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This document was prepared under the
direction of William Kline, Office of Solid
Waste, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC The document
was written by Heidi Schultz, with assis-
tance from Mark Lennon and Linda Saun-
ders, Eastern Research Group, Arlington,
Massachusetts. The publication was illus-
trated by Elizabeth Stubbs and designed by
Richard Sarno. Photographs were provided
by the U S. Environmental Protection
Agency, the American Petroleum Institute,
the Boeing Company, International Busi-
ness Machines Corporation, and Versar,
Inc The document has been reviewed by
the U S. Environmental Protection Agency
and approved for publication
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 2
A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 3
WHO IS COVERED BY THE NEW REGULATIONS? 3
SECONDARY CONTAINMENT REQUIREMENTS 4
Schedule for Phasmg-m Secondary Containment 4
Secondary Containment Technical Requirements 5
Ancillary Equipment 6
Variances from Secondary Containment 6
ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR
HAZARDOUS WASTE TANK SYSTEMS 6
Integrity Assessment for Existing Tank Systems 8
Design and Installation of New Systems or Components 8
Requirements for Tank System Inspections 9
Required Operating Procedures and Equipment 11
Responses to Leaks or Spills 11
Closure and Post-Closure Requirements 12
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 13
FURTHER INFORMATION ON HAZARDOUS WASTE TANK
SYSTEM MANAGEMENT 14
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INTRODUCTION
One of the most common methods
of storing or treating hazardous
wastes is in tanks. While many
tank systems are capable of securely hold-
ing or treating hazardous wastes, many
others have been shown to leak wastes,
thereby presenting significant risks to the
surrounding community and environment
The major causes of tank system failure
include corrosion, cracking or structural
failure of the tank or associated piping and
equipment; improper installation, and oper-
ator errors such as overfilling, spilling, or
improper tank maintenance and repair
To address the risks posed by the storage
or treatment of hazardous wastes in tank
systems, the U S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency (EPA) has developed a regula-
tory program that focuses on detecting
leaking hazardous waste constituents before
they migrate to the surrounding soil, under-
lying ground water, or nearby surface
water Key goals of the protection strategy
are
• To prevent hazardous waste releases
through specific requirements to main-
tain the integrity of the primary con-
tainment structure
• To detect releases from the primary
containment structure by requiring
secondary containment with release
detection
• To ensure rapid, appropriate, and effec-
tive responses to hazardous waste
releases when they do occur
This booklet provides an overview of
EPA's revised hazardous waste tank system
regulations, which were promulgated on
July 14, 1986. The booklet is geared pri-
marily to individuals who own or operate
hazardous waste tank systems, and to
Federal, State, and local government offi-
cials who are responsible for regulating
hazardous waste tank systems The booklet
summarizes the most important program
elements, including requirements for
• Secondary containment and release
detection (including procedures for
obtaining variances from the
requirements).
• Assessment of tank system integrity (for
example, leak testing and internal
inspections)
EPA's new hazardous waste tank
system regulations are designed to
ensure that releases are detected
before they damage the environ-
ment and result m costly cleanup
measures The tank system being
installed here includes secondary
containment with a monitoring
device which will detect a hazard-
ous wastes leak immediately after
it occurs
Improper installation of a
hazardous waste tank system can
result m subsequent destruction «,
the tank and serious environmen
tal damage Frequently, the down
ward pressure exerted by earth
over a tank or the upward pres-
sure exerted by ground water
beneath a tank can cause it to
crack and split
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• Proper installation of new tank systems,
including minimum design require-
ments and corrosion protection
• Periodic tank system inspections.
• Tank system operation, including spill
prevention practices and leak response
procedures
• Proper closure and post-closure care
This booklet also answers some fre-
quently asked questions about the hazard-
ous waste tank system regulatory program,
and provides sources for further informa-
tion about EPA's hazardous waste tank
system regulations. While this booklet pro-
vides an overview of the regulatory pro-
gram, the reader should consult the
hazardous waste tank system regulations
themselves, which are described in detail in
the July 14, 1988, Federal Register, for addi-
tional information and requirements
A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
In 1976, Congress passed the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA), a law which had as its primary
goals to conserve energy and natural
resources and to ensure that wastes are
managed in an environmentally sound
manner. Subtitle C of RCRA set forth
requirements for EPA to design a regula-
tory program to ensure proper manage-
ment of hazardous waste from the moment
waste is generated until its ultimate dis-
posal. To carry out RCRA's mandate, EPA
developed regulations covering hazardous
waste generation, transportation, treatment,
storage, and disposal. These regulations
included standards for the storage and
treatment of hazardous waste in tanks and
focused on operating practices to prevent
releases of hazardous waste to the environ-
ment EPA then developed permitting stan-
dards for hazardous waste tanks that could
be entered for inspection. These standards
emphasized the structural integrity of tanks
to protect against leaks, ruptures and tank
collapse, and required adequate tank
design, maintenance, and inspection
Congress revised RCRA in 1980 and
again in 1984. The 1984 amendments,
referred to as the Hazardous and Solid
Waste Amendments (HSWA), significantly
expanded the scope of RCRA HSWA
The Permitting System
All hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities, including those facilities with haz-
ardous waste tank systems, are subject to a permitting system that strives to ensure safe operation.
Under this permitting system, facilities must meet general standards for proper waste management
and requirements specific to the individual facility. Most hazardous waste tank systems currently
operate under "interim status," which enables them to operate until their permit applications are
approved or denied. Such interim status facilities also must meet certain minimum technical require-
ments Congress established interim status recognizing that it would take many years for EPA and
the States to issue permits. Interim status tank systems are subject to the revised tank system
standards.
The Role of the States
States are encouraged by RCRA to develop and run their own hazardous waste programs in lieu
of direct EPA implementation For States to receive authorization from EPA to implement their own
programs, they must show that their programs are as stringent as the EPA program. States that are
authorized to implement RCRA operate the permitting system for hazardous waste tank systems in
lieu of the Federal government.
The July 14,1986, hazardous waste tank system regulations were promulgated under both RCRA
and HSWA authorities. The HSWA portion of the regulations were effective on January 12,1987. In
unauthorized States, the RCRA portions of the regulations also were effective on January 12,1987.
In unauthorized States, EPA administers both the new HSWA standards and the RCRA standards;
however, in authorized States, EPA implements only the HSWA standards while the States implement
the authorized programs. The new RCRA standards are effective in an authorized State as soon as
the State adopts the standards; these new standards become part of the authorized program when
EPA approves the program changes. Authorized States have one to two years from June 30,1987, to
incorporate the RCRA regulations into their programs; therefore, the effective date of the RCRA-
based regulations will vary from State to State.
directed EPA to develop permitting stan-
dards for hazardous waste storage tanks that
are located underground and that cannot be
entered for inspection. HSWA also directed
EPA to require that new, underground tank
systems use approved leak detection systems
that are capable of detecting hazardous
waste leaks from a tank at the earliest possi-
ble time In response to HSWA and to cer-
tain inadequacies of the standards, EPA
promulgated amendments to the tank stan-
dards on July 14, 1986, that established
new and revised requirements for hazardous
waste tank systems (including both
aboveground and underground systems)
Owners and operators of hazardous waste
tank systems in authorized States must
comply with these new and revised stan-
dards since the Federal effective date of the
standards was January 12, 1987
Underground storage tank systems that
hold petroleum products or hazardous sub-
stances, but not hazardous wastes, are regu-
lated under Subtitle I of RCRA. This
booklet does not address these tank sys-
tems For more information on Subtitle I
regulations, call the RCRA Hotline at
800-424-9346
WHO IS COVERED
BY THE NEW REGULATIONS?
All new and existing tank systems
that store or treat hazardous waste
are covered by the July 14, 1986,
regulations unless they qualify for specific
exemptions described below (see the Ques-
tions and Answers section of this booklet
for more information on "new" versus
"existing" tank systems) The regulations are
applicable to all hazardous waste tank facili-
ties that are permitted or seeking a permit,
as well as to facilities that accumulate haz-
ardous waste on-site in tank systems for less
than 90 days The newly revised tank
system requirements do not apply to the
special category of generators called "small
quantity generators" These are generators
of between 100 and 1,000 kilograms of
hazardous waste per month that accumulate
less than 6,000 kilograms of hazardous
waste in tanks for less than 180 days (or
270 days if the waste must be shipped more
than 200 miles offsite) Only the limited
hazardous waste tank system requirements
preceding the July 14, 1986, regulations
apply to these small quantity generators
Generators of less than 100 kilograms of
hazardous waste per month are not
regulated
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Tank systems include more than the
actual tank The tank system includes the
tank and any ancillary equipment, including
piping, fittings, flanges, valves, and pumps
used to distribute, meter, or control the
hazardous waste flow to or from the tank
In addition, sumps and their associated
trenches and pumps that are used to collect
hazardous waste for transport to a treat-
ment, storage, or disposal facility are
regulated
The following exceptions should be
noted
• Tank systems used to manage recycled
materials in a "closed-loop recycling
system," in which all reclaimed material
is returned to the original process and
the means of conveying the material is
completely enclosed, are exempt from
the regulations.
• Tank systems used in certain wastewater
treatment or elementary neutralization
units are exempt from the regulations
• Tank systems and sumps that are an
integral part of a secondary contain-
ment system to collect or contain haz-
ardous waste releases are exempt from
the secondary containment require-
ments of the regulations
• Tanks that are situated inside a building
with an impermeable floor and are used
to store or treat hazardous waste that
contains no "free liquids" are exempt
from the secondary containment re-
quirements of the regulations To deter-
mine if a waste contains free liquids, a
specific EPA test called the Paint Filter
Liquids Test must be performed This
test is described in the Questions and
Answers section of this booklet
• Generators that accumulate hazardous
waste for less than 90 days must comply
with most of the tank system rules
(covering tank system integrity, design,
and installation, containment and detec-
tion of releases, general operating re-
quirements, inspections, and response
to leaks or spills), but they need not
comply with all requirements covering
financial responsibility and closure and
post-closure care.
Sumps, like the one shown here, are pits or reservoirs
that collect and temporarily hold any spilled hazard-
ous waste The two waste pumps m the foreground
transfer the waste from the pit to the storage tank
on the left
SECONDARY CONTAINMENT
REQUIREMENTS
Secondary containment requirements
form the heart of EPA's approach to
regulating hazardous v/aste storage
and treatment tank systems In a secondary
containment system, two impermeable bar-
riers are situated between the wastes and
the external environment (Figure 1) The
first or primary barrier is the wall of the
treatment or storage tank itself The sec-
ondary barrier may be a second tank wall,
a concrete vault, a liner (for example, a
synthetic membrane), or another device
approved by the appropriate EPA region or
State permitting authority If a leak occurs
through the primary tank wall, the second-
ary containment barrier prevents the escape
of leaked wastes to the environment The
secondary containment system also provides
an enclosed space in which leaks from the
primary tank system can be easily detected
and removed
Schedule for Phasing-in Secondary
Containment
Secondary containment allows hazardous
waste tank system owners or operators to
detect releases from the primary contain-
ment system and to clean up any waste
before it escapes to the environment. For
this reason, the Federal regulations call for
tank system owners or operators to provide
secondary containment for all hazardous
waste tank systems according to a phased
schedule
FIGURE 1
Primary Containment Only When an unprotectet
tank system leaks or ruptures, soil ma}! be
contaminated by waste In addition, waste may
migrate to ground water and/or surface water, thereb
posing a direct threat to human health and the
environment
Primary and Secondary Containment A tank
system with secondary containment provides an
additional impermeable barrier between the wastes
and the external environment, thereby preventing
contamination of soil and water resources
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Types of Secondary Containment Systems
Liners A liner must be large enough to contain the entire contents of the largest tank
within the liner system. The liner must prevent any lateral or vertical migration
of wastes, and must be free of cracks or other gaps. The liner system also must
be designed and constructed to prevent rainfall from entering the system (that
is, the area should be graded so that rainfall drains away from the tank system,
and the liner should include an impermeable cap so that rainfall will not perco-
late into the system). If concrete is used as a liner, the same standards that are
applicable to concrete vaults (such as an impermeable interior coating and
chemical-resistant water stops) are applicable to the liner. A leak detection
system capable of detecting a leak from the primary tank within 24 hours must
be installed.
Vaults Like liners, vaults must be large enough to contain the entire volume of the larg-
est tank enclosed by the vault, and must prevent the run-on and infiltration of
precipitation. Vaults must be lined with an impermeable material that will not be
harmed by the waste and will prevent wastes from migrating into the concrete.
All expansion joints built into the concrete vault must be provided with water-
and chemical-resistant water stops. If the vault is situated in saturated soils, an
exterior moisture barrier (commonly a plastic membrane beneath the vault
floor, and an asphalt material applied with a brush or as a spray on the vault
walls) must also be provided to prevent water from migrating into the vault. A
leak detection system capable of detecting a leak from the primary tank within
24 hours must be installed.
Double-Walled Double-walled tanks must be constructed as a single, integral structure in which
Tanks the primary tank is completely enveloped by the outer tank so that any liquid
released from the primary tank will be completely captured and contained. A
system that monitors continuously for leaks must be installed between the inner
and outer tanks. If the outer tank wall is fabricated of a material subject to cor-
rosion and is going to be in contact with soil or water, the tank owner or opera-
tor must hire an independent corrosion expert to certify that a corrosion
prevention system has been properly designed and installed.
Here a synthetic membrane liner is
installed to serve as a secondary containment
barrier that will prevent leaking wastes from
escaping to the environment
An 8,000-gallon tank holding waste
solvents hangs above a welded steel secondary
containment vault at this New York-based
manufacturing facility
»*'• • .V. '*'-* > >-v ***«
J *•%..'-
This cutaway of a double-walled tank shows
the interstitial space between the inner and
outer walls
' Tank owners must install secondary
containment for all new tank systems
before accepting wastes for treatment or
storage in those tanks systems
• Existing tank systems holding dioxm-
contammg wastes must have secondary
containment systems in place by Janu-
ary 12, 1989 '
• In general, existing tank systems must
have secondary containment before the
system is 15 years old
Secondary Containment Technical
Requirements
Secondary containment must consist of
one ot the following a liner, a vault, a
double-\\ ailed tank, or another equivalent
device approved by the appropriate EPA
region or State permitting authority The
same technical requirements that apply to
primary containment structures also apply
to secondarv containment systems
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Ancillary Equipment
Ancillary tank system equipment includes
piping, couplings, pumps, and valves that
are used to convey hazardous waste All
ancillary equipment is subject to the second-
ary containment requirements, except cer-
tain ancillary equipment that is above
ground and readily accessible for daily
visual inspection Secondary containment
for ancillary equipment must satisfy the
same general technical requirements speci-
fied for the tanks themselves
Variances from Secondary Containment
A tank system owner or operator may
petition the EPA region or State permitting
authority to obtain one of two variances
from the secondary containment
requirements
• "Technology-Based" Variance. The peti-
tioner must demonstrate that alternative
system design and operating practices,
coupled with facility location, will pre-
vent the migration of waste to ground
water or surface water at least as effec-
tively as secondary containment
• "Risk-Based" Variance The petitioner
must demonstrate that a release of waste
from the tank system would not present
a hazard to human health or the envi-
ronment This variance is not available
for new underground tank systems
Anyone applying for a variance must
notify the EPA region or State permitting
authority of his or her intention to do so
prior to the date that secondary contain-
ment is required For existing tank systems,
this notification must be made at least two
years prior to the date that secondary con-
tainment must be provided For new tank
systems, notification must be made at least
30 days prior to contracting for installation
of the tank system
ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR
HAZARDOUS WASTE TANK
SYSTEMS
In addition to the secondary contain-
ment requirements, EPA's hazardous
waste tank system regulations stress the
importance of ensuring the integrity of the
primary containment structure The regula-
tions address the proper design, installation,
and operation of tank systems, including
• Integrity assessments for existing tank
systems
Ancillary equipment web as piping must be supported and protected against damage due to settling, vibra-
tion, expansion. o> contraction Proper installation as shown on toy, is key to avoiding these problems
Improper installation, as shown ,»' bottom . tan lead to premature failure of the system and to subsequent
I J....,_....j._._/. . . 7
hazardous waste release to the environment
Technical Requirements for Tank Systems
(Including Ancillary Equipment and Secondary Containment)
Material Compatibility Both the primary ana the secondary containment structures must be
constructed of or lined with a material that will not be adversely affected by the waste placed in
the system
Tank System Strength The primary and secondary containment systems must be strong and
thick enough to withstand any foreseeable forces to which the systems may be subjected (for
example, the pressures exerted by ground water, frost heave, or vehicular traffic over or around
the tank system)
System Foundation. The foundation or base for the system must be capable of preventing
system failure due to settlement, compression, or uplift
Leak Detection. A leak detection system capable of detecting the failure of the primary con-
tainment structure must be installed The leak detection system must be capable of detecting any
accumulated liquid in the space between the primary and secondary containment structures
Liquid Removal. The secondary containment system must be sloped or otherwise designed
and operated so that all liquids entering the system may be efficiently collected and removed.
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Variance Petition
Information Requirements
Technology-Based Variance
• Nature and quantity of wastes to be
stored or treated.
• Design and/or operating features that are
proposed to be equivalent to secondary
containment.
• Hydrogeologic setting of the facility,
including the nature of soils and the dis-
tance to the nearest ground or surface
water
• All other factors that may influence the
likelihood of release of hazardous waste
and its subsequent migration to ground
water or surface water.
Risk-Based Variance
• Possible adverse effects of a release on
ground-water or surface water quality.
• Possible adverse effects of a release on
current and future land use.
• Potential human health risks from expo-
sure to released materials
• Potential for damage of animals, crops,
and natural vegetation.
• Persistence and permanence of potential
adverse effects of a waste release.
Physical Integrity
Assessment
If a tank can be entered, the owner or
operator may employ a physical integrity
assessment consisting of a visual inspection
and any physical or electronic tests required
to certify that the tank is fit to store or treat
hazardous wastes. The owner or operator
should first thoroughly clean the tank to pro-
tect the health of anyone entering the tank
and to facilitate a thorough inspection. The
inspection itself must be capable of detecting
any cracks or leaks in the tank, or any cor-
rosion or erosion that threatens to com-
promise the tank's integrity. All assessment
procedures, and the results of each periodic
assessment, must be certified by an inde-
pendent, qualified, registered professional
engineer. A written record of the results of
these assessments must be kept on file at
the tank facility. In addition to leak test
and/or tank inspection results, this record
must document-
• Tank system design standards.
• Existing corrosion protection measures.
• Hazardous characteristics of the wastes.
• Age of the tank system.
If an assessment reveals that a tank or
tank system component is leaking or is
otherwise unfit for use (that is, it poses a
threat of release in the near future), the
system owner or operator must follow
requirements for tank system shutdown and
repair, and in some cases, closure
All existing hazardous waste tank systems must be assessed to determine whether they are suitable for
treating or storing hazardous waste Here, the integrity of an underground tank is being assessed via a tank
tightness test
FIGURE 2
Schedule For Implementation of Federal
Hazardous Waste Tank System Requirements
Integrity Assessment (Note: This requirement
does not apply to tank systems already provided
with proper secondary containment.)
• Existing tank systems: Before January 12,
1988. In general, this assessment must be
conducted annually thereafter until secon-
dary containment is provided.
- Tank systems that have received final per-
mits: At least annually for tanks and/or com-
ponents that cannot be entered for
inspection. For enterable tanks, schedule to
be developed in permit.
- Interim status/other tank systems: At least
annually for both enterable and nonenterable
tanks, and for all ancillary equipment.
Inspection of Operational Equipment (for
example, spill or overflow controls, pressure and
temperature gauges)
• All tank systems: At least once each operat-
ing day.
Visual Inspection of Aboveground Components
• All tank systems: At least once each operat-
ing day.
Leak Detection for Secondary Containment
System
• Leak detection must be provided on a daily
basis.
Inspection of Cathodic Corrosion Protection
• All tank systems: Within six months of
installation. At least annually thereafter.
• For tank systems with impressed current
sources: At least once every two months.
Closure Plan
• Tank systems that are part of a facility
having a final permit: Closure plan must be
incorporated in the permit.
• Interim status/other tank systems: Closure
plan must be available on site during the
active life of the facility, and must be submit-
ted to EPA 45 days before closure actions
are initiated.
• Generators that accumulate hazardous waste
in tank systems for less than 90 days: Mini-
mal closure requirements apply.
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• Design and installation of new systems
or components.
• Requirements for tank system
inspections.
• Required operating procedures and
equipment.
• Responses to leaks or spills
• Closure and post-closure requirements
A schedule for implementing the hazard-
ous waste tank system requirements is
shown in Figure 2
Integrity Assessment for Existing Tank
Systems
For those existing tank systems without
secondary containment, tank system
owners or operators must have an indepen-
dent, qualified, registered professional engi-
neer perform an integrity assessment by
January 12, 1988 The integrity assessment
must determine if the tank system is leaking
or if a release is imminent The professional
engineer must inspect the system compo-
nents to identify any weak areas in the pri-
mary containment system or other
conditions that may make the system unfit
for use In addition to the treatment or
storage tanks themselves, the integrity
assessment must cover all tank equipment
that is used to handle hazardous wastes
If an underground tank cannot be physi-
cally entered for inspection, the owner or
operator must perform a leak test on the
tank and all ancillary equipment The test
should be capable of detecting leaks and
Areas that Must be Addressed by the
New Tank Integrity Assessment
Design standards. The assessment must describe the standards to which the tank system and
ancillary equipment will be designed and constructed.
Waste characteristics. Information must be specific enough to show that the structure or lining
of the secondary containment system or component will not be adversely affected by the wastes.
Factors affecting corrosion. If any metal component will contact soil or water, then the
environmental factors influencing corrosion potential and the protective measures taken to pre-
vent corrosion must be addressed in the assessment.
Specific design considerations. The assessment must address the following considerations (if
applicable):
-Vehicular traffic. For underground components that may be adversely affected by the overhead
or nearby movement of motor vehicles, the assessment must describe design or operating
characteristics to mitigate these impacts.
-Tank foundations. These must be sufficient to support the weight of the full tank.
-Tank system anchoring. Partially filled tanks, or tanks filled with low-density liquids, may liter-
ally "float" as ground water rises around them, lifting them from their foundations and ruptur-
ing connections with pipes and valves. Tanks also may be dislodged laterally by the force
exerted by moving ground water (Figure 3). Anchoring must be sufficient to prevent tanks from
becoming dislodged in saturated soil conditions, or in an active seismic zone.
-Protection against frost heave. In regions subject to prolonged freezing temperatures, soils
may buckle and warp as ground water freezes and expands. Under these conditions, under-
ground tank components (and aboveground components on poorly designed foundations) may
be subject to severe stress. Tanks, foundations, and all system components must be designed,
constructed, and installed to protect against collapse, rupture, or dislodgement in regions sub-
ject to frost heave.
Here a worker cleans a tank
m preparation for inspection At
tanks must be thoroughly ventet,
prior to internal inspection to
protect workers from potential
atmospheric hazards, such as
flammable or toxic gases 01
inadequate oxygen
must take into account the effects that tem-
perature changes, vapor pockets, and other
variables may have on the test results
If an underground tank can be entered,
the owner or operator may physically
inspect the tank in lieu of performing a leak
test Likewise, for other tanks
(aboveground, onground, and inground
tanks), a physical inspection of the tank
system may be conducted in lieu of a leak
test In most cases, the physical inspection
will involve entering the tank unless the
entire surface area of the tank (including the
bottom) is accessible for inspection
Design and Installation of New Systems
or Components
The July 14, 1986, regulations contain a
number of requirements to ensure that new
tank systems or components are designed
and installed to protect human health and
the environment from accidental releases
of hazardous waste The key design require-
ment is that new systems or components be
provided with secondary containment This
requirement applies not only to new tank
systems, but also to
• Any tanks, piping, or other equipment
installed as an expansion to an existing
system.
• Any tanks or components installed to
replace existing systems or their
components
• Existing equipment moved or reinstalled
to replace components of existing haz-
ardous waste tank systems
• Any existing tank systems or compo-
nents not historically used for hazard-
ous waste treatment or storage, but into
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FIGURES
Underground tanks must be properly anchored to
avoid being forced upward by the buoyant forces of
ground water Above, deadmen anchors are used to
offset buoyancy, while below a reinforced bottom hold-
down pad adds resistance to flotation
which hazardous wastes have been or
will be introduced after July 14, 1986.
In short, secondary containment must be
provided for virtually any tank system com-
ponent installed, reinstalled, replaced, or
first used for hazardous waste treatment or
storage after July 14, 1986 All tank system
design features and installation procedures
must be assessed and certified by an inde-
pendent, qualified, registered professional
engineer, and must include.
• Written Assessment and Certification of
Acceptability Owners or operators of all
new tank systems or components must
obtain a written assessment, certified by
an independent, qualified, registered
professional engineer, attesting that the
system or component is acceptable for
the storage or treatment of hazardous
waste.
• Inspection During Installation Either an
independent, qualified installation
inspector or an independent, qualified,
registered professional engineer must
inspect any new tank system or compo-
nent before it is placed in service. The
inspection must be planned and carried
out to ensure that proper handling and
installation procedures have been fol-
lowed and that tank system integrity is
intact when installation has been com-
pleted EPA's intention is that the
inspector or inspecting engineer be on
hand during the entire installation oper-
ation to monitor compliance with
proper installation procedures. The
inspection must address all potential
sources of damage to the system,
including weld breaks, punctures,
scrapes of protective coatings, cracks,
corrosion, or other evidence of struc-
tural damage or inadequate handling or
inspection
• Tightness Test. A tightness test, which
determines whether any leaks or gaps
exist, must be completed before any
new tank system or component may be
covered, enclosed, or placed in service.
Most tightness tests monitor changes in
the volume or pressure held within the
tank system, any loss of volume or drop
in pressure may indicate that a leak
exists The test results must be certified
by an independent, qualified, registered
professional engineer or by a qualified
installation expert
• Backfill Requirements. Backfill must be a
noncorrosive, porous, homogenous
material. Backfill within a secondary
containment system must be porous
enough so that leaking wastes will dram
promptly to the bottom of the second-
ary containment device for detection
and removal. Backfill must be installed
completely around the tank and compo-
nents, and must be compacted to ensure
that the tank, piping, and any other
new components are fully and uni-
formly supported. In addition, backfill
should be installed so that release detec-
tion devices are not adversely affected
• Corrosion Protection If a new tank or
component will be in contact with soil
or water, or if any significant possibility
of corrosion exists, the tank system
owner or operator must secure recom-
mendations for corrosion protection
from an independent, qualified corro-
sion expert, and must install any equip-
ment recommended by the expert.
Corrosion protection may include
cathodic protection, corrosion-resistant
construction materials, corrosion-
resistant coatings, and/or electrical iso-
lation devices An independent corro-
sion expert must supervise the
installation of such equipment (if field-
fabricated) and attest in writing both to
the design adequacy of the corrosion
prevention measures and to their proper
installation This written certification
must be kept in the files of the tank
system owner or operator
Requirements for Tank System
Inspections
The July 14, 1986, regulations include
the following requirements for regular
inspection of hazardous waste treatment or
storage tank system components
• Inspection of Overfill Controls In general,
spill and overfill prevention controls
must be inspected at least once each
operating day
• Review of Data from Operating Equip-
ment. At least once each operating day,
data gathered from operating equipment
(for example, pressure or temperature
gauges) must be reviewed.
• Inspection of Release Detection Equipment.
Release detection equipment associated
with secondary containment must be
inspected daily.
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Corrosion
Corrosion is one of the most common causes of tank system failure. Corrosion occurs when an
electrical current flows from a metal tank system to another object, removing some of the metal.
Corrosion removes material from one metal object (the "anode") and deposits it on another metal
object (the "cathode"). Differences in the electrical properties of the materials determine which
object acts as the cathode and which as the anode. The flow of electrical current is enhanced by
the soil's moisture content, acidity, and conductivity, as well as the contact of two dissimilar
metals. The visible results of corrosion are rusted areas or holes in the tank system. Although
both aboveground and underground components can corrode, corrosion of those components in
direct contact with soil or water is by far the greater concern (Figure 4).
Corrosion may be eliminated by properly applying cathodic protection, a technique for revers-
ing the natural flow of current, so that the current flows toward the tank instead of away from it.
One means of providing cathodic protection is to connect a "sacrificial anode" to the system. A
sacrificial anode is a metal which will corrode more readily than the tank system components it is
protecting. This device is termed a "sacrificial" anode because it is slowly consumed by corrosion
over time, and must eventually be replaced (Figure 5).
In some situations, it may be more prudent to install an "impressed current" system. An
impressed current system uses an external power source to force the electric current to flow
toward the tank (Figure 6). This system is highly effective in preventing corrosion, but the source
of impressed current must be frequently inspected since any interruption in the forced flow of
electricity will allow corrosion of the tank system to occur.
Other protective measures to safeguard the tank system against corrosion include corrosion-
resistant construction materials or coatings and electrical isolation devices.
FIGURE 4
Corrosion In most environ-
ments, the natural flow of electric-
ity is away from a metal tank
The visible results of this current
flow are rusted and corroded areas
that become increasingly deep with
time Corrosion can continue
until it bores through a tank and
creates a hole
' Inspection of Aboveground Tank Systems
At least once each operating day, all
aboveground portions of the tank
system and its surrounding area must be
visually inspected for any signs of leaks,
spills, erosion, or corrosion, as well as
any damage to system foundations,
secondary containment systems, or
other related structures or equipment.
Aboveground ancillary equipment that
is exempt from secondary containment
requirements, however, must be
inspected on at least a daily basis
' Inspection and Evaluation of Corrosion
Protection All cathodic protection sys-
tems must be inspected within six
months of their installation to ensure
that they are functioning properly After
this initial inspection, the cathodic pro-
tection system must be inspected at least
once every year All sources of
impressed current employed in a
cathodic protection system must be
inspected and/or tested at least once
every two months.
FIGURE 5
Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Pro-
tection When two dissimilar
metals are connected to each other,
a current will flow from one to
the other Here a zinc or mag-
nesium rod attached to an under-
ground tank constructed of steel
causes the current to flow toward
the tank, thus protecting it from
-------
Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Impressed current systems use alternating current (AC) supplied by
an outside electrical source to prevent corrosion The AC is convened to direct current (DC) by a "rectifier" and
then flows to an anode From the anode, current flows through the soil and to the tank system Corrosion is
prevented because the current flowing to the tank system is greater than the current flowing away from it
For all these aspects of tank system
inspection, the owner or operator must
document compliance in the written oper-
ating record of the tank facility
Required Operating Procedures
and Equipment
The hazardous waste tank system regula-
tions contain requirements that address the
ongoing operations of hazardous waste
treatment and storage tank systems These
requirements govern the nature of materials
that may be introduced into the tank
system and the use of spill and overflow
prevention controls
• Materials Introduced into Tank Systems.
No hazardous wastes or treatment re-
agents that may jeopardize the integrity
of a tank or its ancillary equipment may
be introduced into a tank system Reac-
tive, ignitable, or incompatible wastes
should not be placed in a hazardous
waste tank system unless they can be
safely stored Ignitable or reactive mate-
rials must be stored or treated to render
them non-flammable or non-reactive, or
must be stored or treated to protect
them from igniting or reacting
• Spill and Overflow Prevention. Tank
system owners or operators must pro-
vide design and/or operating features to
protect against the possibility of spills
and overflows. Spill prevention controls
should prevent the release of material
during tank filling, contents transfer,
and emptying. Overfill controls may
consist of level sensing devices, high
level alarms, automatic feed cutoff, or
automatic overfill bypass to a standby
tank In uncovered tanks, sufficient free-
board (that is, the vertical distance
between the level of the waste and the
top of the tank wall) must be main-
tained to prevent any spills from wind
or wave action during tank operations
Responses to Leaks or Spills
Tank system owners or operators must
take several steps to respond to a leak or
spill from a hazardous waste treatment or
storage tank system-
1 Prevent the flow or addition of waste As
soon as a leak or spill is detected, or a
tank system or component is deter-
mined unfit for use, the flow of waste
into or through the tank system must
be stopped. The tank system must be
inspected to determine the cause of a
leak or spill, or to pinpoint the nature
and cause of the condition that has led
to the system's being unfit for use.
2. Remove the waste. If a release has
occurred from a primary containment
system, the owner or operator must
remove enough waste from the system
to allow the cause of the release to be
determined and to enable inspection
and repair Wastes entering a secondary
containment system must be immedi-
ately removed. If a system or compo-
nent is not yet leaking, but has been
declared unfit for use, the owner or
operator must comply with similar
waste removal requirements.
3 Contain the release In the event of a
leak or spill, the owner or operator
must immediately make a visual
inspection to identify any evidence that
wastes have contaminated soil or sur-
face water If visible contamination is
detected, the owner or operator must
immediately contain the contami-
nation. Any contaminated soil or
surface water must be removed and
disposed of properly
4 Notify the EPA region or State permitting
authority Within 24 hours of detecting
a leak or spill, the tank system owner
or operator must notify the EPA region
or State permitting authority that a
release has occurred. (If a "reportable
quantity" of material as specified under
the Comprehensive Environmental Re-
sponse, Compensation, and Liability
Act, was released, the owner or opera-
tor should notify the National Response
Center at 800-424-8802.) However,
this preliminary notification is not
required if
— A tank system or component is
unfit for use, but the system is
not currently leaking
— A release has been completely
contained within a secondary
containment system
— The release was less than or
equal to one pound and was
immediately contained and
cleaned up
-------
5. Provide a full report to the EPA region
or State permitting authority Within
30 days of detecting a release to the
environment, the tank system own-
er or operator must file a complete
report of the incident (this report is
not required if the tank system is
exempt from the preliminary noti-
fication requirements)
After a spill, leak, or determination of an
unfit-for-use condition, the tank system
owner or operator may not return the
system to service until he or she has com-
plied with a number of specific require-
ments The requirements vary depending
on the type of problem
• If the cause of a spill is not related to the
system's structural integrity, the system
may be returned to service as soon as
necessary repairs have been made
and/or necessary operating modifi-
cations have been implemented to pre-
vent a spill recurrence
• If the system has secondary containment, it
may be returned to service as soon as
the primary containment system has
been repaired and/or operating proce-
dures have been modified to prevent a
recurrence of the leak.
• If a leak occurs from a tank system that
does not have secondary containment, the
system may not be returned to service
until the leaking components have been
repaired and provided with secondary
containment. If the source of the leak is
an aboveground component that can be
inspected visually, the component must
be repaired and may be returned to ser-
vice without secondary containment. If
the source of the leak cannot be
inspected visually (for example, an
underground tank or underground
piping, the bottom of a tank that sits on
the ground, or a tank that is partially
mground), the entire component must
be provided with secondary
containment
• Aboveground tanks and certain ancillary
equipment that can be visually
inspected on a daily basis for leaks need
not receive secondary containment
(until the date established by the
schedule on page 5, or unless exempt)
This equipment may be repaired and
returned immediately to service as long
as applicable certification requirements
are met.
• When a leak occurs or an unfit-for-use
condition exists in one or a few system
components, only those components
actually leaking (or unfit for service)
must receive secondary containment
before the system can be returned to
service.
• If major repairs are required to restore the
integrity of a leaking or unfit-for-use
tank system or component, the owner
or operator must obtain the certification
of an independent, qualified, registered
professional engineer that the repaired
system is capable of handling hazardous
waste without release for its intended
life
Full Report to EPA
In the detailed report to EPA, the tank
system owner or operator must provide the
following information:
• Likely route of migration of the release.
• Characteristics of the local environment
that might affect the migration and fate
of spilled materials, including soil com-
position, ecology, hydrogeology, climate,
and other factors.
• Results of any monitoring or sampling
undertaken in response to the release.
• Proximity to downgradient drinking water,
surface water, and/or population.
• Description of responses undertaken
and/or planned.
Closure and Post-Closure Requirements
Tank system owners or operators are sub-
|ect to many of the same closure and post-
closure requirements that apply to all other
hazardous waste treatment, storage, and dis-
posal facilities These requirements include
preparing a closure plan and, where neces-
sary, providing post-closure care of the tank
system. The detail required in the closure
plan and the necessity for post-closure care
vary with the design of the tank system and
the extent of site contamination
The closure plan must describe the steps
to be taken to close the system in an
environmentally responsible manner, and it
also must demonstrate that sufficient finan-
cial resources are available to do this If
closure is initiated in response to a leak, a
spill, or a determination that a tank system
is unfit for use, the owner or operator must
submit the closure plan to the EPA region
or State permitting authority as soon as he
or she has decided to close, rather than
repair, the system.
In defining closure requirements, EPA
has divided tank systems into three broad
categories. The closure plans, closure activ
ties, and post-closure care requirements for
these systems are significantly different.
• Systems with Secondary Containment Al
Contaminated Materials Can Be Decon-
taminated or Removed The owner/ope
ator must remove or decontaminate all
waste residues, tank system compo-
nents, soil, ground water, surface watei
and other contaminated structures or
equipment. All hazardous wastes must
be properly disposed of or treated The
owner or operator must fulfill all the
planning, closure activity, cost estima-
tion, and financial responsibility
requirements that are applicable to all
hazardous waste management facilities
• Systems with Secondary Containment Al
Contaminated Materials Cannot Be Prac-
ticably Removed or Decontaminated The
owner or operator must close the
system and provide post-closure care
according to the regulations that goven
hazardous waste landfills This includes
capping the site with an impervious
barner, and providing long-term
ground-water monitoring to detect any
migration of wastes offsite The plan-
ning and financial responsibility requm
ments that apply to hazardous waste
landfills also apply to the hazardous
waste tank systems.
• Systems Without Secondary Containment
The owner or operator must prepare
two closure plans the first plan should
describe the closure activities to be
undertaken if all contaminated soils,
structures, and equipment can be
removed or decontaminated, the seconi
"contingent" closure plan must be pre-
pared in case the removal and/or
decontamination of all contaminated
materials is not possible, and the systen
must be closed as a hazardous waste
landfill
Generators that accumulate hazardous
waste for less than 90 days are exempt fron
the requirements to prepare closure plans,
however, they must comply with closure
performance standards and requirements fc
proper disposal of contaminated equip-
ment, structures, and soil
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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
How is a "sump" defined under the
regulations?
A sump is any pit or reservoir that meets
the definition of tank, and those troughs
and/or trenches connected to it that serve
to collect hazardous waste for transport to
hazardous waste treatment, storage, or dis-
posal facilities.
What is the difference between "new"
and "existing" tank systems?
A "new" tank system is one that will be
used to treat or store hazardous waste and
for which installation began after July 14,
1986 An "existing" tank system is one that
has been used to store or treat hazardous
waste prior to July 14, 1986, or for which
installation began on or before July 14,
1986. A tank system also is considered
"existing" if all Federal, State, and local per-
mits or approvals to begin construction of
the site or installation of the tank system
were obtained by July 14, 1986, andii, by
this date, either construction or installation
was begun and is continuing, or the owner
or operator contracted for construction or
installation to be completed in a reasonable
time.
If a RCRA permit was issued for a tank
system by EPA or an authorized State
after July 14, 1986, but before the Janu-
ary 12, 1987, effective date of the new
Federal tank system regulations, must
that permit incorporate EPA's new haz-
ardous waste tank system requirements?
The permit should have been written to
incorporate the currently effective regula-
tions However, RCRA also requires that
each permit contain terms and conditions
as necessary to protect human health and
the environment. If EPA issues the permit,
it will incorporate the new requirements
under this provision If allowed by State
law, the State may incorporate the new tank
regulations and other state-specific require-
ments under this provision
When the permit is reviewed (in 10 years
or less), all regulations in effect at the time
of the review must be incorporated into the
reissued permit (including the July 14, 1986,
tank system regulations). The 15-year age
limit phase-in for secondary containment
retrofitting for "existing" tank systems does
not apply to tank systems built after July
14, 1986, because these tank systems are,
by definition, "new" tank systems.
Under the current regulations, a permit
may be modified, on the basis of subse-
quent regulatory changes, only with the
agreement of the permittee. However, EPA
proposed a change to this regulation in the
March 28, 1986, Federal Register. Under the
proposal, permits may be modified when
the standards or regulations on which the
permit was based have been changed by
statute or amended standards or
regulations.
How does the July 14, 1986, hazardous
waste tank system rule relate to other
rules affecting tanks?
The July 14, 1986, rule was established
under RCRA's Subtitle C program for haz-
ardous waste management. RCRA's Subtitle
I program regulates hazardous substances
(other than hazardous wastes) and petroleum
products stored in tank systems that are 10
percent or more beneath the ground sur-
face The Subtitle I program does not apply
to underground storage tank systems that
contain nonpetroleum hazardous waste.
Certain provisions of the Subtitle I under-
ground storage tank program currently are
in effect, such as a provision limiting new
installations of unprotected underground
tanks.
On October 9, 1986, EPA proposed
a rule that would require small quantity
generators of between 100 and 1,000
kg/month of hazardous waste to meet
requirements similar to those contained in
the July 14 rule. EPA is evaluating public
comments on this proposal.
EPA currently is considering options for
regulating used oil in tanks It is not clear
at this point whether (or to what extent)
the July 14, 1986, rules or the Subtitle I
rules will apply to used oil stored in tank
systems.
What kind of services require an
"independent" professional?
Assessment of existing tank system
integrity, as well as assessment of design and
installation of new tank systems or compo-
nents, requires an independent, qualified,
registered professional engineer. An inde-
pendent, qualified, installation inspector,
however, also can certify to the proper
installation of new tank systems or compo-
nents. Design and installation of corrosion
protection requires an independent corro-
sion expert.
Who may perform and certify the initial
and subsequent annual tank system
integrity assessments?
It is the owner's or operator's responsibil-
ity to determine whether a tank system is
leaking or unfit for use. When conducting
the initial integrity assessment of a tank
system without secondary containment, an
independent, qualified, registered profes-
sional engineer must review and certify the
owner's or operator's written integrity
assessment. The initial integrity assessment
must be certified by a person who does not
have (or appear to have) a conflict of inter-
est. Employees of the owner or operator are
not "independent" and cannot certify the
integrity assessments.
Where the owner or operator cannot
inspect the bottom of a tank (for exam-
ple, a flat-bottom tank sitting on a con-
crete pad), is inspection of the visible
portions of the tank satisfactory to detect
leaks and corrosion?
All accessible and visible aboveground
portions of a tank system must be inspected
at least once each operating day. In the case
where the tank bottom is obscured from
view, such an inspection is not feasible.
However, special efforts should be made to
carefully inspect for any leakage around the
base of the tank, possibly indicating releases
from the tank bottom. Furthermore, when
secondary containment is provided, the
owner or operator must provide a leak
detection system capable of promptly
detecting any release from the tank bottom.
When must an owner or operator close a
tank system?
An owner or operator must close a tank
system if ordered to do so by a court or if
the facility loses its interim status In addi-
tion, an owner or operator must close a
tank system in either of the following two
situations-
• Cessation of Treatment or Storage. When
an owner or operator expects to cease
handling hazardous waste in a tank sys-
tem, he or she must notify EPA 45 days
prior to the date on which closure will
begin. The owner or operator must be-
gin closure within 30 days after the final
volume of hazardous waste is placed in
the tank system If the owner or opera-
tor can show that there is a "reasonable
possibility" that the tank system will
receive additional volumes of hazardous
waste, closure may be delayed until no
-------
later than one year after receipt of the
most recent volume of hazardous waste
Extensions beyond the one-year deadline
may be granted at the discretion of the
EPA Regional Administrator.
' Actual or Potential Leakage If a tank
system is found to be leaking or unfit
for use, the owner or operator must
close the tank system unless he or she
can demonstrate that: (1) the cause of
the leak was a spill that has not
damaged the tank system integrity, or
(2) the tank system can be repaired to
prevent additional leaks. For a tank
system requiring repair, if the leak
occurred from a tank system compo-
nent that did not have secondary con-
tainment, the owner or operator must
provide that component with secondary
containment before it is returned to ser-
vice. However, if the leak occurred from
an aboveground portion of the tank
system that can be inspected visually,
the tank system can be returned to ser-
vice without secondary containment
even if the repair is extensive. Any
extensive repairs must be certified and
any replacement equipment used in
such repairs must satisfy the require-
ments for new equipment. If any of the
preceding requirements cannot be met,
the tank system must be closed.
If an owner or operator plans to install
secondary containment according to the
schedule outlined on page 5, must the
owner or operator prepare the contingent
closure and contingent post-closure
plans?
Yes, the contingent closure and contin-
gent post-closure plans are required for all
tanks not having secondary containment,
even if the owner or operator plans to
install secondary containment. The plans
are required until appropriate secondary
containment is installed.
What is the Paint Filter Liquids Test?
The Paint Filter Liquids Test is a labora-
tory test used to determine the presence or
absence of free liquids in hazardous waste.
The test is described on page 18 3 70 of the
April 30, 1985, Federal Register, and in EP/
Publication No. SW-846, Test Methods for
Evaluating Solid Wastes, Physical/Chemical
Methods. This publication can be obtained
by calling the U.S. Government Printing
Office (202-783-3238) and requesting
Order No. 955-001-000001.
How can I obtain further information
about the hazardous waste tank system
regulations?
You may call the EPA hotline at
1-800-424-9346 or 382-3000 (in Washing-
ton, DC ). You may also contact one of the
State or EPA regional offices listed below
EPA Regional Offices
REGION i
John F. Kennedy Federal Bldg
Boston, MA 02203
(617) 565-3715
REGION 2
26 Federal Plaza
New York, NY 10278
(212)264-2525
REGION s
841 Chestnut Street
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 597-9800
REGION 4
345 Courtland Street, NE
Atlanta, GA 30365
(404) 347-4727
REGION 5
2 30 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, IL 60604
(312) 353-2000
REGION 6
1445 Ross Avenue
Dallas, TX 75202
(214)655-6444
REGION 7
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66101
(913)236-2800
REGION s
999 18th Street
Denver, CO 80202-2405
(303)293-1603
REGION 9
215 Fremont Street
San Francisco, CA 94105
(415)974-8071
REGION 10
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
(206)442-5810
State Hazardous
Waste Agencies
ALABAMA
Land Division
Alabama Department of
Environmental Management
1751 Federal Drive
Montgomery, AL 36130
205-271-7730
ALASKA
Air and Solid Waste
Management
Department of Environmental
Conservation
Pouch O
Juneau, AK 99801
907-465-2666
AMERICAN SAMOA
Environmental Quality
Commission
Government of American
Samoa
Pago Pago, American Samoa
96799
Overseas Operator
ARIZONA
Office of Waste and Water
Quality Management
Arizona Department of
Environmental Quality
2005 N Central Avenue,
Room 304
Phoenix, AZ 85004
602-257-2305
AKANSAS
Hazardous Waste Division
Arkansas Department of Po
tion Control and Ecology
PO. Box 9583
8001 National Drive
Little Rock, AR 72219
501-562-7444
CALIFORNIA
Toxic Substances Control
Division
Department of Health Servi
714/744 P Street
Sacramento, California 9581
916-323-2913 or 324-1826
State Water Resources
Control Board
P.O Box 100
Sacramento, CA 95801
916-445-1553
COLORADO
Waste Management Division
Colorado Department of
Health
4210 E llth Avenue
Denver, CO 80220
303-320-8333
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COMMONWEALTH OF THE
NORTHERN MARIANA
ISLANDS
Division of Environmental
Quality
Department of Public Health
and Environmental Services
Commonwealth of the
Northern Mariana Islands
Office of the Governor
Saipan, Mariana Islands 96950
Overseas Operator: 6984
CONNECTICUT
Hazardous Materials
Management Unit
Department of Environmental
Protection
State Office Building
165 Capitol Avenue
Hartford, CT 06106
203-566-4924
Connecticut Resource
Recovery Authority
179 Allyn Street, Suite 603
Professional Building
Hartford, CT 06103
203-549-6390
DELAWARE
Division of Water Resources
PO Box 1401
Dover, DE 19903
302-736-5722
Hazardous Waste Management
Section
Department of Natural
Resources and Environmental
Control
PO Box 1401
89 Kings Highway
Dover, DE 19903
302-736-4764
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Pesticides and Hazardous
Waste Management
B ranch/Superfund
Department of Consumer and
Regulatory Affairs
5010 Overlook Avenue, S.W.,
Room 114
Washington, DC 20032
202-767-8422
FLORIDA
Solid and Hazardous Waste
Underground Storage Tanks
Department of Environmental
Regulation
Twin Towers Office Building
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee, FL 32301
904-488-0300
GEORGIA
Land Protection Branch
Industrial and Hazardous
Waste Management Program
Floyd Towers East
205 Butler Street, S E.
Atlanta, GA 30334
404-656-2833
GUAM
Guam Environmental
Protection Agency
P.O. Box 2999
Agana, Guam 96910
Overseas Operator
HAWAII
Hazardous Waste Program
Department of Health
PO. Box 3378
Honolulu, HI 96801
808-548-6410
IDAHO
Hazardous Materials Bureau
Department of Health and
Welfare
Idaho State House
Boise, ID 83720
208-334-5879
ILLINOIS
Division of Land Pollution
Control
Environmental Protection
Agency
2200 Churchill Road,
Room A-104
Springfield, IL 62706
217-782-6760
INDIANA
Indiana Department of
Environmental Management
105 South Meridian Street
Indianapolis, IN 46225
317-232-3210
IOWA
Hazardous Materials Branch
USEPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66101
913-236-2888
KANSAS
Bureau of Waste Management
Department of Health and
Environment
Forbes Field, Building 321
Topeka, KS 66620
913-862-9360
KENTUCKY
Division of Waste
Management
Department of Environmental
Protection
Cabinet for Natural Resources
and Environmental
Protection
Fort Boone Plaza, Building 2
18 ReillyRoad
Frankfort, KY 40601
502-564-6716
LOUISIANA
Office of Solid and Hazardous
Waste
Louisiana Department of
Environmental Quality
P.O. Box 44307
Baton Rouge, LA 70804
504-342-9079
MAINE
Bureau of Oil and Hazardous
Materials Control
Department of Environmental
Protection
State House Station 17
Augusta, ME 043 3 3
207-289-2651
MARYLAND
Maryland Waste Management
Administration
Office of Environmental
Programs
Department of Health and
Mental Hygiene
201 West Preston Street,
Room 212
Baltimore, MD 21201
301-225-5647
MASSACHUSETTS
Division of Solid and
Hazardous Waste
Massachusetts Department of
Environmental Quality
Engineering
One Winter Street, 5th Floor
Boston, MA 02108
617-292-5589
MICHIGAN
Waste Management Division
Environmental Protection
Bureau
Department of Natural
Resources
PO. Box 30028
Lansing, MI 48909
517-373-2730
MINNESOTA
Solid and Hazardous Waste
Division
Minnesota Pollution Control
Agency
520 Lafayette Road, North
St. Paul, MN 55155
612-296-7282
MISSISSIPPI
Division of Solid and Hazard-
ous Waste Management
Bureau of Pollution Control
Department of Natural
Resources
PO. Box 10385
Jackson, MS 39209
601-961-5062
MISSOURI
Waste Management Program
Department of Natural
Resources
Jefferson Building
205 Jefferson Street
PO Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
314-751-3176
MONTANA
Solid and Hazardous Waste
Bureau
Department of Health and
Environmental Sciences
Cogswell Building, Room
B-201
Helena, MT 59620
406-444-2821
NEBRASKA
Hazardous Waste Management
Section
Department of Environmental
Control
State House Station
PO. Box 948 7 7
Lincoln, NB 68509
402-471-2186
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NEVADA
Waste Management Program
Division of Environmental
Protection
Department of Conservation
and Natural Resources
Capitol Complex
201 South Fall Street
Carson City, NV 89710
702-885-4670
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Division of Public Health
Services
Office of Waste Management
Department of Health and
Welfare
Health and Welfare Building
Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03 301
603-271-2942
NEW JERSEY
Division of Waste
Management
Department of Environmental
Protection
32 East Hanover Street,
CN-027
Trenton, NJ 08625
609-292-1250
NEW MEXICO
Groundwater and Hazardous
Waste Bureau
Environmental Improvement
Division
New Mexico Health and
Environment Department
P.O Box 968
Santa Fe, NM 8 7 504-09 6 8
505-827-2918
NEW YORK
Division of Solid and
Hazardous Waste
Department of Environmental
Conservation
50 Wolfe Road, Room 209
Albany, NY 12233
518-457-6603
NORTH CAROLINA
Solid and Hazardous Waste
Management Branch
Division of Health Services
Department of Human
Resources
P.O Box 2091
Raleigh, NC 2 7602
919-733-2178
NORTH DAKOTA
Division of Hazardous Waste
Management and Special
Studies
Department of Health
1200 Missouri Avenue, Room
302
P.O Box 5520
Bismarck, ND 58502-5520
701-224-2366
OHIO
Division of Solid and Hazard-
ous Waste Management
Ohio Environmental Protec-
tion Agency
361 East Broad Street
Columbus, OH 43215
614-466-7220
OKLAHOMA
Waste Management Service
Oklahoma State Department
of Health
P.O. Box 5 3 551
1000 Northeast 10th Street
Oklahoma City, OK 73152
405-271-5338
OREGON
Hazardous and Solid Waste
Division
Department of Environmental
Quality
811 Southwest 6th Avenue
Portland, OR 97204
503-229-5356
PENNSYLVANIA
Bureau of Solid Waste
Management
Pennsylvania Department of
Environmental Resources
P.O. Box 206 3
Harnsburg, PA 17120
717-787-9870
PUERTO Rico
Environmental Quality Board
Santurce, PR 00910-1488
809-725-0439
RHODE ISLAND
Solid Waste Management
Program
Department of Environmental
Management
204 Cannon Building
75 Davis Street
Providence, RI 02 908
401-277-2797
SOUTH CAROLINA
Bureau of Solid and Hazardous
Waste Management
Department of Health and
Environmental Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
803-758-5681
SOUTH DAKOTA
Office of Air Quality and Solid
Waste
Department of Water and
Natural Resources
Foss Building, Room 217
Pierre, SD 57501
605-773-3153
TENNESSEE
Division of Solid Waste
Management
Tennessee Department
of Public Health
701 Broadway
Customs House, 4th Floor
Nashville, TN 37219-5403
615-741-3424
TEXAS
Division of Solid Waste
Management
Texas Department of Health
1100 West 49th Street, 1-601A
Austin, TX 78756-3199
512-458-7271
Hazardous and Solid Waste
Division
Texas Water Commission
PO. Box 13087, Capitol
Station
Austin, TX 78711-3087
512-463-7760
UTAH
Bureau of Solid and Hazardous
Waste Management
Department of Health
PO Box 16690
288 North 1460 West
Salt Lake City, UT
84116-0690
801-538-6170
VERMONT
Waste Management Division
Agency of Environmental
Conservation
103 South Mam Street
Montpeher, VT 05676
802-244-8702
VIRGIN ISLANDS
Department of Conservation
and Cultural Affairs
PO Box 4399, Charlotte
St. Thomas, VI 00801
809-774-6420
VIRGINIA
Division of Technical Services
Department of Waste
Management
Monroe Building, 11th Floor
101 North 14th Street
Richmond, VA 23219
804-225-2667
WASHINGTON
Solid and Hazardous Waste
Management Division
Department of Ecology
Mail Stop PV-11
Olympia, WA 98504
206-459-6316
WEST VIRGINIA
Waste Management Division
1260 Greenbrier Street
Charleston, WV 25311
304-348-5935
WISCONSIN
Bureau of Solid Waste
Management
Department of Natural
Resources
PO. Box 7921
Madison, WI 53707
608-266-1327
WYOMING
Solid Waste Management
Program
State of Wyoming
Department of Environmental
Quality
122 West 25th Street
Herschler Building
Cheyenne, WY 82002
307-777-7752
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Further Information on Hazardous Waste
Tank System Management
U S Environmental Protection Agency Hazardous Waste Manage-
ment System, Standards for Hazardous Waste Storage and Treatment
Tank Systems Federal Register 51-25422-25488, July 14, 1986.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1986. Technical Resource
Document for Storage and Treatment of Hazardous Waste in Tank
Systems EPA/530-SW-86-044, NTIS PB-87-134391. Washington,
DC
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1987 Technical Resource
Document for Obtaining Variances from Secondary Containment
Requirements for Hazardous Waste Tank Systems: Volume I —
Technology-Based Variance NTIS PB-87-158655. Washington, DC
U.S Environmental Protection Agency. 1987. Technical Resource
Document for Obtaining Variances from Secondary Containment
Requirements for Hazardous Waste Tank Systems: Volume II —
Risk-Based Variance NTIS PB-87-158663 Washington, DC
US Environmental Protection Agency 1987 Questions and
Answers Regarding the July 14, 1986, Hazardous Waste Tank
System Regulatory Amendments EPA/530-SW-87-12 Washington,
DC
National Response Center: 800-424-8802
(contact only in the event of a hazardous waste release)
EPA RCRA/Superfund Hotline: 800-424-9346 (toll free)
382-3000 (in Washington, DC)
(contact for further information about the hazardous waste tank
system rules or the availability of the documents listed below)
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