EPA-905-R-94-020 C. 1
Do not remove. This document
should be retained in the EPA
Region 5 Library Collection.
PROGRESS IN GREAT LAKES REMEDIAL ACTION PLANS
Implementing the Ecosystem Approach in Great Lakes Areas of Concern
Saglniw Rlvtr / Sag In aw Bay
Mutkagon Lihf
Detroit RtVet
Rlvir RougB Rlv9(
and Cilumit Rlvtr
Wauksgan Harboi
1994
Canada
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PROGRESS IN GREAT LAKES REMEDIAL ACTION PLANS
Implementing the Ecosystem Approach in Great Lakes Areas of Concern
Compiled and Edited by
John H. Hartig
and
Neely L. Law
Wayne State University
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
and
Department of Chemical Engineering
Detroit, Michigan 48202
Supported by a grant from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Environment Canada
to Wayne State University
September
1994
Grant #X995291 EPA 905-R-24-020
U.S. Environmental Fnfttctk* A*ney
Region 5, Lfrwy (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Floor
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS in
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 1
LAKE SUPERIOR
PENINSULA HARBOUR 10
JACKFISH BAY 13
NIPIGON BAY 16
THUNDER BAY 19
ST. LOUIS RIVER 23
TORCH LAKE 29
DEER LAKE 32
LAKE MICHIGAN
MANISTIOUE RIVER 35
LOWER MENOMINEE RIVER 38
LOWER GREEN BAY AND FOX RIVER 42
SHEBOYGAN RIVER 48
MILWAUKEE ESTUARY 53
WAUKEGAN HARBOR 57
GRAND CALUMET RIVER/INDIANA HARBOR SHIP CANAL 61
KALAMAZOO RIVER 66
MUSKEGON LAKE 70
WHITE LAKE 74
LAKE HURON
SAGINAW RIVER/BAY 77
COLLINGWOOD HARBOUR 80
SEVERN SOUND 84
SPANISH HARBOUR 89
LAKE ERIE
CLINTON RIVER 92
ROUGE RIVER 96
RIVER RAISIN 104
MAUMEE RIVER 109
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BLACK RIVER 114
CUYAHOGA RIVER 120
ASHTABULA RIVER 127
PRESQUE ISLE BAY 132
WHEATLEY HARBOUR 136
LAKE ONTARIO
BUFFALO RIVER 139
EIGHTEENMILE CREEK 143
ROCHESTER EMBAYMENT 144
OSWEGO RIVER 150
BAY OF QUINTE 157
PORT HOPE HARBOUR 164
METRO TORONTO AND REGION 167
HAMILTON HARBOUR 171
CONNECTING CHANNELS
ST. MARYS RIVER 178
ST. CLAIR RIVER 182
DETROIT RIVER 187
NIAGARA RIVER (ONTARIO) 191
NIAGARA RIVER (NEW YORK) 194
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER (CORNWELL, ONTARIO) 198
ST.LAWRENCE (MASSENA, NEW YORK) 201
APPENDIX I - ADDITIONAL CONTACT PERSONS FOR RAPs 209
11
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report was funded by a grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and
Environment Canada to Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. As the editors of this
report, we extend our sincere appreciation to the numerous individuals from federal, state, and
provinical governments, and other RAP stakeholders, who provided us with the information to
make this report possible.
in
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INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
This report summarizes the collective efforts of the United States and Canadian federal
governments, the eight Great Lakes States, the Province of Ontario, and local stakeholders to
develop and implement remedial action plans (RAPs) to restore environmental quality in the 43
geographic Areas of Concern in the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem. Restoration of beneficial uses
within the Areas of Concern is the primary purpose of RAPs, and an essential step in restoring
the integrity of the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem as envisioned in the Canada-United States Great
Lakes Water Quality Agreement.
While the ultimate success of a RAP is measured by beneficial use restoration, including
biological recovery, the critical content of RAPs consists of clear identification of a limited
number of key action steps that are essential to recovery. The process of identifying those high
priority actions and gaining support for their implementation lies at the heart of the RAP process.
This process of involving stakeholders and securing broad-based support is at least as important
as the technical and scientific aspects of RAPs.
To sustain momentum in restoring uses in Areas of Concern, it is important to recognize
progress at several levels which are intermediate to the ultimate purpose of use restoration. For
example, these intermediate indicators of progress can consist of reductions in stresses such as
chemical concentrations in the environment or pollutant discharges to it, or even program actions
which will lead to such reductions. This report addresses restoration of uses where possible, but
also reports and celebrates achievement of significant steps along the way, including stakeholder
participation and community outreach.
In the individual RAP progress report sections which constitute the body of this report, RAP
status pie diagrams are presented to depict progress in restoring uses identified in a corresponding
use impairment table. The information in this report is current as of June 1994. The RAP status
pie diagrams are illustrations and not exact quantifications (Figure 1). In each RAP status pie
diagram, the first three quadrants represent problem identification, plan preparation, and plan
implementation stages. The fourth quadrant
represents the status of use restoration. The
shaded portion of each quadrant represents, in
general, the portion of the RAP completed.
The numbers around the edge of the pie
diagram indicate the points at which reports
are submitted to the International Joint
Commission (UC) for review and comment.
In the example shown in Figure 1, the entire
portion of the first quadrant is shaded. This
depicts that problem definition has been
completed and Stage 1 has been submitted to
the JJC. The shading in quadrants 2 and 3
shows that approximately 75% of planning and
Figure 1. A sample RAP status pie diagram.
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = BAP
reports submitted
to UC
-------
40% of implementation are complete in Stage 2. The shading in the fourth quadrant reflects the
extent of recovery of impaired beneficial uses. In some cases, a RAP status pie diagram may
show some limited progress in restoring uses, although no uses have been depicted as restored
fully in the companion use impairment table. This is intended by the RAP Coordinator and RAP
Team to show some progress in restoring a use in a geographical portion of the Area of Concern.
Within each RAP status pie diagram, progress in Stage 2 is depicted as occurring
simultaneously in planning and implementation. This is intended to demonstrate that
implementation is ongoing and does not wait for completion of planning. Completion of the
fourth stage in each RAP status pie diagram is expected to take longer than completion of needed
actions, but is essential as a verification that the area has recovered. Recovery will indicate that
additional actions are not needed, except those to maintain desired conditions after they have
been attained.
Considerable progress is being made in re-orienting Great Lakes decision-makers to a more
inclusive remedial action planning process that accounts for linkages, shares decision-making
power, achieves local ownership, and focusses on ecosystem results. The development and
implementation of RAPs to restore beneficial uses in Great Lakes Areas of Concern represents
the first opportunity, on a broad and practical scale, to implement an ecosystem approach
consistent with the long-term goal of sustainable development (i.e. development that meets the
needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs). Both the ecosystem approach in RAPs and sustainable development recognize
the fundamental roles and interrelationships of economy, society, and environment in sustaining
the quality of ecosystems.
The International Joint Commission in its Seventh Biennial Report noted that "RAPs can
provide potential laboratories for sustainable development at the local level." Indeed, RAPs are
implementing locally-designed ecosystem approaches that account for societal, economic, and
environmental linkages, and build the capacity to restore uses - both major tenets of sustainable
development. Such RAP processes have been described as a step toward grassroots ecological
democracy in the Great Lakes Basin.
The purpose of this report is to measure and celebrate progress in developing and
implementing RAPs as called for in Annex 2 of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. This
report also responds directly to the stakeholder recommendation at the International Joint
Commission's 1993 RAP Forum to help disseminate information on RAPs among RAP teams
and stakeholders from all 43 Areas of Concern. It is hoped that this report will help facilitate
cooperative learning among RAP stakeholders. Although many of the use impairments and
problems in Areas of Concern are similar, the site-specific approaches and solutions vary
substantially. Therefore, it is important to continue to emphasize cooperative learning through
RAPs, celebrate progress, and recognize our mutual dependencies in restoring and maintaining
the integrity of the Great Lakes.
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The Great Lakes RAP program originated from a 1985 recommendation from the
International Joint Commission's Great Lakes Water Quality Board and was formalized in the
1987 amendments to the Canada-United States Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. The
purpose of RAPs is to restore beneficial uses in the 43 Areas of Concern in the Great Lakes
Basin (Figure 2). Use impairments, as identified in the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement,
are identified in Table 1, along with use impairment status in each of the 43 Areas of Concern.
The Agreement calls for the federal governments, in cooperation with state and provincial
governments, to ensure that RAPs incorporate a systematic and comprehensive ecosystem
approach to use restoration, and to ensure that the public is consulted in all actions undertaken
pursuant to RAPs. The ecosystem approach holistically accounts for the interrelationships among
land, air, water, and all living things, including humans; and involves all user groups in
comprehensive management. Use of an ecosystem approach to develop and implement RAPs has
changed traditional approaches to water resource management in Areas of Concern. Currently,
Figure 2. Forty-three Areas of Concern in the Great Lakes Basin.
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Table 1. A summary of use impairments in the forty-three Areas of Concern.
lr§ 9 end
1 = Impaired
R = Restored
? = Unknown
LJ = Under Assessment
L = Likely
X = Does Not Impair Biota
S = Suspected
Area of C oncern
Peninsula Harbour
Jackfish Bay
Nipigon Bay
Thunder Bay
St. Louis River
Torch Lake
Deer Lake
M a nistlque Rlv er
Lower Menominee River
Lower Green Bay
and Fox River
Sheboygan River
Milwaukee Estuary
Waukegan Harbor
Grand Calumet River/
Ind. Harbor Ship Canal
Kalamazoo River
Muskegon Lake
White Lake
Saglnaw River/Bay
Collingwood Harbour
Severn Sound
Spanish Harbour
Clinton River
Rouge River
River Raisin
Ecological Health
Degradation of Fish
and Wildlife Populations
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
U
1
1
1
1
R
1
1
1
1
Degradation of Benthos
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
U
1
1
1
Degradation of
Phytoplankton and
Zooplankton Populations
1
1
1
1
1
1
S
S
1
U
1
Eutrophication or
Undesirable Algae
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
R
1
1
1
Fish Tumors or Other
Deformities
U
1
U
1
1
U
1
1
1
1
1
Bird or Animal Deformities
or Reproduction Problems
U
U
U
1
1
1
U
1
L
S
S
1
U
Habitat
O
T3
i
•o
c
0
.E
ir
°1
m '-&
3£
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
R
1
U
1
1
Human Health
Restrictions on Fish and
Wildlife Consumption
1
U
1
1
R
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Beach Closings
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Human Use
o
>
•gc
"= .
»l
1*
~C T3
;°°
i
U
U
U
1
1
Restrictions on Dredging
Activities
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
X
1
1
1
1
1
Restrictions on Drinking
Water Consumption, or Taste
and Odor Problems
1
U
1
1
1
1
Degradation of Aesthetics
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Added Costs to
Agriculture or Industry
1
1
1
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Table 1 (continued).
Le g end
1 = Impaired
R = Restored
? = Unknown
U = Under Assessment
L = Likely
X = Does Not Impair Biota
S = Suspected
Area of Cone em
Maumee River
Black River (main stem)
Cuyahoga River
Ashtabula River
Presque Isle Bay
Wheatley Harbour
Buffalo River
Eighteenmlle Creek
Rochester Embayment
Oswego River
Bay of Qulnte
Port Hope Harbour
M etro Toronto and
Region
Hamilton Harbour
St. Marys River
St. Clalr River
Detroit River
Niagara River (Ontario)
Niagara River (New York)
St. Lawrence River
(Cornwall, Ontario)
St. Lawrence River
(Massena. New York)
Ecological
Degradation of Fish
and Wildlife Populations
1
1
1
1
L
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
L
1
L
Degradation of Benthos
1
1
1
1
U
U
1
1
L
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
L
Degradation of
Phytoplankton and
Zooplankton Populations
U
7
1
U
1
U
U
U
U
Health
Eutrophication or
Undesirable Algae
1
U
1
U
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Fish Tumors or Other
Deformities
1
1
1
1
1
U
1
?
L
U
U
1
1
U
1
1
1
L
Bird or Animal Deformities
or Reproduction Problems
L
7
L
1
L
U
1
1
1
L
1
L
Habitat
Loss of Fish and Wildlife
Habitat
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Human Health
Restrictions on Fish and
Wildlife Consumption
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Beach Closings
1
1
1
1
U
1
1
1
R
1
1
1
1
1
Human Use
o
*!
C £
°l
|~
"c -a
£0
U
?
L
?
U
U
Restrictions on Dredging
Activities
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Restrictions on Drinking
Water Consumption, or Taste
and Odor Problems
1
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
Degradation of Aesthetics
1
I
I
I
U
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Added Costs to
Agriculture or Industry
L
1
1
1
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locally-designed, ecosystem approaches are being used to develop and implement RAPs in each
of the 43 Areas of Concern. Forty of the 43 Areas of Concern have established either a
stakeholder group, coordinating committee, public advisory council, or comparable institutional
structure broadly representative of societal, economic, and environmental interests in the Areas
of Concern. These RAP institutional structures have been established to help facilitate public
participation, coordinate RAP development, implement an ecosystem approach, and build the
institutional capacity to restore beneficial uses.
RAPs are an iterative, action-planning process used to identify the responsibility and
timeframe for implementing remedial and preventive actions necessary to restore impaired uses
in a three-stage process. Stage 1 includes problem definition and identification of sources and
causes, Stage 2 identifies remedial and preventive actions to restore uses, and Stage 3 requires
confirmation of use restoration. In the RAP status pie diagrams, the transmittal of a Stage 3
report is depicted as the direct result of quadrant 3, which demonstrates progress in implementing
the RAP, and quadrant 4, which demonstrates the results of this plan in terms of actual
restoration of beneficial uses.
Although this three-stage process appears simple, it has been found to be difficult in practice.
For example, Stage 2 of the RAP process is often complex and very lengthy due to the diversity
and severity of some use impairments, and the inability to resolve all the problems in the same
timeframe. Therefore, flexibility is encouraged in the RAP process and is being adopted in many
of the Stage 2 RAPs (Table 2). Such flexible approaches to RAPs represent practical application
of "ecosystem approach" theory. They utilize tools such as total quality management, risk
assessment and management, weight-of-evidence approach, and adaptive planning and
management in multi-stakeholder RAP institutional structures. Continued emphasis is needed on
streamlining RAP decision-making processes and ensuring continuous improvement.
An inclusive decision-making process that leads to commitment for action is an essential
aspect of implementing an ecosystem approach. The value of the RAP process is the quality of
the decision-making, not the length of the documents. RAPs are literally in the forefront of
pioneering a new way of streamlining governmental programs and making governments more
responsive to local needs and the environment. Although there is no single best approach to
develop and implement RAPs, it is clear that a successful RAP process will: be inclusive; share
decision-making power; be integrative; work to achieve agreement on critical actions to restore
uses; and provide evidence of commitment and continuing accountability. A major outcome of
this is the creation of accountability on the part of those responsible for the wide range of
remedial and preventive actions needed.
Federal/state/provincial governments have provided leadership and resources for development
and implementation of RAPs. Through government and community-based partnerships, RAPs
are attempting to overcome environmental decision-making gridlock by developing a coordinated,
multi-stakeholder response to restoring impaired beneficial uses in Areas of Concern.
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Table 2. Selected examples of different approaches to development and implementation of
Stage 2 RAPs.
Jurisdiction
Approach
Ontario
Stage 2a - recommended actions
Stage 2b - commitments and
endorsements
Ohio
Three phase effort:
1) Stage 1 update
2) Identify actions underway and accelerate
programs
3) Complete Stage 2
Wisconsin
Complete update every five years; RAP
progress reports every year
Michigan
* Agree on long-term vision and short-term
goals and objectives
* Prioritize environmental issues and focus
RAP activities on the highest priorities
first
* Document the issues and actions in a
series of biennial reports, each containing
components of Stages 1, 2, and 3, as
appropriate
Sustaining the RAP process will require continued public involvement, achieving effective
communication and cooperation, creatively acquiring resource commitments, and building a
record of success. Both short-term and long-term milestones and benchmarks must be celebrated.
Examples of milestones and benchmarks include: government management actions; remedial and
preventive actions by sources; changes in discharge quality; reductions in contaminant loadings;
changes in ambient air/water/sediment concentrations; reductions in bioaccumulation rates;
biological recovery; use restoration; and improved suitability for human use of resources. Other
important measures of success will include: the number of people participating in each RAP
process; achievement of meaningful public participation; donations received; requests for input
into other programs; requests for "How can I help?"; and media coverage.
Most governments have opted for a RAP process that focuses on results without elaborate
rules, regulations, or guidance. Stakeholders in Areas of Concern have been instrumental in
helping governments be more responsive to, and responsible for, restoring uses. Many RAP
processes have already resulted in: adjusting programs to focus on ecosystem results; elevating
the priority of certain programs and projects; establishing partnerships; acquiring new resources;
testing new technologies (e.g. sediment remediation); incorporating pollution prevention; and
initiating habitat rehabilitation projects. In addition, there has been: increased public awareness
-------
and involvement; greater awareness by decision-makers; increased confidence and trust; increased
understanding, including seeing how each RAP contributes to basin-wide protection of the Great
Lakes; and increased cooperation and partnerships. Indeed, much is being accomplished by
pooling resources, increasing coordination, cutting red-tape, and using common sense. This has
been described as reinventing government through remedial action planning.
Based on a basin-wide review of progress in the Great Lakes RAP program, RAP processes
are most effective if they are mission-driven (i.e. a focus on ecosystem results and restoring uses)
and not rule-driven. Successful RAP processes empower institutional structures to pursue their
mission of restoring impaired uses. Empowerment of RAP institutional structures can be
demonstrated by: a focus on watersheds or other naturally-defined boundaries to address upstream
causes and sources, and obtain commitments from within the watershed for implementation; an
inclusive and shared decision-making process; clear responsibility and sufficient authority to
pursue the mission; an ability to secure and pool resources according to priorities for action using
nonprofit organizations or other creative mechanisms; flexibility and continuity in order to
achieve an agreed-upon road map to use restoration; commitment to broad-based education and
public outreach; and an open and iterative RAP process that strives for continuous improvement.
RAP institutional structures represent a forum for cooperative learning to generate a common
understanding of problems and build consensus for action throughout the watershed. To ensure
linkages of RAPs to other related planning initiatives, governments must adopt and reward
cooperative approaches to work with other stakeholders, agencies, and organizations. Further,
open communication and information networks must be developed across and within public
agencies and organizations, and RAP institutional structures should be used as mechanisms to
help coordinate planning and program functions at the local level. This locally-led approach to
coordination through RAP institutional structures should be complemented with governmental
efforts to ensure intra- and interagency initiatives are complementary and reinforcing by:
explicitly recognizing the need for coordination and integration of interrelated programs in agency
mission statements; and incorporating institutional arrangements necessary for the desired
coordination into agency work plans.
There is no doubt that environment, economy, and society are inextricably linked and
mutually dependent. Therefore, human activities can no longer be managed in a piecemeal
fashion and new institutional arrangements will be necessary to account for interrelationships and
mutual dependencies. As the United Nations' World Commission on Environment and
Development noted in its book, Our Common Future:
"Most of the institutions facing those challenges
tend to be independent, fragmented, and working to
relatively narrow mandates with closed decision
processes. Those responsible for managing natural
resources and protecting the environment are
institutionally separated from those responsible for
managing the economy. The real world of
8
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interlocked economic and ecological systems will
not change; the policies and institutions must."
Government agencies will undoubtedly have to embrace/endorse new RAP institutional
structures to ensure a smooth transition from RAP development to implementation. Therefore,
it is important that governments adopt long-term, visionary goals for Areas of Concern and
commit to a customer-driven and value-added process of continuous improvement that shares
decision-making power.
The RAP process is well underway and is achieving substantial benefits. One of the
challenges will be to sustain it Again, this report is intended to help sustain the RAP process,
help learn from each others' experiences, and help celebrate the progress in restoring and
maintaining the integrity of the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem.
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PENINSULA HARBOUR
NORTH SHORE
OF LAKE SUPERIOR
Use Impairments and Causes
Peninsula Harbour is located on the northeastern shore of Lake Superior, approximately 290 km
east of the City of Thunder Bay. The Area of Concern is comprised of two regions: Peninsula
Harbour proper and a portion of open Lake Superior immediately south of the Peninsula. The
town of Marathon (population: 6,000) lies on the southeast shore of the harbor. The principal
industry in Marathon is a bleached kraft pulp mill complex owned by James River-Marathon,
Limited. Historical discharges from the pulp mill and the Marathon Water Pollution Control
Plant have caused five known use impairments in the Area of Concern (see lower left box).
Status of the RAP Process
The Stage 1 RAP for Peninsula Harbour was completed and submitted to the International Joint
Commission (IJC) in late 1991. The IJC review concluded that there was sufficient information
to proceed with Stage 2. The Peninsula Harbour Public Advisory Committee (PAC) was formed
in 1989 and consists of 7 members representing environmental, economic, and societal interests
in the area. Stage 2 is now in progress with a focus on the identification and selection of
preferred remedial actions. A complete Stage 2 Report is scheduled to be submitted to the
Canada-Ontario Agreement RAP Steering Committee in 1994.
Peninsula Harbour Use Impairments
I = Impaired U = Under assessment
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
(fish only)
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations (fish only)
Fish tumors or other deformities
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
I
U
I
I
I
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
10
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Progress and Achievements
The Peninsula Harbour RAP is well known in the area and has considerable public support. This
strong public support has been instrumental in moving programs foreward. Presented below are
examples of accomplishments through the Peninsula Harbour RAP process.
Point Source Controls
• The James River-Marathon, Ltd. mill instituted chlorine dioxide substitution in the fall of 1992.
Total AOX is now approaching the draft 1995 Municipal-Industrial Strategy for Abatement
(MISA) regulatory requirement of 1.5 kg/tonne of air dried pulp. The mill has begun preliminary
studies on the design of a secondary treatment system. The mill does not currently meet the draft
1995 MISA requirements for BOD or total suspended solids. It is estimated that the mill will
have to spend approximately $31.1 million to comply with the draft effluent limits, including
$11.4 million for flow reduction, $7.7 million for bleach plant improvements, and $12 million
for secondary treatment facilities.
• Recent process changes at the Marathon Water Pollution Control Plant have resulted in
improved conditions in the Area of Concern.
Sediment Remediation
• Contaminated sediments continue to cause high levels of mercury in fish. A bench-scale study
was initiated in 1993 by Fisheries and Oceans Canada, the Ontario Ministry of Environment and
Energy, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, and James River Corporation to explore a
number of innovative options for treating sediment. Research is being performed ex-situ to
evaluate a number of innovative treatment options, including the addition of selenium or clay to
inhibit mercury methylation.
• A flow pattern study has recently been completed in order to assist in the evaluation of capping
as a potential option for treating contaminated sediments.
Habitat and Access
• The PAC is presently providing input to a Marathon waterfront development project in order
to enhance aquatic habitat and increase public access.
• Public access to the waterfront has been improved by the construction of a concrete launch
ramp on James River-Marathon, Limited property.
11
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Outlook
The James River-Marathon Mill will be required to upgrade its facility in order to comply with
the draft MISA pulp and paper regulations. The PAC is working to ensure that habitat and
access issues are addressed in the Marathon Waterfront Development Project.
Contact persons:
Jake VanderWal, RAP Coordinator Keith Robertson, PAC Chair
Ontario Ministry of Environment Williams Operations Corp.
and Energy P.O. Box 500
Lake Superior Programs Office Marathon, Ontario POT 2EO
R.R. #12, S-8, C-16 (807) 229-1941
Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E3
(807) 768-1854
12
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JACKFISH BAY
NORTH SHORE
OF LAKE SUPERIOR
Use Impairments and Causes
Jackfish Bay is located along the North Shore of Lake Superior, approximately 250 km northeast
of Thunder Bay and covers a surface area of approximately 6.4 km2. T^e Area of Concern
consists of the 14 km reach of Blackbird Creek between Kimberly-Clark Canada Inc. pulp mill
and Jackfish Bay, including Lake A, Moberly Lake and Jackfish Bay itself. Blackbird Creek has
received the wastewater discharge from the mill since 1948, and both Lake A and Moberly Lake
have experienced significant infilling with wood fiber and other solids. Kimberly-Clark effluent,
nonpoint sources (including atmospheric deposition), in-place sediment contamination (from
Kimberly-Clark), and spills contribute to the use impairments identified in the lower left corner.
Status of the RAP Process
A 14-member Public Advisory Committee (PAC) was established in 1989. Both short and long-
term water use goals were completed in 1990 with considerable public input. The Stage 1 RAP
was completed and submitted to the International Joint Commissjop (IJC) in late 1991. Review
comments were favorable and the IJC concluded that the Stage 1 RAP information was sufficient
to proceed with Stage 2. A draft Stage 2 report is projected to be submitted to the Canada-
Ontario Agreement RAP Steering Committee in 1994.
Jackfish Bay Use Impairments
I = Impaired U = Under assessment
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
(fish only)
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Fish tumors or other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Degradation of aesthetics
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
U
I
I
U
I
I
I
I
RAP STATUS
t Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to UC
13
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Progress and Achievements
The Jackfish Bay RAP is well known and has considerable public support in the area. The
broad-based community representation on the PAC has led to increased community awareness,
understanding, and support for implementation of the RAP. The following accomplishments
indicate the progress being made in the Jackfish Bay RAP process.
Point Sources
• Kimberly-Clark has had secondary treatment ponds operative since September 1992. The mill
is in compliance with the 1995 Municipal-Industrial Strategy for Abatement (MESA) regulatory
requirements for conventional pollutants, but is marginal with respect to the AOX requirement
of 1.5 kg/tonne air dried pulp. Secondary treatment has resulted in reductions in BOD, a variety
of organic compounds, including dioxins and furans, phenolic compounds, and resin and fatty
acids. However, it is estimated that the mill will have to spend up to $17.3 million in order to
comply with the AOX limits.
• Investigations on Moberly Lake are being undertaken to further assess the potential for bio-
uptake of pollutants. Clams were recently placed in the Blackbird Creek system in June 1993
and removed and sampled in mid-July. Test results were negative indicating that the uptake of
pollutants did not occur.
Sediment Remediation and Stabilization
• To prevent the continued resuspension of contaminated sediments in Moberly Lake and prevent
them from entering Lake Superior, the PAC and RAP Team are examining the feasibility of
lowering the water level of Moberly Lake or re-profiling the water flow to form a natural channel
to bypass contaminated sediments. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ontario Ministries of Natural
Resources and Environment and Energy, and Kimberly-Clark are contributing to this project.
• The PAC and RAP Team are also examining the possibility of introducing aquatic vegetation
to stabilize sediments in Moberly Lake. The PAC will select a preferred option once further
information on the sediment characteristics is obtained.
Fisheries and Wildlife
• Remediation of lake trout spawning habitat is being assessed by the PAC and RAP Team.
These habitats in Jackfish Bay proper have been blanketed by historical wood fiber deposits.
• A mixed function oxidase induction study on whitefish/suckers was completed in 1993. Results
will be available in 1994.
• The Canadian Wildlife Service continues its ongoing project to assess/monitor herring gull
reproductive success.
14
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• Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources completed a $5,000 fish contaminant sampling project
in 1992.
Water Quality Survey Information
• An aerial survey of Blackbird Creek was completed in September 1992 at a cost of $5,000.
• Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy sampled sediment and water quality at a cost of
$15,000 in 1993.
• To assist in the selection of a remedial option for Moberly Lake, a study is being conducted
to assess the hydraulic characteristics of the lake. This study will be administered by Kimberly-
Clark.
Outlook
Priority is being placed on the evaluation of remedial options by the PAC and RAP Team.
Kimberly-Clark will be required to comply with the draft MISA pulp and paper regulations.
Contact persons:
Jim Murphy, RAP Coordinator
Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy
435 James Street, 3rd Floor
P.O. Box 5000
Thunder Bay, Ontario P7C 5G6
(807) 475-1689
Jon Ferguson, PAC Chair
P.O. Box 1058
Terrace Bay, Ontario POT 2WO
(807) 825-9214
15
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NIPIGON BAY
NORTH SHORE
OF LAKE SUPERIOR
Use Impairments and Causes
Nipigon Bay is located at the most northern point of Lake Superior. The Area of Concern
encompasses a large portion of Nipigon Bay and the Nipigon River downstream of Alexander
Dam. Two communities are located in the vicinity of the Bay: Red Rock (population: 1,400) and
Nipigon (population: 2,400). Seven use impairments have been identified in the Area of Concern
(see lower left box). These use impairments are primarily the result of: discharges from Domtar
Packaging, Ltd.; the accumulation of bark, wood fiber and other organic matter from historic log
drives; and the discharges from Nipigon and Red Rock water pollution control plants. Another
significant concern has been the excessive flow variations and water level fluctuations resulting
from hydro-generation on the Nipigon River. This is being addressed through the Nipigon River
Water Management Plan.
Status of the RAP Process
The Stage 1 RAP for Nipigon Bay was completed and submitted to the International Joint
Commission (IJC) in 1991. The IJC review of the Stage 1 RAP was very positive, indicating
that the report provided sufficient information to proceed with Stage 2. Local citizens from a
wide spectrum of interests and backgrounds have become involved in the RAP process, the most
tangible evidence of this being the efforts of the Nipigon Bay Public Advisory Committee (PAC).
The PAC was formed in 1989 and consists of 13
people. In addition, the PAC has incorporated
Nipigon Bay Use Impairments
I = Impaired U = Under assessment
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavor
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
(fish only)
Fish tumors or other deformities
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Eutrophication or undesirable algae
Degradation of aesthetics
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
I
U
I
I
I
I
I
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
16
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itself as a nonprofit organization to seek additional resources for the RAP process and public
outreach activities. A discussion paper for remedial options in the Nipigon Bay Area of Concern
has been submitted to the agencies for review. A complete Stage 2 Report is scheduled to be
submitted to the Canada-Ontario Agreement RAP Steering Committee in 1994.
Progress and Achievements
The successful completion of a number of RAP projects in Nipigon Bay has created strong public
support and the growth of partnerships, and has encouraged new community initiatives.
Presented below are highlights of selected actions and initiatives that have either been completed
or are on-going.
Rehabilitating Fish Stocks and Fish Habitat
A six-staged, four-year project began in 1990 to rehabilitate the walleye population in Nipigon
Bay by augmenting the remnant fish stock, reopening migratory routes, and restoring degraded
habitats ($930,000 was provided from the Great Lakes Cleanup Fund and $1,862,000 was
provided from other partners). Highlights include:
• Over 12,000 walleye have been released to provide sufficient base stock for reproduction
(monitoring has documented the first walleye reproduction in Nipigon Bay since the population
collapsed 30 years ago);
• Cleanup, removal of debris, and assessment of historic walleye spawning areas on the lower
Nipigon River is complete;
• A wetland complex at the mouth of the river has been restored; and
• The Red Rock Marina breakwall is complete (habitat components are being incorporated into
the breakwall design to enhance the aquatic ecosystem, improve aesthetics, and provide
recreational opportunities).
Water Level Fluctuations
• Phase One of the Nipigon River Water Management Plan, a two year study to develop a water
management strategy, is complete and draft options are presently being reviewed by the public.
A computer optimization model is being used to evaluate management options.
Point Sources
• The Domtar pulp and paper mill will institute secondary treatment of its effluent in order to
comply with the draft 1995 Municipal-Industrial Strategy for Abatement (MISA) regulations.
17
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• Upgrading the Nipigon and Red Rock sewage treatment facilities from primary to secondary
treatment has been identified as a potential remedial action.
Nonpoint Sources
• As part of Nipigon's waterfront development plan, settling ponds and a wetland complex will
be constructed to minimize the effects of urban runoff.
Public Outreach and Communications
• Proceeds from the sale of the book on the history of Nipigon Bay entitled, Our Living Heritage
- The Glory of the Nipigon, will go towards supporting the environmental restoration, education,
and heritage preservation in the Nipigon Bay region.
• The Nipigon Bay RAP has been promoted through a number of media and events, and the work
of the PAC.
• The Town of Nipigon is in the design phase of a $3 million Nipigon Environmental Interpretive
Centre to help promote stewardship for Nipigon Bay.
• The PAC is actively involved in the rehabilitation of Clearwater Creek. Both the creek cleanup
and the habitat inventory are complete. The Great Lakes Cleanup Fund, Ontario Ministry of
Education and Training, St. Edward School, the PAC and other funding partners are developing
an all-encompassing rehabilitation plan for the creek which will address bank stabilization,
stormwater management, habitat restoration, and an educational component.
Outlook
The Red Rock Marina breakwall and the construction of two islands, including the first phase
of habitat components, are complete. Remedial options have been evaluated for sediment
remediation, sewage treatment plant upgrades, and sea lamprey control. Continued efforts are
being made to complete and implement the Nipigon River Water Management Plan, taking into
consideration the concerns of a variety of stakeholders.
Contact persons:
Ken Cullis, RAP Coordinator
Ontario Ministry of
Natural Resources
Lake Superior Programs Office
R.R. #12, S-8, C-16
Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E3
(807) 768-2106
Cindy Tulk, RAP/PAC Facilitator
Lake Superior Programs Office
R.R. #12, S-8, C-16
Thunder Bay, Ontario
P7B 5E3
(807) 768-2109
David Nuttall
PAC Chair
2021 Oliver Road
R.R. #17
Thunder Bay, Ontario
P7B 6C2
(807) 473-8100
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THUNDER BAY
NORTH SHORE
OF LAKE SUPERIOR
Use Impairments and Causes
Thunder Bay is located on the north shore of Lake Superior. The Area of Concern extends about
28 km along the shoreline and up to 9 km offshore. The inner harbor of Thunder Bay is one of
the world's largest grain handling ports and is the second largest port in Canada. Much progress
has been made in the past two decades to improve water quality. The most seriously degraded
areas within the Area of Concern include the Kaministiquia River, the Inner Thunder Bay
Harbour, and Chippewa Beach. Water quality problems are primarily a result of discharges from
the forest products industry (pulp and paper and wood preservation). Canadian Pacific Forest
Products, Provincial Papers (previously Abitibi-Price), and Abitibi-Price (Fort William Division)
are the three pulp mills operating in the Thunder Bay Area of Concern. Abitibi-Price (Thunder
Bay Division Mill) was shut down in 1992. Industrial and municipal point sources, long-range
atmospheric deposition, agricultural runoff, and in-place pollutants all contribute to the use
impairments identified in the lower left box.
Thunder Bay Use Impairments
I = Impaired U = Under assessment
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
(fish only)
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Fish tumors or other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Beach closings
Degradation of aesthetics
Added costs to agriculture or industry
Degradation of phytoplankton and zooplankton populations
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
Status of the RAP Process
The Public Advisory Committee (PAC) was
formed in 1989 and is comprised of 25
individuals representing a broad spectrum of
community interests. The Stage 1 RAP was
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
19
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submitted to the International Joint Commission (IJC) in 1991. The review was positive and
concluded that information was sufficient to proceed with Stage 2. Stage 2 is in progress with
the PAC identifying potential remedial options for impaired uses and water use goals. The PAC
has considered options for degraded benthic communities, restrictions on dredging activities, and
beach closures. The Draft Stage 2 report is scheduled to be submitted to the Canada-Ontario
Agreement RAP Steering Committee in 1994.
Progress and Achievements
The Thunder Bay RAP is an action-oriented process. Demonstration projects have successfully
fostered strong public support, the growth of partnerships, and new community initiatives.
Following is a list of selected actions and studies that have been completed or are ongoing to
restore the Thunder Bay Area of Concern.
Public Involvement and Communications
• In September 1993, thirty volunteers participated in planting trees along the restored Me Vicar
Creek bank and newly constructed island at the mouth of the creek. The trees will stabilize the
bank and provide shelter for wildlife. Additional species of plants and shrubs will be introduced
in 1994.
• In the summer of 1993, the second annual "Lake Superior Day" was organized by Environment
North and held in conjunction with a parallel event in Ashland, Wisconsin. Over 2,000 people
enjoyed environmental exhibits, educational activities and live entertainment. Communities
around the lake are being invited to participate in the event on July 17, 1994.
• A contest was initiated to name the newly constructed island at the mouth of Me Vicar Creek.
A group of five judges chose "Sanctuary Island" from the 120 student entries. An official name
plaque will identify the winner and describe the purpose of the island.
• As a result of "Wake Up To Your Waterfront", a PAC initiative to involve the public in a
community shoreline cleanup, the PAC received the Civic Pride - Green Award from the Thunder
Bay Chamber of Commerce.
Sewage Treatment Plants
• With assistance from the Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy (MOEE), the City of
Thunder Bay has committed to upgrade the Thunder Bay sewage treatment facility from primary
treatment at an estimated cost of $75-100 million. The provincial share will be between $25
million and $33 million, and the City is levying a surcharge on water rates to finance the project
which is expected to be under construction in 1995.
• A Pollution Control Planning Study has been initiated to examine sewage treatment plant
upgrade options, combined sewer overflows, and stormwater management for the City of Thunder
20
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Bay. Funding to support the projects was recently announced by Environment Canada, MOEE,
and the City of Thunder Bay.
Forest Products Industry
• Canadian Pacific Forest Products meets all 1995 requirements of the draft Municipal-Industrial
Strategy for Abatement (MISA) pulp and paper regulations.
• Provincial Papers mill will require installation of secondary treatment ($10.9 million) and
effluent flow reduction ($6.2 million) to comply with the draft 1995 MISA requirements.
Habitat Rehabilitation and Improvements
In 1990, a six-staged, four year habitat rehabilitation project was undertaken to create and restore
degraded and lost nearshore aquatic habitat, rehabilitate the littoral zone, stabilize wetlands,
restore riverine diversity, and increase abundance of fish and wildlife populations. The Great
Lakes Cleanup Fund provided $2,305,000 and $3,006,000 was provided from other agencies and
partners. The following is an account of projects either undertaken or completed since 1990.
• Gravel, cobble and boulders were placed in three locations at the mouth of the Current River
to rehabilitate degraded walleye spawning habitat. The project doubled the existing spawning
area and improved nursery habitat. The project was completed in 1991 at a cost of $35,000 and
is being monitored for effectiveness.
• Construction of a fish ladder and steps pools below the Boulevard Lake dam in the Current
River was completed in 1992 at a cost of $325,000 to provide access to spawning sites and create
prime habitat for migrating fish (e.g. rainbow trout).
• New habitat was created in the Neebing-Mclntyre Floodway and is extensively used by fish and
waterfowl. The artificial flood control channel consists of 12 new habitat modules at a cost of
$100,000. Four embayments with rock shoals, shoreline plantings of alder and willow, and log
rafts provide enhanced fish and invertebrate habitat.
• New spawning and nursery habitat was created at Me Vicar Creek and construction of an island-
wetland complex at the mouth of the creek was completed in the summer of 1992. Recreational
benefits such as handicap-accessible fishing platforms and walkways may also be added.
• The McKellar River Project has begun and includes: excavating lagoons on Mission Island to
help compensate for lost wetlands and to create spawning and nesting habitat; and increasing
public access. The cost of the habitat lagoons is $400,000.
Urban Resource Improvements
• A Thunder Bay Urban Fisheries project was completed in 1992 at a cost of $10,000.
21
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• A bacterial contamination study is being planned for Chippewa Beach. The project will modify
the landscape of the beach area to divert runoff carrying fecal material from resident waterfowl
away from the swimming area while maintaining waterfowl habitat.
• The City of Thunder Bay was the lead partner in the development of the Donald Street
Waterfront Park at a cost of $1 million that was completed in 1992.
Contaminated Sediments
• The Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy is the lead agency in a site remediation plan
for contaminated sediments at Northern Wood Preservers. This project is currently in the
planning/design stage.
Outlook
Control of contaminants at source remains a priority for the three pulp mills. Over $5.3 million
of habitat rehabilitation will be completed in 1994. Considerable concern continues to be
expressed for cleanup of severely contaminated sediments around the Northern Wood Preservers
site.
Contact persons:
Jake VanderWal, RAP Coordinator Bob Hartley, PAC Chair
Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy R.R. #13, Lakeshore Drive
Lake Superior Programs Office Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E4
R.R. #12, S-8, C-16 (807) 473-8100
Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E3
(807) 768-1854
22
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St. Louis River Area of Concern
Lake Superior
Use Impairments and Causes
The St. Louis River System Area of Concern is the lower 63 km of the St. Louis River,
extending roughly from the City of Cloquet to the river's natural outlet at Lake Superior. This
area includes the five dams downstream of the City of Cloquet, as well as St. Louis Bay,
Superior Bay, and the small tributaries that drain into these areas. The Nemadji River, which
empties into Superior Bay, is considered part of the Area of Concern. Upstream regions of the
St Louis River drainage basin are treated as significant source areas of pollution. The use
impairments identified in the lower left corner are a reflection of the cumulative actions or
practices that have impacted and continue to impact this ecosystem. Sources include improperly
sewered wastes, poorly designed or leaky landfills, abandoned hazardous waste sites,
contaminated sediments, and discharges from pipes or from surface runoff. In addition, there has
been a loss of 1,215 ha of open water and wetlands due to filling in the river's estuary.
Status of the RAP Process
St. Louis River System Use Impairments
I = Impaired U = Under assessment
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption (fish
consumption only)
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavor
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Fish tumors and other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Excessive sediment and nutrient loading to Lake
Superior
Beach closings/body contact recreation
Degradation of aesthetics
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
U
I
I
U
I
I
I
I
I
I
The RAP is a collaborative effort between
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA)
and the Wisconsin Department of Natural
Resources (WDNR). Development of the St.
Louis River System RAP began in 1989 with
RAP STATUS
• Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
23
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the creation of the Citizens Advisory Committee (CAC). The CAC is made up of 35-40
members, representing industry, academia, research institutions, environmental groups, Indian
tribes, government, civic groups, and local residents. The Stage 1 report was completed in 1993
and has been followed by the development of recommendations to address the identified
environmental problems. Four technical groups and an "Institutional Arrangements" committee
were established by the CAC to develop and evaluate Stage 2 recommendations. Comments on
the recommendations will be documented at each step of the review process and passed on to the
CAC for final action or incorporation into the RAP.
Progress and Achievements
The St. Louis River RAP operates in a real time mode where planning is intimately intertwined
with action. The knowledge gained through the RAP process is brought to bear directly, and in
a pro-active way, on environmental problems and projects. Commitment to this approach led to
projects being conceived, developed, and acted upon while the RAP was in the process of
completing Stage 1. Some of these early projects have been implemented or are on the path to
implementation. The success of these early projects and others are described below.
Nonpoint Sources of Pollution
• Under the auspices of a $35,000 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Section 319
grant, the South St. Louis County Soil and Water Conservation District (SWCD) carried out a
project that examined relationships between land uses and water quality in Miller Creek, a small
urban tributary to the St. Louis River. The outcome of this project included erosion control plan
reviews at twelve construction sites, development and calibration of a computer model to predict
stormwater impacts on Miller Creek, and the preparation of a watershed map useful to stormwater
planning and management.
• In response to the earlier work carried out by the South St. Louis County SWCD on Miller
Creek, the U.S. EPA provided $200,000 to the MPCA to investigate stormwater toxicity in the
Miller Creek drainage. Samples were collected and toxicity tests were carried out for five sites.
Toxic responses to aquatic organisms were observed at two of the sites. High levels of metals
and suspended solids were observed at most sites.
• U.S. EPA provided a $45,000 Section 319 grant to the South St. Louis County SWCD to work
with local and state officials on stormwater management planning. SWCD Staff reviewed
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System stormwater permits for erosion control practices.
SWCD staff also implemented an erosion control ordinance recommendation developed through
the RAP for the City of Proctor, Minnesota. Efforts are currently underway to ensure that similar
controls exist for Duluth and Hermantown, Minnesota, and Superior, Wisconsin.
• Carlton County SWCD received a $25,000 Section 319 grant from the U.S. EPA/MPCA to
examine the relationship between land use, hydrology and erosion in the Carlton County portion
of the Nemadji River drainage. The findings suggest that the volume of water or water yield from
24
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the Nemadji River watershed is closely correlated with river bank and channel erosion. These
findings led to an application to the U.S. Department of Agriculture - Soil Conservation Service
(SCS) to carry out an investigation for the entire Nemadji River basin.
• SCS and SWCD staff in northwestern Wisconsin and northeastern Minnesota carried out a river
basin investigation on the Nemadji River. This two year $620,000 study focused on developing
soft solutions to culturally induced erosion problems that include vegetative management and the
implementation of best management practices applicable to the basin's unique red clay soils.
• South St. Louis County SWCD received a $75,000 U.S. EPA Section 319 grant to fund a
position to work with livestock farmers in Carlton and St. Louis Counties in the design of
agricultural waste systems. At present, four systems have been designed or surveyed.
Point Sources of Pollution
• Superior Fiber Products will be transporting its effluent by tanker truck to be treated at the
Western Lake Superior Sanitary District's advanced wastewater treatment plant, rather than
discharging it to Superior Bay. This will reduce total BOD loading to the St. Louis Bay.
Habitat Protection
• WDNR submitted a proposal to their Natural Resources Board to begin acquisition of between
2,830-3,640 ha of highly erodible land along the lower St. Louis River. Officially called the
WERCO property, this land encompasses most of the Red River Watershed and consists of about
8 km of shoreline and 14 islands.
• WDNR constructed a wooden crib on a spit of land next to Allouez Bay within the Wisconsin
Point bird management area. The crib will be filled with sand to provide a stable, safe nesting
area for common terns.
Wildlife Studies
• Results of a Legislative Commission on Minnesota's Resources Study of the impacts of organic
compounds and metals on wildlife showed that wing-clipped mallards released at Erie Pier for
a period of 2.5 months accumulated PCB levels equivalent to half of that of the Food and Drug
Administration standards for temporary tolerance of unavoidable residues in poultry.
Sediment Projects
• U.S. EPA and the MPCA carried out a sediment sampling program during the summer of 1993
in the estuary area of the lower St Louis River. Samples were collected from 57 sites for this
project, including backwater bays and areas adjacent to the US Steel and Duluth Tar and
Chemical Company Superfund sites.
25
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• U.S. EPA provided a $75,000 grant to the MPCA to carry out a study of sediment quality in
three of the pools behind the hydroelectric facilities on the lower St. Louis River. Sediments
were sampled and analyzed from areas behind the Thomson and Fond du Lac dams, as well as
in Forbay Lake. The project was aided by the use of EPA's specially designed boat called the
Mudpuppy.
• WDNR collected 77 sediment samples from Hog Island and Newton Creek to further
characterize one of the estuary's five sediment hot spots. Sediment samples were analyzed for
metals and organic compounds. Other aspects of the project included a benthic macroinvertebrate
study and the development of an appropriate mitigation strategy.
Contaminated Sites
• As a part of the 1993 cleanup activities at the U.S. Steel Superfund site, a number of partially
buried drums were removed and shipped off-site for treatment and/or incineration. Other actions
included treatment and disposal of 280 m3 of wastewater and the removal of sixty barrels of soil
contaminated with mercury.
• Approximately 174 tonnes of fuel grade tar and 227 tonnes of a tar/soil mixture were excavated
from the Interlake Steel Superfund site in 1993. The fuel grade tar was transported off-site and
reused. The disposition of the excavated tar/soil mixture will be decided as a part of the site's
soil remediation process.
Community Education and Outreach
• As a consequence of a recent Stage 2 recommendation, the Douglas County Board of Health
and City of Superior have agreed to erect signs to warn recreational users of the contamination
problems present at Hog Island Inlet.
• Signs were posted on the 63rd Avenue West side of Stryker Embayment by the St. Louis
County Health Department to warn recreational users of sediment and water contamination
problems. Stryker Embayment is adjacent to the Interlake Steel-Duluth Tar and Chemical
Company site.
• Individual RAP members and community groups worked with the Minnesota Health Department
and Department of Natural Resources to post fish advisory signs at boat landings along the St.
Louis River.
• The St. Louis River Watch created the "Keepers of the Waters Program" as a means to bring
scientists and artists together to work on issues of water quality.
26
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• Approximately 150 volunteers, RAP members, and Minnesota Power employees participated
in the Minnesota Clean Rivers Project which removed 23 m3 of miscellaneous wastes and 87 kg
of recyclable materials from a stretch of St. Louis shoreline near Scanlon, Minnesota. The project
was organized by 22 local groups.
• The RAP sponsored a special project this summer to cleanup and rehabilitate Connors Point in
Superior, Wisconsin. About 60 volunteers participated in the cleanup of a 0.8 km stretch of
shoreline. The National Guard brought in heavy equipment to remove a tangle of downed trees
and driftwood. Area industries then pitched in to buy garbage cans and picnic tables in an effort
to improve the appeal of Connors Point as a recreation area.
• Public outreach efforts have also included: newsletters, bulletin board displays, speaking
engagements, and public service announcements.
Pollution Prevention
• In 1991, the MPCA began a pilot program in the St. Louis River/Lake Superior drainage to
increase compliance by very small quantity generators of hazardous waste. As a part of the
assessment phase of the program, some 611 generators were identified as unregistered. These
unregistered generators became the focus of site visits, educational materials, and workshops in
1992 and 1993. Program staff conducted 21 technical site visits and seven workshops in 1993.
Outlook
Protection is an important theme in St. Louis River System RAP. Stage 2 development is
focused on sediment contamination, pollution prevention, and protection of important habitats and
natural resource values. MPCA recently issued a request for response action (call for action by
the responsible parties) to address sediment contamination at one of five hotspots areas in the
estuary, the Interlake Steel/Duluth Tar and Chemical Company Superfund site. This effort is
being augmented by continued work to identify and delineate sediment contamination in other
areas of the estuary. Pollution prevention efforts include the continuation of the Lake Superior
Initiative, the Lake Superior Partnership, and three state stormwater demonstration projects.
Wisconsin is working to acquire the 2,830-3,640 ha Red River watershed along the St. Louis
River for habitat protection and enhancement.
Contact persons:
Brian L. Fredrickson, RAP Coordinator
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
Government Services Center, Suite 704
320 W. 2nd St.
Duluth, MN 55802
(218) 723-4663
Mary Ann Koth, RAP Coordinator
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
Government Services Center, Suite 704
320 W. 2nd St.
Duluth, MN 55802
(218) 723-4744
27
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Nancy Larson, RAP Coordinator
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 309
Spooner, WI 54801
(715) 635-4075
Jack Ezell, Minnesota Co-Chair
Citizens Advisory Committee
Western Lake Superior Sanitary District
2626 Courtland Street
Duluth, MN 55806-1894
(218) 722-3336, ext. 216
Karen Plass
Lake Superior Specialist
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
1705 Tower Avenue
Superior, WI 54880
(715) 392-0803
Jean Longenecker, Wisconsin Co-Chair
Citizens Advisory Committee
Route 4, Box 54
Superior, WI 54880
(715) 392-2828
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TORCH LAKE
DNR
Use Impairments and Causes
Torch Lake is approximately 1,090 ha in area and is located in Houghton County, Michigan on
the Keweenaw Peninsula. The Area of Concern consists of the lake and surrounding shoreline.
It is part of a much larger U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Superfund site that
includes all of Torch Lake, part of Portage Lake and the Keweenaw waterway, and several
individual sites on the Keweenaw Peninsula. Historically, most of the western shore and over
20% of the lake (present mean depth is 17m) was covered or filled with copper ore tailings from
local mining and smelting activities beginning in the 1860s for about 100 years. Eventually,
most of the tailing piles on the lakeshore were re-mined or hydraulically dredged, treated to
remove copper, and discharged back to the lake along with copper concentrating chemicals. This
resulted in a new shoreline configuration and temporarily a very turbid lake. Use impairments
identified in the 1987 RAP are listed in the lower left box.
Liver tumors in old sauger and walleye were a primary concern in the lake. Although no
causative agent has been found, it is possible that organic chemicals used in ore processing could
have been responsible for the deformities. Sediments are heavily contaminated with copper and
aquatic animal communities living in or on tailing sediments are greatly reduced in diversity and
density. U.S. EPA's Remedial Investigation suggests that as much as 60% of the lake bottom
has an impaired benthic (bottom dwelling) community. Natural erosion processes continue to
be a major source of copper to Torch Lake and have been identified by U.S. EPA as perhaps the
primary input when considering the copper
rich clay portion of the shoreline tailings.
Other concerns exist as a result of the
shoreline tailings: windblown dust;
groundwater contamination; and contamination
Torch Lake Use Impairments
I = Impaired R = Restored
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Degradation of benthos
R
I
STATUS OF
1987 RAP
• Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
29
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in the water column including copper, arsenic, lead, and mercury at concentrations which exceed
the State of Michigan Water Quality Standards Rule 323.1057. These contaminant levels in the
water also are above human health and aquatic protection criteria under the Clean Water Act.
Status of the RAP Process
A RAP was initially written by Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) in 1987.
This RAP described problems known at the time and identified actions and studies needed to
further define and remediate those problems. The two use impairments which were identified
in the 1987 RAP are restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption and degradation of benthos.
The "RAP Status" pie diagram reflects progress in restoring these identified use impairments.
Since the RAP was written before the 1987 amendments to the Great Lakes Water Quality
Agreement, evaluation of the 14 beneficial use impairments was not formally undertaken in the
RAP document. However, most of the 14 beneficial use impairments were addressed in the 1987
RAP and future work on the Torch Lake RAP will reflect these requirements.
The U.S. EPA initiated a Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS) in 1988 for the
Superfund site. The site is divided into 3 units, with Unit I being the western Torch Lake
shoreline, Unit n being sediments and water in the lake and waterways, and Unit in being sites
outside the Area of Concern.
Progress and Achievements
Presented below are highlights of progress made to date.
• The MDNR and the Michigan Department of Public Health (MDPH) decided on January 29,
1993 to lift the consumption advisory on walleye and sauger caught in Torch Lake. The advisory
was originally imposed due to tumors of unknown origin. No cause for the tumors was found.
The incidence was not significantly higher compared to the same age fish in other lakes, and
toxics were not high enough to trigger other consumption advisories. MDPH's state-wide fish
consumption advisory on mercury in inland lakes currently applies to Torch Lake as well as all
inland lakes in Michigan.
• U.S. EPA's Record of Decision issued September 30,1991 for Units I and III calls for capping
(applying a cover of soil and vegetation) of 179 ha of tailings and 3.6 ha of slag in the Area of
Concern. In lieu of this decision, the U.S. Department of Agriculture - Soil Conservation Service
has continued experimenting with various capping procedures in an effort to stabilize stampsand
piles. These onsite studies are needed to provide factual data dealing with revegetation of the
stampsands. Progress has been made toward a successful method of capping. Economic aspects
are also being considered.
• U.S. EPA identified an isolated area of particularly elevated contaminant levels during their
investigation for Unit n of their superfund site activities. This site is located immediately
offshore from the Peninsula Copper Industry (PCI) facility at Hubbell. Organic contaminants
30
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(PAHs) were also found in this hotspot, but were not found elsewhere in the lake. U.S. EPA
believes this hotspot was a possible attribution of the scrap copper reclamation activities and bulk
coal handling along the western shore of Torch Lake.
• U.S. EPA has prepared a draft Remedy Position Paper for Unit n after conducting extensive
studies and a remedial investigation (an investigation which discussed the remedial action options
available with economic considerations). The draft position paper suggests a no action alternative
for Unit n. U.S. EPA believes that Torch Lake will rejuvenate on its own and that the area is
too large for cost effective remediation. In their proposed Record of Decision, U.S. EPA
acknowledges impaired beneficial uses and exceedances of water quality standards and calls for
long-term monitoring; MDNR concurred with the no action alternative given the vast amount of
stamp piles around the lake.
• The Township of Torch Lake is involved in the acquisition of property located on Torch Lake.
MDNR trust fund grant money will assist in this purchase. Negotiations are pending between the
township and the land company.
Outlook
Remedial actions for Units I and HI will continue in 1994. Regarding Unit II, U.S. EPA expects
to release their Record of Decision in March 1994 for public comment. The Record of Decision
will outline the U.S. EPA's final choice of remedial action options for Unit IL
The USDA Soil Conservation Service will follow up their onsite studies in the spring of 1994
to see how their test plots fared over the winter.
A RAP team will be assembled in the near future to begin work on updating the 1987 RAP. The
RAP will include information from studies completed since 1987 and may recommend remedial
actions and/or monitoring activities for the Area of Concern based on current environmental
conditions and problems. Persons interested in the Area of Concern will be invited to serve on
a Public Advisory Council for the RAP.
Contact person:
Amy J. Shelton, RAP Coordinator
MDNR, Surface Water Quality Division
P.O. Box 30273
Lansing, MI 48909
(517) 335-1211
31
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DEER LAKE
DNR
Use Impairments and Causes
Deer Lake is a 367 ha impoundment in central Marquette County near Ishpeming, Michigan. The
Area of Concern includes Carp Creek downstream of the Ishpeming Wastewater Treatment Plant,
Deer Lake and the Carp River downstream approximately 32 river km to Lake Superior in
Marquette.
Deer Lake continues to recover from effects of past municipal and industrial discharges. Mercury
used in ore research was discharged to sewers in Ishpeming by industrial laboratories for about
50 years, ending in 1981. This heavy metal passed through the old wastewater treatment plants,
contaminating sediments and water in the Area of Concern. Previous to 1985, another source
of contamination in Deer Lake was excessive nutrient inputs from inadequate treatment of
municipal wastes. Water quality conditions have greatly improved in the last six years, but
elevated levels of mercury are still a problem. The use impairment identified in the 1987 RAP
is listed in the lower left corner. Mercury contamination of fish in the Area of Concern has
resulted in a ban on fish consumption since 1981. Sediments also have elevated mercury levels
(2-16 mg/kg). Fish-eating birds such as herons, kingfishers and bald eagles in the Area of
Concern have concentrated this metal (up to 40 mg/kg in tissue) because it accumulates in the
food chain. Eagles that have high concentrations of mercury produce eggs that seldom hatch.
Status of the RAP Process
A RAP was initially written by the Michigan
Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) in
1987. This RAP described problems known at
the time and identified actions and studies
needed to further define and remediate those
problems. The 'RAP Status' pie diagram
Deer Lake Use Impairment
I = Impaired
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
STATUS OF
1987 RAP
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
32
-------
reflects progress in restoring these identified use impairments. Since the RAP was written before
the 1987 amendments to the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, evaluation of the 14
beneficial use impairments was not formally undertaken in the RAP document. However, most
of the 14 beneficial use impairments were addressed in the 1987 RAP and future work on the
Deer Lake RAP will reflect these requirements. Public input will also be an integral part of the
future RAP process in assessing if any beneficial use impairments exist in the Area of Concern.
Progress and Achievements
Presented below are highlights of RAP progress to date.
• Construction of the new Ishpeming Wastewater Treatment Plant in 1985 resolved the historical
eutrophication (excessive nutrients) problem in Deer Lake. Separation of storm sewers from
sanitary sewers was accomplished at the same time.
• Cleveland Cliffs Iron (CCI) Company operated laboratories that were the source of extra
mercury to the Area of Concern. A consent judgement for restoring the lake and monitoring
mercury levels in fish was entered into between the MDNR and CCI in 1984. Deer Lake was
drawn down to the lowest possible level in the fall of 1984, killing most of the resident fish. In
late 1986, rotenone was used to kill fish left in the remaining 36 ha natural lake. Carp Creek was
temporarily routed around the lake to prevent downstream movement of rotenone during this
process. The impoundment was refilled in 1987.
• Subsequent fish stocking and monitoring activities have proceeded as outlined in the consent
judgement. Walleye fry were stocked for four years. Favorable growth of walleye has occurred
and stocked fry have apparently been successful. Yellow perch were stocked in 1987. Mercury
concentrations in northern pike generally decreased from 1987-1993, but are still above the fish
consumption advisory level.
• A recreational fishery has developed since restocking Deer Lake. The MDNR has redesignated
the lake a catch and release fishery to eliminate contaminated fish consumption, while still
providing recreational opportunities. It is illegal to possess fish caught from Deer Lake. The catch
and release fishery in Deer Lake has gained attention from sports fisherman throughout the
midwest because of the outstanding northern pike fishery. While the northern pike fishery
shadows other significant fisheries within Deer Lake due to its publicity, the walleye fishery has
improved. The last time the MDNR stocked walleye fry was in 1990. MDNR fishery biologists
suggest that natural reproduction has been sustained in the Deer Lake walleye fishery. Catch and
release management will be re-evaluated in 1996 based on mercury monitoring results.
• The consent judgement between CCI and the MDNR was modified in 1992. CCI is currently
responsible for monitoring mercury in northern pike. Continued monitoring will indicate whether
mercury levels in the Deer Lake ecosystem will eventually fall to levels found elsewhere in
Michigan. Currently, there is a consumption advisory for certain large fish caught in all inland
lakes in Michigan because of concerns about widespread high mercury levels in the environment.
33
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This general advisory is in addition to the specific ban on all consumption for Deer Lake because
of mercury.
• There have been some positive initiatives taken in 1993 by various people and groups in the
Deer Lake area.
1. The Soil Conservation Service and Trout Unlimited jointly organized a bank stabilization
project on Carp River below Deer Lake.
2. The Biology Department of Northern Michigan University sponsored a seminar within the
Biology Department in September 1993 focussing on the RAP process in Michigan.
3. The Marquette County Groundwater Center located at Marquette County Health Department
was founded to promote education, understanding, and protection of the area's groundwater
resources.
Outlook
In 1996, an extensive fish sampling program is required of CCI by the new consent agreement
which was finalized in 1992. A one-year benthic (lake bottom) community and sediment metals
study is also to be initiated by 1995 to address questions raised in the review of the 1987 RAP
regarding contamination of benthos.
A RAP team will be assembled in the near future to begin work on updating the 1987 RAP. The
RAP will include information from studies completed since 1987 and may recommend remedial
actions and/or monitoring activities for the Area of Concern based on current environmental
conditions and problems. Interested persons within the Area of Concern will be invited to serve
on a Public Advisory Council (PAC) for the RAP. The RAP Team will include representatives
of the PAC, the MDNR, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and other state and federal
agencies.
Contact Person:
Amy J. Shelton, RAP Coordinator
MDNR, Surface Water Quality Division
P.O. Box 30273
Lansing, MI 48909
(517) 335-1211
34
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MANISTIQUE RIVER
DNR
Use Impairments and Causes
The Manistique River flows southwest through Schoolcraft County in Michigan's central Upper
Peninsula, discharging into Lake Michigan at Manistique. The Area of Concern is the last 2.7
km of the river, from the dam to the mouth of the harbor at Lake Michigan. The physical
characteristics of this portion of the river have been significantly altered over the last century,
with construction of artificial islands in the river for boat docks during the lumbering era in the
late 1800s, building of harbor breakwaters in 1913, and completion of the dam and flume in the
1920s. Current uses include receiving the wastewater discharges from Manistique Papers, Inc.
and the City of Manistique Wastewater Treatment Plant. Further, there is a combined sewer
overflow pipe that may discharge sewage during storms or spring runoff. Recreational uses are
mainly boating, sightseeing, and fishing.
The primary environmental concern is contamination of sediments and fish by PCBs. Oils and
heavy metals were identified as contaminants in the 1970s. Large quantities of un-decomposed
sawdust remain in the harbor and river sediments from the lumbering era over 100 years ago.
Significant improvements in water quality over the last 17 years have resulted from increased
treatment of wastewater discharged to the river. However, some beneficial uses are still impaired
due to historical pollution occurrences (see lower left box).
Manistique River Use Impairments
I = Impaired
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Beach closings
Degradation of aesthetics
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
I
I
I
I
I
STATUS OF
IQQ7 RAP
• Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
35
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Status of the RAP Process
A RAP was initially written by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) in 1987.
This RAP described problems known at the time and identified actions and studies needed to
further define and remediate those problems. However, it was written before the 1987
amendment to the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement that outlined new guidelines for RAPs.
Renewed activity to update the RAP was initiated in 1993 to include recent information on the
Area of Concern, and to recommend additional actions to restore beneficial uses. A Public
Advisory Council (PAC) of local citizens and a RAP team of state and federal agency personnel
were established in a series of meetings during the summer. These stakeholders have the
responsibility to revise and update the RAP during 1994.
Progress and Achievements
Listed below are highlights of progress made to date.
• Several studies to identify specific contamination problems have been completed in response
to recommendations outlined in the 1987 RAP, including sampling and analysis of soils,
sediments, fish, water, and industrial and municipal effluent. A controlled, caged, catfish study
by the MDNR in 1990 demonstrated that PCBs are available to fish in the water of the lower
harbor. The catfish in the study showed levels of 0.55 mg/kg total PCBs after 30 days of
exposure.
• The MDNR Environmental Response Division completed sampling, primarily for PCBs, at
water and land sites in the Area of Concern in 1991 and 1992. Results of this and past sampling
by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) demonstrating high levels of PCBs were sufficient
to lead to involvement of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Superfund program.
U.S. EPA is using the Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model (SACM) process at the site. The
SACM process is designed to focus on actions, in part by reducing unnecessary duplication in
the remedial investigation and feasibility study phase of site remediation.
• In April 1993, three potentially responsible parties (PRPs) for the PCB contamination were
named by U.S. EPA Two of the PRPs conducted further sampling in June and December 1993.
This included most of the navigation channel, along with several harbor and upstream locations.
Cores were taken to bedrock.
• Sampling in the navigation channel by the PRPs found surface (down to 7.6 cm) concentrations
of PCBs with a peak value of 120 mg/kg and an average 16 mg/kg. PCBs up to 810 mg/kg were
found at depths of 7.6-61 cm. Average PCB levels at this depth were 73 mg/kg. At the 61-122
cm depth, maximum PCB concentrations were 700 mg/kg, with an average of 180 mg/kg.
Upstream of the U.S. 2 bridge to the west side of the river, one location was found to have PCBs
of 450 mg/kg. The Toxic Substances Control Act has requirements that need to be met for safe
36
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disposal of any material contaminated with over 50 mg/kg of PCBs. It is estimated that there
are about 41,300 m3 of material in the harbor contaminated by levels of PCBs over 50 mg/kg.
There are about 5.4 tonnes (6 tons) of pure PCBs remaining in the river and harbor, 15 years
after they were banned from manufacturing in the United States.
• Sampling by the PRPs included analysis of oil and grease. Sediments in the navigation channel
were found to be contaminated with oil and grease, with an average value in the samples of
2,900 mg/kg and a maximum of 8,900 mg/kg.
• Remedial actions that have taken place in the Area of Concern include industrial and municipal
upgrading to secondary treatment in the 1970s. Shoreline reconstruction work (addition of rip-
rap) occurred in 1986 along the bank of the river adjacent to the former settling lagoon at the
paper mill to help control release of PCBs to the river.
• A temporary weighted plastic cover was placed over an area of PCB contamination about 30
m by 60 m just downstream from the city marina. This cap covers a spot where PCBs were
found up to 120 mg/kg at the surface. U.S. EPA conducted this remedial action in 1993 because
the site is considered a possible source of PCBs to Lake Michigan, especially if a flooding event
were to occur. This cap will be removed when final remedial actions are initiated at this site.
Outlook
An engineering evaluation/cost analysis and risk assessments are being prepared for remediation
of PCBs in the navigation channel. These are scheduled to be completed in the spring of 1994.
Decisions on PCB contamination will be made based on the evaluation, analysis, and assessment.
Remediation could begin as early as summer 1994.
A health consultation is being prepared by the Michigan Department of Public Health related to
concerns for the PCBs at the site. This will address human health risks and will be available in
early 1994.
The RAP Team and PAC will work on updating the RAP in 1994. This new RAP will include
information from studies completed since 1987 and will recommend remedial actions and
monitoring activities for the Area of Concern based on current environmental conditions and
problems. This updated RAP is scheduled to be completed in 1994.
Contact persons:
Roger Eberhardt, RAP Coordinator Merilee Blowers, PAC Chair
MDNR, Surface Water Quality Division 453 S. Mackinac
P.O. Box 30273 Manistique, MI 49854
Lansing, MI 48909 (906) 341-2175
(517) 335-1119
37
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LOWER MENOMINEE RIVER
REMEDIAL ACTION PLAN
Use Impairments and Causes
The Menominee River forms the boundary between the northeast corner of Wisconsin and the
southern tip of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The Menominee River Area of Concern
includes the lower 4.8 km of the river from the Upper Scott Paper Company (Wisconsin) Dam
to the river's mouth and approximately 5 km north and south of the mouth along the adjacent
shoreline of Green Bay. It also includes Green Island which is located in Wisconsin water
approximately 8 km southeast of the river mouth. The twin cities of Marinette, Wisconsin and
Menominee, Michigan are adjacent to the Area of Concern. A primary cause of use impairments
identified in the lower left corner is arsenic contamination in the turning basin and in sediments
along the right bank of the river below the Ansul Fire Protection Company in Marinette,
Wisconsin. This problem was caused from improper arsenic storage and disposal practices by
Ansul. Other pollutants such as mercury, PCBs, and oil and grease have also contributed to use
impairments.
Status of the RAP Process
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) is working in cooperation with the
Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) to develop and implement the RAP. The
multi-stakeholder Citizens' Advisory Committee (CAC) and a Technical Advisory Committee
(TAG) have been instrumental in the development of the RAP by mobilizing public support,
increasing awareness, and conducting data and problem analysis. A vision statement for the
Menominee River Use Impairments
I = Impaired
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Restrictions on total and partial body contact recreation
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
I
I
I
I
I
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
38
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desired future state of the Lower Menominee River was developed by the CAC and used as
guidance in the preparation of RAP goals and objectives that were developed jointly by the CAC
and TAC. The Stage 1 Report for the Lower Menominee River RAP was completed and
submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and International Joint Commission in
1991. Annual progress reports have been prepared to track and celebrate achievements.
Progress and Achievements
A significant amount of progress has occurred since the RAP process began in 1988.
Agreements and programs among government agencies, municipal authorities, and industry have
been created to address the use impairments. Presented below is a summary of recent actions
and investigations.
• The 1990 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Consent Agreement (for arsenic
contamination) between Ansul Fire Protection Company, the State of Wisconsin, and the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is being implemented. Ansul's modified (second
attempt) RCRA Facility Investigation (RFI) submitted in March 1992 to U.S. EPA was reviewed
and returned to the company with additional recommendations and requirements in July 1993.
Ansul responded within the 60-day limit with its attempt to address U.S. EPA concerns. Ansul
and U.S. EPA are now negotiating details of the plan that will initiate the implementation phase
of the RCRA process.
• A September 1992 unilateral order under Act 307 was issued by MDNR to Flanders Industries,
Inc. (Green Bay paint sludge problem), resulting in several positive developments in the Area of
Concern. Approximately 770 m3 of paint sludge improperly disposed of in the 1950s and 1960s
contaminated bottom sediments in Green Bay. The order has resulted in the placement of
warning signs along the beach (where pieces of paint sludge as large as 1 m in diamter have
washed ashore) and the establishment of daily patrols to collect paint sludges. A 275 m long and
6 m wide impermeable dike (protruding 1 m above the water level) was built in 1993 to surround
the submerged paint wastes. The next phase of the cleanup is scheduled for 1994 and will
include de-watering the dike interior and excavating the paint waste under relatively dry
conditions. The wastes will be transported to an approved treatment facility for disposal. Site
restoration activities, including dismantling of the dike and re-establishment of the former Green
Bay bottom contours, will follow waste removal. The company is also required to complete a
comprehensive remedial investigation to determine the extent and effects of the contaminants
released from the site, and develop a final plan to address all environmental concerns posed by
the site.
• The City of Marinette purchased land in 1992 along the riverfront near the mouth and along
Green Bay as a first step in a cooperative effort with the WDNR to install a 1,000 m recreational
walkway along the waterfront from the Menekaunee Bridge to Red Arrow Park. In 1993, the
City received a grant from WDNR and a Coastal Management grant to proceed with the
development of the scenic walkway. The walkway was completed last fall and provides an
environmentally friendly recreational facility for public enjoyment.
39
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• The bulkhead line designation along the river on the Wisconsin side from Sixth Street to the
Menekaunee Bridge was removed, allowing this section of the river to remain natural and
preventing any more land along the river's edge to be bulkheaded.
• The purge well system installed at the Menominee City Landfill in 1991 has been connected
to the sewer system. The contaminated groundwater is being treated at the Menominee
Wastewater Treatment Plant. A silty sand cap was installed and seeded with grass at the landfill
in 1992. Preliminary reports indicate that contaminants have been contained on site.
• The City of Menominee is in compliance with its National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) permit combined sewer overflow (CSO) separation schedule, and with the 1990
Consent Agreement with the U.S. EPA for corrective action on its CSO/wet weather discharges.
Outfall #8 was eliminated in 1992. After securing a significant portion of construction funding
for the largest CSO (Outfall #2) from the State of Michigan Revolving Loan Fund, construction
was initiated. The separation project was completed in 1993 and will be closely monitored to
determine the effectiveness of the separation during the spring of 1994. All related construction
and monitoring activities are expected to be completed ahead of the November 30,1996 deadline.
• Marinette's wastewater collection and treatment system was expanded to handle a wet weather
flow of 68 million litres (18 million gallons) of wastewater effluent per day.
• The City of Marinette developed and implemented an industrial pretreatment program to reduce
disruptions of wastewater treatment plant operations caused by industrial discharges.
• High concentration of PAHs, typically found in coal tar waste, have been detected in river
sediments adjacent to the Marinette wastewater treatment plant as well as in on-site soils and
groundwater. The site, a former gas manufacturing plant until 1962, is under investigation with
a potentially responsible party to determine the extent of contamination and to assess remediation
alternatives.
• The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers completed a maintenance dredging operation at the mouth
of the Menominee River during the summer of 1991. The project removed 17,500 m3 of material
from the main channel below the turning basin and restored channel depths to 6.4-7.0 m.
Labratory analyses indicated that some of these sediments contained elevated levels of arsenic.
• A follow-up survey of sediment toxicity was conducted in the Eight Street slip by the WDNR
in 1993 and revealed similar results to the 1989 testing (complete mortality of the aquatic test
organisms Daphnia magna and significant reductions in growth and weight of the Chironomus
tentans). Extremely high concentrations of arsenic were detected in samples of both assessments.
• A benthic survey was conducted by WDNR in 1993. Three artificial substrate samplers were
placed at six locations, including the south channel, for five weeks. Dissolved oxygen (DO) was
monitored for one week in May as part of the study and ranged from 5 mg/L to over 10 mg/L,
concentrations well within the DO standard for a warmwater stream. Sediment samples were also
40
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collected at five of the six locations. The benthic survey data will be available in 1994.
• Fish were collected from the impounded area of the river between the two Scott Paper dams
and below the second dam for tissue analysis as a requirement of the Wisconsin and Michigan
fish contaminant monitoring program. Fish flesh is analyzed at fixed locations for trend analysis
every three to five years. Results will be available in 1994.
• A caged fish study (channel cat) for a variety of contaminants was conducted in the river mouth
between the interstate and Menekaunee Bridges from June 1 - July 30, 1993 as part of the Lake
Michigan Lakewide Management Plan effort. Results are expected to be available in 1994.
• The Fourth Annual River/Bay Cleanup Day was sponsored by the CAC in October 1993.
Volunteers cleaned the Green Bay shoreline from Henes Park in Menommee to Red Arrow Park
in Marinette, as well as along the River up to Upper Scott Dam. Approximately 11 m3 of trash
was collected and removed. The cleanup was well attended and is a good example of the new
community awareness about the RAP process. Area businesses and organizations donated items
such as dumpsters for trash disposal, gloves, bags, etc..
• Three information brochures and an information display about RAPs and the Menommee River
Area of Concern were developed during 1991. The RAP display was exhibited at the
Menominee Waterfront Festival and at the Marinette County Fair in 1991 and 1992.
Outlook
Several projects are being planned for the 1994 field season. Tributary monitoring at the mouth
will be conducted beginning in the spring for one year as part of the Lakewide Management Plan
mass balance effort for Lake Michigan. A follow-up to the 1993 benthic study in the South
Channel is being considered. Additional fish collections in the Area of Concern are also being
planned along with a lake sturgeon study. The next draft of the RAP will include review
comments on the June 1993 draft report, and concerns generated at the most recent TAG meeting
held in June 1993 and the CAC meeting held in September 1993. No firm date has been
established for completion of the next RAP, but it is expected that a review document will be
available in mid-1994.
Contact persons:
Terry Lohr Rick Lundgren Nancy Douglas-Howayeck
RAP Coordinator RAP Coordinator Menominee Area Chamber
WDNR, Bureau of Water MDNR, Surface Water of Commerce
Resources Quaity Division 1005 10th Avenue
101 S. Webster Street P.O. Box 30273 P.O. Box 436
P.O. Box 10448 Lansing, MI 48909 Menominee, MI 49858
Madison, WI 53707-7921 (517)335-3313 (906)863-2679
(608) 267-2375
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Lower Green Boy and Fox River
REMEDIAL ACTION PLAN
Use Impairments and Causes
The Lower Green Bay and Fox River Area of Concern consists of the lower 11.2 km of the Fox
River below DePere Dam and an 55 km2 area of southern Green Bay out to Point au Sable and
Long Tail Point. The drainage area encompasses portions of eighteen counties in Wisconsin and
40 watersheds of the Upper Fox River, Wolf River, and the Fox River Basins, including the
largest inland lake in Wisconsin, Lake Winnebago, and its pool lakes. While water quality
problems and public use restrictions are most severe in the Area of Concern, water resources of
the entire basin are affected by runoff pollution from urban and rural areas, municipal and
industrial wastewater discharges, and degraded habitats. Eleven use impairments have been
documented and two are suspected of being impaired (see lower left box).
Green Bay/Fox River Use Impairments
I = Impaired U = Under assessment
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavor
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Fish tumors or other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Eutrophication or undesirable algae
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste and
odor problems
Beach closings
Degradation of aesthetics
Degradation of phytoplanklon and zooplanklon populations
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
U
I
U
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Status of the RAP Process
The Lower Green Bay RAP was developed by
the Wisconsin Department of Natural
Resources (WDNR) using a multi-stakeholder
partnership with other agencies, local
governments, scientists, citizens, industries,
and environmental groups. More than 75
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
estoration of
Beneficial Uses
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
42
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people participated for two years on four technical advisory committees and a citizen's advisory
committee for development of this community-based plan. The technical advisory committees
developed reports identifying the problems, goals, and objectives for management, and technical
solutions to restore the bay and river. The citizen's advisory committee identified the ten most
pressing problems that should be addressed in the RAP, defined a "desired future state" for lower
Green Bay and the Fox River, and advised on recommended remedial actions. The RAP was
completed in 1987 and adopted as part of Wisconsin's Water Quality Management Plan in 1988.
Nearly two-thirds of the RAP's 120 recommended actions have been initiated. The RAP is
viewed as a "living" document and will be updated regularly. Implementation and updating of
the RAP is facilitated by WDNR using a Green Bay RAP Public Advisory Committee, a Science
and Technical Advisory Committee, and a Public Education and Participation Advisory
Committee. In addition, two nonprofit organizations have been established by community leaders
to promote implementation of nonpoint source pollution controls (Great Lakes Nonpoint
Abatement Coalition) and to determine the most cost-effective actions to meet the goals of the
RAP (Northeast Wisconsin Waters for Tomorrow, Inc.).
Progress and Achievements
Since 1988, 38 of the 120 recommended remedial actions have been implemented. Another 57
remedial actions have been initiated, but need more effort, and 25 actions have had little or no
progress. Many of the actions completed have been short-term, lower cost projects that
demonstrate an immediate environmental result or institutional commitment to the RAP.
Presented below are highlights of RAP implementation and resource improvements.
Actions to Reduce Toxicity
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), WDNR, and others completed the $13 million
Green Bay and Fox River Mass Balance Studies in 1993 to determine the extent of PCB
contamination from Lake Winnebago to Green Bay and model the fate and transport of PCBs in
the river and bay system.
• Wisconsin Legislature passed the Harbors and Bays Act funding for sediment remediation in
1990.
• WDNR formed a Sediment Management and Remedial Techniques Program in 1989 to
inventory statewide contaminated sediment and demonstrate effective remedial techniques.
• WDNR completed the Little Lake Butte des Morts demonstration project feasibility study for
evaluating remedial options for a sediment deposit containing 716 kg PCBs in 1993.
• WDNR entered into a cooperative effort with 30 representatives of industry, county and
municipal government, and municipal publicly-owned treatment works in the Fox Valley to
develop a cost effective remediation schedule for contaminated sediments in the 60 km (37
43
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miles) of lower Fox River. In 1993-94, the group prioritized sites in 60 km of the river and
initiated remedial investigations and feasibility studies on four sites.
• WDNR and State adopted new water quality standards for toxic substances in 1990 to protect
human health, fish and aquatic life, and wild and domestic animals. The State antidegradation
policy for new discharges to Great Lakes waters was also revised.
• Green Bay Metropolitan Sewerage District ($69 million), the City of Appleton ($69 million),
the Heart of the Valley Metropolitan Sewerage District, the City of Oshkosh ($15 million), and
the Village of Pulaski ($4.5 million) have completed facility upgrades to reduce pollutant
loadings.
• Further reductions in air emissions are expected with implementation of the Clean Air Act.
• WDNR is developing new rules for stormwater permits for industries and municipalities to
address urban nonpoint source pollution. East River Priority Watershed project has an urban
stormwater component. City of Appleton is developing a stormwater management plan.
• 262 chemical spills have been cleaned up in the Fox River Basin.
• Cleanup of 582 leaking underground storage tank cases in the lower Fox River Basin is
ongoing.
Actions to Reduce Phosphorus and Suspended Solids
• Between 1970 and 1990, municipal point source control efforts (discharge permits) decreased
total phosphorus loadings from 370,000 kg/yr to 60,000 kg/yr.
• Publicly-owned treatment works for Green Bay, DePere, and Neenah-Menasha have voluntarily
reduced total phosphorus discharges and have evaluated capabilities to achieve a 0.5 mg/L
effluent phosphorus concentration.
• In 1992, an administrative rule was adopted which extends the 1 mg/L phosphorus limit for
large municipalities to many industries and small municipalities.
• Comprehensive nonpoint source pollution abatement projects have been initiated in 4 of the 12
highest priority watersheds and in two of the moderate priority watersheds. Landowners, local
governments, and WDNR cooperate to achieve project objectives which include: protection of
Big Green Lake (completed $1.1 million project); reduction of phosphorus loading from East
River Watershed by 70% and sediment loading by 50% ($23.8 million); reduction of phosphorus
loading from Lake Winnebago-East by 40% and sediment by 50% ($2.6 million); reduction of
phosphorus and sediment loadings by 50% from Arrowhead-Daggets Creeks ($2-3 million); and
development of inventories for Neenah Creek and Waupaca-Tomorrow Rivers to determine
potential load reductions.
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• Fifty landowners cut phosphorus fertilizer use by 36,360 kg in 1992 through the Soil
Conservation Service East River Water Quality Demonstration Project.
• A state model ordinance has been developed for construction site erosion control. A model
ordinance for stormwater runoff is under development. As of 1993, six local governments are
considering or have adopted ordinances. New State legislation requires local erosion control
ordinances for 1-2 family developments.
• Brown County has expanded its shoreland/floodplain zoning ordinance to require agricultural
setbacks from perennial streams.
• As of February 1993, 33,120 m of stream shoreline in Brown County were protected from
livestock with the cooperation of 76 property owners. An estimated 36,290 metric tons of soil
erosion was prevented, correcting 65% of the problems caused by livestock along those streams.
• All counties in the Fox/Wolf Basin, except Waushara, have adopted animal waste management
ordinances (58 animal waste management applications processed; 68 waste management plans
prepared from 1990-1993).
• 52,300 ha have been enrolled in a Farmland Preservation program for Brown County. The
amount of land enrolled in the Federal Conservation Reserve Program as a result of expanding
the eligibility to croplands adjacent to streams includes: Brown County (526 ha); Calumet County
(2,023 ha); Fond du Lac County (283 ha); Outagamie County (2,023 ha); and Winnebago County
(4,210 ha).
Actions to Enhance Fish, Wildlife, and Habitat
• Muskelhmge have been reintroduced to increase predator fish and control problem fish
(fingerlings stocked: 10,000 in 1989; 1,283 in 1990; 2,624 in 1991; and 2,259 in 1992).
• 335 m of walleye spawning habitat was created at three Fox River sites in 1990.
• A permanent barrier to sea lamprey migration was constructed in 1988 by U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers and WDNR at Rapide Croche Dam.
• 68 ha of wetlands have been acquired within the West Shore Wildlife Area and 46 ha north of
Duck Creek.
• U.S. EPA, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the RAP Biota and Habitat Committee used
wetland inventories to identify critical wetlands and habitats for protection and enhancement
(completed in 1993).
• 20 private pothole wetlands have been restored in the Fox River Basin (4.2 ha).
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Actions to Monitor Ecosystem Changes
• Considerable resources are expended on an annual basis to monitor contaminant levels, trophic
status, fish population trends and harvests, macroinvertebrates, waterfowl use, public attitudes,
human uses, etc..
Actions to Improve Public Access and Recreational Opportunities
• The Green Bay Metropolitan Boat Launch expansion was completed in 1993.
• The Duck Creek access site was improved in 1993 (boat launch, handicapped-accessible fishing
pier, picnic area, boardwalk).
• A new boat launch was built on the east side of Fox River in DePere in 1991.
• Access was also improved at Fox River Walkway, East River Parkway, Ashwaubenon Creek,
Sauamico, and Bay Beach Park.
• Improvements to Voyageur Park in DePere include shoreline fishing facilities with handicapped-
accessible areas, expanded park trails, and construction of two fish spawning reefs.
Actions to Improve Public Awareness and Participation
• Considerable, on-going efforts are underway. Examples include: a "Water Action Volunteers"
monitoring project in the Green Bay School System; the annual "Clean Bay Backer" awards;
RAP and water quality education exhibits at the Green Bay Metropolitan Boat Launch and
Neville Public Museum; a RAP exhibit at area expositions like the Home and Garden Show and
Sports Fishing Show; an annual River/Bay Cleanup Day; and development of a mass media
campaign for nonpoint source pollution prevention using an animated team of characters called
the "Clean Bay Backers".
Actions to Further Pollution Prevention
• In the Green Bay Area of Concern, local efforts are underway by the WDNR, citizen advisors,
University of Wisconsin Extension, Lake Michigan Federation and the County Land Conservation
agencies. Federal efforts are underway through the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 and U.S.
EPA's 33/50 program. State efforts are underway through Wisconsin Act 325, including
pollution prevention audits and the resources of a number of offices and centers set up to
promote pollution prevention.
Actions to Evaluate Environmental Risks
• An environmental risk assessment was performed in 1991-1992 to determine which problems
or stressors posed the greatest potential to harm human health, the ecosystem, the economic
46
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system, and/or the quality of life. Those stressors judged to pose the greatest risk were, in
descending order: wetland/shoreland filling; exotic species invasions; persistent bioaccumulative
organic substances; heavy metals; phosphorus loadings; suspended solids loadings; BOD loadings;
and nonpersistent toxic substances. This information will be used to set priorities and target
resources for most effective risk reduction. In addition, a cost-effectiveness analysis is also being
performed by Northeast Wisconsin Waters for Tomorrow, Inc. to help achieve the greatest risk
reduction and meet the appropriate phosphorus and suspended solids objectives for the least cost.
Outlook
Substantial progress has been made in developing the RAP and implementing recommended
actions. However, despite incremental improvements to prevent water pollution, restore habitats,
improve public access, and further define the causes of impaired uses, none of the problems in
the Area of Concern have been completely solved. Recommendations are being implemented
sequentially - the easiest have been started, the more difficult have yet to be implemented. Full
RAP implementation will be well beyond the year 2000.
Contact persons:
Vicky Harris, RAP Coordinator
WDNR, Lake Michigan District
1125 N. Military Ave.
P.O. Box 10048
Green Bay, WI 54307
(414) 492-5904
Nancy Barker, PAC Chair
Winnebago County Land and Water
Conservation Department
500 East County Road Y
Oshkosh, WI 54901-9774
(414) 424-0044
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SHEBOYGAN RIVER
WISCONSIN
I DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Use Impairments and Causes
The Sheboygan River Area of Concern encompasses the lower Sheboygan River downstream
from the Sheboygan Falls Dam, including the entire harbor and nearshore waters of Lake
Michigan. The Area of Concern serves as a sink for pollutants carried from three watersheds:
the Sheboygan River, Mullet River, and Onion River. Pollutants of concern, both conventional
and toxic, have been identified as: suspended solids, fecal coliform bacteria, phosphorus, nitrogen,
PCBs, PAHs, and heavy metals. Today, industrial, agricultural, and residential areas line the
rivers of the Sheboygan River Basin. Agriculture is the dominant land use in the area, totalling
67%. A number of past and present pollution sources and practices have contributed to the use
impairments identified in the box in the lower left corner.
Status of the RAP Process
A two-year cooperative effort of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR), other
agencies, researchers, and the citizens of the Sheboygan area resulted in the completion of a
Sheboygan River and Harbor Stage 1 RAP in 1989. All of these groups worked together to
identify management goals for the river and
harbor for the year 2000 and identify specific
management strategies to control existing
Sheboygan River Use Impairments
I = Impaired
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations (diveisity and
abundance)
Fish tumors or other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Eutrophication or undesirable algae
Degradation of phytoplankton and zooplankton populations
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
48
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sources of pollution, abate environmental contamination, and restore beneficial uses. The RAP
goals and objectives describe the "desired future state" of the Sheboygan River ecosystem. The
Sheboygan County Water Quality Task Force served as the Citizens Advisory Committee (CAC)
for Stage 1 development The CAC included representatives from industry, government, fishing
and conservation groups, and others, and was instrumental in facilitating information exchange
between environmental agencies and the public. An intergovernmental Technical Advisory
Committee was utilized for review purposes. In 1993, a revised RAP was prepared by WDNR
and other stakeholders which outlined activities targeted for implementation and progress toward
development of a comprehensive strategy for restoring water quality, fisheries, recreational uses,
and other benefits of the Sheboygan River Basin. The 1993 RAP was published in March 1994
and was distributed for review at 51 libraries statewide, including the Mead Public Library in
Sheboygan and the Memorial Library in Sheboygan Falls. Three work groups (Water quality,
Biota, and Information and Education) were formed to recommend remedial actions for Stage 2
RAP development. Regularly published RAP reports will be issued following the completion of
the Stage 2 document to update information and report on progress.
Progress and Achievements
Considerable progress has been made in implementing the RAP and developing additional
recommendations for restoring uses. Presented below is a summary of progress in on-going
programs and the 24 recommendations in the 1993 RAP.
Progress in Implementing Existing Programs
• Programs which have made a substantial contribution toward the goals of the RAP include:
Sheboygan County Conservation Association; Sheboygan County Water Quality Task Force;
Clean Sweep Programs; Wisconsin's nationally renowned Nonpoint Source Pollution Abatement
Program (Sheboygan River Priority Watershed Plan inventory of nonpoint source pollution in
1993); Testing the Waters; WDNR's Water Resource Management Programs (Surface Water,
Sediment, Fish Contaminant Monitoring, Tecumseh Pilot Studies, Otter Creek Evaluation);
WDNR's Fisheries and Wildlife Management Programs; the Lake Michigan Lakewide
Management Plan; Federal and State Pollution Abatement and Prevention Programs; WDNR's
Regulatory Programs (Wastewater, Solid and Hazardous Waste, Water Regulation and Zoning,
Air Management); and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Superfund Program. Continuing
and improving such programs in the Sheboygan River Basin will prove essential to achieve the
goals of the RAP.
• Highlights of specific actions taken to remediate contaminated sediments follow.
Following a Remedial Investigation and Enhanced Screening of the Superfund project,
emergency removal of PCB contaminated sediments in the upper portion of the
Sheboygan River was completed in 1991. A total of 4,100 m3 of PCB contaminated
sediments has been removed to date. Sediment was deposited in two Confined Disposal
Facilities (one temporary and the other an experimental Confined Disposal Facility at
Tecumseh Products Company), and other selected deposits were armored in five areas
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near Rochester Park. The remaining sediments will be dealt with in a final action. U.S.
EPA's goal is to have the final decision for sediment remediation by spring of 1995.
Monitoring of soil and groundwater for total PAHs, cyanide, arsenic, and nickel at the
Coal Gastification Plant site began in spring of 1992, following the results of
investigations that showed exceedances of state enforcement standards for these
parameters.
A Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study was completed in 1991 at the Kohler
Company landfill Superfund site. A Record of Decision for landfill closure was issued
in 1992. Groundwater contamination is being addressed separately.
RAP Recommendations with an Area of Concern Focus
Recommendations include:
• Conduct water quality monitoring to identify loadings of critical pollutants, identify water
quality variables known to influence the bioavailability or toxicity of pollutants, and quantify
loadings of compounds that other monitoring efforts have identified as causes for concern.
• Annually assess benthic macroinvertebrate community structure and biomass throughout the
Area of Concern.
• Conduct standardized long-term monitoring of fish community composition as an indicator of
overall health and integrity of the fish community.
• Conduct fish health assessments on selected species in the Area of Concern.
• Conduct an intensive fish contaminant assessment every five years.
• Develop and conduct a long-term wildlife monitoring program to determine the concentration
of bioaccumulating pollutants in tissues.
• Determine the bioavailability of toxic substances (PCBs and PAHs) and bioaccumulation
potential of PCBs to fish and other aquatic organisms in the Area of Concern.
• Develop a sediment geographical information system (GIS) to track historical data, as well as
data generated from current and future sediment assessment projects.
• Assess PCB congener and PAH contamination, bioavailability, and toxicity in the Area of
Concern.
• Municipalities should develop and adopt protective zoning for shoreland wetlands.
• Evaluate and implement removal of River Bend and Waelderhaus Dams.
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• Encourage Sheboygan River Basin municipalities to adopt and enforce construction site erosion
control ordinances.
• Develop and implement a comprehensive stormwater management plan for the City of
Sheboygan.
• Ensure that contaminated sediment problems in the Area of Concern are remediated.
• Develop and install environmental action and awareness signs at locations where they are
accessible to citizens and waterway users.
• Increase awareness offish consumption advisories, focusing on non-fishing consumers and non-
english speaking public.
RAP Recommendations with a Basin-Wide Focus
Recommendations include:
• Protect and restore wetlands tributary to the Sheboygan River by land acquisition, easements,
and restoration.
• Pursue additional funding for nonpoint source projects on the Onion River.
• Recommend that the Mullet River be designated as a large scale Priority Watershed Project
under the Nonpoint Source Pollution Abatement Program.
• Recommend that the Pigeon River be designated as a large scale Priority Watershed Project
under the Nonpoint Source Pollution Abatement Program.
• Establish a yearly awards program for water quality efforts in the Sheboygan River Basin.
• Strengthen community participation in the Sheboygan River Priority Watershed Project.
• Involve community groups in stenciling storm sewers to discourage dumping of wastes such
as motor oil, paint, antifreeze, pet waste, fertilizers, and pesticides into storm sewers.
• Encourage responsible vehicle waste oil and antifreeze disposal.
• Develop and implement a comprehensive Sheboygan River Basin awareness program to educate
school and youth groups and the general public about the complexity of water quality issues.
• Establish a public/private consortium under the title of "Testing the Waters: Linking Students
and the Water Through Technology."
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Outlook
Improving the quality of the Sheboygan River Basin ecosystem and achieving the "desired future
state" will require a long-term commitment from all levels of government, as well as local
interest groups and citizens. RAP implementation must promote such involvement at a feasible
pace, allowing results to materialize one step at a time. This step-by-step implementation will
pivot on RAP recommendations. The RAP recommendations, which are implementable in two
to five-year periods, will be important steps toward basin restoration. These are not the first
steps, many projects and programs are underway. Recommendations will continue to materialize
as more is understood about the most efficient and lasting ways to restore the Sheboygan River
and Harbor.
Although WDNR's RAP Coordinators have responsibility for overseeing RAP implementation,
restoration will require cooperation from all stakeholders. As the RAP moves into full-scale
implementation, RAP Coordinators will call for the formation of a multi-stakeholder RAP
Implementation Committee (RIC). The RIC and RAP Coordinators will utilize the following
implementation strategy: employ implementation focus to identify and prioritize water quality
improvement needs; keep abreast of existing activities in order to promote unity and avoid
overlap; propose recommendations to address water quality improvement needs; transform
recommendations into actions by obtaining sponsors and funding; provide assistance to sponsors;
and distribute an annual report describing RAP progress to all stakeholders.
Monetary support alone, although important, does not ensure RAP success. Successful
implementation of the RAP requires the cooperation of all stakeholders and a willingness of the
Basin's citizens to voluntarily change the way we lead our lives.
Contact persons:
Marsha Jones, RAP Coordinator
WDNR, Water Resources Management
P.O. Box 12436
2300 N. Martin Luther King Jr. Drive
Milwaukee, WI 53212
(414) 263-8708
Barb Lillesand, CAC Chair
Sheboygan County Chamber of
Commerce
712 Riverfront Drive
Sheboygan, WI 53081
(414) 457-9491
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MILWAUKEE ESTUARY
WISCONSIN
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Use Impairments and Causes
The Milwaukee Estuary Area of Concern includes: the lower 5 km of the Milwaukee River
downstream of North Avenue Dam; the lower 4.8 km of the Menomonee River downstream of
35th Street; the lower 4 km of the Kinnickinnic River downstream of Chase Avenue; the inner
and outer Harbor; and the nearshore waters of Lake Michigan, bounded by a line extending north
from Sheridan Park to the City of Milwaukee's Linnwood water intake. The immediate area
draining to the Area of Concern encompasses 57.5 km2 or 2.6 % of the entire basin, including
lands that drain directly to the Area of Concern via storm sewers and combined sewer systems.
This relatively small drainage area contributes disproportionately large amounts of pollutants
associated with urban runoff. The Area of Concern acts as both a source of pollution to Lake
Michigan and as a sink for pollutants generated throughout the watershed. Consequently, water
quality is affected by pollution sources associated with land use from the entire Milwaukee River
drainage basin. Current use impairments are identified in the lower left box.
Status of the RAP Process
Milwaukee Estuary Use Impairments
I = Impaired
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Fish tumors or other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Eutrophication or undesirable algae
Beach closings/recreational restrictions
Degradation of aesthetics
Degradation of phytoplankton and zooplankton
populations
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Stage 1 of the Milwaukee Estuary RAP was
initiated in 1988. The Wisconsin Department
of Natural Resources (WDNR) has primary
responsibility for RAP development. A
RAP STATUS
• Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,8.3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
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Technical Advisory Committee, a Citizen's Advisory Committee (CAC), and a Citizen's
Education and Participation Subcommittee have advised WDNR during RAP development. The
CAC has been instrumental in building consensus from divergent views, striving for community-
wide unity and enthusiasm for the RAP. Much public awareness has been generated. The
development of a Stage 2 RAP began in 1991 using technical work groups to develop
recommendations. The RAP fosters the philosophy of continuous improvement. The 1993
Milwaukee Estuary RAP documents progress made on RAP work and outlines a five-year work
plan for RAP implementation. Annual progress reports will be published, outlining the status of
major projects and initiatives, presenting recent data, updating understanding of the environment,
and discussing new issues.
Progress and Achievements
Planning and implementation of remedial actions are proceeding simultaneously. Presented below
are highlights of progress in implementing programs to restore uses in the Milwaukee Estuary
Area of Concern.
Pollution Abatement and Prevention
• The $2.2 billion Water Pollution Abatement Program of the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage
District is scheduled to be completed in 1996. Improvements to the system will alleviate
practically all dry weather and most wet weather bypasses of untreated wastewater.
• WDNR has a nationally renowned Nonpoint Source Pollution Abatement Program. WDNR-
Southeast District's average annual expenditures to implement urban nonpoint source projects and
rural best management practices exceed $3.5 million.
• The Wisconsin legislature established the Hazardous Pollution Prevention Board to advise
various state departments and agencies, recommend educational priorities, and report on pollution
prevention activities.
• The Department of Development's Hazardous Pollution Prevention Audit Grant Program
encourages business and industry to evaluate their processes in order to target pollution
prevention opportunities.
• The Milwaukee River Revitalization Council is a 13-member assembly appointed by the
Governor in 1987 to encourage recreational, entrepreneurial, and cultural activities along the
Milwaukee River and its tributaries.
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 33/50 program is a nation-wide, voluntary pollution
prevention initiative established in 1991 to reduce toxic emissions from industries.
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• The Greater Milwaukee Toxics Minimization Task Force is a nonprofit pollution prevention
workgroup which has made substantial progress in minimizing toxic pollutant loadings to the
system.
• The Greater Milwaukee Toxics Minimization Task Force, along with the Intergovernmental
Cooperation Council, completed a feasibility study to establish a permanent household hazardous
waste collection facility. The next step is siting and design of the facility.
• WDNR's Office of Pollution Prevention is responsible for pollution prevention training of state
regulatory personnel and the Hazardous Waste Minimization Program that operates a pollution
prevention clearinghouse.
• The University of Wisconsin-Extension's Solid and Hazardous Waste Education Center is a
free, non-regulatory educational program to provide information and assistance on waste
reduction and pollution prevention.
• Testing the Waters Program was initiated in 1989 to involve students in testing local waterways
to educate them about protecting and improving their environment. Over 2,000 students from
32 schools participated in 1991-1992.
• Lake Michigan Federation and the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District have initiated a
two-year pollution prevention education campaign targeting household hazardous waste. In
addition, many communities have organized "clean sweep" programs for safe disposal of
household hazardous waste.
Resource Management
• WDNR's Water Resources Management Program has numerous responsibilities in the
Milwaukee River Basin. Key components include: Surface Water Monitoring; Sediment
Management and Remedial Techniques; North Avenue Dam Feasibility Study; Lincoln Creek
Stormwater Monitoring Project; Fish Contaminant Monitoring; and the Nonpoint Source Pollution
Abatement Program.
• WDNR's Fisheries and Wildlife Management Programs have direct responsibility for assessing,
protecting, and enhancing fish and wildlife populations and their habitats. These program efforts
are being integrated within the RAP.
• U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Quality Assessment Program monitors status and
trends in water quality at three stations in the Milwaukee River Basin. This program will greatly
benefit the RAP by providing data on toxic contaminants that the WDNR would not otherwise
have the resources to collect.
• WDNR staff are working to ensure that the RAP and the Lake Michigan Lakewide Management
Plan are complementary and reinforcing.
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Regulatory Initiatives
• Numerous regulatory programs, in combination with voluntary efforts, are being used to help
implement the RAP. Critical programs include: WDNR's Wastewater Management, Solid and
Hazardous Waste Management, Water Regulation and Zoning, and Air Management Programs;
Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District's Permit and Pretreatment Program; and U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's Superfund Program.
Contaminated Sediment Management Strategy
• Substantial resources are being devoted to implement the Contaminated Sediment Management
Strategy. This practical strategy consists of a balance of pollution prevention activities and
enhanced nonpoint source control efforts, in addition to cleanup of strategic "hot spots". Twenty
specific activities (e.g. sediment characterization and monitoring, mass balance study, remediation
projects) have been recommended to move toward meeting the sediment-related goals of the
RAP.
Outlook
The restoration of the Milwaukee Estuary Area of Concern will require a long-term commitment,
spanning 25 or more years. Approximately 70 recommendations have been developed thus far
by the RAP workgroups. Thirty-one recommendations are targeted for implementation in the
next few years (i.e. 12 recommendations pertaining to assessment and monitoring in order to
make informed, cost- and resource-effective decisions; 6 recommendations pertaining to
demonstration projects like controlling runoff from storage piles, creating buffer strips, restoring
streambanks, and increasing public access; 12 recommendations pertaining to community
information and education; and one recommendation pertaining to supporting and advancing
federal stormwater regulations). As these projects are completed and programs are set in place,
a better understanding of what it will take to restore and maintain the Milwaukee Estuary Area
of Concern will be obtained. Subsequent recommendations will be developed to address
identified needs. The Milwaukee Estuary RAP Implementation Committee is working to
coordinate and unify all restoration efforts.
Contact persons:
Marsha Jones, RAP Coordinator Glenn Moder, CAC Chair
WDNR, Water Resources Management 1628 E. Cumberland Ave.
P.O. Box 12436 Whitefish Bay, WI 53211
2300 N. Martin Luther King Jr. Drive (414) 457-5070
Milwaukee, WI 53212
(414) 263-8708
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Use Impairments and Causes
The Waukegan Area of Concern is located in Lake County, Illinois, on the west shore of Lake
Michigan. There is also an Expanded Study Area (ESA) bounded by: Dead River on the north;
a bluff line which parallels Sheridan Road on the west; the southern boundary of the former U.S.
Steel Property on the south; and the nearshore waters of Lake Michigan on the east. A natural
inlet and portions of adjacent wetlands were filled to form the present shape of the harbor.
Waukegan Harbor consists of approximately 1.2 km2 of industrial, commercial, municipal, and
open/vacant lands. The watershed of the Waukegan ESA contains the Waukegan River drainage
basin, the North Ditch drainage basin, and other nearshore areas which drain to Lake Michigan.
Three Superfund sites are located within the ESA Use impairments are identified in the box in
the lower left comer. Major causes of use impairments include: domestic waste treatment
effluent, including overflows and bypasses; industrial discharges; runoff from urban areas; and
contaminated sediments and soils in and around Waukegan Harbor.
Waukegan Harbor Use Impairments
I = Impaired U = Under assessment
Restrictions on fish consumption
Restrictions on wildlife consumption
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavor
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste
and odor problems
Beach closings
Degradation of phytoplankton and zooplankton
populations
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
U
U
U
U
I
I
U
I
I
I
Status of the RAP Process
A Citizens Advisory Group (CAG) was
organized in 1990 to act as a local advisory
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
57
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group to help solve the problems in the Area of Concern. The CAG is comprised of members
from industry, fishing interests, environmental interests, and residents. The first stage of the
Waukegan Harbor RAP, detailing the use impairments and a definition of the problems, was
completed in 1993, following extensive review and comment by the CAG and an Interagency
Workgroup (IAWG). Stage 2 focusses on specific pollutant loads to the Area of Concern and
the ESA, as well as the remedial actions slated to restore the impaired uses of the contaminated
sites. Revision of Stage 2 chapters, based on CAG and IAWG comments, took place from June
1993 to January 1994. The Stage 2 RAP is proposed to go through public notice and review in
March - April 1994.
Progress and Achievements
An ESA was delineated by the CAG and Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as an
area surrounding the Area of Concern that required further study. The ESA was established
because of CAG member concern that properties outside the Area of Concern might contribute
to contamination to the Waukegan Harbor or the nearshore waters of Lake Michigan. The CAG
has also been instrumental in gaining cooperation from local responsible parties to pursue
remedial investigations. Remedial actions have been initiated and some completed. Activities
in Waukegan Harbor to achieve use restoration are briefly described below.
Remedial Activities
• Dredging of PCB-contaminated sediments from Waukegan Harbor, as part of Superfund related
remediations, was completed in 1992. Over 494 tonnes of PCB-contaminated sediments were
removed, thermally treated, and placed in confined disposal facilities.
• Emergency remedial action was taken to remove and secure free tar at the Waukegan Tar Pit
in 1992 and 1993. This removed the threat to local wildlife from becoming entrapped in the tar.
• Emergency remedial action was taken at Waukegan Paint and Lacquer to secure and remove
leaking containers holding paints, solvents, and other materials in 1992.
• Superfund remediations at Johns-Manville were completed in 1992 to contain a large quantity
of asbestos-containing material.
• Removal of several leaking underground storage tanks at both the north and south ends of the
harbor was completed in 1992.
Investigations
• Eight groundwater monitoring wells were installed south of the harbor in 1992. Sampling of
these wells will determine possible contamination of the groundwater and determine its
movement.
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• Remedial investigation of Waukegan Gas and Coke Company revealed that the products of
concern are coal tar and its derived products.
• Commonwealth Edison is conducting a remedial investigation of the old Greiss-Pfleger Tannery
property.
Public Involvement and Accomplishments
• The CAG helped obtain access from private businesses and federal grant money to install the
groundwater monitoring wells.
• The CAG participated in, and stimulated public interest in, 3 beach sweeps around the harbor
and shore areas.
• A used tire collection event for the harbor area was organized by the CAG.
• Formation of Friends of the Waukegan River Group, a nonprofit organization, was created to
stimulate local activities to protect tributaries to me Waukegan Harbor area.
• The CAG was responsible for the creation of the ESA
• The CAG was instrumental in obtaining the release of a preliminary, privately funded,
investigation report of Diamond Scrap Yard in 1993.
• Kiosks were created to act as information centers and served as collection points for comments
and questions about the RAP.
• Two video-tapes were created for CAG members to use in speaking engagements. It is also
used during the availability sessions and public meetings, and as an informational tool on local
television.
• The CAG made 110 specific changes and 3 revisions to the Stage 1 RAP.
• The CAG provided approximately 15 pages of new information for the Stage 2 RAP.
• The CAG sponsored a poster contest for area schools; the winning poster is displayed in the
Stage 1 RAP.
Outlook
Four major remedial actions have been completed that will significantly reduce the quantity of
contaminants in Waukegan Harbor and the nearshore area. Approximately 453,600 kg (1 million
pounds) of PCBs were removed during remediation activities at the Outboard Marine Corporation
site. The other three major remedial actions include the Johns-Manville Company, Waukegan
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Paint and Lacquer, and the Waukegan Tar Pit. At Waukegan Paint and Lacquer, approximately
15 m3 of paints, solvents, and flammable solids were removed from weathered tanks before
leaking into sandy soil next to Lake Michigan. At the Johns-Manville site, asbestos covering
nearly 24 ha has been remediated to prevent entry into Lake Michigan. Two remedial
investigations are underway on adjacent property of Waukegan Manufactured Gas and Coke, and
the Greiss-Pfleger Tannery. Both of these sites are suspected of contributing to surface and
groundwater contamination. These remedial investigations are being funded by private parties
through coordination with state and federal regulatory agencies. Results of these investigations
will be presented to the Waukegan CAG before the end of 1994.
The Waukegan CAG has been instrumental in obtaining cooperation from local parties involving
additional investigations. Groundwater monitoring from local parties is being conducted in an
area south of the harbor. The CAG helped obtain access from private businesses and federal
grant money to install the monitoring wells. An adjacent salvage yard ceased operation in 1993
and the CAG is working with a local bank, who holds the property title, to resolve environmental
concerns about the site.
A beach sweep, coordinated by the Waukegan CAG to remove miscellaneous debris, is scheduled
for 1994, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is planning to conduct dredging of the shipping
channel.
Contact persons:
Greg Michaud, RAP Coordinator
Illinois EPA
2200 Churchill Road
Springfield, IL 62794-9276
(217) 782-5562
Karen Farrell
CAG Co-Chair
North Shore Sanitary District
Russell Road
P.O. Box 750
Gurnee, IL 60031
Charles C. Isely HI
CAG Co-Chair
Lake County Chamber
of Commerce
5221 Grand Avenue
Gurnee, IL 60031
Bob Schacht, RAP Coordinator
Illinois EPA
1701 First Avenue
Maywood, IL 60153
(708) 338-7900
Mary Walker
Friends of the Waukegan River
Waukegan Port District
P.O. Box 620
Waukegan, IL 60079
(708) 244-3138
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GRAND CALUMET RTVER/
INDIANA HARBOR SHIP CANAL
Use Impairments and Causes
The Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Ship Canal (GCR/IHSC) and nearshore Lake Michigan
Area of Concern is the only Area of Concern in which all 14 beneficial uses are impaired (see
box in lower left corner). Several of these use impairments are caused by the presence of
millions of cubic meters of contaminated sediments in the GCR/IHSC waterway. The U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers has responsibility for the dredging of the federal navigation channel portion
of the waterway, which contains several million cubic meters of contaminated sediment.
Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor
Ship Canal Use Impairments
I = Impaired
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavor
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Fish tumors or other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Eutrophication or undesirable algae
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste
and odor problems
Beach closings
Degradation of aesthetics
Added costs to agriculture or industry
Degradation of phytoplankton and zooplankton
populations
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
RAP efforts to eliminate the causes of use
impairments are currently proceeding for
projects not directly dependent upon the U. S.
Army Corps of Engineers project. These
projects include those to cleanup individual
segments of the waterway and to prevent their
recontamination.
With an eye toward integration with the public
release of the Draft Environmental Impact
Statement (DEIS) and the beginning of the
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
mplementatioH Planning
1.2.3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
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federal dredging project, sediment cleanup agreements have been developed for several segments
of the waterway with private parties. Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM)
and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are actively working on cleanup projects
pursuant to these agreements, as well as developing new major agreements through voluntary
cooperation and legal action. The major parties to cleanup agreements on the waterway include:
U.S. Steel Gary Works (USX), LTV Steel, Gary Sanitary District, and Inland Steel Corporation.
However, restoration of impaired uses has progressed most by implementing cleanup, pollution
prevention, and restoration projects outside the waterway proper. These projects directly reduce
the causes of several use impairments in the Area of Concern. Some of these projects will help
to preserve and protect the Area of Concern's globally endangered habitats and their outstanding
biodiversity which is among the highest in the Great Lakes.
Once the DEIS is released, the Sediments Component of the Stage 2 RAP will be written by
compiling all existing agreements to dredge segments of the waterway and filling gaps to form
a comprehensive plan consistent with other components of the Stage 2 RAP.
Status of the RAP Process
The RAP process produced a Stage 1 document in January 1991. Due to extensive use
impairments and the complex nature of the ecosystem activities required to restore those uses,
the RAP process has divided Stage 2 into smaller, more manageable components for planning
purposes. It also makes integration of each new component an important concern as the planning
process proceeds.
The RAP's public advisory committee, the Citizen's Advisory for the Remediation of the
Environment Committee, has subcommittees for planning activities, work groups for project
implementation, and a variety of nongovernmental organizations which assist in implementing
the RAP as RAP participants.
Progress and Achievements
The first success of the RAP was the opening of the first Regional Office in Gary, Indiana in
1990. Since then, the Northwest Regional Office has grown to include over 20 staff people,
including air, land, and water quality inspectors, RAP and Lakewide Management Plan (LAMP)
Coordinators, and a Director of the Office.
Water Quality and Toxic Pollution Prevention
• The draft Water Quality Component of Stage 2 is being finalized in response to public
comments. Several of its provisions are already being implemented through indirect methods,
although direct resources for implementation have been limited.
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• The RAP process has developed and obtained funds for a Toxic Pollution Prevention (TPP)
Program on the waterway through a highly participatory, public process. The Gary, Hammond,
and East Chicago Sanitary Districts (River Districts) have formally adopted the RAP's Common
Policy on Toxic Pollution Prevention. Staff persons from the River Districts, local environmental
organizations, the TPP staff person, the RAP Coordinator, and the LAMP Coordinator meet
monthly as a TPP Work Group to develop toxic reduction efforts for the 130 industrial users of
the River Districts, and to reduce other toxic sources to the river as they are identified.
• The RAP process has involved IDEM's pollution prevention staff, local industry, and the
general public in implementing a Household Hazardous Waste Collection Project in the Area of
Concern. Collections began in April 1994. Local educators have helped IDEM develop an
Enviromobile which stops at area schools to educate school children about ways to prevent
pollution while increasing their environmental consciousness.
• IDEM has funded a Steel Industry Pollution Prevention Project at Indiana University Northwest
to involve local steel makers in minimizing waste.
• IDEM and U.S. EPA are collecting data for new water quality modelling of the Grand Calumet
River which is scheduled for 1997. The total maximum daily loads for each river segment,
which are calculated with that model, will form the basis for new, more stringent permit limits.
This addresses both point and nonpoint sources.
Reduction of Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs)
• The Stage 1 RAP identified CSOs as a major cause of contamination of sediments. The RAP
process has begun to address CSOs from the three municipal sanitary districts on the river.
IDEM and the U.S. EPA Consent Decrees now require the sanitary districts to implement CSO
Operational Plans, and the State is including additional CSO provisions. IDEM is including
additional CSO requirements in discharge permits as they are renewed in the basin pursuant to
a State CSO Strategy.
Urban Nonpoint Source Pollution Reductions
• The RAP process has developed an Urban Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program with the
Lake County Soil and Water Conservation District, local officials and organizations, School of
Public and Environmental Affairs, and the Purdue School of Civil Engineering. This project
demonstrated best management practices by cooperating with public and private landowners, and
estimated the amounts of nonpoint source pollution and the costs of locally financing best
management practices. A watershed land use study has been produced for the Area of Concern
and sub-area watershed management plans are being developed, starting on the west side of the
Area of Concern.
• The RAP's Stage 2 draft Water Quality Component calls for development of a computerized
map of anthropogenic fill sites in the Area of Concern using public and private records of historic
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fill location and content. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is currently mapping fill sites,
especially the sites where steel slag has historically been deposited. This fill map will have
multiple uses for ecosystem restoration due to the high water table and the historical dune and
swale topography of the Area of Concern. It will be especially useful in identification of likely
sources of groundwater and wetland contamination.
Biodiversity and Habitat Restoration
• The Habitat Component of Stage 2 was completed in March 1994 by the Habitat Subcommittee,
a diverse group of county, state, and federal natural resource managers, lexicologists, scuba
divers, and volunteer stewards. A volunteer steward from the Friends of Gibson Woods, Mr.
Labus, co-chairs this Subcommittee with the RAP Coordinator. Mr. Labus, with the assistance
of Dr. Wayne Faatz, Toxic Contaminant Program Manager of Indiana Department of Natural
Resources (IDNR), lead the Subcommittee in a group consensus process to finalize and prioritize
habitat goals and objectives. They focus on preservation, protection, and restoration of upland
natural areas of high native biodiversity, as well as on improvement of aquatic habitat for
beneficial species (especially native species).
• The public advisory committee approved this Habitat Component in April 1994 along with a
continuing mandate for the Subcommittee to develop remedial strategies and organize their
implementation. The RAP process has directly begun ecosystem restoration through several
habitat restoration projects in the Area of Concern pursuant to the Stage 2 Habitat Component.
• In a cooperative effort, IDEM, U.S. EPA, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and IDNR have
obtained a new State Nature Preserve on the Grand Calumet River in Gary through natural
resource damage litigation about the Midco I and n Superfund sites. Called the "Bongi
property", this 102 ha (253 acre) parcel contains one of the highest biodiversity areas of vascular
plants in the State and is part of the historic Chicago Lake Plain of dune and swale topography.
• The RAP process has initiated a RAP Rights of Way (ROW) Project to cooperate with ROW
owners to manage their land in an ecologically sensitive manner. This project includes railroads,
utilities and pipeline companies in a joint effort to reconnect portions of the biological corridors
which once paralleled the lake shore.
Volunteer Stewards Network
• The RAP's Stage 2 Habitat Component calls for the development of a volunteer stewards
network to restore natural areas of high biodiversity. The RAP process has fostered the
development of the Friends of Gibson Woods, an independent volunteer stewardship organization,
to help restore native dunes and oak savannas toward their presettlement condition, including the
Bongi property and the Gibson Woods Nature Preserves.
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• The Nature Conservancy, as part of its Southern Lake Michigan Conservation Initiative, is
organizing a Calumet Stewards Network and will focus on the preservation and restoration of the
natural areas of highest biodiversity in the Calumet Region.
Coastal Zone Management (CZM)
• The RAP process is cooperating with IDNR in initiating a CZM program for Indiana's
coastline, part of which is in the Area of Concern. It is likely that successful RAP programs will
be supported with CZM funds and replicated up the coastline, especially those RAP programs
related to preservation and restoration of upland/wetland habitats of high native biodiversity.
Outlook
As of April 1994, the continuing delay in issuing the DEIS is the biggest impediment to engaging
local industry and the public in the development of a comprehensive sediments strategy for the
entire waterway. Once the DEIS is released, a public planning process can be initiated for the
entire waterway and adopted as a Sediments Component of the Stage 2 RAP.
The Land Contamination Component is scheduled for completion in 1996 and it will address the
causes of use impairments through degradation of land in the Area of Concern. By then, the
USGS fill study will be available for use in developing the Land Contamination Component.
RAP participants will continue to focus upon visible, tangible initiatives to implement Stage 2
Components. Such positive environmental improvements will further build public confidence and
institutional support for comprehensive and systematic ecosystem restoration of the Grand
Calumet River Area of Concern.
Contact persons:
Joseph D. Thomas, RAP Coordinator
Northwest Regional Office
IDEM
504 Broadway, Suite 418
Gary, Indiana 46402
(219) 881-6714
David Dabertin, Chair
Citizen's Advisory for the Remediation
of the Environment Committee
Director, Northwest Regional Office
IDEM
504 Broadway, Suite 418
Gary, Indiana 46402
(219) 881-6712
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KALAMAZOO RIVER
DNR
Use Impairments and Causes
The Kalamazoo River is located in the southeast portion of Michigan's lower peninsula. The
river flows in a westerly direction and discharges into Lake Michigan near the Town of
Saugatuck. The Kalamazoo River has been identified as an Area of Concern due to historic
releases of PCBs from deinking operations at local papermills. The upstream boundary of the
Area of Concern is Morrow Dam, which forms Morrow Pond. The Area of Concern extends
downstream to Lake Michigan, a distance of approximately 129 km. Several source areas for
the PCB contamination have been identified along the mainstream from Calkins Dam to the City
of Kalamazoo and Portage Creek in the City of Kalamazoo. The upstream sources of PCBs are
collectively referred to as the Allied Paper, Inc./Portage Creek/Kalamazoo River site. The area
is listed as a site of environmental contamination pursuant to the Michigan Environmental
Response Act 307 (Public Act of 1982), and was officially included on the Superfund National
Priorities List in August 1990.
Use impairments are identified in the box in the lower left corner. A fish consumption advisory
has been issued for the Kalamazoo River by the Michigan Department of Public Health for the
following species: carp, suckers, catfish, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, and northern pike.
Habitat loss due to sediment contamination and local developmental pressures is also a concern.
In addition, nesting failure of bald eagles within the Area of Concern suggests reproductive
impairments potentially linked to PCB sediment contamination.
Status of the RAP Process
The Michigan Department of Natural
Resources (MDNR) is coordinating all efforts
Kalamazoo River Use Impairments
I = Impaired L = Likely
Restrictions on fish consumption
Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
L
I
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to UC
66
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to restore beneficial uses in the Kalamazoo River and is working to ensure that all state, federal,
and international programs are complementary and reinforcing. The scientific and technical
aspects of remediating PCB-contaminated sediments in the Kalamazoo River are being pursued
through Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Studies (RI/FS) under Superfund and Michigan's Act
307 Program.
The Kalamazoo River Area of Concern Public Advisory Council (PAC) was established in 1993.
The PAC consists of 23 local residents, representing a variety of stakeholders throughout the
Area of Concern. The PAC and MDNR RAP Team recently finalized goals and objectives for
the RAP. In addition to PCB-related human and ecosystem health concerns, the PAC and RAP
Team have identified other priority actions, including nonpoint source pollution abatement
projects, pollution prevention, control and management of invasive exotic species, and strategic
land use planning. The PAC has also established subcommittees to develop strategies for
enhanced communication, public relations, and project funding.
Progress and Achievements
Highlights of progress being made in addressing PCB-contaminated sediments are presented
below.
• Since PCBs were identified as a problem in 1971, several actions have been taken to improve
conditions. The discharge of PCBs has been substantially reduced due to the ban on PCB
production, and other regulatory point source controls, such as the National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) Permit program. However, in-place contaminated sediments and
landfills in the upstream areas serve as a source of PCBs to the Kalamazoo River.
• In June 1990, the MDNR sent notice letters to three identified potentially responsible parties
(PRPs) informing them of the MDNR's intent to spend public funds to conduct a RI/FS. The
identified PRPs include Allied Paper/HM Holdings, the Georgia Pacific Corporation, and Simpson
Plainwell Paper Company.
• The sediments in the former Allied Paper/Bryant Mill Pond area of Portage Creek have the
highest levels of PCBs found in sediments to date. Due to its location in a highly populated
industrial and residential area, the site was fenced in 1991 by Allied Paper, Inc./HM Holdings
as an emergency response action pursuant to the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA).
• In August 1990, the Allied Paper, Inc./Portage Creek/Kalamazoo River Superfund site was
included on the National Priorities List pursuant to CERCLA. The site includes Portage Creek,
from Cork Street just above the Bryant Mill Pond to its confluence with the Kalamazoo River,
and the Kalamazoo River from this confluence downstream to the Allegan City Dam. The area
listed includes a 4.9 km stretch of Portage Creek and a 56 km stretch of the Kalamazoo River.
The Superfund remedial investigation will include the area from Morrow Dam to the mouth of
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the Kalamazoo River, approximately 128 km, since the PCB contamination has been documented
downstream.
• The PRPs entered into an Administrative Order of Consent with the MDNR in December 1990.
Under this order the PRPs agreed to fund and conduct a RI/FS consistent with the Superfund
process. The companies have provided financial resources totalling $3 million to assure that the
work will be conducted in a proper and timely manner.
• The MDNR, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and PRPs have agreed to expedite the
remedial process on four operable units within the Superfund site. These sites have been
identified as potential ongoing sources of PCB contamination, therefore, the RI/FS work at these
locations has been accelerated. The operable units include: Allied Paper/Bryant Mill Pond,
Willow Boulevard/A-Site, King Highway Landfill, and the 12th Street Landfill.
• During 1993, the operable unit field investigations were initiated and completed. The scope
of the completed activities included: construction of numerous groundwater monitoring wells;
collection of groundwater, surface water, soil, and sediment samples; and air quality monitoring.
The data generated from these efforts will be used during the Feasibility Study to identify and
evaluate remedial options at each of the four operable units. The RI/FS is expected to be
completed in 2-4 years.
• The remaining areas within the Superfund site will be addressed in a separate remedial
investigation work plan. The investigations will include the river and impoundments, floodplains,
biota, and paper mill properties. This remedial investigation was also initiated in 1993 and field
work is expected to continue into 1994.
• In addition to the field activities, the Superfund program established a Citizens' Advisory
Committee and Government Advisory Committee as a means to provide information to area
stakeholders. In addition to these committees, general public meetings and information bulletins
are provided on a regular basis. Also, public information repositories containing final work
plans, technical memoranda, progress reports, and information bulletins have been established at
six area libraries.
Outlook
The first biennial RAP progress report is scheduled to be completed in mid-1995. The report will
identify resource impairments and offer recommendations, as well as document remedial activities
taken to restore beneficial uses.
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Contact persons:
Scott Hanshue, RAP Coordinator Jim Richmond, PAC Chair
Great Lakes and Environmental Assessment Section c/o KRAC - Public Advisory Council
MDNR, Surface Water Quality Division P.O. Box 225
P.O. Box 30273 Comstock, MI 49041-0225
Lansing, MI 48909 (616) 343-2866
(517) 335-1125
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MUSKEGON LAKE
DNR
Use Impairments and Causes
Muskegon Lake is a 1,679 ha (4,149 acre) inland coastal lake located in Muskegon County,
Michigan along the east shoreline of Lake Michigan. Muskegon Lake was originally identified
as an Area of Concern because, prior to 1973, it received direct discharges of industrial process
wastewater, municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent, combined sewer overflows, and urban
runoff. These discharges degraded water and habitat quality in Muskegon Lake and its
tributaries.
The Muskegon Lake Public Advisory Council (PAC) and the Michigan Department of Natural
Resources (MDNR) have identified ten use impairments in Muskegon Lake and have agreed to
five priority use impairments (see box in lower left comer). Recent samples collected in the
channel from Muskegon Lake to Lake Michigan indicate that no significant changes in water
quality have occurred since the 1987 RAP was prepared. Levels of phosphorus, un-ionized
ammonia, dissolved oxygen, pH, and total dissolved solids do not exceed limits established under
Michigan water quality standards to protect
aquatic life, and, with minor exceptions, this is
also true for heavy metals measured at this
location. Although 28-day caged-fish studies
conducted in the channel show that certain toxic
chemicals still are present at low levels, the rates
at which the fish are taking up the toxic
Muskegon Lake Use Impairments
I = Impairment Known S = Suspected
x = PAC Priority y = RAP Team Priority
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Eutrophication or undesirable algae
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste
and odor problems
Degradation of aesthetics
Degradation of phytoplankton and zooplankton
populations
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
rj
p.?
S
rT
f
i
i
i
s
P.J
RAP STATUS
• Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to UC
70
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substances are lower in Muskegon Lake channel than in several other river mouths in Michigan,
and less than advisory levels. Currently, there are insufficient data to conclude that the
Muskegon Lake Area of Concern is not adversely affecting the water quality of Lake Michigan.
Muskegon Lake and similarly situated large drowned river mouth lakes are integral components
of the larger, Lake Michigan ecosystem. For example, fish and wildlife move freely between
Lake Michigan and Muskegon Lake, and many species depend on habitat in the Muskegon Lake
Area of Concern at critical stages of their life cycle. Impairments to water quality and natural
habitats in the Muskegon Lake Area of Concern could affect the well being of Lake Michigan
as well. By maintaining acceptable quality of Muskegon Lake, the quality of Lake Michigan will
be protected.
Status of the RAP Process
The initial Muskegon Lake RAP was completed in 1987. The Muskegon Lake PAC was
established in 1992 to obtain broad-based stakeholder input to the development and
implementation of the RAP. The PAC includes representation from various interests in the area
and has obtained staff assistance from the Lake Michigan Federation and the Muskegon County
Soil Conservation District. An update to the Muskegon Lake RAP was completed in 1994 and
focused on five objectives: ensuring participation in the process by a PAC as well as a team of
specialists from the MDNR (i.e. the RAP Team representing Surface Water Quality,
Environmental Response, Waste Management, Fisheries, Air Quality, Land and Water
Management, and Wildlife Divisions); documenting water quality data collected and analyzed
since the 1987 RAP was published; analyzing the current status of use impairments; identifying
data gaps; and making recommendations, that if carried out, will lay the foundation for the next
phase of the RAP process (i.e. implementing specific measures to remediate water quality
problems and use impairments). These objectives were met.
Progress and Achievements
Considerable progress has been made in implementing the 1987 RAP and establishing
partnerships necessary to implement an ecosystem approach for further RAP development and
implementation. Presented below are highlights of the findings of the 1994 update to the
Muskegon Lake RAP.
• The Muskegon Lake PAC was actively and effectively involved in the process of developing
the 1994 RAP update, as was the MDNR RAP Team which assisted a consultant in collecting
information, analyzing data, and interpreting results to the PAC.
• The 1994 RAP Update summarizes the results of the 1987 RAP and presents information
developed over the last six years on the Area of Concern. The information reveals that
considerable progress has been made in addressing known point sources of pollution to Muskegon
Lake Area of Concern and in taking steps to remediate groundwater contamination (e.g. identifies
many contaminated groundwater sites, 13 of which are located directly on or near the lakeshore,
that are the most serious threat to the lake).
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• To address water quality problems, both the PAC and MDNR RAP Team members favor
employing an ecosystem-wide approach, which would incorporate consideration of physical,
chemical, and biological components of the Area of Concern; they believe a watershed approach
is preferable to focusing on the individual impairments without consideration of their relationship
to each other and the ecosystem as a whole.
• Nonpoint sources of pollution, including urban stormwater runoff, agricultural runoff, erosion
and sedimentation, and atmospheric deposition are suspected sources of pollution to the
Muskegon Lake Area of Concern, but further studies are needed to quantify the contribution and
effects of these sources. There is need for vigilance.
• Current regulatory efforts to control point sources of pollution and to identify and remediate
sources of groundwater contamination must be maintained. While without question there is a
need for attention to nonpoint sources of pollution, it must not come at the expense of regulation
of point sources.
• Three specific recommendations were set out in the 1994 RAP Update. The first outlines
measures to address eutrophication of Muskegon Lake, including abatement of both nutrients and
solids loadings (i.e. particles of material such as sand, silt, partially decomposed plant and animal
material, and undissolved industrial production wastes). The second sets out actions to determine
the effects of development and exotic species on fish and wildlife habitat The third proposes
measures to reduce the levels of toxic substances reaching the lake. Steps also are suggested to
ensure that community representatives and the MDNR together develop common goals and
objectives critical to continuing successfully the RAP process.
• A sediment characterization study near the Division Street outfall, previously noted to be
seriously contaminated with heavy metals, is planned for the summer of 1994. MDNR, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers are all participating in this
study.
• It was noted that when meaningful public involvement occurs in the RAP process, objectives
and outcomes reflect local concerns. Residents of the Area of Concern are very sensitive to the
pollution problems in their area. A significant number of the Area of Concern population live
on or near Muskegon Lake; they have observed the degradation that has occurred in the area and
many have been affected directly by groundwater contamination. Quality of life is important to
these individuals and recreation and tourism are important to the local economy. Area residents
are eager to understand the factors that affect water quality in the area in which they live, and
they are willing to invest time and effort to improving it. The recommendations in the 1994 RAP
Update reflect local concerns and identify steps that can lead to specific actions to remediate the
water quality problems and use impairments.
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Outlook
The Muskegon Lake PAC is dedicated to actively participating in the continuing improvement
of the quality of Muskegon Lake. RAP Team and PAC coordination is being pursued through
scheduling regular meetings, developing common objectives, and developing timetables and
budgets for recommended actions. Biennial RAP progress reports will be used in the future to
report and celebrate work accomplished and identify priority actions to restore uses in Muskegon
Lake.
Contact persons:
Rick Lundgren, RAP Coordinator Jerry Engle, PAC Chair
MDNR 239 Ruddiman Dr.
Surface Water Quality Division North Muskegon, MI 49445
P.O. Box 30273 (616) 744-6330
Lansing, MI 48909
(517) 335-3313
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WHITE LAKE
DNR
Use Impairments and Causes
White Lake is a 1,040 ha (2,570 acre) inland coastal lake along the east shoreline of Lake
Michigan. The White Lake Area of Concern includes White Lake proper and a 0.4 km (0.25
mile) zone around the lake. White Lake was originally listed as an Area of Concern because of
leaching of organic solvent contaminated groundwater from the Hooker Chemical Company site
(formerly Occidental Chemical Company) to White Lake. Analysis of recent information about
the former Hooker Chemical Company site indicates that the plume of contaminated groundwater
moving from the site is being intercepted by the lake-front purgewell network and effectively
treated prior to discharge to White Lake. Other potential sources of groundwater contamination
to White Lake and its tributaries have been identified, and remediation efforts are underway.
The White Lake Public Advisory Council (PAC) and the Michigan Department of Natural
Resources (MDNR) have identified eight use impairments in White Lake and have agreed to six
priority use impairments (see box in lower left corner). Water samples collected in the channel
from White Lake to Lake Michigan in 1992
indicate that water quality has improved since
the previous samples were taken in 1983; all
parameters measured in 1992 are within the
Michigan limits established to protect water
quality. Heavy metal concentrations are lower
than those observed in earlier sampling;
White Lake Use Impairments
I = Impairment Known S = Suspected
x = PAC Priority y = RAP Team Priority
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Eutrophication or undesirable algae
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste
and odor problems
Degradation of aesthetics
Degradation of phytoplankton and zooplankton
populations
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
IM
pw
S
P*
p.?
F
F*
F
S
p.y
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
estoration of
Beneficial Uses
1.2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to UC
74
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chloride concentrations are the lowest recorded since testing of this parameter began in 1963; and
phosphorus and nitrogen levels have remained relatively stable since diversion of wastewater
from White Lake in 1974. While 28-day caged fish studies conducted in the channel in 1992
show that chlordane, DDE, and dieldrin still are present, the update levels do not suggest a
substantial problem.
Status of the RAP Process
The initial White Lake RAP was completed in 1987. The White Lake PAC was established in
1992 to obtain broad-based stakeholder input to the development and implementation of the RAP.
It is a coalition of representatives from various community interests and has acquired staff
assistance from the Lake Michigan Federation and the Muskegon County Soil Conservation
District. An update to the White Lake RAP was completed in 1994 and focused on four
objectives: ensuring participation in the process by a PAC as well as a team of specialists from
the MDNR (i.e. representatives Surface Water Quality, Environmental Response, Waste
Management, Fisheries, Air Quality, Land and Water Management, and Wildlife Divisions);
documenting water quality data collected and analyzed since the 1987 RAP was published;
analyzing the current status of use impairments; and making recommendations, that if carried out,
will lay the foundation for the next phase of the RAP process (i.e. implementing specific
measures to remediate water quality problems and use impairments).
Progress and Achievements
Considerable progress has been made in implementing the 1987 RAP and establishing
partnerships necessary to implement an ecosystem approach for further RAP development and
implementation. Presented below are highlights of the findings of the 1994 update to the White
Lake RAP.
• Currently there are insufficient data to conclude that the White Lake Area of Concern is not
adversely affecting the water quality of Lake Michigan. However, White Lake and similarly
situated, large drowned-rivermouth lakes are integral components of the larger Lake Michigan
ecosystem. For example, fish and wildlife move freely between Lake Michigan and White Lake,
and many species depend on habitat in the White Lake Area of Concern at critical stages of their
life cycle. Impairments to water quality or natural habitats in the White Lake Area of Concern
could adversely affect Lake Michigan.
• To address water quality problems, both the PAC and MDNR RAP Team members favor
employing an ecosystem-wide approach that would incorporate consideration of physical,
chemical, and biological components within the White Lake watershed.
• Three specific recommendations were set out in the 1994 RAP Update. The first outlines
measures to address eutrophication of White Lake, including abatement of both nutrients and
organic loadings. The second sets out actions to determine the effects of development and exotic
species on fish and wildlife habitat. The third proposes an investigation of metals contaminated
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sediments near the former Whitehall Tannery site to determine the feasibility of removing the
contaminated sediments. This sediment characterization is scheduled for the summer of 1994 in
a three-way partnership among MDNR, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers. Steps also are suggested to ensure that community representatives and the
MDNR together develop the common goals and objectives critical to continuing successfully the
RAP process.
• It was noted that when meaningful public involvement occurs in the RAP process, objectives
and outcomes reflect local concerns. Residents of the Area of Concern are very sensitive to the
pollution problems in their area. Most people who live in the White Lake area are aware of the
serious contamination caused by the former Hooker Chemical Company, and many observed the
past degradation. The lake is important to the quality of life of area residents and to the local
economy, which depends in part on recreation and tourism. The PAC emphasized the need to
provide area residents with more information on factors affecting water quality so that local
actions can be taken to improve and maintain the overall quality of White Lake. The
recommendations in the 1994 RAP Update reflect local concerns and identify steps that can lead
to specific actions to remediate the water quality problems and use impairments.
Outlook
The White Lake PAC is dedicated to actively participating in the continuing improvement of the
quality of White Lake. RAP Team and PAC coordination is being pursued through scheduling
regular meetings, developing common objectives, and development timetables and budgets for
recommended actions. Biennial RAP progress reports will be used in the future to report and
celebrate work accomplished and identify priority actions to restore uses in White Lake.
Contact persons:
Rick Lundgren, RAP Coordinator Tanya Cabala, PAC Chair
MDNR, Surface Water Quality Division Lake Michigan Federation
P.O. Box 30273 425 W. Western, Suite 201
Lansing, MI 48909 Muskegon, MI 49440
(517) 335-3313 (616) 722-5116
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SAGINAW RIVER/BAY
DNR
Use Impairments and Causes
Saginaw Bay is a southwestern extension of Lake Huron, located in the east central portion of
Michigan's lower peninsula. The boundaries of this Area of Concern include the entire 35 km
length of the Saginaw River and all of Saginaw Bay (2,960 km2) out into its interface with open
Lake Huron at an imaginary line drawn between Au Sable Point and Point Aux Barques. Twelve
use impairments have been identified through the RAP process (see box in the lower left corner).
These environmental problems are caused by cultural eutrophication (nutrients), toxic substances
(PCBs, dioxin, and heavy metals), bacterial contamination, sedimentation, and
commercial/residential development. There are a variety of sources that continue to contribute
contaminants to the Saginaw River and Bay, including industrial and municipal discharges,
combined sewer overflows (CSOs), contaminated sediments in the river and bay bottom, urban
and agricultural nonpoint source runoff, old waste disposal sites, and the atmosphere.
Status of the RAP Process
Saginaw River/Bay Use Impairments
I = Impaired
Restrictions on fish and consumption
Tainting of fish flavor
Degradation of fish populations
Bird deformities
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Eutrophication
Drinking water taste and odor problems
Beach closings
Degradation of aesthetics
Degradation of phytoplankton and zooplankton
populations
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
The Saginaw River/Bay RAP process began in
July 1986. After several drafts, the initial RAP
document was completed in September 1988.
Substantial progress has been made since then,
with over two-thirds of the actions identified in
the 1988 RAP having been implemented.
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
77
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Consequently, development of an updated Saginaw River/Bay RAP document is underway, with
a target completion date of December 1994. Meanwhile, extensive efforts continue on the
coordination and implementation of ongoing activities and in seeking funding for, and ways to
implement, the remaining actions.
Preparation of the updated Saginaw River/Bay RAP is being done through the committee
structure of the Saginaw Bay National Watershed Initiative. The bulk of the technical work is
being conducted by four Technical Advisory Committees (TACs) that have been established to
address the following specific topic areas: water quality; contaminated sediments; soil erosion and
sedimentation; and habitat. The TACs have representation from a wide range of agency,
stakeholder, and public groups interested in, and/or affected by, these environmental issues in the
Saginaw Bay watershed. The TAG reports will be combined to make up the majority of the next
RAP document.
Progress and Achievements
The 1988 RAP identified 101 actions that should be taken to further address the environmental
problems. The estimated cost of fully implementing these actions over a 10-year period was
$170 million. This estimate did not include any costs associated with sediment cleanups, if
needed, which could add substantial additional costs. Since completion of the RAP, over two-
thirds of the 101 actions have been at least partially implemented. An expanded version of the
1992 progress report is available that identifies many of the implementation activities conducted
or currently underway.
• Several important actions implemented since completion of the 1988 RAP were studies on the
environmental status of the Saginaw River, Saginaw Bay, and their tributaries. This information
had not been gathered since 1980 and is critical to moving foreward with the RAP process.
These projects examined the magnitude of water quality improvements obtained as the result of
extensive pollution control actions implemented throughout the watershed over the last decade,
for the purpose of targeting priority areas for further remediation. The TACs are evaluating the
results of these studies to better define the extent and severity of the remaining problems and to
identify what additional remedial actions are needed.
• The substantial amount of data that are becoming available from these projects should facilitate
the development of much more refined remedial actions than were possible in the first version
of the RAP (perhaps on a site specific basis). However, since many of the studies are multi-year
efforts, all interpretive results may not be completed in time for inclusion in the next RAP
iteration.
• One goal of the projects was to provide information that could be used to prioritize smaller
watersheds relative to each other and their impacts on the bay. For this effort, the Saginaw Bay
basin has been divided into approximately 60 small watersheds. This will facilitate the
identification of problem areas and the development of site-specific actions. This watershed
prioritization process is currently underway and all relevant factors are being considered,
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including land use, water quality, biological populations, habitat conditions, stream uses, and
hydrology.
• Numerous activities are also being implemented by local groups. The Saginaw Basin
Watershed Council, a voluntary association of local governments organized to promote
cooperation on river management issues, has been very successful with its Adopt-a-River
Program. The Saginaw Basin Alliance, a nonprofit organization comprised of local citizens, has
had tremendous success also with its Water Watchers Program. Both efforts enhance the
environmental knowledge and awareness of participants while promoting local stewardship of
area streams.
Outlook
The Saginaw River/Bay RAP process has been very successful to date and has moved foreward
at a rapid pace. Significant remedial actions are being taken, extensive studies are underway to
fill important data gaps, and comprehensive coordination efforts continue among local, state, and
federal organizations.
However, much remains to be done. As with most any issue, available funds are not sufficient
for conducting desired levels of effort. Consequently, though many actions are currently being
implemented, few of these are being fully implemented due to limited funds. A new problem,
the colonization of Saginaw Bay by zebra mussels, has the potential to significantly impact
biological communities and contaminant cycling in Saginaw Bay. This may result in changing
remedial actions over time.
All the activity taking place within the scope of the Saginaw River/Bay RAP indicates: 1) an
enhanced interest in this area since inception of the RAP process; and 2) a belief among local,
state, and federal organizations that this valuable natural resource can be significantly enhanced.
Restoring impaired beneficial uses will benefit indigenous aquatic life and wildlife, as well as
the quality of life for basin residents. The support of local communities, the general public, the
private sector, and local, state, and federal agencies for the RAP to date is commendable. By
continuing to work together, we can have a substantial impact on restoring impaired beneficial
uses in Saginaw River and Bay.
Contact persons:
Greg Goudy, RAP Coordinator
Michigan Department of Natural
Resources
Surface Water Quality Division
P.O. Box 30273
Lansing, MI 489009
(517) 335-3310
Jim Bredin
Saginaw Bay National
Watershed Initiative
Office of the Great Lakes
P.O. Box 30273
Lansing, MI 48909
(517) 335-4140
Barb Short, Environmental
Coordinator
Jeff Reinbold, Chair
Saginaw Basin Alliance
Saginaw Valley State University
Pioneer Annex 9A
University Center, MI 48710
(517) 791-7341
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Use Impairments and Causes
Collingwood Harbour is situated on the south shore of Nottawasaga Bay, which constitutes the
southern extension of Lake Huron's Georgian Bay. The harbor is surrounded by the Town of
Collingwood, which has a permanent resident population of 14,685. The harbor includes a
wetland complex, a wastewater treatment plant outfall, marina, grain terminal, and former
shipyards. In the past, high nutrient levels resulted in excessive aquatic plant growth. One
impaired use remains identified in Collingwood Harbour as indicated in the lower left corner.
Status of the RAP Process
Collingwood Harbour is the first RAP to complete Stage 1 and 2 reports that include
implementation commitments. Public consultation and involvement have been integral to the
RAP process. The Public Advisory Committee (PAC) for the Collingwood Harbour RAP was
initiated in 1988 and continues to play a leadership role in raising public awareness of RAP
activities, forming partnerships to implement remedial actions, and recruiting thousands of local
volunteers to participate in activities ranging from water course rehabilitation to a pollution
prevention program. Twenty four stakeholders representing a broad range of interests currently
serve on the PAC. Collingwood Harbour is well on the way to restoring and protecting the
harbor ecosystem and locally defined goals and
Collingwood Harbour Use Impairments
I = Impaired R = Restored
D = Does not impair uses
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
(not attributable to local sources)
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Restrictions on dredging activities
Eutrophication or undesirable algae
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
R
D
R
R
RAP STATUS
• Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to UC
80
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uses. The "Environmental Network of Collingwood", a storefront operation, has been established
to support public information and community-based projects under the RAP. Thousands of
individuals, community groups, and students visit the Network for information and access to the
RAP program. The Stage 3 report, recommending delisting of Collingwood Harbour as an Area
of Concern, will be submitted to governments in the summer of 1994.
Progress and Achievements
Through the efforts of the community, the RAP Team and PAC have succeeded in bringing over
$4 million into the area to make their community a better place to live, $4 million that would
not have otherwise been secured. Over 35 funding partners and many more "in kind" donations
have been key to the RAP process. Presented below are examples of the substantial progress that
has been made in restoring Collingwood Harbour for present and future generations.
Eutrophication/Phosphorus Control
• As a result of improvements in Sewage Treatment Plant operation and process changes at local
industries, mean harbour phosphorus concentrations have met the provincial objective of the
prevention of nuisance algal growth and body contact recreation since 1989.
• The Collingwood Sewage Treatment Plant (STP), the single largest contributor of phosphorus
to the harbor, has implemented a program to optimize phosphorus removal and meet the RAP's
maximum phosphorus loading limit. Sensing equipment was installed and computerized
optimization began in 1993. This could save the town millions of dollars and assist in fully
restoring water quality in the harbor.
• Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy, Environment Canada, and the Town of
Collingwood have jointly funded the $600,000 Sewage Treatment Plan Optimization Project to
be completed in March of 1995.
Nonpoint Source Controls
• The Collingwood Harbour RAP is participating with the Nottawasaga Valley Conservation
Authority to develop a Black Ash Creek Watershed Plan. A stormwater management program
was initiated for Black Ash Creek in 1992. Bank stabilization and upland erosion control was
implemented using bioengineered structures, rock and brush bundle placement, selective instream
debris removal, revegetating buffer strips, and grade control structures. The objective was to
control silt and sediment loading out of Black Ash Creek into Collingwood Harbour. In addition,
fish and wildlife habitat are being enhanced by baseflow channel narrowing, pool enhancement,
constructed wetlands, riffle construction, early rearing, and overhead cover construction.
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Water Conservation
• Water meters have been installed throughout the community, allowing for water pricing based
on a user pay system. The Collingwood Public Utilities Commission reported a 35 percent drop
in peak for daily water pumpage from 1986 to 1990. This will assist in reducing hydraulic loads
to the STP, and therefore phosphorus loads to the harbor.
• Over 70 percent of the residences have been fitted with toilet dams and energy/water saving
shower heads, contributing to the 35 percent decrease in water pumpage.
• Additional opportunities for decreased consumption by the commercial and industrial sectors
are in the process of development. The town will implement a sewer use surcharge as an
additional economic incentive to conserve and reduce hydraulic loadings to the STP.
Habitat
• A Black Ash Creek Rehabilitation Project was initiated in 1992 by enhancing spawning beds
and juvenile habitat for migratory rainbow trout at ten sites along the creek. Additional habitat
enhancement and rehabilitation is ongoing at a total cost of $325,000, plus substantial in-kind
support.
• Installation of spawning and rearing habitat for bass, pike and perch within Collingwood
Harbour began in the winter of 1993/94, with the construction of osprey platforms, amphibian
and reptile habitat enhancement and wetland creation continuing in 1994.
• Efforts are underway to protect the 96 ha Collingwood wetland complex and control the
invasion of purple loosestrife. Over 80 citizens participated in the 1992 Purple Loosestrife
Control Day where the plants were dug out, cut, and bagged for burning. Thousands of volunteer
hours were donated to continue the program on an annual basis through the "Adopt-a-Plot"
program.
• Habitat preservation and enhancement have become central to all planning initiatives. All
future shoreline development is being required to create habitat, rather than destroy it through
inclusion of the RAP principles in the Town of Collingwood's official plan.
Sediment Remediation
• A project was initiated in 1992 to remove and dispose of approximately 8,000 m3 of
contaminated sediment from shipyard slips in the harbor demonstrating an innovative removal
technology for the first time in North America. The project was completed in 1994 with the
capping of the confined disposal facility. The cap was designed by Transport Canada to include
wildflower species and organic soil amendments, at the request of the RAP.
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Education and Public Outreach
• Local and regional media coverage of the RAP and PAC has been extensive. Public awareness
programs have been implemented for mariners, anglers, businesses and industries, elementary and
secondary schools, and residential households.
• A video highlighting the RAP's principles and programs has been completed and is being
distributed to the library, local schools, and video rental outlets.
• The RAP principles are linked with local planning issues and have been adopted into the
Official Plan and the development of a watershed master plan for the Blue Mountain Region.
• A unique educational playground facility, "ENVJROPARK" opened in 1994. "ENVIROPARK"
was bora and nurtured by the PAC and is designed to enhance public awareness of water quality
issues and promote lifestyle changes. Play structures representing water movement through the
community are coupled with entertaining signs explaining pollution prevention to children as they
learn while they play.
• A project entitled "Greening of Collingwood" was initiated in 1993 to promote "green" actions
among business, industry, residents, and schools. The RAP and PAC are seeking funding to
develop a long-term strategic plan for the "Greening of Collingwood" and a municipal pollution
prevention plan to serve as a template for cities and towns throughout Ontario.
Outlook
The future of Collingwood resides in a vibrant waterfront. Linking environment and economic
vitality is emerging as a fundamental priority that is recognized by community participants in the
RAP process. By strengthening connections among community groups and assisting in pollution
prevention activities, the RAP challenge is to leave a legacy of knowledgeable and committed
citizens, as well as a healthy harbor ecosystem and watershed. High priority is given to
sustaining the Environment Network and delisting Collingwood as an Area of Concern.
Contact persons:
Gail Krantzberg, RAP Coordinator Ed Houghton, President, PAC Inc.
Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy Public Utilities Commission
40 St. Clair Ave. West, llth Floor P.O. Box 189
Toronto, Ontario M4V 1P6 39 Hurontario St.
(416) 314-7973 Collingwood, Ontario L9Y 3Z5
(705) 445-1800
RAP Environment Network
275 First Street, Unit 6
Collingwood, Ontario L9Y 1C1
(705) 446-0551
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Severn Sound
Use Impairments and Causes
The Severn Sound Area of Concern is located in southeastern Georgian Bay and includes
Penetanguishene, Midland, Hog, and Sturgeon Bays with significant population centers in
Midland and Penetanguishene. The watershed covers an area of 1,000 km2. The primary
problems in the area are eutrophication, excessive algae production, high phosphorus levels as
a result of sewage treatment plant (STP) inputs, agricultural activities, shoreline development, and
other sources. This problem is especially evident in the constricted embayments on the south
shore of the Sound. Additional concerns include shifts in the fish community and habitat loss.
Use impairments are identified in the box in the lower left corner.
Status of the RAP Process
The Stage I RAP was submitted to the International Joint Commission (IJC) in May 1989 and
received a favorable review to proceed with Stage 2 development. The Stage 2 Report was
submitted to the federal and provincial governments in 1993. To comprehensively address
Severn Sound, the RAP Team has divided Severn Sound into four sub-areas. Each sub-area has
specific local issues that are accounted for in the RAP. The sub-areas include adjacent drainage
areas and are Penetang Bay, Midland Bay, Southeast End, and North Shore. A unique
partnership among the RAP Team, Severn
Severn Sound Use Impairments
I = Impaired
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
(fish only)
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Eutrophication or undesirable algae
Degradation of aesthetics
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
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Sound Public Advisory Committee (PAC), and the Wye Marsh Wildlife Centre, an environmental
nonprofit organization, has served as a catalyst in building local support for the RAP and
sustaining local multi-stakeholder involvement.
Progress and Achievements
Municipalities within the Severn Sound watershed are highly supportive of the RAP process and
its recommendations. Four municipalities have demonstrated their support by incorporating RAP
concerns into policy sections of Official Plans to guide future growth and development. The
preliminary projection of capital cost for full implementation of the Severn Sound RAP
(excluding industry) is $62.2 million. The expenditures include $22 million for sewage treatment
upgrades; $35 million for storm water management; $4.1 million for agricultural source controls;
and $1.1 million for a sewer use program. Commitments totalling $24 million for RAP
implementation have been made to date with municipalities, the provincial government, and the
landowners all contributing. Following are highlights of actions completed and underway.
Sewage Treatment Plants
• Stringent effluent objectives for total phosphorus for the 8 municipal sewage treatment plants
(STPs) have been established. Analysis of the upgrading alternatives and order-of-magnitude cost
estimates were developed for each facility to achieve RAP phosphorus objectives.
• A facility plan for the Midland STP was completed in 1993 that established the best effluent
quality which can be consistently achieved without major capital investment in plant expansion.
• A total of $22.3 million will be needed for STP upgrades in Elmvale, Penetanguishene,
Coldwater, Midland, Port McNicoll, and Victoria Harbour. Elmvale and Penetanguishene are
expected to be completed in 1994.
• The Town of Midland, in cooperation with the Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy,
has provided a total of $1.1 million to eliminate combined sewer overflows and to upgrade two
pumping stations by 1994.
Shoreline Pollution Survey
• A four-year joint initiative with the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the Federal
Cleanup Fund will control phosphorus loadings to the Sound at a cost of $400,000. Initiated in
1990, the project involves the systematic detection and correction of faulty private sewage
systems in both shoreline residences and pleasure boats. To date, 2,748 septic systems have been
surveyed, of which 663 require abatement. The Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy
has already arranged abatement work for all but 30 inadequate systems. Abatement is expected
to reduce excess nutrient levels and nuisance algal growth in the Sound.
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Stream and Habitat Rehabilitation
• A five-year Tributary Rehabilitation Program was initiated in 1991 at a cost of $1.2 million to
address elevated levels of phosphorus entering Severn Sound from six river systems that flow
through agricultural areas, and to restore fish and wildlife habitat. A local partnership among the
agricultural community, Ontario Ministries of Natural Resources, Environment and Energy, and
Agriculture and Food, Agriculture Canada, Trout Unlimited, Tiny Township, and community
volunteers has been established. To date, 29 km of river banks have restricted livestock access
and over 34,150 trees have been planted on 13 ha of valley lands; eroded sections of river banks
have been stabilized; and 6 alternate water sources for livestock have been provided. As a result,
erosion has been controlled, sources of phosphorus have been minimized, and fish and wildlife
habitat has been improved.
• "Whole Hog Day", a local celebration of efforts by landowners on the Hog River to restrict
livestock access and restore valley lands along the creek, was held in 1993 at one of the farms.
Almost all of the farms have fenced off the creek and planted trees under the RAP Tributary
Rehabilitation Program. The local chapter of "Trout Unlimited" sponsored the event.
Recognition awards were presented to participating landowners by the RAP Coordinator. RAP
Project staff also took part in a soil and crop improvement association car tour of demonstration
farms.
• Canadian Pacific has contacted the RAP Team for assistance in creation of fish habitat in a
development proposed for the Port McNicoll area. The developer was directed to the RAP Team
by the Municipality as a result of the RAP Fish Habitat Management Plan.
• A partnership among the Town of Penetanguishene, the Federal Cleanup Fund, and Ontario
Ministries of Natural Resources and Environment and Energy has been established to undertake
a Penetang Bay Habitat Restoration Project.
Improvements in the Fishery
• Fishery index data collected by Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources show an increase in
walleye numbers, the highest since 1983. Stocked fish make up 17% of the population of
walleye aged 2-6.
Nonpoint Source Pollution Control
• A Cleanup Rural Beaches Program has been initiated at a cost of $850,000 with the cooperation
of Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy and landowners. The expected completion date
is in 1996. To date, 34 projects have been approved and 23 completed.
• One Cleanup Rural Beaches project on a dairy farm has eliminated the discharge of 78 kg of
phosphorus a year from the Wye River by containing milkhouse wastewater. A manure storage
project on Coldwater River has removed a discharge of pig waste of over 300 kg/yr.
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• A five-year demonstration project of no till drill practices will be completed in 1994 at a cost
of $75,000.
Public Involvement and Communications
• The RAP receives regular local media coverage, particularly in relation to local cleanup projects
and demonstration programs. A recent article entitled "Sewage Sludge: Careful Management
Ensures Safety" deals with the RAP recommendations to store sludge during winter, rather than
spreading it on agricultural lands. A local television station conducted an interview with the RAP
Coordinator on a current survey in Sturgeon Bay and general RAP progress in the area.
• PAC members participated in public events during 1993 displaying RAP material and
describing remedial actions to the public.
• A public meeting was held in 1993 as a "kick-off1 of implementation.
• A paper was presented at the Habitat Management Conference in Toronto in 1992 by the
Ministry of Natural Resources RAP Team member on the Tributary Rehabilitation Project
highlighting the project as a partnership in systematic habitat rehabilitation.
Wildlife Protection
• An action plan has been developed by the Wye Marsh Wildlife Centre and RAP Team to deal
with the unexpected death of several newly introduced Trumpeter Swans in the Wye Marsh due
to lead shot poisoning. Lead shot has been banned for the 1993 fall hunting season to protect
the swans and other waterfowl.
Local Planning Initiatives
• Tay Township has recently proposed an official plan amendment that would incorporate RAP
concerns, goals, and objectives into the policies of their Official Plan. There are ongoing
discussions with municipalities related to sludge disposal practices, stormwater management, and
the continued pursuit of incorporating RAP principles into planning documents.
• Georgian Bay Township has taken the initiative to enact a bylaw prohibiting "grey water"
discharges from boats. Implementation of the bylaw in 1994 will be seen as a positive step
toward achieving RAP goals. The PAC is very concerned about proper servicing and handling
of additional tourists and boats that are expected in a 1994 Marine Heritage Festival.
• Local municipal planners have expressed interest in watershed planning through the RAP
process to implement remedial actions and update their official plan. Discussion among various
provincial agencies, the RAP Team, PAC, and municipalities is ongoing.
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Outlook
The Severn Sound community demonstrates a high level of public awareness and contributes
substantially to implementing the RAP. Cooperation among federal and provincial agencies,
watershed municipalities, and the public has spurred remedial activities in the Area of Concern,
with a focus on nutrient enrichment and habitat restoration. Completion of STP upgrades and
further efforts by the agricultural sector to control farm sources will result in additional
improvements.
Contact persons:
Keith Sherman, RAP Coordinator
Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy
c/o Wye Marsh Wildlife Centre, Box 100
Midland, Ontario L4R 4K6
(705) 526-7809
Bob Whittam, PAC Chair
c/o Wye Marsh Wildlife Centre
Box 100
Midland, Ontario L4R 4K6
(705) 526-7809
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SPANISH
HARBOUR
Use Impairments and Causes
The Spanish Harbour Area of Concern covers the lower 53 km of the river from Espanola to the
harbor at Spanish, Ontario and the Whalesback Channel. It is located on the north shore of the
North Channel, Lake Huron. Many of the impacts from the discharge of the pulp and paper mill
at Espanola, which led to the listing of the river and harbor as an Area of Concern, have been
remediated. Additional impacts due to the historic and ongoing mining activities in the Sudbury
basin have been identified. Current use impairments are identified in the lower left box.
Status of the RAP Process
The Stage 1 RAP was completed in 1993 and the Stage 2 process has commenced with the RAP
Team developing the remedial options for the Area of Concern and identifying further research
needs to fill the information gaps identified in the Stage 1 report. A multi-stakeholder Public
Advisory Committee (PAC) was established in
1989 to ensure public participation and "local
ownership" of the RAP. The PAC has
developed general principles of management
(ecosystem context and zero discharge) and
Spanish Harbour Use Impairments
I = Impaired U = Under assessment
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
a) fish consumption
b) wildlife consumption
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
a) fish
b) wildlife
Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Beach closings
Added costs to agriculture or industry
Degradation of phytoplankton and zooplankton
populations (only zooplankton)
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
U
I
U
U
U
I
I
I
U
U
RAP STATUS
• Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
estoration of
Beneficial Uses
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
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water use goals for the Area of Concern. A Stage 2 Report with an action plan and commitments
is projected to be completed in 1995.
Progress and Achievements
A number of remedial and preventive actions have been taken and have resulted in substantial
improvements in the ecosystem. Technical studies completed in 1993 include suspended
sediment characterization, zooplankton collections, mapping of fiber deposition zones in the
harbor, a wetland evaluation, and assessment of fish habitat and community structure. Presented
below are highlights of these improvements and findings of the studies.
Ecosystem Improvements
• There has been a marked recovery in the walleye fishery in the Spanish River. Out of an
estimated 5,225 kg of fish recently harvested from the river, 97% were walleye with an average
weight of 0.72 kg.
• Channel catfish and redhorse suckers, species believed to have disappeared from the harbor,
have recently been found.
• 17 different classes of benthic invertebrates have been identified in the Spanish River from
surveys at 12 stations in 1990. Total invertebrate density has increased from zero in 1980 to
8,500 organisms/m2 in 1990. The upgrade to secondary treatment at E.B. Eddy Forest Products
Ltd. has resulted in this recovery, both immediately downstream of the mill's discharge and in
the downstream reaches of the river.
• Historical dissolved oxygen depletion and substrate perturbation with bark and fiber, that may
have limited the fishery, have been resolved. Investigations in 1992 showed that historical bark
and fiber accumulations were no longer evident in depositional areas of the harbor.
• The RAP Team is assessing the feasibility of re-introducing muskellunge into the Area of
Concern.
• Taste panel evaluations have indipated that the impairment of fish flavor is no longer a concern.
Point Source Controls
• Wastewater treatment facilities in the Town of Espanola are being upgraded to secondary
treatment and plans are underway to construct a new elevated storage reservoir for the existing
water treatment plant. Ultraviolet disinfection technology has been assessed for the proposed
upgrade. The Jobs Ontario Capital Fund will provide $8.3 million toward the two projects.
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• Mill operations at RB. Eddy Forest Products Ltd. have been upgraded (secondary treatment,
chlorine reduction) making it one of the cleanest mills in Ontario. Further upgrades are ongoing
to eliminate the discharge of chlorinated compounds.
• Municipal and Industrial Strategy for Abatement regulations for both the pulp and paper and
mining sectors have been developed.
Nonpoint Source Controls
• There are concerns for metal loadings from mining activities located upstream in the watershed
and from atmospheric deposition due to smelting operations. It is anticipated that abatement
initiatives in the Sudbury basin, such as the Countdown Acid Rain Program, will result in
decreased metals loadings to the Area of Concern.
Public Involvement and Outreach
• A northeastern Ontario television show, "Down to Earth", featured the Spanish Harbour RAP
and interviewed the RAP Coordinator and PAC Chairperson.
• "Spanish Harbour Rapport", a regularly published newsletter about the RAP, is distributed to
every household in the Area of Concern.
Outlook
Completion of the Stage 1 RAP was a major milestone and the RAP Team and PAC have begun
to focus on the development of a "Remedial Option Discussion Paper". The Stage 2 RAP
process will initially examine the loss of four fish species previously found in the area
(muskellunge, channel catfish, redhorse suckers, and sauger), closure of public beaches in the
Aux Sables River, contaminant levels in sportfish, loss of fish habitat near Spanish, and elevated
metals levels in the harbor sediments. The major immediate action applicable to the RB. Eddy
mill will be Municipal-Industrial Strategy for Abatement and federal regulations, along with the
provincial bans and phaseout initiatives.
Contact persons:
Jan Linquist, RAP Coordinator Janet Mise Robert Morris
Ontario Ministry of the PAC Facilitator Laurentian University
Environment and Energy N.AR. Environmental Biology Department
Mid Ontario Region Consultants Inc. 935 Ramsey Lake Road
199 Larch Street, llth Floor 487 Bouchard Street Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6
Sudbury, Ontario P3E 5P9 Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2K8 (705) 675-1151 ext. 2289
(705) 670-3238 (705) 523-2002
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CLINTON RIVER
DNR
Use Impairments and Causes
The Clinton River drains 1968 km2 (760 square miles) of southeastern Michigan, including
portions of Oakland and Macomb Counties and small areas of St. Clair and Lapeer Counties.
A RAP was completed in 1988, although it was substantially written prior to the 1987
amendments to the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement which established the 14 use
impairments and the three stage RAP development strategy. The 1988 RAP, therefore, does not
follow the three stage format and the 14 use impairments were not specifically addressed. The
1988 RAP includes a summary of the information that was then available, a description of the
problems, identification of areas in need of further study, and several recommendations to help
resolve the identified problems.
The Clinton River was originally identified as an Area of Concern due to elevated levels of fecal
coliform bacteria and total dissolved solids, contaminated sediments, and impacted biota. The
suspected sources of these impairments were listed as industrial and municipal point sources,
urban and rural nonpoint sources, combined sewer overflows, and contaminated sediments. Work
groups, as part of the 1988 RAP update
process, recently identified 10 impairments of
beneficial uses as identified in the lower left
box.
Clinton River Use Impairments
I = Impaired
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Fish tumors or other deformities
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Eutrophication or undesirable algae
Beach closings
Degradation of aesthetics
Degradation of phytoplankton and zooplankton
populations
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
storation of
Beneficial Uses
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
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In the course of developing the RAP, most of the identified problems were determined to be
localized problems having no impact on the Great Lakes. PCBs have been detected at levels up
to 11.4 mg/kg in the sediments downstream of Mt. Clemens and are of concern to the Great
Lakes.
Status of the RAP Process
The initial RAP document was completed in 1988. The next iteration of the RAP is scheduled
to be completed in January 1995. This document will be produced primarily by work groups
consisting of Public Advisory Council (PAC) and RAP Team representatives, other technical
experts, and the general public.
Progress and Achievements
Several studies, river protection efforts, and remedial actions have been undertaken since
completion of the 1988 RAP. The following have been recently completed since the last RAP
progress report.
• The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) continues to monitor water quality at the Confined
Disposal Facility (CDF). Minor repair and maintenance projects were completed at the CDF.
About 76,000 m3 (99,000 yds3) of material was placed in the CDF from dredging the Federal
Navigation Channel in the lower Clinton River in 1992. The facility is now estimated to be about
1/3 full.
• Federal funds have been secured by the COE to modify the existing weir and spillway system
to restore flows in the lower Clinton River. Work for fiscal year 1994 will include several
environmental and engineering studies needed before actual construction activities can begin.
• A settlement totalling over $4 million for cleanup of G&H Landfill in Macomb County was
announced. Included in the settlement is $800,000 for natural resource related projects in the
local area. Methods for selecting projects and dispersing funds are being developed by the
Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR).
• Following the completion of Remedial Investigations/Feasibility Studies for surface
contamination at the J&L Landfill Superfund Site, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
released a proposed plan for public comment. The plan details several capping alternatives and
their estimated costs. Groundwater issues will be addressed in the future after the completion of
a Focused Feasibility Study report.
• A caged fish study was conducted by the MDNR as part of the Fish Contaminant Monitoring
Study. Caged channel catfish were placed at two locations in the Clinton River during the
summers of 1989 and 1992. A comparison of the net PCB uptake data indicates substantially
higher rates of uptake in channel catfish at the natural river mouth in 1992 compared to 1989
data, and low levels of accumulation in both 1989 and 1992 at the mouth of the spillway. Re-
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mobilization of sediment bound PCB by dredging or boating activities may be responsible for
the elevated levels at the river mouth in 1992.
• The Clinton River PAC was reorganized and now consists of 27 members representing 15
stakeholder groups. The PAC has been established to facilitate local input to the RAP process
and to review the RAP update. The PAC met quarterly in 1993 and has established
subcommittees for Goals and Objectives, and Public Participation and Outreach.
• A RAP Team (primarily Federal and State agency representatives) has been established to
facilitate work on the Clinton River RAP. The RAP team will review the RAP update and
provide the MDNR Agency sign-off of the completed RAP document.
• Three Work Groups are being formed to write portions of the RAP document Habitat,
Contaminated Sediments, and Point/Nonpoint Sources are each the focus of a Work Group. The
Work Groups consist of representatives from the PAC, the RAP Team, other technical experts,
and the general public.
• The Clinton River Watershed Council received grants for fiscal years 1993 and 1994 from the
MDNR for support of the Clinton River PAC. Under terms of these grants, the Clinton River
Watershed Council supplies support staff for the PAC and work groups, and carries out some
public outreach activities.
• A newsletter, Clinton River RAP #3, and a display board were produced by the MDNR to
facilitate public outreach. The display board is for the use of PAC members at local events and
may be signed out through the Michigan RAP Coordinator.
• The City of Rochester will not upgrade their wastewater treatment plant as previously planned.
Voters have decided instead to connect to the Detroit treatment system.
• The sixth annual Friends of the Clinton River Cleanup was held on June 5, 1993. Over 300
volunteers turned out to help in spite of inclement weather. Organizers say they have now
reached the maintenance stage in river cleanup. Several other organizations also sponsor cleanup
days on the Clinton River.
• Clinton River Early Warning System volunteers discovered two illegal connections to the
Warren Storm Drains.
• A river trail for biking and hiking stretching from the mouth of the spillway to Shadyside Park
has been completed. A new boat ramp on the Clinton was also opened at Shadyside Park. Plans
are underway to eventually have this trail extend as far as the Stony Creek area. A board walk
along the river in the downtown Mt. Clemens was also completed in 1993.
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Outlook
Work has begun on the Clinton River RAP update which is scheduled to be completed in January
1995. The Clinton River PAC has scheduled quarterly meetings for 1994. Meetings are being
held in the early evenings on the second Thursday of the month in January, April, July, and
October.
The major National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permits will be reviewed and
reissued in fiscal year 1996. This will mean increased field activities, including water sampling
and biological surveys by the MDNR in preparation for the permit.
Contact persons:
Jenny Molloy, RAP Coordinator Bill Smith, PAC Chair
MDNR, Surface Water Quality Division 49 Breitmeyer
P.O. Box 30273 Mt. Clemens, MI 48043
Lansing, MI 48909 (810) 468-4028
(517) 335-3265
Erich Ditschman
PAC Involvement Coordinator
President, Clinton River Watershed Council
1970 E. Auburn Rd.
Rochester Hills, MI 48307-4803
(810) 853-9580
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RAP
REMEDIAL ACTION PLAN
Use Impairments and Causes
The Rouge River Watershed covers 1,210 km2 in southeastern Michigan. It includes sections
of three counties and encompasses 48 municipalities with a population of 1.5 million people.
Degradation of the Rouge River is representative of that found in many urbanized and
industrialized areas within the Great Lakes Basin. Over 50% of the land-use is residential,
commercial, or industrial, with increasing development pressures in the headwaters. Despite the
urbanized and industrial areas within the watershed, there are over 80 km of publicly-owned
riparian (i.e. land/bank adjacent to a water course) parklands within the northern and western
portions of the watershed consisting mainly of suburban and rural land uses. Combined sewer
overflows (CSOs), urban stormwater discharges, nonpoint source pollution, and municipal and
industrial discharges all contribute to the use impairments identified in the box in the lower left
corner.
Status of the RAP Process
The Rouge River RAP was completed in 1989 and has been heralded as a model for community
involvement and public support. The process of implementing and further updating the RAP is
continual. It is a basin-wide effort that is led
by the Michigan Department of Natural
Resources (MDNR) in partnership with
Rouge River Use Impairments
I = Impaired
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Fish tumors or other deformities
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Eulrophicalion or undesirable algae
Restrictions on body contact recreation (beach closings)
Degradation of aesthetics
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
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Southeastern Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG) and other stakeholders. The Rouge
River RAP institutional framework for updating the RAP has been modified to better meet the
needs for implementation and ensure accountability in the planning process. The institutional
structure includes: a RAP Team with responsibilities to update the RAP; a Rouge Program Office
created for the Rouge River National Wet Weather Demonstration Project (NWWDP); technical
advisory groups; a Rouge River Implementation Steering Committee to oversee and direct
implementation activities; and a Rouge RAP Advisory Council (RRAC) to advise the MDNR and
assist the RAP Team in updating and implementing the RAP. The RRAC includes
representatives of industry, environmental interests, citizens, universities, the Soil Conservation
Service, local and county governments, and parks and health departments. MDNR and its
partners will be using an annual progress report as a mechanism to help celebrate implementation,
make mid-course corrections, provide public accountability, and further develop the RAP. MDNR
and SEMCOG issued the first Rouge River RAP Annual Progress Report for 1992. MDNR, in
cooperation with RRAC, will update the RAP in biennial reports.
Progress and Achievements
Numerous remedial and preventive actions have occurred during RAP development and since its
completion that span across community activism to municipal and governmental initiatives. Over
$500 million in community sanitary sewer improvements have been made since 1988. Another
significant milestone in cleanup efforts is the Rouge River NWWDP. A total of $129 million
has been allocated to Wayne County Department of Public Works for 1993 and 1994. Managed
through the Rouge Program Office, the NWWDP will adhere to a timeframe developed to
facilitate greater accountability and achieve a coordinated effort to address wet weather problems
within the Rouge River Watershed (Tables 3 and 4). This represents significant progress towards
restoring the major issue of restrictions on partial/total body contact recreation in the Rouge River
Basin.
Presented below are examples of actions taken to implement and further update the RAP. Many
of these achievements and milestones were identified and celebrated in the 1992 Annual RAP
Progress Report for the Rouge River.
Sewer Discharge Controls
• Since 1988, over $500 million has been invested in community sanitary sewer improvements.
Improvements will eliminate direct discharges of sewage to the river during wet weather.
Highlights include:
- Construction of the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department's (DWSD) $115 million pump
station 2A is nearing completion and will be in service in the summer of 1994. DWSD is also
computerizing all of its in-line controls as well as expanding its rain gauge network.
- Wayne County's $160 million North Huron Valley/Rouge Valley project is complete,
providing adequate sewer capacity for 14 communities.
- Construction of the $33 million First-Hamilton Relief Outlet Sewer is complete.
- Oakland County's $55 million Evergreen/Farmington Project is complete, providing
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additional sewer capacity to 16 communities, eliminating four raw sewage bypasses, and
equipment to identify and correct future excess sewage flow problems.
- Canton, Northville, and Plymouth Townships are spending $94 million for a sewer correction
project to be completed in 1994. The retention basins, interceptors, and force main have all
been completed. The effluent pump station is currently under construction.
Combined Sewer Improvements
• $46 million in federal funds was appropriated for 1993 for Wayne County's Rouge River
NWWDP, which will demonstrate and compare the benefits of a number of CSO reduction
technologies. Planned CSO controls include 9 CSO detention basins, 1 CSO tunnel, and
separation projects in 6 communities (Tables 3 and 4). State and local funding sources will be
used to augment federal funds as each project ranges from $10-$ 100 million. Eight public
information meetings were held to discuss the Rouge Valley CSO Project Plan. $82 million has
been earmarked for the Rouge Rive NWWDP in 1994.
• DWSD has started a PCB and Mercury Minimization Program and is currently performing
system-wide sampling to determine point and eventually nonpoint sources of PCB and mercury.
Air deposition will be studied as part of this program.
• Detroit has begun a $15.5 million project to study and design structures for maximizing its in-
system storage capacity during wet weather.
« Joint negotiations between all permittees and the MDNR have resulted in integrated, effective,
and innovative permits which were approved by the Water Resource Commission in 1992. This
approach will adhere to the RAP schedule and make reasonable progress toward reaching water
quality standards by the year 2005.
• 12 CSOs have been eliminated in Farmington, Farmington Hills, and Lathrup Village by
separating sanitary and storm sewer systems.
Stormwater Runoff and Other Nonpoint Sources of Pollution
• Wayne County's Urban Nonpoint Pollution Control Demonstration Project will devote more
than $1 million in federal and local funds to study nonpoint source pollution and demonstrate
pollution controls. The project is in the second year of a three-year grant.
• Nonpoint source pollution reduction technologies and treatment controls such as swales,
detention ponds, and oil/water separators will be demonstrated as part of the $46 million
NWWDP.
• Wayne County continues its illicit connection elimination program, designed to seek out and
eliminate improper discharges to storm sewers or the river itself. The County has also conducted
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Table 3. Implementation schedules for retention basins under the Rouge River National Wet
Weather Demonstration Project
Dearborn Heights
$15,570,000
Inkster
$14,730,000
Redford Township
$11,420,000
Acacia Park
$10,880,000
Bloomfield Village
$18,900,000
Birmingham
$29,860,000
Hubbell-Southfleld
$94,125,000
Puritan-Fenkell
$27,625,000
Seven Mite
$16,637,000
August 1994_
August 1994-
August 1994.
August 1994.
August 1994-
August 1995_
October 1994
October 1994-
October 1994_
-December 1996
-December 1996
.December 1996
.December 1996
-December 1996
August 1997
October 1997
. October 1996
-October 1997
Table 4. Implementation schedules for sewer separation under the Rouge River National
Wet Weather Demonstration Project.
Bloomfield Hills
$1,820,000
Garden City
$17,126,298
Livonia
$1,331,205
Plymouth Township
$1,648,000
Wayne
$6,278,900
Westland
$8,596,782
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an outfall survey on selected portions of the Rouge River to look for evidence of illegal
discharges.
• The Friends of the Rouge began a new volunteer storm drain stencilling project in June 1993.
This project will help eliminate dumping household hazardous wastes into storm sewers.
• U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service and local soil conservation districts
are involved in a $111,000 project to develop and implement methods for reducing phosphorus
pollution entering Lake Erie from the River Raisin and the Lower Rouge River. From October
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1991 to September 1992, the project exceeded its goal of reducing phosphorus loading to Lake
Erie by 10.1 tonnes.
• West Bloomfield Township is enforcing strong floodplain and wetlands ordinances with a
detailed permit system.
• The Clinton, Huron, and Rouge River Watershed Councils sponsored workshops for local
officials and their consultants concerning local wetlands ordinances and stormwater management
techniques that can be used to effectively protect water resources.
• Dearborn Heights is requiring on-site stormwater retention for new development to limit flow
discharge rates. In addition, streets are being swept regularly to reduce solid loadings to the
storm sewers.
• Wayne County Health Department has compiled a list of 34 old landfills and Act 307 sites
within the basin as part of the demonstration project described above.
• Wayne County Parks and Recreation Department is mapping sites along the Rouge River where
garbage has been illegally dumped to target them for cleanup and is limiting access routes to
these sites to deter further dumping. The County has posted signs asking citizens to report illegal
dumping.
• West Bloomfield Township has adopted a fertilizer and pesticide regulation ordinance and a leaf
burning ordinance to control several forms of nonpoint source pollution.
• MDNR, in cooperation with the Rouge River Watershed Council, hosted a nonpoint source
pollution seminar in 1993 for Rouge communities.
Resource Improvements
• Chinook salmon measuring 90 cm were caught in 1993 as they re-entered the Rouge River to
spawn. The MDNR is watching to see of the salmon will successfully spawn. Great blue heron,
common egrit, badger, deer, and coyote have also been seen along the banks of the Rouge River.
• Since 1986, the Friends of the Rouge have organized an annual "Rouge Rescue" that has
involved 15,000 volunteers and removed over 14,500 m3 of debris. In 1993, Rouge Rescue
expanded to 23 sites and included setting up 150 bird nesting boxes, stabilizing river banks,
planting trees, creating wood chip trails, and cleaning areas to make the river available for
canoeing.
• Many communities, such as Detroit, conduct cleanups of debris and logs several times each
year to enhance flow and aesthetics.
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• Wayne County Parks and Recreation Department is using more than $600,000 in state and local
funds to begin implementation of their Middle Rouge Parkway Improvement Plan. The plan calls
for improvements which take advantage of parkway qualities, improve public access, and enhance
and preserve historical and natural resources.
• Canton Township created a wetland area adjacent to Willow Creek to improve water quality
and flood control.
• An innovative $8,000 project by the City of Southfield created 0.8 km of fish habitat. The
project utilized volunteer effort and received the 1988 Clean Waters Award from the Michigan
Outdoor Writers Association.
• As a result of a NPDES permit violation, Rouge Steel Company and USX were required to
dredge 30,600 m3 of zinc-contaminated sediment costing $1 million and place it in a confined
disposal facility.
• Since 1987, the City of Novi has contracted three one-year studies to inventory the various
uses, values and functions of the existing wetlands.
Stream Monitoring
• In March and April of 1993, the MDNR conducted exploratory fish surveys of the Rouge River.
Nineteen different fish species were found, including three species of bass, sunfish, and steelhead,
and many other warmwater species.
• Wayne, Oakland and Washtenaw County Health Departments conducted a coordinated sampling
effort to test for fecal coliform bacteria to determine its prevalence during both wet and dry
weather.
• The MDNR stocked a total of 4,500 yearling brown trout at five sites in 1992. The MDNR is
studying Johnson Creek (Drain) to evaluate the creek's ability to support a fishery. In 1992, the
MDNR found brown trout at four of the five stocking locations. In addition, 17 redsided dace,
an endangered species, were also found in three locations as well as 15 other fish species.
Additional brown trout were stocked in April 1993.
• Wayne State University maintains and updates a Rouge River Archive, Rouge River historical
and RAP-related data and information.
• A 1990 study by the MDNR indicated that toxicity in the Rouge River water column is not
widespread or continuous and appears to be related to wet weather events.
• MDNR conducted a follow-up study on sediment on the Rouge River that revealed the overall
impacts of PCBs and metals to the sediment contamination have decreased in recent years.
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Public Information and Education
• The first phase of Friends of the Rouge adopt-a-stream program, called RiverWatch, is being
undertaken by 9th through 12th grade students from Plymouth-Salem High School who adopted
a section of Willow Creek to survey and develop a strategy for dealing with its problems.
• PedalFest '93, organized by the Friends of the Rouge, attracted twice as many participants as
in 1992. Before and after their ride along the Rouge River, participants were able to learn about
efforts to clean up the Rouge from displays prepared by the Rouge River National Wet Weather
Demonstration Project and RRAC. PedalFest was a part of the Rouge RiverFest.
• Many Rouge-related exhibits were entered at this year's Science and Engineering Fair of
Metropolitan Detroit. These projects received a second judging by the University of Michigan-
Dearborn and the MDNR. The winners were announced at the Rouge 2000 celebration held in
May 1993.
• The Rouge River Watershed Council, Friends of the Rouge, MDNR, and SEMCOG, and
NWWDP all provide information to the public about the Rouge River on an ongoing basis,
including answering questions, holding contests, and giving presentations. The Rouge River
Bulletin, the Friends of the Rouge Report, and News and Views are three circulating newsletters.
• The Friends of the Rouge Education Project is in its eighth year, with assistance from
University of Michigan students, to teach elementary, middle-school, high-school students, and
adult education classes about water quality and steps they can take to help clean up the river.
Through a computer network, students compare their findings with others in the basin and with
students and teachers from 125 countries on six continents. Participants are encouraged to take
action in their communities based on what they have learned. Improvements in the water quality
have been noted in the last two years.
• DWSD hosted its sixth annual Celebrity Basketball Game and raised $20,000 to benefit the
Friends of the Rouge.
• Oakland County gives presentations on watershed issues and has developed educational
materials about household hazardous waste and septic tank maintenance.
• In the Spring of 1992, the MDNR sponsored a logo contest for high school students to design
a logo to symbolize the RAP. The logo appears on all RAP publications and letterhead.
• Canton Township, Van Buren Township, Southfield, Dearborn, Detroit, Novi, and Oakland and
Wayne Counties were involved in fund raising, developing videos, placing information spots on
local cable stations, and hosting educational events to heighten public awareness of the Rouge
River.
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Outlook
All nine recommended retention basins for CSOs will be completed by 1997. Six other sewer
improvement projects will be completed by 1999. Eighty-two million dollars from U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency has been earmarked for continuing the NWWDP in 1994-1995.
Friends of the Rouge is expanding its role as a partner in the RAP process with habitat
rehabilitation projects, more public outreach activities, and improving access to the Rouge River.
Recently, the Friends of the Rouge initiated an Adopt-a-Stream Program to develop community
stewardship and a sense of ownership for the river. A working partnership among government
agencies, the Rouge River RAP Advisory Council, the Rouge Program Office, and other
stakeholders will be essential to achieve the Rouge River RAP's goal of restoring uses by the
year 2005.
Contact persons:
Cathy Bean, RAP Coordinator Carla Davidson Tom Yack, RRAC Chair
MDNR Environmental Planner Canton Township
3900 7 Mile Road SEMCOG ' 1150 S. Canton Center Road
Livonia, MI 38152 660 Plaza Drive, Ste. 1900 Canton, Michigan 48188-1699
(313)953-1441 Detroit, MI 48226 (313)397-5380
(313) 961-4266
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RIVER RAISIN
DNR
Use Impairments and Causes
The River Raisin Area of Concern is located in the southeastern portion of Michigan's lower
peninsula in Monroe County. The Area of Concern has been defined as the lower 4 km (2.6
miles) of the River Raisin, downstream from the low head dam (Dam #6) at Winchester Bridge
in the City of Monroe, extending 0.8 km out into Lake Erie following the Federal Navigation
Channel, and 1.6 km north and south along the nearshore zone of Lake Erie.
The River Raisin was originally identified as an Area of Concern due to the presence of
conventional pollutants (e.g. oils and grease), heavy metals, PCBs, contaminated sediments, a fish
consumption advisory, impacted biota, and aesthetics. Use impairments have been primarily
caused by historical discharges to the river from industry in the area. Additionally, existing on-
land sites of contamination adjacent to the river are suspected of contaminating river water and
sediments with PCBs and heavy metals.
Status of the RAP Process
The River Raisin RAP was completed and submitted to the International Joint Commission in
October 1987. The purpose of the RAP was to compile and analyze existing river data and to
recommend actions needed to address known problems.
Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) sampling of the river was conducted in
1988 and 1989 to further define PCB and heavy
metal areas of contamination. This sampling
showed that the area most impacted in the river
was from the turning basin down to the mouth.
River Raisin Use Impairments
I = Impaired
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
I
I
I
RAP STATUS
+ Planning relates
only to PCB
Hot Spot Removal
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
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A 28-day caged catfish study was conducted below the turning basin in 1988, primarily to
determine if bioaccumulation of PCBs would occur in the fish. The study snowed PCB
concentrations of 4 mg/kg in the fish after 28 days. This was much higher than PCB levels in
fish from similar studies performed on the Kalamazoo, Saginaw, and Huron Rivers.
In September and October of 1991, an additional 28-day caged fish study was conducted in the
River Raisin. At the end of the study, PCB concentrations were about 1 mg/kg. The lower
uptake concentration measured during the 1991 study cannot be explained since no remedial
actions to reduce PCB concentrations in the river have taken place as of this writing.
In early 1991, researchers from Michigan State University (MSU) were awarded Great Lakes
Protection Fund monies to assess the possibility of neutralizing (by bacterial dechlorination)
PCBs in River Raisin sediments. Contaminated sediments and the bacteria associated with the
sediments were collected from the river in April 1991. The samples were then taken to MSU's
Department of Crop and Soil Science Laboratory where the experiments were conducted.
Initial MSU study results show that detoxification of PCBs within the river is occurring at a very
slow rate. However, sediment samples that were modified (i.e. injected with nutrients, additional
bacteria, etc.) in the laboratory have shown detoxification of PCBs at a more rapid rate. Utilizing
an additional U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) grant, MSU staff are now trying to
determine which factors are causing PCBs to breakdown faster under the laboratory situation and
if in-place treatment of sediments in the river is possible. Results for a portion of MSU's latest
study should be available in June 1994.
In mid-1992, a River Raisin RAP Team was formed primarily to deal with technical issues
associated with the project. Membership consists of representatives from various federal, state,
and local agencies such as the Soil Conservation Service, MDNR, Department of Public Health,
and Monroe County Soil and Water District.
A Public Advisory Committee (PAC) was formed in March 1993 to assist MDNR staff on all
phases of the RAP project. Membership consists of citizens representing a wide range of
interests such as the River Raisin Watershed Council, local government, businesses, industries,
and environmental groups. The PAC elected officers in January 1994.
Progress and Achievements
Presented below are highlights of progress being made in addressing use impairments through
the RAP process.
PAC Accomplishments
• The PAC has initiated a number of activities to benefit not only the Area of Concern, but the
entire watershed. Among these endeavors are: the creation of an educational video for students
and citizens concerning watershed activities that impact water quality and the steps that can be
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taken to reduce or eliminate these impacts; a River Raisin RAP logo contest for high school art
students in the watershed; formation of an educational subcommittee to develop River
Raisin/Area of Concern outreach projects; and the development of model land use ordinances that
can be used to prevent or minimize water quality impacts.
PCB Hot Spot Delineation
• During the collection of samples for their project, MSU staff discovered unexpectedly high
levels of PCBs (approximately 40,000 mg/kg) in sediments located near the outlet of a former
Ford Motor Company wastewater discharge pipe. This pipe is located on the north side of the
River Raisin just downstream from the turning basin. MDNR staff confirmed MSU's findings.
PCBs were widely used in oils as insulating or cooling agents and when released to the
environment, can affect aquatic and terrestrial animals, as well as human health.
• In an effort to further delineate the source and extent of contamination associated with the PCB
hot spot and locate other possible PCB sources in the area, U.S. EPA staff (at the request of
MDNR) conducted additional sediment sampling in the Area of Concern in September 1992.
Through the use of U.S. EPA's research vessel (Mudpuppy), a number of sediment core profile
and grab samples were taken at, above, and below the PCB hot spot area. U.S. EPA staff also
collected samples for PCB analysis on Ford's property. This included sampling within the former
wastewater discharge pipe mentioned above.
• Although other potential sources of PCBs were noted, U.S. EPA's sampling confirmed MSU's
and MDNR's earlier sampling which showed that the highest levels of PCBs in the lower River
Raisin are located in the vicinity of Ford's former wastewater discharge pipe. Additionally,
analysis of the sample collected from within the pipe showed PCBs to be present at levels as
high as 9,000 mg/kg. In view of this new information, at U.S. EPA's request, Ford staff
developed investigation and cleanup plans to address the PCB contamination in the sewer system
and in the river near the former wastewater discharge pipe. The investigation/delineation of the
PCB hot spot was completed during the summer of 1993. The sewer system investigation
continues as of this writing.
• An additional PCB hot spot assessment project was conducted during the summer of 1993 by
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service staff. Zebra mussels and catfish were combined in cages and
placed in and near the PCB hot spot area to determine pre-dredging PCB uptake rates and
concentrations. Preliminary data on this project indicate that both types of test animals
accumulated very high levels of PCBs at a very rapid rate.
PCB Hot Spot Cleanup
• The investigation and cleanup of this area are scheduled to be completed (with U.S. EPA
oversight) by the Ford Motor Company in the fall of 1994. During and after the removal of the
PCB-contaminated sediments from the river, National Biological Survey staff (formerly associated
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with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) have proposed to conduct additional caged catfish/zebra
mussel bio-uptake studies in an effort to measure the success of the cleanup project.
Other Possible Sources
• In addition to the studies performed within the River Raisin Area of Concern, MDNR is
investigating several Environmental Response Act (Act 307) sites of contamination such as
landfills and industrial sites that are adjacent to, or near the river. These sites are possible
sources of some of the contaminants that are present in the Area of Concern. Input of
contaminants to the river from these sites may be occurring through overland runoff, wind blown
contaminated soils, or groundwater discharges. The list below contains sites that are included
on Michigan's Act 307 Priority List, the completed remedial actions to date, and future actions
needed.
- Port of Monroe: The investigation of the east side of the landfill is nearly complete.
The investigation of the west side of the landfill is scheduled to begin in early 1994.
- Ford Motor Company Property: Cleanup of industrial wastes on plant property is
expected to begin in mid-1995 and be completed by mid- to late-1998.
- Consolidated Packaging South Plant: The State funded investigation of this site is nearly
complete and site remedies are being developed.
- Detroit Edison Property: A remedial investigation of River Raisin dredge spoils disposal
sites needs to be conducted to assess potential environmental impacts.
- City of Monroe Landfill: A remedial investigation needs to be conducted to assess
potential environmental impacts.
River Raisin Act 307 Site
• The River Raisin, from the City of Monroe to the mouth of the river, has been designated as
a site of environmental contamination pursuant to Act 307. Further studies are not only needed
to determine the full lateral and vertical extent of sediment contamination in the River Raisin Act
307 area, but also in Plum Creek, the Detroit Edison discharge canal, Mason Run, the inlet by
the wastewater treatment plant, and Lake Erie. Much of this work is scheduled to be done during
the fall of 1994 as part of the Southeast Michigan Initiative (SEMI). SEMI is an effort to
address environmental problems in Southeast Michigan through a partnership between MDNR,
U.S. EPA, and the public.
• On-shore contaminant migration pathway studies using soil borings and/or trenches also need
to be conducted at on-land sites to determine where, and how contaminants may be entering the
River Raisin. After these and the above evaluations have been performed and all data assessed,
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cost effective/environmentally sound remedies for the Area of Concern/Act 307 area can then be
selected and implemented.
• In 1994, MDNR staff will also collect fish for tissue analysis from an area upstream of the Act
307/Area of Concern area which is not accessible to fish from that area. Results of these
analyses will be used to determine if other sources of PCB contamination exist upstream of the
Act 307/Area of Concern area.
Outlook
Historical discharges and/or spills of pollutants such as oil and grease, PCBs, and heavy metals
to the lower River Raisin have impacted sediments, water quality, and aquatic life. Pollutants
associated with sites of contamination adjacent to the river may be doing the same.
More investigatory work must be performed in order to determine the lateral and vertical extent
of sediment contamination that exists in the Area of Concern, and to determine on-land
contaminant sources and possible contaminant migration pathways to the river. Once the
necessary investigations have been completed, remediation alternatives, based on investigatory
results, need to be developed and implemented.
The RAP process reporting requirements have changed. Rather than waiting until each project
stage (i.e. Stage 1, 2, or 3) is complete (which could take years), RAP reports will now be done
on a two-year basis; regardless of the stage the project is in. Use of this format will result not
only in more regular reporting, but will also enable all interested and involved parties to see more
clearly what work has been accomplished and what remains to be done regarding the restoration
of uses in the River Raisin. The first River Raisin RAP biennial report is scheduled to be
available in April 1995.
Contact persons:
Roger Jones, RAP Coordinator Daniel Stefanski, PAC Chair
MDNR 327 Lincoln Street
Surface Water Quality Division Monroe, MI 48161
P.O. Box 30273 (313) 241-5926
Lansing, MI 48909
(517) 373-4704
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Use Impairments and Causes
The Maumee River basin drains approximately 17,000 km2 and is the largest tributary to the
Great Lakes. The Ohio portion covers seventeen counties and nearly 12,950 km2. Once part of
the highly productive Great Black Swamp ecosystem, the Maumee is intensely developed
throughout, with agriculture dominating the upper basin and heavy industry concentrating
downstream. Agricultural runoff, combined sewer overflows (CSOs), and contaminated
sediments lead the list of pollution problems that have lead to the lower Maumee River's
designation as an Area of Concern. A historical trend of filling low-lying areas and floodplains
with municipal and industrial waste has left tributaries such as the Ottawa River so heavily
contaminated with PCBs and heavy metals that they are posted with warnings to avoid contact
with the water, sediment, and fish. Use impairments identified in Stage 1 of the RAP process
appear in the box at the lower left.
Status of the RAP Process
The problem definition stage of the Maumee River RAP was concluded in 1992 with acceptance
of the Stage 1 Investigation Report by the
International Joint Commission (IJC). The IJC
was impressed by the level of hands-on
involvement shown by the many stakeholders
Maumee River Use Impairments
I = Impaired
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Fish tumors or other deformities
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Eutrophication or undesirable algae
Restriction on drinking water consumption, or taste and
odor problems
Beach closings
Degradation of aesthetics
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
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who participated in the preparation of the Stage 1 report. While the process was coordinated by
the Toledo Metropolitan Area Council of Governments (TMACOG) and supported by the Ohio
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), much of the work was done by non-governmental
representatives (including industry, farmers, citizens, local governments). As an example, one-
half of the abandoned landfills thought to contain hazardous waste were located with local citizen
or industry assistance.
The Maumee RAP Implementation Committee (MRIC) was formed in 1991 to provide strategic
planning and oversight for the many restoration activities occurring throughout the Area of
Concern. TMACOG and Ohio EPA continue their partnership in coordinating and supporting
MRIC, with other agencies and organizations figuring prominently in MRIC's subcommittees.
Examples of such partners include: Ohio Sea Grant, Soil and Water Conservation Districts, city
governments, universities, and the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR). The 25
members of MRIC meet quarterly and serve as the decision-making body for all RAP activities.
Issue-oriented subcommittees meet more frequently as necessary and are responsible for detailed
project planning and implementation strategies. Stage 2 progress is celebrated via annual
progress reports, quarterly newsletters, in-depth press coverage, and individual recognition
through RAP awards.
Progress and Achievements
The RAP continues to evolve as the Stage 2 implementation process gets underway. Baseline
data continues to be collected to fill in gaps identified in the Stage 1 report, and the boundaries
of the Area of Concern were expanded in 1993 to better reflect an ecosystem approach.
Following are highlights of actions taken to improve the Maumee River ecosystem.
Resource and Habitat Improvements
• $22,000 in grants from Great Lakes National Program Office and the ODNR have allowed the
Blue Creek Management Team to begin construction of a wetland as part of a research project
to study the benefits of wetlands in mitigating pollution from agricultural runoff. Additional
funds are being pursued for wetlands creation in the Swan Creek watershed.
• Funding from the North American Waterfowl Management Plan has enabled ODNR to provide
cost-share funding for wetlands restoration on private lands in the Lake Erie Marsh focus area,
adding over 51 ha of new and restored wetlands. A National Wildlife Foundation grant also
provided cost-share funds for wetlands restoration on private lands. The Ottawa Soil and Water
Conservation District completed three such projects in the past year, with five more being
planned.
• Enhancement of 367 ha of Metzger Marsh and 162 ha of Mallard Club Area is proceeding with
a $700,000 grant from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and $100,000 from the Great Lakes
Protection Fund. Another 607 ha have been preserved in Ottawa County through U.S.
Department of Agriculture's Waterbank Program.
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• ODNR has prepared over a dozen Wildlife Management Plans for private landowners.
Landfills and Dumps
• Construction of a $4.8 million containment wall and leachate collection system at the Dura
Avenue landfill will be completed in 1994. The wall, constructed along the banks of the Ottawa
River, is 259 m long and 12 m high, with another 12 m extending below ground level. Dura is
believed to be one of the biggest sources of PCBs going into local streams.
• Two additional Ottawa River landfill sites, Tyler Avenue and Stickney Avenue, have been
selected by U.S. EPA for remediation under Superfund's Accelerated Cleanup Model (SACM)
program.
• $2.5 million has been awarded to Ohio EPA to assess current ambient conditions in the Area
of Concern and characterize some of the many unknown waste sites so that the RAP community
can begin to prioritize sites for remediation. The project is in its second year and Ohio EPA
plans to develop a data management program that wrll assist in establishing linkages between
impaired stream segments and the likely sources of the contamination.
Sewage Improvements
• Over $40 million has been spent in eliminating the City of Toledo's CSOs in the Maumee
River/Swan Creek area. Massive storage tunnels have been constructed to hold most of the
combined sewage for treatment and two small sewer separations are scheduled for construction
in 1994 to complete CSO remediation.
• Additional CSO programs include Maumee, Perrysburg, Swanton, and Genoa at a cost of
approximately $10 million.
• Otter Creek was re-routed around an industrial landfill to prevent input of leachate. Sun Oil
also tapped into the Toledo sanitary sewer system, eliminating its industrial discharge to Otter
Creek.
• Wastewater treatment plant improvements were made or are planned for Lucas County, Oregon,
Toledo, Whitehouse, Genoa, and Perrysburg.
Agricultural Runoff
• A $641,000 federal grant for nonpoint source pollution abatement was used to encourage
conservation tillage. The RAP Agricultural Runoff Subcommittee collaborated with Ohio EPA,
ODNR, and 17 Soil and Water Conservation Districts in a program that provided farmers with
"buy-down" money to be applied towards the purchase of conservation tillage equipment. Over
400 participants received money from this highly successful program, with farmers matching
grant funds at a rate of about nine to one.
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• Conservation tillage has increased fourfold since 1989, now accounting for 49% of all crop
acreage in northwest Ohio.
• Fulton and Lucas counties have met over 100% of their phosphorus reduction goals and five
other counties have attained over 70%.
Public Involvement and Education
• A RAP Speakers Bureau has been formed to provide RAP presentations on a variety of topics
from a broad overview of the RAP process and the problems in the Area of Concern to more
complex or specific issues.
• A student monitoring program, begun in 1989 and sponsored in part by the RAP
Implementation Committee, was developed to increase awareness and knowledge about pollution
and resource quality in the Maumee Area of Concern. The program includes a unit of study in
a high school science curriculum, a coordinated watershed-based water quality testing program,
and a student congress where sampling results from participating schools are presented and
discussed. The 1993 congress had nearly 300 attendees from area schools. Grants from various
sources have kept the program going each year.
• A $10,000 federal nonpoint source grant enabled the Urban Runoff Subcommittee to organize
a workshop for municipal officials dealing with issues such as lawn chemicals, yard waste,
household hazardous waste, and construction site runoff. This well-attended workshop also
served to educate participants about the RAP and how municipalities can be a part of the process.
• A portable display is now available for travel to RAP summits, county fairs, libraries and other
locations and events. The display can be customized with different handouts, photos, and water
quality samples to focus on specific locations or events.
• A dinner and brainstorming session was held to get more people involved in setting priorities
for the RAP and in planning grassroots activities for the coming year and beyond. The event
brought about 75 people together to learn more about the specific problems faced in the Maumee
Area of Concern, ask questions, and generate ideas for activities individuals can get involved in.
Awards were presented to several individuals for "outstanding achievements". The evening was
a success and resulted in numerous new subcommittee members.
• A significant increase in press coverage has raised the profile of the problems in the Area of
Concern. A special front page, two-part series in the Toledo Blade, followed by several related
articles and editorials (including a Letter to the Editor from the RAP Implementation Committee),
has rekindled the interest of local officials and citizens alike. The RAP community plans to keep
the goals and activities of the RAP in the spotlight, and to work on expanding coverage of the
issue via television.
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Outlook
Priority issues for the Maumee RAP have been identified as: reduction of agricultural and urban
runoff; remediation of dumps and landfills; and increasing wetlands and open space in the Area
of Concern. Along with targeted efforts in these areas, the RAP will be focussing on increasing
public involvement overall. Specific projects are being developed to provide more opportunities
for individuals and businesses to participate in the RAP process. A broader base of support will
enable the RAP to move projects forward more quickly and provide additional financial
capabilities beyond that which government programs are able to contribute.
Contact persons:
Sue Thomas Kurt Erichsen
RAP Coordinator Local Coordinator
Ohio EPA, Division of Surface Water TMACOG
P.O. Box 1049, 1800 WaterMark Drive 123 Michigan Street
Columbus, Ohio 43266-0149 Toledo, Ohio 43624
(614) 644-2865 (419) 241-9155
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Reme
on»Plan
Canesadooharie
Use Impairments and Causes
The Black River Basin covers 1,210 km2 in northeastern Ohio. It is located primarily in Lorain
County, but encompasses sections of four adjacent counties. Overall, 51% of the land within the
basin is used for agriculture, while only 1% is truly industrial. Between these two extremes are
rural (38%), urban residential (7%), and commercial uses (3%). Although still of concern,
industrial and municipal point sources have steadily improved in recent years. The current use
impairments are now attributed primarily to nonpoint sources including combined/separate sewer
overflows, failing home septic systems, urban stormwater, agricultural runoff, and streambank
erosion due to loss of riparian habitat. Use impairments are identified on the following page.
Status of the RAP Process
The Black River Stage 1 Report is completed and will be submitted to the International Joint
Commission in 1994 following public review and comment. The Stage 1 report is the result of
a basin wide effort coordinated by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in
partnership with the Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency (NOACA) and area
stakeholders. The institutional structure of the Black River RAP consists of a Coordinating
Committee appointed by Ohio EPA to oversee and direct RAP activities. The Black River RAP
Coordinating Committee (BRCC) includes representatives from industry and commercial interests,
environmental interests, concerned citizens, state and federal agencies, local jurisdictions, parks,
and health departments. Subcommittees
formed include a Study Team consisting of
technical experts to assist in drafting reports
and identifying research needs, a Public
Education Task Group consisting of
community education organizations
cooperating on an environmental education
agenda, and a Budget/Grants committee to
develop work plans and proposals for grant
monies as well as to fund research items
identified by the Study Team. Although many
Stage 2 activities have been accomplished or
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
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Black River Basin Use Impairments
Restrictions on fish consumption
Restrictions on wildlife consumption
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavor
Degraded fish populations
Degraded wildlife populations
Fish tumors or other deformities
Bird or animal deformities
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Eutrophication or undesirable algae
Restrictions on drinking water
Recreational contact limitations
Degradation of aesthetics
Added costs to agriculture or industry
Degradation of phytoplankton or zoopiankton
Loss of fish or wildlife habitat
Nearshore
I
P
U
U
U
I
H
U
I
L
L
O
I
L
U
I
Mains tern
I
P
U
I
P
I
H
I
I
P
N/A
I
I
L
U
I
French Creek
P
L
U
I
L
L
L
I
N/A
P
N/A
O
I
L
U
I
East Branch
L
L
U
I
L
L
L
I
N/A
I
P
O
I
L
U
I
West Branch
L
L
U
I
L
L
L
I
N/A
I
P
0
I
L
U
I
I = Impaired; H = High Potential; P = Potential; L = Low Potential; U = Unknown; O = Occasional; N/A = Not Applicable
are currently underway, the BRCC expects to focus its efforts on priority activities and provide
progress reports on the RAP as it develops.
Progress and Achievements
Many remedial actions occurred in the Black River Basin prior to the formation of the RAP
committee in 1991. A significant milestone in cleanup efforts occurred in 1990 with the removal
of contaminated river sediments by USS/KOBE Steel Company. These remedial actions by point
sources were found to have a positive impact on aquatic life in the lower watershed during the
1992 Ohio EPA Intensive Survey. The results of this survey provided the basis for the major
findings in the Stage 1 Report. Following are examples of actions taken to improve the Black
River. These achievements and others will be further identified in Stage 2 progress reports.
Sewer Discharge Controls and Improvements
• Elyria - Since 1985, over $65 million has been spent on treatment plant upgrades/expansions
from 32,172 to 49,205 m3/d (8.5 to 13.0 MOD) and the extension of the West Side Interceptor.
Dechlorination was added as part of the treatment process at the wastewater treatment plant
(WWTP). The extension of the West Side Interceptor along with other relief sewer projects have
decreased the frequency and severity of combined and separate sewer overflows (CSO/SSO) in
the service area. Also contributing to decreases in CSO/SSO discharges are lift station
improvements ($750,000) and an aggressive sewer rehabilitation/joint sealing program which
costs over $225,000 annually.
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• Lorain - Lorain completed construction of a new WWTP on the west side in 1988, The new
20,440 m3/d (5.4 MGD) plant discharges directly to Lake Erie and was designed to reduce
loadings to the east plant which discharges to the Black River at its mouth. The City has
contracted with a consulting firm for $20,000 to determine further measures to eliminate
CSO/SSO discharges.
• Improvements were made to other municipal WWTPs in the Black River Basin in 1987-1988.
These include Oberlin ($4.3 million), Grafton ($1.8 million), and Lagrange ($560,000).
Stormwater and Other Nonpoint Source Improvements
• $200,000 in Federal funding was awarded to farmers in the Black River Basin in 1992 and
applied towards equipment buy downs, installation of buffer strips, and conservation tillage/cover
crop measures. Over $10 million in low interest loan funds is being requested by basin farmers
to continue expansion of conservation measures over a 20-year period. As part of the loan
application process, a watershed management plan for the agricultural community is being
developed.
• In 1993, the Lorain Soil and Water Conservation District received over $150,000 in a grant
from the Great Lakes National Program Office for an agricultural wetland/habitat restoration
project along Charlemont Creek in the upper watershed of the basin. This is a joint project with
input and support of the Black River RAP, Lorain County Metropolitan Park District, Oberlin
College, Ohio Department of Natural Resources - Division of Wildlife, and Pheasants Forever.
• Over $200,000 from U.S. EPA was awarded to Ohio EPA to conduct Total Maximum Daily
Load Studies (TMDL) in the Black River Basin. The TMDL process will be utilized to further
identify the impacts of point and nonpoint sources of pollution.
Contaminated Sediment
• In 1990, the USS/KOBE Steel Company removed over 38,230 m3 of PAH-contaminated
sediments from the Black River mainstem in the areas of the former coke plant outfall (coke
production was ceased in 1983). These sediments were placed in a secure landfill on USS/KOBE
property. Sediment sampling conducted by U.S. EPA in 1992 revealed minor levels of PAH
contamination remaining in the area.
• U.S. Army Corps Engineers annually dredge sections of the navigation channel in the lower
section of the mainstem and harbor area. Dredged material is placed in the Confined Disposal
Facility located near the mouth of the river next to the International Marina.
• In 1992, a $98,000 grant was received from the Lake Erie Protection Fund to conduct a 3-year
study of tumor levels in brown bullhead, following up on previous studies in the 1980s. Initial
results indicate that tumor levels are decreasing after an initial rise in response to the 1990
sediment dredging.
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Stream Monitoring
• In 1992, the Ohio EPA conducted an Intensive Survey of the Black River watershed at a cost
of over $500,000. Fish tissue, fish and macroinvertebrate communities, and water and sediment
quality were studied. The final report was issued in 1994 and concluded that aquatic
communities are improving significantly in the mainstem area due to point source improvements.
Aquatic communities in the upper watershed appear to be impacted by nonpoint sources and
sedimentation.
• Friends of the Black River established a volunteer monitoring program in 1991 to monitor water
chemistry and stream conditions at over a dozen sites throughout the basin.
• In 1993, the BRCC funded a $5,000 study of dry weather bacteria levels in the Black River
basin. This study will be used to determine how widespread fecal coliform contamination is in
the area and provide comparisons to wet weather data.
• Students of Oberlin College and members of the Friends of the Black River were trained in
Ohio EPA's Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) methodology. QHEI information from
stream segments in the basin will be utilized to determine areas where habitat problems are of
concern.
Resource Improvements
• Since 1991, Friends of the Black River have conducted numerous cleanups in sections of the
Black River. Volunteers have constructed and maintained the Two Falls Trail area in Cascade
Park, as well as removing literally tons of trash and debris. In 1993, they co-sponsored the first
annual underwater cleanup of the harbor and beach areas.
• The Lorain County Metroparks completed construction of a 5.6 km bridgeway trail in the new
Black River Reservation. The Grand Opening and dedication ceremonies were held in the spring
of 1994.
• In 1993, the Lorain Port Authority received over $750,000 in federal and local funding to
construct a fishing pier along the north edge of the Confined Disposal Facility in the
marina/harbor area.
Public Information and Education
• Friends of the Black River was organized in 1991 to support the RAP process and to provide
education and involvement opportunities to the general public. It has developed a slide show
program and display materials that have been exhibited at many community fairs and events.
A Black River school curriculum was developed and is available to area schools to provide
information on their valuable resource. Monthly meetings and newsletters provide information
to over 150 members.
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• Seventh Generation, a nonprofit organization, was established in 1993 to house and operate the
Friends of the Black River, Lorain County Beautiful, Lorain County Free Tree Program,
Recycling and Litter Education, and a Pollution Prevention Program (which received a $60,000
grant from the Ohio Environmental Education Fund). Seventh Generation has produced a RAP
display, sponsored a Family Day to provide information on making homes environmental
friendly, started a litter and recycling speakers bureau, and a household hazardous waste hotline.
• BRCC sponsored a series of public meetings in late 1993/early 1994 to gather comment on the
findings of the Stage 1 Report which will be incorporated into the final report.
Human Health Issues
• The Lorain County General Health District began a long-term health effects study of Lake Erie
charter boat captains and their families in 1993. This project is being coordinated in conjunction
with the American Toxic Substance Disease Registry. It is expected that this study will provide
human health impact information that will be of benefit to several RAP areas.
• In 1993, the BRCC granted over $4,000 to Oberlin College to conduct a fish and wildlife
consumption survey in the Black River Basin. Results of this study are expected in 1994.
Outlook
The Stage 1 Report was submitted to the International Joint Commission in 1994 for comment.
The BRCC is expected to focus on Stage 2 goals and develop a means of effectively reporting
and celebrating implementation measures. Habitat restoration projects are expected to be
identified and initiated as funding is obtained. Other early action items include: expanding
pollution prevention activities, intensifying existing home septic tank management programs,
enhancing on-going erosion control initiatives in agricultural areas, and actively supporting the
continuation of public awareness-building programs. A work plan is currently being established
for a $37,500 U.S. EPA grant to the BRCC. Research and studies conducted in 1993 will be
reviewed and incorporated in future reports.
Seventh Generation plans to continue to expand its public education and stream cleanup program.
A storm sewer stenciling project is being planned, as well as a river bank restoration project, in
the Lorain County Metroparks Black River Reservation.
Ohio EPA plans to conduct further fish tissues studies in the Black River mainstem in 1994.
Results of these studies will be utilized in determining the possibility of modifying the current
fish consumption advisory.
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Contact persons:
Kelvin Rogers
RAP Coordinator
Ohio EPA, Northeast District Office
2110 East Aurora Road
Twinsburg, Ohio 44087
(216) 487-0769
Ken Pearce
Chair, BRCC
9880 South Murray Ridge Road
Elyria, Ohio 44035
(216) 322-6367
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Use Impairments and Causes
The Cuyahoga River in Cleveland, Ohio is known as a "working river" and has historically been
one of the most polluted tributaries in the Great Lakes Basin. Although the river itself is only
160 km long, its watershed covers 2,100 km2 and supports 1.6 million people. In the 1960s, the
Cuyahoga River was described as a "virtual waste treatment lagoon" when it received national
notoriety for catching on fire. Even though there have been substantial improvements in
controlling conventional sources of pollution, further efforts are needed to address combined
sewer overflows (CSOs), urban runoff, severe dissolved oxygen depletion, and loss of habitat.
A summary of current use impairments is presented in the table on the following page.
Status of the RAP Process
In 1988, the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established the Cuyahoga River RAP
Coordinating Committee (CCC) to provide local, state, and federal public agencies, industries,
and citizen groups an opportunity to participate fully in a partnership in all aspects of RAP
development and implementation. The CCC is comprised of 33 stakeholders representing a
variety of interests. Most of the Stage 1 planning was carried out by four committees: Steering
Committee, Technical Committee, Community Involvement Committee, and a Plan Drafting
Committee. The Plan Drafting Committee used six technical subcommittees to synthesize data
and information. The Stage 1 RAP was completed in 1992 with the full endorsement of the
CCC.
With the encouragement of Ohio EPA, the
CCC created a nonprofit organization called
the Cuyahoga River Community Planning
Organization (CRCPO) to support the goals of
the RAP with additional resources for
planning, and to develop and support programs
on public involvement, education, and
research. Operating expenses for 1991 and
1992 totalled $252,000.
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
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Cuyahoga River Use Impairments
(as deHned in the Stage I RAP)
Human Health
Restrictions on fish consumption
Restrictions on wildlife consumption
Restrictions on drinking water, or taste and odor problems
Fish
Degraded fish populations
Fish tumors or other deformities
Loss of fish habitat
Ohio Edison Dam to Head
of Navigation Channel
U
U
U
Navigation
Channel
U
U
N/A
I
S
NI
I
I
I
Nearshore Area
I
U
N/A
U
I
P
Wildlife
Degraded wildlife populations
Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems
Loss of wildlife habitat
Aquatic Organisms (other than fish)
Degraded phyloplankton populations
Degraded zooplankton populations
Degradation of benthos
Recreation
Beach closings; swimming
Boating impairments
U
U
S
U
U
I
U
U
S
P
U
S
P
U
P
P
U
I
IP
IP
Socto-Economic Factors
Degradation of aesthetics; including recreation impairments
Restrictions on dredging activities
Eutrophication or undesirable algae
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavor
I
NI
U
U
IP
IP
I
S
P
U
IP
IP
I
I
I
U
I = Impaired; NI = Not Impaired; P = Possibly Impaired; U = Unknown; S = Impaired in Some Places; N/A = Not Applicable; IP =
Impaired Periodically
This community-based planning process is now being used to develop a Stage 2 RAP. Overall
direction is provided by the CCC and Steering Committee, in cooperation with the CRCPO. The
efforts of the Community Involvement and Technical Committees are now being complemented
with Stage 2 Work Groups on land uses and institutional management, stormwater management,
wildlife and habitat restoration, education/pollution prevention, recreation/access, human health
issues, and a separate work group to update the Stage 1 RAP. A first draft of the Stage 2 RAP
is planned for December 1995.
Progress and Achievements
Through the efforts of the CCC, CRCPO, Ohio EPA, and other stakeholders, considerable
resources, technical support, and volunteer efforts have been amassed for RAP development and
implementation. Considerable progress and numerous benefits have resulted. Presented below
are highlights of progress and achievements.
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Elevated Bacteria Levels
• Under the auspices of the RAP, an ad hoc group of health officials and wastewater treatment
managers developed a brochure in 1993 to advise beach-goers of the potential health risks from
elevated bacteria levels. Cleveland Lakefront State Parks and the Cuyahoga County Board of
Health are distributing these brochures.
• The Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District completed a $4 million study of the CSO situation
in Cleveland. A master plan for the reduction of CSOs has been completed and is now under
review.
• The City of Akron has also undertaken a study of combined sewers within its jurisdiction.
Results and a strategy for reduction are expected shortly.
• The Cuyahoga Board of Health passed legislation enabling an annual fee to be collected from
homeowners with septic systems. In the first year, the Board of Health collected over 80% of
the permit applications and fees due. They have launched an aggressive inspection and
management process of the 18,000 systems in the County. Success is attributed to a broad
sweeping education program sponsored by the Board which preceded the enactment of the new
legislation.
Fish Tissue Contamination
• The Cuyahoga River RAP has just completed three years of research on the levels of
contaminants found in the flesh of Cuyahoga River and Lake Erie fish. This research was
undertaken to address a significant unknown in the Cuyahoga RAP planning process.
- The research was a major collaborative effort Under the direction of the RAP, the CRCPO
served as the fiscal agent for this project. Resources for collection and analysis of samples,
and interpretation of results, were supplied by the City of Akron, Cuyahoga County Board of
Health, Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area, Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District,
Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Ohio EPA, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. This
project benefited from substantial volunteers, including approximately 1,500 person hours in
sample collection and an equal number of hours in meetings and data analysis. Cost of
chemical analyses was over $189,000, with wages, equipment, supplies, and data analysis costs
nearly equaling chemical analyses.
- Contaminant analyses were performed on composite samples of fish fillets to assess probable
risk to human health.
- Fish were collected from five sites in the Cuyahoga River between Akron and Cleveland,
and from three sites in Lake Erie along the Cleveland shoreline. All eight sites were defined
in the RAP and are in the Area of Concern. During 1989, 1990, and 1992, 370 fish (14
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species) were collected, yielding 95 composite samples which were analyzed for 130
contaminants of greatest concern.
- Of the 130 fish contaminants analyzed, 27 contaminants were detected. These included: 3
PCB mixtures, 11 pesticide compounds, 7 volatile organic compounds, and 6 heavy metals.
Of the contaminants found, PCBs are recognized as the contaminant posing the most
significant risk to human health in the Great Lakes Region. PCBs were detected in 77
composite samples at varying levels, including samples from the reference sites (i.e. one site
on the upper Cuyahoga River in Shalersville, one site on the Chagrin River, and two Lake
Erie sites - Lakewood and Eastlake). The research found that levels of PCBs in river and lake
fish are significantly higher than those in fish taken from the river reference sites.
Contaminant levels in fish from lake reference sites were similar to river Area of Concern
levels. Despite bans and phase-out plans, PCBs persist in the environment because they are
relatively insoluble in water and resistant to biological degradation.
- A comparison of these Area of Concern fish contaminant data with data from U.S. EPA's
National Study of Chemical Residues in Fish revealed that, in general, concentrations of
contaminants detected in fish from the Area of Concern were similar to levels in fish collected
at over 100 urban, agriculture, and industrial areas across the nation.
- Both the Cuyahoga RAP research and U.S. EPA's National Study frequently detected
pesticides, many of which have been banned in the United States. Methoxychlor, heptachlor
epoxide, and endrin were three pesticide compounds found in Area of Concern fish at levels
generally higher than national levels. Where a national standard or guideline has been set for
these contaminants, Area of Concern fish did not exceed these levels. Other pesticide
compounds in Area of Concern fish were generally lower than national levels.
- Mercury was detected in all Area of Concern and reference site samples, and 95% of all fish
analyzed in U.S. EPA's National Study. Yet, the samples from the Cuyahoga RAP reference
sites, as well as the National Study reference sites, had mercury concentrations generally
slightly higher than mercury concentrations in the samples from the Cuyahoga Area of
Concern and National Study impacted sites. This may be explained by the fact that the
predominant sources of mercury in surface waters are not point source discharges directly to
water, but natural or atmospheric sources. Mercury occurs naturally and is emitted from fossil
fuel combustion (considered a significant anthropogenic source of mercury to the
environment).
• The Ohio Department of Health reviewed the data and issued a fish consumption advisory for
the river from the Ohio Edison Dam to Lake Erie. This is the first time a fish advisory has been
issued for the Cuyahoga River, but it does not suggest the river is getter worse. It is the first
time enough fish tissue information was available to assess for an advisory. It also reflects the
use of new, more stringent guidelines for issuance of advisories.
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Stormwater Management
• The Cuyahoga Valley Communities Council sponsored a workshop for local elected officials
in 1993 to provide information on stormwater control to improve water quality. The workshop
promoted a model ordinance for stormwater control and sediment erosion which was prepared
by the district conservationist for Cuyahoga County.
Habitat Enhancement
• The Cuyahoga RAP Habitat Work Group undertook a survey of highly eroding sites along the
mainstem of the Cuyahoga River in the Area of Concern. Approximately 25 sites were
identified. The Work Group is now seeking opportunities to revegetate these areas. Ohio
Department of Natural Resources and Cleveland Metroparks are teaming up on a willow post
project at one site. The Cuyahoga County Soil and Water Conservation District has received
funds to do a restoration project at a second site. Several other projects are in progress.
Recreation and Access
• In 1993, 35 km of trail following the Cuyahoga River along the canal towpath within the
National Park boundaries were completed. An additional 10 km to the north are to be completed
by the Cleveland Metroparks during 1994, taking the trail to the industrialized section of the river
at the head of the navigation channel. Several more kilometers to the south are in construction,
where the trail will connect with existing trails in downtown Akron and along the river in
Cuyahoga Falls to the Ohio Edison Dam. A trail roughly 72 km long will connect Akron to
Cleveland along the Cuyahoga River.
• A River Use Management Plan is nearing completion by the National Park Service. A series
of access points for canoes and other small craft is being developed. A system for warning
potential boaters when bacteria levels are elevated is also being developed.
• Cleveland Metroparks is looking at a possible small craft access point at the head of the
navigation channel, extending the boatable stretch of river 10 km downstream of the National
Park boundary, just to the head of the navigation channel.
Education
• The RAP continues its Cuyahoga Caravan each year, attracting 150 people to tours of
wastewater treatment and water treatment facilities, and unique sites along the river. A
semiannual newsletter produced by the RAP has a distribution of 5,000.
• Major accomplishments of the Public Involvement Coordinator in this past year include
outreach, events participation, public awareness and cleanup events, speakers bureau, storm drain
stencilling, and media relations. New staff support has been funded for the development of
community information and education tools.
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• The Friends of the Crooked River will host their fifth annual RiverDay on May 7, 1994. Over
600 people are expected to participate in any of 40 events along the river, such as cleanups,
nature walks, canoe trips, history talks, and video viewing. RiverDay is entirely a volunteer
event and has earned presidential awards in previous years.
• The Friends of the Crooked River received a grant from the Ohio EPA to produce a
professional video on the Cuyahoga River. Completed is early 1994, the video is 28 minutes in
length and documents the history of the river, reports on its current status, and addresses ongoing
strategies to continue its improvement. Over 200 copies have been sold to date.
Outlook
The Stage 2 RAP work plan in being implemented and is on schedule. The Stage 2 work plan
mobilizes the work groups and calls for production of three products: 1) a lead-off plan that
summarizes voluntary efforts, in progress or planned, to address Stage 1 problems; 2) an update
to the Stage 1 report that addresses gaps in the initial problem assessment; and 3) a
comprehensive Stage 2 RAP.
The Stage 2 work groups are addressing priority concerns for remediation identified in the Stage
1 report. The work groups incorporate a public outreach component in the development of
remedial options - early in the Stage 2 process. Their purpose is to frame recommendations for
the Stage 2 RAP and assist in identifying and mobilizing actions for the lead-off plan.
The RAP continues its aggressive efforts at community involvement. The Community
Involvement Committee developed a strategy for public involvement which guides the work of
a Public Information Coordinator.
The RAP continues an intensive technical collaboration among RAP stakeholders, Ohio EPA,
Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency (NOACA), the Cuyahoga Valley National
Recreation Area, Cuyahoga Planning Commission, the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District,
the City of Akron, and others. NOACA provides planning, administrative, and secretariat support
to the RAP process.
The CRCPO has received commitments from three local foundations for operating support -
$175,000 has been pledged through 1995 to support existing staff and add new staff. A second
full-time planner will come on board. In addition, a half-time education specialist will come on
board to augment the work of the half-time public involvement coordinator.
Current priority issues for the RAP include: habitat restoration, recreation, consumption of
contaminated fish, and elevated bacteria levels. As the RAP focusses on these priority issues,
RAP participants continue the important function of educating resource management agencies,
as well as the general public, about opportunities to reduce sources of pollution.
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Contact persons:
Bob Wysenksi John Becker or Mary Beth Binns, CRCPO
Ohio EPA NOACA
2110 Aurora Road Atrium Plaza
Twinsburg, OH 44087 668 Euclid Avenue
(216) 963-1161 Cleveland, OH 44114-3000
(216) 241-2414 ext. 250 or 253
Virginia Aveni, Public Participation contact Elaine Marsh, President
Cuyahoga County Planning Commission Friends of the Crooked River
323 Lakeside Avenue West, Suite 400 2390 Kensington Rd.
Cleveland, OH 44113-1009 Akron, OH 44313
(216) 443-3700 (216) 666-4026
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(ASHT
RIVER)
Use Impairments and Causes
The Ashtabula River lies in northeast Ohio, flowing into Lake Erie's central basin at the City of
Ashtabula. Its drainage basin covers an area of 355 km2, with 23 km2 in western Pennsylvania.
Major tributaries include Fields Brook, Hubbard Run, and Ashtabula Creek. Ashtabula is the only
significant urban center in the watershed, with an estimated population over 21,600. There is
concentrated industrial development around Fields Brook and east of the river mouth. The rest
of the drainage basin is predominantly rural and agricultural. From the 1940s through the late
1970s, unregulated discharges and mismanagement of hazardous waste caused Ashtabula river
sediments to become seriously contaminated and to degrade biological communities. Regular
dredging is prevented due to elevated levels of contaminants in sediments, making river
navigation nearly impossible for ships and difficult for pleasure craft. Since 1983, a fish
consumption advisory for all species has been posted for the lower 3.2 km of the Ashtabula
River. Use impairments identified in the Stage 1 RAP report are presented in the table below.
Status of the RAP Process
The Stage 1 Report identifying the extent of the Ashtabula River pollution problems was
accepted by the International Joint Commission (IJC) in 1992. In its review, the IJC recognized
the value of Ashtabula's proactive bottom-up approach to RAP development and the significant
cooperation among stakeholders from local industry, marina interests, city and county
governments, and the interested public.
Ashtabula River Use Impairments
I = Impaired
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Fish tumors or other deformities
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
I
I
I
I
I
RAP STATUS
• Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
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The Ashtabula RAP Advisory Council was formed in 1988 in partnership with Ohio
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to provide strategic planning for future remedial actions
throughout the Area of Concern. The Ashtabula River RAP institutional framework is a non-
formal structure, comprised of a 25-member RAP Advisory Council that meets bimonthly and
acts as a decision-making body for all RAP activities. In addition, a technical subcommittee
meets bimonthly to discuss various planning and implementation strategies. Agencies and
organizations that directly contribute to the RAP include the Ashtabula Soil and Water
Conservation District, Ohio Sea Grant, angler groups, marina operators, Port industries, local
governments, local economic development offices, and Kent State University. Stage 2 progress
is being tracked via quarterly Ohio EPA reports and RAP newsletters, consistent press coverage,
and annual progress reports.
Progress and Achievements
The RAP process continues to enjoy much cooperation among industrial, academic, governmental
and public stakeholders. Numerous investigations and public involvement activities have either
been completed or are ongoing, as identified below.
Contaminated Sediment
Although no full-scale environmental cleanup has occurred yet to remediate contaminated
sediments, several recent activities are described below.
• To improve river navigation prior to environmental cleanup, an interim dredging project was
completed in 1993. Shallow areas between the upper turning basin and the 5th Street bridge
were dredged. A small amount of non-toxic sediment (approximately 23,000 m3) was removed
with a closed clamshell dredge and deposited in a rehabilitated confined disposal facility (CDF)
adjacent to the river. After three years, the dewatered sediments will be disposed upland and the
old CDF will be allowed to develop into wetland habitat. Preliminary results from all surface
grab sediment samples showed PCB concentrations less than 3-4 mg/kg.
• A full-scale outer harbor dredging project is scheduled for 1998. Preliminary results of outer
harbor sediments sampled at 15 locations indicate that PCB concentrations remain below 1
mg/kg. A recent change in a federal cost-sharing requirement for a CDF may limit future harbor
maintenance options.
• A pilot-scale field demonstration project is evaluating a thermal desorption process for
contaminated sediment remediation under U.S. EPA's Assessment and Remediation of
Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) Program. ARCS is also conducting cost feasibility studies for
potential application of a thermal stripping technology process to remediate river sediments.
• U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was in Ashtabula during the winter of 1994 to monitor and
gauge ice movement in the river. This was in response to a survey of local residents about river
areas likely to scour from ice build-up and spring thaw events. Ultimately, the Corps plans to
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develop a workplan for a sediment transport model and monitoring to predict effects from
scouring.
Combined Sewer and Discharge Improvements
• Under a renewed permit, the Ashtabula municipal wastewater treatment plant is scheduled to
submit an updated combined sewer overflow (CSO) plan in 1994. The revised CSO plan must
maximize flow to the plant for treatment, provide maximum use of storage collection prior to
allowing overflows, and prohibit dry-weather overflows.
• At least two CSOs which discharge to Ashtabula Harbor were eliminated during 1993. Several
connections to the sanitary sewer system are scheduled for separation during 1994-1995.
• Discussion is underway regarding a SCM plant(s) #1 and #2 proposal to discharge
approximately 19,000 m3/d (5 MOD) of total dissolved solids to Lake Erie instead of Fields
Brook. A variance for total dissolved solids and toxicity was granted on Fields Brook only for
an interim until water quality standards could be met by moving the SCM discharge to Lake Erie.
• Two major discharges to Fields Brook ceased operations recently.
• A $3.5 million wastewater treatment project to collect and treat stormwater runoff and
groundwater prior to discharge to Fields Brook was completed in 1992 by the Occidental
Chemical Corporation.
Public Involvement and Education
• Several videos, a slide show, and three public service announcements about the river were
produced by local businesses for the RAP Advisory Council. During 1993, an estimated 1,008
cable television spots of the three public service announcements were shown to an audience
within a 160 km radius of the Area of Concern. A RAP factsheet, prepared by Ohio Sea Grant,
is updated regularly as new events and activities warrant changes.
• A RAP Speakers Bureau holds radio interviews and provides both slide and video presentations
to area schools, City Council, civic groups, service clubs and local economic development offices
about water quality in the Area of Concern and the status of the RAP process.
• A portable table display, used by speakers at RAP workshops, local festivals, health fairs,
fishing symposiums, and many other local events, depicts the status and process of the Ashtabula
RAP.
• In 1989, the Ashtabula City Council passed a resolution creating a boat dock tax to be used for
river improvements and as potential local match money to leverage state or federal funding
sources for river dredging.
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• Since 1990, RAP members have worked together with State litter prevention staff and county
workers in conducting annual shoreline sweep events at beaches along the Ashtabula River and
Lake nearshore area.
• In 1993, the RAP Council collaborated with the Ashtabula Yacht Club (AYC) in joint
sponsorship of an annual Lake Erie Coast week sailboat race. Thirteen flags with both RAP and
AYC logos were awarded as race prizes.
» A RAP brochure was revised in 1993, incorporating information about the interim dredging
project and listing specific ways for the public to participate in the RAP process.
• Members of the RAP Advisory Council and the Ashtabula County Rod and Reel Association
sponsored a fish fry and press conference in 1993. Billed as a "regrettable event", the fish fry
commemorated the 10-year fish consumption advisory on the lower river. Invitees included the
marina operators, harbor realtors, charter fishing captains, Port industries, and government
officials. A "bass in the formal costume" greeted guests and recited a poem about living among
contaminated sediments. Two local newspapers, and one television and radio station, provided
news coverage of the event. An estimated fifty-five attendees were apprised of the Area of
Concern.
• A $36,000 grant request was submitted to the Ohio Environmental Education Fund in 1993 for
development of a multi-media teaching module, using Ashtabula River as a case study. Requests
for matching funds to finance video consultant fees were also made to 5 local foundations.
• During 1993, Ohio Sea Grant and the RAP members conducted two local surveys of 101
residents and 421 anglers and boaters at the Ashtabula Rod and Reel Fishing Symposium. The
survey results show respondents favored by more than 3 to 1 remedial dredging (from bank to
Bedrock) to cleanup the lower river. At least 50 percent of the respondents favored disposal of
contaminated sediments from the river in the Ashtabula County. In addition, the residents and
symposium respondents indicated their willingness to pay an average of $42.58 and $36.70 per
year for river cleanup, respectively.
Outlook
The RAP Advisory Council continues to work on its Stage 2 plan to design effective remedies
to restore beneficial uses. It is seriously exploring application procedures for establishing a
nonprofit corporation and other means of securing tax-exempt status. It is expected that tax-
exempt status may enable the RAP to successfully compete in the future for funding from various
granting agencies and foundations.
The RAP Technical Committee has met with U.S. EPA - Region V staff to discuss possible
Superfund designation for the lower river, as part of the Fields Brook Superfund site. U.S. EPA
documents an estimated 90% of contamination in the lower river stems from Fields Brook. U.S.
EPA has offered to forego a Superfund designation for now, while the RAP Advisory Council
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considers a partnership cleanup approach and a multi-use disposal site combining Ashtabula
River, Fields Brook, and outer harbor sediments. A multilateral Indiana Harbor cleanup plan,
featuring a multi-use disposal site, was cited by U.S. EPA as a model for an Ashtabula River
cleanup. A lengthy list of existing and additional parties and funding authorities is being
compiled. A kick-off meeting was held in spring 1994 where partners explored mutual levels of
interest and commitment to river cleanup, and assessed their collective abilities to offer technical
and financial resources for future remedial actions.
Contact persons:
Natalie Farber Carl Anderson Leonard Eames
RAP Coordinator RAP Co-Chair RAP Co-Chair
Ohio EPA P.O. Box 1049 2916 Fairview Drive 2000 Great Lakes Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43216-1049 Ashtabula, Ohio 44004 Ashtabula, Ohio 44004
(614) 644-2143 (216) 998-1969 (216) 997-5060
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PRESQUE ISLE BAY
ERIE, PENNSYLVANIA
Use Impairments and Causes
Presque Isle Bay is located in the northwest comer of Pennsylvania on the southern shore of
Lake Erie. It is the oldest U.S. harbor on the Great Lakes and has a low inflow to volume ratio,
resulting in a relatively slow "flushing time" of 2.5 years. The Presque Isle Bay watershed is
approximately 65 km2, with 80% urban land use and 20% rural land use. Recent work on
sediments and brown bullheads in the Area of Concern indicates that PAHs are the major
pollutants of concern, and heavy metal contamination secondary. Use impairments are identified
in the box in the lower left corner.
Status of the RAP Process
In 1991, the U.S. Department of State designated Presque Isle Bay as the 43rd Area of Concern
under the terms of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. A Stage 1 RAP was prepared by
the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources (PADER), with the assistance of the
Presque Isle Bay Public Advisory Committee (PAC) to identify use impairments in the Bay,
sources of pollution, and information gaps. PADER has the primary responsibility of preparing
the RAP in accordance with the Great Lakes Critical Programs Act of 1990. The role of the
PAC is to create an opportunity for community involvement so that consensus can be reached
among conflicting interests and to allow advice to be given to PADER on RAP-related activities.
The PAC also provides PADER with the means to quickly and efficiently disseminate
information to a wide audience. The RAP was
completed and submitted to the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for
Presque Isle Bay Use Impairments
I = Impaired U = Under assessment
Fish tumors or other deformities
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Restrictions on body contact recreation (for mouth of Mill
Creek only)
RAP STATUS
• Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
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review in January 1993 and to the International Joint Commission (IJC) in July 1993. In
response to U.S. EPA and IJC comments, a report was published in 1994 to revise and update
various portions of the RAP and make corrections as needed. PADER will revise the RAP, at
least biennially, to ensure that it is as current as possible.
Progress and Achievements
Considerable progress has been made in updating the RAP, implementing remedial actions, and
performing monitoring. Presented below are highlights of activities that have been taken since
the RAP was first written.
Use Impairment Update
• As part of a 1992 brown bullhead study, fish flesh analyses were performed by Cornell College
of Veterinary Medicine. Results showed PCBs and pesticides to be below detection, and all
metals were below U.S. Food and Drug Administration standards. PADER is participating with
the other Great Lakes states to develop a fish consumption advisory strategy that can be adopted
basinwide.
• As a result of a mark-and-recapture study of brown bullheads, histological analyses, and tumor
regression studies undertaken in 1990-1992, it has been concluded that tumor promotion in brown
bullheads is related to a carcinogenic contaminant or contaminants. The presence of liver tumors
in 22% of the fish and the absence of a verifiable disease or virus supports this conclusion. Mill
Creek is a possible hot spot for PAH contamination.
• Using the "triad approach" recommended by U.S. EPA's Assessment and Remediation of
Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) program, 21 stations in the Bay will be sampled for bulk
chemistry, 10 stations will be assessed for sediment toxicity, and eight stations were sampled for
benthic community structure and composition in 1994. These data will be used to re-assess
degradation of benthos as a use impairment.
• Another sediment survey was performed in 1992 in which 21 stations were sampled for a broad
range of organic and heavy metal contaminants. Data from 1992 and 1994 sediment surveys, and
the ARCS program, will be used to determine the need for, and extent of, remedial actions. A
primary challenge it to determine whether sediment contamination is affecting biota, and if so,
the extent of the problem.
• A total and fecal coliform bacteria survey was performed in 1993 to provide data to assess the
restriction on body contact recreation. No exceedances of Pennsylvania's beach closing criteria
were found. Additional sampling will be performed in 1994.
• Phytoplankton and zooplankton toxicity testing was performed in 1992 and 1993. No adverse
effects on reproduction or growth were found. Plankton community structure data will be
collected during 1994.
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• Based on extensive water column and sediment sampling during 1992 and 1993, it has been
concluded that the main source of contaminants appears to be in-place sediments. Priority is now
being placed on assessment of contaminated sediments and evaluation of potential remedial
options, if necessary.
Addressing Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs)
• A 1989 Consent Decree between the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the City of Erie has
resulted in the imposition of a court ordered timeframe for the City to develop and implement
measures to reduce and eliminate CSOs to Presque Isle Bay from the Mill Creek system, as well
as a companion effort for the other Bay tributaries. Presented below is a summary of four of the
required actions and their current status.
1) Prevent known unpermitted dry weather discharges into the Mill Creek Tube (completed in
1991).
2) Formulate a study to determine the additional sources of pollution into the Mill Creek Tube
and alternatives for removal (a two-phase monitoring program was undertaken in 1991-1992;
a Dry Weather Mitigation Program is underway; several large domestic sewage sources have
been located and actions taken for their removal; following completion of the Dry Weather
Mitigation Program, wet weather pollutant sources must be addressed).
3) Formulate a study to include other sources of pollution (excluding Mill Creek Tube) entering
the Bay, its tributaries, and Lake Erie, and alternatives for removal (12 discharge locations
were sampled under the Other Sources of Pollution Study; the City has made measurable
progress in cleanup of the identified other sources).
4) Perform a comprehensive evaluation of existing and future sewage disposal needs of Erie and
tributary municipalities (an Official Sewage Plan Update for the City is being developed under
the Pennsylvania Sewage Facilities Act and is projected to be completed in 1994; surrounding
municipalities are updating their Official Sewage Plans through a joint task force with
PADER).
Other Investigations
• University research is underway to examine the effects of zebra mussels on plankton
populations in the Bay. The RAP needs to be cognizant of these findings and others as they
become available in order to better understand the effects of zebra mussels on conditions in the
Bay.
• The Erie County Planning Department received a grant in 1993 to investigate the effects of
boating on the Bay and to determine the boat carrying capacity.
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Outreach
• Emphasis is being placed on educating the general public as to the importance of the RAP, the
activities going on around them, and most importantly, the ways that they can become involved
and assist the RAP effort. Examples include: PADER, with the help of the PAC, is organizing
a public information committee; PADER is contracting with the Northwest Tri-County
Intermediate Unit to conduct training for teachers in environmental issues, with an emphasis on
Lake Erie and Presque Isle Bay; and an environmental curriculum for grades K-12 is under
development by the Benedictine Sisters' Glinodo Center to help create awareness for restoring
the Bay.
Outlook
Much has been accomplished in the last two years. Areas where data gaps were identified or
conclusions were unclear have received attention in the form of additional studies and evaluation.
To date, the U.S. EPA has provided over $300,000 in grants to pursue sediment, fish, and
plankton evaluations. In addition to funding, the U.S. EPA has provided technical advice and
will be sending the RV Mudpuppy to assist in sediment sampling in 1994. Additional fish
collections and tumor analyses are planned for 1994. A habitat enhancement project is being
planned for 1994 using an Adopt-A-Stream cooperative effort to construct coarse brush structures
within the Bay to provide cover for gamefish and panfish. PADER continues to provide support
and technical assistance for pollution prevention and source reduction. PADER intends to use
the practical approach of updating the RAP at least biennially to ensure the RAP is as current
as possible. Continued support from PAC members, municipal and county officials, PADER and
other state and federal employees, and concerned citizens will be needed to sustain the spirit of
cooperation and community that is needed to restore fully Presque Isle Bay.
Contact persons:
Kelly Burch, RAP Coordinator Jim Rozakis, PAC Chair
PADER, Northwest Regional Office PADER, Northwest Regional Office
1012 Water Street 1012 Water Street
Meadville, PA 16335 Meadville, PA 16335
(814) 332-6945 (814) 332-6945
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Wheatley
Harbour
Use Impairment and Causes
The Wheatley Harbour Area of Concern includes the harbor proper (as well as its upstream
wetlands and the Muddy Creek watershed). The harbor is used mainly by commercial fishing
operations. Historical problems centered around food processing discharges to the harbor.
Significant improvements have been made in wastewater treatment, yet bacterial contamination
and contaminated sediments remain concerns. Use impairments are identified in the box in the
lower left corner. Remaining issues include moderate levels of PCBs in harbor sediment,
elevated bacteria levels attributable to leaking septic systems in the watershed, and loss of fish
and wildlife habitat.
Status of the RAP Process
Federal and provincial agencies have reviewed extensively a draft Stage I report. The main
environmental concern raised in the draft Stage 1 report has been addressed and abated through
the installation of tertiary treatment at Omstead Foods (the main industrial discharger). A RAP
public consultation program has included periodic public meetings, communications through
newsletters, opportunities to review the RAP, and other opportunities to keep the area residents
informed and involved in the RAP process. Because of the unique situation in the Wheatley
Harbour Area of Concern (the principal source of environmental degradation has been
dramatically reduced), a joint Stage 1-2 Report will be produced in consultation with local
Wheatley Harbour Use Impairments
I = Impaired U = Under assessment
Fish tumors ot other deformities
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Eutrophication or undesirable algae
Restrictions on body contact recreation in harbor
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
U
U
I
U
U
I
RAP STATUS
• Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
eatoration of
Beneficial Uses
1,3.3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
136
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stakeholders, with full public input to provide support for implementation of the RAP, and for
delisting.
Progress and Achievements
Progress continues to be made in filling data and information gaps, understanding the nature and
causes of use impairments, and implementing remedial actions. A description of actions taken
to restore uses in Wheatley Harbour is presented below.
Contaminated Wildlife, Sediments, and Water
• A 1993 survey of young-of-the-year shiners (primarily common, but some spottail) at 4 sites
in and around Wheatley Harbour indicated that the PCBs and mercury measured in aquatic life
are a direct result of the contamination problems within Lake Erie and not associated with
sources around Wheatley Harbour.
• A Canadian Wildlife Services study on tree swallow eggs in Hillman Marsh (located adjacent
to the Wheatley Harbour) and Wheatley Harbour found similar PCB levels in egg samples,
indicating a lakewide problem for PCBs.
• Two options being considered for contaminated sediments include in-situ remediation and a "no
action" alternative (in which the contaminated sediments would be buried through natural
processes).
• Phenol analysis of water samples will be conducted to determine whether its presence is
produced naturally or by industry.
Abatement of Point Source Pollution
• Omstead Foods, the major industry in the community, recently upgraded their wastewater
treatment plant at a cost of over $5 million.
• Construction of a communal sewage treatment plant for Wheatley-Romney Township has
eliminated point source discharges to the harbor. This communal plant also services all
residential development on the east side of the harbor.
Resource Improvements
• Yellow perch has been removed from the 1993 Sportfish Guide consumption restrictions as the
level of mercury contamination fell below the provincial guideline.
• Students organized a cleanup of Muddy Creek wetlands and Wheatley Harbour in 1988.
• Development of a new park by the township has improved access to Lake Erie.
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Outlook
Controlling point source pollution has been a major accomplishment in the RAP process.
Attention still needs to be given to the problematic septic systems in the small watershed around
the harbor, low-level sediment contamination in the harbor, and the possibility of protecting
Muddy Creek wetlands under local zoning. The joint Stage 1-2 Report is scheduled for
completion by the end of 1995.
Contact person:
Doug Huber, RAP Coordinator
Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy
Southwestern Region
London Regional Office
985 Adelaide Street South
London, Ontario N6E 1V3
(519) 661-2200
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Buffalo River Remedial Action Plan
Use Impairments and Causes
The Buffalo River Area of Concern is located in the City of Buffalo in western New York State
and extends approximately 10 km from the mouth of the river to the east and discharges into
Lake Erie near the head of the Niagara River. The Area of Concern is regarded as the "impact
area" while the "source area" has been defined as the Buffalo River Watershed. The Buffalo
River and its sediments have been impaired by past industrial and municipal discharges and
disposal of waste. A known source of use impairments is the contaminated bottom sediments,
with other probable sources being inactive hazardous waste sites, combined sewer overflows
(CSOs), and other point and nonpoint sources of pollution. Fishing and survival of aquatic life
within the Area of Concern have been impaired by PCBs, chlordane, and PAHs. Fish and
wildlife habitat have been degraded by navigational dredging of the river and by bulkheading and
other alterations of the shoreline. Low dissolved oxygen and DDT are likely causes of aquatic
life degradation, but they have not yet been definitively established as such. In addition, metals
and cyanides in the sediment prevent open lake disposal of bottom sediments dredged from the
river. Use impairments are identified in the lower left comer.
Status of the RAP Process
The Buffalo River RAP process is a working partnership between the New York State
Department of Environmental Conservation
(NYSDEC) staff, the Buffalo River Citizens'
Buffalo River Use Impairments
I = Impaired L = Likely
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavor
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Fish tumors or other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
L
L
I
L
I
I
I
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
estoration of
Beneficial Uses
1.2,3 = RAP
report* tubmltUd
to IJC
139
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Committee (BRCC) and its work groups. BRCC was established by NYSDEC in 1987 and is
representative of community, environmental, sportspeople, and local government leaders.
Together, NYSDEC staff and members of the BRCC compose a steering committee to develop
project workplans and outline responsibilities for key RAP tasks. The RAP was completed in
1989 as a working document. NYSDEC uses the RAP as a management document to guide and
coordinate remedial actions by various concerned groups for an improved federal, state and local
partnership. A Remedial Advisory Committee was formed in 1990 to assist NYSDEC in RAP
implementation. Friends of the Buffalo River, a nonprofit organization, and the Buffalo River
Study Group also provide support for RAP activities. Annual reports have been issued since
1991 to update commitments, track implementation, and celebrate accomplishments.
Progress and Achievements
The Buffalo River RAP has been developed to be consistent with, and complementary, to other
planning efforts in the area. Efforts are focused in six major areas (i.e. stream water quality
monitoring, bottom sediments, inactive hazardous waste sites, municipal and industrial wastewater
facilities, CSOs, and fish and wildlife habitat) and are guided by a recommended remedial
strategy. Highlights of accomplishments and commitments made to date follow.
Stream Water Quality Monitoring
• A flow activated sampling station at Ohio Street was established by NYSDEC to collect
samples during high flow events. Measurements were also made at a station at the upper end of
the Area of Concern. Contaminant loadings are being compared and tracked.
• Computer modelling is underway to ascertain the causes of low dissolved oxygen based upon
extensive monitoring by NYSDEC to determine upstream, bottom sediment, and other sources
of oxygen demand.
Bottom Sediments
• A review and analysis of previous sediment transport modelling on the Buffalo River was made
and requirements for sediment model improvements were developed by a contractor for
NYSDEC.
• A sediment dynamics model of the Buffalo River has been developed by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency under the Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated
Sediments Program. This model will allow predictions of sediment scour and deposition under
a variety of flow conditions in the Area of Concern.
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has been working for several years on developing and
validating tests and associated acceptance criteria that would allow decisions to be made relative
to contaminated sediments. Following development of this methodology, NYSDEC will apply
it to Buffalo River sediments.
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Inactive Hazardous Sites
• Phase I Site Investigations: All Phase I studies (i.e. existing data accumulation and assessment)
for 37 sites in the Buffalo River Basin have been completed by NYSDEC.
• Phase II Site Investigations: Phase II investigations to obtain additional data for site assessments
were completed in 1992-93 at Stocks Pond, Dresser Industries, Clinton-Bailey, and Tifft-Hopkin
sites, and are underway at the ENRX site.
• Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Studies (RI/FS): RI/FS are ongoing at the Niagara
Transformer and ARO Corporation sites and will be completed in 1994.
• Remedial Design: A remedial design for the Union Road and Buffalo Color Sites will be
completed in 1994.
• Remedial Action: A remedial waste removal action is underway at the Bern Metal site and
remedial construction action is underway at the Madison Wire site.
Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Facilities
• NYSDEC has reviewed self-monitoring reports from dischargers, inspected facilities in
operation, and independently sampled effluent to check on the validity of self-monitoring data.
General compliance with permit requirements has been maintained.
Combined Sewer Overflows
• The Buffalo Sewer Authority has undertaken an evaluation of initial model development and
testing. Model adjustment and refinement has been completed. Selected simulations have been
run to assess main interceptor system conditions and alternative operational schemes. The CSO
model will be applied on a sub-basin level to assess flow conveyance capability and the potential
for enhanced in-system storage.
Fish and Wildlife Habitat
• A plan has been developed by NYSDEC to assess existing habitat conditions in the Buffalo
River and to identify potential habitat improvements. Field work has been initiated to compile
data on existing habitat conditions in the Area of Concern and the immediate upstream watershed.
Faculty and students at New York State University College at Buffalo have conducted physical
mapping, siltation rate evaluations, and additional biological surveys.
Public Participation and Outreach
• The BRCC, Remedial Advisory Committee, Friends of the Buffalo River, and Buffalo River
Study Group have all made contributions in broadening support for remediation and increasing
141
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public awareness. Examples of such activities include: organizing monthly and public meetings;
publishing newsletters; convening workshops; and organizing special events and presentations
such as walking, car, and boat tours, and slide shows.
Outlook
The remedial strategy has mapped out a pragmatic and comprehensive approach to
implementation of remedial and preventive actions. The annual progress reports will continue
to report on progress as commitments are made and actions implemented.
Contact persons:
John McMahon, RAP Coordinator
NYSDEC
270 Michigan Ave.
Buffalo, NY 14203-2999
(716) 851-7070
Michael Raab, Co-Chair
Remedial Advisory Committee
Erie County Department of
Environment and Planning
95 Franklin Street
Buffalo, NY 14202
(716) 858-6231
Jill Singer, Co-Chair
Remedial Advisory Committee
Department of Earth Sciences
SUNY College at Buffalo
1300 Elmwood Avenue
Buffalo, NY 14222
(716) 645-2000
142
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ROCHESTER EMBAYMENT
r
COUNTY
Use Impairments and Causes
Rochester Embayment is an area of Lake Ontario formed by the indentation of the Monroe
County (New York) shoreline between Bogus Point in the Town of Greece and Nine Mile Point
in the Town of Webster, both in Monroe County. The northern boundary of the embayment is
delineated by the straight line between these two points. The southern boundary includes
approximately 9.6 km (6 miles) of the Genesee River that is influenced by lake levels, from the
river's mouth to the Lower Falls. The drainage area of the embayment is over 7,770 km2 (3,000
square miles) in area. This area consists of the entire Genesee River Basin and parts of two other
drainage basins; the easternmost area of the Lake Ontario West Basin and the westernmost area
of the Lake Ontario Central Basin. As water quality in the embayment is a reflection of what
occurs upstream and in the embayment itself, the Rochester RAP process consists of four
integrated planning efforts: one for each of the
three basins that flow into the embayment and
one for the embayment proper.
Rochester Embayment Use Impairments
I = Impaired U = Unknown
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavor
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Fish tumors or other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems
Degradation of benthos
Eutrophication or undesirable algae
Restrictions on drinking water, or taste and odor
problems
Beach closings
Degradation of aesthetics
Added costs to agriculture or industry
Degradation of phytoplankton and zooplankton
populations
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
U
I
U
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Causes and sources of the use impairments
identified in the lower left box include: mirex and
dioxin from Lake Ontario, the Niagara River and
hazardous waste disposal sites; PCBs from past
use, disposal and atmospheric deposition;
phosphorus and sediment from the watershed;
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1.2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
144
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chlordane from past use; PAHs from coal gas production; heavy metals and cyanide from
industrial dischargers and past waste disposal (nonpoint sources); coliform bacteria; ammonia,
and phenols (source unknown).
Status of the RAP Process
Monroe County Department of Planning and Development (MCDPD) and the Monroe County
Department of Health have led a team effort in the development of the Rochester Embayment
RAP. The RAP has established a sound base to proceed with an ecosystem approach to achieve
use restoration. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC)
provided assistance in the process and, in conjunction with U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), provided partial grant funding to facilitate RAP development. A RAP Technical
Group was established in 1988 to guide the writing of the RAP that was researched and actually
written by a consultant team. In 1993, the RAP Technical Group was folded into a County
Water Quality Coordinating Committee that took on the role of guiding the writing of the RAP.
Stakeholder groups were also involved in the writing, with the primary advisory group being
Monroe County's Water Quality Management Advisory Committee (WQMAC). Public input and
participation were accomplished through WQMAC and four other stakeholder groups: Lake
Ontario Central/Irondequoit Basin Subcommittee; Lake Ontario West Basin Subcommittee;
Genesee Basin Subcommittee; and the Public Outreach Subcommittee of the WQMAC. A
Government Policy Group consisting of elected officials was also involved in reacting to policy
level issues related to the RAP. Work on the Stage 2 RAP is well underway and is being led
by the Monroe County Department of Health.
Progress and Achievements
Efforts to restore Rochester Embayment are being built on the pioneering efforts of Monroe
County and the Pure Waters Sewer Districts in pollution control facilities and water resources
planning. Planning and implementation of remedial/preventive measures have been conducted
independent of RAP recommendations and will continue to proceed simultaneously as Stage 2
strategies are formulated. Presented below are some summaries of implementation activities that
are contributing to the restoration of impaired uses in the Rochester Embayment Area of Concern.
Comprehensive Watershed Planning
• Prior to RAP initiation, a watershed plan was already developed and being implemented in the
Irondequoit Basin watershed that flows to the Embayment. This effort has been used as a model
in the design of the RAP. Considerable time has been spent designing a multi-media, watershed
approach for the RAP. The end result is the four-plan approach (identified above) which
addresses all point and nonpoint sources, including atmospheric deposition of contaminants, as
well as transport pathways on a watershed basis. This approach is fundamental to defining use
impairment and proceeding to full restoration. Water quality remains a focus.
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• Intergovernmental Cooperation Agreements are deemed imperative to achieve watershed
planning. Monroe County has an agreement with the Town of Pittsford to work together in
managing a sub-watershed in Irondequoit Creek Basin. As part of this partnership, alternative
ways of managing stormwater for water quality and flooding have been demonstrated. Monroe
County has received grants to cost-share with municipalities the implementation of stormwater
management techniques learned in Pittsford. The County is currently negotiating a second
intergovernmental agreement with the Town of Penfield and plans on seeking more such
agreements.
Pollution Abatement and Prevention
• The Rochester Pure Waters District (operated by Monroe County) has developed and
implemented a Combined Sewer Overflow Abatement Program (CSOAP) consisting of 48 km
(30 miles) of underground storage tunnels to intercept combined sewer overflows before they
enter the Embayment and the Genesee River. The volume of combined sewage, that would have
been previously discharged to waterways untreated, but was conveyed to the VanLare Wastewater
Treatment facility via the CSOAP system during 1992 and 1993 was 15 million m3 (4 billion
gallons) and 11 million m3 (2.9 billion gallons), respectively. The expanded and upgraded
VanLare facility, as well as industrial dischargers, have also initiated many Best Management
Practices (BMPs).
• The Erosion Control Technician (ECT) has been funded by a two-year grant from the Great
Lakes Commission. The technician presents educational programs and recommends appropriate
plans and remedial measures to municipalities, developers, and property owners on construction
site erosion, sediment control and stormwater management. The ECT works out of, and receives
guidance from, the Monroe County Soil and Water Conservation District. The ECT has been able
to bring a greater awareness of the need to reduce erosion and the pollution it causes. A few
municipalities have adopted stricter stormwater regulations and, with the enactment of General
State Pollution Discharge Elimination System permits by NYSDEC for construction site
stormwater runoff, more guidance has been sought by consultants and local governments.
• Agricultural BMPs are actively promoted by the Soil Conservation Service, the Monroe County
Soil and Water Conservation District, Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, and
Cornell Cooperative Extension, as well as agribusiness. Erosion control plans for 12,140 ha
(30,000 acres) of highly erodible cropland have been developed to keep soil erosion within
tolerable limits. An Integrated Crop Management Program has been initiated to further reduce
the use and off-site movement of nutrients and pesticides.
• NYSDEC is developing pollution prevention regulations to require development and
implementation of "Toxic Chemical Reduction Plans" for facilities that generate certain
amounts/types of hazardous wastes or release toxic chemicals that exceed thresholds of water or
air discharge loadings (five year phase-in). Plans must use the preferred hierarchy of waste
management practices (reduce, recover, reuse, recycle, detoxify, treat, destruct, dispose). Many
industries have taken the initiative to institute pollution prevention practices.
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• NYSDEC is developing a Water Quality Enhancement and Protection Policy to include
additional discharge restriction categories, antidegradation, and substance bans. Emphasis during
development has focused on discharges as a result of current regulations and policy already
providing extensive environmental protection.
• NYSDEC, in concert with the New York State Attorney General's Office, will hold liable those
responsible for damages to natural resources through Natural Resource Damage Assessment.
Suits will seek both remedial work and damages from loss of the natural resource. Settlements
are expected to be very complex.
Investigations
• The Stage 2 RAP will identify priorities for investigations. Some specific investigations that
will be evaluated and planned include evaluating the health of benthos in the Rochester
Embayment, identifying the contaminants that affect the benthos in the Lower Genesee River,
investigating the cause of the black tern population decline, and determining whether or not fish
have bad odors or liver tumors.
• Current and past practices of industrial waste disposal in the watershed will be assessed as to
the impacts on use impairments. A multi-media ecosystem approach will be used.
Resource Management and Improvements
• The Irondequoit Bay Oxygen Supplementation Project is a water quality/habitat enhancement
project, and is an extension of the Clean Lakes (314) Phase II alum treatment project, which
sufficiently reduced phosphorus recycling to make this step feasible. The goal is to improve the
control of phosphorus by both chemical processes (increased oxygen will enhance the natural
system of adsorption/precipitation with iron oxides) and biological means (reduced phosphorus
deposition through algal harvesting by fish). Currently the bay is not meeting the mesotrophic
target set in the County's Irondequoit Basin Water Quality Management Plan. To restore and
enhance fish stocks (e.g. rainbow trout and brown trout) in Irondequoit Bay, introduction of
oxygen into the deep waters will both accelerate natural ecosystem recovery and cause an
immediate improvement in fisheries habitat. The goal is to establish a mean oxygen
concentration of 5 mg/L (minimum of 4 mg/L) within the depth zone where temperature is
favorable (between 10 and 20 degrees celsius, which is generally within the metalimnion during
summer), thus creating the conditions needed for cold water fish to maintain residency in the bay.
• Intensive biological monitoring of the lower Genesee River during 1992 and 1993 suggests
improvements in the aquatic ecosystem. Highly valued fishes such as walleye and smallmouth
bass were common at most sampling stations. Multi-aged populations of several fish species
indicated that the fish kills, so common for several decades, are no longer occurring. Chemical
monitoring depicted much improved dissolved oxygen levels in the lower river. Sections of the
lower river may serve as spawning and nursery areas for Lake Ontario resident smallmouth bass.
When river water temperatures cool (late September through May), thousands of large salmonids
147
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ascend the river to the Lower Falls. These anadromous trout and salmon migrations attract
fishermen from throughout the Northeast.
• The Lake Ontario portion of the Rochester Embayment also supports an exciting salmonid
fishery whose development began in the early 1970s and peaked during the late 1980s. The
majority of the fishery is dependent upon stocked salmonids, except that the contribution of
naturally produced rainbow trout may be significant. Rapid fish growth is directly related to the
abundance of alewife and smelt, non-native prey fish that entered the Great Lakes from the
Atlantic Ocean via New York's canal system.
Public Awareness and Participation
• Considerable public outreach and education efforts have been taken and will continue to be
taken in the future to engage all stakeholders in the RAP process. Major efforts to date include:
the staffing of five advisory committees; the production of a fish consumption advisory pamphlet
that is currently being distributed to people at greatest risk; and education in the schools. The
County Water Quality Management Agency has also decided to make its annual report into a
slide show and a pamphlet which will be shown throughout the County. Starting in the summer
of 1994, staff and members of the four citizen advisory group committees (a RAP committee,
and three basin subcommittees) are forming task groups to implement public outreach and
education priorities that they have established. Six task groups will focus on the following
activities: getting information to the public through the media; getting information to the public
through presentations to schools and adult groups; designing and implementing an adopt a
stream/shoreline/watershed program; distributing a fish pamphlet that was developed as part of
the Stage 1 RAP; establishing a permanent water quality display at the zoo; and pursuing special
projects such as establishing an Environmental Industry of the Year Award.
Outlook
The Stage 2 RAP is projected to be completed in 1995. Work has already progressed on
incorporating a ranking of pollutants of concern based on the potential for adverse effects, the
link to use impairments, and local loadings. The advisory committee has recommended that this
list be amended to consider the adverse effect of chemicals that mimic estrogen in animals.
Evaluation of remedial measures, and recommendations for implementation, will be based on the
criteria including pollutant prioritization, the goals established in the Stage 1 RAP, impact of the
measure, and feasibility of implementation. The Stage 2 RAP will include a schedule for
implementation of selected remedial activities, along with identified implementation
commitments. A key component of all RAPs, as is the case with the Rochester Embayment, is
the identification and securing of funding and resources necessary to conduct implementation
strategies.
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Contact persons:
Margy Peet, RAP Coordinator Carole Beal, Co-Chair
Margit Brazda, Public Participation Coordinator Water Quality Management
Monroe County Department of Health Advisory Committee
350 East Henrietta Road, Building 5 26 Short Hills Drive
Rochester, NY 14620 Hilton, NY 14468
(716) 274-8442 (716) 392-9320
(716) 274-8440
Christine Fredette, Co-Chair
Water Quality Management Advisory Committee
3 Cabernet Circle
Fairport, NY 14450
(716) 425-8539
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Use Impairments and Causes
The Oswego River/Harbor Area of Concern is located on the southeastern shore of Lake Ontario
and is centered in the City of Oswego, New York. Over 1.2 million people live in the basin and
the harbor itself is characterized as a multiple-use resource. The drainage basin includes the
Finger Lakes, industries, municipalities, and extensive areas of farmland and forest. The Oswego
River is second only to the Niagara River in size as a tributary to Lake Ontario. Pollutants from
point and nonpoint sources are known to have traveled through the river and harbor, and
impacted the Lake Ontario ecosystem, as well as to have contributed to environmental problems
in the Oswego River. The Stage 1 RAP confirmed four use impairments and identified three use
impairments that "may exist" as noted in the lower left box. In addition, two other beneficial
uses will require further assessment.
The major impairment is restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption, primarily due to PCB and
dioxin contamination. These restrictions are part of a lakewide advisory for Lake Ontario. A
loss of fish and wildlife habitat, caused by periodic extreme low flow conditions below the
Varick Dam, is known to contribute to the degradation of fish populations. Eutrophication and
reported algal blooms have been attributed to
excess phosphorus from municipal discharges,
combined sewer overflows (CSOs), and
agricultural runoff. Pollutants of concern from
Oswego River/Harbor Use Impairments
I = Impaired U = Under assessment
L = Likely impaired
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Fish tumors or other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems
Degradation of benthos
Eutrophication or undesirable algae
Degradation of aesthetics
Degradation of phytoplankton and zooplankton
populations
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
I
L
L
L
I
U
U
I
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
150
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identified sources in the basin are: PCBs, dioxin, phosphorus, mercury, mirex/photomirex, and
octachlorostyrene.
Status of the RAP Process
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) initiated public input
to RAP development in 1987 with the establishment of a Citizens' Advisory Committee. The
committee included representatives from industry, outdoor sporting interests, environmental
groups, research institutions, and local government The Stage 1 RAP was completed in 1990.
The Stage 2 RAP, which includes a remedial strategy to restore water quality in the lower river
and harbor and eliminate adverse impacts to Lake Ontario from pollutants carried by the Oswego
River, was completed in 1991. Following completion of the Stage 2 RAP, a Remedial Advisory
Committee (RAC) was formed as a multi-stakeholder institutional structure (representatives from
industry, environmental groups, government, academia, and private interests) to assist NYSDEC
in RAP implementation. To track implementation of the RAP, NYSDEC intends to issue an
annual RAP update to document strategies and remedial progress, and make new commitments
as needed to address use impairments. The first Oswego RAP update was published in 1992.
Progress and Achievements
The Stage 2 RAP presents a remedial strategy that includes 33 recommendations which identify
priority work, investigations, and activity commitments needed to restore uses. Critical
components of this strategy include the Onondaga Lake cleanup, inactive hazardous waste site
remediation, and CSO abatement. Remedial actions in the watershed need to be evaluated in
terms of their effects on the Oswego River and Lake Ontario.
Following are some activity highlights relative to RAP progress and achievements. Concurrent
with the RAP process, many NYSDEC environmental program activities were in place and
progressing as part of State environmental protection laws and policies, and therefore are being
implemented independent of any formal RAP coordination. The RAP strategy will make use of
all resource commitments to restore beneficial uses. The challenge of the RAC is to assure that
all stakeholder interests and concerns have been satisfactorily investigated and resolved as much
as possible. A key to successful restoration is securing implementation commitments to achieve
RAP objectives.
Investigations
• Perhaps the biggest obstacle in implementing the Oswego RAP and others will be funding the
numerous required investigations, monitoring activities, and remedial actions. More water quality
information is needed to better understand the extent of use impairments. A mirex sediment
investigation is considered the highest priority investigative need. Other priority investigative
needs include: Area of Concern sediments, PCB sources, dioxin study, municipal toxic substance
loadings, toxic sediment deposition, fish habitat and tumor analyses, and benthos and plankton
studies. Survey needs include: water quality, dissolved oxygen, and aesthetics.
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• Mirex investigations are continuing; however, analytical problems have hindered producing
conclusive results and defining the next step. Similarly, a toxic loading investigation has been
complicated by unreliable methodologies and conflicting control results. Because of these
problems, committing extensive resources to define loadings by mass balance is subject to
review. Source trackdown and remedial action is therefore likely to be emphasized. Fish habitat
and tumor investigations performed in 1993 were also inconclusive because of the lack of
resident fish. Additional fish studies are planned for 1994. Other future studies include: water
column analyses; phytoplankton/zooplankton community structure; and sediment sampling. In
fact, work plan and grant monies have focused on conducting two studies in 1994 involving
water quality and sediment sampling.
• NYSDEC conducts Rotating Intensive Basin Studies (RIBS) that were completed for the
Oswego River Basin in 1992. RIBS cover a wide range of analyses and are conducted for two
years and repeated in a given basin every six years. Above the Area of Concern, the water
column assessment identified iron, solids, phenols, and coliform bacteria as parameters of
concern. In this area, macroinvertebrate community assessment impact was rated as "slight".
PCBs were present above background levels in fish tissue. Because of this and other fish
consumption concerns, the state fish advisory list exists. Although no bottom sediment
impairment was determined above the Area of Concern, sediment analyses within the Area of
Concern are being proposed as a 1994 priority.
Municipal and Industrial Point Source Discharges
• NYSDEC is committed to a continuing effort to lower allowable discharges whenever feasible.
Improved detection limits are fundamental to this effort. Recent policy has set a discharge
detection limit of 0.065 ug/L for PCBs.
• Under a recent settlement and enforcement action, Bristol Myers Squib in East Syracuse agreed
to a $30 million upgrade to its pretreatment facilities and to conduct site investigations and
pollution prevention activities.
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is scheduled to promulgate "Best Available
Technology" (BAT) effluent guidelines through 1995. State Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System water discharge permits will incorporate such new and revised BAT guidelines.
• NYSDEC and U.S. EPA jointly overview the implementation of eight Approved Pretreatment
Programs in the Oswego Basin (Auburn, Canadaigua, Fulton, Geneva, Ithaca, Newark, Oswego,
and Onondaga County).
• Onondaga Lake and Three Rivers (Oswego, Seneca, and Oneida) modelling is well underway
and is to be used to determine loadings and additional upgrade and CSO needs.
• NYSDEC's new Environmental Benefit Permit Strategy has focused resources for permit
modifications on those permits having a priority for water quality enhancement (i.e. likely to
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correct environmental problems, result in a major improvement in water quality, or eliminate a
water quality use impairment or standards' violation).
• Current point source dischargers are considered to be relatively minor sources of RAP
pollutants of concern when compared to other sources.
• The Great Lakes Five Year Enforcement Strategy was finalized in January 1992 to address
point source discharge violations. Emphasis is placed on persistent toxic substances and/or health
and environmental threats. NYSDEC is committed to compliance action and enforcement follow-
up.
Nonpoint Sources
• NYSDEC, in cooperation with the State Soil and Water Conservation Committee and the county
districts, has completed nonpoint source pollution assessment reports for each county within New
York State. A Priority Water Problem list has been prepared to rank impaired waterbodies.
Excessive nutrients (phosphorus) and sedimentation (erosion) from agriculture are believed to be
the main problems in the Oswego Basin. Implementation of county water quality strategies and
best management practices (BMPs), including stormwater management, are recommended. An
agricultural BMP manual has been prepared. Additional NYSDEC guidance documents, catalogs,
education and training materials, and activities are increasingly available and encourage local
implementation. Environmentally-sound approaches to pesticide management are included.
Hazardous Waste Sites
• Implementation of remedial actions is underway at the Clothier and Quanta Resources
hazardous waste sites. Clothier involves drum and soil contamination removal. Quanta involves
additional monitoring to determine if interim remedial measures are effective and sufficient.
• Remedial designs are developed for Fulton Terminal, Volney Town Landfill, and Columbia
Mills sites.
• Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Studies (RI/FS) are in progress at seven sites, including
Onondaga Lake and the Ley Creek PCB sites. The identification of the preferred remedial action
is a prerequisite to remedial design.
• Phase I (accumulation of existing data) and II (data collection to fill gaps) investigations have
been completed at 2 and 4 sites, respectively. Determinations as to Phase II and RI/FS actions
are to be made.
• PCBs are a main concern of hazardous waste site investigations and remedial activities in the
basin. Mercury, mirex, and dioxin are also of concern from past industrial use or processes.
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Bottom Sediments
• The PCB and mercury contaminated sediments in Onondaga Lake are to be addressed under
the Onandaga Lake Management Conference which has no direct control from the RAP process.
These and other upstream sediment problems to the Area of Concern need to be evaluated as
their impact on the Area of Concern and subsequently remediated as necessary prior to any
downstream (Oswego Harbor) sediment remedial actions.
• The five-year study and demonstration program being conducted under the Assessment and
Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) program includes the Buffalo River in New
York State. This program will include risk/hazard assessments, modelling, treatability studies,
full-scale remediation planning, and case studies that should be useful to the Oswego RAP.
Habitat Improvements
• NYSDEC is working with Niagara Mohawk Power Corp. and other hydroelectric utilities to
explore the feasibility of allowing restricted fish passage at Oswego River facilities.
• As part of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) relicensing process, Niagara
Mohawk is working with the regulatory agencies to resolve minimum flow problems at the
Varick Dam Bypass:
- In the relicensing process of hyrdoeletric power facilities along the Oswego River, producers
propose to convert to a run-of-river operating mode which would eliminate artificial
fluctuation of water levels. Aquatic habitats are expected to stabilize and expand, thereby
reducing the impairment identified in the Stage 1 RAP.
- Niagara Mohawk completed an Instream Flow Incremental Methodology study in 1993 to
help determine appropriate levels of minimum flow in the Varick Bypass reach to improve
habitat. NYSDEC, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, FERC and Niagara Mohawk are expected
to complete an evaluation that balances economic and environmental concerns in 1996.
- Niagara Mohawk orchestrated a variety of agreements with communities and New York
State Thruway Authority which are to result in new fishing access points, trails, and other
aesthetic improvements to the shoreline of the river.
• Niagara Mohawk will complete in 1995, an 18-month study, at Minetto along the Oswego
River, to determine the magnitude of fish entrainment and if any significant fish mortality exists.
• A draft management plan for the Lake Shore Marshes Focus Area (which includes the Oswego
River) of the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Joint Venture has been developed within the framework
of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan.
Public Participation and Outreach
• In order to implement the Stage 2 RAP, the RAC will continue to provide advice throughout
the process.
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• A first draft of a Oswego RAP brochure has been completed and will be distributed for
comments. It will be used to convey RAP information to the public.
• A newsletter (Oswego RAP Watershed Watch) is distributed to 600 people to report on, and
promote, water quality and stewardship activities within the basin.
• A public information event is planned for 1994. There is a RAP stewardship slide show that
is shown to school groups, community groups, and other interested people in the basin. The slide
show encourages RAP and stewardship activities.
• Other RAC activities include distribution of a RAP poster and bumper stickers, participation
in Harborfest Celebrations and Fulton River Days, a public information survey, and media events.
Other Supportive Activities
• Pollution Prevention: NYSDEC is developing regulations to require development and
implementation of "Toxic Chemical Reduction Plans" for facilities that generate certain
amounts/types of hazardous wastes or release toxic chemicals that exceed thresholds of water or
air discharge loadings (five year phase-in). Plans must use the preferred hierarchy of waste
management practices (reduce, recover, reuse, recycle, detoxify, treat, destruct, dispose).
• Household Hazardous Waste Collection: NYSDEC operates a program to assist such local
collection days.
• Water Quality Enhancement and Protection Policy: NYSDEC is developing this policy to
include additional discharge restriction categories, antidegradation, and substance bans. Emphasis
during development has focused on new discharges as a result of current regulations and policy
already providing extensive environmental protection.
• Local Waterfront Revitalization Program: An Oswego City, New York State, and Federal
agency program to restore and redevelop waterfront areas within Oswego Harbor for commercial,
industrial, cultural, recreational, and other compatible uses is in place. This coordinated effort
will identify and implement projects that integrate economic development with environmental
protection and enhancement.
• Natural Resource Damage Assessment: NYSDEC in concert with the New York State Attorney
General's Office will hold liable those responsible for damages to natural resources. Suits will
seek both remedial work and damages from loss of the natural resource. Settlements are
expected to be very complex.
Outlook
Implementation of the Oswego River RAP is a dynamic, continuous improvement process that
will include annual updates and improvements as knowledge of the use impairments, sources, and
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effectiveness of remedial actions increases in the future. Remedial actions will be evaluated and
coordinated as to the impacts on restoration of beneficial uses. Within the Area of Concern,
water column and sediment investigations, as well as contaminant trackdown studies, will be a
priority. Restoring and maintaining an improved quality of life in the ecosystem of the Oswego
River Area of Concern and its watershed is a goal that can be achieved.
Contact persons:
Bob Townsend, Environmental Engineer Wendy Rosenbach, Public Participation Specialist
NYSDEC, Division of Water NYSDEC, Division of Water
Bureau of Program Services and Research Bureau of Program Services and Research
Great Lakes Section RAP Coordinator Public Participation Section
50 Wolf Road 50 Wolf Road
Albany, NY 12233-3502 Albany, NY 12233-3502
(518) 457-7470 (518) 457-7470
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THE BIG
CLEANUP
Bay of Qulnte
Remedial Action Plan
Use Impairments and Causes
The Bay of Quinte Area of Concern is a z-shaped embayment on the north shore of Lake
Ontario. The Bay is approximately 64 km long and is separated from the open lake by Prince
Edward County and Amherst Island. Its drainage area is 17,315 km2. The cities of Trenton,
Peterborough, and Belleville, the towns of Napanee, Picton, and Deseronto, and 14 other villages
are located in the drainage basin of the Bay surrounded mostly by agricultural or forested land.
Diffuse agricultural inputs, sediments, phosphorus, sewage treatment plants, industrial discharges,
urban runoff (e.g. combined sewer overflows, illegal sewer connections, and shoreline
development), and atmospheric deposition are known causes of use impairments identified in the
lower left box. Domtar Packaging and Sonoco on the Trent River, and Strathcona Paper on the
Napanee River are three direct discharging industries contributing to the listed use impairments.
Bay of Quinte Use Impairments
I = Impaired U = Under assessment
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Fish tumors or other deformities
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Butrophication or undesirable algae
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste
and odor problems
Beach closings
Degradation of aesthetics
Degradation of phytoplankton and zooplankton
populations
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
I
U
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Status of the RAP Process
A multi-stakeholder process was used to develop
the Bay of Quinte RAP which emphasizes an
integrated ecosystem approach and includes
essential human elements. Stage 1 was submitted
to the International Joint Commission in 1991.
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
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An Implementation Advisory Committee and a local Implementation Steering Committee were
formed in 1992 to supplement the Public Advisory Committee (PAC) established in 1988. The
Stage 2 report was submitted to the federal, provincial, municipal governments, and the Mohawks
on the Bay of Quinte in 1993. The Stage 2 report is to be submitted to the IJC in 1994.
Progress and Achievements
The PAC has been a highly motivating factor in sustaining this momentum throughout the RAP
process, and will continue as an 18-member Implementation Advisory Committee. Some
components of the RAP have been accepted in principle, commitments and endorsements
obtained, and actions already commenced to implement a number of the recommendations.
Listed below are highlights of the progress being made in implementation.
Ecosystem Trends
• Walleye have returned to the Bay in substantial numbers. Biomass has increased from less than
0.01 kg/ha in the 1970s to approximately 10 kg/ha in 1990. The June catch of walleye per 100
m2 was less than one in the 1970s and almost 10 in 1990.
• White perch biomass has declined (from approximately 100 kg/ha between 1972 to 1976 to
approximately 12 kg/ha in 1990s).
• Algal biomass has declined from over 15 mm3/L in 1975 to 7.6 mm3/L in 1990-1992 in the
upper Bay of Quinte, but still demonstrates relatively high variability.
• Modest macrophyte recovery has occurred.
• Total phosphorus concentrations in the Bay have decreased from approximately 80 ug/L in
1973-1975 to less than 40 ug/L in 1992 in the upper Bay of Quinte.
• Sewage treatment plant total phosphorus loadings have decreased from approximately 220 kg/d
in 1972 to less than 25 ug/L in 1990, as the result of point source controls (e.g. sewage treatment
plant expansion to secondary treatment).
Point Source Pollution Control
• The federal government announced that $8.8 million will be spent at the Canadian Forces Base
(CFB) Trenton over five years to expand the sewage treatment plant (STP) and collection system.
The CFB Trenton STP was identified as a significant contributor of nutrient loading to the Bay
as a result of inadequate phosphorus removal. The work is conditional on an agreement between
the federal Department of National Defence and Sidney Township, assigning STP operations and
maintenance to Sidney.
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• Prince Edward Heights STP will be decommissioned and the Picton STP upgraded for
approximately $1 million.
• $10 million will be spent by the City of Trenton to upgrade and retrofit the City of Trent STP
to tertiary treatment. Trenton will also undertake sewer improvements in 1994 with Ontario
Ministry of Environment and Energy (MOEE) support.
• The City of Belleville and the MOEE will spend a total of $200,000 for Belleville STP
optimization.
• The City of Peterborough is upgrading and expanding its STP to reduce contaminant loads and
lower phosphorus inputs to a target of 0.3 mg/L.
• Corrective actions to eliminate PCB inputs from the General Motors and Outboard Marine
plants in Peterborough continues. Work includes sewer pipe replacement and cleaning.
Monitoring of PCB levels in Rice Lake continues.
• The Deseronto STP is being expanded. In 1992, parts of the Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte-
Tyendinaga Territory were linked to the Deseronto water and sewage service. The STP's overall
capacity will be increased and the effluent quality improved in the expansion.
• Domtar Packaging-Trenton has reached agreement with MOEE to eliminate liquid effluent
discharges to the Trent River. Liquid waste will be evaporated. The resulting solid sludge will
be mixed with Domtar's black liquor and spread on gravel roads as a binder and dust
suppressant. The Quinte RAP Implementation Advisory Committee endorsed the action with two
conditions: (1) additional monitoring of contaminant runoff, especially dioxin after road
spreading, be undertaken to ensure environmental protection; and (2) plans to introduce chemical
recovery within five years (and eliminate black liquor spreading) be pursued as per the agreed
timetable. These conditions were added to the contractual agreement and Domtar is monitoring
three pilot sites.
• $1.5 million of the $5 million committed to the Belleville STP sludge management facility
expansion was spent in 1993; the action will be completed in 1994.
• The Village of Frankford and the MOEE contributed a total of $5 million to upgrade the
Frankford STP pumping station.
• In 1992, the Village of Campbellford completed a program to separate combined sewers.
• The Domtar Wood Preserving Plant in Trenton completed a wastewater treatment system
improvement program at a cost of $700,000, but has subsequently closed its operations and
presently functions as a transport depot.
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• Two Pollution Control Planning Studies and three STP optimization studies are planned to
identify cost-effective actions needed to reduce pollutant loads. Total estimated cost is $750,000.
In addition, the City of Belleville, with partnership funds from the federal Great Lakes Cleanup
Fund, will examine sources of bacteriological pollution to Riverside Beach (Adam Street sewer)
in 1994 to provide corrective solutions.
Nonpoint Source Pollution Control
• Over the next 10 years, $15 to $20 million is needed to implement an Agricultural Diffuse
Source Control Program, locally called the Rural Water Quality Program. A coordinator has
been hired to develop and implement a strategy for converting agricultural crop land practices
from conventional to conservation tillage. A strategy to reduce pesticide inputs to the Bay by
50% will also be developed. Implementation of these strategies will help achieve RAP
restoration goals by reducing phosphorus loadings by 10 percent.
• An Agricultural Diffuse Control Strategy was developed in 1993 for $40,000.
• Five rural beaches have been targeted by the MOEE Cleanup Rural Beaches (CURB) program.
In 1993, $80,000 was spent on 16 projects, including cattle fencing and manure storage. An
additional $300,000 has been requested for 1994 to broaden the action.
• Additional funds of $260,000 annually for three years have been requested from the federal
Great Lakes Cleanup Fund to undertake agricultural improvement practices.
• The Bay of Quinte RAP introduced a Stormwater Quality Management program in 1992. The
program is targeted at all new urban development bordering the Bay of Quinte. All development
is required to achieve a "no net increase" of contaminants in stormwater runoff (i.e. no new
pollution is permitted). Criteria include bathing beach quality at stormwater discharges. The
action is pollution prevention. Work is coordinated from the Moira River Conservation Authority
on behalf of the Quinte Conservation Alliance and the Prince Edward Region Conservation
Authority, and funded by MOEE. Alternative and innovative mechanisms to achieve the Quinte
RAP stormwater criteria are being implemented, including porous pavement, centrifuge, planning,
and mechanical ultraviolet treatment.
• As part of an integrated stormwater management strategy, a subwatershed plan for Potter Creek
has been developed at a cost of $205,000. Another two subwatershed plans (South Sidney and
No Name Creek) are being prepared by the Township of Sidney and Belleville-Thurlow
Township, respectively. The City of Belleville is also finalizing the Bell Creek Secondary Plan.
The actions are a pollution prevention-planning initiative (e.g. environmentally sensitive areas are
identified and protected from harmful development). Partners in the action are Quinte RAP,
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, and the Moira River Conservation Authority.
• MOEE has initiated a Rural Beaches Assessment on Rice Lake with the Otonabee, Ganaraskas
and Lower Trent Region Conservation Authorities.
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• A Manure Storage Demonstration Project on Cold Creek was completed in May 1992 at a cost
of $40,000 to demonstrate techniques to improve the quality of a stream passing through a
farming operation. This project cleaned up a specific source of contamination, and more
importantly, provided a stimulus for further action in the agricultural community to cleanup
similar problems. The project was a stop on a farm tour and was featured in a Bay of Quinte
RAP video.
• A multi-million dollar project to collect and treat arsenic contaminated groundwater at the
orphaned Deloro mine site has substantially reduced arsenic inputs to the Moira River and the
Bay of Quinte. An additional $25 million is needed to decommission the site and reduce arsenic
loadings to the Moira River.
Public Outreach and Education
• Household Hazardous Waste Days were held in the Town of Napanee twice and once in the
Township of Sidney. A permanent disposal facility is being erected in Trenton to serve central
and south Hastings County.
• The Town of Deseronto and the people of the Bay of Quinte Tyendinaga Territory have
implemented a waste reduction and water conservation program at a cost of $100,000. Over 300
water conservation kits and 400 composters were distributed. Monitoring will track the amount
of phosphorus entering and leaving the STP, the volume of liquid sewage entering the plant, the
amount of chemical used to remove phosphorus from the liquid waste stream, quality and
quantity of sludge produced, and the energy consumed.
• $45,000 has been approved through the federal Great Lakes Cleanup Fund to the City of
Belleville to undertake a water and energy conservation strategy.
• An Environmental Awareness Package/Education Kit is being developed with the help of
Queen's University and other partners.
• The PAC released a video, "Time to Act", in August 1993.
• On September 17, 1993, a Stage 2 Kickoff Event was held in Belleville. Over 100 local
dignitaries attended. The Quinte RAP Implementation Advisory Committee unveiled the
implementation logo "The Big Cleanup" and presented the report to representatives oi the federal,
provincial, and municipal governments, and the Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte. Friends of the
Great Lakes certificates were presented to the Quinte RAP Team and past and present PAC
members.
• In 1993, a travelling information display inside a 14 m tractor trailer entitled the Big Cleanup
was used by Quinte RAP to promote RAP implementation and secure local support. Twenty
communities in the watershed were visited and over 5,000 people visited the trailer.
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• In 1993, 17 municipalities and the Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte proclaimed September 12-18
as Bay of Quinte RAP week. Participating groups were presented with a Big Cleanup flag. A
similar proclamation is planned for Environment Week 1994. Four municipalities have endorsed,
in principle, the Quinte RAP Stage 2 Report.
• In 1993, over 2000 people pledged to work to protect the Bay of Quinte water quality, support
the Quinte RAP, undertake local actions, and encourage others to do the same. A banner of
pledges was presented to the governments at the September Stage 2 Kickoff Event
• Quinte RAP is briefing local federal Members of Parliament (MPs), provincial MPPs and
municipal governments to seek government implementation support.
• Some communication activities are planned for 1994, including the Big Cleanup trailer and
newsletters.
Stream and Habitat Rehabilitation
• A wetland/littoral zone/fish habitat inventory was completed in 1993 at a cost of $73,000.
• Quinte RAP introduced a Wetland Protection and Habitat Rehabilitation Program in 1992. A
management strategy will be developed to protect remaining wetland areas and rehabilitate some
coastal wetlands to improve the quality of fish and wildlife habitat. Pilot studies and evaluation
of past restoration activities are also a part of this project. The program is a partnership action
supported by the Federal Cleanup Fund, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, and the
Quinte RAP.
• Two tributary improvement associations have been established to rehabilitate small tributaries
to the Bay. Both associations have undertaken bank rehabilitation, erosion control, and manure
management upgrading projects.
• The federal Partners Fund has approved $25,000 for livestock fencing and creek/marsh
rehabilitation to the Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte. MOEE will provide $6,000 in-kind and
communication costs.
• The federal Green Plan - Wetland/Woodlands/Wildlife programs are providing resources of
$350,000 over three years to two actions in the Quinte watershed. Farming practices on Cold,
Wilton, Little, and Sucker Creeks are targeted. The action will promote sustainable agricultural
activities, seek compatibility of agricultural and wildlife, and improve water quality. Actions will
include lure cropping, cattle fencing, stream/shoreline rehabilitation, erosion control, and fragile
land retirement.
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Outlook
A number of community events (e.g. tree planting, shoreline erosion control, habitat
rehabilitation) are scheduled for 1994. Activities have been undertaken by the RAP Team and
Implementation Advisory Committee to prepare implementors for their role and anticipated
commitments. Out of the 80 recommendations outlined in the Stage 2 report, 48 have already
been initiated. To coordinate implementation, the Quinte RAP Implementation Steering
Committee has been formed with representation from federal and provincial agencies, the
Implementation Advisory Committee, the Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte, municipal
governments, and conservation authorities.
Contact persons:
Rick Kirk, Acting RAP Coordinator
MOEE, Eastern Region Office
133 Dalton Street
Kingston, Ontario K7L 4X6
(613) 549-4000
Jan Samis, Facilitator
Implementation Advisory Committee
P.O. Box 183
Newburgh, Ontario KOK 2SO
(613) 378-6192
Manfred Koechlin, Chair
Implementation Advisory Committee
276 Dufferin Avenue
Belleville, Ontario K8N 3X7
(613) 962-9492
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PORT- HOPE-HARBOUR
Use Impairments and Causes
Port Hope Harbour is located at the mouth of the Ganaraska River on the north shore of Lake
Ontario approximately 100 km east of Toronto. Approximately 90,000 m3 of sediments located
in the turning basin and west slip areas of Port Hope Harbour are contaminated by uranium and
thorium series radionuclides, heavy metals, and PCBs. Significant sediment contamination is
confined to the turning basin and west slip of the harbor. The contamination of the harbor
sediments is resultant of past waste management practices in the refining and processing of
uranium and radium during the 1930s and 1940s. Due to radionuclide content, and history of
the contaminated sediment, the sediment in the turning basin and west slip has been classified
as low-level historic radioactive waste for which the federal government assumes responsibility.
The use impairment (located in the lower left corner) associated with the in-situ contaminant
problem is the use of the turning basin as a boat mooring facility by the Port Hope Yacht Club.
Contamination of turning basin sediments have caused a cessation of maintenance dredging in
this area. Continued sedimentation will in time render the turning basin inoperative as a boat
mooring facility if dredging is not resumed.
Status of the RAP Process
RAP STATUS
The Stage I RAP was submitted to the International Joint Commission in 1990 and received a
favorable review with respect to its incorporation of an ecosystem approach and a public
involvement program. A Stage 2 report is currently in progress and is guided by activities of the
Siting Task Force (established by the Ministry
of Energy, Mines and Resources Canada) that
has a mandate to establish a site in Ontario for
low-level radioactive waste. The RAP Team
will review the remedial options proposed by
the Siting Task Force Community Liaison
Group (CLG).
Port Hope Harbour Use Impairments
I = Impaired
Restrictions on dredging activities
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
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A multi-stakeholder local advisory group provides public input into the RAP process and is
representative of the Town of Port Hope, Harbour Commission, Ganaraska River Conservation
Authority, Port Hope Yacht Club, Cameco, Port Hope Environmental Advisory Committee, Low-
Level Radioactive Waste Management Office (LLRWM), Siting Task Force Secretariat, and
members of the general public. The RAP Team has projected completion of a draft Stage 2
report in 1994.
Progress and Achievements
One option for the remediation of Port Hope Harbour is removal and safe disposal of the
contaminated sediments. Presented below are highlights of progress made to date.
Contaminated Sediments
• Demonstration projects have been completed which confirm contaminated sediments can be
safely removed.
• The Government of Canada has established a federal Low-Level Radioactive Waste Office to
resolve historic waste problems that are a federal responsibility. The LLRWM Office is currently
responsible for the management of historical low-level radioactive waste in the Town of Port
Hope. Responsibilities of the LLRWM Office are discharged through its role as a technical
advisor to the Siting Task Force and, when requested, to the Port Hope Community Liaison
Group.
• The Federal Siting Task Force is working with a community liaison group on finding an
appropriate location for a low-level radioactive waste management facility for the Province of
Ontario. The Task Force is implementing a five-phase siting process that encourages the
voluntary/collaborative participation of communities in the search for a low-level radioactive
waste facility site. Phase 4 of the siting process is underway for the three source communities
(Port Hope, Hope Township, and Newcastle) and one host community (Deep River).
• The Port Hope CLG is developing options to remediate the harbor.
Studies and Monitoring
• In 1986, an Environment Canada study found uranium and thorium series radionuclides, similar
to those found in fish elsewhere in Lake Ontario, in tissue of resident fish species in the turning
basin. The levels found in fish from Port Hope Harbour are not considered to produce an
adverse impact on the fish or people eating the fish.
• Monitoring has shown no water use impairment for fishing, swimming and drinking water in
areas close to the harbor.
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Outlook
Final agreement on remedial options will be guided by the overall Port Hope cleanup effort. It
is anticipated that the federal government will assume responsibility for cleanup of the harbor,
given the federal jurisdiction on low-level radioactive waste, the role of the LLRWM Office, and
the mandate of the Siting Task Force.
Contact person:
Sandra Weston, RAP Coordinator
Environment Canada
Environmental Protection
25 St. Clair Ave. East, 7th Floor
Toronto, Ontario M4T 1M2
(416) 973-1060
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METRO TORONTO & REGION^
REMEDIAL ACTION PLAN
Use Impairments and Causes
The Metropolitan Toronto and Region Area of Concern extends from the Rouge River in the east
to the Etobicoke Creek in the west, and stretches from Lake Ontario in the south to the Oak
Ridges Moraine in the north. The Area of Concern is also inclusive of six tributary watersheds
(Etobicoke Creek, Humber River, Mimico Creek, Don River, Highland Creek, Rouge River).
Extensive urbanization and continued growth pressures in Metropolitan Toronto and the
surrounding region have contributed to the use impairments identified in the lower left box.
Heavy metals, organic compounds, bacterial problems from urban runoff, combined sewer
overflows, sewage treatment discharges, and historical loss of habitat are the major issues being
addressed.
Status of the RAP Process
The Stage I RAP was submitted to the UC in 1990 and found to be complete with the exception
of deficiencies in quantifying loadings of trace organic contaminants. Technical studies to
estimate loadings to the harbor are nearing
completion. A working partnership with the
Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation
Authority (MTRCA) has been initiated to
update Stage 1 information using advanced
Metropolitan Toronto & Region Use Impairments
I = Impaired U = Under Assessment
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Fish tumors or other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Eutrophication or undesirable algae
Beach closings
Degradation of aesthetics
Degradation of phytoplankton and zooplankton populations
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
I
U
U
I
I
I
I
I
U
I
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2.3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
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computer models. The Public Advisory Committee (PAC) was formed in 1988 and has seven
sectoral subcommittees representative of agriculture, business/industry, community, environment,
recreation and tourism, education, and municipalities. A representative of the PAC also
participates in the Technical Advisory Committee meetings. Use goals were developed by the
PAC in 1989 and have been adopted by virtually all municipalities in the area. A draft Stage 2
Report has undergone extensive review and is in the final stages of completion. Submission of
the Stage 2 Report to governments is expected in 1994.
Progress and Achievements
Implementation of the Metropolitan Toronto and Region RAP will be a long-term effort, with
funding of municipal infrastructure being a central issue. The preliminary projection of capital
costs for full implementation (excluding industry) are $1.7 billion over a 20-year period. Key
to the successful implementation of this multi-jurisdictional RAP are the partnerships amongst
federal, provincial, and local municipalities that have emerged to achieve RAP goals.
Combined Sewer Overflows, Stormwater and Sewage Treatment
Partnerships have been formed among waterfront municipalities for an Ontario Ministry of
Environment and Energy initiative to assess the effectiveness of control measures for sewage
treatment plants (STPs), stormwater, and combined sewer overflows (CSOs). Individual
municipal projects have also been undertaken. A brief description of project highlights follows.
• The City of Toronto has constructed the first phase of a CSO tank in the Eastern Beaches Area.
This has improved water quality in the Eastern Beaches Area by controlling sewer overflows.
• Highland Creek STP is introducing a new technology to produce oil from sewage sludge. This
technology will produce a marketable product and a cleaner sludge for treatment and disposal.
It will also increase the capacity of the STP and improve the quality of liquid effluent entering
Lake Ontario.
• Emery Creek drains a large industrial catchment and is the site for a stormwater retention pond
to allow solids to settle out and industrial spills to be retained.
• Best management practice techniques will be evaluated in stages for a number of sites in the
City of Markham.
• An environmental assessment is being carried out on alternative stormwater quality control
methods for the City of Scarborough.
• As part of a storm sewer replacement, innovative methods for exfiltration of stormwater to
groundwater are being implemented in the City of Etobicoke.
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• Significant CSOs to the Don River will be controlled, in part, with the development and
installation of High Rate Treatment at the North Toronto STP.
• A computer simulation package (General Purpose Simulator) will be customized and calibrated
following a process audit at the Main STP of Metropolitan Toronto to optimize operation
efficiency.
• A project was undertaken to study the processes that occur in stormwater ponds and the
implications of them on the receiving water quality. Recommendations are to be made for
environmentally safe pond maintenance procedures (e.g. sediment removal and disposal
practices).
Nonpoint Source Pollution
• To reduce nutrient and bacterial loadings to Cold Creek, a Farm RAP Demonstration Project
in the City of Vaughan will develop a Farm Remedial Plan to integrate soil, crop, livestock and
water management issues.
Habitat Rehabilitation
• A $600,000, 3-year habitat rehabilitation project began in 1992. Four separate fish habitat
projects were undertaken in 1992/93. Elements of the projects included fish access
improvements, wetland creation, shoreline naturalization, and physical fish habitat creation.
Other pilot rehabilitation projects include fish reef construction and reconnection of a pond to
Lake Ontario.
• A 0.4-0.8 ha demonstration marsh will be constructed in 1994 in the lower Don River Valley
and will contribute to the technology of wetland construction and ecological diversity, and
promote public awareness about wetlands.
• Four artificial nesting platforms were built in 1990/91 as alternative nesting habitat for terns
at Tommy Thompson Park on the Leslie Street Spit as terns have been declining sharply in
numbers due to encroachment on their nesting areas by gulls and vegetation.
Contaminated Sediment
• 250 m3 of contaminated sediment was removed in 1992 at the Parliament Street slip of
Toronto's Inner Harbour using the Cable Arm bucket demonstration technology. Sediments were
transferred to a soil recycling facility for treatment, where concentrations of metals and organic
contaminants were reduced in a fine-grained sediment.
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Public Involvement and Communications
• An educational video, "The Big Flush", has been developed to raise public awareness of the
impact of daily human activities on the environment by focusing on the multi-stage sewage
treatment process used by Metropolitan Toronto.
• The PAC entered into a joint project with Black Photo Corporation to run a photo contest with
regard to water quality. The contest involved participation from public school students.
• The PAC convened a workshop of educators, and municipal and community representatives in
1993. The title of the workshop was "Developing a Strategy for Watershed Education".
• A Storm Drain Marking Program is being extended to two municipalities (East York, Markham)
and Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy will partner with Etobicoke, MTRCA, and
Metropolitan Toronto for the other areas.
Outlook
Implementation of municipal infrastructure works has been underway in a significant fashion
since the early 1980s. Capital expenditures for STP upgrades, CSO controls, and stormwater
management over the next three years could reach $75 million. With the completion of the sewer
system master plan by the City of Toronto, the City implemented the Eastern Beaches Phase 2
tank in 1993, and will be constructing the tunnel along the Western Beaches in 1994-1999.
Metropolitan Toronto will be implementing the Emery Creek Stormwater Pond and the High Rate
CSO demonstration project in 1993-1994. The completion of the Stage 2 Report in 1994 will
identify further actions that need to be undertaken to restore beneficial uses.
Contact persons:
Steve Klose, RAP Coordinator
Ontario Ministry of Environment
and Energy
Central Region
7 Overlea Blvd., 4th Floor
Toronto, Ontario M4H 1Z8
(416) 467-3039
Moyra Haney, PAC Co-Chair
Great Lakes International Festival
410 Queens Quay West, Suite 500
Toronto, Ontario M5V 2Z3
(416) 973-4867
Don Young, Public Consultation Coordinator
c/o Ontario Ministry of Environment
and Energy
7 Overlea Blvd., 4th Floor
Toronto, Ontario M4H 1A8
(416) 467-3066
Bill Munson, PAC Co-Chair
c/o Toronto Harbour Commissioners
60 Harbour Street
Toronto, Ontario M5J 1B7
(416) 863-2022
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Hamili
iur
Use Impairments and Causes
Hamilton Harbour lies at the western edge of Lake Ontario and its 500 km2 watershed is drained
by three main tributaries (Grindstone, Redhill, and Spencer Creeks). Six municipalities and a
population of over half a million reside in the watershed. Canals and infilling of twenty-five
percent of the original bay have eliminated seventy-five percent of the wetlands, protected inlets
and shallow areas. The Niagara Escarpment and Cootes Paradise are two prominent natural
features in the area. On the southern shores, a deep water port supports the largest concentration
of heavy iron and steel industries in Canada while the upper reaches of the watershed have a
mixture of rural and urbanized land uses. Use impairments are identified in the lower left box.
Major causes of use impairments include: point and nonpoint source pollution; contaminated
sediments; combined sewer overflows; and shoreline and land use development.
Status of the RAP Process
The first edition of the Hamilton Harbour Stage 1 RAP Report on environmental conditions and
problem definitions was completed in 1989 and was judged by the Canadian agencies and the
International Joint Commission to meet the
Stage I requirements of the Great Lakes Water
Quality Agreement. The IJC concluded that
the Hamilton Harbour Stakeholder Group was
Hamilton Harbour Use Impairments
I = Impaired R= Restored
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Fish tumors or other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Eutrophication or undesirable algae
Beach closings
Degradation of aesthetics
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
R
I
I
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
171
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a model for institutional cooperation and public participation in Areas of Concern. The
Stakeholder Group that developed the Stage 2 RAP has forty-three members representative of
municipalities, public interest groups, business and industry, the Hamilton Harbour
Commissioners, academia, and educators. The RAP process is guided by a statement of visions,
principles and goals developed by the Hamilton Harbour Stakeholder Group. Following a
recommendation from the Stakeholder Group, the implementation phase will be undertaken with
a new structure involving the Bay Area Implementation Team (BAIT), the Bay Area Restoration
Council (BARC), and various secretariats and committees under each group. BAIT is a
management team of key implementing agencies, while BARC provides public
oversight/consultation to ensure accountability of remedial actions. BARC has been incorporated
as a nonprofit organization. An annual RAP progress report is being used to update the RAP and
celebrate milestones reached in restoring beneficial uses in Hamilton Harbour. In October 1992,
the second edition of the Stage I RAP, an update, was completed. The Stage 2 RAP has been
submitted to the Provincial and Federal governments and they are in the process of preparing a
response. BAIT is considering a voluntary Cooperation Agreement amongst the parties for
implementing the RAP.
Progress and Achievements
All levels of government, industry and the public are involved in RAP implementation to achieve
full use restoration of the harbor. Since 1987, over $126 million has been spent in line with RAP
recommendations to improve water quality, sediment quality, and fish and wildlife habitat.
Highlights of programs and achievements follow.
Contaminated Sediment: To ensure that the most appropriate and cost effective technology is
selected to remediate contaminated sediments, a series of innovative demonstration and pilot
projects were carried out with funding from the Great Lakes Cleanup Fund and are briefly
described below.
• In October 1992, approximately 180 m3 of contaminated sediment was removed from Randle's
Reef using Cable Arm's clamshell bucket at a cost of $333,000 as a demonstration.
Reconstruction of the bucket decreased sediment resuspension and allowed more water to be
decanted from the bucket. With an effective decanting mechanism, costs for transportation and
sediment treatment were reduced.
• In 1991/92, a $1.27 million pilot scale test of Ecologic's thermal destructor in Hamilton
Harbour resulted in the successful destruction of up to 99.9% of the PAHs in the sediment.
• The Grace-Dearborn bioremediation technology was demonstrated in 1993 for a total cost of
$398,000. It is characterized by the addition of proprietary organic amendments, low intensity
tillage relative to other land farming processes, and strict control of the water content for the
material being treated.
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• Toxicity in sediments is being treated in situ by injecting an oxidant into the sediment as a
demonstration project by the National Water Research Institute at a total cost of $868,000. The
addition of the oxidant reduces the acute toxicity of the sediment and enhances bioremediation
of organic contaminants in the sediment.
• In 1990/91, a secondary dike was constructed and a filter fabric/slope protection installed for
$525,000 to contain dredged contaminated sediments from the mouth of Redhill Creek into the
harbor and to prevent washout of this material. The total project cost was $5 million.
Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs): CSOs contribute significant amounts of pollutants into the
Area of Concern. The Cleanup Fund, in cooperation with Ontario Ministry of Environment and
Energy and municipalities, has undertaken demonstrations of low cost alternatives for CSO
controls.
• In Hamilton, a microcomputer-based Real Time Control system was developed to optimize the
operation of the Hamilton-Wentworth Region's combined sewage collection system and reduce
the number of overflows to local receiving bodies.
• Three overflow retention tanks have been constructed for approximately $20 million to reduce
sewer overflow volumes by 95% at selected locations in the City of Hamilton. The sites were
chosen based on proximity to park developments and marinas.
Steel Industry Discharges
• Dofasco and Stelco have invested a total of $76 million from 1987 to early 1993 to reduce and
improve the amount and type of effluent being discharged into Hamilton Harbour. Selected
examples include: Dofasco upgraded a hot mill filtration plant and installed blast furnace gas
cleaning wastewater recirculation; and Stelco invested in enhanced treatment for oil in treatment
plant effluent and provided indirect cooling of coke oven gas.
Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) Assessments and Controls: The following performance
assessments and investigations have been conducted at selected STPs to recommend and
implement improvements in their operations.
• Since 1990/91, $387,000 has been spent in a review of the performance at the Woodward
Avenue STP to identify process bottlenecks and evaluate options and costs for expanding the
plant to meet initial and final RAP objectives. A customized and calibrated computer model of
the STP is being developed to assist in the evaluation of options.
• A total of $142,000 was allocated to examine the performance of an existing tertiary sand filter
at the Dundas STP from 1990 to 1992. The use of well-designed, high-rate tertiary filter systems
will reduce capital costs, improve the response to variations in loadings and decrease the total
concentration of suspended solids.
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• Since 1990, $179,000 has been allocated to develop a process control technique to reduce
phosphorus discharges through chemical precipitation and coagulation operations at the Skyway
STP. The ultimate goal is to minimize operating costs and the quantity of chemicals discharged
with the waste sludge. Improvements in design and operation of the chemical coagulation may
postpone or eliminate the requirement for tertiary filtration in some cases.
• In 1990/91, an enhanced process audit was conducted for $231,000 at the Skyway STP to
determine the true capacity and capability of the plant for meeting the RAPs proposed target
loadings. This was necessary to ensure that decisions to upgrade the facility are economically
and technically sound.
• Recommendations for improving the efficiency of the Skyway STP were made following a
hydraulic parameters assessment that was completed in 1990/91 for $25,000.
Demonstration projects have also been undertaken to test new techniques to improve the
efficiency and operation of STPs. Examples include:
• A $444,000 step-feed control, operation strategy was demonstrated in 1992 to minimize plant
bypassing at the Woodward Avenue STP. It demonstrated that a reduction in bypass volume of
greater than 90% could be achieved at minimal cost.
• $95,000 was invested at the Dundas STP in 1990/91 to develop a wet weather operating
strategy at a moderately sized municipal STP using step-feed control. The project demonstrated
that the step-feed operation could avert plant bypassing during storm flows.
Habitat Improvements: Over $19 million has been identified to test and implement habitat
rehabilitation techniques. Approximately $12 million has been contributed to date from private
and public contributors. $19 million will be invested over the life of the project to: rehabilitate
the 250 ha marsh in Cootes Paradise, enhance the pike spawning marsh in Grindstone Creek,
improve the littoral habitat in Hamilton Harbour, rehabilitate the littoral fish community, and
provide nesting and loafing sites for colonial waterbirds. Restructuring the fish community will
be accomplished by the combined effects of carp control, habitat improvement and introductions
of top predators. The five-year project will alter the fish community from one dominated by
pollution tolerant exotic species such as carp, white perch, and alewife to a community dominated
by native fish species and controlled by top predators. Moreover, habitats will be created for
shorebirds, waterfowl, reptiles, and mammals. The project has a large public participation
component. Construction of fishing piers, boardwalks, wildlife viewing platforms, and an
information center will enhance opportunities for access and education. There are over 29
partners contributing to this multi-agency cooperative project. Highlights include:
• Final Design and Engineering Supervision for Carp Barrier/Fishway:
Public Works Canada has been contracted to complete the final design and supervise
construction of the carp barrier/fishway at Cootes Paradise. This contract includes the
design of an access road and bridge crossing of the Chedoke Creek in order to gain access
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to the project site for construction and operation of the carp barrier/fishway. The City of
Hamilton has provided the land for the access road and has participated in the project by
providing site surveying, engineering computer design, preparation of landscape plans, and
drafting of various legal agreements between partners and land owners. Final design is
nearing completion and tendering is expected in 1994 ($405,000).
Final Designs and Tender Documents for Lasalle Park and Northeastern Shoreline:
Through a Memorandum of Agreement, Cleanup funds were transferred to the Hamilton
Harbour Commissioners (HHC). The HHC are the principal land owners at LaSalle Park
and the Northeastern Shoreline project sites, and have expertise in constructing marine
works within the harbor. The HHC are contributing the land base and have assigned a
professional engineer as project manager to oversee final design tendering and construction.
The detailed design drawings and tender documents for the final design of these projects
will be completed in 1994 ($180,000).
Experimental Planting in Cootes Paradise and Restoration of the Pike Spawning Marsh:
Through a Memorandum of Agreement, Cleanup funds were transferred to the Royal
Botanical Gardens as part of the federal contribution to the Cootes Paradise marsh
rehabilitation project. The funds were used to: monitor the effectiveness of the carp
exclosures constructed in 1992/93, establish an aquatic nursery, construct a temporary silt
control barrier across Westdale Cut, carry out an extensive program of experimental
planting, establish a volunteer planting program, and carry out water quality and turbidity
monitoring. Interpretive signs were constructed at the various activity sites. The Royal
Botanical Gardens worked closely with McMaster University on the monitoring components
of the project and contracted student labor from the University. The water level control
structure was installed in the spring of 1993 and the beaded channels were constructed in
the fall of 1993. Enhancement of the pike spawning program is complete ($62,000).
Wave Break Experimental Design and Aqua Dam Construction:
Studies were undertaken to design, construct and monitor proto-type wave breaks to protect
aquatic planting beds in the Cootes Paradise Marsh. A new portable dam structure made
of geotextile fabric was installed to determine if it could control water levels on a
temporary basis for areas being planted. The structure known as "Aquadam" offers the
potential to isolate portions of the marsh in order to control water levels, turbidity, and carp
predation on new plants. Once plantings are completed, the Aquadam can be removed and
the area completely integrated with the remainder of the marsh. If successful, this trial will
offer significant benefits to the Cootes Paradise project and other similar projects within
the Great Lakes Basin ($18,000).
Assessment of Fish, Underwater Plants and Carp Movement in Hamilton Harbour and Cootes
Paradise:
Cleanup funds and Department of Fisheries and Oceans' funds were combined to monitor
the status of the littoral fish community (3 times during the season by electrofishing 40
transects) and submerged plant community (once using SCUBA) in Hamilton Harbour.
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Electrofishing was used to determine if carp overwintered in Cootes Paradise. In addition,
radio tags were attached to 48 carp to monitor their movements in and out of the Cootes
Paradise Marsh. Forty carp of various sizes and ages were taken from the harbor and
sampled for contaminants in order to determine use and/or disposal requirements for the
operation of the carp barrier/fishway ($64,000).
• Construction of littoral habitat and habitat modules on Harbourfront Park:
As part of the City of Hamilton Harbourfront Park and the Fish and Wildlife Restoration
Project development, the entire 1.75 km shoreline was restructured from an eroding,
unvegetated shore to one containing a variety of habitat types in order to provide spawning,
nursery and adult habitats for bass, sunfish, crappies, perch and shiners.
Forty-five underwater habitat modules were placed in 3-6 m of water to the west of the
Harbourfront Park. Department of Fisheries and Oceans has been monitoring fish
production on the habitat modules. Low dissolved oxygen in the vicinity of the modules
seemed to be a limiting factor during the summer. However, fall 1993 sampling showed
that the modules are attracting crappies, sunfish, bullheads, rockbass and young-of-the-year
largemouth and smallmouth bass. Fish abundance around the habitat modules in the fall
is 3-4 times greater than at the control sites. The modules were provided by the Fish and
Wildlife Restoration Project for the Great Lakes Cleanup Fund.
Public Access and Use
• To create and enhance public access, $10 million was invested to remove highly contaminated
sediment from an old landfill site and to cap remaining low level contaminants to create a park
at the west end of the harbor.
• After 50 years, two beaches were opened to swimming in park areas at the west end of the
Harbour. Two CSO retention basins were constructed in the area which decreased CSOs by 95%
on average.
Data and Monitoring Assessments: Monitoring of water quality, discharge loadings and fish
and wildlife populations continues.
• A 1990 study confirmed elevated levels of chlorinated organic contaminants in the tissues of
domestically raised ducks which were released and recaptured on a confined disposal facility
(CDF). The 1991/92 portion of the study continued with the analysis of heavy metals in duck
tissues. A total of $125,000 was allocated to assess the dangers to wildlife of using CDFs as a
remedial option for contaminated sediments.
• In 1990/91, $540,000 was spent to determine effects of PAHs on aquatic life and identify the
areas of the harbour where coal tar "hot spots" were most severe. The results are being used
to guide sediment remediation in the harbor.
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• McMaster University will undertake RAP related projects to focus on social, political, and
economic areas with some studies in biology after receiving a $2.1 million grant for three years
($700,000/year) from TRICEP through the Canada Green Plan Initiative.
Education and Public Outreach
• BARC has placed RAP displays at Pier 4 Park. Sixteen presentations have been made to
citizen and student groups and 13 additional events have also used the RAP displays to include
Naturefest at the Royal Botanical Gardens.
• The Royal Botanical Gardens "kicked off' their campaign to raise funds from the public to
Project Paradise (a major component of the Fish and Wildlife Habitat Restoration Project) with
a family day in 1993 and an 8-page insert on the project in the Hamilton and Burlington
Spectator newspapers.
• BARC publishes a newsletter and has a distribution of over 2,500.
Outlook
A long-term strategic commitment to the RAP has been built into the local planning process for
the draft Official Plan for Hamilton-Wentworth including a statement of support. In addition, the
Mayors of Hamilton and Burlington have supported publicly the RAP. To sustain and build upon
the multi-stakeholder RAP process, BAIT is considering ways to develop a statement of
"cooperative agreement" that would allow several agencies to demonstrate their commitment for
the harbor as a whole. Estimated costs for implementing the RAP are in the order of $500 to
$800 million, with the majority of costs falling upon municipalities for CSOs and STP upgrades.
Contact persons:
Hamilton Harbor RAP Coordinator Anne Redish
Canada Centre for Inland Waters President, BARC
867 Lakeshore Road c/o Town of Dundas
P.O. Box 5050 83 Terrace Drive
Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6 Dundas, Ontario L9H 3X1
(905) 336-6279 (905) 525-9140 ext. 27405
Simon Llewellyn Hardy Wong
Co-Chair, BAIT Co-Chair, BAIT
Environment Canada Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy
867 Lakeshore Rd, P.O. Box 5050 119 King Street West, 12th Floor
Burlington, Ontario, L7R 4A6 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z9
(905) 336-4531 (905) 521-7652
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ST,MARYS RIVER
Use Impairments and Causes
The St Marys River is a 112 km connecting channel between Lakes Superior and Huron. The
Area of Concern extends from the head of the river at Whitefish Bay (Point Iroquois)
downstream through St. Joseph Channel to Humburg Point on the Ontario side and to the outlet
of Lake Munuscong at Point aux Frenes on the Michigan side. Severe impairment of water
quality, sediment and biota remains on the Ontario shoreline due to major point source
discharges. Impaired uses are identified in the lower left box. Contaminants of concern include:
oil and grease, suspended solids, metals, phenols, ammonia, bacteria, and PAHs. Nonpoint source
pollution contributes to a lesser extent. Sources contributing to the use impairments include:
Algoma Steel, two Ontario water pollution control plants, St. Marys Paper, one Michigan
wastewater treatment plant, three Ontario tributaries, and nonpoint sources such as the Cannelton
Tannery site in Michigan. Combined sewer overflows in Michigan and wet weather, by-pass
events in Ontario also contribute to the use impairments. Loss of wetlands and rapids habitat due
to urban/industrial development, and operation of navigational structures is also a concern.
St Marys River Use Impairments
I = Impaired
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Fish tumors and other deformities
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Eutrophication or undesirable algae
Beach closings and body contact
Degradation of aesthetics
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Status of the RAP Process
The St. Marys RAP is being developed jointly by
Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1.2.3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
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(MOEE) and Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR), in cooperation with a 24-
member Binational Public Advisory Council (BPAC) established in 1988. The Stage 1 Report
was submitted to the International Joint Commission in 1992. The MOEE has the lead role in
developing the RAP. Planning work continued in 1993 on the Stage 2 RAP with the formation
of four task teams to address the eight top priority remedial action objectives for the St. Marys
River. Task teams consist of members from the RAP Team, the BPAC, stakeholders, and
interested citizens. These task teams are developing specific action plans concerning control of
point source discharges (point source task team), cleanup of contaminated sediments (cleanup and
restoration task team), habitat and fisheries/wildlife restoration (flora and fauna task team), and
reporting/education about the RAP and the river (reporting and education task team).
Progress and Achievements
Presented below are highlights of investigations and actions that have been taken.
Point Source Pollution
• Algoma Steel has installed a staged sand filter plant that removes most of the oil and grease
that formerly went to the river. This has significantly improved the quality of the effluent. A
drainage and collection system has been installed at the former Domtar facility on the slag site
that reduces the PAH load to the river.
• The Algoma Steel Inc. Plan of Arrangement (with creditors) and the Amending Control Order
(with MOEE) commits Algoma Steel to $45 million in environmental improvements by 1996,
primarily in the bar and strip lagoon effluent and in coke oven improvements.
• The City of Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan has submitted a plan to the MDNR to separate storm
sewers from sanitary sewers to control combined sewer overflows (CSOs) to the St. Marys River.
This 24-year, $17 million project is scheduled to begin construction in 1995. In the interim, the
City has made several improvements that have allowed closure of four former CSOs.
Nonpoint Source Pollution
• MOEE completed an investigation in 1992 of the Algoma Steel slag dump as a source of toxic
seepage into the river via groundwater. Site hydrogeological studies indicate that deep
groundwater has not been affected by shallow site-affected groundwater. The slag site
contributed about 15% of the BTX (benzene, toluene, xylene) load and 32% of the PAH load to
the St. Marys River during the study period.
• Street sweeping, stormwater settling, stormwater solids separation by swirl, runoff infiltration,
and removal of residual street snow were investigated as measures to control nonpoint sources
of PAHs and heavy metal loadings in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario in 1990.
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• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is completing engineering plans for remedial actions at
the Cannelton Tannery Superfund site.
Contaminated Sediments
• Environment Canada conducted a sediment injection demonstration for remediation of
contaminated sediments in 1992-93. This technique showed potential for remediation of oil and
grease contamination by increasing microbial activity to break down these organic compounds.
Sampling
• Ambient water and sediment sampling was completed in 1992 to ascertain PAH concentrations
at nine stations on the St. Marys River in 1992. Preliminary results of 1993 risk analyses
indicate elevated risks of skin health problems from frequent swimming at certain PAH
contaminated sites in the river.
• Investigations in 1991 determined the extent and sources of bacteriological pollution in the St.
Marys River and possible methods for control. In general, bacteriological water quality is good
along the waterfront during dry weather with the exception of a few sites. In wet weather, fecal
coliform pollution increased along the city waterfront because of sewage discharges. The West
End Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) performed very well, but the East STP was much less
effective in bacteria control, however it meets existing guidelines.
• Waters of the Algoma Steel Slip and watershed were sampled for bacteria, general chemistry,
phenols, and water temperatures through the summer of 1993. Iron, phenol, and phosphorus were
consistently above recommended guidelines. As well fecal bacteria levels were above MOEE
Water Quality Objectives. No point sources for the contamination were found. It was concluded
that the high bacteria results were a natural phenomena of the runoff and stormwater of the area.
Public Involvement and Communications
• 8 top priority objectives were selected at a RAP workshop that was attended by the RAP Team,
BPAC, and technical experts.
• Public information activities include a canoe race on the St. Marys River to be held July 1994.
Information about the RAP was also made available at spring sports shows on the Canadian side
of the river.
• A public involvement program review questionnaire will be developed for the BPAC which will
be modelled after a similar questionnaire prepared for the North Shore of Lake Superior RAP
PACs.
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• One of the task teams developing the Stage 2 RAP is focused on reporting and education needs
in the Area of Concern. Plans are in place to establish a "Friends of the St. Marys River" and
a St. Marys River Centre.
Outlook
Algoma Steel has plans for $45 million (Canadian) in environmental controls scheduled for
implementation by the end of 1996. Included in these plans is a water recycling facility to
eliminate a significant portion of its effluent.
St Marys Paper on the Canadian side of the river will be installing a secondary treatment facility
for wastewater to comply with the Municipal-Industrial Strategy for Abatement. This is to be
completed by the end of 1995.
The City of Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan will continue planning and engineering studies in 1994
for its $17 million CSO elimination project. A stormwater monitoring system will be
implemented in the City in the summer of 1994 for the Stormwater Demonstration Project in
support of the Binational Program on Lake Superior. Information from this can be used to target
remedial action for nonpoint sources of pollution to the Area of Concern.
The four task teams are scheduled to complete their reports in 1994. This information will be
provided to a technical writer who will integrate the information into the Stage 2 RAP, currently
planned for completion in 1995.
Contact persons:
Jake Vanderwal, RAP Coordinator
Ontario Ministry of Environment
and Energy
Lake Superior Programs Office
R.R. #12, S-8, C-16
Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E3
(807) 768-1854
Lou Quintan, BPAC Chair
AB McLean Ltd.
1000 AB McLean Drive
P.O. Box 1137
Sault St. Marie, Ontario P6A 5N7
(705) 945-6100
Roger Eberhardt, RAP Coordinator
MDNR, Surface Water Quality Division
P.O. Box 30273
Lansing, MI 48909
(517) 335-1119
Bob Collins
Public Involvement Facilitator
Sault & District Personnel Services
1791 Truck Road
Sault St. Marie, Ontario P6A 5K9
(705) 759-6191
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KJ2M10IAL ACTION
Use Impairments and Causes
The St. Clair River forms the upper-most portion of the corridor between Lakes Huron and Erie
serving as a connecting channel from Lake Huron to Lake St. Clair. This 64 km (40 mile)
connecting channel is an important international waterway, with heavy demands put on it as a
shipping channel and as a source of water for power generation, municipal water supply,
recreational uses including boating and fishing, and industrial cooling and process water. Use
impairments are identified in the lower left box. Uses not impaired include: degraded fish and
wildlife populations; eutrophication or undesirable algae; and degraded phytoplankton and
zooplankton populations. The most severely degraded area in the St. Clair River extends
approximately 9 km (5.6 miles) south from the Sarnia Industrial Complex to the east of Stag
Island along the Ontario shoreline. Although this zone of contamination remains serious, it is
less extensive (by about a quarter) than a decade ago. Discharges of chlorinated organic
compounds, heavy metals, oil and grease, phenols, and suspended solids from petroleum and
chemical industries, combined sewer overflows, and sewage treatment plants are the major
concerns.
St Clair River Use Impairments
I = Impaired U = Under Assessment
Restrictions on fish and turtle consumption
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavor
Fish tumors or other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste
and odor problems
Beach closings
Degradation of aesthetics
Added cost to agriculture or industry
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
U
U
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Status of the RAP Process
The Province of Ontario and the State of
Michigan are working cooperatively to develop
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
storation of
Beneficial Uses
1,2.3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
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the RAP, with Ontario agreeing to serve as the lead agency for this effort. The Stage 1 RAP was
completed in 1992 with the unanimous endorsement of the St. Clair River RAP Binational Public
Advisory Council (BPAC). An addendum to the Stage 1 RAP, which is current through June
1993, has been prepared and will be released with the Stage 2 RAP. In its review of the Stage
1 RAP, the International Joint Commission was particularly impressed with the role played by
BPAC to influence and strengthen a truly binational RAP process. A nonprofit organization
called "Friends of the St. Clair River" has been formed with an executive board comprised of
BPAC members. The Friends of the St. Clair River are actively seeking funds to assist with the
Stage 2 RAP and implementation activities. A facilitated task team (four task teams and several
subcommittees have been established) and workshop approach was used through a partnership
between the RAP Team and the BPAC to develop the Stage 2 RAP. This approach was very
successful and led to a sense of ownership.
Progress and Achievements
Many actions have been taken and have resulted in substantial improvements in water quality.
Presented below are highlights of these actions and status of issues yet to be resolved.
Yardsticks
• Binational, quantitative "yardsticks" have been developed for 35 priority pollutants in open
water, sediments, and biota, where applicable. For each contaminant, these yardsticks generally
reflect the lowest allowable concentration from the four governments having jurisdiction in the
St Clair River. Although they are not enforceable across the Area of Concern, their utility
comes in measuring progress towards delisting.
Point Sources
• In Ontario, many of the petrochemical companies are undertaking major process changes and
environmental improvements including "river separation" initiatives. Numerous environmental
protection and improvement projects have been planned at a large number of industrial facilities.
• Michigan industries are all in compliance with current federal and state water quality standards.
With two exceptions, these facilities also already meet St Clair River RAP yardsticks, and
solutions to these two problems are already being implemented. In the last three years, Michigan
industries on the St. Clair River have made a number of improvements for environmental
protection including: implementation of spill prevention and containment plans; isolation and/or
recycling of process chemicals and solids from waste streams; and collection and treatment of
stormwater.
• Other Ontario improvements in industrial sewerage and wastewater treatment include: sewer
upgrades; initiation of sewer separation and spill containment programs; and substantial
investments in wastewater treatment improvements at a number of facilities.
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• The Cities of Marysville, St. Clair, Yale, and Marine City are well into the process of sanitary
and storm sewer separation. The City of Port Huron has submitted a combined sewer overflow
control plan to the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR), and is awaiting
approval. These municipal facilities, and the Algonac wastewater treatment plant, have made a
number of improvements to their treatment processes and structures.
• Extensive municipal infrastructure improvements have occurred at wastewater treatment plants
along the St. Clair River in Ontario, as well as the construction of sanitary sewers in areas not
previously serviced. The City of Sarnia is embarking upon an ambitious program to upgrade the
existing sewage treatment plant, treat stormwater, and minimize the occurrence of sewer
overflows.
• Using an algorithm derived from the number of impaired uses affected by a contaminant, the
loading of that contaminant from a particular facility, and the yardstick, "facility by contaminant"
impact scores and rankings have been calculated. These scores and ranks are being used to
determine which facilities need to be targeted for discharge reductions.
• Modelling efforts are underway to define impacts on water quality from point source
dischargers based on past, present, and projected effluent quality. Model output utilizing
geographical information system capabilities will assist RAP decision-making.
• BPAC and RAP have embarked upon the development of a Pollution Prevention Plan for small-
to medium-sized industrial and commercial dischargers to municipal sanitary systems within the
Area of Concern. This will be completed with the assistance of the Waste Reduction Institute
(WRITAR).
• Implementation and follow-up strategies are being developed with the expectation of meeting
water quality yardsticks by 2000, with virtual elimination of persistent toxics by 2004.
Nonpoint Sources
• A pollution control plan has been completed for the City of Sarnia with specific
recommendations for controlling pollution from urban drainage.
• Lack of information on atmospheric deposition of contaminants has been identified as an
important data gap and has precluded a comprehensive approach to this problem. This most
likely will need to be addressed on a regional basis, since most of the airborne contaminants
entering the St. Clair watershed probably originate elsewhere.
• Public involvement and education actions will be a major thrust of future RAP actions to
address nonpoint source loadings to the Area of Concern.
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Contaminated Sediments
• Thirteen hot spots of contaminated sediments along the Ontario shoreline have been identified
and classified into three categories based on toxicity and degradation of benthic communities.
More comprehensive assessment studies are being coordinated among the Lambton Industrial
Society and several government agencies during spring and summer of 1994.
Habitat
• The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources has initiated a comprehensive "candidate sites"
investigation to identify areas for potential habitat rehabilitation along the Ontario shoreline.
Funding proposals for two sites (Chenal Ecarte and Dupont) were submitted in 1993. Funding
has been received and activities begun at the Chenal Ecarte site. A proposal has been submitted
to the Great Lakes Cleanup Fund for habitat rehabilitation on Stag Island in 1994.
• A comprehensive management plan has been developed by the MDNR for the St. Clair Flats
area. Additional wetland habitat is being acquired and protected on Harsen's Island. Michigan
Natural Features Inventory is restoring lakeplain wet prairie habitat in Algonac State Park.
Public Involvement
• A St. Clair River RAP environmental education program has been established to place current
RAP-related data in the hands of teachers and students to learn about the local environment,
responsibilities, and actions to improve the environment.
• An interactive computer game about the St. Clair River and the RAP was developed for use
in local schools and at RAP events.
• BPAC has endorsed an "eco-friends" penpal program where U.S. and Canadian schools
throughout St. Clair River communities are twinned. Communication by modem is planned.
• Two bus tours entitled "Student International Tour for the Environment" (SITE) were held in
1993 for U.S. and Canadian students to discuss the St. Clair River with BPAC and RAP Team
volunteers.
• BPAC created an annual River Week which involves a variety of events, such as theatrical
workshops, folk music, dive demonstrations, plant tours, and art displays, to draw public attention
to the river. In 1994 it will be combined with Envirofest.
• The annual environmental achievement recognition award recognizes community endeavors
which complement the RAP Goals and Objectives. It was created to encourage local action and
to emphasize that cleanup requires a coordinated community effort.
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• The third annual St. Clair River Photo Contest will be held in 1994 with $4,000-5,000 in prizes.
This event achieves a high level of public awareness for the RAP and river quality.
• In September 1994, BPAC will be hosting a conference for the Ontario Public Advisory
Council and Michigan's Statewide Public Advisory Council to discuss common concerns and
issues, and learn from each other.
• Friends of the St. Clair River have assisted in establishing a computerized spill notification
system among St. Clair County (Michigan) municipalities to ensure early notification at
downriver communities in the event of spills or other incidents.
• Cleanup of the south end of Stag Island was a project proposed in 1993 by a BPAC member
to a local service club which accepted coordination and implementation responsibilities. In 1994,
a tree planting program will be undertaken by a local club thanks to the encouragement of BPAC.
• Local Girl Guides from Ontario and Girl Scouts from Michigan participated in Trout
Unlimited's Storm Drain Marking Program in 1993 as coordinated through the BPAC. The
project will be undertaken again in May 1994.
• The RAP and RAP-related information has been introduced into local youth group programs
and activities.
Outlook
In early 1994, the Task Teams and the BPAC compiled an extensive amount of information and
made final recommendations on the actions required to restore beneficial uses. Components of
the Stage 2 RAP have undergone peer-review in a special workshop, by technical experts, and
by the RAP Team/BPAC. The document is scheduled for public review in August and scheduled
for submittal to the International Joint Commission by the end of December 1994.
Contact persons:
Gary Johnson, RAP Coordinator
Ontario Ministry of Environment
and Energy
Eastland Plaza
242 A Indian Road S., Rm. 203
Sarnia, Ontario NTT 3W4
(519) 383-1300
Don Poore, BPAC Co-Chairperson
135 Kathleen Avenue
Sarnia, Ontario N7T 1C8
(519) 332-1815
Jenny Molloy, RAP Coordinator
MDNR, Surface Water Quality Division
P.O. Box 30273
Lansing, MI 48909
(517) 335-3625
Tim Lozen, BPAC Co-Chairperson
c/o Freeman McKenzie
75 North Main Street
P.O. Box 2335
Mt. Clemens, MI 48040-2335
(810) 469-2633
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Detroit River
Use Impairments and Causes
The Detroit River is a 51 km international connecting channel linking Lake St. Clair and Lake
Erie. Seven use impairments have been identified in the Detroit River (see box in the lower left
corner). The known causes of use impairment include bacteria, PCBs, PAHs, metals, and oil and
grease. Within the Area of Concern, Michigan combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and municipal
and industrial discharges appear to be the major sources of these contaminants. Sediments have
been accumulating contaminants since the Area of Concern was industrialized. Stormwater
runoff and tributaries in Michigan, and Ontario point sources and CSOs are also major sources
of contaminants. For most contaminants, upstream inputs are the largest source of contaminants
to the river, due in part to the large volume of water that enters the Detroit River. Additional
environmental concerns include zebra mussels, changes in fish community structure, and
reduction in wildlife populations primarily due to loss of habitat.
Status of the RAP Process
In 1985, the Governor of Michigan and the Premier of Ontario signed a "letter of intent"
committing their jurisdictions to a binational approach to developing their shared connecting
channel RAPs. For the Detroit River Area of Concern, the Michigan Department of Natural
Resources (MDNR) was designated as the lead agency responsible for preparing the RAP and
ensuring public participation. In 1988, a
Binational Public Advisory Council (BPAC)
Detroit River Use Impairments
I = Impaired U = Under assessment
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Fish tumors or other deformities
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste
and odor problems
Beach closings
Degradation of aesthetics
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
187
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was established to facilitate public participation in RAP development. The BPAC has 20
members from Michigan and 20 members from Ontario. The Stage 1 RAP was completed in
1991 by the Detroit River RAP Team, with input from the full BPAC. The RAP Team consists
of representatives from MDNR, Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ontario Ministry of Natural
Resources, Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans, and four representatives from the BPAC.
The Stage 2 RAP is being developed cooperatively by members of the RAP Team, BPAC, and
technical experts. Four planning workgroups are being used to address the major issues (i.e.
habitat, contaminated sediments, point and nonpoint sources, and CSOs). A biennial RAP
progress report is scheduled to be released in early 1995. This report will summarize
comprehensively progress toward Stage 1, 2, and 3 requirements and give direction for the next
biennial period.
Progress and Achievements
Presented below are highlights of progress to date.
• Water Use Goals to address beneficial uses were developed by the RAP Team and BPAC, and
finalized at the April 1992 BPAC meeting.
• The Detroit River is a designated site of environmental contamination under Michigan's Act
307 due to contaminated sediments. A remedial investigation for Monguagon Creek, a tributary
of the Detroit River with high sediment contaminant levels, has been initiated under this Act.
• A joint U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)/MDNR project is underway in the
Trenton Channel of the Detroit River to determine initial chemical, physical, and resuspension
characteristics of the sediments. This work will lay the framework for developing a sediment
transport and deposition model to help determine the most appropriate remedial actions for
contaminated sediments.
• The MDNR collected walleye from the Detroit River in the summer of 1993 to conduct fish
taint tests. Fish were also collected for contaminant monitoring. Results are anticipated late in
1994.
• The current Michigan CSO permitting strategy will lead to the elimination or adequate
treatment of all CSOs in Michigan in a two-phase process. The first phase includes developing
a program with a fixed date schedule to accomplish corrections. Phase n is the implementation
of this program in subsequent National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
permits. Currently, 77 of 92 permits authorizing CSOs have conditions consistent with the
strategy.
• The CSO control strategy for the City of Detroit will be implemented through the Detroit
Wastewater Treatment Plant NPDES permit, which covers all of Detroit's CSOs to the Detroit
River. This will be a three-phase process. Phase I requires short-term improvements, Phase II
188
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requires the elimination of raw sewage discharges and the protection of human health, and Phase
HI requires implementation of long-term controls to meet water quality standards.
• The Detroit Water and Sewage Department (DWSD) NPDES permit requires the development
of a PCB and mercury minimization program. Although this portion of the permit is being
contested, DWSD has proceeded to develop and implement the program. Once the goal of
controlling sources of PCBs and mercury to the extent possible is achieved, it is expected that
there will be a reduction of mass loadings of these constituents to the Detroit River via CSO
discharges and the wastewater treatment plant effluent.
• A Detroit River Area of Concern Technical Options Study Report was prepared for the Ontario
Ministry of Environment and Energy (MOEE) and released in May 1993. The report documents
existing and potential remedial options for the Ontario side of the Detroit River. It also includes
an evaluation methodology that can be used in the process of selecting remedial options.
• A comprehensive sediment and benthic investigation of the Detroit River was completed in June
1993, as a follow-up to the earlier MOEE investigation of 1980. The report evaluated data from
samples collected in 1991.
• The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources drafted a report identifying a number of sites on the
Detroit River that have the potential for habitat restoration projects. The report has been useful
to technical working group members in the development of recommendations where habitat
concerns exist.
• In an effort to provide guidance for decision-making in relation to sediment issues, the MOEE
released Guidelines for the Protection and Management of Aquatic Sediment Quality in Ontario,
August 1993. These new biologically-based guidelines replace the Open Water Disposal
Guidelines that were used for sediment evaluation.
• The MOEE has developed a waste allocation model for the evaluation of loadings to the Detroit
River. The model evaluates contaminant loadings for PCBs, copper, mercury, zinc, lead, and
cadmium for some 35 different scenarios. Modelling output will be incorporated into a digitized
map and presented in a geographical information system format.
• "Day at the River" celebration took place in September 1993 and attracted 3-4 thousand people.
The event featured a number of entertaining and educational activities designed to draw attention
to the importance of the Detroit River as a natural resource, and to the restoration efforts
underway.
Outlook
The Stage 2 Report currently being developed will be completed by January 1995. This document
will not only update the information from Stage 1, but it will also identify data gaps, and
recommend specific remedial steps. Comments from the review of this document, along with
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guidance from the RAP Team, BPAC, and Technical Work Groups, will direct RAP
implementation and activities over the next biennial period.
Contact persons:
Robert Sweet, RAP Coordinator
MDNR
Surface Water Quality Division
P.O. Box 30273
Lansing, MI 48909
(517) 335-4182
Jim Murray, BPAC Chair
Wayne County Department of Environment
415 Clifford Street, 7th Floor
Detroit, MI 48226
(313) 224-3631
Mike Santavy, RAP Coordinator
Ontario MOEE
Eastland Plaza
242 A Indian Road S., Rm. 203
Saraia, Ontario NTT 3W4
(519) 383-1300
Mike Walsh, BPAC 1st Vice-Chair
4729 Seminole
Windsor, Ontario N8Y 2A2
(519) 974-2228
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HIABARA
Use Impairments and Causes
The Niagara River is a connecting channel between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. The Area of
Concern extends the entire 58 km of the Niagara River and includes the Welland River drainage
basin. Major problems include sedimentation and toxic contaminants (largely originating from
American sources). The rivers in the Area of Concern have multiple uses, including energy
generation, recreation/tourism, industry, and drinking water. Use impairments are identified in
the lower left box. The heavy concentration of industry located on the United States side remains
the largest contributor to use impairments. In Ontario, 16 municipal and industrial point sources
discharge heavy metals, priority toxic pollutants, and nutrients to the Niagara River and its
tributaries. Nonpoint sources include urban and rural runoff, combined sewer overflows, and
landfills.
Niagara River (Ontario) Use Impairments
I = Impaired U = Under assessment
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
a) fish consumption
b) wildlife consumption
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
a) fish consumption
b) wildlife consumption
Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems
a) deformities
b) reproductive problems
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Eutrophication or undesirable algae
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste
and odor problems
Beach closings
Degradation of phytoplankton and zooplankton
populations
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
U
I
U
I
U
I
I
I
I
I
U
I
Status of the RAP Process
The Niagara River RAP process is being
pursued separately by Canadian and U.S.
jurisdictions. In Ontario, a Niagara River
Public Advisory Committee (PAC) was
established in 1989 and has worked closely
with the RAP Team to develop the Stage 1
Report. The Stage 1 RAP was submitted to the
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2.3 = RAP
2 reports submitted
to UC
191
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International Joint Commission in the fall of 1993. A mechanism for international cooperation
was developed by the U.S. and Canadian RAPs. The purpose of the International Advisory
Committee (LAC) was to share information and develop joint activities. Work is progressing
quickly on the Stage 2 Report. Remedial options have been selected and chapters are being
prepared by PAC/RAP Team Working Groups. The Stage 2 Report is projected to be submitted
to governments in December 1994.
Progress and Achievements
Completion of the Stage 1 report represents a major milestone in the RAP process. Actions taken
on the Ontario side of the Niagara River to improve the Area of Concern are highlighted below.
Ecosystem Approach
• Local liaison committees are working towards remediation and rehabilitation of the tributaries
in the Area of Concern (e.g. Lyon's Creek, Frenchman's Creek, and a section of the Welland
River in Welland).
Stormwater and Sewage Treatment
• The Regional Municipality of Niagara has upgraded treatment at the Fort Erie, Niagara Falls
and Welland sewage treatment plants, and has installed collection and treatment facilities at
Queenston.
• The City of Welland and the Town of Fort Erie have committed approximately $1 million
annually for storm and sanitary sewer improvements.
• The City of Niagara Falls and the Regional Municipality of Niagara have committed to
upgrading their sewage treatment plants at a total capital cost of over $18 million.
• Infrastructure Needs Studies are ongoing at Welland and Niagara Falls, and have been
completed at Fort Erie and Niagara-on-the-Lake.
Source Reduction and Control for Toxic Substances
• An overall toxic substance load reduction of 83% has been achieved for Ontario industrial and
municipal point source discharges to the River (56% reduction by industry; 90% reduction by
municipalities).
• Four landfills were re-evaluated for potential toxics loadings to the Niagara River and 12 other
landfills were reviewed under the Niagara River Toxics Management Plan. Calculated loadings
for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Priority Pollutants from the four landfills were
measured at 11.65 kg/day in 1993.
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Contaminated Sediments
• Plans are being developed for a full-scale cleanup of 2 hot spots on the Welland River
following a successful demonstration for the safe removal of contaminated sediments at the Atlas
Steel site. Studies to date indicate areas of contamination in the river channel as well as on the
floodplain.
Health Risk Assessment
• Human health issues will be considered in terms of the pathways (exposure routes) between
water and people.
• A survey to study shorewells as a private drinking water supply, treatment, use and quality in
the Niagara River has been completed.
Public Outreach and Education
• An awareness program, Water Watch, is underway to encourage voluntary participation in
reducing extraneous flows to sewer systems.
• The PAC has been networking with the local school boards to implement the "Yellow Fish
Road" storm drain marking program to raise awareness and educate the public on proper methods
for disposal of hazardous household materials.
Outlook
The focus of the Stage 2 Niagara River RAP is to develop options that will encourage and
support community liaison committees, active involvement in remediation and protection of the
environmental integrity in the Area of Concern. The RAP Team and PAC are actively involved
in the selection of preferred remedial options for Stage 2. Remediation of impairments in the
Niagara River clearly depends on the cleanup of industrial sites in the United States and an
emphasis on control of urban and rural nonpoint sources in Ontario jurisdictions.
Contact persons:
Belinda Koblik-Berger, RAP Coordinator
Ontario Ministry of Environment
and Energy
West-Central Region
P.O. Box 2112
119 King Street West, 12th Fl.
Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z9
(905) 521-7834
Valerie Cromie
Community Liaison Coordinator
5017 Victoria Avenue
Niagara Falls, Ontario L2E 4C9
(905) 374-8113
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NIAGARA RIVER,
NEW YORK
Use Impairments and Causes
The Niagara River Area of Concern is located in Erie and Niagara Counties in western New
York. This Area of Concern extends from Smokes Creek near the southern end of the Buffalo
Harbor, north to the mouth of the Niagara River at Lake Ontario. Past municipal and industrial
discharges and waste disposal sites have been a source of contaminants to the Niagara River.
A long history of development has also changed the original shoreline along much of the river,
affecting fish and wildlife habitat. Habitat impairment and the survival of aquatic life in the Area
of Concern have been caused by PCBs, mirex, chlordane, dioxin, dibenzofuran, hexachlorocyclo-
hexane, PAHs, and pesticides, in part through fish migration from Lake Ontario. Metals and
cyanides in the sediment prevent open lake disposal of bottom sediments dredged from the river.
These contaminated sediments are a source of use impairments, as are other likely sources (e.g.
inactive hazardous waste sites, combined sewer overflows, and other point and nonpoint sources,
including contamination originating from discharges within Lake Erie's watershed). These
sources and river shoreline practices have contributed to five confirmed use impairments and two
"likely" impaired uses as identified in the lower left corner.
Status of the RAP Process
In 1989, a group of interested citizens was appointed by New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) as the Niagara River Action Committee to help develop
the RAP. The committee comprised 26 environmental, industrial, sportspeople, academic,
Niagara River (New York) Use Impairments
I = Impaired L = Likely impaired
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Fish tumors or other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
L
I
L
I
I
I
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areaa
represent percent
completed
1,2.3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
194
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community, and local government representatives. Committee representatives and NYSDEC staff
created an Executive Committee that directed RAP development. The Executive Committee
established RAP goals, mapped out a workplan, defined responsibilities, and reviewed draft
sections of the RAP. The RAP was completed in March 1993 and addresses problems, sources,
existing remediation programs, and recommends remedial strategies. Tracking progress in
implementation will have three components: plan review/update; annual progress reports and
workplans for the coming year; and public participation, primarily through an advisory
committee. NYSDEC will appoint a twelve-member Remedial Advisory Committee (RAC)
representing government officials, public and economic interest groups, and private citizens to
advise and assist NYSDEC in implementing the RAP.
Progress and Achievements
The RAP represents a comprehensive and focused corrective action strategy to: remediate
contaminated sediments and hazardous waste sites; continue and enhance monitoring activities;
continue point and nonpoint source control programs; and improve fish and wildlife habitat.
Presented below are highlights of commitments for RAP implementation.
Stream Water Quality Monitoring
• Upstream (Fort Erie) and downstream (Niagara-on-the-Lake) water quality monitoring will be
continued in accordance with the Niagara River Toxics Management Plan in order to estimate
pollutant loadings.
Bottom Sediments
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and NYSDEC are overseeing remediation at three
locations along the Niagara River that are considered sources of contaminants causing use
impairments in the river (i.e. mouth of Pettit Flume; 102nd Street embayment; and mouth of Gill
Creek). Remedial actions on Gill Creek were completed in 1992. Remedial design work for
Pettit Flume and 102nd Street embayment will be completed in 1994, followed by remedial
action.
• U.S. EPA has been working for several years on developing and validating tests and associated
acceptance criteria that would allow decisions to be made relative to contaminated sediments.
Following development of this methodology, NYSDEC will apply it to Niagara River sediments.
Inactive Hazardous Waste Sites
• Phase I Investigations: The accumulation and evaluation of existing data to assess contaminant
conditions at each of the significant sites in the Niagara River basin has been completed by
NYSDEC.
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• Phase EL Investigations: Investigations to fill data gaps have been completed at all of the
significant sites in the Niagara River basin, except for the Griffon Park site which is to be
completed in 1994.
• Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Studies (RI/FS): RI/FS are underway at seven sites (i.e.
Bethlehem Steel; Alltift; INS Equipment; Columbus-McKinnon; Niagara County Refuse Disposal;
DuPont-Necco Park; and Occidental Chemical-Niagara Plant) and expected to be completed in
1995.
• Remedial Design: Remedial design is underway at six sites (i.e. Niagara Mohawk-Cherry Farm;
Olin-102nd Street; Occidental Chemical -102nd Street, "S" Area, and Hyde Park; and Bell
Aerospace). At the Occidental Chemical - Hyde Park site remedial design applies to remedial
actions other than containment and treatment systems which are complete and operational.
Design work for these sites is scheduled to be completed in 1994.
« Remedial Action: Remedial construction actions, other than containment and treatment systems
which are complete and operational, are currently underway at one site (Occidental Chemical-
Durez). Construction is to be completed in 1994.
Other Nonpoint Sources
• A nonpoint source loading estimation methodology will be developed for surface runoff,
groundwater migration, and atmospheric deposition by 1994. Responsible agencies are the four
parties to the Niagara River Toxics Management Plan (U.S. EPA, Environment Canada,
NYSDEC, and Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy).
Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Facilities
• NYSDEC will continue to review self-monitoring reports from dischargers, inspect facilities,
independently check on validity of self-monitoring data, and take necessary enforcement actions.
• NYSDEC will continue to develop its water quality enhancement and protection policy to
include discharge restriction categories, antidegradation, and substance bans. The initial work
on pollution prevention/waste minimization criteria for discharge regulations and antidegradation
will be completed in 1994.
Combined Sewer Overflows
• The Buffalo Sewer Authority will continue the model development process for system sub-
basins. The model will then be used to assess system conditions and alternative operation
schemes for the initial sub-basin. This phase will be completed in 1994. The next step,
following evaluation of alternatives, is planning remedial measures, including enhanced in-system
storage.
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Fish and Wildlife Habitat
• NYSDEC will develop and plan for a comprehensive inventory of fish and wildlife populations
and habitat by 1994.
• NYSDEC will develop a plan for contaminant monitoring in fish by 1994.
• NYSDEC will develop a plan by 1994 that will recommend monitoring activities to assess the
impact of non-indigenous species on the aquatic ecosystem and to establish cause-and-effect
linkages. A better understanding of population interrelationships, the extent of habitation by non-
indigenous species, and their impact on habitat conditions of the area will provide necessary
information for the preparation of a habitat improvement plan.
Public Participation and Outreach
• Considerable public participation and outreach have been accomplished by the Niagara River
Action Committee. Examples include: publishing newsletters and brochures; performing surveys;
holding public meetings; organizing educational presentations, tours and an information
repository; producing a slide show and presenting it at area meetings; participating in different
events such as Earth Day; providing update reports at annual Greater Buffalo Environmental
Conferences; and sponsoring an environmental photography contest.
• The four parties periodically hold binational public meetings in U.S. and Canada concerning
Lake Ontario toxic substances and management plans which can benefit RAP activities.
Outlook
The Niagara River RAP is viewed as a continuous improvement process. Remedial progress and
further commitments will be made in annual status reports and workplans, as funding becomes
available. The Niagara River Action Committee prepared a chapter in the RAP on land use along
the river, in an effort to proactively make recommendations related to future development. Two
RAPs are being written for the Niagara River Area of Concern; NYSDEC has taken the lead in
publication of the RAP for the New York State portion. Canadian jurisdictions are responsible
for the RAP concerning the Ontario side of the river.
Contact persons:
John McMahon, RAP Coordinator Bonnie Soley, Chair
NYSDEC Niagara River Action
270 Michigan Avenue 4321 Niagara Rapids Blvd.
Buffalo, NY 14203-2999 Niagara Fall, NY 14305
(716) 851-7070 (716) 285-8726
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ST:LAURENT
Use Impairments and Causes
The St Lawrence River at Cornwall Area of Concern extends from the Moses Saunders Power
Dam at Cornwall to the Beauharnois Power Dam in Quebec. It is a complex jurisdictional area
involving Canada, United States, Ontario, Quebec, New York State and Mohawks of Akwasasne
interests. Transboundary impacts of PCBs from the U.S. Superfund sites in Massena, New York
and mercury from industries in Cornwall, Ontario are the major causes of contamination.
Resultant use impairments are identified in the lower left corner.
Status of the RAP Process
St Lawrence River (Cornwall) Use Impairments
I = Impaired U = Under assessment
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavor
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Fish tumors or other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems
Degradation of benthos
Restrictions on dredging activities
Eutrophication or undesirable algae
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste and
odor problems
Beach closings
Degradation of aesthetics
Added costs to agriculture or industry
Degradation of phytoplankton and zooplankton
populations
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
I
U
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
U
I
A broad-based, 35 member Public Advisory
Committee (PAC) was established in 1988 to
provide public input into RAP development.
The PAC works with the RAP Team, a
multiagency technical team, to develop the
RAP. A set of objectives pertaining to
ecosystem health, municipal use of water,
consumptive use of fish and wildlife,
swimming, boating, and recreational and
industrial use of water has been developed.
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2,3 = RAP
reports submitted
to IJC
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The Stage 1 RAP Report was approved by the International Joint Commission in 1993. A
preferred options discussion paper has been developed following PAC review and evaluation of
a wide range of potential remedial options. A binational statement summarizing the results of
the U.S. and Canadian Stage 1 Reports is under development as a step toward international
cooperation.
Progress and Achievements
Formal communication and cooperation among the jurisdictions is occurring at key milestones
in the RAP process. Progress and achievements to date are highlighted below.
Fish and Wildlife Habitat
• Design studies have been completed for fish habitat rehabilitation in Bainsville Bay - Pointe
Mouillee, a significant peninsula-wetland complex. The shoreline would be stabilized to prevent
erosion and improve circulation in a way to restore nearshore fish habitat.
• Lake St. Francis tributary restoration is being planned and has received $70,000 in funding for
fiscal year 1994/95. The project will demonstrate a combination of on-land and in-water
activities to return the aquatic habitats to full function in Sutherland Creek. The focus will be
on reducing nutrient inputs and erosion, restoring water flows, rehabilitating in-stream habitat
diversity, and re-establishing buffer strips.
• Remedial designs for littoral zone rehabilitation at the Cornwall waterfront have been initiated
and implementation of some measures is proceeding.
Pollution Sources and Control
• Domtar Fine Papers Ltd. has agreed to install secondary treatment in response to the federal
pulp and paper regulation, in addition to announcing in 1992 the expansion at the Cornwall plant.
Domtar will be operating a recycling facility at their Cornwall plant, using a new process to
convert cardboard into fine paper.
• Courtaulds Fibres (which produced rayon for manufacturing clothing and fabrics) closed its
operations in 1992.
• The City of Cornwall has undertaken a Pollution Control Planning Study in cooperation with
Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy and Environment Canada for $360,000. The study
is to be completed in 1994.
Environmental Monitoring
« In 1992, an international workshop was held to explore development of a cooperative
environmental monitoring program in the Massena, New York and Cornwall, Ontario area. The
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workshop was a multi-media effort addressing air, biota, and water. An updated directory of
monitoring activities in the Area of Concern (Canada and U.S.) is being compiled.
Public Involvement and Outreach
• Activities to inform, educate, and involve the public in the RAP process have included: wide
distribution of brochures, newsletters, and fact sheets; slide show presentations; newspaper
inserts; use of local media and press releases; portable displays; and holding open houses, public
meetings and workshops.
Outlook
PAC is currently developing a strategy and the material to initiate a consultation process for
public input to the selection of preferred remedial options for seven identified ecosystem
concerns. A Stage 2 report is expected to be completed in 1994.
Contact persons:
Rick Kirk, RAP Coordinator Elaine Kennedy, PAC Chair
Ontario Ministry of Environment R.R. #1
and Energy St Andrews West
133 Dalton Avenue Cornwall, Ontario KOC 2AO
P.O. Box 820 (613) 936-2240
Kingston, Ontario K7L 4X6
(613) 549-4000
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RIVER REMEDIAL ACTION PLAN
MASSENA,NEW YORK
Use Impairments and Causes
The St. Lawrence River at Massena RAP addresses an Area of Concern within the legal
boundaries of New York State. The Area of Concern begins above the dams at the Massena
Village water intake and follows the river downstream to the international boundary. The Area
of Concern also includes portions of the Grasse, Raquette, and St. Regis Rivers. A second area
of special interest includes the non-U.S. waters from the Moses-Saunders Power Dam to the
eastern outlet of Lake St. Francis. Canadian studies have documented impairments in
downstream and cross-channel waters attributable to pollutants from the Cornwall and Massena
areas. Massena sources of pollutants to the Area of Concern and sources potentially causing
downstream or cross-channel impairments are identified in the RAP.
The waters of the Area of Concern have been impacted by industrial discharges from both sides
of the river, upstream sources including Lake Ontario, municipal treatment facilities, atmospheric
deposition, and other nonpoint source discharges. The Stage 1 RAP identified industry as a
major source of contaminants to the Area of Concern. Stage 1 also confirmed three use
impairments and identified four other use impairments that may exist (see box in the lower left
corner). The transboundary impacts and impairments are in addition to those described by
International Joint Commission (LJC) listing/delisting guidelines.
St. Lawrence River (Massena) Use Impairments
I = Impaired U = Under assessment
L = "Likely" impaired
Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
Degradation of fish and wildlife populations
Fish tumors and other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems
Degradation of benthos
Degradation of phytoplankton and zooplankton
populations
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
Transboundary impacts
I
L
L
L
L
U
I
I
The primary impairment in the St.
Lawrence at Massena Area of Concern is
RAP STATUS
* Shaded areas
represent percent
completed
1,2.3 = RAP
reports submitted
to UC
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restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption. These restrictions are part of a lakewide advisory
for Lake Ontario. There is evidence that PCBs, mercury, mirex, and dioxin contribute to this
impairment. A loss of fish and wildlife habitat is believed to be caused by physical disturbances
and contaminated sediments. Transboundary impacts of contaminants from sources in New York
State are recognized; their impacts must be monitored and assessed as part of a binational
undertaking. The preparation of the Joint Problem Statement and proceedings from the Joint
Monitoring Workshop have been major steps toward the accomplishment of binational
understanding and toward a joint U.S.-Canadian endeavor to resolve all problems in the entire
Area of Concern.
Status of the RAP Process
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC), the lead agency for
developing and implementing the Massena RAP, began RAP development in 1988. It was
assisted by the Massena Citizen Advisory Committee (CAC), which consisted of members from
industry, local government, environmental groups, sportspeople, academia, and business interests.
The Stage 1 Report was completed in 1990 and identified use impairments, their causes, and
sources. The Stage 2 RAP, completed in 1991, includes the development of remedial strategies
to restore water quality and use impairments of the tributary rivers and St. Lawrence River, and
to eliminate adverse impacts to the Area of Concern from sources of pollutants at major
hazardous waste sites. It also addresses other sources within the drainage basin and/or Area of
Concern.
Following completion of the Stage 2 RAP, a Remedial Advisory Committee (RAC) was
appointed to represent all stakeholders and assist NYSDEC in RAP implementation. A first RAP
update has been completed; NYSDEC intends to issue an annual RAP update to document
strategies and remedial progress, and formulate new commitments as needed to address use
impairments.
The Stage 2 RAP presents a remedial strategy that includes 15 recommendations which identify
priority work, investigations, improvements to ongoing remediation, and activity commitments
needed to restore use impairments. High priority is being given to cleanup of 12 hazardous waste
sites thought to be likely sources of contaminants to the Area of Concern. In addition, there will
be full consideration of possible transboundary effects to the Mohawk Nation at Akwesasne,
Provincial, and Canadian environment/jurisdictions, and for increased controls on
industrial/municipal discharge of pollutants of concern, including those discharged by combined
sewer overflows. Six investigations are recommended to better define use impairments.
Progress and Achievements
Presented below are some activity highlights relative to progress and achievements of the RAP
strategies. Concurrent with the RAP process, many NYSDEC environmental program activities
are in place and progressing as part of State environmental protection laws and policies, and
therefore are being implemented independent of any formal RAP coordination. The RAP strategy
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will make use of all resource commitments to restore beneficial uses. One purpose of the RAC
is to assure that all stakeholders' interests and concerns have been satisfactorily investigated and
resolved as much as possible. A key to this is securing implementation commitments to achieve
RAP objectives.
Investigations
• The challenge to implementing the Massena RAP will be to assure that the required U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and/or NYSDEC hazardous waste site remedial actions
adequately address the RAP concerns/objectives, and that resources are provided to conduct
additional investigations, monitoring activities, and further remedial actions necessary to verify
restoration of impaired uses. Accomplishing binational statements to satisfy international
concerns will further complicate this task (e.g. transboundary impacts, dredging, beach closures).
• Monitoring the 12 major hazardous waste site remediation projects will be crucial to defining
any follow-up activities. These sites include: ALCOA (nine sites), General Motors, Reynolds
Metals, and river sediments. A suspended sediment investigation to determine the quantity of
pollutant transport and particle contamination to and from the Area of Concern is required to
define transboundary impacts. ALCOA is currently calibrating a sediment fate transport model
for the Grasse River to predict (storm) flows and suspended solids paths.
• In order to address all UC use impairment criteria, long term fish data are needed to document
population trends, any chemical contamination, and tumor rates. Wildlife investigations are also
desired to determine population impairments and the presence of any deformities/reproductive
problems.
• Toxicity testing is needed to determine if water quality in the Area of Concern affects plankton
community structure. A benthic macroinvertebrate investigation is also desired.
Hazardous Waste Sites
Portions of the General Motors site and adjacent St. Lawrence and Raquette Rivers comprise a
Federal Superfund Site. U.S. EPA has issued Administrative Orders with General Motors,
ALCOA, and Reynolds Metals that require them to cleanup the river areas they have
contaminated. NYSDEC has issued Consent Orders with ALCOA and Reynolds that require
contaminated portions of their plant sites to be remediated. In addition, New York State Attorney
General is pursuing a Natural Resource Damage Claim against the companies. NYSDEC has
also classified the St Lawrence and Grasse Rivers in the ALCOA/General Motors/Reynolds area
as an inactive hazardous waste site.
• ALCOA Plant Site Remediation: ALCOA signed a Consent Order with NYSDEC to investigate
and remediate 14 contaminated sites on ALCOA property. Specific remediation techniques
include: removing contaminated waste and sludges; treating and disposal of some materials on
site in a secure landfill; and containment of potlining waste. An experienced NYSDEC on-site
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observer is to oversee the remedial activities. ALCOA has agreed to remediate all sites on its
approximately 1,100 ha (2,700 acres) plant site at an estimated cost of $150 million, which is
expected to last as long as eight years. The secure landfill is to be available for waste
containment starting in 1994. A thermal desorption soil treatment process is proposed to treat
contaminated soils and sludges from lagoons and other disposal areas.
• Reynolds Metals Plant Site Remediation: The 1992 Record of Decision called for remediation
of all sites on Reynolds property. A Consent Order requiring implementation was issued in
March 1993. Remediation includes the removal and treatment or off-site disposal of soils
contaminated with PCBs and other hazardous wastes; upgrading existing systems to collect and
treat groundwater, surface water, and leachate; and removal and disposal of contaminated
sediment from adjacent land. The measures will include, where feasible, cleanup and treatment
of PCB-contaminated soils. The company has already spent $16 million to cleanup PCB
contamination at its plant site on an interim basis. The U.S. EPA has released a proposed
remedial project to remove 39,000 m3 (51,000 yd3) of PCB-contaminated St. Lawrence River
sediments next to the Reynolds Plant site for treatment and disposal in a specially prepared
upland site on Reynold's property. The estimated cost of the work is $36.7 million. Reynolds
has initiated the design phase for this work.
• General Motors Site Remediation: The 1990 Record of Decision for the first operable unit at
the General Motors facility called for a $78 million cleanup of the site, except for two areas
which are addressed in a 1992 Record of Decision. This second operable unit calls for the
remediation of the remainder of the site, including the east disposal area and industrial landfill
at an estimated cost of $40 million. General Motors has agreed to accept both Consent Orders
and cleanup work is underway. In addition, a three part health risk assessment study for the area
has been performed in conjunction with the Consent Order negotiations with General Motors.
The health risk assessment determinations have been conducted in cooperation with the Mohawk
Nation at Akwesasne to evaluate the principle routes of exposure (fish, wildlife, breast milk) of
PCBs and other potentially toxic substances to human populations. Reports for these three
exposure routes have been completed and an overall health risk assessment report is to be
published in late 1994. Site activities scheduled for 1994 included stormwater runoff controls,
wetland assessments, cultural assessment, and treatability testing.
• St. Lawrence and Grasse Rivers Cleanup: New York State (NYSDEC and the Department of
Law), in conjunction with the Mohawk Tribe, opened negotiations in 1989 with ALCOA,
Reynolds Metals, and General Motors for a comprehensive river investigation that will lead to
remediation of contaminated sediments. U.S. EPA issued an Administrative Order under
Superfund in 1989 to ALCOA and Reynolds Metals to study and remediate sediments
contaminated by the companies. River contamination associated with the General Motors Facility
will be remediated under U.S. EPA's General Motors Remedial Action Plan. The mandated river
sediment activities will complement the ongoing NYSDEC supervised cleanup activities at the
ALCOA, Reynolds, and EPA supervised General Motors land-based hazardous waste sites.
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Contaminated Sediments
• Subject to U.S. EPA Orders, ALCOA and Reynolds are to conduct sediment and water quality
investigations, and perform remedial actions. Reynolds is responsible for remediation of
contaminated sediment in the St. Lawrence and Raquette Rivers immediately upstream from the
General Motors plant site. ALCOA is responsible for remediation of 10.4 km of the Grasse
River up from the confluence with the St Lawrence River.
• Remediation of the sediments in the vicinity of the General Motors plant (St. Lawrence and
Raquette Rivers downstream of the ALCOA and Reynolds responsible areas) is to be
accomplished as part of the overall remediation of the General Motors site under a federal
administrative order. The orders are designed so that one facility's investigative and remedial
responsibility takes over where another facility's responsibility ends. Therefore, all major
contaminated sediment areas are covered under one of three federal orders.
• Contaminated sediment removal projects to address PCB "hot spots" at each industry's major
outfall are proposed for the 1994 construction season. ALCOA could commence as early as mid-
July. Reynolds is proposing a removal project after ALCOA, and pending U.S. EPA approval of
design submittals, full scale sediment removal operations at General Motors are scheduled to
begin in the fall of 1994.
Industrial and Municipal Point Source Discharges
• A significant reduction in the mass of PCBs discharged from Massena industries has been
achieved by the installation of wastewater treatment systems, implementation of best management
practices, and interim remediation activities. Negotiations continue with the companies with the
intent of achieving non-detectable discharge levels of PCBs for all of the water discharges.
• Interim wastewater treatment systems at ALCOA designed to remove PCBs and other
contaminants from various waste streams, including the sanitary lagoon effluent, have been
placed in operation. Eventually, all contaminated stormwater and process water will receive
appropriate treatment. The overall water management plan being negotiated is a requirement of
the State Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (SPDES) enforcement settlement agreed to by
the company in 1993.
• NYSDEC is committed to continue to lower allowable discharges whenever feasible. Improved
detection limits are fundamental to this effort. Recent policy has set a discharge detection limit
of 0.065 ug/L for PCBs.
• U.S. EPA is scheduled to promulgate Best Available Technology effluent guidelines through
1995. State SPDES water discharge permits will incorporate such new and revised Best
Available Technology guidelines.
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• Reynolds Metals Company has identified contaminated sediment as a major source of PCBs
tributary to their main outfall and removed over 133 metric tons (146 tons) of contaminated
sediment from the facility's sewers. Additional work is being performed to further reduce PCB
discharge and achieve NYSDEC requirements.
• Several interim hazardous waste site cleanup measures at Reynolds have been completed,
including the installation of a facility to handle the stormwater runoff generated from its north
yard. Previously, this stormwater was discharged untreated.
• The completion of secondary and tertiary wastewater treatment facilities, including many
upgrades, have contributed to achieving environmental protection goals in the drainage basin.
• NYSDEC's new Environmental Benefit Permit Strategy has focused resources for permit
renewal/modifications to those permits having a priority for water quality enhancement (likely
to correct environmental problems, cause a major improvement in water quality, or eliminate a
water quality use impairment or standards violation).
• The Great Lakes Five Year Enforcement Strategy was finalized in January 1992 to address
point source discharge violations. Emphasis is placed on persistent toxic substances and/or health
and environmental threats. NYSDEC is committed to compliance action and enforcement follow-
up.
Nonpoint Sources
• NYSDEC, in cooperation with the State Soil and Water Conservation Committee and the county
districts, has completed nonpoint source assessment reports for each county within New York
State. A Priority Water Problem list has been prepared to rank impaired waterbodies. Excessive
nutrients (phosphorus) and sedimentation (erosion) from agriculture are believed to be the main
nonpoint source pollution problems in the St. Lawrence Basin. Implementation of county water
quality strategies and "Best Management Practices" (BMPs), including stormwater management,
are recommended. An agriculture BMP manual has been prepared. Additional NYSDEC
guidance documents, catalogs, education and training materials, and activities are increasingly
available and encourage local implementation. Environmentally sound approaches to pesticide
management are included.
Public Participation and Outreach
• In order to implement the Stage 2 RAP, the RAC will provide advice throughout the process.
• The RAC has discussed participation in local cultural events to promote RAP information
transfer. A display is planned for 1995 as part of co-sponsoring a river festival.
• A script and slide show have been prepared that will be made into an informational video.
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• A newsletter "River RAP" is published to promote water quality and RAP progress, as well as
provide updates concerning NYSDEC regulations and policy.
• International communication with Canada and coordination with Ontario, Quebec, and the
Mohawks at Akwesasne is required to address the restoration of all beneficial uses. Toward this
end, a joint international monitoring workshop was conducted in April 1992 that established an
outline for determining investigation and monitoring needs. In addition, progress is being made
on a binational Joint Problem Statement that provides a framework for status reporting.
Other Supportive Activities
• NYSDEC's Multi-Media Pollution Prevention Policy strives to achieve a comprehensive
permitting and corrective action approach for facility specific regulatory activities. Reynolds
Metals has been selected to be evaluated by a multi-media inspection team perspective during
1994-1995.
• NYSDEC is developing pollution prevention regulations to require development and
implementation of "Toxic Chemical Reduction Plans" for facilities that generate certain
amounts/types of hazardous wastes or release toxic chemicals that exceed thresholds of water or
air discharge loadings (five year phase-in). Plans must use the preferred hierarchy of waste
management practices (reduce, recover, reuse, recycle, detoxify, treat, destruct, dispose).
• Air emission testing has shown that ALCOA is in compliance with the primary aluminum
reduction plant air reductions; however, ALCOA must also begin an identification, reduction, and
elimination program for all air contaminants to demonstrate compliance with the General Process
Emission Regulations. Reynolds Metals air discharge permits have been renewed for two years.
Similar air emission program requirements are under review for Reynolds.
• Natural Resource Damage Assessment: NYSDEC, in concert with the New York State Attorney
General, will hold liable those responsible for damages to natural resources. Suits will seek both
remedial work and damages from lost use of the natural resource. Settlements are expected to
be very complex. ALCOA, Reynolds, and General Motors have agreed to pay an initial $600,000
to begin a study of the effects of contamination of the St. Lawrence, Grasse, and Raquette Rivers.
The 18-month study is underway and is expected to document damages to natural resources and
recommend monetary reparations. New York State, St. Regis Mohawk Tribe, U.S. Department
of Interior, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration are joint trustees of the claim,
with the St. Regis Tribe having the administrative lead.
• Water Quality Enhancement and Protection Policy: NYSDEC is developing this policy to
include additional discharge restriction categories, antidegradation, and substance bans. Emphasis
during development has focused on new discharges as a result of current regulations and policy
already providing extensive environmental protection.
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• St. Lawrence Aquarium and Ecological Center: Work continues on planning and funding efforts
for the proposed Center that will provide educational, research, and interpretive opportunities for
students and the general public.
Outlook
Implementation of the St. Lawrence at Massena RAP is a dynamic process that will include
annual updates and improvements as knowledge of the use impairments, sources, and
effectiveness of remedial actions advances. Ultimately, the RAP must develop a water quality
and use surveillance plan to evaluate and verify restoration of beneficial uses. Because of the
international nature of this Area of Concern, a joint U.S.-Canadian statement of progress and
resolution of impaired uses will also be sought. Cleaning up the known sources of pollutants of
this shared multi-use waterbody is fundamental to reclaiming and maintaining the valuable
resource of the St. Lawrence River.
Contact persons:
Bert Mead, RAP Coordinator Bob Townsend, Environmental Engineer
NYSDEC, Region 6 Wendy Rosenbach, Public Participation Specialist
317 Washington Street NYSDEC, Division of Water
Watertown, NY 13601 Bureau of Program Services and Research
(315) 785-2514 50 Wolf Road
Albany, NY 12233-3502
(518) 457-7470
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APPENDIX I - ADDITIONAL CONTACT PERSONS FOR RAPs
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Mark Elster
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Great Lakes National Program Office
77 West Jackson Blvd.
Chicago, Illinois 60604
(312) 886-3857
Charles Zafonte
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Region II
Jacob K. Javits Federal Building
26 Federal Plaza
New York, New York 10278
(212) 264-7678
Charles Sapp
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region IE
Basin Commission Coordinator
841 Chestnut Building
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 11907
(212) 597-9096
Mark Messersmith
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region V
77 West Jackson Blvd.
Chicago, Illinois 60604
(312) 353-2154
Environment Canada
Danny Epstein
Environment Canada
Environmental Conservation Branch
25 St. Clair Avenue East, 3rd Floor
Toronto, Ontario M4T 1M2
(416) 973-5432
Madhu Kapur Malhotra
Environment Canada
Environmental Conservation Branch
25 St. Clair Aveune East, 6th Floor
Toronto, Ontario M4T 1M2
(416) 954-5150
Province of Ontario
Carol Sackville-Duyvelshoff
Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy
Program Development Branch
Program Support Section
40 St. Clair Avenue West, llth Floor
Toronto, Ontario M4V 1P6
(416) 314-4157
Gail Krantzberg
Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy
Program Development Branch
Program Support Section
40 St. Clair Avenue West, llth Floor
Toronto, Ontario M4V 1P6
(416) 314-7973
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Great Lakes States
Marvin Hora
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
520 Lafayette Road
St Paul, Minnesota 55155
(612) 296-7215
Greg Hill
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 7921
101 S. Webster
Madison, Wisconsin 53707
(608) 267-9352
Jim Park
Division of Water Pollution Control
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
2200 Churchill Road
Springfield, Illinois 62706
(217) 782-3362
David Dabertin
Director, Northwest Regional Office
Indiana Department of Environmental
Management
504 Broadway, Suite 418
Gary, Indiana 46402
(219) 881-6712
Diana Klemans
Michigan Department of Natural Resources
Surface Water Quality Division
P.O. Box 30273
Lansing, Michigan 48909
(517) 373-2758
Ava Hottman/Julie Letterhos
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
1800 Watermark Drive
P.O. Box 1049
Columbus, Ohio 43266-0149
(614) 644-28567(614) 644-2871
Dick Draper
Great Lakes Section, Division of Water
New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation
50 Wolf Road, Room 310
Albany, New York 12233
(518) 457-0669
Jim Rozakis
Pennsylvania Department of Evironmental
Resources
Northwest Regional Office
1012 Water Street
Meadville, Pennsylvania 16335
(814) 332-6945
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