United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA-454/R-97-011
December 1997
Air
NATIONAL AIR POLLUTANT
EMISSION TRENDS, 1900-1996
\
\
LU
CD
ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS
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Disclaimer
THIS REPORT HAS BEEN REVIEWED BY THE OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND
STANDARDS. MENTION OF TRADE NAMES OR COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS DOES NOT
CONSTITUTE ENDORSEMENT OR RECOMMENDATION FOR USE.
ii # Disclaimer
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Foreword
This document presents the most recent estimates of national emissions of the criteria air pollutants. The emissions of each
pollutant are estimated for many different source categories, which collectively account for all anthropogenic emissions. The
report presents the total emissions from all 50 States and from each EPA region in the country. These estimates are updated
annually.
This report tracks changes in national emissions since passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The emission
trends are the net effect of many factors, including changes in the nation's economy and in industrial activity, technology,
consumption of fuels, traffic, and other activities that cause air pollution. The trends also reflect changes in emissions as a result
of air pollution regulations and emission controls. These reports will serve as a measure of our nation's progress in reducing
air pollution emissions as a result of mandatory and voluntary controls and of continuous changes in national activity.
In addition to the extensive coverage of criteria air pollutant emissions from anthropogenic sources in the United States,
this year's report continues to provide limited coverage of State-derived biogenic, greenhouse gas, and air toxic emissions, and
emissions for Canada and Europe. Preliminary estimates are presented for the years 1990 through 1996. Final estimates
(including refinements to the data used to estimate emissions) will be presented in future reports.
Foreword # iii
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Contents
Page
Foreword iii
Tables ix
Figures xi
Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii
Acknowledgment xvii
Executive Summary ES-1
ES.l CURRENT EMISSIONS ES-1
ES.2 EMISSION TRENDS ES-1
ES.3 REFERENCES ES-2
1.0 Introduction 1-1
1.1 HEALTH EFFECTS 1-1
1.2 REPORT ENHANCEMENTS 1-2
1.3 REPORT STRUCTURE 1-3
1.4 REFERENCES 1-4
2.0 1996 Emissions 2-1
2.1 EMISSIONS FOR 1996 BY POLLUTANT 2-1
2.1.1 Carbon Monoxide Emissions 2-1
2.1.2 Nitrogen Oxide Emissions 2-1
2.1.3 Volatile Organic Compound Emissions 2-2
2.1.4 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions 2-2
2.1.5 Paniculate Matter (PM-10) Emissions 2-2
2.1.6 Lead Emissions 2-2
2.2 SPATIAL EMISSIONS 2-2
2.2.1 State Level 2-2
2.2.2 County Level 2-3
2.3 LARGEST POINT SOURCES 2-3
2.4 REFERENCES 2-3
3.0 National Emissions Trends, 1900 to 1996 3-1
3.1 OVERVIEW OF AIRPOLLUTION CONTROL HISTORY 3-1
3.2 HISTORICAL EMISSION TRENDS 3-2
3.2.1 Carbon Monoxide Emission Trends, 1940 through 1996 3-2
3.2.1.1 Fuel Combustion CO Emissions: Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other 3-2
3.2.1.2 Industrial Process CO Emissions 3-2
3.2.1.3 Transportation CO Emissions: On-Road Vehicles and Non-Road Engines and Vehicles 3-2
3.2.1.4 Remaining Sources 3-3
3.2.2 Nitrogen Oxides and Volatile Organic Compound Emission Trends, 1900 through 1996 3-3
Contents # v
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
3.2.2.1 Regulatory History for NOX and VOC Emissions 3-3
3.2.2.2 Nitrogen Oxide Emissions Trends 3-3
3.2.2.3 Volatile Organic Compound Emission Trends 3-4
3.2.3 Sulfur Dioxide Emission Trends, 1900 through 1996 3-5
3.2.3.1 Fuel Combustion SO2 Emissions: Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other 3-5
3.2.3.2 Industrial Process SO2 Emissions 3-6
3.2.3.3 Remaining Sources 3-6
3.2.4 PM-10 Emission Trends, 1940 through 1996 3-7
3.2.4.1 Non-Fugitive Dust Sources of PM-10 Emissions 3-7
3.2.4.2 Fugitive Dust Sources 3-7
3.2.5 Lead Emission Trends, 1970 through 1996 3-8
3.2.5.1 Fuel Combustion Lead Emissions: Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other 3-8
3.2.5.2 Industrial Process Lead Emissions 3-8
3.2.5.3 Transportation Lead Emissions: On-Road Vehicles and Non-Road Engines and Vehicles 3-8
3.3 REFERENCES 3-9
4.0 Recent Emission Inventory Developments 4-1
4.1 RECENT INVENTORY EFFORTS 4-1
4.2 COMPOSITION OF PM-2.5 IN THE AMBIENT AIR 4-1
4.2.1 PM-2.5 in the Eastern United States 4-2
4.2.2 PM-2.5 in the Western United States 4-2
4.2.3 Data Sources 4-2
4.3 REFERENCES 4-2
5.0 National Emission Projections, 1996 to 2010 5-1
5.1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROJECTIONS, 1996 AND 1997 REPORTS 5-1
5.2 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS 5-1
5.3 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS 5-1
5.3.1 Utility Projections 5-2
5.4 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND EMISSIONS 5-2
5.5 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS 5-2
5.6 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) EMISSIONS 5-2
5.7 REFERENCES 5-3
6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodologies 6-1
6.1 INTRODUCTION 6-1
6.1.1 Ozone Transport Assessment Group 6-2
6.1.1.1 State Data Incorporation Procedures/Guidelines 6-2
6.1.1.2 Point 6-2
6.1.1.3 Area 6-2
6.1.1.4 Rule Effectiveness 6-3
6.1.2 Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission Inventory 6-3
6.1.3 AIRS/AFS 6-3
6.1.4 Data Gaps 6-3
6.1.5 Other Modifications 6-4
6.2 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1990 THROUGH 1996 6-4
6.2.1 Fuel Combustion - Electric Utilities 6-4
6.2.2 Fuel Combustion - Industrial and Other Combustion 6-5
6.2.2.1 1991-1994 Emissions 6-5
6.2.2.2 1995 Emissions 6-6
6.2.2.3 1996 Emissions 6-6
6.2.2.4 Adjustments for a Variety of Years 6-7
6.2.2.5 Residential Wood, 1990 through 1996 6-7
6.2.3 Chemical and Allied Products Manufacturing 6-7
6.2.3.1 1991-1994 Emissions 6-7
vi # Contents
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
6.2.3.2 1995 Emissions 6-7
6.2.3.3 1996 Emissions 6-7
6.2.4 Metals Processing, Petroleum and Related Industries, and Other Industrial Processes 6-7
6.2.4.1 1991-1994 Emissions 6-8
6.2.4.2 1995 Emissions 6-8
6.2.4.3 1996 Emissions 6-8
6.2.4.4 Adjustments for a Variety of Years 6-8
6.2.5 Solvent Utilization 6-8
6.2.5.1 1991-1994 Emissions 6-8
6.2.5.2 1995 Emissions 6-8
6.2.5.3 1996 Emissions 6-8
6.2.5.4 Adjustments for a Variety of Years 6-8
6.2.6 Storage and Transport, Waste Disposal and Recycling 6-8
6.2.6.1 1991-1994 Emissions 6-9
6.2.6.2 1995 Emissions 6-9
6.2.6.3 1996 Emissions 6-9
6.2.6.4 Adjustments for a Variety of Years 6-9
6.2.7 On-Road Vehicles 6-9
6.2.7.1 VMTData 6-9
6.2.7.2 CO, NOX, and VOC Emission Factors 6-9
6.2.7.3 SO2 and PM-10 Emission Factors 6-9
6.2.7.4 On-Road Lead Emissions 6-10
6.2.8 Non-road Sources 6-10
6.2.9 Remaining Categories 6-10
6.2.9.1 Natural Sources, Geogenic, Wind Erosion 6-10
6.2.9.2 Miscellaneous, Agriculture and Forestry 6-10
6.2.9.3 Miscellaneous, Other Combustion 6-11
6.2.9.4 Miscellaneous, Fugitive Dust 6-11
6.3 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1985 THROUGH 1989 6-12
6.3.1 Fuel Combustion - Electric Utilities 6-12
6.3.2 Fuel Combustion - Industrial, Other Combustion 6-13
6.3.2.1 1990 Interim Inventory Development 6-13
6.3.2.2 1985 through 1989 6-13
6.3.2.3 Residential Wood, 1985 through 1989 6-13
6.3.3 Chemical and Allied Products Manufacturing 6-14
6.3.4 Metals Processing, Petroleum and Related Industries, and Other Industrial Processes 6-14
6.3.5 Solvent Utilization 6-14
6.3.6 Storage and Transport, Waste Disposal and Recycling 6-14
6.3.7 On-Road Vehicles 6-14
6.3.7.1 VMTData 6-14
6.3.7.2 CO, NOX, VOC Emission Factors 6-15
6.3.7.3 SO2 and PM-10 Emission Factors 6-15
6.3.8 Non-road Sources 6-15
6.3.9 Remaining Categories 6-15
6.3.9.1 Natural Sources, Geogenic, Wind Erosion, 1985 through 1989 6-15
6.3.9.2 Miscellaneous, Agriculture and Forestry 6-15
6.3.9.3 Miscellaneous, Other Combustion 6-15
6.3.9.4 Miscellaneous, Fugitive Dust 6-16
6.4 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1940 THROUGH 1984 6-16
6.5 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1900 THROUGH 1939 6-17
6.6 EMISSIONS REVISIONS 6-17
6.6.1 Methodological Changes 6-17
6.6.2 Other Changes 6-17
6.7 TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL EMISSIONS, 1985-1996 6-18
6.8 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1999 to 2010 6-18
Contents # vii
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
6.8.1 Electric Utilities 6-18
6.8.2 Nonutility Point Sources 6-18
6.8.2.1 Carbon Monoxide Controls 6-19
6.8.2.2 Nitrogen Oxides Controls 6-19
6.8.2.3 Volatile Organic Compound Controls 6-19
6.8.2.4 Sulfur Dioxide Controls 6-19
6.8.2.5 Paniculate Matter (PM-10) Controls 6-19
6.8.3 Area Sources 6-19
6.8.3.1 Carbon Monoxide Area Controls 6-19
6.8.3.2 Nitrogen Oxides Area Controls 6-20
6.8.3.3 Volatile Organic Compound Area Controls 6-20
6.8.3.4 Sulfur Dioxide Area Controls 6-20
6.8.3.5 Paniculate Matter (PM-10) Area Controls 6-20
6.8.4 On-Road Vehicles 6-20
6.8.5 Non-road Engine and Vehicle Projections 6-21
6.8.5.1 Carbon Monoxide, Sulfur Dioxide, and Paniculate Matter (PM-10) Non-road Controls 6-21
6.8.5.2 Nitrogen Oxides Non-road Controls 6-22
6.8.5.3 Volatile Organic Compound Non-road Controls 6-22
6.9 REFERENCES 6-22
7.0 Biogenic Emissions 7-
7.1 REFERENCES 7-
8.0 Air Toxics Emissions 8-
8.1 BACKGROUND 8-
8.2 THE NATIONAL TOXICS INVENTORY 8-
8.3 REDUCTIONS ARE TAKING PLACE FOR AIR TOXICS 8-2
8.4 THE URBAN AREA SOURCE PROGRAM 8-2
8.5 SECTION 112(c)(6) 8-2
8.6 REFERENCES 8-3
9.0 National Greenhouse Gas Emissions 9-1
9.1 METHODOLOGY AND DATA 9-1
9.2 REFERENCES 9-2
10.0 International Emissions 10-1
10.1 EUROPEAN EMISSIONS 10-1
10.2 CANADIAN EMISSIONS 10-1
10.3 REFERENCES 10-1
Appendix A National Emissions (1970 to 1996) by Tier III Source Category and Pollutant A-l
Appendix B National Emissions (1999 to 2010) by Tier II Source Category and Pollutant B-l
Appendix C Graphical Presentation of National Emissions (1990 to 2010) by Pollutant for Several Major Source
Categories C-l
viii # Contents
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Tables
Page
ES-1. 1995 and 1996 National Annual Emission Estimates for Criteria Air Pollutants ES-3
ES-2. 1994 Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates for Canada and Europe ES-3
ES-3. Summary of National Emissions ES-4
ES-4. Percentage Change in National Emissions ES-5
1-1. Major Source Categories 1-5
2-1. 1995 and 1996 National Emissions by Pollutant by Principal Source Categories 2-4
2-2. 1996 National Point and Area Emissions by Source Category and Pollutant 2-5
2-3. 1996 State-level Emissions and Rank for CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and Paniculate Matter (PM-10) 2-6
2-4. Predominant Industries Listed Among the Top 50 Plants 2-7
2-5. Top 50 Plants Emitting Carbon Monoxide 2-8
2-6. Top 50 Utility Plants Emitting Nitrogen Oxides 2-9
2-7. Top 50 Plants Emitting Volatile Organic Compounds 2-10
2-8. Top 50 Utility Plants Emitting Sulfur Dioxide 2-11
2-9. Top 50 Plants Emitting Sulfur Dioxide from Industrial Sources 2-12
2-10. Top 50 Plants Emitting Paniculate Matter (PM-10) 2-13
2-11. Ozone Season Daily Emissions for CO, NOX, and VOC by State and Major Source Category 2-14
3-1. Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1940 through 1996 3-10
3-2. Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1940 through 1996 3-11
3-3. Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1940 through 1996 3-12
3-4. Total National Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide, 1940 through 1996 3-13
3-5. Total National Emissions of Paniculate Matter (PM-10), 1940 through 1996 3-14
3-6. Total National Emissions of Lead, 1970 through 1996 3-15
3-7. Carbon Monoxide Emission Standards, 1970 to Present 3-16
3-8. Nitrogen Oxide and Volatile Organic Compound Emission Limits for Light-Duty Vehicles 3-16
3-9. Nitrogen Oxide and Volatile Organic Compound Emission Limits for Light-Duty Trucks 3-17
4-1. Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission (GCVTC) Emissions by State from Nonutility Point
Sources, 1990 4-4
4-2. Ozone Transport Assessment Group Point and Area (Excluding On-road Vehicles) Source Emissions by State 4-5
4-3. Ozone Transport Assessment Group Point and Area (Excluding On-road Vehicles) Source Emissions by Tier II
Source Category 4-6
5-1. National Carbon Monoxide Emissions by Source Category, 1990 to 2010 5-4
5-2. National Nitrogen Oxide Emissions by Source Category, 1990 to 2010 5-5
5-3. National Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by Source Category, 1990 to 2010 5-6
5-4. National Sulfur Dioxide Emissions by Source Category, 1990 to 2010 5-7
5-5. National Paniculate Matter (PM-10) Emissions by Source Category, 1990 to 2010 5-8
6-1. Point Source Data Submitted 6-26
6-2. Area Source Data Submitted 6-28
6-3. Boiler Emissions Data Sources for NOX and SO2 by Year 6-29
6-4. Emission Estimates Available from AIRS/AFS by State, Year, and Pollutant 6-30
Tables # ix
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
7-1. Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by State 7-2
7-2. Biogenic Nitric Oxide Emissions by State 7-3
7-3. Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound Seasonal Allocation, 1988 to 1996 (percentages) 7-4
7-4. Biogenic Nitric Oxide Seasonal Allocation, 1988 to 1996 (percentages) 7-4
8-1. Top 20 Sources of 1993 Toxic Emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants 8-4
8-2. List of Potential 112(k) Hazardous Air Pollutants 8-5
9-1. Recent Trends in U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions (1990-1995) 9-3
9-2. Summary Report for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories 1995 9-4
10-1. 1994 Emission Estimates for Europe by Country and Pollutant 10-2
10-2. 1994 Emission Estimates for Austria and Belgium by Source Category and Pollutant 10-3
10-3. 1994 Emission Estimates for Croatia and Denmark by Source Category and Pollutant 10-4
10-4. 1994 Emission Estimates for Finland and France by Source Category and Pollutant 10-5
10-5. 1994 Emission Estimates for Germany and Greece by Source Category and Pollutant 10-6
10-6. 1994 Emission Estimates for Iceland and Ireland by Source Category and Pollutant 10-7
10-7. 1994 Emission Estimates for Italy and Luxembourg by Source Category and Pollutant 10-8
10-8. 1994 Emission Estimates for Malta and the Netherlands by Source Category and Pollutant 10-9
10-9. 1994 Emission Estimates for Norway and Portugal by Source Category and Pollutant 10-10
10-10. 1994 Emission Estimates for Spain and Sweden by Source Category and Pollutant 10-11
10-11. 1994 Emission Estimates for Switzerland and the United Kingdom by Source Category and Pollutant 10-12
10-12. 1994 Emissions for Canada by Major Source Category 10-13
10-13. 1994 Emissions for Canada by Province 10-13
A-l. Carbon Monoxide Emissions A-2
A-2. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions A-7
A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions A-12
A-4. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions A-19
A-5. Paniculate Matter (PM-10) Emissions A-23
A-6. Lead Emissions A-28
B-l. Carbon Monoxide Emissions, 1999 to 2010 B-2
B-2. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions, 1999 to 2010 B-4
B-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions, 1999 to 2010 B-6
B-4. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions, 1999 to 2010 B-9
B-5. Paniculate Matter (PM-10) Emissions, 1999 to 2010 B-ll
x # Tables
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Figures
Page
ES-1. Trend in National Emissions, NITROGEN OXIDES, VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, SULFUR DIOXIDE
(1900 TO 1996), and PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10 [non-fugitive dust sources]
1940 to 1996) ES-6
ES-2. Trends in National Emissions, CARBON MONOXIDE (1940 TO 1996), FUGITIVE DUST (FD [1985 to 1996]),
and LEAD (1970 TO 1996) ES-6
2-1. 1996 National CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions by Principal Source Category 2-15
2-2. 1996 National NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions by Principal Source Category 2-15
2-3. 1996 National VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by Principal Source Category 2-16
2-4. 1996 National SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions by Principal Source Category 2-16
2-5. 1996 National PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions by Principal Source Category for Non-Fugitive Dust
Sources 2-17
2-6. 1996 National PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions by Fugitive Dust Category 2-17
2-7. 1996 National LEAD Emissions by Principal Source Category 2-18
2-8. Density Map of 1996 CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions by County 2-19
2-9. Density Map of 1996 NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions by County 2-19
2-10. Density Map of 1996 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by County 2-20
2-11. Density Map of 1996 SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions by County 2-20
2-12. Density Map of 1996 PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions by County 2-21
2-13. Top 50 Plants by Location and Pollutant 2-22
3-1. History of U.S. Municipal, County, and State Air Pollution Control Legislation 3-17
3-2. Trend in Gross Domestic Product, Population, Vehicle Miles Traveled, and Total Fuel Consumption,
1970 to 1996 3-18
3-3. Trend in National Emissions, NITROGEN OXIDES, VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, SULFUR DIOXIDE
(1900 to 1996), and PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10 [non-fugitive dust sources] 1940 to 1996) 3-19
3-4. Trends in National Emissions, CARBON MONOXIDE (1940 to 1996), FUGITIVE DUST (FD [1985 to 1996]),
and LEAD (1970 TO 1996) 3-19
3-5. Trend in CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1940 to 1996 3-20
3-6. Trend in NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1940 to 1996 3-21
3-7. Trend in VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1940 to 1996 . 3-22
3-8. Trend in SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1940 to 1996 3-23
3-9. Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories, Excluding Fugitive
Dust Sources, 1970 to 1996 3-24
3-10. Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions by Fugitive Dust Source Category, 1985 to 1996 . . 3-25
3-11. Trend in LEAD Emissions by 5 Principal Source Categories, 1970 to 1996 3-26
3-12. Electric Utility NOX and SO2 Emissions and Heat Inputs, 1985 to 1996 3-27
3-13. Additional Information on On-road and Non-road Sources 3-28
4-1. PM-2.5 in the Eastern United States 4-8
4-2. PM-2.5 in the Western United States 4-9
5-1. Trend in CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1990 to 2010 5-4
5-2. Trend in NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1990 to 2010 5-5
5-3. Trend in VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1990 to 2010 . . 5-6
Figures # xi
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
5-4. Trend in SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions by 6 Principal Source Categories, 1990 to 2010 5-7
5-5. Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions by 8 Principal Source Categories, 1990 to 2010 .... 5-8
7-1. Density Map of VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND 1996 Biogenic Emissions by County 7-5
7-2. Density Map of NITRIC OXIDE 1996 Biogenic Emissions by County 7-5
8-1. 1993 Total 188 Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions by Source Category 8-6
8-2. The 1993 National Toxic Inventory's 188 Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP) Emissions by State 8-6
8-3. 112(k) Pollutant Emissions by Source Type 8-6
8-4. Total 112(k) Pollutant Emissions by Urban/Rural Class 8-6
9-1. The Global Warming Potential Concept 9-5
10-1. Comparison of European Total 1990 and 1994 Emissions by Country for Sulfur Dioxide 10-14
10-2. Comparison of European Total 1990 and 1994 Emissions by Country for Nitrogen Oxides 10-14
10-3. Comparison of European Total 1990 and 1994 Emissions by Country for Nonmethane Volatile Organic
Compounds 10-15
10-4. Comparison of European Total 1990 and 1994 Emissions by Country for Methane 10-15
10-5. Comparison of European Total 1990 and 1994 Emissions by Country for Carbon Monoxide 10-16
10-6. Comparison of European Total 1990 and 1994 Emissions by Country for Carbon Dioxide 10-16
10-7. Comparison of European Total 1990 and 1994 Emissions by Country for Nitrous Oxides 10-17
10-8. Comparison of European Total 1990 and 1994 Emissions by Country for Ammonia 10-17
C-l. Projected Total CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10 Emissions (million short tons), 1990 to 2010 C-2
C-2. Projected VMT by Vehicle Type, 1990 to 2010 C-2
C-3. Projected On-Road Vehicle CO Emissions by Vehicle Type, 1990 to 2010 C-3
C-4. Projected On-Road NOX Emissions by Vehicle Type, 1990 to 2010 C-3
C-5. Projected On-Road Vehicle VOC Emissions by Vehicle Type, 1990 to 2010 C-4
C-6. Projected On-Road Vehicle SO2 Emissions by Vehicle Type, 1990 to 2010 C-4
C-7. Projected On-Road Vehicle PM-10 Emissions by Vehicle Type, 1990 to 2010 C-5
C-8. Projected Non-Road Engine and Vehicle CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10 Emissions (million short tons), 1990 to
2010 C-5
C-9. Projected Electric Utility CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10 Emissions (million short tons), 1990 to 2010 .... C-6
xii # Figures
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
AADT
AAMA
AAR
ACT
ADTV
AIRS
AIRS/AMS
AIRS/AFS
ARD
ASTM
BEA
BEIS2
BER
BLS
Btu
CAA
CAAA
CARB
CEM
CFCs
CH4
CHIEF
CNOI
CO
C02
CORINAIR
CTG
CTIC
DOE
DOI
DOT
DR
DRI
DVMT
EC
ECOS
EEA
EFIG
EG
E-GAS
EIA
annual average daily traffic
American Automotive Manufacturer's Association
Association of American Railroads
Alternative Control Technology
average daily traffic volume
Aerometric Information Retrieval System
AIRS Area and Mobile Source Subsystem
AIRS Facility Subsystem
Acid Rain Division
American Society for Testing and Materials
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis
Biogenic Emission Inventory System version 2
basic emissions rate
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
British thermal unit
Clean Air Act
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
California Air Resources Board
continuous emission monitor(ing)
chloroflurocarbons
methane
Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emission Factors
Census number of inhabitants
carbon monoxide
carbon dioxide
Coordination of Environmental Air
Control Techniques Guidelines
Conservation Technology Information Center
Department of Energy
Department of Interior
Department of Transportation
deterioration rate
Desert Research Institute
daily vehicle miles traveled
elemental carbon
Environmental Council of States
European Environment Agency
EPA, OAQPS, Emission Factors and Inventory Group
earnings growth
Economic Growth Analysis System
U.S. DOE, Energy Information Administration
Acronyms and Abbreviations # xiii
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
EPA
ERCAM
ES
BSD
ETC/AEM
ETS/CEM
EU
FAA
FCC
FCCC
FGD
FHWA
FID
FIPS
FR
FREDS
ftp
FTP
GACT
GCVTC
GDP
gPg
gpm
GSP
GT
GWP
HAPs
HC
HCFC
HCPREP
HDDT
HDDV
HDGT
HDGV
HOT
HDV
HEW
MFCs
hp
HPMS
I/M
1C
ID
IMPROVE
IPCC
LADCO
Ib
LDDT
LDDV
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Emission Reductions and Cost Analysis Model
Executive Summary
EPA, OAQPS, Emission Standards Division
European Topic Center on Air Emissions
Emissions Tracking System/Continuous Emissions Monitoring
European Union
Federal Aviation Adminstration
fluid catalytic cracking unit
Framework Convention on Climate Change
flue gas desulfurization
U.S. Federal Highway Adminstration
Flame lonization Detector
Federal Information Processing Standards
Federal Register
Flexible Regional Emissions Data System
file transfer protocol
Federal Test Procedure
generally achievable control technology
Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission
gross domestic product
grams per gallon
grams per mile
gross State product
gas turbines
global warming potential
hazardous air pollutants
hydrocarbon
hydrochloroflurocarbon
FREDS Hydrocarbon Preprocessor
heavy-duty diesel truck
heavy-duty diesel vehicle
heavy-duty gasoline truck
heavy-duty gasoline vehicle
heavy-duty-truck
heavy-duty vehicle
Health, Education, and Welfare
hydroflurocarbons
horsepower
Highway Performance Monitoring System
inspection and maintenance
internal combustion (engine)
identification (code)
Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium
pound
light-duty diesel truck
light-duty diesel vehicle
xiv # Acronyms and Abbreviations
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
LDGT
LDGV
LOT
LDV
LTD
MACT
MC
MMBtu
MMTCE
MRI
MSA
MW
N2O
NAA
NAAQS
NADB
NAPAP
NEC
NEDS
NESCAUM
NESHAP
NET
NH3
NLEV
NMVOC
NO
NO2
NOX
NPI
NRC
NSPS
NTI
03
OAQPS
OC
OECD
QMS
OSD
OTAG
OTR
Pb
PCE
PFCs
PM
PM-10
PM-2.5
ppm
psi
QA
light-duty gasoline truck
light-duty gasoline vehicle
light-duty track
light-duty vehicle
landing and takeoff
maximum available control technology
motorcycle
million British thermal units
million metric tons carbon-equivalent
Midwest Research Institute
metropolitan statistical area
megawatts
nitrous oxide
nonattainment area
National Ambient Air Quality Standard
National Allowance Data Base
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
not elsewhere classified
National Emission Data System
Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
National Emissions Trends (inventory)
ammonia
national low emission vehicle
nonmethane volatile organic compounds
nitric oxide
nitrogen dioxide
nitrogen oxides
National Particulates Inventory
National Reference Centers
New Source Performance Standards
National Toxics Inventory
ozone
EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
organic carbon
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
EPA, Office of Mobile Sources
ozone season daily
Ozone Transport Assessment Group
ozone transport region
lead
personal consumption expenditures
perfluorinated carbons
paniculate matter
paniculate matter less than 10 microns in diameter
paniculate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter
parts per million
pounds per square inch
quality assurance
Acronyms and Abbreviations # xv
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
QC
RACT
RCRA
RIA
ROM
RVP
SCC
SEDS
SF6
SIC
SIP
SO2
SO4
SUPROXA
TOG
TP
tpy
TRENDS
TRI
TSDF
TSP
TTN
UAM
U.S.
USDA
USFS
VMT
voc
ZML
quality control
Reasonably Available Control Technology
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Regulatory Impact Analysis
Regional Oxidant Model
Reid vapor pressure
source classification code
State Energy Data System
sulfur hexafluoride
Standard Industrial Classification (code)
State Implementation Plan
sulfur dioxide
sulfates
Super Regional Oxidant A
total organics
total particulates
tons per year
The Representative Emissions National Data System
Toxic Release Inventory
hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facility
total suspended paniculate matter
Technology Transfer Network
Urban Airshed Model
United States
U.S. Department of Agriculture
USDA Forest Service
vehicle miles traveled
volatile organic compound(s)
zero mile level
xvi # Acronyms and Abbreviations
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Acknowledgement
This report was prepared with the help of many people. The EPA wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Sharon V.
Nizich, David Misenheimer, Thomas McMullen, and Anne Pope of the Emission Factors and Inventory Group; Joseph
Somers and Rich Wilcox of the Office of Mobile Sources; Mike Dudek of the National Exposure Research Lab; Wiley
Barbour of the Climate Policy and Programs Division; as well as Patricia M. Carlson, Janna E. Hummel, Kathleen
Manwaring, Maureen Mullen, Susy Rothschild, and Kirstin Thesing of E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., who assisted in
preparing the emission estimates and producing the report. The agency also wishes to acknowledge the data and
information that was provided by numerous people from Government agencies and private institutions and organizations.
Acknowledgment # xvii
-------
Executive Summary
This report presents the United States (U.S.)
Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) latest estimates of
national emissions for criteria air pollutants: carbon
monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), volatile organic
compounds (VOC), sulfur dioxide (SO2), paniculate matter
less than 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter (PM-10), and
lead(Pb). Estimates are presented for the years 1900 to 1996.
Estimates for three criteria pollutants, NOX, VOC, and SO2
have been extrapolated back to 1900. Criteria pollutants are
those for which ambient air standards have been set, based on
established criteria for risk to human health and/or
environmental degradation.
Data on emissions of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), or
air toxics, greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide [CO2], methane
[CH4], nitrous oxide [N2O], hydrofluorocarbons [HFCs],
perfluorinated carbons [PFCs], and sulfur hexafluoride [SF6]),
and biogenic sources are also included in this report for the
United States. Data for Canada and Europe for 1994 are
presented for the criteria air pollutants.
Figures ES-1 and ES-2 present the long-term trends in
the criteria air pollutant emissions from 1900 through 1996.
Most of the criteria air pollutant emission levels peaked
around 1970. PM-10 emissions peaked earlier (around 1950)
due to smoke and particulates being the first pollutants to be
regulated. Between 1970 and 1996 emissions for all criteria
pollutants except NOX declined, even though vehicle miles
traveled (VMT) and gross domestic product (GDP) increased.
These air pollution decreases are attributable to the Clean Air
Act (CAA) regulations beginning in 1970 and continuing into
the 1990s. (Changes in the business cycle and improved
manufacturing practices have also played a role.)
Note: Methodologies to estimate pre-1990 and
1990 to the present emissions differ. Differences in
methodologies for allocating emissions among source
categories could result in significant changes in the
emissions, particularly at the more detailed source
category level. CAUTION SHOULD BE EXERCISED WHEN
COMPARING TRENDS FOR TOTALS OF PRE-1990 AND 1990
TO THE PRESENT YEAR VALUES. Refer to section 6.6.
ES.l CURRENT EMISSIONS
Tables ES-1 and ES-2 present the most current emission
estimates for the criteria and other air pollutants in the United
States. United States criteria pollutant emissions decreased
for CO, NOX, VOC, and Pb and increased for SO2 and PM-10
from the previous year. The reduction in CO and VOC
emissions is a result of a decrease in mobile source emissions
from 1995 as a result of the use of new fuels (reformulated
gasoline, oxygenated fuels, and fuels with lower Reid vapor
pressures [RVP]). Paniculate fugitive dust emissions from
construction sources, paved roads, and tilling of agricultural
crops increased due to the increases in construction, VMT,
and number of acres of land tilled. The most recent available
Canadian and European data for 1994 are summarized in
table ES-3.
A summary description of the methods used for
estimating CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, PM-10, andPb can be found
in chapter 6 of this report, while detailed methodology
descriptions can be found in the National Air Pollutant
Emission Trends Procedures Document.1
ES.2 EMISSION TRENDS
The level and composition of economic activity in the
nation, demographic influences, meteorological conditions,
and regulatory efforts to control emissions affect the trends in
criteria air pollutant emissions. The emissions resulting from
these economic, demographic, and regulatory influences are
presented in figures ES-1 and ES-2, and table ES-4. The
changes in emissions are presented in table ES-5 for several
time periods. Up until the 1950s, the greatest influence on
emissions were economic and demographic. Emissions grew
as the economy and population increased; emissions declined
in periods of economic recession. Dramatic declines in
emissions in the 1930s were due to the Great Depression.
More recent recession in the mid/late-1970s (largely a result
from disruptions in the world oil markets) and early 1990s
also led to decreases in emissions.
Emissions also increase as a result of a shift in the
demand for various products. For example, the tremendous
increase in demand for refined petroleum products, especially
motor gasoline after World War II, increased emissions
associated with petroleum refining and on-road vehicles.
Increased economic production as a result of World War II
raised emissions to levels higher than those of the
pre-Depression Era. The declines in the 1940s through 1970s
in residential wood combustion resulted from the abundant
supply, low relative prices, and convenience of fossil
fuel-generated electricity.
In the 1950s the States issued air pollution statutes
generally targeted toward smoke and paniculate emissions.
Executive Summary # ES-1
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
It was not until passage of the CAA as amended in 1970
(Congress passed the original CAA in 1963) that major strides
were made in reducing air pollution. The 1970 Amendments
created the EPA and charged it with three major tasks: 1) set
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS); 2)
develop motor vehicle emission standards; and 3) set New
Source Performance Standards (NSPS). As a result of these
standards, CO, VOC, SO2, and Pb emissions were reduced in
the mid-1970s.
The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) are
only beginning to affect emission levels. For some source
categories (such as non-road engines), standards are
scheduled to begin in 1996, but significant emission
reductions are not expected until after the year 2000.
Some emission sources such as wildfires and fugitive dust
have been influenced more by meteorological conditions than
economic forces. Controls to reduce fugitive dust emissions
resulting from the CAAA are beginning to take effect, but are
only applied in the paniculate matter (PM) nonattainment
areas (NAAs). The amount of land burned in wildfires varies
greatly from year-to-year. Overall emission reductions from
wildfires are a result of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's
(USDA) Forest Service support of state efforts in fire
prevention and early control. For example, in the year 1910,
5,201 fires burned approximately 5 million acres of land,
whereas in the year 1990, 11,950 fires burned only one-third
of a million acres of land.
More details on the effects of economic, demographic,
and regulatory forces on emission levels are presented in
chapters.
ES.3 REFERENCES
1. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Procedures Document, 1900-1996, Draft, Prepared for the Emissions Factors
and Inventory Group, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, by
E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. under EPA Contract No. 68-D3-0035, WA No. III-102, Durham, NC. September 1997.
2. Historic Emissions of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides in the United States from 1900 to 1980, EPA-600/7-85-009a and b.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. April 1985.
3. Historic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds in the United States from 1900 to 1985, EPA-600/7-88-008a. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. May 1988.
ES-2 # Executive Summary
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table ES-1. 1995 and 1996 National Annual Emission
Estimates for Criteria Air Pollutants
(million short tons)
Pollutant
Anthropogenic Emissions
Carbon Monoxide
Lead (thousand short tons)
Nitrogen Oxides
Particulate Matter (PM-10)
Fugitive dust
Non-fugitive dust
Sulfur Dioxide
Volatile Organic Compounds
Biogenic Emissions
Volatile Organic Compounds
Nitric Oxide
Emissions
1995
89.72
3.94
23.94
26.89
22.82
4.07
18.55
20.59
32.74
1.59
1996
88.82
3.87
23.39
31.30
27.23
4.07
19.11
19.09
29.25
1.55
(Emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants in 1990 were 4.40 million short
tons.)
Table ES-2. 1994 Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates
for Canada and Europe
(million short tons)
Pollutant
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Oxides
Total Particulate Matter
Sulfur Dioxide
Volatile Organic Compounds
Canada
11.02
2.20
69.29
2.94
2.98
Europe
51.82
14.33
NA
13.48
14.60
Executive Summary # ES-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table ES-3. Summary of National Emissions
(thousand short tons, 1 .1 million short tons equals 1 million metric tons)
Year
1900b
1905b
1910b
1915b
1920b
1925b
1930b
1935b
1940
1945d
1950
1955d
1960
1965d
1970e
1975
1980
1985f
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990g
1991g
1992g
1993g
1994g
1995g
1996g
Carbon
Monoxide
NAC
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
93,615
98,112
102,609
106,177
109,745
118,912
128,761
115,968
116,702
115,644
110,437
108,879
117,169
104,447
96,535
98,461
95,123
95,291
99,677
89,721
88,822
Nitrogen
Oxides
2,611
3,314
4,102
4,672
5,159
7,302
8,018
6,639
7,374
9,332
10,093
11,667
14,140
17,424
21,639
23,151
24,875
23,488
23,329
22,806
24,526
24,057
23,792
23,772
24,137
24,482
24,892
23,935
23,393
Volatile
Organic
Compounds
8,503
8,850
9,117
9,769
10,004
14,257
19,451
17,208
17,161
18,140
20,936
23,249
24,459
30,247
30,817
25,895
26,167
24,227
23,480
23,193
24,167
22,383
20,985
21,100
20,695
20,895
21,546
20,586
19,086
Particulate
Matter (PM-10)
Sulfur w/o fugitive
Dioxide dust
9,988
13,959
17,275
20,290
21,144
23,264
21,106
16,978
19,954
26,373
22,384
21,453
22,245
26,380
31,161
28,011
25,905
23,230
22,544
22,308
22,767
22,907
23,136
22,496
22,240
21,879
21,262
18,552
19,113
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
15,956
16,545
17,133
16,346
15,558
14,198
13,190
7,803
7,287
4,695
4,553
4,492
5,424
4,590
4,639
4,299
4,198
4,086
4,353
4,068
4,068
Fugitive
Dust
(PM-10)a
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
40,889
46,582
38,041
55,851
48,650
25,308
25,258
25,308
23,937
26,572
22,820
27,233
Lead
(short tons)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
220,869
159,659
74,153
22,890
14,763
7,681
7,053
5,468
4,975
4,168
3,808
3,911
4,043
3,943
3,869
Note(s): a Fugitive dust emissions not estimated prior to 1985. They include miscellaneous-agriculture & forestry, miscellaneous-fugitive dust,
and natural sources-wind erosion.
b National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) historical emissions2'3
0 NA denotes not available.
d Combination of revised transportation values and NAPAP historical emissions.
e There is a change in methodology for determining on-road vehicle and non-road sources emissions (see chapter 6).
f Effective as of 1985, there is a change in methodology in all sources except on-road vehicles and non-road sources and all pollutants
except lead.
9 1990 through 1996 estimates are preliminary. The emissions can be converted to metric tons by multiplying the values by 0.9072.
ES-4 # Executive Summary
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table ES-4. Percentage Change in National Emissions
(negative percent change indicates a decrease in emissions)
Year
1900 to
1996
1940 to
1996
1970 to
1996
1987 to
1996d
1990 to
1996
1995 to
1996
Carbon
Monoxide
NAC
-5
-31
-18
-8
-1
Nitrogen
Oxides
796
217
8
3
-2
-2
Volatile
Organic
Compounds
124
11
-38
-18
-9
-7
Sulfur
Dioxide
91
-4
-39
-14
-17
3
Particulate
Matter
(PM-10)a
NA
-75
-69
-9
-12
0
Fugitive
Dustb
NA
NA
NA
NA
8
19
Lead
NA
NA
-98
-50
-22
-2
Note(s): a PM-10 emissions excluding fugitive dust sources.
b Fugitive dust includes miscellaneous-agriculture & forestry, miscellaneous-fugitive dust, and natural sources-wind erosion.
0 NA denotes not available. 1990 to 1996 estimates are preliminary.
d There are significant changes in fugitive dust emission methodology between the years 1989 and 1990.
Executive Summary # ES-5
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure ES-1. Trends in National Emissions, NITROGEN OXIDES, VOLATILE
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, SULFUR DIOXIDE (1900 TO 1996), and PARTICULATE
MATTER (PM-10 [non-fugitive dust sources] 1940 to 1996)
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
Year
Figure ES-2. Trends in National Emissions, CARBON MONOXIDE (1940 to 1996),
FUGITIVE DUST (FD [1985 to 1996]), and LEAD (1970 TO 1996)
to
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150
120
300
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
Year
ES-6 # Executive Summary
-------
Chapter 1.0 Introduction
This report presents the United States (U.S.)
Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) latest estimates of
national emissions for criteria air pollutants: carbon
monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), volatile organic
compounds (VOCs [excludes certain nonreactive organic
compounds]), sulfur dioxide (SO2), paniculate matter less
than 10 microns (PM-10), and lead (Pb). The Clean Air Act
(CAA) requires that the EPA Administrator publish a list of
pollutants that have adverse effects on public health or
welfare, and which are emitted from numerous and diverse
stationary or mobile sources. For each pollutant, a "criteria"
document must be compiled and published by the
Administrator. The criteria documents are scientific
compendia of the studies documenting adverse effects of
specific pollutants at various concentrations in the ambient
air. For each pollutant, National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS) are set at levels that, based on the
criteria, protect the public health and the public welfare from
any known or anticipated adverse effects. Regulated
pollutants are therefore referred to as "criteria pollutants."
Some of the health effects are described in section 1.1.
Graphs of national emission estimates, beginning in 1900
forNOx, VOC, and SO2, aggregatedby majorsource category,
are presented in chapter 3. More detail is provided for these
pollutants, plus CO and PM-10 beginning with 1940.
Additional detail is included for the current year. This report
also contains information on the improved methodology for
estimating emissions from 1985 to the present. Revised
international emissions from Europe and Canada, air toxic
emissions, greenhouse gas emissions, andbiogenic emissions
are also presented.
1.1 HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS
Carbon monoxide enters the bloodstream and reduces the
delivery of oxygen to the body's organs and tissues. The health
threat from CO is most serious for those who suffer from
cardiovascular disease, particularly those with angina or
peripheral vascular disease. Healthy individuals also are
affected but only at higher levels. Exposure to elevated CO
levels is associated with impairment of visual perception,
work capacity, manual dexterity, learning ability and
performance of complex tasks.1
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can irritate the lungs and lower
resistance to respiratory infection (such as influenza).
Nitrogen oxides are an important precursorboth to ozone (O3)
and to acidic deposition and may affect both terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystems. Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen
(nitrate, NOX, other compounds derived from NOX) leads to
excess nutrient enrichment problems ("eutrophication") in the
Chesapeake Bay and several other nationally important
estuaries along the East and Gulf Coasts.2 Eutrophication can
produce multiple adverse effects on water quality and the
aquatic environment, including increased nuisance and toxic
algal blooms, excessive phytoplankton growth, low or no
dissolved oxygen in bottom waters, and reduced sunlight
causing losses in submerged aquatic vegetation critical for
healthy estuarine ecosystems. Nitrogen oxides are a precursor
to the formation of nitrate paniculate matter (PM) in the
atmosphere; this effect is most important in western areas.3
Nitrogen dioxide and airborne nitrate also contribute to
pollutant haze, which impairs visibility and can reduce
residential property values and revenues from tourism.
Volatile organic compounds are a principal component in
the chemical and physical atmospheric reactions that form O3
and other photochemical oxidants. The reactivity of O3 causes
health problems because it damages biological tissues and
cells. Ozone is also responsible each year for agricultural crop
yield loss in the United States of several billion dollars and
causes noticeable foliar damage in many crops and species of
trees. Forest and ecosystem studies indicate that damage is
resulting from current ambient O3 levels as well as excess
nutrient enrichment and, in certain high-elevation areas,
acidification.3
Sulfur dioxide is a precursor to the formation of sulfate
PM, including acid and nonacid aerosols, in the atmosphere.
Sulfate aerosols make up the largest single component of fine
paniculate matter in most locations in the eastern United
States.4 The major health effects of concern associated with
exposures to high concentrations of SO2, sulfate aerosols, and
PM, include effects on breathing, respiratory illness and
symptoms, alterations in the lung's defenses, aggravation of
existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease, andmortality.
Children and the elderly may also be sensitive. Also, SO2 can
produce foliar damage on trees and agricultural crops.
Together NOX and SO2 are the major precursors to acidic
deposition (acid rain), which is associated with a number of
environmental and human health effects. These effects include
acidification of lakes and streams, impacts on forest soils,
accelerated corrosion of buildings and monuments, and
1.0 Introduction # 1-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
visibility impairment as well as respiratory effects on humans
associated with fine sulfate and nitrate particles.
Based on studies of human populations exposed to
ambient particle pollution (sometimes in the presence of SO2),
and laboratory studies of animals and humans, the major
effects of concern for human health include effects on
breathing and respiratory symptoms, aggravation of existing
respiratory and cardiovascular disease, alterations in the
body's defense systems against foreign materials, damage to
lung tissue, carcinogenesis, and premature mortality.
Paniculate matter causes damage to materials and soiling; it
is a major cause of substantial visibility impairment in many
parts of the United States.4
Fine particles (less than 2.5 micrometers) are of health
concern because they easily reach the deepest recesses of the
lungs. Batteries of scientific studies have linked fine particles
(alone or in combination with other air pollutants), with a
series of significant health problems, including:
! Premature death
! Respiratory related hospital admissions and
emergency room visits
! Aggravated asthma
! Acute respiratory symptoms, including aggravated
coughing and difficult or painful breathing
! Chronic bronchitis
! Decreased lung function that can be experienced as
shortness of breath
! Work and school absences5
Exposure to Pb can occur through multiple pathways,
including inhalation of air, diet and ingestion of Pb in food,
water, soil, or dust. Lead accumulates in the body in blood,
bone, and soft tissue. Because it is not readily excreted, Pb
also affects the kidneys, liver, nervous system, and blood-
forming organs. Excessive exposure to Pb may cause
neurological impairments such as seizures, mental retardation
and/or behavioral disorders. Even at low doses, Pb exposure
is associated with changes in fundamental enzymatic, energy
transfer and homeostatic mechanisms in the body. Fetuses,
infants, and children are especially susceptible to low doses of
Pb, often suffering central nervous system damage. Recent
studies have also shown that Pb may be a factor in high blood
pressure and subsequent heart disease in middle-aged
Caucasian males.6
1.2 REPORT ENHANCEMENTS
Since 1973, EPA has prepared estimates of annual
national emissions in order to assess historic trends in criteria
pollutant emissions. While these estimates were prepared
using consistent methodologies and were useful for evaluating
emission changes from year to year, they did not provide an
absolute indication of emissions for any given year.
Beginning with the 1993 Emission Trends Report (containing
data through 1992), EPA established a goal of preparing
emission trends that would also incorporate the best available
annual estimates of emissions.3
The EPA's Emission Factors and Inventory Group (EFIG)
has developed procedures and criteria for replacing Trends
emissions data with O3 State Implementation Plan (SIP)
submitted data. This report contains the resulting 1990 Base
Year Inventory that consists of State data where available
from the Ozone Transport Assessment Group (OTAG), the
Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission (GCVTC),
the Aerometric Information Retrieval System/Facility
Subsystem (AIRS/AFS), and EPA-generated data for all other
areas.
The EFIG is also developing a data management and
reporting system of emissions data. When the system is
complete, the EFIG will be able to extract the most current
State inventories of emissions and supplement the gaps with
EPA-generated attainment area emission inventories. The
EFIG has already made several changes to the Trends
methodology to make the transition smoother.
In this report, there are four distinct time periods: 1900
to 1939,1940 to 1984,1985 to 1989, and 1990 forward. Since
the accuracy and availability of historical data is limited,
revisions to estimates prior to 1984 are not generally made
(with some exceptions, discussed in chapter 6). However,
numerous changes in current year totals have been
incorporated into the reported estimates using State data.
Please note that methodologies within a given time
period (especially more recent periods) will also
vary, as more accurate data are included in the
Trends data base.
Although there are many changes to the Trends
methodology, some aspects have remained constant. For
example, the 1900 through 1939 NOX, VOC, and SO2
estimates are extracted from the National Acid Precipitation
Assessment Program (NAPAP) historical emissions report.7'8
In addition, Pb estimates (1970 to present), and all CO, NOX,
VOC, SO2, andPM-10 estimates from 1940 to 1984 reported
in Trends are based upon the previous national "top-down"
methodology. Continuous emission monitoring (CEM) data
reported by electric utilities to the Acid Rain Program's
Emission Tracking System (ETS) were used, whenever
available and complete, for NOX, SO2, and heat input values
for the years 1994 and 1995. (These data apply to steam
generated fossil-fuel units with nameplate capacity of at least
25 megawatts [MW].) This is some of the most accurate data
collected by EPA because it represents actual monitored,
instead of estimated, emissions.5 The 1996 ETS/CEM data
were not available in time to incorporate into the Trends
emissions database. Below is a summary of the changes made
this pastyear in support of achieving EPA's goal of preparing
the best available annual estimates of emissions. As has been
1-2 # 1.0 Introduction
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
stated in the past several Emission Trends Reports, EPA
planned to incorporate as much State derived data as possible.
This report reflects the use of State data. The efforts included
incorporating data from OTAG, GCVTC, and AIRS/AFS.
When data were not available or were deemed
inappropriate for use in presenting emission Trends, EPA
relied on nationally derived estimates. These changes are
described in chapter 6 of this report and detailed in the
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, Procedures
Document, 1900-1996.9 In general the 1990 base year
inventory was updated with State data and then projected
based on Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) earnings data
or State Energy Data System (SEDS) fuel consumption
estimates. Reductions resulting from the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) were also applied to the 1995
and 1996 estimates. Throughout the report indications have
been made when the changes in emissions are due mainly to
methodological changes.
1.3 REPORT STRUCTURE
Changes instituted in the format of the October 199510
report, intended to make the report more comprehensible and
informative, are maintained for this report. The executive
summary presents a brief overview of each chapter of the
report. In the introduction, chapter 1, the reader is informed
of changes to the report, the health effects of criteria air
pollutants, and the structure of the report. A detailed account
of the current year emissions by pollutant, source category,
State, nonattainment area (NAA), county, and season and by
a listing of top-emitting facilities is given in chapter 2.
National trends in emissions from 1900 (where available) to
the current year and demographic, economic, and regulatory
influences on emission trends are discussed in chapter 3.
State emissions are presented in chapter 4. (State-level data
for the nation are listed in chapter 2, table 2-3.) The total
emission projections for the nation from 1999 to 2010 are
reported in chapter 5. An explanation of the methodologies
used to estimate criteria air pollutant emissions is found in
chapter 6. Biogenic NOX and VOC emissions are presented in
chapter 7. Emissions from sources, noncriteria pollutants, or
countries not traditionally part of the Trends report are
displayed in chapters 8, 9, and 10. These emissions were
developed by the EPA and other governmental agencies. In
each of the chapters, numeric superscripts represent references
and alphabetic superscripts represent endnotes.
As in last year's report, all emissions reported in tables
and figures in the body of the report are in multiples of
thousand short tons, except Pb.b The pollutants are presented
in the order of CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, PM-10, and Pb
throughout this report. Emissions were developed at the
county and Source Classification Code (SCC) level for the
years 1985 to 1996 for most source categories. These
emissions were then summed to the national Tier level. There
are four levels in the tier categorization. The first and second
level, respectively referred to as Tier I and Tier II, are the
same for each of the six criteria pollutants. The third level,
Tier III, is unique for each of the six pollutants. The fourth
level, Tier IV, is the SCC level. The match-up between SCC
and all three tier levels is located on EPA's Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards' (OAQPS) Technology
Transfer Network (TTN), Clearinghouse for Inventories and
Emission Factors (CHIEF) electronic bulletin board. Table
1-1 lists the Tier I and Tier II categories used in chapters 1
through 6 to present the criteria air pollutant emission
estimates. Tables and figures appear at the end of each chapter
in the order in which they are discussed within the chapter.
Appendix A contains tables listing emissions for each of the
criteria pollutants by Tier III source categories. If emissions
are reported as zero, the emissions are less than 0.5 thousand
tons (or 0.5 tons for Pb). "NA" indicates that the
apportionment of the historic emissions to these subcategories
is not possible. If a tier category does not appear, then
emissions are not currently estimated for that category (either
EPA estimates the emissions as zero or does not currently
estimate the emissions due to time or resource limitations).
Throughout this report, emission estimates of PM-10 are
presented by source category as total from all sources, fugitive
dust sources, and nonfugitive dust sources. Fugitive dust
sources are included in the following tier categories.
Tier I Tier I Name Tier II Tier II Name
02 Geogenic (wind erosion)
01 Agriculture and Forestry (agricultural
crops or tilling and feedlots)
07 Fugitive Dust (paved and unpaved
roads; unpaved airstrips; construction;
mining and quarrying; wind erosion -
industrial; point source - haul roads)
Emissions of NOX are expressed as weight-equivalent
NO2. Thus, the actual tons of NO emitted have been inflated
to report them as if they were NO2. The molecular weight of
NOX should therefore be assumed to be that of NO2 when using
numbers in this report.0
The VOC emissions are reported as the actual weight of
a multitude of different compounds. The relative amounts of
the individual compounds emitted will determine the average
molecular weight of a given source category's emissions.
Therefore, no equivalent molecular weight standard exists for
VOC. The VOC emissions referred to in this report exclude
those organic compounds which are considered negligibly
photochemically reactive, in accordance with the EPA
definition of VOC at 40CFR51.100. Thus, methane, ethane,
and certain other organic compounds are not included in the
VOC totals.
13 Natural
Sources
14 Miscellaneous
1.0 Introduction # 1-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
1.4 REFERENCES
1. Air Quality Criteria for Carbon Monoxide. EPA/600/8-90/045F (NTIS PB93-167492). Office of Health and
Environment Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. 1991.
2. Air Quality Criteria for Oxides of Nitrogen. EP A/600/8-9 !/049aF-cF.3v. Office of Health and Environment
Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. 1993.
3. Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants, Volume I of III. EPA/600/8-93/004aF. Office of
Health and Environment Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. July 1996.
4. Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter and Sulfur Oxides. EPA/600/8-82/029aF-cF.3v (NTIS PB84-156777).
Office of Health and Environment Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1991.
5. Health and Environmental Effects of Particulate Matter, Fact Sheet. Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. July 17, 1997.
6. Air Quality Criteria for Lead. EPA/600/8-83/028aF-dF.4v (NTIS PB87-142378). Office of Health and Environment
Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. 1991.
7. Historic Emissions of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides in the United States from 1900 to 1980. EPA-600/7-85-009a and b.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. April 1985.
8. Historic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds in the United States from 1900 to 1985. EPA-600/7-88-008a. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1988.
9. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Procedures Document, 1900-1996, Draft, Prepared for the Emissions Factors
and Inventory Group, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, by
E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. under EPA Contract No. 68-D3-0035, WA No. III-102, Durham, NC. September 1997.
10. National Air Pollutant Emissions Trends, 1900-1994. EPA-454/R-95-011. Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1995.
a The great majority of all emission data necessarily are estimates. Exhaustive, on-site quantification, source by source, is a practical, and an economic,
impossibility.
b Lead emissions are measured in short tons. Short tons can be converted to metric tons by dividing the emissions by a factor of 1.1023.
0 The term nitrogen oxides (NOX) encompasses emissions of both nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitric oxide (NO).
1-4 # 1.0 Introduction
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 1-1. Major Source Categories
TIER I TIER I TIER II TIER II TIER I TIER I TIER II TIER II
CODE* NAME CODE NAME CODE NAME CODE NAME
01 FUEL COMBUSTION-ELECTRIC UTILITIES 09 STORAGE & TRANSPORT
01 Coal 01 Bulk Terminals & Plants
02 Oil 02 Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
03 Gas 03 Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
04 Other External Combustion 04 Service Stations: Stage I
05 Internal Combustion 05 Service Stations: Stage II
02 FUEL COMBUSTION-INDUSTRIAL 06 Service Stations: Breathing & Emptying
01 Coal 07 Organic Chemical Storage
02 Oil 08 Organic Chemical Transport
03 Gas 09 Inorganic Chemical Storage
04 Other External Combustion 10 Inorganic Chemical Transport
05 Internal Combustion 11 Bulk Materials Storage
03 FUEL COMBUSTION-OTHER 12 Bulk Materials Transport
01 Commercial / Institutional Coal 10 WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
02 Commercial / Institutional Oil 01 Incineration
03 Commercial / Institutional Gas 02 Open Burning
04 Misc. Fuel Combustion (except residential) 03 Publicly Owned Treatment Works
05 Residential Wood 04 Industrial Waste Water
06 Residential Other 05 Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility
04 CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG. 06 Landfills
01 Organic Chemical Mfg. 07 Other
02 Inorganic Chemical Mfg. 11 ON-ROAD VEHICLES
03 PolymerS Resin Mfg. 01 Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles & Motorcycles
04 Agricultural Chemical Mfg. 02 Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks
05 Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg. 03 Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles
06 Pharmaceutical Mfg. 04 Diesels
07 Other Chemical Mfg. 12 NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VESSELS
05 METALS PROCESSING 01 Non-road Gasoline Engines
01 Nonferrous 02 Non-road Diesel Engines
02 Ferrous 03 Aircraft
03 Metals Processing (not elsewhere classified 04 Marine Vessels
[NEC]) 05 Railroads
06 PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES 13 NATURAL SOURCES
01 Oil & Gas Production 01 Biogenic
02 Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries 02 Geogenic (wind erosion)
03 Asphalt Manufacturing 03 Miscellaneous (lightning/freshwater/saltwater)
07 OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 14 MISCELLANEOUS
01 Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products 01 Agriculture & Forestry
02 Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products 02 Other Combustion (wildfires)
03 Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products 03 Catastrophic / Accidental Releases
04 Rubbers Miscellaneous Plastic Products 04 Repair Shops
05 Mineral Products 05 Health Services
06 Machinery Products 06 Cooling Towers
07 Electronic Equipment 07 Fugitive Dust
08 Transportation Equipment
09 Construction
10 Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
08 SOLVENT UTILIZATION
01 Degreasing
02 Graphic Arts
03 Dry Cleaning
04 Surface Coating
05 Other Industrial
06 Nonindustrial
07 Solvent Utilization (NEC)
Note(s): * Code numbers are presented for The Representative Emissions National Data System (TRENDS) user.
The Source Classification Code (SCC) definitions and assignment to Tier category are available on the Technology Transfer Network's
(919-541-5742) Emission Inventories/Emission Factors Information (CHIEF) Technical Information Area, or on the Internet
(www.epa.gov/ttn/chief).
1.0 Introduction # 1-5
-------
Latest revision September 3, 1998: Table 2-9 updated.
Chapter 2.0 1996 Emissions
This section describes the emission estimates for 1996.
Comparisons are made between the previous and current
year's emissions. The conclusions reached in this section are
subject to change since the 1996 emission estimates are
preliminary. Between 1995 and 1996emissionsdecreasedfor
CO, NOX, VOC, and Pb but increased for SO2 and PM-10 as
shown in table 2-1. An increase in SO2 emissions from point
sources resulted primarily from increased emissions from
coal-fired electric utilities. Residential consumption of wood
also slightly decreased in 1996.
The decrease in CO, NOX, VOC, and PM-10 on-road
emissions is a result of reductions due to fleet turnover (Tier
I standards being phased in), required reformulated gasoline,
oxygenated fuels, and fuels with lower Reid vapor pressures
(RVPs) overcoming the higher vehicle miles traveled (VMT).
The increase in SO2 on-road emissions from 1994 resulted
from increased VMT. The 1996 emissions from non-road
sources decreased slightly for NOX decreased for SO2, were
steady for VOC and Pb, and increased for CO and PM-10 as
a result of varying consumption levels of fuels by non-road
engines (gasoline and diesel) and vehicles (airplanes,
locomotives, and marine).
The miscellaneous emissions increased slightly from the
1995 emissions. This is due to the increased activity of
managed burning. (Wildfire emissions were not estimated for
1996 because data were not available in time to incorporate
into the report. The reported estimate for 1996 is the same as
that for 1995. This value was not projected since wildfire
severity [i.e., how many and how intense] is due in part to
meteorological conditions such as: temperatures, humidity,
thunderstorms, and relative amount of rain and can not be
predicted.)
2.1 EMISSIONS FOR 1996 BY POLLUTANT
The 1996 emissions of all criteria pollutants except Pb
were calculated using one of five major methodologies
depending on the source category. These estimates were
generated using a similar manner as in the previous report but
are based on a revised base year, 1990 State-generated
inventory. The exceptions are detailed in chapter 6. The
methodology differs for on-road vehicles, non-road engines,
electric utilities, fugitive dust, and the "all other sources"
categories. Estimation methods are similar to the
methodologies used to produce the 1995 emissions presented
in this report. Some modifications to the 1995 methodology
were made in cases where information could not be obtained
to generate the 1996 estimates. Other changes in
methodology were required in order to make the best estimate
with available data. These emissions are preliminary and will
be modified in the next Trends report.
2.1.1 Carbon Monoxide Emissions
Figure 2-1 presents a pie chart of the 1996 CO emissions
by source category. As the figure shows, on-road vehicles are
the major contributors to CO emissions. In 1996, they
represented 60 percent of the total CO emissions. Of the total
on-road vehicle emissions, 65 percent is from cars. The
second major contributor to CO emissions is non-road engines
and vehicles, which constitute approximately 19 percent of
total CO emissions. These emissions result primarily from the
gasoline consumption by lawn and garden, industrial, and
recreational marine engines. Three Tier I source categories
(solvent utilization, storage and transport, and electric utility
fuel combustion) constitute less than 0.5 percent of the total
and are combined with petroleum and related industries,
industrial fuel combustion, other industrial processes, waste
disposal and recycling, and chemical and allied product
manufacturing in the "all other" grouping.
Table 2-2 presents the point and area split of the Tier I
source categories. Area source emissions, including
transportation sources, make up 93 percent of total CO
emissions in 1996.
2.1.2 Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
Figure 2-2 presents a pie chart of the 1996 NOX emissions
by source category. As shown, on-road vehicles represent
30 percent of the total 1996 NOX emissions. Emissions from
electric utilities represent 28 percent of the total emissions.
Eighty-nine percent of the emissions estimated for electric
utilities are attributed to coal combustion, of which 69 percent
are emissions from bituminous coal combustion. As with CO
emissions, light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) are a major
contributor (47 percent) to 1996 on-road vehicle NOX
emissions. Four Tier I source categories (solvent utilization,
storage and transport, waste disposal and recycling, and
metals processing) constitute less than 1 percent of the total
and are combined with chemical and allied product
manufacturing, other industrial processes, miscellaneous, and
petroleum and related industries in the "all other" grouping.
2.0 1996 Emissions # 2-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 2-2 presents the point and area split of the Tier I
source categories. Area source emissions, including
transportation sources, make up 60 percent of total NOX
emissions in 1996.
2.1.3 Volatile Organic Compound Emissions
Figure 2-3 presents a pie chart of the 1996 VOC
emissions by source category. As shown, solvent utilization
contributed 33 percent and on-road vehicles contributed 29
percent to the total 1996 VOC emissions. Light-duty gasoline
vehicles produced 60 percent of the on-road vehicle 1996
VOC emissions. Surface coating represents 46 percent of the
solvent utilization emissions. There are 26 subcategories of
surface coating as presented in appendix A, table A-3. Two
Tier I source categories (electric utility fuel combustion and
metals processing) constituted less than 1 percent of the total
emissions and are combined with chemical and allied product
manufacturing, petroleum and related industries,
miscellaneous, other industrial processes, and fuel combustion
(industrial, other) in the "all other" grouping. The "all other"
grouping contributed 15 percent to the total VOC estimate in
1996.
Table 2-2 presents the point and area split of the Tier I
source categories. Area source emissions, including
transportation sources, make up 87 percent of total VOC
emissions in 1996.
2.1.4 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
Figure 2-4 presents apie chart of the 1996 SO2 emissions
by source category. As shown, electric utilities are the major
contributor to SO2 emissions. In 1996 they represented
67 percent of the total SO2 emissions. The second largest
contributor is industrial fuel combustion, which produced
17 percent of the 1996 SO2 emissions. Coal combustion
produces 95 percent of the electric utility emissions.
Bituminous coal combustion accounts for 74 percent of the
electric utility coal combustion emissions. Five Tier I source
categories (solvent utilization, storage and transport, waste
disposal and recycling, on-road sources, and miscellaneous)
constitute 2 percent of the total and are combined with non-
road sources, petroleum and related industries, and other
industrial processes in the "all other" grouping.
Table 2-2 presents the point and area split of the Tier I
source categories. Point source emissions make up 87 percent
of total SO2 emissions in 1996.
2.1.5 Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions
Figure 2-5 presents a pie chart of 1996 PM-10 emissions
by source category, excluding fugitive dust sources. Figure
2-6 presents the fugitive dust sources. Fugitive dust sources
constitute 89 percent of the 1996 total PM-10 emissions.
Unpaved roads (38 percent of fugitive dust PM-10 emissions)
are the greatest contributor to 1996 PM-10 fugitive dust
emissions. The remaining four top categories are agricultural
crops (17 percent), construction (14 percent), paved roads
(9 percent), and natural sources-wind erosion (20 percent).
Table 2-2 presents the point and area split of the Tier I
source categories. Area source emissions, including
transportation sources, make up 95 percent of total PM-10
emissions in 1996.
2.1.6 Lead Emissions
Metal processing, the major contributor of Pb emissions
in 1996, represents 52 percent of the total emissions (see
figure 2-7). Nonferrous metal processing represents 64
percent of the 1996 metals processing Pb emissions. Primary
and secondary Pb products are responsible for 52 and 38
percent, respectively, of the nonferrous metals processing Pb
emissions in 1996. Based on the emissions reported in the
draft Locating and Estimating Lead document,1 the on-road
vehicle emissions were over estimated in last year's report.
EPA investigated the inconsistency and made revisions in this
report. On-road emissions, which used to be the major
contributor to Pb emissions in the 1970's and 1980's, now only
contributes 0.5 percent of the total Pb estimate. Of the 14 Tier
I source categories, the following 5 are not estimated for Pb,
since they are thought to be negligible: solvent utilization,
storage and transport, petroleum and related industries,
natural sources, and miscellaneous. The remaining nine
categories are presented in a pie chart in figure 2-7. The "all
other" grouping includes chemical and allied product
manufacturing, other industrial processes, and fuel
combustion (electric utility and industrial).
2.2 SPATIAL EMISSIONS
The 1996 criteria pollutant emissions were estimated for
all pollutants except Pb at the county level and summed to the
State level. Table 2-3 presents the State-level emissions and
rankings for the pollutants CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10.
2.2.1 State Level
Table 2-3 presents the total emissions and ranking per
pollutant for each State in alphabetical order. The estimates
for Alaska and Hawaii include only on-road vehicle, point
source, residential wood combustion, and wildfire emissions.
PM-10 estimates listed in table 2-3 also include some fugitive
dust estimates for Alaska and Hawaii. (A base year inventory
similar to NAPAP was not available for these States.)
2-2 # 2.0 1996 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
2.2.2 County Level
For all criteria pollutants except Pb, the emissions are
derived at the county level. The exceptions, explained in
detail in chapter 6, are fugitive dust sources and wildfires.
Figures 2-8 to 2-12 presents the total 1996 emissions per
square mile for each county. As figure 2-8 shows, the eastern
third and west coast emit more CO than the western two-thirds
of the continental United States. In contrast, figures 2-9 to 2-
11 illustrate that the eastern half and the west coast emit more
NOX, VOC, and SO2 than the western half of the continental
United States. The emissions of PM-10 are dominated by the
fugitive dust emissions that are predominant in the rural and
agricultural areas.
2.4 REFERENCES
2.3 LARGEST POINT SOURCES
The National Air Pollutant Emission Trends database
(NET) has been going through substantial changes over the
last few years. For the base year 1996 inventory (representing
emissions for calendar year 1996), point source data were
taken from several sources: the Aerometric Information
Retrieval System (AIRS), the pre-1996 NET, Grand Canyon
Visiblity Transport Commission (GCVTC), and the Ozone
Transport Assessment Group (OTAG).
If no data were found for a source expected to emit PM
and SO2, PM or SO2 emissions were estimated based on a ratio
of PM/NOX or SO2/NOX emissions. (An explanation of this
approach can be found in the Procedures Document, page 4-
49, at www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ei_data.html). For each
pollutant, a top 50 list was then compiled based on the 1996
NET inventory, and the list was added to the December 1997
Trends Report.
A few states and private firms have contacted us about
erroneous data in the top 50 lists. Because of errors identified
and because of emissions data that have been recently updated
by some state agencies, we are replacing the top 50 lists with
data directly from the AIRSWeb. The new tables can be
found in Tables 2-5 through 2-10.
The point source inventory for calendar years 1996 and
1997 will again be revisited during fiscal year 1999. Due to
resource constraints, we are unable to alter the actual database
files in the NET until fiscal year 1999. We appreciate the
patience of the inventory community as we work on compiling
the most accurate state-supplied emission inventory possible.
1. Eastern Research Group, Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of Lead and Lead Compounds, Draft
Report, EPA Contract No. 68-D2-0160, Work Assignment No. 74. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. July 1996.
2.0 1996 Emissions # 2-3
-------
Table 2-1. 1995 and 1996 National Emissions by Pollutant by Principal Source Categories
(thousand short tons, except lead, short tons)
CARBON MONOXIDE
Source Category
On-Road
LDGVSMC
LDGT
HDGV
Diesels
Miscellaneous
Wildfires
All other
Non-Road
Gasoline engines
Diesel engines
Planes, trains, and boats
Fuel combustion other
residential wood
All other
Metals
All Other
Total
Emissions
1995
54,106
33,701
14,829
4,123
1,453
7,050
1,469
5,581
16,841
13,806
1,897
1,138
4,506
3,999
506
2,380
4,838
89,721
1996
52,944
33,144
14,746
3,601
1,453
7,099
1,469
5,630
17,002
13,937
1,922
1,143
4,513
3,993
520
2,378
4,886
88,822
Percent
Chanqe
-2
-2
-1
-13
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
3
0
1
-1
NITROGEN OXIDES
Source Category
On-Road
Gasoline
Diesels
Non-Road
Gasoline engines
Diesel engines
Planes, trains, and boats
Utilities
Coal
Oil
Gas
All other
Industrial Combustion
Coal
Oil
Gas
All other
All Other
Total
Emissions
1995
7,323
5,295
2,028
4,675
206
3,087
1,382
6,384
5,579
96
562
148
3,144
597
247
1,324
976
2,409
23,935
1996
7,171
5,238
1,933
4,610
207
3,088
1,315
6,034
5,517
96
269
151
3,170
599
246
1,336
989
2,408
23,393
Percent
Chanqe
-2
-1
-5
-1
0
0
-5
-5
-1
0
-52
2
1
0
0
1
1
0
-2
VOLATILE ORGANIC CMPDS
Source Category
On-road
LDGVSMC
LDGT
HDGV
Diesels
Non-Road
Gasoline engines
Diesel engines
Planes, trains, and boats
Solvents
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
All Other
Waste Disposal
TSDF
All Other
Total
Emissions
1995
5,701
3,426
1,629
327
319
2,433
1,692
466
275
6,183
789
339
230
2,681
2,144
1,067
628
5,202
20,586
1996
5,502
3,323
1,582
286
312
2,426
1,685
467
274
6,273
661
389
190
2,881
2,152
433
45
4,452
19,086
Percent
Chanqe
-3
-3
-3
-13
-2
0
0
0
0
1
-16
15
-17
7
0
-59
-93
-14
-7
SULFUR DIOXIDE
Source Category
Utilities
Coal
Oil
Gas
All other
Industrial Combustion
Coal
Oil
Gas
All other
All Other
Total
Emissions
1995
12,080
11,603
413
9
55
3,357
1,728
912
548
170
3,115
18,552
1996
12,604
12,114
412
21
57
3,399
1,762
918
548
170
3,110
19,113
Percent
Chanqe
4
4
0
133
4
1
2
1
0
0
0
3
PM-10
Source Category
Fuel combustion other (includes
residential wood)
On-Road
Non-Road
Geogenic
Miscellaneous
Agricultural Crops*
Paved Road*
Unpaved Road*
Construction*
Remaining Fugitive Dust
Wildfires
All other
All Other
Total
Emissions
1995
610
293
585
1,146
22,454
4,661
2,409
10,362
3,654
588
145
635
1,800
26,888
1996
598
274
591
5,316
22,702
4,708
2,417
10,303
3,950
539
145
640
1,820
31,301
Percent
Chanqe
-2
-6
1
364
1
1
0
-1
8
-8
0
1
0
16
LEAD
Source Category
Metals
primary lead production
secondary lead production
gray iron production
All other
Fuel combustion other
Chemical and Allied Products
lead oxide and pigments
On-road
Non-road
non-road gasoline
aircraft
All Other
Total
Emissions
1995
2,067
674
432
366
595
414
144
144
19
545
0
545
754
3,943
1996
2,000
636
400
339
625
414
117
117
19
545
0
545
774
3,869
Percent
Chanqe
-3
-6
-7
-7
5
0
-19
-19
0
0
0
0
3
-2
Note(s): A negative value indicates a reduction in emissions from 1995 levels.
-------
Table 2-2. 1996 National Point and Area Emissions by Source Category and Pollutant
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
Fuel Comb-Electric Utility
Fuel Comb-Industrial
Fuel Comb-Other
Chemical & Allied Product Mfg
Metals Processing
Petroleum & Related Industries
Other Industrial Processes
Solvent Utilization
Storage & Transport
Waste Disposal & Recycling
On-Road Vehicles
Non-road Engines and Vehicles
Natural Sources
Miscellaneous
TOTAL
Point
375
879
193
1,223
2,378
344
634
6
25
40
0
0
0
0
6,097
CO
Area
2
193
4,319
0
0
3
1
0
0
1,163
52,944
17,002
0
7,098
82,726
Total
377
1,072
4,513
1,223
2,378
348
635
6
25
1,203
52,944
17,002
0
7,099
88,822
Point
6,028
2,261
168
159
98
93
401
3
6
42
0
0
0
1
9,259
NOx
Area
6
910
1,121
0
0
17
3
0
0
58
7,171
4,610
0
238
14,134
Total Point
6,034 45
3,170 191
1,289 12
159 343
98 70
110 229
403 374
3 881
6 286
100 31
7,171 0
4,610 0
0 0
239 3
23,393 2,465
voc
Area
0
17
810
93
0
288
65
5,392
1,027
403
5,502
2,426
14
584
16,621
Total
45
208
822
436
70
517
439
6,273
1,312
433
5,502
2,426
14
587
19,086
Point
12,604
2,181
205
287
530
367
407
1
2
25
0
0
0
0
16,608
S02
Area
0
1,218
578
0
0
1
2
0
0
23
307
368
0
9
2,504
Total
12,604
3,399
782
287
530
368
409
1
2
48
307
368
0
9
19,113
Point
282
268
18
67
211
38
467
6
109
14
0
0
0
27
1,507
PM-10
Area
0
38
580
0
0
1
43
0
0
276
274
591
5,316
22,675
29,794
Total
282
306
598
67
211
40
510
6
109
290
274
591
5,316
22,702
31,301
Emissions (percent)
Source Category
Fuel Comb-Electric Utility
Fuel Comb-Industrial
Fuel Comb-Other
Chemical & Allied Product Mfg
Metals Processing
Petroleum & Related Industries
Other Industrial Processes
Solvent Utilization
Storage & Transport
Waste Disposal & Recycling
On-Road Vehicles
Non-road Engines and Vehicles
Natural Sources
Miscellaneous
TOTAL
Point
6.15
14.42
3.17
20.06
39.00
5.64
10.40
0.10
0.41
0.66
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
100
CO
Area
0.00
0.23
5.22
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.41
64.00
20.55
0.00
8.58
100
Total
0.42
1.21
5.08
1.38
2.68
0.39
0.71
0.01
0.03
1.35
59.61
19.14
0.00
7.99
100
Point
65.10
24.42
1.81
1.72
1.06
1.00
4.33
0.03
0.06
0.45
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
100
NOx
Area
0.04
6.44
7.93
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.41
50.74
32.62
0.00
1.68
100
Total Point
25.79 1 .83
13.55 7.75
5.51 0.49
0.68 13.91
0.42 2.84
0.47 9.29
1.72 15.17
0.01 35.74
0.03 11.60
0.43 1.26
30.65 0.00
19.71 0.00
0.00 0.00
1.02 0.12
100 100
VOC
Area
0.00
0.10
4.87
0.56
0.00
1.73
0.39
32.44
6.18
2.42
33.10
14.60
0.08
3.51
100
Total
0.24
1.09
4.31
2.28
0.37
2.71
2.30
32.87
6.87
2.27
28.83
12.71
0.07
3.08
100
Point
75.89
13.13
1.23
1.73
3.19
2.21
2.45
0.01
0.01
0.15
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
100
S02
Area
0.00
48.64
23.08
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.92
12.26
14.70
0.00
0.36
100
Total
65.94
17.78
4.09
1.50
2.77
1.93
2.14
0.01
0.01
0.25
1.61
1.93
0.00
0.05
100
Point
18.71
17.78
1.19
4.45
14.00
2.52
30.99
0.40
7.23
0.93
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.79
100
PM-10
Area
0.00
0.12
1.93
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.93
0.92
1.98
17.84
76.11
100
Total
0.90
0.98
1.91
0.21
0.67
0.13
1.63
0.02
0.35
0.93
0.88
1.89
16.98
72.53
100
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 2-3. 1996 State-level Emissions and Rank for CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and
Particulate Matter (PM-10)
(thousand short tons)
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Oxides
Volatile Organic
Sulfur Dioxide
Compounds
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
Rank
13
50
22
30
1
27
37
48
51
3
5
47
38
8
12
32
28
24
14
40
31
29
9
21
23
17
39
33
41
43
26
34
7
10
45
4
25
19
6
49
20
42
11
2
36
46
16
15
35
18
44
Emissions
2,405
172
1,603
1,202
7,112
1,259
775
218
117
4,663
3,981
221
764
3,092
2,432
1,080
1,233
1,506
2,315
557
1,200
1,215
2,860
1,604
1,557
2,014
597
947
483
360
1,391
920
3,141
2,792
348
4,227
1,410
1,662
3,373
202
1,633
433
2,462
6,770
905
237
2,164
2,274
906
1,670
358
88,822
Rank
15
49
23
34
2
25
40
46
51
6
12
47
43
4
7
29
17
11
10
44
30
33
8
22
27
18
39
35
41
45
24
31
13
14
36
3
21
38
5
50
26
42
9
1
37
48
16
28
19
20
32
Emissions
628
33
436
261
1,322
402
147
68
20
911
674
50
109
1,106
888
339
511
690
747
94
334
264
789
459
352
510
159
255
146
74
421
291
658
634
252
1,214
461
205
957
31
368
118
775
1,828
223
43
553
342
490
471
278
23,393
Rank
18
51
28
31
1
26
34
46
50
3
11
49
38
4
12
29
27
20
16
39
32
25
7
21
23
15
40
33
42
44
19
37
5
8
41
6
24
30
9
47
22
43
10
2
36
48
13
14
35
17
45
Emissions
426
21
286
247
1,605
288
166
54
22
851
598
32
114
840
561
261
288
411
430
112
244
292
686
407
332
439
104
221
93
76
418
152
760
681
100
747
303
258
670
49
339
91
607
1,597
160
48
496
445
163
427
67
19,086
Rank
8
51
25
34
35
36
41
37
50
6
13
46
47
4
2
24
30
9
17
39
18
27
12
33
22
15
43
38
42
32
23
28
11
14
20
1
26
44
3
49
21
45
7
5
40
48
16
31
10
19
29
Emissions
788
4
227
137
129
118
68
96
10
804
576
34
34
1,058
1,305
248
168
763
410
90
397
204
596
141
259
532
55
91
62
146
248
191
624
549
290
1,959
221
40
1,272
12
288
36
797
1,053
73
17
459
148
748
363
173
19,113
Particulate Matter
(PM-10)
Rank
18
43
36
21
6
24
44
48
51
19
9
49
16
7
15
17
3
34
27
41
40
39
22
10
25
4
5
14
45
47
37
1
11
26
31
13
8
23
20
50
33
35
30
2
38
46
28
29
42
32
12
Emissions
587
131
291
519
1,049
470
95
41
4
574
1,007
34
617
1,034
642
597
1,564
327
461
151
198
224
518
944
469
1,292
1,076
647
78
51
278
4,984
812
464
391
651
1,013
504
563
22
382
316
392
2,444
237
73
427
417
136
385
714
31,301
Note(s): The sums of States may not equal National due to rounding.
2-6 # 2.0 1996 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 2-4. Predominant Industries Listed Among the Top 50 Plants
Pollutant
CO
NO*
VOC
so,
Industrial SO2
PM-10
Industry
Carbon black
Steel mills
Paper Mills
Petroleum refining
Primary aluminum
Other
Electric utility
Petroleum refining
Chemical & allied products
Organic chemicals
Cellulose
Steel mills
Other
Electric utility
Petroleum refining
Copper smelters
Steel mills
Chemical & allied products
Paper mills
Other
Electric utility
Steel mills
Metal mining
Stone, clay, glass, concrete
Other
SIC
2895
3312
26x1
2911
3334
various
4911
2911
28xx
2869
282x
3312
various
4911
29xx
333x
3312
28xx
2621
various
49x1
3312
10x1
32xx
various
Number of
Plants
13
12
7
5
4
9
50
14
9
7
5
4
11
50
15
11
7
6
4
7
25
7
5
3
10
% Emissions
33
32
6
7
6
16
100
28
19
10
9
8
26
100
22
16
14
7
7
35
56
14
9
6
16
Note(s): x represents any digit 0 through 9
% emissions is the percentage of the plants emissions compared to the total emissions of the 50 plants.
This information is based on data downloaded from AIRSWeb: http://www.epa.gov/airsweb/srcrank.htm on 7/14/98.
This table represents the top 50 plants where the year indicated was 1990 through 1996.
2.0 1996 Emissions # 2-7
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Table 2-5. Top
Plant Name
Wheeling Pittsburgh Steel Steubenville S
U S Steel Co Gary Works Part 2
Columbian Chemicals Co.
Cabot Corp Canl Pit
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Columbian Chem
U S Steel Co Gary Works
Degussa Corp
Cabot Corporation
Engineered Carbons Incorporated
Marathon Ashland Petroleum - St Paul Pk
Phillips 66 Company
Ormet Corporation
Noranda Aluminum Inc
Degussa Corporation
E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
Weirton Steel Corp.
Inland Steel Company
Columbian Chemicals Company
Ak Steel Corporation
Entech Inc
Cabot Corp./
Bethlehem Steel Corp/Bethlehem Steel Pit
Chrysler Corporation Foundry
Scm Chemicals, Inc-Ashtabula Plant 2
Great Southern Paper Woodlands Oper
Continental Carbon Co., Inc.
Union Camp Corp
Inland-Rome Inc
Zinc Corp Amer/Monaca Smelter
Alcan Ingot & Recycling
Columbian Chemicals
Gm Powertrain Div.
Alcoa (Aluminum Co. Of America)
Itt Rayonier Inc
Mousa Inc
Oci (Rhone-Poulenc) Wyoming
Ltv Steel Company
Exxon Rfry
Continental Carbon Company
Tenneco Packaging Inc.
Engineered Carbons, Inc
Drummond Company, Inc.
Countrymark Cooperative, Inc
Wheeling Pitts Stl Steubenville North
Brunswick Pulp & Paper Co
Wheeling-Pitt (Follansbee)
Carbon Graphite Group Niagara
Sloss Industries Corp. -Mineral Wool Plan
International Paper Company
50 Plants Emitting Carbon Monoxide
State
OH
IN
WV
LA
IN
LA
IN
LA
TX
TX
MN
TX
OH
MO
OH
TN
WV
IN
KS
OH
AK
LA
PA
IN
OH
GA
TX
GA
GA
PA
KY
AR
OH
IN
GA
LA
WY
IN
LA
OK
Wl
TX
AL
IN
OH
GA
WV
NY
AL
AR
County
Code
081
089
051
101
127
101
089
101
179
201
163
233
111
143
167
085
029
089
067
017
020
039
095
097
007
099
341
051
115
007
101
139
039
173
305
087
037
089
033
071
069
233
073
129
081
127
009
063
073
069
County
Jefferson Co
Lake Co
Marshall Co
St. Mary Par
Porter Co
St. Mary Par
Lake Co
St. Mary Par
Gray Co
Harris Co
Washington Co
Hutchinson Co
Monroe Co
New Madrid Co
Washington Co
Humphreys Co
Hancock Co
Lake Co
Grant Co
Butler Co
Anchorage Borough
Evangeline Par
Northampton Co
Marion Co
Ashtabula Co
Early Co
Moore Co
Chatham Co
Floyd Co
Beaver Co
Henderson Co
Union Co
Defiance Co
Warrick Co
Wayne Co
St. Bernard Par
Sweetwater Co
Lake Co
East Baton Rouge Par
Kay Co
Lincoln Co
Hutchinson Co
Jefferson Co
Posey Co
Jefferson Co
Glynn Co
Brooke Co
Niagara Co
Jefferson Co
Jefferson Co
Plant ID
390815006
180899999
540510019
221010004
181270001
221010005
180890121
221010018
481790001
482010021
271630003
482330015
391115001
291430008
391675015
470850007
540290001
180890316
200670007
390175002
020200110
220390001
420950048
180970012
390075007
130990001
483410003
130510007
131150021
420070032
211010029
051390014
390395008
181730007
133050001
220870001
560370001
180890318
220330015
400710703
550690080
482330001
010730001
181290003
390815008
131270003
540090002
360630337
010730350
050690016
SIC
3312
3312
2895
2895
3312
2895
3312
2895
2895
2895
2911
2911
3334
3334
2895
2816
3312
3312
2895
3312
4953
2895
3312
3321
2816
2631
2895
2621
2631
3339
3334
2895
3321
3334
2611
2911
1474
3312
2911
2895
2631
2895
3312
2911
3312
2611
3312
3624
3296
2621
Emissions
(tons/year)
185,571
175,432
142,575
141,755
115,245
106,692
83,268
72,053
63,232
60,679
58,553
54,916
52,947
52,677
48,745
46,928
46,153
43,833
43,347
40,636
38,500
37,328
36,954
32,273
31,147
30,584
30,023
29,295
28,758
26,817
25,448
25,304
24,296
22,272
22,071
21 ,422
20,450
20,173
17,145
16,602
16,173
16,117
15,786
14,940
14,800
14,798
14,228
14,108
13,368
12,933
Note(s): The values presented in the "County Code" column are Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) codes.
This information was downloaded from AIRSWeb: http://www.epa.gov/airsweb/srcrank.htm on 7/14/98.
This table represents the top 50 plants where the year indicated was 1990 through 1996.
2-8 # 2.0 1996 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 2-6. Top 50 Utility Plants Emitting Nitrogen Oxides
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Plant Name
Tva
Tva Cumberland Steam Plant
Associated Electric Coop
General James M. Gavin Plant
James M Stuart Elec Generating Station
Ga Power Co Bowen Stm Elec Gen Sta
Indiana-Kentucky Electric Corporation
Appalachian Power - John E Amos Plant
Cp&L Roxboro Units 1234
Kyger Creek Station Ohio Valley Elec Cor
Teco
Ohio Edison Company W H Sammis Plant
Entergy Mississippi. Inc. -Baxter Wilson
Gpu Gen Corp/Homer City Power Pit
Duke Power Co - Belews Creek Steam Statn
Mount Storm Power Plant
Muskingum River Plant
Tampa Electric Company
Ga Power Co Branch Stm Elec Gen Sta
Florida Power Corporation
Psi Energy - Gibson
Arizona Public Serv/4 Corners
Ga Power Co Wansley Stm Elec Gen Sta
Monongahela Power Co-Harrison
Tva-Environmental Affairs
Kansas City Power & Light Co.
Pse & G Co. (Hudson Generating)
American Electric Power
Allen Fossil Plant-T.V.A.
Salt River Project- Navajo Station
Duke Power Marshall Pit
Entergy Mississippi Inc
Kpl Gas Service (Jec)
Appalachian Power Co.-Philip Sporn Plant
Pa P & L Co/Montour Ses
Ohio Power - Kammer Plant
Tva Kingston Steam Plant Kingston
Houston Industries Incorporated
American Electric Power
Nipsco - Bailly
Kentucky Utilities Co
Sigeco-Warrick Pwr Plant-Alcoa Generatng
Columbus Southern Power-Conesville
West Penn Power/Hatfield
Gpu Gen Corp/Conemaugh Power Pit
Southern California Edison
Nsp- AllenS King
Nsp - Sherburne Cnty
Pa Power Co/Bruce Mansfield Pit
Cei - Eastlake
State
KY
TN
MO
OH
OH
GA
IN
WV
NC
OH
FL
OH
MS
PA
NC
WV
OH
FL
GA
FL
IN
NM
GA
WV
KY
KS
NJ
IN
TN
AZ
NC
MS
KS
WV
PA
WV
TN
TX
IN
IN
KY
IN
OH
PA
PA
NV
MN
MN
PA
OH
County
Code
177
161
143
053
001
015
077
079
145
053
057
081
149
063
169
023
167
057
237
017
051
045
149
033
145
107
017
029
157
005
035
151
149
053
093
051
145
157
147
127
041
173
031
059
063
003
163
141
007
085
County
Muhlenberg Co
Stewart Co
New Madrid Co
Gallia Co
Adams Co
Bartow Co
Jefferson Co
Putnam Co
Person Co
Gallia Co
Hillsborough Co
Jefferson Co
Warren Co
Indiana Co
Stokes Co
Grant Co
Washington Co
Hillsborough Co
Putnam Co
Citrus Co
Gibson Co
San Juan Co
Heard Co
Harrison Co
McCracken Co
Linn Co
Hudson Co
Dearborn Co
Shelby Co
Coconino Co
Catawba Co
Washington Co
Pottawatomie Co
Mason Co
Montour Co
Marshall Co
Roane Co
Fort Bend Co
Spencer Co
Porter Co
Carroll Co
Warrick Co
Coshocton Co
Greene Co
Indiana Co
Clark Co
Washington Co
Sherburne Co
Beaver Co
Lake Co
Plant ID
211770006
471610011
291430004
390535002
390015001
130150011
180770001
540790006
371450029
390535001
120570039
390815010
281490027
420630003
371690004
540230003
391675001
120570040
132370008
120170004
180510013
350450002
131490001
540330015
211450006
201070005
340170021
180290002
471570528
040050423
370350073
281510048
201490001
540530001
420930003
540510006
471450013
481570005
181470020
181270002
210410010
181730002
390315001
420590006
420630001
320030001
271630005
271410004
420070005
390855012
SIC
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
Emissions
(tons/year)
112,800
106,928
94,716
86,748
76,905
63,131
63,077
58,051
57,711
57,462
57,100
54,153
49,412
46,319
46,280
45,834
45,409
44,675
43,258
41 ,385
40,240
37,917
36,925
35,132
34,693
34,471
34,136
33,697
33,512
32,771
32,759
31 ,567
31 ,376
30,758
29,513
29,227
28,208
28,098
27,189
26,652
26,312
26,270
26,132
25,837
25,635
25,578
24,461
23,847
23,773
23,566
Note(s): The values presented in the "County Code" column are Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) codes.
This information was downloaded from AIRSWeb: http://www.epa.gov/airsweb/srcrank.htm on 7/14/98.
This table represents the top 50 plants where the year indicated was 1990 through 1996.
2.0 1996 Emissions # 2-9
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 2-7. Top 50 Plants Emitting Volatile Organic Compounds
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Plant Name
Tenn Eastman Co
Chemi-Trol Chemical Co
Bp Oil Company
Allied Extruders Inc
Bp Chemicals Inc.
Fantastic Dry Cleaners
Lenzing Fibers Corporation
Entech Inc
Mobil Oil Corporation
Clark Refining & Marketing, Inc.
Trw Trans Elec Div Union Sp
Exxon Company Usa
Ak Steel Corporation
Acme Steel Company-Chicago Coke Plant
Air Products And Chemicals Inc
Shell Oil Company
Wheeling-Pitt (Follansbee)
Lyondell-Citgo Refining Company Ltd.
Impression Coatings
Tenn Eastman Co
Basf Corporation
Texas Eastman Div., Eastman Chem Co.
Dual Lite Mfg
Olay Company
Amoco Oil Company
Citgo Corp
Phillips Petroleum Company
Columbian Chem
Continental Carbon Company
Wynnewood Refining Co/Tank Farm
Huntsman Corporation
Weirton Steel Corp.
Air Products & Chemicals
Kodak Park Div
Union Carbide Corporation
Gatx Terminals Corporation
Fina Oil And Chemical Company
Stone Container Corporation
Union Carbide Corporation
Exxon Rfry
Lion Oil Company
Phillips 66 Company
Dupont De Nemours, E.I., & Co., Inc.
E.I. Du Pont De Nemours & Company
Warren Petroleum Company, Lp
Amerchol Corporation
Amoco Chemical
Firestone Synthetic Rubber & Latex
Colorite Polymers (Fmly Occidental Corp)
Cabot Corp Canl Pit
State
TN
OH
OH
NY
OH
PR
TN
AK
TX
TX
NY
TX
OH
IL
NJ
TX
WV
TX
OH
TN
TX
TX
PR
PR
TX
LA
TX
LA
OK
OK
TX
WV
KY
NY
TX
TX
TX
AZ
TX
LA
AR
TX
NJ
TX
TX
NJ
SC
TX
NJ
LA
County
Code
163
143
095
081
003
021
063
020
245
245
011
201
017
031
015
201
009
201
091
163
039
203
103
035
167
019
039
101
071
049
245
029
157
055
057
201
227
017
167
033
139
233
033
245
071
023
015
361
005
101
County
Sullivan Co
Sandusky Co
Lucas Co
Queens Co
Allen Co
Bayamon Co
Hamblen Co
Anchorage Borough
Jefferson Co
Jefferson Co
Cayuga Co
Harris Co
Butler Co
Cook Co
Gloucester Co
Harris Co
Brooke Co
Harris Co
Logan Co
Sullivan Co
Brazoria Co
Harrison Co
Naguabo Co
Cayey Co
Galveston Co
Calcasieu Par
Brazoria Co
St. Mary Par
Kay Co
Garvin Co
Jefferson Co
Hancock Co
Marshall Co
Monroe Co
Calhoun Co
Harris Co
Howard Co
Navajo Co
Galveston Co
East Baton Rouge Par
Union Co
Hutchinson Co
Salem Co
Jefferson Co
Chambers Co
Middlesex Co
Berkeley Co
Orange Co
Burlington Co
St. Mary Par
Plant ID
471631007
391435017
390955046
36081 X2JH
390035006
720210174
470630197
020200110
482450018
482450004
360110010
482010027
390175002
170311302
340150001
482010039
540090002
482010040
390915008
471631004
480390017
482030019
721030018
720350009
481670001
220190016
480390010
221010005
400710703
400490507
482450006
540290001
211570009
360550258
480570003
482010092
482270001
040170424
481670009
220330015
051390016
482330015
340330072
482450003
480710037
340230343
450150029
483610004
340050005
221010004
SIC
2819
3443
2911
3079
2819
5087
2823
4953
2911
2911
3679
2911
3312
3312
2819
2911
3312
2911
3079
2824
2869
2869
5051
2834
2911
2911
2911
2895
2895
2911
2813
3312
2821
3861
2869
4226
2911
2621
2869
2911
2911
2911
2869
2869
5171
2843
2869
2822
2821
2895
Emissions
(tons/year)
17,824
17,190
15,337
14,325
12,583
12,154
1 1 ,850
1 1 ,550
1 1 ,540
11,170
10,200
9,255
9,006
8,386
7,849
7,823
7,821
7,666
7,486
6,978
6,975
6,956
6,930
6,501
6,389
6,241
6,175
6,012
5,968
5,842
5,802
5,624
5,517
5,396
5,314
5,157
5,152
5,101
4,949
4,949
4,740
4,724
4,698
4,690
4,641
4,587
4,541
4,498
4,358
4,328
Note(s): The values presented in the "County Code" column are Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) codes.
This information was downloaded from AIRSWeb: http://www.epa.gov/airsweb/srcrank.htm on 7/14/98.
This table represents the top 50 plants where the year indicated was 1990 through 1996.
2-10 # 2.0 1996 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 2-8. Top 50 Utility Plants Emitting Sulfur Dioxide
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Plant Name
General James M. Gavin Plant
Tva Cumberland Steam Plant
Ga Power Co Bowen Stm Elec Gen Sta
Kyger Creek Station Ohio Valley Elec Cor
Ga Power Co Wansley Stm Elec Gen Sta
Muskingum River Plant
Hoosier Energy Rural Elec Merom Station
Associated Electric Coop
James M Stuart Elec Generating Station
Entergy Mississippi. Inc. -Baxter Wilson
Ohio Edison Company W H Sammis Plant
West Penn Power/Hatfield
Tva
Cardinal Operating Company
Entergy Mississippi Inc
Penelec/Keystone Power Pit
Psi Energy - Gibson
Ga Power Co Yates Stm Elec Gen Sta
Sigeco-Warrick Pwr Plant-Alcoa Generatng
Ameren U.E.
Cei - Eastlake
Columbus Southern Power-Conesville
Gpu Gen Corp/Homer City Power Pit
Ohio Power - Kammer Plant
Tva Kingston Steam Plant Kingston
Pa P & L Co/Montour Ses
Mount Storm Power Plant
Tva Johnsonville Steam Plant
Prepa-Aguirre_Power Station
Indiana-Kentucky Electric Corporation
Ga Power Co Branch Stm Elec Gen Sta
Appalachian Power - John E Amos Plant
Pa P & L Co/Brunner Island Steam Electri
Teco
Duke Power Marshall Pit
Cp&L Roxboro Units 1234
Cleveland Elec Ilium Co Avon Lake Plant
Alabama Power Company (Miller Power Plan
Gpu Gen Corp/Conemaugh Power Pit
Salt River Project- Navajo Station
Florida Power Corporation
Texas Utilities Generating Company
Ohio Edison Company R E Burger Plant
Monongahela Power Co.- Fort Martin Power
Ipalco-Petersburg
Ga Power Co Mcdonough
Duke Power Co - Belews Creek Steam Statn
Ga Power Co Hammond Stm Elec Gen Sta
American Electric Power
Appalachian Power Co.-Philip Sporn Plant
State
OH
TN
GA
OH
GA
OH
IN
MO
OH
MS
OH
PA
KY
OH
MS
PA
IN
GA
IN
MO
OH
OH
PA
WV
TN
PA
WV
TN
PR
IN
GA
WV
PA
FL
NC
NC
OH
AL
PA
AZ
FL
TX
OH
WV
IN
GA
NC
GA
IN
WV
County
Code
053
161
015
053
149
167
153
143
001
149
081
059
177
081
151
005
051
077
173
071
085
031
063
051
145
093
023
085
123
077
237
079
133
057
035
145
093
073
063
005
017
161
013
061
125
067
169
115
029
053
County
Gallia Co
Stewart Co
Bartow Co
Gallia Co
Heard Co
Washington Co
Sullivan Co
New Madrid Co
Adams Co
Warren Co
Jefferson Co
Greene Co
Muhlenberg Co
Jefferson Co
Washington Co
Armstrong Co
Gibson Co
Coweta Co
Warrick Co
Franklin Co
Lake Co
Coshocton Co
Indiana Co
Marshall Co
Roane Co
Montour Co
Grant Co
Humphreys Co
Salinas Co
Jefferson Co
Putnam Co
Putnam Co
York Co
Hillsborough Co
Catawba Co
Person Co
Lorain Co
Jefferson Co
Indiana Co
Coconino Co
Citrus Co
Freestone Co
Belmont Co
Monongalia Co
Pike Co
Cobb Co
Stokes Co
Floyd Co
Dearborn Co
Mason Co
Plant ID
390535002
471610011
130150011
390535001
131490001
391675001
181530005
291430004
390015001
281490027
390815010
420590006
211770006
390815002
281510048
420050012
180510013
130770001
181730002
290710003
390855012
390315001
420630003
540510006
471450013
420930003
540230003
47085001 1
721230011
180770001
132370008
540790006
421330020
120570039
370350073
371450029
390935001
010730011
420630001
040050423
120170004
481610002
390135002
540610001
181250002
130670003
371690004
131150003
180290002
540530001
SIC
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
Emissions
(tons/year)
373,413
346,171
305,302
249,143
248,651
245,099
224,252
222,084
173,828
170,753
169,131
164,841
164,808
148,751
145,966
145,165
138,461
129,844
129,315
128,805
128,547
128,227
127,439
119,009
117,387
112,233
110,087
108,643
103,192
103,187
101,222
92,714
92,457
87,372
85,572
82,515
80,825
79,456
78,111
76,218
75,824
75,271
74,470
71,191
67,112
66,487
64,476
64,434
64,006
60,978
Note(s): The values presented in the "County Code" column are Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) codes.
This information was downloaded from AIRSWeb: http://www.epa.gov/airsweb/srcrank.htm on 7/14/98.
This table represents the top 50 plants where the year indicated was 1990 through 1996.
2.0 1996 Emissions # 2-11
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 2-9. Top 50 Plants Emitting Sulfur
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Plant Name
Cinergy - Beckjord Station
Cincinnati Gas & Electric Co., Miami For
Aluminum Company Of America
Asarco
Phillips P R Core
Uss/Kobe Steel Co. - Lorain Works
The Doe Run Company - Smelting Division
Mead Corporation
Ak Steel Corporation
Mobil Joliet Refining Corp
Wheeling Pittsburgh Steel Steubenville S
Eastman Chemical Company / Main Facility
Horizow Hotels Corp
Fort Howard Corporation
Inland Steel Company
Pekin Energy Company
Reynolds Metals
Phillips 66 Company
Clark Refining & Marketing, Inc.
Conoco, Inc./Ponca City Refinery
Wis Pwr & Light-Rock River Gen Station
Ppg Industries, Inc.
U S Steel Co Gary Works
Us Doe Y-1 2 Plant
Mobil Oil Corporation
Wheeling Pitts Stl Steubenville North
Fina Oil And Chemical Company
A.E. Staley Man. Co. South Plant
Valero Refining Company - Texas
E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
Western Gas Resources, Inc.
Tennaco Packaging
U S Steel Co Gary Works Part 2
International Paper Company-Androscoggin
Citgo Corp
Amoco Oil Company, Whiting Refinery
Puerto Rico Sun Oil-Sunoco Caribbean, In
Entech Inc
Zinc Corp Amer/Monaca Smelter
Great Northern Paper Inc (West)
Lke Chas Calc. Plant
Agrico-Uncle Sam Pint
Great Lakes Carbon Corporation
Bp Oil Company -Alliance Refinery
Rhone-Poulenc, Inc.
Georgia-Pacific Corp. Pulp/Paper Mill
Inland-Rome Inc
Ph Glatfelter Co/Spring Grove
Rhone-Poulenc
Venco Moundsville Calcining Plant
State
OH
OH
TX
MO
PR
OH
MO
OH
OH
IL
OH
TN
PR
Wl
IN
IL
LA
TX
TX
OK
Wl
WV
IN
TN
TX
OH
TX
IN
TX
TN
TX
OH
IN
ME
LA
IN
PR
AK
PA
ME
LA
LA
TX
LA
TX
FL
GA
PA
LA
WV
County
Code
025
061
331
093
057
093
099
141
017
197
081
163
031
009
089
179
033
233
245
071
105
051
089
001
245
081
227
157
201
085
467
169
089
007
019
089
151
020
007
019
019
093
245
075
201
107
115
133
033
051
Dioxide from Industrial Sources
County
Clermont Co
Hamilton Co
Milam Co
Iron Co
Guayama Co
Lorain Co
Jefferson Co
Ross Co
Butler Co
Will Co
Jefferson Co
Sullivan Co
Carolina Co
Brown Co
Lake Co
Tazewell Co
East Baton Rouge Par
Hutchinson Co
Jefferson Co
Kay Co
Rock Co
Marshall Co
Lake Co
Anderson Co
Jefferson Co
Jefferson Co
Howard Co
Tippecanoe Co
Harris Co
Humphreys Co
Van Zandt Co
Wayne Co
Lake Co
Franklin Co
Calcasieu Par
Lake Co
Yabucoa Co
Anchorage Borough
Beaver Co
Penobscot Co
Calcasieu Par
St. James Par
Jefferson Co
Plaquemines Par
Harris Co
Putnam Co
Floyd Co
York Co
East Baton Rouge Par
Marshall Co
Plant ID
390255001
390615052
483310001
290930008
720570003
390935004
290990003
391415001
390175002
171970089
390815006
471630003
720310207
550090328
180890316
171790044
220330021
482330015
482450004
400710202
551050037
540510002
180890121
470011020
482450018
390815008
482270001
181570033
482010065
470850007
484670001
391695008
180899999
230070021
220190016
180890003
721510018
020200110
420070032
230190056
220190069
220930004
482450023
220750015
482010037
121070005
131150021
421330016
220330033
540510011
SIC
4931
4931
3334
3332
2911
3312
3339
2621
3312
2911
3312
4961
7011
2621
3312
2869
2999
2911
2911
2911
4931
2812
3312
3499
2911
3312
2911
2046
2911
2816
1321
2631
3312
2611
2911
2911
2911
4953
3339
2611
2999
2874
2999
2911
2819
2621
2631
2621
2819
2999
Emissions
(tons/year)
104,643
103,015
67,364
47,709
44,059
34,467
34,254
33,921
29,132
24,837
22,714
19,236
18,177
16,555
16,542
15,361
14,600
14,063
13,778
13,631
13,374
13,167
13,118
12,800
1 1 ,980
11,815
1 1 ,531
1 1 ,368
10,936
10,674
10,484
10,125
10,115
9,940
9,896
9,760
9,681
9,625
9,556
9,473
9,351
9,192
9,173
9,073
8,976
8,946
8,877
8,803
8,648
8,307
Note(s): The values presented in the "County Code" column are Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) codes.
This information was downloaded from AIRSWeb: http://www.epa.gov/airsweb/srcrank.htm on 7/14/98.
This table represents the top 50 plants where the year indicated was 1990 through 1996.
Industrial sources are defined as non-utility sources (i.e., no SIC codes equal to 4911).
2-12 # 2.0 1996 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 2-10. Top 50 Plants Emitting Particulate Matter (PM-10)
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Plant Name
Entergy Mississippi. Inc. -Baxter Wilson
Prepa-Aguirre Power Station
Entergy Mississippi Inc
Kpl Gas Service (Jec)
Bethlehem Steel Corp/Bethlehem Steel Pit
Teco
U S Steel Co Gary Works
Pa P & L Co/Montour Ses
Prepa-South Coast
Cal Portland Cement Co.
Ltv Steel Mining - Hoyt Lakes Taconite
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Minntac Mine & Plant
A E Staley Manufacturing Co
Peco Energy Co/Eddystone
International Paper- Riegelwood
Florida Power & Light
Nsp - Sherburne Cnty
Cumberland Municipal Utility
Pa P & L Co/Brunner Island Steam Electri
Ag Processing Inc
Duke Power Marshall Pit
Indiana-Kentucky Electric Corporation
Cp&L Roxboro Units 1234
Isp Minerals Inc.
Evtac Mining - Plant
U S Steel Co Gary Works Part 2
Tampa Electric Company
Lehigh Portland Cement Co
Ltv Steel Company
American Smelting And Refining Company
Garnett Wood Products
Ltv Steel Company, Inc. (Republic)
Asarco- Ray Mine
Natl Southwire Aluminum
International Paper Company-Androscoggin
Arizona Public Serv/4 Corners
Florida Coast Paper Company, L.L.C.
Florida Power & Light
Inland Steel Company
Gpu Gen Corp/Homer City Power Pit
Jefferson Smurfit Corporation (US)
Houston Industries Incorporated
Prepa-Jobos
Nsp - Riverside
Phelps Dodge Corporation
Lower Colorado River Authority
Ameren U.E.
Duke Power Co - Belews Creek Steam Statn
Amoco Oil Company
State
MS
PR
MS
KS
PA
FL
IN
PA
PR
CA
MN
IN
MN
IL
PA
NC
FL
MN
Wl
PA
MO
NC
IN
NC
Wl
MN
IN
FL
IA
IN
AZ
MO
IL
AZ
KY
ME
NM
FL
FL
IN
PA
FL
TX
PR
MN
AZ
TX
MO
NC
TX
County
Code
149
123
151
149
095
057
089
093
059
029
137
127
137
115
045
047
081
141
005
133
021
035
077
145
075
137
089
057
033
089
007
091
031
021
091
007
045
045
099
089
063
089
157
057
053
011
149
071
169
167
County
Warren Co
Salinas Co
Washington Co
Pottawatomie Co
Northampton Co
Hillsborough Co
Lake Co
Montour Co
Guayanilla Co
Kern Co
St. Louis Co
Porter Co
St. Louis Co
Macon Co
Delaware Co
Columbus Co
Manatee Co
Sherburne Co
Barren Co
York Co
Buchanan Co
Catawba Co
Jefferson Co
Person Co
Marinette Co
St. Louis Co
Lake Co
Hillsborough Co
Cerro Gordo Co
Lake Co
Gila Co
Howell Co
Cook Co
Pinal Co
Hancock Co
Franklin Co
San Juan Co
Gulf Co
Palm Beach Co
Lake Co
Indiana Co
Nassau Co
Fort Bend Co
Guayama Co
Hennepin Co
Greenlee Co
Fayette Co
Franklin Co
Stokes Co
Galveston Co
Plant ID
281490027
721230011
281510048
201490001
420950048
120570039
180890121
420930003
720590010
060290009
271370009
181270001
271370005
171150018
420450014
370470036
120810010
271410004
550050586
421330020
290210060
370350073
180770001
371450029
550750435
271370113
180899999
120570040
190330035
180890318
040070615
290910010
170311221
040210012
210910004
230070021
350450002
120450005
120990042
180890316
420630003
120890003
481570005
720570012
270530015
040110734
481490005
290710003
371690004
481670001
SIC
4911
4911
4911
4911
3312
4911
3312
4911
4911
3241
1011
3312
1011
2046
4911
2621
4911
4911
4931
4911
2075
4911
4911
4911
3295
1011
3312
4911
3241
3312
3331
2421
3312
1021
3334
2611
4911
2621
4911
3312
4911
2631
4911
4911
4911
1021
4911
4911
4911
2911
Emissions
(tons/year)
8,580
5,764
4,851
3,463
3,068
3,048
2,940
2,918
2,873
2,826
2,791
2,717
2,575
2,567
2,398
2,370
2,333
2,328
2,307
2,226
2,042
2,026
1,936
1,919
1,888
1,875
1,826
1,821
1,761
1,744
1,741
1,703
1,653
1,620
1,603
1,592
1,549
1,490
1,464
1,459
1,450
1,438
1,412
1,378
1,374
1,346
1,336
1,334
1,333
1,325
Note(s): The values presented in the "County Code" column are Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) codes.
This information was downloaded from AIRSWeb: http://www.epa.gov/airsweb/srcrank.htm on 7/14/98.
This table represents the top 50 plants where the year indicated was 1990 through 1996.
2.0 1996 Emissions # 2-13
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 2-11. Ozone Season Daily Emissions for CO, NOX,
Major Source Category
and VOC by State and
(tons per day)
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
Area
4,599
471
4,254
2,564
15,982
3,206
1,883
500
288
1 1 ,240
7,750
624
1,175
7,020
5,139
2,627
3,465
3,443
4,547
848
2,744
3,104
6,155
3,585
3,205
4,898
961
3,192
1,520
666
3,408
2,379
7,450
6,442
850
8,341
3,583
2,088
6,087
505
3,541
1,296
5,961
17,576
2,127
454
5,055
4,128
1,608
3,708
619
198,858
CO
Point
696
21
84
286
195
82
86
42
1
180
466
26
12
1,396
1,109
36
201
290
1,925
93
411
58
291
229
293
301
127
55
46
164
124
79
115
225
37
2,075
106
214
1,893
6
146
3
302
1,376
339
4
132
704
821
186
210
18,297
Total
5,295
492
4,338
2,849
16,177
3,288
1,969
542
288
1 1 ,420
8,216
650
1,187
8,416
6,248
2,662
3,666
3,732
6,471
941
3,155
3,163
6,446
3,814
3,497
5,198
1,088
3,247
1,566
830
3,532
2,457
7,566
6,667
887
10,416
3,689
2,302
7,980
510
3,687
1,299
6,263
18,953
2,466
458
5,187
4,832
2,429
3,894
829
217,155
Area
869
43
888
571
3,116
809
359
110
50
1,569
1,172
63
289
1,589
1,160
768
963
887
1,262
162
515
628
1,107
844
740
889
357
610
241
142
686
422
1,305
938
452
1,488
861
443
1,185
80
565
322
1,140
3,120
369
82
992
799
316
784
399
39,523
NOX
Point Biogenic
1,026
48
486
242
263
381
236
90
4
1,205
761
88
12
1,646
1,402
276
584
1,215
1,060
65
447
202
949
470
396
684
112
209
193
68
381
452
361
1,141
341
2,105
404
74
1,341
3
537
65
1,110
2,400
320
3
613
181
1,347
507
420
28,925
56
248
78
188
182
4
7
0
78
79
120
377
206
405
394
78
73
12
25
5
107
259
76
182
272
392
228
4
9
272
76
86
226
151
154
110
81
0
43
265
70
851
143
7
40
73
15
156
177
7,142
Total
1,951
91
1,622
891
3,566
1,373
598
208
54
2,852
2,012
151
421
3,612
2,769
1,450
1,941
2,181
2,396
238
986
834
2,163
1,574
1,212
1,755
741
1,211
662
214
1,076
1,147
1,742
2,165
1,019
3,745
1,420
627
2,607
83
1,145
653
2,321
6,371
833
92
1,645
1,053
1,678
1,447
996
75,590
Area
974
60
839
664
4,112
793
493
136
65
2,382
1,563
77
302
2,014
1,468
788
829
837
975
215
651
878
1,767
1,122
781
1,114
262
688
311
194
991
416
2,100
1,687
320
2,020
792
569
1,649
140
842
304
1,419
4,354
440
121
1,191
1,013
360
1,084
131
49,297
VOC
Point Biogenic
235
4
68
46
240
181
62
26
1
84
135
17
1
772
290
39
117
341
311
46
57
72
270
121
172
177
22
102
9
37
284
36
184
323
5
300
66
48
339
19
146
5
369
709
65
6
278
225
139
229
66
7,898
10,169
3,644
9,904
15,093
459
135
3
6,558
9,175
6,721
1,425
1,204
712
895
3,337
6,483
3,483
859
806
2,765
3,935
8,764
7,855
6,426
575
1,408
946
688
3,472
2,007
5,935
363
1,454
5,898
8,653
3,328
136
3,975
806
5,648
15,335
3,488
597
4,786
5,488
2,619
3,138
3,402
194,956
Total
1 1 ,379
64
4,551
10,614
19,445
974
1,014
297
69
9,023
10,873
94
7,024
4,211
2,963
1,539
1,842
4,515
7,769
3,743
1,568
1,756
4,802
5,178
9,718
9,146
6,710
1,365
1,728
1,177
1,962
3,924
4,291
7,945
687
3,775
6,755
9,270
5,316
295
4,963
1,116
7,436
20,398
3,994
724
6,255
6,726
3,118
4,451
3,598
252,151
2-14 # 2.0 1996 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure 2-1. 1996 National CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions
by Principal Source Category
On-Road Vehicles
60%
All Other
-4
Metals Processing
5%
19%
8% / Miscellaneous
Fuel Combustion - Other
Non-Road Engines
and Vehicles
Figure 2-2. 1996 National NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions
by Principal Source Category
Fuel Combustion - /
Electric Utility /
Non-Road Engines
and Vehicles
19%
30% \On-Road Vehicles
13%
5% All Other
Fuel Combustion -
Other
Fuel Combustion - Industrial
2.0 1996 Emissions # 2-15
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure 2-3. 1996 National VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions
by Principal Source Category
Non-Road Engines and Vehicles
Storage & Transport/ 7%
Miscellaneous 3%
All Other \ 15%
29%
33%
On-Road Vehicles
Solvent Utilization
Figure 2-4. 1996 National SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions
by Principal Source Category
Fuel Combustion -
Electric Utility
67%
Fuel Combustion -
Industrial
Fuel Combustion -
Non-Road Engines
3% 7 and Vehicles
Metals Processing
2-16 # 2.0 1996 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure 2-5. 1996 National PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions
by Principal Source Category for Non-Fugitive Dust Sources
Fuel Combustion - Other
Non-Road Engines
and Vehicles
Other Industrial \ 13%
Processes \
\A 7%
Fuel Combustion - Industrial
19% \ Miscellaneous
\
All Other
Figure 2-6. 1996 National PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions
by Fugitive Dust Category
Paved Roads
All Other
Unpaved Roads
Construction
17% \Agricultural Crops
20% / Natural Sources
2.0 1996 Emissions # 2-17
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure 2-7. 1996 National LEAD Emissions by Principal Source Category
Metals Processing / 52%
Chemical and
Allied Products
\ Fuel Combustion -
11% \ Other
4%
All Other
14%
17%
Non-road Engines
and Vehicles
(Primarily Aircraft)
Waste Disposal
2-18 # 2.0 1996 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure 2-8. Density Map of 1996 CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions by County
Emission Density
(short tons/sq. mi.)
• >47
• 25 to 47
• 14 to 25
7 to 14
Oto7
Figure 2-9. Density Map of 1996 NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions by County
Emission Density
(short tons/sq. mi.
• >12
• 5 to 12
3 to 5
2 to 3
Oto2
2-20 # 2.0 1996 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure 2-10. Density Map of 1996 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
Emissions by County
Emission Density
(short tons/sq. mi.)
• 5 to 11
• 3 to 5
2 to 3
Oto2
Figure 2-11. Density Map of 1996 SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions by County
Emission Density
(short tons/sq. mi.;
• >5
• 0.8 to 5
• 0.2 to 0.8
0.08 to 0.2
0 to 0.08
2.0 1996 Emissions # 2-21
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure 2-12. Density Map of 1996 PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10)
Emissions by County
Emission Density
(short tons/sq. mi.
• >17
• 11 to 16
• 7 to 11
4 to 7
Oto4
2-22 # 2.0 1996 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure 2-13. Top 50 Plants by Location and Pollutant
NITROGEN
OXIDES
VOLATILE ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
PARTICULATE
MATTER (PM-10)
SULFUR DIOXIDE
Electric Utility
SULFUR DIOXIDE
Industrial
2.0 1996 Emissions # 2-23
-------
Chapter 3.0
National Emissions Trends, 1900
to 1996
Historical trends in criteria air pollutant emissions (CO,
NOX, VOC, SO2, PM-10, and Pb) are presented in this chapter
for the period 1900 through 1996 (where available). The
effects on trends in air pollutant emissions from the level and
composition of economic activity in the nation, demographic
influences, and the impact of regulatory efforts to control
emissions are also presented in this chapter.
3.1 OVERVIEW OF AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL HISTORY
The very first air pollution statutes in the United States
were passed by the cities of Chicago and Cincinnati in 1881 to
control smoke and soot from furnaces and locomotives.
County governments began to pass their own pollution control
laws in the early 1900's. The first State to legislatively control
air pollution was Oregon in 1952. Other States followed, with
air pollution statutes generally targeted toward smoke and
particulates. Figure 3-1 presents the number of jurisdictions
with air pollution control legislation during the 100-year
period starting in 1880.'
The Federal Government's involvement in air pollution
control began in 1955 with the passage of the Air Pollution
Control Act. This law limited the extent of Federal
involvement to funding assistance for the States' air pollution
research and training efforts. The shift toward greater
involvement of the Federal Government in air pollution control
beganin the mid-1960s. Inl963 Congress passed the original
CAA, which provided for permanent Federal support for air
pollution research, continued and increased Federal assistance
to the States for the development of their air pollution control
agencies, and introduced a mechanism through which the
Federal Government could assist the States with cross-
boundary air pollution problems. In 1965, Congress amended
the CAA for the first time, directing the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare (HEW) to set the first Federal
emissions standards for motor vehicles.
In 1967 Congress passed the Air Quality Act, which
required that States establish air quality control regions and
that HEW publish information about the adverse health effects
associated with several common air pollutants. This
information was to be used by the States in setting air quality
standards. In addition, HEW was to identify viable pollution
control technologies for States to use to attain the air quality
standards that each was to have established.
There were several perceived problems with this early
period of air pollution control. The HEW had been slow in
issuing guidance documents detailing the adverse health
effects associated with common air pollutants; where these
had been prepared, States had either failed to set air quality
standards or were slow in developing implementation plans.
The initial exhaust emission standards set by HEW in 1968
resulted in relatively small reductions in automobile pollutants.
With the CAA as amended in 1970, a major change took
place in air pollution policy. First, a new Federal Government
agency, EPA, was charged with the responsibility of setting
the NAAQS. In 1971, the EPA promulgated primary and
secondary NAAQS for photochemical oxidants, SO2,
suspended PM, CO, and hydrocarbons (HCs). Second, EPA
was given authority to develop national emissions standards
for cars, trucks, and buses. Finally, Congress gave the EPA
power to set emissions standards for all new sources of the
common air pollutants (NSPS). Under the CAA, the major
responsibility left to the States was how to control existing
sources. States were charged with the task of complying by
1975 with each of the NAAQS by developing and
implementing State implementation plans (SIPs) that would
demonstrate how existing sources would be controlled.
Additional modifications were made to the Act in 1977, with
the most significant changes occurring with passage of the
CAAA.
Trends in each of the criteria air pollutants by principal
source categories and the impact of economic, demographic,
and regulatory influences on these emission trends are
discussed in the following sections. As a point of reference,
Figure 3-2 presents the trend in GDP, population, VMT, and
fuel consumption (i.e., total consumed by industrial,
residential, commercial, and transportation sectors) from 1970
to 1996. Because the emissions reduction impact of the
CAAA mandates is only beginning to take effect, the
discussion highlights pre-1990 regulatory activities that
targeted specific criteria air pollutant emission reductions. It
is important to note that the regulatory discussion is not
comprehensive. Instead, these sections emphasize the
regulatory efforts that have targeted the major source
categories for each air pollutant. In addition, the lack of detail
available for all of the data precludes the possibility of
analyzing some of the stationary source control measures (e.g.,
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends « 3-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
State-specific regulations such as Reasonably Available
Control Technology [RACT] provisions).
3.2 HISTORICAL EMISSION TRENDS
Emission trends are presented for the period 1940 through
1996 (where available) for CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, PM-10 and
Pb in tables 3-1 through 3-6. Figures 3-3 and 3-4 represent
long-term trends in the criteria air pollutant emissions from
1900 to 1996. Figures 3-5 through 3-11 depict emission
estimates for each criteria air pollutant for 1900 to 1996
(where available). With the exception of andNOxandPM-10,
all of the criteria pollutant emissions peaked in or around
1970, and there has been a general downward trend during the
1970 through 1996 time frame. For PM-10, peak emission
levels occurred around 1950; PM-10 levels steadily declined
until the mid-1980s and have remained relatively stable since
then. Nitrogen oxides emissions steadily increased up through
the mid-1970s and levels have been fairly steady since their
1978 peak.
3.2.1 Carbon Monoxide Emission Trends,
1940 through 1996
Table 3-1 and figure 3-5 reflect historical trends in CO
emissions by principal source categories. Total CO emissions
increased to peak levels around 1970 and have decreased
thereafter. A significant decrease in CO emissions occurred
between 1973 and 1975 as a result of disruptions in world oil
markets and a subsequent recession in the United States. This
short-term decrease in emissions is exhibited in NOX and VOC
emission trends during the 1973 to 1975 period also for similar
reasons. On-road vehicle emissions, the major source of CO
emissions followed a similar trend of increasing significantly
(192 percent) through 1970 and decreasing (over 40 percent)
subsequently. In contrast, non-road engine and vehicle
emissions have increased 90 percent during the period.
Emissions from other source categories have declined over the
period with the exception of fuel combustion - electric utility
and industrial and other industrial processes. Carbon
monoxide emissions for 1996 have decreased somewhat from
the 1995 levels due primarily to decreased emissions fromon-
road vehicles. The "all other" grouping shown in figure 3-5
refers to the following Tier I categories: fuel combustion -
electric utility; fuel combustion - industrial; petroleum and
related industries; other industrial processes; solvent
utilization; and storage and transport. The miscellaneous
category relates primarily to wildfires and managed burning.
3.2.1.1 Fuel Combustion CO Emissions:
Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other
This source category which includes fuel combustion -
electric utility, fuel combustion - industrial, and fuel
combustion - other, residential wood combustion is the most
significant source, accounting for 16 percent of total CO
national emissions in 1940, but declining to 7 percent in 1996.
During the period 1940 to 1970, the residential consumption
of wood declined steadily as a result of the abundant supply,
low relative prices, and convenience of fossil fuels relative to
wood for home heating, cooking, and heating water. The 1970
to 1980 period exhibited a resurgence in the use of wood for
home heating and a corresponding increase in emissions from
residential wood combustion. The increase in the use of wood
for home heating during this period occurred as the result of
disruptions in crude oil deliveries and related product markets
that resulted in increases in the price for fossil fuel products.
Since 1980, prices of fossil fuel products have declined and a
reduction in the use of wood for home heating has occurred.
Carbon monoxide emissions from residential wood
combustion have decreased by 33 percent since 1980.
Carbon monoxide emissions from residential fuel
combustion using fuels other than wood have also undergone
substantial changes since 1940. An 82 percent reduction in
emissions during the 1940 to 1970 period occurred as a result
of the steady decline in the use of anthracite and bituminous
coal for home heating. Emissions fromresidential combustion
of fuels other than wood are currently less than 1 percent of
total national CO emissions.
3.2.1.2 Industrial Process CO Emissions
Industrial processes accounted for 8 percent of total CO
national emissions in 1940, but decreased to 5 percent of total
emissions by 1996. Emissions from chemical and allied
product manufacturing declined during the period. Metals
processing emissions increased through 1970, but have
declined since. Emissions fromthe petroleum refining industry
increased by a factor of 10 through 1970 as a result of an
increase in refinery throughput and an increase in demand for
refined petroleum products. Emissions from the petroleum
refining industry have decreased 86 percent since 1970 due to
the retirement of obsolete high polluting processes such as the
manufacture of carbon black by channel process and the
installation of emission control devices such as fluid catalytic
cracking units. Petroleum refining accounted for less than
1 percent of total CO emissions in 1996.
3.2.1.3 Transportation CO Emissions: On-Road
Vehicles and Non-Road Engines and
Vehicles
On-road vehicles have been the predominant source of
CO emissions in the United States since World War II,
contributing 68 percent to total national emissions in 1970 and
61 percent in 1996. As part of the effort to reduce CO
emissions, emission standards have been developed for on-
road vehicles. Table 3 -7 provides a list of standards for light-
3-2 « 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
duty vehicle (LD V) and light-duty truck (LDT) CO emissions,
expressed in grams per mile (gpm). In addition to these
standards, the CAAA require cars to meet a standard of 10
gpm at 20 degrees Fahrenheit (°F), starting with the 1996
model year to ensure that emission control devices work
efficiently at low temperatures. The Federal standards through
1975 applied only to gasoline-powered LDTs. Federal
standards for 1976 and later applied to both gasoline and
diesel-powered LDTs. In addition, a CO standard of
0.50 percent at idle was established for 1984 and later model
years; effective at high altitudes starting with the 1988 model
year. Other CO standards apply to LDTs more than 6,000 Ibs,
heavy-duty engines and vehicles, and non-road engines and
vehicles.
It is reasonable to assume that a decline in gasoline price
is associated with an increase in the quantity of gasoline
demanded, VMT, and CO emissions (i.e., a decrease in the
price of gasoline will result in greater VMT, fuel use, and CO
emissions), all other factors remaining unchanged. On-road
vehicle CO emissions have declined approximately 32 percent
between 1970 and 1993, although fuel use increased
approximately 50 percent, VMT increased over 100 percent,
and real gasoline prices decreased 17 percent in this same
period.2 This decrease in CO emissions can be attributed to
the impact of regulatory measures previously noted.
Non-road CO emissions represented 9 percent of the
national total in 1940, with emissions from railroad
locomotives accounting for approximately 51 percent of this
amount. CO emissions from non-road engines and vehicles
have increased by 90 percent since 1940 and accounted for
18 percent of the national total in 1996. While emissions from
locomotives have declined 97 percent during the analysis
period (through technology shifts rather than emission
controls), emissions from aircraft and non-road gasoline
equipment have increased substantially during the period.
3.2.1.4 Remaining Sources
Carbon monoxide emissions from other sources decreased
from 1940 to 1996. In 1940, the emissions from waste disposal
and recycling, and miscellaneous other combustion - wildfires
accounted for 4 and 31 percent, respectively of total CO
emissions. Emissions from wildfires are relatively erratic from
year to year due the uncontrolled nature of wildfires, but
declined from 1940 levels to 2 percent of total CO emissions
in 1996. In contrast, CO emissions from waste disposal and
recycling increased by 94 percent between 1940 and 1970.
Since 1970, CO emissions from waste disposal and recycling
have declined 85 percent and accounted for 1 percent of total
CO emissions in 1996.
3.2.2 Nitrogen Oxides and Volatile Organic
Compound Emission Trends, 1900
through 1996
Nitrogen oxides and VOCs are grouped together here
because they comprise the principal emitted primary pollutants
that are acted upon by sunlight to produce the secondary
pollutant, tropospheric O3. While there is currently no
ambient air quality standard for VOCs, from the standpoint of
modeling O3 formation the category of VOC emissions is as
important as the so-called criteria pollutants for which there
are ambient air quality standards.
The trend in NOX emissions is presented in table 3-2 and
figure 3-6. The NOX "all other" grouping includes the
following Tier I categories: petroleum and related industries;
solvent utilization; metal processing; waste disposal and
recycling; miscellaneous; and storage and transport. The trend
in VOC emissions is presented in table 3-3 and figure 3-7.
The VOC "all other" grouping includes the following Tier I
categories: fuel combustion - electric utility; fuel combustion -
industrial; fuel combustion - other; petroleum and related
industries; and other industrial process. The VOC emissions
for the miscellaneous category are primarily from wildfires.
3.2.2.1 Regulatory History for NOX and VOC
Emissions
The 1971 photochemical oxidants standard was based on
an hourly average level that was not to be exceeded more than
once per year; the HC standard was also first promulgated in
1971. In 1979, the photochemical oxidants standard was
revised and restated as O3, and the HC standard was reviewed
and withdrawn in 1983. The O3 standard was revised to 0.12
parts per million (ppm [from 0.08 ppm]) of O3 measured over
a 1 -hour period, not to be exceeded more than three times in a
3 -year period. In July 1997, EPA revised the O3 standard back
to 0.08 ppm but measured over an 8-hour period, with the
average fourth highest concentration over a 3-year period.
Ozone is formed through a photochemical process in the
presence of VOCs and NOX.
On-road vehicles have been one of the top contributors to
each of these pollutants (e.g., in 1970, on-road vehicles
accounted for 42 percent of total VOC and 34 percent of total
NOX emissions). Table 3-8 presents the VOC and NOX
emission limits that have been set over the last two decades for
light-duty vehicles. The VOC and NOX emission standards for
LDTs are presented in table 3-9. In addition to these standards,
LDTs over 6,000 pounds and heavy-duty trucks (HDTs) also
have NOX standards.
3.2.2.2 Nitrogen Oxide Emissions Trends
As indicated in table 3-2 and figure 3-6, NOX emissions
have increased over 220 percent between 1940 and 1996, with
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends « 3-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
a 9 percent increase over the 1970 and 1996 period. All Tier I
principal source categories show increases for this period with
the exception of petroleum and related industries, waste
disposal and recycling, and miscellaneous sources.
3.2.2.2.1 Fuel Combustion NO,, Emissions:
Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other — In 1900,
electric utilities accounted for 4 percent of the total national
NOX emissions. By 1930, electric utility NOX emissions
increased by a factor of 6. Emissions from this source have
continued to increase to 7 million short tons in 1996,
accounting for 28 percent of total NOX emissions in that year.
NOX is emitted when fossil fuels are used to generate
electricity; however, emissions using coal as an energy source
represented 89 percent of fuel combustion - electric utility NOX
emissions in 1996. Figure 3-12 presents the NOX emissions
along with heat input for the years 1985 through 1996. Note
that NOX emissions from electric utilities for the years 1985 to
1994 are lower in this year's report as compared to reports
from previous years. In initially estimating NOX emissions
from 1985 to 1994, EPA used AP-42 emissions factors, which
are estimated NOX emission rates based on fuel type, boiler
type, and NOX control type, to determine the emissions for all
boilers for all years. This year however, in the calculation of
NOX emissions for 1985-1994, EPA has minimized its use of
emission factors for coal-fired steam utility boilers (the largest
stationary source NOX emitters) and instead relied almost
exclusively on boiler-specific, short-term, uncontrolled and
controlled emission rates, which were obtained from CEMs
during their annual certification testing (i.e., CREV data), or
from submissions of CEM, EPA reference method, or other
test data by utilities, and were not generally available until the
Spring of 1996. As a result of using more accurate, boiler-
specific NOX emissions data, EPA's estimates of electric utility
NOX emissions are now more accurate and are lower than
previous reports indicated. Thus, EPA now believes that the
dramatic decrease in NOX emissions from utility boilers from
1994 to 1995 in last year's report was more an artifact of going
from primarily emissions factors (in 1994) to primarily CEM
data (in 1995). As seen in this year's report, when that
difference is minimized, the emissions from both those years,
as well as previous years, are very similar.
3.2.2.2.2 Transportation NO,, Emissions:
On-Road Vehicles and Non-Road Engines and
Vehicles — In 1900, on-road vehicles made an insignificant
contribution to total national NOX emissions. By 1920,
emissions from on-road sources had increased to 5 percent of
total NOX emissions and continued to increase by a factor of 3
from 1920 to 1940. Emissions from on-road vehicles peaked
in 1978 and have declined since then. Currently, on-road
vehicle emissions constitute approximately 30 percent of total
NOV emissions.
One would anticipate that NOX emissions from on-road
vehicles will increase as VMT and fuel use increase and as gas
prices decline (all other factors remaining unchanged). This
pattern does exist from the period 1940 through 1978;
however, NOX emissions begin to decline after 1978 while
VMT and fuel use continue rising and gasoline prices decline
in real terms.
The effects of previously noted regulations account for
the declines inNOX emissions occurring after 1978. Although
VMT has more than doubled since 1970, NOX emissions from
on-road vehicles are nearly equal to their 1970 levels.
In contrast to the on-road vehicle NOX emission trends,
emissions from non-road engines and vehicles increased over
the entire period of 1940 to 1996. Emission control measures
(Tier I standards) for new non-road diesel engines in certain
horsepower categories began in 1996 with full phase-in for all
horsepower categories scheduled for 2000. Figure 3-13
presents a summary of the emission methodology changes in
non-road estimates.
3.2.2.2.3 Remaining Sources — The NOX emissions
for the years 1900 through 1939 were generated by five source
categories (electric utility, industrial, commercial-residential,
on-road vehicle, and other), making comparisons prior to 1940
on a source category basis difficult. In general, however, the
emissions for the remaining sources of industrial processes,
waste disposal, and miscellaneous sources increased from
1900 to 1920 and continued to increase from 1920 to 1940,
but at a slower rate. Emissions from these sources accounted
for 18 percent of the total 1940 NOX emissions. The emissions
for the waste disposal and recycling category steadily
increased by a factor of 4 from 1940 to 1970, but have
decreased 79 percent since 1970. Emissions from industrial
processes steadily increased by a factor of 3 from 1940 to
1970. The emissions then decreased by 28 percent from 1970
to 1980. The increase from 1980 to 1996 of 40 percent was
due in part to a change in the methodology used to estimate
emissions between 1984 and 1985. In 1996, the total
emissions for the remaining sources were 4 percent of national
NOX emissions.
3.2.2.3 Volatile Organic Compound Emission
Trends
Volatile organic compounds are a principal component in
the chemical and physical atmospheric reactions that form O3
and other photochemical oxidants. The emissions of VOC
species that primarily contribute to the formation of O3 are
included in total VOC emissions, while emissions of methane
(CH4), a nonreactive compound, are not included. No
adjustments are made to include chlorofluorocarbons or to
exclude ethane and other VOCs with negligible photochemical
reactivity. On-road vehicle emissions were estimated as
nonmethane HCs.a Emissions of organic compounds from
biogenic sources such as trees and other vegetation, are
3-4 « 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
presented in chapter 7. Volatile organic compound emissions
from natural sources were almost equal to the emissions from
anthropogenic sources, according to recent research, but the
extent to which biogenic emissions contribute to oxidant
formation has not been clearly established.
3.2.2.3.1 Fuel Combustion VOC Emissions:
Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other — In 1900,
emissions from all fuel combustion sources represented
68 percent of the total national VOC emissions. Wood
combustion accounted for 90 percent of the emissions from
these sources. By 1940, emissions from fuel combustion
sources had decreased to 12 percent of total emissions and
these emissions account for less than 3 percent of total
emissions currently. The decline in residential wood
combustion was discussed previously in section 3.2.1.1.
3.2.2.3.2 Industrial Process VOC
Emissions — The emissions from industrial processes (i.e.,
chemical & allied products, petroleum & related industries,
other industrial processes, solvent utilization, and storage &
transport) accounted for 17 percent of the total national VOC
emissions in 1900. By 1940, the emissions from industrial
processes had risen to 26 percent of the total. The VOC
emissions from these sources increased to 12 million short
tons accounting for 40 percent of VOC emissions in 1970.
Since 1970, emissions from these sources have decreased
30 percent, to approximately 47 percent of total national VOC
emissions. Emission control devices and process changes have
helped limit the growth in these emissions since 1970.
Emissions from petroleum and related industries and
petroleum product storage and marketing operations increased
during the mid-1970s as a result of increased demand for
petroleum products, especially motor gasoline. After 1978, the
emissions from these sources decreased as the result of
product reformulation and other control measures. For
example, VOC emissions from solvent utilization sources
decreased due to the substitution of water-based emulsified
asphalt for asphalt liquefied with petroleum distillates.
Chemical and allied products and other industrial process
categories reflect increases in emissions during the reporting
period.
3.2.2.3.3 Transportation VOC Emissions:
On-Road Vehicles and Non-Road Engines and
Vehicles — In 1900, transportation sources accounted for 4
percent of the total national VOC emissions; railroad
emissions were 99 percent of these emissions. Railroad VOC
emissions peaked in 1920 when these emissions were
20 percent of the national total and have decreased since then
to less than 1 percent currently. The total VOC emissions from
the transportation sector increased 162 percent during the 1940
to 1970 period.
Volatile organic compound emissions from on-road
vehicles peaked in 1970 at 13 million short tons, or 42 percent
of the national VOC emission total. It is reasonable to assume
that, absent regulation, VOC emissions will increase as VMT
and fuel usage increase and as gasoline prices decrease.2 This
trend was present for the period prior to 1970. Since 1970,
however, VOC emissions fromon-roadvehicles have declined
58 percent while VMT and fuel usage increased. Gasoline
prices decreased in real terms after 1980. These trends indicate
the influence of regulation in reducing national VOC
emissions from on-road vehicles.
In contrast, emissions fromnon-road engines andvehicles
continued an increasing trend through the entire reporting
period. Non-road VOC emissions have increased over
33 percent since 1970.
3.2.2.3.4 Remaining Sources — In 1900, emissions
from the solid waste disposal and miscellaneous sources
categories represented 10 percent and 24 percent of total VOC
emissions. Although wildfires are somewhat erratic fromyear
to year, fire prevention programs have been successful at
decreasing wildfire emissions to 1 percent of the national total
VOC emissions in 1996. In 1996, solid waste disposal
emissions accounted for 2 percent of the national VOC
emissions.
3.2.3 Sulfur Dioxide Emission Trends, 1900
through 1996
The trend in SO2 emissions between 1940 and 1996 is
presented in table 3-4, and between 1900 and 1996 in figure 3-
8. The "all other" grouping includes the following Tier I
categories: petroleum and related industries, other industrial
processes, solvent utilization, waste disposal and recycling,
chemical and allied product manufacturing, and storage and
transport.
3.2.3.1 Fuel Combustion SO2 Emissions:
Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other
In 1900, electric utilities accounted for 4 percent of total
national SO2 emissions. Emissions from electric utilities
steadily increased over the period 1900 to 1925 by a factor of
5. The SO2 emissions fromutilities decreased during the early
portion of the 1930 decade due to the Great Depression. The
1940 emissions levels approximated those existing prior to the
Depression. From 1940 to 1970, SO2 emissions from electric
utilities doubled every decade as a result of increased coal
consumption. In 1970, emissions from coal combustion
accounted for 62 percent of total SO2 emissions from all fuel
combustion sources. From 1970 to 1996, SO2 emissions from
electric utilities using all types of energy sources decreased
approximately 26 percent. Sulfur dioxide emissions from fuel
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends « 3-5
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
combustion - electric utilities account for 67 percent of the
total national SO2 emissions in 1996.
The SO2 NAAQS was promulgated in 1971. Also in that
year, the EPA developed a NSPS requiring that all new coal-
fired power plants emit no more than 1.2 pounds of SO2 per
each million British thermal units (Btus) of electricity
produced. Most new plants chose to meet this NSPS by
shifting to lower-sulfur coals. An amendment to the CAA in
1977 effectively required any new coal-fired power plant not
only to meet the original NSPS, but also to use some form of
scrubbing equipment, even when using low-sulfur coal.
Between 1970 and 1993, SO2 emissions declined
8 percent from coal-fired electric power facilities; this
contrasts with a 150 percent increase in coal consumed to
produce electricity.3 In contrast, the average price per kilowatt
hour of electricity increased in real terms between 1970 and
1982 and decreased thereafter.
Emissions from fuel combustion - industrial and other
sources increased through the 1940 to 1970 period. Since
1970 SO2 emissions have declined by 26 percent and
48 percent for fuel combustion - industrial and other sources,
respectively. The decreases in SO2 emissions from these
sources reflect decreases in coal burning by industrial,
commercial, and residential consumers.
Title IV (Acid Deposition Control) of the CAAA specifies
that SO2 emissions will be reduced by 10 million tons and NOX
emissions by 2 million tons from 1980 emissions levels. For
electric utility units, the SO2 reductions were to occur in two
stages: Phase I, which affects 263 mostly coal-fired units and
began in 1995; and Phase II, which affects the rest of the
affected units and begins in the year 2000. Utilities were able
to choose from among a variety of possibilities to achieve SO2
emissions reductions in a cost effective manner, including
participating in a market-based allowance trading system.4
Many utilities switched to low sulfur coal and some
installed flue gas desulfurization equipment (scrubbers) for
their Phase I units, achieving greater reductions in SO2
emissions than were required under the Acid Rain Program.
The Phase I units reduced their SO2 emissions by 40 percent
in 1 year, from 7.4 million tons in 1994 to 4.5 million tons in
1995, the first year of compliance.
Because actual, rather than estimated data have become
available, recent Trends fossil fuel steam utility data
methodology has improved. Rather than always using DOE
FormEIA-767 as the basis for estimations, for specified years,
NOX, SO2, and heat input have been obtained from more
accurate sources. For 1985-1994, NOX rates for most coal
units were obtained and the emissions tonnage was calculated
more accurately and replaced the data estimated from DOE
FormEIA-767 data. For 1994-1996, the NOX, SO2, and heat
input data were obtained fromEPA/ARD's ETS/CEM data,4
when possible. For 1994, the only available ETS/CEM data
were for the SO2 Phase I designated units; for 1995 and 1996,
in accordance with the CAAA, all Phase I and Phase II
affected operating utility units reported to ETS. The annual
ETS/CEM data were provided by ARD and were
disaggregated to the boiler-SCC level by EFIG. Figure 3-12
presents the SO2 emissions along with heat input for the years
1985 through 1996.
3.2.3.2 Industrial Process SO2 Emissions
The SO2 emissions for metals processing increased by
44 percent over the period 1940 to 1970 and accounted for
15 percent of the total national emissions in 1970. During the
period 1970 through 1996, emissions declined from this
source by 89 percent due to the increased use of emission
control devices for the industry. Metals processing accounted
for 3 percent of total national SO2 emissions in 1996. In
particular, SO2 emissions were greatly reduced at nonferrous
smelters. By-product recovery of sulfuric acid at these
smelters has increased since 1970, resulting in the recovered
sulfuric acid not being emitted as SO2.
Processing copper is one major type of metal processing
that contributes to SO2 emissions. A NSPS was issued by the
EPA to regulate SO2 emissions from copper smelters that are
new, modified, or reconstructed after October 16, 1974. A
15 percent reduction in copper production took place between
1970 and 1993, while SO2 emissions from copper production
facilities declined 91 percent.5
Emissions from other industrial processes, chemical and
allied manufacturing, and petroleum and related industries
accounted for 4 percent of total SO2 emissions in 1940 and
7 percent in 1970. Since 1970, emissions from these sources
have declined by 54 percent. One factor contributing to the
decline in SO2 emissions from these sources is the NSPS for
sulfuric acid manufacturing plants built, modified, or
reconstructed after 1972.
3.2.3.3 Remaining Sources
In 1940, the emissions from the remaining sources of
waste disposal and recycling, on-road vehicles, non-road
engines and vehicles, and miscellaneous sources were
19 percent of total national SO2 emissions. Emissions from
railroads accounted for approximately 80 percent of the
remaining source emissions in 1940. From 1940 to 1970,
railroad emissions decreased 99 percent as a result of the
obsolescence of coal-fired locomotives. Overthe same period,
emissions from the waste disposal and recycling and on-road
vehicle categories increased by factors of 3 and 136,
respectively. Between 1970 and 1996, the emissions for:
waste disposal and recycling increased by a factor of 5 while
on-road vehicle emissions decreased by 25 percent. The
remaining source SO2 emissions constituted 4 percent of the
national total in 1996.
On August 21, 1990, EPA published regulations (54 FR
35276) that govern desulfurization of diesel motor fuel.
Beginning October 1, 1993 all diesel fuel that contains a
concentration of sulfur in excess of 0.05 percent by weight or
3-6 « 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
which fails to meet a minimum cetane index of 40 cannot be
used in motor vehicles. Reductions in SO2 emissions from
diesel motorvehicles of approximately 75 percent are expected
to result from the desulfurization regulations.6
3.2.4 PM-10 Emission Trends, 1940 through
1996
The 1940 to 1996 trend in PM-10 emissions is presented
in table 3-5 and figures 3-9 and 3-10. The emission trends for
PM-10 sources are discussed separately for the non-fugitive
dust and fugitive dust sources. The PM-10 fugitive dust
sources are categorized as natural sources (geogenic - wind
erosion) and some miscellaneous sources. Within the
miscellaneous category are agriculture and forestry
(agricultural crops and livestock) and fugitive dust
[construction, mining and quarrying, point and area source
paved roads and unpaved roads (unpaved airstrips)]. The
PM-10 non-fugitive dust sources include all other PM-10
sources. Figure 3-13 presents a summary of the emission
methodology changes in non-road estimates.
3.2.4.1 Non-Fugitive Dust Sources of PM-10
Emissions
The PM-10 non-fugitive dust sources include all PM-10
sources except the fugitive dust sources listed in section 3.2.4.
The totals for both categories are presented in table 3 -5 for the
period 1940 through 1996. The "all other" grouping includes
the following Tier I categories: fuel combustion - industrial;
fuel combustion - other; petroleum and related industries;
other industrial processes; chemical and allied product
manufacturing; and waste disposal and recycling. The
miscellaneous category consists primarily of wildfires and
managed burning.
3.2.4.1.1 Fuel Combustion PM-10 Emissions:
Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other — In 1940,
emissions from fuel combustion represented 25 percent of
non-fugitive dust PM-10 emissions. Electric utility PM-10
emissions result primarily from the combustion of coal.
Emissions from this source increased by approximately
85 percent between 1940 and 1970. The increase in emissions
during the 1940 to 1970 period corresponds with an increase
in electric production using coal as an energy source. A
NAAQS for total suspended paniculate (TSP) was first
promulgated in 1971. In 1987, the TSP standard was reviewed
and revised to include only PM with an aerodynamic diameter
less than or equal to 10 microns (referred to as PM-10).
Beginning in December 1976, a NSPS for new, modified, or
reconstructed fossil-fuel-fired steam generators became
effective.
Between 1970 and 1993, PM-10 emissions declined
85 percent from coal-fired electric power facilities while coal
consumption to produce electricity increased approximately
150 percent.3
In 1940, fuel combustion from the residential sector was
the primary source of PM-10 fuel combustion - other
emissions. Since 1940,PM-10emissionsfromresidentialfuel
combustion have declined by 76 percent due to a decrease in
the use of coal and wood as an energy source in the residential
sector.
3.2.4.1.2 Transportation PM-10 Emissions: On-
Road Vehicles and Non-Road Engines and
Vehicles — In 1940, emissions from transportation sources
accounted for 17 percent of non-fugitive dust PM-10
emissions. Railroads and light-duty gasoline vehicles
(LDGVs) contributed significantly to total 1940 emissions.
From 1940 to 1970, railroad emissions decreased by
99percent. Overthe same period, LDGV emissions decreased
by 49 percent. Although the 1996 emissions from
transportation sources represent 21 percent of the total
national PM-10 emissions from non-fugitive dust sources,
PM-10 emissions fromon-road vehicles and non-road engines
and vehicles have declined approximately 68 percent during
the 1940 to 1996 period.
3.2.4.1.3 Remaining Sources — PM-10 emissions
from industrial processes increased from 1940 to 1950,
primarily as a result of increases in industrial production.
From 1950 to 1970, industrial output continued to grow, but
emissions from industrial processes were reduced due to the
installation of pollution control equipment mandated by State
and local air pollution control programs. The reduction of
emissions by these control devices was more than off set by the
increase in emissions due to production increases. In 1970,
industrial processes contributed 58 percent to the total national
PM-10 from non-fugitive dust source emissions, while in
1996, these emissions had decreased to 23 percent, reflecting
significant progress achieved in reducing emissions from this
source category.
Another source of PM emissions is wildfires. Annual
emissions from wildfires are quite variable depending upon
the incidence of wildfires and on weather conditions in
forested areas. However, due to the success of fire prevention
programs, wildfire emissions have declined to 4 percent of
total non-fugitive dust PM-10 emissions in 1996.
3.2.4.2 Fugitive Dust Sources
Fugitive dust source emission estimates were first
presented in the 1991 Trends report. At that time, the
emission estimates forfugitive dust sources were based on old
emission factors and were developed based on limited data.
The methods used to produce those estimates relied on State-
level default data for most source categories. Emissions from
fugitive dust sources are presented in table 3-5 and figure 3-10
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends « 3-7
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
for the period 1985 through 1996. As shown in figure 3-10,
the methods used to produce post-1989 estimates for these
sources have been revised to reflect improved emission
factors, improved activity data, or both. (Chapter 6 details
these revisions.)
For several source categories, the methodology for
estimating fugitive dust emissions utilizes meteorological data
such as the number of days with greater than 0.01 inches of
precipitation and average monthly wind speed. These data can
vary significantly from year-to-year, resulting in highly
variable emissions.
The PM-10 emissions from fugitive dust sources
decreased by 33 percent from 1985 to 1996 due primarily to
changes in emission methodologies for several of the fugitive
dust soruces. During this time period, the emissions ranged
from 56 to 23 million short tons in 1988 and 1995,
respectively.
For 1996, total national fugitive dust PM-10 emissions
were estimated to be about about 7 times greater than the total
emissions from non-fugitive dust sources.
3.2.5 Lead Emission Trends, 1970 through
1996
The trend in Pb emissions is presented in table 3-6 and
figure 3-11 forthe period 1970 through 1996. The "all other"
grouping includes the following Tier I categories: fuel
combustion - electric utility; fuel combustion - industrial; other
industrial processes; and chemical and allied product
manufacturing.
3.2.5.1 Fuel Combustion Lead Emissions:
Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other
Fuel combustion emissions in 1970 accounted for
5 percent of total Pb emissions. While emissions from these
sources have decreased 95 percent during the 1970 to 1996
period, these sources contributed 13 percent to the total
national Pb emissions in 1996.
3.2.5.2 Industrial Process Lead Emissions
Industrial process emissions contributed 12 percent to
total national Pb emissions in 1970. Since that time these
emissions have decreased 92 percent, but accounted for
56 percent of total Pb emissions in 1996.
3.2.5.3 Transportation Lead Emissions:
On-Road Vehicles and Non-Road
Engines and Vehicles
The overwhelming majority of Pb emissions has
historically been attributable to one major source — on-road
vehicles. Lead emissions from on-road vehicles accounted for
78 percent of total emissions in 1970. Total national Pb
emissions decreased sharply from 1970 to 1996 as the result
of regulatory actions. The Pb NAAQS was promulgated in
October 1978. The Pb phase-down program has required the
gradual reduction of the Pb content of all gasoline over a
period of many years. The Pb content of leaded gasoline was
reduced dramatically from an average of 1.0 gram per gallon
(gpg)to0.5gpgonJuly 1,1985, and still further to 0.1 gpgon
January 1, 1986. In addition, as part of EPA's overall
automotive emission control program, unleaded gasoline was
introduced in 1975 for use in automobiles equipped with
catalytic control devices. These devices reduce CO, VOC, and
NOX emissions. In 1975, unleaded gasoline's share of the total
gasoline market was 13 percent. In 1982, the unleaded share
of the total gasoline market was approximately 50 percent. By
1996, unleaded gasoline sales accounted for 100 percent of the
gasoline market. In 1996, on-road vehicles contributed
0.5 percent of annual Pb emissions, down substantially from
81 percent in 1983. The CAAA mandates that leaded gasoline
be prohibited for use in highway vehicles after December 31,
1995. Table A-6 (see appendix A) indicates that Pb emissions
decrease dramatically between 1990 and 1991. This decrease
is the result of large changes in the values for Pb in gasoline.
However, since the prohibition on Pb in gasoline did not
officially begin until January 1, 1996, the reductions
calculated for 1991 and later are primarily the result of limited
data on trace Pb levels in gasoline for these years. Thus the
full reduction that begins in 1991 may, in reality, occur several
years beyond that. Figure 3-13 presents a summary of the
emission methodology changes in non-road estimates.
Absent regulation, one would predict that Pb emissions
from vehicles would increase as VMT and fuel use increase
and as gasoline prices decline. Between 1970 and 1993, fuel
consumption and VMT increased approximately 50 percent
and 100 percent,2 respectively, while on-road Pb emissions
declined by 99 percent. Gasoline prices have declined since
1980 in real terms.b The downward trend in Pb emissions is
the direct result of regulatory actions reducing the Pb content
of gasoline.
3-8 « 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
3.3 REFERENCES
1. Portney, Paul, "Air Pollution Policy," in Public Policies for Environmental Protection. Resources for the Future,
Washington, DC. 1990.
2. Pennwell Publishing, Energy Statistics Sourcebook, Ninth Edition. August 1994.
3. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Monthly, Washington, DC, various
editions.
4. 1995 Compliance Results, Acid Rain Program, EPA-430/R-96-012. Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC. July 1996.
5. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, "Cement," Minerals Yearbook, Washington, DC, various years.
6. Development of an Industrial SO2 Emissions Inventory Baseline and 1995 Report to Congress. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1994.
a As an aside the non-road diesel VOC excludes CH4 but includes aldehydes.
b Gasoline prices have been adjusted to consider the change in prices occurring on average for all goods and services in the economy. A decline in
gasoline prices in real terms means that gasoline prices have declined, on average, relative to all other goods in the economy during the 1970 to 1993 period.
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends « 3-9
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 3-1. Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1940 through 1996
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Residential Wood
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Other Chemical Mfg
carbon black mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
basic oxygen furnace
PETROLEUM & RE LA TED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
fluid catalytic cracking units
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
sulfate pulping: rec. furnace/evaporator
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
residential
Open Burning
residential
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
industrial
lawn & garden
light commercial
recreational marine vessels
Non-Road Diesel
construction
farm
Aircraft
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
agricultural fires
slash/prescribed burning
forest wildfires
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1940
4
435
14,890
1 1 ,279
4,190
4,139
4,139
2,750
36
2,714
NA
221
NA
221
210
114
110
NA
NA
NA
3,630
2,202
716
1,428
NA
30,121
22,237
22,232
3,752
2,694
1,058
4,132
NA
NA
8,051
3,777
750
NA
NA
60
32
20
12
4
4,083
29,210
29,210
7,653
1,476
25, 130
93,616
1950
110
549
10,656
7,716
5,844
5,760
5,760
2,910
118
2,792
NA
2,651
NA
2,651
2,525
231
220
NA
NA
NA
4,717
2,711
824
2,006
NA
45,196
31,493
31,472
6,110
4,396
1,714
7,537
54
54
11,610
7,331
1,558
NA
NA
120
53
43
10
934
3,076
18,135
18,135
2,672
2,940
1 1, 159
102,609
1960
110
661
6,250
4,743
3,982
3,775
3,775
2,866
326
2,540
23
3,086
NA
3,086
2,810
342
331
NA
NA
NA
5,597
2,703
972
2,894
NA
64,266
47,679
47,655
7,791
5,591
2,200
8,557
239
239
11,575
8,753
7,379
NA
NA
518
65
40
17
1,764
332
11,010
11,010
2,200
2,940
4,487
109,745
1970
237
770
3,625
2,932
3,397
2,866
2,666
3,644
652
2,991
440
2,179
NA
2,168
1,820
620
610
NA
NA
NA
7,059
2,979
1,107
4,080
NA
88,034
64,031
63,846
16,570
10,102
6,468
6,712
721
721
11,287
9,478
732
4,679
2,437
976
1,225
478
577
506
65
7,909
7,909
573
1,146
5,620
128,761
1980
322
750
6,230
5,992
2,151
1,417
1,417
2,246
842
1,404
80
1,723
NA
1,723
1,680
830
798
NA
NA
NA
2,300
1,246
945
1,054
NA
78,049
53,561
53,342
16,137
10,395
5,742
7,189
1,161
1,139
13,758
11,004
970
5,366
2,680
1,102
1,879
662
972
743
96
8,344
8,344
501
2,226
5,396
116,702
1990
363
879
4,269
3,781
1,183
854
795
2,640
436
2,163
594
333
38
291
264
537
473
370
5
76
1,079
372
294
706
509
57,848
37,407
37, 798
13,816
8,415
5,402
5,360
1,265
7,229
16,117
13,090
7,373
6,438
2,404
1,681
1,827
752
797
858
110
11,208
11,207
475
4,668
5,928
96,535
1995
372
1,056
4,506
3,999
7,223
939
845
2,350
424
1,930
567
348
34
309
299
624
484
370
6
25
1,185
432
357
750
536
54,106
33,701
33,500
14,829
8,475
6,414
4,123
1,453
7,472
16,841
13,806
7,436
6,895
2,621
1,763
1,897
768
830
890
104
7,050
7,049
465
4,916
1,469
89,721
1996
377
1,072
4,513
3,993
1,223
939
845
2,378
424
1,929
567
348
34
308
299
635
494
377
6
25
1,203
443
360
757
539
52,944
33,144
32,940
14,746
8,377
6,368
3,601
1,453
7,477
17,002
13,937
1,446
6,949
2,658
1,775
1,922
775
843
896
103
7,099
7,098
475
4,955
1,469
88,822
Note(s): NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are
contained in the more aggregate estimate. Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
Categories displayed below Tier I do not sum to Tier I totals because they are intended to show major contributors. 1996 emissions are preliminary.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
3-10 « 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 3-2. Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1940 through 1996
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL
Coal
bituminous
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
natural
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Oil
Gas
natural
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Residential Other
natural gas
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RE LA TED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Mineral Products
cement mfg
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
Non-Road Diesel
construction
farm
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1940
660
467
255
193
6
187
NA
NA
2,543
2,012
122
365
337
NA
529
7
177
20
6
4
105
107
105
32
NA
NA
110
1,330
970
970
204
132
73
155
NA
NA
991
122
103
70
33
NA
109
657
990
7,374
1950
1,316
1,118
584
198
23
175
NA
NA
3,192
1,076
237
1,756
1,692
NA
647
18
227
50
63
110
110
93
89
55
NA
NA
215
2,143
1,415
1,415
339
219
120
296
93
93
1,538
249
187
158
29
2
108
992
665
10,093
1960
2,536
2,038
1,154
498
8
490
NA
NA
4,075
782
239
2,954
2,846
NA
760
55
362
148
110
110
220
131
123
78
NA
NA
331
3,982
2,607
2,606
525
339
186
363
487
487
1,443
312
247
157
50
4
108
772
441
14,140
1970
4,900
3,888
2,112
1,012
40
972
NA
NA
4,325
771
332
3,060
3,053
NA
836
120
439
242
271
77
240
187
169
97
NA
NA
440
7,390
4,158
4,156
1,278
725
553
278
1,676
1,676
2,642
81
1,954
864
766
72
40
495
330
21,639
1980
7,024
6,123
3,439
901
39
562
NA
NA
3,555
444
286
2,619
2,469
NA
741
131
356
235
216
65
72
205
181
96
NA
NA
111
8,621
4,421
4,416
1,408
864
544
300
2,493
2,463
4,017
102
2,969
7,232
1,295
106
110
731
245
24,875
1990
6,663
5,642
4,532
221
207
14
565
565
3,035
585
265
1,182
967
874
1,196
200
780
449
168
97
153
378
270
151
1
3
91
7,040
3,220
3,205
1,256
764
472
326
2,238
2,792
4,593
199
3,079
1,394
1,128
158
229
929
377
23,792
1995
6,354
5,579
3,830
96
94
2
562
562
3,144
597
247
1,324
1,102
854
1,298
231
847
519
158
98
110
399
287
753
3
6
99
7,323
3,444
3,437
1,520
902
677
332
2,028
7,979
4,675
206
3,087
7,390
7,706
165
227
990
237
23,935
1996
6,034
5,517
3,813
96
94
2
269
269
3,170
599
246
1,336
7,774
864
1,289
234
838
523
159
98
110
403
290
755
3
6
100
7,171
3,403
3,389
1,510
891
619
326
1,933
1,884
4,610
207
3,089
1,386
1,112
167
227
922
239
23,393
Note(s): NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are
contained in the more aggregate estimate. Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
Categories displayed below Tier I do not sum to Tier I totals because they are intended to show major contributors. 1996 emissions are preliminary.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends « 3-11
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 3-3. Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds,
1 940 through 1 996 (thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Residential Wood
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RE LA TED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZA TION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
petroleum solvent
Surface Coating
industrial adhesives
architectural
Nonindustrial
cutback asphalt
pesticide application
adhesives
consumer solvents
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
area source: gasoline
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage I
Service Stations: Stage II
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
lawn & garden
recreational marine vessels
Non-Road Diesel
construction
farm
Aircraft
NATURAL SOURCES
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1940
2
108
1,867
1,410
554
325
571
130
1,971
168
114
42
AM
1,058
14
284
490
325
73
AM
AM
639
185
158
148
57
117
130
990
4,817
3,647
3,646
672
498
NA
778
208
AM
16
12
6
6
3
NA
4,079
4,079
17,161
1950
9
98
1,336
970
1,324
442
548
184
3,679
592
310
153
AM
2,187
41
AM
NA
AM
AM
AM
AM
1,218
361
307
218
100
251
283
1,104
7,251
5,220
5,214
1,101
908
22
1,213
423
NA
32
20
15
5
110
NA
2,530
2,530
20,936
1960
9
106
768
563
991
342
1,034
202
4,403
438
199
126
AM
2,128
29
412
1,189
759
193
AM
AM
1,762
528
449
304
115
365
437
1,546
10,506
8,058
8,050
1,433
926
89
1,215
526
AM
124
23
13
8
220
NA
1,573
1,573
24,459
1970
30
150
541
460
1,341
394
1,194
270
7,174
707
319
263
AM
3,570
52
442
1,674
1,045
241
AM
AM
1,954
599
509
300
92
416
521
1,984
12,972
9,193
9,733
2,770
743
266
1,713
1,284
574
350
300
104
152
97
NA
1,101
1,101
30,817
1980
45
157
848
809
1,595
273
1,440
237
6,584
513
373
320
AM
3,685
55
477
1,002
323
241
AM
AM
1,975
517
440
306
61
461
583
758
8,979
5,907
5,843
2,059
611
402
2,142
1,474
655
395
464
148
257
146
NA
1,134
1,134
26,167
1990
47
182
776
718
634
122
612
401
5,750
744
274
215
104
2,523
390
495
1,900
199
258
361
1,083
1,495
359
262
157
151
300
403
956
6,373
3,947
3,885
1,622
432
312
2,502
1,756
720
562
465
167
224
180
14
1,150
1,060
20,985
1995
44
206
823
759
660
125
642
450
6,183
789
339
230
112
2,681
410
522
2,048
227
299
380
1,142
1,652
406
322
191
134
334
484
1,067
5,701
3,426
3,385
1,629
327
319
2,433
1,692
523
432
466
166
219
178
14
586
508
20,586
1996
45
208
822
758
436
70
517
439
6,273
661
389
190
119
2,881
454
554
2,100
726
360
403
1,210
1,312
243
762
133
131
341
406
433
5,502
3,323
3,254
1,582
286
312
2,426
1,685
799
459
467
767
220
177
14
587
513
19,086
Note(s): NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are
contained in the more aggregate estimate. Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
Categories displayed below Tier I do not sum to Tier I totals because they are intended to show major contributors. 1996 emissions are preliminary.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
3-12 « 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 3-4. Total National Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide, 1940 through
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
Oil
residual
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Residential Other
bituminous/subbituminous coal
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
sulfur compounds
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
lead
Ferrous Metals Processing
PETROLEUM & RE LA TED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
natural gas
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
fluid catalytic cracking units
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Mineral Products
cement mfg
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
Diesels
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES1
Marine Vessels
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
Fugitive Dust
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1940
2,427
2,276
1,359
668
249
151
146
6,060
5,188
3,473
554
397
9
145
3,642
695
407
2,517
2,267
215
215
215
3,309
2,760
2,292
80
550
224
NA
NA
224
220
334
NA
334
318
NA
NA
3
3
NA
NA
3,790
215
2,975
545
545
19,952
1950
4,515
4,056
2,427
1,196
433
459
453
5,725
4,423
2,945
972
721
49
180
3,964
1,212
658
2,079
1,758
427
427
427
3,747
3,092
2,369
95
655
340
14
14
326
242
596
43
553
522
NA
NA
3
103
NA
NA
2,392
215
2,174
545
545
22,357
1960
9,263
8,883
5,367
2,642
873
380
375
3,864
2,703
1,858
922
663
42
189
2,319
154
905
1,250
868
447
447
447
3,986
3,322
2,772
57
664
676
114
114
562
383
671
114
557
524
NA
NA
10
114
NA
NA
327
105
215
554
554
22,227
1970
17,398
15,799
9,574
4,716
1,509
1,598
7,578
4,568
3,129
2,171
1,229
956
98
140
1,490
109
883
492
260
591
591
591
4,775
4,060
3,507
77
715
881
111
111
770
480
546
169
677
618
NA
NA
8
411
132
231
83
43
36
110
110
NA
31,161
1980
17,469
16,073
NA
NA
NA
1,395
NA
2,951
1,527
1,058
1,065
857
85
299
971
110
637
211
43
280
271
271
1,842
1,279
1,080
34
562
734
157
757
577
330
918
223
694
630
NA
NA
33
521
159
303
175
117
53
11
11
NA
25,905
1990
15,909
15,220
13,371
1,415
434
639
629
3,550
1,914
1,050
927
686
198
543
831
212
425
175
30
297
214
211
726
517
323
729
186
430
122
720
304
783
399
116
275
181
0
7
42
542
138
337
392
251
122
12
12
0
23,136
1996
1995
12,080
1 1 ,603
8,609
2,345
649
413
408
3,357
1,728
7,003
911
700
797
547
793
199
397
176
24
286
199
795
530
361
777
726
151
369
89
88
271
788
403
114
282
171
1
2
47
304
143
80
372
239
113
9
9
0
18,552
1996
12,604
12,114
9,723
2,366
625
412
408
3,399
1,762
1,005
918
708
797
548
782
200
389
173
27
287
199
795
530
362
777
726
151
368
89
88
271
788
409
117
285
172
1
2
48
307
144
80
368
237
111
9
9
0
19,113
Note(s): NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are
contained in the more aggregate estimate. Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
Categories displayed below Tier I do not sum to Tier I totals because they are intended to show major contributors. 1996 emissions are preliminary.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
1 Non-road diesel emissions are not available.
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends « 3-13
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 3-5. Total National Emissions of Participate Matter (PM-10), 1940 through 1996
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL
Coal
bituminous
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Other
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Residential Wood
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
Ferrous Metals Processing
primary
PETROLEUM & RE LA TED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
country elevators
terminal elevators
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
sulfate (kraft) pulping
Mineral Products
cement mfg
stone quarrying/processing
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Open Burning
residential
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Diesel
construction
farm
Railroads
NATURAL SOURCES
wind erosion
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
agricultural crops
agricultural livestock
Other Combustion
wildfires
managed burning
Fugitive Dust
unpaved roads
paved roads
construction
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1940
962
954
573
708
549
120
2,338
1,716
330
1,208
588
217
246
86
366
3,996
784
299
351
511
470
2,701
7,363
482
NA
NA
NA
392
220
220
210
NA
NA
2,480
1
0
0
2,464
NA
NA
2,968
NA
NA
NA
2,968
2,779
591
NA
NA
NA
15,957
1950
1,467
1,439
565
604
365
160
1,674
1,128
455
1,027
346
105
427
98
412
6,954
696
307
255
798
729
5,460
1,998
663
NA
NA
NA
505
333
333
314
9
9
1,788
16
12
4
1,742
NA
NA
1,934
NA
NA
NA
1,934
7,063
662
NA
NA
NA
17,133
1960
2,117
2,092
1,288
331
146
103
1,113
850
309
1,026
375
122
214
51
689
7,211
691
343
224
958
666
5,563
2,014
1,039
NA
NA
NA
764
544
544
554
15
15
201
22
12
7
110
NA
NA
1,244
NA
NA
NA
1,244
428
606
NA
NA
NA
15,558
1970
1,775
1,680
1,041
641
83
441
455
384
235
1,316
593
343
198
31
286
5,832
485
257
147
727
668
4,620
1,731
957
NA
NA
NA
999
770
770
443
136
736
369
281
702
140
25
NA
NA
839
NA
NA
NA
839
385
390
NA
NA
NA
NA
13,190
1980
879
796
483
679
18
571
887
818
148
622
130
32
322
277
138
1,846
402
258
86
183
742
1,261
477
427
NA
NA
NA
273
198
798
397
208
794
566
439
748
239
37
NA
NA
852
NA
NA
NA
852
574
375
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,287
1990
295
265
788
270
84
87
637
501
77
274
50
74
155
728
55
553
73
9
6
105
73
367
790
54
4
102
100
271
206
795
336
235
224
598
420
760
796
53
2,092
2,092
24,419
5,146
4,745
402
1,203
607
558
18,069
77,234
2,248
4,249
29,947
1995
268
244
774
302
70
73
610
484
67
212
41
72
149
723
40
511
80
9
7
81
53
317
740
58
6
109
107
287
217
204
293
190
787
555
438
764
204
27
1,146
1,146
22,454
4,661
4,334
328
778
745
586
17,013
70,362
2,409
3,654
26,888
1996
282
257
785
306
71
75
595
472
67
211
40
77
149
723
40
510
80
9
7
82
54
314
737
58
6
109
107
290
218
205
274
172
762
591
444
766
208
27
5,316
5,316
22,702
4,708
4,395
313
783
745
597
17,209
70,303
2,477
3,950
31,301
Note(s): NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are
contained in the more aggregate estimate. Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
Categories displayed below Tier I do not sum to Tier I totals because they are intended to show major contributors. 1996 emissions are preliminary.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
3-14 « 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 3-6. Total National Emissions of Lead, 1970 through 1996
(short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
Oil
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
Oil
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
lead oxide and pigments
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
primary lead production
primary copper production
primary zinc production
secondary lead production
secondary copper production
lead battery manufacture
lead cable coating
Ferrous Metals Processing
coke manufacturing
ferroalloy production
iron production
steel production
gray iron production
Metals Processing NEC
metal mining
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Mineral Products
cement manufacturing
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
municipal waste
other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
Aircraft
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1970
327
300
181
28
237
218
146
19
70,052
10,000
703
103
103
24,224
15,869
12, 134
242
1,019
1,894
374
41
127
7,395
11
219
266
3,125
3,773
960
353
2,025
540
540
1,488
2,200
2,200
581
1,619
171,961
142,918
22,683
6,361
9,737
8,340
1,397
220,869
1975
230
189
114
41
75
60
40
16
10,042
10,000
120
120
120
9,923
7,192
5,640
171
224
821
200
49
55
2,196
8
104
93
1,082
910
535
268
7,337
217
217
1,120
1,595
1,595
396
1,199
130,206
106,868
19,440
3,898
6,730
5,012
1,118
159,659
1980
129
95
57
34
60
45
31
14
4,777
4,080
104
104
104
3,026
1,826
7,075
20
24
481
116
50
37
911
6
13
38
481
373
289
207
808
93
93
715
7,270
1,210
161
1,049
60,501
47,184
1 1 ,671
1,646
4,205
3,320
885
74,153
1985
64
51
31
13
30
22
15
8
427
400
775
118
118
2,097
1,376
874
19
16
288
70
65
43
577
3
7
21
209
336
144
141
316
43
43
273
577
871
79
792
18,052
13,637
4,061
354
927
229
692
22,890
1990
64
46
28
18
18
14
10
3
418
400
736
136
736
2,769
1,409
728
19
9
449
75
78
50
576
4
18
18
138
397
184
184
169
26
26
143
504
804
67
738
427
314
100
7
776
158
619
4,975
1995
57
50
30
7
76
14
9
3
474
400
744
144
144
2,067
1,339
674
21
12
432
79
105
16
545
0
8
19
152
366
183
783
59
29
29
30
622
622
70
552
79
14
5
0
545
0
545
3,943
1996
62
50
31
12
77
14
9
3
474
400
777
117
777
2,000
1,282
636
22
13
400
85
105
21
524
0
7
78
760
339
194
793
57
30
30
28
635
638
74
564
19
14
5
0
545
0
545
3,869
Note(s): NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are
contained in the more aggregate estimate. Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
Categories displayed below Tier I do not sum to Tier I totals because they are intended to show major contributors. 1996 emissions are preliminary.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends « 3-15
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 3-7. Carbon Monoxide Emission Standards, 1970 to Present
Emission Limit
(grams of CO per mile)
Light-duty Trucks
Model year
1970-1971
1972-1974
1975-1979
1980-1993
1994+
1994+
Note(s): 1 Standard
Light-duty Vehicles (0 to 6,000 Ibs.)
23
39
15
3.42
3.45
4.26
applies for 1975-1978 model years.
39
201
183,104
4.45
5.56
i vehicles were subject to a less stringent requirement of 7.0 grams
per mile from model years 1980-1984.
Standard applies for 1979-1983 model years.
Standard applies for 1984-1993 model years.
Standards applicable to vehicles that have a useful life (for certification
purposes) of 5 years or 50,000 miles, whichever comes first.
Standards applicable to vehicles that have a useful life (for certification
purposes) of 10 years or 100,000 miles, whichever comes first.
Table 3-8. Nitrogen Oxide and Volatile Organic Compound Emission
Limits for Light-Duty Vehicles
Emission Limit
(grams per mile)
Model Year NOV VOC1
1972-1974
1975-1979
1980-1993
61994+
71994+
3.02
3.13, 2.04
1.05
0.4
0.6
3.4
1.5
0.41
0.25
0.31
Note(s): 1 These are exhaust emission standards for VOC.
2 Standard applies for 1973-1974 model years.
3 Standard applies for 1975-1976 model years.
4 Standard applies for 1977-1980 model years.
5 Standard applies for 1981-1993 model years.
6 Standard applicable to vehicles that have a useful life (for certification
purposes) of 5 years or 50,000 miles, whichever comes first.
7 Standard applicable to vehicles that have a useful life (for certification
purposes) of 10 years or 100,000 miles, whichever comes first.
3-16 « 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 3-9. Nitrogen Oxide and Volatile Organic Compound Emission Limits
for Light-Duty Trucks
Emission Limit
(grams per mile)
Model Year
1972-1974
1975-1978
1979-1984
1985-1993
71994+
81994+
NOX
3.02
3.13
2.34
1 .25'6
0.7
0.97
VOC1
3.4
2.0
1.7
0.8
0.32
0.4
Note(s): 1 These are exhaust emission standards for VOC.
2 Standard applies for 1973-1974 model years.
3 Qtanrlarrl ^nnliac fnr 1 Q7R 1 Q7P mnrlcal wcaaro
Standard applies for 1979-1987 model years.
Standard applies for 1988-1993 model years.
Light-duty trucks with a loaded-vehicle weight more than 3,750 pounds are
subject to a 1.7 grams per mile standard for these model years.
Standard applicable to vehicles that have a useful life (for certification
purposes) of 5 years or 50,000 miles, whichever comes first.
Standard applicable to vehicles that have a useful life (for certification
purposes) of 10 years or 100,000 miles, whichever comes first.
Figure 3-1. History of U.S. Municipal, County, and State Air Pollution
Control Legislation
= 150
s
co
£
* 100
50
i
Year
• Municipal
• County
D State
1880
1890
2
1900
5
1910
23
1920
40
1
1930
51
2
1940
52
3
1950
80
2
1960
84
17
8
1970
107
81
50
1980
81
142
50
Source: Public Policies for Environmental Protection.
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends « 3-17
-------
Figure 3-2. Trend in Gross Domestic Product, Population, Vehicle Miles Traveled,
and Total Fuel Consumption, 1970 to 1996
250
GDP
-•-
Population
O
VMT
—±-
Total Fuel Consumption
50
I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I T
1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996
Year
Note(s): All variables are expressed as a percentage of each variable's 1970 value
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure 3-3. Trend in National Emissions, NITROGEN OXIDES, VOLATILE
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, SULFUR DIOXIDE (1900 to 1996), and PARTICULATE
MATTER (PM-10 [non-fugitive dust sources] 1940 to 1996)
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
Year
Figure 3-4. Trends in National Emissions, CARBON MONOXIDE (1940 to 1996),
FUGITIVE DUST (FD [1985 to 1996]), and LEAD (1970 TO 1996)
IOU
+J
(A
D ^
O (/) -ion
C l^v
> 2
— j_,
i?_ -^ QO
(/) 3U
« o
"o c en
•— c ou
X s-"
O (/)
c c
o _o
|5 on
C •—
o 'E
•£ LU
(0
0 n
ouu
"tn
c
^. 2
/7\. 250 t
_^^ / \v "N^XA |
^^"^ \ Vv A -200 "?
•^^CO Pb \ ^^A i
\ ^' (0
V 3
\ 150 ^
\ ^
(A
\ . c
\ -100 .2
1
-------
Figure 3-5. Trend in CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1940 to 1996
(reading legend left to right corresponds to plotted series from top to bottom)
150
125
_ 100
(A
o
+J
o
2 75
E,
in
'55
LJ
50
25
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970
Year
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
| All Other | Waste Disposal
I Chemical
Metals I I Misc
I Comb-Other
Non-Road
I On-Road
-------
30
25
20
t/
o
o
•5 15
o
g 10
u>
LU
Figure 3-6. Trend in NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1940 to 1996
(reading legend left to right corresponds to plotted series from top to bottom)
° I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Year
] All Other • Other Ind D Chem • Comb-Other D Non-Road • Comb-lnd D Comb-Util D On-Road
-------
i/)
c
35
30
25
20
i 15
10
u>
HI
Figure 3-7. Trend in VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by 7 Principal Categories, 1940 to 1996
(reading legend left to right corresponds tr ilotted series from top to bottom)
0 M-IU-U^U-UUUIU I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Year
All Other r| Misc r~| Chemical • Stor & Trans r~| Non-Road rm Waste Disposal I I Solv Util I I On-Road
-------
o
35
30
25
20
15
O
1 10
LU
Figure 3-8. Trend in SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions by 6 Principal Source Categories, 1940 to 1996
(reading legend left to right corresponds to plotted series from top to bottom)
5 _
0 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Year
All Other Q Non-Road | Comb-Other Q On-Road | Metals Q Comb- Industry Q Comb-Util
-------
Figure 3-9. Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions BY 7 Principal Source Categories
Excluding Fugitive Dust Sources, 1940-1996
(reading legend left to right corresponds to plotted series from top to bottom)
20
15
I/)
c
o
I
I/)
o
'
LU
10
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Year
|Misc HAllotner G Waste Disp | Comb-lnd QComb-Util | Comb-Other Q Non-Road Q Other Ind
-------
Table 3-10. Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions by Fugitive Dust Source Category, 1985-1996
(reading legend left to right corresponds to plotted series from top to bottom)
t
o
o
60
50
40 _
30
ml
10 _
M
E
T
H
O
D
O
L
O
G
Y
B
R
E
A
K
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
Note(s): Methodology was revised beginning in 1990
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
Natural Sources Q All Other Q Paved Roads | Construction Q Agricultural Crops Q Unpaved Roads
-------
Figure 3-11. Trend in LEAD Emissions by 5 Principal Source Categories, 1970-1996
(reading legend left to right corresponds to plotted series from top to bottom)
300
250
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
D 1975
Q All Other | Non-Road
1980 1985
Year
^\ Comb-Other | Waste Disposal
1990 1£
Q Metals Q On-Road
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
COAL Combustion
Figure 3-12. Electric Utility NOX and SO2 Emissions and Heat Inputs, 1985 to 1996
-^25
—s -^
3 2 20
£ £
m o
T w 15
o m
T- <
*-* o
3 ^ 10
f 8
- .2 c
E
LU o
OOOOO<>OOO
NOx
H h
1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995
Year
OIL Combustion
& +* 1 5
m t
? f 1.0
^2
3 ^
C W
~ o 0.5
H 8
E
m 0.0
1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995
Year
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends « 3-27
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure 3-13. Additional Information on On-road
and Non-road Sources
Non-road Engines NOX and PM Emissions
The emission estimates for NOX and PM from non-road diesel engines increased
significantly from the previous year's report. The emission estimates presented in last year's
report were based on the "Non-road Engine and Vehicle
Emissions Study-Report" issued by EPA in November
1991 and a later report ("Methodology to Calculate Non-
road Emission Inventories at the County and Sub-County
Level," July 1992). These reports give detailed
inventories for each county in 33 nonattainment areas. A national non-road inventory was
then calculated as the sum of the non-road emission estimates extrapolated to every county in
the nation.
Since then, new information from Powers Systems Research was used as input to develop
a new non-road model ("Nonroad Emission Inventory Methodology," draft report, 1997) to
better predict non-road emissions. This model includes more engines (such as light
commercial equipment like generator sets over 50 horsepower) which are not included in
earlier inventories. The model is able to predict emissions only on a national level. Predicting
emissions at the national level with the new model results in much larger farm/agricultural
equipment emissions. This model accounts for the benefits of the Tier I non-
'Illl roac* standards which reduces NOX to 6.9 grams per brake horsepower-hour
"~ starting for certain horsepower engines in 1996 and applied to other horsepower
categories through the year 2000.
On-road and Non-road Lead
The emission estimates of lead from on-road vehicles and non-road engines and vehicles
reported in last year's report were too high. Adjustments based on the actual lead content of
leaded and unleaded gasoline for the years 1989 through 1996 were made to the estimates. At
the same time EPA decided to include a missing category, aircraft, to the list of
source categories inventoried. These changes have sparked a lot of interest in
reviewing other possible missing source categories such as racing cars and the
use of lead additives in gasoline for farm equipment; these may be inventoried
in upcoming reports.
Source(s): U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor,
3-28 « 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
Chapter 4.0 Recent Emission Inventory
Developments
4.1 RECENT INVENTORY EFFORTS
In 1994, an emission inventory1 was developed for the
GCVTC to support visibility modeling and emission
management evaluation activities required under the CAAA.
The inventory was developed for the 11 western States
(Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada,
New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming).
The base year for the inventory is 1990. The inventory
includes county-level annual emission estimates of NOX, VOC,
SO2, ammonia (NH3), PM-2.5, TSP, and elemental and
organic carbon paniculate (EC/OC) for stationary (point and
area), mobile (on-road and non-road), and biogenic sources.
Development of the inventory required merging several data
sets. The following data sets were used in descending order of
priority: State-derived data directly available from each State;
1990 NET inventory to fill geographical data gaps in
inventories provided by the States; and the 1985 NAPAP
inventory to fill pollutant gaps (i.e., TSP and NH3). EPA has
incorporated nonutility point source estimates into the NET
inventory. Table 4-1 summarizes the emissions from
nonutility point sources in the GCVTC.
The OTAG is a regional body, chartered by the
Environmental Council of States (ECOS), for the purpose of
evaluating O3 transport and recommending strategies for
mitigating interstate pollution. The OTAG was a consultative
process among 37 eastern States and the District of Columbia
which included examination of the extent NOX emissions from
hundreds of kilometers away are contributing to smog
problems in downwind cities in the eastern half of the country,
such as Atlanta, Boston, and Chicago.2 The EPA worked with
OTAG over a 2-year period. To successfully perform
photochemical modeling of O3 formation, transport, and
accumulation required developing high quality base and future
year emission inventory inputs.3 The base year inventory
represented average summer day emissions in 1990 for CO,
NOX, and VOC for all stationary point and area sources
throughout the OTAG region. Mobile emission estimates
were not developed, but MOBILE emission factor inputs and
VMT were collected from the States, EPA, and the Lake
Michigan Air Directors Consortium (LADCO). This inventory
represented the integration of all emissions data supplied by
the States with EPA's NET inventory. Table 4-2 presents
OTAG's 1990 average summer day emissions by State and
point and area source categories. Table 4-3 presents these
emissions for the OTAG region by Tier II point and area
source categories. "Average summer day emissions" were
defined as average daily emissions for the months of June,
July, and August. The O3 season was defined in OTAG's
analyses as May 1 through September 30. The OTAG area has
an eastern boundary of the Atlantic Ocean and a western
border running from north to south through North Dakota,
South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. In
total, the OTAG inventory completely covers 37 States and the
District of Columbia. Estimates for Mississippi and Iowa are
the same as those in the NET inventory because these states
did not submit data to OTAG. EPA has incorporated these
estimates into the NET inventory as outlined in chapter 6.
Please note on-road vehicle emissions are not presented in
either table 4-2 or table 4-3 and the emission estimates
developed by OTAG for electric utilities (contained in these
tables) were not incorporated into the NET inventory.
4.2 COMPOSITION OF PM-2.5 IN THE
AMBIENT AIR
EPA recently implemented revisions to the PM NAAQS.
The new standard specifies requirements for PM-2.5. In the
future, EPA will complete development of a PM-2.5 emission
inventory. In the meantime, a general assessment of the
emission sources contributing to PM-2.5 can be obtained by
evaluating PM-2.5 monitoring data. The paragraphs below
provide a broad overview of the main types of sources
contributing to ambient PM-2.5 concentrations.
PM-2.5 is composed of a mixture of particles directly
emitted into the air and particles formed in the air from the
chemical transformation of gaseous pollutants (secondary
particles). The principal types of secondary particles are
ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate formed in the air
from gaseous emissions of SO2 and NOX, reacting with NH3.
The main source of SO2 is combustion of fossil fuels inboilers
and the main sources of NOX are combustion of fossil fuel in
boilers and mobile sources.
The principal types of directly emitted particles are soil
related particles and inorganic and EC/OC particles from the
4.0 Recent Emission Inventory Developments # 4-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
combustion of fossil fuels and biomass materials. The main
sources of soil-related particles are roads, construction and
agriculture. The main sources of combustion-related particles
are mobile sources such as diesels, managed burning, open
burning, residential wood combustion, utility and commercial
boilers.
Figures 4-1 and 4-2 summarize information from actual
measurements of ambient PM-2.5. They show how PM-2.5
composition varies in both the Eastern and Western United
States. The ambient samples were chemically analyzed to
determine the amount of ammonium sulfate and nitrate, soil
and carbonaceous material present. The figures are based on
at least 1 year of data from each monitoring location. The
data were collected using a variety of non-Federal reference
methods and should not be used to determine compliance with
the PM-2.5 NAAQS.
4.2.1 PM-2.5 in the Eastern United States
Figure 4-1 shows the composition of PM-2.5 in the
Eastern United States. The composition information
represents a range of urban and nonurban locations. It shows
relatively consistent composition of PM-2.5 across much of
the East. The available information consistently shows that
PM-2.5 in the East is dominated by ammonium sulfate on a
regional scale and also by carbonaceous particles emitted
directly by combustion processes. Regional concentrations of
PM-2.5 are generally higher throughout much of the East, due
to the regional influence of ammonium sulfate caused by
higher SO2 emissions throughout much of the East and the
ubiquitous nature of combustion processes.
4.2.2 PM-2.5 in the Western United States
Figure 4-2 shows the composition of PM-2.5 in the
Western United States. The composition represents both
urban and nonurban locations and is more variable in the West
than in the East. Soil is a relatively small constituent of
PM-2.5 in both the West and East, even in arid and
agricultural areas such as Phoenix (Arizona) and the San
Joaquin Valley of California. However, the West differs from
the East in two important ways. First, nonurban PM-2.5
concentrations are much lower in the West than in the East.
This is because the East is blanketed regionally by relatively
higher concentrations of ammonium sulfate; in contrast,
regional sulfate concentrations in the West are much lower.
Second, several western areas, notably the San Joaquin Valley
and the Rubidoux area of the South Coast basin have higher
ammonium nitrate concentrations. Nitrate concentrations are
also higher in nonurban areas of Southern California inland
from the South Coast basin.4 Such pockets of higher nitrate
concentrations have not been reported in the East.
4.2.3 Data Sources
Composition and concentration data for all nonurban
locations were obtained from the Interagency Monitoring of
Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) except for the
New England location which is based on combined nonurban
data from IMPROVE and the Northeast States for
Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM).4'5 The
Washington, DC data were also obtained from IMPROVE and
the Boston and Rochester data are based on NESCAUM.4'5
Note that the NESCAUM data is still subject to minor
revision. The South Coast information is adapted from
Christoforou.6 The Phoenix information is based on EPA's
Particulate Matter (PM) Research Monitoring Network7 with
the exception of the nitrate estimates which were adapted from
Desert Research Institute (DRI).8'9 The San Joaquin data are
from DRI.8 Spokane's composition and concentration data
was obtained from Norris.10 The published composition data
for the East are somewhat limited, but preliminary
information from several unpublished urban studies is
consistent with figure 4-1.11'12
Nonurban data are based on averages of several
monitoring locations in the region. Urban data are based on
only one location in each area and may not represent the entire
area. The exceptions to this are the South Coast and San
Joaquin Valley areas of California where multiple locations
are averaged together. In the South Coast basin, Rubidoux
recorded the highest average PM-2.5 and nitrate
concentrations. Additional information on the composition of
PM-2.5 within these areas of California are discussed further
in references 6 and 8.
4.3 REFERENCES
1. An Emissions Inventory for Assessing Regional Haze on the Colorado Plateau, Grand Canyon Visibility Transport
Commission, Denver, CO. January 1995.
2. Nitrogen Oxides: Impacts on Public Health and the Environment. EPA-452/R-97-002. Office of Air and Radiation,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. August 1997.
3. Solomon, D.A., R.A. Wayland, and M. Janssen. Development of Base and Future Year Emission Inputs for OTAG
Modeling, presented at the Air & Waste Management Association Specialty Conference, New Orleans, LA.
September 4-6, 1996.
4. IMPROVE, Cooperative Center for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, July 1996.
4-2 # 4.0 Recent Emission Inventory Developments
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
5. Salmon, Lynn and Glen R. Cass, October, 1997, Progress Report to NESCAUM: Determination of Fine Particle
Contraction and Chemical Composition in the Northeastern United States, 1995, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, CA 91125. Draft.
6. Christoforou, C.S., Lynn G. Salmon, Michael P. Hannigan, Paul A. Soloman and Glen R. Cass, Trends in Fine Particle
Concentration and Chemical Composition. Accepted for publication in Journal of Air and Waste Management
Association, Pittsburgh, PA.
7. The National Environmental Research Laboratory/Research Triangle Park PM Research Monitoring Network, US EPA,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, 1997.
8. PM-10 and PM-2.5 Variations in Time and Space, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, October 1995.
9. Watson, John G. and Tom Moore, personal communications with T.G. Pace, December 1997.
10. Norris, Gary and Jane Koenig, Preliminary Analysis of PM and Daily Emergency Room Visits for Asthma in Spokane,
Washington, USA, Presented at International Symposium on Health Effects of PM, Prague, Czech Republic, April 1997.
11. Preliminary PM-2.5 data summaries for Knoxville and Chattanooga, TN. Personal communication from Dr. Roger
Tanner (Tennessee Valley Authority) to T.G. Pace (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), December 1997.
12. PM-2.5 data summaries for Philadelphia, PA, Washington, DC, and Nashville, TN. Personal communication from
T. Bahadori, H. Suh, and P. Koutrakis (Harvard School of Public Health) to T.G. Pace (U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency), January 1998.
4.0 Recent Emission Inventory Developments # 4-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table
4-1. Grand Canyon Visibility
Transport Commission (GCVTC)
Emissions by State from Nonutility Point
Sources, 1990
(thousand short tons)
State
Arizona
California
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico
Oregon
Utah
Washington
Wyoming
Carbon
Monoxide
11
150
22
5
44
11
20
106
44
236
15
GCVTC Reqion 664
Nitrogen
Oxides
40
192
42
8
16
5
70
27
17
33
40
489
Volatile
Organic
Compounds
12
218
24
1
9
4
11
19
6
24
20
348
Sulfur
Dioxide
60
54
14
25
48
2
101
21
52
47
40
465
Particulate
Matter
(PM-10)
10
49
36
17
23
11
9
29
8
13
4
210
NOTE: The sums of States may not equal GCVTC Region due to rounding.
4-4 # 4.0 Recent Emission Inventory Developments
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 4-2. Ozone Transport Assessment Group Point and Area
Vehicles) Source Emissions by State, 1990
(short tons per day)
Volatile Organic Compounds
State
Alabama
Arkansas
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Nebraska
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
TOTAL, OTAG
Point
191
44
42
36
1
97
142
700
347
39
138
342
317
57
66
82
426
168
169
179
39
28
342
481
352
14
470
66
426
23
159
2
411
811
4
300
236
138
7,885
Area
616
424
372
89
31
1,455
780
1,392
872
493
648
536
689
148
446
614
960
806
571
773
366
92
611
1,240
865
208
1,085
527
855
95
598
176
976
2,239
45
770
262
622
24,346
Total
808
468
414
125
32
1,552
921
2,091
1,219
532
786
878
1,006
204
511
696
1,386
974
741
953
405
120
953
1,721
1,217
222
1,555
593
1,282
117
758
178
1,387
3,050
48
1,070
498
760
32,232
Nitrogen Oxides
Point
901
178
115
148
8
1,438
904
1,806
1,752
423
530
1,105
1,132
102
569
369
1,459
400
347
722
278
115
834
794
847
357
2,352
310
2,097
12
433
55
1,200
2,810
1
328
1,620
536
29,387
Area
313
209
128
42
18
415
307
553
388
169
400
403
722
34
202
233
393
202
315
232
170
27
264
454
234
98
476
410
402
28
160
38
465
836
12
387
128
216
10,483
Total
1,214
387
244
190
27
1,853
1,211
2,359
2,140
592
930
1,508
1,854
136
771
602
1,852
602
662
954
449
142
1,097
1,248
1,081
455
2,828
720
2,499
40
592
93
1,665
3,645
13
715
1,748
752
39,870
(Excluding On-road
Carbon Monoxide
Point
529
252
35
43
1
188
466
1,457
1,066
34
195
282
1,593
88
428
59
439
221
254
283
19
64
132
140
236
29
2,074
100
3,015
6
136
0
298
1,128
1
114
827
281
16,511
Area
1,263
716
835
185
148
3,475
1,994
2,914
1,148
745
2,038
856
1,727
187
1,238
1,462
1,972
1,892
1,292
2,162
1,024
154
1,434
2,813
2,552
394
2,009
826
1,745
208
982
462
2,323
7,278
79
1,587
486
1,262
55,867
Total
1,792
968
870
228
149
3,663
2,460
4,371
2,214
778
2,232
1,138
3,320
275
1,665
1,521
2,412
2,114
1,545
2,445
1,042
218
1,566
2,953
2,788
424
4,083
926
4,759
214
1,118
462
2,620
8,406
80
1,701
1,313
1,542
72,379
Note(s): The sums may not equal the total due to rounding.
Source: Data files downloaded from /ftp. epa.gov/
4.0 Recent Emission Inventory Developments # 4-5
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 4-3. Ozone Transport Assessment Group Point and Area (Excluding
Vehicles) Source Emissions by Tier II Source Category, 1990
(short tons per day)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Organic Chemicals
Inorganic Chemicals
Polymers & Resins
Agricultural Chemicals
Paints, Varnishes, Lacquers, Enamels
Pharmaceuticals
Other Chemicals
METALS PROCESSING
Non-Ferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Construction
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
Point
183
111
14
8
10
39
356
16
24
112
97
107
17
1
1
5
9
1,395
432
5
373
16
54
40
474
371
48
306
18
565
131
423
11
1,012
276
63
251
167
54
37
7
9
0
150
voc
Area
6
5
0
0
1
38
6
7
19
5
0
108
0
4
8
7
78
11
474
128
0
324
23
0
0
0
0
628
381
247
0
121
105
2
0
0
14
Total
189
117
14
8
10
40
393
23
31
131
102
107
125
1
5
13
17
78
11
1,869
560
5
696
16
54
63
474
372
48
306
18
1,193
512
669
12
1,134
381
63
251
169
54
37
7
9
0
164
Point
21,682
18,444
1,061
1,267
55
857
5,331
1,098
400
1,707
253
1,872
329
61
47
181
40
454
54
34
19
205
0
0
142
277
23
245
9
290
163
112
15
895
10
0
212
0
644
11
0
1
17
NOx
Area
18
5
0
0
12
2,286
458
304
1,505
17
1
574
20
128
204
19
7
197
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
2
1
6
0
2
0
3
Total
21,701
18,449
1,061
1,267
55
869
7,617
1,556
705
3,212
270
1,874
903
80
176
384
59
7
197
455
54
34
19
205
0
0
142
278
24
245
9
293
165
112
15
901
10
0
212
0
646
12
0
1
20
Point
1,181
720
98
138
41
183
1,433
164
138
379
429
323
195
20
7
28
140
3,657
480
372
8
515
0
0
2,282
7,428
495
6,872
61
976
85
879
12
1,308
1
0
1,168
0
125
2
4
0
6
On -road
CO
Area
4
0
0
0
3
532
122
54
242
113
0
712
7
25
40
23
556
61
1
0
1
1
0
1
2
0
0
2
Total
1,185
721
98
138
41
186
1,964
285
192
621
542
323
907
27
32
69
163
556
61
3,657
480
372
8
515
0
0
2,282
7,429
495
6,872
62
977
86
879
13
1,309
1
0
1,168
0
125
2
4
0
8
4-6 # 4.0 Recent Emission Inventory Developments
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Source Category
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
Nonindustrial
Solvent Utilization NEC
STORAGES, TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage 1
Service Stations: Stage II
Service Stations: Breathing & Emptying
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
Bulk Materials Transport
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
Open Burning
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES (not included)
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
Non-Road Diesel
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
Railroads
NATURAL SOURCES (not included)
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
Other Combustion
Catastrophic/Accidental Releases
Health Services
Cooling Towers
Fugitive Dust
TOTAL
Note(s): The sums may not equal the total due to round
Table
Point
2,965
179
513
8
2,063
202
0
914
178
328
274
3
4
92
30
1
4
106
26
1
29
15
9
25
2
2
0
1
0
7,885
4-3 (continued)
voc
Area
11,304
1,409
322
458
4,752
44
4,319
1
2,716
671
84
104
767
970
113
7
1,333
102
480
89
26
452
124
59
6,531
5,344
615
326
125
121
1,086
11
1,064
10
0
24,346
Total
14,269
1,588
835
466
6,815
245
4,319
1
3,630
849
412
378
770
974
113
99
30
1
4
1,439
128
481
119
41
461
148
61
6,531
5,344
615
326
125
121
1,088
11
1,064
10
1
0
32,232
Point
5
0
2
0
3
0
3
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
121
119
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
29,387
NOx
Area
0
0
0
1
1
139
37
102
0
0
7,253
433
4,315
311
489
1,704
203
203
10,483
Total
6
0
2
0
4
0
0
3
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
260
156
102
0
0
0
0
1
7,253
433
4,315
311
489
1,704
203
203
39,870
Point
12
0
0
0
2
10
207
0
0
0
206
0
0
1
115
113
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
16,511
CO
Area
0
0
0
2,590
845
1,745
0
0
44,662
39,651
2,848
1,687
203
274
7,364
7,364
55,867
Total
12
0
0
0
2
10
0
207
0
0
0
206
0
0
1
2,706
958
1,746
0
0
1
0
44,662
39,651
2,848
1,687
203
274
7,364
7,364
0
72,379
ing. Blanks represent zero emissions.
Source: Data files downloaded from /ftp.epa.gov/
4.0 Recent Emission Inventory Developments # 4-7
-------
Figure 4-1. PM-2.5 Composition in the Eastern United States
Nonurban locations
Urban locations
BoundaryWaters
(5.1 ug/m3)
New England Average
(9.5 ug/m3)
Appalachians. Mid-Atlantic
(11.35 ug/m3)
Washington, DC
(19.2 ug/m3)
Mid-South
(12.1 ug/m3)
Note: PM-2.5 mass concentrations are determined on at least 1 year of monitoring at each location using a variety of non-Federal reference methods.
They should not be used to determine compliance with the PM-2.5 NAAQS.
-------
Figure 4-2. PM-2.5 Composition in the Western United States
Urban locations
Nonurban locations
Spokane
(11.0ug/m3)
South Coast
(Basin Avg - 28 ug/m3)
| |c arb onace on s
| | Nitrate
| | SoU
Msulfate | lother
Central Rockies
(3.1 ug/m3)
San Joaqum valley
(Avg - 30 ug/m3)
W. Phoenix
(13.5 ug/m3)
Sonoran Desert
(4.3 ug/m3)
Sierra Nevada
(4.5 ug/m3)
Note: PM-2.5 mass concentrations are determined on at least 1 year of monitoring at each location using a variety of non-Federal reference methods.
They should not be used to determine compliance with the PM-2.5 NAAQS.
-------
Chapter 5.0
National Emission Projections,
1996 to 2010
Emission projections by pollutant through the year 2010
are shown in tables 5-1 through 5-5 and figures 5-1 through
5-5 for CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10, respectively. For
most source categories, emission projections are based on
projected changes in BEA earnings and SEDS fuel
consumption and population.1'2 (Department of Energy
electricity generation projections3 are used for utilities and
MOBILE Fuel Consumption Model4 VMT projections are
used for motor vehicles.) Non-road projections for future
years are made using the new EPA non-road model which
generally incorporates BEA growth projections. Changes in
emission controls are modeled to project the effects of the
CAAA on future emission levels. The growth factors project
growth in activity only and do not include changes that might
result from new technology (i.e., improved efficiency).
Additional factors were utilized in the industrial,
commercial/institutional, and residential fuel combustion
sectors to account for improvements in efficiency. For those
sectors, ratios of fuel consumption to constant dollars
(industrial sector) or fuel consumption per square foot
(commercial/institutional and residential) were developed
relative to the base year and were applied to the emissions
projected using growth factors.5 The control factors will
capture changes in control technology mandated by the
CAAA but may not capture new technologies and increased
efficiency of process which are not mandated by the CAAA.
Emission projections are a function of growth factors and
future control level estimates, both of which have associated
uncertainties. Growth factors, in general, are more uncertain
the further into the future the growth is projected. In any
given projectionyear, unexpected upturns or downturns in the
economy may occur which are unaccounted for in projections
of trends in activity. While the control factors applied may
account for control initiatives resulting from CAAA
requirements, increased production efficiency and
technological changes (which may be a result of initiatives to
decrease production costs) may not be taken into account.
National projections are shown in the following tables for
each pollutant. These projections can be used to show which
pollutants are expected to increase or decline, and to show
which sectors have the greatest impact on total emissions and
future emission levels. While the future levels may give an
indication of whether air quality can be expected to improve,
it should be noted that air quality indicators (e.g., ambient
concentrations) vary significantly by area and that these
national projections may not adequately indicate the emission
changes expected in individual areas currently in
nonattainment for CO, SO2, PM-10, and O3. Caveats
associated with the controls modeled for each pollutant are
discussed below.
5.1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
PROJECTIONS, 1996 AND 1997
REPORTS
As in past Trends reports, changes will be made to the
emission estimate projections as improved information and
resources become available. Anticipated beneficial effects
from such widely publicized developments as the recently
announced fuel cells and hybrid propulsion systems for
automobiles, expected to reduce vehicle emissions, cannot
realistically be quantified at this early stage.
5.2 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS
Trends in CO emissions through 2010 are shown in
table 5-1 and illustrated in figure 5-1. Total emissions are
expected to show a continued decline through 2005 with
emissions showing a slight increase in 2007 continuing into
the future. Emissions in2010 likely will remain below 1990
levels. The decline through 2005 is due entirely to expected
decreases in on-road vehicle emissions as a result of more
stringent tailpipe standards, enhanced inspection and
maintenance (I/M) in some O3 and CO NAAs, and
oxygenated fuels. These decreases in on-road vehicle
emissions outweigh small increases in emissions from other
source categories. As VMT increases begin to dominate any
further decreases in on-road vehicle emission factors, total
emissions begin to increase.
5.3 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN
NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS
Projected levels of NOX emissions through 2010 are
shown in table 5-2 and figure 5-2. Total emissions show a
5.0 National Emission Projections # 5-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
slight increase from 1990 to 1993 followed by a decrease in
1996 as stationary source NOX RACT is implemented and
enhanced I/M programs begin in some O3 NAAs. Electric
utility emissions show an expected decline in 1996 with
RACT requirements and an additional decline between 1999
and 2000 as phase II Title IV standards become effective.
While RACT control requirements for industrial fuel
combustion emitters result in emission declines for this
category, trends are dominated by decreases in predicted
activity for coal and oil sectors. On-road vehicle emissions
will likely continue to decline through 2010 as emission
factor decreases due to tailpipe standards, phase II
reformulated gasoline, and I/M requirements outweigh
increases in VMT.
5.3.1 Utility Projections
Utility emissions growth for this Trends report was
estimated using the Emission Reduction and Cost Analysis
Model forNOx (ERCAM-NOX), and the 1995 NET Inventory
as the base for the projections (refer to section 6.8.1). These
projections are considered DRAFT. EPA has recently been
using another forecasting model, Integrated Planning Model
(IPM), to develop utility emission projections for economic
analyses supporting the final Acid Rain Phase II NOX
Emission Reduction Rule6 and the proposed Regional Ozone
Transport Reduction Rule.7 EPA used a 1994 inventory
prepared by the Acid Rain Division (ARD) as the base for the
IPM projections used in these rulemakings (refer to section
6.2.1). The assumptions made by ERCAM-NOX and IPM are
largely consistent with each other, but with differences
occurring in the consideration of electric power deregulation,
future fossil fuel estimates, and baseline and projection unit
level data. EPA is evaluating whether IPM model estimates
can be incorporated in future Trends reports.
Below is a table which shows the differences in projected
utility NOX emissions made by Trends (draft) and IPM model
forecasts.
Predicted Annual NOX Emissions (Tons/Year) - Electric Utility
2000 2005 2010
Trends (draft)
IPM Forecast
5,222
4,953
5,459
5,271
5,728
5,319
5.4 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
EMISSIONS
Trends in VOC emissions through 2010 are shown in
table 5-3 and figure 5-3. Emission levels in 2010 are
expected to remain lower than 1990 although total emissions
show an upturn between 2005 and 2007. Emission
projections for VOC include only the mandatory provisions of
the CAAA including RACT, new Control Techniques
Guidelines (CTGs), Federal measures for consumer solvents,
Title I and II mobile source measures, and Title III Maximum
Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standards.
Provisions which are not accounted for and which may result
in further emission declines (in O3 NAAs) include new source
offsets, progress requirements, and attainment and
maintenance provisions. The largest expected decrease in
emissions occurs between 1993 and 1996, as the majority of
O3 NAA mandatory measures are implemented. Solvent
utilization emissions show a continued decline through 1999
as more stringent control requirements become effective for
consumer solvents. On-road vehicle emissions show a
continued decline through 2010; VMT increases then begin
to dominate any additional reductions due to emission factor
decreases.
5.5 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN
SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS
Future year expected emission trends through 2010 for
SO2 are shown in table 5-4 and figure 5-4. Total emissions
are predicted to continue to decline through 2010. Sulfur
dioxide emissions are dominated by electric utility and
industrial fuel combustion. Electric utility fuel combustion
emissions show an expected continued decline through 2010,
with slight increases in the years 2002 through 2005, due to
the lower emission cap in 2010. These projections assume
that utilities bank a certain portion of their phase I allowances
and use these banked allowances from 2000 to 2010.
Future year expected emission trends from industrial
sources can be discerned from table 5-4 by combining the
emissions from fuel combustion-industrial, chemical and
allied products manufacturing, metals processing, petroleum
and related industries, other industrial processes, solvent
utilization, storage and transport, and waste disposal and
recycling. When future emissions from these sources are
examined, they show a slight expected decrease from 1990 to
1993, remain essentially flat through 1999, and then show an
increasing trend (except for 2008) through 2010. The
decrease in 2008 is predominantly due to increases in fuel
efficiency in the industrial fuel combustion category. The
emissions projections show that total national industrial SO2
emissions remain below the 5.60 million short ton per year
cap established by section 406 of the CAAA for all projection
years evaluated.
5-2 # 5.0 National Emission Projections
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
5.6 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN
PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10)
EMISSIONS
Projections of future levels of PM-10 emissions are
shown in table 5-5 and figure 5-5. Clean Air Act
Amendment controls reduce PM-10 emissions in NAAs;
however, because this is such a small subset of total national
emissions, overall levels show an increase in emissions. The
lower expected increase between 1990 and 1996 is generally
due to the NAA controls. Changes in emissions after 1996
are due solely to activity level changes with the exception of
on-road vehicles. On-road vehicle emission factors decrease
due to diesel fuel
standards and increased penetration of cleaner vehicles with
fleet turnover. The further decrease between 2005 and 2008
is due to the CAAA standards for heavy-duty diesel vehicles
(HDDVs).
5.7 REFERENCES
1. Table SA-5—Total Personal Income by Major Sources, 1969-1995, Datafiles. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington. DC. 1997.
2. State Energy Data Report—Consumption Estimates 1960-1995, DOE/EIA-0214(89), U.S. Department of Energy,
Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC. May 1997.
3. Recommendations to NAPAP Regarding SO2 Emission Projections. Report to the National Acid Precipitation
Assessment Program (NAPAP). Prepared by Resources for the Future. Washington, DC. June 15, 1994.
4. MOBILE4.1 Fuel Consumption Model. Computer reports from EPA, Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, MI.
August 1991.
5. Annual Energy Outlook 1997 with Projections to 2015, DOE/EIA-0383(97), U.S. Department of Energy, Energy
Information Administration, Washington, DC. December 1996.
6. Analyzing Electric Power Generation Under the CAAA. Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC. July 1996.
7. Regulatory Impact Analysis ofNOx Regulations. Prepared by ICF Incorporated for Acid Rain Division, Office of
Atmospheric Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. October 1996.
8. Proposed Ozone Transport Rulemaking Regulatory Analysis. Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC. September 1997.
5.0 National Emission Projections # 5-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure 5-1. Trend in CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions
by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1990 to 2010
(reading legend left to right corresponds to plotted series from top to bottom)
120
100
I
c
o
'
M
UJ
2005
2010
D All Other • Waste Disp D Chemical • Metals D Misc • Comb-Other D Non-Road D On-Road
Table 5-1. National Carbon Monoxide Emissions by Source Category, 1990 to 2010
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL
1990
4,
1,
2,
1,
57,
16,
11,
96,
363
879
269
183
640
333
537
5
76
079
848
117
208
535
1993
363
1,043
4,181
1,093
2,536
371
594
5
51
1,248
60,202
16,592
7,013
95,291
1996
377
1,072
4,513
1,223
2,378
348
635
6
25
1,203
52,944
17,002
7,099
88,822
1999
569
1,045
4,392
1,276
2,479
365
683
6
26
1,128
44,966
16,140
7,142
80,216
2000
592
1,067
4,377
1,289
2,465
369
695
6
26
1,140
44,244
16,362
7,172
79,805
2002
635
1,073
4,275
1,325
2,463
379
720
7
27
1,165
43,156
16,789
7,232
79,246
2005
715
1,091
4,219
1,379
2,460
394
758
7
28
1,201
40,061
17,433
7,323
77,068
2007
745
1,095
4,125
1,415
2,464
403
783
7
28
1,225
39,870
17,860
7,380
77,401
2008
766
1,096
4,112
1,433
2,467
408
796
7
29
1,237
39,979
18,073
7,409
77,811
2010
815
1,104
4,093
1,469
2,470
418
822
7
29
1,262
40,201
18,495
7,466
78,651
5-4 # 5.0 National Emission Projections
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
in
o
4-1
•c
o
30
25
20
15
(0
.1 10
in
w
E
LLI
Figure 5-2. Trend in NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions
by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1990 to 2010
(reading legend left to right corresponds to plotted series from top to bottom)
1990
1995
2000
Year
2005
2010
• All Other • Other IndD Chem • Comb-Other D Non-Road • Comb-lnd D Comb-Util • On-Road
Table 5-2. National Nitrogen Oxide Emissions by Source Category, 1990 to 2010
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL
1990
6,
3,
1,
7,
4,
23,
663
035
196
168
97
153
378
1
3
91
040
593
371
792
1993
6,651
3,151
1,308
155
83
123
370
3
5
123
7,510
4,776
225
24,482
1996
6,034
3,170
1,289
159
98
110
403
3
6
100
7,171
4,610
239
23,393
1999
5,851
3,086
1,106
166
105
118
420
3
6
99
6,504
4,596
240
22,299
2000
5,222
3,160
1,109
167
105
120
423
3
6
100
6,397
4,542
241
21,596
2002
5,273
3,159
1,104
172
106
123
433
3
7
103
6,227
4,452
242
21,404
2005
5,459
3,184
1,102
179
108
127
447
3
7
107
5,796
4,382
244
21,146
2007
5,607
3,199
1,107
183
110
130
457
3
7
110
5,571
4,380
246
21,109
2008
5,639
3,193
1,111
186
110
132
462
4
7
111
5,491
4,388
246
21,081
2010
5,728
3,195
1,115
190
112
134
473
4
7
114
5,354
4,424
248
21,099
5.0 National Emission Projections # 5-5
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure 5-3. Trend in VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions
by 7 Principal Categories, 1990 to 2010
(reading legend left to right corresponds to plotted series from top to bottom)
25
—. 20
in
•c
o
I/)
o
I/)
I/)
15
10
1990
1995
2000
Year
2005
2010
] All Other • Misc D Chem • Star & Trans D Non-Road • Waste Disp D Solv Util • On-Road
Table 5-3. National Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by Source Category,
1990 to 2010
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
NATURAL SOURCES
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL
1990
5,
1,
6,
2,
1,
47
182
776
634
122
612
401
,750
,495
986
,313
,502
14
,150
20,985
1993
45
186
762
701
124
649
442
6,016
1,600
1,046
6,103
2,581
14
627
20,895
1996
45
208
822
436
70
517
439
6,273
1,312
433
5,502
2,426
14
587
19,086
1999
64
205
737
463
104
396
402
5,093
1,110
369
4,619
2,106
14
604
16,286
2000
67
208
718
466
104
399
407
5,101
1,100
374
4,482
2,090
14
611
16,139
2002
71
207
668
421
105
335
394
5,233
1,089
378
4,312
2,067
14
622
15,916
2005
80
210
612
400
107
338
374
4,921
1,067
383
3,853
2,098
14
640
15,097
2007
84
210
567
411
108
341
384
5,035
1,068
392
3,750
2,138
14
651
15,152
2008
86
211
550
416
108
342
389
5,092
1,070
397
3,722
2,158
14
657
15,212
2010
92
212
517
427
109
345
399
5,207
1,078
406
3,683
2,186
14
668
15,342
5-6 # 5.0 National Emission Projections
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure 5-4. Trend in SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions
by 6 Principal Source Categories, 1990 to 2010
(reading legend left to right corresponds to plotted series from top to bottom)
1990
1995
2000
Year
2005
2010
D All Other D Non-Road • Comb-Other D On-Road • Metals D Comb-lnd D Comb-Util
Table 5-4. National Sulfur Dioxide Emissions by Source Category, 1990 to 2010
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL
1990
15,909
3,550
831
297
726
430
399
0
7
42
542
392
12
23,136
1993
15,189
3,284
772
269
603
383
392
1
5
71
517
385
9
21,879
1996
12,604
3,399
782
287
530
368
409
1
2
48
307
368
9
19,113
1999
11,117
3,295
745
300
565
376
427
1
2
50
327
371
9
17,585
2000
10,274
3,428
761
303
568
379
431
1
2
51
284
370
9
16,860
2002
10,390
3,459
762
311
576
385
442
1
2
52
295
371
9
17,054
2005
10,510
3,479
775
322
588
395
458
1
2
55
314
372
9
17,279
2007
10,366
3,498
789
330
597
401
469
1
2
56
327
374
9
17,219
2008
10,212
3,437
795
334
601
405
474
1
2
57
333
374
9
17,034
2010
10,029
3,457
802
342
610
411
485
1
2
58
347
376
9
16,929
5.0 National Emission Projections # 5-7
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
35
30
I 25
20
I/)
E
10
Figure 5-5. PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions
By 8 Principal Source Categories, 1990 to 2010
(reading legend left to right corresponds to plotted series from top to bottom)
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
1990
1995
2000
Year
2005
2010
D All Other D Waste Disp • Comb-lnd D Comb-Util • Comb-Other Q Non-Road • Other Ind D Natural Sources D Misc
Table 5-5. National Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions by Source Category,
1990 to 2010
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
NATURAL SOURCES
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL
1990
295
270
631
77
214
55
583
4
102
271
336
598
2,092
24,419
29,947
1993
279
257
588
66
181
38
501
6
114
334
321
633
509
24,196
28,023
1996
282
306
598
67
211
40
510
6
109
290
274
591
5,316
22,702
31,301
1999
322
300
605
71
227
41
539
7
119
291
247
613
1,146
24,802
29,329
2000
324
309
553
72
228
42
545
7
121
294
238
620
1,146
25,074
29,574
2002
332
313
526
75
232
43
558
7
126
299
220
635
1,146
25,534
30,045
2005
347
318
496
79
237
45
578
8
133
308
204
658
1,146
26,205
30,760
2007
356
320
472
81
240
46
592
8
137
313
199
675
1,146
26,614
31,200
2008
360
317
463
82
242
46
598
8
139
316
198
683
1,146
26,821
31,421
2010
369
320
446
85
246
47
612
8
143
322
200
700
1,146
27,165
31,809
5-8 # 5.0 National Emission Projections
-------
Chapter 6.0
National Criteria Pollutant
Estimation Methodologies
Each year, the EPA compiles emission estimates used in
assessing trends in the amounts of criteria pollutants
discharged into the air. Prior to 1993, the published trends
primarily were intended to portray relative progress in the
control of air pollutant emissions on the broad national scale.
Those estimates were based on standardized emission
inventory procedures using aggregate national economic and
demographic data. As interest in, and the need for emission
figures for individual States and metropolitan areas increased,
it was obvious those techniques lacked the precision needed
to provide the detailed data, representative of diverse
economic and geographic areas, that could realistically assess
emission reduction efforts at these smaller scales.
In recent years, the preparation and presentation of
national emission estimates has evolved toward meeting the
need for more detailed and more accurate inventories. To
achieve this goal, a revised methodology has been developed
that supports the incorporation of detailed SIP inventories
and/or other regional inventories where available (e.g., OTAG
and GCVTC). In addition to presenting national progress in
reducing air emissions, local trends in emissions will be
presented when possible.
Because of these changes in methodologies,
comparison of values with previous Trends reports is
not a valid exercise. The reader should use caution
when comparing estimates for the years 1985 to
1996 from this report with values in any report
previously published. See section 6.6 for specific
modifications.
6.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents a general description of the
methodologies used to estimate emissions for 1900 through
1996 presented in this report. It does not present enough
details to recreate the emissions. These details are presented
in the Trends Procedures Document.' The Trends Procedures
Document will be available via the EFIG homepage
(http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/efig/) during the winter of
1998.
Four maj or methods are used to estimate the emissions for
successive intervals from 1900 through 1996. The emissions
presented for the years 1900 through 193 9 are taken from two
reports on historic emissions.2'3 The emissions presented for
these years in the Trends report are unchanged from the
emissions presented in past Trends reports. The emissions
presented for the years 1940 through 1984 are based on the
methodology used to estimate the emissions for these years
found in all Trends reports prior to 1993, with several
exceptions and modifications to the emissions previously
presented.
For the years 1985 to 1989, the emissions are based
mainly on emission inventories known as the Interim
Inventories.4 These inventories were created for the years
1987 through 1991 for use as inputs into the Regional Oxidant
Model (ROM) and the Urban Airshed Model (UAM); the use
of this methodology has been expanded in this report to
emissions for the years 1985 and 1986.
The fourth method covers the years 1990 through 1996.
This method is based on revising the 1990 Interim Inventory
by replacing all the nonutility point source as well as
nonmobile area source emissions with State provided data
where available. When describing the inventory, it should be
noted that there are two 1990 base year inventories; 1990
Interim Inventory and 1990 NET Inventory. Throughout this
report the 1990 emissions presented are the 1990 NET
emissions. The 1990 Interim Inventory emissions were used
as the basis for the 1985 through 1989 emissions but are never
presented in this report. Since there are two base year
inventories, one used pre-1990 and one post-1989, the trend
line presented for the time period 1985 through 1996 has
apparent discontinuities between the year 1989 and 1990.
EPA plans to resolve these apparent discontinuities in future
reports.
The 1996 emissions are presented in this report at the
State, nonattainment, and ozone season daily (OSD) level for
various tier-level categories. Brief descriptions of the
methodologies used to create these spatial and temporal
emissions are also presented in this chapter.
In addition to presenting emissions for the current year
and prior years, the Trends report presents national emission
projections for the years 1999, 2000, 2002, 2005, 2008, and
2010. The emission values presented in the graphics for the
intervening years were determined using linear interpolation
and were not calculated. These emission estimates are based
on current understanding of what the economic and regulatory
environment will be like in the future. Since EPA cannot
predict the future, these emissions will be revised in
6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodology « 6-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
subsequent reports and the results should be used only as a
general indicator of future emission trends. The
methodologies used to produce these projected emissions are
discussed briefly in this chapter according to the following
source categories: electric utilities; nonutility point sources,
area sources, on-road vehicles, and non-road mobile.
Before presenting the four major methods for estimating
1990 to 1996 emissions, a discussion of the State data used in
the development of the 1990 base year NET Inventory is
provided. The 1990 NET Inventory is based primarily on
State data, with the 1990 Interim Inventory data filling in the
gaps. The database houses U.S. annual and average summer
day emission estimates for the 50 States and the District of
Columbia. Five pollutants (CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10)
were estimated in 1990. The State data were extracted from
three sources including the OTAG5 emission inventory, the
GCVTC6 emission inventory, and AIRS/AFS .7 Since EPA did
not receive documentation on how these inventories were
developed, the following sections only describe the effort to
collect the data. Additional data modifications are also
discussed, as well as steps taken to fill temporal, spatial, or
pollutant data gaps.
6.1.1 Ozone Transport Assessment Group
The OTAG inventory for 1990 was completed in
December 1996. The database houses emission estimates for
those States in the Super Regional Oxidant A (SUPROXA)
domain. The estimates were developed to represent average
summer day emissions for the O3 pollutants (CO, NOX, and
VOC). This section gives a background on the OTAG
emission inventory and the data collection process.
The current SUPROXA domain is defined by the
following coordinates:
North:
South:
47.00 N
26.00 N
East:
West:
67.00 W
99.00 W
Its eastern boundary is the Atlantic Ocean and its western
border runs from north to south through North Dakota, South
Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. In total, the
OTAG Inventory completely covers 37 States and the District
of Columbia.
The OTAG inventory is primarily an O3 precursor
inventory. It includes emission estimates of CO, NOX, and
VOC for all applicable source categories throughout the
domain. It also includes a small amount of SO2 and PM-10
emission data that was sent by States along with their O3
precursor data. Work was also performed for EFIG to convert
all average summer day emission estimates in the OTAG
inventory to annual emission estimates.
6.1.1.1 State Data Incorporation
Procedures/Guidelines
The general procedure for incorporating State data into
the OTAG Inventory was to take the data "as is" from the
State submissions. There were two main exceptions to this
policy. First, any inventory dataforyears otherthan 1990 was
backcast to 1990 using BEA Industrial Earnings data by State
and 2-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code.8
This conversion was required for five States that submitted
point source data for the years 1992 through 1994. All other
data submitted were for 1990.
Second, any emission inventory data that included annual
emission estimates but not average summer day values were
temporally allocated to produce average summer day values.
This temporal allocation was performed for point and area
data supplied by several States. For point sources, the
operating schedule data, if supplied, were used to temporally
allocate annual emissions to average summer weekday. If
operating schedule data were not supplied for the point
source, annual emissions were temporally allocated to an
average summer weekday using EPA's default Temporal
Allocation file.9 This computer file contains default seasonal
and daily temporal profiles by SCC. There were a small
number of S CCs that were not in the Temporal Allocation file.
For these SCCs, average summer weekday emissions were
assumed to be the same as those for an average day during the
year.
6.1.1.2 Point
For stationary point sources, 36 of the 38 States in the
OTAG domain supplied emission estimates covering the
entire State. Data from the Interim Inventory were used for
the two States (Iowa and Mississippi) that did not supply data.
Most States supplied 1990 point source data, although some
States supplied data for later years because the later year data
reflected significant improvements over their 1990 data.
Inventory data for years other than 1990 were backcast to
1990 using BEA historical estimates of industrial earnings at
the 2-digit SIC level. Table 6-1 provides a brief description
of the point source data supplied by each State.
6.1.1.3 Area
For area sources, 17ofthe38 States in the OTAG domain
supplied emission estimates covering the entire State, and an
additional 9 States supplied emission estimates covering part
of their State (partial coverage was mostly in O3
nonattainment areas [NAAs]). Interim Inventory data were
the sole data source for 12 States. Where the area source data
supplied included annual emission estimates, the default
temporal factors were used to develop average summer daily
6-2 « 6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodology
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
emission estimates. Table 6-2 provides a brief description of
the area source data supplied by each State.
6.1.1.4 Rule Effectiveness
For the OTAG inventory, States were asked to submit
their best estimate of 1990 emissions. There was no
requirement that State-submitted point source data include rule
effectiveness for plants with controls in place in that year.
States were instructed to use their judgment about whether to
include rule effectiveness in the emission estimates. As a
result, some States submitted estimates that were calculated
using rule effectiveness, while other States submitted
estimates that were calculated without using rule effectiveness.
6.1.2 Grand Canyon Visibility Transport
Commission Inventory
The GCVTC inventory includes detailed emissions data
for 11 States: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,
Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and
Wyoming. This inventory was developed by compiling and
merging existing inventory data bases. The primary data
sources used were State inventories for California and Oregon,
AIRS/AFS for NOX, VOC, and SO2 point source data for the
other nine States, and the 1990 Interim Inventory for area
source data for the other nine States. In addition to these
existing data, the GCVTC inventory includes newly developed
emission estimates forforest wildfires and prescribed burning,
which had been previously incorporated into the NET
Inventory.
After a detailed analysis of the GCVTC inventory, it was
determined that the following portions of the GCVTC
inventory would be incorporated into the NET Inventory:
• Complete nonutility point and nonmobile area source
data for California
• Complete nonutility point and nonmobile area source
data for Oregon
• Complete nonutility point data for the remaining
States
• Forest wildfire data for the entire 11-State region
• Prescribed burning data for the entire 11-State region
State data from California and Oregon were incorporated
because they are complete inventories developed by the States
and are presumably based on more recent, detailed and
accurate data than the Interim Inventory (some of which is still
based on the 1985 NAPAP10 inventory). The wildfire data in
the GCVTC inventory represent a detailed survey of forest
fires in the study area and are clearly more accurate than the
wildfire data in the Interim Inventory. The prescribed burning
data in the GCVTC inventory are the same as the data in the
Interim Inventory at the State level, but contain more detailed
county-level data.
Nonutility point source emission estimates in the GCVTC
inventory from States other than California and Oregon came
from AIRS/AFS. Corrections were made to the VOC and
paniculate matter (PM) emissions in this inventory. The
organic emissions reported in GCVTC inventory for
California are total organic gases (TOG). These emissions
were converted to VOC using the profiles from EPA's
SPECIATE data base.11 Since the PM emissions in the
GCVTC were reported as both TSP and PM-2.5, EPA
estimated PM-10 from the TSP.
6.1.3 AIRS/AFS
SO2 and PM-10 (or PM-10 estimated from TSP) sources
of greater than 250 tons peryear as reported to AIRS/AFS that
were not included in either the OTAG or GCVTC inventories
were appended to the NET Inventory. The data were
extracted in late November 1996. It is important to note that
estimated emissions were extracted.
6.1.4 Data Gaps
As stated above, the starting point for the 1990 NET
Inventory is the OTAG, GCVTC, AIRS, and 1990 Interim
inventories. Data added to these inventories include estimates
of SO2 and PM-10, as well as annual or OSD (depending on
the inventory) emission estimates for all pollutants. This
section describes the steps taken to fill in the gaps from the
other inventories.
For SO2 and PM-10, State data from OTAG were used
where possible. (The GCVTC inventory contained SO2 and
PM annual emissions.) In most cases, there were no OTAG
data for these pollutants. For point sources, data for SO2 and
PM-10 were added from AIRS/AFS. The AIRS/AFS data
were matched to the OTAG plants and the emissions were
attached to existing plants from the OTAG data where a match
was found. Where no match was found to the plants in the
OTAG data, new plants were added from AFS to the
inventory.
For OTAG plants where there were no matching data in
AIRS/AFS, and for all area sources of SO2 and PM-10,
emissions were calculated based on the emission estimates for
other pollutants. The approachto developing SO2 andPM-10
emissions from these point and area sources involved using
uncontrolled emission factor ratios to calculate uncontrolled
emissions. This method used SO2 or PM-10 emission factor
ratios to NOX. NOX was the pollutant utilized to calculate the
ratio because: (1) the types of sources likely to be important
SO2 and PM-10 emitters are likely to be similar to important
NOX sources; and (2) the generally high quality of the NOX
emissions data. Ratios of SO2/NOX and PM-10/NOX based on
uncontrolled emission factors were developed. These ratios
were multiplied by uncontrolled NOX emissions to determine
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
either uncontrolled SO2 or PM-10 emissions. Once the
uncontrolled emissions were calculated, information on CO,
NOX, and VOC control devices was used to determine if they
also controlled SO2 and/or PM-10. If this review determined
that the control devices listed did not control SO2 and/or
PM-10, plant matches between the OTAG and Interim
inventories were performed to ascertain the SO2 and PM-10
controls applicable for those sources. The plant matching
component of this work involved only simple matching based
on information related to the State and county Federal
Information Processing Standards (FIPS) code, along with the
plant and point identification (ID) codes.
There was one exception to the procedures used to
develop the PM-10 point source estimates. For South
Carolina, PM-10 emission estimates came from the Interim
Inventory. This was because South Carolina had no PM data
in AIRS/AFS for 1990, and using the emission factor ratios
resulted in unrealistically high PM-10 emissions.
6.1.5 Other Modifications
Additional data were also used to fill data gaps for
residential wood combustion and prescribed burning.
Although these categories were in the OTAG inventory, the
data from OTAG were not usable since the average summer
day emissions were often very small or zero. Therefore,
annual and average summer day emission estimates for these
two sources were taken from the NET.
Additional quality assurance (QA)/quality control (QC)
of the inventory resulted in the following changes:
• Emissions with SCCs of fewer than eight digits or
starting with a digit greater than the number "6" were
deleted because they are invalid codes.
• Area source PM-10 utility emissions were deleted.
• A correction was made to a point (State 13/county
313/plant 0084) where the OSD value had been
revised but not the annual value.
• Tier assignments were made for all SCCs.
6.2 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1990
THROUGH 1996
The 1990 NET emissions were revised to incorporate as
much State-supplied data as possible. As described in the
previous section, sources of State data include the OTAG
inventory, the GCVTC inventory, and AIRS/AFS. For most
nonutility point and nonmobile sources, these emissions were
projected from the revised 1990 NET emission inventory to
the years 1991 through 1996 using BEA8 and SEDS9 data.
States were surveyed to determine whether EPA should
project their 1990 nonutility point source emissions or extract
themfromAIRS/AFS. Forall States that selected AIRS/AFS
option, the emissions in the NET Inventory reflect their
AIRS/AFS data for the years 1991 through 1995. Additional
controls were added to the projected (or grown) emissions for
the years 1995 and 1996.
Lead emissions for the years 1990 through 1996 have
been estimated using the methodologies described in section
6.4 of this report. These methodologies were applied to
estimate Pb emissions for all applicable source categories.
The weighted emission factors and control efficiencies were
assumed to be constant from 1990 to 1996. Using historic
activity data, the 1996 preliminary estimates were made by
one of two methods. The first of these two methods used a
quadratic regression with weighted 20-year category-specific
activity data. The second method used a linear regression
with weighted 7-year activity data, and was applied to source
categories where the trend in activity data has changed
significantly over the past 10 years. This report also presents
aviation gasoline emissions for the first time.
The following sections describe the methods used to
estimate emissions for 1990 through 1996 according to major
source category, which in some cases are combinations of
several Tier I categories.
6.2.1 Fuel Combustion - Electric Utilities
This section describes the 1990 through 1996 emission
estimates presented as "fuel combustion - electric utilities" in
all the tables and graphics throughout the report. Emissions
from the combustion of fuel by electric utilities have been
divided into two classifications: (1) steam generated fossil-
fuel units (an electric utility unit is a boiler), and (2) nonsteam
generated fossil-fuel units such as gas turbines (GT) and
internal combustion (1C) engines. The emission estimates for
the second classification are described under section 6.2.2.
The emission estimates for the first classification for the
years 1990 through 1996 are produced based on the boiler,
year, and pollutant. Beginning January 1, 1994, under
Title IV (Acid Deposition Control) of the CAAA, Phase I
affected units were required to report heat input and SO2
emissions; coal-fired units also had to report NOX and CO2
emissions. Oil-fired or gas-fired units in designated O3 NAAs
had extensions for NOX and CO2 reporting until July 1,1995,
whereas oil-fired or gas-fired units in other areas had
extensions until January 1,1996. Since annual NO,,, SO2, and
heat input values reported in the ETS/CEM data are generally
based on continuous monitoring of hourly emission rates and
flow using certified quality-assured equipment, these data are
used when available for the year, rather than estimates based
on emission factors and activity data.
Data sources for electric utilities include 1994 through
1996 CEM data reported to ARD's ETS by electric
utilities,13'14'15 1990 through 1994 quality-assured boiler-
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
specific NOX emission rate data which ARD obtained from
CEM certification test or other verifiable sources,16 1990
through 1995 DOE Form EIA-76717 data, and 1996 DOE
FormEIA-75918 data. Table 6-3 outlines the different sources
of data for SO2, NOX, and heat input.
The 1990 through 1995 estimates of CO, VOC, and
PM-10 emissions are calculated for all boilers using form
EIA-76717 data and AP-42 emission factors.19 Additionally,
the methodology for estimating PM-10 emissions uses the
PM-10 calculator to better establish the boiler PM-10 control
efficiency.
For 1990 through 1995, the SO2 emissions are also
calculated using Form EIA-767 data and AP-42 emission
factors for all boilers. However, for the years 1994 and 1995,
ETS/CEM data reporting tons of SO2 emitted per year are used
whenever available since these data are among the most
accurate collected by EPA.
For 1990 through 1995, NOX emissions, too, are
calculated using Form EIA-767 data and AP-42 emission
factors for all boilers, but only as default values for boilers
without any other available data source. The first (of two)
choices of data for the years 1994 and 1995 are the ETS/CEM
annual NOX emissions data based on monitored NOX emission
rates whenever these data are available. The second source
for 1990 through 1994 is the NOX emission rates for most
coal-fired boilers, referred to as "ARD NOX emission rates."
In 1996, ARD completed research on utility coal boiler-level
NOX emission rates. Most (about 90 percent) of the rates were
based on relative accuracy tests performed in 1993 and 1994
as a requirement for CEM certification, while the other boiler
emission rates were obtained from utility stack tests and other
verifiable sources of information available to EPA.16 These
coal boiler-specific NOX rates are considered, on the whole, to
be significantly better than those calculated by using EPA's
NOX AP-42 factors, which are SCC-category averages. These
rates are used in conjunction with the Form EIA-767 heat
input calculations to obtain NOX emissions in tons.
Because EIA-767 data were not available for the year
1996, the emissions are extrapolated from the 1995 boiler-
level emissions based on plant-level 1996 fuel consumption.
Thus, the 1996 emission and heat input estimates for all
pollutants and boilers are projected (or "grown") from the
1995 values based on data derived from DOE Form EIA-
759.18 The ratio of plant fuel consumption in 1996 compared
to that in 1995 as reported to Form EIA-759 is used as the
inflator, unless there are ETS/CEM data (for NOX, SO2, and
heat input) available, in which case those actual data values
are used.
6.2.2 Fuel Combustion - Industrial and Other
Combustion
Industrial and other combustion includes the combustion
of fuels for use by industry, commercial establishments,
institutions, and residences. The following subsections
discuss how emissions from "fuel combustion - industrial and
other combustion" were estimated for several periods within
the 1990 to 1996 time frame. Except for residential wood
combustion, 1990 emissions were developed according to the
methods described in section 6.1.
6.2.2.11991-1994 Emissions
The 1991 through 1994 area source emissions were
grown in a similar manner as the 1985 through 1989 estimates
(see section 6.3.2), except for using a different base year
inventory. The base year for the 1991 through 1994 emissions
is the 1990 NET Inventory. The point source inventory was
also grown for those States that did not want their AIRS/AFS
data used. (The list of States are detailed in the AIRS/AFS
subsection.) Forthose States requesting that EPA extract their
data from AIRS/AFS, the years 1990 through 1995 were
downloaded from the EPA IBM mainframe. The 1996
emissions were not extracted since States are not required to
have the 1996 data uploaded into AIRS/AFS until July 1997.
6.2.2.1.1 Grown Estimates — The 1991 through 1994
point and area source emissions were grown using the 1990
NET Inventory as the basis and 1990 through 1996 BEA and
SEDS data. The 1996 BEA and SEDS data were determined
based on linear interpolation of the 1988 through 1995 data.
Point sources were projected using the first two digits of the
SIC code by State. Area source emissions were projected
using either BEA or SEDS.
The 1990 through 1996 earnings data in BEA table SA-5
(or estimated from this table) are expressed in nominal dollars.
In order to be used to estimate growth, these values were
converted to constant dollars to remove the effects of
inflation. Earnings data for each year were converted to 1992
constant dollars using the implicit price deflator for personal
consumption expenditures.20
6.2.2.1.2 AIRS/AFS — Several States responded to
EPA's survey and requested that their 1991 through 1995
estimates reflect their emissions as reported in AIRS/AFS.
The list of these States, along with the years available in
AIRS/AFS is given in table 6-4. Default estimated annual and
OSD emissions (where available) were extracted from
AIRS/AFS. Some changes were made to these AIRS/AFS
files. For example, the default emissions for some States
contain rule effectiveness and the emissions were determined
to be too high by EPA. The emissions without rule
effectiveness were extracted from AIRS/AFS and replaced the
previously high estimates. The changes made to select State
and/or plant AIRS/AFS data are listed below.
• Louisiana - All VOC source emissions were
re-extracted to obtain emissions without rule
effectiveness for the year 1994.
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
• Colorado - Mastercraft - The VOC emissions were
reported as ton/year in the initial download from
AIRS. The units were changed to pounds/year in
AIRS.
• Wisconsin - Briggs and Stratton - The VOC
emissions fortwo SCCs were changed from with rule
effectiveness to without rule effectiveness for the
years 1991, 1993, and 1994.
As noted in table 6-4, several States did not report
emissions for all pollutants for all years for the 1990 to 1995
time period. To fill these data gaps, EPA applied linear
interpolation or extrapolated the closest 2 years worth of
emissions at the plant level. If only 1 year of emissions data
was available, the emission estimates were held constant for
all the years. The segment-SCC level emissions were derived
using the average split for all available years. The
non-emission data gaps were filled by using the most recent
data available for the plant.
Some States do not provide PM-10 emissions to AIRS.
These States' TSP emissions were converted to PM-10
emissions using uncontrolled particle size distributions and
AP-42 derived control efficiencies. The State of South
Carolina provided its own conversion factor for estimating
PM-10 from TSP.21
For all sources that did not report OSD emissions, these
emissions were estimated using the algorithm described in
section 6.1.1.1.
6.2.2.2.3 Rule Effectiveness—Rule effectiveness was
revised in 1995 for all grown sources using the information in
the 1990 data base file. If the rule effectiveness value was
between 0 and 100 percent in 1990 and the control efficiency
was greater than 0 percent, the uncontrolled emissions were
recalculatedforl990. The 1995 emissions were calculated by
multiplying the growth factor by the 1990 uncontrolled
emissions and the control efficiency and a rule effectiveness
of 100 percent. The adjustment for rule effectiveness was
only applied to grown sources.
6.2.2.3 1996 Emissions
The 1996 emission estimates were grown using the 1995
NET Inventory as the basis. No 1996 AIRS/AFS data were
available for use. The 1995 AIRS/AFS emissions and 1995
emissions grown from 1990 emissions were merged. The
following three subsections describe the projected 1996
emissions.
6.2.2.3.1 Grown Estimates — The 1996 point and
area source emissions were grown using the 1995 NET
Inventory as the basis. Rule effectiveness was updated to 100
percent for the AIRS/AFS sources that reported rule
effectiveness of less than 100 percent in 1995.
The following equation describes the calculation used to
estimate the 1996 emissions:
6.2.2.2 1995 Emissions
The 1995 emission estimates were derived in a similar
manner as the 1991 through 1994 emissions. The estimates
were either extracted from AIRS/AFS for 1995, estimated
using AIRS/AFS data for the years 1990 through 1994, or
projected using the 1990 NET Inventory. The method used
depended on States' responses to a survey conducted by EPA
early in 1997. The following three subsections describe the
projected emissions.
6.2.2.2.1 Grown Estimate — The 1995 point and area
source emissions were grown using the 1990 NET Inventory
as the basis and 1995 BEA or SEDS data depending on source
category.
6.2.2.2.2 NO*. RACT — Major stationary source NOX
emitters in marginal and above NAAs and in Ozone Transport
Regions (OTRs) are required to install RACT-level controls
under the O3 nonattainment-related provisions of Title I of the
CAAA. The definition of major stationary source for NOX
differs by the severity of the O3 problem. The application of
NOX RACT controls was only applied to grown sources.22
ioo ) v i°° )
100
where: CER1996 =
GS
REFF =
CEFF =
RP
controlled emissions incorporating rule
effectiveness
uncontrolled emissions
growth surrogate (either BEA or SEDS
data)
rule effectiveness (percent)
control efficiency (percent)
rule penetration (percent)
The rule effectiveness for 1996 was always assumed to be 100
percent. The control efficiencies and rule penetrations are
dependent on the type of control put in place in 1996.
6.2.2.3.2 1996 VOC Controls — 1996 emissions
accounted for several VOC controls. These controls were
developed to represent the measures mandated by the CAAA
and in place in 1996. Title I (specifically the O3
nonattainment provisions) affects VOC stationary sources.
Title III hazardous air pollutant regulations will also affect
VOC source categories. Detailed information for each
6-6 « 6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodology
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
category-specific control is described in the Procedures
Document,1 including regulatory authority, CAAA provisions
relating to the control measure, and relevant EPA guidance.
Categories with controls are listed below.
Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal
Facilities (TSDFs)
Municipal Solid Waste Landfills
New CTGs
Existing CTGs
RACT
Vehicle Refueling Controls-Stage II Vapor Recovery
Title III
6.2.2.3.3 NO,, Control — For all point sources that
applied controls resulting from NOX RACT requirements, the
emission reductions were estimated similar to those for 1995.
Further reductions were made to areas that did not put RACT
controls into place until January 1996. In 1996, several plants
not affected by NOX RACT in 1995 were added.
6.2.2.4 Adjustments for a Variety of Years
Adjustments were made to the "residential - other
combustion" emission estimates as a result of the QA effort.
The 1990 through 1995 SO2 and PM-10 emissions were
replaced with the emission estimates reported in the 1996
report. The 1996 emissions were projected off the 1995
emissions reported in the 1996 report.
6.2.2.5 Residential Wood, 1990 through 1996
Emissions from residential wood combustion were
estimated for 1990 through 1996 using annual wood
consumption and an emission factor. The following general
equation was used to calculate emissions:
E ear = Activity x EF
1 -
CE
100
where: Eyeai= county emissions (tons)
Activity = wood consumption (cords)
EF = emission factor (tons/cord)
CE = control efficiency (percent)
was applied nationally to PM-10 emissions forthe years 1991
through 1996.26
6.2.3 Chemical and Allied Products
Manufacturing
The following subsections discuss how chemical and
allied products emissions were estimated for several periods
within the 1990 to 1996 time frame. 1990 emissions were
developed according to the methods described in section 6.1.
6.2.3.11991-1994 Emissions
The 1991 through 1994 area source emissions were
grown in a similar manner as the 1985 through 1989
estimates, except for using a different base year inventory.
The base year for the 1991 through 1994 emissions is the
1990 NET Inventory. The point source inventory was also
grown for those States that did not want their AIRS/AFS data
used. See section 6.2.2.1 for additional information on grown
estimates and AIRS/AFS estimates.
6.2.3.2 1995 Emissions
The 1995 emission estimates were derived in a similar
manner as the 1991 through 1994 emissions. As described in
section 6.2.2.2, the estimates were either extracted from
AIRS/AFS for 1995, estimated using AIRS/AFS data for the
years 1990 through 1994, or projected using the 1990 NET
Inventory. The method used depended on States' responses
to a survey conducted by EPA early in 1997.
6.2.3.3 1996 Emissions
The 1996 emission estimates were grown using the 1995
NET Inventory as the basis. No 1996 AIRS/AFS data were
available for use. The 1995 AIRS/AFS emissions and 1995
emissions grown from 1990 emissions were merged. The
projected 1996 emissions were developed as outlined in
section 6.2.2.3, and accounted for the appropriate VOC and
NOX RACT controls.
6.2.4 Metals Processing, Petroleum and
Related Industries, and Other
Industrial Processes
Activity was based on EPA's County Wood Consumption
Estimation Model.23 This model was adjusted with heating
degree day information,24 and normalized with annual wood
consumption estimates.25 AP-42 emission factors for CO,
NOX, PM-10, SO2 and VOC were used. A control efficiency
The following subsections discuss how emissions for
"metals processing, petroleum and related industries, and
other industrial processes" were estimated for several periods
within the 1990 to 1996 time frame. 1990 emissions were
developed according to the methods described in section 6.1.
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
6.2.4.11991-1994 Emissions
6.2.5 Solvent Utilization
The 1991 through 1994 area source emissions were grown
in a similar manner as the 1985 through 1989 estimates,
except for using a different base year inventory. The base
year for the 1991 through 1994 emissions is the 1990 NET
Inventory. The point source inventory was also grown for
those States that did not want their AIRS/AFS data used. See
section 6.2.2.1 for additional information on grown estimates
and AIRS/AFS estimates.
6.2.4.21995 Emissions
The 1995 emission estimates were derived in a similar
manner as the 1991 through 1994 emissions. As described in
section 6.2.2.2, the estimates were either extracted from
AIRS/AFS for 1995, estimated using AIRS/AFS data for the
years 1990 through 1994, or projected using the 1990 NET
Inventory. The method used depended on States' responses to
a survey conducted by EPA early in 1997.
6.2.4.3 1996 Emissions
The 1996 emission estimates were grown using the
1995 NET Inventory as the basis. No 1996 AIRS/AFS data
were available for use. The 1995 AIRS/AFS emissions and
1995 emissions grown from 1990 emissions were merged.
The projected 1996 emissions were developed as outlined in
section 6.2.2.3, and accounted for the appropriate VOC and
NOX RACT controls.
6.2.4.4 Adjustments for a Variety of Years
The following adjustments were made to the emission
estimates for cotton ginning as a result of the QA effort.
Cotton ginning estimates for 1995 and 1996 were calculated
using the AP-42 emission factors and bales of cotton ginned.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) compiles and
reports data on the amount of cotton ginned by State, district,
and county for each crop year in its Cotton Ginnings reports.27
(A crop year runs from September through March.). Ginning
activity occurs from August/September through March,
covering parts of two calendar years,28 with the majority of
ginning activity occurring between September and January.
Ginning activity occurs in the 16 States where cotton is grown
(i.e., Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Florida,
Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, New Mexico,
North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas,
and Virginia). The majority of the ginning facilities are
located in Arkansas, California, Louisiana, Mississippi, and
Texas.
The following subsections discuss how emissions for
solvent utilization were estimated for several periods within
the 1990 to 1996 time frame. 1990 emissions were developed
according to the methods described in section 6.1.
6.2.5.11991-1994 Emissions
The 1991 through 1994 area source emissions were
grown in a similar manner as the 1985 through 1989
estimates, except for using a different base year inventory.
The base year for the 1991 through 1994 emissions is the
1990 NET Inventory. The point source inventory was also
grown for those States that did not want their AIRS/AFS data
used. See section 6.2.2.1 for additional information on grown
estimates and AIRS/AFS estimates.
6.2.5.2 1995 Emissions
The 1995 emission estimates were derived in a similar
manner as the 1991 through 1994 emissions. As described in
section 6.2.2.2, the estimates were either extracted from
AIRS/AFS for 1995, estimated using AIRS/AFS data for the
years 1990 through 1994, or projected using the 1990 NET
Inventory. The method used depended on States' responses
to a survey conducted by EPA early in 1997.
6.2.5.3 1996 Emissions
The 1996 emission estimates were grown using the 1995
NET Inventory as the basis. No 1996 AIRS/AFS data were
available for use. The 1995 AIRS/AFS emissions and 1995
emissions grown from 1990 emissions were merged. The
projected 1996 emissions were developed as outlined in
section 6.2.2.3, and accounted for the appropriate VOC and
NOX RACT controls.
6.2.5.4 Adjustments for a Variety of Years
Under the QA effort, an evaluation of the OTAG
inventory indicated missing or incongruous data sets. As a
result, the 1990 through 1995 VOC area source solvent
emissions were replaced with the emission estimates reported
in the 1996 report. The 1996 emissions were projected off the
1995 emissions reported in the 1996 report with the reductions
described in section 6.2.2.3.2.
6.2.6 Storage and Transport, Waste Disposal
and Recycling
The following subsections discuss how emissions for
"storage and transport and waste disposal and recycling" were
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
estimated for several periods within the 1990 to 1996 time
frame. 1990 emissions were developed according to the
methods described in section 6.1.
6.2.6.11991-1994 Emissions
The 1991 through 1994 area source emissions were grown
in a similar manner as the 1985 through 1989 estimates,
except for using a different base year inventory. The base
year for the 1991 through 1994 emissions is the 1990 NET
Inventory. The point source inventory was also grown for
those States that did not want their AIRS/AFS data used. See
section 6.2.2.1 for additional information on grown estimates
and AIRS/AFS estimates.
6.2.6.2 1995 Emissions
The 1995 emission estimates were derived in a similar
manner as the 1991 through 1994 emissions. As described in
section 6.2.2.2, the estimates were either extracted from
AIRS/AFS for 1995, estimated using AIRS/AFS data for the
years 1990 through 1994, or projected using the 1990 NET
Inventory. The method used depended on States' responses to
a survey conducted by EPA early in 1997.
6.2.6.3 1996 Emissions
The 1996 emission estimates were grown using the 1995
NET Inventory as the basis. No 1996 AIRS/AFS data were
available for use. For the nonutility point sources, the 1995
AIRS/AFS emissions and 1995 emissions grown from 1990
emissions were merged. The projected 1996 emissions were
developed as outlined in section6.2.2.3, and accounted for the
appropriate VOC and NOX RACT controls.
6.2.6.4 Adjustments for a Variety of Years
1990 VOC area source TSDF emissions reported in the
1996 report were revised to reflect some of the changes made
during the OTAG effort. The emissions for 1985 through
1996 were grown using the revised 1990 base year emissions,
BEA growth factors, and 1996 controls.
6.2.7 On-Road Vehicles
On-road emissions have been estimated for every year
from 1990 through 1996. These annual emissions were based
on county-level VMT and emission factors. Emissions were
estimated for eight vehicle categories including: LDGV;
LDDV; light-duty gasoline trucks-1 (LDGT-1 [trucks less than
6,000 pounds in weight]); LDGT-2 (6,000 to 8,500 pounds in
weight); light-duty diesel trucks (LDDT); heavy-duty diesel
trucks (HDDT); heavy-duty gasoline trucks (HDGT); and
MC. The estimates were further subdivided by 12 roadway types.
6.2.7.1 VMT Data
Annual VMT data for the years 1990 through 1995 were
obtained from the Federal Highway Administration's
(FH WA) Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS)29
data base. The data are specified by State, vehicle type, and
roadway type. Using population data from the 1990 census,30
the data were distributed among the counties. The 1996 VMT
was obtained from preliminary State-level VMT from
FHWA.31 The data for all years were then apportioned from
the HPMS vehicle categories to the eight vehicle classes listed
above using allocations provided by the EPA's Office of
Mobile Sources (QMS).
The resulting annual county-level vehicle and roadway
type specific VMT data were allocated by month. The
monthly allocation was performed by using seasonal NAP AP
temporal allocation factors to apportion the VMT to the four
seasons. Monthly VMT data were then obtained using a ratio
between the number of days in a month and the number of
days in the corresponding season.
For the year 1990 EPA used county-level vehicle and
road type specific VMT provided by several States mainly in
the OTAG domain.
6.2.7.2 CO, NO^ and VOC Emission Factors
County-level emission factors for CO, NOX, and VOC for
1990 through 1994 were calculated using the MOBILE5a32
model and for 1995 and 1996 using MOBILE5b, which is
designed to estimate exhaust and evaporative emission factors
for on-road vehicles. To calculate the emission factors for
each year from 1990 through 1996, the models utilized
information on State-level monthly maximum and minimum
temperatures, nine vehicle speeds, national vehicle registration
distributions, gasoline volatility given in terms of in-use RVP,
and county-level I/M and oxygenated fuels programs. The
Federal Test Procedure (FTP) operating mode was modeled at
all speeds.
For the years 1990, 1995, and 1996 EPA used State-
provided MOBILE inputs including 1990 registration
distributions, I/M programs, and summer RVP data, for
several States mainly in the OTAG domain. For this reason
and changes in VMT, the trends in on-road emissions have
apparent discontinuities from 1989 to 1990,1990 to 1991, and
1994 to 1995. These apparent discontinuities will be resolved
in future Trends reports.
6.2.7.3 SO2 and PM-10 Emission Factors
County-level emission factors for SO2 and PM-10 for
1990-1996 were calculated using the PARTS33 model which
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
is designed to estimate paniculate matter (PM) exhaust, brake
wear, and reentrained road dust emissions from paved and
unpaved roads (see sections 6.2.9.4.3 and 6.2.9.4.4 for road
dust) and SO2 from vehicle exhaust.
PARTS uses the same vehicle registration distributions as
the MOBILE model. This registration distribution was
modified by distributing the MOBILE HDDV vehicle class
distribution among the five PART5 HDDV subclasses
(2BHDDV [class 2B HDDV], LHDDV [light HDDV],
MHDDV [medium HDDV], HHDDV [heavy HDDV], and
buses). This was accomplished using HDDV subclass-
specific sales, survival rates, and diesel market shares.
6.2.7.4 On-Road Lead Emissions
To estimate Pb emissions from on-road vehicles for 1990
through 1996, reported gasoline consumption was multiplied
by an emission factor that accounts for the amount of Pb in
leaded and unleaded gasoline. The emission factors were
updated to reflect a revised Pb content (in terms of grams of
Pb) for gasoline.34
6.2.8 Non-road Sources
The non-road category includes the estimated emissions
from aircraft, commercial marine vessels, railroads, and all
other non-road vehicles and equipment. The emission
estimates for 1990 through 1996 were developed in a similar
manner as those described in section 6.2.2. The 1990
emissions are based on State-provided emissions
supplemented with 1990 Interim Inventory emissions.
Emission reductions for VOC non-road spark-ignition engines
<25 hp were applied in 1996. A 37 percent reduction in NOX
emissions was applied nationally to some of the new diesel
compression-ignition engines for the year 1996, depending on
horsepower range. A rule effectiveness of 100 percent was
applied, as well as a rule penetration rate of between 0.5 and
1 percent depending on type of equipment. As an update to
portions of the 1995 and 1996 NET non-road inventory, OMS
agreed to provide emission estimates from their models and
analyses being used for the Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA)
documents. These models and analyses generate only national
totals at the SCC level. Categories for which OMS provided
data are non-road diesel engines,35'36 spark-ignition marine
engines,37'38 and locomotives. For diesel non-road engines, the
pollutants covered included CO, NOX, VOC, and PM-10. For
spark-ignition marine engines, only NOX and VOC were
provided. For locomotives, only NOX and PM-10 were
provided but only PM-10 was used. These national OMS
numbers were used to update the 1995 and 1996 NET
emission estimates such that the sum of the county/SCC level
NET estimates would equal the national/SCC level OMS
estimates.
For several source categories, adjustments were made to
the emission estimates as a result of the QA effort.
• Commercial aircraft emissions were recalculated
using landing/takeoff operations (LTOs) instead of
BEA data for the years 1991 through 1996 for all
pollutants.
• Railroad NOX emissions reverted back to emissions
reported in the 1996 report for the years 1990
through 1995.
• Non-road diesel equipment emissions were adjusted
for the years 1970 to 1994 to reflect the changes in
the 1995 emissions. While the OMS models were
only run for 1995 and 1996, ratios of the current
1995 emissions to the previous 1995 emissions were
developed for each nonroad source category. These
ratios were then multiplied by the emissions for these
sources for 1970 through 1994 in order to be
consistent with OMS's new nonroad models.
Lead emissions from non-road vehicles for 1990 through
1996 were also updated to reflect a revised Pb content (in
terms of grams of Pb) for gasoline.34 All gasoline consumed
by non-road engines was assumed to be leaded.
6.2.9 Remaining Categories
"Remaining categories" include emissions for two Tier I
source categories including: natural sources and
miscellaneous. The CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10
emissions for the years 1990 through 1996 from all source
categories, except for those listed below, were produced using
the methodology described in section 6.2.2.
6.2.9.1 Natural Sources, Geogenic, Wind
Erosion
The PM-10 emissions for the years 1990 through 1996
from the wind erosion of agricultural lands were estimated
using a modified version of the NAPAP methodology.
Monthly emissions were estimated from the acres of crops
planted, the number of seconds, and the dust flux. The
expected dust flux was based on the probability distribution of
wind energy, the mean wind speed and the coefficient of drag.
This methodology is the same as that described in section
6.3.9.1 (the methodology used for the years 1985-1989)
except the previous years rain data for September through
December was used. A more detailed explanation on this
methodology is presented in the Procedures Document.1
6.2.9.2 Miscellaneous, Agriculture and Forestry
PM-10 emissions from agricultural crops for the years
1990 through 1996 were estimated on a county level using the
AP-42 emission factor equation for agricultural tilling. The
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activity data for this calculation were the acres of crops tilled
in each county for each crop type and tilling method obtained
for each year from the Conservation Technology Information
Center (CTIC).39 The emission factor, expressed in terms of
the mass of TSP produced per acre-tilled was corrected by
parameters including the silt of the surface soil, the particle
size multiplier (PM-10 = 0.21), and the number of tillings per
year. The silt of the surface soil was obtained by comparing
the USD A40 surface soil map with the USD A41 county map,
soil types were assigned to all counties of the continental
United States. Silt percentages were determined by using a
soil texture classification triangle.42 For those counties with
organic material as its soil type, EPA used the previous silt
percentages presented by Cowherd.43 These silt factors were
then corrected using information from Spatial Distribution of
PM-10 emissions from Agricultural Tilling in the San Joaquin
Valley.44 The number of tillings was also obtained from the
CTIC.
The 1990 emissions from agricultural livestock were
determined from activity data, expressed in terms of the
number of heads of cattle, and a national PM-10 emission
factor. The emissions for the years 1991 through 1996 were
produced using the methodology described for area source
emissions in section 6.2.2.
6.2.9.3 Miscellaneous, Other Combustion
The miscellaneous, other combustion category includes
emissions from agricultural burning, forest fires/wildfires,
prescribed/slash and managed burning, and structural fires.
The emissions from agricultural burning and structural fires
were developed using the methodology described in section
6.2.2.
Forest fires/wildfires emissions were generated for the
years 1990 through 1995 using information on the number of
forest fires, their location, and the acreage burned. These data
were obtained from the Department of Interior (DOI)45'46 and
the USDA Forest Service.47'48 The amount of biomass used to
determine the quantity of vegetation burned was estimated by
the EPA. Average emission factors were applied to the
estimated quantities of vegetation burned.19
For the years 1990 through 1993, and for the States of
Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New
Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming, the above
emission estimates were replaced for the pollutants CO, NOX,
VOC, and PM-10 by those in the inventory produced for the
GCVTC. The SO2 emissions were estimated based on the
methodology described below for determining prescribed
burning estimates. The 1994 and 1995 emissions for the 11
States listed above were estimated based on the ratio of acres
burned reported by the USDA and DOI for the years 1990,
1994, and 1995. Since 1996 activity data were not available
in time to incorporate into this report, the 1996 emissions are
the same as the 1995 emissions.
Emissions from prescribed burning were based on the
1989 USDA Forest Service49 inventory of paniculate matter
from prescribed burning. The NOX and SO2 emissions were
estimated by assuming the ratio between the CO emissions to
either the NOX or SO2 emissions in the Forest Service
inventory was equal to the corresponding ratio in the 1985
NAPAP Emission Inventory. The resulting 1989 emissions
for CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10 have been used for all
years between 1990 and 1996.
6.2.9.4 Miscellaneous, Fugitive Dust
PM-10 fugitive dust emissions arise from construction
activities, mining and quarrying, paved road resuspension, and
unpaved roads. The general methodology used to estimate
emissions for each of these categories required an activity
indicator, an emission factor, and one or more correction
factors. The activity indicator for a given category varied
from year to year, as may the overall correction factor.
6.2.9.4.1 Construction Activities — The PM-10
emissions for the years 1990 through 1995 were calculated
from an emission factor,19 an estimate of the acres of land
under construction, and the average duration of construction
activity.50 The acres of land under construction were
estimated from the dollars spent on construction.51 The PM-
10 emission factor for the years 1990 through 1995 was
obtained from Improvement of Specific Emission Factors.52
The 1996 emissions were extrapolated from the 1995
emissions using the ratio between the number of residential
construction permits issued in 1996 and the number issued in
1995. A 62.5 percent reduction was applied to the PM-10
emissions for all PM NAAs for the years 1995 and 1996.53
6.2.9.4.2 Mining and Quarrying — The PM-10
emissions for the years 1990 through 1995 were the sum of
the emissions from metallic ore, nonmetallic ore, and coal
mining operations. These PM-10 emissions arise from the
following activities: (1) overburden removal; (2) drilling and
blasting; (3) loading and unloading; and (4) overburden
replacement. Emissions from transfer and conveyance
operations, crushing and screening operations, and storage and
travel on haul roads were not included.
To calculate the emissions from metallic ore mining, the
PM-10 AP-42 emission factors for copper ore processing
operations were applied to the amount of metallic ores
handled, obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey.54 The
PM-10 AP-42 emission factors for western surface coal
mining were used to estimate the emissions from both
nonmetallic ore and coal mining. Production figures for these
operations were obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey54
and the Coal Industry Annual.55
The 1996 PM-10 emissions were produced from a linear
projection of the emissions for the years 1985 through 1995.
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
6.2.9.4.3 Paved Road Resuspension — The
calculation of total State-level PM-10 emissions for the years
1990 through 1996 were based on the paved road VMT, an
AP-42 base emission factor, and two correction factors: road
surface silt loading56 and the number of dry days (a dry day is
defined as any day with less than 0.01 inches of
precipitation).57 The methodology used to determine these
correction factors was modified from that used to calculate
emissions from this source in last year's report. The
methodology used to determine these correction factors in last
year's report is still utilized to calculate emissions for 1985
through 1989 and is discussed in section 6.3.9.4.3.
The number of dry days term attempts to account for
emission reductions resulting from the effect of precipitation.
For the period 1990 through 1996, the total number of days
was reduced by 50 percent. Surface silt loading values by
paved road functional class and State were based on annual
average traffic volumes. State-level annual average traffic
volumes for each roadway functional category were utilized to
calculate the average daily traffic volume (ADTV). National
average measured silt loadings were then assigned to each
roadway functional class based upon whether the ADTV was
above or below 5000 vehicles per day. The only exception to
this assignment was for local functional class roads, which
were assigned a national average silt loading independent of
the ADTV for local functional class roads in a State.
Total VMT data for the years 1990 through 1995 were
obtained by State and roadway functional class. The total
preliminary 1996 VMT data were obtained by State and two
road types (urban and rural). The rural and urban VMT data
were apportioned to the road functional classes using the
distribution of the 1995 VMT data. The VMT from paved
roads for each year was calculated by subtracting the unpaved
road VMT from the total VMT for each year.
Reductions based on road-type to account for controls
were applied to the PM-10 emissions for all PM NAAs for the
years 1995 and 1996.
6.2.9.4.4 Unpaved Roads — The total PM-10
emissions for the years 1990 through 1996 were based on
unpaved road VMT data, an AP-42 base TSP emission factor,
and the following correction factors: particle size multiplier,
silt content of road surface material,58 mean vehicle speed,
mean vehicle weight, mean number of wheels,59'60'61 and the
number of dry days.57 Mean vehicle speeds were assigned to
each unpaved road functional class. The number of dry days
is defined in the same manner as for estimating the paved road
emissions. The VMT data for unpaved roads were obtained
for rural and urban functional classes excluding local
functional class roads. Local functional class road VMT was
calculated from data on the number of miles of local
functional class roadways in various ADTV classes. For the
years 1990 through 1996, Mississippi total unpaved road
mileage for local functional class roads was redistributed to
ADTV classes using distributions in neighboring States,
because the reported distributions for Mississippi produced
anamolous total VMT. This method is different from that
used in last year's report. The methodology used in last year's
report for this time period is identical to that described for
1985 through 1989 in section 6.3.9.4.4.
The 1996 PM-10 emissions were produced by multiplying
the projected 1996 VMT by the AP-42 emission factor and
1996 correction factors.
Reductions based on road-type to account for controls
were applied to the PM-10 emissions for all PM NAAs for the
years 1995 and 1996.
6.3 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1985
THROUGH 1989
The CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC emissions presented in this
report for the years 1985 through 1989 have been estimated
using a methodology developed for the Interim Inventories,
with some exceptions. The Interim methodology was
developed to produce inventories for the years 1987 through
1991 and is presented in the Regional Interim Emission
Inventories (1987-1991).4 A similar methodology was
developed for the preparation of a national 1990 PM-10
inventory as documented in the Emissions Inventory for the
National Particulate Matter Study62 and revised as
documented in the draft report entitled The National
Particulates Inventory: Phase II Emission Estimates.6^ In
order to generate the necessary emissions for the Trends
report, the Interim methodology has been expanded to
generate CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC emissions for the years
1985 and 1986, as well as PM-10 emissions for the years 1985
through 1989.
Lead emissions for the years 1985 through 1989 have
been estimated using the methodologies described in section
6.4 of this report. These methodologies were applied to
estimate Pb emissions for all applicable source categories.
6.3.1 Fuel Combustion - Electric Utilities
Emissions from the combustion of fuel by electric utilities
have been divided into two classifications: (1) steam
generated fossil-fuel units (an electric utility unit is a boiler);
and (2) nonsteam generated fossil-fuel units such as GT and
1C engines.
The emissions from fossil-fuel steam electric utility units
for the years 1985 through 1989 have, with one exception,
been developed using the same methodology as that described
under 6.2.1 for the years 1990 through 1993. The one
difference is the 1985 electric utility SO2 emissions, which are
based on the National Allowance DataBase (NADB) Version
2.11, Acid Rain Division, U.S. EPA, released March 23,
1993. (Therefore, the SO2 emissions in this report differ from
the emissions included in the 1985 NET data base.)
Allocations at the Tier III level for 1985 are approximations
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
only and are based on the methodology to estimate emissions
for the year 1985 for the other pollutants.
The 1990 Interim Inventory emissions for the second
classification, nonsteam generated fossil-fuel units, served as
the base yearfromwhichemissionsfortheyears 1985 through
1989 were estimated. The methodology used to develop the
emissions for the 1990 base year and the two methodologies
used to estimate the emissions from the base year emissions
are discussed in section 6.3.2.
6.3.2 Fuel Combustion - Industrial, Other
Combustion
The 1990 emissions for industrial and other fuel
combustion were generated from both the nonutility point
source" and nonsolvent area source portions of the 1985
NAPAP Emissions Inventory. These 1990 emissions served
as the base year from which the emissions for the years 1985
through 1989 were estimated. The emissions for the years
1985 through 1989 were estimated using historical earnings
data compiled by BEA or historic estimates of fuel
consumption based on the DOE's SEDS.
6.3.2.11990 Interim Inventory Development
The 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory estimates for the
nonutility point sources have been projected to the year 1990
based on the growth in BEA historic earnings for the
appropriate State and industry, as identified by the 2-digit SIC
code. State and SIC-level growth factors were calculated as
the ratio of the 1990 earnings data to the 1985 earnings data.
The area source emissions from the 1985 NAPAP
Emissions Inventory that fall within this category, with the
exception of residential wood combustion, have been
projected to the year 1990 based on BEA historic earnings
data, BEA historic population data,64 DOE SEDS data, or
other growth indicators. The specific growth indicator was
assigned based on the source category. The BEA earnings
data were converted to 1982 dollars as described above. The
1990 SEDS data were extrapolated from data for the years
1985 through 1989. All growth factors were calculated as the
ratio of the 1990 data to the 1985 data for the appropriate
growth indicator.
When creating the 1990 emissions inventory, changes
were made to emission factors, control efficiencies, and
emissions from the 1985 inventory for both the nonutility and
area sources. The PM-10 control efficiencies were obtained
from revisions made to the PM-10 Calculator.15'65 Details of
these changes are presented in the Trends Procedures
Document.1 In addition, rule effectiveness was applied to the
1990 emissions estimated for the nonutility point sources. The
CO, NOX, and VOC point source controls were assumed to be
80 percent effective; PM-10 and SO2 controls were assumed
to be 100 percent effective.
The 1990 emissions for CO, NOX, VOC, and SO2 were
calculated using the following steps: (1) projected 1985
controlled emissions to 1990 using the appropriate growth
factors; (2) calculated the uncontrolled emissions using
control efficiencies from the 1985 NAPAP Emission
Inventory; and (3) calculated the final 1990 controlled
emissions using revised control efficiencies and the
appropriate rule effectiveness. The 1990 PM-10 emissions
were calculated using the TSP emissions from the 1985
NAPAP Emission Inventory. The 1990 uncontrolled TSP
emissions were estimated in the same manner as the other
pollutants. From these TSP emissions, the 1990 uncontrolled
PM-10 estimates were calculated by applying SCC-specific
uncontrolled particle size distribution factors. The controlled
PM-10 emissions were estimated in the same manner as the
other pollutants. Because the majority of area sources are
uncontrolled emissions, the second and third steps were not
required to estimate the 1990 area source emissions.
6.3.2.2 1985 through 1989
The 1990 Interim Inventory served as the base year from
which emissions for 1985 through 1989 were estimated. 1990
emissions from each point source in the 1985 NAPAP
Emissions Inventory (excluding steam electric utilities) were
projected to the years 1985 through 1989 based on the growth
in earnings by industry (2-digit SIC code). Historical earnings
data from BEA's table SA-5 were used to represent growth in
earnings from 1985 through 1990.
Area source emissions were estimated usingBEA historic
earnings data, BEA historic population data, DOE SEDS data,
or other growth indicators. All growth factors were calculated
as the ratio of the earnings data for the specific year to the
earnings data for 1990.
The emissions for all pollutants for a given year between
1985 and 1989 were calculated by applying the appropriate
growth factors to the 1990 Interim Inventory base year
emissions. The 1985 emissions estimated by this method do
not equal those in the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory due
to the changes made when creating the 1990 emissions (e.g.,
the application of rule effectiveness or the application of
updated emission factors).
6.3.2.3 Residential Wood, 1985 through 1989
Residential wood combustion emissions were calculated
using a different methodology than the other source categories
under this Tier category. Emissions for 1985 through 1989
were estimated using annual wood consumption and an
emission factor. The following general equation was used to
calculate emissions:
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
E ear = Activity x EF x | 1 -
CE
100
where: Eyeai= county emissions (tons)
Activity = wood consumption (cords)
EF = emission factor (tons/cord)
CE = control efficiency (percent)
Activity was based on EPA's County Wood Consumption
Estimation Model.23 This model was adjusted with heating
degree day information,24 and normalized with annual wood
consumption estimates.25 AP-42 emission factors for CO,
NOX, PM-10, SO2 and VOC were used.
6.3.3 Chemical and Allied Products
Manufacturing
The CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10 emissions for
chemical and allied products have been estimated by the
methodology described in section 6.3.2. This includes
emissions based on the nonutility point source and nonsolvent
area source emissions from the 1985 NAPAP Emission
Inventory. In addition, the 1985 through 1989 VOC emissions
from Chemical and Allied Products were revised by changing
rule effectiveness from 80 percent to 100 percent for all
controlled point sources.
6.3.4 Metals Processing, Petroleum and
Related Industries, and Other
Industrial Processes
The CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10 emissions for
sources under these Tier I categories have been estimated by
the methodology described in section 6.3.2. This includes
emissions based on the nonutility point source and nonsolvent
area source emissions from the 1985 NAPAP Emission
Inventory.
6.3.5 Solvent Utilization
Solvent utilization emissions are included as both point
and area sources in the Emission Trends inventory. The CO,
NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10 point source emissions for this
Tier category, have been estimated by the methodology
described in section 6.3.2.
VOC emissions from area source solvent utilization were
based on a national material balance of the total point and area
source solvent consumption. The national solvent emissions
were calculated by subtracting the quantity of solvent
transferred to waste management operations and the quantity
of solvent destroyed by air pollution controls from the total
national solvent consumption in 1989.4
The 1989 national solvent emissions were apportioned to
States and counties using data from the 1988 census database.
The 1989 county-level solvent emissions were then projected
to 1990 using BEA earnings data. The resulting 1990 solvent
emission inventory included emissions from both area and
point sources. The 1990 county-level point source solvent
emissions were subtracted from the total solvent inventory to
yield the 1990 area source solvent emissions. These estimates
were then projected to the years 1985 through 1989 by the
method described in section 6.3.2.2.
6.3.6 Storage and Transport, Waste Disposal
and Recycling
The CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, andPM-10 emissions forthese
source categories have been estimated by the methodology
described in section 6.3.2. This includes emissions based on
the nonutility point source and nonsolvent area source
emissions from the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory.
6.3.7 On-Road Vehicles
On-road emissions have been estimated for every year
from 1970 through 1989. These annual emissions were based
on county-level VMT and emission factors. Emissions were
estimated for eight vehicle categories including: LDGV;
LDDV; LDGT-1; LDGT-2; LDDT; HDDT; HDGT; andMC.
6.3.7.1 VMT Data
Annual VMT data for the years 1980 through 1989 were
obtained from the FHWA HPMS data base. The data are
specified by State, vehicle type, and roadway type. Using
population data from the 1980 census,66 the data were
distributed among the counties. For the years 1970 through
1979, the State-level VMT data were obtained fromFHWA's
Highway Statistics67 and apportioned to the counties based on
the distribution of the 1980 county-level VMT data. The data
for all years were then apportioned from the HPMS vehicle
categories to the eight vehicle classes listed above using
allocations provided by OMS.
The resulting annual county-level vehicle and roadway
type specific VMT data were allocated by month. The
monthly allocation was performed by using seasonal NAPAP
temporal allocation factors to apportion the VMT to the four
seasons. Monthly VMT data were then obtained using a ratio
between the number of days in a month and the number of
days in the corresponding season.
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
6.3.7.2 CO, NO^ VOC Emission Factors
County-level emission factors for CO, NOX, and VOC
were calculated using the MOBILESa model, which is
designed to estimate exhaust and evaporative emission factors
for on-road vehicles. To calculate the emission factors for
each year from 1970 through 1989, the model utilized
information on State-level monthly maximum and minimum
temperatures, nine vehicle speeds, national vehicle registration
distributions, gasoline volatility given in terms of in-use RVP,
and county-level I/M and oxygenated fuels programs. The
FTP operating mode was modeled at all speeds.
6.3.7.3 SO2 andPM-10 Emission Factors
A detailed description of the methodology to estimate
SO2 and PM-10 emissions from on-road vehicles for the years
1970 through 1989 is located in chapter 11 of the National
P articulates Inventory: Phase II Emission Estimates6^ The
EPA's on-road paniculate matter emission factor model,
PARTS, was used to calculate highway vehicle PM-10
emission factors from vehicle exhaust, brake wear, tire wear,
and reentrained road dust from paved and unpaved roads, and
SO2 vehicle exhaust emission factors.
P ART5 uses the same vehicle registration distributions as
the MOBILE model. This registration distribution was
modified by distributing the MOBILE HDDV vehicle class
distribution among the five PART5 HDDV subclasses
(2BHDDV [class 2B HDDV], LHDDV [light HDDV],
MHDDV [medium HDDV], HHDDV [heavy HDDV], and
buses). This was accomplished using HDDV subclass-
specific sales, survival rates, and diesel market shares.
6.3.8 Non-road Sources
The non-road category includes the estimated emissions
from aircraft, commercial marine vessels, railroads, and all
other non-road vehicles and equipment. The 1990 Interim
Inventory base year emissions from aircraft, commercial
marine vessels, and railroads have been estimated from the
area source portion of the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory
by the process described in section 6.3.2.2. The basis for the
1990 non-road emissions was emission inventories prepared
by OMS68 for 27 NAAs. These inventories were combined
and used to create national county-level emissions. These
emissions were classified by equipment and engine type in the
OMS inventories and were distributed to the appropriate non-
road SCCs. The OMS inventories did not contain emissions
for SO2 and, therefore, none were included for the non-road
SCCs. It was assumed, based on the emissions from the 1985
NAPAP Emissions Inventory, that the SO2 emissions for these
SCCs were very small (< 92,000 short tons/year).
The non-road emissions for the years 1970 through 1989
have been based on the 1990 estimates. Historic Economic
Growth Analysis System (E-GAS) growth factors69 were
obtained by Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) codes and
matched with the non-road SCCs.
6.3.9 Remaining Categories
"Remaining categories" include emissions for two Tier I
source categories including: natural sources and
miscellaneous. The CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10
emissions for the years 1985 through 1989 from all source
categories, except for those listed below, were produced using
the methodology described in section 6.3.2.
6.3.9.1 Natural Sources, Geogenic, Wind
Erosion, 1985 through 1989
The PM-10 emissions for the years 1985 through 1989
from the wind erosion of agricultural lands were estimated
using a modified version of the NAPAP methodology.
Monthly emissions were estimated from the acres of crops
planted, the number of seconds, and the dust flux. The
expected dust flux was based on the probability distribution of
wind energy, the mean wind speed and the coefficient of drag.
6.3.9.2 Miscellaneous, Agriculture and Forestry
PM-10 emissions from agricultural crops for the years
1985 through 1989 were estimated using the AP-42 emission
factor equation for agricultural tilling. The activity data for
this calculation were the acres of land planted. The emission
factor, expressed in terms of the mass of TSP produced per
acre-tilled was corrected by parameters including the silt of
the surface soil, the particle size multiplier, and the number of
tillings per year.
The 1990 Interim Inventory emissions from agricultural
livestock were determined from activity data, expressed in
terms of the number of heads of cattle, and a national PM-10
emission factor. The emissions for the years 1985 through
1989 were produced using the methodology described for area
source emissions in section 6.3.2.2.
6.3.9.3 Miscellaneous, Other Combustion
The miscellaneous, other combustion category includes
emissions from agricultural burning, forest fires/wildfires,
prescribed/slash and managed burning, and structural fires.
The emissions from agricultural burning and structural fires
were produced using the methodology described in section
6.3.2.2.
Forest fires/wildfires emissions were generated for the
years 1985 through 1989 using information on the number of
forest fires, their location, and the acreage burned. These data
were obtained from the DOI and the USDA Forest Service.
The amount of biomass used to determine the quantity of
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vegetation burned was estimated by the EPA. Average
emission factors were applied to the estimated quantities of
vegetation burned.
For the years 1986 through 1989, and for the States of
Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New
Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming, the above
emission estimates were replaced for the pollutants CO, NO,,,
VOC, and PM-10 by those in the inventory produced for the
Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission. The SO2
emissions were estimated based on the methodology described
below for determining prescribed burning estimates. The
1985 emissions for the 11 States listed above were estimated
based on the ratio of acres burned reported by the USD A and
DOI for the years 1985 and 1990.
Emissions from prescribed burning were based on the
1989 USDA Forest Service inventory of paniculate matter
from prescribed burning. The NOX and SO2 emissions were
estimated by assuming the ratio between the CO emissions to
either the NOX or SO2 emissions in the Forest Service
inventory was equal to the corresponding ratio in the 1985
NAPAP Emission Inventory. The resulting 1989 emissions
for CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10 have been used for all
years between 1985 and 1988.
6.3.9.4Miscellaneous, Fugitive Dust
PM-10 fugitive dust emissions arise from construction
activities, mining and quarrying, paved road resuspension, and
unpaved roads. The general methodology used to estimate
emissions for each of these categories required an activity
indicator, an emission factor, and one or more correction
factors. The activity indicator for a given category varied
from year to year, as may the overall correction factor.
6.3.9.4.1 Construction Activities — The PM-10
emissions for the years 1985 through 1989 were calculated
from an emission factor, an estimate of the acres of land under
construction, and the average duration of construction activity.
The acres of land under construction were estimated from the
dollars spent on construction. The PM-10 emission factor was
calculated from the TSP emission factor for construction
obtained from AP-42, as well as data on the PM-10/TSP ratio
for various construction activities.70
6.3.9.4.2 Mining and Quarrying — The PM-10
emissions for the years 1985 through 1989 were the sum of
the emissions from metallic ore, nonmetallic ore, and coal
mining operations. These PM-10 emissions arise from the
following activities: (1) overburden removal, (2) drilling and
blasting, (3) loading and unloading, and (4) overburden
replacement. Emissions from transfer and conveyance
operations, crushing and screening operations, storage piles,
and travel on haul roads were not included.
To calculate the emissions from metallic ore mining, the
PM-10 emission factors for copper ore processing operations
were applied to all metallic ores. The PM-10 emission factors
for western surface coal mining were used to estimate the
emissions from both nonmetallic ore and coal mining.
6.3.9.4.3 Paved Road Resuspension — The
calculation of total PM-10 emissions for the years 1985
through 1989 were based on the paved road VMT, an AP-42
base emission factor, and two correction factors: road surface
silt loading and the number of dry days. A dry day is defined
as any day with less than 0.01 inches of precipitation. This
term attempts to account for the effect of precipitation.
Surface silt loading values by paved road functional class and
State were determined using an equation that relates silt
loading to ADTV.
Total VMT data for the years 1985 through 1989 were
obtained by State and roadway functional class. The VMT
from paved roads for each year was calculated by subtracting
the unpaved road VMT from the total VMT for each year.
6.3.9.4.4 Unpaved Roads — The total PM-10
emissions for the years 1985 through 1989 were based on the
unpaved roads VMT data, an AP-42 base TSP emission
factor, and the following correction factors: particle size
multiplier, silt content of road surface material, mean vehicle
speed, mean vehicle weight, mean number of wheels, and the
number of dry days. Mean vehicle speeds were assigned to
each unpaved road functional class. The number of dry days
is defined in the same manner as for estimating the paved road
estimates. The VMT data for unpaved roads were obtained
for rural and urban road functional classes excluding local
types and for local road types.
6.4 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1940
THROUGH 1984
A top-down estimation procedure has been used to
produce the criteria pollutant emission estimates for the years
1940,1950,1960, and 1970 through 1984, with several major
exceptions. For all mobile sources, both on-road vehicles and
all non-road mobile, the emissions for only the years 1940,
1190, and 1960 have been produced using this methodology.0
The Pb emissions have been produced using the top-down
approach for the years 1970 through 1994. In addition, the
TSP emissions presented in appendix C have been produced
by this methodology. The SO2 emissions for copper smelters
for the years 1975 to 1984 were obtained from the plants as
documented by the Argonne National Laboratory. Finally,
emission estimates for the years 1941 through 1949, 1951
through 1959, and 1961 through 1969 were estimated as
described in section 6.5.
The emissions were estimated either for individual
sources or groups of sources using three basic factors: (1) an
activity indicator which represents the activity of a source
producing emissions, (2) an emission factor which relates the
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quantity of emissions produced to the activity of the source,
and (3) a control efficiency which quantifies the amount of
pollutant not emitted due to the presence of control devices.
Depending on the source category, the activity indicator was
represented by the quantity of fuel consumed (or delivered),
VMT, refuse burned, raw material processed, or some other
measure of production activity. The emission factors are
quantitative estimates of the average rate of emissions from
many sources combined and are most valid when applied to a
large number of sources.
National activity data for individual source categories
were obtained from many different publications. Emission
factors were generally obtained from AP-42, and from
MOBILESa. Control efficiencies were derived from several
sources, depending on the year for which the emissions were
being estimated. For the years 1940 through 1984, the
primary source was the National Emissions Data System
(NEDS) archives.
6.5 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1900
THROUGH 1939
The national SO2, NOX, and VOC emissions presented for
the years 1900 through 1939 have been taken from two reports
on historic emissions. In addition, these reports provided
emission estimates for the years 1941 through 1949, 1951
through 1959, and 1961 through 1969.d The first report
contains NOX and SO2 emissions for the years between 1900
and 1980. Volatile organic compound emissions for the years
between 1900 and 1985 are contained in the second. It should
be noted that emissions for the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and
1970 in the Trends report were estimated according to the
methodology discussed in section 6.4.
Emissions of SO2, NOX, and VOC were estimated every
5 years from 1900 through 1970, using appropriate activity
indicators and emission factors. Emissions for all intervening
years between 1900 and 1970 have been extrapolated from the
aforementioned emissions based on changes in the national
activity for all applicable source categories.
6.6 EMISSIONS REVISIONS
The estimated emissions presented in this report have in
some instances been modified from those presented in
previous Trends reports. These modifications have come
about due to the use of different methodologies to estimate the
emissions, the refinement of the methodologies used for the
1996 Trends report, the availability of updated information
used to estimate emissions, and the recategorization of some
emission source categories. These modifications to the
emissions are documented in this chapter.
6.6.1 Methodological Changes
The emissions presented in this report reflect several
major changes in the methodologies used to estimate the
emissions. These changes have been described in the
preceding sections of this chapter. The changes in the
methodologies from those used to estimate emissions
presented in the 1996 Trends report are summarized below.
• Revised base year inventory to incorporate State-
derived emissions primarily for nonutility point and
area sources.
• 1985 -1994 fossil-fuel steam utility emissions
primarily derived using ARD NOX emission rates
instead of only DOE EIA-767 data and AP-42
emission factors.
• Used MOBILESb in 1995 and 1996 instead of
MOBILE5a.
• Used pollutant-specific revisions to several non-road
categories (non-road diesel, railroad, and spark
ignition marine engines) as provided by OMS.
• Added Pb emission estimates from aircraft gasoline
consumption.
6.6.2 Other Changes
In addition to the changes in methodology affecting most,
if not all, source categories and pollutants, other changes were
made to the emissions for specific pollutants, source
categories, and/or individual sources. Such changes are
discussed below.
• Several of the sources of activity data and correction
parameters for the fugitive dust sources (agricultural
crops, construction, and paved roads) were revised.
• For 1990, 1995, and 1996, used State-supplied
MOBILE model inputs.
• Used 1990 State-supplied VMT.
• Modified TSDF estimates by removing emissions
from counties with no TSDFs.
• Removed rule effectiveness from pre-1990 chemical
and allied product emissions.
• Revised Pb content of unleaded and leaded gasoline
for the on-road and non-road engine Pb emission
estimates.
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• For the 1995 and 1996 emission estimates, revised
the rule effectiveness to 100 percent for any point
that reported below 100 percent in the 1990
inventory.
• Added Alaska and Hawaii nonutility point source
emissions from AIRS/AFS and area source solvent
emissions from the Interim Inventory report.
6.7 TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL
EMISSIONS, 1985-1996
Although the EPA has produced an annual national
estimate of emission trends since 1973, this report is the first
to present daily emissions (tables 4-1 and 4-2). The daily
emissions were obtained primarily from the States in the
OTAG domain for the O3 pollutants (CO, NOX, and VOC).
Where State estimates were missing, EPA point source
operating parameters or default seasonal/daily factors are
used. Details on temporal and spatial allocations are discussed
in the National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Procedures
Document, 1900-1996, which is available onEFIG's Internet
homepage (www.EPA.gov/oar/oaqps/efig/).
6.8 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1999 to 2010
Projections of future year emissions have been estimated
using the following general procedure:
• Grow 1995 emissions or activity levels
• Apply future year control efficiencies or emission
factors reflecting CAAA requirements
The application of the above procedure differs slightly by
major emitting sector — electric utility, nonutility point, area
sources, on-road vehicle, and non-road sources.
6.8.1 Electric Utilities
Utility growth was projected using the Emission
Reduction and Cost Analysis Model-NOx (ERCAM-NCg
model, and the 1995 NET Inventory as the base for the
projections.71 In ERCAM-NOX, changes in the capacity
utilization of existing electric utility units are based on
historical capacity utilization at the unit level. Additional
growth is projected based on planned and projected electric
utility units. Data on planned units and projected electric
utility demand were obtained from DOE.72'73 Generation
projections from the existing and planned units have been
subtracted from the projected generation demand at the
regional and fuel type level. The remaining generation is
assumed to be filled by projected units. Existing units were
assumed to retire after 65 years of service, or the specified
retirement age if earlier than 65 years.
Nitrogen oxides controls were applied using the ERCAM-
NOX model. This model applies Title I RACT controls and
Title IV performance standards to the affected units, applying
the prescribed emission limits from RACT or Title IV that are
specific to the boiler type and fuel type. Planned and projected
units coming on line in 1996 or later in designated O3 NAAs
and OTRs were assumed to be subject to new source review
and were assumed to apply selective catalytic reduction.
In 1994, the OTR's Memorandum of Understanding
(MOU) was signed by 10 Northeastern States and the District
of Columbia, which required NOX controls beyond RACT on
major sources (in some States). Beginning in 1999, major
sources located within the OTR' s inner corridor are required to
reduce NOX emissions to either 0.20 pounds per million British
thermal units (Ibs/MMBtu) or achieve a 65 percent reduction
from 1990 baseline levels, as specified in the Phase II round of
controls. Outer region units are required to reduce emissions
to either the 0.20 Ibs/MMBtu or a 55 percent emission
reduction under this plan. These reductions were modeled in
projections of emission estimates for the years 1999 through
2010.
Sulfur dioxide projections are based on the SO2 electric
utility allowance caps of Title IV. The emission caps per year
change from 1995 to 2000 to 2010. The projections presented
here are based on ICF Resources, Incorporated's projections of
how utilities will use these allowances.74 Pechan developed
least cost control measures at the unit/boiler level to meet target
national reduction tonnage.
When fuel switching control options are applied to utility
boilers in order to control SO2 emissions, PM emissions change
depending on the fuel type and quality. Percent ash content of
fuel was found to directly influence the amount of PM emitted
by a boiler. For this reason, ash content algorithms were
established to estimate the percent ash content in fuels chosen
by the SO2 reduction model. In conjunction to reported percent
ash content in the Trends baseline file, new percent ash
contents were directly ratioed to calculate new PM emission
levels. This was done for PM-10 emissions and for every
boiler where fuel switching occurred.
No new controls were applied to CO or VOC emissions.
6.8.2 Nonutility Point Sources
Emissions were projected for the following years: 1999,
2000,2002,2005,2007,2008, and 2010. All projections were
made from 1995 emissions. The BEA gross State product
(GSP) projections by State and industry75 were used as a
surrogate for growth for all sources except where noted below.
The BEA data projects GSP for the following years: 1998,
2000,2005,2010,2015,2025, and2040. Data points for 1999,
2002, 2007, and 2008 were developed by assuming linear
growth between the two closest surrounding years. For
nonutility point sources, the growth factors were applied based
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on the units SIC. For area and non-road sources, growth
factors were applied based on an SCC to SIC crosswalk. The
following equation was used to apply growth factors to the
1995 emissions:
at the SCC level. Information on VOC controls came from
OTAG data and the Section 812 analysis.78
6.8.2.4 Sulfur Dioxide Controls
Emissionspro]ection year=Emissions^ *
Earnings
projection year
Earnings^
Additional factors were utilized in the industrial,
commercial/institutional, and residential fuel combustion
sectors to account for improvements in efficiency. For those
sectors, ratios of fuel consumption to constant dollars
(industrial sector) or fuel consumption per square foot
(commercial/institutional and residential) were developed
relative to the base year and were applied to the emissions
projected using growthfactors.76 Applicable emission controls
were then applied to each sector and pollutant as described
below.
6.8.2.1 Carbon Monoxide Controls
Carbon monoxide NAA requirements generally focus on
mobile source controls—enhanced I/M and oxygenated fuels.
While there may be isolated cases of point source controls,
these are not incorporated into the projections.
6.8.2.2 Nitrogen Oxides Controls
Nitrogen oxide RACT was applied to applicable sources
in all moderate and above O3 NAAs, with the exception of
areas that were granted NOX waivers. NOX RACT controls
resulted in control efficiencies ranging from 25 percent to
90 percent depending on the type of source and control
modeled. Unit level NOX RACT controls developed for
OTAG modeling77 were used where the information was
available. Otherwise SCC defaults from OTAG were used.
6.8.2.3 Volatile Organic Compound Controls
The following national VOC controls were modeled on
nonutility point sources:
• Marine vessel loading
• TSDFs
• Benzene NESHAP
• 2-year, 4-year, and 7/10-year Title III MACT
In addition to these national controls new CTGs, non-CTG
RACT, and Group III CTG RACT controls were modeled in
moderate and above O3 NAAs, and CTG RACT was modeled
in marginal and above NAAs. All VOC controls were applied
The CAAA does not specify any mandatory SO2 controls
for nonutility stationary point sources. Regulations applicable
to SO2 emissions from these sources are established by States
for designated SO2 nonattainment areas. Additionally, section
406 of the CAAA requires EPA to produce, and transmit to the
Congress, a report every five years containing an inventory of
national annual SO2 emissions from industrial sources (as
defined in Title IV of the Act), including units subject to
section 405(g)(6) of the Act, as well as the likely trend in such
emissions over the following 20-year period. Further, section
406(b) the CAAA states that "[w]henever the inventory
required by this section indicates that sulfur dioxide emissions
from industrial sources, including units subject to section
405(g)(6) of the CAA, may reasonably be expected to reach
levels greater than 5.6 million tons per year, the Administrator
shall take such actions under the CAA as may be appropriate to
ensure that such emissions do not exceed 5.60 million tons per
year. Such actions may include promulgation of new and
revised standards of performance for new sources,..., as well
as promulgation of standards of performance for existing
sources, ..." EPA's first report under this statutory mandate,
National Annual Industrial Sulfur Dioxide Emission Trends
1995-2015: Report to Congress, was completed in 1995 and
projected that these emissions will remain below the cap for
every year through 2015. Industrial point sources of SO2 were
therefore assumed to remain at current control levels.
6.8.2.5 Particulate Matter (PM-10) Controls
Review of PM-10 SIPs indicate that control efforts are
focusing primarily on area source emitters; therefore, point
sources were assumed to remain at current control levels.
6.8.3 Area Sources
Area pollutant sources were projected using BE A growth
factors in concert with estimates of future year control
efficiencies.
6.8.3.1 Carbon Monoxide Area Controls
Carbon monoxide control efforts mandated by the CAAA
focus on on-road source controls; therefore, no new area source
control initiatives were modeled.
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6.8.3.2 Nitrogen Oxides Area Controls
6.8.4 On-Road Vehicles
Nitrogen oxide RACT controls were modeled for area
source combustion SCCs in moderate and above NAAs.
Control efficiencies modeled for area source NOX RACT were
21 percent for coal sources, 36 percent for oil sources, and
31 percent for natural gas sources. The NOX RACT control
data is consistent with its modeling in both OTAG and the
Section 812 analysis.78
6.8.3.3 Volatile Organic Compound Area
Controls
The following national VOC controls were modeled on
area sources:
Consumer solvents
AIM coatings
Onboard refueling vapor recovery systems
TSDFs
Municipal solid waste landfills
Residential wood combustion (NSPS)
2-year, 4-year, and 7/10-year Title III MACT
In addition, VOC RACT controls were applied in moderate
and above NAAs, except for Stage II vapor recovery controls
which were applied in serious and above NAAs and the OTR.
The area source VOC control data came from the Section 812
analysis.78
6.8.3.4 Sulfur Dioxide Area Controls
Sulfur dioxide area source emitters were projected
assuming no change in current control levels.
6.8.3.5 Particulate Matter (PM-10) Area
Controls
Four PM-10 area source controls were modeled:
• Residential wood combustion
• Construction fugitive dust
• Beef cattle feed lots
• Agricultural burning
The residential wood combustion was modeled nationally for
all projection years. Construction fugitive dust controls were
modeled in moderate and serious PM NAAs for all years.
Beef cattle feed lot controls were modeled in serious PM
NAAs in 2010 only. Agricultural burning controls were
modeled in 11 States (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Idaho,
Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oregon, and
Washington) in 2010 only. The area source PM-10 control
data came from the Section 812 analysis.78
On-road emissions were projected using projected VMT
and OMS's two mobile emission factor models MOBILESb
and PARTS. Growth factors were first applied to 1990 VMT
estimates. VMT was then allocated to the monthly level and
MOBILESb and PARTS emission factors were applied. The
monthly emissions were then summed to calculate annual
emissions.
The 1990 VMT estimates were projected to the future
years using metropolitan statistical area (MSA) level growth
factors by vehicle class. These factors were developed from
national growth by vehicle class from the MOBILE4.1 Fuel
Consumption Model.79 The national growth was scaled to the
MSA level based on population projections.80 Thus, if an area
shows population growth higher than the national average,
VMT growth will also be higher than the national average.
The resulting annual county-level vehicle and roadway
type projected VMT data were temporally allocated to months
using NAPAP temporal allocation factors and the number of
days in each month.
The MOBILESb emission factor model was used to
calculate all CO, NOX, and VOC on-road emission factors for
all States except California. California emission factors for
these pollutants were calculated using an OMS-modified
version of MOBILESb that simulates the California fleet
(CALI5). SO2 and PM-10 emission factors were generated
using PARTS. As with the 1970 through 1996 on-road
emission factors, the projection year emission factors were
calculated at the county level.
MOBILESb inputs were modified for the following
parameters: registration distributions, RVP, temperatures, trip
lengths, reformulated gasoline, oxygenated fuel, national low
emission vehicle (NLEV) program, and basic emission rate
(BER) corrections. For several parameters (monthflag, speeds,
operating mode, and altitude) the 1995 assumptions were
maintained for the projection years. For alcohol fuel market
shares and diesel sales shares MOBILESb defaults were
applied.
For registration distributions, any county modeled with
State-supplied registration distributions in 1995 and 1996 was
modeled with the same distribution in the projection years. All
other counties were modeled with the MOBILESb and PARTS
registration distribution defaults.
The RVP values calculated for 1996 for all months except
May through September were used in all of the projection
years. For the months from May through September, the RVP
values were replaced with the appropriate Phase II RVP limit,
using 8.7 pounds per square inch (psi) in nine areas to account
for the allowable margin of safety in meeting the RVP limits.
The RVP data provided by States were not used in the
projection years.
Actual temperature data cannot be used for the projection
years. Also, due to the variability in temperature patterns from
year to year, selecting a single historical year's data to model in
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the projection years would be inappropriate. Therefore, in the
projection years, 30-year average temperature data are used.
The average minimum and maximum daily temperature for
each month and State are obtained from the Statistical
Abstracts. A single site within each State is chosen to be
representative of the temperature conditions within the entire
State. As with the temperature data for historical years,
California was modeled with two temperature regions.
Reformulated gasoline and oxygenated fuels were
modeled based on a listing of areas participating in the
programs provided by OMS. Guidance was also provided by
OMS on the NLEV program by providing assumptions about
the characteristics of the proposed NLEV program.
A correction was made to the basic emission rates for
HDDVs and heavy-duty gasoline vehicles (HDGVs) as
specified by OMS. This correction modifies the default
MOBILESb zero mile level (ZML [the ZML is the emission
rate at the beginning of a vehicle' s life]) and deterioration rate
(DR [the deterioration rate reflects how quickly the emission
rate of a vehicle increases with time]) for VOC for HDDVs
and NOX and VOC for HDGVs. The 2004 HDDV standards
for hydrocarbons and NOX are accounted for by modifying
MOBILESb. Use of MOBILESb instead of MOBILESa
results in an updated corrected treatment of heavy duty
emission factors. The main change is for heavy-duty diesel
NOX.
6.8.5 Non-road Engine and Vehicle
Projections
Bureau of Economic Analysis earnings and population
data were used as growth factors for all non-road sources
except locomotives and commercial aircraft. Zero growth was
assumed for all locomotive SCCs. This assumption is based
on information that shows railroad use and earnings
increasing, but fuel use remaining constant due to efficiency
gains in locomotive design.81 Growth factors for commercial
aircraft were developed using Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) national estimates of LTOs for air carriers.82 The FAA
data includes historical LTO data through 1995, as well as
estimatedLTOs for 1996 and projectedLTOs through the year
2008. As with the BEA data, growth factors were developed
by dividing the 1995 or 1996 LTO data by the base year
(1990) data.
As an update to some of the Trends non-road emission
estimates, OMS agreed to provide emission estimates from
their models and analyses being used for the RIA documents.83
Categories for which OMS provided data are non-road diesel
engines,34'35 spark-ignition marine engines,36'37 and
locomotives. For each of these categories OMS provided
national/SCC level emission estimates. For diesel non-road
engines, the pollutants covered included CO, NOX, VOC, and
PM-10. For spark-ignition marine engines, only NOX and
VOC were provided. For locomotives, only NOX and PM-10
were provided but only PM-10 was used.
These national OMS numbers were used to update
projection year emission estimates such that the sum of the
county/SCC level Trends estimates would equal the
national/SCC level OMS estimates. Listed below is the
procedure used to incorporate the national OMS emission
estimates:
• The projection year county/SCC level emission
estimates were developed from the base year emission
estimates by applying the appropriate growth factors.
• The projection year county/SCC level emission
estimates developed in Step 1 were aggregated to
national/SCC level emissionestimates. This was done
at the non-road segment level (e.g., construction,
agriculture, lawn and garden, etc.) rather than the
specific engine level; although the OMS data were
supplied at the specific engine level, a large portion of
the Trends emission estimates are at the non-road
segment level.
• Pollutant-specific adjustment factors for each
applicable non-road segment were developed by
calculating the ratio of the OMS national estimate to
the Trends national estimate.
• The Trends county/SCC level estimates developed in
Step 1 were then multiplied by the appropriate
adjustment factor resulting in final Trends
county/SCC level estimates that equal the OMS
estimates when aggregated to the national level.
For non-road diesel engines and spark-ignition marine
engines, adjustments were made to all pollutants for which
OMS provided information (CO, NOX, VOC, and PM-10 for
non-road diesel, NOX and VOC for non-road spark-ignition
marine engines.)
6.8.5.1 Carbon Monoxide, Sulfur Dioxide, and
Particulate Matter (PM-10) Non-road
Controls
Carbon monoxide control efforts mandated by the CAAA
focus on on-road source controls; therefore, no new non-road
engine orvehicle source control initiatives were modeled. EPA
also did not model any new non-road engine or vehicle source
control initiatives for SO2 or PM-10.
6.8.5.2 Nitrogen Oxides Non-road Controls
Emission reductions from Tier I of the compression-
ignition standard were modeled. This national control reduces
emissions from non-road diesel engines, and was accounted for
in the OMS national emission totals. Therefore, the impact of
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this control was included in the Trends projections by the
adjustment of the Trends diesel engine emissions such that the
national emission total for this category equals the OMS
national emission total.
6.8.5.3 Volatile Organic Compound Non-road
Controls
Emission reductions resulting from Phase I of the spark-
ignition standard were modeled using overall percentage
reductions estimated by OMS.84 Since Phase II of the spark-
ignition standard has not been promulgated yet, only Phase I
controls were modeled. This control covers the entire country
and results in a decrease in VOC from gasoline engines and an
increase in NOX from gasoline engines.
VOC estimates from non-road gasoline engines were
reduced by an additional 3.3 percent to account for the use of
reformulated gasoline in specified areas. This 3.3 percent
reduction was applied after the application of the growth
factors and the spark ignition control factors.
Controls on gasoline recreational marine vessels were also
modeled. This national control reduces VOC emissions, and
was accounted for in the OMS national emission totals.
Therefore, the impact of this control was included in the
Trends projections by the adjustment of the Trends
recreational marine vessels emissions such that the national
emission total for this category equals the OMS national
emission total.
6.9 REFERENCES
1. "National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, Procedures Document, 1900-1996." Draft. Emission Factors and Inventory
Group, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
NC. September 1997.
2. "Historic Emissions of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides in the United States from 1900 to 1980." EPA-600/7-85-009a and b.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. April 1985.
3. "Historic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds in the United States from 1900 to 1985." EPA-600/7-88-008a.
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Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1994.
6. "An Emissions Inventory for Assessing Regional Haze on the Colorado Plateau." Grand Canyon Visibility Transport
Commission, Denver, CO. January 1995.
7. AIRS Facility Subsystem database management system for the national database for ambient air quality, emissions, and
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Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Extractions made November 1996 through April 1997.
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the Census, Washington, DC, September 1995.
9. Temporal Allocation Factors File. Data base file provided by R. Wayland, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC to D. Solomon, E.H. Pechan &
Associates, Inc., Durham, NC. 1996.
6-22 « 6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodology
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
10. "The 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory: Development of Temporal Allocation Factors." EPA-600/7-89-010d. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. April 1990.
11. "Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)/Particulate Matter (PM) Speciation Data System (SPECIATE) User's Manual,
Version 1.5." Final Report. Radian Corporation, EPA Contract No. 68-DO-0125, Work Assignment No. 60. Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. February
1993.
12. "Consumption Estimates," State Energy Data Report. DOE/EIA-0214. Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. 1996.
13. Human Health Benefits from Sulfate Reductions under Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. Final Report,
Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Prepared by Hagler Bailly
Consulting, Inc. (Lauraine G. Chestnut) under subcontract to ICF Incorporated, EPA Contract No. 68-D3-005, Work
Assignment No. 2F-03 and 3F-12. November 1995.
14. Analyzing Electric Power Generation under the CAAA. Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC. July 1996.
15. "Acid Rain Program CEMS Submissions Instructions for Monitoring Plans, Certification Test Notifications, and
Quarterly Reports." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. May 1995.
16. Federal Register, Vol. 61, No. 245, Table 3, 67122. December 19, 1996.
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Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. 1997.
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U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. 1997.
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Supplement D through 5th Edition, Supplement B, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. 1997.
20. Survey of Current Business. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. 1990-
1996.
21. E-mail from J. Nuovo to J. Better of the Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC), South Carolina,
entitled "Total Suspended Paniculate (TSP)/PM-10 Ratio." Copy to P. Carlson, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc.,
Durham, NC. April 10, 1997.
22. "Ozone Transport Assessment Group (OTAG) Emissions Inventory Development Report Volume III: Projections and
Controls," prepared by E.H. Pechan & Associates, prepared for the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. June 1997.
23. Phillips, Breda M. County Wood Consumption Estimation Model, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, March 1995.
24. Local Climatology Data, National Climatological Center, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC, Monthly, 1985-1996.
25. Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption. DOE/EIA-0548. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of
Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
26. E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. 2010 Clean Air Act Baseline Emission Projections for the Integrated Ozone,
P articulate Matter, and Regional Haze Cost Analysis. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. May 1997.
27. Cotton Ginnings, PCG, U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Agricultural Statistics
Board, Washington, DC. (13 issues, mailed approximately twice per month during August-March ginning season.)
28. Telecon. S. Kersteter, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Durham, NC with Roger Latham, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Cotton Statistics. March 6, 1997.
29. "Highway Performance Monitoring System Data Base Files." Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of
Transportation, Washington, DC. 1980-1995.
30. "1990 Census of Population, Volume I Characteristics of Population, Chapter B, Number of Inhabitants." Bureau of
Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. 1993.
31. Data file obtained by P. Carlson of E.H. Pechan& Associates, Inc., Durham, NC fromK. Welty, Highway Information
Management, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. March 1997.
32. "User's Guide to Mobiles (Mobile Source Emission Factor Model)." EPA-AA-AQAB-94-01, Office of Mobile
Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI. May 1994.
33. "Draft User's Guide to PARTS: A Program for Calculating Particle Emissions from Motor Vehicles." EPA-AA-
AQAB-94-2. Office of Mobile Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI. July 1994.
6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodology « 6-23
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
34. Motor Gasolines. National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research, IIT Research Institute, Barltesville, OK.
Summer 1987 and Summer 1990.
35. "Control of Emissions of Air Pollution from Non-road Diesel Engines; Proposed Rule." Federal Register, Volume 62,
Part 185, 50152-50219. September 24, 1997.
36. "Draft Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions from Non-road Diesel Engines." Office of Mobile Sources,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI. August, 1997.
37. "Control of Air Pollution; Emission Standards for New Non-road Spark-Ignition Marine Engines." Federal Register,
Volume 61, Part 194, 52088-52169. October 4, 1996.
38. "Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Control of Air Pollution; Emission Standards for New Non-road Spark-Ignition
Marine Engines." EPA Air Docket A-92-28, Docket Item #V-B-08. June 1996.
39. Towery, D., "National Crop Residue Management Survey, 1990-1996." Conservation Information Technology Center
(CTIC), Purdue University. Personal communication with W. Barnard, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Durham, NC.
May 1997.
40. Spivey, L.D. Jr. and R.L. Glenn. Soil Conservation Service Soil Geography - NATSGO Map Series Dominant Surface
Soil Texture, Data Source: USDA-SCS 1982 NRI and Soil-5 Databases and 1984 MLRA Map. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Washington, DC. September 1988.
41. "Major Land Resource Areas of the United States Adjusted to County Boundaries for Compilations of Statistical Data."
U.S. Department of Soil Conservation Service, USGS. National Atlas Base. Agricultural Handbook 296. 1978.
42. Brady, N.C., "The Nature and Properties of Soils," 8th Edition. MacMillan Co., New York. 1974. p. 48.
43. Cowherd, C.C. Jr., K. Axtell, C.M. Guenther, and G.A. Jutze, "Development of Emission Factors for Fugitive Dust
Sources." EPA-450/3-74-037. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. June 1974.
44. Slump, D.R., S.G. Campbell, and S.R. Francis, "Spatial Distribution of PM-10 Emissions from Agricultural Tilling in
the San Joaquin Valley." California Air Resources Board. 1996.
45. Annual Wildland Fire Report. Internal Publication. U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, DC. 1996.
46. Wildfires by State. U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, DC. 1996.
47. Report to U.S. Forest Service, Fiscal Year 1992. U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
1992.
48. National Forest Fire Report, Annual. U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. 1993-
1995.
49. "An Inventory of Paniculate Matter and Air Toxic Emissions from Prescribed Fires in the United States for 1989." U.S.
Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. 1989.
50. Cowherd, C.C. Jr., K. Axtell, C.M. Guenther, and G.A. Jutze, "Development of Emission Factors for Fugitive Dust
Sources." EPA-450/3-74-037. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. June 1974.
51. Construction Review. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. Annual.
52. Improvement of Specific Emission Factors. Midwest Research Institute, B ACM Project No. 1. March 1996.
53. "2010 Clean Air Act Baseline Emission Projections for the Integrated Ozone, Paniculate Matter, and Regional Haze
Cost Analysis." E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Durham, NC. May 1997.
54. Correspondence with Jean Moore of the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, DC. March
1997.
55. Coal Industry Annual. DOE/EIA-0584, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. November 1985-1996.
56. Myers, R., Emission Factors and Inventory Group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, personal communication
with W. Barnard of E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Durham, NC. 1997..
57. Local Climatological Data, National Climatic Data Center. Monthly. 1985-1996.
58. Stensland, G., Illinois State Water Survey, personal communication with W. Barnard of E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc.,
Durham, NC. 1989.
59. 1987 Census of Transportation: Truck Inventory and Use Survey - United States. TC87-T-52. Bureau of Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. August 1990.
60. Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures '91. Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association,
Detroit, MI. 1991.
61. "1991 Market Data Book," Automotive News. Grain Communications, Inc. May 19, 1991.
62. "Emissions Inventory for the National Paniculate Matter Study." Final Draft. Office of Policy, Planning and
Evaluation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. July 1994.
63. "The National Particulates Inventory: Phase II Emission Estimates." Draft Report. EPA Contract No. 68-D3-0035,
Work Assignment No. 1-46. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. June 1995.
6-24 « 6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodology
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
64. "Economic Growth Analysis System: User's Guide, Version 2.0." EPA-600/R-94-139b. Joint Emissions Inventory
Oversight Group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. August 1994.
65. Dean, T.A., P. Carlson, "PM-10 Controlled Emissions Calculator." EPA Contract No. 68-DO-0120, Work Assignment
No. 11-81. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. April 1993.
66. "1980 Census of Population, Volume I Characteristics of Population, Chapter B, Number of Inhabitants." Bureau of
Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. April 1983.
67. Highway Statistics. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Annual.
68. "Non-road Engine Emission Inventories for CO and Ozone Nonattainment Boundaries." Office of Mobile Sources,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI. October 1992.
69. E-GAS Growth Factors and Bureau of Labor Statistics to SCC Cross-Reference Computer. PC model and files received
by E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. from TRC Environmental Corporation, Chapel Hill, NC. June 1994.
70. Midwest Research Institute, "Gap Filling PM-10 Emission Factors for Selected Open Area Dust Sources," U.S. EPA
Rept. No. EPA-450/4-88-003. February, 1988.
71. "The Emission Reduction and Cost Analysis Model for NOX (ERCAM-NO,,)." Final Report. E.H. Pechan &
Associates, Inc., Springfield, VA. Prepared for Ozone/CO Programs Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1994.
72. "Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1990." DOE/EIA-0095(90). Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy. Washington, DC. October 1991.
73. "Annual Outlook for U.S. Electric Power 1991: Projections Through 2010." DOE/EIA-0474(91). Energy Information
Administration, U.S. Department of Energy. Washington, DC. July 1991.
74. "Recommendations to NAPAP Regarding SO2 Emission Projections." Report to the National Acid Precipitation
Assessment Program (NAPAP). Prepared by Resources for the Future. Washington, DC. June 15, 1994.
75. "Regional Projections to 2045," data files, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington,
DC. August 1995.
76. Annual Energy Outlook 1997 with Projections to 2015. DOE/EIA-0383(97), U.S. Department of Energy, Energy
Information Administration, Washington, DC. December 1996.
77. Ozone Transport Assessment Group (OTAG) Emissions Inventory Development Report Volume I: 1990 Base Year
Development," prepared by E.H. Pechan & Associates, prepared for the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. February 1997.
78. "Emission Projections for the Clean Air Act Section 812 Prospective Analysis External Review Draft," prepared by
E.H. Pechan & Associates, prepared for Industrial Economics, Inc. February, 1997.
79. MOBILE4.1 Fuel Consumption Model. Computer reports from the Office of Mobile Sources, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI. August 1991.
80. " 1990 BEA Regional Projections to 2040: Volume 1: States." U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. June
1990.
81. "Emission Standards for Locomotives and Locomotive Engines." Federal Register, Volume 62, Part 28, 6366-6405.
February 11, 1997.
82. "FAA Aviation Forecast-Fiscal Years 1997-2008," FAA-APOO-110, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal
Aviation Administration. March, 1997.
83. "Emission Inventories Used in the Non-road Diesel Proposed Rule," e-mail from Joe Somers, Office of Mobile Sources,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency," E-mail to Sharon Nizich. August 27, 1997.
84. "Fleet Average Annual Emission Reduction Percentages Small Engines Phase I." E-mail from Joe Somers, Office of
Mobile Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, to Sharon Nizich. July 23, 1997.
* The rule effectiveness was changed from 80 to 100 percent for a few plants as a result of comments received from State air agencies. This resulted in
a reduction of NOX and VOC emissions.
b Details on the PM-10 Calculator updates are available in chapter V of the National Particulates Inventory: Phase II Emission Estimates.
0 The 1940, 1950, and 1960 on-road estimates were adjusted for this report to compensate for the methodological changes from 1960 to 1970.
d The trend in emissions, not the actual emissions, were extracted from references 1 and 2.
6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodology « 6-25
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
State
Alabama
Arkansas
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia - Atlanta
Urban Airshed (47
counties) domain
Georgia - Rest of
State
Illinois
Indiana
Kansas
Kentucky - Jefferson
County
Kentucky - Rest of
State
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Pennsylvania -
Allegheny County
Pennsylvania -
Philadelphia County
Pennsylvania - Rest
of State
Rhode Island
Table 6-1. Point Source
Temporal
Data Source/Format Resolution
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State format
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - EPS Workfiles
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
Jefferson County - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - State Format
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - State Format
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfiles
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State Format
State - State Format
Allegheny County - County Format
Philadelphia County - County Format
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
Annual
Annual
Daily
Daily
Annual
Annual
Daily
Annual
Daily
Annual
Annual
Daily
Daily
Annual
Daily
Daily
Daily
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Annual
Annual
Annual
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Data Submitted
Year of
Data Adjustments to Data
1994
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1993
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1994
1990
1990
1990
1990
Backcast to 1990 using BEA. Average Summer
Day estimated using methodology described
above.
Average Summer Day estimated using default
temporal factors.
None
None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
None
Average Summer Day estimated using default
temporal factors.
None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
None
None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
None
None
None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Backcast to 1990 using BEA. Average Summer
Day estimated using methodology described
above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
None
None
None
None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Backcast to 1990 using BEA. Average Summer
Day estimated using methodology described
above.
None
None
None
None
6-26 « 6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodology
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
State
Table 6-1 (continued)
Data Source/Format
Temporal Year of
Resolution Data Adjustments to Data
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State Format
State - EPS Workfile
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State Format
Annual 1991 Average Summer Day estimated using default
temporal factors.
Annual 1990 Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Annual 1990 Average Summer Day estimated using default
temporal factors.
Daily 1992 Backcast to 1990 using BEA.
Daily 1990 None
Annual 1990 Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Annual 1990 Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Daily 1990 None
6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodology « 6-27
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 6-2. Area Source Data Submitted
State
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Data Source/Format
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - Hard copy
AIRS-AMS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State format
Temporal
Resolution
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Geographic Coverage
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Jacksonville, Miami/
Ft. Lauderdale, Tampa
Atlanta Urban Airshed
Adjustments to Data
None
None
None
Added Non-road emission
estimates from Int. Inventory to
Jacksonville (Duval County)
None
Illinois State - State format Daily
Indiana State - State format Daily
Kentucky State - State Format Daily
Louisiana State - State Format Daily
Maine State - EPS Workfile Daily
Maryland State - EPS Workfile Daily
Michigan State - State Format Daily
Missouri AIRS-AMS-Ad hoc retrievals Daily
New Hampshire State - EPS Workfile Daily
New Jersey State - EPS Workfile Daily
New York State - EPS Workfile Daily
North Carolina State - EPS Workfiles Annual
Ohio State - Hard copy Daily
Pennsylvania State - EPS Workfile Daily
(47 Counties)
Entire State
Entire State
Kentucky Ozone Nonattainment
Areas
Baton Rouge Nonattainment
Area (20 Parishes)
Entire State
Entire State
49 Southern Michigan
Counties
St. Louis area (25 counties)
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Canton, Cleveland Columbus,
Dayton, Toledo, and
Youngstown
Entire State
None
Non-road emissions submitted
were county totals. Non-road
emissions distributed to specific
SCCs based on Int. Inventory
None
None
None
None
None
Only area source combustion data
was provided. All other area source
data came from Int. Inventory
None
None
None
Average Summer Day estimated
using default temporal factors.
Assigned SCCs and converted from
kgs to tons. NOX and CO from Int.
Inventory added to Canton, Dayton,
and Toledo counties.
Non-road emissions submitted
were county totals. Non-road
emissions distributed to specific
SCCs based on Int. Inventory
Rhode Island
Tennessee
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
State - EPS Workfile
State - State format
State - State Format
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
AIRS-AMS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State Format
Daily
Daily
Annual
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Entire State
42 Counties in Middle
Tennessee
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Charleston, Huntington/
Ashland, and Parkersburg
(5 counties total)
Entire State
None
No non-road data submitted. Non-
road emissions added from Int.
Inventory
Average Summer Day estimated
using default temporal factors.
None
None
None
None
6-28 « 6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodology
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 6-3. Boiler Emissions Data Sources for NOX and SO2 by Year
Year
NOV
SO,
1985 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1986 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1987 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1988 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1989 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1990 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1991 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1992 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1993 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1994 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible; overlaid ETS/CEM data
when possible
1995 Overlaid ETS/CEM data when possible
1996 Grew from 1995 data using EIA-759 data
NADBV311 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Overlaid ETS/CEM data when possible
Grew from 1995 data using EIA-759 data
6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodology « 6-29
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 6-4. Emission Estimates Available from AIRS/AFS by State, Year, and Pollutant
State
1990
N S P T V
1991
C N S P T V
1992
C N S P T V
1993
C N S P T V
1994
C N S P
T V
1995
C N S P T V
Alabama
f
Alaska
Arizona
alifornia
olorado
onnecticut
Hawaii
Illinois
_ouisiana
Michigan
Minnesota
Montana
Mebraska
Mevada
New Hampshire
New Mexico
North Dakota
Oregon
ennsylvania
South Carolina
South Dakota
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Notes:
C = CO
N = NO,
S = SO,
P = PM-10 T = TSP
V = VOC
Pennsylvania only includes Allegheny County (State 42, County 003); New Mexico only includes Albuquerque
(State 35, County 001); Washington only includes Puget Sound (State 53, County 033, 053, or 061); Nebraska
includes all except Omaha City (State 31, County 055); the CO emissions in NET were maintained for South
Dakota (State 46).
6-30 « 6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodology
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Chapter 7.0 Biogenic Emissions
This report presents a preliminary estimate of biogenic
VOC and nitric oxide (NO) emissions for 1988, 1990, 1991,
1995, and 1996. The methodology for computing these
estimates is based on the Biogenic Emissions Inventory
System — Version 2 (BEIS2).1'2'3 The emission estimates are
presented in table 7-1 for VOC and table 7-2 for NO. Except
for 1990, differences in annual emission estimates are due to
year-to-year variations in air temperature and cloudiness.
The 1990 estimates were taken from the 1994 trends report
and was based on a slightly different version of BEIS2.
Biogenic emission estimates are strongly affected by
differences in climatology and land use. Tables 7-3 and 7-4
show that highest emissions occur in the summer, when
temperatures are highest. Variations in biogenic emissions
are influenced by fluctuations in temperature. For example an
increase of 10 degrees Celsius (°C) can result in over a
two-fold increase in both VOC and NO. As shown here,
7.1 REFERENCES
annual emission estimates correlate very strongly with
changes in annual temperature patterns.
Figures 7-1 and 7-2 show the spatial variation in
biogenic emission densities estimated for counties across the
United States. While some of this variability is attributable
to differences in temperature and solar radiation, much of the
spatial difference can be attributed to variations in land use.
Higher VOC densities in the southern United States and in
Missouri are strongly linked to the large areas of
high-emitting oak trees. The relatively high densities of NO
in the Midwestern United States are associated with areas of
fertilized crop land.
Research in the area of biogenic emissions continues to
be quite active, and changes in emission estimates are to be
expected in the next few years. Meanwhile, these emissions
should be viewed with an uncertainty of at least a factor of
two.
1. Birth, T., "User's Guide to the PC Version of the Biogenic Emissions Inventory System (PC-BEIS2)." EPA-600/R-95-
091. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1995
2. Geron, C., A. Guenther, and T. Pierce, "An Improved Model for Estimating Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds
from Forests in the Eastern United States." Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 99, pp. 12773-12791. 1994.
3. Williams, E., A. Guenther, and F. Fehsenfeld, "An Inventory of Nitric Oxide Emissions from Soils in the United
States. Journal of'Geophysical Research, vol. 97, pp. 7511-7519. 1992.
7.0 Biogenic Emissions # 7-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 7-1. Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound
(thousand short tons)
State
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
1988
1,826
535
1,837
1,815
889
81
25
1
1,352
1,666
854
283
237
141
154
677
1,291
599
164
140
581
729
1,662
1,472
912
95
152
168
130
505
350
1,072
69
270
1,013
1,066
594
24
738
142
1,063
2,711
407
102
911
685
510
648
505
33,852
1990
2,114
542
1,852
1,778
748
68
19
1
1,513
1,958
810
227
185
95
140
575
1,403
567
132
107
422
519
1,801
1,222
729
79
140
147
115
533
303
1,194
49
211
1,016
1,118
510
18
886
103
1,022
2,864
374
91
886
780
420
450
387
33,224
1991
1,852
517
1,476
1,711
817
74
24
1
1,246
1,609
764
257
227
103
133
648
1,043
621
155
129
548
612
1,450
1,298
781
81
142
163
124
499
328
1,002
51
243
864
1,002
560
21
652
113
1,010
2,244
353
100
850
650
473
516
397
30,536
Emissions by State
1995
1,937
548
1,741
1,794
826
81
26
1
1,436
1,721
706
244
218
112
118
636
1,367
622
169
140
533
636
1,642
1,267
666
78
135
171
132
531
361
1,110
48
259
887
1,114
642
24
755
104
997
2,649
345
106
917
801
492
541
358
32,742
1996
1,597
591
1,472
2,125
878
63
20
0
1,255
1,454
726
191
165
89
116
496
1,125
531
127
109
394
533
1,402
1,056
716
72
158
137
103
544
280
908
46
197
836
1,087
460
18
626
102
817
2,481
410
88
728
735
383
412
396
29,254
NOTE: The sums of States may not equal National total due to rounding.
7-2 # 7.0 Biogenic Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 7-2. Biogenic Nitric Oxide Emissions by State
(thousand short tons)
State
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
1988
14
55
19
42
39
1
2
0
22
19
25
90
49
93
91
19
19
3
6
1
25
58
19
44
60
91
46
1
2
62
17
21
51
36
35
24
19
0
10
62
17
199
28
2
10
15
4
36
39
1,638
1990
19
51
21
40
35
1
2
0
29
29
23
84
48
82
87
20
20
3
6
1
25
52
22
42
49
83
38
1
2
59
19
26
42
36
37
22
21
0
16
53
18
203
25
2
12
15
4
34
40
1,596
1991
14
53
19
42
38
1
2
0
22
20
24
90
51
90
91
20
19
3
6
1
26
56
19
44
57
90
44
1
2
61
18
22
48
37
35
23
20
0
11
60
18
199
27
2
10
14
4
35
36
1,628
1995
14
55
19
42
38
1
2
0
22
20
24
86
49
87
85
19
19
3
6
1
25
54
19
42
53
86
44
1
2
64
18
21
44
35
34
23
20
0
11
56
17
202
28
2
10
15
4
35
35
1,591
1996
14
58
18
44
39
1
2
0
22
19
24
81
46
81
83
18
19
2
6
1
23
50
19
40
52
80
47
1
2
65
17
20
43
33
34
23
18
0
10
52
16
206
29
2
9
15
3
32
35
1,553
NOTE: The sums of States may not equal National total due to rounding.
7.0 Biogenic Emissions # 7-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 7-3. Biogenic Volatile Organic Table 7-4. Biogenic Nitric Oxide Seasonal
Compound Seasonal Allocation, Allocation,
1988 to 1996 1988 to 1996
(percentages) (percentages)
-*SSE Winter Sprinq Summer Autumn Year Winter Spring Summer Autumn
1988 3 18 61 18
1990 4 17 57 22
1991 3 21 62 14
3 18 59 19
1988
1990
1991
11
15
12
23
21
24
42
39
40
24
25
23
1996 12 2s 41 24
7-4 # 7.0 Biogenic Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure 7-1. Density Map of VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND 1996
Biogenic Emissions by County
Emission Density
(short tons/sq. mi.)
• >21
• 12 to 21
• 5 to 12
2 to 5
Oto2
Figure 7-2. Density Map of NITRIC OXIDE 1996 Biogenic Emissions by County
Emission Density
(short tons/sq. mi.
• >o.g
• 0.5 to 0.9
• 0.3 to 0.5
0.2 to 0.3
0 to 0.2
7.0 Biogenic Emissions # 7-5
-------
Chapter 8.0 Air Toxics Emissions
8.1 BACKGROUND
Air toxics are non-criteria pollutants which have been
associated with, or have the potential to cause serious health
effects (e.g. cancer, reproductive disorders, developmental
effects, or neurological effects) or environmental effects (e.g.,
similar disorders to wildlife or degradation of water or habitat
quality over broad areas). Air toxics, for the purpose of the
CAA, are those 188 HAPs which are listed in section 112(b)
of the CAA, and for which sources are identified and
regulated. The list of 188 HAPs is available from the following
Internet address:
www.EPA.gov/ttn/chief/ap42etc.html.
Of the 188 HAPs listed in section 112(b), 17 are actually
chemical groupings such as cadmium compounds or
polycyclic organic matter. Therefore, the actual number of
specific pollutants considered as HAPs is broader than 188.
Of these 188 HAPs, there are approximately 3.7 million tons
released into the air each year.
There is considerable uncertainty associated with the
amount and quality of data available on HAPs, and as such, in
evaluation of the nature and scope of the potential health
effects and ecological effects caused by exposure to them (air
toxics problem). For this reason, the air toxics problem is
often described in qualitative rather than quantitative terms.
In order to assess the air toxics problem, information must be
developed concerning the potential health effects and
concentrations of HAPs in the environment. To address one
of the more important data limitations, the EPA' s O AQP S has
developed and maintains an air emissions inventory, the NTI,'
to provide data for: trends analysis, identifying sources of
HAPs for regulatory purposes; modeling of HAP
concentrations; regulatory tracking of sources and emissions;
and other technical and policy considerations.
8.2 THE NATIONAL TOXICS INVENTORY
The 1993 NTI is now being updated. At this time, the
NTI includes emissions information for 188 HAPs from 913
point, area, and mobile source categories. Data from the
Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) were used as the foundation of
this inventory. However, because TRI data do not include
mobile and area sources, other references needed to be
considered. Data from OAQPS studies, such as the Mercury
Report2, and 112c(6) and 112(k) inventory reports, and data
collected during development of MACT Standards under
section 112(d), supplement the TRI data in the NTI. In
addition, State and local data such as the California Air
Resource Board's (CARD) Hot Spots Inventory, Houston
Inventory, and the Arizona HAP Study were incorporated in
the 1993 NTI. The use of non-TRI data from other sources is
particularly important for providing estimates of area and
mobile source contributions to total HAP emissions. It should
be noted that development of the NTI is continuing and that
additional information concerning emissions from sources
regulated under the MACT program will be added as well as
additional State and local emissions data submitted as part of
Title V operating permit surveys of the CAA.
The NTI estimates of the area source (sources of HAPs
emitting less than 10 ton/year of an individual HAP or
25 tons/year of aggregate emissions of HAPs each) and mobile
source contributions to the national emissions of HAPs are
approximately 35 and 41 percent respectively and are shown
in figure 8-1. As part of the characterization of sources of
HAPs nationwide, a listing of the sources emitting the largest
quantity of HAPs is presented in table 8-1 for the 1993
inventory. These sources do not necessarily represent those
which pose greatest risk but are an indication of the variety of
sources and HAPs which are emitted from such sources in
relatively high quantities. HAP emissions are not equivalent
to risks posed by exposure to these compounds because some
of the HAPs are more toxic than others, and actual exposures
will vary by site-specific conditions. Table 8-1 shows the
major contributing HAPs for each of the top 20 source
categories. The 20 sources listed in table 8-1 collectively
accounted for 87 percent of total emissions of the 188 HAPs
for the year 1993. The first two source categories, on-road
motor vehicles (a mobile source category) and
consumer/commercial solvent use (an area source category)
account for approximately 47 percent of the 188 HAPs emitted
annually.
Figure 8-2 is presented to illustrate the geographic
distribution of emissions of HAPs by mass. This figure shows
total emissions of HAPs for each State and does not
necessarily infer relative health risk by exposure to HAPs by
State. The categorization of pollutant emissions as high,
medium, and low provides a rough sense of the distribution of
emissions. In addition, some States may show relatively high
emissions as a result of very large emissions from a few
facilities or show relatively large emissions as a result from
many very small point sources.
Air Toxics Emissions # 8-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
8.3 REDUCTIONS ARE TAKING PLACE
FOR AIR TOXICS
Since 1990, EPA has established standards and will
continue to establish standards that reduce HAP emissions
The NTI was designed specifically to give a baseline level of
HAP emissions for the year 1993 and cannot currently be used
to estimate emissions trends of HAPs. The EPA is updating
the 1993 NTI and is currently preparing the 1996 NTI. When
the 1996 NTI is compiled, emissions reductions can be more
accurately documented and trends in HAP emissions can be
described. In describing the HAP reductions to date, EPA
must use information gathered during development of these
standards.
Between the years 1990 to 1996, MACT or GACT
(generally achievable control technology) standards were
promulgated for 47 source categories. The CAA requires that
standards be promulgated 2 and 4 years after passage of the
CAA. In a report to Congress just released to comply with the
requirements of section 112(s), the status of the HAP program
under the CAA is described. The EPA estimates that these
standards will reduce HAP emissions by approximately
980,000 tons/year when fully implemented.3 Concurrent
control of paniculate matter and VOC as O3 precursors is
estimated to reduce approximately 1,810,000 tons/year that
would not have occurred through other more conventional
regulatory programs for these specific pollutants. A variety of
programs have been put into place to reduce air toxics and
include an early reductions program (6800 tons/year from 27
permit applications). The first substantive compliance date,
for the MACT standards already promulgated under the CAA,
has passed for about 10 source categories. In addition, under
section lll(d) the municipal waste standard and the
municipal waste incinerator standards have been promulgated
and will reduce some air toxics.
Over the next 10 years, EPA estimates that elements of
the air toxics program will reduce emissions by 1.5. million
tons pery ear.3 These reductions will be accomplished with the
remaining MACT standards scheduled for promulgation 7 and
10 years after passage of the CAA, residual risk standards
(standards which are intended to reduce unacceptable health
risk after MACT has been applied to a source category), and
the urban area source and 112(c)(6) programs described
below.
8.4 THE URBAN AREA SOURCE
PROGRAM
One of the uses of the NTI is for application to the Urban
Area Source Program outlined in the CAA. As a result of this
program, significant reductions of HAPs from area sources are
expected in the future.
Sections 112(c)(3) and 112(k) require the EPA to identify
categories and subcategories of sources of HAPs in urban
areas that pose the greatest threat to human health.
Specifically, the EPA must identify sources of at least 30
HAPs that present the greatest threat to urban populations
("urban HAPs") and assure that sources that account for 90
percent or more of the aggregate emissions are subject to
regulation. In addition, a national strategy must be developed
to reduce a cancer risk attributable to these pollutants by 75
percent. As a first step in fulfilling the requirement under
section 112(c)(3) and 112(k), the EPA has compiled a draft
list of pollutants which may make up the urban HAPs
specified in the CAA as constituting the greatest threat to
public health. Although the list has not been finalized, a list
of 40 potential urban HAPs is given in table 8-2. After
identification of the urban HAP is complete, the NTI can be
used to identify source categories potentially subject to
regulation. Using the draft list of HAPs given in table 8-2, a
draft urban air toxics inventory has been developed as part of
the NTI. This inventory reflects emissions for the year 1993
and not current emissions.
Figures 8-3 and 8-4 present summary data from the draft
urban air emissions inventory for 40 potential urban HAPs.
Mobile sources, area sources and point (major) sources
account for 37,40, and 23 percent of total emissions of the 40
potential urban HAPs. In addition, figure 8-3 shows that
urban and rural emissions of the potential urban HAPs
account for 67 and 33 percent of all emissions respectively.
It is important to note that emissions estimates do not
necessarily reflect potential health risk from exposure to these
HAPs and further analyses will be performed in conjunction
with the development of the urban air toxics strategy.
However, the development of the inventories for the potential
urban pollutants is a critical element in the regulatory strategy
to reduce emissions of HAPs from area sources in urban
geographic areas. The draft report containing the potential
urban HAPs and source categories is available from the
following Internet address:
www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/l 12k/l 12kfac.html
8.5 SECTION 112(c)(6)
Section 112(c)(6) of the CAA requires the EPA to identify
sources of alkylated lead compounds, polycyclic organic
matter, mercury, hexachlorobenzene, polychlorinated
biphenyls, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and 2,3,7,8-
tetrachlorodibenzofuran. These identified sources will account
for not less than 90 percent of the aggregate emissions of each
pollutant subject to national standards. In order to meet the
requirements of section 112(c)(6), the EPA compiled national
inventories of sources and emissions of each of the seven
HAPs. The final inventory report is available at the following
Internet address: www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/112c6fac.html.
8-2 # 8.0 Air Toxics Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
8.6 REFERENCES
1. 1993 National Toxics Inventory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Version 9702, September 1997.
2. Volume II. An Inventory of Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions in the United States. Mercury Study Report to
Congress, SAB Review Draft. EPA-452/R-96-001b.
3. Second Report to Congress on the Status of the Hazardous Air Pollutant Program under the Clean Air Act, Draft. EP A-
453/R-96-015. October 1997.
Air Toxics Emissions # 8-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 8-1. Top 20 Sources of 1993 Toxic Emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants
(short tons)
RANK SOURCE CATEGORY
EMISSIONS
(tpy)
MAJOR HAPS BY MASS/CATEGORY
1 Mobile Sources: On-Road Vehicles 1,389,111
2 Consumer & Commercial Product Solvent Use 414,096
3 Open Burning: Forest and Wildfires 207,663
4 Glycol Dehydrators (Oil and Gas Production) 206,065
5 Mobile Sources: Non-Road Vehicles and Equipment 145,866
6 Open Burning: Prescribed Burnings 134,149
7 Residential Boilers: Wood/Wood Residue 98,646
Combustion
8 Dry Cleaning: Perchloroethylene 95,700
9 Organic Chemical Manufacturing 91,419
10 Pulp and Paper Production 88,579
11 Halogenate Solvent Cleaning (Degreasing) 61,374
12 Primary Nonferrous Metals Production 37,980
13 Cellulosic Man-Made Fibers 37,605
14 Petroleum Refining (All Processes) 27,115
15 Municipal Waste Combustion 24,777
16 Motor Vehicles (Surface Coating) 23,081
17 Gasoline Distribution State II 21,512
18 Utility Boilers: Coal Combustion 21,404
19 Plastics Materials and Resins Manufacturing 20,830
20 Flexible Polyurethane Foam Production 19,550
Acetaldehyde, Benzene, 1,3-Butadiene,
Formaldehyde, Toluene, Xylenes
Methanol, Methyl chloroform, Toluene, Xylenes
Acetaldehyde, Acrolein, Benzene, 1,3-
Butadiene, Formaldehyde, Toluene, Xylenes a
Benzene, Toluene, Xylenes
Acetaldehyde, Benzene, 1,3-Butadiene,
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde, Acrolein, Benzene,
Formaldehyde a
Acetaldehyde, Benzene, Polycylic organic
matterb
Perchloroethylene
Benzene, Ethylene Glycol, Hydrogen chloride,
Methanol, Methyl chloride, Toluene
Acetaldehyde, Benzene, Carbon tetrachloride,
Formaldehyde, Hydrochloric acid, Methanol,
Methylene chloride
Methyl chloroform, Methylene chloride,
Perchloroethylene, Trichloroethylene
Chlorine, Hydrogen chloride, Metals
Carbon disulfide, Hydrogen chloride
Benzene, Hydrochloric acid, Toluene, Xylenes
Formaldehyde, Hydrogen chloride, Manganese,
Mercury, Lead
Methyl chloroform, Toluene, Xylenes
Benzene, Glycol ethers, Naphthalene, Toluene
Hydrogen fluoride, Manganese, Methylene
chloride, Selenium c
Methanol, Methylene chloride, Styrene, Vinyl
acetate
Methylene chloride
Note(s): a Polycyclic organic matter is also a constituent of emissions of this source category, although not a major contributor to emissions on a
mass basis.
b Polycyclic organic matter is a class of hundreds of compounds of varying toxicity. Polycyclic organic matter is defined in the NTI as the
sum of 16 polyaromatic hydrocarbons compounds to provide a workable definition of the more toxic compounds of the class.
0 Mercury and hydrochloric acid are also constituents of emissions of this source category, although not major contributors to emissions on
a mass basis.
8-4 # 8.0 Air Toxics Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 8-2. List of Potential 112(k) Hazardous Air Pollutants
CAS
NUMBER
NAME
CAS
NUMBER
NAME
79345 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 140885
79005 1,1,2-trichloroethane 106934
78875 1,2-dichloropropane (propylene dichloride) 75218
106990 1,3-butadiene 107062
542756 1,3dichloropropene 50000
106467 1,4-dichlorobenzene 302012
75070 Acetaldehyde
107028 Acrolein
79061 Acrylamide
107131 Acrylonitrile 74873
Arsenic compounds 75092
71432 Benzene 101688
Beryllium compounds
117817 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)
Cadmium compounds 91225
56235 Carbon tetrachloride 100425
67663 Chloroform 127184
Chromium compounds 79016
Coke oven emissions 75014
Dioxins/furans* 75354
Ethyl acrylate
Ethylene dibromide (dibromoethane)
Ethylene oxide
Ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane)
Formaldehyde
Hydrazine
Lead compounds
Manganese compounds
Mercury compounds*
Methyl chloride (chloromethane)
Methylene chloride (dichloromethane)
Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)
Nickel compounds
Polycyclic organic matter*
Quinoline
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene)
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl chloride
Vinylidene chloride
'These HAPs are also 112(c)(6)-listed HAPs. The emissions estimates for these HAPs have already been completed.
Air Toxics Emissions # 8-5
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure 8-1. 1993 Total 188 Hazardous Air
Pollutant Emissions (tpy) by Source Category
Figure 8-2. The 1993 National Toxic Inventory's 188 Hazardous Air
Pollutant Emissions by State
NTI Version 9702 (30SEP97)
• High (greater than 90,000 tons/y ear)
• Medium (45,000 - 90,000 tons/year)
ni_ow (less than 45,000 tons/Year)
Figure 8-3. Potential 112(k) 40
Hazardous Air Pollutant
Emissions (tpy) by Source Type
Figure 8-4. Potential 112(k) 40
Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions
(tpy) by Urban/Rural Class
L Point
23.11%
8-6 # 8.0 Air Toxics Emissions
-------
Chapter 9.0
National Greenhouse Gas
Emissions
Naturally occurring greenhouse gases include water
vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide
(N2O), and O3. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs [a family of
human-made compounds]), its substitute hydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs), and other compounds such as perfluorinated carbons
(PFCs), are also greenhouse gases. Although CO2, CH4, and
N2O occur naturally in the atmosphere, their recent
atmospheric build up appears to be largely the result of human
activities. This growth has altered the composition of the
Earth's atmosphere, and may affect future global climate.
By signing the Framework Convention on Climate
Change (FCCC) at the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development in June 1992, and in October
1992, the United States became the first industrialized nation
to ratify the treaty. Since the mid-1980s, the United States has
actively supported international cooperation to help
implement the provisions of this agreement. In particular, the
United States has worked with technical experts from over 50
countries, along with the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD), as part of the
inventory program of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC). This effort has helped facilitate agreement
on methods for estimating emissions of greenhouse gases,
which absorb reradiated energy from the sun. This trapped
energy warms the earth's surface and atmosphere, leading to
what is termed the "greenhouse effect." The purpose behind
this cooperative effort is twofold: (1) to provide a basis for on-
going development of a comprehensive and detailed
methodology for estimating sources and sinks8 of greenhouse
gases, and (2) to develop an international system of consistent
national inventories of greenhouse gas emissions and sinks for
all signatory countries to the FCCC.b
9.1 METHODOLOGY AND DATA
The U.S. greenhouse gas emissions data presented in this
report are taken from an EPA report, Inventory of U.S.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-1995, Final
Report, July 1997.' Emissions of greenhouse gases for various
source categories were developed using methods that are
similar to those recommended by Volumes 1-3 of IPCC Draft
Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.2 The
IPCC's guidelines were followed, wheneverpossible, to ensure
that the U.S. emissions inventory is comparable to other
countries' inventories submitted under the FCCC. It should
be noted that the IPCC guidelines represent baseline
methodologies. The methodologies are currently evolving,
and efforts continue to refine the recommended procedures.
For U.S. emission sources relating to energy consumption,
forest sinks, and some CH4 sources, the IPCC default
methodologies were expanded, resulting in a more
comprehensive estimation procedure. Details on the methods
utilized to develop the U.S. emissions are available in the
aforementioned July 1997, EPA report.
The current U.S. greenhouse gas emissions inventory for
1990-1995 is summarized in table 9-1. The major greenhouse
gas pollutants are listed with estimates of their sources and
sinks, along with net emissions. The units of the table are
million metric tons carbon-equivalent (MMTCE). When
emissions are reported in these units, the individual global
warming potential, or GWP, of each gas is taken into account
(see figure 9-1). Table 9-2 summarizes the CO2, CH4, N2O
emissions in units of short tons.
Since 1990, total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions have
increased. From 1990 to 1995, CO2 emissions increased an
estimated 77 MMTCE, substantially more than any other
greenhouse gas or category of gases. Methane, N2O, HFCs,
PFCs, and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) represent a much smaller
portion of total emissions than CO2. In most cases, emissions
from these gases have increased slightly or remained
relatively constant. The rise in HFC, PFC, and SF6 emissions,
although a small portion of the total, is significant because of
their extremely high GWPs, and in the case of PFCs and SF6,
also their long atmospheric lifetimes.
The trend of emissions growth in greenhouse gases has
not been steady. Emissions of greenhouse gases from
anthropogenic sources in the United States dropped in 1991
from 1990 levels, then grew at an increasing rate through
1994, when the growth rate slowed. Overall, greenhouse gas
emissions in the United States have increased from 1.6 to
1.7 billion metric tons, carbon-equivalent, in the period 1990
to 1995, a 6 percent increase, representing an average annual
increase in emissions of just over 1 percent. This trend is
largely attributable to changes in total energy consumption
resulting from the economic slowdown in the United States in
the early 1990s and the subsequent recovery. The U.S. energy
consumption increased at an average annual rate of 2 percent
overthe same period—1990-1995.3 The increase in emissions
9.0 National Greenhouse Gas Emissions # 9-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
from 1993 through 1995 was also influenced by generally low
energy prices which has resulted in increased demand for
fossil fuels.4
Due largely to fossil fuel consumption, CO2 emissions
accounted for the largest share of U.S. greenhouse gas
emissions—85 percent. CO2 emissions data from the electric
utility industry are submitted to EPA through continuous
emission monitoring reporting under Title IV (Acid
Deposition Control). Although CO2 data were reported for
Phase I affected units in 1994 and for additional units in 1995,
many utilities took advantage of a reporting extension for oil-
fired and gas-fired units associated with the NOX certification
deadline so the CO2 emissions data are not complete for 1995.6
Utility CO2 emissions data, much of which represent
monitored values, in the Acid Rain ETS will be used in future
Trends reports. These emissions were partially offset by the
sequestration that occurred onforested lands. To be consistent
with the IPCC recommended guidelines, the total for 1995
excludes emissions of 22 MMTCE from bunker fuels (fuels
delivered to marine vessels, including warships and fishing
vessels, and aircraft, used for international transport) and
includes emissions from U.S. territories.
Methane accounted for approximately 11 percent of total
emissions, including contributions from landfills and
agricultural activities, among others. Methane emissions have
increased by slightly more than 4 percent from 1990 to 1995.
The largest change in CH4 emission estimates compared to
earlier inventories is in the natural gas sector, where emissions
have been adjusted upward by more than 75 percent due to
improved estimation methods. These revised emissions have
9.2 REFERENCES
not changed significantly over the period 1990-1995,
however. Emissions from landfills have increased over the
period, due to a shift toward larger landfills, and emissions
from agriculture increased due to larger animal populations
and an increased use of liquid manure management systems.
Coal mining emissions have declined, due to improved CH4
recovery and lower coal production from gassy mines.
Emissions of N2O have increased just under 10 percent
since 1990, primarily for two reasons. First, emissions from
fertilizer use, which account for approximately 46 percent of
totalU.S. N2O emissions, increased significantly from 1993 to
1994 as farmers planted more acreage and increased fertilizer
use to replace nutrients lost in the flooding of 1993.
Emissions increased again in 1995 as the use of fertilizer
increased. Second, emissions from other categories have also
increased slightly as the U.S. economy has grown since the
early 1990s.
Emissions of HFCs, PFCs, and SF6 have begun to grow as
the use of these chemicals increases to replace CFCs and other
O3-depleting compounds that are being phased out under the
terms of the Montreal Protocol and Clean Air Act
Amendments. One of the most significant increases since
1990 is the result of HFC-134a usage for mobile air
conditioners. Emissions are also generated as byproducts
from other production processes. The largest single
component of HFC emissions is the emission of HFC-23 as a
byproduct of the production process for another chemical,
hydrochloroflurocarbon (HCFQ-22.
1. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-1995. Final Report. Office of Planning and Evaluation,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. July 1997.
2. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 3 volumes: Vol. 1, Reporting Instructions; Vol. 2,
Workbook; Vol. 3, Draft Reference Manual. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Organization for Economic
Co-Operation and Development. Paris, France. 1994.
3. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1995. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of
Energy, Washington, DC. 1996.
4. Annual Energy Review 1995. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. 1996.
5. Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change', J.T. Houghton, L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris,
A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell, Eds.; Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, U.K. 1996.
6. Nitrogen Oxides: Impacts on Public Health and the Environment. EPA-452/R-97-002. Office of Air and Radiation,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. August 1997.
"A "sink" is a mechanism that leads to the removal and/or destruction of greenhouse gases.
'Article 4-1 of the FCCC requires that all parties "develop, periodically update, publish, and make available to the Conference of the Parties, in accordance
with Article 12, national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol,
using comparable methodologies to be agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties."
9-2 # 9.0 National Greenhouse Gas Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 9-1. Recent Trends in U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions (1990-1995)
Emissions (MMTCE)
Gas/Source
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Fossil Fuel Combustion
Industrial Processes and Other
Total
Forests (sink)
Net Total
Methane (CH4)
Landfills
Agriculture
Coal Mining
Oil and Natural Gas Systems
Other
Total
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Agriculture
Fossil Fuel Consumption
Industrial Processes
Total
MFCs
PFCs
SF6
U.S. EMISSIONS
NET U.S. EMISSIONS (Including Sinks)
1990
1,336
17
1,353
(125)
1,228
56
50
24
33
6
170
17
11
8
36
12
5
7
1,583
1,458
1991
1,320
16
1,336
(123)
1,228
58
51
23
33
7
172
17
11
8
37
12
5
7
1,570
1,447
1992
1,340
17
1,357
(122)
1,235
58
52
22
34
7
173
17
12
8
37
13
5
8
1,592
1,470
1993
1,370
18
1,388
(120)
1,268
60
52
20
33
6
176
18
12
8
38
14
5
8
1,624
1,504
1994
1,391
19
1,410
(119)
1,291
62
54
21
33
6
176
18
12
9
39
17
7
8
1,657
1,538
1995
1,403
19
1,422
(117)
1,305
64
55
20
33
6
177
18
12
9
40
21
8
8
1,676
1,559
NOTE(S): The "Totals" presented in the summary tables in this chapter may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to
rounding.
SOURCE: Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-1995, Final Report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. July
1997.
9.0 National Greenhouse Gas Emissions # 9-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 9-2. Summary Report for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories 1995
(thousand short tons)
Greenhouse Gas Source and Sink Categories
CO,
Chi [al
N,O
Total (Net) National Emission
1 All Energy (Fuel Combustion + Fugitives)
A Fuel Combustion
Energy & Transformation Industries
Industry
Transport
Commercial/l nstitutional
Residential
Agriculture/Forestry
U.S. Territories
Biomass Burned for Energy [b]
B Fugitive Fuel Emission
Oil and Natural Gas Activities
Coal Mining
2 Industrial Processes (Total)
A Iron and Steel
B Nonferrous Metals [c]
C Inorganic Chemicals (excluding solvents)
D Organic Chemicals
E Non-Metallic Mineral Products
F Other Industry [d]
3 Solvent and Other Product Use (Total)
A Degreasing
B Dry Cleaning
C Graphic Arts
D Surface Coating (including paint)
E Other Industrial
F Nonindustrial
4 Agriculture (Total)
A Enteric Fermentation
B Manure Management
C Rice Cultivation
D Agricultural Soils
E Agricultural Waste Burning
F Savannah Burning
5 Land Use Change and Forestry (Total)
A Changes in Forest Stocks
B Forest and Grassland Conversion
C Abandonment of Managed Lands
D Managed Forests
6 Waste (Total)
A Landfills
B Wastewater
C Incineration
D Other
5,276,390
5,677,755
5,670,921
1,996,470
1,211,558
1,761,889
254,906
403,283
NE
42,816
215,059 [b]
6,834
6,834
70,375
NE
6,874
1,601
68,819
NO
-428,000
NE
NE
NE
-428,000
34,144
11,186
883
15
10
311
1
510
NE
NE
10,303
6,382
3,921
NE
NE
NE
10,547
6,715
3,293
531
8.2
NO
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
12,411
12,236
175
515
160
160
15
19
120
1
4
NE
NE
116
47
68
239
239
0.1
NO
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NOTE(S): NE = Not Estimated; NO = Not Occurring
"-" = Information not applicable
Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.
[a] Total methane emissions from energy include 35 thousand short tons from natural gas consumption which is not sector specific.
[b] CO2 emissions estimates from biomass consumption are from commercial, industrial, residential, transportation, and electric
power production applications. They are provided for information purposes only and are not included in national totals. Estimates
of non-CO2 emissions from these sources were calculated via U.S. EPA methodologies and are incorporated in sectoral
estimates of stationary and mobile combustion.
[c] The nonferrous metals category consists exclusively of aluminum production. Emissions of CO2 from aluminum production are
reported in this table for informational purposes, but are not counted in the national total, because they are included under non-
fuel industrial use in the Energy section.
[d] The "Other Industry" category is used to report NOX, CO, and NMVOC emissions for industry.
SOURCE: Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-1995, Final Report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. July 1997.
9-4 # 9.0 National Greenhouse Gas Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure 9-1. The Global Warming Potential Concept
Gases can contribute to the greenhouse effect both directly and indirectly. Direct effects occur when the gas
itself is a greenhouse gas; indirect radiative forcing occurs when chemical transformations of the original gas produces a
gas or gases that are greenhouse gases, or when a gas influences the atmospheric lifetimes of other gases. The concept
of Global Warming Potential (GWP) has been developed to compare the ability of each greenhouse gas to trap heat in
the atmosphere relative to another gas. Carbon dioxide was chosen as the reference gas to be consistent with IPCC
guidelines.
Global Warming Potentials are not provided for the photochemically important gases CO, NOX, NMVOCs, and
SO2 because there is no agreed upon method to estimate their contribution to climate change. These gases only affect
radiative forcing indirectly.
All gases in this inventory are presented in units of million metric tonnes of carbon-equivalent, or MMTCE.
Carbon comprises 12/44 of CO2 by weight. In order to convert emissions reported in million metric tons of greenhouse
gas x, to MMTCE, use the equation:
MMTCE= (Million Metric Tonnes of GHG x)(GWP of GHG x)(12/44)
The GWP of a greenhouse gas is the ratio of global warming, or radiative forcing (both direct and indirect),
from one kilogram of a greenhouse gas to one kilogram of CO2 over a period of time. While any time period can be
selected, the 100-year GWPs recommended by the IPCC, and employed by the United States for policy making and
reporting purposes, are used in this report.5 The GWPs of some selected greenhouse gases are shown below.
GWP
Gas (100 Years)
Carbon Dioxide 1
Methane* 21
Nitrous Oxide 310
HFC-23 11,700
HFC-32 650
HFC-125 2,800
HFC-134a 1,300
HFC-143a 3,800
HFC-152a 140
HFC-227ea 2,900
HFC-43-10mme 1,300
CF4 6,500
C2F6 9,200
C4F10 7,000
C6F14 7,400
SF23,900
* The methane GWP incorporates the direct effects and indirect effects due to the production of tropospheric ozone and stratospheric
water vapor. The indirect effect due to the production of CO2 is not included.
SOURCE: Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-1995, Final Report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. July 1997.
9.0 National Greenhouse Gas Emissions # 9-5
-------
Chapter 10.0 International Emissions
This chapter presents the 1994 European emission
estimates for the pollutants CO, NOX, SO2, nonmethane
volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), CH4, CO2, N2O, and
NH3, and the 1994 Canadian emission estimates for the
pollutants CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and total paniculate (TP).
10.1 EUROPEAN EMISSIONS
CORINAIR 94 (Coordination of Environmental Air) is
the air emission inventory for Europe for 1994.' The
CORINAIR project is part of the work program of the
European Environment Agency (EEA). The European Topic
Center on Air EMissions (ETC/AEM) is designated by the
EEA to perform the CORINAIR project by assisting
participating countries, in particular the National Reference
Centers (NRCs), to report their national 1994 inventory as
required under international obligations. Based on these
reports the ETC/AEM prepares the European 1994 air
emission inventory and data base.
In 1996, 20 European countries took part in the
CORINAIR 94 inventory. These are the 15 European Union
(EU-15) countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and United Kingdom)
plus two additional members of the EEA (Norway and
Iceland) as well as Croatia, Malta, and Switzerland.
Table 10-1 shows European national total emissions for
1994 for the eight pollutants included in the inventory: SO2,
NOX, NMVOC, CH4, CO, CO2> N2O and NH3. Figures 10-1 to
10-8 show a comparison between 1990 CORINAIR emission
estimates and 1994 CORINAIR emission estimates for each
country and pollutant. In table 10-1 and figures 10-1 to 10- 8,
emissions from nature and agricultural emissions forNMVOC
and CO2 have been emitted. The results of CORINAIR 94
provide the most detailed, complete, consistent and
transparent European atmospheric emission inventory to date.
Nevertheless results are estimates of actual emissions and with
significant uncertainties in some cases. Furthermore some
gaps and inconsistencies remain.
In comparison with CORINAIR 90, the CORINAIR 94
methodology has been further developed:
! To include additional source sectors and sub-sectors
due to the extension of the number of pollutants.
! To be more consistent with international energy
statistics and the IPCC guidelines for national
greenhouse gas inventories.
Because of these (relatively small) differences between 1990
and 1994 emission estimates on the level of source sub-
sectors, CORINAIR 94 is not fully comparable with data listed
in CORINAIR 90.
Tables 10-2 to 10-11 present country-level summary data
for 1994 emissions. Some countries included estimates of
NMVOC and CO2 emissions in the Nature and the Agriculture
categories, some did not; therefore, a "Comparable total" line,
omitting these two categories, has been included for each
country.
10.2 CANADIAN EMISSIONS
The criteria air pollutant annual emissions data for
Canada were provided by Environment Canada2 for the year
1994. Emissions were provided for CO, NOX, VOC, SO2 and
TP. Table 10-12 displays the emission estimates for Canada
by major source category. Table 10-13 displays the emissions
for Canada by Province.
10.3 REFERENCES
1. CORINAIR 94 Summary Report-European Emission Inventory for Air Pollutants. European Topic Centre on Air
Emissions, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark. April 1997.
2. Facsimile from Libby Greenwood, Pollution Data Branch, Environment Canada, Hull Quebec to Sharon Nizich,
Emission Factors and Inventory Group, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. November 1997.
10.0 International Emissions # 10-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 10-1. 1994 Emission Estimates for Europe by Country and Pollutant
(thousand short tons; except CO2 [million short tons])
COUNTRY Population
(million)
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Spain
Netherlands
Greece
Belgium
Portugal
Sweden
Austria
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Luxembourg
EU-15
Switzerland
Norway
Malta
Iceland
Liechtenstein
Poland
Romania
Hungary
Czech Republic
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Croatia
Lithuania
Latvia
Slovenia
Estonia
Non-EU-15
Total
81.1
58.2
57.7
57
39.1
15.3
10.4
10.1
9.9
8.7
8
5.2
5.1
3.6
0.4
370
6.7
4.2
0.4
0.3
0.03
38.4
23.3
10.5
10.3
9
5.3
4.7
3.8
2.7
2
1.6
123
493
S02
3,305
2,972
1,117
1,584
2,272
161
613
308
301
82
60
174
122
195
14
13,280
34
38
17
9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
98
NA
NA
NA
NA
196
13.476
NOX
2,498
2,631
1,854
2,378
1,348
583
393
412
274
490
188
304
317
129
25
13,827
154
241
18
24
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
65
NA
NA
NA
NA
502
14.329
NMVOC
2,365
2,591
2,544
2,468
1,235
417
399
372
249
420
319
170
195
103
19
13,866
240
402
6
8
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
80
NA
NA
NA
NA
736
14.601
CH4
5,344
4,242
3,132
4,554
2,546
1,188
495
464
279
302
634
475
261
890
24
24,829
348
514
10
24
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
152
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,048
25.878
CO
7,493
6,578
10,585
10,170
5,292
1,000
1,420
1,285
1,317
1,453
1,301
789
483
367
160
49,695
605
951
26
28
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
514
NA
NA
NA
NA
2,124
51.819
C02
997
606
376
471
272
180
97
125
56
96
66
69
87
37
10
3,545
48
41
3
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
19
NA
NA
NA
NA
111
3.656
N20
241
110
217
144
97
50
16
30
42
26
14
13
18
29
1
1,048
19
16
14
1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
16
NA
NA
NA
NA
66
1.115
NH3
686
353
735
429
380
190
491
87
102
56
95
103
45
137
8
3,897
66
27
7
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
26
NA
NA
NA
NA
127
4.024
Note(s): NA = not available. Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding.
Source: CORINAIR 94 Summary Report.1
10-2 # 10.0 International Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 10-2. 1994 Emission Estimates for Austria and
Category and Pollutant
(thousand short tons; except CO2 [million short
Austria
Combustion in energy and transformation
industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/
geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock
change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
SO2
5
21
13
10
1
0
9
2
0
0
0
60
60
NOX
7
19
13
17
0
0
106
17
0
8
0
189
188
NMVOC
0
67
1
14
6
145
79
5
1
139
45
503
319
CH4
0
23
0
0
5
0
4
0
90
511
63
697
634
Belgium by Source
tons])
CO
1
550
7
323
0
0
400
13
5
2
0
1,301
1,301
CO2
10
14
8
15
0
0
16
2
0
-17
NA
49
66
N2O
0
1
0
1
0
1
4
1
0
7
1
15
14
NH3
0
1
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
90
1
96
95
Belgium
Combustion in energy and transformation
industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/
geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock
change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
SO2
142
44
60
36
0
0
21
0
4
0
0
308
308
NOX
85
21
57
5
0
0
236
4
4
0
0
412
412
NMVOC
1
11
2
53
16
91
195
5
0
27
6
399
372
CH4
0
5
2
2
43
0
11
0
99
300
14
464
464
CO
5
131
9
19
0
0
1,097
3
21
0
0
1,285
1,285
CO2
32
34
24
8
0
0
26
0
0
0
NA
125
125
N2O
3
4
2
6
0
0
1
0
0
13
1
30
30
NH3
0
0
0
3
0
0
1
0
0
84
0
87
87
Note(s): NA = not available. Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding. Negative
emissions represent a sink for greenhouse gas.
Source: CORINAIR 94 Summary Report1
10.0 International Emissions # 10-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 10-3. 1994 Emission Estimates for Croatia and Denmark by Source
Category and Pollutant
(thousand short tons; except CO2 [million short tons])
Croatia
Combustion in energy and transformation
industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/
geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock
change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
SO2
29
11
45
0
0
0
7
5
1
0
0
98
98
NOX
6
3
13
1
0
0
26
14
0
0
0
65
65
NMVOC
0
7
1
9
7
24
31
1
0
0
77
157
80
CH4
0
5
0
1
44
0
1
0
32
69
159
311
152
CO
1
124
2
12
0
0
351
25
0
0
0
514
514
CO2
3
3
6
2
1
0
3
1
0
0
0
19
19
N2O
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
1
0
12
3
19
16
NH3
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
24
8
35
26
Denmark
Combustion in energy and transformation
industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/
geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock
change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
SO2
122
8
25
4
0
0
2
12
1
0
0
174
174
NOX
113
6
13
1
4
0
97
70
0
0
0
304
304
NMVOC
1
9
1
4
8
45
82
21
0
13
0
183
170
CH4
1
6
1
1
15
0
2
1
86
361
390
865
475
CO
52
149
5
0
40
0
455
87
0
0
0
789
789
CO2
39
7
6
2
1
0
10
4
0
0
NA
69
69
N2O
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
10
6
19
13
NH3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
102
0
103
103
Note(s): NA = not available. Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding.
Source: CORINAIR 94 Summary Report1
10-4 # 10.0 International Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 10-4. 1994 Emission Estimates
Category and
(thousand short tons; except
Finland
Combustion in energy and transformation
industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/
geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock
change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
SO2
39
8
45
25
0
0
2
3
0
0
0
122
122
NOX
60
18
22
22
0
0
149
47
0
0
0
317
317
for Finland and France by Source
Pollutant
CO2 [million short tons])
NMVOC
1
47
1
15
11
43
57
17
2
0
NA
195
195
CH4
2
10
2
4
0
0
3
0
134
105
NA
261
261
CO
8
43
45
0
0
0
343
44
0
0
0
483
483
CO2
28
13
32
1
0
NA
10
2
1
0
NA
87
87
N2O
1
1
1
3
0
0
1
0
0
10
NA
18
18
NH3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
44
0
45
45
France
Combustion in energy and transformation
industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/
geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock
change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
SO2
367
123
301
97
12
0
170
26
21
0
1
1,118
1,117
NOX
110
109
127
31
0
0
1,123
325
29
1
2
1,856
1,854
NMVOC
2
241
6
110
121
673
1,062
307
23
437
59
3,040
2,544
CH4
2
169
6
6
377
0
20
0
760
1,793
105
3,237
3,132
CO
19
2,089
599
687
0
0
5,771
1,117
257
46
72
10,657
10,585
CO2
51
97
55
19
0
2
131
16
6
-36
0
340
376
N2O
1
5
3
107
0
2
7
0
3
88
39
255
217
NH3
0
0
0
15
0
0
4
0
2
714
0
735
735
Note(s): NA = not available. Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding. Negative
emissions represent a sink for greenhouse gas.
Source: CORINAIR 94 Summary Report.1
10.0 International Emissions # 10-5
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 10-5. 1994 Emission Estimates for Germany and Greece by Source
Category and Pollutant
(thousand short tons; except CO2 [million short tons])
Germany
Combustion in energy and transformation
industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/
geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock
change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
SO2
2,278
402
458
74
19
NA
56
18
NA
NA
NA
3,305
3,305
NOX
559
154
284
25
NA
NA
1,153
324
NA
NA
NA
2,498
2,498
NMVOC
10
66
12
150
97
1,202
746
82
NA
426
NA
2,791
2,365
CH4
10
67
13
9
1,280
NA
39
3
2,094
1,830
NA
5,344
5,344
CO
156
1,297
745
656
14
NA
4,358
266
NA
NA
NA
7,493
7,493
CO2
397
202
172
28
NA
NA
176
22
NA
-33
NA
964
997
N2O
14
5
5
90
NA
7
21
NA
4
95
NA
241
241
NH3
3
0
1
9
NA
1
20
NA
NA
651
NA
686
686
Greece
Combustion in energy and transformation
industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/
geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock
change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
SO2
389
103
63
14
0
0
25
21
0
0
1
614
613
NOX
85
4
23
38
0
0
142
94
2
6
1
394
393
NMVOC
3
0
2
10
16
90
242
26
9
984
13
1,396
399
CH4
1
0
1
0
54
0
4
0
126
308
37
532
495
CO
7
6
6
27
0
0
1,079
121
26
148
0
1,421
1,420
CO2
51
6
10
8
0
0
15
7
0
0
NA
97
97
N2O
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
3
0
9
180
196
16
NH3
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
486
0
491
491
Note(s): NA = not available. Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding. Negative
emissions represent a sink for greenhouse gas.
Source: CORINAIR 94 Summary Report.1
10-6 # 10.0 International Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 10-6. 1994 Emission Estimates
Category and
(thousand short tons;
Iceland
Combustion in energy and transformation
industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/
geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock
change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
SO2
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
9
9
except
NOX
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
21
0
0
0
24
24
for Iceland and
Pollutant
Ireland
by Source
CO2 [million short tons])
NMVOC
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
2
0
0
0
8
8
CH4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
13
0
24
24
CO
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
6
1
0
0
28
28
CO2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
NA
2
2
N2O
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
NH3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ireland
Combustion in energy and transformation
industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/
geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock
change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
SO2
106
35
44
0
0
0
7
3
0
0
0
195
195
NOX
50
9
11
0
0
0
49
10
0
0
0
129
129
NMVOC
0
6
0
1
4
24
64
2
0
91
0
193
103
CH4
0
3
0
0
12
0
1
0
150
724
41
931
890
CO
4
66
2
0
0
0
288
6
1
0
0
367
367
CO2
14
10
4
2
0
0
6
1
0
6
NA
43
37
N2O
2
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
22
0
29
29
NH3
0
0
NA
NA
0
0
0
0
0
137
0
137
137
Note(s): NA = not available. Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding.
Source: CORINAIR 94 Summary Report.1
10.0 International Emissions # 10-7
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 10-7. 1994 Emission Estimates for Italy and Luxembourg by Source
Category and Pollutant
(thousand short tons; except CO2 [million short tons])
Italy
Combustion in energy and transformation
industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/
geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock
change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
SO2
819
79
435
108
0
0
83
56
4
0
2,464
4,048
1,584
NOX
492
64
271
12
0
0
1,165
340
33
1
0
2,378
2,378
NMVOC
7
26
8
116
161
613
1,190
231
116
602
0
3,070
2,468
CH4
7
20
6
11
434
0
32
6
1,946
2,092
79
4,634
4,554
CO
48
318
410
530
0
0
6,405
748
1,683
29
5
10,175
10,170
CO2
144
76
84
31
0
0
101
25
10
0
0
471
471
N2O
21
8
8
17
0
0
4
5
1
80
7
152
144
NH3
0
0
0
26
0
0
1
0
15
386
0
429
429
Luxembourg
Combustion in energy and transformation
industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/
geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock
change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
SO2
0
1
12
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
14
14
NOX
0
1
11
0
0
0
11
1
0
0
0
25
25
NMVOC
0
1
0
1
2
4
10
1
0
1
1
22
19
CH4
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
3
19
1
25
24
CO
0
10
84
15
0
0
48
3
0
0
0
160
160
CO2
1
1
6
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
NA
10
10
N2O
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
NH3
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
8
8
Note(s): NA = not available. Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding.
Source: CORINAIR 94 Summary Report.1
10-8 # 10.0 International Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 10-8. 1994 Emission Estimates
Source Category
(thousand short tons; except
Malta
Combustion in energy and transformation
industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/
geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock
change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
SO2
13
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
17
17
NOX
7
0
0
0
0
0
4
6
0
0
0
18
18
for Malta and the Netherlands by
and Pollutant
CO2 [million short tons])
NMVOC
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
6
6
CH4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
4
0
10
10
CO
0
0
0
0
0
0
23
2
0
0
0
26
26
CO2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
N2O
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14
0
0
14
14
NH3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
7
7
Netherlands
Combustion in energy and transformation
industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/
geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock
change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
SO2
47
5
46
30
0
0
14
15
3
0
0
161
161
NOX
78
49
66
13
1
0
273
74
7
22
11
594
583
NMVOC
1
12
2
136
38
65
151
8
2
4
2
422
417
CH4
1
24
4
7
207
0
7
0
318
620
124
1,312
1,188
CO
9
111
133
122
9
1
568
29
4
16
15
1,016
1,001
CO2
53
39
42
6
0
0
30
5
4
11
0
191
180
N2O
1
1
0
12
0
0
7
1
1
28
15
66
51
NH3
0
0
0
11
0
1
0
0
1
178
0
190
190
Note(s): NA = not available. Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding.
Source: CORINAIR 94 Summary Report.1
10.0 International Emissions # 10-9
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 10-9. 1994 Emission Estimates for Norway and
Category and Pollutant
(thousand short tons; except CO2 [million short
Norway
Combustion in energy and transformation
industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/
geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock
change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
SO2
1
2
6
24
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
38
38
NOX
29
3
10
9
0
0
82
101
6
0
0
241
241
NMVOC
2
12
1
23
210
51
84
17
1
0
0
402
402
CH4
3
16
0
1
33
0
2
1
351
107
0
514
514
Portugal by Source
tons])
CO
7
176
7
53
0
0
646
62
1
0
0
951
951
CO2
10
2
4
7
1
0
9
7
1
0
NA
41
41
N2O
0
1
1
6
0
0
1
0
0
7
0
16
16
NH3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
26
0
27
27
Portugal
Combustion in energy and transformation
industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/
geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock
change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
SO2
181
6
76
13
0
0
20
4
0
0
0
301
301
NOX
57
4
28
5
0
0
149
30
0
0
2
276
274
NMVOC
0
12
4
28
10
74
113
7
0
4
438
691
249
CH4
1
8
3
2
0
0
2
0
39
224
143
422
279
CO
5
131
342
16
0
0
808
15
0
0
0
1,318
1,317
CO2
16
5
16
5
0
0
13
2
0
0
3
59
56
N2O
2
0
2
2
0
0
1
0
0
34
19
61
42
NH3
0
0
0
6
NA
NA
0
0
NA
96
0
102
102
Note(s): NA = not available. Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding.
Source: CORINAIR 94 Summary Report.1
10-10 # 10.0 International Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 10-10. 1994 Emission Estimates for Spain and
Category and Pollutant
(thousand short tons; except CO2 [million short
Spain
Combustion in energy and transformation
industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/
geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock
change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
SO2
1,420
84
532
65
0
0
75
61
35
0
0
2,272
2,272
NOX
279
25
185
11
0
0
582
249
17
1
4,853
6,202
1,348
NMVOC
11
63
13
84
66
346
550
44
56
87
1
1,323
1,235
CH4
10
46
8
4
720
0
14
2
718
1,023
942
3,488
2,546
Sweden by Source
tons])
CO
22
955
434
257
0
0
3,019
125
347
134
13
5,305
5,292
CO2
73
32
71
17
0
0
55
15
9
16
NA
288
272
N2O
10
3
7
8
0
0
3
0
1
66
118
216
97
NH3
0
0
0
11
0
0
1
0
0
367
0
380
380
Sweden
Combustion in energy and transformation
industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/
geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock
change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
SO2
17
7
24
16
0
0
3
13
2
0
0
82
82
NOX
24
10
25
14
0
0
183
230
3
0
0
490
490
NMVOC
5
0
5
37
6
167
160
39
0
428
19
868
420
CH4
1
0
1
0
0
0
15
2
44
238
1,864
2,165
302
CO
8
6
25
5
0
0
1,283
121
5
0
2
1,455
1,453
CO2
16
9
13
1
0
1
18
8
31
0
0
96
96
N2O
1
0
1
3
0
0
1
2
0
18
20
46
26
NH3
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
52
0
56
56
Note(s): NA = not available. Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding.
Source: CORINAIR 94 Summary Report.1
10.0 International Emissions # 10-11
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 10-11. 1994 Emission Estimates for Switzerland and the United
Kingdom by Source Category and Pollutant
(thousand short tons; except CO2 [million short tons])
Switzerland
Combustion in energy and transformation
industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/
geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock
change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
SO2
2
15
7
4
0
0
2
1
3
0
0
34
34
NOX
2
15
13
0
0
0
88
27
7
3
3
157
154
NMVOC
0
2
0
15
8
130
63
15
5
9
107
356
240
CH4
0
4
0
1
14
0
4
1
78
246
64
412
348
CO
0
69
16
12
0
0
382
111
13
0
2
607
605
CO2
1
18
6
3
0
0
14
3
2
0
NA
48
48
N2O
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
16
5
24
19
NH3
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
4
58
0
67
66
United Kingdom
Combustion in energy and transformation
industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/
geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock
change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
SO2
2,118
189
414
109
2
NA
69
53
17
0
0
2,972
2,972
NOX
646
116
170
42
120
NA
1,255
271
11
0
0
2,631
2,631
NMVOC
119
43
11
319
365
730
839
135
29
44
44
2,679
2,591
CH4
13
51
7
0
894
NA
28
4
2,015
1,230
0
4,242
4,242
CO
277
317
58
7
52
NA
4,929
934
3
0
0
6,578
6,578
CO2
218
127
95
13
0
NA
122
21
10
1
0
608
606
N2O
9
1
1
77
NA
NA
7
3
0
11
0
110
110
NH3
0
0
0
22
0
NA
NA
NA
22
309
0
353
353
Note(s): NA = not available. Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding.
Source: CORINAIR 94 Summary Report.1
10-12 # 10.0 International Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table 10-12. 1994 Emissions for Canada by Major Source Category
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
Industrial Sources
Nonindustrial Fuel Combustion
Transportation
Incineration
Miscellaneous
Total
CO
1,463
774
7,064
775
944
11,021
NO,
515
334
1,289
61
1
2,199
VOC
938
266
734
125
914
2,977
SO,
2,109
673
151
8
0
2,941
TP
928
321
157
45
67,839
69,290
Note(s): Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories
due to rounding.
Source: Facsimile from Libby Greenwood.2
Table 10-13. 1994 Emissions for Canada by Province
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
Alberta
British Columbia
Manitoba
New Brunswick
Newfoundland
Northwest Territories
Nova Scotia
Ontario
Prince Edward Island
Quebec
Saskatchewan
Yukon
Total
CO
1,374
2,210
368
245
163
21
315
3,500
67
2,098
644
15
11,021
NOx
537
284
72
73
43
10
75
598
8
305
187
7
2,199
VOC
794
288
87
41
50
10
73
922
21
426
264
2
2,977
S02
692
112
439
149
61
17
175
696
5
482
113
2
2,941
TP
17,009
426
4,939
1,551
963
144
1,456
18,860
156
1 1 ,028
12,332
425
69,290
Source: Facsimile from Libby Greenwood.2
10.0 International Emissions # 10-13
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure 10-1. Comparison of European Total 1990 and 1994 Emissions by Country for
Sulfur Dioxide
Source: CORINAIR 94 Summary Report1
Figure 10-2. Comparison of European Total 1990 and 1994 Emissions by Country for
Nitrogen Oxides
3.5
n
o
•c
o
.c
n
1°'
I •
HI 111 tf1tfl
mmm»nB n. M
>,
! 1
CD 2
5-T3 ra.< ra.<5.<5 D)"°
Source: CORINAIR 94 Summary Report1
10-14 # 10.0 International Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure 10-3. Comparison of European Total 1990 and 1994 Emissions by Country for
Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds
•c
o
o
w 0.!
.S £• .2
.2 .2 .2 .a
>
<
I
1
-
<
Source: CORINAIR 94 Summary Report1
Figure 10-4. Comparison of European Total 1990 and 1994 Emissions by Country for
Methane
hort tons)
n o ^j o
c
.2 4 -
missions (r
3 -» M C
>.
German
fl
1
-D >
ro +-
£
fl
1
0
•D
i"
k
|
0 C
S w
L_
n bHEm • •-,•-, •-!«-!.-,. .n
n 0 -orara>,T3CA:e ra>-— rarararara
||llll|il|l}llSf|ll|l
•tt ^
• 1990
D 1994
D) J3 "0
5
Source: CORINAIR 94 Summary Report1
10.0 International Emissions # 10-15
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure 10-5. Comparison of European Total 1990 and 1994 Emissions by Country for
Carbon Monoxide
-D -D .| ra
I ! I I 1 I I I
Source: CORINAIR 94 Summary Report1
Figure 10-6. Comparison of European Total 1990 and 1994 Emissions by Country for
Carbon Dioxide
1.2
r
° 0.8
a 0.6
'I 0.2
= ra i
"o 2
CL U.
•- ra o
0)
a:
2
O
£ < I
CO CO
0) J
5
0
Source: CORINAIR 94 Summary Report1
10-16 # 10.0 International Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure 10-7. Comparison of European Total 1990 and 1994 Emissions by Country for
Nitrous Oxides
300
o 250
.c
to
•a 200
re
3 150
o
«• 100
to
I 50
LU
11 MIR ti
I Jl
B-I •-! dl *n . --,_n-
E
O
Source: CORINAIR 94 Summary Report1
Figure 10-8. Comparison of European Total 1990 and 1994 Emissions by Country for
Ammonia
(/)
c
£ 0.8
t
o
« 0.6
1 °-4
o 0.2
'
-------
Appendix A National Emissions (1970 to 1996)
by Tier III Source Category and
Pollutant
Appendix A National Emissions (1970 to 1996) # A-l
-------
Table A-1. Carbon Monoxide Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
Oil
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Organic Chemical Mfg
ethylene dichloride
maleic anhydride
cyclohexanol
other
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
pigments; TiO2 chloride process: reactor
other
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
carbon black mfg
carbon black furnace: fugitives
other
1970
237
106
41
90
NA
770
100
44
462
164
NA
3,625
12
27
24
NA
2,932
NA
NA
630
3,397
340
11
73
36
220
190
18
172
NA
NA
NA
NA
2,866
2,866
NA
NA
1975
276
134
69
73
NA
763
67
49
463
184
NA
3,441
17
23
25
NA
3,114
NA
NA
262
2,204
483
12
147
39
286
153
22
131
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,567
1,567
NA
NA
1980
322
188
48
85
NA
750
58
35
418
239
NA
6,230
13
21
26
NA
5,992
NA
NA
178
2,151
543
17
103
37
386
191
34
157
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,417
1,417
NA
NA
1985
295
211
18
56
10
670
86
47
257
167
113
7,525
14
18
42
57
7,232
NA
NA
162
1,845
251
0
16
5
230
89
77
12
19
16
NA
0
1,471
1,078
155
238
1986
296
213
24
48
11
650
87
46
242
172
103
6,607
14
18
42
60
6,316
NA
NA
157
1,853
261
0
16
5
240
94
82
12
19
16
NA
0
1,463
1,068
165
231
1987
307
223
20
53
10
649
85
46
252
171
96
6,011
14
19
43
59
5,719
NA
NA
157
1,798
260
0
15
5
240
89
77
11
18
16
NA
0
1,415
1,034
161
219
1988
320
236
25
48
11
669
87
46
265
173
98
6,390
15
18
47
55
6,086
NA
NA
168
1,917
278
0
16
6
256
95
83
12
18
17
NA
0
1,509
1,098
185
226
1989
327
239
26
51
11
672
87
46
271
173
96
6,450
15
17
49
55
6,161
NA
NA
153
1,925
285
0
16
6
264
95
84
12
18
17
NA
0
1,510
1,112
180
219
1990
363
234
20
51
57
879
105
74
226
279
195
4,269
14
18
44
149
3,781
NA
NA
262
1,183
149
0
3
0
146
133
119
14
3
44
0
0
854
798
17
39
1991
349
234
19
51
45
920
101
60
284
267
208
4,587
14
17
44
141
4,090
NA
NA
281
1,127
128
0
3
0
125
129
119
11
6
19
0
0
844
755
54
35
1992
350
236
15
51
47
955
102
64
300
264
227
4,849
15
18
51
141
4,332
NA
NA
292
1,112
131
0
4
0
127
130
119
12
5
19
0
0
827
736
57
34
1993
363
246
16
49
51
1,043
101
66
322
286
268
4,181
15
18
53
143
3,679
NA
NA
274
1,093
132
0
4
0
128
131
119
13
5
18
0
0
805
715
60
30
1994
370
247
15
53
55
1,041
100
66
337
287
251
4,108
15
18
54
147
3,607
NA
NA
268
1,171
130
0
4
1
125
135
119
16
5
17
0
0
885
793
63
30
1995
372
250
10
55
58
1,056
98
71
345
297
245
4,506
15
19
54
145
3,999
NA
NA
273
1,223
127
0
4
1
123
134
119
15
5
17
0
0
939
845
65
29
1996
377
263
11
44
59
7,072
99
72
348
305
247
4,573
15
19
54
163
3,993
NA
NA
269
1,223
128
0
4
1
123
134
119
15
5
17
0
0
939
845
65
29
(continued)
-------
Table A-1. Carbon Monoxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
aluminum anode baking
prebake aluminum cell
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
basic oxygen furnace
carbon steel electric arc furnace
coke oven charging
gray iron cupola
iron ore sinter plant windbox
other
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELA TED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
fee units
other
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, PulpS Paper, & Publishing Products
sulfate pulping: rec. furnace/evaporator
sulfate (kraft) pulping: ime kiln
other
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOL VENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
Nonindustrial
1970
3,644
652
326
326
AM
2,991
440
181
62
1,203
1,025
81
NA
2,179
NA
2,168
1,820
348
11
620
NA
NA
610
NA
610
NA
NA
10
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1975
2,496
636
318
318
NA
1,859
125
204
53
649
759
70
NA
2,211
NA
2,211
2,032
779
NA
630
NA
NA
602
NA
602
NA
NA
27
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1980
2,246
842
421
421
NA
1,404
80
280
43
340
600
61
NA
1,723
NA
1,723
1,680
44
NA
830
NA
NA
798
NA
798
NA
NA
32
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1985
2,223
694
41
257
396
1,523
694
19
9
302
304
194
6
462
11
449
403
46
2
694
0
0
627
475
140
12
0
43
0
18
0
6
2
1
0
NA
0
0
NA
1986
2,079
650
40
243
367
1,423
640
17
9
294
280
184
6
451
9
440
398
41
2
715
0
0
647
491
145
12
0
44
0
18
0
5
2
1
0
NA
0
0
NA
1987
1,984
614
38
232
344
1,365
617
17
8
281
266
176
6
455
8
445
408
37
2
713
0
0
646
489
144
13
0
44
0
18
0
5
2
1
0
NA
0
0
NA
1988
2,101
656
40
248
368
1,439
650
18
9
288
287
188
6
441
8
431
393
38
2
711
0
0
649
491
145
13
0
44
0
13
0
5
2
1
0
NA
1
0
NA
1989
2,132
677
41
254
382
1,449
662
18
9
280
293
187
6
436
8
427
390
37
2
716
0
0
655
497
146
13
0
43
0
12
0
5
2
1
0
NA
1
0
NA
1990
2,640
436
41
260
135
2,163
594
45
14
124
211
1,174
40
333
38
291
284
7
3
537
3
0
473
370
87
16
0
54
0
2
0
5
5
0
0
0
0
4
0
1991
2,571
438
47
260
131
2,108
737
54
76
118
211
979
25
345
18
324
375
9
4
548
3
0
461
360
81
21
0
77
0
2
0
5
5
0
0
0
1
4
0
1992
2,496
432
47
260
737
2,038
767
49
77
774
277
880
26
371
21
345
333
73
5
544
3
0
449
348
75
25
0
85
0
2
0
6
5
0
0
0
1
4
0
1993
2,536
423
47
260
722
2,089
768
58
7
121
211
924
25
371
22
344
328
17
5
594
3
0
453
350
78
24
0
131
0
2
0
4
5
0
0
0
1
4
0
1994
2,475
421
47
260
720
2,029
677
67
7
128
211
945
25
338
35
299
286
13
5
600
2
0
461
355
76
30
0
131
0
2
0
4
5
0
0
1
1
4
0
1995
2,380
424
47
260
723
1,930
567
65
8
120
211
966
25
348
34
309
299
70
5
624
6
0
484
370
82
32
0
127
0
2
0
4
6
0
0
1
1
4
0
1996
2,378
424
47
260
723
1,929
567
65
8
118
211
966
25
348
34
308
299
70
5
635
1
0
494
377
84
33
0
129
0
2
0
4
6
0
0
1
1
4
0
(continued)
-------
Table A-1. Carbon Monoxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage II
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
conical wood burner
municipal incinerator
industrial
commmercial/institutional
residential
other
Open Burning
industrial
commmercial/institutional
residential
other
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
light-duty diesel trucks
light-duty diesel vehicles
1970
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,059
2,979
1,431
333
NA
108
1,107
NA
4,080
7,932
2,148
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
88,034
64,031
63,846
185
1 6,570
10,102
6,468
6,712
721
721
NA
NA
1975
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3,230
1,764
579
23
NA
68
1,094
NA
1,466
1,254
212
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
83,134
59,281
59,061
220
15,767
9,611
6,156
7,140
945
975
NA
30
1980
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2,300
1,246
228
13
NA
60
945
NA
1,054
1,007
47
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
78,049
53,561
53,342
219
16,137
70,395
5,742
7,189
1,161
7,739
4
19
1985
49
0
0
0
NA
42
NA
0
NA
6
1,941
958
77
34
9
32
865
2
982
20
4
958
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
0
77,387
49,451
49,273
178
18,960
11,834
7,126
7,716
1,261
7,235
4
22
1986
51
0
0
0
NA
45
NA
0
NA
5
1,916
949
18
35
9
33
852
2
966
27
4
941
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
0
73,347
46,698
46,522
775
17,789
10,795
6,995
7,601
1,259
7,232
4
23
1987
50
0
0
0
NA
44
NA
0
NA
5
1,850
920
18
34
9
35
822
2
930
27
4
905
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
0
71,250
45,340
45,161
179
1 7,274
10,187
7,087
7,347
1,289
1,260
5
24
1988
56
0
0
0
NA
51
NA
0
NA
5
1,806
903
79
35
10
38
800
2
903
27
4
877
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
0
71,081
45,553
45,367
186
17,133
9,890
7,244
7,072
1,322
7,290
5
26
1989
55
0
0
0
NA
49
NA
0
NA
5
1,747
876
79
35
9
39
773
2
870
27
5
845
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
0
66,050
42,234
42,047
187
15,940
9,034
6,906
6,506
1,369
7,336
6
28
1990
76
0
0
0
NA
74
0
0
0
1
1,079
372
6
76
9
79
294
27
706
74
46
509
737
0
0
0
1
0
57,848
37,407
37,198
209
13,816
8,415
5,402
5,360
1,265
7,229
5
37
1991
28
2
12
0
NA
13
0
0
0
1
1,116
392
7
17
10
20
312
26
722
74
48
516
144
0
0
0
1
0
62,074
40,267
40,089
177
15,014
8,450
6,565
5,459
1,334
1,298
6
30
1992
17
0
0
0
NA
13
0
0
0
3
1,138
404
6
75
70
27
324
28
731
75
50
523
744
0
0
0
2
0
59,859
39,370
39,790
180
1 4,567
8,161
6,407
4,569
1,352
7,375
6
37
1993
51
4
32
0
NA
13
0
0
0
2
1,248
497
6
74
87
21
340
29
749
75
52
529
753
0
0
0
2
1
60,202
39,163
33,973
790
15,196
8,430
6,766
4,476
1,367
1,328
7
33
1994
24
4
4
0
0
13
0
0
0
3
1,225
467
6
74
48
27
347
30
755
75
54
533
753
0
0
0
2
1
61,833
37,507
37,372
795
17,350
9,534
7,815
5,525
1,451
7,477
8
32
1995
25
4
4
0
0
13
0
0
0
3
1,185
432
6
75
70
27
357
29
750
75
52
536
747
0
0
0
2
1
54,106
33,701
33,500
200
14,829
8,415
6,414
4,123
1,453
7,472
8
33
1996
25
4
4
0
0
13
0
0
0
3
1,203
443
6
75
70
22
360
30
757
76
53
539
749
0
0
0
2
1
52,944
33,144
32,940
204
14,746
8,377
6,368
3,601
1,453
7,477
8
34
(continued)
-------
Table A-1. Carbon Monoxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
constructbn
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
recreational marine vessels
other
Non-Road Diesel
recreational
constructbn
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
gasoline
other
Railroads
1970
11,287
9,478
268
250
732
4,679
46
2,437
9
80
976
1
1,225
2
478
72
28
577
41
7
19
506
14
2
12
0
NA
NA
65
1975
12,321
10,145
283
274
803
5,017
60
2,554
21
94
1,037
1
1,431
3
516
78
30
771
43
17
23
600
17
2
14
0
NA
NA
77
1980
13,758
11,004
299
368
970
5,366
77
2,680
25
116
1,102
2
1,879
3
682
94
33
972
45
21
28
743
37
4
32
1
NA
NA
96
1985
14,626
11,815
372
421
1,104
5,685
84
2,894
28
129
1,157
2
1,830
4
761
119
36
792
54
27
36
831
44
5
39
1
NA
NA
106
1986
15,184
1 2,057
314
416
1,137
5,749
85
3,028
27
133
1,167
2
2,113
4
786
110
35
1,073
51
21
32
858
47
5
41
1
NA
NA
109
1987
14,959
12,286
316
402
1,164
5,808
47
3,203
33
137
1,175
2
1,625
4
766
113
36
594
54
25
33
887
50
6
44
1
NA
NA
112
1988
15,780
12,465
318
401
1,207
5,866
92
3,219
31
144
1,185
2
2,210
4
767
117
36
1,172
54
24
35
931
56
6
48
1
NA
NA
118
1989
15,781
1 2,538
327
398
1,227
5,929
63
3,223
33
147
1,195
2
2,108
4
788
107
35
1,073
49
22
31
955
59
7
52
1
NA
NA
121
1990
16,117
13,090
355
357
7,373
6,438
211
2,404
32
114
1,681
131
1,919
4
777
122
38
857
56
27
38
904
83
4
46
7
2
24
121
1991
16,040
13,067
367
326
7,337
6,533
168
2,361
33
113
1,703
134
1,877
4
734
118
39
862
55
26
38
888
87
4
47
7
2
27
120
1992
16,374
1 3,307
366
337
1,360
6,616
197
2,428
34
117
1,722
136
1,956
5
777
722
39
898
57
27
38
901
85
4
45
7
2
27
125
1993
16,592
1 3,457
377
345
7,357
6,701
207
2,447
34
118
1,739
139
2,030
5
825
127
40
908
59
28
40
905
81
4
43
7
2
25
120
1994
16,873
13,640
374
378
1,389
6,753
173
2,525
36
120
1,751
141
2,121
5
885
133
40
927
61
29
41
915
82
5
44
7
2
25
114
1995
16,841
13,806
382
393
1,436
6,895
145
2,621
40
129
1,763
2
1,897
5
768
727
40
830
59
29
39
942
82
4
44
6
2
26
114
1996
17,002
13,937
386
400
1,446
6,949
150
2,658
41
131
1,775
2
1,922
5
775
729
40
843
60
30
40
949
82
4
44
6
2
26
112
(continued)
-------
^ Table A-1
^
13
1?
o- Source Category 1970 1975
£. MISCELLANEOUS 7,909 5,263
2 Other Combustion 7,909 5,263
&. structural fires 101 258
§ agricultural fires 873 539
^ slash/prescribed burning 1,146 2,268
p forest wldfires 5,620 2,165
%. other 169 34
§ Health Services AM AM
d Cooling Towers AM AM
5! Fugitive Dust AM AM
. Carbon Monoxide Emissions
(thousand short tons)
1980 1985 1986 1987 1988
8,344 7,927 7,286 8,852 15,895
8,344 7,927 7,286 8,852 15,895
277 242 242 242 242
501 396 441 483 612
2,226 4,332 4,332 4,332 4,332
5,396 2,957 2,271 3,795 10,709
4 AM AM AM AM
AM AM AM AM AM
AM AM AM AM AM
AM AM AM AM AM
& TOTAL ALL SOURCES 128,761 115,968 116,702 115,644 110,437 108,879 117,169
x~' Note(s): NA= not available. For several source categories, emissions either
contained in the more aggregate estimate.
(continued) |
x
^~
k~
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 ~
8,153 11,208 8,751 7,052 7,013 9,614 7,050 7,099 §
3
8,153 11,207 8,751 7,052 7,013 9,613 7,049 7,098 ^
242 164 166 168 169 170 171 172 1.
577 475 473 427 475 447 465 475 1.
4,332 4,668 4,713 4,760 4,810 4,860 4,916 4,955 x
3,009 5,928 3,430 1,674 1,586 4,114 1,469 1,469 ^
AM 32 28 30 34 28 28 27 ^
AM 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA "^
AM NA 0 0 NA 0 0 ° §
AM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L'
104,447 96,535 98,461 95,123 95,291 99,677 89,721 88,822 §
orior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
-------
Table A-2. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite& lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
natural
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
natural
process
other
Other
wood/bark waste
liquid waste
other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
1970
4,900
3,888
2,112
1,041
344
391
1,012
40
972
NA
NA
NA
NA
4,325
771
532
764
75
NA
332
228
104
NA
3,060
3,053
8
NA
162
702
NA
60
NA
836
23
210
1975
5,694
4,828
2,590
7,276
414
548
866
707
765
NA
NA
NA
NA
4,007
520
359
777
57
NA
354
186
112
56
2,983
2,837
5
140
149
108
NA
41
NA
785
33
176
1980
7,024
6,123
3,439
7,694
542
447
901
39
862
NA
NA
NA
NA
3,555
444
306
94
44
NA
286
779
63
44
2,619
2,469
5
745
205
138
NA
67
NA
741
25
155
1985
6,127
5,240
4,378
668
194
NA
193
178
15
NA
646
646
48
3,209
608
430
74
33
737
309
797
89
29
1,520
1,282
227
11
118
89
12
17
655
712
37
106
1986
6,111
5,239
4,387
635
218
NA
263
247
76
NA
559
559
50
3,065
613
439
74
37
729
300
181
89
30
1,433
7,206
276
70
120
92
72
76
599
694
36
110
1987
6,246
5,376
4,465
702
209
NA
217
207
76
NA
605
605
48
3,063
596
435
74
27
779
292
772
89
31
1,505
1,285
210
10
119
92
72
75
552
706
37
121
1988
6,545
5,666
4,542
867
256
NA
273
256
76
NA
557
557
50
3,187
617
447
75
29
726
296
775
97
37
1,584
7,360
274
70
121
93
72
76
569
740
39
117
1989
6,593
5,676
4,595
837
245
NA
285
268
17
NA
582
582
49
3,209
615
446
74
30
724
294
776
88
29
1,625
7,405
209
70
120
92
72
76
556
736
38
106
1990
6,663
5,642
4,532
857
254
NA
221
207
74
0
565
565
235
3,035
585
399
18
26
747
265
180
71
14
1,182
967
277
3
131
89
8
34
874
1,196
40
97
1991
6,519
5,559
4,435
874
250
NA
212
198
14
NA
580
580
168
2,979
570
387
20
26
137
237
746
73
18
1,250
7,025
222
3
129
82
11
36
793
1,281
36
88
1992
6,504
5,579
4,456
868
255
NA
170
158
13
NA
579
579
175
3,071
574
405
27
26
722
244
754
73
77
1,301
1,068
230
3
126
S2
70
34
825
1,353
38
93
1993
6,651
5,744
4,403
1,087
255
NA
180
766
74
NA
551
557
176
3,151
589
473
2S
26
722
245
753
75
77
1,330
7,095
233
2
124
83
11
30
863
1,308
40
93
1994
6,565
5,636
4,207
7,767
262
NA
163
749
74
NA
591
597
175
3,147
602
420
38
27
117
241
749
76
77
1,333
7,703
22S
2
124
83
11
30
846
1,303
40
95
1995
6,384
5,579
3,830
1,475
273
NA
96
94
2
NA
562
562
148
3,144
597
472
46
26
772
247
756
73
77
1,324
7,702
220
2
123
84
11
28
854
1,298
38
103
1996
6,034
5,517
3,813
1,447
258
NA
96
94
2
NA
269
269
151
3,170
599
477
47
26
774
246
757
72
77
1,336
7,774
220
2
125
85
11
28
864
1,289
38
102
(continued)
-------
Table A-2. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. OTHER (continued)
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
distillate oil
naturalgas
other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubbers Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
cement mfg
glass mfg
other
1970
120
NA
44
439
118
242
79
271
70
201
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
77
NA
77
NA
240
NA
240
NA
187
NA
NA
18
NA
169
97
48
24
1975
125
NA
39
412
113
246
54
238
53
168
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
73
NA
73
NA
63
NA
63
NA
182
NA
NA
18
NA
164
89
53
23
1980
131
NA
74
356
85
238
33
216
54
159
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
65
NA
65
NA
72
NA
72
NA
205
NA
NA
24
NA
181
98
60
23
1985
145
11
88
326
75
248
3
262
37
22
22
143
0
0
38
87
16
58
13
124
69
55
1
327
5
0
73
0
239
737
48
54
1986
139
12
77
320
76
241
3
264
38
19
22
145
0
0
38
80
15
53
13
109
55
53
1
328
5
0
76
0
238
136
48
54
1987
144
11
69
323
79
241
3
255
38
17
22
141
0
0
37
75
14
48
13
101
48
52
1
320
5
0
76
0
230
730
47
53
1988
157
11
74
343
80
259
3
274
42
18
23
151
0
0
40
82
15
53
13
100
48
51
1
315
5
0
76
0
225
726
46
53
1989
159
11
75
347
78
267
3
273
42
18
23
152
0
0
39
83
15
54
14
97
47
49
1
311
5
0
77
0
220
124
45
51
1990
200
34
46
780
209
449
727
168
18
12
6
80
0
0
52
97
14
78
6
153
104
47
3
378
3
0
91
0
270
151
59
61
1991
210
32
50
865
277
469
185
165
22
12
6
77
0
0
48
76
15
56
5
121
65
52
4
352
3
0
88
0
249
737
59
59
1992
225
28
53
916
270
489
218
163
22
10
6
76
0
0
50
81
13
62
6
148
68
76
4
361
3
0
86
0
259
739
67
60
1993
232
31
45
867
270
513
144
155
19
5
5
74
0
0
51
83
12
67
4
123
70
49
5
370
4
0
86
0
267
743
64
60
1994
237
31
44
857
270
516
131
160
20
6
5
76
0
0
54
91
12
75
4
117
63
49
5
389
3
0
89
0
281
150
66
64
1995
231
30
49
847
270
579
118
158
20
7
4
74
0
0
54
98
12
83
4
110
58
48
5
399
6
0
89
0
287
153
67
66
1996
234
29
48
838
209
523
706
159
20
7
4
74
0
0
54
98
12
83
4
110
58
48
5
403
6
0
90
0
290
755
68
67
(continued)
-------
Table A-2. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (continued)
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
Nonindustrial
Solvent Utilization NEC
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage II
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
Open Burning
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
1970
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
440
110
330
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1975
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
159
56
103
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1980
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
111
37
74
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1985
2
NA
0
8
2
0
0
NA
2
0
NA
NA
2
NA
1
0
NA
1
NA
0
NA
0
87
27
59
NA
NA
NA
0
0
1986
2
NA
0
8
3
0
0
NA
2
0
NA
NA
2
NA
1
0
NA
1
NA
0
NA
0
87
29
58
NA
NA
NA
0
0
1987
2
NA
0
7
3
0
0
NA
2
0
NA
NA
2
NA
1
0
NA
1
NA
0
NA
0
85
29
56
NA
NA
NA
0
0
1988
2
NA
0
7
3
0
0
NA
2
0
NA
NA
2
NA
1
0
NA
1
NA
0
NA
1
85
31
54
NA
NA
NA
0
0
1989
2
NA
0
7
3
0
0
NA
2
0
NA
NA
2
NA
1
0
NA
1
NA
0
NA
1
84
31
52
NA
NA
NA
0
0
1990
3
0
0
10
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
NA
3
0
2
0
NA
0
0
0
1
0
91
49
42
0
0
0
0
0
1991
2
0
0
10
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
NA
6
1
2
0
NA
2
0
0
0
0
95
51
43
0
0
0
0
1
1992
2
0
0
10
3
0
1
0
2
0
0
NA
5
1
0
0
NA
3
0
0
0
0
96
51
43
0
0
0
1
1
1993
3
0
0
9
3
0
1
0
2
0
0
NA
5
1
0
0
NA
3
0
0
0
0
123
74
44
0
0
0
1
4
1994
6
0
0
9
3
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
5
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
114
65
44
0
0
0
1
3
1995 1996
7 7
0 0
0 0
10 10
3 3
0 0
1 1
0 0
2 2
0 0
0 0
0 0
6 6
1 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
4 4
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 1
99 100
53 54
44 45
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 1
1 1
(continued)
-------
Table A-2. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
ON -ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
light-duty diesel trucks
light-duty diesel vehicles
NON-ROA D ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
recreational marine vessels
other
Non-Road Diesel
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
1970
7,390
4,158
4,156
2
1,278
725
553
278
1,676
1,676
NA
NA
2,642
81
1
2
46
5
0
3
0
2
16
6
1,954
5
864
147
45
766
66
17
45
1975
8,645
4,725
4,722
3
1,461
819
642
319
2,141
2,118
NA
23
3,141
88
1
2
51
6
1
4
0
2
17
6
2,329
5
933
160
48
1,018
69
42
53
1980
8,621
4,421
4,416
5
1,408
864
544
300
2,493
2,463
5
25
4,017
102
1
3
61
6
1
4
0
2
18
6
2,969
6
1,232
193
52
1,295
72
54
65
1985
8,089
3,806
3,797
9
1,530
926
603
330
2,423
2,389
6
28
4,150
113
1
4
70
6
1
4
0
3
19
7
2,978
7
1,377
244
58
1,055
87
67
83
1986
7,773
3,602
3,592
10
1,457
567
590
332
2,383
2,347
6
29
4,555
116
1
3
72
6
1
4
0
3
19
7
3,347
7
1,419
226
56
1,430
82
54
75
1987
7,651
3,492
3,482
10
1,436
842
594
332
2,390
2,352
6
31
3,947
118
1
3
74
6
0
4
0
3
19
7
2,700
7
1,384
231
57
794
87
63
77
1988
7,661
3,500
3,489
11
1,419
824
595
336
2,406
2,366
7
33
4,806
122
1
3
76
7
1
4
0
3
19
7
3,489
7
1,385
240
58
1,570
87
61
81
1989
7,682
3,494
3,483
11
1,386
803
584
343
2,458
2,416
7
35
4,693
123
1
3
78
7
1
4
0
3
19
7
3,334
7
1,422
219
56
1,426
78
55
72
1990
7,040
3,220
3,205
12
1,256
764
472
326
2,238
2,792
7
39
4,593
199
6
4
112
16
6
5
0
2
30
18
3,079
11
1,394
244
61
1,128
88
68
86
1991
7,373
3,464
3,453
11
1,339
752
557
326
2,244
2,199
8
37
4,518
195
6
4
108
16
4
5
0
2
30
19
2,998
11
1,315
237
61
1,136
86
66
86
1992
7,440
3,614
3,602
12
1,356
792
564
308
2,163
2,116
8
39
4,658
197
6
4
109
16
5
5
0
2
31
19
3,126
11
1,381
245
62
1,183
89
68
88
1993
7,510
3,680
3,666
12
1,420
525
592
315
2,094
2,047
6
39
4,776
197
6
4
108
17
5
5
0
2
31
19
3,255
11
1,478
255
63
1,196
92
69
91
1994
7,672
3,573
3,560
13
1,657
960
697
351
2,091
2,043
10
38
4,944
199
6
4
109
17
5
5
0
2
31
19
3,412
11
1,587
267
64
1,222
95
72
95
1995
7,323
3,444
3,431
13
1,520
902
617
332
2,028
1,979
10
39
4,675
206
6
5
121
17
4
6
0
3
42
2
3,087
6
1,390
260
63
1,106
95
74
91
1996
7,171
3,403
3,389
13
1,510
891
619
326
1,933
1,884
10
39
4,610
207
6
5
122
18
4
6
0
3
42
2
3,088
6
1,386
263
64
1,112
97
73
87
(continued)
-------
Table A-2. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
NON-ROA D ENGINES AND
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
gasoline
other
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
Health Services
Cool ing Towers
Fugitive Dust
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1970
VEHICLES (continued)
72
40
0
34
6
NA
NA
495
330
330
NA
NA
NA
21,639
1975
85
48
0
41
7
NA
NA
589
165
165
NA
NA
NA
23,151
1980
106
110
0
93
17
NA
NA
731
248
248
NA
NA
NA
24,875
1985
119
131
0
110
20
NA
NA
808
310
310
NA
NA
NA
23,488
1986
123
140
0
118
22
NA
NA
829
259
259
NA
NA
NA
23,329
1987
128
149
0
125
24
NA
NA
854
352
352
NA
NA
NA
22,806
1988
134
165
0
138
26
NA
NA
897
727
727
NA
NA
NA
24,526
1989
138
175
0
147
28
NA
NA
923
293
293
NA
NA
NA
24,057
1990
158
229
0
147
27
10
45
929
371
370
NA
NA
1
23,792
1991
155
241
0
152
27
10
52
929
286
285
NA
NA
1
23,772
1992
156
233
0
146
27
9
51
946
254
253
0
0
1
24,137
1993
156
222
0
139
27
9
48
945
225
224
0
NA
1
24,482
1994
161
225
0
141
27
9
48
947
353
381
0
0
1
24,892
1995
165
227
0
144
25
10
49
990
237
236
0
0
1
23,935
1996
167
227
0
143
24
10
49
922
239
238
0
0
1
23,393
Note(s): NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are
contained in the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
-------
Table A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
Oil
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
ethylene oxide mfg
phenol mfg
terephthalb acid mfg
ethylene mfg
charcoal mfg
socmi reactor
socmi distillation
socmi air oxidation processes
socmi fugitives
other
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
Polymer & Resin Mfg
polypropylene mfg
polyethylene mfg
polystyrene resins
1970
30
18
7
5
NA
150
4
4
77
65
NA
541
1
4
6
NA
460
NA
NA
70
1,341
629
8
NA
29
70
48
81
NA
NA
194
199
65
271
0
17
10
1975
40
22
14
4
NA
150
3
5
71
71
NA
470
1
3
7
NA
420
NA
NA
38
1,351
751
9
NA
46
79
29
96
NA
NA
235
257
78
299
0
18
11
1980
45
31
9
5
NA
157
3
3
62
89
NA
848
1
3
7
NA
809
NA
NA
28
1,595
884
10
NA
60
111
40
118
NA
NA
254
291
93
384
1
22
15
1985
33
25
5
2
1
134
7
17
57
35
18
1,403
1
4
6
4
1,372
NA
NA
16
881
349
2
0
24
28
37
43
7
0
179
27
3
343
12
51
6
1986
34
25
7
2
1
133
7
16
57
36
16
1,230
1
4
6
4
1,199
NA
NA
16
916
361
2
0
25
30
39
46
7
0
182
28
3
361
12
53
6
1987
35
26
6
2
1
131
7
16
57
36
15
1,117
1
4
6
4
1,085
NA
NA
16
923
356
2
0
24
29
40
45
7
0
180
28
3
376
12
52
6
1988
37
27
7
2
1
136
7
16
61
36
15
1,188
1
4
6
4
1,155
NA
NA
17
982
387
2
0
26
33
43
49
7
1
194
31
3
392
13
58
7
1989
38
28
7
2
1
134
7
16
61
36
15
1,200
1
4
7
4
1,169
NA
NA
15
980
387
2
0
27
33
45
49
7
1
193
30
3
389
13
57
7
1990
47
27
6
2
12
182
7
12
58
51
54
776
1
3
8
8
718
NA
NA
38
634
192
0
4
20
9
33
26
8
2
61
29
2
242
2
39
4
1991
44
27
5
2
10
196
6
11
60
51
68
835
1
3
8
8
776
NA
NA
39
710
216
1
4
23
11
33
30
9
2
67
38
3
268
2
44
5
1992
44
27
4
2
10
187
7
12
52
49
66
884
1
3
10
8
822
NA
NA
40
715
211
1
4
17
10
33
30
8
2
69
37
3
283
2
45
5
1993
45
29
4
2
10
186
6
12
51
51
66
762
1
3
11
9
698
NA
NA
40
701
215
1
4
19
10
33
32
8
2
70
36
2
269
2
46
5
1994
45
29
4
2
10
196
8
12
63
50
64
748
1
3
11
9
684
NA
NA
40
691
217
1
4
21
9
34
33
8
2
70
35
2
257
2
46
5
1995
44
29
3
2
10
206
6
12
73
50
65
823
1
3
11
8
759
NA
NA
41
660
210
1
2
17
10
33
33
8
2
70
34
3
222
2
35
5
1996
45
31
3
2
10
208
6
12
73
51
66
822
1
3
11
8
758
NA
NA
41
436
113
0
1
15
3
33
14
2
1
37
8
3
135
1
22
5
(continued)
-------
Table A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC (continued)
Polymer & Resin Mfg (continued)
synthetic fiber
styrene/butadiene rubber
other
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
paint & varnish mfg
other
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
carbon black mfg
printing ink mfg
fugitives unclassified
carbon black furnace: fugitives
other
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
coke oven door & topside leaks
coke oven by-product plants
other
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUMS RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
vaccuum distillation
cracking units
process unit turnarounds
petroleum refinery fugitives
other
Asphalt Manufacturing
1970
772
77
55
NA
61
61
NA
40
275
275
NA
NA
NA
NA
394
NA
394
276
NA
177
NA
1,194
411
773
24
27
NA
NA
721
11
1975
749
68
54
NA
66
66
NA
55
102
702
NA
NA
NA
NA
336
NA
336
187
NA
149
NA
1,342
378
951
31
27
NA
NA
893
13
1980
799
70
77
NA
65
65
NA
77
92
92
NA
NA
NA
NA
273
NA
273
752
NA
121
NA
1,440
379
1,045
32
21
NA
NA
992
16
1985
277
45
12
11
8
8
0
43
125
26
2
12
4
81
76
18
57
72
3
41
1
703
107
592
75
34
15
76
454
3
1986
237
47
12
12
8
8
0
44
127
25
3
12
4
83
73
18
54
72
3
39
1
666
79
584
74
33
14
71
452
3
1987
247
46
12
11
8
8
0
45
124
24
3
11
4
81
70
18
51
77
3
37
1
655
70
582
74
33
14
69
452
3
1988
250
50
14
12
8
8
0
48
132
26
3
13
5
86
74
19
54
72
3
39
1
645
71
571
13
32
13
66
447
3
1989
250
50
13
12
8
8
0
48
132
26
3
12
5
87
74
19
54
72
3
39
1
639
68
568
13
31
13
65
446
3
1990
744
75
37
6
14
13
1
20
158
9
7
23
0
125
122
18
98
79
7
77
7
612
301
308
7
15
11
99
177
3
1991
161
15
41
1
16
75
7
21
179
77
7
23
1
136
123
19
99
22
9
68
6
640
301
337
7
17
11
105
196
3
1992
773
16
42
8
17
16
1
24
169
16
1
21
1
129
124
17
100
27
9
63
8
632
297
332
7
16
11
103
195
3
1993
757
77
42
7
18
16
1
23
166
16
1
20
1
127
124
18
98
27
9
62
8
649
310
336
7
15
11
109
194
3
1994
743
18
43
6
17
16
1
24
168
27
2
27
7
777
126
20
97
26
9
62
8
647
305
339
7
16
10
109
198
3
1995
742
16
22
5
18
16
2
38
164
24
2
30
7
707
125
21
96
26
9
61
8
642
299
339
6
16
12
111
194
4
1996
73
16
18
5
10
8
1
32
138
24
0
6
0
107
70
21
42
3
1
38
8
517
272
242
4
16
9
111
103
4
(continued)
-------
Table A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
vegetable oil mfg
whiskey fermentation: aging
bakeries
other
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
rubber tire mfg
green tire spray
other
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Construction
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
open top
conveyorized
cold cleaning
other
Graphic Arts
letterpress
flexographic
lithographic
gravure
other
Dry Cleaning
perchloroethylene
petroleum solvent
other
1970
270
208
59
105
45
NA
NA
NA
60
60
NA
NA
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,174
707
NA
NA
NA
707
319
NA
NA
NA
NA
319
263
NA
NA
263
1975
235
182
61
77
44
NA
NA
NA
51
51
NA
NA
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
5,651
448
NA
NA
NA
448
254
NA
NA
NA
NA
254
229
NA
NA
229
1980
237
191
81
64
46
NA
NA
NA
44
44
NA
NA
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
6,584
513
NA
NA
NA
513
373
NA
NA
NA
NA
373
320
NA
NA
320
1985
390
169
46
24
51
49
10
42
41
10
5
26
15
4
0
1
NA
108
5,699
756
28
5
31
691
317
2
18
4
131
162
169
85
84
0
1986
395
171
47
24
52
50
10
44
43
10
5
28
15
4
0
1
NA
108
5,626
634
28
5
33
568
325
2
19
4
138
163
217
111
106
0
1987
394
175
49
24
51
51
10
44
43
10
5
28
15
4
0
1
NA
103
5,743
681
28
5
31
618
340
2
19
4
140
174
216
110
106
0
1988
408
177
50
24
52
52
10
44
46
11
6
29
14
4
0
0
NA
112
5,945
754
29
5
34
687
362
2
20
4
148
188
216
109
106
0
1989
403
175
49
23
51
52
10
44
46
11
6
29
14
4
0
0
NA
109
5,964
757
29
4
35
689
363
2
20
4
150
187
212
107
105
0
1990
401
138
16
24
43
55
20
96
58
5
3
50
18
7
2
2
0
59
5,750
744
18
5
30
691
274
4
20
14
75
162
215
110
104
0
1991
391
130
18
16
44
52
18
92
59
5
4
50
17
8
2
2
0
62
5,782
718
25
6
23
664
301
8
24
17
82
171
218
112
106
0
1992
414
127
19
12
44
51
19
101
64
5
3
55
27
10
3
2
0
62
5,901
737
26
6
24
680
308
8
26
18
81
175
224
115
109
0
1993
442
146
19
24
46
58
19
112
62
5
3
53
28
8
3
3
0
62
6,016
753
26
6
24
697
322
8
26
21
87
180
225
116
110
0
1994
438
145
16
24
46
58
19
105
61
6
3
52
30
11
3
3
0
62
6,162
775
27
6
22
719
333
8
25
22
93
185
228
777
777
0
1995
450
147
16
25
47
60
19
122
60
6
3
51
31
11
2
2
0
57
6,183
789
24
5
23
737
339
8
24
20
91
196
230
118
112
1
1996
439
135
15
18
44
58
18
123
60
6
3
51
32
11
2
2
0
57
6,273
661
10
2
9
640
389
8
23
20
90
248
190
77
779
0
(continued)
-------
Table A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
SOLVENT UTILIZATION (continued)
Surface Coating
industrial adhesives
fabrics
paper
large appliances
magnet wire
autos & light trucks
metal cans
metal coil
wood furniture
metal furniture
flatwood products
plastic parts
large ships
aircraft
misc. metal parts
steel drums
architectural
traffic markings
maintenance coatings
railroad
auto refinishing
machinery
electronic & other electrical
general
miscellaneous
thinning solvents
other
Other Industrial
miscellaneous
rubber & plastics mfg
other
1970
3,570
52
161
652
49
7
165
49
18
211
35
64
17
21
1
NA
NA
442
NA
108
5
83
39
NA
79
942
NA
372
640
39
309
292
1975
2,977
41
177
548
43
6
204
57
19
231
42
76
18
20
1
NA
NA
407
NA
125
7
143
51
NA
61
392
NA
309
499
30
245
224
1980
3,685
55
186
626
36
5
165
73
21
231
52
82
25
20
2
NA
NA
477
NA
106
9
186
62
NA
52
799
NA
415
690
44
327
319
1985
2,549
381
34
106
22
0
85
97
50
132
41
4
11
15
27
14
NA
473
100
79
4
111
37
79
146
104
90
306
125
NA
25
100
1986
2,602
353
34
109
19
0
86
96
50
140
44
4
11
16
29
14
NA
502
106
80
3
132
28
79
147
109
92
317
131
NA
29
102
1987
2,606
353
35
110
19
0
88
95
49
142
44
4
11
15
26
14
NA
503
106
80
3
132
28
79
148
108
94
318
132
NA
29
103
1988
2,646
366
35
774
19
0
87
96
50
143
44
4
77
76
37
14
NA
504
107
80
3
133
29
80
158
105
97
320
133
NA
29
104
1989
2,635
375
35
774
18
0
87
95
50
140
44
4
77
75
34
74
NA
500
106
80
3
132
28
79
154
103
96
317
131
NA
29
102
1990
2,523
390
14
75
21
1
92
94
45
158
48
9
27
15
7
59
3
495
105
79
3
130
28
78
121
32
96
297
94
NA
28
66
1991
2,521
374
74
64
20
1
90
91
49
154
47
10
22
14
7
87
3
500
106
76
3
132
26
75
127
37
97
295
98
NA
28
71
1992
2,577
386
16
61
20
1
93
93
47
159
49
10
23
15
7
90
3
505
107
78
3
137
26
77
129
42
100
302
102
NA
28
74
1993
2,632
400
16
59
21
1
92
96
49
171
52
11
22
15
7
92
3
510
108
81
3
140
27
80
133
39
94
310
102
NA
29
73
1994
2,716
419
15
59
22
1
96
98
48
185
56
12
22
15
7
93
4
515
109
85
4
144
27
85
140
38
96
321
99
NA
31
68
1995
2,681
470
75
52
21
1
96
102
47
179
53
13
18
13
6
92
4
522
111
84
4
142
25
85
138
35
99
314
96
NA
31
64
1996
2,881
454
74
53
23
1
123
106
49
193
58
13
18
12
6
92
4
554
117
89
3
164
26
95
138
35
99
338
53
NA
37
16
(continued)
-------
Table A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
SOL VENT UTILIZA TION (continued)
Nonindustrial
cutback asphalt
other asphalt
pesticide application
adhesives
consumer solvents
other
Other
STORAGES TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
fixed roof
floating roof
variable vapor space
efr with seals
ifr with seals
underground tanks
area source: gasoline
other
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
fixed roof gasoline
fixed roof crude
floating roof gasoline
floating roof crude
efr / seal gasoline
efr / seal crude
ifr /seal gasoline
ifr / seal crude
variable vapor space gasoline
area source: crude
other
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
gasoline loading: normal/ splash
gasoline loading: balanced / submerged
gasoline loading: normal/ submerged
gasoline loading: clean /submerged
marine vessel loading: gasoline & crude
other
Service Stations: Stage 1
Service Stations: Stage II
Service Stations: Breathing & Emptying
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
1970
1,674
1,045
NA
241
NA
NA
387
NA
1,954
599
14
45
1
NA
NA
NA
509
30
300
47
135
49
32
3
1
1
2
3
NA
25
92
3
20
39
2
26
2
416
521
NA
26
NA
1975
1,243
723
NA
195
NA
NA
325
NA
2,181
668
15
50
1
NA
NA
0
569
33
315
52
141
54
34
4
2
2
2
3
NA
22
84
2
13
26
1
38
4
481
602
NA
31
NA
1980
1,002
323
NA
241
NA
NA
437
NA
1,975
517
12
39
1
NA
NA
0
440
26
306
43
148
45
36
3
2
1
2
3
NA
23
61
0
2
3
0
50
6
461
583
NA
46
NA
1985
1,783
191
NA
212
345
1,035
NA
NA
1,747
606
14
46
1
NA
NA
0
512
32
223
26
26
27
5
2
0
1
0
1
NA
133
126
3
21
41
2
24
35
207
485
49
34
17
1986
1,717
775
NA
263
332
947
NA
NA
1,673
620
14
47
1
NA
NA
0
526
32
217
25
24
26
5
2
0
1
0
1
NA
132
123
3
20
41
2
23
34
213
400
48
35
17
1987
1,768
186
NA
262
332
988
NA
NA
1,801
632
14
48
1
NA
NA
0
537
32
214
25
22
26
5
2
0
1
0
1
NA
131
123
3
21
40
2
23
34
219
511
51
34
16
1988
1,834
199
NA
262
345
1,030
NA
NA
1,842
652
15
50
1
NA
NA
0
554
33
215
24
21
25
5
2
0
1
0
1
NA
135
125
3
21
41
2
23
35
223
522
52
37
16
1989
1,867
199
NA
260
353
1,056
NA
NA
1,753
651
15
50
1
NA
NA
0
553
33
210
23
21
24
5
2
0
1
0
2
NA
132
125
3
22
42
2
22
35
223
441
52
36
15
1990
1,900
199
NA
258
361
1,083
NA
0
1,495
359
9
26
2
2
2
1
282
36
157
13
21
15
2
7
3
1
0
1
0
92
151
3
15
26
0
31
76
300
433
52
30
10
1991
1,925
202
NA
264
365
1,095
NA
NA
1,532
369
11
29
2
3
2
2
281
40
195
17
25
25
7
11
3
2
0
2
0
102
146
2
17
25
0
30
73
295
430
51
35
8
1992
1,952
207
NA
272
368
1,105
NA
NA
1,583
384
12
30
1
3
3
2
292
42
204
17
26
24
7
13
3
2
0
5
0
106
149
2
15
26
0
30
75
303
442
52
38
8
1993
1,982
274
NA
280
372
1,116
NA
0
1,600
395
13
34
1
4
5
2
292
44
205
16
28
24
8
14
3
2
0
6
0
103
142
2
13
24
0
29
73
309
449
53
39
7
1994
2,011
221
NA
289
375
1,126
NA
0
1,629
403
16
29
1
4
3
2
305
43
194
16
24
22
6
14
3
2
0
3
0
103
139
3
11
25
0
28
72
322
467
55
39
7
1995
2,048
227
NA
299
380
1,142
NA
0
1,652
406
16
19
0
3
3
2
322
41
191
16
21
22
6
15
2
2
0
0
0
106
134
2
10
23
0
29
70
334
484
57
37
7
1996
2,100
128
NA
360
403
1,210
NA
0
1,312
243
16
19
0
3
3
2
162
38
133
14
19
7
2
12
2
2
0
0
0
73
131
2
8
22
0
29
69
341
406
37
16
5
(continued)
-------
Table A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
STORAGE & TRANSPORT (continued)
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
Open Burning
industrial
commmercial/institutional
residential
other
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
light-duty diesel trucks
light-duty diesel vehicles
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
recreational marine vessels
other
1970
NA
NA
NA
1,984
548
1,424
NA
NA
NA
1,424
NA
NA
NA
NA
11
12,972
9,193
9,133
60
2,770
1,564
1,206
743
266
266
NA
NA
1,713
1,284
138
22
46
574
4
142
3
4
350
1
1975
NA
NA
NA
984
453
517
NA
NA
NA
517
NA
NA
NA
NA
14
10,545
7,248
7,177
71
2,289
1,251
1,038
657
351
335
NA
15
1,893
1,373
145
24
50
614
6
151
6
5
372
1
1980
NA
NA
NA
758
366
372
NA
NA
NA
372
NA
NA
NA
NA
20
8,979
5,907
5,843
64
2,059
7,229
830
611
402
392
2
8
2,142
1,474
151
32
61
655
7
158
7
6
395
1
1985
0
0
0
979
64
309
6
1
302
NA
10
1
594
0
0
9,376
5,864
5,810
54
2,425
7,437
988
716
370
360
2
8
2,240
1,561
156
37
69
691
8
171
8
6
413
1
1986
0
0
0
971
63
304
6
7
297
NA
11
2
591
0
0
8,874
5,537
5,483
54
2,279
7,376
963
700
357
346
2
9
2,342
1,582
157
37
71
699
8
178
8
7
416
1
1987
0
0
0
950
61
292
6
7
285
NA
11
1
584
0
0
8,477
5,281
5,227
53
2,185
1,227
958
662
350
338
2
9
2,244
1,601
158
36
73
706
4
188
10
7
419
1
1988
0
0
0
959
60
284
6
2
277
NA
11
2
602
0
0
8,290
5,189
5,136
53
2,129
7,773
956
626
345
332
2
10
2,432
1,620
759
35
75
773
9
189
9
7
422
1
1989
0
0
0
941
59
274
6
2
266
NA
11
2
595
0
0
7,192
4,462
4,412
50
1,867
1,018
849
517
346
332
3
77
2,422
1,631
160
35
77
720
6
190
10
7
425
1
1990
0
0
2
986
48
196
4
9
165
19
49
14
589
64
26
6,313
3,947
3,885
62
1,622
960
662
432
312
297
3
73
2,502
1,756
128
33
81
766
13
138
9
5
562
20
1991
1
0
2
999
50
200
4
9
167
20
47
18
591
66
28
6,499
4,069
4,033
37
1,688
906
781
423
319
304
3
72
2,503
1,767
730
37
79
777
10
136
9
5
569
20
1992
1
0
2
1,010
51
203
4
10
169
20
48
19
589
69
31
6,072
3,832
3,799
33
1,588
849
739
334
318
302
3
73
2,551
1,793
732
37
81
787
12
140
9
5
576
20
1993
1
0
1
1,046
76
207
5
70
777
27
50
19
588
74
33
6,103
3,812
3,777
34
1,647
875
772
326
318
307
3
73
2,581
1,814
733
32
80
797
12
141
10
6
581
21
1994
1
0
1
1,046
65
208
5
70
772
27
52
19
587
80
35
6,401
3,748
3,777
37
1,909
1,003
906
414
331
373
4
13
2,619
1,833
735
35
82
803
11
145
10
6
585
21
1995
1
0
1
1,067
54
208
5
70
773
20
51
16
628
75
36
5,701
3,426
3,385
41
1,629
895
735
327
319
302
4
14
2,433
1,692
138
37
85
823
8
152
11
6
432
0
1996
1
0
1
433
55
210
5
70
775
20
52
12
45
22
37
5,502
3,323
3,284
39
1,582
870
712
286
312
294
4
14
2,426
1,685
735
36
82
799
9
148
11
6
459
0
(continued)
-------
Table A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
N on- Road Diesel
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
gasoline
other
Railroads
NATURAL SOURCES
Geogenic
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
Other Combustion
structural fires
agricultural fires
slash/prescribed burning
forest wildfires
other
Catastrophic/Accidental Releases
Health Services
Cooling Towers
Fugitive Dust
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1970
(continued)
300
1
104
18
7
152
10
3
5
97
9
0
8
1
NA
NA
22
NA
NA
1,101
NA
1,101
19
131
147
770
34
NA
NA
NA
NA
30,817
1975
366
1
112
20
7
203
10
7
6
116
11
0
10
1
NA
NA
27
NA
NA
716
NA
716
47
75
290
297
7
NA
NA
NA
NA
25,895
1980
464
1
148
24
8
257
11
9
7
146
25
0
23
2
NA
NA
33
NA
NA
1,134
NA
1,134
40
70
285
739
1
NA
NA
NA
NA
26,167
1985
448
1
165
30
9
209
13
11
9
165
30
1
28
2
NA
NA
37
NA
NA
566
NA
565
44
55
182
283
NA
NA
0
NA
NA
24,227
1986
521
1
170
28
9
284
12
9
8
170
32
1
29
2
NA
NA
38
NA
NA
547
NA
547
44
61
182
259
NA
NA
1
NA
NA
23,480
1987
394
1
166
29
9
157
13
10
9
176
34
1
31
2
NA
NA
39
NA
NA
655
NA
655
44
67
182
361
NA
NA
0
NA
NA
23,193
1988
549
1
166
30
9
311
13
10
9
185
38
1
35
2
NA
NA
41
NA
NA
1,230
NA
1,230
44
85
182
918
NA
NA
1
NA
NA
24,167
1989
519
1
170
27
8
283
12
9
8
190
40
1
37
3
NA
NA
42
NA
NA
642
NA
641
44
79
182
335
NA
NA
1
NA
NA
22,383
1990
465
1
167
30
9
224
13
11
10
180
49
0
28
4
1
16
52
14
14
1,150
81
1,064
29
48
234
749
3
4
1
0
0
20,985
1991
456
1
157
29
9
225
13
11
10
177
51
0
29
4
1
17
52
14
14
831
69
756
30
48
236
439
3
4
0
2
0
21,100
1992
475
1
165
30
9
234
14
11
10
179
50
0
28
4
1
17
54
14
14
565
73
485
30
49
239
164
3
4
1
2
0
20,695
1993
492
1
177
32
10
237
14
11
10
176
48
0
26
4
1
17
52
14
14
627
86
535
30
48
241
212
3
4
1
1
0
20,895
1994
513
1
190
33
10
242
14
12
11
176
49
1
27
4
1
17
49
14
14
784
67
710
30
51
246
379
3
4
1
2
0
21,546
1995
466
1
166
32
10
219
14
12
10
178
49
0
27
3
1
17
49
14
14
586
67
511
31
54
252
171
3
4
1
2
0
20,586
1996
467
1
167
33
10
220
15
12
10
177
48
0
27
3
1
17
48
14
14
587
64
516
31
55
256
171
3
4
1
2
1
19,086
Note(s): NA = not available. Forseveral source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are
contained in the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
No data was available after 1984 to weigh the emissions from residential wood burning devices.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metrictons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
-------
Table A-4. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
distillate oil
bituminous/subbituminous coal
other
1970
17,398
15,799
9,574
4,716
1,509
1,598
7,575
20
1
NA
4,565
3,129
2,171
669
289
NA
1,229
956
98
175
140
70
NA
1,490
109
883
1
NA
6
492
212
260
20
1975
18,268
16,756
10,161
5,005
1,590
1,511
1,462
49
1
NA
3,310
1,870
1,297
399
174
NA
1,139
525
144
171
263
38
NA
1,082
147
638
1
NA
7
290
196
76
18
1980
17,469
16,073
NA
NA
NA
1,395
NA
NA
1
NA
2,951
1,527
1,058
326
144
NA
1,065
851
85
129
299
60
NA
971
110
637
1
NA
13
211
757
43
11
1985
16,273
15,630
14,029
1,292
309
612
604
8
1
30
3,169
1,818
1,347
28
90
353
862
671
111
80
397
86
7
579
158
239
2
1
13
167
128
29
10
1986
15,804
14,962
13,450
1,157
355
811
799
12
1
30
3,116
1,828
7,375
29
82
341
828
637
109
82
370
84
6
611
161
267
2
1
11
169
129
30
10
1987
15,819
15,138
13,502
1,300
336
651
640
11
1
29
3,068
1,817
1,374
29
73
341
807
617
106
84
356
82
6
662
164
310
2
1
10
175
134
32
10
1988
16,110
15,344
13,548
1,433
364
734
722
12
1
31
3,111
1,856
1,395
29
79
353
806
614
108
84
360
83
6
660
172
295
2
1
11
180
737
33
10
1989
16,340
15,529
13,579
1,547
404
779
765
14
1
30
3,086
1,840
1,384
29
79
348
812
625
707
80
346
82
6
624
169
274
2
1
11
167
732
27
8
1990
15,909
15,220
73,377
1,415
434
639
629
10
1
49
3,550
1,914
1,050
50
67
746
927
667
198
42
543
158
9
831
212
425
7
6
7
175
737
30
9
1991
15,784
15,087
73,275
1,381
491
652
642
10
1
45
3,256
1,805
949
53
68
735
779
550
190
39
516
142
14
755
184
376
7
6
7
176
141
26
8
1992
15,416
14,824
12,914
1,455
455
546
537
9
1
46
3,292
1,783
1,005
60
67
650
801
591
191
20
552
140
16
784
190
396
7
6
8
177
144
26
8
1993
15,189
14,527
72,272
1,796
519
612
607
70
1
49
3,284
1,763
991
67
68
636
809
597
193
20
555
140
17
772
193
381
8
6
6
178
145
25
8
1994
14,889
14,313
11,841
1,988
484
522
572
70
1
53
3,218
1,740
988
77
68
606
777
564
193
20
542
141
19
780
192
391
8
6
6
177
145
25
8
1995
12,080
1 1 ,603
8,609
2,345
649
413
408
5
9
55
3,357
1,728
7,003
81
68
576
912
707
191
20
548
147
23
793
200
397
8
5
7
176
144
24
8
1996
12,604
12,114
9,123
2,366
625
412
408
4
21
57
3,399
1,762
7,005
83
68
606
918
708
191
20
548
147
23
782
200
389
8
5
7
173
145
21
8
(continued)
-------
Table A-4. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
sulfur compounds
other
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
lead
aluminum
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
natural gas
other
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
fluid catalytic cracking units
other
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
cement mfg
other
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
1970
591
NA
591
597
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4,775
4,060
3,507
77
80
396
715
NA
881
111
111
NA
770
480
290
NA
846
NA
NA
169
NA
677
618
59
NA
NA
NA
1975
367
NA
358
358
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
8
2,849
2,165
1,946
34
72
113
684
NA
727
173
773
NA
554
318
236
NA
740
NA
NA
168
NA
571
577
60
NA
NA
NA
1980
280
NA
271
271
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
10
1,842
1,279
1,080
34
95
71
562
NA
734
157
757
NA
577
330
247
NA
918
NA
NA
223
NA
694
630
64
NA
NA
NA
1985
456
16
354
346
8
7
4
NA
0
76
1,042
853
655
727
62
14
172
18
505
204
202
2
300
272
88
1
425
3
0
131
1
286
792
95
0
0
3
1986
432
16
329
320
8
7
4
NA
0
77
888
710
525
772
59
73
161
17
469
176
775
7
291
207
84
1
427
3
0
135
1
285
790
95
0
0
3
1987
425
17
322
374
8
6
4
NA
0
75
648
479
298
111
57
13
153
15
445
155
754
7
289
207
82
1
418
3
0
135
1
276
183
93
0
0
3
1988
449
19
341
333
8
7
4
NA
0
78
707
529
343
773
59
74
162
16
443
159
757
7
283
202
81
1
411
3
0
135
1
268
777
97
0
0
3
1989
440
17
334
326
8
7
4
NA
0
77
695
513
327
773
60
73
165
17
429
156
755
7
272
795
77
1
405
3
0
136
1
261
772
89
0
0
3
1990
297
10
214
277
2
1
5
NA
0
67
726
517
323
729
60
4
186
22
430
122
720
2
304
183
121
4
399
3
0
116
0
275
181
94
0
0
5
1991
280
9
208
205
3
1
4
NA
0
57
612
435
234
735
67
5
159
18
378
98
96
2
274
182
92
7
396
3
0
123
0
267
765
702
0
0
3
1992
278
9
203
799
4
1
4
NA
0
60
615
438
247
737
55
5
158
18
416
93
92
2
315
185
130
7
396
3
0
119
0
270
168
102
1
0
3
1993
269
9
191
187
4
1
4
0
0
64
603
431
250
722
53
6
153
19
383
98
96
2
278
183
95
7
392
3
0
113
0
272
770
702
0
0
3
1994
275
8
194
189
4
1
4
0
0
68
562
391
206
128
51
6
153
19
379
95
93
2
276
188
88
8
398
3
0
109
0
282
767
774
1
0
3
1995
286
8
199
795
4
0
5
0
0
74
530
361
777
726
53
6
151
18
369
89
88
1
271
188
83
9
403
3
0
114
0
282
777
777
1
0
4
1996
287
8
199
795
4
0
5
0
0
74
530
362
777
726
53
6
151
18
368
89
88
1
271
188
83
9
409
3
0
117
0
285
772
772
1
0
4
(continued)
-------
Table A-4. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage II
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
industrial
other
Open Burning
industrial
other
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
industrial
other
Other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
1970
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
8
4
NA
4
4
NA
4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
411
132
40
8
231
1975
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
46
29
NA
29
17
NA
17
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
503
158
48
9
288
1980
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
33
21
NA
21
12
NA
12
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
521
159
50
10
303
1985
1
0
0
NA
1
0
4
NA
0
1
NA
1
NA
0
0
1
34
25
10
15
9
0
8
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
0
522
146
55
11
311
1986
1
0
0
NA
1
0
4
NA
0
1
NA
1
NA
0
0
2
35
26
10
16
8
0
8
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
0
527
143
55
11
318
1987
1
0
0
NA
1
0
4
NA
0
1
NA
1
NA
0
0
2
35
26
10
16
8
0
8
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
0
538
142
56
11
328
1988
1
0
0
NA
1
0
5
NA
0
1
NA
1
NA
0
0
2
36
28
11
17
8
0
8
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
0
553
144
58
11
340
1989
1
0
0
NA
1
0
5
NA
0
1
NA
1
NA
0
0
2
36
28
10
18
8
0
7
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
0
570
145
58
11
356
1990
0
0
0
NA
0
0
7
0
5
0
NA
0
0
0
0
1
42
32
5
26
11
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
542
138
57
11
337
1991
0
0
0
NA
0
0
10
1
7
0
NA
0
0
0
0
1
44
32
4
28
11
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
570
143
59
10
358
1992
1
0
0
0
0
0
9
1
0
0
NA
0
0
0
0
7
44
32
5
27
11
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
578
146
59
10
363
1993
1
0
0
NA
0
0
5
0
0
0
NA
0
0
0
0
4
71
51
25
26
11
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
517
147
60
11
299
1994
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
60
42
17
26
11
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
301
141
70
12
79
1995
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
47
35
8
27
11
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
304
143
71
11
80
1996
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
48
35
8
27
11
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
307
144
71
11
80
(continued)
-------
'
I.
W
Table A-4. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
N on- Road Diesel
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
Fugitive Dust
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1970
83
NA
NA
4
43
36
770
110
NA
31,161
1975
99
NA
NA
4
52
43
20
20
NA
28,011
1980
175
NA
NA
6
117
53
11
11
NA
25,905
1985
208
NA
NA
6
143
59
11
11
NA
23,230
1986
221
NA
NA
6
154
60
9
9
NA
22,544
1987
233
NA
NA
7
164
62
13
13
NA
22,308
1988
253
NA
NA
7
181
65
27
27
NA
22,767
1989
267
NA
NA
7
193
67
11
11
NA
22,907
1990
392
8
NA
11
251
122
12
12
0
23,136
1991
399
8
NA
11
259
120
11
11
0
22,496
1992
402
8
NA
11
258
125
10
9
0
22,240
1993
355
8
NA
11
249
117
9
8
1
21,879
1994
384
8
NA
11
252
113
15
14
0
21,262
1995
372
8
NA
11
239
113
9
9
0
18,552
1996
368
8
NA
11
237
111
9
9
0
19,113
Note(s): NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are
contained in the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
The 1985 fuel combustion, electric utility category is based on the National Allowance Data Base Version 2.11, Acid Rain Division, U.S. EPA, released
March 23, 1993. Allocations at the Tier 3 levels are approximations only and are based on the methodology described in section 6.0, paragraph 6.2.1.1.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
I
3
C-K
tq
§
a3
-------
Table A-5. Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
natural
process
other
Other
wood/bark waste
liquid waste
other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential
1970
1,775
1,680
1,041
513
126
NA
89
85
3
7
NA
641
83
52
16
15
NA
89
83
6
0
27
24
4
NA
441
415
NA
26
NA
455
13
52
4
NA
1975
1,191
1,091
661
326
104
NA
93
87
6
6
NA
564
23
14
4
4
NA
69
62
7
0
25
22
3
NA
447
444
NA
3
NA
492
10
34
4
NA
1980
879
796
483
238
75
NA
76
74
2
7
NA
679
18
12
4
2
NA
67
63
4
0
23
20
3
NA
571
566
NA
5
NA
887
8
30
4
NA
1985
282
270
217
37
16
0
8
8
0
1
3
247
71
48
1
7
15
52
43
5
4
47
24
22
1
75
67
1
6
3
1009
13
12
4
3
1986
287
272
216
36
19
0
11
11
0
1
3
244
71
48
1
6
15
49
40
5
4
45
23
21
1
77
69
1
6
3
889
13
14
4
3
1987
284
271
212
38
20
0
9
9
0
1
3
239
67
48
1
6
13
48
38
5
4
44
23
20
1
78
70
1
6
3
812
13
16
4
3
1988
279
265
190
53
22
0
11
10
0
1
3
244
70
49
1
6
14
48
38
5
4
45
24
20
1
79
71
1
6
3
862
14
15
5
3
1989
274
259
193
42
22
0
12
11
0
1
3
243
70
49
1
6
14
48
39
5
4
44
24
20
1
78
71
1
6
3
869
13
13
5
3
1990
295
265
188
37
41
NA
9
9
0
1
20
270
84
59
5
2
19
52
44
6
2
41
30
11
0
87
80
1
6
6
631
15
13
5
79
1991
257
232
169
39
23
NA
10
10
0
1
15
233
72
48
3
1
19
44
36
6
2
34
24
10
0
72
67
1
5
10
657
14
11
6
73
1992
257
234
167
43
23
NA
7
7
0
0
16
243
74
53
3
1
17
45
37
6
1
40
26
13
0
74
67
1
6
11
683
15
12
6
73
1993
279
253
185
46
22
NA
9
9
0
1
17
257
71
51
3
1
16
45
38
6
1
43
29
13
0
86
71
1
14
12
588
15
11
6
72
1994
273
246
181
44
21
NA
8
8
0
1
17
270
70
49
5
1
16
44
37
6
1
43
30
14
0
74
68
1
6
38
570
15
12
7
73
1995
268
244
174
48
21
NA
5
5
0
1
18
302
70
49
5
1
15
49
42
6
1
45
30
15
0
73
68
1
5
64
610
16
12
6
73
1996
282
258
185
50
22
NA
5
5
0
1
18
306
71
49
5
1
16
50
42
6
1
45
30
15
0
75
69
1
6
65
598
16
12
7
72
(continued)
-------
Table A-5. Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. OTHER (continued)
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
PolymerS Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
lead
zinc
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
primary
secondary
other
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIE!
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Indus
fluid catalytic cracking units
other
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
country elevators
terminal elevators
feed mills
soybean mills
1970
384
NA
NA
3
235
43
61
NA
46
NA
NA
86
1,316
593
343
53
20
177
198
31
167
NA
525
286
NA
69
69
NA
217
5,832
485
257
147
5
25
1975
407
NA
NA
37
127
21
31
NA
38
NA
NA
37
825
229
66
31
11
121
275
198
77
NA
321
179
NA
56
56
NA
123
2,572
429
247
111
3
27
1980
818
NA
NA
27
148
19
25
NA
61
NA
NA
42
622
130
32
18
3
77
322
271
51
NA
170
138
NA
41
41
NA
97
1,846
402
258
86
3
22
1985
959
NA
NA
18
58
19
7
4
9
0
0
18
220
46
3
4
3
36
164
136
26
2
10
63
0
28
24
4
35
611
68
7
6
6
13
1986
837
NA
NA
18
59
20
7
4
9
0
0
18
203
44
3
3
2
35
149
122
25
2
10
63
0
27
23
4
36
620
70
8
6
7
13
1987
758
NA
NA
18
58
20
7
4
9
0
0
17
194
42
3
3
2
33
142
116
24
2
9
62
0
26
23
4
35
606
71
8
6
7
14
1988
807
NA
NA
19
62
21
8
5
9
0
0
18
208
45
3
3
3
36
153
726
26
2
10
60
0
25
22
4
35
601
73
9
6
7
14
1989
817
NA
NA
18
63
22
8
5
10
0
0
18
211
45
3
3
3
36
156
729
26
2
10
58
0
24
27
3
34
591
72
9
6
7
14
1990
501
NA
NA
18
77
26
19
5
11
1
1
14
214
50
14
3
6
27
155
128
25
2
9
55
2
20
77
3
33
583
73
9
6
7
14
1991
535
NA
NA
18
68
28
4
4
11
1
0
20
251
46
14
2
6
23
123
99
24
0
82
43
2
20
77
3
21
520
80
10
7
4
15
1992
558
NA
NA
18
71
28
5
5
11
1
0
20
250
47
15
2
6
23
115
92
23
0
88
43
2
21
18
3
20
506
69
10
8
5
11
1993
464
NA
NA
18
66
28
5
4
11
1
0
18
181
40
72
2
1
25
121
97
24
0
20
38
2
20
77
3
17
501
73
10
8
5
12
1994
446
NA
NA
18
76
29
5
4
10
1
0
27
184
39
77
2
2
25
125
100
25
0
20
38
2
19
16
3
17
495
73
9
7
5
12
1995
484
NA
NA
18
67
29
5
4
10
1
0
18
212
41
72
3
2
25
149
723
26
0
22
40
2
20
18
3
18
511
80
9
7
5
12
1996
472
NA
NA
19
67
29
5
4
10
1
0
18
211
40
77
3
2
25
149
723
26
0
22
40
2
20
18
3
18
510
80
9
7
4
72
(continued)
-------
Table A-5. Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
1970 1975 1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (continued)
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
wheat mills
other grain mills
other
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Pr
sulfate (kraft) pulping
other
Rubbers Miscellaneous Plastic Prodi
Mineral Products
cement mfg
surface mining
stone quarrying/processing
other
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Construction
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOL VENT UTILIZA TION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Stora
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Trans
Service Stations: Stage II
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
storage
transfer
combined
other
Bulk Materials Transport
(continued)
5
9
38
NA
727
668
59
NA
4,620 1
1,731
134
957
1,798
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1 1
8 6
32 26
NA NA
274 1 83
228 142
46 41
NA NA
,869 1,261
703 417
111 127
508 421
547 296
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
3
7
25
0
101
71
30
3
401
273
20
52
116
8
0
2
NA
28
2
0
0
0
2
0
107
0
0
0
NA
1
0
0
NA
105
33
72
1
NA
0
4
7
26
0
104
73
32
3
405
214
19
55
117
8
0
2
NA
27
2
0
0
0
2
0
104
0
0
0
NA
1
0
0
NA
102
33
68
1
NA
0
3
7
26
0
106
73
33
3
391
206
16
55
114
8
0
2
NA
24
2
0
0
0
2
0
100
0
0
0
NA
1
0
0
NA
99
32
66
1
NA
0
4
8
26
0
108
73
34
4
382
198
16
56
113
9
0
2
NA
24
2
0
0
0
2
0
101
0
0
0
NA
1
0
0
NA
99
32
66
1
NA
0
3
8
25
0
106
74
33
4
374
193
15
54
111
9
0
2
NA
23
2
0
0
0
2
0
101
0
0
0
NA
1
0
0
NA
99
31
67
1
NA
0
3
8
25
0
105
73
32
4
367
190
15
54
108
9
0
2
0
23
4
0
0
0
3
1
102
0
0
0
NA
1
0
1
0
100
31
69
1
NA
1
4
6
34
0
81
53
27
4
320
147
14
59
99
8
0
2
0
25
5
0
0
0
4
1
101
0
1
0
NA
1
0
1
0
99
27
71
0
0
0
4
5
26
0
79
50
29
4
318
145
15
60
98
9
0
2
0
24
5
0
0
0
4
1
117
0
1
0
NA
1
0
1
0
115
30
85
0
0
0
4
6
28
0
78
49
29
3
316
140
17
60
99
7
0
0
0
22
6
0
0
0
5
1
114
0
1
0
NA
1
0
1
0
111
32
79
0
NA
0
4
6
30
0
76
50
26
3
313
139
17
58
100
7
0
0
0
22
6
0
0
0
5
1
106
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
104
31
73
0
0
0
4
7
37
0
81
53
28
3
317
140
17
58
102
7
0
0
0
23
6
0
0
0
5
1
109
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
107
30
76
0
0
0
4
7
37
0
82
54
28
3
314
737
77
58
102
7
0
0
0
23
6
0
0
0
5
1
109
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
107
30
77
0
0
0
(continued)
-------
Table A-5. Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
residential
other
Open Burning
residential
other
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
light-duty diesel trucks
light-duty diesel vehicles
NO N -ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
other
1970
999
229
51
178
770
770
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
443
225
224
1
70
41
29
13
136
136
NA
NA
369
35
3
0
0
10
0
1
0
0
21
1975
371
95
49
46
276
276
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
471
207
206
1
72
39
34
15
177
766
NA
10
441
38
3
0
0
11
0
1
0
0
23
1980
273
75
42
32
198
198
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
397
120
119
1
55
25
29
15
208
194
2
12
566
41
3
0
0
11
0
1
0
0
24
1985
278
52
39
13
225
221
4
NA
0
NA
0
0
363
77
77
0
43
19
24
14
229
219
1
8
561
43
3
0
0
12
0
1
0
0
25
1986
274
52
38
14
222
217
4
NA
0
NA
0
0
356
69
69
0
39
17
22
13
236
226
1
8
634
43
3
0
0
12
0
1
0
0
25
1987
265
51
37
14
214
209
4
NA
0
NA
0
0
360
66
65
0
37
17
21
12
245
235
2
8
520
44
3
0
0
12
0
1
0
0
26
1988
259
51
36
15
208
203
5
NA
0
NA
0
0
369
66
66
0
37
16
20
12
254
244
2
9
672
44
3
0
0
13
0
1
0
0
26
1989
251
50
35
15
200
195
5
NA
0
NA
0
0
367
65
64
0
34
16
19
11
257
247
2
9
649
44
3
0
0
13
0
1
0
0
26
1990
271
65
39
26
206
195
11
0
NA
0
0
0
336
61
61
0
30
16
14
10
235
224
1
9
598
49
3
0
1
13
0
1
0
0
29
1991
276
66
41
25
209
197
12
0
0
0
0
0
349
63
63
0
32
15
17
10
245
234
2
9
598
49
3
0
1
13
0
1
0
0
30
1992
278
65
43
23
211
199
12
0
0
0
1
0
343
64
63
0
31
15
17
9
239
228
2
9
618
50
3
0
1
13
0
1
0
0
30
1993
334
119
44
74
214
202
13
0
0
0
1
0
321
65
64
0
31
15
16
10
215
205
2
8
633
50
3
0
1
13
0
1
0
0
30
1994
373
96
45
52
216
203
13
0
0
0
1
1
320
62
61
0
35
17
18
10
213
204
2
8
652
51
3
0
1
13
0
1
0
0
30
1995
287
69
45
25
217
204
13
0
0
0
0
1
293
62
62
0
32
17
14
9
190
181
2
8
585
50
3
0
1
13
0
1
0
0
30
1996
290
71
46
25
218
205
13
0
0
0
0
1
274
63
62
0
31
17
14
9
172
762
2
8
591
51
3
0
1
14
0
1
1
0
30
(continued)
-------
Table A-5. Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND
Non-Road Diesel
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
gasoline
Railroads
NATURAL SOURCES
Geogenic
wind erosion
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
agricultural crops
agricultural livestock
Other Combustion
wildfires
managed burning
other
Cooling Towers
Fugitive Dust
wind erosion
unpaved roads
paved roads
construction
other
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1970
VEHICLES (continued)
281
1
102
17
6
140
8
2
5
21
6
1
4
2
NA
25
NA
NA
NA
839
NA
NA
NA
839
385
390
64
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
13,190
1975
341
1
111
19
6
185
9
4
6
26
7
1
4
2
NA
30
NA
NA
NA
569
NA
NA
NA
569
206
325
37
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,803
1980
439
1
148
23
7
239
9
6
7
33
17
2
10
5
NA
37
NA
NA
NA
852
NA
NA
NA
852
514
315
23
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,287
1985
420
1
161
29
7
195
11
7
9
37
20
2
12
6
NA
41
4,047
4,047
4,047
37,736
7,108
6,833
275
894
308
527
59
NA
29,734
0
11,644
5,080
12,670
339
45,584
1986
489
1
167
27
7
263
10
6
9
38
21
2
13
6
NA
42
10,324
10,324
10,324
37,077
7,183
6,899
285
819
226
534
59
NA
29,075
0
11,673
5,262
11,825
314
51,136
1987
371
1
161
27
7
148
11
7
9
40
23
3
13
7
NA
43
1,577
1,577
7,577
37,453
7,326
6,996
330
988
389
540
59
NA
29,139
0
11,110
5,530
12,121
377
42,533
1988
515
1
161
28
7
291
11
6
9
42
25
3
15
7
NA
45
18,110
18,110
18,110
39,444
7,453
7,077
376
1,704
1,086
559
59
NA
30,287
0
12,379
5,900
11,662
346
61,275
1989
488
1
169
26
7
262
10
6
8
43
27
3
16
8
NA
47
12,101
12,101
12,101
37,461
7,320
6,923
396
912
300
553
59
NA
29,229
0
11,798
5,769
11,269
392
53,240
1990
420
1
160
29
7
196
11
7
10
44
31
3
18
9
1
53
2,092
2,092
2,092
24,419
5,146
4,745
402
1,203
601
558
45
0
18,069
1
11,234
2,248
4,249
336
29,947
1991
420
1
152
28
7
204
11
7
10
44
33
3
19
10
1
53
2,077
2,077
2,077
24,122
5,106
4,684
422
941
332
563
45
0
18,076
1
11,206
2,399
4,092
377
29,557
1992
436
1
160
29
8
212
11
7
10
45
32
3
19
10
1
54
2,227
2,227
2,227
23,865
4,909
4,464
446
785
777
568
46
0
18,171
7
10,918
2,423
4,460
369
29,506
1993
457
7
777
30
8
219
11
7
10
43
31
3
18
9
1
52
509
509
509
24,196
4,475
4,076
458
768
752
570
46
0
18,954
7
77,430
2,462
4,651
409
28,023
1994
479
7
183
31
8
226
12
8
11
41
31
3
18
9
1
50
2,160
2,160
2,760
25,461
4,690
4,281
409
1,048
424
578
46
0
19,722
7
11,370
2,538
5,245
569
30,926
1995
438
7
764
37
8
204
12
8
10
40
30
3
18
9
1
27
1,146
1,146
7,746
22,454
4,661
4,334
328
778
745
586
46
1
17,013
7
10,362
2,409
3,654
586
26,888
1996
444
7
766
37
8
208
12
8
11
40
30
3
18
9
1
27
5,316
5,316
5,376
22,702
4,708
4,395
373
783
745
597
47
1
17,209
7
10,303
2,417
3,950
538
31,301
Note(s): NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are
contained in the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
No data was available after 1984 to weigh the emissions from residential wood burning devices.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
-------
Table A-6. Lead Emissions
(short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite, lignite
Commercial/Institutional Oil
residual
distillate
other
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
lead oxide and pigments
1970
327
300
181
89
30
28
27
0
237
218
146
45
27
19
17
1
10,052
1
1
NA
NA
4
3
NA
1
10,000
47
103
103
103
1975
230
189
114
56
19
41
40
1
75
60
40
12
7
16
14
1
10,042
16
6
2
7
11
10
1
NA
10,000
16
120
120
120
1980
129
95
57
28
9
34
34
0
60
45
31
10
4
14
14
1
4,111
12
6
2
4
10
9
1
NA
4,080
9
104
104
104
1985
64
51
31
15
5
13
13
0
30
22
15
5
2
8
7
1
421
6
4
1
1
4
3
1
NA
400
11
118
118
118
1986
69
50
30
15
5
19
19
0
25
17
12
4
2
8
7
1
422
6
4
1
1
5
4
1
NA
400
11
108
108
108
1987
64
48
29
14
5
16
16
0
22
14
10
3
1
8
7
1
425
5
3
1
1
5
4
1
NA
400
14
723
123
123
1988
66
46
28
14
4
20
20
0
19
14
10
3
1
5
5
1
426
5
3
1
1
5
4
1
NA
400
16
136
136
136
1989
67
46
28
14
4
21
21
0
18
14
10
3
1
4
3
1
420
4
3
1
1
4
3
1
NA
400
12
736
136
136
1990
64
46
28
14
4
18
18
0
18
14
10
3
1
3
3
1
418
4
3
1
0
4
3
1
NA
400
10
136
136
136
1991
61
46
28
14
4
15
15
0
18
15
10
3
1
3
2
1
416
3
2
1
0
4
3
1
NA
400
9
732
132
132
1992
59
47
28
14
4
12
12
0
18
14
10
3
1
4
3
1
414
4
2
1
0
4
3
1
NA
400
7
93
93
93
1993
61
49
30
15
5
12
12
0
19
14
10
3
1
5
4
1
415
4
2
1
1
3
3
7
NA
400
8
92
92
S2
1994
61
49
30
75
5
12
12
0
18
14
10
3
1
4
4
1
415
3
2
7
0
3
3
7
NA
400
8
96
96
S6
1995
57
50
30
75
5
7
7
0
76
14
9
3
1
3
2
0
414
3
2
1
0
3
2
7
NA
400
8
744
144
144
1996
62
50
37
15
5
12
72
0
77
14
S
3
7
3
3
0
474
3
2
7
0
4
3
7
N/A
400
7
777
117
777
(continued)
-------
Table A-6. Lead Emissions (continued)
(short tons)
Source Category
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
primary lead production
primary copper production
primary zinc production
secondary lead production
secondary copper production
lead battery manufacture
lead cable coating
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
coke manufacturing
ferroalloy production
iron production
steel production
gray iron production
Metals Processing NEC
metal mining
other
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Mineral Products
cement manufacturing
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
municipal waste
other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
Aircraft
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1970
24,224
15,869
72,734
242
1,019
1,894
374
41
127
38
7,395
77
279
266
3,725
3,773
960
353
606
2,028
540
540
1,488
2,200
2,200
581
1,619
171,961
142,918
22,683
6,361
9,737
8,340
1,397
220,869
1975
9,923
7,192
5,640
777
224
821
200
49
55
32
2,196
8
104
93
1,082
910
535
268
268
1,337
217
277
1,120
1,595
1,595
396
7,799
130,206
106,868
19,440
3,898
6,130
5,012
1,118
159,659
1980
3,026
1,826
7,075
20
24
481
116
50
37
24
911
6
73
38
481
373
289
207
82
808
93
93
715
1,210
1,210
767
7,049
60,501
47,184
11,671
1,646
4,205
3,320
885
74,153
1985
2,097
1,376
874
19
16
288
70
65
43
3
577
3
7
21
209
336
144
747
3
316
43
43
273
871
871
79
792
18,052
13,637
4,061
354
921
229
692
22,890
1986
1,820
1,161
660
76
77
296
63
66
47
2
553
3
73
76
200
320
107
706
7
199
25
25
174
844
844
52
792
10,245
7,676
2,400
169
1,030
219
811
14,763
1987
1,835
1,204
673
76
7
347
37
73
56
7
499
3
74
77
128
337
132
737
7
202
28
28
174
844
844
52
792
3,317
2,471
795
51
850
222
628
7,681
1988
1,965
1,248
684
17
8
353
61
73
50
1
554
4
14
18
157
361
164
763
7
172
23
23
149
817
817
49
768
2,566
1,919
605
42
885
211
674
7,053
1989
2,088
1,337
775
79
9
433
37
74
50
7
582
4
20
79
138
401
169
769
7
173
23
23
150
765
765
45
720
982
733
232
16
820
166
655
5,468
1990
2,169
1,409
728
19
9
449
75
78
50
1
576
4
18
18
138
397
184
184
1
169
26
26
143
804
804
67
738
421
314
100
7
776
158
619
4,975
1991
1,975
1,258
623
79
77
474
65
77
48
1
517
3
74
76
745
339
199
198
1
167
24
24
143
807
807
70
738
18
13
4
0
574
0
574
4,168
1992
1,773
1,111
550
20
77
336
73
77
44
7
461
3
74
77
739
288
201
207
7
56
26
26
30
812
812
68
744
18
14
4
0
565
0
565
3,808
1993
1,899
1,211
637
27
73
347
70
81
47
1
495
2
72
18
145
319
193
793
7
54
27
27
28
824
824
69
756
19
14
5
0
529
0
528
3,911
1994
2,027
1,288
633
22
72
405
76
94
44
7
540
0
73
18
160
349
200
799
7
53
28
28
26
829
829
68
762
19
14
5
0
525
0
525
4,043
1995
2,067
1,339
674
27
72
432
79
705
76
7
545
0
8
19
152
366
183
183
1
59
29
29
30
622
622
70
552
19
14
5
0
545
0
545
3,943
1996
2,000
1,282
636
22
73
400
85
105
21
1
524
0
7
18
160
339
194
793
7
57
30
30
28
638
638
74
564
19
14
5
0
545
0
545
3,869
Note(s): NA=not available
In order to convert emissions to megagrams (metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
-------
Appendix B National Emissions (1999 to 2010)
by Tier II Source Category and
Pollutant
Appendix B National Emissions (1999 to 2010) # B-l
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table B-1. Carbon Monoxide Emissions, 1999 to 2010
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
1999 2000 2002 2005 2007 2008 2010
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
Oil
Gas
Internal Combustion-new units
Internal Combustion-existing units
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Organic Chemicals
Inorganic Chemicals
Polymers & Resins
Agricultural Chemicals
Paints, Varnishs, Lacquers, Enamels
Pharmaceuticals
Other Chemicals
METALS PROCESSING
Non-Ferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubbers Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
569 592 635 715 745 766 815
297 298 299 302 306 306 307
13 13 14 14 13 13 13
74 75 75 76 76 76 75
122 143 182 255 279 299 346
62 64 66 69 71 73 75
1,045 1,067 1,073 1,091 1,095 1,096 1,104
94 95 96 96 96 97 97
57 63 65 67 67 62 63
347 352 349 351 352 352 350
293 296 304 315 316 320 327
256 260 260 262 264 265 265
4,392 4,377 4,275 4,219 4,125 4,112 4,093
12 13 13 13 14 14 14
17 17 17 18 18 18 19
53 54 56 58 60 61 62
149 151 156 163 168 170 175
3,948 3,931 3,826 3,770 3,670 3,654 3,630
212 211 207 197 196 195 193
1,276 1,289 1,325 1,379 1,415 1,433 1,469
134 136 140 147 151 153 157
140 141 145 151 155 156 160
5566666
18 18 18 19 20 20 21
0000000
0000000
979 988 1,015 1,057 1,084 1,098 1,125
2,479 2,465 2,463 2,460 2,464 2,467 2,470
450 453 457 463 468 470 475
2,001 1,984 1,978 1,967 1,966 1,966 1,964
27 28 29 30 30 30 31
365 369 379 394 403 408 418
35 35 35 35 35 35 35
325 329 338 353 363 368 377
5556666
683 695 720 758 783 796 822
7777888
0000000
535 546 568 601 623 634 656
0000000
134 135 138 142 146 147 150
0000000
2222222
0000000
4445555
B-2 # Appendix B National Emissions (1999 to 2010)
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table B-1. Carbon Monoxide Emissions, 1999 to 2010 (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
Nonindustrial
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage II
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
Open Burning
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
ON -ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles
Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks-1
Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks-2
Heavy-Duty Gasoline Trucks
Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles
Light-Duty Diesel Trucks
Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles
Motorcycles
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
Non-Road Diesel
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
Cooling Towers
Fugitive Dust
TOTAL
1999
6
0
0
1
1
4
0
26
4
4
0
0
14
0
0
0
3
1,128
419
706
0
0
0
2
1
44,966
26,987
8,098
5,465
2,583
11
4
1,603
213
16,140
12,973
1,998
989
75
104
7,142
7,141
0
0
80,216
2000
6
0
0
1
1
4
0
26
4
4
0
0
14
0
0
0
3
1,140
424
714
0
0
0
2
1
44,244
26,467
8,051
5,449
2,397
8
4
1,651
217
16,362
13,144
2,022
1,017
76
104
7,172
7,171
0
0
79,805
2002
7
0
0
1
1
4
0
27
4
4
0
0
15
0
0
0
3
1,165
433
729
0
0
0
2
1
43,156
25,596
8,028
5,517
2,062
5
3
1,721
224
16,789
13,468
2,071
1,071
76
104
7,232
7,232
0
0
79,246
2005
7
0
0
1
1
4
0
28
4
5
0
0
15
0
0
0
3
1,201
446
752
0
0
0
2
1
40,061
22,984
7,728
5,490
1,797
3
2
1,822
236
17,433
13,953
2,150
1,150
76
104
7,323
7,323
0
1
77,068
2007
7
0
0
1
1
4
0
28
4
5
0
0
16
0
0
0
3
1,225
455
768
0
0
0
2
1
39,870
22,442
7,824
5,695
1,767
1
2
1,896
243
17,860
14,268
2,205
1,205
77
104
7,380
7,380
0
1
77,401
2008
7
0
0
1
1
5
0
29
4
5
0
0
16
0
0
0
3
1,237
459
775
0
0
0
2
1
39,979
22,305
7,916
5,832
1,738
1
2
1,937
247
18,073
14,425
2,234
1,233
77
104
7,409
7,408
0
1
77,811
2010
7
0
0
1
1
5
0
29
4
5
0
0
17
0
0
0
3
1,262
468
791
0
0
0
2
1
40,201
22,149
8,106
6,071
1,594
0
2
2,023
255
18,495
14,741
2,294
1,279
78
104
7,466
7,465
0
1
78,651
Appendix B National Emissions (1999 to 2010) # B-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table B-2. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions, 1999 to 2010
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
Oil
Gas
Internal Combustion-new units
Internal Combustion-existing units
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Organic Chemicals
Inorganic Chemicals
Polymers & Resins
Agricultural Chemicals
Paints, Varnishs, Lacquers, Enamels
Pharmaceuticals
Other Chemicals
METALS PROCESSING
Non-Ferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubbers Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
1999
5,851
4,892
100
592
106
161
3,086
587
187
1,308
126
878
1,106
30
90
230
30
48
679
166
21
7
4
79
0
0
55
105
13
88
4
118
64
49
5
420
6
0
97
0
299
7
0
0
10
2000
5,222
4,240
101
594
122
165
3,160
598
209
1,332
127
895
1,109
31
92
233
31
48
674
167
21
7
4
79
0
0
55
105
13
88
4
120
65
49
5
423
6
0
99
0
300
7
0
0
10
2002
5,273
4,250
104
594
154
171
3,159
604
215
1,325
129
886
1,104
31
93
241
32
46
661
172
22
8
4
82
0
0
57
106
13
89
4
123
67
51
5
433
6
0
103
0
305
7
0
0
10
2005
5,459
4,367
103
598
211
180
3,184
603
222
1,338
133
888
1,102
32
96
252
34
46
642
179
23
8
4
85
0
0
59
108
14
90
4
127
69
53
6
447
7
0
108
0
313
7
0
0
11
2007
5,607
4,491
103
597
232
186
3,199
605
225
1,346
134
889
1,107
34
98
260
35
45
636
183
23
8
4
87
0
0
60
110
14
91
4
130
70
54
6
457
7
0
112
0
319
7
0
0
11
2008
5,639
4,506
103
594
248
188
3,193
615
207
1,348
135
888
1,111
34
99
263
36
44
636
186
23
8
5
88
0
0
61
110
14
92
4
132
71
55
6
462
7
0
114
0
322
8
0
0
11
2010
5,728
4,558
98
592
286
194
3,195
616
212
1,345
138
884
1,115
34
100
271
37
44
629
190
24
9
5
90
0
0
63
112
14
93
4
134
73
56
6
473
7
0
117
0
328
8
0
0
11
B-4 # Appendix B National Emissions (1999 to 2010)
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table B-2. Nitrogen Oxide
Emissions, 1999 to 2010 (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
Nonindustrial
Solvent Utilization NEC
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage II
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
Open Burning
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
ON -ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles
Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks-1
Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks-2
Heavy-Duty Gasoline Trucks
Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles
Light-Duty Diesel Trucks
Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles
Motorcycles
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
Non-Road Diesel
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
Catastrophic/Accidental Releases
Health Services
Cooling Towers
Fugitive Dust
TOTAL
1999
3
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
6
1
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
1
99
56
42
0
0
0
1
1
6,504
2,850
845
580
318
12
5
1,879
14
4,596
206
2,939
170
206
1,075
240
238
0
0
0
2
22,299
2000
3
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
6
1
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
1
100
57
42
0
0
0
1
1
6,397
2,797
837
579
318
9
4
1,840
14
4,542
210
2,878
173
206
1,075
241
239
0
0
0
2
21,596
2002
3
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
7
1
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
1
103
58
43
0
0
0
1
1
6,227
2,716
827
586
317
5
3
1,759
14
4,452
216
2,775
180
207
1,075
242
240
0
0
0
2
21,404
2005
3
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
7
1
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
1
107
61
44
0
0
0
1
1
5,796
2,469
782
590
322
3
2
1,614
15
4,382
225
2,685
189
208
1,075
244
242
0
0
0
2
21,146
2007
3
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
7
1
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
1
110
63
45
0
0
0
1
1
5,571
2,378
773
609
328
1
2
1,463
16
4,380
231
2,668
197
209
1,075
246
244
0
0
0
2
21,109
2008
4
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
7
1
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
1
111
64
46
0
0
0
1
1
5,491
2,349
775
623
332
1
2
1,394
16
4,388
234
2,669
201
209
1,075
246
244
0
0
0
2
21,081
2010
4
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
7
1
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
1
114
66
46
0
0
0
1
1
5,354
2,297
783
644
337
0
2
1,275
16
4,424
240
2,694
205
211
1,075
248
246
0
0
0
2
21,099
Appendix B National Emissions (1999 to 2010) # B-5
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table B-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions, 1999 to 2010
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
Oil
Gas
Internal Combustion-new units
Internal Combustion-existing units
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Organic Chemicals
Inorganic Chemicals
Polymers & Resins
Agricultural Chemicals
Paints, Varnishs, Lacquers, Enamels
Pharmaceuticals
Other Chemicals
METALS PROCESSING
Non-Ferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubbers Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Construction
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
1999
64
33
3
4
13
11
205
6
10
72
50
67
737
1
3
11
8
684
30
463
100
3
159
6
10
36
149
104
23
73
9
396
265
127
4
402
135
19
73
67
33
12
2
2
0
59
2000
67
33
3
4
16
11
208
6
11
73
51
69
718
1
3
11
9
664
30
466
101
3
161
6
10
34
151
104
23
73
9
399
267
128
4
407
137
19
74
69
33
12
2
2
0
60
2002
71
34
3
4
20
11
207
6
11
70
52
68
668
1
3
11
9
615
29
421
105
3
111
6
11
31
155
105
23
73
9
335
210
121
4
394
140
19
76
47
34
12
2
3
0
62
2005
80
34
3
4
27
12
210
6
12
70
54
68
612
1
3
12
9
559
28
400
101
3
85
5
11
32
162
107
23
74
9
338
208
126
4
374
144
20
58
36
35
12
2
3
0
64
2007
84
35
3
4
30
12
210
6
12
70
55
68
567
1
3
12
10
513
28
411
104
3
87
5
11
33
166
108
24
74
10
341
208
129
4
384
147
20
60
37
35
12
2
3
0
66
2008
86
35
3
4
32
12
211
6
11
70
55
68
550
1
3
12
10
496
28
416
106
3
88
5
12
34
168
108
24
74
10
342
207
131
4
389
149
21
61
38
36
13
2
3
0
67
2010
92
35
3
4
37
13
212
6
11
70
57
68
517
1
3
12
10
462
28
427
109
3
90
6
12
35
172
109
24
75
10
345
207
134
4
399
152
21
63
40
36
13
2
3
0
69
B-6 # Appendix B National Emissions (1999 to 2010)
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table B-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions, 1999 to 2010 (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
Nonindustrial
Solvent Utilization NEC
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage I
Service Stations: Stage II
Service Stations: Breathing & Emptying
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
Open Burning
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
ON -ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles
Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks-1
Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks-2
Heavy-Duty Gasoline Trucks
Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles
Light-Duty Diesel Trucks
Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles
Motorcycles
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
Non-Road Diesel
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
Railroads
NATURAL SOURCES
Geogenic
1999
5,093
441
250
188
2,464
54
1,697
0
1,110
243
130
105
254
319
38
17
2
1
0
1
369
51
193
15
12
41
22
35
4,619
2,756
828
574
213
4
2
201
41
2,106
1,366
470
180
45
46
14
14
2000
5,101
449
251
190
2,441
55
1,715
0
1,100
249
132
107
258
297
38
17
2
1
0
1
374
52
195
15
12
42
22
36
4,482
2,676
810
565
198
3
2
186
42
2,090
1,346
470
183
45
46
14
14
2002
5,233
464
256
193
2,517
58
1,745
0
1,089
260
135
110
268
257
39
17
2
1
0
1
378
53
199
10
13
43
23
37
4,312
2,567
791
564
176
2
1
167
43
2,067
1,314
473
189
45
46
14
14
2005
4,921
487
262
146
2,172
62
1,791
0
1,067
276
141
114
284
191
42
16
2
1
0
1
383
55
205
11
13
45
15
39
3,853
2,242
729
545
155
1
1
134
45
2,098
1,329
479
199
45
46
14
14
2007
5,035
501
267
148
2,232
65
1,822
0
1,068
286
146
117
295
160
43
17
2
1
0
1
392
56
209
11
14
46
16
41
3,750
2,156
723
560
146
0
1
117
47
2,138
1,355
485
207
45
46
14
14
2008
5,092
509
269
150
2,262
66
1,837
0
1,070
291
148
119
301
147
44
17
2
1
0
1
397
56
211
11
14
47
16
42
3,722
2,128
724
570
140
0
1
112
48
2,158
1,367
489
210
46
46
14
14
2010
5,207
523
274
152
2,322
69
1,868
0
1,078
302
152
122
312
123
46
17
2
1
0
1
406
57
215
12
14
48
16
43
3,683
2,084
729
587
126
0
1
106
49
2,186
1,380
499
215
46
46
14
14
Appendix B National Emissions (1999 to 2010) # B-7
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table B-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions, 1999 to 2010 (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
Other Combustion
Catastrophic/Accidental Releases
Health Services
Cooling Towers
Fugitive Dust
TOTAL
1999
604
72
525
4
1
2
1
16,286
2000
611
74
529
4
1
2
1
16,139
2002
622
77
538
4
1
2
1
15,916
2005
640
81
551
4
1
3
1
15,097
2007
651
83
560
5
1
3
1
15,152
2008
657
84
564
5
1
3
1
15,212
2010
668
86
572
5
1
3
1
15,342
B-8 # Appendix B National Emissions (1999 to 2010)
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table B-4. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions, 1999
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
Oil
Gas
Internal Combustion-new units
Internal Combustion-existing units
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Organic Chemicals
Inorganic Chemicals
Polymers & Resins
Agricultural Chemicals
Paints, Varnishs, Lacquers, Enamels
Pharmaceuticals
Other Chemicals
METALS PROCESSING
Non-Ferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubbers Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
1999
11,117
10,475
382
165
33
62
3,295
1,841
726
553
151
24
745
183
374
9
5
7
168
300
9
209
0
5
0
0
77
565
391
155
19
376
90
277
9
427
3
0
126
0
293
1
0
4
2000
10,274
9,617
387
165
41
63
3,428
1,871
824
557
152
24
761
190
384
9
5
7
165
303
9
211
0
5
0
0
77
568
394
154
19
379
90
279
9
431
3
0
128
0
295
1
0
4
2002
10,390
9,698
389
165
72
66
3,459
1,886
850
544
155
25
762
194
389
9
6
7
158
311
10
216
0
5
0
0
79
576
403
153
20
385
89
286
10
442
3
0
133
0
300
1
0
5
to 2010
2005
10,510
9,802
388
165
85
70
3,479
1,879
882
535
159
25
775
200
403
10
6
7
150
322
10
224
1
5
0
0
82
588
416
151
21
395
88
296
10
458
3
0
141
0
308
1
0
5
2007
10,366
9,662
377
165
90
72
3,498
1,885
899
530
158
25
789
209
411
10
6
6
146
330
10
230
1
5
0
0
84
597
425
150
21
401
88
303
11
469
3
0
146
0
313
1
0
5
2008
10,212
9,508
377
165
88
73
3,437
1,912
813
527
160
25
795
211
416
10
6
6
145
334
11
233
1
5
0
0
85
601
429
150
21
405
88
306
11
474
3
0
149
0
316
1
0
5
2010
10,029
9,350
352
165
86
76
3,457
1,915
835
518
163
25
802
214
424
11
6
6
141
342
11
238
1
5
0
0
87
610
438
150
22
411
87
313
11
485
4
0
154
0
321
1
0
5
Appendix B National Emissions (1999 to 2010) # B-9
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table B-4. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions, 1999 to 2010 (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage II
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
Open Burning
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles
Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks-1
Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks-2
Heavy-Duty Gasoline Trucks
Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles
Light-Duty Diesel Trucks
Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles
Motorcycles
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
Fugitive Dust
TOTAL
1999
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
50
37
11
0
1
0
0
1
327
149
51
27
12
1
0
87
0
371
8
12
238
113
9
9
0
17,585
2000
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
51
38
12
0
1
0
0
1
284
120
42
22
10
1
0
88
0
370
8
12
237
113
9
9
0
16,860
2002
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
52
39
12
0
1
0
0
1
295
124
44
23
10
1
0
92
0
371
9
12
237
113
9
9
0
17,054
2005
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
55
41
12
0
1
0
0
1
314
131
48
25
11
1
0
98
0
372
9
13
238
113
9
9
0
17,279
2007
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
56
42
12
0
1
0
0
1
327
136
50
26
11
0
0
102
0
374
9
13
238
113
9
9
0
17,219
2008
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
57
43
12
0
1
0
0
1
333
139
51
27
11
0
0
105
0
374
9
14
239
113
9
9
0
17,034
2010
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
58
44
13
0
1
0
0
1
347
143
54
28
12
0
0
109
0
376
9
14
240
113
9
9
0
16,929
B-10 # Appendix B National Emissions (1999 to 2010)
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table B-5. Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions,
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
Oil
Gas
Internal Combustion-new units
Internal Combustion-existing units
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Organic Chemicals
Inorganic Chemicals
Polymers & Resins
Agricultural Chemicals
Paints, Varnishs, Lacquers, Enamels
Pharmaceuticals
Other Chemicals
METALS PROCESSING
Non-Ferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubbers Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Construction
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
1999
322
276
7
3
17
20
300
73
37
45
75
69
605
10
12
7
80
477
18
71
31
5
4
11
1
0
20
227
45
158
24
41
2
21
19
539
85
0
86
4
331
8
0
0
0
25
7
0
0
0
5
1
2000
324
274
7
3
19
20
309
74
43
46
76
71
553
11
12
7
82
423
18
72
31
5
4
11
1
0
20
228
45
158
25
42
2
21
19
545
86
0
88
4
334
8
0
0
0
25
7
0
0
0
5
1
2002
332
276
7
3
25
21
313
74
44
45
78
71
526
11
12
7
86
392
17
75
32
5
4
11
1
0
21
232
46
160
26
43
2
22
20
558
88
0
91
4
340
8
0
0
0
26
7
0
0
0
5
1
1999 to 2010
2005
347
280
7
3
35
22
318
74
46
45
80
72
496
11
13
8
92
356
17
79
33
5
4
12
1
0
23
237
48
162
27
45
2
22
20
578
92
0
95
4
350
9
0
0
0
28
8
0
0
0
6
1
2007
356
285
7
3
38
23
320
74
47
45
81
73
472
12
13
8
96
327
17
81
34
6
5
12
1
0
23
240
49
164
28
46
2
23
21
592
94
0
98
4
357
9
0
0
0
28
8
0
0
0
6
1
2008
360
287
7
3
40
23
317
75
42
45
82
74
463
12
13
8
98
316
17
82
35
6
5
12
1
0
24
242
50
165
28
46
2
23
21
598
95
0
99
4
361
9
0
0
0
29
8
0
0
0
6
1
2010
369
289
7
3
46
24
320
75
43
45
83
74
446
12
13
8
102
295
16
85
36
6
5
13
1
0
25
246
51
166
29
47
2
24
22
612
98
0
102
5
368
10
0
1
0
30
8
0
0
0
6
1
Appendix B National Emissions (1999 to 2010) # B-ll
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Table B-5. Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage II
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
Bulk Materials Transport
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
Open Burning
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles
Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks-1
Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks-2
Heavy-Duty Gasoline Trucks
Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles
Light-Duty Diesel Trucks
Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles
Motorcycles
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
Non-Road Diesel
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
Railroads
NATURAL SOURCES
Geogenic - wind erosion
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
Other Combustion
Cooling Towers
Fugitive Dust - Non Road
Fugitive Dust - Paved Roads
Fugitive Dust - Unpaved Roads
TOTAL
1999
119
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
117
1
291
70
220
0
0
0
0
1
247
64
19
11
8
2
1
141
0
613
52
464
39
30
27
1,146
1,146
24,802
4,801
771
1
4,540
2,613
12,075
29,329
2000
121
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
119
1
294
71
222
0
0
0
0
1
238
66
19
11
8
2
1
131
0
620
53
471
39
30
27
1,146
1,146
25,074
4,935
774
2
4,589
2,672
12,103
29,574
, 1999 to 2010 (continued)
2002
126
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
124
1
299
73
226
0
0
0
0
1
220
68
20
11
7
1
0
111
1
635
54
484
40
30
27
1,146
1,146
25,534
5,138
778
2
4,697
2,790
12,130
30,045
2005
133
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
130
1
308
75
231
0
0
0
1
1
204
71
21
11
7
1
0
92
1
658
55
505
40
31
27
1,146
1,146
26,205
5,444
784
2
4,858
2,973
12,145
30,760
2007
137
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
134
1
313
77
235
0
0
0
1
1
199
74
22
12
6
0
0
84
1
675
56
520
41
31
27
1,146
1,146
26,614
5,618
787
2
4,965
3,097
12,145
31,200
2008
139
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
136
1
316
77
237
0
0
0
1
1
198
75
23
12
6
0
0
81
1
683
57
527
41
31
27
1,146
1,146
26,821
5,706
789
2
5,018
3,160
12,146
31,421
2010
143
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
140
1
322
79
241
0
0
0
1
1
200
77
24
12
6
0
0
79
1
700
58
542
42
31
27
1,146
1,146
27,165
5,878
727
2
5,125
3,288
12,145
31,809
B-12 # Appendix B National Emissions (1999 to 2010)
-------
Appendix C Graphical Presentation of
National Emissions (1990 to 2010)
by Pollutant for Several Major
Source Categories
Appendix C Graphical Presentation of National Emissions (1990 to 2010) # C-l
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure C-1. Projected Total CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10 Emissions
(million short tons), 1990 to 2010
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ r
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Oxides
Volatile Organic Compounds
Sulfur Dioxide
Particulate Matter (PM-10)
Figure C-2. Projected VMT by Vehicle Type, 1990 to 2010
2500
LDGV LDDV
LDGT1 LDDT
LDGT2 HDDV
HDGV MC
1990
1992
1994
1996
1I I T
2000 2005
I T
2008
C-2 # Appendix C Graphical Presentation of National Emissions (1990 to 2010)
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure C-3. Projected On-Road Vehicle CO Emissions by Vehicle Type, 1990 to 2010
c
^
o
.c
o
*"-••* on
(0
c
o
(0
(0
E
LU
. ^""" -
^\
>v
">s^_
^"«^_
^x,^
^-^_
00 0 ° 0 0 |
4l , |J1, , ^-*-"11^^ t ° °
°° ° o
LDGV LDDV
LDGT1 LDDT
•
LDGT2 HDDV
* *
HDGV MC
^^^^— ^^^—
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Figure C-4. Projected On-Road NOX Emissions by Vehicle Type, 1990 to 2010
4
(A
3
J
c
o
= 2
_o
"w
LU
LDGV LDGT2 LDDV HDDV
LDGT1 HDGV LDDT MC
o o
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Appendix C Graphical Presentation of National Emissions (1990 to 2010) # C-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure C-5. Projected On-Road Vehicle VOC Emissions by Vehicle Type, 1990 to 2010
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure C-7. Projected On-Road Vehicle PM-10 Emissions by Vehicle Type, 1990 to 2010
250
C
,O 200
c
«J
150
o
£^ 100
c
g
'w
50
E
uj
LDGV LDDV
LDGT1 LDDT
LDGT2 HDDV
HDGV
MC
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Figure C-8. Projected Non-Road Engine and Vehicle CO, NOX, VOC, SO2,
and PM-10 Emissions (million short tons), 1990 to 2010
O 4-
T3
(0
CM"
O
V)
O
x"
O
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Oxides
Volatile Organic Compounds
Sulfur Dioxide
Particulate Matter (PM-10)
w w
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
20
16
12
O
o
Appendix C Graphical Presentation of National Emissions (1990 to 2010) # C-5
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1996
Figure C-9. Projected Electric Utility CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10
Emissions (million short tons), 1990 to 2010
20
16
X
O
12
C
(0
CM 8
O
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Oxides
Volatile Organic Compounds
Sulfur Dioxide
Particulate Matter (PM-10)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
(0
O"
O
O
C-6 # Appendix C Graphical Presentation of National Emissions (1990 to 2010)
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(PLEASE READ INSTRUCTIONS ON THE REVERSE BEFORE COMPLETING)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-454/R-97-011
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
NATIONAL AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION TRENDS REPORT,
1900-1996
5. REPORT DATE
12/1/97
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
USEPA/OAQPS/EMAD/EFIG
7. AUTHOR(S)
SHARON V. NIZICH, THOMAS PIERCE AND ANNE A. POPE (U.S. EPA
CARLSON AND BILL BARNHARD (E. H. PECHAN & ASSOCIATES)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
AND PATTY
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
EMISSION FACTOR AND INVENTORY GROUP (MD-14)
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-D7-0067
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
DIRECTOR OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
OFFICE OF AIR AND RADIATION
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AQENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
TECHNICAL 1900-1996
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/200/04
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The Emission Factor and Inventory Group (EFIG) annually produces a publication on the trends in emissions of
criteria pollutants. These publications are needed by the States to evaluate emission trends in each State and to
compare emission trends among the States. The latest such report, entitled National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
1900-1995 (EPA-454-R-96-007), was published in October 1996. Data from this report has also been used for the
Biennial Assessment report, the Air Quality Trends report, the Industrial SC>2 Report to Congress, and the 1994 Report
to Congress. The emission estimates developed and included in the Emission Trends data base have been utilized to
support development of the National Particuiates Inventory, in support of recent evaluations of the particulate matter
and ozone NAAQS, in support of the FACA process, and in support of the CAA Section 812 retrospective analysis.
The enclosed report revises the beforementioned report to include any revisions made under Contract Number
68-D3-0035, Work Assignment Number 111-102 and 111-91 to the criteria air pollutants for the years 1970 through
1996.
KEY WORDS/DESCRIPTORS: CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANT, EMISSION TRENDS, GREENHOUSE GASES,
BIOGENICS, AIR TOXICS, INTERNATIONAL EMISSIONS.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
. DESCRIPTORS
AIR EMISSION TRENDS
AIR POLLUTION
AMMONIA
BIOGENICS
CANADA
CARSON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
OZONE
PARTICULATE MATTER
SULFUR DIOXIDE
TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH
AIR POLLUTION TRENDS
c. COSATI FIELD/GROUP
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
UNLIMITED
UNCLASSIFIED
NO. OF PAGES
22. PRICE
UNCLASSIFIED
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