United States
               Environmental Protection
               Agency
           Office of
           Underground Storage Tanks
           Washington, D.C. 20460
EPA/530/UST-88/008
July 1990
vvEPA
Musts  for  USTs

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          Musts for USTs

              A Summary of the
        Regulations for Underground
            Storage Tank Systems
        U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
         Office of Underground Storage Tanks
                    July 1990
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, WaBhington, D.C. 20402

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                   TABLE OF CONTENTS
What Are These Regulations About?.
What Do New Petroleum USTs Need?
What About Existing Petroleum USTs?	 13






How Do You Correct Problems Caused By Leaks?	 19






How Do You Close USTs?	 23






What About Reporting And Recordkeeping?	 25






For Chemical USTs Only	 27






Technical Questions & Answers	- 31






Videos, Brochures, and Handbooks on USTs	 37






Industry Codes And Standards	 40

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                                                                                    PAGE1
     WHAT  ARE THESE REGULATIONS  ABOUT?

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has written regulations for many of the nation's
underground storage tank systems. This booklet briefly describes the technical requirements for these
systems, which include tanks and piping.  You can find the complete regulations in the Federal Reg-
ister (September 23, 1988).  Properly managed, underground storage tank systems - often called
USTs — will not threaten our health or our environment.
Why Has EPA Written These
Regulations?

Several million underground storage tank sys-
tems in the United States contain petroleum or
hazardous chemicals. Tens of thousands of
these USTs, including their piping, are cur-
rently leaking.  Many more are expected to leak
in the future.  Leaking USTs can cause fires or
explosions that threaten human safety.  In addi-
tion, leaking USTs can contaminate nearby
ground water.  Because many of us depend on
ground water for the water we drink, Federal
legislation seeks to safeguard our nation's
ground-water resources.

Congress responded in 1984 to the problem of
leaking USTs by adding Subtitle I to the Re-
source Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA).  Subtitle I requires EPA to develop
regulations to protect human health and the
environment from leaking USTs.
What Are The Goals Of The
UST  Regulations?

EPA has developed the UST regulations to
make sure the following goals  are reached:

    •*  To prevent leaks and spills.

    4  To find leaks and spills.

    *  To correct the problems created by
       leaks and spills.

    4  To make sure that owners and opera-
       tors of USTs can pay for correcting
       the problems created if their USTs
       leak.

    +  To make sure each State has a regu-
       latory program for USTs that is as
       strict as or stricter than  the Federal
       regulations.
                                     50%
                                    OF THE U.S.
                                 POPULATION USES
                                GROUND WATER AS A
                                SOURCE OF DRINKING
                                     WATER

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PAGE 2
                  WHY  WORRY ABOUT LEAKS AND SPILLS?
  Because your tank or its piping may leak.  As
  many as 25 percent of all underground storage
  tanks (USTs) may now be leaking.  Many more
  will leak in the near future, possibly including
  yours.  Your tank or its piping might be leaking
  right now.  If a tank system is past its prime
  (over 10 years
  old), especially if
  it's not protected
  against corrosion,
  the potential for
  leaking increases
  dramatically.
  Newer  tank
  systems
  (especially the
  piping) can also
  leak, and spills can
  happen anytime.
  Don't let your
  profits  drain away.
Because it's in your best interest.
Leaking UST sites can be very costly to
clean up.  Imagine how much money
you'd lose if your tank could not be used
for weeks during lengthy cleanups or if
local residents sued you for property
                      damages.  The
                      costs can run into
                      the  thousands,
                      /perhaps as much
                      as $100,000  and
                      more.  Detect and
                      clean up spills or
                      leaks -- before
                      they hurt you
                      financially.
• Because it's the law.  But it's the law for good
  reason. Much of our country depends on
  ground water for drinking water, and leaked or
  spilled petroleum can contaminate this vital
  resource.  Explosions are another potential
  hazard.  Many  State and local governments,
  therefore, already require specific steps to
  prevent, detect, or clean  up leaks and spills.
  Others will  soon have similar requirements.
  Check with your local and State governments
  to learn what requirements apply to you.
Because it's for the good of the
community and the environment.  Leaks
and spills can have serious consequences.
Petroleum can contaminate soil, drinking
water supplies,  and air.  Petroleum and its
resulting vapors can also accumulate in
nearby confined spaces, such as septic
tanks, sewers, and the basements of
homes.  These vapors are poisonous and
can cause a fire or explosion.


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                                                                                        PAGES
How Will  These Regulations
Affect  You?

The regulations describe the steps you - the
tank owner or operator ~ need to take to help
protect our health and environment.  These
steps will also  help you avoid the high cost of
cleaning up the environment and defending
yourself in legal actions that can result if your
tank or its piping leaks.

You should note the following major points of
the UST regulations:

    *  If you install an UST after December
       1988, it must  meet the requirements
       for new USTs concerning correct instal-
       lation, spill and overfill prevention,
       corrosion  protection, and leak
       detection  (see pages 7-11).

    >  If you have an UST that was installed
       before December 1988, it must meet
       two major requirements ~

        1)  Requirements  for  corrosion protec-
           tion and  spill and overfill preven-
           tion (see  page  13).

       2)  Leak  detection requirements (see
           pages  14-15).

    4  You must take corrective action in re-
       sponse  to  leaks (see pages 19-20).

    * You must  follow closure requirements
       for tanks you  temporarily or perma-
       nently close (see pages 23-24).

    4  You are financially responsible for the
       cost of cleaning up a leak and compen-
       sating other people for bodily injury
       and property damage caused by your
       leaking UST.

Although these points are discussed in the fol-
lowing sections, additional  information appears
in the "Technical Questions & Answers" sec-
tion starting on page 31.
What's  Your  "Financial
Responsibility"  For  Petroleum
Leaks?

A complete explanation of your financial re-
sponsibility requirements appears in the Fed-
eral Register (October 26, 1988) and in an
EPA brochure, "Dollars and Sense."

In general, owners or operators of petroleum
USTs must be able to demonstrate  their ability
to pay for damage that could be caused if their
tanks  leaked.  These payments would need to
cover the costs of cleaning up a site (see page
20) and compensating other people for bodily
injury and property damage.
Who Is "The  Regulatory
Authority"?

This booklet describes EPA's basic require-
ments for USTs, but your State or local regula-
tory authority may have requirements that are
somewhat different or more strict  You will
need to identify your regulatory authority and
its specific requirements for your USTs. If you
are not sure who your regulatory authority is,
call your local fire marshall for help.

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PAGE 4
   What's An  "UST"?

   An UST is any tank, including underground
   piping connected to the tank, that has at least
   10 percent of its volume underground.  The
   regulations apply  only  to USTs storing either
   petroleum or certain hazardous chemicals.

   The "For Chemical USTs  Only" section starting
   on page 27 identifies hazardous chemicals and
   special requirements for chemical USTs.  Gen-
   erally, the requirements for both petroleum and
   chemical USTs are very similar.

   Some kinds of tanks are not covered by these
   regulations:

      •  Farm  and residential tanks holding
          1,100 gallons or less of motor fuel used
          for noncommercial purposes.

      •  Tanks storing heating oil  used on the
          premises where it is stored.

      +  Tanks on or above the floor  of under-
          ground areas, such as basements or
          tunnels.
    •  Septic tanks and systems for collecting
       storm water and wastewater.

    *  Flow-through process tanks.

    4  Tanks holding 110 gallons  or less.

    +  Emergency  spill and overfill tanks.

Other storage areas that might be  considered
"tanks" are also excluded, such as surface im-
poundments  and pits.  Some "tanks," such as
field-constructed tanks, have been deferred
from most of the regulations.  The regulations
published in the Federal  Register fully iden-
tify various tank types and which  requirements
apply to them.
                    Excluded
                  by Congress
                              Excluded
                              by EPA
                                                                                   Petroleum
                                                                            Chemical
                                                                      Deferred
                                         UST Program Scope

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              WHY  DO USTs CAUSE  PROBLEMS?
                                                                                     PAGES
No Corrosion Protection

Most of the UST systems
already in the ground have tanks
and piping made of bare steel.
When  unprotected steel is buried
in the ground, it can be eaten
away by corrosion. The UST
regulations require corrosion
protection for all USTs. The
"Technical Questions &
Answers" section  explains how
corrosion works and ways to de-
feat it  (see pages 31 and 32).
Spills and Overfills

In addition to leaks from tanks and
piping, spills and overfills cause
many UST releases.  When more
petroleum is delivered into the tank
than it can hold, an overfill happens.
When the delivery truck's hose is
disconnected  incorrectly, a spill
results.  The "Technical Questions
& Answers" section  identifies ways
to combat spills and overfills (see
page 33).
Installation  Mistakes

Tanks and piping also leak if they
are not put in the ground properly.
For example, if poorly selected or
compacted backfill material is used
when covering the UST, or if pipe
fittings are inadequately attached to
the UST,  then leaking can result.
You can avoid mistakes made
during  installation by using  an
installer who carefully follows
approved  installation procedures.
The "Technical Questions &
Answers" section identifies ap-
proved installation procedures (see
page 33).
Piping Failures

EPA studies show that most leaks
result from piping failure.  Piping is
smaller and less sturdy than tanks.
It is assembled in the field with nu-
merous connections and usually  in-
stalled near the ground's surface.
As  a result, piping suffers much
more than tanks from the effects of
installation mistakes, excessive
surface loads,  the stress of
underground movement, and corro-
sion.  Using a skilled installer is
even more critical to the proper
installation of piping. It is impor-
tant to remember that the regula-
tions apply to the entire UST system
- both tanks and piping.

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                                                                                 PAGE?
       WHAT DO  NEW PETROLEUM  USTs NEED?
You must meet four requirements when you in-
stall a new UST system:

   4 You must certify that the tank and pip-
      ing  are installed properly according to
      industry codes.

   * You must equip the UST with devices
      that prevent spills and overfills. Also,
      you must  follow correct tank
      filling practices.

   4 You must protect the tank and  piping
      from corrosion.

   • You must equip both the tank and pip-
      ing  with  leak  detection.

The following sections provide basic informa-
tion on these requirements. Also, see  the
"Technical  Questions & Answers" section start-
ing on page 31 for more information.
El
   Properly
   Installed
    M
       Spill And
         Overfill
      Protection
            Protected
               From
            Corrosion
               ^Equipped
                      With
                     Leak
                  Detection
   REMEMBER...
   New UST systems are those that are installed
   after December
   Those USTs installed between May 1985 and
   December: 1988 must meet two minimum re*
   quirements;
     * TJifr UST must prevent releases due la
       corrosion or structural failure.

     + the stored contents must be compat-
       ible with the tank's interior wall.

   After Dumber I9S8, these older USTs must
   meet the requirement* for existing USTs (see
   pages 13-l

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PAGES
   Installing  UST Systems The Right
   Way

   First, install USTs correctly by using qualified
   installers who  follow industry codes.  Faulty
   installation is a significant cause of UST fail-
   ures, particularly piping failures.  (See pages
   33, 37 and 40 for information on correct instal-
   lation practices and industry codes.)  You must
   also make sure that the contents you store are
   compatible with the UST system.

   Second, you will also need to certify on a noti-
   fication form  (see page 25) that you have used
   a qualified installer who  can  assure you that
   your UST has been installed correctly.
Preventing  Spills And Overfills

Because human error causes most spills and
overfills, these mistakes can be avoided by  fol-
lowing the correct tank filling practices re-
quired by the UST regulations.  If you and your
distributor follow these practices, nearly all
spills and overfills can be prevented from hap-
pening.  Also, the UST regulations require the
use of mechanical devices, such as spill catch-
ment basins and overfill alarms, to prevent
these releases from harming the  environment.
(Correct tank  filling practices and preventive
devices are identified on page 33.)

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                                                                                              PAGE 9
Protecting Tanks And Piping From
Corrosion

Tanks and piping must be protected or they will
be eaten away by corrosion:
     • Steel tanks and piping can be coated
       with a corrosion-resistant coating and
       "cathodically"  protected.  (Cathodic
       protection uses either sacrificial  anodes
       or impressed current, methods described
       on page  31.)
Tanks and piping can be protected by
other methods approved by the regula-
tory authority.
        Tanks and piping can be made totally of
        a noncorrodible material, such as fiber-
        glass-reinforced plastic.   (Metal  piping
        connected to  noncorrodible tanks still
        requires corrosion protection.)
Steel tanks (but not piping) can be pro-
tected using a method in which a thick
layer of noncorrodible material is
bonded to the tank.

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PAGE 10
   Detecting Leaks  From Tanks

   You must check your tanks at least once a
   month to see if they are leaking.

   You must use one (or a combination) of the
   following monthly monitoring methods:
      • Automatic  tank gauging.

      + Monitoring for vapors in the soil.

      • Interstitial  monitoring.

      • Monitoring for liquids on the
         ground  water.

      • Other approved methods.
   Information on these leak detection methods
   appears in the 'Technical Questions & An-
   swers" section on pages 34-35.  (Special re-
   quirements for USTs containing hazardous
   chemicals are described in the  "For Chemical
   USTs Only" section on pages 27-30. These
   USTs must use secondary containment and
   interstitial  monitoring.)
For Young Tanks...
An Alternate Leak Detection Method

You have one additional leak detection choice,
but only for 10 years after you install your
UST.  Instead of using one of the monthly
monitoring methods noted  above, you  can
check for  leaks by combining monthly inven-
tory control with tank tightness testing every 5
years.  After 10 years, you must use one of the
monthly monitoring methods listed above.

For Small Tanks...
An Alternate Leak Detection Method

Some small tanks may be able to use manual
tank gauging as a leak detection method, ei-
ther by itself or in combination with tank tight-
ness testing.  The several requirements of man-
ual tank gauging are described on page 35.
                                     Leak Detection Alternatives

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                                                                                           PAGE 11
Detecting  Leaks From  Piping

Because most leaks come from  piping, your
piping must have leak detection.

If your piping is pressurized, you must meet
the  following requirements:
    •  The piping must have devices to auto-
       matically shut off or restrict flow or
       have an alarm that indicates a leak.

    •  You must either conduct an annual
       tightness test of the piping or use one of
       the following monthly methods  noted
       above for tanks:  vapor  monitoring,
       ground-water monitoring,  interstitial
       monitoring, or other approved monthly
       methods.
If your UST has suction piping, your leak de-
tection requirements will depend on which type
of suction piping you  have:

    4  The most commonly used suction piping
       requires either monthly monitoring
       (using one of the four monthly methods
       noted above for use on pressurized pip-
       ing) or tightness testing of the piping
       every 3 years.

    •  Another kind of suction piping is safer
       and does not require leak detection.
       This safer method has two main  charac-
       teristics:

       --  Below-grade piping is sloped so that
          the  piping's contents will drain back
          into the storage tank if the suction is
          released.

       --  Only  one check valve is included in
          each suction line and is located di-
          rectly below the suction pump.
                                                                                Vent Pipes
                  Tank Truck
        Delivery Hose
                                                                               Line Leak
                                                                               Detectors
      Product Dispensers
                                          Product Delivery Line
                                    A Typical Tank Facility

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                                                                                  PAGE 13
    WHAT ABOUT EXISTING  PETROLEUM USTs?
Existing UST systems are those installed be-
fore December 1988.  In addition to immedi-
ately starting tank filling procedures that will
prevent spills and overfills, you will need to
meet the following requirements for corrosion
protection, spill and overfill prevention, and
leak detection.  (The chart on pages 16-17 dis-
plays these requirements and when  you must
meet them.)
Deadline For  Corrosion  Protection
And For Devices To Prevent Spills
And Overfills

By December 1998 (10 years after the UST
regulations become effective),  USTs that were
installed before December 1988 must have:


  4 Corrosion protection for steel tanks
     and piping (see page 9).
                                                • Devices that prevent spills and
                                                  overfills (see page 8).
                                             Although the regulatory deadline is in 1998,
                                             you should make these improvements as soon
                                             as possible to reduce the chance that you will
                                             be liable for damages caused by releases from
                                             substandard  USTs.

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PAGE 14
   Deadlines And Choices For Leak
   Detection
  Deadlines...

  Leak detection requirements are being phased
  in for existing USTs depending on their age:
     If the tank was
     installed...
It must have leak
detection  by
December of...
     before 1965 or unknown........— 1$>89
     1965-1969	.	,..„. 1990
     1970-1974	.—.	, 1991
     1975-1979	,. 1992
     1980-Dec.l988 ....*	„„...,....,.. 1993
   This schedule will make sure that the older
   USTs, which are more likely to leak, have leak
   detection first
                         Choices For Existing Tanks...

                         You have three basic choices for making sure
                         your tanks are checked at least monthly to see
                         if they are leaking:
 You can use any of the monthly
 monitoring methods listed for new tanks
 on page 10.  Also, very small tanks may
 be able to use manual tank gauging, as
 described on page 35.

 If your UST has corrosion protection or
 internal tank lining and devices that
 prevent spills and overfills, you can
 combine  monthly inventory control
 with tank tightness testing every  5
 years.  This choice, however, can only
 be used for 10 years after adding
 corrosion protection or internally  lining
 the tank (or until December 1998,
 whichever date is later).  After 10  years,
 you must use one of the monthly
 monitoring methods on page 10.

• If your UST does not  have corrosion
 protection or  internal tank lining and
 devices that prevent spills and overfills,
 you can combine monthly inventory
 control with  annual tank  tightness
 testing. Please note, however, that this
 method is allowed only until December
 1998.  After that, your UST -- now
 equipped with corrosion protection or an
 internal tank lining, and devices that
 prevent spills and overfills  — must use
 one of the first two leak  detection  choices
 noted above.

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Some Choices May Be Better...
Choices For Existing Piping...
You have a leak detection advantage if your
UST has been "upgraded" with corrosion pro-
tection and devices to prevent spills and over-
fills.  For 10 years after "upgrading," you can
use a leak detection method that will be less
costly and easier to apply than most other leak
detection methods. This method requires you
to conduct monthly inventory control and to
have tank tightness tests  performed every 5
years (see page 14).  By  contrast,  USTs  that
have not been "upgraded" must  have tank
tightness tests every  year.
You have two basic choices of leak detection
for piping depending on the type of piping you
use:

   4 By December 1990, existing
     pressurized piping must meet the leak
     detection requirements for new
     pressurized piping (see page 11).

   * Existing suction piping  must meet the
     requirements for new suction piping
     (see page 11) at the same time the tank
     meets the leak detection schedule
     given above.
                                                       REMEMBER...

                                                       Ho matter which leak detection methods you
                                                       use for tanks and piping, they must be work-
                                                       ing by the deadlines described above. If not,
                                                       you must close your UST or replace it with a
                                                       new UST.
                                                   The chart on pages  16-17 displays all
                                                   these leak detection requirements and
                                                   the ones for corrosion  protection and
                                                   spill  and  overfill prevention.

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PAGE 16
 WHAT DO YOU  HAVE TO  DO?    Minimum Requirements

 You must have Leak Detection, Corrosion Protection, and Spill/Overfill Prevention.
 For WHEN you have to add these to your tank system, see the chart on the right.  	r»-
££AK DETECTION : * ,\ .\ , '% , 'w'O ^'"'., -jfj &
NEW TANKS
2 Choices
EXISTING TANKS
3 Choices
The chart at the bottom of
the next page displays
these choices.
NEW & EXISTING
PRESSURIZED PIPING
Choice of one from each set
NEW & EXISTING
SUCTION PIPING
3 Choices
• Monthly Monitoring*
• Monthly Inventory Control and Tank Tightness Testing Every 5 Years
(You can only use this choice for 10 years after installation.)**
• Monthly Monitoring*
• Monthly Inventory Control and Annual Tank Tightness Testing
(This choice can only be used until December 1998.)
• Monthly Inventory Control and Tank Tightness Testing Every 5 Years
(This choice can only be used for 10 years after adding corrosion protection and
spill/overfill prevention or until December 1998, whichever date is later.)**
• Automatic Flow Restrictor • Annual Line Testing
• Automatic Shutoff Device -and- • Monthly Monitoring*
• Continuous Alarm System 
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                                                                                       PAGE 17
WHEN  DO YOU HAVE TO ACT?     Important Deadlines
                        For WHAT you have to do, see the chart on the left.
•5$&*i 0f*f- -',,- »*]
I^Hfl'J^pNOl'T^I
New Tanks and Piping*
Existing Tanks**
Installed:
Before 1 965 or unknown
1965-1969
1970-1974
1975-1979
1980 - December 1988
Existing Piping**
Pressurized
Suction
I JJSAK- * * %
; pETiSTIQN */;
At installation
By No Later Than:
December 1989
December 1990
December 1991
December 1992
December 1993
December 1990
Same as existing
tanks
# CORROStQlCf ;
^f»OTiCTIOtf-ri
At installation
i
t
• December 1998
December 1 998
December 1998
•fj-j^iit • ' f Jf%\ £s£Xv'iE(i • •
' S "UfjT^llM'lM f ^^f YiEFUl llmM> f
At installation
V
• December 1 998
7
Does not apply
Does not apply
* New tanks and piping are those installed after December 1988
** Existing tanks and piping are those installed before December 1988
IF YOU CHOOSE TANK TIGHTNESS TESTING AT EXISTING USTs ...
   If you don't use monthly monitoring at existing USTs, you must use a combination of periodic tank
   tightness tests and monthly inventory control.  This combined method can only be used for a few
   years, as the chart below displays.
     Was the UST "upgraded",
     which means does it have
     corrosion protection and
      spill/overfill prevention
           devices?
          NO
      Do monthly inventory
    control and a tank tightness
     test every year until 1998;
       then "upgrade". For
     "upgraded" USTs, use the
         box on the right.
YES
Was it "upgraded"
     before
December 1988?
             NO
          Do monthly inventory
       control and a tank tightness
        test every 5 years for 10
        years after "upgrading";
       then do monthly monitoring.
YES
   Do monthly inventory
control and a tank tightness
  test every 5 years until
  1998; then do monthly
      monitoring.

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                                                                                       PAGE 19
            HOW DO YOU  CORRECT PROBLEMS
                           CAUSED BY LEAKS?
What Do You Do When You Suspect
Your Petroleum UST Is Leaking?

Various warning signals indicate that your UST
may be leaking and creating problems for the
environment and your business.  You can avoid
most of these problems by paying careful atten-
tion to these warning signals and by taking the
appropriate actions.

Warnings  From Equipment

You should suspect a leak when you discover
the following warning  signals from equipment:

    • Unusual operating conditions (such as
       erratic behavior of the dispensing
       pump).

    • Results from leak detection monitoring
       and testing that indicate a leak.

You need  to confirm quickly whether these sus-
pected leaks are real.   What at first appears to be
a leak may be the result of faulty equipment that
is part of your UST system or its  leak detection.
Double check this equipment carefully for fail-
ures.  You may simply need to repair or  replace
equipment that is not working.

If repair or replacement of faulty  equipment
does not solve the problem,  then  you must report
this finding to the regulatory authority  and con-
duct tightness tests of the entire UST system. If
these  tests indicate a leak, you need to report to
the regulatory authority and follow the actions
for a confirmed leak (see page 20).
Warnings In The Environment

You should also suspect a leak if evidence of
leaked petroleum appears at or near your site.
For example, neighbors might tell you they
have smelled petroleum vapors in their base-
ments or tasted petroleum in their drinking
water.  You might even discover evidence of
environmental damage as you investigate the
suspected equipment failures discussed above.

Whenever  evidence of environmental damage
is discovered, you  must take the following ac-
tions:

    *  Report this discovery immediately to
       the regulatory authority.

    *  Conduct tightness tests of the entire
       UST system.

    4  Investigate  the UST site for additional
       information on the extent and nature of
       the environmental  damage.

The results of these system tests and site checks
will help answer the crucial question:  "Is my
UST leaking?"  If the answer is yes, then you
will need to follow the actions for responding
to confirmed leaks (see page 20).

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PAGE 20
   What Do You Do When Your
   Petroleum UST Leaks?

   Your response to confirmed leaks and spills
   (including  overfills) comes in two stages:
   short-term and long-term.
  Short-Term Actions

      4 Take immediate action to stop and
         contain the leak or spill.
         Tell the regulatory authority within 24
         hours that there is a leak or spill. How-
         ever, petroleum spills and overfills of
         less than 25 gallons do not have to be
         reported if you immediately contain and
         clean up these releases.

         Make sure the leak or spill poses no im-
         mediate hazard to human health and
         safety by removing explosive vapors
         and fire hazards.  Your fire department
         should be able to help or advise you
         with this task. You must also make sure
         you handle contaminated soil properly
         so that it poses no hazard (for example,
         from vapors or direct contact).
    • Find out how far the petroleum has
       moved and begin to recover  the leaked
       petroleum  (such as product floating  on
       the  water  table).

    • Report your  progress and any informa-
       tion you have collected to the  regulatory
       authority no  later than 20 days after you
       have confirmed a leak or spill.

    4 Investigate to determine if the  leak has
       damaged or  might damage the environ-
       ment.  You must report to the  regulatory
       authority what you have learned from a
       full investigation of your site within 45
       days of confirming a leak or spill. At
       the  same time, you must also submit a
       report explaining how you plan to re-
       move the leaked petroleum, if  you have
       found contaminated  ground water.  Ad-
       ditional site  studies  may be required if
       necessary.

These actions  are  fully explained in the UST
regulations and in a brochure (see page 38).

Some leaks and spills will  require additional,
long-term attention  to  correct the problem.
Long-Term  Actions

Based on the information you have provided,
the regulatory  authority will decide if you must
take further  action at your site. You may need
to take two  more actions:

    •  Develop and submit a Corrective Action
       Plan that shows how you will meet
       requirements established for your site
       by the regulatory authority.

    4  Make sure you meet  the requirements
       approved by the regulatory  authority  for
       your site.

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                                                                                            PAGE 21
Can Leaking Tanks Be Repaired?

You can repair a leaking tank if the person who
does the repair carefully follows standard in-
dustry codes that establish the correct way to
conduct repairs. (See page 40 for repair
codes.)

Within 30 days of the repair, you must prove
that the tank repair has worked by doing one of
the following:

    • Having the tank inspected internally or
       tightness tested following standard
       industry  codes.

    • Using one of the monthly leak detection
       monitoring methods (except for  the
       method combining inventory control
       and tank tightness testing).

    4 Using other methods approved by the
       regulatory  authority.
Can Leaking Piping Be Repaired?

Damaged  metal piping cannot be  repaired
and must be replaced.  Loose fittings can sim-
ply be tightened, however,  if that solves the
problem.
Within 6 months of repair, USTs with cathodic
protection must be tested to show that the
cathodic protection is working properly.

You must keep records for each  repair as long
as you keep the UST in service.
Piping made of fiberglass-reinforced plastic,
however, can be repaired, but only in accor-
dance with the manufacturer's instructions or
national codes of practice.  Within 30 days of
the repair, piping must be tested in the same
ways noted above for testing tank repairs  (ex-
cept  for internal inspection).

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                                                                                        PAGE 23
                    HOW DO YOU  CLOSE USTs?
You can close your UST permanently or tem-
porarily.
Three Exceptions To Permanent
Closure
Closing  Permanently

If your tank is not protected from corrosion and
it remains closed for more than 12 months or
you decide to close it permanently, you must
follow requirements  for permanent closure:
    *  You must notify the regulatory authority
       30 days before you close your UST.

    4  You must determine if leaks from your
       tank have damaged  the surrounding
       environment. If there is damage, then
       you will have to take the corrective ac-
       tions described on page 20.

    4  You can either remove the UST from
       the ground or leave it in the ground.  In
       both cases, the tank must be emptied
       and cleaned by removing all liquids,
       dangerous vapor levels, and accumu-
       lated sludge. These potentially very
       hazardous actions need to be carried out
       carefully by following standard safety
       practices. (See pages 37 and 40 for
       sources of information on good closure
       practices.) If you leave the UST in the
       ground, you must also fill it with a
       harmless, chemically inactive solid,  like
       sand.   The regulatory authority  will help
       you decide how best to close your UST
       so that it meets all local requirements
       for closure.
The requirements for permanent closure may
not apply to your UST if it meets one of the
following conditions:

    4  If your UST  meets the requirements for
       a new  or upgraded UST, then it can re-
       main "temporarily" closed  indefinitely
       as long as it  meets the requirements
       below  for a temporarily closed UST.

    4  The regulatory authority can grant an
       extension beyond the 12-month  limit on
       temporary closure for USTs unprotected
       from corrosion.

    4  You can change the contents of your
       UST to an unregulated substance, such
       as water.  Before you make this change,
       you  must notify the regulatory author-
       ity, clean and empty the UST, and deter-
       mine if any damage to the environment
       was  caused while the UST held  regu-
       lated substances.  If there is damage,
       then you must take the corrective ac-
       tions described on page 20.

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PAGE 24
   Closing Temporarily

   Tanks not used for 3 to 12 months must follow
   requirements for  temporary  closure:
          If your UST has corrosion protection
         and leak detection, you must continue to
         operate these protective systems. If a
         leak is found, you will have to respond
         just as you would for a leak from an
         active UST, as described on page 20.
         (If your UST is empty, however, you do
         not need to maintain leak detection.)

         You must cap all lines, except the vent-
         line, attached to your  UST.

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                                                                          PAGE 25
             WHAT ABOUT  REPORTING  AND
                       RECORDKEEPING?
What Do You Need To Report?

In general, you will only need to report to the
regulatory authority at the beginning and end of
your UST system's operating life:
     When you install an UST, you have to
     fill out a notification form available
     from your State.  This form provides
     information about your UST, including
     a certification of correct installation.
     (You should have already used this
     form to identify your existing USTs. If
     you haven't done that yet, be sure you
     do so now.)

     You must report suspected releases to
     the regulatory authority (see page 19).
                      • You must report confirmed releases to
                        your regulatory authority. You must
                        also report follow-up actions you plan or
                        have taken to correct the damage caused
                        by your UST (see page 20).

                      * You must notify the regulatory authority
                        30 days before you permanently close
                        your UST (see page 23).

                   You need to check  with your regulatory author-
                   ity about the particular reporting requirements
                   in your area, including any additional or more
                   stringent requirements than those noted above.
                        REPORTING
 INSTALLATION
SUSPECTED
 RELEASE
CORRECTIVE
   ACTION
CLOSURE

-------
PAGE 26
   What Records Must You Keep?

   You will have to keep records that can be pro-
   vided to an inspector during an on-site visit that
   prove  your facility meets certain requirements.
   These  records must be kept long enough to
   show your facility's recent compliance status in
   four major areas:
You should check with your regulatory author-
ity about the particular recordkeeping require-
ments in your area.  Generally, you should
follow  this useful rule of thumb for recordkeep-
ing:  When in doubt, keep it.
          You will have to keep records of leak
          detection performance and upkeep:

          — The last year's monitoring results,
             and the most recent tightness
             test.

          — Copies of performance claims
             provided by leak detection
             manufacturers.

          — Records of recent maintenance,
             repair, and calibration of leak
             detection equipment  installed
             on-site.
                                PETAtLED
                                RKOROS
          You will have to keep records showing
          that the last two inspections of your
          corrosion protection system were
          carried out by properly trained
          professionals.
           You must keep records showing that a
           repaired or upgraded UST system
           was properly repaired or upgraded.
          For at least 3 years after closing an
          UST, you must keep records of the site
          assessment results required  for
          permanent closure.  (These  results
          show what impact your UST has had
          on the surrounding area.)

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                                                                                                PAGE 27
                     FOR CHEMICAL  USTs  ONLY
What  Chemicals Are Included In The
UST  Regulations?
Several hundred chemicals were  designated  as
"hazardous"  in  Section  101(14) of the Com-
prehensive Environmental Response, Compen-
sation, and Liability Act of 1980, better known
as CERCLA or "Superfund."

The  UST regulations apply to the same hazard-
ous chemicals identified by CERCLA, except
for those listed  as hazardous wastes.  These
hazardous wastes are  already regulated under
Subtitle C of the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act and are not covered by the UST
regulations.  (See 40 CFR Parts 260-270 for the
hazardous waste regulations.)

Information on  the CERCLA hazardous  chemi-
cals  is available from  EPA through the RCRA/
CERCLA Hotline at l-(800)-424-9346 or (202)
382-3000.

The  following pages describe requirements for
USTs that contain hazardous chemicals ~  more
simply referred  to as chemical USTs.
    REMEMBER...

    New UST systems  are those that are installed
    after December 1988.

    Those USTs installed between May 1985 and
    December 1988 must meet iwo minimum re-
    quirements:            :          •';•"
         corrosion or structural failure.

         The stored contents must be compat-
         ible with the tank*s interior
   After December 1988, these older USTs must
   meet the requirements for existing chemical
   USTs (see page 29},
   HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE LIST
          (Partial Listing Only)
  HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Acetaldehyde
Aceuldehyde, chloro-
Aceuldehyde, tricloro-
Chromic sulfate
dioronuum
CHROMIUM AND COMPOUNDS
Chromous chloride
Chrysene
Cobaltous bromide
Cobaltous formate
Cobaltous sulfamate
Copper
    r cyanide t

    ^
Famphur
Feme ammonium citrate
Ferric ammonium oxalate
Ferric chloride
Ferric dextrin
Ferric fluoride
Ferric nitrate
Ferric sulfate
Keithane
Kepone
Lasiocarpine
LEAD AND COMPOUNDS
Lead
Lead acetate
Leadaraenate
Lead chloride
Lead fluoborate
Lead iodide
Zinc nitrite
Zinc phenoculfonate
Zinc phosphide
Zinc silicoflouride
Zinc sulfate
Zirconium nitrate
Zirconium sulfate
Zirconium tetrachloride
                                CASRN*
  83329
 208968
  75070
 107200
  75876
10101538
 7440473

10049055
  218019
 7789437
  544183
14017415
 7440508
  54492

  ^
  52857
 1185575
 2944674
 7705080
 9004664
 7783508
10421484
10028225

 ^
  115322
  143500
  303344

 7439921
  301042
 7784409
 7758954
13814965
10101630
 7779886
  127882
 1314847
16871719
 7733020
13746899
14644612
10026116
^Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number

-------
PAGE 28
   What Requirements Apply To New
   Chemical  USTs?
   New chemical USTs have to meet the same
   requirements described earlier for new petro-
   leum USTs concerning correct installation,
   corrosion protection, spill and overfill preven-
   tion, corrective  action, and closure.

   However, they  must have  secondary contain-
   ment and interstitial  monitoring as described
   below.

   Secondary  Containment

   All new chemical USTs must have "secondary
   containment."  A single-walled tank is the first
   or "primary"  containment.  Using only pri-
   mary containment, a leak can escape  into the
   environment.  But by enclosing an UST within
   a second wall, leaks can be contained and  de-
   tected quickly before harming the environment.

   There are several ways to construct secondary
   containment:

      • Placing  one tank inside another tank  or
        one pipe inside another pipe (making
        them double-walled  systems).

      + Placing  the UST system inside a
        concrete vault.

      • Lining the excavation zone around the
        UST system with a liner that cannot  be
        penetrated by  the chemical.
Interstitial  Monitoring

The chemical UST must have a leak detection
system that can indicate the presence of a leak
in the confined space between the first and the
second wall.  Several devices are available to
monitor this  confined  "interstitial" space.
("Interstitial" simply means  "between  the
walls.")  The UST regulations describe these
various methods and the requirements for their
proper use.
You can apply for an exception, called a vari-
ance, from the requirement for secondary con-
tainment and interstitial monitoring.  Getting a
variance will require a lot of work.  You will
have to convince your regulatory authority that
your alternative  leak detection method will
work effectively by providing detailed studies
of your site, proposed leak detection method,
and  available methods for corrective action.
Also, some States may not allow variances.

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                                                                                          PAGE 29
What About Existing Chemical USTs?

Existing UST systems are those installed before
December 1988. In addition to immediately
starting tank filling procedures that prevent
spills and overfills, you will need to meet the
following requirements for existing USTs.
                         There is a special deadline for pressurized
                         piping in December 1990. At that time, exist-
                         ing pressurized piping must meet the require-
                         ments for new pressurized piping (described on
                         page 11).
Protection From Corrosion And
Prevention Of Spills And Overfills

By December 1998 (10 years after the UST
regulations become effective), you must im-
prove your USTs installed before December
1988:

   • By adding corrosion protection to steel
     tanks and piping.

   • By using devices that prevent spills and
     overfills.

Although the regulatory deadline is in 1998,
you should make these  improvements as soon
as you can to reduce the chance that you will
be liable for damages caused by your sub-
standard  UST.
Leak Detection

Leak detection requirements are being phased
in for existing USTs depending on their age:
   If the tank was
   installed...
It must have leak
detection by
December of...
   before 1965 or unknown............ 1989
   AjFOw™A'"Oj' -****»«*»»»«*K4-*4*t**A*»***+» «-*«+».**», J^fjf V
   19704974 .,.,.„	,	1991
   1975-1979	1992
   1980-Dec,1988	,	 1993
Choosing Leak Detection Methods
For Existing Chemical USTs

You can meet the leak detection requirements
in one of the following three ways:

   4 After December 1998, your UST must
     meet the same requirements for
     secondary containment and interstitial
     monitoring that apply  to new
     chemical USTs.

   * After December 1988, a variance can be
     granted if you meet the same
     requirements described above for getting
     a variance for a  new  chemical UST.

   • Until December  1998, you can use any of
     the leak detection methods, other than
     interstitial monitoring, described  on page
     14 but only if the method  you choose can
     effectively detect releases of the
     hazardous chemical stored  in the UST.
     (Variances are not required in these
     cases before December 1998.)

     After December 1998, you must either
     use secondary  containment and
     interstitial monitoring  or get  a variance.
This schedule will make sure that the older
USTs, which are more likely to leak, have leak
detection first.
                             NOTE..

                             JNo matter which leak detection methods you
                             use for tanks and piping, they must be work-
                             ing by tfie deadlines described above.  If not,
                             you toast close your UST or replade it with a
                             new UST.                     :

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PAGE 30
   What Do You Do If You Have A
   Hazardous  Chemical Leak Or Spill?

   You must follow the same short-term and long-
   term actions described earlier for petroleum
   leaks and spills  -- except for two modified
   short-term  actions.

   First, you must  immediately report hazardous
   chemical spills or overfills that meet or exceed
   their  "reportable quantities" to the National
   Response Center at l-(800)-424-8802 or (202)
   267-2675.

   Second, you must also report hazardous chemi-
   cal spills or overfills that meet or exceed their
   "reportable  quantities" to the regulatory  au-
   thority  within  24 hours.  However, if these
   spills or overfills are smaller than their "re-
   portable quantities" and  are immediately con-
   tained and cleaned up, they do not need to be
   reported.

   You can get information on the "reportable
   quantities"  by calling  the  RCRA/CERCLA
   Hotline l-(800)-424-9346 or (202)  382-3000.

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                                                                                          PAGE 31
           TECHNICAL  QUESTIONS  &  ANSWERS
Q.  How does "corrosion" cause USTs to
leak?  How can USTs be protected from cor-
rosion?

A.  Unprotected steel USTs are frequently dam-
aged by corrosion. When this  happens, the
metal UST system and its underground sur-
roundings act like a battery.  Part of the UST
can become negatively charged and another
part positively charged.  Moisture in the soil
provides  the connecting  link that finally  turns
these UST "batteries" on. Then, the negatively
charged part of the UST system ~ where the
current exits from the  tank or its piping ~
begins to deteriorate.  As electric  current passes
through this part, the hard metal begins to turn
into soft  ore, holes form, and leaks begin.

Steel  tanks and piping can be protected by coat-
ing them with a corrosion-resistant coating and
by using "cathodic" protection.   Cathodic
protection reverses the electric current that
causes corrosion and comes in  two forms:

   *  "Sacrificial anodes" can  be  attached to
      the UST.  Sacrificial anodes are  pieces of
      metal more electrically active than the
      steel UST.  Because these anodes are
      more active, the electric current  will  exit
      from them rather than the UST.  Thus, the
      UST is the "cathode" and is protected
      from corrosion while the attached
      "anode" is sacrificed.

   +  An "impressed  current"  protection
      system  introduces an electric current into
      the ground through a series of anodes that
      are not attached  to  the UST.  Because the
      electric current flowing from these anodes
      to the tank system  is greater than the
      corrosive current attempting  to flow from
      it, the  UST is protected from corrosion.
In addition,  steel USTs can also be protected
from corrosion if they are bonded to a thick
layer of noncorrodible material, such as
fiberglass-reinforced plastic.   Cathodic protec-
tion is not needed with this method of corrosion
protection.  Also, the corrosion problem can be
totally avoided by using tanks and piping made
completely of noncorrodible material,  such as
fiberglass.

For more information on how corrosion works
and how USTs can be protected from corrosion,
contact the National Association of Corrosion
Engineers or other corrosion professionals.  See
page 40 for industry codes on corrosion protec-
tion.

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PAGE 32
   Q.  How can existing USTs (those installed
   before December  1988) be "upgraded" to
   meet  the corrosion  protection requirements
   by December  1998?

   A.  When you add corrosion protection to exist-
   ing  UST systems, you have several choices.
   Your first choice is to meet the corrosion pro-
   tection requirements for new tanks and piping
   (see page 9).  Your other choices, described
   below, depend on whether  you are protecting
   the  tank or the piping.

   Protecting  Tanks

   You have three choices  for "upgrading" your
   tank for corrosion protection:

     + The interior of  a tank can be lined
        according to industry  codes  (see page 40
        for codes).  Tanks using  only an interior
        lining for corrosion protection must pass
        an inspection in 10 years and
        reinspections every 5  years after that  to
        ensure that the  lining  and tank are
        structurally  sound.

     • Tanks using only  cathodic protection
        must  meet the  general requirements for
        cathodic  protection and satisfy one of the
        methods  below to  make sure that the  tank
        is structurally sound:

        — If the  tank is less than 10 years old,
           you can use  one of the monthly leak
           detection monitoring methods noted on
           page 10.

        — If the  tank is less than 10 years old,
           you can have two  tank tightness tests
           conducted.   The first test must take
           place  before you install cathodic
           protection, and  the second test must
           take place between 3 and 6 months
           later.

         — If the tank is 10 years old or more,
           it must be internally inspected and
           assessed to make sure that the tank is
           structurally sound  and free of corrosion
           holes  before a  cathodic protection
           system is installed.
     You can combine tank interior lining with
     cathodic protection.  If you use this
     combined method, you are not required to
     have the interior lining periodically
     inspected.
Protecting Piping

Unless the existing piping is made of noncor-
rodible material, it must meet the requirements
for cathodic protection of new metal piping,
except that the existing  piping does not need to
be coated with a corrosion-resistant coating
(see page 9).

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                                                                                               PAGE 33
Q.   What are "installation mistakes" and
how can they be avoided?

A.  Improper installation is a significant cause
of fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) and steel
UST failures, particularly piping failures.
Proper installation is crucial to ensure the
structural integrity of both the tank and its pip-
ing.   Installation includes excavation, tank
system siting, burial depth, tank system assem-
bly,  backfilling of the tank system, and surface
grading.  Many  mistakes can be made during
installation.  For example, mishandling of the
tank during installation can  cause structural
failure of FRP tanks or damage to steel tank
coatings  and cathodic protection.  Improper
layout of piping  runs, incomplete tightening of
joints, inadequate cover pad construction, and
construction accidents can lead to failure of
delivery  piping.

Installation problems result from careless in-
stallation practices that do not follow recog-
nized industry codes and procedures.  If owners
and operators make  sure that their installers
carefully follow  the correct  installation proce-
dures called for by industry  codes, the number
of installation mistakes will be significantly
reduced.  See page 40 for industry codes on in-
stallation.  See page 37 for sources of informa-
tion  on installation.
Q.  What are spills and overfills?  How can
they be stopped?

A.  Many of the leaks at UST systems are actu-
ally the result of spills and overfills (which are
two separate problems).  In fact, these releases
are at least twice as numerous as tank or piping
releases.  Spills most often occur at the fill pipe
opening when the delivery  truck's hose is dis-
connected, usually  releasing only  a few gallons.
Repeated  releases of even small volumes, how-
ever, can  create real environmental problems.
Overfills occur less frequently but usually  re-
lease much larger volumes.  When a tank is
overfilled, large volumes can be released
through untight fittings on the top of  the tank
or the vent pipe.  The tightness of these fittings
normally would not be a problem  as long as the
tank was  not filled beyond its capacity.

There are three keys to solving the problems of
spills and overfills.  First, you must make sure
that the volume available in the tank  is greater
than the volume of product to be transferred to
the tank before the transfer is made.

Second, you have to make sure that the transfer
operation  is watched constantly to prevent
overfilling and spilling.  See page 40  for appro-
priate industry codes.

Third, you must use equipment that can pre-
vent or severely limit spills and overfills (see
below for when you have to do this).  Spill
prevention devices, such as spill catchment
basins or  dry disconnect couplings, are readily
available.   Overfill prevention devices auto-
matically  shut off flow when the tank is nearly
full. Other overfill devices either restrict flow
or trigger  an alarm when the tank is nearly full.

Your new UST system must be equipped with
both spill  and overfill prevention devices  when
it is installed. Your existing USTs must have
these devices by December 1998.  The only
exception  to this requirement is if your UST
system is  filled only by separate transfers  of no
more than 25 gallons.  In these cases, you do
not have to follow  the spill and overfill equip-
ment  requirements.

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PAGE 34
   Q.  What leak detection methods will satisfy
   the  leak detection requirements for new or
   "upgraded" petroleum USTs?

   A.  You must provide your UST system with a
   method, or combination of methods, of leak
   detection that allows you to meet the following
   three basic requirements:

     * You  can detect a leak from any portion of
        the tank or  its piping that routinely
        contains  petroleum;

     • Your leak detection equipment is
        installed, calibrated, operated, and
        maintained  in accordance with the
        manufacturer's instructions; and

     • Your leak detection equipment meets the
        performance requirements described in
        the Federal regulations, sections 280.43
        or 280.44.

   EPA is developing materials  that fully describe
   the various ways  you can meet the leak detec-
   tion requirements (see page 38). One of these
   materials is "Straight Talk on Tanks," a booklet
   summarizing leak detection methods for petro-
   leum USTs. The descriptions below briefly
   identify leak detection methods for  tanks and
   piping.
Leak Detection for Tanks

Leak detection for tanks can consist of one or a
combination of the  following methods:
Automatic Tank Gauging Systems

This method uses automated processes to moni-
tor product level and inventory control.
Monitoring for Vapors in the Soil

This method samples vapors in the soil gas
surrounding the UST.  Leaked petroleum pro-
duces vapors that can be detected in the soil
gas. The regulations describe  several require-
ments for using this leak detection method. For
example, this method requires  using porous
soils in the backfill and locating the monitoring
devices in these porous soils near the UST sys-
tem.
Monitoring for Liquids on the Ground Water

This method monitors the ground water table
near an UST for the presence of released  free
product on the water table.  Monitoring wells
near the UST are checked frequently to see if
petroleum can be detected.  The regulations
allow manual and automatic methods for  de-
tecting petroleum in the monitoring wells.  The
regulations also  describe several requirements
for the use of this method. For example, this
method cannot be used if the water table  is
more than 20 feet below  the surface of the
ground.

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                                                                                            PAGE 35
Interstitial Monitoring

This method detects leaks in the space between
the UST and a second barrier or wall.  The
regulations describe several general  perform-
ance requirements for the application of inter-
stitial monitoring with double-walled USTs,
USTs fitted with  internal liners, and  USTs us-
ing partial interception barriers located below
the UST.
Other Methods Approved by the Regulatory
Authority

If other methods can be shown to work as ef-
fectively as the methods described above for
leak detection, then  these alternative  methods
can be approved by  the regulatory authority.
Tank Tightness Testing Combined with
Inventory Control

This method combines manual inventory con-
trol information (measured daily and compiled
monthly) with tank tightness testing every 5
years.  Tank tightness testing requires taking
the UST out of service while changes in level
or volume over time are measured. This method
can be used only by new or upgraded USTs
during their first  10 years of operation (or until
1998, whichever is  later). After that, one of the
monthly  monitoring methods below must be
used.
One Additional Method with Restricted Use

Manual tank gauging can be used as the sole
method of leak detection only for small tanks
up to 1,000 gallons. This method involves
keeping the tank undisturbed for at least 36
hours, during which you measure the tank's
contents each week, twice at the beginning and
twice at the end of the test period.  Tanks be-
tween 1,000 and 2,000 gallons can use this
method only in combination with tank tightness
testing. This combined method, however, can
be used only during the first 10 years following
tank installation or upgrade.
Leak Detection for Piping

If you have pressurized piping, you need to do
two  things:

  • Install an automatic  line leak detector,
     and

  • Either conduct an annual line tightness
     test,

     Or conduct monthly  leak detection
     monitoring using one of the following
     methods noted above for tanks:  vapor
     monitoring, ground-water monitoring,
     interstitial  monitoring, or other approved
     monthly methods.

If you have suction piping, you need to do one
of two things:

  • Either conduct line tightness tests every 3
     years,

     Or conduct monthly  leak detection
     monitoring as described above for
     pressurized piping.

You do not need to have leak detection if your
suction  piping meets  some basic design re-
quirements:

  • Below-grade piping is sloped so that the
     piping's contents will drain back into the
     storage  tank if the suction is released.

  • Only one check valve is included in each
     suction  line and is located directly below
     the suction pump.

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                                                                                  PAGE 37
             AUDIOVISUALS,  BROCHURES,  AND
                        HANDBOOKS  ON USTs
Audiovisual  Programs...

Installation
"Doing It Right" - Installation for the crews
who do it
"Recommended Practices on Tank
Installation" — Companion booklet
 Order from:
   American  Petroleum Institute
   1220 L Street, N.W.
   Washington, DC  20005
   or
   Petroleum  Equipment Institute
   Box 2380
   Tulsa, OK  74101
   $16.00  prepaid

 Available from both API and PEI
 $10.00 prepaid
 "A Question of When: Tank Installation for
 Inspectors"
"In Your Own Backyard" - Shorter version of
inspector video for tank owners
Order from:
  National Fire Protection Association
  Attn:  Jim Smalley
  Batterymarch Park
  Quincy, MA  02269
  $22.85 each prepaid
Leak Detection
"Straight Talk on Leak Detection'1
Available from:
  Environmental Media Center
  1050  17th Street, N.W.
  Washington, DC 20036
  $25.00
Closure
"Tank Closure Without Tears: An
Inspector's Safety Guide"
Order from:
  New England Interstate Water
  Pollution Control Commission
  Attn:  VIDEOS
  85 Merrimac Street
  Boston, MA  02114
  $20.00 prepaid

  Companion  booklet
  $5.00 prepaid

To borrow:
  New England Regional Wastewater Institute
  2 Fort Road
  South Portland, ME  04106
  Video and booklet
  $5.00 prepaid

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PAGE 38
  Closure (cont.)
  "What Do We Have Here?: A Guide to Site
  Assessment at Closure"
Order from:
  New England Interstate Water
  Pollution Control  Commission
  Attn:  VIDEOS
  85 Merrimac Street
  Boston,  MA 02114
  $40.00 prepaid
                                                    Companion booklet
                                                    $5.00 prepaid
  Tank Program Management
  "Managing Underground Storage Tanks
  185-Slide Presentation Action Plan
Order from:
  National  Audiovisual Center
  Customer  Services  Section/WD
  8700 Edgeworth Drive
  Capitol Heights, MD 20743-3701
  (301)  763-1891
  $120.00 prepaid
   Brochures...
   Technical Requirements
  "Musts for USTs" -- A Summary of the Regu-
  lations for Underground Storage Tank Systems
  Stock No. 055-000-00294-1
  $2.50
Order from:
   Superintendent of Documents
   U.S. Government Printing Office
   Washington, DC 20402
   (202) 783-3238
  "Normas y Procedimientos para T.S.A." ~
  Spanish Language Version of "Musts for USTs"
  Free
Order from:
   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
   Office of Underground Storage Tanks
   P.O. Box 6044
   Rockville, MD  20850
   Financial Responsibility
   "Dollars and Sense" - A Summary of the Fi-
   nancial Responsibility Regulations  for Under-
   ground Storage Tank Systems
   Stock  No.  055-000-00293-2
   $1.25
 Order from:
   Superintendent of Documents
   U.S. Government Printing Office
   Washington, DC  20402
   (202) 783-3238

-------
                                                                                        PAGE 39
  Leak  Detection
                                                   Order from:
                                                     U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
                                                     Office of Underground Storage Tanks
                                                     P.O.  Box 6044
                                                     Rockville, MD 20850
   "Leak Lookout" - Using External Leak De-
   tectors to Prevent Petroleum Contamination
   from  Underground Storage Tanks
   Free

   "Straight Talk on Tanks" - A Summary of
   Leak  Detection Methods for Petroleum Under
   ground Storage Tank Systems
   Free
                                                Order from:
                                                   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                                   Office of  Underground Storage Tanks
                                                   P.O. Box  6044
                                                   Rockville, MD  20850
  Emergency  Response
"Oh No!" - Petroleum Leaks and Spills:
What Do You Do?
Free
 Handbooks...
 Technology
  "Cleanup of Releases from Petroleum USTs:
  Selected Technologies"
  Stock No.  055-000-00272-0
  $7.50

  "Petroleum Tank Releases Under Control:
  A Compendium of Current Practices for
  State UST Inspectors"
  Stock No.  055-000-00295-9
  $8.50

  "Processes Affecting Subsurface Transport
  of Leaking Underground Tank Fluids"
  Stock No. 055-000-00269-0
  $3.25

  "Survey of Vendors of External Petroleum
  Leak Monitoring Devkes for Use with USTs"
  Stock No. 055-000-00277-1
  $4.25
                                               Order from:
                                                  Superintendent of Documents
                                                  U.S. Government Printing Office
                                                  Washington, DC  20402
                                                  (202) 783-3238
~E

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PAGE 40
             INDUSTRY  CODES AND  STANDARDS*
  Installation
Corrosion  Protection
  API Publication 1615, 1987, "Installation of
  Underground  Petroleum Storage  Systems,"
  Recommended Practice, 4th Edition

  PEI RP-100-90, 1990, "Recommended Prac-
  tices for Installation of Underground  Liquid
  Storage Systems"
   Tank Filling Practices

   API Publication  1621, 1977, "Recommended
   Practice for Bulk Liquid Stock Control at Re-
   tail Outlets,"  3rd Edition (A revised edition
   is now available.)

   NFPA 385, 1985, "Standard for Tank Vehicles
   for Flammable and Combustible Liquids"
   Closure

   API Bulletin 1604, 1987, "Removal and Dis-
   posal of Used  Underground Petroleum Storage
   Tanks," Recommended Practice, 2nd
   Edition
   Lining

   API Publication  1631, 1987, "Interior Lining
   of Underground  Storage Tanks," Recom-
   mended Practice, 2nd Edition

   NLPA Standard  631, 1990, "Spill Prevention:
   Minimum 10 Year Life Extension of Existing
   Steel Underground Storage Tanks by Lining
   Without the Addition of Cathodic Protection"
API Publication 1632, 1987, "Cathodic Protec-
tion of Underground Petroleum Storage Tanks
and Piping  Systems," Recommended Practice,
2nd Edition

NACE RP-0169-83,  1983, "Recommended
Practice:  Control of Corrosion on Underground
or Submerged Metallic Piping  Systems"

NACE RP-0285-85,  1985, "Recommended
Practice:  Control of External Corrosion on
Metallic Buried, Partially Buried, or Sub-
merged Liquid Storage Systems"
General (Repair, Spill and Overfill,
Installation,  Compatibility)

API Publication 1626, 1985, "Storing and Han-
dling Ethanol and Gasoline-Ethanol Blends at
Distribution Terminals and Service Stations,"
1st Edition

API Publication 1627, 1986, "Storage and
Handling of  Gasoline-Methanol/Cosolvent
Blends at Distribution Terminals and Service
Stations"

API Recommended  Practice  1635, 1987,
"Management of Underground Petroleum  Stor-
age Systems at Marketing and Distribution
Facilities," Recommended Practice,  3rd
Edition

NFPA  30, 1987, "Flammable and Combustible
Liquids Code"

NFPA  30A,  1987, "Automotive and Marine
Service Station  Code"
   *This list includes the most relevant codes and
   standards for underground storage tank
   systems.  Organizations are identified on
   page 41.

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                                                                                    PAGE 41
   ORGANIZATIONS  TO CONTACT  FOR  TANK INFORMATION
ACT ~ Association for Composite Tanks
1900 Frankfurst Ave.
Baltimore, MD 21226
(301) 235-6000 (for information requests)

API - American Petroleum Institute
1220 L Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20005
(202) 682-8000

Fiberglass Petroleum Tank and
Pipe  Institute
One SeaGate, Suite 1001
Toledo, OH 43604-1560
(419) 247-5412
FAX: (419) 247-5421

NACE ~ National  Association of Corrosion
Engineers
Box 218340
Houston, TX 77218
(713) 492-0535
NFPA - National Fire Protection Association
1 Batterymarch Park
P.O. Box 9109
Quincy, MA  02269
(617)  770-3000

NLPA — National Leak Prevention Association
7685 Fields Ertel Rd.
Cincinnati, OH 45241
(513)  489-9844
l-(800)-322-6572

PFJ ~ Petroleum Equipment Institute
Box 2380
Tulsa, OK  74101
(918)  494-9696

Steel Tank Institute
570 Oakwood Rd.
Lake Zurich,  IL  60047
(708) 438-TANK [8265]
                                                          
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