the algae crisis in West Maui, to fund the National Rural
Water Association's programs for ground water protection, to fund the Calumet
Lake Groundwater Study and to support public information in the UIC program.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated a total of $21,172,200 supported by 240.0
total workyears for this program, of which $12,791,500 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation, $8,306,400 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation and $74,300 was from the Registration and Expedited Processing
Revolving Fund. Total workyears included 239.0 from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and 1.0 from the Registration and Expedited Processing Revolving
Fund.
In 1992, EPA conducted roundtables with the states and Federal agencies and
provided assistance to states in the development of Comprehensive State Ground
Water Protection Programs (CSGWPP). EPA issued the draft national guidance for
CSGWPPs, and provided assistance, including mapping of aquifer systems,
conducting resource assessments, developing source control strategies, and
determining vulnerability characteristics. EPA developed and began implementing
policies on cross-program integration of ground-water data and promoting the use
of GIS.
The Agency continued to assist states in their development and
implementation of wellhead protection (WHP) programs. EPA approved an additional
9 state WHP programs during 1992, bringing the total to 26. EPA also promoted
the program by funding local WHP demonstration projects. EPA maintained its
efforts in Sole Source Aquifer (SSA) designations. The Agency continued to
review projects financially assisted by the Federal government on or near
designated SSAs.
EPA continued to directly implement 23 Federal UIC programs, 16 full and
6 partial plus the Osage Reservation, in states and on Indian lands which do not
have primacy. Direct implementation activities focused on making permit
determinations as well as ensuring adherence to permit conditions and other
regulatory requirements by conducting field inspections, witnessing mechanical
integrity tests, and reviewing well record reports. The Agency continued to
review primacy applications, and provide guidance and grants as appropriate. EPA
4-42
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provided technical assistance to primacy states and ensured that the programs
continued to meet the minimum regulatory requirements.
For activities related to the 1988 FIFRA amendments, 1.0 workyears
supported hydrogeological and related technical assistance in the pesticide
registration process.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
f Contents
Pace
DRINKING WATER
ENFORCEMENT
Drinking Water Enforcement .................... 4-45
Drinking Water Enforcement .................. 4-46
-------
DRINKING UATER
Drinking Uater Enforcement
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1992 BUDGET 1993 ESTIMATE 1994 DECREASE DECREASE
1993 1993 1994 RED 1994 REQ
VS VS
1993 CE 1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Drinking Water
Enforcement
Program & Research $4,892.7 $6,156.3 $6,054.1 $6,051.2 $6,680.4 $629.2 $524.1
Abatement Control and $66.8 $20.1 $149.1 $129.0 $149.1
Compliance
TOTAL $4,892.7 $6,156.3 $6,120.9 $6,071.3 $6,829.5 $758.2 $673.2
TOTAL:
Program A Research $4,892.7 $6,156.3 $6,054.1 $6,051.2 $6,680.4 $629.2 $524.1
Operations
Abatement Control and $66.8 $20.1 $149.1 $129.0 $149.1
Compliance
Drinking Water TOTAL $4,892.7 $6,156.3 $6,120.9 $6,071.3 $6,829.5 $758.2 $673.2
Enforcement
PERMANENT UORICYEARS
Drinking Uater
Enforcement
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL UORICYEARS
Drinking Water
Enforcement
TOTAL UORICYEARS
91.7
91.7
96.6
96.6
109.9
109.9
109.9
109.9
109.8
109.8
109.8
109.8
109.8
109.8
109.8
109.8
109.8
109.8
109.8
109.8
-1
-1
-1
-1
4-45
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DRINKING WATER
Enforcement
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $6,829,500 and 109.8 total workyears for
1994, an increase of $758,200 from 1993. Of the request, $6,680,400 will be for
the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $149,100 will be for
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of
$629,200 for the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $129,000 for
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
DRINKING WATER ENFORCEMENT
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $6,829,500 and 109.8 total workyears for
1994, an increase of $758,200 from 1993. Of the request, $6,680,400 will be for
the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $149,100 will be for
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of
$629,200 for the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $129,000 for
the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, both of which support
increased personnel costs and administrative expenses. Although no workyears are
increased, the program emphasis is shifting from technical assistance and support
to one of increased enforcement presence and actions.
In 1994 EPA will seek improved compliance across all systems. EPA will
place priority on regulations that reduce the risks of acute health effects from
drinking water contaminants; this includes Total Coliform and nitrates. EPA will
also enforce the monitoring and reporting requirements of the complex Lead and
Copper rule against medium-sized systems (serving from 3,300 to 50,000 people)
and begin equivalent enforcement against small systems (those serving less than
3,300 people). EPA will continue to provide Federal enforcement for specific
rules where the state has obtained a time extension for adoption.
A very resource-intensive activity in 1994 will be enforcing the Surface
Water Treatment Rule (SWTR). Approximately 1,330 systems, including many large
cities, are expected to miss the June 1993, deadline that requires previously
unfiltered surface water systems to have installed treatment. EPA will ensure
that enforcement actions are pursued wherever the state does not have primary
enforcement authority or whenever the state does not take timely or appropriate
enforcement action. EPA will also issue enforcement actions against previously
filtered systems which do not meet the new, more stringent standards and a state
either cannot or will not take enforcement actions.
EPA will achieve a significant increase in the number of administrative
enforcement actions (Notices of Violations, Administrative Orders and complaints
for penalty). Effective use of Section 1431 orders which are used in situations
of imminent and substantial endangerment will be a priority. EPA will also
4-46
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pursue Department of Justice (OOJ) referrals for an increased number of civil
cases.
The national data system will be adapted to include reporting for
contaminants covered under the Radionuclides rule. Efforts to improve data
quality will continue by working with Regions and states to ensure full and
accurate reporting of violations and enforcement actions. Data verification
audits will continue along with follow-up activities to insure that
recommendations are being implemented.
The priorities for the underground injection control (UIC) enforcement
program in 1994 will continue to reflect a focus on controlling injection in the
high-priority Class V wells. Emphasis will shift from enforcement actions
against Class II oil and gas injection wells toward Class V shallow injection
wells. The UIC program will implement a second round of national orders against
major oil companies with Class V injection wells at company-owned service
stations. In addition, EPA will coordinate efforts with the Office of Federal
Facilities Enforcement to identify UIC violations at federally owned or operated
facilities and investigate the necessity for closure of Class V wells not in
compliance with UIC regulations. Where EPA has direct implementation
responsibilities we will take enforcement actions, as well as in primacy states
when they fail to take timely and appropriate action.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $6,071,300 supported by 109.8 total
workyears for this program, of which $6,051,200 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $20,100 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
EPA is working with states to adopt new enforcement authorities and
establish programs to carry out new requirements. The Agency is focusing
enforcement attention on state efforts to implement the SWTR and Total Coliform
(TC) rules. In 1993 we are beginning implementation of the Lead and Copper and
Phase II standards and are negotiating time extension agreements to allow primacy
states time to build additional program capability. In the interim, EPA is
enforcing against violations of the new requirements. For nonprimacy states and
Indian tribes, the Agency is implementing all new requirements for the SWTR, TC,
Lead and Copper and Phase II regulations.
Given the large increase in program requirements and costs, some states are
considering withdrawing as the primary enforcement agent of their drinking water
program. If this happens, implementation and enforcement of existing as well
as new program requirements will be thrust upon EPA. EPA is developing a
contingency plan to address this situation, but if it occurs EPA will have a very
difficult time running a state program and will focus on addressing minimum
requirements, including enforcement.
We are working to improve the existing data system since compliance
assessment will depend to a large extent on monitoring data collected from
drinking water systems. The expanding universe of drinking water systems and the
large increase in the number of contaminants analyzed make an efficient data
4-47
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system imperative. Similarly, quality assurance of data is necessary to ensure
the reliability of the data and thus increase confidence in the system.
In the UIC program, EPA is accelerating activities to enforce against
violations of shallow injection well requirements. The Agency is targeting
priority enforcement at shallow wells endangering underground sources of drinking
water and sensitive ecosystems. To determine compliance, the Agency is
continuing to ensure testing for mechanical integrity and reviewing and approving
permit requirements and applications for oil and gas, mining and shallow
injection wells. The monitoring of deep disposal wells also continues in order
to adequately provide for protection of underground sources of drinking water.
EPA is developing additional management tools to promote effective,
consistent enforcement actions. EPA is developing guidance and pursuing multi-
media opportunities, encouraging the use of section 1431 emergency powers, and
stepping in with federal enforcement where states are not willing or able to take
appropriate actions.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency allocated a total of $4,892,700 supported by 96.9 total
workyears for this program, all of which was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriat ion.
The focus of the drinking water enforcement program remained on systems
that were significant noncompliers (SNC), defined on the basis of relative risk
to human health posed by different kinds of violations of the National Primary
Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs). While SNCs are the first enforcement
priority, all systems in violation were subject to enforcement action,
particularly those systems about to become SNCs or causing a public health
threat. EPA issued administrative orders (AOs) or initiated court actions when
states failed to do so. In addition, the Agency conducted administrative
hearings and assessed penalties for AO noncompliance.
Federal enforcement efforts in 1992 increased significantly. In 1992 PWSS
program, EPA issued 539 proposed administrative orders, 352 final administrative
orders, 9 emergency orders, 13 civil referrals and 32 complaint for penalty
orders. In the UIC program, 1992 was also a strong year, with settlement of the
5X28 precedent setting case which issued AOs against ten major oil companies.
The UIC program obtained its first felony conviction. The Regions issued 145
proposed administrative orders, 77 final administrative orders, 12 civil
referrals and assessed $241,515 in penalties. The Agency also conducted 12 data
audits and uncovered a wide variety of problems on both reporting data into the
data system as well as interpreting the rule and understanding how and what to
report.
4-48
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
HAZARDOUS WASTE 5-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Hazardous Waste Research 5-11
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Waste Management Regulations, Guidelines and Policies 5-25
Regulations, Guidelines and Policies - Hazardous Waste .... 5-27
Regulations, Guidelines and Policies - Air and Radiation . . . 5-30
Regulations, Guidelines and Policies - Water 5-30
Regulations, Guidelines & Policies - Underground Storage Tanks 5-31
Financial Assistance 5-35
Hazardous Waste Management Financial Assistance to States . . . 5-36
Underground Storage Tanks State Grants 5-39
Hazardous Waste Management Strategies Implementation 5-41
Hazardous Waste Management Strategies Implementation 5-42
Emergency Planning/Community Right-to-know - Title III 5-45
ENFORCEMENT
Hazardous Waste Enforcement 5-51
Hazardous Waste Enforcement 5-52
-------
APPROPRIATION
HAZARDOUS WASTE
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REO
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
Oil Spills Trust Fund
TOTAL, Hazardous Waste
$94,436.3 $106,440.0 $99,127.8 $98,832.4 $101,274.4 $2,442.0 -$5,165.6
$196,907.0 $211,303.0 $184,653.3 $187,435.3 $200,442.1 $13,006.8 -$10,860.9
$33,980.8 $24,344.1 $26,166.4 $26,166.4 $18,746.6 -$7,419.8 -$5,597.5
$2,564.8 $2,115.6 $2,115.6 -$2,115.6 -$2,564.8
$325,324.1 $344,651.9 $312,063.1 $314,549.7 $320,463.1 $5,913.4 -$24,188.8
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
OUTLAYS
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS
1,527.9
1,601.4
1,687.9
1,687.9
1,665.6
1,665.6
1,649.9
1,649.9
1,601.2
1,601.2
-48.7
-48.7
-86.7
-86.7
$332,279.7 $341,973.1 $307,863.0 $311,227.5 $322,161.9 $10,934.4 -$19,811.2
The Solid Waste Disposal Act as amended expired on November 8, 1988. Reauthorization is
pending.
5-1
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
DIFFERENCE
PRES. CURRENT
BUDGET ENACTED ESTIMATE
1993 1993 1993
ENACTED VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
ENACTED
APPROPRIATION
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
Oil Spills Trust Fund
TOTAL, Hazardous Waste
$106.440.0 $99,127.8 $98,832.4 -$7,312.2 -$7,607.6 -$295.4
.$211,303.0 $184,653.3 $187,435.3 -$26,649.7 -$23,867.7 $2,782.0
$24,344.1 $26.166.4 $26,166.4 $1,822.3 $1,822.3
$2,564.8 $2,115.6 $2,115.6 -$449.2 -$449.2
$344,651.9 $312,063.1 $314,549.7 -$32,588.8 -$30,102.2 $2,486.6
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
1,687.9
1,687.9
1,665.6
1,665.6
1,649.9
1,649.9
-22.3
-22.3
-38.0
-38.0
-15.7
-15.7
The following points list the major reasons that the dollars devoted to this media have changed from
submission of the President's FY 1993 Budget Request to the FY 1993 Current Estimates.
PROGRAM AND RESEARCH OPERATIONS
o Changes were made to the Program to reflect mandated Congressional reductions.
o Current estimate levels assume approximately 3% lapse of Headquarters FTE, 2% lapse of Regional FTE.
ABATEMENT. CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE
o The Hazardous Waste Program absorbed a portion of the Agency's mandated Congressional appropriation
reduction and add-ons.
o Redirection to Administrator's Priorities.
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
o Due to the mandated Congessional reductions and/or adds, changes were made to the Program.
OIL SPILL RESPONSE
o Changes were made to reflect mandated Congressional reductions.
5-2
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MEDIA BRIDGE TABLES
HAZARDOUS WASTE
PRO AC&C R&D Oil TOTAL
FY 1993 CURRENT ESTIMATE $ 98,832.4 $187,435.3 $26.166.4 $2,115.6 $314,549.7
Changes by Category:
Workforce Costs (+/-> +$3,008.6 +$7.3 +$4.0 $3,019.9
Legislative Initiatives (+/-)
Program Initiatives (+/-) -$566.6 +$14,073.1 +$1,500.0 $15,006.5
Discontinuation of Specific
Increases to FY 1993 Request (-) -$1,000.0 -$5,650.0 -$6,650.0
Others (+/-) -$73.6 -$3,269.8 -$2,119.6 -$5,463.0
FY 1994 PRESIDENT'S BUDGET $101,274.4 $200,442.1 $18,746.6 0 $320,463.1
5-3
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5-4
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Overview and Strategy
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976, as revised by
the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) of 1984, provides the legislative
mandate for a nationwide program to protect human health and the environment from
the risks of improper management of hazardous and solid wastes. The goals of the
Act are to: ensure protective management of hazardous waste from generation to
disposal; ensure adequate and safe management and disposal capacity for solid
wastes; and prevent and detect leakage from underground storage tanks (USTs).
The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, Title III of the
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, establishes a framework for
addressing risks posed by hazardous chemicals present in communities. This
program provides for development of state and local response plans to prevent,
protect, and inform the public in the event of a chemical release emergency.
Prevention components of the program were strengthened under the Clean Air Act
accidental release provisions which mandated that facility owner/operators
prepare risk management plans to prevent, detect, and respond to chemical
accidents.
The Agency continues to refine program strategies to direct both private
and public resources to address high environmental risk, while eliminating
unnecessarily burdensome requirements. In the solid waste program, ongoing
efforts to develop risk-based management standards for hazardous waste will
continue. In the underground storage tanks (UST) and Title III programs,
resources will be directed towards those areas where the threat of a release is
most significant.
To ensure that program implementation is both equitable and efficient, the
Agency is employing the following strategies: 1) focus limited resources on
areas presenting the highest risk to human health and the environment;
2)strengthen state environmental programs to leverage the Federal investment;
3) emphasize prevention, minimization and recycling in all our work and balance
scarce resources with site cleanup; 4) develop new, and revise existing
regulations to incorporate the latest science and technology for the safe
disposal and processing of hazardous waste; 5) conduct scientific research and
encourage use of promising new technologies; and 6) strengthen contract
management controls to ensure that resources expended yield the maximum benefit
to the Agency.
FY 1994 Program Highlights
EPA's major responsibilities include supporting and sustaining states in
the performance of their environmental management responsibilities. The Agency
will maintain the current level of resource for state grants. EPA's objectives
with the states continues to be focused on: 1) increasing the reliance on
existing state authorities to accomplish RCRA environmental goals; 2) enhancing
the state capabilities and supporting further authorization of state programs to
implement RCRA requirements; and 3) strengthening coordination and integration
5-5
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of EPA and state activities to ensure the efficient and effective utilization of
resources.
The Agency, in partnership with the states, will continue to focus on
permitting high risk facilities. Emphasis will be placed on taking action to
prevent and reduce risks at closed and closing land disposal facilities.
Emphasis in the corrective action program will continue to be on implementation
of facility stabilizations and long term remediations. To assist states in
assuming implementation of the corrective action program, resources are being
provided to facilitate development of comprehensive state groundwater protection
plans. In the enforcement program, the focus on pollution prevention and waste
minimization in inspection targeting and in enforcement settlements will
continue.
The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 mandate that EPA monitor
the activities of importers/exporters of hazardous waste. The level of activity
has grown as the amount of waste being exported and imported continues to
increase as a result of new international agreements such as the North American
Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD), and the Basel agreements. Enforcement activities will be
further reinforced through training efforts with U.S. and Mexican Customs,
U.S. Coast Guard, other Department of Transportation offices and EPA Regional
Offices. In implementing the NAFTA agreement, resources will be directed towards
transfer of technology and information in cooperation with the Mexican
government.
The Agency's commitment to non-hazardous waste management activities will
continue as Regions and states work to implement the revised municipal waste
management criteria and capitalize on the increased national attention to
municipal waste recycling and source reduction.
To promote the development of viable recycling markets, resource
investments will support activities including: 1) providing technical assistance
and outreach to businesses on source reduction and recycling, 2) collecting
economic data on markets for recyclables, and 3) expanding markets for secondary
materials.
In FY 1994, the Agency will make strategic investments to advance important
Administration objectives, while reorienting base programs to achieve maximum
risk reduction. In support of the Administration's free trade initiative with
Mexico and Canada, the Agency will place increased emphasis on monitoring the
transboundary movement of waste as outlined in the Integrated Environmental Plan
for the US-Mexican border area and in Annex III of the current US-Mexico
bilateral agreement. Technical assistance to the Mexican government will
continue as part of a coordinated effort to strengthen hazardous waste management
and enforcement. The program will also continue to conduct border checks with
U.S. Customs officials, provide training to other U.S. and Mexican government
agencies, administer the notification and "consent to receive" certification
programs, and assist Mexican officials in locating inactive and abandoned waste
sites within the border area.
5-6
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In the Underground Storage Tanks (UST) program, the focus will be on
preventing, detecting, and correcting leaks from USTs containing petroleum or
other hazardous substances. Major program activities in FY 1994 will include:
state program development and approval, compliance and enforcement efforts
relating to UST leak detection requirements, and corrective action streamlining
projects. The Agency will continue to monitor and evaluate state implementation
and enforcement activities, and provide ongoing technical information,
assistance, and training to enhance state capabilities. Emphasis will be placed
on compliance monitoring, joint inspections, and enforcement activities in high
risk areas.
In FY 94, the Title III program will focus on minimizing the potential for
chemical accidents in high risk areas. The Agency will begin to evaluate
relative risk and susceptibility to chemical accidents as well as provide
assistance to states in targeting specific industries, facilities, and chemicals
that present a substantial risk. Particular attention will be given to areas
with a high concentration of chemical facilities. In these areas, the Agency
will provide assistance in developing projects to enhance accident prevention,
preparedness, and response capabilities. Enforcement activities will continue
to target potential high risk violators and encourage innovative settlement
agreements to support state and local program implementation. In the
international area, the program will continue to implement Rio Agenda 21
initiatives to reduce the risk of chemical accidents by promoting community
right-to-know principles in chemical management programs in Mexico, Canada,
Eastern Europe, and developing countries.
Implementing a Responsive National Regulatory Program
The Agency is committed to the review of and revision of existing
regulations to eliminate unnecessarily burdensome requirements and to better
address environmental risk. Reform efforts will include establishing risk based
management standards for hazardous waste, eliminating unnecessary delay and costs
in the corrective action program, and streamlining the hazardous waste permitting
process.
In addition to these program revisions, the hazardous waste regulatory
program will continue to respond to existing statutory and new court-ordered
deadlines for completing the remaining requirements mandated in HSWA. Towards
that end, the Agency will perform preliminary listing studies and develop
regulations to list as hazardous the specific wastes named in HSWA. In follow-up
to these and earlier listings, the Agency will develop treatment standards for
those wastes designated as hazardous since the enactment of HSWA. The program
will also implement the land disposal restrictions program by processing
treatment capacity and no migration petitions. Final standards will be issued
for air emissions from seven types of hazardous waste treatment, storage and
disposal facilities (surface impoundments, landfills, wastewater treatment tanks,
waste piles, land treatment facilities, pre-treatment facilities, and transfer
operations).
Other significant regulatory efforts include the Phase II Land Disposal
Rule and a proposed rule on the management of munitions and ordnance as required
by the Federal Facilities Compliance Act of 1992. As part of our effort to
5-7
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realize sound environmental management, the Agency will accelerate the collection
and analysis of environmental data.
In 1994 the Agency will continue to meet the statutory deadlines under the
Clean Air Act accidental release provisions. Efforts will focus on: 1)
promulgating regulations and developing guidance that require owners and
operators of facilities to develop risk management plans to prevent, detect, and
respond to accidental releases into the air; 2) provide support and establish
a liaison role with the Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board; 3)
develop industry and chemical specific technical guidance, in response to
hydrofluoric acid study recommendations; 4) encourage states to take ownership
of the program; and 5) develop and review options to improve government
efficiency identified in the study on Federal authorities for hazardous materials
accident safety mandated by the Clean Air Act.
Supporting the Regulatory Program Through Research and Technology Transfer
The hazardous waste research program provides the scientific and technical
information necessary to support the development and implementation of hazardous
waste regulations, and provides the information to EPA Regional offices, state
and local governments, private industry, and other decision-makers. Research is
conducted in several areas: Ecological risk assessment methods, groundwater,
municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, surface cleanup, bioremediation, and
international and domestic technology transfer.
As part of its effort to promote technology innovation, the Agency will
continue the development of bioremediation as a viable alternative. Field scale
research will be initiated on groundwater and aquifer remediation, biofiltration
of contaminated air and gasses, biotreatment of surface soils, soil in the vadose
zone, sediments and sludge, and hazardous liquid wastes. Funding for
bioremediation is derived from three separate media: RCRA Hazardous Waste,
Superfund, and Oil Trust Fund. The initiative proposed for 1994 will be funded
from the hazardous waste medium.
Successful demonstration of bioremediation technology will have a
significant impact upon the feasibility, speed, and cost of cleanup of
contaminated soils and groundwater, especially if the remediation can be
conducted on site.
5-8
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
ACTUAL 1
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES 1992
Regulations
RCRA Standards .... 19
Proposals ....... 8
Promulgations 11
CURRENT INCREASE ( + )
SSTIMATE ESTIMATE DECREASE (-)
1993 1994 1994 VS 1993
23 27 +4
13 12 -1
10 15 +5
Effl. Stds. Decision Doc.
Effl. Stds. Data Summaries.
UIC Petition Reviews
Implementation
Guidance Documents .. 11 11 10 -1
Reports to Congress . . 0 1 1 0
State Authorization (cum.)
Base Program . . 48 48 48 0
HSWA Cluster I . 16 25 33 +8
Final Permit Determinations 2,653 3,030 3,342 +312
and Closures (Cumulative)
Ongoing Permit Processing 757 810 828 +18
UIC Permit Revisions
Enforcement/Corrective Action
Inspections .... 13,756 14,042 14,042 0
Administrative
Orders 1,166 1,315 1,315 0
Civil Litigation 161 183 183 0
Criminal
Litigation . . . 144 132 132 0
Monitoring of
Corrective Action
Activities . . . 607 769 824 +55
POTW Corrective
Measures ....
5-9
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5-10
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
HAZARDOUS WASTE
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Hazardous Waste Research 5-11
-------
PROGRAM
HAZARDOUS WASTE
Hazardous Waste Research
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REO
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Hazardous Waste
Research
Program & Research
Operat i ons
Research & Development
Oil Spills Trust Fund
$14,392.8 $15,465.0 $14,912.9 $14,882.0 $14,994.0
$112.0
$2,564.8 $2,115.6 $2,115.6
-$471.0
$33,980.8 $24,344.1 $26,166.4 $26,166.4 $18,746.6 -$7,419.8 -$5,597.5
-$2,115.6 -$2,564.8
TOTAL $48,373.6 $42,373.9 $43,194.9 $43,164.0 $33,740.6 -$9,423.4 -$8,633.3
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Research & Development
Oil Spills Trust Fund
Hazardous Waste
Research
$14,392.8 $15,465.0 $14,912.9 $14,882.0 $14,994.0
$112.0
-$471.0
$33,980.8 $24,344.1 $26,166.4 $26,166.4 $18,746.6 -$7,419.8 -$5,597.5
$2,564.8 $2,115.6 $2,115.6 -$2,115.6 -$2,564.8
TOTAL $48,373.6 $42,373.9 $43,194.9 $43,164.0 $33,740.6 -$9,423.4 -$8,633.3
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Hazardous Waste
Research
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
229.3
229.3
236.6
236.6
221.5
221.5
219.0
219.0
204.6
204.6
-14.4
-14.4
-32.0
-32.0
Hazardous Waste
Research
TOTAL WORKYEARS
235.1
235.1
236.6
236.6
221.5
221.5
219.0
219.0
204.6
204.6
-14.4
-14.4
-32.0
-32.0
5-11
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Hazardous Waste Research
Principal Outputs
1994 o Complete two Municipal Innovative Technology Evaluations (MITE)
projects. The first is the evaluation of the effectiveness of material
recovery facilities and the second is the effectiveness of weight-based
collection systems as a waste reduction measure.
o Make recommendations for criteria to assure safe utilization of
municipal waste combustion residues.
o Report on the design and operation of a municipal solid waste landfill
as a biochemical reactor for the generation of methane for energy
recovery.
o Conduct seminars on GIS-Techniques for characterization of groundwater
contamination.
o Provide Regions and States a report on factors that effect the mobility
of metals from solidified ash stabilized treated wastes.
o Complete methods manual for providing guidance to the Regions and
States for preparation of solids and non-aqueous samples for inorganic
analysis.
1993 o Complete two Municipal Innovative Technology Evaluations (MITE)
projects. One on automated sorting of plastic containers and the second
on Laboratory testing of plastic materials recycled from the waste
steam.
o Complete report on good combustion practices.
o Conducted seminars on measurement methods for hazardous waste
treatment.
o Complete an assessment of available data on source of toxics in
municipal solid wastes.
o Publish a report on use of good combustion practices for controlling
organic emissions from municipal waste incinerators.
o Complete a liner leak survey for hazardous waste landfills.
o Submit the annual report on Quality control samples for RCRA Appendix
VIII Chemicals.
o Complete a software system which provides support for sighting of
hazardous waste management facilities.
5-12
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o Complete shake flask protocols used for early screening of
bioremediation potential.
o Complete dispersant users manual
o Complete evaluation of bioremediation procedures for open seas
applications.
1992 o Improved compound identification in the contract laboratory program.
o Completed report on Bioremediation of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill:
Monitoring safety and efficacy.
o Developed methodologies for terrestrial indicators for use in
ecological assessments at hazardous waste sites.
o Prepared risk assessment reports on potential hazards of common
recyclables and on composting.
o Prepared the technical support document for corrective action
regulatory impact analysis.
o Completed a feasibility study on the development of methods for
detection of dioxin and mercury using continuous emissions monitoring
technology.
o Improved compound identification in contract laboratories.
o Conducted seminars on: design, operation, and closure of Municipal
Solid Waste Landfills; operation parameters for Hazardous Waste
Combustion Devise; and Corrective Action Stabilization Technologies.
o Provided performance data on incineration of RCRA listed waste for
aluminum pot wastes.
o Completed studies on monitoring, safety and efficacy of bioremediation
at the Valdez oil spill.
o Completed the evaluation of laboratory dispersant effectiveness tests
on various types of oil and an evaluations of plunging water jets for
diverting spilled oils on large rivers.
o Verified product performance obtained from shake flask laboratory
studies, and microcosm studies.
5-13
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Hazardous Waste Research
BUDGET REQUEST
1994 Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $33,740,600 supported by 204.6 total
workyears for 1994, of which $14,994,000 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $18,746,600 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents an increase of $112,000 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, a decrease of $7,419,800 in the Research and
Development appropriation, and a decrease of 13.4 total workyears from 1993. The
decrease is a result of a shift of 1 FTE and $2,115,600 from the Hazardous Waste
program element to the Oil Spills Liability Trust Fund. The decrease in
workyears is a result of the government-wide reduction in workyears that is a
part of the President's program to reduce the size and cost of government.
Increases to the Program and Research Operations appropriation reflect additional
personnel compensation and benefits (PC&B), travel expenses associated with fully
funding ORD's staff of scientists, managers and support personnel in such areas
as quality assurance, extramural resource management, and high priority research.
1993 Budget
The Agency is allocating $41,048,400 supported by 218.0 total workyears for
this program element, of which $14,882,000 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $26,166,400 is from the Research and Development
appropriation. Additionally, $2,115,600 and 1 workyear funding is provided by
the Oil Spills Liability Trust Fund.
1992 Budget
The Agency obligated a total of $48,373,600 supported by 235.1 total
workyears for this program element, of which $14,392,800 was from the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and $33,980,800 was from the Research and Development
appropriation.
GROUNDWATER
1994 Program Request
ORD's groundwater research will address: remediation of subsurface
contamination; subsurface monitoring and characterization; and subsurface
transport and transformation. Current research efforts will be increased for
remediation of subsurface contamination. Efforts involve the development,
demonstration, and evaluation of corrective action technologies for remediating
RCRA sites. Subsurface monitoring and characterization will develop additional
field-portable measurement devices for locating Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL)
contaminants in the subsurface, develop innovative test methods, and technologies
5-14
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for monitoring and characterizing the subsurface. Research on underground
storage tank leak prevention efforts will address internal and external leak
detection and cause of tank and piping failures in new systems for existing as
well as developing alternative fuels. Subsurface transport and transformation
research will continue to predict the transport and fate of metals in the
subsurface, test mathematical models used for regulatory and remedial decision
making, and predict contaminant behavior in the subsurface.
1993 Program
ORD scientists are developing and testing practical models for predicting
the transport of petroleum hydrocarbons in the subsurface; developing detailed
data on the transport and transformation of metal and organic contaminants to
incorporate into predictive subsurface and multimedia models for making
regulatory decisions regarding hazardous wastes. Scientists are also developing
and evaluating technologies for remediation of RCRA sites, evaluating
mathematical models used for Agency decision making, and improving our ability
to characterize and monitor hazardous waste sites in more cost/effective and non-
invasive ways.
1992 Accomplishments
Researchers achieved significant advances in developing improved methods
for sampling for metal contaminants in ground water and predicting the transport
of metal and organic contaminants in the subsurface. A prototype model for EPA
to use in predicting the transport of petroleum hydrocarbons in the subsurface
was developed and laboratory facilities to test the model were constructed.
Improved protocols for monitoring leaks from underground storage tanks were
completed. Remediation technologies such as soil vapor .extraction, soil washing,
thermal desorption, in-situ bioremediation for the cleanup of UST and RCRA sites
were investigated. Equipment for in-place screening for PCB's in soil and ground
water was improved and draft standards for soil core monitoring, soil pore-liquid
monitoring, and soil gas monitoring were completed. Methods for preventing,
detecting, and locating leaks from underground storage tanks were published.
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
1994 Program Request
The Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) research program will address six research
areas with the principal users being the Regions and local governments. These
areas are: 1) source reduction research includes investigating the sources,
quantities, and fate of waste material and exploring potential ways to reduce
costs borne by local governments without negative impact to the environment; 2)
recycling research includes collection, processing, marketing, and
remanufacturing; 3) thermal destruction research will center on air pollution
control technology, sampling and analysis methods, and on residue
characterization, treatment, and utilization; 4) landfill research focuses on
improved design, emissions control, performance, and monitoring; 5) innovative
technology research will continue to be carried out through the Municipal
Innovative Technology Evaluation (MITE) program which provides systematic
evaluation of promising new management systems, technologies, and techniques for
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handling MSW; and 6) comparison of MSW management options will provide the
framework necessary for decision officials to evaluate alternative risks and make
the most reasonable waste management selection.
1993 Program
ORD is emphasizing research on source reduction and recycling of Municipal
Solid Waste. This research includes efforts to reduce the level of toxics in MSW
residues, assesses processes for conversion of biomass to useful products,
analyzes compost properties for use in the development of products, and evaluates
reuse options for combustion ash. Land disposal research is concentrating on
bioreactors. The Municipal Innovative Technology Evaluation (MITE) program
includes use of a Municipal Recycling Facility to collect data on emissions and
integrate the research to develop comparative risk assessment methods for
recycling facilities based on field data.
ORD's municipal solid waste research program is identifying mutagenic
compounds in Municipal Wasted Combustor emissions to improve the health risk
assessments for such facilities. Researchers are conducting studies to
characterize leachate from municipal land fills, with specific emphasis on
metals, organics and variations in leachate. Scientists are also studying
continuous emission monitors for dioxins/furans mercury.
Congressional Directives A combined total of $850,000 is provided for a
Congressionally-directed research on Sulfonated Plastics and Tires and for the
Urban Waste Center at the University of New Orleans.
1992 Accomplishments
Municipal solid waste research provided a number of accomplishments: a
report on the potential hazards of municipal waste recycling and composting; a
strategy for the monitoring of Appendix IX compounds at municipal waste ash
monofills; and a feasibility study on the development of methods for the
detection of dioxin and mercury using continuous emissions monitoring
technologies. Scientists also completed field tests to evaluate the use of
powdered activated carbon for controlling mercury emissions from municipal waste
combustors using spray drier/fabric filters, and tested for the effects of
monofills leachates on three clay soils and three geosynthetics.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
1994 Program Request
The ORD Hazardous Waste research program addresses: Technology; Monitoring
and Quality Assurance; Waste Minimization; Risk Assessment/Ecological risk;
Large Volume/Industrial Waste; and University Research Centers. Technology
research will center on continuing treatment, storage, and disposal issues.
Monitoring and Quality assurance will focus on improving existing analytical
methods and developing standard methods for new classes of compounds. Waste
minimization research conducted under this issue is directed at hard to treat
wastes. Risk assessment research will ensure the development of hazardous waste
management practices to protect human health and the environment. Large
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volume/industrial waste, although in its infancy, focuses on low toxicity wastes.
1993 Program
ORD researchers are conducting assessments of existing and emerging
technologies to improve treatment for gaseous, liquid, and solid waste streams.
The major focus is placed on stabilization of hazardous wastes. Incineration
research includes laboratory and pilot-scale incineration studies to determine
the performance on a range of thermal treatment devices. Waste minimization
research focuses on minimization assessments and increasing efforts to deal with
hard-to-treat hazardous wastes. Scientists are using the multimedia site
assessment model to support hazardous waste management decision QA research to
focus on improving matrices and expanding the universe of material for which
quality control samples are available. The technology transfer program is
assisting the Regions, States, municipalities and industry to implement improved
methods and practices developed by the Agency. ORD is supporting activities at
the Institute for Environmental Issues and Policy Assessment at the Southern
University of Louisiana to enhance participation of minority scientists,
engineers, and students in environmental areas.
Congressional Directives
A combined total of $4,800,000 is provided for Congressionally-directed
research at the Center for Environmental Management at Tufts University, and the
University of North Dakota for Energy and Environmental research.
1992 Accomplishments
Major 1992 accomplishments included the Annual Report on Quality Control
Samples for RCRA Appendix VIII Chemicals; a feasibility study on the development
of methods for detection on dioxin and mercury using continuous emissions
monitoring technologies and a manual on preparation of soil sampling protocols.
ORD also prepared a technical support document for corrective action regulatory
impact analysis, and conducted workshops on management of mercury and arsenic
wastes.
During 1992 oil spills research was funded within the Hazardous Waste
program element. Accomplishments stemming from this funding included verifying
product performance obtained from shake flask laboratory studies, microcosm
studies, and environmental models in a contained open water environment.
Researchers also developed and tested product delivery vehicles such as
encapsulation in microcosms to estimate field performance without environmental
risk. Other accomplishments include the evaluation of laboratory dispersant
effectiveness tests on various types of oil and an evaluations of plunging water
jets for diverting spilled oils on large rivers.
SURFACE CLEANUP
1994 Program Request
Surface Cleanup research focuses on: site characterization, monitoring, and
quality assurance; and on RCRA corrective action and technical support. Site
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characterization, monitoring, and quality assurance research focuses on
determining the type and extent of contamination, and assessment techniques to
improve screening and reduce the cost of laboratory analyses. Corrective action
and technical support programs provide scientific and engineering expertise to
selected hazardous waste sites.
Scientists will develop sampling protocols for volatile organic compounds
in soil and improve sampling techniques for heterogeneous hazardous wastes. ORD
will provide technical support to approximately 80 hazardous waste sites.
1993 Program
The Surface Cleanup Hazardous Haste technical support program is providing
Regional Offices and other site remediators with engineering assistance and
technical information. Site-specific technical assistance to EPA's remedial
project managers and RCRA permitters address issues from site characterization
for treatment technology selection to evaluations of full-scale technology
implementation. Particular emphasis is placed on the evaluation or use of
treatability studies for technology screening, selection and design, and on the
evaluation of innovative treatment technologies such as vacuum extraction and
bioremediation. The monitoring program emphasizes ecological assessment
technical support and technical support for the Regions.
1992 Accomplishments
ORD provided long term assistance to 59 sites under the START program and
128 short term responses to Regional Project Managers as part of the Engineering
Tech Support Program. The program produced 14 special investigatory reports;
completed the annual report on quality control samples for RCRA Appendix VIII
chemicals and the feasibility study on the development of methods for the
detection of. dioxin and mercury using continuous emission monitors. Manuals were
produced on soil sampling for volatile organic compounds and for vadose zone
monitoring.
BIOREMEDIATION
1994 Program Request
This research supports the Administrations cross-cutting initiative on
Bioremediation and is included as part of the Federal Coordination Committee on
Science and Technology (FCCSET).
Bioremediation is an engineered process that uses microorganisms to
decompose toxic hazardous compounds to improve environmental quality and reduce
human risk. The process residues are typical non-toxic and easy to introduce.
Bioremediation technologies should be less disruptive to the environment and less
expensive than other treatment options, such as excavation, incineration, and
landfilling.
ORD'8 bioremediation researchers will study basic biodegradation pathways
of hazardous chemicals, discover and characterize organisms capable of degrading
such chemicals, and develop and use protocols for testing efficacy and toxicity
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of bioremediation products. The highest priority chemicals for study will be
organic solvents and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. An important component
of this research is the field evaluation of bioremediation processes on priority
chemical spills.
Scientists will initiate research on munitions wastes. The first priority
will be to understand the microbial biodegradation processes on nitroaromatics.
Most of these wastes are located on military bases and involve contaminated
soils, sludges, and sediments. Hence, field research will be conducted in
cooperation with DoD facilities when possible.
Oil Spills Liability Trust Fund research for 1994 is described in a new
media section for oil spills.
1993 Program
ORD is documenting biochemical studies which reveal mechanisms by which
bacteria degrade man-made chemicals and processes in which organisms degrade one
chemical while utilizing another as a nutrient. This information is instrumental
in projecting new strategies for bioremediation necessary to predict and degrade
specific hazardous chemicals and their complex mixtures.
Research is being conducted to understand the genetic and biological basis
for biodegradation reactions. This understanding will lead to the rational design
and construction of new gene combinations for degradation of persistent and toxic
chemicals.
Research on enzymes is being undertaken to determine their value and
effectiveness in transforming hazardous chemicals into less toxic or innoxious
products.
ORD scientists using Oil Spills Liability Trust Fund resources are
developing protocols for spills to open waters, shorelines, marshes/wetlands, and
terrestrial environments. This research includes developing decision trees or
simplified expert systems for each of these categories to force rational
consideration of factors that are key to the success of remediation of oil
spills. Such factors may include oil composition, adverse weather conditions,
logistics, geomorphology of the impacted area, presence of natural oil degraders,
levels of particulates, and sensitive resources. Scientists are also cataloging
and indexing historical records and establishing correlations between the
conditions of the case histories and the actions taken. In the event of a new
spill, action may be possible through pattern-matching. Other benefits of this
cataloging are the documenting of methods to keep bioremediation products in
contact with the spill as long as possible.
1992 Accomplishments
Significant headway has been made in development of tools and
infrastructure necessary to launch a meaningful bioremediation research program
addressing hazardous wastes. Examples of headway included: development of
methods for examining microbial community structure and for optimizing stability
and performance of degradative activities; identification of methods and systems
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for immobilization of microorganisms for use in field and bioreactor treatment
systems; characterization of systems for inserting gene sequences to activate
expression of degradative genes under differing environmental conditions; and
identification of techniques and tools for characterization and monitoring of
anaerobic degradative microbial communities.
Trust fund accomplishments include completion of safety and efficacy
studies at Prince William Sound, and evaluation studied on dispersant
effectiveness.
HEALTH EFFECTS
1994 Program Request
No funding has been requested for Hazardous Waste Health Effects issue in
1994, because the research to evaluate the relationship between exposure to
incineration residuals containing metals and the delivered dose will be completed
in 1993 and a report issued.
1993 Program
Health Effects research to evaluate the relationship between exposure to
incineration residuals containing metals and the delivered dose is drawing to
completion.
1992 Accomplishments
Researchers published an article on the results of a workshop on Metal
Bioavialability and Deposition Kinetics.
POLLUTION PREVENTION
1994 Request
ORD scientists will develop advanced materials to reduce pollution at the
source, gather and disseminate information through the pollution prevention
information center (PPIC), and hold workshops and conferences to transfer
technical information on such things as how to reduce hazardous waste streams.
More environmentally friendly products will be developed. Cleaner production
technologies, processes, and products will also be developed and demonstrated.
1993 Program
Research continues to provide leadership in the development of
methodologies such as life cycle assessment, process simulation and design, and
measurement of pollution prevention that enable planning, implementation, and
accounting for pollution prevention. Support continues for the Pollution
Prevention Information Clearinghouse (PPIC) that gathers and shares successful
pollution prevention techniques from and with the public and private sectors,
both domestic and international. Past projects are being evaluated to help plan
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future research. Research is being initiated to evaluate pollution prevention
technologies in conjunction with other Federal agencies on Federal facilities.
Congressional Directives. A total of $700,000 is for Congressionally-
directed research at the Iowa Reduction Center. This research is focusing on
recycling and reuse technology development.
1992 Accomplishments
EPA published the Facility Pollution Prevention Guidance Manual that
assists in identifying opportunities for pollution prevention, a manual on Life
Cycle Assessment: Inventory Guidelines and Principles, and a dozen industry-
specific pollution prevention guidance manuals.
ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS
1994 Program Request
The Agency will conduct in-house research for hazardous waste on methods
needed to assess the exposure, hazard, and risk to ecological resources from
multiple threats. The framework for analysis will be natural watersheds at a
variety of geographic scales.
This research will use current achievements to develop a new holistic,
integrated program designed to utilize a new generation of computer-based
analysis and decision tools tailored to the information needs and authorities of
Federal, State, and local resource managers. Researchers will examine the
synergy between eutrophication, toxicity, and habitat loss; they will design a
new generation of ecologically-capable watershed models grounded in geographic
information systems (GIS) technology and individual-based ecological approaches
that will evaluate stressors in a whole-system perspective.
1993 Program
Ecological risk assessment methods research focuses on three main research
areas. They are: Stressor and system-specific methods, integrated
biologeographical/watershed methods, and biogeographical implementation. This
research evaluates models describing the formation of biological species of
metals, performs decision model testing, and develops predictive models for the
toxicity of chemical mixtures.
1992 Accomplishments
Terrestrial research focused on the contamination of plants with Dioxin
(2,3,7,8-TCDD). Researchers examined the effects of the leaf surface of
vegetation on Dioxin uptake rate, and studied the photodegradation of Dioxin on
the leaf surface. The Agency organized workshops and symposia to transmit EPA
computer technology to state and industrial users, and to better understand the
role, uses, and state-of-the-art in uncertainty analysis for ecological risk
assessment.
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NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
1994 Program Request
Technology Transfer activities will provide seminars on RCRA Subpart X
Alternative Technologies; seminars on GIS techniques for characterization of
groundwater contamination; a personal computer system on CERCLA/RCRA soils data
management; and guidelines for management of common hazardous wastes found in
developing countries. Workshops and software packages will be developed for
remedial action technology selection and costing procedures, and CD ROM and
accompanying user guides will be developed for subsurface characterization
techniques.
1993 Program
Information is disseminated on approaches to identify and quantify energy
and resource usage as well as waste emissions and there effects on the
environment. Information is combined from existing data bases on construction,
operation, and maintenance costs of successful remedial action technologies to
develop life-cycle design. Information is also assembled on treatment
technologies and expert system decision rules for developing "alternative
treatment train" solutions in meeting cleanup objectives.
1992 Accomplishments
Accomplishments included conducting technology transfer seminars on
operational parameters for hazardous waste combustion devices, RCRA corrective
action stabilization technologies, design/operation/closure of municipal
landfills, integrated solid waste planning, and statistical analysis of
groundwater monitoring data. Technology transfer documents were produced for
organic air emissions from waste management facilities and a groundwater
information tracking system with statistical analysis capability was completed.
ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW OF TOXIC CHEMICALS
1994 Program Request
Scientists will continue development of the "System for Predicting
Environmental Fate Constants" (SPARC) which provides a computer model to estimate
key chemical properties required to describe physical and chemical processes that
affect the transport and transformation of organic pollutants in the environment.
Predictive capability will extend to essentially any organic compound and will
be derived from its chemical structure. Conditions applied to the model (i.e.,
temperature, pressure, and acidity) will span ranges typical of environmental
application. Researchers will expand the SPARC model to include mixed solvents,
such as crude oil and PCBs.
1993 Program
Researchers are conducting experiments to further develop SPARC models and
to increase their accessibility and application through local, on line computer
systems and an international computer network, INTERNET.
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1992 Accomplishments
No resources were provided for this Issue in FY 1992
INFRASTRUCTURE
1994 Program Request
Adequately funded infrastructure is critical to ORD's success in conducting
the quality science needed to assure that the Agency's decisions are
scientifically sound. The most critical part of ORD's infrastructure is its
staff. The assumption underlying all our research activities includes a
productive workforce.
ORD has established a cohesive, cross-cutting issue for infrastructure
based upon the importance of this activity to planned and ongoing research
activities. Intramural funding for the Hazardous Waste Program Element will be
centralized within the infrastructure issue to provide improved management to
ORD's personnel compensation and benefits, and travel costs.
1993 Program
ORD's current infrastructure program provides compensation and benefits,
and travel for ORD scientists and engineers. ORD's workforce carries out
scientific programs in support of the Agency's mission.
1992 Accomplishments
ORD funded its workyears in scientific support of the Agency's mission,
providing the necessary personnel compensation and benefits, and travel for ORD
scientists and engineers.
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
1994 Program Request
As mandated by Public Law 102-564, the Small Business Innovation Research
Program (SBIR) will receive 1.50% of the Agency's extramural research
appropriation. This will support small businesses engaged in the development of
equipment for pollution abatement and control and process instrumentation. Under
this program, the Agency can take advantage of unique solutions to remediation
issues that may be offered by the private sector. Resources will be identified
in the operating plan and consolidated in the Multimedia Program Element once
enactment occurs.
1993 Program
As mandated by Public Law 102-564, the Small Business Innovation Research
Program (SBIR) will receive 1.50% of the Agency's extramural research
appropriation to support small businesses engaged in the development of equipment
for pollution abatement and control and process instrumentation. As in 1992
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these resources will eventually be consolidated in the Multimedia Program Element
before the end of fiscal year 1993.
1992 Accomplishments
Resources and accomplishments supporting this program were consolidated in
the Multimedia Program element for 1992.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Hazardous Waste
Air and Radiation
Water
HAZARDOUS WASTE
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Waste Management Regulations, Guidelines and Policies
Regulations, Guidelines and Policies
Regulations, Guidelines and Policies
Regulations, Guidelines and Policies
Regulations, Guidelines & Policies - Underground Storage Tanks
Financial Assistance
Hazardous Waste Management Financial Assistance to States . . .
Underground Storage Tanks State Grants
Hazardous Waste Management Strategies Implementation
Hazardous Waste Management Strategies Implementation
Emergency Planning/Community Right-to-know - Title III
Page
5-25
5-27
5-30
5-30
5-31
5-35
5-36
5-39
5-41
5-42
5-45
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Waste Management Regulations, Guidelines & Policies
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT REQUEST
ESTIMATE 1994
1993
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REO
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REO
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Regulations, Guidelines
& Policies-Hazardous
Waste
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Regulations, Guidelines
& Policies-Air and
Radiation
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Regulations, Guidelines
& Policies- Water
Program and Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Regulations, Guidelines
and Policies - Underground
Storage Tanks
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
$20,606.3
$42.866.6
$63,472.9
$583.8
$2,499.0
$3,082.8
$638.2
$638.2
$3,631.0
$4,525.5
$8,156.5
$23,428.0
$44,883.7
$68,311.7
$886.3
$1,673.3
$2,559.6
$543.8
$543.8
$4,110.1
$4,165.8
$8,275.9
$18,616.6
$35,545.8
$54,162.4
$565.3
$1,664.3
$2,229.6
$678.5
$4
$678.9
$3,895.3
$2,985.2
$6,880.5
$18,569.8 $18,789.3
$35,437.2 $44,642.3
$54,007.0 $63,431.6
$566.6
$1,726.9
$2.293.5
$678.5 $585.9
$5 $7.8
$679.0 $593.7
$3,887.7 $4.002.3
$2,985.0 $2,981.5
$6,872.7 $6,983.8
$219.5
$9,205.1
$9,424.6
-$566.6
-$1,726.9
-$2,293.5
-$92.6
$7.3
-$85.3
$114.6
-$3.5
$111.1
-$4,638.7
-$241.4
-$4,880.1
-$886.3
-$1,673.3
-$2,559.6
$42.1
$7.8
$49.9
-$107.8
-$1,184.3
-$1,292.1
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operat i ons
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Waste Management
Regulations,
Guidelines & Policies
$25.459.3 $28,968.2 $23,755.7 $23,702.6 $23,377.5
$49,891.1 $50,722.8 $40.195.7 $40.149.6 $47,631.6
-$325.1 -$5.590.7
$7,482.0 -$3,091.2
TOTAL $75,350.4 $79,691.0 $63,951.4 $63,852.2 $71,009.1 $7,156.9 -$8,681.9
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PERMANENT WORKYEARS
HAZARDOUS WASTE
Waste Management Regulations, Guidelines & Policies
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Regulations, Guidelines
& Policies-Hazardous
Waste
Regulations, Guidelines
& Policies-Air and
Radiation
Regulations, Guidelines
& Policies-Water
Regulations, Guidelines
and Policies - Underground
Storage Tanks
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
273.1 275.3 285.5 283.7 264.8
9.0 13.0
13.1
10.0
56.3 66.4
13.0
9.9
12.9
9.9
65.7 65.1
9.9
64.0
-18.9
-12.9
351.5 364.7 374.1 371.6 338.7
-1.1
-32.9
-10.5
-13.0
-1
-2.4
-26.0
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Regulations, Guidelines
& Policies-Hazardous
Waste
RCRA Regulatory Program
Air and Radiation
RCRA Regulatory Program
Water
Regulations, Guidelines
and Policies - Underground
Storage Tanks
TOTAL WORKYEARS
282.2 275.3 285.5 283.7 264.8
9.4
13.3
13.0
10.0
13.0
9.9
12.9
9.9
59.3 66.4 65.7 65.1
9.9
64.0
364.2 364.7 374.1 371.6 338.7
-18.9
-12.9
-1.1
-32.9
-10.5
-13.0
-1
-2.4
-26.0
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Waste Management Regulations, Guidelines, and Policies
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $71,009,100 and 338.7 total workyears for
1994, an increase of $7,156,900 and a decrease of 32.9 total workyears from 1993.
Of the request, $23,377,500 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $47,631,600 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an decrease of $325,100 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, and an increase of $7,482,000 in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
REGULATIONS. GUIDELINES. AND POLICIES HAZARDOUS WASTE
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $63,431,600 and 264.8 total workyears for
this program, of which $18,789,300 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $44,642,300 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $219,500 for the
Program and Research Operations appropriation, $9,205,100 for Abatement, Control
and Compliance, and a decrease of 18.9 total workyears from the 1993 levels. The
increase in Program and Research Operations reflects full funding of the FY94
FTE. The increase in Abatement, Control and Compliance supports Agency efforts
in non-hazardous waste recycling and market development, hazardous waste
incineration regulatory enhancements, other regulatory reform efforts, as well
as environmental restoration technology developments pursuant to the President's
technology initiative. The decrease in workyears is a result of the government-
wide reduction in workyears that is part of the President's program to reduce the
size and cost of the government and a transfer of 15 workyears to the Regions for
implementation of regulations that have been developed.
In FY 1994 the Agency will complete a 2 year initiative to address high
priority regulatory reform activities which will reduce overly burdensome
regulations. These efforts will include: promulgation of the Hazardous Waste
Identification Rule, which allows low-risk wastes to be excluded from RCRA
regulation; tailored standards which will remove unnecessary barriers in the safe
use of hazardous waste in the production of cement and other building materials;
suspension of the Toxicity Characteristic for petroleum contaminated media; and
streamlining of the post-closure permitting process. In addition, proposals will
be made for further modification of the definition of solid waste (reduced
requirements for low-risk storage and metals reclamation); and enhanced
flexibility in the permit system.
The Agency will continue work on major HSWA regulations and will fulfill
the requirements of the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) settlements, including
promulgation of the final listing of dioxin-containing wood preserving wastes;
and proposals of listing determinations for carbamates, organobromines, azo and
benzine dyes, solvents 3, and anthraquinone dyes. The Agency will also intensify
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analysis and review of standards to ensure the safety of existing waste
incinerators in light of technological innovation and more substantial data on
risks posed by incineration.
The Agency will initiate an integrated cross-program Innovative
Environmental Technology program to support the President's technology
initiative. The program's focus is to work with other Federal agencies and the
private sector to develop and implement new environmental technologies that will
lower costs, increase effectiveness, and further environmental compliance.
Potential examples include developing continuous air emission monitors for
incinerators, field evaluations of the efficacy of rapid site characterization
methods and joint projects with companies to address the high costs of
restoration and site assessment. The Agency will use intergagency agreements and
other appropriate financial mechanisms to provide funds to other federal agencies
to implement this initiative.
Pollution prevention will remain a high priority as the Agency continues
efforts to integrate waste minimization components into permitting and regulatory
development, and gather and analyze data on the success of national efforts. In
1994, efforts will be made to encourage commitments from industries in various
sectors to reduce, reuse and recycle both consumer and industrial materials. The
Agency will continue to work toward improving States' capabilities to administer
the RCRA program. Indian lands programs will receive support in the
implementation of Subtitles C and D. The Agency will provide guidance and
technical assistance to ensure adequate implementation of RCRA regulations for
the permitting of boilers and industrial furnaces, management of contaminated
soil and debris, and corrective action.
The Agency will continue efforts to address solid waste issues of national
concern by serving as a technical clearinghouse for municipal solid waste
management information, options, and guidelines. The Agency will assist States
and Indian tribes as they assume responsibility in implementing the revised
landfill criteria. Support will include technical assistance to ensure a
nationally consistent program while addressing specific regional concerns. The
Agency will assist States in developing and getting approval for solid waste
management plans.
A strong municipal solid waste technical assistance program for State and
local governments and the general public will continue, with a focus on
developing an improved infrastructure for recycling. The Agency will focus on
promoting business utilization of the increasing quantity of recyclable materials
being collected, as well as sharing waste prevention strategies that result in
real savings to businesses.
The Agency, in partnership with the states, will continue to focus on
permitting high risk facilities. Emphasis will be placed on taking action to
prevent and reduce risks at closed and closing land disposal facilities.
Emphasis in the corrective action program will continue to be on implementation
of facility stabilizations and long term remediations. To assist states in
assuming implementation of the corrective action program, resources are being
provided to facilitate development of comprehensive state groundwater protection
plans.
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The Agency will continue to fund the waste export program addressing our
responsibilities under the Basel Convention and the North American Free Trade
Agreement, and provide technical support to programs which address unique threats
to sensitive geographic areas.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $54,007,000 and 283.7 total workyears
for this program, of which $18,569,800 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $35,437,200 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
Current operations include providing direction and technical guidance for
the national hazardous waste management program. In FY 1993, the Office of Solid
Waste began a 2 year initiative to provide regulatory reform to the regulated
community. Other activities for FY 1993 include promulgation of a regulation for
containerized liquids in landfills; proposed Phase 2 land disposal restrictions
for newly identified wastes (which includes treatment standards for wastes
brought under RCRA regulation by the toxicity characteristic); revised treatment
standards for contaminated soil; streamlined mixed waste requirements; and
definitions for corrective action management units and temporary units which will
facilitate completion of corrective actions. Further activities include the
issuance of the 1993 Capacity Assurance Plan Guidance and the making of a fossil
fuel regulatory determination. In addition, EPA will produce a Report to
Congress and regulatory determination on cement kiln dust.
The Agency will continue the regulatory development processes initiated in
1992 to finalize and repromulgate hazardous waste regulations that have been
remanded in court decisions. Other significant regulatory efforts include the
Phase II Land Disposal Rule and a proposed rule on the management of munitions
and ordnance as required by the Federal Facilities Compliance Act of 1992. As
part of the Agency effort to realize sound environmental management, the Agency
will accelerate the collection and analysis of environmental data.
Congressional Directives. A total of $2,000,000 for the Congressionally
directed Erie-Lackawanna Institute grant was finalized in October, 1992.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992 the Agency obligated a total of $63,472,900 supported by 282.2
total workyears for this program, of which $20,606,300 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $42,866,600 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
Activities completed in FY 1992 include: the listing of coke and coke by-
products and chlorinated toluenes; promulgation of a rule for leak detection for
new land disposal facilities; Phase 1 land disposal restrictions for newly
identified wastes; and development of used oil management standards. Other
activities included the financial responsibility rules for third party liability,
revision to the Biennial report to enhance current data gathering efforts; a
listing determination for used oil; and location standards for hazardous waste
facilities.
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In the municipal solid waste program, activities included: promulgating
the revised criteria for municipal solid waste landfills; providing necessary
support to implement these revised criteria; providing technical assistance and
support for the implementation of Federal procurement guidelines; producing and
distributing brochures and technical guidance regarding source reduction and
recycling. In addition, the Agency provided support for regional efforts to
create market incentives for municipal solid waste recycling.
REGULATIONS. GUIDELINES. AND POLICIES Air and Radiation
1994 Program Request
The Agency is not requesting any funds in 1994 in support of this program.
Phase III work under RCRA to address residual risk for hazardous organic
constituents is expected to be completed by early 1994. Therefore, we are
phasing out resources in this program element.
1993 Program
In 1993, the Agency is allocating a total of $2,293,500 supported by 12.9
total workyears to this program, of which $566,600 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $1,726,900 is from the Abatement, Control
and compliance appropriation.
In 1993 the Agency continues to support the promulgation of regulations for
the second phase of standards for sources at hazardous waste treatment, storage,
and disposal facilities (TSDFs). Phase II includes tanks, containers, surface
impoundments, and miscellaneous units. Work includes holding workshops to
provide technical support for states and regional offices in implementing these
TSDF regulations.
1992 Program
In 1992 the agency obligated a total of $3,082,800 supported by 9.4 total
workyears to this program, of which $583,800 was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $2,499,000 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1992 work focused on promulgating the second phase of standards for the
other sources at TSDFs. Additional work on developing regulations to protect
public health for individual hazardous air pollutants form TSDFs also continued
in 1992. Resources will be provided for data collection to develop these
regulations for these toxic pollutants.
REGULATIONS. GUIDELINES. AND POLICIES WATER
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $593,700 and 9.9 total workyears for this
program, of which $585,900 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $7,800 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
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appropriation. This represents a decrease of $92/600 for the Program/ Research
and Operations appropriation and an increase of $7,800 for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance.
The Agency will complete petition reviews for the continued injection of
mining and mineral processing wastes that are losing Bevill-exempt status. In
addition, the Agency will also begin reviewing petitions for the continued
injection of future wastes that will be listed on a staggered Land Disposal
Restrictions schedule. These will be, primarily, additional wood preserving
wastes, certain inorganic wastes and other petroleum refining wastes. Before
approving any new petitions or petition modifications, EPA will ensure that any
prior releases have been dealt with according to the RCRA Section 3004(u)
corrective action plan requirements.
1993 Program
In 1993, the Agency is allocating $679,000 supported by 9.9 total workyears
for this program, of which $678,500 is from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $500 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
The Agency is focusing on new petitions for continuing the injection of
mining and mineral processing wastes which are losing Bevill-exempt status, and
those wastes classified as hazardous under the Toxic Characteristic Leaching
Procedure (TCLP). EPA is also continuing to process modifications for previously
approved petitions and defending litigation challenging prior petition decisions.
Implementation of the corrective action program continues to ensure that any
prior or current releases are being mitigated.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated $638,200 and 13.3 total workyears for this
program all of which was from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation.
Facilities disposing of untreated hazardous waste into injection wells must
demonstrate "no migration" from the injection zone for as long as the waste
remains hazardous. In 1992, the Agency completed final approval of an additional
7 no-migration petitions, submitted by deep well operators for exemptions from
Land Ban prohibitions for hazardous waste disposal, bringing the national total
of approved petitions to 43. Review continued for an additional 14 petitions.
The Agency also completed action on seven petition revisions, modifications or
reissuances and provided litigation support against one no-migration petition
approval. EPA also promulgated final rule revisions for casing log inspections
for Class I hazardous waste wells.
REGULATIONS. GUIDELINES. AND POLICIES UNDERGROUND STORAGE
TANKS (UST)
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $6,983,800 supported by 64.0 total workyears
for this program, of which $4,002,300 will be for the Program and Research
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Operations appropriation and $2,981,500 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $114,600 for the
Program and Research Operations appropriation and decrease of $3,500 to the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation and 1.1 workyears. The increase
in Program and Research Operations reflects full funding of the 1994 FTE. The
decrease in workyears is a result of the government-wide reduction in workyears
that is part of the President's program to reduce the size and costs of
government.
In 1994, EPA will focus on four priority areas of the program: state
program approval, streamlining of corrective actions, leak detection compliance
and enforcement, and preparation for the 1998 tank system upgrading deadline.
The Agency will continue to work with states to ensure progress toward
developing adequate authorities and enforcement capabilities to enable the states
to apply for state program approval. In FY 1993, substantial progress was made,
with 11 states gaining final approval, one state with tentative approval and 15
applications under review. In FY 1994, EPA will assist remaining states in
targeted efforts to overcome barriers to state program approval.
Corrective action streamlining of administrative and enforcement processes
will continue to be one of EPA's highest priorities. The Agency will work with
states to develop approaches that focus technical oversight on the highest risk
sites, yet ensure that cleanups at all sites progress toward completion. Efforts
will also focus on increasing the knowledge and use of innovative technologies
and approaches to UST cleanups.
The FY 1993 emphasis on leak detection compliance and enforcement will
continue as the final phase-in date occurs in December of 1993. Expedited
enforcement and other site inspection tools, procedures and assistance will be
offered to state UST programs. The UST program will continue to provide
technical assistance to tribal governments and tribal tank owners/operators in
the Western Regions.
Preparation for the 1998 tank system upgrading deadline will begin in FY
1994. Studies on what has been effective in states with earlier deadlines will
be conducted, and outreach materials will be developed for tank owners and
operators to encourage voluntary compliance.
1993 Program
The Agency requested a total of $6,872,700 supported by 65.1 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,887,700 was for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $2,985,000 was for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1993, EPA continues to focus on three priority areas of the program:
state program approval, streamlining of corrective actions, and leak detection
compliance and enforcement.
The Agency La implementing a national program by ensuring that states
continued to work toward meeting the conditions for state program approval. The
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number of federally-approved state programs is increasing as states complete the
legislative and regulatory changes required to meet the Federal objectives for
state program approval, and as they develop adequate enforcement authorities and
capacity. The Agency continues to assist in the development of UST programs that
are not yet candidates for approval.
EPA continues to work with states to streamline their corrective action
processes and to identify new technologies and approaches for corrective actions.
Approximately half of the states are estimated to have undergone some
streamlining efforts.
The Agency is continuing its efforts to develop improved procedures for the
leak detection compliance and enforcement component of the program. Expedited
methods of enforcement and site inspection procedures are being emphasized. The
UST program continued to provide technical program development assistance to
tribal governments and tribal tank owners/operators in the Western Regions.
1992 Program
The Agency obligated a total of $8,156,500 supported by 56.3 workyears, of
which $3,631,000 was from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and $4,525,500
was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The Agency continued to support the priority program areas: streamlining
of corrective actions, state program approval, and leak detection compliance and
enforcement.
EPA continued its corrective action work by supporting development of new
corrective action technologies and working with states and local government
agencies to streamline corrective action processes. In conjunction with this
effort, the Agency continued to work on a number of different site
investigation and field measurement techniques. For example, Lab-in-a-Bag, a
portable field screening system for volatile organic contaminants, was developed
under the Federal Technology Transfer Act. EPA focused its efforts on techniques
such as these because accurate and reliable information from field measurements
expedites decisions about the degree and extent of contamination and speeds up
the corrective action process generally.
The Agency developed management tools, e.g., the State Program Approval
Handbook to facilitate state program approval and worked with states to develop
applications as part of this overall effort. In 1992, approximately 15 states
submitted draft applications for approval. Also, an additional two state
programs were approved and this number was expected to increase. Prior to 1992,
four state applications were approved.
In the area of leak detection compliance and enforcement, Federal
assistance was provided through grants and funding for regional projects which
focused on improving enforcement methods. The Agency leveraged its limited
resources by developing and promoting improved technical methods, focusing on
improving site inspection and enforcement methods and procedures.
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The program supported states as they developed financial responsibility
(FR) requirements that met the Federal objectives. EPA assisted owners/operators
in interpreting both technical and financial responsibility regulations through
guidance documents, brochures, and other outreach activities.
\
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Financial Assistance
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1992 BUDGET 1993 ESTIMATE 1994 DECREASE DECREASE
1993 1993 1994 REQ 1994 RED
VS VS
1993 CE 1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Hazardous Waste
Management Financial
Assistance To States
Abatement Control and $90,565.0 $93,274.7 $92,950.0 $92,949.7 $92,949.7 -$325.0
Compliance
TOTAL $90,565.0 $93,274.7 $92,950.0 $92,949.7 $92,949.7 -$325.0
Underground Storage
Tanks State Grants
Abatement Control and $9,056.0 $9,000.0 $8,994.7 $8,994.7 $8,994.7 -$5.3
Compliance
TOTAL $9,056.0 $9,000.0 $8,994.7 $8,994.7 $8,994.7 -$5.3
TOTAL:
Abatement Control and $99,621.0 $102,274.7 $101,944.7 $101,944.4 $101,944.4 -$330.3
Compliance
Financial Assistance TOTAL $99,621.0 $102,274.7 $101,944.7 $101,944.4 $101,944.4 -$330.3
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Financial Assistance
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $101,944,400 for this program from the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This reflects a funding level
equal to that provided in 1993. This includes $92,949,700 for Hazardous Waste
(RCRA) state grants and $8,994,700 for Underground Storage Tank state grants.
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO STATES
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $92,949,700 for this program, all of which
will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
Funding is provided to assist the states in their continued efforts to
develop legislation and regulations to achieve consistency with the Federal
hazardous waste management program. States continue to be the primary
implementers of RCRA, and most states have received authorization for the base
program. Increasingly, states manage key hazardous waste information systems,
such as the maintenance of baseline and trend data as well as the management of
a national data base of waste generation, management and capacity information.
Resources will be provided to address environmentally significant
facilities, in line with the program's risk-based approach. Priority will remain
with the processing of post-closure permits for land disposal facilities to
ensure adequate monitoring and to address potential contamination at these
facilities. The importance of maintaining hazardous waste disposal and
incineration capacity is addressed through ongoing efforts to permit
environmentally sound facilities. The states will process modifications to
operating permits. In addition, the states will also continue to review and
approve closure plans for incinerators and storage and treatment facilities and
process appeals to permit decisions as they arise.
The States will continue to be responsible for a majority of the mandated
inspection and enforcement work. Inspections will emphasize compliance with
facility-specific permit requirements. The States, in conjunction with the
Agency, will continue to inspect all Federal treatment, storage, and disposal
facilities and will emphasize facility-specific permit requirements.
In coordination with the Agency, the States will conduct stabilization
activities at corrective action facilities where appropriate. The States will
continue to conduct oversight of long-term cleanup at facilities with the highest
environmental priority and greatest risk of non-compliance. The States will
continue to direct resources towards community relations activities to ensure
sufficient public awareness and involvement.
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The States will participate, to the extent possible, in the Agency's
enforcement targeting efforts by focusing on specific handler types and
industries, to leveraging resources to the fullest extent possible. In FY 94,
resources will continue to be targeted at generators with the greatest pollution
prevention potential as well as facilities that are in non-compliance with
corrective action orders and permit conditions. States will elevate the priority
of certain geographic areas to reflect their environmental significance and/or
derived environmental benefits. Targeted geographic areas include: the Gulf of
Mexico, Mexican Border, and the Chesapeake Bay. The States will conduct a
comprehensive inspection and enforcement program and, where necessary, ensure
that remediation activities required of handlers in the high-risk geographic
areas are carried out according to the order or permit requirements.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $92,949,700 for this program, all of
which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1993, the Agency continues to provide funding to assist the states in
their continued efforts to develop legislation and regulations necessary to
achieve equivalence with the Federal hazardous waste management program. Most
states are authorized for the base RCRA program and will continue to develop the
capability to adopt corrective action and other provisions of HSWA.
The Regions continue to work with states to address environmentally
significant facilities. Resources are provided for states to process post-
closure permits for land disposal facilities in order to ensure monitoring and
other post-closure requirements, and to address potential contamination at these
facilities. Resources are provided for the states to maintain hazardous waste
disposal and incineration capacity by permitting environmentally sound new
facilities. The states are processing modifications to operating permits, which
need revisions due to changes in facility processes, facility expansions, and the
need to incorporate corrective action provisions as warranted. Resources are
also provided to perform stepped up levels of permit reviews, modifications, and
post-closure permits at facilities in the Gulf of Mexico region. The states
continue to review and approve closure plans for incinerators and storage and
treatment facilities, and process appeals to permit decisions, as necessary.
In 1993, the states are conducting compliance monitoring inspections,
taking enforcement actions and requiring corrective action in high-risk areas of
long standing Agency concern. These areas include the Gulf of Mexico, the
Chesapeake Bay, Puget Sound and the Caribbean. The states also continue to
conduct enhanced levels of enforcement and corrective action activities at
facilities within the Great Lakes Basin. The number of enforcement/corrective
action inspections increased by 123 inspections from 1993 to 1994.
The program leverages its resources by targeting its activities. In 1993,
the Agency is emphasizing identifying and taking enforcement actions against
those facilities with the greatest potential to have concrete pollution
prevention conditions included in settlement agreements and those with the
greatest multi-media impact. The program also focuses on identifying and taking
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enforcement actions against those facilities in non-compliance with corrective
action or other permit conditions.
Many facilities have been assessed and prioritized for corrective action.
The states continue to conduct stabilization activities as well as make final
remedy selections. The states target their corrective action resources such that
those facilities that are the most environmentally significant are addressed
first.
Information management resource continues to fund national implementation
of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Information System (RCRIS), the
hazardous waste data management system that is greatly expanding the states' and
EPA's ability to input and retrieve information critical to successful program
management.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated a total of $90,565,000 for this program, all
of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The states proposed legislation and upgraded regulations to achieve
equivalence with the Federal hazardous waste management program, and applied to
EPA for authorization to administer the program.
Permitting efforts were directed toward environmentally significant storage
and treatment facilities, processing modifications to existing permits, and
incorporating pollution prevention conditions into permits where appropriate.
The states conducted approximately 95% of the compliance monitoring
inspections performed, with emphasis on conducting inspections of new RCRA
handlers and facilities entering the regulated community as a result of new rules
and listings. The new rules and listings included the organic toxicity
characteristic and wood preserving listings. In addition, the states within the
Great Lakes Basin conducted intensified levels of inspections and initiated
enforcement and corrective action as appropriate.
The Agency and the states implemented an integrated enforcement/ pollution
prevention program which includes: 1) inspections of targeted groups of
generators; 2) searches for facilities operating illegally outside the RCRA
system; and 3) incorporating pollution prevention conditions in enforcement
settlements where appropriate.
The states placed increased emphasis on completing facility assessments and
prioritizing facilities for corrective action. Long-term corrective measures
were continued at facilities where they were already imposed, but the program
focused on addressing those facilities posing the most significant threat to
human health and the environment first. Where appropriate, facility
stabilization was encouraged.
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UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS GRANTS
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $8,994,700 for this program, all of which
will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents
no change from the FY93 level.
These resources will be given to state and territorial programs to provide
a base level of funding for core program activities. These activities include
management of notification data, enforcement of leak detection and financial
responsibility requirements, and oversight of tank installations, closures and
corrective actions. States that have not yet applied for state program approval
will also use these funds to develop adequate authorities and enforcement
capabilities, and to prepare applications.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $8,994,700 for this program, all of
which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The resources are providing states with a base of funding for core program
development activities, such as state program approval. States not yet ready to
seek program approval are continuing to develop and update their legislative and
regulatory standards, including technical standards, leak detection, financial
responsibility, and corrective action requirements. Additionally, states
continue to work on achieving compliance with tank closure, installation, leak
detection, and pressurized piping requirements.
1992 Accomplishments
The Agency obligated a total of $9,056,000, all of which was from the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
States used these grant funds for core program development with a focus on
the development of an effective prevention program. Program development work
focused on notification requirements, new tank installation and operations
standards, leak detection, tank closure, and corrective action. Emphasis was
placed on developing and implementing State-specific legislation and regulations
to ensure state programs met the Federal objectives.
To supplement Federal funds, states developed independent funding sources
from tank fees, state taxes, and gasoline taxes. Other funding mechanisms were
pursued, as well. Independent funding is essential to the success of state
prevention programs as UST grant funds provide only "seed money" of about
$162,500 per state and $137,500 per territory.
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Hazardous Waste Management Strategies Implementation
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1992 BUDGET 1993 ESTIMATE 1994 DECREASE DECREASE
1993 1993 1994 REO 1994 RED
VS VS
1993 CE 1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Hazardous Waste
Management
Strategies
Implementation
Program & Research $21,684.9 $23,261.0 $24,392.0 $24,305.1 $25,321.6 $1,016.5 $2,060.6
Operations
Abatement Control and $11,603.8 $13,493.9 $10,008.6 $10,337.0 $13,592.7 $3,255.7 $98.8
Compliance
TOTAL $33.288.7 $36,754.9 $34,400.6 $34,642.1 $38,914.3 $4,272.2 $2.159.4
TOTAL:
Program & Research $21,684.9 $23,261.0 $24,392.0 $24,305.1 $25,321.6 $1,016.5 $2,060.6
Operat i ons
Abatement Control and $11,603.8 $13,493.9 $10,008.6 $10,337.0 $13,592.7 $3,255.7 $98.8
Compliance
Waste Management TOTAL $33,288.7 $36,754.9 $34,400.6 $34,642.1 $38,914.3 $4,272.2 $2,159.4
Strategies
Implementation
PERMANENT VORKYEARS
Hazardous Waste 380.7 423.1 417.3 413.1 413.7 6 -9.4
Management
Strategies
Implementation
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 380.7 423.1 417.3 413.1 413.7 6 -9.4
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Hazardous Waste 409.5 423.1 417.3 413.1 413.7 6 -9.4
Management
Strategies
Implementation
TOTAL WORKYEARS 409.5 423.1 417.3 413.1 413.7 6 -9.4
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Hazardous Waste Management Strategies Implementation
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $38,914,300 supported by 413.7 total
workyears for 1994, an increase of $4,272,200 from 1993. Of the request,
$25,321,600 will be for the Program and Research Operations appropriation and
$13,592,700 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. The
number of workyears in 1994 is maintained at current 1993 levels.
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTATION
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $38,914,300 and 413.7 total workyears for
this program, of which $25,321,600 will be for the Program and Research
appropriation and $13,592,700 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,016,500 for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, $3,255,700 for Abatement, Control and
Compliance from 1993 levels, and 0.6 total workyears. The increase in Abatement,
Control and Compliance supports Agency efforts to encourage commitments from
industry to reduce, reuse and recycle consumer and industrial materials.
Permitting activities will continue to focus on high risk facilities as the
most effective means to protect human health and the environment. Resources are
provided for the Regions to work with States to maintain hazardous waste disposal
and incineration capacity by permitting environmentally sound new facilities.
The Regions will coordinate closely with authorized States in permitting priority
storage and treatment facilities as well as land disposal facilities needing
operating or post-closure permits.
Joint Region and State program implementation will continue. Shared
implementation serves to build State capability and supports the transition to
full State authorization. In addition to continuing emphasis on reviewing and
approving closure plans for hazardous waste facilities, the Regions will process
appeals to permit decisions and will coordinate closely with the States on
complex cases and new regulatory provisions. Support will continue to be
provided to augment Superfund resources targeted for oversight and coordination
of the States' development and maintenance of Capacity Assurance Plans, as
required by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA).
Accountability issues are addressed through continued emphasis on enhanced
information systems as tools for decision-making and program monitoring.
The Regions will continue municipal solid waste (Subtitle D) activities to
address issues of increasing national concern. Resources will be provided to
support existing recycling and source reduction programs through targeted
technical assistance, the development of viable recycling market models and
enhancements to the Federal sector recycling and source reduction programs.
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Special attention will be given to developing recycling market infrastructure in
tandem with local communities and sharing source reduction strategies that result
in real cost savings to businesses.
Program activities will continue to address the need for environmentally
protective oil and gas exploration and production and mining practices by
assisting State efforts to develop environmental guidelines, (including
groundwater protection measures) for impacted regions (Alaskan North Slope,
California's Elk Hills). State capabilities will be developed through training
programs, and Regions will continue outreach and technology transfer projects in
the areas of waste minimization and management.
1993 Program
In 1993, the Agency is allocating a total of $34,642,100 and 413.1 total
workyears for this program, of which $24,305,100 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $10,337,000 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
EPA Regional offices are working with states to address facilities in a
manner consistent with the implementation of the RCRA strategic management
framework, and its emphasis on addressing facilities in priority order based on
risk ranking. They also continue processing post-closure permits (including
corrective action provisions) for high priority land disposal facilities. The
Regions are working with states to maintain hazardous waste disposal and
incineration capacity by permitting new facilities. They are processing
modifications to operating permits, which may need revisions due to changes in
facility processes, facility expansions, and the need to incorporate corrective
action provisions as warranted.
The Regions are assisting states and Indian tribes as they revise statutes
and regulations in accordance with the new national Subtitle D criteria, and are
reviewing State program revision packages. The Regions are also providing
technical and financial support to states and other eligible organizations, such
as municipalities and universities, that are interested in pursuing unique
projects that will support recycling and source reduction goals.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated a total of $33,288,700 supported by 409.5
total workyears for this program, of which $21,684,900 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $11,603,800 from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
Permitting efforts focused on ensuring adequate post-closure care of land
disposal facilities, as well as processing environmentally significant storage
and treatment facility permits. The Regions processed those portions of permits
for which states were not yet authorized, and provided technical oversight of
state work. The Regions supported the enhancement of state capability by
providing assistance with state regulatory and legislative development. This
provided a framework for ensuring national program consistency and will
ultimately allow states to run the hazardous waste program independently. The
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Regions worked with states and other organizations, through technical and
financial assistance, to implement the recommendations of the Agency's solid
waste Agenda for Action, which calls for a national program to minimize the
generation of solid waste and promote recycling where economically feasible.
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PROGRAM
HAZARDOUS WASTE
Emergency Planning/Community Right-To-Know - Title III
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Emergency Planning
Community Right To Know
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
$3,143.5 $4,874.5 $3,569.3 $3,561.1 $3,638.1
$4,089.4 $7,358.0 $6,284.6 $6,240.8 $6,261.0
TOTAL $7,232.9 $12,232.5 $9,853.9 $9,801.9 $9,899.1
$77.0 -$1,236.4
$20.2 -$1,097.0
$97.2 -$2,333.4
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Emergency Planning
Community Right To
Know
$3,143.5 $4,874.5 $3,569.3 $3,561.1 $3,638.1
$4,089.4 $7,358.0 $6,284.6 $6,240.8 $6,261.0
TOTAL $7,232.9 $12,232.5 $9,853.9 $9,801.9 $9,899.1
$77.0 -$1,236.4
$20.2 -$1,097.0
$97.2 -$2,333.4
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Emergency Planning
Community Right To Know
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Emergency Planning
Community Right To Know
TOTAL UORKYEARS
43.0
43.0
45.4
45.4
59.5
59.5
59.5
59.5
60.3
60.3
60.3
60.3
59.7
59.7
59.7
59.7
58.8
58.8
58.8
58.8
-9
-9
-9
-9
5-45
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Emergency Planning/Community Right-to-Know - Title III
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $9,899,100 supported by 58.8 total workyears
for 1994. Of the request, $3,638,100 will be for the Program Research and
Operations appropriation and $6,261,000 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This reflects an increase of $77,000 in the Program
Research and Operations appropriation, $20,200 in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation and a decrease of 0.9 workyears from 1993. The increase
in Program Research and Operations reflects full funding of the 1994 FTE. The
Abatement, Control and Compliance increase reflects increases in expenses. The
FTE reduction is due to the government-wide reduction in workyears.
EMERGENCY PLANNING/COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW - TITLE III
1994 Program Request
In 1994, the Agency will continue to develop approaches in high risk areas
for gauging the relative risk and vulnerability for chemical accidents. Using
these approaches, the program will assist states in targeting specific
industries, facilities and chemicals that pose substantial risk, particularly if
clustered geographically. In 1994, EPA will assist local governments in
developing projects to build their accident prevention, preparedness and response
capabilities with special focus on areas with high concentrations of chemical
facilities. The projects, which will result in products for dissemination to
other communities around the country, must demonstrate how implementation will
reduce or minimize the risk associated with a chemical accident. They will
address a number of chemical emergency areas: hazards analysis; emergency
response simulations, chemical accident prevention issues; innovative uses of
Title III facility/chemical data, improving information management capability of
State Emergency Response Commissions (SERCs) and Local Emergency Planning
Committees (LEPCs), developing/enhancing state and local enforcement programs,
and increasing public outreach and Community Right-to-Know (CRTK) programs.
In addition to high risk areas, the Agency will continue to support states
and local governments who have special requirements for assistance in individual
emergency planning needs. EPA will work with states to select a core program of
technical assistance activities and provide training and guidance to help SERCs
and LEPCs build and improve their emergency preparedness programs.
Title III enforcement activities will continue to support the objectives
of the program by focusing on high risk areas and on facilities that present
substantial risks. EPA will continue to emphasize integration of Emergency
Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) enforcement activities in the
Agency's multi-media enforcement efforts.
5-46
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In 1994, EPA will continue efforts begun in FY 1993 to implement the Rio
Declaration through work with international organizations. Through this effort,
the Agency will assist in strengthening the capacity of the international
community to prevent and respond to environmental disasters. Activities will
focus on reducing the risk of chemical accidents by integrating CRTK principles
into chemical management programs with Mexico and Canada, Eastern Europe and
developing countries. Technical assistance will be provided to appropriate
international organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD), United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), and the United
Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE), to produce a guidance document
for governments outlining key components of a comprehensive CRTK program.
Early in the fiscal year the chemical accidental release prevention program
will promulgate the risk management plan regulation and technical guidance that
require owners and operators of facilities to develop risk management plans
(RMPs). As a result, in FY 1994 approximately 140,000 facilities will have to
register with EPA and begin developing their RMPs. The Agency will continue to
encourage states to accept and manage the prevention program and will provide
assistance in building the state program infrastructure. Elements of a state
program must include: registration procedures for new facilities, submission of
RMPs; auditing measures; public access; and funding mechanisms. EPA will focus
on providing training and technical assistance to states in accident prevention
techniques, registration of facilities. The Agency will also review and approve
accidental release prevention programs submitted by states.
In response to recommendations issued in EPA's hydrofluoric acid study, the
Agency will begin developing industry and chemical specific technical guidance
to prevent accidents at high-risk facilities. The guidance will target
facilities considered particularly vulnerable to chemical accidents and will
assist them in developing their risk management programs.
The Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board is expected to be
operating in 1994. Once formed, the Agency will coordinate activities to ensure
effective use of information gathered by the Board, provide assistance in
conducting investigations, and respond to Board requests for information and
assistance.
Finally, continuing analysis, development and review of options for
improving government efficiency will be undertaken on issues identified by the
study on Federal authorities for hazardous material accident safety mandated by
the Clean Air Act. Efforts will be devoted to consolidating the disparate
facility contingency planning requirement and determining the potential for a
federal baseline standard. Activities will also focus on implementing a
coordination plan for government contingency planning at Federal, state and local
levels.
1993 Program
In 1993, the Agency is allocating a total of $9,801,900 supported by 59.7
total workyears, of which $3,561,100 is from the Program Research and Operations
appropriation and $6,240,800 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
5-47
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In 1993, EPA is devoting efforts to building state and local capabilities
to implement the emergency planning and community right-to-know program, with
emphasis on high risk geographic areas. With more than 3,800 Local Emergency
Planning Committees (LEPC's) in varying stages of implementation, the Agency is
focusing on high risk areas and States and communities that have special needs
for assistance. To meet these needs, the Agency is working with States to select
a core program of technical assistance activities emergency planning, hazards
analysis, simulation exercises, emergency plan review, information management and
risk communication to assist State Emergency Response Commissions (SERCs) and
(LEPCs). To support these activities, the program is updating emergency planning
guidance, reviewing and modifying training programs, developing workshops on
chemical hazard analysis and developing and supporting simulation exercises to
test emergency response plans. The Agency is also developing workshops on
information management techniques for organizing and using hazardous chemical
facility reporting information to present to State and local emergency personnel.
In addition, EPA will continue to carry out its emergency planning initiative,
which provides funding to States to develop emergency planning and community
right-to-know projects.
Utilizing EPCRA/CERCLA Section 103 enforcement authorities, the Agency is
emphasizing enforcement actions against facilities and industries which pose
significant risks to the environment. Data bases providing information on
chemical use by industries continue to be up-graded for use by enforcement
personnel in targeting potential high risk violators.
EPA continues to evaluate chemicals against the criteria of the extremely
hazardous substances list and continues work on proposed rule on flammable and
explosives in 1993. The program continues to work on possible additions to the
EHS list based upon the physical hazards posed by a chemical (e.g. reactives) and
on long-term health effects from a short-term exposure.
In 1993, the Agency is taking initial steps to implement activities under
Rio Agenda 21 to develop policies, guidance, training and assistance to
developing countries. The work builds upon such efforts as the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Guiding Principles on Chemical
Accident Prevention, Preparedness, and Response and UNEP's Awareness and
Preparedness for Emergencies at the Local Level (APELL). In addition, under
NAFTA "parallel track" activities, the Agency is broadening its efforts in the
area of chemical emergency preparedness, prevention and response from along the
U.S./Mexico border to the interior of Mexico. Activities also include
strengthening international emergency response capabilities, by working with such
newly established organizations as UN's Center for Urgent Environmental
Assistance.
EPA continues to develop the Clean Air Act (CAA) Accidental Release
Prevention program. In 1993, the list of regulated substances and the risk
management program rules will be finalized. Technical guidance to assist
regulated facilities in establishing their risk management program and model risk
management plans to assist certain industries will be developed. The program
will also evaluate the need for additional technical standards and guidance for
the prevention, detection, and response to accidental release of regulated
substances. EPA will complete and make recommendations on the reduction of
5-48
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hazards and risks associated with hydrofluoric acid and begin a study of the
risks posed from the accidental release of hydrogen sulfide. The Agency is
providing guidance and assistance to the States and encouraging State
administration of the prevention program by preparing States and LEPCs to
receive, review and use facility risk management plans. The program is in the
process of developing specific training courses to assist SERCs, LEPCs, small
businesses, and State air programs in understanding and using the information in
a risk management plan. The Agency is also assisting States in the regulatory
development of State programs to encourage their acceptance and implementation
of the accidental release prevention program.
The Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board is expected to be
established in 1993. In anticipation of this, and as indicated by the CAA
Amendments, EPA is providing assistance in organizing and developing procedures
and processes for Board start-up. Once established, the Agency will provide
support by conducting investigations and providing analyses and response to Board
recommendations to improve chemical safety.
EPA is also completing a study mandated by the Clean Air Act Amendments,
to review Federal authorities governing hazardous materials accident safety.
The four primary issues under study include: multiple and overlapping facility
contingency planning requirements; the need for coordination of Federal, State
and local contingency plans; multiple hazard classification systems and the need
for international coordination; and the need for coordination and streamlining
of multiple agencies' accident databases.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated $7,232,900 supported by 45.4 total workyears,
of which $3,143,500 is from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and
$4,089,400 is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1992, EPA implemented the emergency planning initiative it began in
1990, which provides direct funding to States and Indian Tribes to develop
emergency planning and community right-to-know projects. Utilizing chemical risk
as a criterion, the Agency awarded a total of sixteen projects to States and
Tribes. Project areas funded included improving preparedness planning in high
risk areas, hazards analysis, information management, outreach and enforcement.
While the projects funded by these grants are for the benefit of the grant
recipient, results of the projects will be shared with other States and LEPCs to
assist them in implementing Title III.
The Agency also developed two new publications to assist State, local and
Tribal officials in carrying out their emergency preparedness programs. One was
designed for Indian Tribes to assist them in understanding their responsibilities
under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know program. The other,
developed as a result of Title III focus group sessions, categorizes existing
emergency preparedness publications to assist SERCs and LEPCs in implementing
specific components of Title III. In the area of information management, EPA
continued its research and development of the Computer Aided Management of
Emergency Operations (CAMEO) system. CAMEO is a management tool used by
emergency response personnel to obtain descriptions of the characteristics of
5-49
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chemical releases based on the constituents of the release and to assist in the
integration of information they receive from Title III reporting facilities. In
addition, EPA in cooperation with NOAA, released an updated and improved version
of CAMEO late in the year.
EPA continued aggressive enforcement under EPCRA/CERCLA Section 103. The
Regions issued 49 Administrative complaints with proposed penalties in excess of
$3 million. In addition, the Regions successfully completed 32 administrative
actions with final penalties of more than $500,000.
In 1992 the Agency also initiated development of two major regulations
required under the Clean Air Act accidental release prevention provisions. One
establishes a list (with associated thresholds) of at least 100 substances that
could cause death, injury or other serious adverse effects to human health or the
environment. This rule was proposed in January 1993. The other rule requires
owners and operators sources who have a regulated substance at or above the
threshold to develop a risk management program and submit a risk management plan
for the prevention of accidental releases. It is anticipated that this rule will
be proposed in 1993. As required by the Clean Air Act, the Agency also began
developing technical and programmatic guidance. The programmatic guidance will
assist States in developing, implementing and enforcing an accidental release
prevention (ARP) program. Technical guidance focuses on providing information
to the regulated community on how to comply with the ARP program requirements.
In addition, two studies mandated by the Clean Air Act were also undertaken
in 1992. The first addresses the growing concern over hazards associated with
hydrofluoric acid. It includes information on the chemical's properties,
manufacturing processes, industrial uses, transportation and accidental releases.
The final report and recommendations will be completed in FY 93. The second
study reviews federal authorities governing hazardous materials safety
responsibilities. It focuses on issues that impact government efficiency and
effectiveness in administering safety responsibilities. It is also scheduled to
be completed in FY 93.
5-50
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
of Contents
Page
HAZARDOUS WASTE
ENFORCEMENT
Hazardous Waste Enforcement ................... 5-51
Hazardous Waste Enforcement .................. 5-52
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE
Hazardous Waste Enforcement
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1992 BUDGET 1993 ESTIMATE 1994 DECREASE DECREASE
1993 1993 1994 REO 1994 RED
VS VS
1993 CE 1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Hazardous Waste
Enforcement
Program & Research $29,755.8 $33,871.3 $32,497.9 $32,381.6 $33,943.2 $1,561.6 $71.9
Operations
Abatement Control and $31,701.7 $37,453.6 $26,219.7 $28,763.5 $31,012.4 $2,248.9 -$6,441.2
Compliance
TOTAL $61,457.5 $71,324.9 $58.717.6 $61.145.1 $64,955.6 $3,810.5 -$6,369.3
TOTAL:
Program & Research $29,755.8 $33,871.3 $32,497.9 $32,381.6 $33,943.2 $1,561.6 $71.9
Operations
Abatement Control and $31,701.7 $37,453.6 $26,219.7 $28,763.5 $31,012.4 $2,248.9 -$6,441.2
Compliance
Hazardous Waste TOTAL $61,457.5 $71,324.9 $58,717.6 $61,145.1 $64,955.6 $3,810.5 -$6,369.3
Enforcement
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Hazardous Waste 523.4 604.0 592.4 586.5 585.4 -1.1 -18.6
Enforcement
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 523.4 604.0 592.4 586.5 585.4 -1.1 -18.6
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Hazardous Waste 547.2 604.0 592.4 586.5 585.4 -1.1 -18.6
Enforcement
TOTAL WORKYEARS 547.2 604.0 592.4 586.5 585.4 -1.1 -18.6
5-51
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Hazardous Waste Enforcement
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $64,955,600 supported by 585.4 total
workyears of which $33,943,200 is for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $31,012,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,561,600 for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $2,248,900 for the Abatement/ Control and
Compliance appropriation.
HAZARDOUS WASTE ENFORCEMENT
_19_94_ Pjroqram Request
The Agency requests a total of $64,955,600 supported by 585.4 total
workyears of which $33,943,200 is for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and $31,012,400 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $1,561,600 for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $2,248,900 for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. In response to the federal workforce reduction plan
workyears have been reduced from the FY93 levels by 1.1 FTE. The increase in the
Program and Research Operations appropriation reflects full funding of the 1994
FTE. The increase in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation
supports increased corrective action activity. The decrease in workyears is a.
result of the government-wide reduction in workyears that is part of the
President's program to reduce the size and cost of government.
Compliance monitoring and enforcement actions will continue against those
handlers and non-notifiers presenting the greatest threat to human health and the
environment. The Agency will strive to ensure that releases from environmentally
significant facilities are detected and addressed while those in significant non-
compliance will be addressed by administrative and judicial enforcement actions.
Federal, State, and local facilities that store, treat, and/or dispose of
hazardous waste will continue to be inspected either by authorized States or the
Agency as required by HSWA and the Federal Facilities Compliance Act.
Inspections of commercial land disposal and treatment facilities continue to be
conducted twice per year to ensure compliance with the Super fund Off-Site Policy.
In unauthorized States the Agency will bring enforcement actions for violations
of HSWA provisions.
Federal compliance monitoring and enforcement will be used to enhance and
complement State efforts as the States continue to assume the responsibility for
the bulk of the mandated inspection and enforcement work. Oversight inspections
will be conducted as appropriate and assistance will be given to improve State
program capacity.
Promotion of effective working relationships with facility owners/operators
5-52
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will continue in order to determine the nature and extent of contamination and
to develop corrective action alternatives that are protective of human health and
the environment while minimizing the financial responsibility of the Federal
government for remediation. Resources will continue to be directed to community
relations activities to ensure sufficient public awareness and involvement in
this process. Additional resources are directed towards corrective action
activities in FY94.
The Agency will continue to provide the States the needed technical
enforcement assistance and training they require. The Agency will also support
the States in their increased corrective action oversight responsibilities. In
concert with the States, the Agency will conduct inspections at newly regulated
handlers and non-notifiers as appropriate. The program will continue to support
on-going remedy selection and clean-up for high priority facilities.
Implementation and enforcement of Subtitle D regulations on Indian Lands will
continue. Inspections will emphasize compliance with facility-specific permit
requirements at any permitted facilities.
Monitoring of State progress will continue through program evaluation. The
Agency will continue to support the States as they strive towards achieving full
Hazardous and Solid Waste Act (HSWA) authorization.
The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 mandate that EPA monitor
the activities of importers/exporters of hazardous waste. The level of activity
has grown as the amount of waste being exported and imported continues to
increase as a result of new international agreements such as the NAFTA, OECD, and
Basel agreements. Enforcement activities will be further reinforced through
training efforts with U.S. and Mexican Customs, US Coast Guard, Department of
Transportation and EPA Regional Offices. In implementing the NAFTA agreement,
resources will be directed towards transfer of technology and information in
cooperation with the Mexican government.
The program will continue to implement an .integrated RCRA enforcement
Pollution Prevention Strategy which includes the development of a RCRA-specific
policy on incorporating pollution prevention provisions in enforcement
settlements, while supporting the Office of Enforcement's broader efforts in
promoting Pollution Prevention conditions in enforcement agreements. In FY 94
resources will continue to focus on generators with the greatest pollution
prevention potential as well as towards facilities that are in non-compliance
with corrective action orders and permit conditions. Pollution prevention
conditions will be integrated into enforcement settlements and agreements.
An on-going training program, designed to enhance Regional senior and
middle management staff contract management capabilities, will be implemented.
Contracts management support will be increased to ensure strict compliance with
contracting regulations.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $61,145,100 supported by 586.5 total
workyears of which $32,381,600 is for the Program and Research Operations
5-53
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appropriation and $28,763,500 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1993, the program is placing increased emphasis on conducting compliance
monitoring, taking enforcement actions, and requiring corrective action in high-
risk areas of long standing Agency concern. These areas include the Gulf of
Mexico, the Chesapeake Bay, Puget Sound, and the Caribbean. The Agency will also
continue to conduct enforcement and corrective action at facilities within the
Great Lakes Basin.
The program continues to leverage its resources by targeting its compliance
monitoring and enforcement activities. In 1993, the program is focusing on
identifying and taking enforcement actions against facilities in non-compliance
with corrective action orders, permit conditions or closure requirements. The
Agency is also focusing on identifying and taking enforcement action against
those facilities with the greatest potential to have concrete pollution
prevention conditions included in settlement agreements and against those with
the greatest multi-media impact. The Agency is beginning development of guidance
to assist in the identification of facilities prior to a release so that
appropriate action can be taken to avoid or minimize accidental releases. In
FY93 resources are also directed towards the implementation of the Federal
Facilities Compliance Act.
Assessment and prioritization of facilities not characterized in FY92 for
corrective action continues in 1993. The Agency continues to emphasize site
stabilization activities and final remedy selections and implementation. In
keeping with Agency policy, corrective action resources are focusing first on
addressing facilities that are most environmentally significant.
In 1993, the Agency is, in coordination with Mexican officials, finalizing
and implementing the Integrated Border Plan as well as increasing levels of
training, including development of a training video for U.S. and Mexican Customs
officials. The development of an import/export database for tracking waste
movement across the border will continue. In addition the program in planning
for the implementation of OECD and Basel agreements. The program is continuing
to track and monitor the activities of the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact
Commission (IOGC).
The Agency continues its training program for inspectors and enforcement
officials, emphasizing Boilers and Industrial Furnaces (BIFs), groundwater
monitoring, and civil penalty policy as well as offering advanced inspectors
training.
Congressional Directives; A total of $1,000,000 is for the Congressionally
directed study of the Fresh Kills Landfill .
1992 Program Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency was obligated a total of $61,457,500 supported by 547.2
total workyears, of which $29,755,800 was from the Salaries and Expenses
5-54
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appropriation and $31,701,700 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
The Agency completed the bulk of the facility assessments and implemented
the national corrective action prioritization criteria to ensure that facilities
posing the greatest risks to the environment and human health are addressed
first. The Agency also implemented its corrective action stabilization strategy
to ensure that facilities are addressed in a timely manner. Long-term corrective
measures continued at facilities where they have already been imposed, but the
Agency's focus shifted to ensure that facilities posing the most significant
threat are addressed first.
The Agency inspected new RCRA handlers resulting from new waste listings
and rules to ensure that a. strong message was sent to potential violators that
the new regulations were being vigorously enforced. The new rules and listings
include the organic toxicity characteristic and hazardous waste fuel rules, as
well as the mixed waste and wood preserving listings.
The Agency implemented an integrated RCRA enforcement pollution prevention
program which included conducting targeted inspections of generators and
initiating searches for facilities operating illegally outside the RCRA system.
Where possible, enforcement settlements resulting from violations discovered
during generator and non-notifier inspections (or any other enforcement actions)
integrated pollution prevention conditions.
The program, in coordination with the Office of Water and the Office of
Enforcement, conducted intensified levels of inspections and initiated
appropriate administrative and judicial enforcement at facilities within the
Great Lakes Basin. Corrective action, either through enforcement or permits, was
imposed at the most environmentally significant facilities.
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Inspector Training
Institute continued to provide training to ensure a consistent inspection
program. New training modules included topics such as the air emissions rule and
incinerator regulations. The first training program utilizing a new interactive
video was conducted on "Land Disposal Restrictions."
5-55
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5-56
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
PESTICIDES 6-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Pesticides Research 6-13
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Registration, Special Registration and Tolerances 6-27
Registration, Special Registration and Tolerances 6-28
Generic Chemical Review 6-31
Generic Chemical Review 6-32
Pesticides Program Implementation 6-35
Pesticides Program Implementation 6-36
Pesticides Program Implementation Grants 6-38
ENFORCEMENT
Pesticides Enforcement 6-41
Pesticides Enforcement 6-42
Pesticides Enforcement Grants 6-44
-------
APPROPRIATION
PESTICIDES
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REO
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
TOTAL, Pesticides
$50,737.0 $58,508.5 $54,754.9 $54,669.2 $54,962.2 $293.0 -$3,546.3
$63,963.2 $61,744.2 $56,559.5 $56,515.6 $61,482.2 $4,966.6 -$262.0
$7,539.9 $8,581.7 $8,011.6 $8,011.6 $7,971.1 -$40.5 -$610.6
$122,240.1 $128,834.4 $119.326.0 $119.196.4 $124,415.5 $5,219.1 -$4,418.9
FIFRA Revolving Fund
$18,244.5
$13,748.0
-$13,748.0
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
OUTLAYS
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS
1,071.0
1,104.1
1,129.6
1,129.6
1,111.9
1,111.9
1,098.1
1,098.1
1,072.9
1,072.9
-25.2
-25.2
-56.7
-56.7
$113,398.5 $126,846.2 $119,776.2 $119,989.2 $125,476.7 $5,487.5 -$1,369.5
Authorization for the Federal Insecticide. Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) expired on
September 30, 1991. Reauthorization is pending.
6-1
-------
PESTICIDES
DIFFERENCE
PRES.
BUDGET ENACTED
1993 1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
ENACTED VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
ENACTED
APPROPRIATION
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
TOTAL, Pesticides
$58,508.5 $54,754.9 $54.669.2 -$3,753.6 -$3,839.3 -$85.7
$61,744.2 $56,559.5 $56,515.6 -$5,184.7 -$5,228.6 -$43.9
$8,581.7 $8,011.6 $8,011.6 -$570.1 -$570.1
$128,834.4 $119,326.0 $119,196.4 -$9,508.4 -$9,638.0 -$129.6
FIFRA Revolving Fund
$13,748.0
$13,748.0 $13,748.0
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
1,129.6
1,129.6
1,111.9
1,111.9
1,098.1
1,098.1
-17.7
-17.7
-31.5
-31.5
-13.8
-13.8
The following points list the major reasons that the dollars devoted to this media have changed from
submission of the President's FY 1993 Budget Request to the FY 1993 Current Estimates.
PROGRAM AND RESEARCH OPERATIONS
o The FY 1993 Current Estimate reflects increased workforce costs.
ABATEMENT. CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE
o
The FY 1993 Current Estimate reflects Congressionally directed reductions to this account.
as well as Agency investments in Safer Pesticides and NAFTA activities.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
o
Congressionally directed add-ons for neurotoxicology research for
biotechnology/bioremediation research.
Congressionally directed general reductions to the Research and Development appropriation.
6-2
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MEDIA BRIDGE TABLES
MEDIA: PESTICIDES
NPM : OFFICE OF PREVENTION, PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES
FY 1993 CURRENT ESTIMATE
Changes by Category:
Workforce Costs (+/-)
Legislative Initiatives (+/-)
Program Initiatives (+/-)
Discontinuation of Specific
Increases to FY 1993 Request (-)
Others (+/-)
FY 1994 PRESIDENT'S BUDGET
PRO
$54,669.2
+$293.1
$0.0
$0.0
AC&C
$56,515.6
$0.0
$0.0
+$5000.0
PESTICIDES
R&D Total
$8,011.6 $119,196.4
-$40.5
$0.0
+$1,000.0
+$252.6
$0.0
+$6000.0
$0.0
$0.0
$54,962.2
$0.0
-$33.4
$61,482.2
-$650.0
-$350.0
$7,971.1
-$650.0
-$383.4
$124,415.5
6-3
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PESTICIDES
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
Pesticides can be both beneficial and hazardous substances. Almost
everyone uses or is exposed to the use of pesticide products. Pesticides are
also major contributors to groundwater pollution and agricultural runoff to
surface water. At the same time, pesticide products provide benefits to society,
contributing to agricultural productivity and controlling human diseases.
EPA's authority to regulate pesticides is set forth in two statutes. The
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) governs the licensing
or registration of pesticide products. Sections 408 and 409 of the Federal Food,
Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) regulate the level of pesticide residues in raw and
processed agricultural commodities.
FIFRA. Under FIFRA, all pesticides must be registered with EPA before they
may be sold or distributed in the United States. EPA operates under an overall
risk/benefit standard for pesticide registration. Pesticides must perform their
intended function when used according to label directions, without posing
unreasonable risks of adverse effects on human health or the environment. In
making pesticide registration decisions, EPA is required to take into account the
economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits of pesticide use. This
is a task of enormous scope and complexity. OPP regulates over 1,000 active
ingredients, included in approximately 25,000 registered products, which account
for about two billion pounds of pesticide active ingredient use each year.
Amendments to FIFRA in 1988 substantially strengthened EPA's pesticide
regulatory authority, principally in the following areas:
o The 1988 amendments accelerate the reregistration process for scientific
review and assessment of previously registered pesticides by requiring
completion of this task within nine years.
o EPA is required to give accelerated review to applications for initial or
amended registration of products which are similar to pesticides already
registered with EPA.
o The 1988 law also authorizes the collection of fees which provide both
staff and contract resources to support reregistration activities.
o EPA's responsibilities and funding requirements were also substantially
changed for the storage and disposal of pesticides whose registrations
have been suspended and canceled. The law also places limitations on the
availability of funding to indemnify certain owners of suspended and
canceled pesticides.
FFDCA. Under the FFDCA, EPA sets tolerances, or maximum legal limits, for
pesticide residues on food commodities marketed in the U.S. Before a pesticide
can be registered under FIFRA for use on a food or feed crop, EPA must either
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establish a tolerance or, if appropriate, grant an exemption from the tolerance
requirement.
The Agency's 1994 budget for the pesticide program includes the following
elements: (1) Registration, Special Registration and Tolerances, including
registration of new products and control of pesticide residues in the food chain,
(2) Generic Chemical Review, including review and reregistration of existing
products, (3) Pesticide Program Implementation, including encouragement of
correct uses of pesticides, (4) Pesticides Enforcement, including the enforcement
of pesticide regulations, (5) Research and Development to support and improve
EPA's ability to evaluate the risks and benefits of pesticides, and (6)
consulting services.
The overall strategy for 1994 emphasizes: (1) the pesticide reregistration
program under FIFRA '88; (2) improving dietary risk evaluation methods and
updating the Dietary Risk Evaluation System (DRES); (3) implementing the
antimicrobial strategy and improving the procedures used to document product
effectiveness; (4) provision of critical assistance to the states for the
certification and training of pesticide applicators; and (5) enhancing
enforcement activities to respond to material weaknesses in the laboratory data
integrity program.
Registration. Special Registration and Tolerances
FIFRA and FFDCA authorize EPA to set the terms and conditions of pesticide
registration, marketing, and use. Under the registration program, new pesticide
products are registered on the basis of data reviewed by Agency scientists, and
current registrations are amended to add new uses and/or new formulations.
Manufacturers are required to conduct a full range of health and environmental
testing before marketing their new products. This testing uses sophisticated
methodology and techniques, enabling the Agency to more accurately determine the
potential for groundwater contamination, residues on food or feed, worker and
applicator exposure, environmental risks, and chronic and acute health hazards.
The registration program also includes special registration and tolerance-
setting activities. The special registration program continues to perform an
auxiliary function by permitting certain uses of unregistered pesticides for
experimental purposes and emergency pest situations. It also provides oversight
and guidance to state registration and experimental use permit functions. The
tolerance program establishes safe and enforceable maximum permissible residue
levels (or, in some instances, exemptions from tolerance requirements) for both
active and inert pesticide ingredients in or on raw agricultural commodities and
processed foods.
The 1994 budget request emphasizes (1) supplemental pesticides
reregistration activities, and (2) continued implementation of the antimicrobial
strategy to ensure the efficacy of registered disinfectants.
Generic Chemical Review (including Rereoistration)
The registrations of the majority of existing pesticide chemicals are
supported by data bases which the Agency has found insufficient by today's
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scientific standards to support the required determination of "no unreasonable
adverse effects." The Generic Chemical Review program is designed to remedy this
problem by requiring the upgrading of the scientific data base supporting
registrations, reviewing available data about each chemical, and formulating
scientifically based regulatory positions to guide the modification,
cancellation, or reregistration of existing products and the registration of new
products. The 1988 FIFRA amendments contain provisions for a greatly accelerated
five-phase reregistration program, expedited processing of certain types of
registration applications, a new system for collecting and administering fees,
and significant revisions to the indemnification and disposal program for
pesticides suspended and cancelled after enactment of the 1988 amendments. The
fees mandated by these amendments are to be used to supplement appropriated funds
to carry out reregistration and expedited processing.
The Generic Chemical Review program contributes to the safety of the food
supply through the reregistration program and special reviews, in which
pesticides suspected of causing unreasonable adverse effects undergo intensive
risk/benefit analysis. This may result in changes to the terms and conditions
of their use. The Generic Chemical Review program also includes the disposal
program. Funds are requested to ensure the continued safe storage of national
2,4,5-T/Silvex stocks in 1994. No funds are requested at this time for disposal
of the remaining stocks, as for disposal is not likely to begin in 1994, given
that characterization of 2,4,5-T/Silvex stocks stored at the Texas Environmental
Services (TES) facility must be completed, exploration of a disposal method must
yield an acceptable disposal option, and a permitted facility must be found to
dispose of the material.
Characterization of the stocks stored at TES is necessary due to the
different composition of these stocks as compared to those previously stored at
Dyers Warehouse.
The resource request in 1994 increases funding for activities in the
reregistration program and also provides for improvements in the Dietary Risk
Evaluation System (ORES). DRES is an important database that is used to evaluate
pesticide risks based on dietary variation and will be particularly important in
assessing risks to children.
Pesticides Program Implementation
In 1994 the Agency will continue to emphasize the field implementation of
activities related to protection of groundwater, endangered species, and workers
exposed to pesticides. With the publication of the Worker Protection Rule in
1992, the upgrade of certification and training regulations, and the publication
of the Groundwater Strategy in 1991, Regional and state implementation of the
pesticides programs has risen dramatically. The scope of the risks from
pesticides in the field is substantial. About 150 pesticides are potential
leachers, and 46 have been found in groundwater. There are 10.5 million private
wells and 94,600 community wells in the United States and 130 million people are.
dependent on groundwater for their water supply. Approximately 2.3 million
workers, on the approximately 1 million agricultural establishments in this
country, are exposed to pesticides during application. Resources provided in
1992 and 1993 have enabled the Regions and states to begin addressing these
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problems. In so doing, the Agency is moving away from the traditional
Headquarters command and control approach to a much more geographically targeted
and sophisticated approach in which risk management decisions are made closer, to
the source.
Under this program, EPA is continuing to promote the correct uses of
pesticides. To achieve this goal, EPA has cooperative agreements with State Lead
Agencies to certify applicators to use Restricted Use Pesticides. EPA provides
grants to the states to support this activity. Certification grants help support
54 applicator certification programs in participating states and territories and
Federally administered programs in Colorado and Nebraska. The 1994 budget
request includes provision of funds to provide critical support to the states for
the certification and training program.
EPA also has an interagency agreement with the U.S. Department of
Agriculture to provide training to pesticide applicators by working through State
Cooperative Extension Services. Regional offices also provide technical
assistance to states on pesticide issues.
Pesticides Enforcement
The enforcement provisions of FIFRA are carried out primarily through the
cooperative efforts of the states and territories and Indian Nations, under a
program of cooperative enforcement agreements established with EPA.
Participating states and territories conduct use inspections, inspect
pesticide-producing establishments, maintain marketplace surveillance, and
inspect dealers and users of restricted-use pesticides. In most instances in
which violations are detected, the states and territories develop and prosecute
enforcement cases as appropriate. In a limited numbers of cases, states and
territories may refer cases to EPA for action. The Agency encourages the states
and territories to design and operate their enforcement programs so as to place
greatest emphasis upon compliance with the use provisions of FIFRA, thereby
producing the greatest environmental benefit. The Agency will continue to
support and manage these cooperative efforts in 1994.
The Agency conducts Federal pesticides compliance monitoring programs in
cases in which states or territories are unable or unwilling to support
comprehensive compliance monitoring programs of their own. Federal programs in
such instances include use investigations, import and export surveillance, and
the preparation and prosecution of enforcement cases. Other activities that are
exclusively the responsibility of the Agency include providing technical and
compliance assistance to the states, the regulated community and the public, and
operating an automated data system which maintains information on compliance
inspections, enforcement actions, and pesticide production. Headquarters also
directs the OPPTS laboratory data integrity program, under which private testing
laboratories are inspected to determine compliance with Good Laboratory Practices
(GLP) regulations, audits are conducted, in-process studies are reviewed and the
scientific accuracy of completed test studies is verified.
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Research and Development
The Office of Research and Development (QRD) will continue to support the
Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances (OPPTS) by performing
research in a number of environmental areas related to pesticides. Scientists
will focus on nonpoint sources of pollution to field test and validate models
developed for predicting the leaching and runoff of pesticides and nutrients,
mostly nitrates, applied over relatively large geographical areas. Ecological
risk assessment methods will enhance site-specific or geographic-specific
evaluations of pollutants to enhance human health status and to protect the
environment. Research will provide knowledge on the potential risks posed by the
release of biotechnology products into the environment. This complete the yearly
maintenance and update of the pesticide treatability database. Human exposure
investigation will develop methods to measure the exposures of human populations
to environmental chemicals from all sources and routes of exposure. Research in
health effects will emphasize the development of animal toxicologic and human
clinical data and models; efforts will focus on environmental epidemiology,
including the development and assessment of biomarkers. New and expanded
research begun in FY 1993 will continue in neurotoxicology on the identification
of susceptible populations, neurodegenerative diseases, and in-vitro
neurotoxicology. Scientists will develop methods to predict environmental and
human health impacts related to research on the environmental review of toxic
chemicals. Researchers will conduct studies on alternative reproductive and in-
vitro neurotoxicity test methods; ecology research will emphasize advanced
structure activity relationship (SAR) techniques, and physical and chemical
identification data for transportation and fate analysis.
Consulting Services
Consulting services are utilized by the Agency to support the Scientific
Advisory Panel which, in accordance with section 25(d) of FIFRA, provides
comments, evaluations and recommendations on actions and regulations proposed by
the Agency. By using these services, the Agency can ensure that its regulatory
program continues to be based on sound science.
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PESTICIDES
ACTUAL
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES 1992
Special Review
Decisions 10
New Chemical and
Biochemical Microbial
Agent Reviews 374
Old Chemical Reviews... 2,400
Amended Registration
Reviews 7,291
New Use Reviews 288
Emergency Exemption
Reviews 334
Experimental Use
Permit Reviews 321
24(c) State
Registration Reviews.. 514
Temporary Tolerance
Petition Reviews 57
Tolerance Petition
Reviews 411
Inert Ingredient
Reviews 10
Reregistration Eligibility
Document 15
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
ESTIMATE
1994
INCREASE (+)
DECREASE (-)
1994 vs 1993
228
2,032
6,379
280
364
305
430
57
413
10
20
228
2,032
6,379
280
364
305
430
57
413
10
38
+18
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PESTICIDES
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES
ACTUAL
1992
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
ESTIMATE
1994
INCREASE (+)
DECREASE(-)
1994 vs 1993
Incremental Outputs
Producer Establishment
Use/Reentry and Experimental
Marketplace
Import Inspections a/ .......
State Applicator License
and Record Inspections. ....
State Dealer
Record Inspections. ........
Federal Laboratory
Inspections. ...............
Test Studv Audits
25,800
13,700
511
19,500
7,800
67
315
25,800
13,700
500
19,500
7,800
64
306
25,800
13,700
500
19,500
7,800
64
306
* 1992 Actuals include state-funded inspections.
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
PESTICIDES
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Pesticides Research 6-13
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PROGRAM
PESTICIDES
Pesticides Research
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 RED
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$6,130.2 $7,183.8 $7,014.1 $7,014.1 $6,209.7 -$804.4
Pesticides Research
Program & Research
Operations
Research & Development $7,539.9 $8,581.7 $8,011.6 $8,011.6 $7,971.1
TOTAL $13,670.1 $15,765.5 $15,025.7 $15,025.7 $14,180.8
-$974.1
-$40.5 -$610.6
-$844.9 -$1,584.7
TOTAL:
Program & Research $6,130.2 $7,183.8 $7,014.1 $7,014.1 $6,209.7
Operations
Research & Development $7.539.9 $8,581.7 $8.011.6 $8,011.6 $7,971.1
Pesticides Research TOTAL $13,670.1 $15,765.5 $15,025.7 $15,025.7 $14,180.8
-$804.4 -$974.1
-$40.5 -$610.6
-$844.9 -$1,584.7
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Pesticides Research
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
99.3
99.3
110.9
110.9
108.1
108.1
107.6
107.6
89.0
89.0
-18.6
-18.6
-21.9
-21.9
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Pesticides Research
TOTAL WORKYEARS
105.5
105.5
110.9
110.9
108.1
108.1
107.6
107.6
89.0
89.0
-18.6
-18.6
-21.9
-21.9
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PESTICIDES
Pesticides Research
Principal Outputs
1994;o Reproductive and Chronic Exposure Tests of the Effects of Microbial
Pest Control Agents (NPCAs) on Avian Species.
o Interim Protocol: Measuring the Effects of Transgenic Bt Toxin on
Beneficial Invertebrates.
o Manual Methods for Quantifying Dislodgeable Surface Pesticide
Residues.
o Preliminary Report on Microlevel Human Activity Patterns for Use in
Exposure and Risk Assessment.
o Report on Cholinesterase Inhibition as a Valid Indicator or Exposure.
o Develop a Quantitative Weight-of-Evidence Scheme for General Toxicity
Using Data on Effects Other Than Cancer.
o Study on the Influence of Age as a Risk Factor in Neurotoxicity Risk
Assessment.
1993;o Report on Ecological Risk Assessment of Watersheds and River Basins:
Management Needs and Research Opportunities Workshop Report.
o Field Evaluation of LERAM: The Littoral Ecosystem Risk Assessment
Model.
o Relationships Between Pesticide Effects on Birds in the Field and
Laboratory Toxicity.
o Report on the Fate and Survival of Bacterial Microbial Pest Control
Agents (MPCAs) in Aquatic Environments.
o Report on Geographic Methods to Assess Ground Water Vulnerability to
Pesticides.
o Report on a Comparison of Methods for Quantifying Dislodgeable Surface
Residues.
o Evaluation of DNA Adducts as Biomarkers of Exposure in Pesticide
Applicators.
o Report on Preliminary Dermal Exposure Measurement Studies:
Environmental Concentrations and Human Activity Patterns.
o Guidance for Neurotoxicity Risk Assessment of Cholinesterase
Inhibitors.
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1992;o Risk Assessment Methodologies that Integrate Effects and Exposure Data
to Determine the Fate and Effects in Marine Microcosms of Toxic
Substances, Including Pesticides.
o Report on Validation of Hazard Assessment Predictions of Environmental
Effects of Pesticides in Estuarine Systems.
o Effects, Persistence, and Distribution of Azinphos-methyl in Littoral
Enclosures.
o Effects of Beauveria bassiana on Embryos of the Island Silverside Fish
(Menidia beryllina).
o The Effect of Bacillus Thuringiensis var kurstaki on a beneficial
insect, the Cinnabar Moth (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae).
o Report on the Genetic Analysis of Human Cells Exposed to Genetically
Engineered Baculovirus.
o Report on the Interpretation of Immunotoxicity Testing in Terms of
Enhanced Risk of Disease.
o Report on the Genetic Analysis of Human Cells Exposed to Genetically
Engineered Baculovirus.
o Dermal Exposure Assessment: A Literature Review.
o Compendium of Body Burden Biomarkers for Pesticides.
o Strategy for Research to Support the Development of Exposure
Monitoring and Assessment Guidelines for Pesticides and Consumer
Products in Residential Environments.
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PESTICIDES
Pesticides Research
BUDGET REQUEST
1994 Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $14,180,800 and 89.0 total workyears for
1994, a decrease of $844,900 and 18.6 total workyears from 1993. Of the request,
$6,209,700 will be for the Program and Research Operations appropriation, and
$7,971,100 will be for the Research and Development appropriation. This
represents a decrease of $804,400 in the Program and Research Operations
appropriation, and a decrease of $40,500 in the Research and Development
appropriation. The decrease in workyears reflects a shift in the Agency's
strategy towards greater cross media research through the multimedia program as
a more effective method of scientific inquiry into environmental problems than
the single media approach traditionally followed by the Agency. The shift in
work years is primarily for the high priority Ecosystems initiative in Multimedia
research.
1993 Budget
The Agency is allocating a total of $15,025,700 supported by 107.6 total
workyears for this program element, of which $7,014,100 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $8,011,600 is from the Research and
Development appropriation.
1992 Budget
The Agency obligated a total of $13,670,100 supported by 105.5 total
workyears for this program element, of which $6,130,200 was from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, and $7,539,900 was from the Research and
Development appropriation.
RESEARCH ISSUES
The sections below describe research program issues by each fiscal year:
COASTAL AND MARINE
1994 Program Request
There will be no pesticide resources in this issue in 1994.
1993 Program
There are no pesticide resources in this issue in 1993.
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1992 Accomplishments
Research developed methodologies for risk assessments that integrated
effects and exposure data, with special emphasis on determining the fate and
effects in marine microcosms of toxic substances, including pesticides and
sediments contaminated with PCBs and metals.
NONPOINT SOURCES
1994 Program Request
ORD research efforts on NFS initially are focusing on agriculture because
it is the largest NFS, affecting about 50 to 70 percent of the impaired surface
waters. EPA and the US Geological Survey (USGS) also have documented the high
levels of pesticides found in drinking water wells and aquifers.
The Agency will conduct research to field test (validate) models developed
for predicting the leaching and runoff of pesticides and nutrients, mostly
nitrates, applied over relatively large geographical areas. The major effort is
in validating models that project the probability of groundwater contamination
from new pesticides evaluated under FIFRA. Probability sampling of groundwater
systems within the context of national sampling frames like EMAP will be compared
to levels predicted by the models to be validated. Studies will compare
groundwater contamination incidence and concentration levels based on the soil,
climate, agricultural practices, and chemical properties involved. The endpoint
indicators used and results obtained will be evaluated for possible incorporation
into the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP). A major
component of this research will be a pilot validation study in concert with EMAP
and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in selected agricultural
regions of North Carolina.
1993 Program
Researchers are employing refinement and use of predictive models and
techniques to address transport, degradation, fate and residual problems of
pesticides, and determining the factors that impair important environmental
processes. Investigation is focusing on how pesticide insults are expressed in
various habitats. Researchers are identifying the most effective approaches and
preventive measures to decrease pesticide use and prevent contamination problems.
Additional research is being conducted to study the movement of pesticides
through the environment in order to determine the eventual disposition of
pesticides in the environment.
1992 Accomplishments
There were no pesticide resources in this issue in 1992.
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ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS
1994 Program Request
The Agency will conduct research on methods needed to assess the exposure,
hazard, and risk to ecological resources from the multiple threats present under
real-world conditions, including those related to pesticides. The framework for
analysis will be natural watersheds at a variety of geographic scales, from local
drainage basins through major watersheds, as defined by the US Geological Survey
(USGS) Hydrologic Accounting Units and the US Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Major Land Resource Areas. Research will combine monitoring programs, analysis
techniques for stressor-specific exposures and hazards related to pesticides, and
the ecorisk guidelines under development for Agency-wide use in ecological risk
assessment.
This research will use current achievements to develop an innovative,
holistic, integrated program designed to use a new generation of computer-based
analysis and decision tools tailored to the information needs and authorities of
federal, state, and local resource managers. These new tools will incorporate
the results of stressor-specific analysis in the context of specific local
geographic conditions and constraints. Researchers will examine the synergy
between eutrophication, toxicity, and habitat loss; they will design a new
generation of ecologically-capable watershed models grounded in geographic
information systems (CIS) technology and individual-based ecological approaches
that will evaluate stressors, such as pesticides, in a whole-system perspective.
Researchers will assemble the CIS databases and framework needed to support the
watershed-scale analysis program.
1993 Program
ORD is initiating a triad of interrelated innovative responses to the
Agency's customary "command and control" approach that has fostered a narrow
focus on individual "media" in both its operations and in its organizational
structures. Researchers are developing an ecological indicators and monitoring
program as part of the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP),
Risk Assessment Forum standard protocols for conducting ecological risk
assessments, and an "Ecorisk" program of ecological risk assessment methods
research.
Research results from the Ecorisk program ultimately will redefine the way
the agency conducts its fundamental business of assessing and managing the
ecological risks of pesticides and other toxic substances. This research begins
from a biogeographical "watershed" focus, replacing the traditional narrow
"media" focuses, encouraging genuinely ecological approach to agency regulatory
responsibilities. The watershed approach promotes integration across media (both
stressor and habitat) to define aggregate ecological risks, and places the
"media" risks in the larger context. This biogeographical context promotes
efficient allocation of risk management resources to maximize environmental
protection, allowing local pollution control authorities to more effectively
identify and rank significant hazards to their resource base. National
regulatory programs are able to understand the true significance and risk
reduction opportunities of pesticides in geographically diverse settings.
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1992 Accomplishments
Understanding the hazards, pathways, exposure models and the fate of
pesticides is paramount to offering control and management solutions. EPA
conducted laboratory and field studies to verify field versus laboratory findings
and establish a basis for predicting pesticide impacts. Studies included
determining which bioindicators best assess the condition of habitat; determining
the effects of pesticides on persistence and distribution of biota in littoral
sites; and studying, identifying, classifying and determining the chemical impact
on long-term survival of terrestrial wildlife.
Research employed refinement and use of predictive models and techniques to
address transport, degradation, fate and residual problems of pesticides.
Scientists determined the factors that impair important environmental processes
and the way in which pesticide insults are expressed in various habitats.
ENVIRONMENTAL RELEASES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS
1994 Program Request
Through this research, the Agency will be supporting the Federal
Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET)
Biotechnology crosscut initiative. Information is lacking on the effects on
higher organisms of a wide variety of microorganisms that may be used as
biological control agents (BCAs). Research will focus on the genetic and
molecular basis of infectivity, pathogenicity, and allergenicity of biological
control agents, and will develop methods that determine their host range.
Researchers will use experimental results to develop protocols for testing the
effects of microorganisms on beneficial and non-target invertebrate species
(i.e., honeybees, predatory ants, spiders, estuarine crustaceans) and vertebrate
species (fish and surrogates for humans).
Scientists will investigate the potential effects of introduced
microorganisms on freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystem inhabitants by
employing existing single-species, multi-species, and site-specific microcosm
tests. Experiments also may modify these surrogate environmental systems to
mimic ecosystems of concern. Researchers will incorporate improvements in the
procedures developed from these investigations into new testing methods, and fate
and effects predictive mathematical models.
Plants have been engineered in a variety of ways to be pesticidal, resistant
to diseases, tolerant to herbicides, to produce materials useful to man, such as
Pharmaceuticals, and to degrade or otherwise remove hazardous chemicals from the
environment. The introduction of foreign genes into plants for these purposes
requires the assessment of possible adverse effects in the environment. With the
increased funding in 1994, researchers will conduct experiments on the fate and
effects of genes introduced into host plants. Initial efforts will concentrate
on pesticidal plants into which have been inserted Bacillus thurinaiensis genes
that produce an insect toxin. The objective of this research is to assure the
safety of such products.
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1993 Program
EPA is supporting the FCCSET Biotechnology crosscut initiative with this
research. Researchers are examining the toxicological, behavioral, and
pathologic effects on individual species exposed to specific natural and
genetically engineered biological control agents/ such as microbial pest control
agents (MPCAs), insect growth regulatory hormones, and pesticidal plants.
Scientists are continuing tests on biological control agents (BCAs). Pesticides
are being examined for potential adverse human health effects in order to produce
protocols that can be used to evaluate the effects of these products. Single-
species and multi-species microcosms will be used as well as site-specific
microcosms, such as littoral enclosures for freshwater, marine, and estuarine
systems, to develop methods for predicting the fate and effects of an introduced
biological control agent on those environments. Test organisms include non-
target, beneficial arthropods; other invertebrates; birds; and fish.
Congressional Directive. A total of $250,000 is for the Congressionally
directed increase in biotechnology to expand research in the ecological effects
of large-scale releases of engineered organisms with respect to biogeochemical
processes, effects on community structure, trophic interactions, and ecosystem
health.
1992 Accomplishments
Research culminated in a number of products, including reports on biological
control agent research needs, findings on the fate and survival of bacterial
MPCAs in aquatic environments, a bioassay for testing the lethal effects of
fungal pathogens on the predatory beetle Hippodamia convercrens. a bioassay for
testing the lethal effects of bacterial pathogens on beneficial Diptera using
Voria ruralis. and the effects of environmental stress conditions on the
susceptibility of Voria ruralis (Diptera: Tachinidae) to bacterial infection.
This research was conducted in support of the FCCSET Biotechnology crosscut
initiative.
GROUNDWATER
1994 Program Request
There will be no pesticides resources in this issue in 1994.
1993 Program
There are no pesticides resources in this issue in 1993.
1992 Accomplishments
Research was initiated to compare existing on-farm wells with stainless
steel monitoring wells used for sampling ground water for nitrates and
pesticides. Scientists began developing sufficient data for testing a ground-
water nitrate/pesticide model on a watershed scale using samples from existing
wells.
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MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
1994 Program Request
There will be no pesticides resources in this issue in 1994.
1993 Program
There are no pesticides resources in this issue in 1993.
1992 Accomplishments
Research resulted in the revision of the pesticides treatability data base.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
1994 Program Request
This is a level-funded activity which continues to provide yearly
maintenance and update of the pesticide treatability database.
1993 Program
Research is focusing on the maintenance and update of the pesticide
treatability database.
1992 Accomplishments
Researchers updated the pesticide treatability database.
HUMAN EXPOSURE
1994 Program Reguest
ORD will develop a manual of methods for quantifying the dislodgeable
residues from indoor and outdoor surfaces available for dermal contact and
transfer. Scientists will produce a compendium of passive and personal
techniques for monitoring inhalation exposure. Investigators will issue a report
on approaches for estimating and predicting total human exposures via multiple
pathways. Studies will be initiated to determine the frequency and duration of
the use of pesticides in and around the home to assess the direct contact with
chemicals of users and the passive exposures of non-users. Researchers will
develop standard activity scenarios and exposure related factors for use in the
development of exposure assessment guidelines for pesticides.
1993 Program
ORD researchers are developing effective tools and techniques for
estimating, with known certainty, the distribution of the nation's population
exposed to environmental pollutants, including pesticides. Studies are being
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conducted to detect changes and trends in those distributions. Research is being
conducted on test methods, exposure monitoring, exposure modeling, and exposure
assessment. Scientists are developing and testing immunobased personal exposure
monitoring (PEM) devices to obtain data for exposure monitoring, including dermal
exposure.
1992 Accomplishments
Scientists initiated studies to evaluate and further develop measurement and
analytical methods for use in monitoring residential exposures to pesticides,
with an emphasis on the quantification of surface residues. The results of these
studies were published. Researchers implemented preliminary studies to develop
protocols for measuring dermal exposure to pesticides and herbicides used in
residential environments. Results indicated that the dermal route is likely to
be important and that micro-level activity patterns need to be quantified,
especially for children. Work continued on the development of immunochemical
personal exposure monitors (PEMs) for use in exposure monitoring.
HEALTH EFFECTS
1994 Program Request
The epidemiology research program will investigate the effects of pesticides
on agricultural workers, and their spouses and children. Neurotoxicity research
in the laboratory will complement field studies by investigating relationships
between pesticide exposure and susceptible populations, such as females,
offspring, and aging adults. Reproductive and developmental pesticide toxicity
research will explore the consequences of in utero exposure to offspring
development.
1993 Program
New research addresses three major topics identified by committees of the
Federal Coordinating Council on Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET) to
support expanded neurotoxicology research: 1) identification of susceptible
populations, 2) neurodegenerative diseases, and 3) in-vitro neurotoxicology.
Researchers are evaluating techniques to extrapolate between animal and human
health effects, and between high and low dose exposures used in animal toxicology
of pesticides. Expected accomplishments include guidance to EPA's Office of
Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances (OPPTS) for the interpretation of
data regarding cholinesterase inhibitors.
Congressional Directives. A total of $400,000 is for the Congressionally
directed increase in neurotoxicology will expand research into the relationships
of repeated, low-level exposure to pesticides, drinking water contaminants, and
metals to the development of neurological disorders.
1992 Accomplishments
Research was begun on evaluating techniques to extrapolate between animal
and human health effects, and between high and low dose exposures used in animal
toxicology of pesticides. There were no significant outputs.
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POLLUTION PREVENTION
1994 Program Request
Resources are being moved to Pollution Prevention in Multimedia to
consolidate the pollution prevention research.
1993 Program
Three Administrator's pollution prevention set-aside fund projects continue
in 1993. One project is looking at ways to improve bioregulation processes which
cause pesticides to biodegrade more rapidly in the field, thereby reducing
potential contamination. A second project is to develop databases and computer
models to reduce groundwater contamination from pesticides, providing decision-
makers with information on the appropriate application of agricultural chemicals.
A third project is developing a pesticide hazard index and a registry of
pesticides to improve the condition of the Chesapeake Bay by identifying and
promoting the use of pesticides which have the least adverse impact on the bay.
These projects will be completed in 1993.
1992 Accomplishments
There were no pesticide resources in this issue in 1992.
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
1994 Program Request
As mandated by the Small Business Development Act of 1982 (Public Law 97-
219), EPA will allocate 1.50% of its extramural Research and Development budget
for the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program. These funds will be
used to support small businesses engaged in the development of equipment for
pollution abatement and control, and instrumentation for monitoring environmental
trends and conditions. Under this program, ORD will take advantage of unique
solutions to pesticide problems and other environmental issues that may be
offered by the private sector. Resources will be identified in the operating
plan and consolidated into the Multimedia Program Element once enactment occurs.
1993 Program
As mandated by the Small Business Development Act of 1982 (Public Law 97-
219), EPA is allocating 1.50% of its extramural Research and Development budget
for the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program. These funds are used
to support small businesses engaged in the development of equipment for pollution
abatement and control, and instrumentation for monitoring environmental trends
and conditions. Under this program, ORD is able to take advantage of unique
solutions to pesticide related problems and other environmental issues that may
be offered by the private sector.
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1992 Accomplishments
Resources and accomplishments supporting this program were budgeted in the
Multimedia program element for 1992.
ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW OF TOXIC CHEMICALS
1994 Program Request
Research will focus on the health effects of potentially neurotoxic
chemicals, with special emphasis on the adversity of cholinesterase inhibitors
and the development of effective testing methodologies. Scientists will develop
test methods and interpretive models, including the development and validation
of in vitro methods, guidance documents on how to conduct and interpret
neurotoxicity tests, and the health assessment of cholinesterase inhibitors.
1993 Program
Researchers are developing and validating cellular and molecular endpoints
for screening and characterizing neurotoxic agents, and studying structure
activity relationships (SARs) and mechanisms of action. Scientists are
developing tests which evaluate the relevant biological processes for a problem
area, such as male reproductive functions. The results of those tests are
compared to the test results of known pesticide toxic agents to determine the
sensitivity and biological validity of the bioassays under consideration.
Research is developing methods to evaluate the integrity of the immune system of
rats, using known or suspected immunotoxicants to identify the immunotoxic
potential of pesticides.
1992 Accomplishments
Researchers provided data interpretation guidance to EPA's Office of
Prevention, pesticides and Toxic Substances (OPPTS) on "Interpreting
Immunotoxicity Testing in Terms of Enhanced Risk of Disease". A second product
was a computer software package for OPP and the EPA regional offices, "Computer-
based Matching of Genetic Activity Profiles (GAPS) for the Local Area Network
(LAN)".
INFRASTRUCTURE
1994 Program Request
Adequately funded infrastructure is critical to ORD's success in conducting
the quality science needed to assure that the Agency's decisions are
scientifically sound. The most critical part of ORD's infrastructure is its
staff. The assumption underlying all our research activities includes a
productive workforce.
ORD has established a cohesive, cross-cutting issue for infrastructure based
upon the importance of this activity to planned and ongoing research activities.
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Program and Research Operations appropriation funding for the Pesticide Research
PE will be centralized within the infrastructure issue to provide improved
management for ORD's personnel compensation and benefits, and travel costs
associated with managing research programs.
1993 Program
ORD's current infrastructure program provides compensation and benefits, and
travel for ORD scientists and engineers. ORD's workforce carries out scientific
programs in support of the Agency's mission.
1992 Accomplishments
ORD funded its workyears in scientific support of the Agency's mission,
providing the necessary personnel compensation and benefits, and travel for ORD
scientists and engineers.
6-25
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6-26
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
PESTICIDES
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Registration, Special Registration and Tolerances 6-27
Registration, Special Registration and Tolerances 6-28
Generic Chemical Review 6-31
Generic Chemical Review 6-32
Pesticides Program Implementation 6-35
Pesticides Program Implementation 6-36
Pesticides Program Implementation Grants 6-38
-------
PESTICIDES
Registration, Special Registration & Tolerances
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1992 BUDGET 1993 ESTIMATE 1994 DECREASE DECREASE
1993 1993 1994 REQ 1994 REQ
VS VS
1993 CE 1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Registration, Special
Registration, and
Tolerances
Program & Research $14,471.0 $16,146.1 $15,298.7 $15,350.4 $16,152.4 $802.0 $6.3
Operations
Abatement Control and $6,429.8 $5,466.7 $4,460.2 $4,411.9 $5,411.9 $1,000.0 -$54.8
CofnpL iance
TOTAL $20,900.8 $21,612.8 $19,758.9 $19,762.3 $21,564.3 $1,802.0 -$48.5
TOTAL:
Program & Research $14,471.0 $16,146.1 $15,298.7 $15,350.4 $16,152.4 $802.0 $6.3
Operations
Abatement Control and $6,429.8 $5,466.7 $4,460.2 $4,411.9 $5,411.9 $1,000.0 -$54.8
Compliance
Registration, Special TOTAL $20,900.8 $21,612.8 $19,758.9 $19,762.3 $21,564.3 $1,802.0 -$48.5
Registration &
Tolerances
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Registration, Special 242.1 258.9 250.9 252.6 252.6 -6.3
Registration, and
Tolerances
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 242.1 258.9 250.9 252.6 252.6 -6.3
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Registration, Special 251.8 258.9 250.9 252.6 252.6 -6.3
Registration, and
Tolerances
TOTAL WORKYEARS 251.8 258.9 250.9 252.6 252.6 -6.3
6-27
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PESTICIDES
Registration, Special Registration, and Tolerances
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $21,564,300 supported by 252.6 total
workyears for 1994, which represents no increase in workyears from 1993. Of the
request, $16,152,400 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation, and $5,411,900 will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation. This represents an increase of $802,000 for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, and an increase of $1,000,000 in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
REGISTRATION. SPECIAL REGISTRATION. AND TOLERANCES
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $21,564,300 supported by 252.6 total
workyears for this program, of which $16,152,400 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, and $5,411,900 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $802,000
for the Program and Research Operations appropriation, an increase of $1,000,000
in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, and no increase of total
workyears. The increase in the Program and Research Operations appropriation
reflects full funding of the workforce. The increase for the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation reflects emphasis on antimicrobials.
In 1994, the Agency expects to conduct 148 reviews of new chemicals, 80
reviews of biochemical/microbial agents, 2,032 reviews of old chemicals, 6,379
amended registration reviews, 280 new use reviews, and 413 tolerance petition
reviews. The emphasis on approval of new chemicals and new uses will be
continued in 1994 to permit more rapid market entry of new, safer products.
In 1994, the Agency is requesting an additional $1,000,000 in this program
for antimicrobials. These additional funds will support implementation of the
antimicrobial strategy and will address material weaknesses identified under the
Federal Managers Financial Integrity Act (FMFIA).
The Agency will continue to ensure that tolerances reflect the most current
regulatory status of each active ingredient, including revocation of tolerances
on canceled pesticides and tolerance reassessments in conjunction with
reregistration reviews. Tolerance fees will be increased in 1994 by the
percentage of the General Schedule (GS) pay raise.
1993 Program
In 1993, the Agency is allocating a total of $19,762,300 supported by 252.6
total workyears for this program, of which $15,350,400 is from the Program and
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Research Operations appropriation and $4,411,900 is from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
In 1993, emphasis is on biological pesticides, which comprise the single
fastest growing segment of new pesticide registration activity. The Agency
continues to emphasize the regulatory implications of biological pesticides, and
where appropriate, speed the experimental use and registration of these
pesticides. These products include natural and genetically engineered microbial
pesticides, biochemical pesticides and plants genetically engineered to produce
pesticides.
Resources are permitting further implementation of the 1987 antimicrobial
strategy. Among the objectives identified in the strategy is the revision or
update of efficacy test methodology and performance standards to assure
reproducibility of efficacy tests.
Increased emphasis is being given to groundwater contamination, including
registrant monitoring, more extensive use of environmental fate test data,
geographical restrictions, and restricted use classifications. This helps
prevent future environmental clean-up problems. Continued emphasis is being
placed on improvement of information on product labels.
Regional liaison continues to be improved by working closely with the
Regional pesticide experts and other Regional staff to improve Regional and state
understanding of national regulatory activities, and by obtaining their input on
policies and reviews affecting their mission. This liaison is improving
oversight of section 18 experimental use permit reviews and section 24(c) special
local need programs.
To prevent circumvention of section 3 registration requirements, stringent
criteria for granting section 18 exemptions, such as consideration of progress
towards permanent registration and clarification of "emergency" and "significant
economic loss" as criteria used in considering emergency exemptions, continues
to be applied. Headquarters continues to work closely with the Regions and
states to monitor emergency exemptions and special local needs.
The Agency is continuing to ensure that tolerances reflect the most current
regulatory status of each active ingredient, including revocation of tolerances
on canceled pesticides and tolerance reassessments in conjunction with
reregistration reviews. Tolerance fees are being increased in 1993 by the 3.7
percent General Schedule (GS) pay raise.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated a total of $20,900,800 supported by 251.8
total workyears for this program, of which $14,471,000 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $6,429,800 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1992, ongoing pre-market registration reviews of human and environmental
risks associated with the introduction or expanded use of pesticides in the
market place and the encouragement of safer pesticide substitutes, including
6-29
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biological and biotechnology products, continued. Registration review continued
to emphasize protection of groundwater, workers, and endangered species, with an
increased emphasis in food safety.
Special registration of pesticides, including experimental use, emergency
use, and state registration of pesticides continued. Headquarters continued to
provide guidance and enhanced regional and state participation with these
functions.
Further implementation of the 1987 antimicrobial strategy continued. Among
the objectives identified in this strategy, was the revision or update of
efficacy test methodology and performance standards to assure reproducible
efficacy tests.
Tolerances reflected the most current regulatory status of each active
ingredient and through the testing of analytical methods, ensuring that
established tolerances can be adequately enforced. Inert ingredients of
toxicological concern were listed on pesticide product labels and underwent data
call-ins. Tolerance fees were increased by 4.2% to reflect the General Schedule
(GS) pay raise.
6-30
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PROGRAM
PESTICIDES
Generic Chemical Review
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REO
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Generic Chemical Review
Program & Research
Operat i ons
Abatement Control and
Compliance
FIFRA Revolving Fund $16,302.5 $13,748.0 -$13,748.0
TOTAL $63,018.9 $45,767.3 $40,093.9 $53,721.8 $42,314.5 -$11,407.3 -$3,452.8
$21,414.6 $23,495.3 $20,983.7 $20,863.6 $20,737.7
$25,301.8 $22,272.0 $19.110.2 $19,110.2 $21,576.8
-$125.9 -$2,757.6
$2,466.6 -$695.2
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
FIFRA Revolving Fund
Generic Chemical
Review
$21,414.6 $23,495.3 $20,983.7 $20,863.6 $20,737.7 -$125.9 -$2,757.6
$25,301.8 $22,272.0 $19,110.2 $19,110.2 $21,576.8 $2,466.6 -$695.2
$16,302.5 $13,748.0 -$13,748.0
TOTAL $63,018.9 $45,767.3 $40,093.9 $53,721.8 $42,314.5 -$11.407.3 -$3,452.8
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Generic Chemical Review
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Generic Chemical Review
TOTAL UORKYEARS
544.4
544.4
554.2
554.2
561.3
561.3
561.3
561.3
555.1
555.1
555.1
555.1
540.7
540.7
540.7
540.7
534.9
534.9
534.9
534.9
-5.8
-5.8
-5.8
-5.8
-26.4
-26.4
-26.4
-26.4
6-31
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PESTICIDES
Generic Chemical Review
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $42,314,500 and 534.9 total workyears
for 1994, a decrease of $11,407,300 and a decrease of 5.8 total workyears from
1993. Of the request, $20,737,700 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation, and $21,576,800 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation, a decrease of $125,900 and an increase of $2,466,600
respectively. The decrease in workyears reflects the President's commitment to
reducing the size of the federal workforce.
GENERIC CHEMICAL REVIEW
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $42,314,500 and 534.9 total workyears for
this program, of which $20,737,700 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation, and $21,576,800 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. Total workyears will include 328.9 for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and 206.0 supported by the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide (FIFRA) Revolving Fund (formally known as the
Reregistration and Expedited Processing Fund). This represents a decrease of
$125,900 in the Program and Research Operations appropriation, an increase of
$2,466,600 in the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation, and a
decrease of 5.8 total workyears. The increase in Abatement, Control, and
Compliance reflects increased funding of activities supporting pesticide
reregistration. The decrease in workyears reflects the President's commitment
to reducing the size of the Federal workforce.
The Agency's emphasis on pesticide reregistration is reflected in the 1994
budget request. Resources requested, and additional resources provided by the
FIFRA revolving fund, will support completion of final call-ins for additional
required data. Resources will also support 38 reregistration eligibility
decisions (REOs), which includes final data and a decision on the reregistration
of the pesticide. As data gathered through the reregistration process is
reviewed, the Agency expects some pesticides will continue to meet the triggers
for special reviews. The projected number of special review outputs for 1994 is
eight.
$1,500,000 of this request is for additional reregistration activities.
This amount, with increased revenues from maintenance fees, will keep the
reregistration of chemicals on the current schedule. The FIFRA Fund will support
206.0 workyears in 1994.
Other increases in 1994 will provide for improvement of the Dietary Risk
Exposure System (DRES). An additional $1,000,000 for DRES will improve our
ability to evaluate risks posed through diet by providing improved precision of
food consumption data for infants and children.
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The Agency will continue to provide safe storage for the remaining 2,4,5-
T/Silvex stocks, pending identification of an appropriate disposal method and a
permitted facility. Additionally, Phase III of the disposal regulations,
Standards for Storage, Mixing/loading, Transportation and Disposal of Pesticides,
will be issued in FY 1994.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $53,721,800 and 540.7 total workyears
for this program, of which $20,863,600 is from the Program and Research
Operations appropriation, $19,110,200 is from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation, and $13,748,000 is from the FIFRA Revovling Fund.
Total workyears will include 329.1 from the Program and Research Operations
appropriation and 211.6 will be FIFRA Fund supported.
In 1993, the Agency is making reregistration decisions on List B documents.
The Agency expects that 20 Reregistration Eligibility Documents (REDs) will be
completed as work pertaining to the 1988 FIFRA Amendments continues. Eight
Special Reviews are projected for 1993. Special Reviews are a major risk
reduction vehicle and will be increasingly required as data is reviewed during
the reregistration process.
Worker Protection Standards for Agricultural Pesticides (40 CFR 170),
governing pesticide-treated field reentry intervals, protective clothing, and
label warnings, were published as a final regulation in October 1992.
As of December 31, 1992, 99% of the known dinoseb stocks had been disposed
of. Pesticide disposal funds are being used for the continued safe storage of
the remaining stocks of 2,4,5-T/Silvex. Storage needs for the remaining 2,4,5-
T/Silvex products continue until proper disposal can be arranged.
Section 19 of the 1988 amendments to FIFRA mandated that the Agency
promulgate regulations for the storage and disposal of pesticides. Proposed
regulations will be issued in three phases. The Agency expects to publish Phase
I, Procedural rules for suspended/ cancelled/recalled pesticides and Phase II,
Standards for pesticide containers and bulk containment in 1993.
Environmental indicators are being evaluated for their feasibility in
measuring the effectiveness of the program's efforts to achieve the objectives
of the OPPTS Four Year Strategy, particularly in the areas of reducing pesticide
risks to public health and the environment. Program activities in 1993 are
focused on accomplishing the goals and objectives outlined in the strategy.
The Agency is continuing efforts in international coordination to ensure
consistency of decisions and science data with CODEX, the General Agreement on
Tariff and Trade (GATT), and import/export policies. This initiative includes
coordination with the European Community on its reregistration efforts, and
expanded technical assistance through the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
and the Peace Corps.
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1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated a total of $63,018,900 supported by 554.2
total workyears for this program, of which $21,414,600 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation, $25,301,800 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation, and $16,302,500 was from the FIFRA fund. Total
workyears included 333.3 from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation and 220.9
supported by the FIFRA Fund.
The Agency continued work pertaining to the 1988 FIFRA Amendments,
completing 15 REDs. Funds from both Salaries and Expenses appropriations and the
FIFRA Fund were utilized to accomplish these tasks. EPA completed its Phase IV
review for List B chemicals, and began the process of making reregistration
decisions on some of the List B documents. Ten Special Reviews were undertaken
in 1992. Special Reviews are a major risk reduction vehicle, and continue to be
generated primarily from data reviewed during the reregistration process.
The Agency continued its disposal responsibilities for the remaining two
pesticides suspended and canceled prior to 1988: dinoseb and 2,4,5-T/Silvex.
The disposal of dinoseb stocks, which began in 1990, was 98% complete as of
September of 1992. The disposal of 2,4,5-T/Silvex stocks previously stored at
Byers Warehouse was completed in February 1992. These stocks represented
approximately one half of the total 2,4,5-T/Silvex stocks.
1992 was the first implementation year for the program's Four Year Strategy.
Program activities focused on accomplishing the goals and objectives outlined in
the strategy, particularly reducing pesticide risks to public health and the
environment. This included the implementation of environmental indicators to
measure progress towards these goals.
The Regional-state capabilities initiative, begun in 1990 to address the
problems of groundwater protection, protecting endangered species from
pesticides, and promoting the safety of pesticide applicators and farm workers,
continued in 1992. This initiative strengthened EPA's field presence providing
state and local solutions to area-specific problems.
Phase II of the National Pesticide Survey (NFS) was released in January 1992
to the public simultaneously with transmittal to the FIFRA Scientific Advisory
Panel (SAP). Phase II of the NPS entails detailed investigation of possible
associations between pesticides and nitrate detections in drinking water wells
and factors such as groundwater sensitivity, chemical use and well conditions.
Phase I findings were distributed to the Regions, states, and other interested
parties in 1991.
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PESTICIDES
Pesticides Program Implementation
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE INCREASE
1992 BUDGET 1993 ESTIMATE 1994 DECREASE DECREASE
1993 1993 1994 REO 1994 REQ
VS VS
1993 CE 1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Pesticides Program
Implementation
Program & Research $2,490.2 $3,413.2 (3,334.6 $3,334.3 $3,387.7 $53.4 -$25.5
Operations
Abatement Control and $3.1 $3.1 $3.1 $3.1
Compliance
TOTAL $2,490.2 $3,413.2 $3,337.7 $3,337.4 $3,390.8 $53.4 -$22.4
Pesticides Program
Implementation - Grants
Abatement Control and $14.193.8 $15,778.9 $15,202.0 $15,201.4 $16,201.4 $1,000.0 $422.5
Compliance
TOTAL $14,193.8 $15,778.9 $15,202.0 $15,201.4 $16,201.4 $1,000.0 $422.5
TOTAL:
Program & Research $2,490.2 $3,413.2 $3,334.6 $3,334.3 $3,387.7 $53.4 -$25.5
Operations
Abatement Control and $14,193.8 $15,778.9 $15,205.1 $15,204.5 $16,204.5 $1,000.0 $425.6
Compliance
Pesticides Program TOTAL $16,684.0 $19,192.1 $18,539.7 $18,538.8 $19.592.2 $1,053.4 $400.1
Implementation
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Pesticides Program 45.8 59.2 59.1 58.5 57.7 -8 -1.5
Implementation
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 45.8 59.2 59.1 58.5 57.7 -8 -1.5
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Pesticides Program
Implementation
TOTAL WORKYEARS
46.8
46.8
59.2
59.2
59.1
59.1
58.5
58.5
57.7
57.7
-8
-8
-1.5
-1.5
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PESTICIDES
Pesticides Program Implementation
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $19,592,200 supported by a 57.7 total of
workyears for 1994, an increase of $1,053,400 in funds and a decrease of 0.8 in
workyears from 1993. Of the request, $3,387,700 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, and $16,204,500 will be for the Abatement,
Control, and Compliance appropriation, representing an increase of $53,400 for
the Program and Research Operations appropriation and an increase of $1,000,000
in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation from 1993. The decrease
in workyears reflects the President's commitment to reducing the size of the
Federal workforce.
PESTICIDES PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $3,390,800 supported by 57.7 total workyears
for this program, of which $3,387,700 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $3,100 will be for the Abatement, Control, and
Compliance appropriation. This request represents an increase of $53,400 for the
Program and Research Operations appropriations and a decrease of 0.8 in total
workyears from 1993. The increase for the Program and Research Operations
account reflects an increase in workforce costs. The decrease in workyears
reflects the President's commitment to reducing the size of the Federal
workforce.
In 1994, the Agency will continue to address concerns about pesticide
threats to groundwater, endangered species, and workers occupationally exposed
to pesticides. The Agency will also continue to build Regional/state
capabilities in the areas of groundwater, worker protection, and endangered
species, as well as continue to provide national leadership and coordination of
this initiative. EPA will develop guidance packages and training and educational
materials, organize national meetings and workshops, and provide technical
assistance. In this area, EPA will also continue joint coordination with other
Federal agencies, especially the United States Department of Agriculture.
This initiative includes revisions to the Certification and Training (C&T)
Regulations (Part 171), which governs the sale of restricted use pesticides to
non-certified persons. Regional workyears are requested for groundwater,
endangered species, and worker protection. The Regional office staff will
implement the major initiatives underway in EPA, including Worker Protection
Standards, the Groundwater Strategy, the Groundwater Restricted Use Rule, the
Endangered Species Protection Program, and the Non-Point Source Management and
Wellhead Protection plans. These initiatives represent major regulatory and
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program changes. The 1994 C&T program will support 54 applicator programs in 49
states, the District of Columbia and several territories.
Headquarters and Regional office staff will continue to develop and manage
national training programs for the certification & training, groundwater,
endangered species and worker protection programs in cooperation with the U.S.
Department of Agriculture/State Cooperative Extension Services (USDA/SCES).
EPA and the USDA will be jointly developing pesticide education programs
to protect groundwater, workers and endangered species. Further, national and
joint workshops on certification and training will be organized by program staff
in cooperation with USDA/SCES.
1993 Program
In 1993, the Agency is allocating a total of $3,337,400 supported by 58.5
total workyears for this program, of which $3,334,300 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $3,100 is from the Abatement, Control, and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1993, the Agency is continuing to build on the initiative begun in 1990
to strengthen Regional/state capabilities to respond to increasing public
concerns about groundwater contamination by pesticides, protection of endangered
species from pesticides, and safety of workers occupationally exposed to
pesticides. The Regional office staff continues to implement the major
groundwater initiatives begun in EPA, including the Groundwater Strategy, the
Groundwater Restricted Use Rule, and the Non-Point Source Management and Wellhead
Protection Plans. For the worker protection program, states are conducting
activities to carry out the Worker Protection Standard which was signed in
calendar year 1992. The Agency is disseminating information on the new Standard
and continues to develop training materials required by the program. For the
Endangered Species Program, Regional staff continue to implement the
geographically targeted program in high priority areas, manage program grants,
continue education and outreach, assist states in developing and implementing
state-initiated plans, and coordinate map review within the states. Headquarters
and Regional staff are continuing to manage the certification and training
program in cooperation with the USDA/SCES, and provide technical assistance on
pesticide issues.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated a total of $2,490,200 supported by 45.8 total
workyears for this program, all of which was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation.
In 1992, the regional staff continued to provide technical expertise on
specific issues relating to the use and application of pesticides. They
continued to work with the various officials in each state to implement the
Regional/state capability initiative in the areas of protection of groundwater,
workers occupationally exposed to pesticides, and endangered species.
6-37
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The Agency continued to refine the interim voluntary programs and state-
initiated plans for endangered species, and expanded the scope of the voluntary
programs through the development of more maps and county bulletins, pending the
issuance of the Federal Rule outlining the final program.
Headquarters staff directed the development of training materials in the
areas of groundwater, endangered species, and worker safety.
PESTICIDES PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION GRANTS
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $16,201,400 for this program, all of which
is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation and represents an
increase of $1,000,000 from 1993.
Resources will be used to continue implementation of the pesticide program
in the states and on Indian tribal lands. States and Indian tribes are
instrumental in working with the Regions and the public in addressing site-
specific pesticides issues. The Regions will continue assisting the states in
keeping the public and users informed on pesticide issues. The implementation
of the Worker Protection Standard will continue to be of primary emphasis. The
Regions will continue assistance to the states, particularly in the development
of training materials and communication efforts. In the endangered species
program, which enters its first full year as an enforceable program, the Regions
will provide assistance in the development of protection plans to meet state-
specific needs. In the groundwater program, the Regions will continue to work
with all fifty (50) states and some Indian Tribes in the development of and
review of Generic State Management Plans. Additional resources will also enable
the states to provide state grants for increased efforts to implement the
certification and training program, including pesticide risk reduction in
specific geographic areas.
States will continue to carry out the Certification and Training (C&T)
Program in cooperation with the Agriculture/State Cooperative Extension services
(USDA/SCES). Efforts will continue to strengthen implementation of the C&T Part
171 regulations and improve communications with the states and public on food
safety issues. The 1994 budget request includes $1,000,000 more for the C&T
program than was provided. Additionally, states will continue to strive to
ensure that applicators of Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs) are knowledgeable in
all the program initiatives of groundwater, worker protection and endangered
species.
1993 Program Request
In 1993, the Agency is allocating a total of $15,201,400, all of which is
from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These resources
support certification and training programs, as well as programs initiated in
1992 to strengthen state capabilities to address problems in the protection of
groundwater. In 1993, full scale implementation of the Worker Protection
6-38
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Standard began. States are continuing to complete their implementation strategy,
including a communications program, an education program, and cooperation with
other Federal and state agencies.
The Agency continues to carry out cooperative agreements with State Lead
Agencies (SLAs) to certify applicators to use RUPs. The Agency provides grants
to states to support this activity. Under the guidance of the Regions, states
are implementing certain program improvements, revising certification
examinations to strengthen state capabilities to address problems in groundwater,
endangered species, chronic health effects, workers occupationally exposed to
pesticides, and other topics. EPA established an interagency agreement with USDA
to provide training to pesticide applicators by working through State Cooperative
Extension Services. Resources will be used for the development and
implementation of training programs for non-agricultural (e.g. structural, urban)
applicators. In 1993, states are continuing to implement the Regional/state
capability initiative.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated a total of $14,193,800 for this program, all
of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
Major emphasis continued in the area of building Regional/state capability.
Regional Offices continued to negotiate with states to modify cooperative
agreements to incorporate changes set forth in the regulations by developing
grant and cooperative agreement guidance packages; providing technical
assistance to the Regions and states; and developing national training programs
and materials for the certification, groundwater, endangered species and worker
protection programs. Regional Offices also acted as reviewers on grant packages
and outputs.
EPA continued its interagency agreement with USDA to provide training to
pesticide applicators through an interagency agreement with USDA/SCES. Funds
provided through a cooperative agreement with USDA/SCES helped support the
applicator training programs.
6-39
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*»
o
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
PESTICIDES
ENFORCEMENT
Pesticides Enforcement 6-41
Pesticides Enforcement 6-42
Pesticides Enforcement Grants 6-44
-------
PESTICIDES
Pesticides Enforcement
PROGRAM
Pesticides Enforcement
Grants
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Pesticides Enforcement
FIFRA Funds
Program & Research
Operat i ons
Abatement Control and
Compliance
FIFRA Revolving Fund
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
FIFRA Revolving Fund
Pesticides Enforcement TOTAL
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
Pesticides Enforcement
FIFRA Funds
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST INCREASE
1992 BUDGET 1993 ESTIMATE 1994 DECREASE
1993 1993 1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$15,771.9 $15,974.1 $15,842.6 $15,842.4 $15,842.4
$15,771.9 $15,974.1 $15,842.6 $15,842.4 $15,842.4
$6,231.0 $8,270.1 $8,123.8 $8,106.8 $8,474.7 $367.9
$2,265.9 $2,252.5 $1,941.4 $1,946.6 $2,446.6 $500.0
$1,942.0
$10,438.9 $10,522.6 $10,065.2 $10,053.4 $10,921.3 $867.9
$6,231.0 $8,270.1 $8,123.8 $8,106.8 $8,474.7 $367.9
$18,037.8 $18,226.6 $17,784.0 $17,789.0 $18,289.0 $500.0
$1,942.0
$26,210.8 $26,496.7 $25,907.8 $25,895.8 $26,763.7 $867.9
139.2 139.3 138.7 138.7 138.7
139.2 139.3 138.7 138.7 138.7
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
-$131.7
-$131.7
$204.6
$194.1
$398.7
$204.6
$62.4
$267.0
-6
-6
Pesticides Enforcement 145.3 139.3 138.7 138.7 138.7 -6
FIFRA Funds
TOTAL WORKYEARS 145.3 139.3 138.7 138.7 138.7 -6
6-41
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PESTICIDES
Pesticide Enforcement
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $26,763,700 supported by 138.7 total
workyears for 1994, an increase of $867,900. Of the request, $8,474,700 will be
for the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $18,289,000 will be for
the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation, an increase of $367,900 in
the Program and Research Operations appropriation and an increase of $500,000 in
the Abatement, Control, and Compliance Appropriation.
PESTICIDES ENFORCEMENT
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $10,921,300 supported by 138.7 total
workyears for this program, of which $8,474,700 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $2,446,600 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $367,900
for the Program and Research Operations appropriation and an increase of $500,000
in the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation. The increase in Program
and Research Operations reflects increased workforce costs. The increase in
Abatement, Control, and Compliance augments the laboratory data integrity
program.
In 1994, Headquarters will provide overall program guidance and management,
will assist in developing new and revised regulations, and develop compliance
monitoring strategies and enforcement response policies. Headquarters staff will
also provide guidance and general oversight of the Federal/state cooperative
enforcement agreement program, and technical and analytical support for Regional
activities.
Headquarters will direct the OPPTS laboratory data integrity program, which
inspects private testing laboratories to determine compliance with Good
Laboratory Practices (GLP) regulations, audits in-process studies, and verifies
the scientific accuracy of completed test studies. This program was designated
a material weakness under the Federal Managers Financial Integrity Act (FMFIA).
Headquarters will continue to implement the corrective actions associated with
this program to effectively enforce data integrity and GLP requirements under the
pesticide reregistration program. The 1994 budget request includes $500,000 for
the development of automated inspection and study audit tracking and targeting
systems for the GLP program. In 1994, five existing Memoranda of Understanding
(MOUs) with foreign countries will continue to be implemented to assure continued
international GLP cooperation.
6-42
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Tracking and enforcement of pesticide reregistration requirements will
continue. Monitoring of suspension/cancellation of pesticides and associated
disposal activities will continue in response to the increased enforcement
requirements of the accelerated reregistration of pesticides. Headquarters will
conduct grant guidance and state liaison activities to assure that reregistration
decisions are enforced by states.
Regions will manage and oversee the state and Federal pesticide enforcement
cooperative agreement program. States and Indian Tribes not currently involved
with the cooperative agreement program will be encouraged to participate by the
Regions. Regions will continue to provide enforcement training and policy
guidance to the states for state worker protection regulations and pesticides in
groundwater compliance strategies. State inspector training will be coordinated
through the Regions to ensure that the statutes are properly enforced and cases
are legitimately developed. The Regions will conduct inspections in states
without cooperative enforcement agreements.
Technical and compliance assistance will be conducted at the Regional level
to disseminate the information to the regulated community, the public, and the
states. In the laboratory data integrity program, three Regions support
Headquarters by conducting inspections to monitor compliance with Good Laboratory
Practices (GLP) regulations at laboratories engaged in testing in response to
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) data requirements.
1993 Program
In 1993, the Agency is allocating a total of $10,053,400 supported by 138.7
total workyears for this program, of which $8,106,800 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $1,946,600 is from the Abatement, Control
and Compliance appropriation.
In 1993, the Agency is continuing to emphasize state participation in
pesticide compliance monitoring and enforcement activities through cooperative
enforcement agreements. There are 55 cooperative enforcement agreements with
states and territories and 12 additional agreements with Indian Tribes and tribal
organizations. Federal compliance monitoring activities continue in states
without cooperative agreements.
Other Federal responsibilities include import and export surveillance,
technical and compliance assistance to the states and the regulated community,
and operation of computer systems maintaining pesticide producer establishment
and production records and other related enforcement data. Headquarters
continues to address the corrective actions associated with the laboratory data
integrity program and antimicrobial program which was identified as a material
weakness under FMFIA.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated a total of $8,496,900 supported by 145.3
total workyears for this program, of which $6,231,000 was from the Salaries and
Expense appropriation and $2,265,900 was from the Abatement, Control and
6-43
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Compliance appropriation. Twenty-six of these workyears were supported by the
Reregistration and Expedited Processing Revolving Fund.
A total of 55 cooperative enforcement agreements were in place with states
and territories, plus another 12 agreements with Indian Tribes and tribal
organizations. As part of the cooperative agreement program, the Agency
supplemented training for state inspectors, chemists and case development staff.
In 1992, the Regions provided inspector training, grant oversight, incident
investigations, technical assistance and guidance to states, the regulated
community, and the public to obtain compliance with FIFRA. The Regions worked
with states to prepare for full compliance implementation of the pesticides in
groundwater strategies and worker protection regulations.
PESTICIDES ENFORCEMENT GRANTS
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $15,842,400 for this program, all of which
will be for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
The Agency will continue cooperative enforcement agreements with 55
participating states and territories, and 12 agreements with Indian Tribes and
tribal organizations. The cooperative enforcement agreement program continues
to be the primary means for ensuring public and environmental safety from
hazardous pesticides by enforcing the requirements of the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).
State activities will include pesticide producer establishment and
marketplace inspections, applicator license and record inspections, dealer record
inspections, and agricultural and non-agricultural use inspections.
States will implement worker protection enforcement activities under state
implementation plans. States will also continue to implement state management
plans for the pesticides in groundwater strategies.
1993 Program
In 1993, the Agency is allocating a total of $15,842,400 for this program,
all of which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1993, the Agency is continuing 55 cooperative enforcement agreements
with states and territories, and 12 additional agreements with Indian Tribes and
tribal organizations. These agreements emphasize user compliance with label
directions for proper use and application, as well as manufacturer adherence to
product formulation requirements under FIFRA. Inspections also address
applicator licenses and records, producer establishments, marketplaces, and
pesticide dealers. The states are increasingly emphasizing agricultural and non-
agricultural use inspections in the expectation that use compliance produces the
greatest overall environmental benefit. States continue to implement state
6-44
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implementation plans for worker protection and develop state management plans for
pesticides in groundwater strategies.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992, the Agency obligated a total of $15,771,900 for this program, all
of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. These
funds supported pesticides enforcement activities in 55 states and 12 tribes.
States conducted inspections for compliance with pesticides labels. In
addition, states also worked to develop implementation strategies for worker
protection regulations and pesticides in groundwater. State programs also
focused on lawn care use violations and disinfectant efficacy testing.
6-45
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
RADIATION 7-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Radiation Research 7-9
Radiation Research 7-10
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Radiation Criteria, Standards and Guidelines 7-15
Radiation Criteria, Standards and Guidelines 7-16
Radiation Program Implementation 7-21
Radiation Program Implementation 7-22
Radon Action Program Implementation 7-24
Radiation Environmental Impact Assessment 7-27
Radon Action Program 7-28
Radiation Environmental Impact Assessment 7-31
Radon State Grant Program 7-33
-------
APPROPRIATION
RADIATION
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
TOTAL, Radiation
$13,966.7 $16,722.6 $14,W2.7 $15,195.7 $14,097.3 -$1,098.4 -$2,625.3
$22.631.8 $20,770.7 $17,879.0 $19,471.5 $21,251.2 $1,779.7 $480.5
$1,651.5 $2,592.3 $98.7 $98.7 -$98.7 -$2,592.3
$38,250.0 $40,085.6 $32,970.4 $34,765.9 $35,348.5 $582.6 -$4,737.1
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
OUTLAYS
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS
278.7
286.1
325.2
325.2
319.9
319.9
316.9
316.9
288.7
288.7
$38,621.4 $32,645.8 $34,720.2 $34,758.1 $35,675.0
-28.2
-28.2
-36.5
-36.5
$916.9 $3,029.2
Authorization for the Indoor Radon Abatement Act expired on September 30, 1991. All other
authorization except for Research and Development is by virtue of the Appropriation Act.
The Environmental Research, Development and Demonstration Act expired September 30, 1981.
Reauthorization is pending.
7-1
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RADIATION
PRES.
BUDGET ENACTED
1993 1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
DIFFERENCE
ENACTED VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
ENACTED
APPROPRIATION
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
TOTAL, Radiation
PERMANENT WORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
$16,722.6 $14,992.7 $15,195.7 -$1,729.9 -$1,526.9 $203.0
$20,770.7 $17,879.0 $19,471.5 -$2,891.7 -$1,299.2 $1,592.5
$2,592.3 $98.7 $98.7 -$2,493.6 -$2,493.6
$40,085.6 $32,970.4 $34,765.9 -$7,115.2 -$5,319.7 $1,795.5
325.2
325.2
319.9
319.9
316.9
316.9
-5.3
-5.3
-8.3
-8.3
-3.0
-3.0
The following points list the major reasons that the dollars devoted to this media have changed from
submission of the President's FY 1993 Budget Request to the FY 1993 Current Estimates.
PROGRAM AND RESEARCH OPERATIONS
o Congressional restructuring of former Salaries and Expenses account
o Redirection to Administrator's Priorities
ABATEMENT. CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE
o Congressional restructuring of account
o General Agency Reduction
o Redirection to Administrator's Priorities
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
o Reductions made to the Research and Development appropriation to meet FY 1993 Congressional funding
levels, included the elimination of Radon mitigation research and Electromagnetic Fields (EMF)
research.
7-2
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MEDIA BRIDGE TABLES
MEDIA: RADIATION
PRO
FY 1993 CURRENT ESTIMATE $15,195.7
Changes by Category:
Workforce Costs (+/-) -$1,098.4
Legislative Initiatives (+/-)
Program Initiatives (+/-)
Discontinuation of Specific
Increases to FY 1992 Request (-)
Others <+/-)
FY 1994 PRESIDENT'S BUDGET
MEDIA
AC&C R&D Total
$19,471.5 $98.7 $34,765.9
-$1,098.4
$14,097.3
+$1,296.0
-$600.0
+$83.7
$21,251.2
-$98.7
+$1,296.0
-$600.0
-15.0
$35,348.5
7-3
-------
I
r-
-------
RADIATION
I. OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) program to protect the public
health and environment from adverse effects of radiation exposure is derived from
several statutes including: the Indoor Radon Abatement Act; the new Clean Air
Act Amendments of 1990; the Atomic Energy Act; the Public Health Service Act; the
Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act; the Marine Protection, Research, and
Sanctuaries Act; and the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act. These
Acts authorize a wide range of regulatory, assessment, assistance, and research
activities. The Agency also performs some oversight functions for programs with
enforcement authority vested in other agencies.
EPA's radiation program has four major objectives:
o Reduce adverse health effects and environmental impacts from
radiation exposure through a program of standards and guidelines.
o Assess and quantify existing and emerging radiation problems and
their potential impact.
o Respond to issues of serious public concern.
o Maintain the capability to respond to emergencies and to aid
development and testing of federal, state, and local plans for
emergency response.
To accomplish these objectives, EPA assesses and regulates sources of
airborne radionuclides; evaluates and regulates radioactive waste disposal;
provides site assessments and radiochemical analyses of environmental samples;
operates the Radon Action Program; operates the Environmental Radiation Ambient
Monitoring System (ERAMS); develops protective action guides to provide guidance
to officials on preventive and remedial actions; and responds to radiological
emergencies. In 1994, the Office of Radiation and Indoor Air (ORIA) will give
priority to the areas described below.
II. FY 1994 PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
Implement Existing Standards and New Requirements.
In 1994 EPA will continue to concentrate on addressing airborne
radionuclides, establishing standards for radioactive waste management,
developing federal guidance, and strengthening preparedness for radiological
emergencies. The Agency will continue to promote the transfer of implementation
responsibilities for the radionuclide National Emission Standards for Hazardous
Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) to the states, and will continue to develop guidance on
the clean-up of residual radioactivity. Our activities include issuing standards
and guidance to limit human radiation exposure and overseeing the activities of
the Department of Energy (DOE) at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP).
7-5
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Over 20,000 sites, including DOE facilities and over 100 nuclear power
reactors, exist where radioactive materials are used. Many of these will be
candidates for decommissioning over the next several decades. Billions of
dollars potentially could be wasted by the use of inappropriate clean-up
standards. In 1994 EPA will continue to develop cleanup criteria for sites
contaminated with radionuclides that will provide clear and consistent cleanup
standards.
The Agency will emphasize enhancements to its radiological emergency
preparedness program through training, field exercises, and replacement of
obsolete equipment in the radiation laboratories. EPA has the lead in responding
to foreign-source accidents that affect the U.S. and leads the post-emergency
response effort in the event of a domestic accident.
Address Radon Exposure in Structures.
Over time, the Radon Program strategy has evolved to include four key
elements:
o guiding scientific and policy principles that make up the heart of radon
"messages" communicated to the public;
o a decentralized system for influencing the public that consists of
multiple, highly respected organizations that can deliver radon messages
through established channels to targeted audiences;
o a continuum of strategic approaches for reducing radon risks ranging from
public information efforts that let people make their own decisions about
the need to test and fix their homes to regulatory approaches that require
testing and/or mitigation; and
o a strong focus on the most promising strategic approaches.
As part of the Radon Program's continual evaluation and adjustment, the
program conducted a program review in conjunction with the Office of Policy,
Planning and Evaluation (OPPE) in 1992. The review recommended that the Radon
Program place a strong emphasis on five key areas which hold the greatest promise
for achieving risk reduction:
o Focus on the greatest risk first,
o Promote radon resistant new construction,
o Support testing and mitigation in connection with real estate
transactions,
o Continue national media efforts and focus on high risk areas, and
o Develop a coordinated research plan.
In 1994 the Radon Action Program will continue to implement the activities
authorized by the Indoor Radon Abatement Act (IRAA) and any new legislative
mandates. IRAA activities include the State Indoor Radon Grant (SIRG) Program,
the National Radon Proficiency Programs, the Regional Radon Training Centers,
work in schools, promotion of model building standards, and technical assistance
to build capabilities at the state and local level.
7-6
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The Radon Program will also focus on achieving results by tracking and
setting goals for environmental indicators which include: numbers of homes and
schools tested and mitigated, homes built using radon resistant features, and
number of jurisdictions requiring radon-resistant new construction features. The
Radon Program is working with regions and states to develop and track similar
measures. The Radon Program will also increase its efforts in the area of
environmental equity by working with organizations which specialize in reaching
minority populations and developing messages and utilizing communication channels
which are most effective in reaching minorities.
Provide Technical Assistance for Federal Facility Clean-up and Storage
EPA will continue to provide coordination, oversight, technical, and
laboratory support among regional and headquarters offices to ensure that
radioactively contaminated federal facilities are cleaned up to acceptable risk
levels consistent with the requirements of the federal facility agreements.
The program is composed of two primary elements: development of overall
guidance and laboratory support that are applicable to all federal facility
sites; and development of operational controls for site characterization,
sampling, handling, analysis, treatment, and disposal of mixed wastes
(combinations of radioactive waste and hazardous chemicals). The latter is of
particular concern for DOE sites because many have substantial amounts of mixed
wastes.
As directed in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Land Withdrawal Act,
EPA will work to implement high level waste standards and criteria. Under the
WIPP legislation, over the next few years, the Agency is responsible for
approving (or disapproving) the Test Phase Plan and the Retrieval Plan, reviewing
whether DOE has complied with the No-Migration Determination clause, providing
comments on DOE'S Performance Assessment Report, and certifying whether the
facility complies with final disposal regulations.
Conduct Research to Support the Radiation Program.
ORD will continue to monitor off-site areas, under a reimbursable
arrangement with DOE at the Nevada Test Site and other test locations, to provide
the data needed by policy-makers to make decisions regarding the control of
public exposure to radioactive materials. This support consists of a radiation
safety monitoring program; operation of environmental sampling networks;
interaction with the general public to maintain public confidence and support;
laboratory analyses sufficient to immediately assess the impact of an inadvertent
release of radioactivity; determination of radionuclide body burdens in off-site
residents; veterinary investigation of claims of alleged radiation injury; and
the maintenance of all data in computerized data bases.
7-7
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RADIATION
PROGRAM ACTIVITIES
Cumulative Outputs
FR Notices
Proposals
Promulgations/Neg. Det
ACTUAL
1992
3
1
2
CURRENT
ESTIMATE ESTIMATE
1993 1994
7
4
3
3
1
2
INCREASE (+)
DECREASE (-)
1994 VS 1993
-4
-3
-1
Key for Cumulative Outputs:
1992:
1993:
1994:
1 proposed rule for NRC licensees
1 final rule for Elemental Phosphorous
1 final rule for Phosphogypsum
1 high level waste standard proposed
1 high level waste standard promulgated
2 final rules for NRC licensees
1 proposed rule for NRC licensees
1 proposed rule for UMTRCA requirements
1 final Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act standard
promulgated
1 proposed rule for WIPP test and retrieval plan
1 compliance criteria rule proposed
1 WIPP test and retrieval determination promulgated
1 NRC licensees final rule promulgated
7-8
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
RADIATION
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Radiation Research 7-9
Radiation Research 7-10
-------
PROGRAM
RADIATION
Radiation Research
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 RED
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Radition Research
Program & Research
Operations
Research & Development $1,651.5
TOTAL $2,907.3
$1,255.8 $1,523.6 $1,477.8 $1,477.4
$2,592.3
$4,115.9
$98.7
$1,576.5
$98.7
$1,576.1
-$1,477.4 -$1,523.6
-$98.7 -$2,592.3
-$1,576.1 -$4,115.9
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Research & Development
Radiation Research
$1,255.8 $1,523.6
$1,651.5 $2,592.3
TOTAL $2,907.3 $4,115.9
$1,477.8 $1,477.4
$98.7 $98.7
$1,576.5 $1,576.1
-$1,477.4 -$1,523.6
-$98.7 -$2,592.3
-$1,576.1 -$4,115.9
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Radition Research
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
20.7
20.7
23.4
23.4
23.1
23.1
23.1
23.1
-23.1
-23.1
-23.4
-23.4
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Radition Research
TOTAL UORKYEARS
21.1
21.1
23.4
23.4
23.1
23.1
23.1
23.1
-23.1
-23.1
-23.4
-23.4
7-9
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RADIATION
Radiation Research
Principal Outputs
1994 o Annual report for calendar year 1994 on off-site surveillance around
the Nevada Test Site.
1993 o Report on ambient impacts of active soil depressurization ground-
level exhaust systems used in radon mitigation.
o Report on the evaluation of radon permeability through concrete
slabs.
o Annual report for calendar year 1993 on off-site surveillance around
the Nevada Test Site.
1992 o Report on radon reduction via natural ventilation.
o Fourth annual international symposium on radon and radon reduction
technology.
o Report on radon reduction measures demonstrated in attached
dwellings.
o Update of radon reduction technology, for existing houses, technical
guidance (First Volume).
o Annual report for calendar year 1992 on off-site surveillance around
the Nevada Test Site.
7-10
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RADIATION
Radiation Research
BUDGET REQUEST
1994 Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of 59.5 total workyears for 1994 under a
reimbursable arrangement with the Department of Energy (DOE). This represents
a decrease of $1,576,100 and 24 total workyears from 1993, of which $1,477,400
was from the Program and Research Operations appropriation and $98,700 was from
the Research and Development appropriation. The decrease to the Program and
Research Operations appropriation reflects the redirection of personnel
compensation and benefits (PC&B), and travel expenses associated with funding
ORD's staff of scientists, managers and support personnel. The decrease for the
Research and Development appropriation reflects the redirection of research
resources to higher priority research activities. The decrease reflects a shift
in the Agency's strategy toward greater cross-media research through the
multimedia program as a more effective method of scientific inquiry into
environmental problems than the single media approach traditionally followed by
the Agency as well as the result of a government-wide reduction in workyears that
is part of the President's program to reduce the size and cost of government.
1993 Budget
The Agency is allocating a total of $1,576,100 and 83.5 total workyears,
of which $1,477,400 is from the Program and Research Operations appropriation,
and $98,700 is from the Research and Development appropriation.
FY 1992 Budget
The Agency obligated a total of $2,907,300 and 80 total workyears, of which
$1,255,800 was from the Program and Research Operations appropriation, and
$1,651,500 was from the Research and Development appropriation.
RESEARCH ISSUES
INDOOR AIR & RADIATION
1994 Program Request
These resources will be redirected into Air Quality Research to conduct
related indoor air engineering research, and into Multimedia Research to better
manage cross program quality assurance efforts.
7-11
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FY 1993 Program
The Office of Research and Development (ORD) is scaling-back investments
devoted to radon mitigation in FY 1993. Research activities are being conducted
in-house in order to phase-out efforts for both existing and new houses, non-
residential buildings, and laboratory bench studies devoted to radon. Research
efforts to identify radon mitigation alternatives are also being phased-out.
ORD's electromagnetic field (EMF) research is using funds appropriated in
FY 1992 to determe possible relationships between exposure to EMF and adverse
human health effects. The emphasis of this research is on 1) identification of
biological mechanisms which can explain the progression from exposure to disease
outcome; and 2) human exposure assessment. Research in these two areas will help
to reduce uncertainties in the risk assessment of EMF.
EPA continues to provide technical expertise and guidance to Regional,
State, and contractor laboratories for radiochemical analyses of environmental
samples. EPA scientists conduct inter-laboratory comparison studies to provide
data on the precision of radioactivity measurements in milk, drinking water, and
air.
FY 1992 Accomplishments
Researchers studied the processes influencing radon entry to provide the
scientific basis for developing new or improved radon reduction methods and to
develop and demonstrate techniques to cost effectively reduce indoor air levels.
Specific research included bench and pilot scale testing to simulate the relative
importance of aggregate and surrounding soil on the radon entry process, and
demonstrations to define the ability of active soil depressurization (ASD)
systems to consistently achieve levels < 1 pCi/L in homes, schools, and other
structures. Researchers also focused on determining the durability and failure
rate of currently applied mitigation systems. Evaluations were conducted on
innovative mitigation system designs as well as demonstrations of ASD and
Heating,Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) control systems as radon
mitigation options for schools.
Electric and magnetic field research (EMF) centered on major issues
identified in the Agency's research strategy and those recommended by SAB for
determining plausible biological mechanisms and conditions under which
electromagnetic radiation may promote or induce cancer.
EPA also provided technical expertise and guidance to Regional, State, and
contractor laboratories for radiochemical analyses of environmental samples. EPA
scientists conducted inter-laboratory comparison studies to provide data on the
precision and accuracy of radioactivity measurements in milk, drinking water, and
air.
7-12
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INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES/SBIR
1994 Program Request
As there are no extramural resources in Radiation Research in FY 1994, no
resources will be identified to contribute to the SBIR program.
1993 Program
As mandated by the Small Business Development Act of 1982 (Public Law 97-219),
EPA is allocating 1.50% of its extramural Research and Development budget for the
Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program. These funds are used to
support small businesses engaged in the development of equipment for pollution
abatement and control, and instrumentation for monitoring environmental trends
and conditions. Under this program, ORD is able to take advantage of unique
solutions to pesticide related problems and other environmental issues that may
be offered by the private sector.
1992 Accomplishments
Resources and accomplishments supporting this program were budgeted in the
Multimedia program element for 1992.
INFRASTRUCTURE
1994 Program Request
These resources will be redirected into other program elements in FY 1994
to address higher health and environmental risks.
1993 Program
ORD1 8 current infrastructure program provides compensation and benefits,
and travel for ORD scientists and engineers. ORD1 s workforce carries out
scientific programs in support of the Agency' s mission.
1992 Accomplishments
ORD funded its workyears in scientific support of the Agency1 s mission,
providing the necessary personnel compensation and benefits, and travel for ORD
scientists and engineers.
CROSS PROGRAM
FY 1994
The Off-Site Monitoring program will provide the data needed by policy-
makers to make decisions regarding the control of public exposure to radioactive
materials resulting from nuclear testing activities, since the creation of the
Agency in 1970, the EPA has conducted off-site monitoring support under a
7-13
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reimbursable arrangement with DOE at the Nevada Test Site and other test
locations. This support consists of a radiation safety monitoring program;
operation of environmental sampling networks; interaction with the general public
to maintain public confidence and support; laboratory analyses sufficient to
immediately assess the impact of an inadvertent release of radioactivity;
determination of radionuclide body burdens in off-site residents; veterinary
investigation of claims of alleged radiation injury; and the maintenance of all
data in computerized data bases.
FY 1993 Program
EPA continues to monitor off-site areas for DOE at the Nevada Test Site and
other test locations and provides the data needed by policy-makers to make
decisions regarding the control of public exposure to radioactive materials.
This support consists of a radiation safety monitoring program, a long-term
hydrological monitoring program, a human surveillance investigation program, and
maintenance of the radiation data base.
FY 1992 Accomplishments
EPA conducted off-site monitoring efforts for the DOE at the Nevada Test
Site and other test locations. ORD support consisted of radiation safety
monitoring, long-term hydrological monitoring, human surveillance investigations,
and maintenance of the radiation data base.
7-14
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
Table of Contents
Page
RADIATION
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Radiation Criteria, Standards and Guidelines 7-15
Radiation Criteria, Standards and Guidelines 7-16
Radiation Program Implementation 7-21
Radiation Program Implementation 7-22
Radon Action Program Implementation . 7-24
Radiation Environmental Impact Assessment 7-27
Radon Action Program 7-28
Radiation Environmental Impact Assessment 7-31
Radon State Grant Program 7-33
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RADIATION
Radiation Criteria, Standards & Guidelines
PROGRAM
Radiation Criteria,
Standards & Guidelines
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Radiation Criteria, TOTAL
Standards & Guidelines
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Radiation Criteria,
Standards & Guidelines
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL UORICYEARS
Radiation Criteria,
Standards & Guidelines
TOTAL UORKYEARS
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT
1992 BUDGET 1993 ESTIMATE
1993 1993
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$4,042.8 $4,416.3 $4,124.6 $4,359.3
$2,070.5 $2,194.4 $1,598.8 $3,197.8
$6,113.3 $6,610.7 $5,723.4 $7,557.1
$4,042.8 $4,416.3 $4,124.6 $4,359.3
$2,070.5 $2,194.4 $1,598.8 $3,197.8
$6,113.3 $6,610.7 $5,723.4 $7,557.1
57.4 61.6 59.6 59.0
57.4 61.6 59.6 59.0
60.2 61.6 59.6 59.0
60.2 61.6 59.6 59.0
REQUEST INCREASE
1994 DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
$4,060.3 -S299.0
$2,599.6 -$598.2
$6,659.9 -$897.2
$4,060.3 -$299.0
$2,599.6 -$598.2
$6,659.9 -$897.2
58.0 -1.0
58.0 -1.0
58.0 -1.0
58.0 -1.0
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
-$356.0
$405.2
$49.2
-$356.0
$405.2
$49.2
-3.6
-3.6
-3.6
-3.6
7-15
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RADIATION
Radiation Criteria, Standards, and Guidelines
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $6,659,900 supported by 58.0 total workyears
for 1994. Of the request, $4,060,300 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $2,599,600 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents a decrease of $299,000 in the Program
and Research Operations appropriation, a decrease of $598,200 in the Abatement,
Control, and Compliance appropriation, and a decrease of 1.0 total workyear.
RADIATION CRITERIA. STANDARDS. AND GUIDELINES
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $6,659,900 supported by 58.0 total workyears
for 1994. Of the request, $4,060,300 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $2,599,600 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents a decrease of $299,000 in the Program
and Research Operations appropriation, a decrease of $598,200 in the Abatement,
Control, and Compliance appropriation, and a decrease of 1.0 total workyear. The
decrease in workyears is a result of the government-wide reduction in workyears
that is part of the President's program to reduce the size and cost of
government.
In 1994 EPA will continue to concentrate on three major program areas:
addressing airborne radionuclides, establishing standards for radioactive waste
management, and developing federal guidance. The Agency will continue to promote
the transfer of implementation responsibilities for the radionuclide National
Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) to the states.
The Agency will continue to develop guidance on the clean-up of residual
radioactivity. Over 20,000 sites, including Department of Energy (DOE)
facilities and over 100 nuclear power reactors, exist where radioactive materials
are used. Many of these will be candidates for decommissioning over the next
several decades. Billions of dollars potentially could be wasted by inadequate
clean-up efforts.
As directed in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Land Withdrawal Act,
EPA will work to implement high level waste standards and criteria. Under the
WIPP legislation, over the next few years, the Agency is responsible for
approving (or disapproving) the Test Phase Plan and the Retrieval Plan, reviewing
whether DOE has complied with the No-Migration Determination clause, providing
comments on DOE's Performance Assessment Report, and certifying whether the WIPP
facility complies with final disposal regulations.
As part of its nuclear accident response efforts, EPA will implement
interim protective action guides for ingestion (food and water) pathways and
develop a training program and conduct field exercises for implementing these
protective action guides.
7-16
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The Agency will continue to enhance its mathematical modelling techniques
and evaluate new scientific literature to improve the basis for radiation risk
assessments. This supports radiation risk assessment needs across several
program areas including groundwater, drinking water, soil, and air.
The Agency will also continue to support the congressionally mandated
National Academy of Sciences (NAS) study on the scientific basis for developing
standards for commercial waste disposal at the Yucca Mountain site. Increased
emphasis will also be placed on finalizing low level waste disposal standards.
In 1994 EPA will also perform exposure assessment, modeling, and
measurement studies to identify and characterize sources of electromagnetic
radiation. The Agency will distribute and continue to develop public
information/outreach materials to assist states and regions in responding to
public inquiries.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $7,557,100 supported by 59.0 total
workyears for this program, of which $4,359,300 was for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $3,197,800 is for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1993 EPA is continuing to concentrate on three major program areas:
addressing airborne radionuclides, establishing standards for radioactive waste
management, and developing federal guidance. The Agency continues to promote the
transfer of implementation responsibilities for the radionuclide NESHAPs to the
states.
EPA is promulgating final standards for the disposal of high-level
radioactive wastes. The Agency is also continuing to develop guidance on the
clean-up of residual radioactivity. Over 20,000 sites, including DOE facilities
and over 100 nuclear power reactors, exist where radioactive materials are used.
Many of these will be candidates for decommissioning over the next several
decades. Billions of dollars potentially could be wasted by inappropriate clean-
up standards.
As part of its nuclear accident response efforts, EPA is implementing
interim protective action guides for ingestion (food and water) pathways and
developing a training program for implementing these protective action guides.
The Agency is continuing to enhance its mathematical modeling techniques
and evaluate new scientific literature to improve the basis for radiation risk
assessments. This supports radiation risk assessment needs across several
program areas including groundwater, drinking water, soil, and air.
The Agency is also continuing to support the congressionally mandated NAS
study on the scientific basis for developing standards for commercial waste
disposal at the Yucca Mountain site.
7-17
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Congress enacted legislation in 1992 for evaluating the Waste Isolation
Pilot Plant (WIPP) radioactive waste disposal site in New Mexico. As a result,
EPA has gained oversight authority for the DOE waste disposal activities at WIPP.
In 1993. these efforts are funded by DOE on a reimbursable basis and will include
four major rulemakings: high level waste disposal standards, approval/disapproval
of DOE's test and retrieval plan, compliance criteria, and a final compliance
determination. In 1993 the Agency will make a determination on the test and
retrieval plan and propose compliance criteria.
In 1993 EPA is also performing exposure assessment, modeling, and
measurement studies to identify and characterize sources of electromagnetic
radiation. The Agency is also distributing and continues to develop public
information/outreach materials to assist states and Regions in responding to
public inquiries.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992 the Agency obligated a total of $6,113,300 supported by 60.2 total
workyears for this program, of which $4,042,800 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $2,070,500 was from the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1992, EPA continued the implementation of the Clean Air Act Amendments
of 1990. Activities included evaluating the adequacy of the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission (NRC) program to achieve the goals of the new Act. In addition,
implementation of existing radionuclide NESHAPs continued. These activities
included: providing technical assistance; establishing training programs for
implementation at the regional and state levels; and providing technical
assistance to inspection teams. Headquarters also continued to assist regions
with the technical review of modification, construction, waiver, and variance
applications. EPA investigated additional source categories, such as rare earth
processing and geothermal electrical production. In addition, the Agency
continued to promote the transfer of NESHAPs implementation responsibilities to
the states. This effort included distributing the grants for state programs for
the radionuclide NESHAPs.
EPA issued protective action guides for ingestion (food and water) and
recovery. The Agency initiated a training program for the recovery protective
action guide. In addition, the Agency initiated the development of a draft
interim protective action guide for accident contamination recovery, and
completed a training program for the early phase and relocation protective action
guides.
The Agency continued to enhance its mathematical modeling techniques and
evaluate new scientific literature to improve the basis for radiation risk
assessments. This supported radiation risk assessment needs across several
program areas including groundwater, drinking water, soil, and air.
7-18
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EPA also evaluated the scientific literature on the potential
carcinogenicity of electromagnetic radiation. EPA conducted field measurement
surveys and modeling studies to investigate particular source problems. The
Agency began to develop informational materials for the public such as handbooks
on sources of exposure, a question and answer document, and a brochure for the
general public.
7-19
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7-20
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RADIATION
Radiation Program Implementation
ACTUAL PRES. ENACTED CURRENT REQUEST
1992 BUDGET 1993 ESTIMATE 1994
1993 1993
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Radiation Program
Implementation
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Radon Action Program
implementation
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
$751.3 $931.1 $940.3 $940.3
$9.0
$9.0
$951.9
$9.0
TOTAL $751.3 $931.1 $949.3 $949.3 $960.9
$1,642.4 $2,196.3 $2,122.3 $2,122.3 $2,291.8
$3.3 $3.3 $3.3
TOTAL $1,642.4 $2,196.3 $2,125.6 $2,125.6 $2,295.1
$11.6
$11.6
$169.5
$169.5
$20.8
$9.0
$29.8
$95.5
$3.3
$98.8
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
$2,393.7 $3,127.4 $3,062.6 $3,062.6 $3,243.7
$12.3 $12.3 $12.3
Radiation Program TOTAL $2,393.7 $3,127.4 $3,074.9 $3,074.9 $3,256.0
Implementation
$181.1
$181.1
$116.3
$12.3
$128.6
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Radiation Program
Implementation
Radon Action Program
implementation
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
12.9
30.7
43.6
17.0
40.1
57.1
16.6
40.0
56.6
16.4
39.6
56.0
16.2
39.0
55.2
-2
-6
-8
-8
-1.1
1.9
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Radiation Program
Implementation
Radon Action Program
implementation
TOTAL UORKYEARS
12.9
32.7
45.6
17.0
40.1
57.1
16.6
40.0
56.6
16.4
39.6
56.0
16.2
39.0
55.2
-2
-6
-8
-8
-1.1
-1.9
7-21
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RADIATION
Radiation Program Implementation
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $3,256,000 supported by 55.2 total workyears
for 1994. Of the request, $3,243,700 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $12,300 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $181,100 in the Program
and Research Operations appropriation, no change in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation, and a decrease of 0.8 total workyears.
RADIATION PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests & total of $960,900 supported by 16.2 total workyears
for 1994. Of the request, $951,900 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $9,000 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $2,600 in the Program
and Research Operations appropriation, no change in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation, and a decrease of 0.2 total workyears. The decrease
in workyears is a result of the government-wide reduction in workyears that is
part of the President's program to reduce the size and cost of government.
In 1994 regional offices will review and test state emergency response
plans. If accidental releases of radioactivity occur, the regions will assist
state agencies in interpreting Agency information and guidance and present
information regarding radiation levels to the public. Regional staffs will
participate and assist states in identifying and assessing sites that are
contaminated with radioactivity and serve as a liaison between headquarters and
field operations in remedial action programs for sites in their regions.
Regional offices will continue to work with their states to encourage
delegation of authority for the radionuclide National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) including the development and implementation
of training modules for each subpart of the act and assistance in development of
the model state program. Regions will also review and make decisions on
applications from regulated facilities for construction permits, modifications
to facilities, and waivers and exemptions. Regional staff provide technical
assistance for enforcement activities and necessary coordination between
headquarters and radiation facilities when the national program is directly
involved in implementing radionuclides NESHAPs. Finally, the regions, along with
headquarters, will assist the states in developing permitting programs under the
new Act.
The regions will provide information on issues related to electromagnetic
field exposures. Technical assistance will be provided to state and local
radiation programs in their investigation of special problems and sources of
electromagnetic fields.
7-22
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1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $949,300 supported by 16.4 total
workyears for this program, of which $940,300 was for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $9,000 was for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriat ion.
In 1993 regional offices are reviewing and testing state emergency response
plans. If accidental releases of radioactivity occur, the'regions will assist
state agencies in interpreting Agency information and guidance and present
information regarding radiation levels to the public. Regional staffs
participate and assist states in identifying and assessing sites that are
contaminated with radioactivity and serve as a liaison between headquarters and
field operations in remedial action programs for sites in their Regions.
Regional offices continue to work with their states to encourage delegation
of authority for the radionuclide NESHAPs including the development and
implementation of training modules for each subpart of the act and assistance in
development of the model state program. Regions also review and make decisions
on applications from regulated facilities for construction permits, modifications
to facilities, and waivers and exemptions. Regional staff provide technical
assistance for enforcement activities and necessary coordination between
headquarters and radiation facilities when the national program is directly
involved in implementing radionuclides NESHAPs. Finally, the regions, along with
headquarters, assist the states in developing permitting programs under the new
Act.
The regions provide information on issues related to electromagnetic field
exposures. Technical assistance is provided to state and local radiation
programs in their investigation of special problems and sources of
electromagnetic fields.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992 the Agency obligated a total of $751,300 supported by 12.9 total
workyears for this program, all of which was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation.
In 1992 the regions participated fully in all aspects of the radionuclide
NESHAPs implementation program. Many state radiation programs were not adequate
to assume delegated authority for implementing the radionuclide NESHAPs.
Consequently, the Agency took primary responsibility for implementing the
program. Much of the task fell on the regional offices. The regional offices
performed many of the initial permitting functions while at the same time worked
to strengthen state radiation programs to accept delegated authority for
implementing the radionuclide NESHAPs. The regions also reviewed applications
from regulated facilities for construction permits, modifications to facilities,
and waivers and exemptions. Regional staff also provided technical assistance
for radionuclide NESHAPs enforcement activities.
7-23
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The testing and evaluation of state emergency response planning continued
to be an important element of regional operations, along with the review of
updated plans. EPA continued to assist states in the development of radiological
emergency response plans and formally reviewed these plans along with other
federal agencies. Also, the regions were involved with state agencies and the
public in presenting and interpreting Agency information and guidance regarding
radiation problems in their area.
The Regions continued to be the primary reviewers of environmental impact
statements for radiation facilities, such as commercial nuclear power plants,
uranium mines and mills, and radioactive waste disposal facilities. They
responded to special problems involving actual or potential radiation releases
or exposures.
RADON ACTION PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $2,295,100 supported by 39.0 total workyears
for 1994. Of the request, $2,291,800 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $3,300 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $169,500 in the Program
and Research Operations appropriation, no change in the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation, and a decrease of 0.6 total workyears. The decrease
in workyears is a result of the government-wide reduction in workyears that is
part of the President's program to reduce the size and cost of government.
In 1994 regional staff will continue to work through partnerships developed
with states to implement the Agency's Radon Action Program. Regional staff will
work with states to design and implement effective programs for reducing radon
health risks to the public.
The regions will continue to be the focal point for implementation of the
State Indoor Radon Grant program. Regions review state grant applications
against established criteria and ensure that grant funds are used effectively.
The regions will work with the headquarters program, the states, and local
governments in the design and implementation of efforts to assess and remediate
radon problems in schools. The regions will continue to provide direct oversight
to the Regional Training Centers, which also conduct testing for the national
Radon Contractor Proficiency Program. The regions will also work with states and
local governments to promote addressing radon in connection with real estate
transfers and to promote the adoption of radon building standards. The regions
will continue to provide advice and assistance to states that want to establish
additional consumer protection functions, such as licensing measurement and
mitigation contractors.
The regions will continue to provide information to states and members of
the public and participate and conduct educational programs, symposia, and
workshops for state and local officials, contractors, and the public.
7-24
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1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $2,125,600 supported by 39.6 total
workyears for this program, of which $2,122,300 is for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $3,300 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1993 regional staff are continuing to work through partnerships
developed with states to implement the Agency's Radon Action Program. Regional
staff work with states to conduct EPA-assisted statewide surveys, and help states
that have completed their surveys to interpret the results and design effective
follow-up programs.
The regions continue to be the focal point for implementation of the radon
state assistance program. Regions review state grant applications against
established criteria and ensure that grant funds are used effectively.
The regions work with the headquarters program, the states, and local
governments in the design and implementation of surveys in schools to further
identify elevated radon levels. The regions provide direct oversight to the
Regional Training Centers, which also conduct testing for the national Radon
Contractor Proficiency Program. The regions also work with states and local
governments for the adoption of radon building standards and provide advice and
assistance to states that want to establish additional consumer protection
functions, such as licensing measurement and mitigation contractors.
The regions continue to provide information to states and members of the
public participating and conducting educational programs, symposia, and workshops
for state and local officials, contractors, and the public.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992 the Agency obligated a total of $1,642,400 supported by 32.7 total
workyears for this program, all of which was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation.
The regional activities of the Radon Action Program focused on the
dissemination of technical skills and information to the states to develop their
radon capabilities. These activities included helping the states design and
implement surveys, providing assistance to states in their development of radon
monitoring capabilities, overseeing the Regional Radon Training Centers which
provide measurement and mitigation training, administering the state assistance
program in cooperation with headquarters, and providing technical assistance as
requested. The regions continued to be the focal point for implementing the
State Grant program. Regions reviewed state applications against established
7-25
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criteria and ensured that grant funds were used effectively. Support was also
provided to the states to help them deal with the most critical radon problems
as they are discovered; this support is aimed at promoting state self-
sufficiency. The regions also distributed EPA's public information materials,
developed local public information campaigns, and participated in numerous radon
public awareness activities (speeches, talk shows, school presentations, media
interviews, etc.). Regional personnel addressed public interest groups, the real
estate and construction industries, and others interested in the public health
benefits that can be realized by reducing radon exposures.
7-26
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RADIATION
Radiation Environmental Impact Assessment
PROGRAM
Radon Action Program
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Radiation Environmental
Impact Assessment
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
Radon Targeted State
Assistance
Abatement Control and
Compliance
TOTAL
TOTAL:
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Radiation TOTAL
Environmental Impact
Assessment
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Radon Action Program
Radiation Environmental
Impact Assessment
TOTAL PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
Radon Action Program
Radiation Environmental
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994
INCREASE INCREASE
DECREASE DECREASE
1994 REO 1994 REO
VS VS
1993 CE 1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
$3,129.5
$12,814.8
$15,944.3
$3,144.9
$42.7
$3,187.6
$7,703.8
$7,703.8
$6,274.4
$20,561.3
$26,835.7
46.6
43.2
89.8
46.8
45.0
$3,683.3
$10,388.0
$14,071.3
$3,972.0
$30.3
$4,002.3
$8,158.0
$8,158.0
$7,655.3
$18,576.3
$26,231.6
51.1
51.0
102.1
J
51.1
51.0
$3,062.7
$7,598.5
$10,661.2
$3,265.0
$511.4
$3.776.4
$8,158.0
$8,158.0
$6,327.7
$16,267.9
$22,595.6
49.8
49.8
99.6
49.8
49.8
$3,044.9
$7.595.5
$10,640.4
$3,251.5
$507.9
$3,759.4
$8,158.0
$8,158.0
$6,296.4
$16,261.4
$22,557.8
49.3
49.3
98.6
49.3
49.3
$3,390.2
$8,925.1
$12,315.3
$3,403.1
$1,556.2
$4,959.3
$8,158.0
$8,158.0
$6,793.3
$18.639.3
$25,432.6
48.2
48.3
96.5
48.2
48.3
$345.3 -$293.1
$1,329.6 -$1,462.9
$1,674.9 -$1,756.0
$151.6 -$568.9
$1,048.3 $1,525.9
$1,199.9 $957.0
$496.9 -$862.0
$2,377.9 $63.0
$2,874.8 -$799.0
-1.1 -2.9
-1.0 -2.7
-2.1 -5.6
-1.1 -2.9
-1.0 -2.7
Impact Assessment
TOTAL UORKYEARS 91.8 102.1 99.6 98.6 96.5 -2.1 -5.6
7-27
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RADIATION
Radon Action Program
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $25,432,600 supported by 96.5 total
workyears for 1994. Of the request, $6,793,300 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $18,639,300 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $496,900
in the Program and Research Operations appropriation, an increase of $2,377,900
in the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation, and a decrease of 2.1
in total workyears.
RADON ACTION PROGRAM
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $12,315,300 supported by 48.2 total
workyears for 1994. Of the request, $3,390,200 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $8,925,100 will be for the Abatement,
Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $345,300
in the Program and Research Operations appropriation, an increase of $1,329,600
in the Abatement, Control, and Compliance appropriation, and a decrease of 1.1
in total workyears. The increase in the Abatement, Control, and Compliance
appropriation will restore 1993 reductions in the Radon Proficiency programs and
partially restore resources for public information efforts. The decrease in
workyears is a result of the government-wide reduction in workyears that is part
of the President's program to reduce the size and cost of government.
In 1994 the Radon Action Program will continue to refine the assessment of
the scope and magnitude of the nation's radon problems in homes and schools.
This includes efforts to further refine identification of high risk radon areas.
The Agency will also continue to offer radon testing, mitigation, and
prevention training through the Regional Radon Training Centers and various
workshops. The Agency will work with state and local governments, building code
organizations, and construction industry groups to promote the adoption of radon
resistant building codes.
The Agency will continue to operate the national RMP and RCP programs to
provide information to the states and the public on the proficiency of
measurement and mitigation firms. EPA will also provide assistance to states in
dealing with critical radon problems and support the development of the
capabilities of state programs through oversight of the state grant program.
The program will provide quality assurance/quality control on sample
analysis and provide direct sample analysis, where necessary. The Agency will
continue to operate the national radon information clearinghouse and maintain the
national radon database. The Agency will continue to collect user fees for its
proficiency (RCP and RMP) programs.
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The Agency will continue its work with national non-profit organizations
to promote public action at the community level, particularly in high-risk radon
areas. In support of its public information brochure on addressing radon during
real estate transactions, the Agency will conduct workshops for the building,
real estate, and banking communities to provide information on radon health
risks, potential liabilities, prevention and reduction methods and costs.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $10,640,400 supported by 49.3 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,044,900 is for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $7,595,500 is for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation.
In 1993 the Radon Action Program has continued to assess the nation's radon
problems in homes and schools. This includes completing the national map of
radon zones and other efforts to identify high risk radon areas. The Agency also
completed the data analysis for the national survey of radon in schools and is
issuing a report.
The Agency is continuing to offer radon mitigation and prevention on
training through the Regional Radon Training Centers and various workshops. The
Agency has expanded work with state and local governments, building code
organizations, and construction industry groups to promote the adoption of model
building codes.
The program is providing quality assurance/quality control on sample
analysis and provide direct sample analysis, where necessary. The Agency
continues to operate the national radon information clearinghouse; maintain the
national radon database; evaluate the capability of measurement and mitigation
devices, technology, and firms and make the information available to the States
and public (through the RCP and RMP programs); and provide national oversight to
the State grant program. The Agency also plans to begin collecting user fees for
its proficiency (RCP and RMP) programs.
The Agency continues its work with National Non-Profit Organizations to
promote public action at the community level. In support of its public
information brochure on addressing radon during real estate transactions, the
Agency is developing training and workshops for the building, real estate, and
banking communities to provide information on radon health risks, potential
liabilities, prevention and reduction methods and costs.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992 the Agency obligated a total of $15,944,300 supported by 46.8 total
workyears to this program, of which $3,129,500 was from the Salaries and Expenses
appropriation and $12,814,800 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
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In 1992 EPA continued the Radon Action Program through partnerships with
states to minimize the health risks of radon exposure. The Agency continued to
assess the nation's radon problems in homes, schools, and other public buildings.
EPA provided assistance to states in the design and execution of state-wide radon
surveys, as well as to two Indian nations and continued its mapping activities
to facilitate targeting of resources.
The national RCP program continued to evaluate the capability of mitigation
firms and made the information available to the states and public. EPA provided
radon mitigation and prevention training through regional training centers, which
provide hands-on radon measurement, mitigation, and prevention training to state
personnel, private contractors, and home builders. The Agency developed draft
national model building standards for preventing radon problems in new
construction. The Agency also worked with building code organizations and local
governments to promote the adoption of these model standards.
The Agency continued to operate the national RMP and RCP programs to
provide information to the states and the public on the proficiency of
measurement and mitigation firms. EPA also provided assistance to states in
dealing with critical radon problems and the development of the capabilities of
state programs through oversight of the state grant program. The Agency
developed a national radon database and a national radon information
clearinghouse. The Agency also worked to promulgate user fee regulations.
EPA completed revisions to the revised edition of the public information
brochure, "A Citizen's Guide to Radon." The updated brochure includes
information on health risks to special populations, costs and feasibility of
radon mitigation, and a series of recommended action levels. The Agency
continued the national media campaign in cooperation with the Ad Council and
cooperative agreements with the American Lung Association and the American
Medical Association to conduct public education and information programs.
Cooperative agreements were initiated with other organizations, including: the
American Public Health Association, the National Association of Counties, the
American College of Preventive Medicine, the Consumer Federation of America, and
the National Civic League. Other public information activities included the
development of information and audiovisual materials for target audiences, co-
sponsoring regional meetings with selected national organizations, and sponsoring
a national radon symposium.
State programs funded through the federal grants included activities such
as carrying out radon surveys; establishing radon assessment, mitigation, and
control programs; developing public information and educational materials;
developing data storage and management systems; operating radon hotlines; and
purchasing analytical equipment. Under this program element, headquarters, in
cooperation with the regions, administers the grant funds, develops the specific
criteria used to evaluate state grant applications, and reviews applications.
7-30
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RADIATION ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $4,959,300 supported by 48.3 total workyears
for 1994. Of the request, $3,403,100 will be for the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and $1,556,200 will be for the Abatement, Control and
Compliance appropriation. This represents an increase of $151,600 in the Program
and Research Operations appropriation, an increase of $1,048,300 in the
Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation, and a decrease of 1.0 total
workyears. The increase in the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation
will support replacement and essential enhancements in laboratory equipment to
support radiological emergencies. The decrease in workyears is a result of the
government-wide reduction in workyears that is part of the President's program
to reduce the size and cost of government.
The EPA plays a significant role in preparing for, and responding to,
accidental releases of radioactive material into the environment. The Federal
Radiological Emergency Response Plan (FRERP) delineates EPA's role, along with
the roles of several other federal agencies, such as the NRC, DOE, HHS, and FEMA,
that could be involved in responding to a radiological incident. According to
the FRERP, EPA's role includes: 1) leading the federal response to an incident
involving releases from foreign-source accidents affecting the U.S., such as a
Chernobyl-type event; 2) assisting DOE in monitoring and analysis during the
emergency phase of an accident; 3) leading the post-emergency response effort if
needed; and 4) developing and assisting in the implementation of protective
action guides for radiation protection during an emergency.
EPA's Radiological Emergency Response Team consists of staff from
headquarters, ORIA laboratories, and the regional offices. ORIA's two
laboratories maintain mobile radiological laboratories and support vehicles as
well as an inventory of field instruments to support EPA's role.
Based on internal evaluations, the Radiological Emergency Preparedness
Program was identified as an Agency-level weakness under the Federal Managers'
Financial Integrity Act. Two areas of equipment were found to require updating
and/or replacement in order to rectify this assessment. The equipment areas
included the analytical and detection equipment and the mobile laboratories.
Replacement of the analytical and detection equipment is needed to provide field-
based monitoring teams an improved scientific basis to assess radiation levels
at accident sites. Replacement of aging mobile laboratories will enable field
monitoring teams to move quickly with the necessary equipment. The new mobile
laboratory will provide mechanical reliability and the ability to be airlifted
to remote sites.
EPA's National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory (NAREL) and the
Las Vegas Facility (LVF) provide radiological emergency response and measurement
programs. The facilities assume the lead responsibility for EPA's field
measurements in emergency situations involving releases of radioactivity to the
general environment. Work will continue to improve the Environmental Radiation
Ambient Monitoring System (ERAMS). The facilities also conduct field and
7-31
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laboratory measurement and analyses to support environmental radioactivity
standards and to provide a basis for evaluating environmental radiation sources.
Studies are conducted in radioactively contaminated areas that include mining
sites, construction sites, uranium and plutonium operations, and various other
areas.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $3,759,400 supported by 49.3 total
workyears of which $3,251,500 is for the Program and Research Opera.tions
appropriation and $507,900 is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1993 the Agency is working to enhance its ability to respond to nuclear
accidents. This effort includes the training of additional radiation staff and
the evaluation of the mobile laboratories and field instruments for equipment
refitting or replacement.
As a major component of the overall nuclear accident response capability,
ERAMS operates 268 stations to sample air, precipitation, surface water, and
milk. Work will begin to include soil samples in the system. These stations not
only routinely provide information on ambient radiation levels but also have the
capability to provide near real-time information on radiation levels resulting
from nuclear accidents. In addition, Agency staff periodically participate in
tests that measure Federal emergency response capabilities to ensure that
personnel and equipment are maintained in a state of readiness.
EPA continues technical analyses and associated quality assurance programs
in support of regulatory development and implementation efforts. The Agency
continues support for radionuclide National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants (NESHAPs) implementation through compliance field studies and
completes background information documents for high-level radioactive waste. EPA
provides laboratory support, including analysis of air samples, to states and
regions for implementation of radionuclide NESHAPs. The Agency provides
laboratory support to states and Indian nations requiring technical assistance
to address unique radiation problems.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992 the Agency obligated a total of $3,187,600 supported by 45.0 total
workyears for this program, of which $3,144,900 was from the Salaries and
Expenses appropriation and $42,700 was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance
appropriation.
In 1992 EPA continued to support the development, implementation, and
enforcement of standards and guidance. This included support for implementing
NESHAPs for airborne radionuclides and collecting and analyzing air samples from
facilities to verify compliance with existing standards.
EPA continued to maintain emergency response capabilities at two field
locations and headquarters and participated in field exercises scheduled by the
FEMA. Other activities included coordinating EPA regional review and testing of
7-32
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state emergency response plans; assisting other EPA offices and state
radiological programs; and operating the ERAMS.
Analytical support for the development of protective action guides also
continued. Other activities included offering training and technical support to
states and Indian nations having other problems related to radiation
contamination. Support provided to radiation regulatory activities focused on
the implementation of NESHAPs and the development of final rules for the disposal
of high-level radioactive waste. Specific activities in support of NESHAPs
implementation included field studies around regulated facilities to determine
compliance; development of analytical procedures; and adaption of complex
computer models for easy use by states and industry.
RADON STATE GRANT PROGRAM
1994 Program Request
The Agency requests a total of $8,158,000 for this program, all of which
is for the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation. This represents no
change from 1993.
In 1994 EPA will continue to provide financial support to states to assist
them in the development and implementation of programs to assess and mitigate
radon. State programs funded through these federal grants will continue to
include activities such as carrying out radon surveys; establishing radon
assessment, mitigation, and control programs; developing public information and
education materials; developing data storage and management systems; operating
radon hotlines; and purchasing analytical equipment.
Headquarters, in cooperation with the regions, will continue to develop
criteria used to evaluate state use of grant funds. Administration of the
program will again emphasize risk targeting and include consideration of whether
states have made reasonable efforts to ensure adoption of radon model
construction standards and techniques. State implementation of previously
awarded radon grant funds will be reviewed and given consideration as new funds
are distributed.
1993 Program
The Agency is allocating a total of $8,158,000 for this program, all of
which is from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1993 EPA is continuing to provide financial support to states to assist
them in the development and implementation of programs to assess and mitigate
radon. State programs funded through these federal grants continue to include
activities such as carrying out radon surveys; establishing radon assessment,
mitigation, and control programs; developing public information and education
materials; developing data storage and management systems; operating radon
hotlines; and purchasing analytical equipment.
7-33
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Headquarters, in cooperation with the regions, is continuing to develop
criteria used to evaluate state use of grant funds. Administration of the
program emphasizes risk targeting and includes giving consideration to whether
states have made reasonable efforts to ensure adoption of radon model
construction standards and techniques. State implementation of previously
awarded radon grant funds are being reviewed and are being given consideration
as new funds are distributed.
1992 Accomplishments
In 1992 the Agency obligated a total of $7,703,800 for this program, all
of which was from the Abatement, Control and Compliance appropriation.
In 1992 state programs funded through these federal grants included
activities such as carrying out radon surveys; establishing radon assessment,
mitigation, and control programs; developing public information and educational
materials; developing data storage and management systems; operating radon
hotlines; and purchasing analytical equipment. Under this program element,
headquarters, in cooperation with the regions, developed the specific criteria
used to target resources based on risk, evaluate state grant applications,
reviewed applications, and administered the grant funds. The Agency also
evaluated the states use of previously awarded radon grant funds as new funds are
distributed.
7-34
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
of Contents
Page
MULTIMEDIA 8-1
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Multimedia Research ....................... 8-9
Multimedia Research ...................... 8-10
Headquarters Expenses ..................... 8-32
Lab & Field Expenses ..................... 8-33
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
Environmental Review and Coordination .............. 8-35
Office of Cooperative Environmental Management .......... 8-41
Academic Training Grants ..................... 8-45
Regional Multimedia Programs ................... 8-47
Analytical Environmental Services ................ 8-51
Border Environmental Activities ................. 8-55
Pollution Prevention Activities ................. 8-57
Pollution Prevention State Grants ............... 8-58
Office of Pollution Prevention ................ 8-59
Pollution Prevention Projects ................. 8-61
ENFORCEMENT
Enforcement Policy and Technical Support ............. 8-63
Enforcement Policy and Operations ............... 8-65
Criminal Enforcement Program ................. 8-69
Technical Support ...................... 8-73
Federal Facilities Enforcement ................ 8-75
-------
APPROPRIATION
MULTIMEDIA
ACTUAL
1992
'
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
.Research & Development
Oil Spills Trust Fund
TOTAL, Multimedia
$59,544.6 $69,597.9 $65,290.0 $65.424.2 $74,339.1 $8,914.9 $4,741.2
$24,612.0 $28,088.6 $37,529.8 $39,514.6 $51,427.2 $11,912.6 $23,338.6
$137,855.7 $155,764.4 $148,657.7 $148,657.7 $196,243.3 $47,585.6 $40,478.9
$71.4 $72.0 $72.0 -$72.0 -$71.4
$222,012.3 $253,522.3 $251,549.5 $253,668.5 $322,009.6 $68,341.1 $68,487.3
FIFRA Revolving Fund
Ocean Dumping Fund
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL WORKYEARS
OUTLAYS
AUTHORIZATION LEVELS
$239.8
$127.9
853.1
895.2
1,024.7 1,025.4
1,024.7 1,025.4
1,021.3 1,094.9
1,021.3 1,094.9
73.6
73.6
70.2
70.2
$184,030.2 $254.590.2 $250,288.2 $252,495.4 $315,994.4 $63,499.0 $61,354.2
All authorization except for Research and Development is by virtue of the Appropriation Act.
The Environmental Research, Development and Demonstration Act expired September 30, 1981.
Reauthorization is pending.
8-1
-------
MULTIMEDIA
DIFFERENCE
PRES. CURRENT
BUDGET ENACTED ESTIMATE
1993 1993 1993
ENACTED VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
PRES. BUD
EST. VS
ENACTED
APPROPRIATION
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Program & Research
Operations
Abatement Control and
Compliance
Research & Development
Oil Spills Trust Fund
TOTAL, Multimedia
$69,597.9 $65,290.0 $65,424.2 -$4,307.9 -$4,173.7 $134.2
$28,088.6 $37,529.8 $39,514.6 $9,441.2 $11,426.0 $1,984.8
$155,764.4 $148,657.7 $148.657.7 -$7,106.7 -$7,106.7
$71.4 $72.0 $72.0 $6 $6
$253,522.3 $251,549.5 $253,668.5 -$1,972.8
$146.2 $2,119.0
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
TOTAL UORKYEARS
1,024.7
1,024.7
1,025.4
1,025.4
1,021.3
1.021.3
7
7
-3.4
-3.4
-4.1
-4.1
The following points list the major reasons that the dollars devoted to this media have changed from
submission of the President's FY 1993 Budget Request to the FY 1993 Current Estimates.
PROGRAM AND RESEARCH OPERATION
o The 1993 Current Estimate reflects the restructuring of the Salaries and Expenses appropriation,
general congressional reductions and increased workforce costs.
ABATEMENT CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE
o The 1993 Current Estimate reflects Congressionally directed add-ons for pollution state grants, the
New Jersey Institute of Technology, and the New Jersey Small Business Pollution Prevention Strategy,
and reflects reductions taken as a result of Congressional direction to reduce the Abatement Control
and Compliance account.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
o The 1993 Current Estimate reflects Congressionally directed add-ons for the Pollution Prevention
Research and Development Center, the Polymer Research Center, the Experimental Program to Stimulate
Competitive Research (EPSCOR), and the Southwest Environmental Research Center.
o The 1993 Current Estimate reflects Congressionally directed and general reductions to the Research
and Development appropriation, including Operating Expenses.
8-2
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MEDIA BRIDGE TABLE
MULTIMEDIA
PRO AC&C R&D Oil Total
FY 1993 CURRENT ESTIMATE
Changes by Category:
Workforce Costs (+/-)
Legislative Initiatives (+/-)
Program Initiatives (+/-)
Discontinuation of Specific
Increases to FY 1992 Request
Others (+/-)
$65,424.2
$8,914.9
$0.0
$0.0
<-) $0.0
$0.0
$39,514.6
$1.4
$1,500.0
$24,261.2
-$9,850.0
-$4,000.0
$148,657.7
$0.0
$0.0
$54.829.7
-$5,450.0
-$1,794.1
$72.0
$0.0
$0.0
$0.0
$0.0
-$72.0
$253,668.5
$8,916.3
$1,500.0
$79,090.9
$15,300.0
-$5,866.1
FY 1994 PRESIDENT'S BUDGET $74,339.1 $51,427.2 $196,243.3 $0.0 $322,009.6
8-3
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I
00
-------
MULTIMEDIA
OVERVIEW AND STRATEGY
The Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Multimedia Program consists of
activities that promote an integrated approach to environmental problems and that
provide cross-media support to Agency programs. The Multimedia Program covers
three Agency functional areas. These areas are: 1) the Research and Development
Function, 2) the Abatement and Control Function, and 3) the Enforcement Function.
Research and Development Function
The Multimedia Research Program consists of activities that cross program
and media research boundaries. These activities include: (1) the Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) designed to determine the condition of
our nations's ecological resources, provide information to evaluate the
effectiveness of environmental policies, and help identify emerging environmental
problems before they become widespread; (2) the development of methods for
measuring human exposure to environmental pollutants, studies that measure actual
human exposures, and models that predict human exposures; (3) the development,
application, and assessment of tools designed to prevent the generation of
pollution; (4) exploratory grants and centers that provide fundamental research
upon which applied environmental research is built; (5) the development of the
biological basis and methods for improved health risk assessment; (6) research
and assessment on Lead and other heavy metals; (7) technology transfer to
Regions, States, local governments and the international community; (8)
innovative technology programs designed to stimulate and facilitate the
development and commercialization of environmentally relevant technologies; (9)
programs and systems to assure the quality of the Agency's scientific
information; and (10) the development of models that incorporate advances in
computing and communications technologies into EPA's environmental assessment
applications. Many of these activities expand the fundamental scientific base
necessary to formulate solutions to existing and emerging problems.
The Multimedia Research Program also provides for operating expenses
necessary to fulfill the Agency's research mission. These expenses maintain the
Agency's research infrastructure such as laboratory supplies, equipment,
automated data processing, and human resources development.
Abatement and Control Function
The Environmental Review and Coordination Program accomplishes statutory
objectives under the authority of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
and Section 309 of the Clean Air Act, and includes three program activities as
well as support for Regional multi-media projects. The NEPA Compliance program
assures EPA's actions comply with the intent of the Act. This includes reviews
that are the functional equivalent for those Agency programs that are not
specifically covered by NEPA. The Environmental Review program ensures that
Federal agencies carry out their activities in an environmentally sound manner
pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act and Section 309 of the Clean
Air Act.
8-5
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The Indians program develops and implements policies for dealing with
environmental problems on Indian lands. Regional interdisciplinary projects
enable rapid response to unique cross-media environmental problems. EPA's
technology transfer activities are intended to improve efficiency and performance
in environmental programs technology transfer and information exchange.
The Office of Toxic Substances and the Pollution Prevention Division merged
in 1992 to form the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT). The
Pollution Prevention Division's program includes the development and integration
of multi-media pollution prevention approaches in national, Regional, and state
environmental programs through both regulatory and voluntary actions by
businesses, other Federal agencies, and citizens. The main focus in 1994 will
be to advance the understanding and application of the pollution prevention ethic
throughout society through: making prevention the principle of first choice in
the mainstream work of the Agency; identifying and pioneering new cross-media
environmental approaches and programs; developing partnerships in technological
innovations with the private sector and with other Federal agencies; using
information as a tool for promoting prevention and for measuring progress; and
supporting a network of preventive programs among states and local governments.
The Agency will coordinate Federal and international pollution prevention
activities by exchanging ideas and approaches to promote pollution prevention.
In 1994, OPPT's Pollution Prevention program's main emphasis will be to
continue to promote the implementation of established pollution prevention
policies. The Pollution Prevention Grants program makes matching grants to
states to promote source reduction techniques by businesses, and to support
pollution prevention initiatives that address the transfer of potentially harmful
pollutants across all environmental media air, land, and water. The grants
are awarded under the authorities of section 5 of the Pollution Prevention Act
Of 1990 (PPA).
In 1994, the Office of International Activities (OIA) will begin to develop
Phase II of the Integrated Border Environmental Plan. Phase II will build upon
the environmental activities completed in Phase I of the IBEP. Also the Agency
will support NAFTA parallel track activities. During President Clinton's recent
meeting with Mexico's President Salinas the need for an additional "side
agreement" for the environment was strongly emphasized. Funding will be used to
promote broader Mexico country-wide initiatives under the proposed U.S. - Mexico
Environmental Cooperation Agreement .
In 1994, the Office of the Administrator will continue to develop programs
that identify, document, and disseminate information on selective exemplary
practices in Cooperative Environmental Management. The Regional Multimedia
Programs will provide the needed resources for the Regional offices to handle
risk-based priorities that are geographically unique to the Regions, and are not
adequately addressed by the Agency's national programs. For Analytical
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Environmental Services, Regional media programs require technical expertise for
primary field investigations, compliance monitoring, sample collection and
transport, laboratory analyses, data analysis and evaluation, quality
assurance/quality control oversight, environmental emergencies and Geographical
Information Systems, the national Drinking Water Laboratory Certification
Program, and technical assistance to State drinking water laboratories.
Enforcement Function
Enforcement Policy and Operations provides consistent direction to EPA
enforcement for all non-Superfund media to assure the most effective possible
stewardship of EPA's enforcement responsibilities as they contribute to the
protection of environmental quality. To accomplish this goal, it establishes
compliance monitoring and enforcement priorities, policies, and procedural
guidelines so that enforcement actions are properly selected and prepared; and
establishes measures to ensure policies and procedures are correctly implemented
by the media enforcement programs and Regional offices. It conducts all legal
case development, litigation, and adjudicatory hearing activities for media
enforcement programs, including oversight of evidence gathering, preparation and
management of cases, and referral of cases to the Department of Justice for
litigation.
The Criminal Enforcement Program provides for the investigation,
preparation, and referral of cases involving criminal violations of environmental
statutes. It also acts to forcefully deter criminal violations of environmental
laws by serving notice that willful statutory violations will be met with harsh
sanctions in terms of both fines and jail terms. This program works in close
partnership with Federal and State law enforcement agencies to ensure full
compliance of environmental laws.
The National Enforcement Investigations Center (NEIC) provides specialized
technical expertise for all media in support of EPA civil and criminal
enforcement case preparation activities nationwide. NEIC serves as a point of
coordination and support for complex investigations having a national impact on
environmental enforcement.
The Federal Facilities Enforcement Program ensures that Federal facilities
and Government-Owned-Contractor-Operated (GOCO) facilities conduct their
activities in an environmentally sound manner and comply with all environmental
statutes and regulatory requirements. EPA's Federal Facilities multi-media
enforcement strategy is based on the ability to provide technical assistance and
to track inspection and compliance activities. The strategy also emphasizes
prioritized enforcement which focuses Regional enforcement and oversight
resources on federal facilities that are targeted for having historical non-
compliance and serious violations.
Consulting Services; No consulting service activities in this program.
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03
I
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ENVIRONMEMTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1994 Budget Estimate
of Contents
Pace
MULTIMEDIA
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Multimedia Research ....................... 8-9
Multimedia Research ...................... 8-10
Headquarters Expenses ..................... 8-32
Lab & Field Expenses ..................... 8-33
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MULTIMEDIA
Multimedia Research
ACTUAL
1992
PRES.
BUDGET
1993
ENACTED
1993
CURRENT
ESTIMATE
1993
REQUEST
1994
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 CE
INCREASE
DECREASE
1994 REQ
VS
1993 PB
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PROGRAM
Multimedia Research
Program & Research $14.260.3 $15,080.9 $14,984.9 $15,167.2 $21,368.7 $6,201.5 $6,287.8
Operations
Research & Development $96,096.5 $107,697.4 $103,110.1 $103,110.1 $141,676.3 $38.566.2 $33,978.9
TOTAL $110,356.8 $122,778.3 $118,095.0 $118,277.3 $163,045.0 $44,767.7 $40,266.7
Headquarters Expenses
Research & Development $4.667.3 $5,479.5 $5,456.8 $5,456.8 $5,402.0 -$54.8 -$77.5
TOTAL $4,667.3 $5,479.5 $5,456.8 $5,456.8 $5,402.0 -$54.8 -$77.5
Lab & Field Expenses
Research & Development $37,091.9 $42,587.5 $40,090.8 $40,090.8 $49,165.0 $9,074.2 $6,577.5
TOTAL $37,091.9 $42,587.5 $40,090.8 $40,090.8 $49,165.0 $9,074.2 $6,577.5
TOTAL:
Program & Research $14,260.3 $15,080.9 $14,984.9 $15,167.2 $21,368.7 $6,201.5 $6,287.8
Operations
Research & Development $137,855.7 $155,764.4 $148,657.7 $148,657.7 $196,243.3 $47.585.6 $40,478.9
Multimedia Research TOTAL $152,116.0 $170,845.3 $163,642.6 $163,824.9 $217,612.0 $53,787.1 $46,766.7
PERMANENT UORKYEARS
Multimedia Research 195.8 225.6 228.6 231.4 317.9 86.5 92.3
TOTAL PERMANENT WORKYEARS 195.8 225.6 228.6 231.4 317.9 86.5 92.3
TOTAL WORKYEARS
Multimedia Research 199.0 225.6 228.6 231.4 317.9 86.5 92.3
TOTAL UORKYEARS 199.0 225.6 228.6 231.4 317.9 86.5 92.3
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MULTIMEDIA
Multimedia Research
Principal Outputs
1994 o National Academy of Sciences "Comprehensive Review of EMAP" Report
o Final Program Plan for the Carolinian Province Demonstration Project
o Report on Dynamical Aspects of Biodiversity and Environmental Relations
o Initial Report on the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS)
Pilot Test
o Report on the Agricultural Health Study: Pilot Pesticide Exposure Studies
in Iowa and North Carolina
o Final Report on the National Human Activity pattern Survey
o Report on the NHANES III Data Collection
o Conference: New and Innovative Monitoring Methods
o Final Report on Pollution Prevention Opportunities for Out-Year Source
Reduction Review Project MACT
o Final Feasibility Report on Phase II Field Evaluation of Gold Needle
Calibration Method for Portable XRF Paint-Lead Measurements
o Provision of Remaining Standard Reference Materials (SRM's) for Laboratory
Paint-Lead Analyses for Use in Supporting Accreditation Program for Paint-
Lead Measurements
o Performance Evaluation Materials (PEM's) to Support Field Methods Use of
Portable XRF and/or Test Kits for Paint-Lead Measurements
o Annual Report on Exploratory Research Grants Program
1993 o Annual Statistical Summary for Forest Health Monitoring
o Report on 1992 Agroecosystems Pilot in North Carolina
o Data Summary for 1992 Great Lakes Pilot
o Annual Statistical Summary for Virginian Province
o Annual Statistical Summary for Louisianian Province
o Draft Design for National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS)
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o Report on the Agricultural Health Study: Pilot Pesticide Exposure Studies
in Minnesota
o Report on the Relationship between Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) pollutant
releases and the Geographic Location of Minority and Disadvantages
Populations
o Draft Final Report on Pollution Prevention for Out-Year Source Reduction
Review Project MACT
o Design for Pollution Prevention Guidance Manual
o Workshops:- Pollution Prevention for Small Industrial Operations and
Municipalities
o Feasibility Report on Phase I Laboratory Evaluation of Gold Needle
Calibration Method for Portable XRF Measurement of Paint-Lead
o Standard Reference Materials (SRM's) of Powdered Paint (i.e., 1-3 different
SRM's) for Laboratory Analysis of Paint-Lead
o Preliminary Field Evaluation of New EPA Quantitative Test Kit-Based Method
for Rapid Measurement of Lead in Paint
o Annual Report on Exploratory Research Grants Program
o Annual cycle of Blood Chemistry Parameters in Striped Mullet (Mugil
cephalus) and Pin fish (Lagodon rhomboides) from the Gulf of Mexico
o Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program Estuaries Component:
Louisianian Province: 1991 Demonstration Field Activities Report
o Northeast Lakes 1991 Pilot Report of the Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment Program
o Biologically-Based Dose-Response Models for Developmental Toxicity: Final
Report
o Biologically-Based Dose-Response Models for Neurotoxicity: Program overview
and project summaries
o The Impact of Research Results on Improving Risk Assessment: Examples
o Final Developmental Toxicity Risk Assessment Guidelines
o Final Exposure Assessment Guidelines
o Final Framework for Ecological Risk Assessment
o Facility Pollution Prevention Guide
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o American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide Quarterly
Subscription Service
o Life Cycle Assessment: Inventory Guidelines and Principles
o Seminars: Integrated Solid Waste Management for Rural, County and Local
Governments
o Workshops: Pollution Prevention for Small Industrial Operations and
Municipalities
o Awarded 56 SBIR contracts
o Manual: Wastewater Treatment/Disposal for Small Communities
o Annual Report on the Exploratory Research Grants Program
o Start-up Support to Four New Academic Research Centers
o Summary of Awards Under the Small Business Innovation Research Program
o Optimized Several Air Quality Models for Computation on Coarse Grain
Parallel Processors
o Converted Water Quality and Ground Water Models to High Performance
Computing Environments
o Initiated Efforts to Evaluate the Performance of a Variety of Atmospheric
Chemistry Algorithms on Massively Parallel Architectures.
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MULTIMEDIA
Multimedia Research
Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $217,612,000 supported by 317.9 total
workyears in 1994. Of the request, $21,368,700 will be for the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $196,243,300 will be for Research and
Development appropriation. This represents an increase of $6,201,500 and an
increase of 86.5 in total workyears from 1993 in the Program and Research
Operations appropriation and a increase of $47,585,6000 in the Research and
Development appropriation.
MULTIMEDIA RESEARCH
1994 Budget Request
The Agency requests a total of $163,045,000 and 317.9 total workyears for
1994, an increase of $44,767,700 and 86.5 total workyears from 1993. Of the
request, $21,368,700 will be for the Program and Research Operations
appropriation, and $141,676,300 will be for the Research and Development
appropriation. This represents an increase of $6,201,500 in the Program and
Research Operations appropriation, and an increase of $38,566,200 in the Research
and Development appropriation. The increase in the Program and Research
Operations appropriation reflects base redirections of full-time-equivalents to
support new investments for ecological risk assessment methods, the Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP), and the Agency's Technology Innovation
initiative. The increase in the Research and Development appropriation reflects
new investments in ecological risk assessment methods, EMAP, human exposure,
innovative technologies, exploratory research grants, and quality assurance.
1993 Budget
The Agency is allocating a total of $118,277,300 supported by 231.4 total
workyears for this program element, of which $15,167,200 is from the Program and
Research Operations appropriation and $103,110,100 is from the Research and
Development appropriation.
1992 Budget
The Agency obligated a total of $110,356,800 supported by 199.0 total
workyears for this program element, of which $14,260,300 was from the Salaries
and Expenses appropriation and $96,096,500 was from the Research and Development
appropriation.
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RESEARCH ISSUES
The sections below describe research program issues by each fiscal year:
AQUATIC ECOLOGICAL CRITERIA
1994 Program Request
Under Annex 3 of the 1980 United States-Peoples Republic of China (US-PRC)
Environmental Protection Protocol the Agency will continue its collaborative
efforts with the PRC. This will include studying toxicity testing methods and
bio-monitoring techniques for industrial effluents and determining mercury
criteria in rivers and sediments.
1993 Program
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is collaborating with PRC
scientists and engineers to study toxicity testing methods, ocean and coastal
aquatic environmental impacts from discharges, pollutant transport and
transformation processes and other programs.
1992 Accomplishments
EPA and PRC scientists collaborated to investigate water quality in the
Zhenjiang Harbor, predict environmental impacts and evaluate water management
options for Bosten Lake, study metal pollution in the laboratory and Poyang Lake,
and evaluate the effect of climate change on water resources in the Urumchi,
Manasi, and Kaidu-Peacock Rivers watershed. Two symposia were held and
proceedings prepared for publication.
NONPOINT SOURCES
1994 Program Request
The Agency will continue a joint research project with the United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA) to develop, evaluate, and demonstrate integrated
farm management systems. EPA will document the environmental and ecological
benefits of reducing chemical use. The research will be integrated into the
Midwest Agrichemical Surface/Subsurface Transport and Effects Research (MASTER)
and the USDA's Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) field programs.
1993 Program
The EPA and the USOA are initiating a joint research effort to develop,
evaluate, and demonstrate integrated farm management systems. EPA and the USOA
are designing projects that can reduce excess chemical inputs to farm and
watershed systems while maintaining productivity and profitability. When
projects are selected, the data on their sustainability will be collected by the
USDA, and EPA will document their effectiveness in reducing and preventing
pollution within the agricultural sector.
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1992 Accomplishments
The were no Multimedia resources for this activity in 1992.
ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS
1994 Program Request
The Agency will initiate efforts to re-orient and integrate the extensive
but fragmented on-going ecological research currently funded by the EPA, the
Department's of Interior, Energy, and Agriculture, and the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration. The goal is to concentrate the combined talents
throughout government and the academic community on a research and monitoring
program that will generate the scientific base necessary to understand and
predict the interaction of man's activities on the condition of 2-3 major
ecosystems whose sustainability is seriously at risk. The results will help
define criteria for environmental quality and provide the scientific basis for
decision-making to protect the ecosystems.
1993 Program
The use of biochemical, histological and distributional changes in fish
populations as indicators of ecological condition are being investigated. This
is used in the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program's (EMAP) surface
waters program.
1992 Accomplishments
Agency researchers further developed biological markers and indicators of
environmental stress. Tools for the aquatic bioassessment of zooplankton, fish,
macroinvertabrates, periphyton, and benthic metabolism were improved. Biomarkers
of the health status of fish were developed to a stage in which application and
testing in field trials is now feasible. Researchers also studied tools to
validate "early warning" biochemical and cellular approaches to detect and
quantify damage to reproductive success of wildlife.
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT PROGRAM
1994 Program Request
The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) will continue
to strengthen its research base by increasing cooperative relationships with
university scientists and building a core of expertise at the program's new
scientific center. Research will refine biological indicators, support
investigations into ecological processes that will facilitate the development of
new indicators, continue to test EMAP in the field, and demonstrate how EMAP fits
into the Agency's ecological risk assessment process.
The program has added landscape ecology to its seven areas of ecological
research, and will begin to explore resource condition at landscape scales of
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resolution. EMAP will also strengthen is cross-program coordination activities
to facilitate national and multiple-resource assessments.
The Regional EMAP (R-EMAP) program, which is designed to demonstrate EMAP's
utility for resolving issues of Regional, state, and local importance, will add
three more projects to include all EPA Regions. The seven R-EMAP projects
initiated in 1993 will continue through the end of 1994. The three new projects
will be completed in 1995.
1993 Program
EMAP is intensifying its research program in response to issues raised in
the program's field demonstrations and pilot studies and in accordance to
numerous peer-reviewed recommendations, including those in the National Research
Council's Interim Report. All EMAP resource groups are increasing investments
in priority research projects. Focal studies include experimentation with
alternative sampling designs in EMAP-Estuaries, and the program-wide refinement
of indicators to ensure that those selected are sensitive to ecological changes
induced by stress as opposed to natural variation. EMAP is also lengthening from
two to three years the program's pilot and demonstration periods that test
sampling and analysis. The change will permit more complete exploration of
research questions before proceeding to full implementation.
EMAP is also investing significant resources in "its program-wide
integration components. The information management group is finalizing its five-
year strategy. The Assessment and Reporting team is developing a prototype
integrated assessment for an inland mega-region and is finalizing the program's
communication/client strategy.
EMAP is continuing to expand geographically. New field projects will focus
on indicator testing in Midwest agroecosystems, mid-Appalachian streams.
Southeast estuaries, and Lake Superior. The Regional EMAP (R-EMAP) program is
also being initiated and seven projects have been selected in various EPA Regions
to demonstrate EMAP technology, methods and concepts at Regional, state and local
scales. These projects, involving significant state participation, will explore
associations between observed ecological condition and a variety of potential
stressors.
1992 Accomplishments
EMAP expanded its resource monitoring to include Arid Ecosystems, the Great
Lakes, and Agroecosystems. Its coverage included all seven ecosystem groups and
35 states. EMAP-Landscape Characterization continued investigating the use of
remote sensing techniques to determine land use and land cover attributes and the
extent of ecological resources. EMAP conducted applied research in the areas of
environmental statistics, ecological indicators development, remote sensing,
landscape ecology, and ecological risk characterization. The research program
utilized in-house staff, scientists from other Federal agencies, and over 40
universities. EMAP continued to expand its cooperative efforts with other
Federal agencies and EPA Regional and Program Offices. Over a dozen Federal
agencies participated in EMAP.
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GLOBAL CLIMATE RESEARCH
1994 Program Request
Resources for this activity will be moved to the Air Quality Program
Element in 1994.
1993 Program
The Agency is investigating the application of fuzzy logic principles to
improve the efficiency of large alternate current (AC) induction motors and
thereby reduce energy consumption. Fuzzy logic is a mathematical approach which
uses approximate reasoning to resolve complex programming problems. For
instance, a fuzzy logic controller being developed uses a set of control
functions or rules to intelligently control adjustable speed drives (ASD) and
optimize energy efficiency.
1992 Accomplishments
The Agency completed initial development of computer software which
simulates the use of fuzzy logic principles to improve the efficiency of a large
AC induction motor. A motor laboratory was also established to support future
testing of the fuzzy logic controller on an actual AC adjustable speed motor.
STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION
1994 Program Request
There will be no Multimedia resources in 1994 for this activity.
1993 Program
This activity is moved to the Air Quality Program Element in 1993.
1992 Accomplishments
The Agency evaluated the performance of proposed alternatives for Halon
1301, which is used as a total flooding fire extinguishing agent and explosion
suppression/prevention agent. Results revealed that all of the best candidate
replacement chemicals (perfluorocarbons, fluoroethers, and fluorobromoethers)
perform worse than Halon 1301, requiring up to three times the volume to provide
the same level of fire protection.
AIR TOXICS
1994 Program Request
Resources for this activity will be moved to the Air Quality Program
Element in 1994.
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1993 Program
The Agency continues its efforts to reduce air toxic emissions from
industrial solvent use through demonstration and evaluation of emerging pollution
prevention options. Information being collected on available lower-polluting
alternatives to toxic organic solvents, typically used as metal degreasers and
adhesives, will be made available through reports, manuals, and/or demonstrated
approaches for air toxic standards.
1992 Accomplishments
The Agency initiated an organic solvent reduction program and an
investigation of industrial pollution prevention opportunities in selected
industrial categories. Specific industrial projects included ways to improve
pollution prevention measurement techniques, process simulation evaluations, and
innovative technology demonstrations.
CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS
1994 Program Request
Under Annex I of the US-PRC Environmental Protection Protocol, EPA will
continue to collaborate with PRC scientists and engineers to quantify the effects
of ambient acid, particulates, and sulfur dioxides on children's lung functions
in Chinese cities.
1993 Program
The US and PRC scientists are collaborating to conduct a full scale
"Children's Lung Function Study" and are developing a quality assurance plan for
the monitoring program. The Chinese National Environmental Protection Agency
(NEPA) is sponsoring lectures in Chinese cities to introduce American Pollution
Monitoring equipment.
1992 Accomplishments
Pilot study results from the "Children's Lung Function Study" were
published and four cities (Chongqing, Guangzhou, Lanzhou, and Wuhan) were
prepared for full scale study to begin in 1993.
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
1994 Program Request
Under Annex I of the US-PRC Environmental Protection Protocol, EPA will
continue to collaborate with the PRC to study the human health effects of indoor
coal burning. Resources for the application of pollution prevention techniques
in the manufacture on textiles and wood products are moved to the Air Quality
Program Element.
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1993 Program
In support of a larger goal to reduce the indoor air emissions associated
with home and office furnishing, research is underway to identify approaches to
reduce emissions from residual solvents, finishes and coatings associated with
textile manufacturing. Products which incorporate textiles are known to cause
indoor air pollution problems and have been the focus of recent attempts to
construct "clean buildings." Selected categories of textile products are being
evaluated and ranked according to their emission potential. A similar approach
is being used to identify and develop pollution prevention options for composite
wood products (i.e. particle board) which are known sources of indoor volatile
organic emissions including formaldehyde.
EPA is collaborating with PRC scientists and engineers to conduct
epidemiological, air monitoring, and biomarker studies to assess human exposure
and health effects of indoor coal combustion. This project provides an
opportunity to apply and validate biomarkers in a human population with high
exposure to environmental carcinogens and with high lung cancer rates.
1992 Accomplishments
A catalog of the emissions associated with major classes of indoor
materials and products was completed and a handbook summarizing the data
collected was prepared. The Agency, in collaboration with PRC scientists and
engineers: (1) finalized the design of, and made plans for, new a new
epidemiological study and two human biomarker studies in Xuan Wei; (2) conducted
a workshop for human sample collection and quality assurance in Xuan Wei; and (3)
published three peer-reviewed journal papers on chemical characterization of
genotoxic compounds associated with lung cancer in Xuan Wei and on DNA abducts
in placentas as a biomarker for exposure to environmental carcinogens.
GROUNDWATER
1994 Program Request
There will be no Multimedia resources in 1994 for this activity.
1993 Program
There are no resources in 1993 for this activity.
1992 Accomplishments
The Agency collaborated with PRC scientists to publish a journal article
on the bilateral research on wastewater land treatment. The program also
provided Technology Transfer Information Packets on bioremediation, bioventing,
soil gas sampling and land treatment.
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HUMAN EXPOSURE
1994 Program Request
Uncertainties about exposure to environmental pollutants is the weakest
link the risk assessment paradigm. EPA's human exposure research program
develops tools and techniques to estimate, with known certainty, total human
exposure to environmental pollution and detect changes and trends in those
exposures through and integrated program of exposure assessment, exposure
monitoring, methods development and exposure modeling. The National Human
Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS), a long-term program to assess the status and
trends in exposures of both the general population and highly exposed subgroups,
will implement a Regional scale pilot study and produce a status report on human
exposure in that Region. In addition, the Agency will: develop a manual of
methods for quantifying the dislodgable residues from indoor and outdoor surfaces
available for dermal contact and transfer; summarize field tested biomarkers
techniques for estimating human exposures; produce a compendium of passive and
personal techniques for monitoring inhalation exposure; summarize methodologies
for estimating human exposure via ingestion; produce a report on innovative
methodologies for quantifying human activity patterns will be produced; prepare
a final report from the 1992-1993 National Human Activity Pattern Survey; and
issue a report on approaches for estimating and predicting total human exposures
via multiple pathways. The Agency will initiate Phase II of an exposure field
study in the Rio Grande Valley region near Brownsville, Texas. Researchers will
begin assessing exposures of the region's population to the pollutants
characterized in Phase I of the study.
1993 Program
EPA is testing the feasibility and design of the National Human Exposure
Assessment Survey (NHEXAS). This include studies of source characterization,
statistical design, activity patterns surveys, microenvironment measurements, and
total human exposure and biological measurements. The Agency is initiating Phase
I of an exposure study in the Rio Grande Valley near Brownsville, Texas. In
Phase I, concentrations of pollutants in air and water will be determined and
used in combination with an inventory of available information to develop a
comprehensive hazard identification.
In addition, data is being collected that will assist in developing multi-
pathway exposure models. Methods development expands from inhalation as the
route of exposure to cover both ingestion and dermal contact. Biological methods
(biomarkers) development continues to investigate the use of breath, tissue and
body fluids as vehicles for measuring exposures. Modeling efforts expand to
consider non-air pathways and initiate efforts to develop a multi-pathway
exposure model.
1992 Accomplishments
Preliminary design features of NHEXAS were completed and plans for field
studies to test these design concepts were developed. Work continued on the
development of chemical and biological measurement and analytical method |