-------
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
* Many important EPA decisions are based on the nationwide ambient air monitoring data obtained by
the state and local agencies. This data is collected by approximately 5,000 ambient air samplers
which make up the State and Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS) network. Data collected are
used by the EPA to aid in planning the nation's air pollution control strategy and to measure
achievement toward meeting the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Unfortunately,
not all data are accompanied by estimates of its quality. To assure the most knowledgeable and
r— effective use of the data, the quality of the national monitoring data should be determined and made
'y known to all data users.
^ The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 58, Appendix A, directs that precision and accuracy
^ checks be incorporated by the state and local agencies to verify the quality of the collected data.
' Precision is used in the sense of "agreement among individual measurements of the same property
\ usually under prescribed similar conditions." Accuracy is used in the sense of "the degree of
j agreement between an observed value and an accepted reference value." The CFR requires that
^ measures of data quality be reported on the basis of 'reporting organization.' A reporting
organization is defined as a state or subordinate organization within a state which is responsible for
a set of stations which monitor the same pollutant and for which precision and accuracy assessments
can be achieved. States must define one or more reporting organizations for each pollutant such that
each monitoring station in the state SLAMS network is included in one, and only one, reporting
organization. The quality assurance guidelines for precision is +/- 15 % and the guideline for
accuracy is +/- 20 % (see the Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement Systems,
Volume II, section 2.0.11).
A review of the annual 1996 data for five of the six criteria pollutants (lead excluded):
Ozone (O3) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Particles (PM10)
was performed on the precision and accuracy data for reporting organizations as submitted to the
EPA's Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) database. This review yielded a national
average with upper and lower probability limits for each pollutant which holds 95% of the stations
data (see Chapter 40 Code of Federal Regulations Part 58, Appendix A, Section 5 for exact
specifications and formulas).
A national review revealed that the overall quality of the nation's ambient air monitoring data was
within acceptable guidelines. The national average for precision probability lower and upper limits
were -7.5 and +7.7, respectively. Accuracy probability limits averaged -6.6 and +5.7 for level I, and
-5.5 and +4.8 for level II. These numbers were attained by averaging all reporting organizations
annual limits for the pollutants considered.
The national review can be further aggregated into specific pollutants. The precision results for the
148 reporting organizations sampling for ozone averaged -6.0 and +5.8. For the 137 reporting
organizations sampling for sulfur dioxide, precision results averaged -7.0 and +6.7. The precision
-------
results for the 91 reporting organizations sampling for nitrogen dioxide averaged -8.7 and +8.7. For
the 107 reporting organizations sampling for carbon monoxide, precision results averaged -5.0 and
+6.3. Precision results for the 178 reporting organizations sampling for paniculate matter with an
aerodynamic diameter of 10 microns or less averaged -10.8 and +11.2.
A review of the 1996 annual precision and accuracy data was also performed. For ozone, the national
averages for regional reporting organization precision and accuracy data submissions were 98 and
57 percent, respectively. Similarly, carbon monoxide precision and accuracy data submissions
averaged 100 and 64 percent; nitrogen dioxide averages were 96 and 55 percent; sulfur dioxide
averaged 100 and 58 percent, and particulate matter averaged 92 and 79 percent.
This document fulfills the requirement within the 40 CFR Part 58 Appendix A for an annual report
concerning the precision and accuracy data submitted to the EPA from the state and local agencies.
-------
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to express thanks to the members of the technical review team for their expertise
and devoted time in the lengthy review process.
These members include the internal OAQPS review team:
Joe Elkins
Rhonda Thompson
David Lutz
George Manire
Neil Frank
Jim Homolya
Shelley Eberly
Tim Hanley
The external review team includes:
Chris St Germain
Marcus Kantz
Herb Harden
Gordon Jones
Kuenja Chung
Manny Aquitania
William Puckett
Alice Westerinen
Anna Kelley
Michael Papp
Lee Ann Byrd
Ed Hanks
Neil Berg
Nash Gerald
Joann Rice
Mark Shanis
Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
Region 5
Region 6
Region 9
Region 10
California Air Resource
Board
Dept. Of Environmental
Services, Cincinnati, Ohio
-------
INTRODUCTION
Many important EPA decisions are based on the ambient air quality monitoring data obtained by the
state and local agencies. This data is collected by the approximately 5,000 ambient air samplers which
make up the State and Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS) network. Data collected and
reported to the Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) are used by the EPA to aid in
planning the nation's air pollution control strategy and to measure achievement toward meeting
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Further, the data in AIRS are made available to
numerous requesters, who may use the data for various research projects, special studies, or other
purposes.
Prior to the May 10, 1979 promulgation of the regulations set forth in Chapter 40 of the Code of
Federal Regulations (40 CFR) Part 58 (Federal Register notice: 44 FR 27558-27604), the quality
assurance and quality control practices of state and local agencies were strictly voluntary; although
many forms of guidance and assistance had been provided by the EPA Regional Offices and the
National Exposure Research Laboratory (formally the Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Consequently, there was a wide diversity in
the scope and effectiveness among the state and local agencies' QA programs.
Unfortunately, not all data are accompanied by estimates of its quality. To assure the most
knowledgeable and effective use of the data, the quality of the national monitoring data should be
determined and made known to all data users. The Code of Federal Regulations, Part 58, directed
that precision and accuracy checks be incorporated by the state and local agencies to control and
evaluate the quality of the collected data.
BACKGROUND
Precision is used in 40 CFR Part 58, Appendices A and B, in the sense of "agreement among
individual measurements of the same property usually under prescribed similar conditions." Since
specified conditions may vary considerably, there are many levels of agreement or precision. For
example, with an automated continuous air pollution sensor, the random fluctuations in response over
a short time (e.g., within a minute) when an instrument is measuring a gas of constant pollutant
concentration is a very 'local' measurement of precision. Another measure of agreement would be
the variation of one point precision checks made at biweekly intervals on the same instrument
(Instrument Precision).
Accuracy is used in 40 CFR Part 58, Appendices A and B, in the sense of "the degree of agreement
between an observed value and an accepted reference value." Deviations from the truth result from
both random errors and systematic errors. Precision is associated with the random errors. The
average inaccuracy, or bias, of a measurement process over some time or set of conditions is
associated with the systematic error. For example, the systematic error of a given instrument is
associated with average accuracy for that instrument over some specified period of time.
Although the ultimate truth cannot be known, the values of the standards determined by National
Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) or other nationally recognized measurement standards
bodies are accepted as 'truth'. In assessing the accuracy of measurements of an air pollution
-------
monitoring agency, measurements are made through the implementation of independent audits in
which the measurement systems are challenged with standards (materials or devices) having
traceability as directly as possible to NIST standards.
Section 3 of Appendix A in 40 CFR Part 58, requires that measures of data quality be reported on
the basis of'reporting organization.' A reporting organization is defined as a state or subordinate
organization within a state which is responsible for a set of stations which monitor the same pollutant
and for which precision and accuracy assessments can be achieved. States must define one or more
reporting organizations for each pollutant such that each monitoring station in the state SLAMS
network is included in one, and only one, reporting organization. Agency precision and accuracy is
the average values of all the instruments within a reporting organization during the calendar quarter
or calendar year. Each reporting organization shall be defined such that precision or accuracy among
all stations in the organization can be expected to be reasonably homogeneous, as a result of common
factors. Common factors that should be considered by states in defining reporting organizations
include: (1) operation by a common team of field operators, (2) common calibration facilities, and
(3) support by a common laboratory or headquarters.
The precision and accuracy checks conducted by reporting organizations are one component of a
quality assurance program. At the local level, the precision and accuracy data enable reporting
organizations to identify aspects of their quality assurance programs that may need strengthening.
They also enable the EPA to determine ways in which the quality of ambient data can be improved,
such as additional research on measurement procedures, increased quality control for certain types
of measurements, or technical assistance to areas of the country needing improved quality control.
There are other potential uses of the precision and accuracy data. First, when determining whether
a site meets a National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS), it may be useful for decision makers
to know to what extent a concentration reported as either above or below the standard is the result
of measurement error. Second, when setting NAAQS, policy makers must estimate the protection
afforded by existing and revised ambient standards on either a national or regional basis. This
judgment may be influenced by measurement uncertainties.
Finally, the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) identified nonattainment areas for criteria
pollutants. These nonattainment areas were classified by levels of pollutant concentration in the
atmosphere (marginal, moderate, serious, severe, and extreme). For an area or site to change its
classification, it must show reductions in pollutant concentration levels. The monitoring data must
be of acceptable quality to support the reclassification of nonattainment areas or for attainment areas
to become classified as nonattainment.
QUALITY ASSURANCE GUIDELINE
The stated guidance for determining compliance to precision and accuracy guidelines is found in the
Quality Assurance Handbook, Volume 2, Section 2.0.11 which states, "As a goal, the 95%
probability limits for precision (all pollutants) and TSP accuracy should be less than +/-15%. At 95%
probability limits, the accuracy for all other pollutants should be less than +/- 20%."
The collected data can be accessed via the EPA Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS),
Air Quality Subsystem, precision/accuracy reporting organization summary report.
-------
DATA RESULTS
National Review
Each reporting organization submitted data for 1996 into the EPA's Aerometric Information
Retrieval System (AIRS) database. AIRS calculated annual average precision and accuracy
acceptance limits for each reporting organization (Section 5, reference 3). The calculation was based
upon data submitted from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 1996. The percentages are based upon
the annual precision and accuracy (P&A) results. A reporting organization is said to be outside of
the acceptable quality assurance limits if either of the upper probability limit or lower probability limit
is outside of the acceptable quality assurance limit. All reporting organization acceptance limits were
then averaged for a national results profile. The national results were aggregated into separate
categories for automatic and manual methods of sampling.
The national results indicate the precision and accuracy data average well within the quality assurance
guidelines. All of the criteria pollutant's precision acceptance lower and upper limits average
nationally at -7.5 and +7.7, respectively. The criteria pollutant's accuracy acceptance lower and
upper limits average nationally for level I at -6.6 and +5.7 and level n at -5.5 and +4.8, respectively.
(Note: The precision and accuracy data for lead was excluded from these calculations. The standard
for lead is 1.5 wg/m3 but the national average concentration (the arithmetic mean of the maximum
quarterly concentration as reported in the EPA National Trends Report) is 0.04 Mg/m3. This
represents only 2.6 percent of the standard. These calculations and the lead program are being
evaluated for revision to show a true representation of the lead sampler precision and accuracy.
Automated Methods
Table 1.0 shows the national precision summary for automated methods. All of the automated
methods averaged together nationally yield a precision average of-6.7 for the lower probability limit
and +6.8 for the upper probability limit. Each of the four pollutants were also reviewed separately.
There were 148 reporting organizations sampling for ozone (O3); the national precision average for
ozone was -6.0 and +5.8. Likewise, for the 137 reporting organizations which sampled for sulfur
dioxide (SO2), the national precision average was -7.0 and +6.3. Ninety one reporting organizations
sampled for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) with a resultant national precision average of-8.7 and +8.7, while
105 reporting organizations sampling for carbon monoxide (CO) achieved a national precision
average of-5.0 and +6.3.
The national accuracy averages, separated by concentration level, were within the acceptable quality
assurance limits. The national average for automated methods at level I accuracy was -7.2 and +6.1.
The corresponding national average for level n accuracy was -5.5 and +4.8, while level III automated
method accuracy was -5.0 and +4.1. Table 1.0 shows the national accuracy summary for automated
methods.
There were 76,798 precision audits and 4,405 accuracy audits for automated methods in 1996
performed by a total of 2,429 analyzers.
-------
Manual Methods
Table 2.0 shows the national summary of precision for manual methods. The national precision
average for particulates with diameters under 10 microns (PM10) is -10.8 for the lower probability
limit and +11.2 for the upper probability limit. The national precision average for lead (Pb) was
excluded as current monitoring procedures are under revision. The standard for lead is 1.5 wg/m3 but
the national average concentration for 1995 (the arithmetic mean of the maximum quarterly
concentration as reported in the EPA National Trends Report) was 0.04 wg/m3. This represents only
2.6 percent of the standard. Based upon current precision and accuracy calculation methods, the
large disparity between the standard and observed concentrations would result in a substantial
number of reporting organizations submitting precision results outside of the acceptable limits. These
calculations are being revised to show a true representation of lead sampler precision.
The national accuracy averages are within the acceptable quality assurance guidelines. The national
average for level I accuracy, manual methods (particulates only), was -4.3 and +4.0. Accuracy levels
II and III were not employed for manual methods in 1996.
Regional Review
Table 3.0 summarizes the regional precision results for both automated and manual methods.
Reporting organization data submissions averaged between 92 and 100 percent. One hundred percent
of possible data for carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide were submitted. For ozone and nitrogen
dioxide, 98 and 96 percent, respectively, of possible data were submitted. Ninety two percent of the
possible data were submitted for particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter of 10 microns or less).
Table 4.0 summarizes the regional accuracy results for both automated and manual methods.
Reporting organization data submissions averaged between 55 and 79 percent. Seventy nine percent
of possible data for particulate matter were submitted. For ozone and nitrogen dioxide, 57 and 55
percent, respectively, of possible data were submitted. Carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide data
submissions averaged 64 and 58 percent, respectively.
Table 5.0 offers an explanation of the terminology used in the tables.
-------
REFERENCES
1. Musick, D.R., The Ambient Air Precision and Accuracy Program. 1995 Annual Report. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, February, 1997,
(EPA-454/R97-001).
2. Guideline on the Meaning and Use of Precision and Accuracy Data Required by 40 CFR 58,
Appendices A and B. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina (EPA-600/4-83-023. 1983.
3. The Use of Precision and Accuracy Data in Air Quality Management. A.D. Thrall, C.S. Burton,
Systems Applications, Inc. N.H. Frank, W.F.. Hunt, U.S. EPA Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina. 1984.
4. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 58, Ambient Air Quality and Surveillance. 1993 (44
FR 27571).
5. Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement Systems, Vol II, Ambient Air
Specific Methods, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, April 1994. EPA-600/4-77-
027a.
6. Issues Concerning The Use of Precision and Accuracy Data, Special report, U.S. EPA, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA 450/4-84-006.
February 1984.
7. Precision and Accuracy Assessments for State and Local Air Monitoring Networks 1981-1986.
Supplement to EPA/600/4-88/007. U.S. EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems Lab, Research
Triangle Park NC 27711, EPA/600/4-88/037.
-------
Table 1.0 National Results for Precision and Accuracy Data for Automated Methods
-6.03
-7.01
-8.65
-4.98
-6.67
5.77 26,876 938
6.33
8.73
6.34
6.79
20,071
11,328
18,523
76,798
600
375
516
2,429
1,734
1,070
694
907
4,405
-5.21 5.80
-6.88
-10.66
-5.92
-7.17
3.8
7.20
7.64
6.13
-4.21
-6.05
-7.25
-4.28
-5.45
4.17
3.97
5.52
5.54
1.80
-4.08
-5.76
-5.77
-4.23
-4.96
3.70
3.89
4.86
3.84
4.07
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Table 2.0 National Results for Precision and Accuracy Data for Manual Methods
-10.83
-10.83
11.16
278
13,100
4,322
11.16
278
13,100
4,322
-4.27
-4.27
4.03
4.03
* The data for lead was not included in this review due to the lead rule being currently under development with major revisions
expected.
-------
Table 3.0 Percentage of Regional Reporting Organizations Submitting Data
100
100
100
100
90
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
93
86
100
100
100
74
96
100
100
100
94
100
100
67
100
86
.Am- %
98
100
96
100
92
Automated Methods
Manual
Methods
Note 1: The percentages are based upon the yearly P&A results from AIRS.
-------
Table 4.0 Percentage of Regional Reporting Organizations Submitting Data
73
80
78
89
100
49
48
35
38
91
63
73
50
80
38
78
58
78
73
93
36
50
17
20
67
43
57
83
71
72
28
31
32
25
41
29
57
80
64
33
55
50
58
71
79
Automated Methods
Manual
Methods
Note-1: The percentages are based upon the yearly P&A results from AIRS.
-------
Table 5.0 Explanations of the terms for Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4
This will be one of the six criteria pollutants - Ozone, Sulfur
Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Particles, Lead
This is the total number of reporting organizations that
submitted data into the EPA's Aerometric Information
Retrieval System (AIRS) database for that particular
pollutant
This is the lower limit for precision checks which represent
the lower boundary of the 95% probability limits
This is the upper limit for precision checks which represent
the upper boundary of the 95% probability limits
This is the total number of precision checks performed on
that particular pollutant within that specific year
The total number of analyzers that monitored that particular
pollutant within that specific year
The total number of accuracy audits performed during that
specific year
This is the lower boundary of the 95% probability limits for
the level one audit as defined by 40CFR58, Appendix A
This is the upper boundary of the 95% probability limits for
the level one audit as defined by 40CFR58, Appendix A
This is the lower boundary of the 95% probability limits for
the level two audit as defined by 40CFR58, Appendix A
This is the upper boundary of the 95% probability limits for
the level two audit as defined by 40CFR58, Appendix A
This is the lower boundary of the 95% probability limits for
the level three audit as defined by 40CFR58, Appendix A
This is the upper boundary of the 95% probability limits for
the level three audit as defined by 40CFR58, Appendix A
This is the total number of collocated sites within the
pollutants network of monitors
This is the total number of valid collocated samples that was
submitted to the EPA's AIRS database
-------
This will specify one of the ten EPA regions
The percentages are based upon the total number of
reporting organizations that submitted data into EPA's AIRS
database and the total number of reporting organizations
that submitted data within acceptable guidelines. For
example, 149 reporting organizations submitted data within
acceptable guidelines and 150 reporting organizations
submitted data. The percentage is then 149/150 or 99.33%
This is based upon the percent differences between two
collocated samplers
This is the annual flow check
This is based upon the percent differences between two
collocated samplers
This is a quarterly audit of the laboratory
This is an annual flow check
-------
Ozone 1996 P&A Data
Reg
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
State
9
23
23
23
25
33
44
50
34
36
10
11
24
24
42
42
42
51
51
51
54
1
1
1
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
KO
1
1
102
908
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
b
1
2
3
1
3
81b
1
11
12
14
1
2
3
4
b
6
11
12
13
14
15
Lower
Limit
-8
-5
-4
-6
-7
-8
-3
-4
-7
-5
-5
-3
-3
-3
-6
-7
-8
-10
-8
-11
-6
-7
-10
-9
-1
-2
-2
-2
-2
-1
-6
-1
-5
-2
-5
Upper
Limit
3
7
0
7
6
6
6
4
6
5
4
6
3
2
6
5
9
7
7
9
8
9
4
5
2
2
2
2
4
1
2
3
3
6
2
Number
Analyzers
12
11
1
1
17
11
3
2
15
30
4
4
14
1
28
4
3
17
4
1
4
10
5
2
3
1
4
3
2
1 .
2
3
3
1
2
Precision
Checks
313
261
31
60
348
613
90
31
375
871
97
192
345
43
664
116
55
299
81
17
105
147
84
193
72
49
219
99
78
4
174
99
. 158
47
50
Number
Audits
12
15
2
2
30
30
12
.8
44
120
10
14
33
4
27
24
4
25
15
2
39
17
15
4
Type
Audit
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
3
Lower
Limit
-8
-6
-5
-7
-12
1
-7
-2
-5
-1
-3
-9
-5
-3
-3
-2
-10
-3
3
-5
Upper
Limit
3
5
3
4
7
4
3
3
3
3
5
13
5
6
5
3
8
8
4
4
Lower
Limit
-7
-2
-5
-5
-6
1
-5
-2
-3
-2
-3
-8
-5
-6
-3
-5
-3
0
0
-4
Upper
Limit
4
3
3
3
1
2
4
2
3
2
4
10
4
6
4
7
3
1
4
2
Lower
Limit
-6
0
-5
-5
-6
1
-4
-2
-3
-2
-3
-9
-5
-8
-3
-4
-2
-3
-2
-3
Upper
Limit
3
3
2
3
1
1
4
2
4
1
5
8
4
7
4
7
2
3
4
2
-------
Ozone 1996 P&A Data
Reg
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
State
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
21
21
21
28
28
37
37
37
37
45
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
17
17
18
18
18
18
26
26
26
27
RO
16
17
18
20
56
815
10
1
2
815
100
107
1
2
3
4
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
16
815
1
3
1
2
5
8
1
2
87
1
Lower
Limit
-12
-5
-2
-3
-3
-10
-5
-11
-6
-14
-11
-9
-5
-6
-2
-7
-9
-9
-4
-4
-3
-1
-5
-6
-8
-5
-8
-4
-14
-5
-5
-3
-2
-7
Upper
Limit
15
1
2
3
2
5
5
8
9
6
20
4
5
7
2
8
10
7
2
6
2
2
12
4
8
4
6
7
8
4
5
6
8
7
Number
Analyzers
2
3
3
2
2
1
8
26
3
1
10
1
25
4
3
3
19
12
2
2
2
2
2
3
31
10
18
2
1
5
20
3
1
5
Precision
Checks
76
112
150
118
77
51
154
377
43
25
275
9
518
113
79
50
404
290
55
45
61
62
69
55
1367
345
224
26
12
70
390
19
13
154
Number
Audits
6
58
10
5
37
50
12
12
6
286
33
6
0
10
10
12
11
0
0
37
6
4
10
22
1
2
4
Type
Audit
3
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
2
2
2
1
2
Lower
Limit
-5
-9
-6
-1
-3
-1
1
-3
-3
-8
-2
0
-5
-5
-4
-9
-3
-2
-7
-2
Upper
Limit
3
2
9
2
8
2
3
12
4
4
0
5
1
4
1
6
3
0
4
8
Lower
Limit
-4
-7
-2
0
-3
-2
-1
-5
-3
-3
-1
-1
-2
-5
-5
-6
0
-1
-7
0
Upper
Limit
2
4
5
1
5
3
2
9
3
3
1
3
1
5
1
4
2
2
3
5
Lower
Limit
-3
-6
-3
-1
-4
-1
-1
-7
-2
-2
-4
0
-1
-5
-5
-5
-1
-1
-7
-2
Upper
Limit
1
5
4
2
4
3
1
9
3
3
4
3
1
5
0
4
3
2
3
4
-------
Ozone 1996 P&AData
Reg
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
State
27
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
55
5
22
35
35
40
40
48
48
48
48
48
19
19
19
20
29
29
29
RO
815
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
13
14
15
16
1
1
1
1
2
101
103
1
2
3
6
815
1
2
3
1
1
2
3
Lower
Limit
-14
-10
-11
-10
-4
-6
-3
-5
-8
-6
-7
-4
-7
-6
-3
-3
-6
-2
-7
-5
-10
-4
-6
-7
-5
-14
-6
-8
-13
-4
-1
-15
-3
-5
-5
Upper
Limit
5
11
14
5
5
7
5
4
6
5
5
3
5
4
3
3
4
8
5
8
1
6
8
5
5
10
4
3
16
8
4
15
3
3
8
Number
Analyzers
2
5
2
1
1
1
3
4
7
3
5
2
2
1
4
3
28
5
29
11
6
5
3
32
3
1
6
1
2
1
2
6
8
5
3
Precision
Checks
30
153
26
45
14
21
93
71
202
63
81
28
56
35
67
41
377
130
1122
249
136
119
137
2503
168
12
146
44
57
24
4
106
183
77
60
Number
Audits
6
6
2
3
3
9
12
18
8
2
6
3
4
4
9
29
20
80
20
8
8
47
13
4
8
1
8
1
8
Type
Audit
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
2
2
1
1
1
3
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
3
Lower
Limit
-8
-2
-2
-4
-5
-13
-7
-3
-26
-8
-5
-13
1
-11
-5
-4
-3
-10
-1
-6
-1
-5
Upper
Limit
13
4
1
3
10
8
9
5
24
22
7
9
5
6
3
3
10
16
3
4
6
14
Lower
Limit
-4
-2
-2
-4
-5
-14
-9
-1
-22
-5
-4
-10
0
-7
-3
-3
1
-7
-2
-8
-6
-9
Upper
Limit
3
2
1
-1
6
4
10
2
16
14
4
7
5
3
1
2
7
11
4
3
6
12
Lower
Limit
-5
-2
-2
-4
-7
-14
-9
-3
-22
-4
-5
-10
0
-7
-3
-2
2
-8
0
-6
0
-8
Upper
Limit
2
-2
0
-1
5
2
7
2
14
9
3
6
4
2
1
2
5
8
3
4
5
10
-------
Ozone 1996 P&A Data
Reg
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
State
29
29
31
31
8
8
30
38
49
49
56
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
15
32
32
32
RO
4
5
2
3
1
815
815
1
1
815
815
200
300
815
1
4
11
13
14
17
19
20
35
36
46
58
61
65
69
815
909
120
100
200
300
Lower
Limit
-4
-2
2
-4
-9
-6
1
-5
-7
-8
-11
-2
-3
-10
-5
-7
-3
-9
-5
-9
-9
-10
-6
-7
-2
-10
-4
-4
-8
-8
-8
-3
-4
-6
Upper
Limit
3
2
12
5
7
3
6
16
8
7
7
4
7
6
5
3
5
6
10
13
2
6
7
2
14
3
4
4
2
12
1
13
4
Number
Analyzers
3
2
1
3
16
2
5
10
1
2
8
7
61
22
2
1
5
5
7
1
4
9
5
2
33
2
12
8
1
1
1
4
4
Precision
Checks
87
31
13
42
691
85
101
218
46
33
259
154
1174
1135
52
12
142
213
289
10
80
229
178
82
646
53
548
302
25
41
48
107
194
Number
Audits
6
2
3
25
1
5
13
7
10
14
51
4
9
35
1
Type
Audit
3
2
1
2
3
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
Lower
Limit
-6
-4
-15
-3
-3
0
-6
-6
-4
-1
-7
-17
Upper
Limit
1
6
7
3
5
3
3
5
3
7
10
10
Lower
Limit
-4
-5
-4
-5
-2
-2
-3
-6
-4
0
-7
-11
Upper
Limit
4
4
4
5
3
2
3
4
3
6
6
3
Lower
Limit
-2
-5
-3
-3
-2
-1
-2
-9
-3
1
-6
-12
Upper
Limit
1
5
4
4
2
1
3
5
4
6
6
5
-------
Ozone 1996 P&A Data
Reg
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
TOTA
State
32
2
16
41
41
53
53
53
.S:
RO
815
815
815
1
8
1
8
815
Lower
Limit
-13
-9
-8
-4
-4
-5
-6
-9
-6.034
Upper
Limit
10
1
6
8
3
4
6
3
5.7724
Number
Analyzers
1
1
1
5
1
6
1
3
938
Precision
Checks
42
52
32
60
23
183
29
87
26876
Number
Audits
1
1
1
14
2
18
3
1734
Type
Audit
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
Lower
Limit
-8
-6
-5.211
Upper
Limit
12
1
5.80263
Lower
Limit
-6
-4
-4.2105
Upper
Limit
11
1
4.1711
Lower
Limit
-5
-4
-4.0789
Upper
Limit
9
1
3.6974
-------
CO 1996 P&A Data
Reg
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
State
9
25
33
44
50
34
36
72
10
11
24
24
42
42
42
51
51
54
1
1
1
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
21
21
28
28
37
RO
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
2
3
1
3
1
11
12
14
11
12
13
15
16
17
18
20
10
1
2
100
107
1
Lower
Limit
-3
-6
-3
-5
-3
-4
-3
-11
-5
-4
-3
-2
-6
-9
-8
-5
-4
-1
-10
-3
-5
-2
-5
-6
-7
-6
-3
-5
-6
-6
-7
-7
-4
-12
-4
Upper
Limit
5
8
4
7
6
6
4
5
5
6
2
2
7
3
7
6
4
11
4
4
5
7
6
6
13
2
2
6
4
9
4
14
2
7
7
Number
Analyzers
5
9
2
2
2
14
15
3
2
3
5
1
16
3
5
8
4
1
' 1
4
1
5
4
4
2
2
6
3
2
2
7
6
2
1
12
Precision
Checks
195
226
199
103
52
453
484
129
73
130
208
18
414
66
215
236
84
46
14
82
48
358
128
205
49
78
219
152
107
60
140
136
37
7
233
Number
Audits
8
18
8
11
8
29
63
6
10
5
16
4
9
8
11
4
7
9
3
6
23
37
8
26
Audit
Type
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
3
3
1
3
1
2
Lower
Limit
-5
0
6
-1
_2
-7
-2
-8
-4
-4
-14
-11
-2
-3
-13
-6
1
-9
-11
-4
-9
-11
Upper
Limit
5
15
6
1
9
5
4
18
3
6
6
15
8
7
11
6
2
5
7
8
4
10
Lower
Limit
-7
-2
1
-2
-2
-4
-2
-6
-2
—Q
-9
-11
-2
-3
-4
-3
-3
-6
-9
-1
-4
-10
Upper
Limit
3
11
7
2
8
9
2
10
-2 -
7
3
7
7
4
5
5
5
4
7
9
3
6
Lower
Limit
-2
-2
-4
0
-3
-6
-2
-5
-3
-7
-7
-2
-3
-4
-2
-2
-3
-6
-7
-1
-1
-8
Upper
Limit
4
10
6
2
3
6
1
7
-1
6
2
0
7
4
9
1
6
5
3
6
5
5
-------
CO 1996 P&A Data
Reg
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
State
37
37
45
47
47
47
17
17
18
18
18
26
26
27
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
55
5
22
35
35
40
40
48
48
48
48
19
RO
2
3
1
2
3
4
1
3
1
2
8
1
2
1
1
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
15
1
1
1
1
2
101
103
1
2
3
6
1
Lower
Limit
-4
-4
-10
-3
-5
-5
-5
-5
-3
-1
-4
-7
-6
-3
-9
-5
-3
-3
-15
-3
-7
-3
-3
-9
-3
-3
-1
-6
-5
-12
-7
-8
-6
-7
-10
Upper
Limit
3
4
10
3
3
3
7
4
6
6
4
9
6
3
6
4
5
7
17
10
6
5
2
6
4
7
9
9
10
15
6
6
11
7
12
Number
Analyzers
3
5
2
5
3
1
9
5
6
1
1
3
6
10
3
2
1
2
4
2
1
1
1
7
1
4
6
6
4
2
14
2
3
3
3
Precision
Checks
1073
190
50
186
67
44
435
234
141
24
28
108
33
458
106
106
28
102
143
51
24
33
22
191
27
171
125
147
63
98
1040
75
• 55
73
106
Number
Audits
12
20
34
17
8
24
8
4
7
13
3
4
4
4
4
3
5
3
2
8
4
8
7
4
4
24
9
12
4
8
Audit
Type
2
2
2
3
3
1
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
2
3
1
2
2
1
2
Lower
Limit
-3
-1
-6
-3
-2
-11
-1
-7
-10
-5
-8
-9
-13
-8
-7
-5
-5
-13
-2
-8
-7
-1
Upper
Limit
4
3
4
6
4
4
10
-5
16
4
14
12
14
8
7
5
12
14
4
12
-1
2
Lower
Limit
-3
2
-7
-3
0
-15
-2
-4
-3
0
2
-6
-10
-7
0
-4
-11
-7
-5
-5
-5
-2
Upper
Limit
2
6
6
0
5
13
2
-2
13
3
5
17
8
5
3
1
23
5
3
4
7
1
Lower
Limit
-3
0
-2
-5
0
-7
-5
-4
-5
-3
-6
-3
-9
-11
-2
-4
-9
-11
-1
-6
-4
.3
Upper
Limit
5
6
0
4
6
-3
0
0
12
5
13
8
9
4
1
1
17
3
1
0
2
1
-------
CO 1996 P&A Data
Reg
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
State
19
20
29
29
29
29
29
31
31
8
30
30
30
30
30
49
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
15
32
32
32
2
16
41
RO
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
2
3
1
2
3
4 j
63
73
1
100
200
300
1
4
14
17
19
36
46
61
69
120
100
200
300
20
1
1
Lower
Limit
-4
-13
-2
-3
-4
-3
-3
3
-1
-4
-7
-2
-9
-4
-9
-2
-3
-3
-2
-6
-3
-5
-3
-6
-3
-6
-7
-7
-8
2
-5
-11
-1
-3
-2
Upper
Limit
4
13
6
6
5
3
5
7
3
4
5
4
6
7
4
3
10
3
6
7
4
9
3
8
6
8
20
2
8
9
10
13
6
2
7
Number
Analyzers
2
6
2
5
2
3
1
2
2
15
2
1
1
2
1
12
1
8
5
30
16
4
2
2
8
1
22
5
4
1
5
8
7
2
12
Precision
Checks
34
115
37
128
58
81
25
50
48
763
104
50
51
56
60
374
14
256
109
571
840
104
105
98
209
57
435
260
149
48
288
277
102
102
278
Number
Audits
9
4
8
4
23
8
4
4
5
4
25
2
2
7
40
7
27
14
8
46
Audit
Type
3
3
1
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
2
3
2
Lower
Limit
-13
1
0
1
-5
-13
-7
-9
-16
-3
-3
2
-10
-25
0
-2
Upper
Limit
14
4
5
2
1
4
5
5
10
2
5
7
13
56
0
16
Lower
Limit
-12
-3
-1
-3
1
-7
-2
-2
0
-6
-2
-1
-12
-11
-2
-2
Upper
Limit
8
5
0
3
5
3
3
3
2
0
3
6
11
23
-1
9
Lower
Limit
-16
-5
-4
-8
0
-3
-2
0
0
-9
-3
-5
-10
-3
-2
-1
Upper
Limit
8
-2
-3
2
5
2
2
6
0
1
4
4
2
7
-1
2
-------
CO 1996 P&A Data
Reg
10
10
TOTA
State
41
53
.S:
RO
8
1
Lower
Limit
-4
-4
-4.98
Upper
Limit
12
5
6.34
Number
Analyzers
1
17
516
Precision
Checks
54
892
18523
Number
Audits
7
41
907
Audit
Type
2
1
Lower
Limit
-5
-5.92
Upper
Limit
3
7.64
Lower
Limit
-5
-4.28
Upper
Limit
3
5.54
Lower
Limit
-4
-4.23
Upper
Limit
3
3.84
-------
NO2 1996 P&A Data
Reg
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
State
9
23
23
25
33
44
50
34
36
10
11
24
42
42
42
51
51
54
1
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
21
21
37
37
45
47
47
47
RO
908
'
*
1
1
2
3
1
3
1
11
1
11
12
16
17
18
20
10
1
2
2
3
1
2
3
6
Lower
Limit
-12
-27
-11
-14
-13
-9
-6
-4
-8
-9
-5
-3
-12
-9
-6
-8
-12
-11
-9
-6
1
-4
-13
-5
-16
-12
-8
-17
-20
-14
-6
-11
-6
-7
Upper
Limit
10
35
7
9
8
6
2
9
6
7
8
4
10
6
5
7
10
9
8
2
9
3
3
7
11
11
4
12
17
13
5
10
4
7
Number
Anlayzers
5 '
1
1
11
2
3
2
10
9
1
4
5
19
2
3
8
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
5
9
2
1
1
5
1
1
Precision
Checks
66
9
97
266
207
52
50
240
211
33
177
108
494
60
133
228
69
84
16
38
81
29
26
63
95
52
114
233
46
35
40
100
37
14
Number
Audits
8
1
3
16
8
4
7
21
129
2
14
4
19
6
5
9
14
5
5
35
15
4
5
72
4
8
Audit
Type
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
3
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
Lower
Limit
-10
-16
-9
-2
-9
-6
-6
2
-6
-8
-7
-15
-2
-16
-9
-13
-3
-5
-22
Upper
Limit
2
4
6
4
8
2
2
11
11
-1
9
16
3
4
8
12
6
3
8
Lower
Limit
-7
-13
-9
-2
-6
-3
-6
2
-8
-8
-4
-5
-4
-5
-8
-10
-8
-3
-7
Upper
Limit
-2
3
4
5
5
2
3
11
10
1
5
12
7
5
5
10
7
5
6
Lower
Limit
-9
-12
-6
-2
-6
-3
-4
1
-10
-8
-3
-1
-5
-3
-8
-9
-4
-5
-1
Upper
Limit
0
5
0
4
5
2
1
9
11
1
6
10
6
4
4
10
2
4
6
-------
NO2 1996 P&A Data
Reg
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
State
17
17
18
18
18
26
26
27
39
39
39
39
55
5
22
35
35
40
40
48
48
48
20
29
29
29
29
29
8
30
30
38
38
49
4
RO
1
3
1
2
44
1
2
1
8
9
14
68
1
1
1
1
2
101
103
1
2
6
1
1
2
3
4
5
1
26
37
1
22
1
200
Lower
Limit
-10
-5
-8
-10
-9
-7
-6
-13
-7
-11
-6
-7
-11
-4
-6
-14
-16
-4
-6
-8
-11
-4
-13
-9
-6
-10
-5
-2
-11
-15
-7
-2
-9
-9
-7
Upper
Limit
11
7
10
7
8
7
8
14
9
10
8
11
10
9
8
10
17
5
6
6
12
4
27
8
5
8
5
6
11
24
7
2
13
9
6
Number
Anlayzers
6
4
4
1
1
2
2
6
2
2
1
1
4
1
16
7
1
6
2
14
2
3
1
5
5
2
2
1
7
3
3
4
2
4
3
Precision
Checks
222
173
72
8
13
54
7
148
85
68
29
33
78
26
685
114
25
132
63
814
77
72
26
130
135
47
54
25
363
58
41
103
51
210
88
Number
Audits
12
3
4
1
4
4
3
2
6
4
29
11
6
4
24
8
4
5
4
8
6
4
9
15
Audit
Type
1
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
1
3
1
Lower
Limit
-7
-9
-20
-33
-5
-14
-14
-11
1
-14
-7
-4
-13
-25
-5
-26
-15
-4
Upper
Limit
12
-2
0
-6
5
8
4
22
4
22
1
13
3
17
0
5
30
4
Lower
Limit
-4
-11
-12
-21
-6
-13
-10
-10
2
-13
-6
-2
-10
-12
-2
-8
-9
-4
Upper
Limit
12
-1
1
-8
5
5
5
25
3
16
3
5
5
11
2
-1
14
2
Lower
Limit
-4
-10
-6
-19
-6
-11
-7
-1
-5
-14
-3
-3
-8
-2
0
-6
-7
-5
Upper
Limit
10
-1
0
-4
5
4
6
13
14
15
2
3
4
7
2
0
7
2
-------
NO2 1996 P&A Data
Reg
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
State
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
15
32
32
16
41
53
TOTALS:
[ .
RO
300
1
4
13
14
17
19
35
36
46
58
61
65
69
909
120
100
300
1
1
1
Lower
Limit
-4
-11
-5
-5
-12
-8
-9
-12
-6
-7
-13
-13
-8
-1
-4
-6
-4
-6
-8
-8
-8.65
Upper
Limit
4
11
5
7
4
5
5
13
9
8
11
20
7
14
5
6
4
9
12
6
8.73
Number
Anlayzers
3
26
13
1
6
3
6
3
8
5
2
23
2
9
1
2
1
1
1
1
375
Precision
Checks
47
521
683
12
168
152
209
60
207
138
52
445
57
424
29
55
45
31
7
54
11328
Number
Audits
4
6
32
5
9
28
5
1
1
694
Audit
Type
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
Lower
Limit
-13
-9
-5
-13
-6
-27
-9
-10.66
Upper
Limit
9
0
7
5
16
19
1
7.20
Lower
Limit
-5
-8
-3
-9
-3
-19
-7
-7.25
Upper
Limit
2
0
5
6
10
12
0
5.52
Lower
Limit
-2
-6
-3
-2
-1
-19
-6
-5.77
Upper
Limit
0
1
5
11
7
12
-1
4.86
-------
PM10 1996 P&A Data
Reg
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
State
9
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
25
33
44
50
34
36
72
10
24
42
42
42
51
51
1
1
1
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
RO
1
1
102
103
104
106
109
110
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
3
11
12
14
1
2
3
4
5
11
12
13
14
15
Lower
Limit
-14
-11
-7
-6
-23
5
-16
-10
0
-13
-9
-8
-10
-5
-9
-7
-17
-4
-8
-12
-5
-14
-7
-7
-4
-3
-9
-5
-4
-2
-3
-9
-18
-4
Upper
Limit
15
8
-3
4
14
16
14
15
11
8
3
8
8
11
14
4
4
6
18
10
4
24
9
5
5
6
2
2
4
7
5
4
26
1
Collocated
Sites
3
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
2
2
2
5
2
1
2
2
2
1
3
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1 '
1
1
Below
Valid Range
97
114
46
50
47
37
53
13
49
21
35
66
18
95
3
12
38
36
30
13
82
55
43
25
28
39
22
48
23
38
26
19
24
34
33
Number
Samples
181
189
47
57
59
46
58
15
108
26
101
108
69
172
74
55
113
88
113
54
137
101
104
58
51
60
50
59
45
49
52
55
55
54
59
Valid
Pairs
84
75
1
7
12
9
5
2
59
5
66
42
51
77
71
43
75
52
83
41
55
46
61
33
23
21
28
11
22
11
26
36
31
20
26
Number
Audits
22
44
9
12
12
12
16
2
45
42
27
32
24
78
70
3
69
16
49
8
34
7
0
14
6
7
8
5
4
6
11
9
11
5
8
Audit
Type
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
Lower
Limit
-1
-6
0
-1
-2
0
-3
-3
1
-5
-12
-5
-6
-1
-3
-6
-4
-9
-7
-9
-2
-5
-3
-19
-2
-2
-3
-3
-1
-3
-44
-1
Upper
Limit
8
6
1
0
3
6
8
5
5
0
-1
7
3
5
3
5
1
7
5
9
3
9
3
14
1
2
1
2
5
1
-19
0
-------
PM10 1996 P&A Data
Reg
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
State
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
21
21
28
37
37
37
37
45
47
47
47
47
47
47
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
26
26
27
39
RO
16
17
18
20
53
56
10
1
2
100
1
2
3
4
1
1
2
3
4
5
29
1
3
1
2
3
5
8
9
35
44
1
2
1
1
Lower
Limit
-6
-21
-8
-4
-5
-16
-17
-11
-11
-11
-5
-6
-8
-6
-8
-6
-5
-3
-33
-6
-14
-9
-15
-7
-10
-2
-3
-17
-6
-37
-24
-4
Upper
Limit
5
10
4
5
6
10
13
24
10
8
9
5
14
9
8
7
8
7
13
9
5
8
20
8
7
12
6
25
9
10
21
14
Collocated
Sites
2
1
2
1
1
1
10
2
1
4
1
2
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
4
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
Below
Valid Range
100
17
34
19
33
2
221
44
22
72
25
0
54
22
67
8
15
12
19
43
13
134
25
35
24
34
39
17
14
35
7
0
22
Number
Samples
113
61
87
55
45
41
458
122
60
163
52
42
108
54
168
24
59
48
44
118
58
203
56
55
58
112
58
25
15
61
30
53
54
Valid
Pairs
13
44
53
36
12
39
237
78
38
91
27
42
54
32
101
16
44
36
25
75
45
69
31
20
34
78
19
8
1
26
23
53
32
Number
Audits
2
11
52
7
10
3
8
112
28
3
123
10
18
7
141
58
11
28
30
15
0
61
60
109
18
12
34
46
16
2
2
7
3
2
3
Audit
Type
3
2
2
2
2
3
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
3
3
2
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
3
Lower
Limit
-1
-5
-1
-4
-5
-2
-5
-5
-1
-3
-3
-5
-3
-1
-4
-2
-1
-3
-4
-6
-6
-2
0
-1
-2
-2
-2
-14
2
-10
-2
-14
Upper
Limit
4
2
4
4
5
4
2
5
3
5
5
1
8
7
6
4
1
-1
6
7
2
3
1
1
1
4
1
7
4
7
7
20
-------
PM101996 P&A Data
Reg
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
State
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
55
5
5
22
35
35
40
40
40
48
48
48
48
48
48
19
19
19
19
20
RO
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
12
13
14
15
16
51
68
1
1
2
1
1
2
101
102
103
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
1
Lower
Limit
-9
-12
-5
-10
-3
-11
-6
-10
-18
-13
-7
-3
-10
-4
-12
-9
-14
-11
-12
-8
-9
-8
-9
-9
-11
-30
-27
-10
-4
-17
-54
-34
Upper
Limit
2
14
7
6
4
14
9
5
20
12
44
5
17
9
6
8
13
11
11
12
4
7
9
8
5
21
29
18
19
32
44
39
Collocated
Sites
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
3
2
1
1
3
1
.1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
Below
Valid Range
18
29
19
16
25
5
23
34
16
36
6
41
16
60
23
20
53
74
6
27
18
22
76
18
9
32
33
6
47
2
8
42
Number
Samples
55
70
48
55
121
55
45
56
50
101
10
118
31
113
59
60
115
115
89
71
40
60
194
57
60
58
54
47
73
10
35
109
Valid
Pairs
37
41
29
39
96
50
22
22
34
65
4
77
15
53
36
40
62
41
83
44
22
38
118
39
51
26
21
41
26
8
27
67
Number
Audits
27
5
4
7
10
18
2
4
1
19
2
11
12
12
3
19
29
4
9
11
3
6
135
54
36
0
12
27
5
0
0
2
24
Audit
Type
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
Lower
Limit
0
-1
-9
-4
-3
-4
-1
-16
-3
-4
-2
-4
-1
-9
-11
-11
-9
-3
1
0
-1
-4
1
-18
Upper
Limit
3
3
3
5
8
2
6
10
5
2
3
3
3
18
8
-6
9
2
4
2
3
1
7
16
-------
PM10 1996 P&A Data
Reg
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
State
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
31
31
31
8
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
RO
1
2
3
4
5
11
12
1
2
3
1
1
2
5
17
18
20
26
27
29
31
32
33
37
41
43
44
45
46
49
50
52
63
70
74
Lower
Limit
-9
-32
-3
-7
-8
-15
-5
-21
-11
-10
-8
-5
-21
-15
-4
-5
-12
-11
-8
-4
-20
-3
-6
-2
-49
-12
Upper
Limit
4
21
4
7
10
13
5
17
6
24
5
10
12
34
4
6
13
6
15
14
34
4
7
5
32
0
Collocated
Sites
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
Below
Valid Range
14
39
11
19
43
8
2
26
16
5
104
17
7
43
47
47
91
49
54
78
47
240
56
22
23
Number
Samples
52
59
46
58
61
14
28
82
59
51
236
60
19
49
52
60
107
52
69
80
75
264
59
38
27
Valid
Pairs
38
20
35
39
18
6
26
56
43
46
132
43
12
6
5
13
16
3
15
2
28
24
3
16
4
Number
Audits
17
4
3
8
5
0
0
11
8
5
365
30
8
3
8
0
3
4
0
4
10
13
2
3
2
3
4
13
2
2
5
1
Audit
Type
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
, 3
3
Lower
Limit
-3
-8
-6
-6
-5
-11
-6
-2
-2
-4
-1
-1
-4
-2
-4
-2
-4
-1
-4
-3
-12
-7
-3
-5
-3
Upper
Limit
2
5
6
7
5
11
-1
5
2
6
5
4
7
0
1
2
3
5
0
-2
6
1
1
4
5
-------
PM101996 P&A Data
Reg
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
State
30
38
46
49
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
15
32
32
32
2
2
2
16
RO
819
1
1
1
1
6
7
16
17
21
22
25
29
30
200
300
1
4
17
19
35
35
36
46
61
65
909
120
100
200
300
20
26
27
1
Lower
Limit
-5
-12
-10
-16
-15
-8
-3
-5
-8
-5
-51
-52
-20
-4
-10
-11
-2
-4
-2
-7
-7
-27
-19
-6
-13
-13
-16
-8
-7
-25
-18
-29
-7
Upper
Limit
3
7
7
23
7
2
5
15
3
11
39
41
28
9
7
11
29
9
13
-2
-2
27
13
9
6
11
9
3
16
21
9
34
12
Collocated
Sites
1
1
2
14
1
2
1
1
.1
1
1
1
1
2
2
10
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
7
Below
Valid Range
44
9
23
446
41
43
48
44
34
46
26
42
37
8
31
123
61
34
16
11
11
53
6
35
14
59
37
23
2
64
15
25
146
Number
Samples
59
58
110
610
59
60
55
58
42
56
44
55
59
75
114
467
110
61
55
15
15
115
110
53
44
79
59
59
37
107
35
34
364
Valid
Pairs
15
49
87
164
18
17
7
14
8
10
18
13
22
67
83
344
49
27
39
4
4
62
104
18
30
20
22
36
35
43
20
9
218
Number
Audits
2
6
43
353
75
2
7
5
3
3
2
3
4
1
345
8
0
34
0
0
0
0
4
0
22
0
0
0
12
24
0
9
2
2
197
Audit
Type
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
3
Lower
Limit
-13
-1
1
-2
-7
-2
-1
-3
-7
-2
-2
0
0
-5
-3
-6
-2
-2
-6
1
-4
Upper
Limit
9
4
5
0
5
2
5
4
4
2
0
3
10
6
4
5
4
2
8
1
1
-------
PM101996 P&A Data
Reg
10
10
10
TOTAL!
State
41
41
53
>:
RO
1
8
1
Lower
Limit
-7
-8
-10.83
Upper
Limit
15
5
11.16
Collocated
Sites
2
6
278
Below
Valid Range
57
84
6406
Number
Samples
116
178
13100
Valid
Pairs
59
94
6694
Number
Audits
160
40
116
4322
Audit
Type
1
1
1
Lower
Limit
-2
-1
4
-4.27
Upper
Limit
3
3
4.03
-------
SO2 1996 P&A Data
Reg
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
State
9
23
23
23
23
25
33
33
33
44
50
34
36
72
78
10
11
24
42
42
42
51
51
54
1
1
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
RO
1
1
104
110
113
1
1
4
902
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
3
1
11
12
1
2
4
11
12
13
15
16
17
Lower
Limit
-3
-7
-8
-5
-3
-10
-4
-2
-15
-7
-5
-5
-5
-20
-9
-9
-3
-4
-10
-9
-7
-4
-9
-5
-6
-3
-5
-5
-6
0
-4
-8
-10
-14
-12
Upper
Limit
4
4
7
4
2
8
4
3
16
6
4
7
5
13
4
7
5
4
9
7
6
4
6
8
11
3
2
2
8
10
3
7
3
7
-1
Number
Analyzers
12
3
2
1
3
10
8
1
2
3
2
15
22
5
2
4
2
4
29
10
8
6
4
9
2
1
2
4
2
4
7
3
2
1
1
Precision
Checks
657
101
108
6
78
245
818
88
178
152
52
362
710
203
51
125
76
140
754
252
342
173
80
401
23
24
65
203
54
317
193
151
• 51
43
30
Number
Audits
14
5
8
1
6
15
29
.4
0
16
8
31
97
0
8
4
6
4
29
36
8
8
16
8
4
4
4
Audit
Type
1
2
3
3
3
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
3
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
3
3
Lower
Limit
-10
-1
-3
3
-13
-5
-8
2
-3
-5
-1
-9
-3
-7
-11
-7
-1
-13
-4
-3
-13
Upper
Limit
1
0
2
5
18
5
-1
5
12
4
2
4
9
-3
14
5
3
8
5
1
14
Lower
Limit
-10
-5
-5
-1
-13
-6
-5
3
-5
-4
0
-5
-3
-7
-8
-6
-4
-4
-2
-6
-10
Upper
Limit
-2
9
2
4
15
5
-2
6
11
3
1
-1
9
-3
11
5
4
2
2
1
10
Lower
Limit
-10
-6
-3
-2
-13
-7
-3
0
-8
-4
0
-3
-1
-6
-10
-6
-7
-4
-2
-8
-10
Upper
Limit
-1
10
1
3
13
5
-1
7
9
3
0
-2
5
-2
11
4
3
2
5
3
12
-------
SO2 1996 P&A Data
Reg
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
State
12
12
13
21
21
28
37
37
37
45
47
47
47
47
47
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
26
26
27
39
39
39
39
39
39
RO
18
20
10
1
2
100
1
2
3
1
1
2
3
6
20
1
3
1
2
5
8
32
33
35
36
912
1
2
1
1
2
3
4
6
7
Lower
Limit
-9
-5
-8
-15
-16
-11
-7
-12
-7
-12
-7
-6
-3
-7
-10
-6
-4
-8
-9
-8
-6
-7
-5
-5
-5
-8
-8
-5
-7
-11
-4
-3
-4
-5
-8
Upper
Limit
6
3
5
8
13
15
7
8
3
13
11
5
7
1
6
6
5
7
6
5
3
3
6
8
5
10
8
7
6
8
12
6
5
5
3
Number
Analyzers
1
1
7
11
3
3
14
1
1
5
7
2
1
1
2
21
8
4
1
1
5
2
3
7
2
3
4
10
9
2
3
1
3
2
1
Precision
Checks
50
52
224
263
71
134
339
37
38
122
228
71
24
42
11
979
390
99
25
26
143
37
58
90
69
57
139
46
305
102
74
64
72
101
27
Number
Audits
42
23
12
22
4
6
77
23
6
38
16
8
8
20
4
6
6
7
0
7
4
4
3
4
4
4
Audit
Type
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
3
3
1
3
3
2
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
Lower
Limit
-15
-21
-7
-4
-3
-6
-6
-7
-6
-6
-6
0
-8
-9
-4
-10
-5
-8
-6
Upper
Limit
-2
3
10
6
4
6
0
9
1
0
-2
1
7
1
1
8
-1
4
-3
Lower
Limit
-9
-15
-5
-5
-3
-4
-7
-4
-4
-3
-3
1
-5
-8
-3
-8
-5
-12
-5
Upper
Limit
0
6
12
8
4
7
4
11
1
1
-1
1
3
3
2
3
3
4
-3
Lower
Limit
-8
-11
-4
-8
-4
-7
-5
-5
-3
-3
-4
0
-2
-9
-3
-8
-8
-12
-3
Upper
Limit
1
7
12
6
1
8
1
12
-2
2
0
2
1
4
2
2
7
5
-1
-------
SO2 1996 P&A Data
Reg
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
State
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
55
5
22
35
40
40
48
48
48
48
19
19
19
20
29
29
29
29
29
31
8
30
30
30
30
30
RO
8
9
10
12
13
14
15
16
68
1
1
1
1
101
103
1
2
3
6
2
3
4
1
1
2
3
4
5
3
1
1
5
13
17
26
Lower
Limit
-6
-8
-9
-6
-5
-6
-14
-4
-6
-7
-6
-7
-9
-9
-10
-6
-9
-12
-13
-2
-12
-7
-15
-6
-4
-6
-6
-4
-9
-5
-3
-6
-3
-7
-6
Upper
Limit
9
8
4
5
7
10
14
3
13
6
8
7
8
8
11
6
0
5
-3
6
5
11
12
6
4
6
4
4
6
7
6
7
7
5
6
Number
Analyzers
6
5
2
2
3
4
2
1
1
5
2
7
10
4
2
14
1
1
4
4
9
2
6
9
5
4
3
3
1
2
2
3
13
1
3
Precision
Checks
214
181
52
49
144
170
53
24
33
136
52
268
243
92
94
1125
38
16
102
96
18
4
116
241
134
74
79
75
23
104
104
157
332
20
70
Number
Audits
4
8
2
4
3
6
2
4
4
8
8
16
15
4
5
23
8
4
5
10
3
4
4
8
12
10
3
Audit
Type
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
2
3
1
2
2
1
2
3
1
2
3
3
3
3
Lower
Limit
-2
-8
-7
-5
-1
-7
-4
-4
-4
-15
-11
-12
-20
-18
-14
-20
1
-9
-10
-11
-6
-3
Upper
Limit
5
1
5
-1
2
3
0
10
-4
0
1
5
3
7
-2
14
11
3
4
6
7
3
Lower
Limit
-2
-4
-10
-4
-10
-5
-7
-3
-2
-15
-6
-13
-17
-18
-6
-19
1
-4
-8
-10
-2
-4
Upper
Limit
6
2
4
-1
17
12
-2
5
2
1
2
6
3
10
1
6
6
5
1
4
5
0
Lower
Limit
-2
-2
-9
-2
-10
-Q
-13
-5
0
-15
-5
-14
-15
-14
-3
-17
1
-2
-4
-7
1
-5
Upper
Limit
5
4
4
-1
14
14
1
5
4
0
3
8
1
9
3
4
4
1
4
6
5
0
-------
SO2 1996 P&A Data
Reg
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
TOTA
State
30
30
30
30
30
38
38
38
38
38
49
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
15
15
16
53
53
53
.8:
RO
37
52
67
72
73
1
12
15
22
24
1
200
300
1
1
4
14
17
19
35
36
46
58
61
65
909
120
815
1
1
2
815
Lower
Limit
-3
-9
-7
-3
-7
-5
-3
-5
-12
-4
-4
-2
-7
-10
-10
-3
-6
-5
-10
-10
-10
-11
-2
-2
-9
-7
-11
-4
-1
-6
-5
-12
-7.007
Upper
Limit
6
3
5
4
9
5
12
8
7
3
5
4
1
6
6
2
6
4
9
11
3
7
2
15
-2
10
13
13
9
4
7
2
6.32847
Number
Analyzers
3 '
1
2
1
2
8
1
2
4
1
5
1
1
10
10
10
5
3
1
2
3
4
1
7
1
1
4
1
2
7
1
1
600
Precision
Checks
41
26
53
51
103
210
20
111
104
27
267
34
26
198
198
472
137
160
49
40
76
141
53
142
24
29
118
46
57
347
53
10
20071
Number
Audits
6
1
8
2
8
8
4
8
17
4
20
1
22
4
4
10
8
15
2
1070
Audit
Type
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
Lower
Limit
1
-2
-3
-5
-9
-8
-2
-4
-8
-11
-19
-1
-3
-6.88
Upper
Limit
6
0
2
2
-6
8
2
4
-1
5
13
2
5
3.88
Lower
Limit
1
-4
-4
-5
-6
-6
-3
-6
-8
-11
-15
-3
-3
-6.053
Upper
Limit
7
0
1
2
-5
9
2
4
-1
4
13
1
5
3.9733
Lower
Limit
0
-2
1
-6
-6
-7
-3
-5
-10
-8
-8
-6
-5
-5.76
Upper
Limit
6
4
2
1
-5
8
3
4
2
2
8
-4
3
3.8933
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(PLEASE READ INSTRUCTIONS ON THE REVERSE BEFORE COMPLETING)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-454R-97-007
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
THE AMBIENT AIR PRECISION AND ACCURACY PROGRAM -1996
ANNUAL REPORT
5. REPORT DATE
3/1/98
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
DAVID MUSICK
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
MONITORING AND QUALITY ASSURANCE GROUP
EMISSIONS, MONITORING, AND ANALYSIS DIVISION
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
MANY IMPORTANT EPA DECISIONS ARE BASED ON THE AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING DATA
OBTAINED BY THE STATE AND LOCAL AGENCIES. THESE DATA ARE COLLECTED BY THE
APPROXIMATELY 5,000 AMBIENT AIR SAMPLERS WHICH MAKE UP THE STATE AND LOCAL AIR
MONITORING STATIONS (SLAMS) NETWORK. DATA COLLECTED AND REPORTED TO THE AEROMETRIC
INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM (AIRS) ARE USED BY THE EPA TO AID IN PLANNING THE NATION'S AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGY AND TO MEASURE ACHIEVEMENT TOWARD MEETING NATIONAL
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS). FURTHER, THE DATA IN AIRS ARE MADE AVAILABLE TO
NUMEROUS REQUESTERS, WHO MAY USE THE DATA FOR VARIOUS RESEARCH PROJECTS, SPECIAL
STUDIES, OR OTHER PURPOSES.
NOT ALL DATA ARE ACCOMPANIED BY ESTIMATES OF ITS QUALITY. TO ASSURE THE MOST
KNOWLEDGEABLE AND EFFECTIVE USE OF THE DATA, THE QUALITY OF THE NATIONAL MONITORING
DATA SHOULD BE DETERMINED AND MADE KNOWN TO ALL DATA USERS. THE CODE OF FEDERAL
REGULATIONS, PART 58, DIRECTED THAT PRECISION AND ACCURACY CHECKS BE INCORPORATED BY
THE STATE AND LOCAL AGENCIES TO CONTROL AND EVALUATE THE QUALITY OF THE COLLECTED DATA.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. UeoOKIr lUKo
QUALITY ASSURANCE
PRECISION
ACCURACY
D. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
C. COSATI FIELD/GROUP
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
UNLIMITED RELEASE
UNCLASS
21. NO. OF PAGES
37
22. PRICE
UNCLASS
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