905K93001
United States Region 5 EPA/905-K-001l/
Environmental Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, October 1993
Protection Agency Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin
&EPA Scrap Tire
Handbook
Reuse
Retreading
Specialty Products
Rubberized Asphalt
Fill Material
Energy
^L Printed on Recycled Paper
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Acknowledgment
The members of the Region 5 Scrap Tire Work Group are
recognized for their efforts in helping develop this handbook.
Tom Newman, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
Paul Koziar, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
Alan Justice, Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources
Paul Purseglove, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
Timothy Hotz, Indiana Department of Environmental Management
Dan Harris, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
Kyle Cruse, Michigan Department of Natural Resources
Mention of companies, trade names, products, processes or services
does not constitute approval, endorsement or recommendation by
U.S. EPA or the Region 5 Scrap Tire Workgroup.
Printed on recycled paper containing postconsumer material.
Inks contain no lead or cadmium. Please recycle this handbook
instead of discarding.
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Scrap Tire Handbook
Effective management alternatives to scrap tire disposal
in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio,
and Wisconsin
'IjfffPSQTA
_^; ., WISCONSIN
OHIO
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Floor
Chicago. IL 60604-3590
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INTRODUCTION
Over 242 million passenger and truck tires are
discarded annually in the United States.
Additionally, approximately 32 million tires are
retreaded and an estimated 10 million are reused
each year. It is estimated that 7 percent of the
discarded tires are currently being recycled into new products, 11
percent are converted to energy, and nearly 78 percent are being
landfilled, stockpiled, or illegally dumped, with the remainder being
exported. The six states in U.S. EPA's Region 5 - Indiana, Illinois,
Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin - contribute over 46 million
scrap tires every year.
Landfilling is a poor management option for scrap tires. Whole tires take
up large amounts of valuable space and may float or rise in a landfill,
coming to the surface and puncturing the landfill cover. Many landfills
either ban whole tires, charge a higher tipping fee for them, or require
shredding prior to disposal. In addition, new environmental regulations
eliminate landfilling as a disposal method, greatly increasing the supply
of scrap tires.
Stockpiled scrap tires, estimated at two to three billion tires nationally,
pose potentially serious health and safety problems.
Whole tires serve as breeding
grounds for disease carrying
mosquitos and rodents.
Uncontrolled tire piles are fire
hazards. Once ignited, tire piles
can bu rn out of control for months,
producing acrid black smoke and
a hazardous oily residue.
Widespread illegal dumping poses the same problems associated with
stockpiling. Millions of abandoned scrap tires are found in streams and
rivers, ravines and roadsides throughout the United States. The states
and EPA are working to eliminate illegal dumping, reduce and properly
manage stockpiles, and eliminate or significantly minimize landfilling as
a disposal option. EPA believes that providing accurate, available
information about the scrap tire problem will help to achieve this goal.
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With assistance from the States of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota,
Ohio and Wisconsin, EPA Region 5 has compiled this handbook to
provide general information on scrap tire issues to government officials,
industry representatives, and consumers. This handbook provides
information on:
State and federal programs and regulations affecting scrap
tire disposal
Alternatives to disposal
Current technologies associated with recycling and reusing
scrap tires
MINNESOTA
' WISCONSI^I;
MICHIGAN
ILUNOIS
V '.OHIO'
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SCRAP TIRE LEGISLATION AND
REGULATIONS
Effective and appropriate scrap tire management
has received increasing priority by both federal and
state legislatures. Extensive efforts are underway
at the federal, state and local level to provide a statutory and regulatory
framework to deal with the problem.
FEDERAL INITIATIVES
In 1976, the U.S. Congress passed the Resource, Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA), establishing a structure for U.S. EPA's
comprehensive waste management program. RCRA directed EPA to
prepare guidelines for purchasing retread
tires in federal agencies and agencies using
federal funds to purchase supplies. These
guidelines were issued in November
1977. As of November 17, 1989, all
agencies of the federal government
which purchase tires were required
to implement a preference program
favoring the purchase of retread
tires or tire retreading services
to the maximum extent
practicable.
STATE INITIATIVES
By 1992, 47 states had enacted legislation and/or promulgated
regulations to manage scrap tires. Currently, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin have some type of program in place.
These programs reflect the special needs of each state.
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State Scrap Tire Regulatory Programs in Region 5
Scrap Tire
Legislation
Landfill Ban
Funding
Mechanism
Collection/
Storage
Requirements
Transportation
Market
Development
Recycled
Product
Procurement
Preference
Enforcement
IL
H B 1085
Whole
tires
Tire fees
Title fees
Site fees
Tire may
not be
held
> 90 days
Licensed
haulers
Grants,
loans
^f
^f
IN
P L 19-1990
Permit fees
Retailers
accept used
tires
Licensed
haulers
Grants,
loans
"
Ml
P.A 133
Tire disposal
fee,
collection
fees
Permitted
collection
sites
Registered
haulers
Grants,
loans
"
MN
CH 654
All tires
Title fees
Collection
sites must
have permit
retailers
accept used
tires
Grants,
loans
'
OH
SB 165
Whole tires
Tire Fees
Permitted
collection
sites
Registered
haulers
Grants,
loans
'
Wl
AB481
Whole tires
(by 1995)
Title fees
Licensed
collection
sites
^j
^S
Grants, scrap
tire use reim-
bursement
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Illinois
Illinois House Bill
provides local governme
market development
Since 1989, the Illinois;
cleaned up over
required the devi
It requires I
one large scrap tin
plan.
It
. Tr^,^,. Jtance fortire pile cleanups,
|s|l^tฉiucts and mosquito control.
fiforimiifitat Protection Agency (IEPA) has
| the state. The Act also
fpife Disposal Pilot Program.
Diles and select
test the effectiveness of the
Illinois developed the foflbwing hierarchy ,to establish the state's
preference for managing tjres: ','. V4,, .
Reusing tire casings,fdif|rltliifecture
Retreading ^^'.'"'^
Processing tires into marketable products
Indiana
Public Law 19-1990 established a Waste Tire fM|ngjfpSPif?Uh'd and
a Waste Tire Task Force, consisting of represenfewe
and industry, whose aim is to develop marketsf|nd:^f4g^iJetelines
for waste tires. The program is administered byljie Irtdl^h^^f partment
of Environmental Management (IDEM). In 19|ป1,,a^E|ง|inaf|i|glglation
(HR 1047 and PI. 236-1991) was added to furtrjerM """ "
management and required the Indiana Departr^fif|^^rani^fปtatlon, in
cooperatior^ifSth a state university, to study
of usjpงf:
Michigan
Public Act 133, orthe|crง|TireFl(&ulatoryAct, establishes regulations
for scrap tire sites anti haulersi^ld created the Scrap Tire Regulatory
Fund. Violation of t|jง;aji?|iis;a;s^i|lftal misdemeanor, punishable by
imprisonment, fine olbotK; Lavtf ^Hft)|cement or conservation officers
may issue violations., .... - . I
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Minnesota
Minnesota's Waste Tire Program, the firs
prohibited scrap tires from being landfillฎ
sites in 1984. It authorized the Minne
(MPCA) to conduct a study of the scrap ti
recommend optimum ways to address ani
was amended in 1988 to expand the progn
was estimated that Minnesota had appro
By 1992, MPCA tire dump cleanup acti
removal of 7.3 million tires from unpermttted
idrtdintlwUnJted States
' "
.'In 1988, it
I million waste tires.
resulted in the
3," The MF*CA expects
to have all stockpiled waste tires cleaned ujj By*December 31,1994.
Ohio
Senate BiB
governing
facilities, and I
the system by
inspectio
research
for establfsl
Wisconsin
prehensive regulatory system
ige, monocell, monofill, recovery
will develop rules for governing
!ee on wholesale tire sales will fund
ulations, cleanup of old tire dumps,
aittd tire recycling technology, and loans
nd recovery facilities.
legislation,
Wisconsin regulates its waste tires thro
H.B.481 of 1987, and Act 355 of 1990.
a full range of waste tire management
Tire Removal and Recovery Program.
Department of Natural Resources
nuisance tire dumps. The objective is to
year. There are approximately 500-700 nuislrt|c0 ely
In each cleanup case, DNR will ask the responsible
the cleanup. If they do not comply, DNR can proqeedwifegal recourse
and seek cost recovery for the cleanup.
up
per
In Wisconsin.
to undertake
The programs and rules governing scrap tire management
continue to mature. Please contact the appropriate state
contact, shown in Appendix A, for current, specific information
about an individual state's Scrap Tire Management Program.
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OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO
USING SCRAP TIRES
Barriers preventing the use of waste tires must be
overcome before the scrap tire problem can be
mitigated. There are currently several barriers
impeding waste tire recovery, recycling, and reuse. However, there are
also mechanisms available which can assist in overcoming these
barriers.
LEGISLATIVE/REGULATORY
Individual states in Region 5 have different restrictions for scrap tire
management. Before a company can begin utilizing scrap tires,
whether collecting and processing whole tires into a product or burning
tires as a fuel, all applicable federal and state permit requirements must
be met. These include airand water quality permits as well as applicable
scrap tire storage and transportation requirements. The costs of
obtaining these permits, which can include conducting tests and installing
pollution control devices, must be considered. Industry can address this
situation by sharing information, such as test burning procedures,
reducing the unknowns and risks to such ventures.
The current state rules and regulations pertaining to scrap tire
management are briefly described in the previous section. However,
these are subject to change. The most current information on
applicable federal and state requirements can be obtained by contacting
the appropriate state or federal agency. A complete list of state and
federal environmental agencies involved in scrap tire management is
contained in Appendix A.
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TECHNOLOGICAL
Companies were successfully recycling and reusing scrap tires long
before scrap tires were recognized as an environmental problem.
Sizable industries have developed to process scrap
tires into usable feedstocks for products or use
processed tire material in the manufacture of new
products. New technologies for processing
scrap tires are still evolving and research into
new applications for scrap tires is currently
underway in several states.
Independent research projects
conducted by universities and private enterprises are also underway.
Further information on such projects is available through the sources
and references listed in the Appendices.
ECONOMIC
Scrap tire use will continue to grow as long as healthy markets exist for
either the scrap tires or for scrap tire materials. To encourage scrap tire
use, several upper midwest states have established market development
programs which make resources available for new areas in recycling.
Such resources include low interest loans, grants, rebates, and technical
assistance to localities, individuals or companies interested in recycling
tires. These programs are typically housed in the state Environmental
or Commerce Department/Agency.
information on market development programs can be
easily obtained by contacting the appropriate state
agency. A complete list of the appropriate state and
federal environmental departments/agencies is
contained in Appendix A.
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SOCIOLOGICAL
Consumers appear to have two unfounded perceptions regarding
waste tire use:
Products made with recycled materials are inferior to "new"
products.
The use of tires for energy recovery results in excessive
pollution.
These misconceptions must be addressed in order for tire recycling to
be successful.
Several organizations exist which have useful information available for
those interested in tire recycling, retreading or reuse.
A listing of several national and trade
organizations that have information available
about these uses is contained in Appendix c.
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ALTERNATIVES TO DISPOSAL
The mismanagement of millions of scrap tires
every year represents a significant waste of
resources, an unnecessary burden on our
dwindling landfill space, and a potential health
and safety hazard. Waste tires should be used
again in their whole form or be reprocessed for inclusion in numerous
final products or end uses.
Options for waste tire use, other than disposal, include:
Reuse
Retreading
Asphalt paving applications
Specialty products made from tire rubber
Fill
Energy recovery
In terms of the maximum potential number of scrap tires used, the most
promising uses for scrap tires are energy recovery and asphalt and road
fill applications.
ENERGY
o
Most alternative end uses for scrap tires require that the tires be split,
shredded or finely ground before they can be incorporated into a final
product.
Scrap tire processing equipment has changed to meet the needs of a
maturing industry. When shredded tires were identified as a potential
fuel source or a component in molded products or asphalt, technology
again changed to meet new demand specifications. Improved shredder
design produced a greater supply of shredded scrap tires, sparking the
development of more lucrative end use markets for scrap tires than
landfills offered. Today, scrap tires can be reduced to various sizes and
10
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consistencies depending upon the targeted end use market. The
equipment used to process tires is commercially available. Appendix C
presents a partial list of tradejournals related to solid waste management.
These journals are valuable resources for finding manufacturers and
distributors of tire processing equipment.
END USES
Reuse of Whole Scrap Tires -
Whole tires are typically re-used
for applications such as reefs,
breakwaters, fencing, playground
equipment, erosion control, crash
barriers, and dock bumpers.
Retreading - Worn, used tires can be rejuvenated by applying a new
tread onto an old tire that still has a good casing. The technology is
simple and proven. The old tread is removed by a grinding process
called buffing. A new tread is then applied to the old casing. Properly
retreaded tires are as structurally safe and effective as new tires. In
addition, the rubber buffings, a byproduct of the retreading process, are
a source of material for crumb rubber.
Due to a combination of low new tire prices and public misperception
about retread quality, less than 50 percent of the available used
passengertires suitable for retreading are actually retreaded. However,
retread farm equipment and truck tires are very popular and, in certain
areas, demand exceeds supply.
In 1990, only 17.2 million passenger and lighttruck tires, and 15.1 million
heavy truck tires were retreaded. If all the suitable passenger and light
truck tires actually were retreaded, the number of scrap tires generated
per year could be reduced by 8-10 percent (19 to 24 million tires). See
"Success Stories" for details on a successful retreading operation.
More information on retreading can be obtained from the industry trade
groups listed in Appendix C.
11
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Asphalt Paving Applications -
The use of scrap tires in asphalt
paving is becoming a promising
recycling alternative. Scrap tire
rubber can be used in asphalt
paving in two ways: as part of the
rubber binding material or seal coat;
or as aggregate, known as crumb
rubber modifier (CRM). The seal
coat application can use approximately 1,600 tires per mile of two-lane
road sealed. When used as an aggregate, CRM asphalt can use
between 8,000 and 12,000 tires per mile of two lane road repaved with
a three-inch-thick layer.
Most state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) have conducted, or
are conducting, experimental projects using a total of 3-5 million scrap
tires annually.
The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991
may prove to be the catalyst that moves rubberized asphalt from the
experimental stage to standard practice. Section 1038 of ISTEA
authorized the U.S. DOT and the U.S. EPA to conduct a joint study of
asphalt pavement containing recycled rubberwhich reached the following
conclusions:
Using currently available information, there is no compelling
evidence that the use of asphalt pavement containing recycled
rubber substantially increases the threat to human health and
the environment as compared to the threats associated with
conventional asphalt pavements.
There is no reliable evidence that asphalt pavements containing
recycled rubber cannot be recycled to substantially the same
degree as conventional hot mix asphalt pavements.
When properly designed and constructed, there is no reliable
evidence to show that pavements containing recycled rubber
will not perform adequately as a paving material.
12
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National research on crumb rubber modified asphalt technologies is
continuing to address and further develop the understanding of the
technology.
ISTEA also requires, for all federally-funded paving projects, that states
meet a minimum utilization requirement forasphalt pavement containing
recycled rubber set at 5 percent for 1994, 10 percent for 1995, 15
percent for 1996 and leveling off at 20 percent for 1997. Approximately
450 million tons of asphalt are laid down each year in the United States,
of which 200 million tons are "federal aid" and subject to the provisions
of the Act. Assuming that ten pounds of crumb rubber can be derived
from one scrap tire, the Act should result in the use of approximately 17
million scrap tires in 1994 increasing to 70 million in 1997.
For information about research or trials on rubberized
asphalt conducted in a specific state please contact the
appropriate state contact listed in Appendix A.
Specialty Products - Scrap tires, in various forms, can find a second
life through incorporation in
numerous new products.
Split tires have been made
into floor mats, temporary
roads, shoe soles, fishing
equipment covers, muffler
hangers and troughs for
farm animals, just to name
a few. Other non-traditional
uses include forming split
tires into belts, ties and
purses. The national market
for these products is
estimated at 3.5 million tires
per year.
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Each year, the material from approximately 8.6 million scrap tires is
used to make new rubber or plastic products. Because of crumb
rubber's shock absorption and noise control characteristics, specialized
non-slip and anti-fatigue mats have been made with it. Flooring
products made with crumb rubber have also performed well in all-
weather applications due to the rubber's high resiliency and longevity.
Crumb rubber can be mixed with other materials to produce new
products such as:
Carpet padding
Fence posts
Floor mats
Highway crash barriers
Outdoor athletic surfaces
Roofing materials
Railroad crossings
Vehicle mud guards
Products Made from Reclaimed Rubber - Approximately 40 percent
of a tire can be reclaimed in the form of rubber. Depolymerization, the
process by which tires can be partially reclaimed, can produce rubber
for products such as new tires, mats, adhesives, tapes, hoses, and
tubing. Only about 2.9 million tires were used for reclaimed rubber
products in 1990.
Pyrolysis - Scrap tires can also be broken down into useful recoverable
materials through pyrolysis: the thermal degradation of scrap tires in the
absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis of scrap tires results in carbon black, oil,
gas and steel. Carbon black is used to produce various goods including
molded goods, shoe soles, and inks and pigments. The oil recovered
through pyrolysis can be used as a gasoline additive to increase octane
and as boiler fuel. In 1992, approximately 2 million passenger tires were
reclaimed by pyrolysis.
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Fill - Chipped tires are suitable for use as roadbase, fill, landfill cover and
bulking agents in sludge and composting facilities. The economics of
using shredded scrap tires in these applications appear especially
promising.
In numerous trials, chipped tires have proven easy to work with and
significantly cheaper than traditional fill material when used in highway
and embankment construction. If properly designed and constructed to
minimize or eliminate potential environmental impacts, such projects
can be very effective.
Energy Recovery - Scrap tires offer an excellent supplemental or
primary energy source for heat or power generation, primarily because
each tire contains about 2 gallons of oil. Tires have an energy, or fuel,
value of 12,000 to 16,000 British Thermal Units (BTUs) per pound,
slightly higher than that of coal. Tires can be burned whole or as chips,
depending upon the requirements of the burning unit. Chips used in this
manner are called tire-derived-fuel (TDF).. To use whole tires or TDF,
facilities must either be modified to accept the materials or equipped
with a separate fuel feed system to utilize tires. The technology for
utilizing scrap tires as TDF is proven, and is currently in use in cement
kilns, pulp and paper mills, electricity-generating facilities and dedicated
tire-to-energy plants throughout North America.
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REGION 5 SUCCESS STORIES
TIRE PILE CLEANUPS
The State of Wisconsin's Waste Tire
Management Program has made substantial
progress in both the clean up of tire piles and the
development of waste tire markets. As of
January 1992:
12 waste tire stockpile cleanups completed
5 waste tire cleanups in progress
Voluntary site cleanups have removed another 600,000 waste
tires
Approximately 5 million tires will have been recovered when
all 17 stockpiles are completed.
To date all material processed and removed at cleanup sites has been
used for energy recovery. By July 1993, Wisconsin DNR had completely
cleaned up the largest 40 stockpiles in the state.
The State of Minnesota's Waste Tire Program has also been very
successful. The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) cleaned
up over seven million scrap tires by 1992. The MPCA has developed
several innovative techniques to help county and local governments to
remove scrap tire piles. Forexample, the Waste Tire Program authorized
the MPCA to work with individual counties to clean up tire dumps. The
MPCA reimburses the counties up to 85 percent for the cost of the
cleanup. The program works: in 1991, the MCPA helped three counties
clean up over 200,000 scrap tires from 14 county tire dumps.
The MPCA also works with other state agencies to address scrap tire
piles or dumps. For example, as part of Earth Week 1991, students, the
Minnesota Conservation Corps and community service crews cleaned
up thousands of scrap tires from the banks of the Root River. The work
was done for the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources' (DNR)
Trails and Waterways Program. Under its interagency agreement, the
MPCA paid for the costs of processing the scrap tires that were
collected.
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REDUCING COSTS THROUGH A TIRE MAINTENANCE AND
RETREADING PROGRAM
Able Sanitation of Grand Rapids, Ml, (Able) has reduced tire costs and
increased utilization of manpower and equipment through a simple tire
maintenance and replacement program. Able began their effort in 1987
when the company switched from bias-ply to steel-belted radial tires.
Although new radials cost substantially more than bias-ply tires, costs
were held down through a cap and casing program offered by its tire
supplier, Commercial Tire Service, Inc.
Able found that they could buy quality retreaded radials for less than half
the cost of new radials. The incidence of tire failure has dropped
dramatically, virtually eliminating service calls and keeping down-time
to a minimum.
Although the Able fleet has grown 25-30 percent in the past two years,
the company's tire budget remains exactly the same as in 1990. The
company's president attributes the savings to the retreading program
and the practice of pulling tires off the road before treads are completely
worn. He states that this program not only keeps tire costs at a
minimum, but maximizes safety because worn tires are less responsive
than fresh ones.
BUILDING TEMPORARY ROADS FROM SCRAP TIRES
In the mid-1980s an Ohio company, TERRA Mat, found an innovative
use for scrap tires that has mushroomed into a four plant operation with
sales throughout the eastern United States. The product consists of
scrap tires which are cut, flattened and held together with PVC-coated
wire into a mat. The mats are laid down onto soft soil, without grading
or fill, and function as temporary roadbeds for heavy machinery over
land that would be inaccessible. The mats can also be used as
temporary methods of controlling runoff, road bank protection, and
stream bank erosion control.
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MAKING NEW TOYS FROM OLD TIRES
ReTired Pet Swings, a recently founded company in Madison, Wisconsin,
has found a creative and fun solution to the scrap tire problem the
company transforms scrap tires into children's swings. Workers use
special utility knives to slice and bend scrap tires and then bolt the odd
ends, flaps and corners together to make "Tire Swings" in the shape of
ponies and unicorns. The finished swing is cleaned and treated to
prevent decay and dirt from rubbing off onto a child's clothes. In addition
to benef itting the environment, ReTired Pet Swings is contributing to the
economy and the community. The company employs homeless people
and prison inmates to build the swings and donates a percentage of its
profits to charity.
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WHAT MORE CAN BE DONE
Throughout the United States there is growing
public awareness of the scrap tire problem.
Government, industry and the general public all
play a vital role in remedying the problem.
CONSUMERS CAN...
Buy durable tires. Design modifications have more than doubled tire
life in the last 40 years. With proper maintenance, today's passenger
tires can last 60,000 to 80,000 miles.
Take proper care of tires. Three key factors affect tire life:
Tire pressure - An underinflated tire flexes more and
generates more friction on the road, producing higher
temperatures, greater wear, and lower fuel economy.
Overinflated tires puncture more easily and cause
excessive wear.
Driving practices - Accelerate and brake gradually. Rapid
starts and stops, tire-
screeching turns, an
excessive speeds will
decrease the life of tires.
Never overload an
automobile. This
puts unnecessary
demand on the
tires.
General maintenance - Periodically rotate the tires, balance
the wheels, and maintain proper wheel alignment. Overlooking
these easy maintenance steps can lead to uneven tread wear,
cause tires to wear out prematurely and may leave the tire
unfit for retreading.
19
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Purchase used tires. Partially worn tires, still safe for passenger car
use, are available in most cities. It is estimated that if one additional year
of tire life is achieved out of 25 percent of the tires removed from
vehicles, a 3 percent reduction in tire disposal could be realized.
Buy retreads. Purchasing retread or remanufactured tires provides an
alternative to purchasing new tires. Properly inspected retreaded tires
have lifetimes and failure rates comparable to new passenger tires.
While most good truck tire casings are being retreaded, this is true of
only about half the passenger and light truck tires. If all the suitable
passenger and light truck tires were actually retreaded, the number of
scrap tires generated per year would be reduced by 8-10 percent.
Support the recycled product market. Look for other products made
with recycled rubber. With an
increased awareness of the quality
products made with recycled rubber,
consumers should change their
buying patterns. As with recycled
paper products, recycled products
made with scrap tires are not inferior
to products made with primary
material. Scrap tires have been
recycled into many different products
such as garbage cans, hoses, floor
tiles, pocketbooks, and even pens!
INDUSTRY CAN...
Work with research groups, government agencies or other
businesses to assist in the development of scrap tire processing
technologies and other technologies related to using scrap tire material
in products.
Make a clear determination regarding material needs so that scrap
tire processors can provide material suitable for use in the manufacturing
process. The development of material specifications that take into
consideration the possible use of recycled rubber would be a step in that
direction.
Produce and promote products made from recovered scrap tires!
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THE GOVERNMENT CAN...
Develop programs addressing the "total management of scrap
tires" which include the following components:
A funding mechanism to operate the program
Regulation of tire collection, processing, and disposal
Dedicated funding fortire pile cleanup and market development
Market incentives, market development, and business
development tools
Work with industry to develop a scrap tire recycling infrastructure.
The creation of a tire recycling infrastructure is essential. With grants
and loans, tire processors are able to sustain their businesses long
enough to create or gain access to reliable supply and transportation
networks for scrap tires. Grants and loans can also be used to ease
market barriers such as high research and development costs. Before
products are readily accepted by consumers and end users, data on
product specifications and quality standards must be developed, usually
at great expense to the pioneers in the industry. Government agencies
can support developing industry by providing financial assistance to
companies to run tests and obtain needed data.
Develop or expand government purchasing preferences for
recycled goods. Government bid acceptance programs that allow a
10-15 percent price differential for bids that include recycled material
have proved successful and should continue. As a major purchaser of
tires, the government can provide a significant and stable market for
retreaded tires and crumb rubber for asphalt applications.
Disseminate information on the scrap tire problem and alternatives
to disposal. Several government agencies currently have pamphlets
and handbooks available to the public on various issues.
21
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APPENDIX A
State and Federal Offices for Scrap Tire Management
Illinois
Dept. of Energy and Natural Resources
Waste Tire Program
325 W. Adams St - Room 300
Springfield, Illinois 62704-1892
217/524-5454
Environmental Protection Agency
Division of Land Pollution Control
- Used Tire Unit
P.O. Box 19276
Springfield, Illinois 62794-9276
217/782-6761
Division of Air Pollution Control
- Permit Section
217/782-2113
Indiana
Dept. of Environmental Management
Solid and Hazardous Waste
Management
105 South Meridian Street
Indianapolis, Indiana 46225
317/232-4445
Office of Air Management
317/232-8384
Dept. of Commerce
Office of Energy Policy
One North Capitol, Suite 700
Indianapolis, Indiana 46204-2288
317/232-8800
Michigan
Dept. of Commerce and
Natural Resources
P.O. Box 30004
Lansing, Michigan 48909
517/335-1178
Dept. of Natural Resources
Waste Management Division
Scrap Tire Regulatory Program
P.O Box30241
Lansing, Michigan 48909
517/335-4035
Air Quality Division
517/373-7023
22
Minnesota
Pollution Control Agency
Waste Tire Program
520 Lafayette Road
St. Paul, Minnesota 55155
Waste Tire Hotline. 800/657-3864
Air Quality Division
612/296-7283
Ohio
Environmental Protection Agency
Division of Solid and Hazardous
Waste Management
1800 Watermark Drive
Columbus, Ohio 43266-0149
614/644-2917
Division of Air Pollution Control
614/771-7505
Dept. of Natural Resources
Division of Litter Prevention
and Recycling
1889 Fountain Square Court,
Building F-2
Columbus, Ohio 43224-0331
614/265-6333
Dept. of Development
77 South High Street
Columbus, Ohio 43266-0413
614/466-6084
Wisconsin
Dept. of Natural Resources
Waste Tire Removal and
Recovery Program
101 S. Webster Street
P.O. Box 7921
Madison, Wisconsin 53707
608/266-2111
Bureau of Air Management
608/266-7718
United States Environmental
Protection Agency
Solid Waste Section (HRP-8J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard
Chicago, Illinois 60604
312/886-3584
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APPENDIX B
Current or Recent Scrap Tire Technology Studies
Markets for Scrap Tires, October 1991,
EPA/530-SW-90-074A, 115p
Summary of Markets for Scrap Tires,
October 1991, EPA/530-SW-90-074B,
12p.
Summary of State Scrap Tire Programs
A Quick Reference Guide, April 1993,
EPA/530-B-93-001, 26p.
Guideline for Federal Procurement of
Retread Tires; Final Rule, 40 CFR Part
253, Federal Register - Vol. 53, No. 222,
November 17, 1988, pp. 46558-46574.
Engineering Aspects of Recycled
Materials for Highway Construction,
June 1993, FHWA-RD-93-088, 216p.
Report to Congress A Study of the
Use of Recycled Paving Material, June
1993, EPA/600/R-93/095 or
FHWA-RD-93-147, 34p.
Burning Tires lor Fuel and Tire Pyrolysis:
Air Implications, December 1991,
EPA-450/3-91-024, 228p.
Characterization of Emissions from the
Simulated Open Burning of Scrap Tires,
October 1989, EPA-600/2-89-054, 68p.
Mutagenicity of Emissions from the
Simulated Open Burning of Scrap
Rubber Tires, October 1989,
EPA-600/R-92-127, 53p.
Scrap Tire Consumption in New England
and New Jersey, February 1991,
EPA 101/F-91/048, 85p.
To obtain any of the above resources, please contact:
RCRA/Superfund Hotline
Monday through Friday, 8'30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m. EST
National toll-free number: (800) 424-9346
For the hearing impaired: TDD (800) 553-7672
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22161
Phone: (703)487-4600
RCRA Information Center
U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste (OS-305)
401 M Street, SW
Washington, DC 20460
23
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APPENDIX C
Industry Groups and Trade Journals
Industry Groups
American Retreaders Association
P.O. Box 37203
Louisville, Kentucky 40233-7203
502/968-8900
National Tire Dealers
and Retreaders Association
1250 I Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20005
202/789-2300
Rubber Manufacturers Association
HOOK Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20005
202/682-4800
Rubber Pavements Association
312 Massachusetts Avenue, N.E
Washington, D.C. 20002
202/544-7111
Scrap Tire Management Council
1400 K Street, N.W
Suite 900
Washington, D C 20005
202/408-7781
Tire Industry Safety Council
P.O Box 1801
Washington, D.C. 20013
202/783-1022
Tire Retread Information Bureau
900 Weldon Grove
Pacific Grove, California 93950
408/372-1917
Trade Journals
BioCycle
419 State Avenue
Emmaus, Pennsylvania 18049
215/967-4135
Trade Journals (Cont'd)
Garbage
Dovetail Publishers
2 Mam Street
Gloucester, Massachusetts 01930
508/283-3200
Modern Tire Dealer
Bill Communications, Inc
P O. Box 3599
Akron, Ohio 44309
216/867-4401
Resource Recycling
P.O Box 10540
Portland, Oregon 97210
503/227-1319
Recycling Today
4012 Bridge Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44113-3320
216/961-4130
Scrap Tire News
133 Mountain Road
P.O. Box 714
Suffield, Connecticut 06078
203/668-5422
Solid Waste and Power
HCI Publications
410 Archibald Street
Kansas City, Missouri 64111
816/931-1311
Tire Business
Grain Communications, Inc
1725 Merriman Road
Suite 300
Akron, Ohio 44313
216/836-9180
Tire Review
Babcox Publications
11 South Forge Street
Akron, Ohio 44304
216/535-6117
24
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APPENDIX C (Cont'd)
Industry Groups and Trade Journals
Trade Journals (Cont'd)
Waste Age/
Waste Age's Recycling Times
1730 Rhode Island Avenue, N.W.
Suite 1000
Washington, D.C. 20036
202/861-0708
World Wastes
P.O. Box41369
Nashville, Tennessee 37204-1094
615/377-3322
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>US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1994546-893
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