United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA-454/R-93-032
October 1993
Air
NATIONAL AIR POLLUTANT
EMISSION TRENDS,
1900 -1992
a
1992 VOC EMISSIONS BY SOURCE
22.7 MILLION SHORT TONS
Fuel Combustion,
Residential,
Commercial, 3%
Waste
Disposal,
Recycling. 10%
Highway
Vehicles. 27%
Petro and Related
Industries, 13%
oa
no PI
naaaa
Chemical and
Manufacturing, 8%
Off-Highway
Vehicles, 9%
Solvent
Utilization, 27%
Recycled/Recyclable
Printed with Soy/Canola Ink on paper that
contains at least 50% recycled fiber
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National Air Pollutant
Emission Trends
1900 — 1992
U.S. Environrr?n'".' ".c/ociion Agency
Region 5, Library ., ,, 12J)
77 West Jackson Bou'evard, 12th Floor
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
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This report is published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to report
information of general interest in the field of air pollution. Copies are available free of charge
to Federal employees, current contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies
permit - from the Library Services Office (MD-35), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; or, for a fee, from the National
Technical Information Services, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
Questions or comments on the report may be directed to:
Sharon Nizich
EPA Project Officer
Mail Drop 14
Emission Inventory Branch
Technical Support Division
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Publication No. EPA-454/R-93-032
11
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FOREWORD
This document presents the most recent estimates of national and regional emissions of the
criteria air pollutants. The emissions of each pollutant are estimated for many different source
categories, which collectively account for all anthropogenic emissions. The report presents the
total emissions from all 50 States and from each EPA region in the country. These estimates are
updated annually.
This report is the third in a series that will track the changes in national emissions since passage
of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The emission trends are the net effect of many
factors, including changes in the nation's economy and in industrial activity, technology,
consumption of fuels, traffic, and other activities that cause air pollution. The trends also reflect
changes in emissions as a result of air pollution regulations and emission controls. These reports
will serve as a measure of our nation's progress in reducing air pollution emissions as a result
of mandatory and voluntary controls and of continuous changes in national activity.
This report also reflects recent improvements in the way national and regional emissions are
calculated. Improvement in estimation methods is an on-going effort, and it is expected that
future reports will reflect this effort. Revisions to the National Air Pollutant Emission Trends,
1900-1992, ('hereinafter referred to as "Trends") methodology include a change in the method
used to estimate pre- and post-1985 emissions, incorporation of state-derived emission estimates,
use of certain years for trends only, and use of other years as both trend and absolute indicators.
Further details of these methodological changes are described in section 5 of this report. This
year's report has limited coverage of biogenic, global warming gas, toxic, and international
emissions. Preliminary estimates are presented for the years 1990 through 1992. Final estimates
(including refinements to the data used to estimate emissions) will be presented in future reports.
in
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CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD iii
CONTENTS v
TABLES ix
FIGURES xii
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xiv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT xvii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-1
ES.l EMISSION SUMMARY ES-1
ES.2 EMISSIONS SUMMARY BY POLLUTANT ES-2
ES.2.1 Carbon Monoxide Emissions ES-2
ES.2.2 Nitrogen Oxide Emissions ES-2
ES.2.3 Reactive Volatile Organic Compound Emissions ES-2
ES.2.4 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions ES-2
ES.2.5 Lead Emissions ES-3
ES.2.6 Paniculate Matter Emissions ES-3
SECTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1 WHAT'S NEW 1-1
1.1.1 Methodology Changes 1-2
1.1.2 Highway Vehicle Emissions 1-3
1.1.3 Temporal and Spatial Allocation 1-3
1.1.4 Other Emission Inventories 1-3
1.1.5 Particulate Matter Emissions 1-3
1.2 IN THIS REPORT 1-3
SECTION 2.0 SUMMARY OF 1992 EMISSIONS 2-1
2.1 CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS 2-1
2.1.1 Emissions by Source Category 2-2
2.1.2 Spatial Emissions 2-2
2.1.2.1 State-level Emissions 2-2
2.1.2.2 County-level Emissions 2-2
2.1.3 Nonattainment Area vs. Total National Emissions 2-2
2.1.4 Emissions from Top 30 Emitters 2-3
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2.1.5 Seasonal Emissions 2-3
2.2 NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS 2-3
2.2.1 Emissions by Source Category 2-4
2.2.2 Spatial Emissions 2-4
2.2.2.1 State-level Emissions 2-4
2.2.2.2 County-level Emissions 2-4
2.2.3 Nonattainment Area vs. Total National Emissions 2-4
2.2.4 Emissions from Top 30 Emitters 2-5
2.2.5 Seasonal Emissions 2-5
2.3 REACTIVE VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND EMISSIONS 2-5
2.3.1 Emissions by Source Category 2-5
2.3.2 Spatial Emissions 2-6
2.3.2.1 State-level Emissions 2-6
2.3.2.2 County-level Emissions 2-6
2.3.3 Nonattainment Area vs. Total National Emissions 2-6
2.3.4 Emissions from Top 30 Emitters 2-7
2.3.5 Seasonal Emissions 2-7
2.4 SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS 2-7
2.4.1 Emissions by Source Category 2-8
2.4.2 Spatial Emissions 2-8
2.4.2.1 State-level Emissions 2-8
2.4.2.2 County-level Emissions 2-8
2.4.3 Emissions from Top 30 Emitters 2-8
2.4.4 Seasonal Emissions 2-9
2.5 LEAD EMISSIONS 2-9
2.5.1 Emissions by Source Category 2-9
2.5.2 Emissions from Top 30 Emitters 2-9
2.6 PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS 2-10
2.6.1 Emissions by Source Category 2-10
2.6.2 Emissions from Top 30 Emitters 2-10
SECTION 3.0 SUMMARY OF NATIONAL EMISSION TRENDS 3-1
3.1 INTRODUCTION 3-1
3.2 CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS 3-2
3.2.1 Fuel Combustion: Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other 3-2
3.2.2 Industrial Processes 3-2
3.2.3 Transportation: Highway Vehicle and Off-Highway 3-3
3.2.4 Remaining Sources 3-3
3.3 NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSIONS 3-3
3.3.1 Fuel Combustion: Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other 3-4
3.3.2 Transportation: Highway Vehicle and Off-Highway 3-4
3.3.3 Remaining Sources 3-4
3.4 REACTIVE VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND EMISSIONS 3-5
3.4.1 Fuel Combustion: Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other 3-5
VI
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3.4.2 Industrial Processes 3-5
3.4.3 Transportation: Highway Vehicle and Off-Highway 3-6
3.4.4 Remaining Sources 3-6
3.5 SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS 3-7
3.5.1 Fuel Combustion: Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other 3-7
3.5.2 Industrial Processes 3-7
3.5.3 Remaining Sources 3-8
3.6 LEAD EMISSIONS 3-8
3.6.1 Fuel Combustion: Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other 3-8
3.6.2 Industrial Processes 3-8
3.6.3 Remaining Sources 3-8
3.7 PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS 3-9
3.7.1 Point and Process Fugitive Sources 3-9
3.7.1.1 Fuel Combustion: Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other 3-9
3.7.1.2 Transportation: Highway Vehicle and Off-Highway 3-10
3.7.1.3 Remaining Sources 3-10
3.7.2 Fugitive Dust Sources 3-10
SECTION 4.0 REGIONAL EMISSION TRENDS, 1985 THROUGH 1992 4-1
SECTION 5.0 EMISSION ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY 5-1
5.1 INTRODUCTION 5-1
5.2 TRENDS METHODOLOGY 5-2
5.2.1 Calculation Procedure 5-2
5.2.1.1 Transportation 5-3
5.2.1.2 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion 5-5
5.2.1.3 Industrial Processes 5-5
5.2.1.4 Solid Waste Disposal 5-6
5.2.1.5 Miscellaneous 5-6
5.2.2 National Pb and PM-10 Emission Estimates for 1992 5-8
5.2.3 Regional Pb and PM-10 Emission Estimates, 1985 to 1992 5-9
5.3 UPDATED 1985 NAPAP EMISSIONS 5-9
5.4 INTERIM INVENTORY (1987 TO 1991 EMISSIONS) 5-10
5.4.1 Background 5-10
5.4.2 Major differences with 1985 NAPAP 5-10
5.4.3 Modifications to the Interim Inventory 5-11
5.5 CO, NOX, SO2, AND VOC EMISSIONS, 1986 and 1992 5-11
5.6 REGIONAL CO, NOX, SO2, AND VOC EMISSION ESTIMATES, 1985 to
1992 5-11
5.7 FUTURE MODIFICATIONS 5-11
5.7.1 Merging of Trends and Interim Methodologies 5-11
5.7.2 AIRS Extractions 5-12
Vll
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SECTION 6.0 NATIONAL EMISSION PROJECTIONS 6-1
6.1 HIGHWAY VEHICLE EMISSION PROJECTIONS — METHODOLOGY .. 6-1
6.2 FUTURE TRENDS IN CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS 6-3
6.3 FUTURE TRENDS IN NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS 6-3
6.4 FUTURE TRENDS IN REACTIVE VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
EMISSIONS 6-4
6.5 FUTURE TRENDS IN SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS 6-4
6.5.1 Electric Utilities 6-5
6.5.2 All Other Sources 6-6
6.6 SEASONAL EMISSION PROJECTIONS 6-6
SECTION 7.0 BIOGENIC EMISSIONS 7-1
SECTION 8.0 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL INVENTORIES:
GREENHOUSE GASES, TOXICS, AND CRITERIA POLLUTANTS 8-1
8.1 GREENHOUSE GASES 8-1
8.1.1 Introduction 8-1
8.1.2 Methodology and Data 8-1
8.2 AIR TOXIC EMISSIONS 8-2
8.2.1 Hazardous Air Pollutants 8-3
8.2.2 Carcinogens 8-3
8.2.3 High Risk/Early Reduction 8-3
8.2.4 State and Industrial Emissions 8-3
8.3 GLOBAL EMISSIONS 8-3
8.3.1 Canada 8-4
8.3.2 CORINAIR: The Atmospheric Emission Inventory for Europe 8-4
8.3.2.1 CORINAIR85 8-5
8.3.2.2 CORINAIR90 8-6
SECTION 9.0 REFERENCES 9-1
APPENDIX A - NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES (1970 TO 1992) BY
SUBCATEGORY A-l
APPENDIX B - REGIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES (1985 TO 1992) B-1
APPENDIX C - NATIONAL TOTAL PARTICULATE EMISSION ESTIMATES (1940
TO 1992) BY SUBCATEGORY C-l
APPENDIX D - NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES (1940 TO 1992) FROM THE
REPORT IN METRIC UNITS D-l
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TABLES
Number Page
ES-1 Summary of National Emission Estimates ES-4
ES-2 Percent Change in National Emission Estimates ES-5
1-1 Major Source Categories 1-5
2-1 Predominant Industries in the Top 30 from AIRS/AFS 2-12
2-2 CO 1992 National Point and Area Tier 1 Source Category Emissions 2-12
2-3 State CO 1992 Point, Area, and Total Emissions, by State 2-13
2-4 State CO 1992 Point, Area, and Total Emissions, by Total Emissions 2-14
2-5 Top 30 CO Emitters in AIRS/AFS 2-15
2-6 NOX 1992 National Point and Area Tier 1 Source Category Emissions 2-16
2-7 State NOX 1992 Point, Area, and Total Emissions, by State 2-17
2-8 State NOX 1992 Point, Area, and Total Emissions, by Total Emissions 2-18
2-9 Top 30 NOX Emitters in AIRS/AFS 2-19
2-10 VOC 1992 National Point and Area Tier 1 Source Category 2-20
2-11 State VOC 1992 Point, Area, and Total Emissions, by State 2-21
2-12 State VOC 1992 Point, Area, and Total Emissions, by Total Emissions 2-22
2-13 Top 30 VOC Emitters in AIRS/AFS 2-23
2-14 SO2 1992 National Point and Area Tier 1 Source Category Emissions 2-24
2-15 State SO2 1992 Point, Area, and Total Emissions, by State 2-25
2-16 State SO2 1992 Point, Area, and Total Emissions, by Total Emissions 2-26
2-17 Top 30 SO2 Emitters in AIRS/AFS 2-27
2-18 Top 30 Industrial SO2 Emitters in AIRS/AFS 2-28
2-19 Top 30 Pb Emitters in AIRS/AFS 2-29
2-20 Top 30 PM-10 Emitters in AIRS/AFS 2-30
3-1 Total National Emissions of CO, 1940 through 1992 3-12
3-2 Total National Emissions of NOX, 1940 through 1992 3-13
3-3 Total National Emissions of VOC, 1940 through 1992 3-14
3-4 Total National Emissions of SO2, 1940 through 1992 3-15
3-5 Total National Emissions of Pb, 1970 through 1992 3-16
3-6 Total National Emissions of PM-10, 1940 through 1992 3-17
5-1 Methodology Changes in Highway Vehicles 5-13
5-2 Summary of 1987 to 1991 Interim Regional Inventory Methodology 5-14
6-1 Selected Areas Used to Model the Highway Vehicle 2000 and 2010 Emissions ... 6-8
6-2 Seasonal VMT Adjustment Factors 6-9
6-3 Annual National CO Emissions, 1980 to 2010 6-10
6-4 Annual National NOX Emissions, 1980 to 2010 6-11
6-5 Annual National VOC Emissions, 1980 to 2010 6-12
6-6 Annual National SO2 Emissions, 1980 to 2010 6-13
6-7 Comparison of Peak Ozone Season and Annual Average NOX Emissions 6-14
6-8 Comparison of Peak Ozone Season and Annual Average VOC Emissions 6-14
IX
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8-1 Summary of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks by Source Category .... 8-8
8-2 HAPs with Greatest Air Emissions in TRI (1987 Basis) 8-11
8-3 State Total Air Emissions in TRI Data Base, 1987 to 1991 8-12
8-4 Occurrences of HAPs in the Top 10 Chemicals Reported in the TRI Data Base for
1990 by EPA Region 8-13
8-5 TRI Total Air Emissions by Industry, 1987-1991 8-14
8-6 Canadian NOX Emission Forecast by Province 8-15
8-7 Canadian VOC Emission Forecast by Province 8-16
8-8 Canadian SO2 Emission Forecast by Province 8-17
8-9 CORINAIR 1985: NOX Emissions 8-18
8-10 CORINAIR 1985: VOC Emissions 8-18
8-11 CORINAIR 1985: SO2 Emissions 8-19
A-l CO Emissions from Fuel Combustion A-2
A-2 CO Emissions from Industrial Processes A-3
A-3 CO Emissions from Transportation A-5
A-4 CO Emissions from Other Sources A-7
A-5 NOX Emissions from Fuel Combustion A-8
A-6 NOX Emissions from Transportation A-10
A-7 NOX Emissions from Other Sources A-12
A-8 VOC Emissions from Fuel Combustion A-14
A-9 VOC Emissions from Industrial Processes A-15
A-10 VOC Emissions from Transportation A-20
A-ll VOC Emissions from Other Sources A-22
A-12 SO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion A-23
A-13 SO2 Emissions from Industrial Processes A-25
A-14 SO2 Emissions from Other Sources A-27
A-15 Pb Emissions from Fuel Combustion A-28
A-16 Pb Emissions from Industrial Processes A-29
A-17 Pb Emissions from Other Sources A-30
A-18 PM-10 Emissions from Fuel Combustion A-31
A-19 PM-10 Emissions from Transportation A-32
A-20 PM-10 Emissions from Other Sources A-33
B-l Regional Emission Estimates of CO B-2
B-2 Regional Emission Estimates of NOX B-2
B-3 Regional Emission Estimates of VOC B-2
B-4 Regional Emission Estimates of SO2 B-3
B-5 Regional Emission Estimates of Pb B-3
B-6 Regional Emission Estimates of PM-10 from Point and Fugitive Process Sources . B-3
B-7 Regional Emission Estimates of PM-10 from Fugitive Dust Sources B-4
B-8 Regional Emission Estimates of PM-10 , B-4
C-l Total Particulate Emissions from Fuel Combustion C-2
C-2 Total Particulate Emissions from Transportation C-3
C-3 Total Particulate Emissions from Other Sources C-4
D-l Total National Emissions of CO, 1940 through 1992 in Gigagrams D-2
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D-2 Total National Emissions of NOX, 1940 through 1992 in Gigagrams D-3
D-3 Total National Emissions of VOC, 1940 through 1992 in Gigagrams D-4
D-4 Total National Emissions of SO2, 1940 through 1992 in Gigagrams D-5
D-5 Total National Emissions of Pb, 1970 through 1992 in Megagrams D-6
D-6 Total National Emissions of PM-10, 1940 through 1992 in Gigagrams D-7
XI
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FIGURES
Number Page
ES-1 Trend in National Emission Estimates for VOC, SO2, NOX, and PM-10 ES-6
ES-2 Trend in National Emission Estimates for CO, FD, and Pb ES-7
1-1 EPA Administrative Regions 1-7
2-1 CO 1992 National Emissions by Source Categories 2-31
2-2 Top 10 CO-Emitting States in 1992 2-32
2-3 Density Map of 1992 CO County-level Emissions 2-33
2-4 1992 CO Emissions for a Typical Ozone Nonattainment Area by Source Category 2-34
2-5 Top 30 CO-Emitting Sources in AIRS/AFS 2-35
2-6 1992 Seasonal CO Emissions by Tier 1 Source Category 2-36
2-7 NOX 1992 National Emissions by Source Categories 2-37
2-8 Top 10 NOx-Emitting States in 1992 2-38
2-9 Density Map of 1992 NOX County-level Emissions 2-39
2-10 1992 NOX Emissions for a Typical Ozone Nonattainment Area by Source Category 2-40
2-11 Top 30 NOx-Emitting Sources in AIRS/AFS 2-41
2-12 1992 Seasonal NOX Emissions by Tier 1 Source Category 2-42
2-13 VOC 1992 National Emissions by Source Categories 2-43
2-14 Top 10 VOC-Emitting States in 1992 2-44
2-15 Density Map of 1992 VOC County-level Emissions 2-45
2-16 1992 VOC Emissions for a Typical Ozone Nonattainment Area by Source Category2-46
2-17 Top 30 VOC-Emitting Sources in AIRS/AFS 2-47
2-18 1992 Seasonal VOC Emissions by Tier 1 Source Category 2-48
2-19 SO2 1992 National Emissions by Source Categories 2-49
2-20 Top 10 SO2-Emitting States in 1992 2-50
2-21 Density Map of 1992 SO2 County-level Emissions 2-51
2-22 Top 30 SO2-Emitting Sources in AIRS/AFS 2-52
2-23 Top 30 Industrial SO2-Emitting Sources in AIRS/AFS 2-53
2-24 1992 Seasonal SO2 Emissions by Tier 1 Source Category 2-54
2-25 Pb 1992 National Emissions by Source Categories 2-55
2-26 Top 30 Pb-Emitting Sources in AIRS/AFS 2-56
2-27 PM-10 1992 National Emissions by Source Categories 2-57
2-28 Top 30 PM-10-Emitting Sources in AIRS/AFS 2-58
3-1 Trend in CO Emission Estimates by Tier 1 Source Category, 1940 through 1992 . 3-18
3-2 Trend in NOX Emission Estimates by Tier 1 Source Category, 1900 through 1992 . 3-19
3-3 Trend in VOC Emission Estimates by Tier 1 Source Category, 1900 through 1992 3-20
3-4 Trend in State X Evaporative Emissions as a Function of RVP and VMT 3-21
3-5 Trend in SO2 Emission Estimates by Tier 1 Source Category, 1900 through 1992 . 3-22
3-6 Trend in Pb Emission Estimates by Tier 1 Source Category, 1970 through 1992 . . 3-23
3-7 Trend in PM-10 Emission Estimates by Tier 1 Source Category (excluding fugitive dust
sources), 1940 through 1992 3-24
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3-8 Trend in PM-10 Emission Estimates from Fugitive Dust Sources, 1985 through
1992 3-25
4-1 Trend in CO Emission Estimates by Region 4-2
4-2 Trend in NOX Emission Estimates by Region 4-3
4-3 Trend in VOC Emission Estimates by Region 4-4
4-4 Trend in SO2 Emission Estimates by Region 4-5
4-5 Trend in Pb Emission Estimates by Region 4-6
4-6 Trend in PM-10 Emission Estimates by Region 4-7
6-1 Projected Trend in CO Emissions 6-10
6-2 Projected Trend in NOX Emissions 6-11
6-3 Projected Trend in VOC Emissions 6-12
6-4 Projected Trend in SO2 Emissions 6-13
7-1 Oak Forest 1990 Emission Estimates by State 7-2
7-2 Other Deciduous Forest 1990 Emission Estimates by State 7-3
7-3 Coniferous Forest 1990 Emission Estimates by State 7-4
7-4 Grassland 1990 Emission Estimates by State 7-5
7-5 Scrubland 1990 Emission Estimates by State 7-6
7-6 Urban Vegetation 1990 Emission Estimates by State 7-7
7-7 Agricultural Crop 1990 Emission Estimates by State 7-8
7-8 Inland Water 1990 Emission Estimates by State 7-9
7-9 Total 1990 Biogenic VOC Emission Estimates by State 7-10
7-10 Seasonal Breakdown of Total 1990 Biogenic VOC Emission Estimates 7-11
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AFS
AIRS
AMS
ARCINFO
BEA
CAAA
CCT
CE
CEC
CEFIC
CEUM
CH4
CITEPA
CO
CO2
CORINAIR
CORINE
DGXI
DOE
DOI
DOT
E-GAS
EEA
EFTA
EIA
EIB
EMFAC7F
EPA
ERCAM
EUROTRAC
FCCC
FHWA
FMVCP
FTP
HAPs
HDDV
HDGV
AIRS Facility Subsystem
Aerometric Information Retrieval System
AIRS Area/Mobile Source Subsystem
name of commercial Graphical Interface System (GIS) product
Bureau of Economic Analysis
Clean Air Act Amendments
Clean Coal Technology
control efficiency
European Commission
Conseil European de 1'Industrie Chimique (European Chemical Industry
Council)
Coal and Electric Utility Model
methane
Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d'Etudes de la Polution Atmopherique
(currently, the main contractor for the CORINAIR program)
carbon monoxide
carbon dioxide
CORINE AIR
COoRdination d'INformation Environnementale
Directorate General Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection
Department of Energy
Department of the Interior
Department of Transportation
Economic Growth Analysis System
European Environment Agency
European Free Trade Association
Energy Information Administration
Emission Inventory Branch
California on-road motor vehicle emission factor model
Environmental Protection Agency
Emission Reduction and Cost Analysis Model
EUROpean experiment on TRAnsport and transformation of environmentally
relevant trace Constituents in the troposphere over Europe (a scientific
research program)
Framework Convention on Climate Change
Federal Highway Administration
Federal Motor Vehicle Control Program
Federal Test Procedure
hazardous air pollutants
heavy-duty diesel vehicle
heavy-duty gasoline vehicle
XIV
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HPMS Highway Performance Monitoring System
I/M inspection and maintenance
IIASA International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
LDDT light-duty diesel truck
LDDV light-duty diesel vehicle
LDGT light-duty gasoline truck
LDGV light-duty gasoline vehicle
LRTAP long range transboundary air pollution
MC motorcycle
MOBILES EPA's mobile source emission factor model
MVMA Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association
NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NACE nomenclature generate des activites economiques de la Communaute
europeenne
NADB National Allowance Data Base
NAPAP National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
NCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research
n.e.c. not elsewhere classified
NEDS National Emissions Data System
NESHAP National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants
NMHC nonmethane hydrocarbons
NMOG nonmethane organic gases
NMVOC nonmethane VOC
NOX nitrogen oxides
NSPS New Source Performance Standards
NSTU Nomenclature of Statistical Territorial Units
OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
QMS Office of Mobile Sources
Pb lead
PHOXA PHotochemical OXidants study (a scientific research program)
PM-10 particulate matter less than ten microns in aerodynamic diameter
POTW publicly owned treatment works
QA/QC quality assurance/quality control
RE rule effectiveness
RIA Regulatory Impact Analysis
ROM Regional Oxidant Model
RVP Reid vapor pressure
SCC Source Classification Code
SEDS State Energy Data System
SIC Standard Industrial Classification
SIP State Implementation Plan
SO2 sulfur dioxide
SRAB Source Receptor Analysis Branch
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TF task force
TP total particulates
tpy tons per year
TRI Toxic Release Inventory
TSDF treatment storage and disposal facility
UAM Urban Airshed Model
UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
UNICE UNion des Confederations de 1'Industrie et des employeurs d'Europe (union of
industrial and employers' confederations of Europe)
VMT vehicle miles traveled
VOC volatile organic compounds
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This report was prepared with the help of many people. The EPA wishes to acknowledge the
assistance of Sharon Nizich, David Misenheimer, and David Mobley of the Emission Inventory
Branch, as well as staff at E.H. Pechan & Associates, who assisted in preparing the emission
estimates and producing this report: William Barnard, Andrew Bollman, Kirstin Brust, Patricia
Carlson, Allan Dean, Michiel Doom, Gerhard Gschwandtner, Diane Linderman, Teresa Lynch,
Kathleen Manwaring, and Charles Monroe (Durham, North Carolina), and Janice Chen, Dianne
Crocker, Maureen Mullen, Edward Pechan, Susan Rothschild, James Schornagel, Martha Schultz,
Douglas Solomon, Gregory Stella, James Wilson, and Michael Wimberly (Springfield, Virginia).
Appreciation is also extended to Laurel Schultz, William Frietsche, Dat Giap, Evelyn Sue
Kimbrough, and Charles Mann of EPA in preparation of past Trends reports. The agency also
wishes to acknowledge the data and information that were provided by numerous people from
Government agencies and private institutions and organizations.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report presents the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's (EPA) latest estimates of
national and regional emissions for criteria air
pollutants:3 carbon monoxide (CO), lead (Pb),
nitrogen oxides (NOX), fine paniculate matter
less than ten microns (PM-10), sulfur dioxide
(SO2), total particulate matter [TP (only in
Appendix C)] and reactive volatile organic
compounds (VOC). Estimates are presented
for the years 1900 to 1992, with increasing
detail in more recent years.
National emissions are estimated annually by
the U.S. EPA based on statistical information
about each source category, emission factor,
and control efficiency. The estimates are
made for over 450 individual source categories
that include all major sources of anthropogenic
emissions for the years 1900 through 1984.
Methodologies to estimate 1984, 1985, and
1986 emission estimates differ. Differences
in methodologies for allocating emissions
among source categories could result in
significant changes in the emission estimates,
particularly at the more detailed source
category level. CAUTION SHOULD BE
EXERCISED WHEN COMPARING
TRENDS FOR TOTALS OF PRE- AND
POST-1985 VALUES.
Starting with 1985, the estimates are based on
a modified National Acid Precipitation
Assessment Program (NAPAP)1 methodology.
This will allow for the inclusion of emissions
data compiled and submitted by individual
state pollution control agencies. As these
detailed source emissions data progressively
replace the broader, economic-activity based
emission estimates, the accuracy of the
national and regional estimates should
improve, but comparisons with previously
published estimates must take into account this
changing complexion of the data base. This
change in methodology is only a first step,
however, so caution should be used when
using this report for comparative purposes.
More details on the changing methodology are
described in section 5. The emission estimates
for individual source categories are aggregated
to show the emission trends at the national and
regional levels and by major source category.
ES.l EMISSION SUMMARY
Table ES-1 and Figures ES-1 and ES-2 present
national emissions of each pollutant in units of
million tonsb per year, except Pb, which is
expressed in thousand tons per year.
Table ES-1 shows emissions for every fifth
year from 1900 to 1980, and for every year
from 1982 to 1992. Table ES-2 shows the
change in total national emissions of each
pollutant since 1900, where available. The
percentage change is shown for five time
periods; 1900 to 1992, 1940 to 1992, 1970 to
1992, 1982 to 1992, and 1991 to 1992.
Since 1900C, total national NOX emissions have
increased by 790 percent (approximately a
factor of 9), SO2 emission have increased
approximately 130 percent, and VOC
emissions have increased 195 percent. From
1970 to 1992, emissions of Pb show the
greatest decrease (98 percent), followed by
PM-10 [excluding fugitive dust (51 percent)],
SO2 (27 percent), CO (27 percent), and VOC
(24 percent). NOX emissions appear to have
increased approximately 11 percent.
Emissions of PM-10 and Pb show their
greatest decrease in the 1970s, while emissions
ES-1
-------
of the other pollutants show their greatest
decrease in the 1980s.
The 1990, 1991, and 1992 emission estimates
are preliminary and will be revised in the next
report when final data from ozone State
Implementation Plans (SIPs) are available.
Using the methodology explained in section 5,
it was estimated that from 1991 to 1992 coal
consumption (a major source of SO2)
increased, as well as overall vehicular traffic
(a major source of CO, NOX, and VOC).
Estimated industrial activity varied during this
period; some source categories increased
production, while others did not. Based on the
preliminary emission estimates for 1992, Pb
emissions have increased slightly from 1991,
while emissions of all other pollutants have
continued to decrease.
The following sections present a brief
description of the changes in total national
emissions of each pollutant from 1991 to
1992. Because of the small percentage change
from 1991 to 1992, combined with the
inherent error in the estimation procedure, the
trend based on a 1-year change is not
definitive. The data are presented in Table
ES-1.
ES.2 EMISSIONS SUMMARY BY
POLLUTANT
ES.2.1 Carbon Monoxide Emissions
Total national CO emissions in 1992 are
estimated to be 87.18 million tons, as
compared to 90.68 million tons in 1991. From
1991 to 1992, the total emissions from
highway vehicles decreased by 3.54 million
tons. This decrease is due in part to the
replacement of older, less efficient automobiles
with newer automobiles. CO emissions from
residential wood combustion decreased by
0.42 million tons during this period.
ES.2.2 Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
Total national NOX emissions in 1992 are
estimated to be 23.15 million tons, as
compared to 23.41 million tons in 1991. This
change is due to a 3.08 percent decrease in
NOX emissions from highway vehicles as
older, less efficient automobiles were replaced
with newer automobiles. For the past 5 years,
national emissions of NOX have remained
nearly constant despite increased vehicular
traffic. As a point of comparison, the total
national emissions in 1986 were 22.28 million
tons.
ES.2.3 Reactive Volatile Organic
Compound Emissions
Total VOC emissions in 1992 are estimated to
be 22.73 million tons, as compared to
23.40 million tons in 1991. Highway vehicles
continued to be a major source of VOC.
Vehicle miles traveled (VMT) increased from
2,228 x 109 miles in 1991 to 2,272 x 109 miles
traveled in 1992. As a result of continued
replacement of older automobiles, total VOC
emissions from gasoline-powered highway
vehicles decreased by 11 percent from 1991 to
1992, according to EPA calculations.
The decrease in highway emissions from 1991
to 1992 was offset by an increase in off-
highway emissions, from 2.06 million tons in
1991 to 2.13 million tons in 1992.
ES.2.4 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
Total national emissions of SO2 in 1992 are
estimated to be 22.73 million tons, as
compared to 22.77 million tons in 1991. The
most significant changes in SO2 emissions
ES-2
-------
since 1991 appear to have occurred in the
stationary fuel combustion sources (electric
utilities, industrial, commercial/institutional,
residential). Increased consumption of
bituminous coal by electric utilities and
industrial boilers in 1992 was negated by the
decreased usage of other fuels (subbituminous
coal, oil, gas) which yielded a net decrease in
emissions from stationary fuel combustion
sources.
ES.2.5 Lead Emissions
Total national lead emissions increased from
5.01 thousand tons in 1991 to 5.18 thousand
tons in 1992. Historically, large decreases in
lead emissions occurred prior to the 1980s
after the introduction of unleaded gasoline.
For example, in 1970, lead emissions from
highway vehicles were 171.96 thousand tons,
compared to 62.19 thousand tons in 1980. In
contrast, total emissions of lead from highway
vehicles in 1992 were only 1.38 thousand tons,
a drop from the 1.52 thousand tons emitted
from highway vehicles in 1991. The modest
overall increase in lead emissions from 1991
to 1992 is related to general economic growth.
ES.2.6 Particulate Matter Emissions
Total national emissions of PM-10 from point
and fugitive process sources are estimated to
be 5.93 million tons in 1992. (Point and
fugitive process source categories include all
source categories except fugitive dust sources.)
After fugitive dust, industrial processes are the
largest contributor to emissions of PM-10. In
1991, industrial processes contributed
1.87 million tons, as compared to 1.94 million
tons in 1992. The net effect of these changes
was an increase in total national emissions of
approximately 0.12 thousand tons from point
and fugitive process sources.
Total national fugitive dust PM-10 emissions
in 1992 are estimated to be 45.50 million tons,
which is about 8 times the total emissions
from point and fugitive process sources. The
total PM-10 emissions from fugitive dust
sources (agricultural tilling, construction,
mining and quarrying, paved roads, unpaved
roads, and wind erosion) for 1985 to 1992
ranges from 42.04 million tons in 1987 to
59.84 million tons in 1988. Decreased wind
erosion is largely responsible for the decrease
in total fugitive dust PM-10 emissions (49.54
to 45.50 million tons) from 1991 to 1992.
a The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires that the EPA Administrator publish a list of pollutants that have adverse
effects on public health or welfare, and which are emitted from numerous and diverse stationary or mobile
sources. For each pollutant, a "criteria" document must be compiled and published by the Administrator. The
criteria are scientific compendia of the studies documenting adverse effects of specific pollutants at various
concentrations in the ambient air. For each pollutant, National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are set
at levels which, based on the criteria, protect the public health and the public welfare from any known or
anticipated adverse effects. Regulated pollutants are therefore referred to as "criteria pollutants."
b Unless otherwise noted, all references to tons in this report are short tons.
c It should be noted that the historic emission estimates may not be as reliable as the more recent estimates as
a result of increased uncertainty in early statistics and assumptions.
ES-3
-------
Table ES-1. Summary of of National Emission Estimates*
(million short tons)
YEAR
1900"*
1905*"
1910"*
1915"*
1920***
1925*"
1930*"
1935*"
1940
1945*"
1950
1955***
1960
1965***
1970
1975
1980**"
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990*""
1991***"
1992*****
VOC
7.76
8.12
8.40
9.05
9.29
13.36
18.32
16.20
17.12
17.48
20.86
22.18
24.32
27.73
29.74
25.14
28.35
24.86
25.41
26.14
25.01
25.35
24.72
25.02
23.91
23.67
23.40
22.73
S02
9.99
13.96
17.28
20.29
21.14
23.26
21.11
16.98
19.95
26.01
22.38
20.88
22.25
26.75
31.33
28.12
26.21
23.38
22.73
23.66
23.39
22.48
22.62
23.09
23.20
22.82
22.77
22.73
NOX
2.61
3.31
4.10
4.67
5.16
7.30
8.02
6.64
7.57
9.55
10.40
11.56
14.58
16.58
20.86
22.30
23.66
22.67
22.01
22.63
22.42
22.28
22.81
23.63
23.48
23.56
23.41
23.15
CO
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
90.87
94.83
98.79
101.28
103.78
111.24
118.70
102.11
129.00
116.15
115.96
112.97
107.90
104.89
99.30
99.07
93.39
92.38
90.68
87.18
PM-10
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
15.43
15.79
16.16
15.03
13.90
12.99
12.08
7.25
7.02
5.45
6.09
6.35
6.18
5.81
6.04
6.44
6.21
6.08
5.81
5.93
PM-10
(fugitive
dust)**
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
44.68
49.90
42.04
59.84
53.16
44.77
49.54
45.50
Pb
(thousand
short tons)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
219.47
158.54
74.96
57.67
49.23
42.22
20.12
7.30
6.84
6.46
6.10
5.63
5.01
5.18
NOTE(S): * NA denotes not available. 1.1 million short tons equals 1 million metric tons.
Fugitive dust emissions not included in PM-10 estimates prior to 1985.
*** NAPAP historical emissions2'3
**** There is a change in methodology for determining highway vehicle and off-highway emission estimates.
***** 1990,1991, and 1992 estimates are preliminary.
ES-4
-------
Table ES-2. Percent Change in National Emission Estimates*
Pollutant 1900 to 1992 1940 to 1992 1970 to 1992 1982 to 1992 1991 to 1992
voc
S02
NOX
CO
PM-10
Pb
193
128
787
NA
NA
NA
33
14
206
-4
-62
NA
-24
-27
11
-27
-51
-98
-2
-1
0
-29
9
-52
-3
-0
-1
-4
-7
3
NOTE(S): * NA denotes not available. 1992 estimates are preliminary; negative percent change indicates a decrease;
PM-10 comparisons prior to 1991 are for nonfugitive dust emissions only.
There is a change in methodology for determining highway vehicle emission estimates in 1980.
ES-5
-------
9-SH
Emissions (million short tons)
8
-------
Figure ES-2. Trend in National Emission Estimates, CO, FD, and Pb
150
w
GO
* The abrupt rise in emissions from 1979 to 1980 is due to changes in methods for calculating highway vehicle and off-highway emissions.
** FD = PM-10 fugitive dust emissions
-------
SECTION 1.0
INTRODUCTION
This report presents the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's (EPA) latest estimates of
national and regional emissions for criteria air
pollutantsd: carbon monoxide (CO), lead (Pb),
nitrogen oxides (NOX), fine participate matter
less than ten microns (PM-10), sulfur dioxide
(SO2), total particulate matter [TP (only in
Appendix C)], and reactive volatile organic
compounds (VOC). Estimates are presented
since 1900 with increasing detail in the later
years.
This report contains information on the
improved methodology for estimating
emissions from 1985 to the present, and for
calculating emissions from highway vehicles.
A new set of categories is also being
introduced in this year's report. The new
methodology for estimating 1992 emissions
allows emissions to be calculated by season as
well as by state. International emissions from
Europe and Canada are presented, as well as
emissions from the Toxic Release Inventory
(TRI). Finally, a phase-out of reporting TP
emissions in favor of PM-10 has been
initiated.
1.1 WHAT'S NEW
To date, each year the EPA has prepared
national emission estimates for assessing
historic trends in criteria pollutant emissions.
While these estimates have been prepared
using consistent methodologies and have been
useful for evaluating emission changes from
year to year, they have not provided an
absolute indication of emissions for any given
year. For this year's report, EPA set a goal of
preparing emission trends that would also
represent absolute emissions, particularly for
the more recent years where better emissions
data bases are available. To achieve this goal
of absolute emissions, methodologies have
been changed. The process is complex,
however. A combination of methodologies
has to be incorporated before the end result
(one methodology) can be obtained. In this
year's report, the reader will find four types of
methodology covering four distinct periods :
1900 to 1939, 1940 to 1984, 1985, and 1986
to 1992 (see description of methods on the
following page and in section 5). Since
accuracy and availability of historical data is
limited, this Trends report will not be
revisiting the earlier years (pre-1970) through
each year's analysis (some exceptions are
discussed in section 5). However, numerous
changes in current year totals will be apparent
as state actual and state modeling data become
available. Please note that methodologies
within a given period will also vary, as more
accurate data are loaded into the Trends data
base.
States are currently finalizing a large
emissions data base from calendar year 1990
to support Clean Air Act Amendments
(CAAA) requirements for ozone and carbon
monoxide nonattainment areas. Actions in
revising the Trends methodology to achieve
consistency with state emission inventories
will be described in more detail in section 5.
This change in methodology has allowed
Trends to present emissions for the state and
ozone nonattainment areas. It also allows for
the display of emissions by season. This
1-1
-------
report will also expand its scope from
national-level criteria pollutant emissions to
international (Canadian and European), air
toxics, and greenhouse gas emissions. Trends
will also phase out the reporting of TP
emissions, which will be replaced with PM-10,
consistent with changes in the National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).
1.1.1 Methodology Changes
Emission inventory data being submitted by
the states in response to the CAAA will be
used in numerous activities, one of which is
modeling. The modeling community will
incorporate emissions data into Regional
Oxidant Model (ROM) and Urban Airshed
Model (UAM) runs. Results obtained with
urban models may be sensitive to assumptions
made about pollution transported into the
urban modeling domain. Thus, the EPA will
be running the ROM to provide base and
future year boundary conditions. For the base
year, this entails multiple ROM runs covering
approximately 180 episode days over a 5-year
period (1987 to 1991). For the future base
year modeling, the attainment years 1996,
1999, 2005, and 2007 will need to be
modeled. To support the ROM runs, an
emission inventory is needed for the regional
modeling domain. Since the states are not
required to develop or submit statewide
emission inventories for all source categories,
and since nonattainment area emission
inventories are not required to be submitted
and approved in a time frame to support the
ROM runs, EPA developed Regional Interim
Emission Inventories (1987-1991), Volume I:
Development Methodologies (hereinafter
referred to as "Interim")4 for the 1987 to 1991
base years.
Within the current Aerometric Information
Retrieval System (AIRS), the majority of the
emissions data reported are for sources within
a nonattainment area or for sources emitting
greater than 100 tons per year, because this is
the only information the states are required to
report. However, for modeling analysis and
trend evaluations, information on emissions
from all sources (both within and outside of
nonattainment areas) is required. Several
projects are in progress or have been recently
completed, that address parts of the problem
described above. For instance, in an effort to
compare inventories, a new listing of source
categories (Tier 1) and subcategories (Tier 2)
applicable to all criteria pollutants was
developed. A third level of subcategories
(Tier 3) that is pollutant specific was also
developed, and Source Classification Codes
(SCCs) were assigned to these subcategories.
The Tier 1 and Tier 2 categories are listed in
Table 1-1.
The U.S. EPA's Emission Inventory Branch
(EIB) is developing procedures/criteria5 for
replacing Interim emissions data with ozone
SlP-submitted data. Eventually, this will
result in a 1990 Base Year Inventory that
consists of state data for nonattainment areas
and EPA-generated data for all other areas.
The EIB is also developing a data management
and reporting system to manipulate the output
from the above tasks. When all these tasks
are completed, the EIB will be able to extract
the most current state inventories from AIRS
and supplement the gaps with EPA-generated
attainment inventories. The EIB has already
made several changes to the Trends
methodology to make the transition smoother.
Efforts to revise the Trends methodology to
achieve consistency with state emission
inventories have begun by integrating the
Interim methodology. The next step will be to
integrate the state SIP emission inventories
1-2
-------
into Trends. In general, the Trends emissions
will reflect the Trends methodology for. 1900
through 1984, the 1985 National Acid
Precipitation Assessment Program Emission
Inventory (NAPAP)1 methodology for 1985,
and the Interim methodology for 1986 through
1992. Although there have been many
changes to the Trends methodology, some
methods have remained constant. For
example, the 1900 through 1939 VOC, NOX,
and SO2 emissions were extracted from the
NAPAP historical emissions report.2'3 In
addition, all particulate and lead emissions
(1940 to 1992), and all SO2 (except 1980
electric utility emissions), NOX, CO, and VOC
emissions from 1940 to 1984 (except 1980
through 1984 transportation emissions)
reported in Trends are based on the previous
national "top-down" methodology. Section 5
describes modifications made to the previous
Trends, 1985 NAPAP, and Interim Inventory
methodologies to produce this report.
1.1.2 Highway Vehicle Emissions
The methodology for estimating highway
vehicles has been modified from that used to
produce previous estimates. The main
differences are use of MOBILES, inclusion of
inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs,
use of additional speed classes, and use of
California's on-road motor vehicle emission
factor model (to estimate California
emissions). More details are described in
section 5.
1.1.3 Temporal and Spatial Allocation
Starting with this year's report, state-level
emissions for the current year are included.
Multiple year trends will continue to be
portrayed only at the regional and national
levels. The trends in emissions will remain at
the regional level for simplicity. Figure 1-1 is
a map of the United States displaying the
states in each U.S. EPA region. The top 30
plants in AIRS Facility Subsystem (AFS) are
presented in section 2 for all six criteria
pollutants.
Current year seasonal emissions for Tier 1
source categories will be presented beginning
with this report.
1.1.4 Other Emission Inventories
In addition to presenting an update of the
special biogenic VOC emission inventory
reported in the last Trends report, greenhouse
gas and air toxic emissions are presented.
Emissions from Canada and Europe are also
presented in this report.
1.1.5 Particulate Matter Emissions
On July 1, 1987, EPA published a final rule
embodying an ambient air quality standard for
PM-10 designed to replace the existing
standard for particulates, commonly referred to
as total particulate matter (TP). Starting with
this year's report TP will be presented only in
Appendix C. This report presents PM-10
emissions for years prior to 1985. These
estimates are based on TP emissions and were
developed by engineering judgment. The
methodology is explained in section 5.
1.2 IN THIS REPORT
There have been some changes in the format
of this year's report. These changes are
intended to make the report more
comprehensible and informative. The previous
executive summary format has been divided
into two parts: (1) the executive summary,
which gives a quick look at the current year's
emissions and (2) an introduction, section 1,
which informs the reader of changes to the
1-3
-------
report and how the report is structured.
Section 2 gives a detailed account of the
current year emissions by pollutant, source
category, state, nonattainment area, county,
and season and by a listing of top-emitting
facilities. Section 3 discusses the national
trend in emissions from 1900 (where
available) to the current year. (This section is
a combination of last year's sections 2 and 5.)
Section 4 presents the regional trends in
emissions from 1985 through the current year.
An explanation of the methodologies used to
determine emissions for 1900 through 1939,
1940 through 1984, 1985, and 1986 through
the current year is found in section 5. The
seasonal and total emission projections for the
nation are presented in section 6. (This
section is a combination of last year's sections
6 and 7.) Section 7 presents biogenic
emissions. Section 8 displays emission
estimates from sources, noncriteria pollutants,
or countries not traditionally part of the Trends
report. These emissions were developed by
EPA and other Government agencies.
As in last year's report, all emissions reported
in tables and figures in the body of the report
are in multiples of short tons. Tables and
figures now appear at the end of each section
in the order in which they are discussed.
Appendix A contains tables for each of the
criteria pollutants by Tier 3 source categories.
If a zero is reported, the emissions are less
than 0.5 thousand tons (or 0.5 tons for Pb).
An "NA" means that the apportionment of the
historic emission estimates to these
subcategories was not possible. If a tier
category does not appear, then emissions are
not currently estimated for that category
(either EPA thinks the emissions are zero or
does not currently know how to estimate them
with limited resources). The regional total
emissions for each criteria pollutant are
located in Appendix B. PM-10 fugitive dust
emissions are also shown separately by region.
Emissions of TP by Tier 3 source categories
are presented in Appendix C. Some duplicate
tables of the major source categories and
subcategories for each criteria pollutant in
metric tons are located in Appendix D of the
report.
Emissions of NOX are expressed as weight-
equivalent nitrogen dioxide. Molecular
weights associated with VOC emissions are
more complex, since there is a wide range
associated with the individual compounds
emitted. Therefore, no equivalent molecular
weight standard exists for VOC. The VOC
emissions referred to in this report include
reactive volatile organic compounds.
d The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires that the EPA Administrator publish a list of pollutants that have adverse
effects on public health or welfare, and which are emitted from numerous and diverse stationary or mobile
sources. For each pollutant, a "criteria" document must be compiled and published by the Administrator. The
criteria are scientific compendia of the studies documenting adverse effects of specific pollutants at various
concentrations in the ambient air. For each pollutant, National Ambient Air Quality Standards are set at levels
which, based on the criteria, protect the public health and the public welfare from any known or anticipated
adverse effects. Regulated pollutants are therefore referred to as "criteria pollutants."
1-4
-------
Table 1-1. Major Source Categories
TIER1
TIER 2
FUEL COMBUSTION-ELECTRIC UTILITIES
FUEL COMBUSTION-INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMBUSTION-OTHER
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG.
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
Commercial / Institutional Coal
Commercial / Institutional Oil
Commercial / Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Combustion (except residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
Organic Chemical Mfg.
Inorganic Chemical Mfg.
Polymer & Resin Mfg.
Agricultural Chemical Mfg.
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg.
Pharmaceutical Mfg.
Other Chemical Mfg.
Nonferrous
Ferrous
Not elsewhere classified
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
Asphalt Manufacturing
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Construction
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
Nonindustrial
1-5
(continued)
-------
TIER1
Table 1-1 (continued)
TIER 2
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
NATURAL SOURCES
MISCELLANEOUS
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage I
Service Stations: Stage II
Service Stations: Breathing & Emptying
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
Bulk Materials Transport
Incineration
Open Burning
Publicly owned treatment works
Industrial Waste Water
Treatment storage and disposal facility
Landfills
Other
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
Nonroad Gasoline
Nonroad Diesel
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
Railroads
Biogenic
Geogenic
Miscellaneous (lightning, freshwater, saltwater)
Agriculture & Forestry
Other Combustion (forest fires)
Catastrophic / Accidental Releases
Repair Shops
Health Services
Cooling Towers
Fugitive Dust
NOTE(S): Refer to section 5.0 for a description of source categories. For the purposes of this report, forest fires are
considered anthropogenic sources although some fires may be caused by nature.
1-6
-------
Figure 1-1. EPA Administrative Regions
-------
-------
SECTION 2.0
SUMMARY OF 1992 EMISSIONS
Although the EPA has produced an annual
estimate of emission trends since 1973, this
report is the first in a series which will present
emissions at the state, ozone nonattainment
area, and seasonal level for CO, NOX, VOC,
and SO2. There has also been a rearrangement
of source categories. As a result of these
changes, the report format has been changed.
The more detailed information (state, county,
nonattainment area, and seasonal emissions)
will be presented for the current year of
emissions. The source categories have
changed from previous reports that stressed
three major source categories (stationary fuel
combustion, transportation, and industrial
processes) to the tier structure of 14 major
categories.
This report is the second in a series which will
track the changes in the top-emitting sources
of CO, NOX, VOC, and SO2 emissions and the
first in a series which will track PM-10, Pb,
and industrial SO2. AIRS/AFS was used to
determine the types of plants that emit large
quantities of criteria pollutants. Emissions
were extracted from AIRS/AFS using "Plant
Emissions Report, AFP 634,"n excluding
plants listed as permanently closed. In
addition, some adjustments were made for data
that were obviously in error.
Note: Emission estimates used for this report
were not quality assured/quality controlled
(QA/QC) and represent the last year of update.
When a state is updating its inventory, the
emissions are not in AIRS/AFS. Therefore,
depending on the day the data are extracted,
the list of top emitters may change. Because
these lists are based on several different
extractions and some additional adjustments
have been made, the data in tables in this
report may not correspond precisely to the
data currently in AIRS/AFS. However, this
report has presented the top 30 sources based
to the maximum extent possible, on
AIRS/AFS.
The most common industries by pollutant
contained in the list of top 30 emitting sources
are defined in Table 2-1.
2.1 CARBON MONOXIDE
EMISSIONS
The 1992 emissions of CO were calculated
using one of three methodologies depending
on the source category. All three methods are
based on the Interim methodology (details are
provided in section 5). Highway vehicle
emissions for 1992 were estimated using the
MOBILES emission factor model and VMT
projected from the Federal Highway
Administration's (FHWA) Highway
Performance Monitoring System (HPMS).
The fossil-fuel steam electric utility emissions
were derived by the same method as the 1991
electric utility emissions reported in the
Interim report. Area source, solvents, and
nonutility point emissions were projected from
the 1990 Interim Inventory using the E-GAS
model. By using this new methodology,
Trends is now able to present CO emissions at
the state, county, ozone nonattainment area,
and seasonal levels.
2-1
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2.1.1 Emissions by Source Category
2.1.2 Spatial Emissions
As mentioned earlier, the source categories
have changed from previous reports. There
are now 14 first-level (Tier 1) categories. In
Tier 1, the natural sources category contains
minimal CO emissions and thus is not
estimated for Trends. (Studies are currently
underway, however, on isoprene oxidation,
monoterpene, and other organic compound
emissions.) Figure 2-1 presents a pie chart of
the remaining 13 categories, three of which
(solvent utilization, storage and transport, and
electric utility fuel combustion) constitute less
than 0.5 percent of the total and are combined
with petroleum and related industries,
industrial fuel combustion, other industrial
processes, waste disposal and recycling, and
chemical and allied chemical manufacturing in
the "All Other" category. As the figure shows,
highway vehicles are the major contributor to
CO emissions. In 1992, they represented
63 percent of the total CO emissions. Of the
total highway emissions, 69 percent are from
light-duty gasoline-powered vehicles. Because
there was a change of methodology (see
section 5), motorcycle emissions are not
estimated. The second major contributor to
CO emissions are off-highway vehicles, which
constitute approximately 17 percent of total
CO emissions. These emissions result
primarily from the gasoline consumption by
construction, industrial and farm equipment,
and recreational marine vessels. Table A-3, in
Appendix A presents a complete breakdown of
transportation emissions.
Table 2-2 presents the point and area split of
the Tier 1 source categories. Area source
emissions, including transportation sources,
constituted 93 percent of total CO emissions in
1992.
The 1992 CO emissions were estimated at the
county level and summed to the state level.
These estimates are presented in Tables 2-3
and 2-4 and Figures 2-2 and 2-3.
2.1.2.1 State-level Emissions
Because the methodology for estimating
emissions has changed for CO, the total state
emissions can now be estimated. As
mentioned earlier, these emissions are
preliminary and may change in future reports.
Table 2-3 presents the point, area, and total
emissions estimated for each state in
alphabetical order. Table 2-4 presents the
same information, but in descending order by
total emissions. The emissions for Alaska and
Hawaii include only highway vehicle and
fossil-fuel steam electric utility emissions. (A
base year inventory similar to NAPAP was not
available for these states.) The 10 States with
the largest CO emissions in 1992 are presented
in Figure 2-2. These States represent
48 percent of the total national CO emissions
in 1992.
2.1.2.2 County-level Emissions
Figure 2-3 is a map of the 1992 CO emissions,
in tons per square mile, for each county. As
the map shows, the eastern third and west
coast emit more CO than the western two-
thirds of the continental United States.
2.1.3 Nonattainment Area vs. Total
National Emissions
As a first step towards reporting nonattainment
area emission estimates, Figure 2-4 presents a
typical6 serious and above ozone
nonattainment area with 1992 CO emissions
by major Tier 1 categories. The "All Other"
2-2
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category is defined in section 2.1.1.
Figure 2-4 also presents a comparison between
the 1992 CO typical serious and above ozone
nonattainment area to the total national Tier 1
major source category percentages. The ozone
nonattainment emissions were determined by
summing emissions from all counties in the
three nonattainment areas. As shown in
Figure 2-4, the nonattainment area percentages
closely parallel the national percentages, with
the exception of metals processing and off-
highway sources, which constitute a larger
percentage of the total emissions, and fuel
combustion-other and miscellaneous (primarily
forest fires) sources, which constitute a smaller
percentage of the total emissions.
2.1.4 Emissions from Top 30 Emitters
This report is the second in a series which will
track the top-emitting sources of CO.
Figure 2-5 and Table 2-5 present the plant-
level emissions of the top 30 largest point
source emitters of CO. These emissions were
extracted from AIRS/AFS using "Plant
Emission Report, AFP 634," excluding plants
listed as permanently closed. In addition,
some adjustments were made for data that
were obviously in error. (When a state is
updating its inventory, the emissions are not in
AIRS/AFS. Therefore, depending on the day
the data are extracted, the list of top emitters
may change.) The data presented in Table 2-5
and Figure 2-5 represent the latest updated
year of record, as of November 19, 1993.
2.1.5 Seasonal Emissions
The seasonal emissions were estimated using
three methodologies. Highway vehicle
emissions were estimated for each month, and
then summed to the four seasons. Electric
utilities and area source emissions were
temporally apportioned using state point and
area factors obtained from the NAPAP
methodology.6 The point emissions were
distributed to the seasons based on the 1985
NAPAP seasonal throughput percentages for
each point. The seasons are defined as winter
(December, January, February), spring (March,
April, May), summer (June, July, August), and
autumn (September, October, November).
As shown in Figure 2-6, most Tier 1 source
categories emitted CO in approximately equal
amounts all year, with three exceptions. The
first exception is fuel combustion-other, which
contributes 56 percent during the winter and
only 2 percent in the summer. This difference
is a result of more residential wood burning
during the winter months. The second
exception is off-highway sources, which emit
less in the winter and more in the summer.
The third exception is highway vehicles that
emit greater amounts in cold weather (i.e., the
winter).
2.2 NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS
The 1992 emissions of NOX were calculated
using one of three methodologies, depending
on the source category. All three methods are
based on the Interim methodology (details are
provided in section 5). Highway vehicle
emissions for 1992 were estimated using the
MOBILES emission factor model and VMT
projected from the FHWA's HPMS. The
fossil-fuel steam electric utility emissions were
derived by the same method as the 1991
electric utility emissions reported in the
Interim report. Area source, solvent, and
nonutility point emissions were projected from
the 1990 Interim Inventory using E-GAS. By
using this new methodology, Trends is now
able to present NOX emissions at the state,
county, ozone nonattainment area, and
seasonal levels.
2-3
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2.2.7 Emissions by Source Category
2.2,2.1 State-level Emissions
As mentioned earlier, the source categories in
this report have changed from previous
reports. There are now 14 first-level
categories. Of these 14, natural source
emissions of NOX are considered minimal, and
therefore are not, estimated for Trends.
Figure 2-7 presents a pie chart of the
remaining 13 categories, four of which
(solvent utilization, storage and transport,
waste disposal and recycling, and metals
processing) constitute less than 1 percent of
the total and are combined with chemical and
allied product manufacturing, other industrial
processes, miscellaneous, and petroluem and
related industries in the "All Other" category.
As shown, highway vehicles and electric
utility emissions each represent 32 percent of
the total 1992 NOX emissions. The emissions
from electric utilities are made up of
90 percent coal, of which 68 percent are
emissions from bituminous coal. As with CO
emissions, light-duty gasoline-powered
vehicles (47 percent) are the major contributor
to 1992 highway vehicle NOX emissions.
Tables A-5 and A-6, in Appendix A, present a
complete breakdown of electric utility and
highway vehicle emissions, respectively.
Table 2-6 presents the point and area source
split of the Tier 1 source categories. Area
source emissions, including highway vehicles,
contributed slightly more than half
(55 percent) of the total NOX emissions in
1992.
2.2.2 Spatial Emissions
The 1992 NOX emissions were estimated at the
county level and summed to the state level.
These estimates are presented in Tables 2-7
and 2-8 and Figures 2-8 and 2-9.
Because the methodology for estimating
emissions has changed for NOX, the total state
emissions can now be estimated. As
mentioned earlier, these emissions are
preliminary and may change in future reports.
Table 2-7 presents the point, area, and total
emissions estimated for each state, in
alphabetical order. Table 2-8 presents the
same information, but in descending order by
total emissions. The emissions for Alaska and
Hawaii include only highway vehicle and
fossil-fuel steam electric utility emissions. (A
base year inventory similar to NAPAP was not
available for these states.) The 10 states with
the largest NOX emissions in 1992 are
presented in Figure 2-8. These states represent
50 percent of the total national NOX emissions
in 1992.
2.2.2.2 County-level Emissions
Figure 2-9 is a map of the 1992 NOX
emissions, in tons per square mile, for each
county. As the map shows, the eastern half
and the west coast emit more NOX than the
western half of the continental United States.
2.2.3 Nonattainment Area vs. Total
National Emissions
As a first step towards reporting nonattainment
emission estimates, Figure 2-10 presents a
typical8 serious and above ozone
nonattainment area with 1992 NOX emissions
by major Tier 1 categories. The "All Other"
category is defined in section 2.2.1. Figure 2-
10 also presents a comparison between the
1992 NOX typical serious and above ozone
nonattainment area to the total national11 Tier 1
major source category percentages. The ozone
nonattainment emissions were determined by
2-4
-------
summing emissions from all counties in the
three nonattainment areas. As shown in
Figure 2-10, the nonattainment area
percentages closely parallel the national
percentages, with the exceptions of fuel
combustion-other, highway vehicles, and off-
highway sources, which constitute a larger
percentage of total emissions, and electric
utility sources, which constitute a smaller
percentage of total emissions.
2.2.4 Emissions from Top 30 Emitters
This report is the second in a series which will
track the top emitting sources of NOX.
Figure 2-11 and Table 2-9 present the plant-
level emissions of the top 30 point source
emitters of NOX. These emissions were
extracted from AIRS/AFS using "Plant
Emission Report, AFP 634," excluding plants
listed as permanently closed. In addition,
some adjustments were made for data that
were obviously in error. (When a state is
updating its inventory, the emissions are not in
AIRS/AFS. Therefore, depending on the day
the data are extracted, the list of top emitters
may change.) The data presented in Table 2-9
and Figure 2-11 represent the latest updated
year of record, as of November 19, 1993.
2.2.5 Seasonal Emissions
The seasonal emissions were estimated using
one of three methodologies. Highway vehicle
emissions were estimated for each month, and
then summed to the seasonal total. Electric
utilities and area source emissions were
temporally apportioned by using state point
and area factors obtained from the NAPAP
methodology.6 The point emissions were
distributed to the seasons based on the 1985
NAPAP seasonal throughput percentages for
each point. The seasons are defined as winter
(December, January, February), spring (March,
April, May), summer (June, July, August), and
autumn (September, October, November).
As shown in Figure 2-12, in 1992 most Tier 1
source categories emitted NOX in
approximately equal amounts all year, with
two exceptions: fuel combustion-other and
off-highway emissions. The emissions from
fuel combustion-other are 47 percent in the
winter and 8 percent in the summer. The off-
highway emissions are 21 percent in the
winter and 28 percent in the summer.
2.3 REACTIVE VOLATILE
ORGANIC COMPOUND
EMISSIONS
The 1992 emissions of VOC were calculated
using one of three methodologies, depending
on the source category. All three methods are
based on the Interim methodology (details are
provided in section 5). Highway vehicle
emissions for 1992 were estimated using the
MOBILES emission factor model and VMT
projected from the FHWA's HPMS. The
fossil-fuel steam electric utility emissions were
derived by the same method as the 1991
electric utility emissions reported in the
Interim report. Area source, solvent, and
nonutility point emissions were projected from
the 1990 Interim Inventory using E-GAS. By
using this new methodology, Trends is now
able to present VOC emissions at the state,
county, ozone nonattainment area, and
seasonal levels.
2.3.1 Emissions by Source Category
As mentioned previously, the source categories
in this report have changed from previous
reports. There are now 14 first-level
categories. Of these, biogenics, a subcategory
of natural sources, are considered a major
source of VOC emissions. Biogenic emission
2-5
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estimates for 1990 are included in section 7.
More extensive studies are underway for this
category, and results will be published in the
1994 Trends report. Figure 2-13 presents a
pie chart of the remaining 13 categories. Two
of the source categories (electric utility fuel
combustion and metals processing) constituted
less than 0.5 percent of the total emissions and
are combined with chemical and allied
products, petroleum and related industries,
miscellaneous, other industrial processes, and
fuel combustion (industrial, other). As shown,
highway vehicles and solvent utilization both
contributed 27 percent to the total 1992 VOC
emissions. Light-duty gasoline-powered
vehicles represent 66 percent of the highway
vehicle 1992 VOC emissions. Surface coating
represents 43 percent of the solvent utilization
emissions. There are 26 subcategories of
surface coating. Their contribution to surface
coating emissions are presented in Figure 2-13.
The emissions from these Tier 3 categories are
presented in Table A-9, in Appendix A.
Table 2-10 presents the point and area split of
the Tier 1 source categories. Area source
emissions, including highway vehicles,
constituted 82 percent of total VOC emissions
in 1992.
2.3.2 Spatial Emissions
The 1992 VOC emissions were estimated at
the county level and summed to the state level.
These estimates are presented in Tables 2-11
and 2-12 and Figures 2-14 and 2-15.
2.3.2.1 State-level Emissions
Because the methodology for estimating
emissions has changed for VOC, the total state
emissions can now be estimated. As
mentioned earlier, these emissions are
preliminary and may change in future reports.
Table 2-11 presents the point, area, and total
emissions estimated for each state, in
alphabetical order. Table 2-12 presents the
same information, but in descending order by
total emissions. The emissions for Alaska and
Hawaii include only highway vehicle, fossil-
fuel steam electric utility, and solvent
emissions. (A base year inventory similar to
NAPAP was not available for these states.)
The 10 states with the largest VOC emissions
in 1992 are presented in Figure 2-14. These
states represent 51 percent of the total national
VOC emissions in 1992.
2.3.2.2 County-level Emissions
Figure 2-15 is a map of the 1992 VOC
emissions, in tons per square mile, for each
county. As the map shows, the eastern half
and the west coast emit more VOC than the
western half of the continental United States.
2.3.3 Nonattainment Area vs. Total
National Emissions
As a first step towards reporting nonattainment
emission estimates, Figure 2-16 presents 1992
VOC emissions by major Tier 1 categories for
"typical"1 serious and above ozone
nonattainment area. The "All Other" category
is defined in section 2.3.1. Figure 2-16 also
presents a comparison between the 1992 VOC
typical serious and above ozone nonattainment
area to the total national Tier 1 major source
category percentages. The ozone
nonattainment emissions were determined by
summing emissions from all counties in the
three nonattainment areas. As the figure
shows, the nonattainment area percentages
closely parallel the national percentages. The
sources contributing more to the total
emissions in this typical nonattainment area
are solvent utilization and highway vehicles.
Waste disposal and recycling and storage and
2-6
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transport emissions contribute more to the
national total than to the nonattainment area
total.
2.3.4 Emissions from Top 30 Emitters
This report is the second in a series which will
track the top-emitting sources of VOC.
Figure 2-17 and Table 2-13 present the plant-
level emissions of the top 30 point source
emitters of VOC. These emissions were
extracted from AIRS/AFS using "Plant
Emission Report, AFP 634," excluding plants
listed as permanently closed. In addition,
some adjustments were made for data that
were obviously in error. (When a state is
updating its inventory, the emissions are not in
AIRS/AFS. Therefore, depending on the day
the data are extracted, the list of top emitters
may change.) The data presented in
Table 2-13 and Figure 2-17 represent the latest
updated year of record, as of November 19,
1993.
2.3.5 Seasonal Emissions
The seasonal emissions were estimated using
three methodologies. Highway vehicle
emissions were estimated for each month, and
then summed to the seasonal total. Electric
utilities and area source emissions were
temporally apportioned using state point and
area factors obtained from the NAPAP
methodology.6 The point emissions were
distributed to the seasons based on the 1985
NAPAP seasonal throughput percentages for
each point. The seasons are defined as winter
(December, January, February), spring (March,
April, May), summer (June, July, August), and
autumn (September, October, November).
As shown in Figure 2-18, in 1992, most Tier 1
source categories emitted VOCs in
approximately equal amounts with three
exceptions. The first exception is the other
fuel combustion sources (primarily residential
wood) which accounts for 56 percent of VOC
emissions during the winter and 3 percent
during the summer. Secondly, off-highway
sources emit 19 percent during the winter and
31 percent in the summer. Thirdly, even
though the highway vehicle VOC emissions
are distributed 27 percent in the winter and
24 percent in the summer, the evaporative
VOC emissions (23 percent of total highway
emissions) are greater during the summer
(30 percent) than the winter (20 percent). The
seasonal percentage distribution of highway
vehicle evaporative and exhaust emissions are:
Season
Exhaust Evaporative
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Winter
25
22
24
29
26
30
24
20
2.4 SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS
The 1992 emissions of SO2 were calculated
using one of three methodologies, depending
on the source category. All three
methodologies are based on the Interim
methodology (details are provided in
section 5). Highway vehicle emissions for
1992 were estimated using VMT projected
from the FHWA's HPMS and AP-42 emission
factor. The fossil-fuel steam electric utility
emissions were derived by the same method as
the 1991 electric utility emissions reported in
the Interim report. Area source, solvent, and
nonutility point emissions were projected from
the 1990 Interim Inventory using E-GAS. By
using this new methodology, Trends is now
able to present SO2 emissions at the state,
county, and seasonal level.
2-7
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2.4.1 Emissions by Source Category
As mentioned earlier, the source categories
have changed from previous reports. There
are now 14 first-level categories. Of these 14,
only the natural sources category is not
currently estimated for Trends. (There are
sulfur emissions from marine sources, but they
are considered minor.) Figure 2-19 presents a
pie chart of the remaining 13 categories, five
of which (solvent utilization, storage and
transport, waste disposal and recycling, off-
highway, and miscellaneous) constitute less
than 2 percent of the total and are combined
with chemical and allied product
manufacturing, petroluem and related
industries, and other industrial processes in the
"All Other" category. As shown, electric
utilities are the major contributor to SO2
emissions. In 1992 they represented
70 percent of the total SO2 emissions. The
second largest contributor is industrial fuel
combustion, which produced 14 percent of the
1992 SO2 emissions. The combustion of coal
is 96 percent of the electric utility emissions.
Bituminous coal combustion is 88 percent of
the electric utility coal combustion emissions.
Table 2-14 presents the point and area source
split of the Tier 1 source categories. Point
source emissions, contributed 91 percent to the
total SO2 emissions in 1992.
2.4.2 Spatial Emissions
The 1992 SO2 emissions were estimated at the
county level and summed to the state level.
These estimates are presented in Tables 2-15
and 2-16 and Figures 2-20 and 2-21.
2.4.2.1 State-level Emissions
Because the methodology for estimating
emissions has changed for SO2, the total state
emissions can now be estimated. As
mentioned previously, these emissions are
preliminary and may change in future reports.
Table 2-15 presents the point, area, and total
emissions estimated for each state, in
alphabetical order. Table 2-16 presents the
same information, but in descending order by
total emissions. The emissions for Alaska and
Hawaii include only highway vehicle and
fossil-fuel steam electric utility sources. (A
base year inventory similar to NAPAP was not
available for these states.) The 10 states with
the largest SO2 emissions in 1992 are
presented in Figure 2-20. These states
represent 59 percent of the total national SO2
emissions in 1992.
2.4.2.2 County-level Emissions
Figure 2-21 is a map of the 1992 SO2
emissions, in tons per square mile, for each
county. The eastern half and the west coast
emit more SO2 than the western half of the
continental United States.
2.4.3 Emissions from Top 30 Emitters
This report is the second in a series which will
track the top-emitting sources of SO2 and the
first to track industrial SO2. Figure 2-22 and
Table 2-17 present, respectively, the
geographic location and the plant-level
emissions of the top 30 point source SO2
emitters, all of which are electric utilities.
Figure 2-23 and Table 2-18 present the
corresponding information for the top 30
industrial point sources of SO2 (i.e., excluding
electric utilities). These emissions were
extracted from AIRS/AFS using "Plant
Emission Report, AFP 634," excluding plants
listed as permanently closed. In addition,
some adjustments were made for data that
were obviously in error. (When a state is
updating its inventory, the emissions are not in
2-8
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AIRS/AFS. Therefore, depending on the day
the data are extracted, the list of top emitters
may change.) The data presented in
Tables 2-17 and 2-18 and Figures 2-22 and
2-23 represent the latest updated year of
record, as of November 19, 1993.
2.4.4 Seasonal Emissions
The seasonal emissions were estimated using
three methods. Highway vehicle emissions
were estimated for each month, and then
summed to each season. Electric utilities and
area source emissions were temporally
apportioned using state point and area factors
obtained from the NAPAP methodology.6 The
point emissions were distributed to the seasons
based on the 1985 NAPAP seasonal
throughput percentages for each point. The
seasons are defined as winter (December,
January, February), spring (March, April,
May), summer (June, July, August), and
autumn (September, October, November).
As shown in Figure 2-24, in 1992, most Tier
1 source categories emitted SO2 in
approximately equal amounts all year. An
exception is fuel combustion-other, which
emits 42 percent during the winter and only
12 percent in the summer. This difference is
a result of more residential fuel combustion in
the winter than any other time of the year.
Highway vehicles and solvent utilization emit
less during the winter.
2.5 LEAD EMISSIONS
The 1992 emissions of Pb were estimated by
the same methodology used to produce the
1991 emissions in the last report.7 The 1992
emissions are based on extending the trend of
the Pb emission estimates since 1986 (details
are provided in section 5). This methodology
makes estimating state and seasonal emissions
very resource intensive; therefore, only
national emission estimates are presented here.
2.5.1 Emissions by Source Category
As mentioned earlier, the source categories in
this report have changed from previous
reports. There are now 14 first-level
categories. Of these categories, the following
five are not estimated for Pb: solvent
utilization, storage and transport, petroleum
and related industries, natural sources, and
miscellaneous. The remaining nine categories
are presented in a pie chart in Figure 2-25.
The "All Other" category includes chemical
and allied product manufacturing, other
industrial processes, and fuel combustion
(electric utility and industrial). Metal
processing, the major contributor of Pb
emissions in 1992, represents 40 percent of the
total emissions. Nonferrous metal processing
represents 64 percent of the 1992 metals
processing Pb emissions. Primary and
secondary Pb products are responsible for 30
and 23 percent, respectively, of the nonferrous
metals processing Pb emissions in 1992.
2.5.2 Emissions from Top 30 Emitters
This report is the first in a series which will
track the top-emitting sources of Pb. Figure
2-26 and Table 2-19 present the plant-level
emissions of the top 30 largest point source
emitters of Pb. These emissions were
extracted from AIRS/AFS using "Plant
Emission Report, AFP 634," excluding plants
listed as permanently closed. In addition,
some adjustments were made for data that
were obviously in error. (When a state is
updating its inventory, the emissions are not in
AIRS/AFS. Therefore, depending on the day
the data are extracted, the list of top emitters
may change.) Many of the sources located in
and responsible for nonattainment problems
2-9
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are not included in Table 2-19 and
Figure 2-26. Efforts are being made to
include the emission data for nonattainment
area sources into AIRS/AFS. As a result, the
emission estimates listed in Table 2-19 and
located on Figure 2-26 underestimate the
national totals due to incomplete data. As an
example, Tennessee has three Pb
nonattainment areas; however, there are no
Tennessee sources in Table 2-19 or
Figure 2-26. The data presented in Table 2-19
and Figure 2-26 represent the latest update
year of record, as of November 19, 1993. The
states not shaded in Figure 2-26 currently
contain no emissions data in AIRS/AFS.
2.6 PARTICULATE MATTER
EMISSIONS
The 1992 emissions from particulate matter
were estimated by the same methodology used
to produce the 1991 emissions in the last
report. The 1992 emissions are based on
extending the trend of the PM-10 emission
estimates from previous years (details are in
section 5). This methodology makes
estimating state and seasonal emissions very
resource intensive; therefore, only national
emission estimates are presented in this
section.
2.6.1 Emissions by Source Category
As mentioned earlier, the source categories in
this report have changed from previous
reports. There are now 14 first-level
categories. Of these categories, the following
three are not estimated for PM-10: solvent
utilization, storage and transport, and natural
sources. Figure 2-27 presents a pie chart in
which the remaining categories, with the
exclusion of fugitive dust sources, have been
combined in the "All Other" category.
Fugitive dust sources constitute 99 percent of
the 1992 total PM-10 emissions. Unpaved
roads (33 percent) are the greatest contributor
to 1992 PM-10 fugitive dust emissions. The
remaining 5 categories are construction
(23 percent), paved roads (17 percent),
agricultural tilling (15 percent), wind erosion
(10 percent), and mining and quarrying
(1 percent).
2.6.2 Emissions from Top 30 Emitters
This report is the first in a series which will
track the top-emitting sources of PM-10.
Figure 2-28 and Table 2-20 present the plant-
level emissions of the top 30 largest point
source emitters of PM-10. These emissions
were extracted from AIRS/AFS using the
"Plant Emission Report, AFP 634," excluding
plants listed as permanently closed. In
addition, some adjustments were made for data
that were obviously in error. (When a state is
updating its inventory, the emissions are not in
AIRS/AFS. Therefore, depending on the day
the data are extracted, the list of top emitters
may change.) Many of the sources located in
and responsible for nonattainment problems
are not included in Table 2-20 and
Figure 2-28. Efforts are being made to
include the emission data from nonattainment
area sources into AIRS/AFS. As a result, the
emission estimates listed in Table 2-20 and
Figure 2-28 underestimate the national totals
due to incomplete data. As an example,
Montana has eight PM-10 nonattainment areas;
however, there are no Montana sources in
Table 2-20 or Figure 2-28. The data presented
in Table 2-20 and Figure 2-28 represent the
latest updated year of record, as of
November 19, 1993. The states not shaded in
Figure 2-28 had no emissions data reported in
AIRS/AFS at the time of the extraction.
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e The emissions from three serious or above ozone nonattainment areas were summed to produce a "typical"
serious and above ozone nonattainment area.
f The national percentages in Figure 2-4 include the nonattainment area emissions.
8 The emissions from three serious or above ozone nonattainment areas were summed to produce a "typical"
serious and above ozone nonattainment area.
h The national percentages in Figure 2-10 include the nonattainment area emissions.
1 The emissions from three serious or above ozone nonattainment areas were summed to produce a "typical"
serious and above ozone nonattainment area.
j The national percentages in Figure 2-16 include the nonattainment area emissions.
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Table 2-1. Predominant Industries in the Top 30 from AIRS/AFS
Pollutant
Industry
No. of Plants
CO
Pb
NO2
PM-10
SO2
Industrial SO2
VOC
Steel mills
Carbon black producers
Aluminum plants
Primary and secondary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals
Steel mills
Electric utilities
Electric utilities
Steel mills
Electric Utilities
Petroleum refineries
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals
Steel mills
Industrial organic and inorganic chemical plants
Petroleum Refineries
Steel mills
11
9
5
11
5
30
6
3
30
7
8
3
11
5
5
Table 2-2. CO 1992 National Point and Area Tier 1 Source Category Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Tier
Point
Area
Total % Point % Area % Total
Fuel Combustion - electric utility
Fuel Combustion - industrial
Fuel Combustion - other
Chemical & Allied Product Mfg.
Metals Processing
Petroleum & Related Ind.
Other Industrial Processes
Solvent Utilization
Storage & Transport
Waste Disposal & Recycling
Highway Vehicles
Off-Highway
Miscellaneous
Total
311
473
89
1,873
1,978
403
720
2
100
76
0
0
0
6,026
0
241
5,065
0
0
0
2
0
0
1,611
55,288
14,679
4,271
81,157
311
714
5,154
1,873
1,978
403
722
2
100
1,686
55,288
14,679
4,271
87,183
5.17
7.85
1.48
31.09
32.83
6.69
11.95
0.03
1.66
1.25
0
0
0
100
0
0.30
6.24
0
0
0
0.00
0
0
1.98
68.13
18.09
5.26
100
0.36
0.82
5.91
2.15
2.27
0.46
0.83
0.00
0.12
1.93
63.42
16.84
4.90
100
2-12
-------
Table 2-3. State CO 1992 Point, Area, and Total Emissions, by State
(thousand short tons)
State
Point
Area
Total
% Point
% Area
.Total
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
241
0
10
102
105
8
6
41
2
78
199
1
5
150
613
11
71
78
757
17
24
15
266
77
91
143
37
3
60
16
8
23
39
129
8
334
77
24
257
0
51
5
153
737
45
0
50
409
323
68
56
6,026
1,662
80
1,282
769
7,188
1,156
846
218
108
4,249
2,704
204
1,111
2,798
2,008
836
847
1,302
1,724
525
1,321
1,731
3,162
1,569
1,045
1,977
800
484
437
383
2,038
755
4,087
2,472
245
3,334
1,097
1,288
3,463
270
1,287
411
1,851
6,035
725
241
2,087
2,319
590
1,789
246
81,157
1,902
80
1,293
871
7,293
1,164
852
259
110
4,327
2,903
205
1,116
2,948
2,621
847
918
1,379
2,481
542
1,345
1,746
3,428
1,646
1,137
2,120
837
487
497
399
2,046
778
4,127
2,601
254
3,669
1,174
1,312
3,720
270
1,339
417
2,004
6,772
771
241
2,136
2,728
913
1,857
302
87,183
3.99
0.00
0.17
1.70
1.74
0.14
0.09
0.69
0.03
1.29
3.30
0.02
0.08
2.49
10.17
0.18
1.18
1.29
12.56
0.28
0.41
0.25
4.41
1.28
1.51
2.38
0.62
0.05
1.00
0.27
0.14
0.38
0.65
2.14
0.14
5.55
1.28
0.40
4.26
0.00
0.85
0.09
2.54
12.23
0.75
0.00
0.83
6.79
5.35
1.13
0.93
100
2.05
0.10
1.58
0.95
8.86
1.42
1.04
0.27
0.13
5.24
3.33
0.25
1.37
3.45
2.47
1.03
1.04
1.60
2.12
0.65
1.63
2.13
3.90
1.93
1.29
2.44
0.99
0.60
0.54
0.47
2.51
0.93
5.04
3.05
0.30
4.11
1.35
1.59
4.27
0.33
1.59
0.51
2.28
7.44
0.89
0.30
2.57
2.86
0.73
2.20
0.30
100
2.18
0.09
1.48
1.00
8.37
1.34
0.98
0.30
0.13
4.96
3.33
0.24
1.28
3.38
3.01
0.97
1.05
1.58
2.85
0.62
1.54
2.00
3.93
1.89
1.30
2.43
0.96
0.56
0.57
0.46
2.35
0.89
4.73
2.98
0.29
4.21
1.35
1.50
4.27
0.31
1.54
0.48
2.30
7.77
0.88
0.28
2.45
3.13
1.05
2.13
0.35
100
2-13
-------
Table 2-4. State CO 1992 Point, Area, and Total Emissions,
by Total Emissions
(thousand short tons)
State
Point
Area
Total
% Point
%Ar«a
% Total
California
Texas
Florida
New York
Pennsylvania
Ohio
Michigan
Illinois
Georgia
Washington
Indiana
North Carolina
Louisiana
Virginia
Missouri
New Jersey
Tennessee
Alabama
Wisconsin
Massachusetts
Minnesota
Kentucky
Maryland
South Carolina
Oregon
Arizona
Oklahoma
Colorado
Mississippi
Idaho
Kansas
West Virginia
Arkansas
Connecticut
Iowa
Montana
New Mexico
Utah
Maine
Nevada
Nebraska
South Dakota
New Hampshire
Wyoming
Rhode Island
Delaware
North Dakota
Vermont
Hawaii
District of Columbia
Alaska
National
105
737
78
39
257
334
266
150
199
409
613
129
757
50
143
8
153
241
68
15
77
78
24
51
24
10
77
8
91
5
71
323
102
6
11
37
23
45
17
60
3
5
16
56
0
41
8
0
1
2
0
6,026
7,188
6,035
4,249
4,087
3,463
3,334
3,162
2,798
2,704
2,319
2,008
2,472
1,724
2,087
1,977
2,038
1,851
1,662
1,789
1,731
1,569
1,302
1,321
1,287
1,288
1,282
1,097
1,156
1,045
1,111
847
590
769
846
836
800
755
725
525
437
484
411
383
246
270
218
245
241
204
108
80
81,157
7,293
6,772
4,327
4,127
3,720
3,669
3,428
2,948
2,903
2,728
2,621
2,601
2,481
2,136
2,120
2,046
2,004
1,902
1,857
1,746
1,646
1,379
1,345
1,339
1,312
1,293
1,174
1,164
1,137
1,116
918
913
871
852
847
837
778
771
542
497
487
417
399
302
270
259
254
241
205
110
80
87,183
1.74
12.23
1.29
0.65
4.26
5.55
4.41
2.49
3.30
6.79
10.17
2.14
12.56
0.83
2.38
0.14
2.54
3.99
1.13
0.25
1.28
1.29
0.41
0.85
0.40
0.17
1.28
0.14
1.51
0.08
1.18
5.35
1.70
0.09
0.18
0.62
0.38
0.75
0.28
1.00
0.05
0.09
0.27
0.93
0.00
0.69
0.14
0.00
0.02
0.03
0.00
100
8.86
7.44
5.24
5.04
4.27
4.11
3.90
3.45
3.33
2.86
2.47
3.05
2.12
2.57
2.44
2.51
2.28
2.05
2.20
2.13
1.93
1.60
1.63
1.59
1.59
1.58
1.35
1.42
1.29
1.37
1.04
0.73
0.95
1.04
1.03
0.99
0.93
0.89
0.65
0.54
0.60
0.51
0.47
0.30
0.33
0.27
0.30
0.30
0.25
0.13
0.10
100
8.37
7.77
4.96
4.73
4.27
4.21
3.93
3.38
3.33
3.13
3.01
2.98
2.85
2.45
2.43
2.35
2.30
2.18
2.13
2.00
1.89
1.58
1.54
1.54
1.50
1.48
1.35
1.34
1.30
1.28
1.05
1.05
1.00
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.89
0.88
0.62
0.57
0.56
0.48
0.46
0.35
0.31
0.30
0.29
0.28
0.24
0.13
0.09
100
2-14
-------
Table 2-5. Top 30 CO Emitters in AIRS/AFS
U.S.
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
EPA
Region
3
3
5
5
3
3
5
6
4
3
6
3
6
6
6
5
5
6
6
6
6
5
5
10
7
5
4
7
6
10
State
PA
WV
OH
IN
PA
PA
IL
LA
AL
PA
LA
MD
LA
LA
TX
IN
MN
OK
TX
TX
LA
OH
IN
WA
MO
OH
TN
KS
LA
WA
Plant Name
USX CORPORATION - EDGAR THOMSON WORKS
WEIRTON STEEL CORPORATION
WHEELING PITTSBURGH STEEL STEUBENVILLE
U S STEEL CO GARY WORKS PART 2
SHENANGO IRON & COKE WORKS
USX CORPORATION - CLAIRTON WORKS
ACME STEEL COMPANY
CABOT CORP CANL PLT PO BOX 598 FRAN
GULF STATES STEEL
BETHLEHEM STEEL CORP.
COLUMBIAN CHEMICAL DRAWER 1149 FRAN
BETHLEHEM STEEL
CABOT CORP BOX 100 VILLE PLATTE 705
DEGUSSA CARBON BLACK CO/POB 1328 NE
CABOT CORPORATION
ALCOA (ALUMINUM CO. OC AMERICA)
ASHLAND PETROLEUM
WITCO CORP, CONCARB DIVISION
SID RICHARDSON CARBON AND GASOLINE
PHILLIPS 66 COMPANY, DIV OF PHILLIPS
ADDIS PLANT SID RICHARDSON RD
ORMET CORPORATION
LTV STEEL COMPANY
ALUM CO OF AMERICA
NORANDA ALUMINUM, INCORPORATED
DEGUSSA CORPORATION
E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY
COLUMBIAN CHEMICALS COMPANY
EXXON CO USA REFINERY BOX 551 BATON
INTALCO ALUMINUM
Emissions
(tpy)
288,469
212,044
185,571
175,432
133,651
125,152
100,507
98,008
97,000
90,994
86,089
73,225
66,615
64,258
63,232
61,582
59,264
56,796
55,818
54,916
54,322
52,947
52,640
52,200
50,808
48,745
46,928
46,187
44,492
43,976
Year of
Record
90
90
90
92
90
90
92
90
92
90
90
90
90
90
90
92
90
91
85
90
90
90
92
92
89
90
90
92
90
92
NOTE(S): These data were reported as found in AIRS/AFS. EPA recognizes that there may be inaccuracies and
incompleteness in the data, and the data may not accurately reflect the current emissions of facilities. Plants in
nonattainment areas include rule effectiveness and plants in attainment areas do not. The reader should use
caution when comparing rankings.
2-15
-------
Table 2-6. NOX 1992 National Point and Area Tier 1 Source Category Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Tier
Point
Area
Total % Point % Area % Total
Fuel Combustion - electric utility
Fuel Combustion - industrial
Fuel Combustion - other
Chemical & Allied Product Mfg.
Metals Processing
Petroleum & Related Ind.
Other Industrial Processes
Solvent Utilization
Storage & Transport
Waste Disposal & Recycling
Highway Vehicles
Off-Highway
Miscellaneous
Total
7,468
1,920
99
401
78
94
296
3
3
20
0
0
0
10,382
0
1,602
635
0
0
0
5
0
0
63
7,477
2,852
133
12,767
7,468
3,523
734
401
78
94
301
3
3
82
7,477
2,852
133
23,149
71.93
18.50
0.95
3.86
0.75
0.91
2.85
0.02
0.03
0.19
0
0
0
100
0
12.55
4.97
0
0
0
0.04
0
0
0.49
58.57
22.34
1.04
100
32.26
15.22
3.17
1.73
0.34
0.41
1.30
0.01
0.01
0.36
32.30
12.32
0.58
100
2-16
-------
Table 2-7. State NOX 1992 Point, Area, and Total Emissions, by State
State
(thousand short tons)
Point
Area
Total
% Point
%Area
% Total
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
284
2
137
106
299
148
21
31
1
392
313
12
7
442
601
150
199
369
366
17
117
86
349
179
105
317
80
68
69
26
101
164
226
237
133
628
205
21
441
1
119
22
296
1,374
130
1
137
108
342
203
201
10,382
247
10
249
151
1,150
174
117
31
17
520
378
21
83
448
390
150
201
263
419
59
203
223
436
201
187
271
85
106
68
47
283
117
535
346
53
488
225
186
486
32
174
43
252
1,498
98
27
315
265
103
235
99
12,767
531
12
386
257
1,449
322
138
62
18
912
691
33
91
889
991
300
400
632
785
76
320
309
785
380
292
588
165
175
137
73
384
281
761
583
185
1,116
430
207
927
33
292
65
547
2,872
228
27
451
373
446
438
301
23,149
2.73
0.02
1.32
1.02
2.88
1.43
0.20
0.30
0.01
3.78
3.02
0.11
0.07
4.25
5.79
1.45
1.92
3.55
3.52
0.16
1.13
0.83
3.36
1.72
1.01
3.05
0.77
0.66
0.67
0.25
0.97
1.58
2.18
2.28
1.28
6.04
1.97
0.21
4.25
0.01
1.14
0.22
2.85
13.23
1.25
0.01
1.32
1.04
3.30
1.96
1.94
100
1.94
0.08
1.95
1.19
9.01
1.36
0.92
0.25
0.13
4.07
2.96
0.17
0.65
3.51
3.06
1.17
1.58
2.06
3.28
0.47
1.59
1.75
3.41
1.57
1.47
2.12
0.67
0.83
0.53
0.37
2.22
0.92
4.19
2.71
0.41
3.82
1.77
1.46
3.80
0.25
1.36
0.34
1.97
11.73
0.77
0.21
2.46
2.08
0.81
1.84
0.78
100
2.29
0.05
1.67
1.11
6.26
1.39
0.60
0.27
0.08
3.94
2.98
0.14
0.39
3.84
4.28
1.30
1.73
2.73
3.39
0.33
1.38
1.34
3.39
1.64
1.26
2.54
0.71
0.75
0.59
0.32
1.66
1.21
3.29
2.52
0.80
4.82
1.86
0.90
4.00
0.14
1.26
0.28
2.36
12.41
0.99
0.12
1.95
1.61
1.92
1.89
1.30
100
2-17
-------
Table 2-8. State NO
State
•x 1992 Point, Area, and Total Emissions,
by Total Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Point
Area
Total
% Point
% Area
% Total
I8X8S
California
Ohio
Indiana
Pennsylvania
Florida
Illinois
Louisiana
Michigan
New York
Georgia
Kentucky
Missouri
North Carolina
Tennessee
Alabama
Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Oklahoma
Kansas
Arizona
New Jersey
Minnesota
Washington
Colorado
Maryland
Massachusetts
Wyoming
lOWfl
Mississippi
South Carolina
New Mexico
Arkansas
Utah
Oregon
North Dakota
Nebraska
Montana
Connecticut
Nevada
Idaho
Maine
New Hampshire
South Dakota
Delaware
Hawaii
Rhode Island
Vermont
District of Columbia
Alaska
National
1,374
299
628
601
441
392
442
366
349
226
313
369
317
237
296
284
137
342
203
205
199
137
101
179
108
148
117
86
201
150
105
119
164
106
130
21
133
68
80
21
69
7
17
26
22
31
12
1
1
1
2
10.382
1,498
1,150
488
390
486
520
448
419
436
535
378
263
271
346
252
247
315
103
235
225
201
249
283
201
265
174
203
223
99
150
187
174
117
151
98
186
53
106
85
117
68
83
59
47
43
31
21
32
27
17
10
12,767
2,872
1,449
1,116
991
927
912
889
785
785
761
691
632
588
583
547
531
451
446
438
430
400
386
384
380
373
322
320
309
301
300
292
292
281
257
228
207
185
175
165
138
137
91
76
73
65
62
33
33
27
18
12
23,149
13.23
2.88
6.04
5.79
4.25
3.78
4.25
3.52
3.36
2.18
3.02
3.55
3.05
2.28
2.85
2.73
1.32
3.30
1.96
1.97
1.92
1.32
0.97
1.72
.04
.43
.13
0.83
.94
.45
1.01
1.14
1.58
1.02
1.25
0.21
1.28
0.66
0.77
0.20
0.67
0.07
0.16
0.25
0.22
0.30
0.11
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
100
11.73
9.01
3.82
3.06
3.80
4.07
3.51
3.28
3.41
4.19
2.96
2.06
2.12
2.71
1.97
1.94
2.46
0.81
1.84
1.77
1.58
1.95
2.22
1.57
2.08
1.36
1.59
1.75
0.78
1.17
1.47
1.36
0.92
1.19
0.77
1.46
0.41
0.83
0.67
0.92
0.53
0.65
0.47
0.37
0.34
0.25
0.17
0.25
0.21
0.13
0.08
100
12.41
6.26
4.82
4.28
4.00
3.94
3.84
3.39
3.39
3.29
2.98
2.73
2.54
2.52
2.36
2.29
1.95
1.92
1.89
1.86
1.73
1.67
1.66
1.64
1.61
1.39
1.38
1.34
1.30
1.30
1.26
1.26
1.21
1.11
0.99
0.90
0.80
0.75
0.71
0.60
0.59
0.39
0.33
0.32
0.28
0.27
0.14
0.14
0.12
0.08
0.05
100
2-18
-------
Table 2-9. Top 30 NOX Emitters in AIRS/AFS
U.S.
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
EPA
Region
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
3
5
5
5
7
10
4
4
7
3
3
4
3
5
3
5
4
4
4
8
State
TN
KY
OH
OH
IL
IN
IL
IL
GA
AL
PA
OH
IN
OH
MO
AK
FL
AL
MO
WV
PA
NC
PA
IL
PA
OH
NC
FL
GA
MT
Plant Name
TVA CUMBERLAND STEAM PLANT
TVA- PARADISE A & B
GENERAL JAMES M. GAVIN PLANT
JAMES M STUART ELEC GENERATING STATION
COM ED - POWERTON STATION
INDIANA KENTUCKY ELECTRIC CORPORATION
COM ED - KINCAID GENERATING STATION
ILLINOIS POWER CO - BALDWIN POWER PLANT
GA POWER CO BOWEN STM ELEC GEN STA
ALA POWER CO-E C GASTON
PENN POWER-MANSFIELD
KYGER CREEK STATION OHIO VALLEY ELEC COR
PSI - GIBSON
OHIO EDISON COMPANY W H SAMMIS PLANT
ASSOCIATED ELECTRIC
GVEA ILLINOIS STREET
FL PWR-CRYSTAL RIVER
ALABAMA POWER CO-BARRY STEAM PLT
ASSOC. ELECTRIC CO. - THOMAS HILL
MONONGAHELA POWER - HARRISON
PEN ELEC - HOMER CITY
CP&L ROXBORO UNITS 1234
PEN ELEC - CONEMAUGH
CENTRAL ILLINOIS PUBLIC SERVICE
PEN ELEC - KEYSTONE
MUSKINGUM RIVER PLANT
DUKE POWER-BELEWS CR
TAMPA ELEC-BIG BEND
GA POWER CO BRANCH STM ELEC GEN STA
MPC-COLSTRIP 1-4
Emissions
(tpy)
106,928
97,787
86,748
76,905
72,628
70,705
64,984
63,213
63,131
62,359
57,914
57,462
57,063
54,153
54,027
53,351
52,832
52,409
51,452
50,726
49,124
46,668
46,478
46,386
46,037
45,409
44,071
43,857
43,258
42,382
Year of
Record
90
90
90
90
92
90
92
92
90
92
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
92
90
90
90
88
90
92
90
90
89
90
90
92
NOTE(S): These data were reported as found in AIRS/AFS. EPA recognizes that there may be inaccuracies and
incompleteness in the data, and the data may not accurately reflect the current emissions of facilities. Plants in
nonattainment areas include rule effectiveness and plants in attainment areas do not. The reader should use
caution when comparing rankings.
2-19
-------
Table 2-10. VOC 1992 National Point and Area Tier 1
Source Category Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Tier
Point
Area
Total % Point % Area % Total
Fuel Combustion - electric utility
Fuel Combustion - industrial
Fuel Combustion - other
Chemical & Allied Product Mfg.
Metals Processing
Petroleum & Related Ind.
Other Industrial Processes
Solvent Utilization
Storage & Transport
Waste Disposal & Recycling
Highway Vehicles
Off-Highway
Miscellaneous
Total
32
259
10
1,303
70
304
397
1,198
588
8
0
0
1
4,168
0
21
384
456
0
411
78
4,864
1,235
2,306
6,099
2,127
576
18,557
32
279
394
1,758
70
715
475
6,062
1,823
2,314
6,099
2,127
577
22,726
0.78
6.21
0.23
31.25
1.67
7.29
9.52
28.74
14.11
0.19
0
0
0.02
100
0
0.11
2.07
2.46
0
2.22
0.42
26.21
6.65
12.43
32.86
11.46
3.11
100
0.14
1.23
1.73
7.74
0.31
3.15
2.09
26.67
8.02
10.18
26.84
9.36
2.54
100
2-20
-------
Table 2-11.
State VOC 1992 Point, Area, and Total Emissions, by State
(thousand short tons)
State
Point
Area
Total
% Point
% Area
% Total
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
204
0
2
37
98
6
6
13
1
22
50
0
1
297
125
11
29
82
139
6
23
56
103
57
59
136
6
5
1
5
91
8
152
192
2
114
24
44
114
11
31
8
171
1,182
9
1
144
47
104
121
16
4,168
374
15
243
185
1,872
209
180
101
23
804
579
42
171
636
451
205
196
253
528
88
249
340
638
321
245
359
127
119
82
70
495
122
810
556
73
711
250
218
765
59
665
81
380
1,819
122
41
435
399
461
348
43
18,557
579
15
245
222
1,970
215
186
114
23
826
629
42
172
932
576
216
226
335
667
94
272
397
742
378
304
495
133
124
82
74
586
130
963
748
75
825
274
263
880
69
696
89
552
3,001
131
42
579
445
565
469
59
22,726
4.90
0.00
0.05
0.88
2.36
0.14
0.15
0.32
0.02
0.52
1.21
0.00
0.02
7.12
2.99
0.27
0.70
1.98
3.34
0.13
0.55
1.35
2.48
1.36
1.41
3.27
0.14
0.12
0.02
0.11
2.19
0.19
3.65
4.61
0.04
2.74
0.57
1.06
2.75
0.25
0.73
0.19
4.11
28.36
0.22
0.03
3.46
1.12
2.50
2.91
0.39
100
2.02
0.08
1.31
0.99
10.09
1.13
0.97
0.54
0.12
4.33
3.12
0.23
0.92
3.42
2.43
1.10
1.06
1.36
2.84
0.48
1.34
1.83
3.44
1.73
1.32
1.93
0.69
0.64
0.44
0.38
2.67
0.66
4.37
3.00
0.39
3.83
1.35
1.18
4.12
0.32
3.58
0.44
2.05
9.80
0.66
0.22
2.34
2.15
2.48
1.88
0.23
100
2.55
0.07
1.08
0.97
8.67
0.95
0.82
0.50
0.10
3.63
2.77
0.19
0.76
4.10
2.53
0.95
0.99
1.47
2.93
0.41
1.20
1.75
3.26
1.66
1.34
2.18
0.59
0.55
0.36
0.33
2.58
0.57
4.24
3.29
0.33
3.63
1.21
1.16
3.87
0.30
3.06
0.39
2.43
13.21
0.58
0.18
2.55
1.96
2.49
2.07
0.26
100
2-21
-------
Table 2-12. State VOC 1992 Point, Area, and Total Emissions,
by Total Emissions
(thousand short tons)
State
Point
Area
Total
% Point
% Area
% Total
Texas
California
New York
Illinois
Pennsylvania
Florida
Ohio
North Carolina
Michigan
South Carolina
Louisiana
Georgia
New Jersey
Alabama
Virginia
Indiana
West Virginia
Tennessee
Missouri
Wisconsin
Washington
Massachusetts
Minnesota
Kentucky
Mississippi
Oklahoma
Maryland
Oregon
Arizona
Kansas
Arkansas
Iowa
Colorado
Connecticut
Idaho
Montana
Utah
New Mexico
Nebraska
Delaware
Maine
South Dakota
Nevada
North Dakota
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Wyoming
Hawaii
Vermont
District of Columbia
Alaska
National
1,182
98
152
297
114
22
114
192
103
31
139
50
91
204
144
125
104
171
136
121
47
56
57
82
59
24
23
44
2
29
37
11
6
6
1
6
9
8
5
13
6
8
1
2
5
11
16
0
1
1
0
4,168
1,819
1,872
810
636
765
804
711
556
638
665
528
579
495
374
435
451
461
380
359
348
399
340
321
253
245
250
249
218
243
196
185
205
209
180
171
127
122
122
119
101
88
81
82
73
70
59
43
42
41
23
15
18,557
3,001
1,970
963
932
880
826
825
748
742
696
667
629
586
579
579
576
565
552
495
469
445
397
378
335
304
274
272
263
245
226
222
216
215
186
172
133
131
130
124
114
94
89
82
75
74
69
59
42
42
23
15
22,726
28.36
2.36
3.65
7.12
2.75
0.52
2.74
4.61
2.48
0.73
3.34
1.21
2.19
4.90
3.46
2.99
2.50
4.11
3.27
2.91
1.12
1.35
1.36
1.98
1.41
0.57
0.55
1.06
0.05
0.70
0.88
0.27
0.14
0.15
0.02
0.14
0.22
0.19
0.12
0.32
0.13
0.19
0.02
0.04
0.11
0.25
0.39
0.00
0.03
0.02
0.00
100
9.80
10.09
4.37
3.42
4.12
4.33
3.83
3.00
3.44
3.58
2.84
3.12
2.67
2.02
2.34
2.43
2.48
2.05
1.93
1.88
2.15
1.83
.73
.36
.32
.35
.34
.18
.31
.06
0.99
1.10
1.13
0.97
0.92
0.69
0.66
0.66
0.64
0.54
0.48
0.44
0.44
0.39
0.38
0.32
0.23
0.23
0.22
0.12
0.08
100
13.21
8.67
4.24
4.10
3.87
3.63
3.63
3.29
3.26
3.06
2.93
2.77
2.58
2.55
2.55
2.53
2.49
2.43
2.18
2.07
1.96
1.75
1.66
.47
.34
.21
.20
.16
.08
0.99
0.97
0.95
0.95
0.82
0.76
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.55
0.50
0.41
0.39
0.36
0.33
0.33
0.30
0.26
0.19
0.18
0.10
0.07
100
2-22
-------
Table 2-13. Top 30 VOC Emitters in AIRS/AFS
U.S.
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
EPA
Region
4
4
4
5
5
5
3
4
3
5
6
5
3
5
4
3
5
5
6
3
6
4
7
6
6
4
8
6
4
5
State
KY
AL
TN
OH
OH
OH
WV
KY
PA
OH
TX
IL
VA
Ml
NC
PA
IL
OH
LA
PA
TX
TN
MO
OK
TX
NC
CO
TX
AL
Ml
Plant Name
AIR PRODUCTS & CHEMICALS, INC.
COURTAULDS NO AMERICA INC
EASTMAN, TENN. CO
CHEMI-TROL CHEMICAL CO
BP OIL COMPANY
BP CHEMICALS INC.
WHEELING-PITT (FOLLANSBEE)
ASHLAND OIL CO
LTV STEEL COMPANY - PITTSBURGH WORKS
ARMCO STEEL COMPANY L.P.
E.I.DU PONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY INC
ACME STEEL COMPANY-CHICAGO COKE PLANT
HOECHST CELANESE CORP
WEYERHAEUSER CO
E I DUPONT COMPANY
USX CORPORATION - CLAIRTON WORKS
CL INDUSTRIES INC
IMPRESSION COATING, INC.
EXXON CO USA REFINERY BOX 551 BATON
CONGOLEUM CORP.
TEXAS EASTMAN DIVISION, EASTMAN CHEM
EASTMAN, TENN. CO
MODINE MFG. CO.
CONOCO INC.
SHELL OIL COMPANY
CAPE INDUSTRIES
CHEMICAL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY INC.
MOBIL OIL CORPORATION
AMOCO CHEMICALS CO
GM TRUCK & BUS
Emissions
(tpy)
28,670
22,349
19,283
17,190
15,337
12,583
10,644
10,134
9,425
9,006
8,561
8,386
8,003
7,959
7,944
7,706
7,504
7,486
7,416
7,105
6,956
6,955
6,854
6,805
6,707
6,682
6,655
6,599
6,427
6,223
Year of
Record
90
92
92
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
92
90
90
87
90
92
90
90
90
90
92
86
91
90
87
90
90
92
85
NOTE(S): These data were reported as found in AIRS/AFS. EPA recognizes that there may be inaccuracies and
incompleteness in the data, and the data may not accurately reflect the current emissions of facilities. Plants in
nonattainment areas include rule effectiveness and plants in attainment areas do not. The reader should use
caution when comparing rankings.
2-23
-------
Table 2-14. SO2 1992 National Point and Area Tier 1 Source Category Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Tier
Point
Area
Total % Point % Area % Total
Fuel Combustion - electric utility
Fuel Combustion - industrial
Fuel Combustion - other
Chemical & Allied Product Mfg.
Metals Processing
Petroleum & Related Ind.
Other Industrial Processes
Solvent Utilization
Storage & Transport
Waste Disposal & Recycling
Highway Vehicles
Off-Highway
Miscellaneous
Total
15,841
2,463
197
419
868
411
395
1
21
21
0
0
0
20,637
0
626
391
0
0
0
2
0
0
15
785
271
4
2,095
15,841
3,090
589
419
868
411
397
1
21
36
785
271
4
22,731
76.76
11.94
0.96
2.03
4.20
1.99
1.91
0.00
0.10
0.10
0
0
0
100
0
29.91
18.68
0
0
0
0.09
0
0
0.73
37.47
12.91
0.21
100
69.69
13.59
2.59
1.84
3.82
1.81
1.74
0.00
0.09
0.16
3.45
1.19
0.02
100
2-24
-------
Table 2-15. State SO2 1992 Point, Area, and Total Emissions, by State
(thousand short tons)
State
Point
Area
Total
% Point
> Area
% Total
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
705
1
541
89
71
94
47
88
4
822
867
23
24
1,208
1,735
256
112
954
291
68
301
243
481
118
160
886
73
56
60
52
118
234
515
488
229
2,542
140
22
1,356
2
243
33
960
1,097
55
1
315
140
1,196
397
123
20,637
71
1
22
24
188
14
21
5
2
59
33
2
12
38
180
19
14
50
131
16
56
44
40
19
79
51
7
12
8
8
53
17
100
61
22
104
23
35
74
5
20
6
31
147
19
5
56
36
12
24
17
2,095
776
1
563
113
259
109
67
94
6
881
901
25
37
1,246
1,915
276
126
1,004
422
84
357
287
521
138
239
937
80
67
68
60
171
250
615
549
250
2,645
163
56
1,430
8
263
39
991
1,244
75
6
371
175
1,208
421
140
22,731
3.41
0.00
2.62
0.43
0.34
0.46
0.23
0.43
0.02
3.98
4.20
0.11
0.12
5.85
8.41
1.24
0.54
4.62
1.41
0.33
1.46
1.18
2.33
0.57
0.77
4.29
0.36
0.27
0.29
0.25
0.57
1.13
2.50
2.36
1.11
12.32
0.68
0.11
6.57
0.01
1.18
0.16
4.65
5.32
0.27
0.01
1.53
0.68
5.80
1.92
0.60
100
3.41
0.04
1.04
1.14
8.99
0.69
0.98
0.26
0.09
2.83
1.60
0.09
0.59
1.81
8.61
0.93
0.64
2.39
6.25
0.76
2.68
2.09
1.90
0.91
3.76
2.42
0.32
0.56
0.39
0.38
2.53
0.79
4.75
2.92
1.04
4.96
1.10
1.65
3.54
0.26
0.97
0.30
1.48
7.02
0.93
0.24
2.69
1.70
0.59
1.15
0.82
100
3.41
0.01
2.48
0.50
1.14
0.48
0.30
0.41
0.02
3.88
3.96
0.11
0.16
5.48
8.43
1.21
0.55
4.42
1.86
0.37
1.57
1.26
2.29
0.60
1.05
4.12
0.35
0.30
0.30
0.26
0.75
1.10
2.70
2.42
1.10
11.64
0.72
0.25
6.29
0.03
1.16
0.17
4.36
5.47
0.33
0.03
1.63
0.77
5.32
1.85
0.62
100
2-25
-------
Table 2-16. State SO2 1992 Point, Area, and Total Emissions,
by Total Emissions
(thousand short tons)
State
Point
Area
Total
% Point
%Area
% Total
Ohio
Indiana
Pennsylvania
Illinois
Texas
West Virginia
Kentucky
Tennessee
Missouri
Georgia
Florida
Alabama
New York
Arizona
North Carolina
Michigan
Louisiana
Wisconsin
Virginia
Maryland
Massachusetts
Iowa
South Carolina
California
North Dakota
New Mexico
Mississippi
Washington
New Jersey
Oklahoma
Wyoming
Minnesota
Kansas
Arkansas
Colorado
Delaware
Maine
Montana
Utah
Nevada
Connecticut
Nebraska
New Hampshire
Oregon
South Dakota
Idaho
Hawaii
Rhode Island
District of Columbia
Vermont
Alaska
National
2,542
1,735
1,356
1,208
1,097
1,196
954
960
886
867
822
705
515
541
488
481
291
397
315
301
243
256
243
71
229
234
160
140
118
140
123
118
112
89
94
88
68
73
55
60
47
56
52
22
33
24
23
2
4
1
1
20,637
104
180
74
38
147
12
50
31
51
33
59
71
100
22
61
40
131
24
56
56
44
19
20
188
22
17
79
36
53
23
17
19
14
24
14
5
16
7
19
8
21
12
8
35
6
12
2
5
2
5
1
2,095
2,645
1,915
1,430
1,246
1,244
1,208
1,004
991
937
901
881
776
615
563
549
521
422
421
371
357
287
276
263
259
250
250
239
175
171
163
140
138
126
113
109
94
84
80
75
68
67
67
60
56
39
37
25
8
6
6
1
22,731
12.32
8.41
6.57
5.85
5.32
5.80
4.62
4.65
4.29
4.20
3.98
3.41
2.50
2.62
2.36
2.33
1.41
1.92
1.53
1.46
1.18
1.24
1.18
0.34
1.11
1.13
0.77
0.68
0.57
0.68
0.60
0.57
0.54
0.43
0.46
0.43
0.33
0.36
0.27
0.29
0.23
0.27
0.25
0.11
0.16
0.12
0.11
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
100
4.96
8.61
3.54
1.81
7.02
0.59
2.39
1.48
2.42
1.60
2.83
3.41
4.75
1.04
2.92
1.90
6.25
1.15
2.69
2.68
2.09
0.93
0.97
8.99
1.04
0.79
3.76
1.70
2.53
1.10
0.82
0.91
0.64
1.14
0.69
0.26
0.76
0.32
0.93
0.39
0.98
0.56
0.38
1.65
0.30
0.59
0.09
0.26
0.09
0.24
0.04
100
11.64
8.43
6.29
5.48
5.47
5.32
4.42
4.36
4.12
3.96
3.88
3.41
2.70
2.48
2.42
2.29
1.86
1.85
1.63
1.57
1.26
1.21
.16
.14
.10
.10
.05
0.77
0.75
0.72
0.62
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.48
0.41
0.37
0.35
0.33
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.26
0.25
0.17
0.16
0.11
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.01
100
2-26
-------
Table 2-17. Top 30 SO2 Emitters in AIRS/AFS
U.S.
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
EPA
Region
5
4
5
5
7
5
4
5
5
3
7
5
5
3
4
4
5
4
5
5
3
3
4
5
5
3
4
5
5
3
State
OH
GA
IN
IN
MO
OH
GA
OH
IL
PA
MO
OH
OH
PA
AL
FL
OH
KY
IL
IN
PA
PA
GA
OH
OH
PA
AL
IL
IN
PA
Plant Name
GENERAL JAMES M. GAVIN PLANT
GA POWER CO BOWEN STM ELEC GEN STA
INDIANA KENTUCKY ELECTRIC CORPORATION
PSI - GIBSON
UNION ELECTRIC COMPANY - LABADIE PLANT
KYGER CREEK STATION OHIO VALLEY ELEC COR
GA POWER CO WANSLEY STM ELEC GEN STA
MUSKINGUM RIVER PLANT
ILLINOIS POWER CO - BALDWIN POWER PLANT
PEN ELEC - CONEMAUGH
ASSOCIATED ELECTRIC
JAMES M STUART ELEC GENERATING STATION
OHIO EDISON COMPANY W H SAMMIS PLANT
WEST PENN-HATFIELD
ALA POWER CO-E C GASTON
TAMPA ELEC-BIG BEND
CARDINAL OPERATING COMPANY
TVA- PARADISE A & B
CENTRAL ILLINOIS PUBLIC SERVICE
ALCOA GENERATING CORP.
PEN ELEC - KEYSTONE
PP & L - MONTOUR
GA POWER CO YATES STM ELEC GEN STA
CEI - EASTLAKE
COLUMBUS SOUTHERN POWER-CONESVILLE
PP & L - BRUNNER ISLAND
ALABAMA POWER-GORGAS
COM ED - KINCAID GENERATING STATION
PSI - CAYUGA
PEN ELEC - HOMER CITY
Emissions
(tpy)
373,413
305,302
281,423
273,037
250,119
249,143
248,651
245,099
233,770
186,043
176,535
173,828
169,131
161,733
156,480
149,425
148,751
137,432
136,408
135,281
134,775
132,446
129,844
128,547
128,227
119,560
114,484
113,987
109,973
108,456
Year of
Record
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
92
90
90
90
90
90
92
90
90
90
92
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
92
92
92
90
NOTE(S): These data were reported as found in AIRS/AFS. EPA recognizes that there may be inaccuracies and
incompleteness in the data, and the data may not accurately reflect the current emissions of facilities.
2-27
-------
Table 2-18. Top 30 Industrial SO2 Emitters in AIRS/AFS
U.S.
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
EPA
Region
6
5
6
7
9
8
5
6
5
5
4
3
8
5
6
4
6
5
5
4
4
8
5
4
7
6
6
5
6
9
State
TX
IL
TX
MO
AZ
ND
IL
NM
OH
OH
FL
DE
UT
OH
NM
AL
LA
IL
OH
TN
NC
MT
Wl
MS
IA
LA
TX
IL
TX
AZ
Plant Name
ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA
UNO-VEN COMPANY
ASARCO INCORPORATED
ASARCO INCORPORATED
ASARCO INCORPORATED
DAKOTA GASIFICATION COMPANY
SHELL OIL CO WOOD RIVER MFG COMPLEX
PHELPS DODGE MINING/HIDALGO SMELTER
USS/KOBE STEEL CO. - LORAIN WORKS
MEAD CORPORATION
GULF PWR-L SMITH
STAR ENTERPRISE, DELAWARE CITY PLANT
KENNECOTT
ARMCO STEEL COMPANY L.P.
PHELPS DODGE/CHINO MINES
EXXON CO USA
AGRICO-UNCLE SAM PLANT UNCLE SAM LA
MOBIL JOLIET REFINING CORP
WHEELING PITTSBURGH STEEL STEUBENVILLE S
TENN EASTMAN CO
CHAMPION INT CORP
ASARCO INCORPORATED
FORT HOWARD CORPORATION
SHELL WESTERN E & P
ADM-CLINTON
REYNOLDS METALS CO. BROOKLAWN DRIVE
CHEVRON U. S. A. PRODUCTS COMPANY
CLARK OIL & REFINING CORPORATION
MOBIL OIL CORPORATION
PHELPS DODGE
Emissions
(tpy)
67,364
53,036
47,341
44,136
42,664
40,477
40,063
34,592
34,467
33,921
33,846
32,878
30,037
29,132
28,058
25,876
25,727
24,824
22,714
19,236
18,613
18,251
18,071
17,116
17,017
16,628
15,500
14,791
14,625
14,222
Year of
Record
90
92
90
90
90
92
92
91
90
90
90
90
90
90
91
92
90
92
90
92
89
92
90
86
85
90
90
92
90
85
NOTE(S): These data were reported as found in AIRS/AFS. EPA recognizes that there may be inaccuracies and
incompleteness in the data, and the data may not accurately reflect the current emissions of facilities.
2-28
-------
Table 2-19. Top 30 Pb Emitters in AIRS/AFS
U.S.
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
EPA
Region
7
7
5
5
7
7
6
7
8
5
5
6
5
5
6
7
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
5
3
4
9
6
5
State
NE
MO
IL
IL
MO
MO
TX
NE
MT
IL
IL
AR
IL
IL
TX
NE
SC
IN
IL
IL
IN
IN
IL
PA
IL
PA
AL
NV
TX
IN
Plant Name
AMERICAN MICROTRACE CO
DOE RUN COMPANY
CHEMETCO
GRANITE CITY STEEL COMPANY
ASARCO INCORPORATED
DOE RUN COMPANY
ASARCO INCORPORATED
MAGNOLIA METAL CORP
ASARCO INCORPORATED
PILOT BATTERY INC
TARACORP INDUSTRIES - HOYT PLANT
SWEPCO-FLINT CREEK
GOULD INC-METALS DIV
ACME STEEL COMPANY
NORTH STAR STEEL TEXAS, INCORPORATED
MAGNUS/FARLY INC
GASTON COPPER RECYCL
IPALCO - STOUT
NORTH CHICAGO REFINERS AND SMELTERS INC
ILLINOIS POWER CO - BALDWIN POWER PLANT
GENERAL BATTERY CORP.(EXIDE CORPORATION)
BREMEN CASTINGS INC
POWERLAB INC
ALLEGHENY LUDLUM STEEL
GM-POWERTRAIN DIVISION
ARMCO STAINLESS AND ALLOY PRODUCTS
SANDERS LEAD CO
NEVADA CEMENT CO
GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION
NOBLESVILLE CASTING
Emissions
(tpy)
296.40
157.00
78.11
76.29
54.15
52.60
33.75
23.60
22.91
12.93
12.19
12.00
11.17
11.04
10.27
9.64
8.01
7.12
6.61
6.11
4.65
4.49
3.85
3.45
3.41
3.10
3.00
3.00
2.89
2.79
Year of
Record
92
90
92
92
90
90
90
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
90
92
91
90
92
92
92
90
92
90
92
90
92
90
90
90
NOTE(S): These data were reported as found in AIRS/AFS. EPA recognizes that most Pb estimates are UNDERESTIMATES
due to incomplete data. The reader should use caution when comparing to data in other EPA reports, or when
comparing rankings above.
2-29
-------
Table 2-20. Top 30 PM-10 Emitters in AIRS/AFS
U.S. EPA State Plant Name Emissions Year of
Rank Region (tpy) Record
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
5
5
7
5
7
1
9
7
5
5
5
8
8
5
7
5
1
5
1
5
7
10
5
3
7
3
3
5
7
5
MN
MN
MO
Wl
NE
ME
AZ
MO
IL
IL
IL
ND
WY
IL
MO
IL
ME
IN
CT
IL
NE
WA
IL
PA
MO
PA
PA
IL
MO
IL
LTV STEEL MINING CO
US STEEL
NEMO COAL, INC.
CONSOLIDATED PAPERS INC-KRAFT DIV
ASH GROVE CEMENT CO
DRAGON PRODUCTS COMPANY, INC.
ASARCO
EMPIRE DISTRICT ELEC
NORTH CHICAGO REFINERS AND SMELTERS INC
COUNTRYMARK COOPERATIVE, INC.
BIG RIVER ZINC CORPORATION
UPA/CPA: COAL CREEK STATION
PACIFICORP - JIM BRIDGER
PEABODY COAL CO MIDWEST DIVISION
HARBISON-WALKER REFRACTORY
ACME STEEL COMPANY-CHICAGO COKE PLANT
S. D. WARREN CO. SCOTT PAPER CO
CENTRAL SOYA COMPANY INC
EXETER ENERGY CO
ILLINOIS POWER CO - BALDWIN POWER PLANT
ENDICOTT CLAY PRODUCTS
PACIFIC POWER_& LIGHT CO.
NORTHWEST WASTE TO ENERGY
BETHLEHEM STEEL CORP.
US ARMY ENGINEER CEN
UNITED STATES STEEL CORP., THE
PP & L - MONTOUR
A E STALE Y MANUFACTURING CO
IMPERIAL PRODUCTS CO
BUNGE CORPORATION
15,992
15,295
1 1 ,562
10,508
10,246
9,915
5,920
5,661
4,607
4,447
4,321
4,212
3,999
3,371
3,334
3,330
3,166
3,129
3,089
3,076
2,986
2,791
2,737
2,701
2,648
2,598
2,585
2,568
2,461
2,458
90
90
87
90
92
90
92
90
92
92
92
92
92
92
87
92
90
90
91
92
92
92
92
90
87
90
90
92
90
92
NOTE(S): These data were reported as found in AIRS/AFS. EPA recognizes that most PM-10 estimates are
UNDERESTIMATES due to incomplete data. The reader should use caution when comparing to data in other EPA
reports, or when comparing rankings above.
2-30
-------
Figure 2-1. CO 1992 National Emissions by Source Categories
OFF-HIGHWAY
16.8%
MISCELLANEOUS**
4.9%
FUEL COMB. OTHER
5 9%
METALS PROCESSING
2.3%
ALL OTHER*
6.7%
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
63.4%
Light-Duty Gas Vehicle Light-Duty Gas Trucks Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicle
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
* ALL OTHER is defined in section 2.1.1
** Miscellaneous is primarily forest fire emissions.
40
2-31
-------
Figure 2-2. Top 10 CO-Emitting States in 1992
Georgia 3%
Washington 3%
All Other States 52%
-------
to
Figure 2-3. Density Map of 1992 CO County-level Emissions
CO Emissions
(short ton s/sqmi/yr)
37 to 7,400
18 to 37
8 to 18
Oto 8
-------
Figure 2-4. 1992 CO Emissions for a Typical Ozone Nonattainment*** Area
by Source Category
OFF-HIGHWAY 21.3%
FUEL COMB. OTHER 1.7%
METALS PROCESSING 8.6%
MISCELLANEOUS** 0.6%
ALL OTHER* 4.5%
HIGHWAY VEHICLES 63.2%
Comparison of Total National Emisions to a Typical
Ozone Nonattainment*** Area Emissions
Nonattainment
Total National
HIGHWAY
VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY FUEL COMB. MISCELLANEOUS METALS
OTHER PROCESSING
ALL OTHER is defined in section 2.1.1
Miscellaneous is primarily forest fires
Nonattainment = serious and above
80%
2-34
-------
u>
Figure 2-5. Top 30 CO-Emitting Sources in AIRS/AFS
CO Emissions
(thousand short tons/yr)
Note: These sources were extracted from AIRS/AFS on November 19,1993
-------
Fuel Combustion - electric utility
Fuel Combustion - industrial
Fuel Combustion - other
Chemical & Allied Product MFG
Metals Processing
Petroleum & Related Industries
Other Industrial Processes
CD
D
Solvent Utilization
Storage & Transport
Waste Disposal & Recycling
Highway Vehicle
Off - Highway
Miscellaneous
10
\>?y ; §.
to
01
s?
to
{H
%%
10
Ol
3?
;-:vSj:
V,'v'.:i|
to
01
:s«
S
0)
o>
X X
(0
in
10
ro
£
Vo/^" Jg.
1 to
; $
J 0^
V*/tH . '§
M
en
to
1 CO Emissions by
(D
-------
Figure 2-7. NO 1992 National Emissions by Source Categories
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
32.3%
ALL OTHER
4.7%
FUEL COMB. OTHER
3.2%
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
i 15.2%
OFF-HIGHWAY
12.3%
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL
32.3%
I I anthracite & lignite
subbituminous
bituminous
Oil Internal
Combustion
FUEL COMBUSTION - ELECTRIC UTILITIES
* ALL OTHER is defined in section 2.2.1
2-37
-------
Figure 2-8. Top 10 NOx-Emitting States in 1992
California 6%
Ohio 5%
Pennsylvania 4%
mmmmmm*
&&£8v££&U££d
-------
Figure 2-9. Density Map of 1992 NOX County-level Emissions
NOx Emissions
(short tons/sq mi/yr)
8 to 1,500
3 to 8
1to 3
DOto 1
-------
Figure 2-10. 1992 NO* Emissions for a Typical Ozone Nonattainment** Area
by Source Category
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
43.2%
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL
14%
FUEL COMB. OTHER
5.6%
FUEL COMB. INDUSTIRAL
14.9%
ALL OTHER*
3.5%
OFF-HIGHWAY
18.7%
Comparison of Total National Emissions to a Typical
Ozone Nonattainment** Area Emissions
Nonattainment
Total National
HIGHWAY
VEHICLES
FUEL COMB
ELEC. UTIL.
FUEL COMB. OFF-HIGHWAY FUEL COMB
INDUSTRIAL OTHER
* ALL OTHER is defined in section 2.2.1
' Nonattainment=typical serious and above
50%
2-40
-------
Figure 2-11. Top 30 NO x -Emitting Sources in AIRS/AFS
NOx Emissions
(thousand short tons/yr)
46to 53
42 to 46
Note: These sources were extracted from AIRS/AFS on November 19,1993
-------
zv-i
Fuel Combustion - electric utiity
Fuel Combust on - industrial
Fuel Combustion - other
Chemical & Alied Product MFG
Metals Processing
Petroleum & Related Industries
Other Industrial Processes
y vis
Solvent Utilization
Storage & Transport
Waste Disposal & Recycling
Highway Vehicle
-------
Figure 2-13. VOC 1992 National Emissions by Source Categories
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
26.8%
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
8%
ALL OTHER*
18.9%
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
10.2%
OFF-HIGHWAY
9.4%
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
26.7%
I I all other surface coatings**
thinning solvents
ii;i;:| miscellaneous
traffic markings
• paper
iH auto refinishing
wood furniture
general
other
tlTI industrial adhesives
architectural
Surface Coating
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
* ALL OTHER is defined in section 2.3.1
All other surface coatings are the remaining surface
coating categories listed in Table A-9, Appendix A.
2-43
-------
to
Figure 2-14. Top 10 VOC-Emitting States in 1992
California 9%
New York 4%
Illinois 4%
Pennsylvania 4%
Florida 4%
All Other States 49%
Ohio 4%
North Carolina 3%
South Carolina 3%
Michigan 3%
-------
Figure 2-15. Density Map of 1992 VOC County-level Emissions
VOC Emissions
(short tons/sq mi/yr)
8 to 2,200
3 to 8
2to 3
Oto 2
-------
Figure 2-16. 1992 VOC Emissions for a Typical Nonattainment** Area
by Source Category
ALL OTHER*
12.4%
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
6.5%
OFF-HIGHWAY
9.5%
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
4.6%
40%
.HIGHWAY VEHICLES
30.7%
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
36.4%
Comparison of Total National Emissions to a Typical
Ozone Nonattainment** Area Emissions
Nonattainment
Total National
HIGHWAY
VEHICLES
SOLVENT
UTILIZATION
WASTE
DISPOSAL &
RECYCLING
OFF-HIGHWAY
STORAGE &
TRANSPORT
ALL OTHER is defined in section 2.3.1
Nonattainment = serious and above
2-46
-------
Figure 2-17. Top 30 VOC-Emitting Sources in AIRS/AFS
VOC Emissions
(thousand short tons/yr)
Note: These sources were extracted from AIRS/AFS on November 19,1993
-------
Fuel Combustion - electric utility
Fuel Combustion - industrial
to
at
5?
fo
»" s?
10
u\
$•
Fuel Combustion - other
Chemical & Allied Product MFC
toJ
GO'
c
3
£
00
Metals Processing
Petroleum & Related Industries
Other Industrial Processes
D
D
Solvent Utilization
Storage & Transport
Waste Disposal & Recycling
Highway Vehicle
Off - Highway
Miscellaneous
ro
Ol
3?
" c.v ,« N)
< , -' % X
• 10
• 01
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IO
Ol
s^
%x* * to
* •$• {Jl
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. at
^
ro
0^
yf> " ;^
* ^ * s % ^»^ :
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S?
ro
Ul
s?
,,-* " v v fo'
- ' ":~\^X
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S«
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: 5?
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Ol
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to
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S?
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to
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i
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(A
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CO
O
O
9
O
I
(O
O
-------
Figure 2-19. SO21992 National Emissions by Source Categories
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL 13.6%
ALL OTHER 6.9%
METALS PROCESSING 3.8%
HIGHWAY VEHICLES 3.5%
FUEL COMB. OTHER 2.6%
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL 69.7%
I | anthracite and lignite
^1 subbituminous
bituminous
FUEL COMBUSTION - ELECTRIC UTILITY
* ALL OTHER is defined in section 2.4.1
2-49
-------
to
Figure 2-20. Top 10 SOU -Emitting States in 1992
Pennsylvania 6%
West Virginia 5%
Georgia 4%
Missouri 4%
Kentucky 4%
Tennessee 4%
-------
Figure 2-21. Density Map of 1992 SO2 County-level Emissions
SO2 Emissions
(short tons/sq mi/yr)
• 3 to 1,900
H 0.510 3
0.2 to 0.5
D 0 to 0.2
-------
to
Figure 2-22. Top SOp -Emitting Sources in AIRS/AFS
SO2 Emissions
(thousand short tons/yr)
149 to 245
130 to 149
Note: These sources were extracted from AIRS/AFS on November 19,1993
-------
to
Figure 2-23. Top 30 Industrial SO2 -Emitting Sources in AIRS/FS
Industrial SO2 Emissions
(thousand short tons/year)
Note: These sources were extracted from AIRS/AFS on November 19,1993
-------
Fuel Combustion - electric utility
Fuel Combustion - industrial
Fuel Combustion - other
Chemical & Allied Product MFG
Metals Processng
Petroleum & Related Industnes
Other Industrial Processes
Solvent Utilization
Storage & Transport
Waste Disposal & Recycling
Highway Vehicle
-------
Figure 2-25. Pb 1992 National Emissions by Source Categories
OFF-HIGHWAY
4%
FUEL COMB. OTHER
8%
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
14.3%
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
26.7%
ALL OTHER*
6.9%
METALS PROCESSING
40%
other nonferrous processing
primary copper product
lead cable coaling
second copper product
lead battery mfg.
secondary lead product
primary lead product
Non-Ferrous Ferrous n.e.c.**
Metals Processing
Non-Ferrous Metal Processing
* ALL OTHER is defined in seciton 2.5.1
** not elsewhere classified.
1.5
2-55
-------
Lft
ON
Figure 2-26. Top 30 Pb-Emitting Sources in AIRS/AFS
Pb Emissions
(short tons/yr)
4to 10
3to 4
D States not reporting in AIRS
Note: These sources were extracted from AIRS/AFS on November 19,1993
-------
Figure 2-27. PM-10 1992 National Emissions by Source Categories
ALL OTHER
11.5%
FUGITIVE DUST
88.5%
Unpaved Construction
roads
Paved Agricultural
roads tilling
Wind Mining
erosion and
quarrying
FUGITIVE DUST
ALL OTHER categories are listed with emissions in Tables A-18, A-19, and A-20 in Appendix A.
2-57
-------
00
Figure 2-28. Top 30 PM-10-Emittmg Sources in ARIS/AFS
PM-10 Emissions
(thousand short tons/yr)
2.7 to 3.3
2.4 to 2.7
D States not reporting in AIRS
Note: These sources were extracted from AIRS/AFS on November 19,1993
-------
SECTION 3.0
SUMMARY OF NATIONAL EMISSION TRENDS
This section presents the estimated national
emission trends. Estimates for CO, NOX, SO2,
and VOC for 1990, 1991, and 1992 are
preliminary, as explained in section 5, and will
change as ozone SIP inventory information
becomes available. Emission estimates for Pb
and PM-10 are preliminary for 1992, and the
1991 reported as preliminary estimates in the
previous report7 have been revised.
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The historic NAPAP emission estimates
presented in Table ES-1 for the period from
1900 to 1935 and for the years 1945, 1955,
and 1965 were extracted from two reports: a
report on historic U.S. emissions of SO2 and
NOX2 and a report on historic U.S. emissions
of VOC.3 These estimates are based on
national fuel consumption, industrial
production rates, and various other indicators
of source category activity and emission
factors. The historic SO2 and NOX emission
estimates have been compared to other
available estimates of historic emissions,
including estimates from the 1985 Trends
report8, and differences among estimates have
been reconciled.9 Historic national emissions
of NOX, SO2, and VOC are presented in this
report, while state-level emissions can be
obtained from the earlier reports.2'3
Emission estimates for 1940, 1950, 1960, and
1970 to 1984 were calculated by the EPA
using the same methodology as in previous
reports7 and have been refined and improved
each year on an on-going basis. This
methodology includes the latest emission
factors and control efficiencies, in addition to
various other improvements, as described in
section 5.
Emissions for 1985 are a modified version of
the 1985 NAPAP Inventory. The 1986
through 1992 emissions were estimated by
using the Interim methodology. The 1990,
1991, and 1992 emission estimates are
preliminary numbers and will be revised in the
next report when final data from the SIP
inventories are available.
Tables 3-1 through 3-6 present the national
emissions by source category for each
pollutant from 1940 to 1992 in units of
thousand tons per year (except Pb). Estimates
are available for every 10 years from 1940 to
1990 and every year from 1990 to 1992. The
trend in total national Pb emissions is
expressed in units of tons per year and the
estimates are presented for every 5 years from
1970 to 1990 and every year from 1990 to
1992. Figures 3-1 through 3-8 (except 3-4)
present the emissions trends for all available
years by major source category for each
pollutant.
From 1900k to 1992, total national NOX
emissions have increased by approximately a
factor of 9, SO2 emission have increased
approximately 130 percent, and VOC
emissions increased 195 percent. From 1970
to 1992, emissions of Pb show the greatest
decrease (98 percent), followed by PM-10
[excluding fugitive dust (51 percent)], SO2
(27 percent), CO (27 percent), and VOC
(24 percent). NOX emissions have increased
3-1
-------
approximately 11 percent. Emissions of
PM-10 and Pb show their greatest decrease in
the 1970s, while emissions of the other
pollutants show their greatest decrease in the
1980s.
Changes from 1991 to 1992 were primarily
caused by (1) changes in fuels consumed by
electric utilities, a major source of SO2
emissions, (2) increased usage of highway
vehicle emission controls, a major source of
CO, NOX, and VOC emissions, and (3) varied
production levels in industrial activity. Based
on the preliminary emission estimates for
1992, Pb emissions have increased slightly
from 1991, while emissions of all other
pollutants continue to decrease.
The following paragraphs of this section
discuss the most important factors influencing
the emission trends of each pollutant. The
analysis is divided by source category into
three parts: (1) 1900 to 1939 (where emission
estimates are available); (2) 1940 to 1970,
when significant changes occurred in
technology, activity patterns, and fuel use; and
(3) 1970 to 1992, when emissions controls
were progressively applied.
3.2 CARBON MONOXIDE
EMISSIONS
The trend in CO emissions is presented in
Table 3-1 and Figure 3-1. Table 3-1 presents
the Tier 1 source categories for every 10 years
for 1940 to 1990 and every year from 1990 to
1992. Categories displayed below Tier 1 do
not sum to Tier 1 because they are intended to
show major contributors. Figure 3-1 presents
the trends in CO emissions from 1940 to 1992.
The break in the graph at 1980 indicates a
major break in transportation methodology
from 1979 to 1980. The "All Other" category
includes electric utility and industrial fuel
combustion, petroleum and related industries,
other industrial processes, solvent utilization,
and storage and transport. The miscellaneous
emissions are primarily from forest fires.
3.2.1 Fuel Combustion: Electric Utility,
Industrial, and Other
CO emissions from fuel combustion sources
occur mainly in the residential sector. In
1940, residential wood combustion was
12 percent of the total CO national emissions.
By 1970, only 2 percent of the total national
emissions were from residential wood
combustion. Consumption of wood in the
residential sector steadily declined until the
late 1970s because fossil fuels were abundant,
cheap, and more convenient than fuel wood.
Emissions from residential wood consumption
almost doubled from 1970 to 1980 due to a
disruption in crude oil supplies and the
curtailment of natural gas deliveries, as well as
rising crude oil and natural gas prices in the
1970s, which revived interest in wood as a
fuel for residential space heating. The decline
in emissions from 1980 to 1992 (19 percent)
from residential wood combustion was the
result of a decline in conventional fuel prices
after the mid-1980s. In 1992, residential wood
combustion accounted for 6 percent of total
national CO emissions. More detailed
emission estimates are located in Table A-1, in
Appendix A.
3.2.2 Industrial Processes
In 1940, industrial processes accounted for
8 percent of the total CO national emissions.
Emissions from chemical and allied product
manufacturing decreased 19 percent from 1940
to 1970, but, during the same period, metals
processing increased 33 percent, and petroleum
and related industry increased by a factor of
10. The increase in the petroleum refining
3-2
-------
sector was a result of increased refinery
throughput to meet increased demand for
gasoline and other distillate products. Since
1970, emissions have decreased by 48 percent
as a result of the obsolescence of certain high-
polluting processes such as the manufacture of
carbon black by channel process and as a
result of installing more emission controls.
More detailed emission estimates for 1970,
1980, and 1983 through 1992 are presented in
Table A-2, in Appendix A.
3.2.3 Transportation: Highway Vehicle
and Off-Highway
In 1940, highway vehicles contributed
30 percent of CO emissions. From 1940
through 1970, emissions from all types of
highway vehicles nearly tripled. By 1970,
highway vehicles accounted for 67 percent of
the total national CO emissions.
Since 1970, highway vehicles have been the
largest single contributing source of CO
emissions. Table A-3 in Appendix A shows
how the emissions from major highway
vehicle subcategories have changed. From
1970 to 1980, total VMT increased 36 percent,
but because of the implementation of the
Federal Motor Vehicle Control Program
(FMVCP) on new vehicles, total CO emissions
from highway vehicles increased only
11 percent.1 From 1980 to 1992, VMT
increased 49 percent, but as a result of
pollution controls and the retirement of older,
uncontrolled vehicles, CO emissions from
highway vehicles decreased 37 percent during
this period. Without the implementation of
vehicle emission controls, CO emissions from
highway vehicles would have increased more
than threefold from 1970 to 1992. In 1992,
highway vehicles produced 63 percent of the
total national emissions.
In 1940, off-highway emissions were 9 percent
of the total emissions. They increased from
1940 to 1970 by 19 percent but were only
8 percent of the total emissions. In 1992, off-
highway emissions were 17 percent of the
total emissions.
The abrupt rise in emissions from 1979 to
1980, shown in Figure 3-1, is a result of
methodological changes in estimating
emissions from highway and off-highway
sources. Steps will be taken to extend these
changes to years prior to 1980 for the 1994
Trends report. More detailed emission
estimates for 1970, 1980, and 1983 through
1992 are presented in Table A-3, in
Appendix A.
3.2.4 Remaining Sources
CO emissions from other sources also
decreased from 1940 to 1992. In 1940, waste
disposal and forest wildfires were 4 and
28 percent, respectively, of the total emissions.
By 1970, forest wildfires decreased by
78 percent but waste disposal emissions nearly
doubled. From 1970 to 1992 forest wildfire
emissions decreased from 5.6 million tons to
1.2 million tons. Emissions from solid waste
disposal decreased 76 percent from 1970 to
1992 as a result of regulating or prohibiting
burning of solid waste in many areas of the
country. By 1992, forest wildfires and waste
disposal are 1 and 2 percent, respectively, of
the total emissions. More detailed emission
estimates for 1970, 1980, and 1983 through
1992 are presented in Table A-4, in
Appendix A.
3.3 NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSIONS
The trend in NOX emissions is presented in
Table 3-2 and Figure 3-2. Table 3-2 presents
the Tier 1 source categories for every 10 years
3-3
-------
for 1940 to 1990 and every year from 1990 to
1992. Categories displayed below Tier 1 do
not sum to Tier 1 because they are intended to
show major contributors. Figure 3-2 presents
the trend in NOX emissions from 1900 to 1992.
The break in the graph at 1980 indicates a
major break in transportation methodology
from 1979 to 1980. The "All Other" category
includes petroleum and related industries,
solvent utilization, metals processing, waste
disposal and recycling, miscellaneous, and
storage and transport.
3.3.1 Fuel Combustion: Electric Utility,
Industrial, and Other
In 1900, electric utilities were 4 percent of the
total emissions. By 1930, electric utility
emissions had increased by a factor of 6.
Emissions continued to increase from 1930 to
1970 from 0.6 to 4.9 million tons,
respectively. In 1992, electric utility
emissions were 7.5 million tons, or 32 percent
of the total emissions. New Source
Performance Standards (NSPS) have helped
reduce the growth in NOX emissions from
electric utilities. More detailed emission
estimates for 1970, 1980, and 1983 through
1992 are presented in Table A-5, in
Appendix A.
3.3.2 Transportation: Highway Vehicle
and Off-Highway
In 1900, highway vehicle emissions were zero
percent of the total emissions. By 1920, they
had increased to 5 percent of the total
emissions. Highway vehicle emissions
continued to increase by a factor of 3 from
1920 to 1940. Emissions from highway
vehicles increased by a factor of 6 from 1940
to 1980. In 1992, highway vehicle emissions
were 32 percent of the total emissions.
Highway vehicles emssions are now controlled
as a result of the implementation of FMVCP
and the replacement of older, less efficient
automobiles with newer vehicles. Without
these changes, NOX emissions from highway
vehicles may have more than doubled from
1970 to 1992. More detailed emission
estimates for 1970, 1980, and 1983 through
1992 are presented in Table A-6, in
Appendix A.
3.3.3 Remaining Sources
The historical NOX emissions are presented in
the historic SO2 and NOX document2 for five
source categories (electric utility, industrial,
commercial-residential, highway vehicle, and
other). This categorization makes comparisons
prior to 1940 on a source category basis
difficult. In general, however, the remaining
sources increased from 1900 to 1920 and
continued to increase from 1920 to 1940, but
at a slower rate. The remaining sources
(industrial processes, waste disposal and
recycling, and miscellaneous-other
combustion) were 17 percent of the total 1940
NOX emissions. Other combustion emissions
have steadily decreased from 1940 to 1970 by
67 percent and continued to decrease from
1970 to 1992 by 60 percent. Waste disposal
and recycling steadily increased from 1940 to
1970 by a factor of 4, but decreased from
1970 to 1992 by 81 percent. Industrial
process emissions steadily increased by a
factor of 3 from 1940 to 1970. The emissions
then decreased 28 percent from 1970 to 1980.
The increase from 1980 to 1992 of 58 percent
is due in part to a methodological change in
emission estimates beginning in 1986.m In
1992, the remaining sources were 5 percent of
the total emissions. More detailed emission
estimates for 1970, 1980, and 1983 through
1992 are presented in Table A-7, in
Appendix A.
3-4
-------
3.4 REACTIVE VOLATILE
ORGANIC COMPOUND
EMISSIONS
The trend in VOC emissions is presented in
Table 3-3 and Figure 3-3. Table 3-3 presents
the Tier 1 source categories for every 10 years
for 1940 to 1990 and every year from 1990 to
1992. Categories displayed below Tier 1 do
not sum to Tier 1 because they are intended to
show major contributors. Figure 3-3 presents
the trends in VOC emissions from 1900 to
1992. The break in the graph at 1980
indicates a major break in transportation
methodology from 1979 to 1980. The "All
Other" category includes electric utility,
industrial, and other fuel combustion,
petroleum and related industries, and other
industrial processes. The miscellaneous
emissions are primarily from forest fires.
VOC is a principal component in the chemical
and physical atmospheric reactions that form
ozone and other photochemical oxidants. The
VOC species that primarily contribute to the
formation of ozone are included in the total
VOC emission estimates, while methane, a
nonreactive compound, is not included.
Emissions of organic compounds from
biogenic sources, such as trees and other
vegetation, are presented in section 7. VOC
emissions from natural sources are almost
equal to anthropogenic emissions (according to
recent research), but the extent to which
biogenic emissions contribute to oxidant
formation has not been clearly established.
Emission estimates of VOC were developed
from current emission factors. No adjustments
have been made to include chlorofluorocarbons
or to exclude ethane and other VOCs with
negligible photochemical reactivity. If no data
were available for a source category, the total
nonmethane hydrocarbon or the total
hydrocarbon emission factor from AP-42 was
used.13 Highway vehicle emissions were
estimated as nonmethane hydrocarbons.
Historic emissions" of VOC from anthro-
pogenic sources have been estimated by state
and source category from 1900 to 1985 in
support of federal research activities under
NAPAP.3
3.4.1 Fuel Combustion: Electric Utility,
Industrial, and Other
In 1900, fuel combustion was 68 percent of
the total emissions. The combustion of wood
was 90 percent of the fuel combustion
emissions. By 1920, fuel combustion sources
had decreased to 55 percent of the total
emissions. By 1940, fuel combustion sources
were 12 percent of the total. This decline in
emissions continued until 1992, with fuel
combustion emissions contributing only
3 percent of the total emissions in 1992. (The
exception is a peak in residential wood
combustion that is explained in section 3.2.1.)
More detailed emission estimates for 1970,
1980, and 1983 through 1992 are presented in
Table A-8, in Appendix A.
3.4.2 Industrial Processes
In 1900, industrial processes were 3 percent of
the emissions. By 1920, industrial process
emissions had increased to 9 percent of the
total. Surface coating operations were 98 and
41 percent, respectively, of the 1900 and 1920
total emissions. Emissions from the petroleum
industry increased by a factor of 3 from 1900
to 1920. By 1940, industrial processes were
26 percent of the total emissions. Industrial
process emissions peaked in 1970 at
12.3 million tons. Solvent utilization was
responsible for 58 percent of the total
industrial emissions in 1970. Through the
3-5
-------
1970s, VOC emissions from industrial
processes would have continued to increase, if
uncontrolled, due to higher production levels,
particularly in organic chemical production
and industrial uses of organic solvents.
Emission control devices and process changes
have helped limit the growth in emissions
from these industrial processes. Emissions
from petroleum product storage and marketing
operations increased during the mid-1970s as
a result of increased demand for petroleum
products, especially motor gasoline. Since
1978, emissions from these sources have
decreased as the result of more effective
control measures. Another reason for the
decrease in emissions since 1970 is due to the
substitution of water-based emulsified asphalt
for asphalt liquified with petroleum distillates.
This reduction is reflected in the decreased
emissions reported for solvent utilization. In
1992, industrial processes are 48 percent of the
total emissions. More detailed emission
estimates for 1970, 1980, and 1983 through
1992 are presented in Table A-9, in
Appendix A.
3.4.3 Transportation: Highway Vehicle
and Off-Highway
In 1900, transportation sources accounted for
2 percent of the total emissions. Railroad coal
emissions were 99 percent of the
transportation emissions. Railroad emissions
peaked in 1920 when transportation emissions
increased to 13 percent of the total emissions.
Total VOC emissions from transportation
sources increased 145 percent from 1940 to
1970. By 1970, railroads contributed only
1 percent to the total emissions. Highway
vehicle emissions peaked in 1970 at 12 million
tons, or 41 percent of the total emissions.
VOC emissions from gasoline and diesel-
powered highway vehicles decreased
50 percent from 1970 to 1992. The FMVCP
initiatives have been responsible for this
decrease in emissions, despite increases in
VMT.
Figure 3-4 presents an example state's (shown
as "State X") evaporative emissions as a
function of Reid vapor pressure (RVP) and
VMT. As shown, the decrease in RVP has
offset the increase in VMT resulting in
reduced emissions since 1982. In 1992
highway vehicles accounted for 27 percent of
the total emissions. More detailed emission
estimates for 1970, 1980, and 1983 through
1992 are presented in Table A-10, in
Appendix A.
For estimating the highway emissions for 1980
through 1992, the EPA improved the method
by including state-specific and monthly
maximum and minimum temperatures,
gasoline volatility values, I/M programs, and
vehicle speed data. Since this change was not
implemented for all years, caution should be
used when comparing highway vehicle
emissions prior to 1980. For example, this
change in methodology is the primary cause
for the jump from 9.06 million tons in 1979 to
10.99 million tons in 1980, as shown in
Figure 3-3.
3.4.4 Remaining Sources
In 1900, solid waste disposal and
miscellaneous other sources (forest fires) were
6 and 21 percent, respectively, of the total
emissions. By 1920, solid waste disposal
emissions were still 6 percent and
miscellaneous other sources had decreased to
17 percent. The decrease in miscellaneous
other sources is due primarily to the success of
fire prevention programs. Wildfire emissions
peaked in 1930, representing 35 percent of the
total emissions. Forest wildfire emissions
have decreased since 1930. In 1992, forest
3-6
-------
wildfires were 1 percent of the total emissions.
More detailed emission estimates for 1970,
1980, and 1983 through 1992 are presented in
Table A-ll, in Appendix A.
3.5 SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS
The trend in SO2 emissions is presented in
Table 3-4 and Figure 3-5. Table 3-4 presents
the Tier 1 source categories for every 10 years
for 1940 to 1990 and every year 1990 to 1992.
Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum
to Tier 1 because they are intended to show
major contributors. Figure 3-5 presents the
trend in SO2 emissions from 1900 to 1992.
The "All Other" category includes petroleum
and related industries, other industrial
processes, solvent utilization, waste disposal
and recycling, chemical and allied product
manufacturing, and storage and transport
sources.
SO2 emissions have been identified as
precursors of acidic precipitation and
deposition. To support federal research
activities on this subject, more detailed
historical emission estimates of SO2 have been
developed. Interested readers may wish to
review the historical SO9 and NOY emissions
7
document , which contains estimates of SO2
emissions from 1900 through 1980 by state
and by source category, together with historic
fuel consumption data.0
3.5.1 Fuel Combustion: Electric Utility,
Industrial, and Other
In 1900, electric utilities represented 4 percent
of the total emissions. Emissions from electric
utilities steadily increased until 1925 (by a
factor of 5). Emissions decreased during the
1930s due primarily to the Great Depression.
By 1940, emissions were approximately the
same as they had been in 1920. From 1940 to
1970, emissions from electric utilities doubled
every decade. From 1940 to 1970, SO2
emissions increased 57 percent as a result of
increased consumption of fossil fuels. By
1970, coal combustion accounted for
82 percent of total SO2 emissions from all fuel
combustion sources. From 1970 to 1992, coal
consumption by electric utilities more than
doubled, but electric utility coal emissions
decreased by 9 percent as a result of coal
cleaning and lower sulfur coal blending. SO2
emissions from other fuel combustion sectors
have also generally decreased, primarily due to
less coal burning by industrial, commercial,
and residential consumers. More detailed
emission estimates for 1970, 1980, and 1983
through 1992 are presented in Table A-12, in
Appendix A.
3.5.2 Industrial Processes
The historical SO2 emissions are presented in
the historical SO2 and NOX document2 for five
source categories (electric utility, industrial,
commercial-residential, highway vehicle, and
other). This categorization makes comparisons
prior to 1940 on a source category basis
difficult. Industrial (both process and
combustion) emissions steadily increased from
1900 to 1925 (by a factor of 2). The
emissions decreased during the 1930s due to
the Great Depression. In 1940, industrial
processes emitted 20 percent of the total
emissions. These emissions increased by
74 percent from 1940 to 1970. From 1970 to
1992, industrial process emissions decreased
by 70 percent due to the increased use of
emission control devices by industry. In
particular, SO2 emissions have been greatly
reduced at nonferrous smelters. By-product
recovery of sulfuric acid at these smelters has
increased since 1970, resulting in recovered
sulfuric acid not being emitted in the form of
SO2. In addition, new sulfuric acid
3-7
-------
manufacturing plants have been subject to
NSPS since 1972. As new plants were built
or modified, they had to achieve more
stringent emission controls. In 1992, industrial
processes accounted for 9 percent of the total
emissions. More detailed emission estimates
for 1970, 1980, and 1983 through 1992 are
presented in Table A-13, in Appendix A.
3.5.3 Remaining Sources
The historical SO2 emissions are presented in
the historical SO2 and NOX emissions
document2, for five source categories (electric
utility, industrial, commercial-residential,
highway vehicle, and other). This
categorization makes comparisons prior to
1940 on a source category basis difficult. In
1940, the remaining sources (waste disposal,
other combustion, and transportation) were
19 percent of the total emissions. Railroad
emissions were 15 percent of the total
emissions in 1940. By 1970, railroad
emissions had decreased by 95 percent as a
result of the obsolescence of coal-fired
locomotives. Waste disposal and highway
vehicle emissions had increased by factors of
3 and 93, respectively. Between 1970 and
1992, waste disposal and highway vehicle
emissions increased by factors of 5 and 3,
respectively. The remaining sources are
5 percent of the total emissions in 1992. More
detailed emission estimates for 1970, 1980,
and 1983 through 1992 are presented in Table
A-14, in Appendix A.
3.6 LEAD EMISSIONS
The trend in Pb emissions is presented in
Table 3-6 and Figure 3-5. Table 3-5 presents
the Tier 1 source categories for every 5 years
for 1970 to 1990 and every year from 1990 to
1992. Categories displayed below Tier 1 do
not sum to Tier 1 because they are intended to
show major contributors. Figure 3-6 presents
the trends in Pb emissions from 1970 to 1992.
The "All Other" category includes electric
utility and industrial fuel combustion, other
industrial processes, and chemical and allied
product manufacturing.
3.6.1 Fuel Combustion: Electric Utility,
Industrial, and Other
Fuel combustion emissions in 1940 were
5 percent of the total emissions. They
decreased 69 percent from 1970 to 1992. By
1992, fuel combustion emissions were
10 percent of the total emissions. More
detailed emission estimates for 1970, 1980,
and 1983 through 1992 are presented in
Table A-15, in Appendix A.
3.6.2 Industrial Processes
Industrial process emissions in 1970 were
12 percent of the total emissions. They
decreased 91 percent from 1970 to 1992. By
1992, industrial process emissions were
45 percent of the total emissions. More
detailed emissions stimates for 1970, 1980,
and 1983 through 1992 are presented in
Table A-16, in Appendix A.
3.6.3 Remaining Sources
Highway vehicle emissions in 1970 were
78 percent of the total emissions. Total
national lead emissions also decreased sharply
from 1970 to 1986 as a result of FMVCP.
This program has resulted in the widespread
use of catalytic converters on automobiles to
reduce NOX, VOC, and CO emissions and the
use of unleaded gasoline for vehicles with
these converters. Gasoline consumption
increased 16 percent between 1970 and 1975,
but, because of the decrease in the lead
content of gasoline, lead emissions from
3-8
-------
highway vehicles actually decreased
24 percent.
From a historic perspective, lead emissions
have changed little in recent years. From
1975 to 1992, the percent of unleaded gasoline
sales increased from 13 to 99 percent, and the
lead emissions from highway vehicles
decreased about 99 percent (130.21 thousand
tons in 1975 to 1.38 thousand tons in 1992).
The bulk of the reductions in lead emissions
during this period occurred when the U.S.
EPA required petroleum refiners to lower the
lead content of leaded gasoline to 0.5 grams
per gallon in 1985 to 0.1 grams per gallon in
1986. The lead content of leaded gasoline had
been 1.1 grams per gallon or more. In 1992,
highway vehicle emissions were 27 percent of
the total emissions. More detailed emission
estimates for 1970, 1980, and 1983 through
1992 are presented in Table A-17, in
Appendix A.
3.7 PARTICULATE MATTER
EMISSIONS
The trend in PM-10 emissions is presented in
Table 3-6 and Figure 3-7 (point and process
fugitive sources) and Figure 3-8 (fugitive dust
sources). Table 3-6 presents the Tier 1 source
categories for every 10 years for 1940 to 1990
and every year 1990 to 1992. Categories
displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1
because they are intended to show major
contributors. Figure 3-7 presents the trends in
PM-10 emissions (excluding fugitive dust
sources) from 1940 to 1992. The "All Other"
category includes other and industrial fuel
combustion, petroleum and related industries,
other industrial processes, chemical and allied
product manufacturing, and waste disposal and
recycling. The miscellaneous emissions are
primarily from forest fires. Figure 3-8
presents the fugitive dust source emissions
from 1985 to 1992.
3.7.1 Point and Process Fugitive Sources
Point and fugitive process sources are all
PM-10 sources except fugitive dust sources.
These emissions are presented in Table 3-6
and Figure 3-7.
3.7.1.1 Fuel Combustion: Electric
Utility, Industrial, and Other
In 1940, emissions from fuel combustion were
23 percent of the total. A large portion of the
PM-10 emissions from fuel combustion
sources resulted from the combustion of coal.
In 1940, coal was consumed mostly by the
industrial and residential sectors. Since 1940,
residential coal use has declined substantially,
resulting in a corresponding reduction in
emissions. Industrial coal use has also
declined, but not to the same extent as
residential use. Emission controls used by
industrial coal consumers have increased over
the years and, by 1970, emissions had
decreased to about 15 percent of the 1940
level.
Since 1970, PM-10 emissions from electric
utilities have decreased, despite continued
increases in coal consumption as a result of
installing air pollution control equipment
required by new facilities constructed in the
1970s to meet NSPS. Fuel combustion
contributed 11 percent to the total emissions in
1970, and 18 percent in 1992. In 1992,
76 percent of the PM-10 emissions from fuel
combustion sources originated from wood
burning as compared to 60 percent in 1970.
Today, wood stoves, wood furnaces, and
fireplaces in residential homes account for
51 percent of the PM-10 emissions from wood
burning. In 1992, fuel combustion sources are
3-9
-------
18 percent of the total emissions. More
detailed emission estimates for 1970, 1980,
and 1983 through 1992 are presented in
Table A-18, in Appendix A.
3.7.1.2 Transportation: Highway
Vehicle and Off-Highway
Transportation emissions in 1940 were
17 percent of the total emissions. Railroad
and light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGV) were
16 and 1 percent, respectively of the total
emissions in 1940. By 1970, railroad
emissions had decreased by 97 percent but
LDGV emissions had tripled. Railroad
emissions continued to decrease from 1970 to
1992 (by 45 percent). By 1992, LDGV
emissions had increased further by 16 percent
since 1970. In 1992 transportation emissions
are 31 percent of the total emissions. More
detailed emission estimates for 1970, 1980,
and 1983 through 1992 are presented in
Table A-19, Appendix A.
3.7.1.3 Remaining Sources
PM-10 emissions from industrial processes
increased from 1940 through 1950, primarily
as a result of increased industrial production.
From 1950 to 1970, industrial output
continued to grow, but installation of pollution
control equipment mandated by air pollution
control programs more than offset the increase
in production. In 1970, industrial processes
contributed 63 percent to the total and in 1992,
they contributed only 33 percent, thus
indicating considerable progress in reducing
emissions. Table A-20, in Appendix A, shows
estimated emissions for specific processes.
In 1940 wildfires contributed 14 percent to the
total national emissions but by 1992 they
contributed only 8 percent to the total. More
detailed emission estimates for 1970, 1980,
and 1983 through 1992 are presented in
Table A-20, in Appendix A.
3.7.2 Fugitive Dust Sources
The inclusion of fugitive dust source emissions
began with the 1991 Trends report. Figure 3-8
presents the emission estimates for the six
fugitive dust sources estimated for Trends
(wind erosion, mining and quarrying,
agricultural tilling, paved and unpaved roads,
and construction) for 1985 through 1992.
Unlike the point and fugitive process emission
estimate methodologies, most fugitive dust
emission estimate methodologies utilize
meteorological data (number of days with
greater than 0.01 inches of precipitation,
amount of rain, and wind speed) which can
vary significantly from year-to-year. The
PM-10 emissions from fugitive dust sources
have increased by 2 percent from 1985 to
1992. During this time period, the emissions
have ranged from 42.04 million tons in 1987
to 59.84 million tons in 1988. Unlike other
fugitive dust sources, wind erosion can be
highly variable. For example, the total
national emissions from wind erosion in 1987
are estimated to be 1.46 million tons,
compared to 17.51 million tons in 1988. The
lack of precipitation in 1988 prior to spring
crop planting, especially in the central and
western United States, contributed to greater
wind erosion for that year. In 1992, total
national fugitive dust PM-10 emissions are
estimated to be about eight times greater than
the total emissions from point and fugitive
process sources.
3-10
-------
It should be noted that the historic emission estimates may not be as reliable as the more recent estimates as
a result of increased uncertainty in early statistics and assumptions.
1 This change may be due to the use of different methodologies in estimating highway vehicle emissions. The
next report will use a more consistent methodology.
m Starting with 1986, rule effectiveness was applied to all point sources with known control efficiencies. The
result is increased emissions.
The emission estimates from Historic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds in the United States from
1900 to 19853 for the years 1940 to 1980 may differ from those in this report since they have not been updated.
Further explanation of the changes in emissions for years prior to 1940 are explained in the document.
0 The emission estimates from this document for the years 1940-1980 may differ from those in this report
since they have not been updated.
3-11
-------
Table 3-1. Total National Emissions of CO, 1940 through 1992
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980 1990
1991
1992
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRY
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & MC
light-duty gas vehicles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
LDGT1
LDGT2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
HDDV
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Gasoline
construction
industrial
farm
recreational marine vessels
Aircraft
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
(Other Combustion)
forest wildfires
TOTAL
4
435
14,890
1 1 ,279
2,639
8,640
3,501
4,190
2,750
221
114
NA
NA
3,630
27,370
19,860
19,849
2,596
1,992
603
4,914
NA
NA
8,051
3,777
1,198
780
1,351
60
4
4,083
29,210
25,130
90,865
110
549
10,656
7,716
1,805
5,910
2,833
5,844
2,910
2,651
231
NA
NA
4,717
41,372
28,149
28,098
4,229
3,251
978
8,965
29
29
11,610
7,331
2,409
1,558
2,716
120
934
3,076
18,135
11,159
98,785
110
661
6,250
4,743
1,110
3,633
1,507
3,982
2,866
3,086
342
NA
NA
5,597
58,297
42,604
42,547
5,390
4,135
1,255
10,178
126
126
1 1 ,575
8,753
2,262
1,379
3,897
518
1,764
332
11,010
4,487
103,777
237
770
3,625
2,932
686
2,246
630
3,397
3,644
2,179
620
NA
NA
7,059
79,258
59,959
59,662
9,554
6,992
2,561
9,398
347
347
10,001
7,658
584
1,909
3,842
398
995
280
7,909
5,620
118,700
322
750
6,230
5,992
1,402
4,590
178
2,151
2,246
1,723
830
NA
NA
2,300
87,991*
59,125
59,125
17,661
NA
NA
10,040
1,165
1,150
16,117f
14,475
413
1,090
1,963
1,301
1,023
277
8,344
5,396
129,004
314
716
5,726
5,435
NA
NA
158
1,893
2,080
435
716
2
102
1,686
59,801
41,523
41 ,523
13,706
NA
NA
2,951
1,621
1,565
14,642
12,655
395
1,228
63
1,207
966
122
4,267
1,178
92,379
314
723
5,583
5,290
NA
NA
161
1,906
1,992
439
711
2
103
1,644
58,825
40,840
40,840
13,537
NA
NA
2,798
1,651
1,591
14,238
12,323
364
1,195
52
1,176
966
128
4,202
1,178
90,682
311
714
5,154
4,872
NA
NA
149
1,873
1,978
403
722
2
100
1,686
55,288
38,386
38,386
12,682
NA
NA
2,574
1,646
1,584
14,679
12,659
395
1,228
63
1,207
997
121
4,271
1,178
87,183
NOTE(S): 1990 through 1992 emissions are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
TThere is a change in methodology for highway vehicle and off-highway emission estimates 1970 to 1980.
NA = not available
MC = motorcycle
LDGT = light-duty gasoline truck (1: < 6000 Ibs, 2:6000 to 8500 Ibs)
HDDV = heavy-duty diesel vehicle
3-12
-------
Table 3-2. Total National Emissions of NOX, 1940 through 1992
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
1991
1992
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
Gas
natural
FUEL COMB. OTHER
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & MC
light-duty gas vehicles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
HDDV
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Diesel
construction
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL
660
438
255
125
58
2,542
2,012
1,301
365
337
530
6
4
105
107
NA
NA
109
1,523
1,105
1,104
164
255
NA
NA
990
103
70
657
990
7,566
1,316
996
584
288
123
3,193
1,077
688
1,756
1,692
647
63
110
110
93
NA
NA
215
2,453
1,611
1,611
271
487
83
83
1,539
187
158
992
665
10,404
2,536
1,926
1,154
568
204
4,075
782
533
2,955
2,846
763
111
110
220
132
NA
NA
330
4,423
2,967
2,966
421
597
438
438
1,443
247
157
772
441
14,584
4,900
3,497
2,112
1,041
344
4,326
771
532
3,061
3,053
836
271
77
240
187
NA
NA
440
7,427
4,734
4,730
868
547
1,277
1,277
1,825
663
185
705
330
20,859
7,023
5,675
3,439
1,694
542
3,554
444
306
2,619
2,469
741
216
65
72
205
NA
NA
111
8,705f
4,651
4,651
1,378
370
2,306
2,285
2,724f
1,430
732
827
248
23,664
7,527
6,707
4,603
1,706
399
3,535
613
444
1,924
325
732
398
81
100
306
2
3
82
7,816
3,535
3,535
1,173
198
2,909
2,838
2,843
1,478
944
929
133
23,559
7,482
6,662
4,522
1,732
408
3,604
610
438
1,991
325
745
400
79
103
298
2
4
81
7,715
3,551
3,551
1,158
199
2,807
2,731
2,769
1,350
866
980
132
23,413
7,468
6,698
4,579
1,705
414
3,523
613
444
1,915
324
734
401
78
94
301
3
3
82
7,477
3,517
3,517
1,125
196
2,639
2,561
2,852
1,482
944
925
133
23,149
NOTE(S): 1990 through 1992 emissions are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
tlhere is a change in methodology for highway vehicle and off-highway emission estimates, 1970 to 1980.
NA = not available
MC = motorcycle
HDDV = heavy-duty diesel vehicle
3-13
-------
Table 3-3. Total National Emissions of VOC, 1940 through 1992
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
1940 1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
1991
1992
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Organic Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Surface Coating
Nonlndustrlal
consumer solvents
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
area source: gasoline
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & MC
light-duty gas vehicles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
HDDV
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Gasoline
lawn & garden
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
forest wildfires
TOTAL
2
108
1,867
1,410
340
1,070
884
58
325
571
130
1,971
1,058
490
NA
639
185
158
4,774
3,720
3,716
507
547
NA
NA
778
208
NA
990
4,079
4,079
3,420
17,118
9
98
1,336
970
231
739
1,324
110
442
548
184
3,679
2,187
NA
NA
1,218
361
307
7,172
5,331
5,314
831
998
11
11
1,213
423
NA
1,104
2,530
2,530
1,510
20,856
9
106
768
563
131
431
991
245
342
1,034
202
4,403
2,128
1,189
NA
1,762
528
449
10,370
8,224
8,204
1,082
1,018
46
46
1,215
526
NA
1,546
1,573
1,573
768
24,322
30
150
541
460
107
353
1,341
629
394
1,194
270
7,174
3,570
1,674
NA
1,954
599
509
12,219
9,545
9,442
1,652
897
125
125
1,392
586
NA
1,984
1,101
1,101
770
29,743
45
157
848
809
189
620
1,595
884
273
1,440
237
6,584
3,685
1,002
NA
1,975
517
440
10,990t
7,133
7,133
2,486
955
416
409
2,315*
1,740
828
758
1,134
1,134
739
28,350
36
284
437
405
NA
NA
1,771
684
72
737
478
6,063
2,619
1,900
1,083
1,861
658
560
6,977
4,628
4,628
1,677
239
433
408
2,120
1,646
728
2,262
577
576
162
23,674
33
289
426
394
NA
NA
1,778
686
69
745
475
6,064
2,598
1,934
1,111
1,868
646
550
6,812
4,529
4,529
1,630
227
426
398
2,060
1,602
711
2,217
568
567
162
23,404
32
279
394
363
NA
NA
1,758
676
70
715
475
6,062
2,616
1,911
1,090
1,823
624
524
6,099
4,051
4,051
1,447
193
409
380
2,127
1,646
728
2,314
577
577
162
22,726
NOTE(S): 1990 through 1992 emissions are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
tThere is a change in methodology for highway vehicle and off-highway emission estimates, 1970 to 1980.
Change in the 1990 through 1992 methodology does not allow for estimating fireplace and woodstove emissions.
NA = not available
MC = motorcycle
HDDV = heavy-duty diesel vehicle
3-14
-------
Table 3-4. Total National Emissions of SO2, 1940 through 1992
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
1940 1950 1960
1970 1980 1990
1991
1992
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite and lignite
on
residual
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
OH
residual
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Residential Other
bltumlnous/subbltumlnous coal
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
PETROLEUM & RELATED IND.
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL
2,427
2,276
1,359
668
249
151
146
6,060
5,188
3,473
1,070
554
397
145
173
NA
3,642
2,517
2,267
215
3,309
2,760
2,292
224
334
0
0
3
3
3,192
2,975
545
19,954
4,515
4,056
2,427
1,196
433
459
453
5,725
4,423
2,945
907
972
721
180
150
NA
3,964
2,079
1,758
427
3,747
3,092
2,369
340
596
0
0
3
103
2,418
2,174
545
22,384
9,264
8,883
5,367
2,642
873
380
375
3,864
2,703
1,858
574
922
663
189
51
NA
2,319
1,250
868
447
3,986
3,322
2,772
676
671
0
0
10
114
339
215
554
22,245
17,398
15,799
9,574
4,716
1,509
1,598
1,578
4,568
3,129
2,171
669
1,229
956
140
70
NA
1,490
492
260
591
4,775
4,060
3,507
881
846
0
0
8
279
379
138
110
31,325
17,483
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2,951
1,527
1,058
326
1,065
851
299
60
NA
971
211
43
280
1,842
1,279
1,080
734
918
0
0
33
458
531
133
11
26,212
15,871
15,201
13,342
1,421
438
639
629
3,106
1,843
1,380
29
827
633
345
85
6
597
175
30
424
908
735
546
440
401
1
21
36
743
265
68
4
22,818
15,784
15,101
13,203
1,381
517
652
642
3,139
1,821
1,356
28
878
684
350
84
6
608
179
30
426
874
709
529
444
391
1
21
36
770
274
71
4
22,773
15,841
15,270
13,382
1,371
517
541
533
3,090
1,843
1,381
29
820
633
337
84
6
589
174
26
419
868
701
519
411
397
1
21
36
785
271
67
4
22,731
NOTE(S): 1990 through 1992 emissions are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
NA = not available
3-15
-------
Table 3-5. Total National Emissions of Pb, 1970 through 1992
(short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Ex. Residential)
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
(Inorganic Chemical Mfg)
(lead oxide and pigments)
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
primary lead product
primary copper product
primary zinc product
secondary lead product
second copper product
lead cable coating
Ferrous Metals Processing
ferroalloy production
iron production
steel production
gray iron production
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Mineral Products
(cement manufacturing)
Misc Industrial Processes
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
(Incineration)
municipal waste
other
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & MC
OFF-HIGHWAY
(Non-Road Gasoline)
TOTAL
1970
327
237
10,052
10,000
103
24,224
15,869
12,134
242
1,019
1,894
374
127
7,395
219
266
3,125
3,773
2,028
540
1,488
2,200
581
1,619
171,961
142,918
8,340
219,472
1975
230
75
10,042
10,000
120
9,923
7,192
5,640
171
224
821
200
55
2,196
104
93
1,082
910
1,337
217
1,120
1,595
396
1,199
130,206
106,868
5,012
158,541
1980
129
60
4,111
4,080
104
3,026
1,826
1,075
20
24
481
116
37
911
13
38
481
373
808
93
715
1,210
161
1,049
62,189
48,501
3,320
74,956
1985
64
30
421
400
118
2,097
1,376
874
19
16
288
70
43
577
7
21
209
336
316
43
273
871
79
792
15,978
12,070
229
20,124
1990
64
18
418
400
136
2,138
1,409
728
19
9
449
75
50
576
18
18
138
397
169
26
143
804
67
738
1,690
1,263
197
5,634
1991
61
18
416
400
132
1,939
1,258
623
19
11
414
65
48
517
14
16
145
339
167
24
143
582
55
528
1,519
1,135
180
5,014
1992
62
17
416
400
140
2,069
1,323
628
20
11
470
63
50
561
17
18
145
378
139
24
115
742
59
683
1,383
1,033
207
5,176
NOTE(S): 1990 through 1992 emissions are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
MC = motorcycle
3-16
-------
Table 3-6. Total National Emissions of PM-10,1940 through 1992
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
1940 1950
1960
1970
1980 1990
1991
1992
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Mineral Products
cement mfg
other
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & MC
LDGV
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
HDDV
OFF-HIGHWAY
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
wildfires
Fugitive Dust
wind erosion
unpaved roads
paved roads
other
TOTAL
432
708
2,338
1,716
402
1,315
330
1,208
588
217
366
3,996
2,701
1,363
794
392
210
159
159
21
29
NA
NA
2,480
2,464
2,968
2,968
2,179
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
15,426
497
604
1,674
1,128
264
864
455
1,027
346
105
412
6,954
5,460
1,998
2,690
505
314
220
220
34
51
9
9
1,788
1,742
1,934
1,934
1,063
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
16,163
456
331
1,113
850
199
651
309
1,026
375
122
689
7,211
5,563
2,014
2,369
764
554
417
416
53
68
15
15
201
110
1,244
1,244
428
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
13,897
246
641
455
384
90
294
235
1,316
593
343
286
5,832
4,620
1,731
1,798
999
960
644
639
104
71
141
141
273
65
839
839
385
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
12,081
190
679
887
818
191
626
148
622
130
32
138
1,846
1,261
417
296
273
1,112
602
594
158
61
291
279
273
58
852
852
514
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,020
167
487
509
469
110
359
115
409
83
28
123
1,328
783
226
133
221
1,477
697
697
180
46
554
514
279
41
45,728
961
634
44,767
4,192
15,649
7,533
17,393
50,844
163
477
496
457
107
350
113
392
84
27
118
1,251
745
212
134
216
1,528
724
724
187
41
575
533
269
38
50,320
784
456
49,536
10,125
14,254
8,150
17,006
55,341
165
463
466
429
100
328
121
416
88
28
119
1,284
779
217
137
252
1,558
739
739
190
42
586
544
272
36
46,309
808
482
45,501
4,658
15,167
7,901
17,775
51,427
NOTE(S): 1990 through 1992 emissions are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
NA = not available
MC = motorcycle
LDGV = light-duty gasoline vehicle
HDDV = heavy-duty diesel vehicle
3-17
-------
Figure 3-1. Trend in CO Emission Estimates by Tier 1 Source Category, 1940 through 1992
150
MISCELLANEOUS***
FUEL COMB. OTHER
OFF-HIGHWAY
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
ALL OTHER**
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
METALS PROCESSING
* The abrupt rise in emissions from 1979 to 1980 is due to changes in methods for calculating highway vehicle and off-highway emissions.
** All other is defined as fuel combustion (electric utility & industrial), petroleum & related industries, other industrial processes, solvent utilization, and storage & transport.
Miscellaneous is primarily forest fire emissions.
-------
Figure 3-2. Trend in NO Emission Estimates by Tier 1 Source Category, 1900 through 1992
j\
25
ALL OTHER**
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
FUEL COMB. OTHER
OFF-HIGHWAY
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
* The change in emissions from 1979 to 1980 is due to changes in methods for calculating highway vehicle and off-highway emissions.
** All other is defined as miscellaneous, petroleum & related industry, waste disposal & recycling, metals processing, solvent utilization, and storage & transport
-------
Figure 3-3. Trend in VOC Emission Estimates by Tier 1 Source Category, 1900 through 1992*
30
ALL OTHER"
MISCELLANEOUS-
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
OFF-HIGHWAY
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
The abrupt rise in emissions from 1979 to 1980 is due to changes in methods for calculating highway vehicle and off-highway emissions
** All other is defined as petroleum & related industries, other industrial processes, fuel combustion, and metals processing.
Miscellaneous is primarily emissions from forest fires.
-------
Figure 3-4. Trend in State X Evaporative Emissions as a Function of RVP and VMT
Emissions
A RVP
O VMT
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
Note: Data provided by EPA's Office of Mobile Sources (RVP) and the Federal Highway Administration (VMT)
-------
Figure 3-5. Trend in SCL Emission Estimates by Tier 1 Source Category, 1900 through 1992
40
to
to
I I ALL OTHER*
OFF-HIGHWAY
FUEL COMB. - OTHER
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
METALS PROCESSING
FUEL COMB.-IND.
FUEL COMB. - ELEC. UTIL
* All other is defined as chemical & allied product, petroleum & related industries, other industrial processes, waste disposal & recycling, storage & transport, and miscellaneous
-------
Figure 3-6. Trend in Pb Emission Estimates by Tier 1 Source Category, 1970 through 1992
to
300
ALL OTHER*
OFF-HIGHWAY
FUEL COMB.-OTHER
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
METALS PROCESSING
All other is defined in section 2.5.1
-------
Figure 3-7. Trend in PM-10 Emission Estimates by Tier 1 Source Category (excluding fugitive dust
emissions), 1940 through 1992
20
ALL OTHER*
METALS PROCESSING
OFF-HIGHWAY
FUEL COMB.-IND.
FUEL COMB.-OTHER
MISCELLANEOUS**
mi OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
* All other categories are listed with emissions in Table A-18, A-19. and A-20 in Appendix A.
"Miscellaneous is primarily wildfires.
-------
u>
N>
Figure 3-8. Trend in PM-10 Emission Estimates from Fugitive Dust Sources, 1985 through 1992
I I Wind Erosion
HI Mining and Quarrying
Agricultural Tilling
Construction
Unpaved Roads
-------
-------
SECTION 4.0
REGIONAL EMISSION TRENDS, 1985 THROUGH 1992
This section presents the results of estimating
the total emissions in each of the 10 EPA
regions. A map of the 10 EPA Administrative
regions is presented in Figure 1-1. When
comparing emissions from different regions, it
is important to consider the size of the region,
population, economic activity, predominant
types of industry, soil type, and other factors
that affect air pollution. Total regional
emissions for 1985 through 1992 are presented
by pollutant and year in Appendix B,
Tables B-l through B-8. Figures 4-1 through
4-6 show the total emissions of each pollutant
by EPA region for 1985 through 1992.
It should be noted that the regional emission
estimates shown in the previous report7 have
been replaced by new estimates. As described
in sections 5.2.4 and 5.6, regional emissions
for PM-10 and lead are calculated as a fraction
of the total national emissions of each source
category. Regional emissions of VOC, CO,
NOX, and SO2 are the sum of county emissions
in each region.
The trends in regional emissions closely
follow the trends in national emissions. This
effect is largely due to the fact that each
region has a diversity of source categories
which reflect the national diversity. Some
source categories, however, such as forest
fires, prescribed burning, wind erosion, and
certain industrial processes, produce significant
regional effects and, therefore, do not
necessarily follow national trends within the
source category. These source categories will
generally account for large changes at the
regional level from one year to the next.
4-1
-------
Figure 4-1. Trend in CO Emission Estimates by Region
(million short tons)
19851986198719881
REGION
REGION IX
1985 1986 19giTi988 1989 1990 1991 1992
REGION I
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
REGION III
-------
Figure 4-2. Trend in NOX Emission Estimates by Region
(million short tons)
REGION IX
5-r
1989 1990 1991 1992
REGION I
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
REGION III
-------
Figure 4-3. Trend in VOC Emission Estimates by Region
(million short tons)
6-r
REGION IX
6-r
19851986198719881
REGION
1985 1986 19STT988 1989 1990 1991 1992
REGION I
6-r
198519861987 1988198919901991 1932
REGION III
-------
Figure 4-4. Trend in SO2 Emission Estimates by Region
(million short tons)
19851986198719881
REGION
1985 1986 19$T1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
REGION I
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
REGION III
REGION IX
-------
ON
Figure 4-5. Trend in Pb Emission Estimates by Region
(thousand short tons)
1985 1986 19BT1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
REGION I
19851986198719881
REGION
REGION VIII
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
REGION III
REGION VII
19851986
REGION
1 1992
REGION VI
-------
Figure 4-6. Trend in PM-10 Emission Estimates by Region
(million short tons)
19851986198719881
REGION
25-r
1985 1986 19pT1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
REGION I
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
REGION III
19851986
«O «a
REGION IX
1992
REGION VI
-------
-------
SECTION 5.0
EMISSION ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY
Each year the EPA has prepared national
emission estimates for assessing historic trends
in criteria pollutant emissions. While these
estimates have been prepared using consistent
methodologies and have been useful for
evaluating emission changes from year to year,
they have not provided an absolute indication
of emissions for any given year. States are
currently finalizing a large emissions data base
from calendar year 1990 to support CAAA
requirements for ozone and CO nonattainment
areas. This section discusses activities that
have been undertaken to integrate these two
data bases. Action to revise the Trends
methodology to achieve consistency with state
emission inventories will be described.
In order to provide an absolute indication of
emissions as discussed above, please note that
methodologies have changed from 1970 to the
present, THUS COMPARISON OF VALUES
WITH PREVIOUS TRENDS REPORTS IS
NOT A VALID EXERCISE. The reader
should use caution when comparing historical
numbers from this report with any reports
previously published.
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Emission inventory data that will be submitted
by states in response to the CAAA will be
used in numerous activities, one of which is
modeling. The modeling community will
require emissions data for ROM and UAM
runs. The EPA will be running the ROM to
provide base and future year boundary
conditions for the UAM. For the base year,
this will require multiple ROM runs to cover
approximately 180 episode days over a 5-year
period (1987 to 1991). For the future base
year modeling, attainment years 1996, 1999,
2005, and 2007 will be modeled. To support
the ROM runs, an emission inventory is
needed for the regional airshed. Because
states are not required to develop or submit
statewide emission inventories for all source
categories, and because nonattainment area
emission inventories are not required to be
submitted and approved in time to support
ROM runs, EPA developed an Interim
Inventory for the 1987 to 1991 base years.
Within the current AIRS, the majority of the
emissions data reported is for nonattainment
areas, because that is currently the only
information the states are required to report.
For modeling analysis and for trend
evaluations, however, information on
emissions from all sources (both inside and
outside of nonattainment areas) is required.
Several projects are in progress, or have
recently been completed, that address parts of
the problem described above. For instance,
the EIB has developed a standard set of source
reporting categories10, commonly referred to as
"tier" categories. The availability of a
standard format which all agencies can use to
report their data will facilitate comparisons
across political boundaries and will enable
EPA to readily compile national emission
estimates. The EIB is developing procedures/
criteria5 for replacing Interim emissions data
with ozone SIP-submitted data. This will
eventually result in a 1990 Base Year
Inventory consisting of state data for
5-1
-------
nonattainment areas and EPA-generated data
for all other areas.
When all these tasks are completed, the Effi
will be able to extract the most current state
inventories from AIRS and supplement the
gaps with EPA-generated attainment
inventories. The EIB has already made
several changes to the Trends methodology to
make the substitutions smoother.
Efforts to revise the Trends methodology to
achieve consistency with state emission
inventories have begun by integrating the
Interim methodology. The next step will be to
integrate the ozone SIPs into Trends. In
general, the Trends emissions will reflect the
Trends methodology for 1900 through 1984,
the NAPAP methodology for 1985, and the
Interim methodology for 1986 through 1992.
The following sections describe any
modification made to the three methodologies.
5.2 TRENDS METHODOLOGY
Although many changes have been made to
the Trends emission estimates, the
methodology has remained constant for the
1900 through 1939 VOC, NOX, and SO2
emissions; all particulate (1940 to 1992) and
lead (1970 to 1992) emissions; and all SO2
(except 1980 electric utility) emissions. NOX,
CO, and VOC emissions from 1940 to 1984
(except 1980 through 1984 transportation
emissions) reported in Trends are based on a
national "top-down" methodology. The 1900
through 1939 VOC, NOX, SO2 emissions were
extracted from the NAPAP historical
emissions report.
The estimation of national emissions by
pollutant and by year involves many steps.
Ideally, national emission estimates should be
the result of adding the emissions of each
individual source in the country. However,
this is not possible for years prior to 1985, and
therefore, reliable emission estimates must be
based on a "top-down" calculation approach.
The methods used to prepare the estimates
presented in this report are as similar as
possible to those used for AIRS/AFS data
preparation.11 To develop the AIRS point
source file, a complex calculation procedure
must be followed which includes source-by-
source and plant-by-plant emissions
calculations. Individual point source estimates
are summed to get state-level totals, and these
are then summed to get national-level figures.
To develop area source emissions12, statistical
information must be collected on each type of
area source. Area sourcesp are small sources
(generally those which produce emissions of
less than 100 tons per year) that are too
numerous to account for individually.
Residential fuel combustion and solid waste
disposal are examples of area sources.
Fugitive dust emissions (emissions from
unconfined sources such as storage piles,
material loading, and wind erosion of land)
must also be estimated. These estimates are
based on large-scale data and various
calculation procedures developed in recent
years.
5.2.1 Calculation Procedure
Since it is impossible to measure the emissions
of every historic source individually, a top-
down estimating procedure must be used. The
emissions are calculated either for individual
sources or for many sources combined, using
indicators of emissions. Depending on the
source category, these indicators may include
fuel consumption or deliveries, VMT, tons of
refuse burned, raw material processed, etc.
5-2
-------
When indicators are used, emission factors
which relate the quantity of emissions to the
activity indicator must also be used.
Emission factors are not necessarily precise
indicators of emissions. They are quantitative
estimates of the average rate of emissions
from many sources combined. These factors
are most valid when applied to a large number
of sources. If their limitations are recognized,
emission factors can be extremely useful tools
for estimating national emissions.
The basic calculation procedure for most
source categories, excluding highway vehicles
and copper smelters, may be represented by
the following equation:
(eq. 1)
100;
where, E = emissions
p = pollutant
s = source category
A = activity level
EF = emission factor
C = percent control
efficiency
National activity data for individual source
categories are obtained from many different
publications. Emission factors are generally
obtained from the U.S. EPA's Compilation Of
Air Pollutant Emission Factors, or AP-4213,
and from MOBILES, EPA's most current
mobile source emission factor model at the
time of calculation.14 The overall control
efficiency of a source category is currently
derived from AIRS/AFS data. In the past,
control efficiency was derived from the
National Emissions Data System (NEDS)15,
the predecessor of AIRS, and from the 1985
NAPAP Emission Inventory.
Exceptions to this approach include estimates
for electric power plants, copper smelters, and
highway vehicles. For years prior to 1985,
SO2 emissions from electric power plants are
calculated on a plant-by-plant basis. For
copper smelters from 1975 to 1984, SO2
emissions were obtained from the plants
directly through the respective state air
pollution agencies. For highway vehicles,
VOC, CO, and NOX, emissions (1980 to 1984)
are calculated by state and month using a
method described in section 5.3.
The following sections describe the
methodology used for estimating the annual
emissions of all criteria pollutants (1940 to
1984) and of Pb and PM-10 (1985 to 1991)
for each major source category.
5.2.1.1 Transportation
The methodology used to estimate highway
vehicle and off-highway emissions is described
in this section. This category includes
gasoline and diesel-powered motor vehicles,
aircraft, railroad, vessels, and nonhighway use
of motor fuels. The off-highway emissions
(all transportation sources except highway
vehicles) are adjusted for the years 1980 to
1984 by the method described in section 5.3
for CO, NOX, and VOC.
5.2.1.1.1 Highway Vehicles — Emissions
from gasoline and diesel-powered motor
vehicles are based upon VMT16 and emission
factors. Eight vehicle categories are
considered: gasoline-powered automobiles,
diesel-powered automobiles, light-duty
gasoline trucks (trucks less than 6,000 pounds
in weight), light-duty gasoline trucks (6,000 to
8,500 pounds in weight), light-duty diesel
5-3
-------
trucks, heavy-duty gasoline trucks and buses,
heavy-duty diesel trucks and buses, and
motorcycles.
Emission factors for VOC, NOX and CO are
obtained from the MOBILES model, which is
designed to be used as a tool for estimating
exhaust and evaporative emissions from
highway vehicles. The model requires
information such as temperatures, vehicle
speeds, and gasoline volatility. For PM-10
and SO2, emission factors were obtained from
AP-42. The PM-10 factors account for tire
wear, brake wear, and tailpipe exhaust
emissions.
For years prior to 1980, the emissions are
calculated on the national level only, using a
single average annual temperature, a single
gasoline volatility, and a national distribution
of VMT by vehicle speed and vehicle type.
For 1980 and subsequent years, VOC, CO, and
NOX emissions are calculated on the state and
monthly level using a new method.q RVP
values obtained from Motor Vehicle
Manufacturers Association (MVMA) Fuel
Volatility Survey17 through EPA's Office of
Mobile Sources (OMS)18, and average monthly
maximum and minimum temperatures in each
state are utilized by MOBILES.
Lead emission estimates are based on gasoline
consumption, gasoline lead content, percent
unleaded gasoline, and emission factors. The
lead content of gasoline in 1970 was obtained
from the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of
Interior (DOI)19, and for subsequent years,
from AP-42. The percent unleaded gasoline
was obtained from the EIA, U.S. Department
of Energy (DOE).20
5.2.1.1.2 Aircraft — Emissions from aircraft
are based on the number of landings and take-
offs reported by the Federal Aviation
Administration21 and on AP-42 emission
factors for various types of aircraft. Emissions
occurring when aircraft are above 3,000 feet
are not included in the estimates. Average
emission factors are calculated, taking into
account the national mix of different types of
aircraft used for general aviation, military, and
commercial purposes.
5.2.1.1.3 Railroads — Emissions from
railroads are based on diesel and residual fuel
oil consumption by railroads as reported by
the EIA.22 Coal consumption by steam
locomotives has been negligible since 1955.
The average emission factors used are
applicable to each type of fuel. For the case
of SO2 emission estimates, the average sulfur
content of each fuel is included in the
emission factor.
5.2.1.1.4 Vessels — The consumption of
diesel fuel, residual oil, and coal by vessels
operating inside the U.S. boundaries is
obtained from the U.S. DOE.20'22'23 Gasoline
consumption is based on national boat and
motor registrations together with usage factors
(gallons/motor/year)20, and marine gasoline
sales as reported by the U.S. Department of
Transportation (DOT).16 The estimates of fuel
consumption are multiplied by AP-42 emission
factors. In the case of coal-fired vessels, an
average emission factor for coal combustion in
boilers is used.
5.2.1.1.5 Off-highway Vehicles — This
source category includes farm tractors, other
farm machinery, construction equipment,
industrial machinery, small general utility
engines such as lawn mowers and
snowmobiles, and motorcycles. Fuel use is
estimated for each subcategory from
equipment population data and an annual fuel
use factor24 together with fuel deliveries of
diesel fuel reported by the U.S. DOE22 and for
5-4
-------
gasoline sales reported by the U.S. DOT16 for
off-highway use.
5.2.1.2 Stationary Source Fuel
Combustion
This major category includes the combustion
of bituminous, lignite, and anthracite coal, fuel
oil, natural gas, wood, and other fuels from
electric utilities, industries, and other sources/
This section describes the methodology for
estimating emissions from all stationary source
fuel combustion for all pollutants before 1985.
In addition, this section discusses emissions of
PM-10 and Pb after 1985.
5.2.1.2.1 Coal — The consumption of
bituminous, lignite, and anthracite coal by
various end users is reported by the U.S.
DOE.23'26 Most coal is consumed by electric
utilities. The reported consumption by source
category is multiplied by an average emission
factor representative of each category. For
SO2emissions, the emission factor includes an
average sulfur content value for each type of
coal consumed.27 In addition, the sulfur
dioxide emission factor for electric utilities is
adjusted to account for the amount of sulfur
controlled by flue gas desulfurization systems,
according to information reported by the U.S.
DOE.27 In the case of PM-10, an overall
control efficiency is obtained from AIRS/AFS
for all power plants combined.
5.2.1.2.2 Fuel Oil — Residual, distillate, and
kerosene oil are burned by electric utilities,
industrial boilers, commercial and institutional
boilers and furnaces, and residential heaters.
The consumption of each fuel type by end user
is reported by the U.S. DOE.22 Average
emission factors and sulfur content values are
calculated and applied to the consumption
data.
5.2.1.2.3 Natural Gas — Natural gas
consumption is reported by the U.S. DOE for
various end-user groups.28 AP-42 emission
factors were used to calculate the emissions.
5.2.1.2.4 Wood and Other Fuels —
Consumption of wood is estimated by the U.S.
DOE29'30'31 for wood stoves and residential
fireplaces. Consumption of bagasse is based
on data reported in AIRS/AFS. Sales of
liquified petroleum gas are reported by the
U.S. DOE.20 Coke and coke-oven gas
consumption is obtained from the U.S. DOE.32
These consumption values are multiplied by
appropriate emission factors obtained either
from AP-42 or AIRS/AFS.
Lead emissions from the combustion of waste
oil were based on information obtained from
the U.S. EPA's Office of Solid Waste. The
amount of waste oil burned is assumed to
remain constant, while the lead content of
waste oil is assumed to decrease as a result of
the general reduction in leaded oil and
petroleum products.
5.2.1.3 Industrial Processes
This category includes chemical and allied
product manufacturing, metals processing,
petroleum and related industries, other
industrial processes, solvent utilization (both
industrial and nonindustrial), and storage and
transport. Production data for industries that
produce the majority of emissions were
obtained from available publications.
Generally, the Minerals Yearbook19 and
Current Industrial Reports33, published by the
Bureau of the Census, provided most of the
necessary data. Average emission factors were
applied to the various production data.
Average nationwide control efficiency values
for various processes were obtained either
5-5
-------
from published reports34, the 1985 NAPAP
Emission Inventory, or AIRS/AFS.
Petroleum product storage and petroleum
marketing operations, including gasoline, crude
oil and distillate fuel oil storage and transfer,
gasoline bulk terminals and bulk plants, and
retail gasoline service stations, are included as
industrial processes. Also included are
industrial surface coating and degreasing
operations, graphic arts (printing and
publishing), and dry cleaners. All of these
processes involve the use of organic solvents.
Emissions from the consumption of organic
solvents are estimated from information
reported by the U.S. EPA.35 It is assumed that
all solvents consumed eventually evaporate,
except in surface coating operations where
some of the organic solvent vapors are
controlled. The control efficiency of surface
coating operations is derived from AIRS/AFS.
Nonindustrial organic solvent use includes
nonindustrial sales of surface coatings for
architectural coating and solvent evaporation
from consumer products such as aerosols,
deodorants, polishes, and toiletries. This
category also includes the use of organic
compounds in products such as general
cleaning solvents, paint removers, liquefaction
of asphalt paving compounds, and
miscellaneous others. Total national organic
solvent use is estimated from chemical
production reports, along with estimates of the
percentage of total production that each
chemical used as a solvent represents.35'36 It
is assumed that the total quantity of each
solvent produced includes an offset for solvent
loss by evaporation.
Lead emissions from miscellaneous industrial
processes include lead alkyl production (a
major source of lead) and other minor sources
such as type metal production, can soldering,
and cable covering. The lead alkyl production
is based on information reported by the U.S.
International Trade Commission.37 Production
information for other minor sources is
obtained from the U.S. DOI.19
5.2.1.4 Solid Waste Disposal
This category is represented in the waste
disposal and recycling Tier 1 source category.
The emissions from this category are based on
an assumed per capita solid waste generation
rate of 5.5 pounds per day. This value is
based on a study of solid waste collection and
disposal practices.38 This value is adjusted
each year based on information contained in
AIRS/AFS. Average AP-42 emission factors
are applied to the estimated quantities of solid
waste disposal.
5.2.1.5 Miscellaneous
This source category includes forest fires,
agricultural burning, coal refuse burning,
structural fires, and fugitive dust sources.
5.2.1.5.1 Forest Fires — The U.S. Forest
Service of the Department of Agriculture39'40
and the U.S. DOI41 publish information on the
number of forest fires, their location, and the
acreage burned each year. The amount of
biomass and controlled areas burned of forest
areas are estimated by the EPA.42 Average
emission factors are applied to the estimated
quantities of materials burned.
5.2.1.5.2 Agricultural Burning — A study
was conducted by the U.S. EPA to obtain local
agricultural and air pollution control agency
estimates of the number of acres and quantity
of material burned per acre in agricultural
burning operations.42 These data are updated
and used to estimate emissions based on
average emission factors.
5-6
-------
5.2.1.5.3 Coal Refuse Burning — Estimates
of the number of burning coal-refuse piles in
the United States are reported by the Bureau
of Mines.43 This publication presents a
detailed discussion of the nature, origin, and
extent of this source of pollution. Rough
estimates of the quantity of emissions are
made by applying average emission factors for
coal combustion. It should be noted that the
number of coal-refuse piles decreased to a
negligible level by 1975.
5.2.1.5.4 Structural Fires — The U.S.
Department of Commerce publishes
information on the number and type of
structures damaged by fires each year.44
Emissions are estimated by applying average
emission factors for wood combustion to these
statistics.
5.2.1.5.5 Fugitive Dust PM-10 Sources —
Estimates of fugitive dust PM-10 emissions
are made for the following categories:
unpaved roads, paved roads, wind erosion,
agricultural tilling, construction activities, and
mining and quarrying. An EPA study45 shows
that emission estimates at both the national
and regional level for these source categories
require either modification of existing PM-10
or TP emissions estimation methods or
development of new methodologies.46 As a
result, new estimation methods were developed
for each category to predict the latest annual
emissions. Predictive methods for some
sources were required because the necessary
data were not available in time to estimate the
1992 emissions. A brief description of the
method used for each source category follows.
5.2.1.5.5.1 Unpaved Roads. Regional
emissions from unpaved roads are determined
using the method developed as part of an EPA
study to determine the feasibility of
developing regional emission estimates.45 The
method is similar to that developed by
NAPAP.46 Three minor modifications, relative
to the NAPAP method, were made in
determining the emission estimates for
unpaved roads. First, the AP-42 emission
factor for unpaved roads is utilized for all
unpaved road surface types. Secondly, a
plume depletion factor is not applied to the
emission estimates. These first two
modifications are made to be consistent with
the approach used for other source categories.
AP-42 emission factors are applied throughout
to produce the emission estimates. Plume
depletion factors are not (and have not ever
been) applied to particulate emissions from
other particulate sources. Thirdly, variable
(not fixed) values of vehicle speeds, weights,
and number of wheels are used to develop the
emission factor for unpaved roads.
5.2.1.5.5.2 Paved Road Resuspension.
Regional PM-10 emissions from paved road
resuspension are estimated by summing
regional emission estimates. A "dry days"
term similar to that used in the unpaved road
emission factor is included in the AP-42
emission factor equation for paved roads in an
attempt to account for the effect of
precipitation.
An empirical model is used to express the
relationship between traffic volume and
surface silt loading. Surface silt loading
values are determined for various paved road
function classes by EPA region. Average
daily traffic volume is calculated by dividing
the total VMT for a particular functional class,
year, and state by the number of days in the
year.
For the years 1985 to 1991, the total VMT (by
EPA region and functional class) is obtained
from the FHWA.16 VMT from paved roads is
calculated by subtracting the unpaved VMT
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from the total VMT. For 1992, the total
preliminary VMT is obtained by rural and
urban EPA region. The rural and urban VMT
are further subdivided into functional classes
using the 1991 VMT distribution.
5.2.1.5.5.3 Wind Erosion. Regional
PM-10 wind erosion emission estimates for
agricultural lands are made by modifying the
NAPAP method for estimating wind erosion
emissions. The original NAPAP method and
the method used here both develop an
expectation of the dust flux based on the
probability distribution of wind energy. The
method developed for this report uses the
mean wind speed, information on threshold
friction velocity, and information on
precipitation to predict the wind erosion flux
potential for soils.
It should be noted that the emission estimates
developed as part of the NAPAP effort utilized
a 30-year wind record and thus represent a
30-year average emission estimate. The wind
erosion emission estimates developed for this
report use state-level, year-specific wind and
activity data.
5.2.1.5.5.4 Agricultural Tillins. Regional
PM-10 emissions from agricultural tilling are
made using the AP-42 emission factor
equation for agricultural tilling with year-
specific and state-level emission factor
correction parameters and activity data.
5.2.1.5.5.5 Construction Activities.
Regional PM-10 emissions are estimated using
the AP-42 TP emission factor for construction
activity, a PM-10 correction factor, and the
estimated acres of land under construction in
the nation. The average duration of
construction was also estimated.
5.2.1.5.5.6 Mining and Quarrying.
Regional PM-10 emission estimates for mining
and quarrying operations include the following
sources: (1) overburden removal, (2) drilling
and blasting, (3) loading and unloading, and
(4) overburden replacement. Transfer and
conveyance operations, crushing and screening
operations, and storage and travel on haul
roads are not included in the estimates.
For the four operations listed above, metallic
ore emissions are calculated by assuming that
the PM-10 emission factors for copper ore
processing operations apply to all metallic
ores. Nonmetallic ore and coal emissions are
calculated by assuming that the PM-10
emission factors for western surface coal
mining apply to both nonmetallic ores and
coal.
5.2.2 National Pb and PM-10 Emission
Estimates for 1992
The emission estimates made in 1993 for 1992
are based on estimating the activity level for
most source categories. The weighted
emission factors and control efficiencies are
assumed to be constant from 1990 to 1992.
During 1991, the 1990 preliminary estimates
were made using one of two methods. The
first method uses weighted 20-year specific
source category activity data. This method
was applied to the year 1989 to check the
methodology. The difference between the
preliminary 1989 values and the actual 1989
values provided an indication of the estimation
error. For many source categories, the percent
error was quite small, but for others it was
significant. Therefore, a second method using
linear regression with weighted 7-year activity
data was developed. The percent error was
calculated and the results of both methods
were compared. The second method was
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found to yield better estimates for those source
categories where the activity trend was
significantly different 10 to 20 years ago
compared to today.
These two methods are applied to the
appropriate source category to yield the 1992
emission estimates. The method described
above is not applied to the following:
• forest fires,
• highway vehicles (except lead
emissions),
• electric utilities, and
• several industrial processes: petroleum
refining (TCC, FCC) and agricultural
industries (cotton ginning; cattle
feedlots; and grain milling, except
soybeans).
The 1992 emission estimates for these source
categories, except forest fires, are based on
preliminary or actual activity data obtained
from other federal agencies. The number of
acres burned from forest fires is not available.
Therefore, the default methodology of
averaging burned acreage data for the last
5 years is used.
5.2.3 Regional Pb and PM-10 Emission
Estimates, 1985 to 1992
For each source category, except industrial
processes, state-level activity data are obtained
for 1985 through 1988. In most cases, state-
level data are obtained directly from the same
references from which the national data are
obtained. The state-level activity data are
aggregated to the EPA regional level and the
regional totals are used to develop regional
fractions of the national activity. These
fractions are multiplied by the national
emissions to obtain regional emissionestimates
by source category. The regional emissions of
all source categories are added to produce
regional total emissions.
In the case of industrial process categories,
except copper smelters, the regional fractions
are obtained from the 1985 NAPAP Emission
Inventory. The same fraction is used for each
year from 1985 through 1992 because the
changes in regional fractions for nonindustrial
source categories are negligible from year to
year.
5.3 UPDATED 1985 NAPAP
EMISSIONS
The following changes apply only to VOC,
CO, NOX, and SO2 emissions. The 1985
Trends emission estimates are based on the
1985 NAPAP estimates with updated estimates
for VOC, CO, NOX, and SO2 highway vehicle
emissions; SO2 electric utility emissions; and
VOC, CO, NOX, and SO2 off-highway
emissions. Table 5-1 presents the changes
from past Trends methodology in VOC, CO,
and NOX highway vehicle emission estimates.
In general, the VOC, CO, NOX highway
vehicle emissions are derived using the
MOBILES emission factor model for all states
except California (which uses EMFAC7F).
Emissions of VOC are now expressed as
nonmethane organic gases (NMOG). The
state-level Trends VMT was used, but the
Interim apportionment of VMT by speed (nine
speeds rather than three), vehicle type, and
county has been applied. The Trends
methodology used monthly site-specific
maximum and minimum temperatures and
MVMA's RVPs obtained from the QMS. The
default MOBILES registration distribution
replaces the Trends calculated annual national
registration distribution. The Interim
assumptions for altitude and Federal Test
Procedure (FTP) operating mode for all speeds
is used. The SO2 highway vehicle emissions
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are replaced with estimates generated by a
combination of the Trends methodology
(AP-42 emission factor) and Interim
Inventory (VMT). The 1985 SO2 electric
utility emissions are the National Allowance
Data Base 7 emissions. The off-highway
VOC, NOX, CO emissions are replaced by
grown 1985 NAPAP emissions. The growth
is based on the change between the 1986
Interim Inventory emissions and the 1986
Trends7 emissions, as shown below.
Qff-highwayms = Off-highway m5NAFAp *
Off-highway
1986 Interim
Off-highway
(eq. 2)
19*6Trends
5.4 INTERIM INVENTORY (1987 TO
1991 EMISSIONS)
The VOC, CO, NOX, and SO2 emissions for
1987 to 1991 found in this report are the
Interim emissions with some modifications.
The 1987 to 1991 Interim Inventory is
composed of annual county-level estimates by
source category of point, area, and mobile
source emissions. The methodologies used in
developing these components are discussed in
detail in Regional Interim Emissions
Inventories (1987-1991), Volume I:
Development Methodologies.
5.4.1 Background
Because urban model performance will be
evaluated for episodes in the years 1987
through 1991, a regionwide inventory must be
available for use in the ROM for each of these
years. This regional inventory is considered as
an "interim inventory" because 1990 state
ozone SIP submittals will be incorporated into
the 1990 Interim Inventory. Areas for which
state submittals are neither available nor
required will be covered by the Interim
inventory. This is being done to ensure that
the data used in the ROM and UAM are as
similar as possible.
Initially, the base year ROM runs (1987 to
1991) will be based entirely in the Interim
Inventory in order to provide timely
information to states. The future year (1996,
1999, 2005, 2007) ROM runs will be based on
a revised version of the 1990 Interim
Inventory, which will include as much state
data as can be included by the time the
modeling begins.
As previously noted, the Interim Inventory is
not intended to replace the state inventory
submittals. In fact, the 1987 to 1991 Interim
regional inventory contains only annual
county-level emission estimates (i.e., no
activity or emission factor data).
5.4.2 Major differences with 1985 NAPAP
Table 5-2 summarizes how the 1987 to 1991
Interim estimates are derived. This
methodology produces an emission inventory
which presents a reasonable representation of
aggregate emissions from a large geographic
area. The results for a given source or locality
(e.g., nonattainment area) cannot be as
accurate as estimates from site-specific
information.
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5.4.3 Modifications to the Interim
Inventory
The estimates derived by the Interim
methodology are adjusted for the purpose of
providing up-to-date emissions for the Trends
report. Since Trends is a national inventory,
steps are taken to add Hawaiian and Alaskan
emissions by estimating highway vehicle,
electric utility8, and solvent emissions for these
states. The highway emission estimates from
the Interim Inventory for California are
adjusted by using emission factors derived
from EMFAC, the California Air Resource
Board's emission factor model. Lastly, the
1991 electric utility emissions are re-estimated
using actual boiler-level data.48
5.5 CO, NOX, SO2, AND VOC
EMISSIONS, 1986 and 1992
The 1986 emissions in this report are also
developed using the Interim methodology, with
some modifications. These modifications are
made to the methodologies used to derive the
highway vehicle and electric utility emissions.
The highway vehicle emissions are determined
using the same method applied to calculate the
1985 emissions. The electric utility emissions
include estimates for Alaska and Hawaii.
The 1992 nonutility point and area source
emissions are estimated using the E-GAS49
growth factors instead of the Interim growth
factors used to derive the 1991 emissions (see
Table 5-2). The 1992 electric utility emissions
are estimated based on the Interim
methodology of growing the 1991 emissions
with 1992 plant-level information.50 The
highway vehicle emissions for 1992 are
calculated in the same manner as the 1985
emissions. The only exception is the use of
1991 data currently unavailable for 1992.
5.6 REGIONAL CO, NOX, SO2, AND
VOC EMISSION ESTIMATES,
1985 to 1992
The regional estimates are developed by
summing the county-level emissions for each
state in each EPA Region.
5.7 FUTURE MODIFICATIONS
In order to achieve consistency with state data,
the Trends report has become less consistent
in methodology. Future modifications will
help eliminate this problem. The following
sections outline some of the modifications to
be incorporated in future Trends estimates.
5.7.1 Merging of Trends and Interim
Methodologies
The Trends, NAPAP, and Interim inventories
were originally developed for different
purposes. Future Trends reports will try to
incorporate the best feasible methodology
(based on resource and data constraints) from
the above methodologies. This was not done
for the current report because of resource
constraints and timing conflicts associated with
project completion. An additional
modification to the Trends estimates will be
the use of ozone SIP data. Some categories
that were not updated for the Interim inventory
but which are important in evaluating
emissions trends (copper smelters and forest
fires) will be modified. In addition, changes
will include updating the pre-1986 Trends
emission estimates to reflect improvements in
methodologies incorporated in the Interim
Inventory (such as updated control efficiencies,
rule effectiveness, and emission factors).
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5.7.2 AIRS Extractions
Starting with last year's Trends report, a listing
of the top 50 facilities (currently top 30) from
AIRS/AFS for NOX, CO, VOC, and SO2 was
published. The intention of this list is to alert
the states that some of the information
available from AIRS/AFS is lacking quality
control. Once this data base contains quality -
assured and EPA-approved emissions, the
Trends report will extract, at a minimum, the
nonattainment area emissions for the country.
The methodology for incorporating the AIRS
data into the Interim data base is currently
under development by the Source Receptor
Analysis Branch (SRAB). The data base
system to manipulate the Interim data is also
under development by the Effi.
p The Area/Mobile Source Subsystem (AMS) of AIRS cannot presently calculate national area source
emissions.
q Section 5.3 describes the methodology in more details.
r The 1980 SO2 electric utility emissions presented are from the 1980 NAPAP25 Emission Inventory.
s The electric utility emissions referred to in this section are the fossil-fuel steam-generated emissions.
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Table 5-1. Methodology Changes in Highway Vehicles
Past Methodology
1980-1991
Current Methodology
1992
1980-1991
MOBILE4.1 and California emissions MOBILES for all states except California,
for 1980-1991. Alaska and Hawaii for which EMFAC was used
not included.
Alaska and Hawaii included
Pollutants: HC (expressed as NMOG),
CO, NOX
NMHC, CO, NOX
State-level VMT for 1980-1991,
3 speeds: 55,45, 19.6
Same as 1992
Alaska and Hawaii included
HC (expressed as NMOG), CO, NOX
Same as 1980-1986 current
1980-1991 ran state-level emission
factors by month
Not used
National derived registration
Same as 1992
No I/M modeled
All state: CO, NM, UT, WY;
partial state AZ, ID, MT, NV
Assumed 100% of the VMT at 55
miles per hour occurred in the hot
stabilized mode.
VMT: Interim Inventory methodology. 1987-1991 use of Interim Inventory VMT.
This includes speed (15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 1980-1986 use of Trends state-level VMT and
40, 45, 55, 60 mph), distribution of VMT by Trends VMT mix by vehicle type used the
vehicle type, and distribution of VMT by
state and road type. VMT from the 1991
Interim Inventory was grown using SEDS
gasoline consumption data at the state
level.
Temperature: Actual monthly temperature
at the state level.
Interim Inventory breakdown of VMT by
speed, and county. Nine speeds.
1980-1986: actual monthly temperature at the
state level
1987-1991: 30-year average seasonal
temperature for each state
1987-1991: seasonal runs
Model Runs: At monthly level with
seasonal VMT allocation factors broken
into monthly VMT allocation factors based 1980-1986: same as 1992
on the number of days per month in each
season.
Oxygenated fuels modeled for
appropriate counties
Registration Distribution: MOBILES
default and January/July distribution flag
RVP: Obtained nonattainment RVP from
OMS broken out to states and months by
OMS guidance
I/M: Based on I/M Program Design
Summary obtained from OMS (state level)
Altitude: Interim inventory assumption:
entire state of CO, NM, and UT and
certain counties in NV. All other states
and counties low altitude.
Operating Mode: The FTP operating
mode (20.6%, of the VMT in the cold start
mode, 27.3% of the VMT in the hot start
mode, and 52.1% of the VMT in the hot
stabilized mode). This assumption used in
Interim Inventory.
Not used
MOBILES default and January/July flag
Same as 1992
Note: RVP average by season for 1987-1991
Same as 1992
Same as 1992
Same as 1992
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Table 5-2. Summary of 1987 to 1991 Interim Regional Inventory Methodology
Source
Type
Methodology
Comment
Point Source Data
Fossil-Fuel Steam Utilities Derived from Forms EIA-76748 and EIA-75950 for each
year (1987-1991)
Nonutility Point Projected from 1985 NAPAP Inventory values for each
year (1987-1991) using Bureau of Economic Analysis
(BEA)51'52'53'54 historical earnings for 2-digit Standard
Industrial Classification (SIC) codes. Except: (1) applied
80% rule effectiveness (RE), and (2) revised control
efficiencies (CE).
Area Source Data
Solvents
Other Area Sources
Off-Highway Sources
Mobile Source Data
Vehicle Miles Traveled
(VMT)
Mobile Emission Factors
Solvent usage estimates obtained from 1989 and
backcasted/projected for each year (1987-1988,1990-
1991) based on U.S. Paint Industry Data Base55 and
Industrial Solvent Marketing56'57 reports.
Projected from the 1985 NAPAP Inventory for each year
(1987-1991) using (BEA) earnings and population data and
State Energy Data System (SEDS)58 fuel consumption
data. Except: (1) alternative projections, (2) emission
factor updates, (3) refined emissions, and (4) CE and 80%
RE inclusion.
Based on EPA's 1990 off-highway emission64 estimates
and projected/backcasted using BEA data for other years
(1987-1989,1991).
Federal Highway Administrations' Highway Performance
Monitoring System (HPMS) for all years (1987-1991)
EPA's MOBILES Mobile Source Emission Factor Model for
all years (1987-1991)
Complete overhaul of NAPAP emissions
(1) Exceptions to 80% RE are listed in Ref #4.
(2) CE for VOC, CO, NOX, SO2 for Texas and VOC and CO
for other states deemed too high
Complete overhaul of NAPAP emissions
(1) State Energy Data System was used for fuel combustion
and gasoline marketing; AAR59 was used for railroads;
FAA60 was used for aircrafts; Corp of Engineers61 was used
for vessels; Petroleum Supply Annual62 was used for
petroleum refinery fugitives; no growth was projected for
residential residual fuel oil, forest fires, managed burning,
and structural fires; and BEA was used for all other
categories.
(2) residential wood (VOC, CO, NOX); railroads (VOC, CO,
NOX, SO2); aircrafts (SO2); and vehicle refueling (updated
RVP).
(3) Use of Emission Standards Division's 1989 TSDF63
emissions; and petroleum refinery emissions updated (see
Ref. 4), and
(4) CE and RE were added to VOC emissions from gasoline
marketing (Stage I & vehicle refueling), petroleum refinery
fugitives and bulk gasoline plants and terminals.
Except aircraft, commercial marine vessels, railroads and SO2
emissions that are derived similarly to the other area sources.
Complete overhaul of NAPAP emissions
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SECTION 6.0
NATIONAL EMISSION PROJECTIONS
Emission projections are important for
examining the potential combined effect of the
1990 CAAA and the expected changes in the
national economy and resulting pollution
generating activity. Projections have been
made for the years 2000 and 2010 using
currently available information. The current
emission projections for CO, NOX, VOC, and
SO2 are described below, along with basic
assumptions.
The projections for each pollutant show an
expected decrease in total national emissions
from 1990 to 2000. The decreases are the
result of mandatory emission reductions
imposed by the CAAA on a broad range of
source categories. These mandatory reductions
are expected to offset increases due to
assumed economic growth. For VOC, the
projections assume the timely implementation
by states of discretionary and mandatory
emission controls principally needed to meet
the ambient air quality standard or reasonable
further progress requirements. For motor
vehicles, the only discretionary control
program modeled was reformulated gasoline
for those areas that have taken significant
action to opt into the program. The low
emission vehicle (LEV) program (for areas
outside of California) and the Tier II tailpipe
standard were not included, because of the
uncertainty concerning whether and where
these programs might be implemented. Total
national emissions of CO and NOX increase
from 2000 to 2010, while emissions of VOC
and SO2 decrease slightly for the same period.
In order to project emission trends, it is
necessary to predict economic growth,
industrial activity, fuel consumption, and other
factors. Therefore, future trends are
speculative and contain a significant level of
uncertainty. Projected emission estimates will
be updated periodically using the most recent
information on actual activity factors by each
source category.
6.1 HIGHWAY VEHICLE EMISSION
PROJECTIONS —
METHODOLOGY
The following is a brief description of the
methodology used to project the 2000 and
2010 highway vehicle emissions for CO, NOX,
and VOC. The motor vehicle emission
projections for these years were based on
predicted emissions changes from 1990 for
eight geographic areas. In order to select
these areas, an estimate was made of the
fraction of the population affected by each
possible combination of motor vehicle control
measures present in the projection years. The
eight control measure combinations affecting
the largest portion of the population were
selected. For each of these control
combinations, a nonattainment area or rest-of-
state attainment area that would be subject to
the chosen control combination was selected.
When choosing these eight areas, an attempt
was made to represent diverse geographical
and meteorological conditions. The eight
selected areas are shown in Table 6.1.
Seasonal 1990, 2000, and 2010 VMT for each
area was developed using national annual
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VMT projections from the Fuel Consumption
Model, April 1991.65 The national projected
VMT estimates from this model were allocated
to states using state population estimates from
the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) for
these 3 years. State VMT growth rates were
then derived by dividing the 2000 and 2010
state VMT by the 1990 state VMT. The
appropriate state growth rates were applied to
the 1990 annual Trends VMT estimates from
each of the eight selected areas. The resulting
annual VMT estimates for each area were
seasonally allocated using the Federal
Highway Administration 1990 monthly traffic
volume trends. Table 6-2 shows the seasonal
adjustment factors.66
The MOBILESa model was used to estimate
the 2000 and 2010 motor vehicle emission
factors for the six selected areas outside of
California. An EPA in-house version of
MOBILESa adapted to simulate the California
fleet was used to estimate the 2000 and 2010
motor vehicle emission factors for the two
selected California areas. The model inputs
reflected the combination of motor vehicle
control measures, seasonal temperatures, and
RVP values expected to be appropriate for
each area. The enhanced and basic I/M
program inputs simulated the EPA's basic and
enhanced I/M performance standards and were
provided by OMS.67 Maximum low emission
vehicle (LEV) credits were applied throughout
California. Seasonal temperature conditions
were taken from the 1990 Statistical Abstract
(30-year average minimum and maximum
daily temperatures). RVP values used for
modeling the summer season were the Phase
II July RVP limits specified. Winter season
RVP model input values were the 1990
January RVP values applied to each
nonattainment area or state following previous
guidance from OMS (see section 5). Spring
and autumn RVP values were averages of the
January RVP values and the July Phase U
RVP limits. The nine speeds used for
calculating the 1992 motor vehicle emission
factors were also used for these emission
factor calculations.
The 1990 emission factors were modeled for
the selected areas in the same manner as the
2000 and 2010 factors with the following
exceptions: (1) actual July 1990 RVP values
were used (as discussed in section 5) instead
of the Phase II July RVP limits, and (2) actual
1990 I/M program inputs were used.
Reformulated gasoline, oxygenated fuels, and
LEV were not modeled for the 1990 emission
factors.
The 1990, 2000, and 2010 seasonal emissions
for each of the eight selected areas were
calculated using the seasonal VMT data and
emission factors. Annual 1990, 2000, and
2010 emissions for each area were calculated
by summing the four sets of seasonal
emissions. For each area, emission ratios were
calculated as the ratio of the 2000 emissions to
the 1990 emissions and the ratio of the 2010
emissions to the 1990 emissions. Both annual
and peak ozone (summer) season emission
ratios were calculated in this manner. The
1990 Trends county-level emission estimates
previously calculated using the method
described in section 5 (which used more
refined monthly and county specific emission
factors) were aggregated into eight groups.
These eight groups contained the emissions
from counties with control program
combinations most closely corresponding to
the control program combinations in the eight
selected geographic areas. The 2000 and
2010 annual and peak ozone season emission
ratios from a given area were applied to the
corresponding group of aggregated 1990
Trends emission estimates to obtain national
6-2
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motor vehicle emission estimates for 2000 and
2010.
Please note that highway vehicle emission
projections for different areas in the nation
have been estimated by several departments
within the Agency. Differences in totals will
occur due to the use of varying model
parameters. The reader should use caution
when comparing these national totals to other
regional values generated elsewhere.
6.2 FUTURE TRENDS IN CARBON
MONOXIDE EMISSIONS
Table 6-3 presents the current estimates of
future total national CO emissions and
highway vehicle CO emissions. The expected
emission trends are shown in Figure 6-1. The
"All Other" source estimates are based on the
Emission Reduction and Cost Analysis Model
(ERCAM) for CO. The "All Other" category
includes off-highway estimates. The
projections show an expected 27 percent
decrease from 1990 to 2000 in total CO
emissions from highway vehicles as the result
of several factors: (1) continued fleet turnover
and (2) implementation of new measures such
as enhanced vehicle I/M programs, oxygenated
fuels, the cold temperature CO standard, and
the 1990 CAAA Tier I CO tailpipe standards
for light-duty trucks. The changes in future
year motor vehicle emission rates were
estimated using MOBILESa. It is important to
note, however, that after the year 2000 total
CO emissions are estimated to begin growing
due to increasing highway vehicle emissions
as the number of vehicles driven and the
number of VMT increases.
6.3 FUTURE TRENDS IN NITROGEN
OXIDE EMISSIONS
Table 6-4 presents estimates of future NOX
emissions by major source category. These
projected emission trends are also shown in
Figure 6-2. The projections account for the
expected net effect of all CAAA provisions,
including the following: (1) the NOX emission
limits prescribed for utility boilers under the
acid rain provisions, (2) the Tier I automobile
tailpipe standards, and (3) application of
technology based requirements to nonutility
boilers (generally greater than 100 tpy) in
ozone nonattainment areas and the Northeast
Ozone Transport Region. The estimates do
not fully incorporate NSR requirements (such
as offsets and lowest achievable emission rates
in nonattainment areas), or additional controls
that might be required based on attainment
demonstration modeling because these
requirements and controls can not be
adequately predicted. In addition the estimates
do not contain any attempt to estimate the
exemption of any areas from the NOX
stationary source controls under section 182(f).
Projections of NOX emissions from highway
vehicles were calculated as described in
section 6.1. As a result of the 1990 CAAA
Tier I tailpipe standards, enhanced I/M, and
fleet turnover, NOX emissions from highway
vehicles are expected to decrease by
19 percent from 1990 to 2000. Off-highway
emissions are included in the "All Other"
category.
By 2000, all electric utility units with
capacities greater than 25 megawatts are
expected to meet new emission limits imposed
by the 1990 CAAA. In addition, new or
modified electric power units will be subject
to revised performance standards. As a result,
NOX emissions from electric utilities are
6-3
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expected to decrease by 11 percent from 1990
to 2000. The estimates of utility emissions
were made under the assumption that all utility
boilers would emit at the level specified under
the Title IV emission limits. As a result, the
6.7 million ton estimate for electric utilities in
2000 is 2 million tons less than what would
have been emitted by utilities if the CAAA
controls had not been implemented.
Estimates of future NOX emissions from
industrial sources are based on the use of
state-level growth factors and, where required,
the application of reasonably available control
technology (RACT). As a result, an
11 percent reduction is expected in NOX
emissions from industrial sources from 1990 to
2000. This reduction may be more than offset
by increases in emissions between 2000 and
2010 with the expected increased growth in
economic activity. The future trend of
stationary source NOX emissions is presently
uncertain, because it is not yet known if any
ozone nonattainment areas will be exempt
[CAAA 182(f) exemptions] from the NSR
policy requiring lowest achievable emission
reductions and new major source offsets.
Again, it is important to note that after the
year 2000 total NOX emissions are expected to
grow. This will have potentially adverse
consequences for efforts to attain the ozone
NAAQS.
6.4 FUTURE TRENDS IN REACTIVE
VOLATILE ORGANIC
COMPOUND EMISSIONS
Table 6-5 presents the estimates of future total
national VOC emissions and highway vehicle
VOC emissions. The expected emission trends
are shown in Figure 6-3. The "All Other"
source estimates (including off-highway
sources) are based on the ERCAM,68 used to
analyze costs and benefits of the
nonattainment provisions in the CAAA. The
estimates are based on presumed growth in
population and industrial activity. It is
assumed that mandatory emission control
measures specified in the CAAA, such as
prescribed emission controls for point sources,
will be implemented. It is also assumed that
states will meet the minimum emission control
requirements and reasonable further progress
reductions specified in the CAAA in order to
meet the NAAQS for ozone. The
methodology used to estimate the highway
vehicle emissions for 2000 and 2010 is
described in section 6.1.
Table 6-5 shows an expected 25 percent
decline in total national VOC emissions from
1990 to 2000. This decrease is largely due to
an expected 30 percent reduction in emissions
from highway vehicles as a result of continued
fleet turnover, the Tier I tailpipe standards,
Phase II RVP control, reformulated gasoline,
and basic and enhanced I/M programs.
From 2000 to 2010, the estimates are
substantially more uncertain, but indicate that
total emissions will remain stable. Growth
and development in attainment areas (areas
meeting the NAAQS for ozone) are expected
to result in increased emissions. This increase
is expected to offset continued declines in
nonattainment area emissions, especially those
where additional reductions will be needed
after 2000.
6.5 FUTURE TRENDS IN SULFUR
DIOXIDE EMISSIONS
Table 6-6 presents the estimates of future total
national SO2 emissions, and SO2 emissions
from electric utilities and other sources. The
expected emission trends are shown in
Figure 6-4.
6-4
-------
6.5.1 Electric Utilities
Research has shown that SO2 emissions from
the combustion of fossil fuels are the principal
contributor to acid precipitation. Title IV
(Acid Deposition Control) of the 1990 CAAA
established a new market-based approach for
the control of total utility SO2 emissions in the
United States in order to reduce the effects of
acid rain on the public health and welfare and
the environment. This new control approach,
called the "Acid Rain Control Program," will
begin in 1995, and will utilize the concept of
market-based emission "allowances." An
allowance is an authorization to emit 1 ton of
SO2. After the program begins in 1995,
affected utility operators must hold one
"allowance" for each ton of SO2 emitted from
their facility. Operators of existing utility
units are given an initial allocation of
allowances by the EPA for each year their
facilities are affected by this program. In most
cases, new units are not allocated allowances
and must obtain them on the open market in
order to operate.
The total tons of allowances allocated under
the program for future years will be
significantly less than historical utility SO2
emissions. After the allowances are allocated,
they are fully marketable commodities and can
be traded and held by utility and nonutility
entities. This approach to overall SO2
emission control is designed to allow market
forces to efficiently allocate SO2 emission
reductions at the least cost to society. Because
utilities must still meet traditional SO2
emission limitations designed to protect public
health and welfare around their facilities, the
purchase of allowances cannot be used as a
method for circumventing acceptable air
quality levels.
The forecasted emissions/allowances for 2000
to 2003 and for 2010 are calculated on an
annual average basis over each period. These
estimated emission/allowance forecasts reflect
the required SO2 emission levels under the
CAAA prior to any interstate emissions
trading or emissions banking. Actual
emissions by state will likely differ
significantly. Also, the emission estimates
include forecasted emissions at "unaffected"
units in Phase I and Phase II. These projected
emissions were developed based on EPA's
energy and economic assumptions used in its
SO2 Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) (see
next section).
As noted above, the estimated emissions do
not reflect emissions banking. However,
estimates have been finalized by the Acid Rain
Division, U.S. EPA and the Department of
Energy69 and will be discussed and reported in
the 1994 Emission Trends report. These
estimates for 2000 and 2010 that include
emissions banking projections will show a
slight overall increase as compared to this
year's Trends estimates. Because of this, the
reader should use caution when comparing
values from various EPA documents.
The SO2 emission totals listed in Table 6-6
were estimated separately for each time period,
as described below. The principal sources of
data or information were as follows: (1) Table
A of the 1990 CAAA (for Phase I
allowances), (2) Coal and Electric Utility
Model (CEUM) projected SO2 emissions for
unaffected units from the SO2 RIA low trading
case,1 (3) EPA data regarding Phase I
extension reserve allowances, and (4)
allowance allocations as calculated for
Technical Documentation for Phase II
Allowance Allocations (the Phase II TSD).
6-5
-------
The calculations used for each time period are
as follows:
• 2000-2003: These estimates are based
on the following values:
1) Phase II Allowances from the
Phase II TSD [ratcheted basic
allowances for the 2000-2009
period, less the set-aside for clean
coal technology (CCT) repowering,
plus total bonus allowances plus
Section 405(a)(3) allowances],
2) Allowances granted for CCT
Repowering, as estimated for the
Phase II TSD, and
3) SO2 emissions forecast by CEUM
for non-Phase II affected units
("Unaffected Emissions").
• 2010: These estimates are the sum of
the following values:
1) Phase II allowances, including
adjusted basic and section
405(a)(3) allowances, and
2) SO2 Emissions forecast by CEUM
for non-Phase II affected units in
2010 ("Unaffected Emissions").
6.5.2 All Other Sources
SO2 emissions from nonutility point sources
have declined from 1980 levels due to reduced
activity in the historically major sources: steel
production, nonferrous smelting, and other
heavy industrial processes. Emission
reductions mandated in the CAAA were based
on the assumption that net emission reductions
which occurred between 1980 and 1985 would
not be offset by growth in future years.
Nonutility SO2 emissions presented in
Table 6-5 for 2000 and 2010U were determined
by projecting from the 1985 NAPAP emission
inventory levels using the projected growth
earnings by SIC category as reported by the
BEA.70
Further reductions in SO2 emissions are
expected after 1990 as a result of motor
vehicle diesel fuel being limited to
0.05 percent sulfur (by weight). This limit is
expected to produce about an 80 percent
reduction in emissions per diesel-powered
vehicle. Some of this reduction may be offset
by the expected increase in diesel fuel
consumption over the next 10 to 20 years.
6.6 SEASONAL EMISSION
PROJECTIONS
Table 6-7 provides a comparison of peak
ozone season average NOX emissions and
annual average NOX emissions. Peak ozone
season average NOX emissions are lower than
annual average emissions because motor
vehicle NOX emissions decrease with
increasing temperature within the temperature
range used for the emissions projections. This
analysis does not attempt to capture seasonal
variations in point source emissions.
Nonmotor vehicle emissions shown in Table 6-
7 for 2000 and 2010 are therefore identical for
peak ozone season and annual average days.
While demand for electricity may be higher in
the summer than in other seasons and can
produce corresponding peaks in emissions
from electric utilities, these peak demand
periods can vary significantly by day and by
location. Thus, the values shown in Table 6-7
should not be considered representative of
emissions in any specific area. There is no
reason to expect that industrial NOX emissions
will vary significantly by season on the
national level.
A comparison of peak ozone season average
VOC emissions and annual average VOC
emissions is shown in Table 6-8. The peak
6-6
-------
ozone season is typically the summer months
(June, July, and August) when ambient
temperatures are generally high and contribute
to increased formation of ozone in the lower
atmosphere. The 1990 CAAA measure
progress toward attaining the ozone NAAQS
in terms of decreases in peak ozone season
VOC emissions. Table 6-8 shows the 1987
base year emissions and projected emissions
for the years 2000 and 2010. The 1987 base
year was chosen since it is the mid-point of
the ambient ozone concentration data used to
determine the nonattainment status of different
areas of the country.
Table 6-8 shows that on a daily basis, peak
ozone season VOC emissions are less than
annual average emissions. Although
evaporative VOC emissions from motor
vehicles increase with temperature, a new
emphasis on reducing these emissions through
fuel changes and more effective evaporative
control systems makes ozone season emission
rates much closer to these in other times of the
year than they were during the 1980s. This,
coupled with the fact that exhaust hydrocarbon
emissions are inversely proportional to
temperature, has resulted in motor vehicle
VOC emission rates being lower in summer
than in other seasons. For nonmotor vehicle
VOC emissions, the ozone season emissions
are lower than average annual emissions
because residential wood burning decreases in
the summer, Rejection year differences in
total VOC emissions by season narrow with
time as the contribution of motor vehicle
emissions decreases due to more stringent
emission controls.
The ozone season motor vehicle emissions
were calculated using the summer season
emissions and the same procedures outlined in
section 6.1. The average ozone season
emissions were calculated by dividing the
seasonal emission by the number of days in
the summer season.
' See Regulatory Impact Analysis of the Proposed Acid Rain Implementation Regulations, prepared for
EPA/OAIAP, September 16, 1991.
u The U.S. EPA is required to act to ensure that industrial SO2 emissions do not exceed 5.6 million tons as of
the year 2010, as outlined in section 406 of the 1990 CAAA.
6-7
-------
Table 6-1. Selected Areas Used to Model the Highway Vehicle
2000 and 2010 Emissions
Area
New York-Northern New
Jersey-Long Island,
NY-NJ-CT
Houston-Galveston-
Brazoria, TX
Miami-Fort Lauderdale-
West Palm Beach, FL
Dayton-Springfield, OH
Attainment Areas in
Kansas
Attainment Areas in
Washington
Los Angeles-South Coast
Air Basin, CA
Attainment Areas in
California
I/M
Programs
enhanced
enhanced
basic
basic
none
none
enhanced
none
Reformulated
Gasoline
yes, class C
(Federal)
yes, class B
(Federal)
no
no
no
no
yes, class B
(California)
no
Phase II
RVP Limit
(psi)
9.0
7.8
7.8
9.0
7.8*
9.0
7.8
7.8
Oxygenated
Fuels
yes
no
no
no
no
no
yes
no
NOTE(S): For modeling purposes, attainment areas in California (last area listed above) were used as surrogates for attainment
areas nationwide. Because of this, the use of reformulated gasoline was omitted from the model run, even though
reformulated gasoline is used in California statewide.
* The enforceable limit on fuel RVP in Class B attainment areas under the Phase II volatility rules is 9.0 psi. The
use of 7.0 - 8.0 psi in this scenario may result in a slight overestimation of the emission reductions attributable to
volatility control for these areas.
6-8
-------
Table 6-2. Seasonal VMT Adjustment Factors
Month
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
Total
Monthly VMT
(millions)
168,621
163,600
153,559
178,771
179,033
189,247
189,529
195,470
197,057
178,415
182,634
171,565
2,147,501
VMT
Percentage Season
7.85
7.62
7.15
Winter
8.32
8.34
8.81
Spring
8.83
9.10
9.18
Summer
8.31
8.50
7.99
Fall
100.00 Total
Seasonal VMT
(millions)
485,780
547,051
582,056
532.614
2,147,501
VMT
Percentage
22.62
25.47
27.10
24.80
100.00
Source: Federal Highway Administration.66
6-9
-------
Table 6-3. Annual National CO Emissions, 1980 to 2010
(million short tons)
1980
1990
2000
2010
Highway Vehicles
All Other Sources
Total
88.0
41.0
129.0
59.8
32.6
92.4
43.8
28.4
72.2
46.0
28.2
74.2
NOTE(S): Historical emissions were updated from previous report. See section 5.0 for more details.
The projected "All Other" source emissions are based on a September 1991 analysis.
Figure 6-1. Projected Trend in CO Emissions
150/
M
I I All Other Sources
Highway Vehicles
6-10
-------
Table 6-4. Annual National NOX Emissions, 1980 to 2010
(million short tons)
1980
1990
2000
2010
Electric Utilities
Industrial Sources
Highway Vehicles
All Other Sources
Total
7.0
4.1
8.7
3.9
23.7
7.5
4.4
7.8
3.9
23.6
6.7
3.9
6.3
3.3
20.2
8.2
4.5
6.1
3.5
22.3
NOTE(S): Industrial sources include industrial fuel combustion and processes.
Historical emissions were updated from previous report. See section 5.0 for more details.
Figure 6-2. Projected Trend in NO* Emissions
25-r'
6-11
-------
Table 6-5. Annual National VOC Emissions, 1980 to 2010
(million short tons)
1980
1990
2000
NOTE(S): Historical emissions were updated from previous report. See section 5.0 for more details.
The projected "All Other" source emissions are based on a September 1991 analysis.
2010
Highway Vehicles
All Other Sources
Total
11.0
HA.
28.4
7.0
mz_
23.7
4.9
12.8
17.7
4.7
12.8
17.5
Figure 6-3. Projected Trend in VOC Emissions
30-/
I I Highway Vehicles
All Other Sources
6-12
-------
Table 6-6. Annual National SO2 Emissions, 1980 to 2010
(million short tons)
1980
1990
2000
NOTE(S): Historical emissions were updated from previous report. See section 5.0 for more details.
The projected "All Other" source emissions are based on a September 1991 analysis.
2010
Electric Utilities71
Nonutility, Point Sources
All Other Sources
Total
17.5
6.7
2.0
26.2
15.9
5.3
JL6_
22.8
9.7
5.4
JL5_
16.6
9.0
5.6
_L2_
15.8
Figure 6-4. Projected Trend in S02 Emissions
30
Other Sources
Nonutility, Point Sources
Electric Utilities
6-13
-------
Table 6-7. Comparison of Peak Ozone Season and Annual Average
NOX Emissions
(thousand short tons/day)
Highway Vehicles
All Other Sources
Total
Peak
1987
16.4
40.3
56.7
Ozone Season
2000 2010
17.0
38.0
55.0
16.6
44.4
61.0
Annual Average
1987
21.6
38.6
60.2
2000
17.4
38.0
55.4
2010
16.8
44.4
61.2
Table 6-8. Comparison of Peak Ozone Season and Annual Average
VOC Emissions
(thousand short tons/day)
Highway Vehicles
All Other Sources
Total
NOTE(S): 1 . The projection year
2. Emission estimates
Peak
1987
27.0
39.0
66.0
Ozone Season
2000 2010
12.0 11.5
32.4 32.7
44.4 44.2
Annual Average
1987 2000
22.6 13.3
40.2 35.1
62.8 48.4
2010
13.0
35.1
48.1
NOX emissions are from a September 1992 analysis of the 1990 CAAA.
for the years 2000 and 2010 reflect additional reductions needed for areas
to meet
3.
estimated 3 percent reductions or attainment targets. More reductions may be needed. Some may come
from NO, after 1996.
The projection year VOC emissions are from the ERCAM-VOC model results, based on a September 1992
analysis of the 1990 CAAA.
6-14
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SECTION 7.0
BIOGENIC EMISSIONS
Plants emit a variety of VOCs as a function of
incident light intensity and temperature.
Vegetative emissions have been determined to
consist of numerous hydrocarbons, aldehydes,
and alcohols. Lamb, Westberg, and Pierce
have constructed a national biogenic emissions
inventory for eight landcover types for each
month of the year based on statewide climatic
data.72 Emissions in this inventory are
comprised of isoprene, a-pinene, other
identified monoterpenes, and other
hydrocarbons. Emissions are calculated for
oak forests, other deciduous forests, coniferous
forests, grasslands, scrublands, urban
vegetation, agricultural crops, and inland
waters, as shown in Figures 7-1 through 7-8.
A forest canopy model is used to account for
canopy effects on solar radiation, temperature,
humidity, and wind speed. Agricultural
emissions are shown assuming an emission
factor of zero for corn. The results of recent
field studies suggest that previous emission
factors for corn have been overestimated by
roughly a factor of a thousand. Total annual
biogenic emissions from each state are shown
in Figure 7-9, and the seasonal breakdown of
total emissions are shown in Figure 7-10.
The 1990 total biogenic hydrocarbon emissions
were 26.28 million tons, while the 1990
Trends total anthropogenic reactive VOC
emissions were 23.67 million tons.
7-1
-------
Figure 7-1. Oak Forest 1990 Emission Estimates by State
Emissions
(short tons/sq mi/yr)
3 to 7
2 to3
0.9 to 2
0.4 to 0.9
DO to 0.4
-------
Figure 7-2. Other Deciduous Forest 1990 Emission Estimates by State
Emissions
(short tons/sq mi/yr)
2.4 to 6.0
1.8 to 2.4
0.50 to 1.8
[Q 0.25 to 0.50
DO to 0.25
-------
Figure 7-3. Coniferous Forest 1990 Emission Estimates by State
Emissions
(short tons/sq mi/yr)
5 to 9
4to5
§3to4
2 to 3
Oto2
-------
Figure 7-4. Grassland 1990 Emission Estimates by State
Emissions
(short tons/sq mi/yr)
0.8 to 2
0.1 to 0.8
0.03 to 0.1
0.001 to 0.03
Zero
-------
Figure 7-5. Scrubland 1990 Emission Estimates by State
Emissions
(short tons/sq mi/yr)
• 6.0 to 9.0
6§j 3.0 to 6.0
@ 1.4 to 3.0
[D 0.2 to 1.4
D Zero
-------
Figure 7-6. Urban Vegetation 1990 Emission Estimates by State
Emissions
(short tons/sq mi/yr)
0.3 to 4
0.2 to 0.3
0.07 to 0.2
0.02 to 0.07
0.008 to 0.02
-------
00
Figure 7-7. Agricultural Crop 1990 Emission Estimates by State
Emissions
(short tons/sq mi/yr)
0.7 to 2
0.4 to 0.7
0.2 to 0.4
ID 0.07 to 0.2
DO to 0.07
-------
-jj
VD
Figure 7-9. Total 1990 Biogenic VOC Emission Estimates by State
Emissions
(short tons/sq mi/yr)
11 to 19
9to11
Ej 8to 9
5 to 8
Oto 5
-------
Figure 7-8. Inland Water 1990 Emission Estimates by State
Emissions
(short tons/sq mi/yr)
0.1 to 0.5
0.08 to 0.1
H 0.04 to 0.08
[D 0.02 to 0.04
0 to 0.02
-------
Figure 7-10. Seasonal Breakdown of Total 1990 Biogenic VOC Emission Estimates
SUMMER
46.4%
-------
-------
SECTION 8.0
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL INVENTORIES:
GREENHOUSE GASES, TOXICS, AND CRITERIA
POLLUTANTS
8.1 GREENHOUSE GASES
8.1.1 Introduction
The United States signed the Framework
Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) at the
United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development in June 1992 and, in
October 1992, became the first industrialized
nation to ratify the treaty. Since the mid-
1980s, the United States has actively supported
international cooperation to help implement
the provisions of this agreement. In particular,
the United States has worked with technical
experts from over 50 countries, along with the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD), as part of the inventory
program of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC). This cooperative
effort has helped facilitate agreement on
methods for estimating emissions of
greenhouse gases to ensure that inventories
eventually submitted to the Conference of the
Parties of the FCCC will be comparable and
accurate.v
As a signatory country to the FCCC, the
United States understands the importance of
aiding in the development of greenhouse gas
emission estimates on the national level. The
goal behind this is twofold: (1) to provide a
basis for on-going development of a
comprehensive and detailed methodology for
estimating sources and sinksw of greenhouse
gases and (2) to develop an international
system of consistent national inventories of
greenhouse gas emissions and sinks for all
signatory countries to the FCCC. As part of
these efforts, the majority of the U.S.
greenhouse gas emission estimates presented
in this report are taken directly from the U.S.
EPA review draft report, Estimation of
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks for the
United States, 1990.13 The estimates for
greenhouse gas emissions are presented in
Table 8-1. These estimates are currently being
revised to reflect public comment and recent
analyses by EPA and other agencies.
8.1.2 Methodology and Data
Emission estimates of greenhouse gases for
various source categories were made using
methods adapted from those recommended by
the IPCC and reported in the OECD report,
Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and
Sinks: Final Report from the OECD Experts
Meeting, 18-21 February 1991?4 The OECD
report describes methodologies for estimating
greenhouse gas emissions for a variety of
source categories. These methodologies were
refined based on recommendations provided at
an IPCC-sponsored experts workshop held in
Geneva, Switzerland in December 1991 and at
an OECD/Netherlands-sponsored workshop in
Amersfoort, Netherlands in February 1993.
To the extent possible, the present U.S.
inventory relies directly on published activity,
source, and consumption data. Instances
8-1
-------
where the data used did not come directly
from published sources, or where the methods
used to estimate emissions deviated from
IPCC-recommended methods, are noted and
the sources and/or methodology documented to
ensure that the estimates presented can be
reproduced. The majority of the U.S. methane
(CH4) emission estimates presented in this
inventory are taken directly from the U.S. EPA
report, Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in
the United States: Estimates for 1990, Report
to Congress.75 This report provided 1990 U.S.
CH4 emissions for a variety of sources,
including natural gas systems, coal mining,
landfills, domesticated livestock, livestock
manure, rice cultivation, fuel combustion, and
production and refining of petroleum liquids.
A sector-by-sector summary of the 1990 U.S.
greenhouse gas emission and sink estimates is
provided in Table 8-1 and follows the
reporting format recommended by the IPCC.
(Note: These values are reported in english
units.)
8.2 AIR TOXIC EMISSIONS
The 1990 CAAA mandated fundamental
changes in air toxics regulation/ Prior
versions of the Act provided for a
cumbersome process for listing and regulating
hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) with the
potential for causing increases in mortality or
serious illnesses. During the 1970 to 1990
period, the National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS)
regulated eight pollutants: arsenic, asbestos,
benzene, beryllium, mercury, radionuclides,
radon-222, and vinyl chloride. The CAAA
revises the Clean Air Act section 112 with
new provisions that:
(1) explicitly list 189 substances
requiring regulation;
(2) require technology-based standards
for reducing the emissions of these
substances;
(3) require risk-based controls after
evaluation of the residual risk
remaining after implementing
technology-based standards; and
(4) establish an accidental release
program.
This report is the first in this series to include
information on air toxics. The inclusion of air
toxics will help assess progress in reducing
emissions and concentrations of all air
pollutants known to potentially cause health
problems. These emission estimates from TRI
are for general trend indication only because,
in addition to the fact that TRI does not
include all point source categories or area and
mobile sources, there is evidence that it
severely underestimates air toxic emissions
from point sources. While criteria pollutants
will remain the focus of this report,
information on air toxics will provide
perspectives on questions such as "How much
improvement has there been in the Nation's air
since passage of the CAAA?" and "What are
the overlapping benefits of the ozone control
program and the air toxics program?" This
second question is important because, although
ozone control frequently focuses on reducing
VOCs because of their importance to ozone
formation, many VOCs are also air toxics. In
addition, the challenge of meeting the air
toxics provision in the CAAA is inspiring the
development of numerous innovative control
programs by some affected industries and
states. Lessons from such programs could
have important applications to criteria
pollutant control programs.
8-2
-------
8.2.1 Hazardous Air Pollutants
Table 8-2 shows emissions of individual HAPs
reported in the greatest amounts in the TRI
data base.76'77 The TRI data base contains
yearly updated emission estimates for over
300 compounds, including all but 16 of the
189 HAPs. The data are self-reported by
manufacturing facilities [Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) codes 20 through 39] who
manufacture or use the chemicals in amounts
greater than specified thresholds. The
facilities are not required to perform any
monitoring or testing to estimate their
emissions. Despite these limitations, the TRI
data are presented here as an indicator of
toxics from manufacturing operations. The
emission quantities represent national totals.
Generally, the chemicals listed are used as
common industrial feedstocks and solvents.
Most of the reported emissions decreased
between 1987 and 1991.
8.2.2 Carcinogens
Fifty-three of the HAPs in the TRI data base
are known or suspected human carcinogens.
Table 8-2 summarizes the carcinogens emitted
in the greatest quantities. As the table shows,
there is a clear downward trend of carcinogen
emissions over the 5-year period. Since many
of these chemicals are or will be covered by
specific EPA programs designed to reduce
chemical emissions, further reductions are
expected in the future.
8.2.3 High Risk/Early Reduction
Table 8-2 shows emissions of the HAPs that
EPA has preliminarily identified as high risk
substances for the purpose of the Early
Reduction Program. These high risk
substances receive a higher weighting in
determining whether a source has met its
90 percent reduction target.
8.2.4 State and Industrial Emissions
Toxic air emissions of all TRI chemicals
reported in each state are shown in
Table 8-376'77 for 1987 to 1991. Generally,
the states reporting the greatest emissions are
the industrial states in the Northeast, Great
Lakes, Middle Atlantic, Gulf Coast, and
California. The one exception is Utah, which
is dominated by one facility with very large
emissions. Texas ranked first with reported
emissions of 83 thousand tons, equivalent to
8 percent of the 1991 national total. The
number of regions in" which individual HAPs
occurred in the top 10 chemicals emitted in
the region is presented in Table 8-4.
Table 8-576> 77 presents the national air
emissions of all TRI chemicals by 2-digit SIC
code for 1987 to 1991. During this time
period, emissions from all industries
decreased, except in the food industry. These
changes may be real or "paper" changes. Real
changes include source reduction (process
changes, elimination of spills and leaks,
inventory control, improved maintenance, and
alternative methods of cleaning and
degreasing); chemical substitution; production
increases/decreases; abnormal events
(accidental releases or cleanup); and
installation of pollution control equipment.
Examples of paper changes are changes in
estimation methodology, clarification of
reporting guidance, and reporting errors
(mathematical miscalculations and
typographical errors).
8.3 GLOBAL EMISSIONS
This is the first report in this series to present
global emissions. The report presents 1985
NOX, SO2, and VOC emission estimates for
8-3
-------
the United States, Canada, and 12 European
countries [Belgium, Denmark, Germany,
Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, United
Kingdom (Europe-12)]. The methods and
goals for determining air pollution emissions
differ among countries; comparisons among
countries should therefore be made with
caution.
The total 1985 NOX emissions were
36.14 million tons with the following global
distribution: 62 percent from the United
States, 32 percent from Europe-12, and
6 percent from Canada. The United States
emitted 54 percent of the 1985 international
SO2 emissions. The Europe-12 countries and
Canada emitted 35 and 11 percent,
respectively, of the 1985 SO2 total
international emissions of 43.01 million tons.
In 1985, the United States emitted
25.01 million tons of the 48.67 million tons of
VOC emitted globally. The Europe-12
countries emitted 21.66 million tons of VOC
and Canada emitted 2 million tons of VOC in
1985.
8.3.1 Canada
As noted earlier, this is the first time this
report has included emissions from Canada.
The emissions were provided by Marc
Deslauriers of Environment Canada. Details
on the methodology to develop these estimates
can be found in Management Plan for
Nitrogen Oxides and Volatile Organic
Compounds79 and Eastern Canada Acid Rain
Control Program.19 The 1990 estimates are
preliminary and do not correspond with those
reported in the Interim report. National
Canadian estimates are presented in this report,
as well as estimates for three provinces
(Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick). The
estimates by major source categories for 1985
and 1990 are given for NOX, VOC, and SO2
emissions in Tables 8-6, 8-7, and 8-8,
respectively.
8.3.2 CORINAIR: The Atmospheric
Emission Inventory for Europe*
On June 27, 1985, the European Council of
Ministers adopted Decision 85/338/EEC on a
Commission world program for gathering,
coordinating, and ensuring the consistency of
information on the state of the environment
and natural resources in the European
Community. This program was called
CORINE (COoRdination d'INformation
Environnementale) and one of its component
projects was the CORINe AIR emission
inventory (CORINAIR).80
When the Council Decision on CORINE was
adopted, there were several air emissions data
collection campaigns in progress at the
international level (OECD, UNECE, and
PHOXA). The methodology for the prototype
1985 CORINAIR (CORINAIR85) inventory
was based on the methodology of OECD and
was developed in collaboration with experts
from each of the member states, as well as
from the European Commissions (CEC),
OECD, UNICE, CEFIC, EUROTRAC, and
IIASA.
On May 7, 1990, the Council adopted
Regulation 1210/90 which established the
European Environment Agency (EEA) and the
European environment information and
observation network. The regulation gives the
Agency responsibility for the collection,
processing, and analysis of environmental data
and for the continuation of work started under
the CORINE decision. It also lists several
areas of work to be given priority. Air quality
and atmospheric emissions are included in this
list.
8-4
-------
Pending a decision on the location of the EEA,
the CORINE program is being continued by
the EEA Task Force (EEA-TF) formed within
the Directorate General Environment, Nuclear
Safety and Civil Protection (DGXI) of the
CEC. The CORINAIR project is being
continued through an update for 1990
(CORINAIR90). Following agreements
reached with the UNECE on a common source
sector split for reporting atmospheric
emissions, the CORINAIR90 system has been
made available to 30 European countries on a
voluntary basis or with financial support from
the CEC.
The CORINAIR90 system is therefore
currently available to the following:
(1) The Europe-12 community;
(2) 5 EFTA countries: Austria,
Finland, Norway, Sweden, and
Switzerland;
(3) 3 Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia,
and Lithuania;
(4) 9 Central and Eastern European
countries: Albania, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary,
Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and
Slovenia; and
(5) Russia.
8.3.2.1 CORINAIR85
The prototype emission inventory for 1985 —
CORINAIR85 — was based on the following:
(1) a new nomenclature (which was
technology-based, since the NACE
was considered inappropriate for
environmental needs);
(2) a Default Emission Factor
Handbook (based broadly on
OECD and PHOXA results but also
introducing new developments);
(3) addressing major localized
emission sources as point sources
(large point sources) and other
minor or diffuse sources as area
sources, with areas based on the
Community's Nomenclature of
Statistical Territorial Units
(NSTU); and
(4) software for data input and the
calculation of emissions.
These features of the CORINAIR system were
developed by the contractor (CITEPA, in
Paris) in conjunction with the following:
(1) the CORINAIR Technical Unit
(which included other contractors
and representatives of DGXI, the
customer);
(2) working groups covering specific
sources/pollutants (stationary NOX,
mobile sources, stationary VOC,
natural VOC, and ammonia); and
(3) the CORINAIR Expert Group, with
experts from each of the member
states and from related international
activities.
The CORINAIR85 inventory was based on
120 activities divided into eight categories:
combustion (other than industry), oil refining,
industrial combustion, industrial processes,
solvent evaporation, road transport, nature, and
miscellaneous activities. It also quantified
three pollutants: NOX, VOC (including CH4),
8-5
-------
and SO2. Tables 8-9, 8-10, and 8-11 present
the summary of the results obtained.81
With certain restrictions on the use of the
limited subset of data held in confidence
within the CORINAIR data base,
CORINAIR85 data are available on request
from the CITEPA in Paris or the EEA-TF in
Brussels. The complete CORINAIR85
inventory (activity statistics, emission factors,
emission estimates, etc.) is held in personal
computer files in Paris and Brussels. Emission
estimates by territorial unit are held for
mapping and analysis in ARCINFO files on
the CORINE data base in Brussels.
8.3.2.2 CORINAIR90
Atmospheric emission inventory requirements
and methodologies were developed rapidly at
the national and international level during the
course of the CORINAIR85 project. Estimates
were extended to newly quantified sources of
emissions and to additional pollutants. Each
international project became informed of the
work being carried out elsewhere, overlaps in
work being performed, and, hence, the need
to harmonize these activities.
In preparing for the CORINAIR90 project, the
CORINAIR Technical Unit and Expert Group
were able to collaborate closely with UNECE
and OECD. The UNECE requires emission
inventory data as part of the obligations under
the various Protocols for the Long Range
Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP)
convention. The OECD is developing the
methodology for greenhouse gas emissions on
behalf of the IPCC. This collaboration has
achieved these results:
(1) produced a more developed
nomenclature [source sector split
(SNAP90)] involving over
260 activities grouped into a three-
level hierarchy of subsectors and
11 main sectors;
(2) extended the list of pollutants to be
covered to eight (SO2, NOX,
NMVOC, ammonia, CO, CH4, NO,
and CO2);
(3) extended the number of sources to
be considered as point sources
(there were over 1400 large point
sources in the CORINAIR85
inventory);
(4) extended the availability of the
CORINAIR system to 30 countries;
and
(5) increased the awareness of
CORINAIR and the need to
produce an inventory within a
reasonable tune frame to serve the
requirements of the user
community.
Initial data from CORINAIR90 was scheduled
to become available in mid-1993. The project
and report completion are scheduled for early
1994.
8-6
-------
v Article 4-1 of the FCCC requires that all parties "develop, periodically update, publish, and make available
to the Conference of the Parties, in accordance with Article 12, national inventories of anthropogenic emissions
by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, using
comparable methodologies to be agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties."
w A "sink" is a mechanism that leads to the removal and/or destruction of greenhouse gases.
x The air toxic section of the CAAA addresses over 1.4 billion of the 2.0 billion pounds of toxic chemicals
reported to the TRI for 1991. The remaining 600 million pounds of toxic chemicals are subject to control as
VOCs under the ambient air standard for ozone, or are subject to the particulate matter ambient air standard.
y The acronyms found in section 8.3.2 are defined in the list of Acronyms and Abbreviations found on
page xiii.
8-7
-------
Table 8-1. DRAFT Summary of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
and Sinks By Source Category8
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
1. EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION
A. STATIONARY SOURCES
Electric Utilities
Solid (fossil)
Liquid (fossil)
Gas (fossil)
Biomass
Other0
Total
Industry
Solid (fossil)
Liquid (fossil)
Gas (fossil)
Biomass
Other0
Total
Commercial/Institutional
Solid (fossil)
Liquid (fossil)
Gas (fossil)
Biomass
Other0
Total
Residential
Solid (fossil)
Liquid (fossil)
Gas (fossil)
Biomass
Other0
Total
TOTAL STATIONARY SOURCES
Solid (fossil)
Liquid (fossil)
Gas (fossil)
Biomass
Other0
Total
B. MOBILE SOURCES
Highway Vehicles
Passenger Cars
Gasoline
Diesel
Other
Subtotal
Light Trucks
Gasoline
Diesel
Other
Subtotal
C02
1,617,835
106,481
166,336
1,213"
1,890,542
342,482
287,478
530,534
163,139"
NA
1,160,384
9,921
77,601
156,085
2,976"
NA
243,607
6,063
93,915
261,354
56,658"
NA
361,442
1,976,190
565,586
1,114,198
223,876"
NA
3,655,974
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CH4
1 -22
<0.5
NA
NA
1 -22
<0.5
<0.5
NA
<0.5 - 13
NA
<0.5 - 13
<0.5
<0.5
NA
NA
NA
<0.5
1 -11
<0.5
NA
<0.5 - 926
NA
<0.5 - 937
22-33
<0.5
18-69
<0.5 - 939
NA
19-1,042
64-192
<0.5
NA
64-192
o
55-165
<0.5
NA
55-165
N20
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
37-112
<0.5
NA
37-112
15-45
<0.5
NA
15-45
8-8
(continued)
-------
Table 8-1. (continued)
Source Category
Heavy-Duty Vehicles
Gasoline
Diesel
Other
Subtotal
Motorcycles
Total Highway Vehicles
Gasoline
Diesel
Other
Total
Off-Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Locomotives
Vessels
Farm Equipment
Construction Equipment
Other Off-Highway
Total Off-Highway
TOTAL MOBILE SOURCES
TOTAL ENERGY COMBUSTION
Solid (fossil)
Liquid (fossil)
Gas (fossil)
Biomass
Other
Total
C. ENERGY PRODUCTION, STORAGE. & DISTRIBUTION
Natural Gas Systems
Field Production
Processing
Storage and Injection/Withdrawal
Transmission
Distribution
Engine Ehaust
Total
Other Oil & Gas Production Activities
Coal Mining
TOTAL ENERGY PRODUCTION, STORAGE, &
DISTRIBUTION
II. PROCESS AND AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS
Cement Production
Adipic Acid (Nylon) Production
Non-Energy Industrial Processes
Landfills
Large Municipal Landfills (152)"
Medium Municipal Landfills (1,137)*
Small Municipal Landfills (4,744)"
Industrial Landfills6
Total Landfills
TOTAL
C02
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,869,599
1,976,190
2,435,185
1,114,198
223,876"
NA
5,525,573
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,231
NA
7,231
36,045
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
36,045
CH4
10-30
7-20
NA
17-50
2-7
131 -392
7-20
NA
138 - 412
3-10
2-6
4-13
3-10
1 -3
NA
14-31
151 - 454
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
170-1,496
761 - 2,006
44-298
11 -66
650 - 2,271
187 - 827
298 - 705
2,403 - 4,696"
110-683
3,968 - 6,283
6,481 -11,662
NA
NA
2,866 - 4,630
3,638 - 6,614
992-1,653
661 - 992
8,929 - 13,007
8,929-13,007
N20
<0.5
2-7
NA
2-7
<0.5
53 - 158
3-9
NA
6-55
<0.5
<0.5 - 2
2-6
<0.5 - 2
<0.5 - 2
NA
3-10
58 - 174
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
58 - 174
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
68.6728
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
68.6728
8-9
(continued)
-------
Table 8-1. (continued)
Source Category
CO,
CH4
N2O
III. AGRICULTURAL, FORESTS, AND LAND USE
A. EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURE
Domesticated Animals
Dairy Cattle
Dairy Cows8 NA 992-1,543 NA
Replacements6 NA 331 - 441 NA
Beef Cattle
Beef Cows8 NA 1,984-2,976 NA
Replacements8 NA 441 - 661 NA
Bulls8 NA 220-331 NA
Feedlot Fed Cattle8 NA 992-1,433 NA
Other Animals8 NA 220-331 NA
Total Domesticated Animals NA 5,071 - 7,606 NA
Animal Wastes
Dairy Cattle8 NA 661-1,102 NA
Swine8 NA 882-1,543 NA
Other8 NA 331-1,323 NA
Total Animal Wastes NA 1,874-3,968 NA
Rice Cultivation NA 127-794 NA
Nitrogen Fertilizer Use NA NA 55 - 915
TOTAL NA 7,071 - 12,368 55-915
B. EMISSIONS FROM FORESTS, LAND USE, AND BIOMASS BURNING
Timber Removal and Growth (670,966) NA NA
Forest Soil Carbon Loss NA NA NA
Croplands Soil Carbon Loss 6,063-10,582 NA NA
Agricultural Crop Waste Burning NA 72 NA
TOTAL (660,384-664,903) 72 NA
TOTAL EMISSIONS — ALL SOURCE CATEGORIES' 4,904,101 - 4,908,730 22,707 - 38,580 187 - 1,157
NOTE(S): The CO2 estimates in this table pertaining to energy consumption include all of the carbon emitted from energy
consumption activities. In some cases, the carbon is not initially emitted as CO2. The IPCC has recommended
this reporting format to ensure that all countries report emissions from energy activities. This reporting
convention means that other carbon-containing emissions from energy consumption should be viewed as a
subset of the carbon reported as CO2 to avoid double counting.
a. Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks for the United States, 1990, DRAFT, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. June 21,1993.
b. CO2 emission estimates from biomass fuel combustion are not included in any of the totals.
c. This category includes LPG, waste oil, coke, and coke oven gas.
d. The uncertainty in the total is estimated assuming that some of the uncertainty for each source is independent.
Consequently, the range of the total is narrower than the sum of the ranges.
e. Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States: Estimates for 1990, Report to Congress, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency Air and Radiation, EPA 430-R-93-003, April 1993.
f. These totals are draft values. The reader should exercise caution when comparing with other Federal Agency
reports. Final values will be reported in the 1994 Trends report.
Values in parentheses indicate amount sequestered, not emitted.
NA = Underlying data not available at time of publication.
8-10
-------
Table 8-2. HAPs with Greatest Air Emissions in TRI (1987 Basis)
(short tons per year)
Compound
Rank
Amount Emitted
HAPs | Carcinogens | High Risk
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1 ,1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1 ,2-Dibromoethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 ,3-Butadiene
2-Nitropropane
Acrolein
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile
Arsenic compounds
Asbestos (friable)
Benzene
Cadmium compounds
Carbon disulfide
Carbonyl sulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorine
Chloroform
Chloromethane
Chloroprene
Chromium compounds
Dibenzofuran
Dichloromethane
Epichlorohydrin
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde
Glycol ethers
Hydrochloric acid
Methanol
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Methyl isocyanate
Methylenebis
Phosgene
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate
Trichloroethylene
Urethane
Vinyl chloride
Vinylidene chloride
Xylene (mixed isomers)
3
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
14
NA
6
17
NA
8
16
19
NA
NA
NA
7
NA
18
NA
20
11
9
2
4
15
NA
NA
NA
13
12
1
NA
10
NA
NA
NA
5
NA
15
NA
17
NA
2
NA
18
6
3
12
19
1
13
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
11
8
20
NA
NA
NA
4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
14
7
16
NA
NA
NA
9
NA
NA
5
10
NA
NA
NA
14
NA
10
9
20
NA
NA
11
NA
NA
5
NA
NA
NA
12
NA
6
7
NA
17
NA
1
19
NA
13
8
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4
3
NA
NA
2
16
15
18
NA
1987
82,388
52
988
33
3,098
4,692
138
24
411
2,690
135
21
15,945
76
67,938
11,244
2,167
53,607
12,627
7,065
141
365
18
67,922
210
7,734
2,092
6,780
21,434
36,584
108,569
78,960
15,315
72
396
42
16,190
16,604
145,610
306
26,990
398
784
233
75,502
| 1988
88,384
22
871
33
2,268
3,442
195
17
400
2,098
134
25
15,631
50
62,057
10,092
1,888
67,054
12,518
6,168
974
385
36
63,997
233
6,636
2,347
5,946
24,206
36,966
114,133
68,018
15,813
5
123
11
16,311
17,897
146,099
83
26,890
73
719
148
77,196
| 1989
87,932
18
394
30
2,146
2,915
88
10
179
2,194
88
20
13,370
43
50,095
9,213
1,725
66,390
12,857
4,915
894
710
32
62,080
236
6,445
1,576
6,506
24,239
40,689
105,892
68,030
15,762
7
162
4
17,385
13,739
134,776
47
24,675
2
635
110
77,856
| 1990 |
82,251
22
303
29
2,802
2,581
42
11
216
1,575
83
10
11,010
46
49,213
9,317
870
52,426
11,263
3,920
781
379
15
50,138
213
5,528
1,224
6,197
24,429
43,065
100,701
64,246
13,855
7
305
2
15,540
11,198
120,839
29
19,462
2
568
152
68,098
4-year change
1991 Emissions |
68,753
32
264
19
1,998
1,975
53
14
205
1,094
95
6
8,737
35
44,670
8,363
773
38,805
9,541
2,849
735
281
20
39,669
230
5,330
897
5,109
21,957
41,461
99,841
51,711
13,599
4
313
2
14,238
8,344
99,282
662
17,529
1
524
143
57,776
-13,635
-20
-724
-14
-1,100
-2,717
-85
-10
-206
-1,596
-40
-15
-7,208
-41
-23,268
-2,881
-1,394
-14,802
-3,085
-4,216
594
-84
2
-28,253
20
-2,404
-1,195
-1,671
523
4,877
-8,728
-27,249
-1,716
-68
-83
-40
-1,952
-8,260
-46,328
356
-9,461
-397
-260
-90
-17,726
Percent
-16.55
-38.22
-73.29
-42.12
-35.52
-57.90
-61.69
-40.63
-50.05
-59.31
-29.51
-70.09
-45.20
-54.28
-34.25
-25.62
-64.31
-27.61
-24.43
-59.67
421.46
-23.00
11.24
-41.60
9.32
-31.08
-57.15
-24.64
2.44
13.33
-8.04
-34.51
-11.20
-94.59
-20.92
-94.78
-12.06
-49.75
-31.82
116.33
-35.05
-99.74
-33.20
-38.80
-23.48
SOURCE: 1990 Toxics Release Inventory (1987),76 Table 23.
1991 Toxics Release Inventory (1988-1991 ),77 Table 3.8.
NOTE(S): NA = Not applicable.
8-11
-------
Table 8-3. State Total Air
Total TRI
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
1987
50,968
15,769
8,798
24,853
44,038
5,197
13,948
4,586
25,711
46,723
457
2,498
53,007
56,814
20,138
13,508
23,617
73,201
8,086
9,391
16,014
59,192
24,761
32,823
24,521
1,375
7,250
389
6,483
22,097
1,948
50,855
50,834
898
70,545
18,131
10,358
46,819
3,960
34,174
1,248
68,826
113,175
42,334
618
75,735
14,347
20,563
24,851
1,254
1988
52,598
11,523
8,149
24,345
45,613
6,010
12,852
3,782
25,757
42,115
437
2,683
54,696
55,477
22,356
16,286
24,258
69,159
8,538
9,007
13,916
49,844
27,458
30,086
25,230
1,200
9,350
352
6,165
19,532
1,067
50,614
49,593
736
71,317
18,159
10,839
45,834
3,890
33,922
1,265
73,425
103,661
60,796
784
62,598
14,851
18,470
23,231
1,446
Emissions in TRI Data Base, 1987-1991
Emissions (tpy) 4-Year Change
1989
52,933
10,475
6,385
21,893
41,721
5,412
10,784
4,320
30,637
38,227
343
2,678
51,486
57,204
22,608
16,458
22,626
67,422
7,778
9,236
12,468
53,412
31,243
30,271
24,320
1,253
8,336
343
5,495
15,596
1,411
43,399
47,605
671
70,281
14,829
9,983
40,904
3,150
51,207
1,615
80,035
98,252
65,201
595
40,977
14,306
17,224
21,763
1,830
1990
51,619
7,984
6,352
16,887
40,774
3,616
8,729
3,010
23,546
37,410
345
2,843
44,726
53,325
19,602
15,104
20,851
54,864
6,831
6,569
10,596
43,071
25,424
29,039
22,823
1,226
8,451
373
4,066
7,937
1,280
37,649
44,866
636
57,905
14,220
9,332
38,218
2,610
34,010
1,455
73,790
87,849
53,083
469
38,909
14,226
15,396
21,505
2,344
1991
49,236
6,613
4,727
15,447
32,493
2,922
7,876
2,917
18,966
28,767
290
3,058
40,050
47.537
17,462
13,479
18,492
48,262
6,875
5,756
8,122
34,933
19,485
27,295
17,346
1,180
7,376
471
2,634
10,348
1,076
31,924
41,025
388
48,825
11,870
8,710
32,814
2,175
30,760
1,316
69,254
83,226
37,174
450
33,144
12,961
13,257
18,415
1,439
Emissions
-1,732
-9,156
-4,071
-9,406
-11,545
-2,275
-6,072
-1,670
-6,745
-17,957
-167
560
-12,957
-9,278
-2,676
-29
-5,125
-24,939
-1,211
-3,635
-7,892
-24,259
-5,276
-5,528
-7,176
-195
127
82
-3,849
-11,748
-872
-18,931
-9,809
-510
-21,720
-6,261
-1,648
-14,005
-1,785
-3,414
67
428
-29,948
-5,160
-169
-42,591
-1,386
-7,306
-6,437
185
Percent
-3.40
-58.06
-46.27
-37.85
-26.22
-43.78
-43.53
-36.40
-26.24
-38.43
-36.55
22.42
-24.44
-16.33
-13.29
-0.22
-21.70
-34.07
-14.98
-38.71
-49.28
-40.98
-21.31
-16.84
-29.26
-14.17
1.75
21.10
-59.37
-53.17
-44.77
-37.23
-19.30
-56.81
-30.79
-34.53
-15.91
-29.91
-45.07
-9.99
5.38
0.62
-26.46
-12.19
-27.29
-56.24
-9.66
-35.53
-25.90
14.78
SOURCE: 1990 Toxics Release Inventory (1987)76, Table 20; 1991 Toxics Release Inventory (1988-1991)", Table 3-7.
NOTE(S): The emissions include all chemicals reported in TRI data base, not just HAPs. Totals do not add to those in Table 8-5 since
emissions from Washington, DC, America Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands are excluded.
8-12
-------
Table 8-4. Occurrences of HAPs in the Top 10 Chemicals Reported in the TRI
Data Base for 1990 by EPA Region
HAP Occurrences
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane 10
Methanol 10
Toluene 10
Methyl ethyl ketone 9
Dichloromethane 8
Xylene 8
Hydrochloric acid 5
Glycol ethers 4
Trichloroethylene 3
Carbon disulfide 2
Sulfuric acid 2
Benzene 1
Chlorine 1
Chloroform 1
Hydrogen fluoride 1
Tetrachloroethylene 1
SOURCE: Evaluation of Air Emission Trends Using TRI Data, Appendix B, Table B-1.81
8-13
-------
Table 8-5. TRI Total Air Emissions by Industry, 1987 to 1991
(short tons/year)
Total TRI Emissions
4-Year Change
SIC Code
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Multiple codes
Industry
Food
Tobacco
Textiles
Apparel
Lumber
Furniture
Paper
Printing
Chemicals
Petroleum
Plastics
Leather
Stone/Clay
Primary Metals
Fabr. Metals
Machinery
Electrical
Transportation
Measure/Photo
Miscellaneous
20-39
Non-codes 20-39
Total
SOURCE:
NOTE(S):
1987
10,052
3,376
27,656
1,375
15,254
29,396
134,549
31,816
492,062
44,164
91,158
7,612
15,033
112,150
68,966
30,318
64,448
120,911
32,341
14,467
0
7,616
1,354,720
1988
8,955
909
18,467
512
16,118
33,055
110,465
30,199
425,305
32,390
84,455
7,386
13,666
120,092
65,135
29,843
61,473
105,733
28,024
15,264
119,000
6,608
1,333,055
1989
12,322
853
15,429
678
17,382
32,346
102,680
28,502
389,037
32,177
91,292
6,454
13,229
121,129
67,088
28,323
48,942
101,665
25,879
14,268
126,238
5,186
1,281,097
1990
13,113
1,229
13,167
639
16,728
30,566
102,399
25,047
345,241
29,488
88,545
6,095
10,452
104,930
62,654
24,321
39,192
86,327
21,874
12,351
100,948
6,048
1,141,352
1991
13,856
1,137
12,210
687
15,144
27,396
104,124
22,404
302,080
28,151
72,913
4,788
10,445
78,013
53,795
19,022
31,575
72,775
19,211
9,151
83,861
6,934
989,673
Emissions
3,804
-2,238
-15,446
-689
-110
-2,000
-30,425
-9,412
-189,982
-16.013
-18,245
-2,824
-4,588
-34,136
-15,172
-11,296
-32,873
-48,136
-13,131
-5,316
83,861
-682
-365,047
Percent
37.84
-66.31
-55.85
-50.06
-0.72
-6.80
-22.61
-29.58
-38.61
-36.26
-20.01
-37.10
-30.52
-30.44
-22.00
-37.26
-51.01
-39.81
-40.60
-36.75
-8.95
-26.95
1990 Toxics Release Inventory (1987),76 Table 24.
1991 Toxics Release Inventory (1988-1 991 J,77 Table 3-9.
The emissions
include all chemicals reported in TRI data
base, not just
HAPS.
8-14
-------
Table 8-6. Canadian NOX Emission Forecast by Province
(thousand short tons)
Ontario
SECTOR
Transportation
Cars
Light-Duty Trucks
Gas
Diesel
Heavy-Duty Trucks
Gas
Diesel
Off-Road Diesel
Construction
Agriculture
Railroads
Other
Other
Fuel Combustion
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Natural Gas
Other
Power Generation
Industrial Processes
Incineration/Miscellaneous
TOTAL
1985
139
26
0
9
90
10
8
31
30
21
16
14
0
108
172
32
5
716
1990
97
28
0
3
115
12
10
33
54
27
17
14
0
102
87
33
5
643
Quebec
1985
80
8
0
3
29
4
4
17
23
17
8
4
0
45
2
12
5
267
1990
66
11
0
1
71
5
5
11
43
20
9
5
0
48
7
13
6
327
New Brunswick
1985
10
3
0
1
8
0
0
2
3
0
1
1
0
4
8
3
1
51
1990
6
2
0
0
9
0
0
2
9
0
1
1
0
4
16
3
1
59
CANADA
1985
383
91
0
32
273
34
58
135
160
86
45
33
153
267
330
112
27
2,226
1990
276
88
0
11
323
36
80
138
203
99
47
35
179
295
292
123
31
2,263
NOTE(S): These are preliminary numbers provided by Marc Deslauriers of Environment Canada, Conservation and Protection,
Pollution Data Analysis Division, Hull, Quebec.
8-15
-------
Table 8-7. Canadian VOC Emission Forecast by Province
[thousand short tons (as total nonmethane hydrocarbons)]
SECTOR
Transportation
Cars
Light-Duty Trucks
Gas
Diesel
Heavy-Duty Trucks
Gas
Diesel
Off-Road Gasoline
Other
Fuel Combustion
Fuelwood
Residential/Commercial
Industrial
Industrial Processes
Petrochemicals
Petroleum Refining
Plastics
Other
Incineration/Miscellaneous
Surface Coatings
Fuel Marketing
Dry Cleaning
Solvent Use
Slash Burning
Other
Power Generation
TOTAL
Ontario
1985
175
44
0
14
11
6
32
37
1
6
13
66
8
30
59
10
5
142
17
4
0
689
1990
130
47
0
3
12
25
25
34
1
7
15
38
6
24
139
38
6
181
17
16
0
771
Quebec
1985
98
14
0
5
3
2
14
44
0
0
6
40
3
11
34
3
4
76
22
9
0
397
1990
88
19
0
1
7
8
12
39
0
1
7
25
2
12
47
19
2
80
21
35
0
435
New Brunswick
1985
12
5
0
1
1
0
1
5
0
0
0
7
0
1
2
0
0
8
5
0
0
55
1990
7
4
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
5
0
1
0
3
0
7
5
1
0
41
CANADA
1985
507
152
1
47
34
72
74
118
4
52
33
179
15
67
134
31
15
325
106
21
3
1,998
1990
380
148
0
10
34
79
87
94
4
60
36
113
10
82
216
99
14
505
108
139
3
2,232
NOTE(S): These are preliminary numbers provided by Marc Deslauriers of Environment Canada, Conservation and Protection,
Pollution Data Analysis Division, Hull, Quebec.
8-16
-------
Table 8-8. Canadian SO2 Emission Forecast by Province
(thousand short tons)
SECTOR
PROVINCE
Ontario
1985
1990
Quebec
1985
1990
New Brunswick
1985
1990
CANADA
1985
1990
Primary
Metals
860
757
554
733
18
20
1,972
2,061
Power
Generation
370
214
0
14
103
155
812
750
Other *
409
443
250
320
28
34
1,392
1,555
TOTAL
1,808
1,560
887
1,177
166
232
4,603
4,814
NOTE(S): These are preliminary numbers provided by Marc Deslauriers of Environment Canada, Conservation and Protection,
Pollution Data Analysis Division, Hull, Quebec.
* "Other" includes remaining Industrial Process sectors, Fuel Combustion, Transportation, and
Incineration/Miscellaneous
8-17
-------
Table 8-9. CORINAIR 1985: NOX Emissions
(thousand short tons/year)
Combustion OH Industrial Processes Solvent Road
excluding refineries combustion evaporation transport
industry
Nature Misc Total Percent
Belgium
Denmark
Germany
Greece
Spain
France
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Portugal
United Kingdom
EUR-12
Percent
72
164
919
163
293
284
40
487
2
149
15
942
3,532
31
7
2
31
4
14
20
0
30
0
22
2
45
177
0
41
14
250
9
44
137
9
128
3
31
12
331
1,009
9
30
6
157
31
75
121
6
139
10
19
13
14
619
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
201
114
1,637
132
500
1,207
39
951
10
299
63
1,010
6,162
54
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
349
300
2,994
340
927
1,769
93
1,735
25
519
106
2,342
11,499
3
3
26
3
8
15
1
15
0
5
1
20
Table 8-10. CORIN AIR 1985: VOC Emissions
(thousand short tons/year)
Combustion Oil Industrial Processes
excluding refineries combustion
industry
Solvent Road Nature Misc. Total
evaporation transport
Percent
Belgium
Denmark
Germany
Greece
Spain
France
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Portugal
United Kingdom
EUR-12
Percent
20
15
110
2
40
208
19
52
0
8
1
99
574
3
12
3
32
7
24
34
1
42
0
13
4
34
207
1
3
2
23
1
2
8
1
6
0
11
1
62
120
1
32
2
100
4
23
73
1
50
0
12
19
267
583
3
90
64
1,235
31
360
483
23
438
3
181
57
736
3,701
17
213
106
1,286
127
539
1,311
26
1,090
7
239
58
872
5,874
27
31
8
280
216
966
467
23
244
3
15
72
88
2,413
11
78
28
3,383
290
406
476
26
1,326
2
0
8
2,165
8,188
38
479
228
6,450
678
2,360
3,060
121
3,246
15
479
220
4,323
21,661
2
1
30
3
11
14
1
15
0
2
1
20
8-18
-------
Table 8-11. CORINAIR 1985: SO2 Emissions
(thousand short tons/year)
Combustion OH Industrial Proa
excluding refineries combustion
Industry
Solvent Road Nature Misc. Total Percent
evaporation transport
Belgium
Denmark
Germany
Greece
Spain
France
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Portugal
United Kingdom
EUR-12
Percent
208
266
1,705
411
1,873
672
87
1,307
3
78
95
3,250
9,956
66
39
4
160
31
107
247
1
163
0
90
14
133
990
7
109
67
459
89
290
489
61
606
6
17
76
615
2,884
19
60
18
164
20
69
116
2
143
9
23
25
106
755
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
18
12
65
0
74
109
4
84
0
12
8
47
433
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
433
367
2,553
551
2,413
1,634
155
2,304
18
220
218
4,151
15,018
3
2
17
4
16
11
1
15
0
1
1
28
8-19
-------
-------
SECTION 9.0
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9-1
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9-2
-------
24. Exhaust Emissions from Uncontrolled Vehicles and Related Equipment Using Internal
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9-3
-------
39. Report to the U.S. Forest Service, Fiscal Year 1992. ISBN 0-16-041707-4. Forest Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1992.
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Publication.
42. Emissions Inventory from Forest Wildfires, Forest Managed Burns, and Agricultural Burns.
EPA-450/3-74-062. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
November 1974.
43. Coal Refuse Fires, An Environmental Hazard. Information Circular 8515. Bureau of
Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. 1971.
44. Statistical Abstract of the United States. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Washington, DC. Annual.
45. Feasibility of Including Fugitive PM-10 Emissions Estimates in the EPA Emissions Trends
Report. EPA-450/4-91-005b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. September 1990.
46. Williams, A.L. and G.J. Stensland. "Uncertainties in Emission Factor Estimates of Dust
from Unpaved Roads." Paper No. 89-24.6, Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste
Management Association, Anaheim, CA. June 1989.
47. The National Allowance Data Base Version 2.11: Technical Support Document, Acid Rain
Division, Office of Atmospheric Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC., 1993.
48. Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design Report, Form EIA-767. Energy Information
Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Data files for 1987, 1988,
1989, 1990, 1991.
49. Economic Growth Analysis System: User's Guide. EPA-600/R-93-067b. Joint Emissions
Inventory Oversight Group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 1993.
50. Monthly Power Plant Report. Form EIA-759. Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Data files for 1990, 1991, 1992.
51. Table SA-5 — Total Personal Income by Major Sources 1969-1990. Data files. Bureau
of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. 1991.
9-4
-------
52. Survey of Current Business. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC. 1988, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991.
53. Table SQ-5 — Quarterly State Personal Income 1987: 1-1991: IV. Data files. Bureau of
Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. 1992.
54. Survey of Current Business, Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC. 1992.
55. Connolly et al. SRI International. U.S. Paint Industry Data Base. Prepared for the
National Paint and Coatings Association, Inc., Washington, DC. 1990.
56. Solvents, Industry Study #264. The Freedonia Group, Cleveland, OH. 1989.
57. Industrial Solvents (Report A2180). Frost & Sullivan, Inc., New York, NY. 1989.
58. State Energy Data Report — Consumption Estimates 1960-1989. DOE/EIA-0214(89).
Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. 1991.
59. Railroad Ten-Year Trends 1981-1990. Association of American Railroads, Washington,
DC. 1991.
60. Air Traffic Activity and Terminal Area Forecasts, FY 1991-2005, FAA-APO-91-5. Federal
Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 1991.
61. Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 1989. WRSC-WCUS-89, Part
5. U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, New Orleans, LA. 1991.
62. 7985 Petroleum Supply Annual. DOE/EIA-0340. Office of Oil and Gas, Energy
Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. 1986.
63. TSDF Inventory File. Computer file transferred to E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. from
Emission Standards Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, via Alliance
Technologies. 1989.
64. Documentation for Estimation ofNonroad Emission Estimates for the United States. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1992.
65. MOBILE4.1 Fuel Consumption Model (Draft). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann
Arbor, MI. August 1991.
66. Traffic Volume Trends, 1990. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. 1990.
9-5
-------
67. Platte, L. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air Quality Analysis Branch, Ann Arbor,
MI. "Performance Standard I/M Program Descriptions." Memorandum to M. Mullen, E.H.
Pechan & Associates, Inc., November 1993.
68. ERCAM-VOC: Description and Application. E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Springfield,
VA. March 1989.
69. ICF Resources Incorporated. Economic Analysis of the Title IV Requirements of the 1990
Clean Air Act Amendments. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Acid Rain. November 1993.
70. Regional Projections to 2040, Volume 1: States. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. June 1990.
71. Leubsdorf, C., ICF Incorporated. "Update of Estimated Required State Level SO2
Emissions/Allowances, 1995-2010." Memorandum to L. Montgomery, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, and C. Hillock, R. Newman, M. Shellabarger. April 1993.
72. Lamb, B., D. Gay, H. Westberg, and T. Pierce. "A Biogenic Hydrocarbon Emission
Inventory for the USA Using a Simple Forest Canopy Model." Atmospheric Environment,
N.27A, pp. 1673-1690. 1993.
73. Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks for the United States 1990. Draft. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. June 21, 1993.
74. Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: Final Report from the OECD Experts
Meeting, 18-21 February 1991. Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development
(OECD). Washington, DC. August 1991.
75. Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States: Estimates for 1990, Report to
Congress. EPA 430-R-93-003. U.S. Environment Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
April 1993.
76. 7990 Toxics Release Inventory, Public Data Release. EPA/700-S-92-002. Office of
Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC.
May 1992.
77. 1991 Toxics Release Inventory, Public Data Release. EPA/745-R-93-003. Office of
Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC.
May 1993.
78. Management Plan for Nitrogen Oxides and Volatile Organic Compounds. Phase I.
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. November 1990.
9-6
-------
79. Eastern Canada Acid Rain Control Program. Draft Report. Environment Canada, Quebec,
Canada. 1990.
80. CORINAIR Newsletter. G. Mclnnes, European Environment Agency Task Force, DGXI,
Commission of the European Communities Brussels, Belgium. March 1993.
81. Evaluation of Air Emissions Trends Using TRI Data. Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. November
1992.
9-7
-------
-------
APPENDIX A
NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES (1970 TO 1992) BY
SUBCATEGORY
A-l
-------
Table A-1. CO Emissions from Fuel Combustion
(thousand short tons)
Fuel Combustion Sources
1970
1980 1983 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
> Commercial/Institutional Oil
*•"> Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
Residential Other
TOTAL FUEL COMBUSTION
237
106
41
90
NA
NA
770
100
44
462
164
NA
3,625
12
27
24
NA
2,932
686
2,246
630
4,632
322
188
48
85
NA
NA
750
58
35
418
239
NA
6,230
13
21
26
NA
5,992
1,402
4,590
178
7,302
301
207
27
68
NA
NA
696
67
23
360
246
NA
6,720
20
16
24
NA
6,461
1,512
4,949
199
7,717
316
220
25
72
NA
NA
732
74
23
385
249
NA
6,760
22
17
25
NA
6,485
1,517
4,967
212
7,808
324
232
20
58
4
10
692
86
47
280
166
113
7,014
14
18
42
57
6,721
NA
NA
162
8,030
291
208
24
48
NA
11
679
87
47
269
173
103
6,571
14
18
42
60
6,280
NA
NA
157
7,541
300
217
20
53
NA
10
681
85
47
282
172
96
6,338
14
19
43
59
6,046
NA
NA
157
7,319
313
229
25
48
NA
11
705
87
47
298
175
98
6,172
15
18
47
55
5,868
NA
NA
168
7,189
319
231
26
51
NA
11
709
87
46
306
174
96
5,942
15
17
49
55
5,654
NA
NA
153
6,971
314
233
20
51
NA
11
716
86
46
313
172
98
5,726
15
16
50
52
5,435
NA
NA
158
6,756
314
233
19
51
NA
11
723
86
46
323
170
98
5,583
15
16
51
50
5,290
NA
NA
161
6,620
311
235
15
51
NA
11
714
86
46
311
172
98
5,154
14
16
50
52
4,872
NA
NA
149
6,179
NOTE(S): 'Methodologies to estimate 1984,1985, and 1986 emission estimates differ. Because of these differences, the allocation of emissions among source categories could result
in significant changes in the emission estimates between the years, particulariy at the more detailed source category level. Details on the different methodologies are
provided in section 5.0.
NA = not available. For several source categories, emission estimates either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are contained in
the more aggregate estimate.
"Other* categories may contain emission estimates that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
-------
Table A-2. CO Emissions from Industrial Processes
(thousand short tons)
Industrial Processes
1970
1980 1983 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
ethylene dichloride
maleic anhydride
cyclohexanol
other
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
pigments; T1O2 chloride process: reactor
other
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
carbon black mfg
carbon black furnace: fugitives
other
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
aluminum anode baking
prebake aluminum cell
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
basic oxygen furnace
carbon steel electric arc furnace
coke oven charging
gray iron cupola
iron ore sinter plant windbox
other
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
fee units
other
3,397
340
11
73
36
220
190
18
172
NA
NA
NA
2,866
2,866
NA
NA
3,644
652
326
326
NA
2,991
440
181
62
1,203
1,025
81
NA
2,179
NA
2,168
1,820
348
2,151
543
17
103
37
386
191
34
157
NA
NA
NA
1,417
1,417
NA
NA
2,246
842
421
421
NA
1,404
80
280
43
340
600
61
NA
1,723
NA
1,723
1,680
44
1,844
560
17
103
37
403
148
35
112
NA
NA
NA
1,136
1,136
NA
NA
1,560
606
303
303
NA
954
36
239
24
220
391
43
NA
484
NA
484
460
24
2,082
599
20
122
39
418
167
37
129
NA
NA
NA
1,316
1,316
NA
NA
1,734
741
371
371
NA
993
64
235
29
201
418
46
NA
383
NA
383
362
21
1,475
143
0
11
5
127
88
77
11
18
15
0
1,210
811
149
250
1,866
535
41
422
73
1,330
694
126
8
141
304
57
0
426
11
414
403
11
1,810
261
0
16
5
240
94
82
12
19
16
0
1,420
792
165
463
2,079
656
40
494
122
1,423
640
129
9
294
280
72
0
451
9
440
398
41
1,756
260
0
15
5
240
89
77
11
18
16
0
1,373
763
161
449
1,984
619
38
456
125
1,365
617
125
8
281
266
68
0
455
8
445
408
37
1,873
278
0
16
6
256
95
83
12
18
17
0
1,465
802
185
478
2,101
661
40
493
128
1,439
650
132
9
288
287
73
0
441
8
431
393
38
1,880
285
0
16
6
264
95
84
12
18
17
0
1,464
819
180
465
2,132
682
41
512
130
1,449
662
132
9
280
293
73
0
436
8
427
390
37
1,893
286
0
16
6
265
95
83
12
19
17
0
1,476
833
179
464
2,080
686
41
521
124
1,394
642
128
8
262
283
71
0
435
8
425
389
36
1,906
282
0
16
6
260
96
84
12
19
17
0
1,491
842
184
465
1,992
661
40
503
119
1,331
615
122
8
249
269
68
0
439
9
429
392
37
1,873
281
0
15
6
260
94
82
12
19
17
0
1,462
827
178
457
1,978
642
39
483
120
1,336
617
123
8
248
272
68
0
403
8
394
358
35
(continued)
-------
Table A-2. CO Emissions from Industrial Processes (cont'd)
(thousand short tons)
Industrial Processes
1970
1980 1983 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
sulfate pulping: rec. furnace/evaporator
sulafte (kraft) pulping: lime kiln
other
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
> SOLVENT UTILIZATION
*" Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Organic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Bulk Materials Storage
TOTAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
11
620
NA
NA
610
NA
610
NA
NA
10
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
9,840
NA
830
NA
NA
798
NA
798
NA
NA
32
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
6,950
NA
864
NA
NA
836
NA
836
NA
NA
28
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4,751
NA
908
NA
NA
877
NA
877
NA
NA
31
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
5,107
1
693
0
0
627
475
140
12
0
42
0
18
0
6
1
1
0
0
0
46
0
0
0
45
0
0
4,506
2
715
NA
NA
647
491
145
12
0
44
0
18
0
5
2
1
0
0
0
94
0
0
0
88
0
5
5,151
2
713
NA
NA
646
489
144
13
0
44
0
18
0
5
2
1
0
0
0
91
0
0
0
86
0
5
5,001
2
710
NA
NA
649
491
145
13
0
44
0
13
0
5
2
1
0
1
0
100
0
0
0
95
0
5
5,227
2
716
NA
NA
655
497
146
13
0
43
0
12
0
5
2
1
0
1
0
101
0
0
0
95
0
5
5,266
2
716
NA
NA
657
498
146
13
0
43
0
12
0
5
2
1
0
1
0
102
0
0
0
96
0
5
5,228
2
711
NA
NA
653
496
145
13
0
41
0
11
0
5
2
1
0
1
0
103
0
0
0
98
0
5
5,153
2
722
0
0
664
504
147
13
0
42
0
11
0
5
2
1
0
0
0
100
0
0
0
95
0
5
5,079
NOTE(S): 'Methodologies to estimate 1984,1985, and 1986 emission estimates differ. Because of these differences, the allocation of emissions among source categories could result
in significant changes in the emission estimates between the years, particularly at the more detailed source category level. Details on the different methodologies are
provided in section 5.0.
NA = not available. For several source categories, emission estimates either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are contained in
the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emission estimates that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
-------
Table A-3. CO Emissions from Transportation
(thousand short tons)
TransDortation Sources
1970
1980 1983 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Idgtl
Idgt2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
hddv
Iddt
Iddv
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Gasoline
> recreational
<-" construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
recreational marine vessels
other
Non-Road Diesel
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
79,258
59,959
59,662
298
9,554
6,992
2,561
9,398
347
347
NA
NA
10,001
7,658
86
584
1,909
NA
3,842
NA
NA
NA
398
839
199
NA
51
50
NA
98
NA
NA
NA
87,991
59,125
59,125
NA
17,661
NA
NA
10,040
1,165
1,150
5
11
16,117
14,475
161
413
1,090
6,411
1,963
3,033
20
81
1,301
2
305
0
62
52
4
138
13
2
34
78,670
52,414
52,414
NA
17,384
NA
NA
7,717
1,155
1,126
8
21
14,246
12,774
149
203
956
6,009
1,279
2,843
22
91
1,219
2
292
0
52
44
4
140
12
2
38
75,400
49,736
49,736
NA
17,436
NA
NA
7,013
1,215
1,186
6
23
15,619
13,982
132
198
881
6,461
1,813
3,057
24
104
1,311
2
328
0
58
49
4
158
13
2
43
73,515
47,103
47,103
NA
18,520
NA
NA
6,393
t»499
1,469
6
24
15J98
14,248
393
433
1,267
7il62
62
3.329
27
118
1,455
2
337
0
- *$
„•"('
-•- «*
~=i
• "t
20
70,470
45,084
45,084
NA
18,674
NA
NA
5,365
1,348
1,318
6
23
15,659
13,720
375
414
1,231
6,859
57
3,245
26
120
1,391
2
833
0
549
54
4
159
14
2
50
65,600 65,222
45,538 45,465
45,538 45,465
NA NA
15,178 14,849
NA NA
NA NA
3,377 3,334
1,506 1,574
1,461 1,526
18 19
27 29
15,333 15,296
13,377 13,309
361 350
401 413
1,219 1,258
6,623 6,442
59 60
3,213 3,318
31 32
127 135
1,340 1,301
2 2
831 852
0 0
538 556
54 55
4 4
166 164
14 14
3 3
53 56
60,127
41,706
41,706
NA
13,810
NA
NA
3,057
1,554
1,503
20
30
14,997
13,001
337
405
1,246
6,225
67
3,291
32
143
1,254
2
864
0
544
55
4
185
14
3
59
59,801
41,523
41,523
NA
13,706
NA
NA
2,951
1,621
1,565
23
33
14,642
12,655
324
395
1,228
6,001
63
3,254
33
149
1,207
2
841
0
528
54
3
176
14
3
62
58,825
40,840
40,840
NA
13,537
NA
NA
2,798
1,651
1,591
25
35
14,238
12,323
315
364
1,195
5,862
52
3,179
32
146
1,176
2
761
0
484
53
3
143
14
3
61
55,288
38,386
38,386
NA
12,682
NA
NA
2,574
1,646
1,584
25
37
14,679
12,659
324
395
1,228
6,001
63
3,254
32
153
1,207
2
842
0
528
54
3
176
14
3
64
(continued)
-------
Table A-3. CO Emissions from Transportation (cont'd)
(thousand short tons)
Transportation Sources
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
Railroads
TOTAL TRANSPORTATION
1970
995
870
575
287
8
280
89,260
1980
1,023
38
4
32
1
277
104,108
1983
949
48
4
42
1
183
92,916
1984
1,044
53
5
47
1
212
91,019
1985*
954
48
5
42
1
211
89,313
1986
955
50
6
43
1
102
86,129
1987
962
52
6
46
1
111
80,933
1988
962
55
6
48
1
117
80,518
1989
955
57
6
50
1
119
75,124
1990
966
58
6
51
1
122
74,442
1991
966
60
7
52
1
128
73,063
1992
997
60
7
52
1
121
69,967
NOTE(S): 'Methodologies to estimate 1984,1985, and 1986 emission estimates differ. Because of these differences, the allocation of emissions among source categories could result
in significant changes in the emission estimates between the years, particularly at the more detailed source category level. Details on the different methodologies are
provided in section 5.0.
NA = not available. For several source categories, emission estimates either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are contained in
the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emission estimates that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
-------
Table A-4. CO Emissions from Other Sources
(thousand short tons)
Other Source Categories
1970
1980 1983 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
conical wood burner
municipal incinerator
industrial
commmercial/institutional
residential
other
Open Burning
industrial
commmercial/institutional
residential
Landfills
Other
> MISCELLANEOUS
-J Other Combustion
structural fires
agricultural fires
slash/prescribed burning
forest wildfires
other
TOTAL OTHER
7,059
2,979
1,431
333
NA
108
1,107
NA
4,080
1,932
2,148
NA
NA
NA
7,909
7,909
101
873
1,146
5,620
169
14,968
2,300
1,246
228
13
NA
60
945
NA
1,054
1,007
47
NA
NA
NA
8,344
8,344
217
501
2,226
5,396
4
10,644
2,026
1,070
130
7
NA
41
891
NA
956
926
30
NA
NA
NA
8,551
8,551
195
492
2,226
5,636
3
10,577
2,028
1,089
150
7
NA
41
891
NA
939
909
30
NA
NA
NA
7,011
7,011
198
492
2,226
4,093
2
9,039
1,938
955
17
32
9
30
865
2
982
20
4
958
0
0
4,111
4,111
242
396
2,295
1,178
NA
6,049
1,916
949
18
35
9
33
852
2
966
21
4
941
0
0
4,156
4,156
242
441
2,295
1,178
NA
6,072
1,850
920
18
34
9
35
822
2
930
21
4
905
0
0
4,198
4,198
242
483
2,295
1,178
NA
6,049
1,806
903
19
35
10
38
800
2
903
21
4
877
0
0
4,327
4,327
242
612
2,295
1,178
NA
6,133
1,747
876
19
35
.9
39
773
2
870
21
5
845
0
0
4,286
4,286
242
571
2,295
1,178
NA
6,033
1,686
849
18
35
9
40
745
2
836
21
5
811
0
0
4,267
4,267
242
552
2,295
1,178
NA
5,953
1,644
830
18
34
9
40
726
2
814
20
5
789
0
0
4,202
4,202
242
487
2,295
1,178
NA
5,846
1,686
849
18
35
9
40
745
2
836
21
5
811
0
0
4,271
4,271
242
557
2,295
1,178
NA
5,958
NOTE(S): 'Methodologies to estimate 1984,1985, and 1986 emission estimates differ. Because of these differences, the allocation of emissions among source categories could result
in significant changes in the emission estimates between the years, particularly at the more detailed source category level. Details on the different methodologies are
provided in section 5.0.
NA = not available. For several source categories, emission estimates either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are contained in
the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emission estimates that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
-------
Fuel Combustion Sources
Table A-5. NOx Emissions from Fuel Combustion
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1983 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
natural
process
other
Other
•}*• Internal Combustion
00 FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
natural
process
other
4,900
3,497
2,112
1,041
344
431
391
40
NA
972
972
NA
NA
NA
NA
4,326
771
532
164
75
NA
332
228
104
NA
3,061
3,053
8
NA
7,023
5,675
3,439
1,694
542
486
447
39
NA
862
862
NA
NA
NA
NA
3,554
444
306
94
44
NA
286
179
63
44
2,619
2,469
5
145
6,920
5,960
3,614
1,780
566
278
261
17
NA
682
682
NA
NA
NA
NA
3,159
512
355
109
48
NA
175
100
50
25
2,277
2,151
3
123
7,268
6,299
3,820
1,882
597
240
217
23
NA
729
729
NA
NA
NA
NA
3,414
573
397
122
54
NA
176
100
52
24
2,457
2,329
3
125
65176
5,997
4i631
972
394
192
169
2fl
3
433
41§
'' -4
10
6
48
Ajtft
607
4?a
14
33
tf1
309
189
89
' &
%m
'W
*^p
•ttiijjf
6,909
6,061
4,427
1,290
344
246
242
4
NA
552
552
NA
NA
NA
50
3,277
613
438
14
31
130
302
181
89
32
1,633
322
211
1,100
7,128
6,278
4,529
1,411
337
204
200
4
NA
599
599
NA
NA
NA
48
3,294
596
435
14
27
120
293
172
89
32
1,725
311
205
1,209
7,530
6,668
4,623
1,659
387
260
257
4
NA
551
551
NA
NA
NA
50
3,443
617
446
15
29
126
298
175
91
32
1,828
327
208
1,293
7,607
6,708
4,665
1,650
392
272
269
4
NA
578
578
NA
NA
NA
49
3,475
615
446
14
30
125
295
176
88
31
1,880
324
204
1,351
7,527
6,707
4,603
1,706
399
210
207
3
NA
559
559
NA
NA
NA
50
3,535
613
444
14
30
124
299
177
90
32
1,924
325
206
1,394
7,482
6,662
4,522
1,732
408
201
198
3
NA
569
569
NA
NA
NA
50
3,604
610
438
14
30
127
307
185
91
31
1,991
325
207
1,459
7,468
6,698
4,579
1,705
414
161
158
3
NA
561
561
NA
NA
NA
49
3,523
613
444
14
30
124
296
177
90
29
1,915
324
197
1,394
(continued)
-------
Fuel Combustion Sources
Table A-5. NOx Emissions from Fuel Combustion (cont'd)
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1983 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
Other
wood/bark waste
liquid waste
other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
distillate oil
natural gas
other
TOTAL FUEL COMBUSTION
162
102
NA
60
NA
836
23
210
120
NA
44
439
118
242
79
10,062
205
138
NA
67
NA
741
25
155
131
NA
74
356
85
238
33
11,318
195
144
NA
51
NA
649
34
96
122
NA
80
317
62
219
36
10,728
208
144
NA
64
NA
672
37
96
126
NA
81
332
64
228
40
11,354
128
88
12
28
652
704
37
106
144
11
81
326
75
248
3
10,805
130
92
12
26
599
694
36
110
139
12
76
320
76
241
3
10,879
129
92
12
25
552
710
37
121
144
11
73
323
79
241
3
11,132
131
93
12
26
569
737
39
117
157
11
71
343
80
259
3
11,710
130
92
12
26
556
730
38
106
159
11
68
347
78
267
3
11,812
129
91
12
26
570
732
39
99
164
11
66
352
81
269
3
1 1 ,793
127
90
12
26
568
745
40
100
169
11
64
361
82
275
3
11,831
128
91
12
25
570
734
36
101
167
11
59
360
84
274
2
11,725
NOTE(S): 'Methodologies to estimate 1984,1985, and 1986 emission estimates differ. Because of these differences, the allocation of emissions among source categories could result
in significant changes in the emission estimates between the years, particularly at the more detailed source category level. Details on the different methodologies are
provided in section 5.0.
NA = not available. For several source categories, emission estimates either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are contained in
the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emission estimates that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
-------
Transportation Sources
Table A-6. NOx Emissions from Transportation
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1983 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & MC
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Idgtl
Idgt2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
hddv
Iddt
Iddv
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
recreational marine vessels
other
7,427
4,734
4,730
4
868
610
258
547
1,277
1,277
NA
NA
1,825
236
1
19
38
NA
169
NA
NA
NA
NA
9
8,705
4,651
4,651
NA
1,378
NA
NA
370
2,306
2,285
6
15
2,724
195
1
14
30
14
93
8
0
4
19
11
8,096
4,216
4,216
NA
1,427
NA
NA
317
2,136
2,095
10
31
2,387
155
1
8
28
12
64
7
0
3
19
12
7,947
4,012
4,012
NA
1,446
NA
NA
296
2,193
2,153
7
33
2,537
173
1
7
24
11
84
6
0
3
24
12
8,113
3,696
3,696
NA
1,497
NA
NA
273
2,647
2,605
8
33
2,599
221
2
6
135
13
1
8
0
4
39
14
7,634
3,532
3,532
NA
1,520
NA
NA
233
2,349
2,308
8
32
2,649
128
1
3
78
8
1
4
0
2
22
8
7,868
3,539
3,539
NA
1,234
NA
NA
187
2,909
2,849
24
36
2,723
126
1
3
77
7
1
4
0
3
22
8
7,977
3,562
3,562
NA
1,224
NA
NA
195
2,997
2,933
25
38
2,826
128
1
3
80
7
1
5
0
3
21
7
7,703
3,461
3,461
NA
1,174
NA
NA
190
2,877
2,812
27
39
2,855
126
1
3
79
7
1
5
0
3
20
7
7,816
3,535
3,535
NA
1,173
NA
NA
198
2,909
2,838
29
43
2,843
124
1
3
78
7
1
4
0
3
20
7
7,715
3,551
3,551
NA
1,158
NA
NA
199
2,807
2,731
31
45
2,769
120
1
3
76
7
1
4
0
3
19
7
7,477
3,517
3,517
NA
1,125
NA
NA
196
2,639
2,561
31
46
2,852
124
1
3
78
7
1
4
0
3
20
7
(continued)
-------
Transportation Sources
Table A-6. NOx Emissions from Transportation (cont'd)
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1983 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
Non-Road Diesel
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
other
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
Railroads
TOTAL TRANSPORTATION
663
NA
185
204
NA
274
NA
NA
NA
NA
122
99
20
6
73
705
9,252
1,430
0
732
257
6
340
20
4
71
NA
126
146
0
99
47
827
11,429
1,350
0
643
231
6
352
21
5
92
NA
121
168
0
138
30
593
10,483
1,418
0
680
241
6
367
21
5
99
NA
134
172
0
142
30
640
10,484
11277
0
856
110
5
181
19
5
100
NA
161
181
0
152
29
758
10,712
1,462
0
980
126
6
207
22
5
115
NA
132
148
0
124
23
780
10,283
1,457
0
959
125
6
216
22
6
123
NA
136
155
0
130
25
848
10,591
1,500
0
992
128
6
214
23
6
131
NA
139
164
0
138
26
895
10,803
1,514
0
972
127
6
242
23
6
138
NA
136
168
0
142
27
911
10,558
1,478
0
944
125
5
230
22
7
144
NA
139
173
0
145
27
929
10,659
1,350
0
866
122
5
187
22
7
142
NA
142
177
0
148
28
980
10,484
1,482
0
944
125
5
230
22
6
149
NA
144
177
0
149
28
925
10,329
NOTE(S): 'Methodologies to estimate 1984,1985, and 1986 emission estimates differ. Because of these differences, the allocation of emissions among source categories could result
in significant changes in the emission estimates between the years, particularly at the more detailed source category level. Details on the different methodologies are
provided in section 5.0.
NA = not available. For several source categories, emission estimates either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are contained in
the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emission estimates that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
-------
Other Source Categories
Table A-7. NOx Emissions from Other Sources
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1983 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
1992
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Ind
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Pub Products
Rubber & Misc. Plastic Products
Mineral Products
cement mfg
glass mfg
other
Machinery Products
Transportation Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
271
70
201
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
77
NA
77
NA
240
NA
240
NA
187
NA
NA
18
NA
169
97
48
24
NA
NA
NA
216
54
159
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
65
NA
65
NA
72
NA
72
NA
205
NA
NA
24
NA
181
98
60
23
NA
NA
NA
145
56
89
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
49
NA
49
NA
68
NA
68
NA
192
NA
NA
25
NA
167
92
57
18
NA
NA
NA
161
57
104
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
54
NA
54
NA
70
NA
70
NA
203
NA
NA
26
NA
177
101
57
19
NA
NA
NA
159
29
22
20
58
0
0
30
70
15
54
1
124
69
55
1
326
5
0
73
0
239
137
47
54
2
0
7
380
38
19
22
262
0
0
38
80
26
53
1
109
55
53
1
328
5
0
76
0
238
136
48
54
2
0
8
370
38
17
22
256
0
0
37
76
26
48
1
101
48
52
1
320
5
0
76
0
230
130
47
53
2
0
7
397
42
18
23
276
0
0
39
82
28
53
1
100
48
51
1
315
5
0
76
0
225
126
46
53
2
0
7
394
42
18
23
274
0
0
38
83
28
54
1
97
47
49
1
311
5
0
77
0
220
124
45
51
2
0
7
398
42
19
23
277
0
0
37
81
27
53
1
100
50
50
1
306
5
0
77
0
216
121
44
51
2
0
7
400
42
19
23
278
0
0
37
79
26
51
1
103
52
50
1
298
5
0
76
0
209
117
42
49
2
0
7
401
41
18
24
281
0
0
37
78
26
51
1
94
47
46
1
301
5
0
77
0
210
118
43
50
2
0
7
(continued)
-------
Fuel Combustion Sources
Table A-8. VOC Emissions from Fuel Combustion
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1983 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
* Commercial/Institutional Oil
1 Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
Residential Other
TOTAL FUEL COMBUSTION
30
18
7
5
NA
NA
150
4
4
77
65
NA
541
1
4
6
NA
460
107
353
70
722
45
31
9
5
NA
NA
157
3
3
62
89
NA
848
1
3
7
NA
809
189
620
28
1,050
43
34
5
4
NA
NA
150
3
2
54
91
NA
912
2
2
6
NA
872
204
668
30
1,105
45
37
4
4
NA
NA
156
3
2
59
91
NA
917
2
2
7
NA
875
205
671
32
1,118
41
33
4
2
1
1
115
7
16
39
35
18
1,491
1
4
6
4
1,459
NA
NA
ie
1,647
30
24
4
2
NA
1
270
7
16
194
36
16
499
1
4
6
4
468
NA
NA
16
800
34
25
5
2
NA
1
265
7
16
191
36
15
482
1
4
6
4
451
NA
NA
16
782
37
27
7
2
NA
1
290
7
16
215
36
15
470
1
4
6
4
438
NA
NA
17
797
37
27
7
2
NA
1
284
7
16
210
36
15
452
1
4
7
4
422
NA
NA
15
774
36
27
5
2
NA
1
284
7
16
210
36
15
437
1
4
7
4
405
NA
NA
15
756
33
27
3
2
NA
1
289
7
16
216
35
15
426
1
4
7
4
394
NA
NA
16
748
32
27
2
2
NA
1
279
7
16
206
35
15
394
1
4
7
4
363
NA
NA
14
706
NOTE(S): 'Methodologies to estimate 1984,1985, and 1986 emission estimates differ. Because of these differences, the allocation of emissions among source categories could result
in significant changes in the emission estimates between the years, particularly at the more detailed source category level. Details on the different methodologies are
provided in section 5.0.
NA = not available. For several source categories, emission estimates either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are contained in
the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emission estimates that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
-------
Other Source Categories
Table A-7. NOx Emissions from Other Sources (cont'd)
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1983 1984 1981* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Petroleum & Petroleum Prod Store
Petroleum & Petroleum Prod Trans
Organic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
Open Burning
Landfills
Other
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
TOTAL OTHER
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
440
110
330
NA
NA
330
330
1,545
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
111
37
74
NA
NA
248
248
917
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
91
24
67
NA
NA
254
254
799
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
90
24
66
NA
NA
210
210
788
2
0
0
2
0
3
1
0
2
0
0
87
27
59
0
0
130
130
901
3
0
0
2
0
3
1
0
2
0
0
87
29
58
0
0
131
131
1,120
3
0
0
2
0
3
1
0
1
0
0
85
29
56
0
0
132
132
1,088
3
0
0
2
0
3
1
0
2
0
1
85
31
54
0
0
134
134
1,120
3
0
0
2
0
3
1
0
2
0
1
84
31
52
0
0
133
133
1,108
2
0
0
2
0
3
1
0
2
0
1
82
32
50
0
0
133
133
1,107
2
0
0
2
0
4
1
0
2
0
1
81
32
49
0
0
132
132
1,098
3
0
0
2
0
3
1
0
2
0
1
82
32
50
0
0
133
133
1,095
NOTE(S): 'Methodologies to estimate 1984,1985, and 1986 emission estimates differ. Because of these differences, the allocation of emissions among source categories could result
in significant changes in the emission estimates between the years, particularly at the more detailed source category level. Details on the different methodologies are
provided in section 5.0.
NA = not available. For several source categories, emission estimates either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are contained in
the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emission estimates that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
-------
Industrial Processes
Table A-9. VOC Emissions from Industrial Processes
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1983 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Organic Chemical Mfg
ethylene oxide mf g
phenol mfg
terephthalic acid mfg
ethylene mfg
charcoal mfg
socmi reactor
socmi distillation
socmi air oxidation processes
socmi fugitives
other
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
Polymer & Resin Mfg
• polypropylene mfg
<-" polyethylene mfg
polystyrene resins
synthetic fiber
styrene/butadiene rubber
other
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
paint & varnish mfg
other
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
carbon black mfg
printing ink mfg
fugitives unclassified
carbon black furnace: fugitives
other
1,341
629
8
NA
29
70
48
81
NA
NA
194
199
65
271
0
17
10
112
77
55
NA
61
61
NA
40
275
275
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,595
884
10
NA
60
111
40
118
NA
NA
254
291
93
384
1
22
15
199
70
77
NA
65
65
NA
77
92
92
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,548
843
11
NA
56
111
34
121
NA
NA
233
278
67
395
1
26
15
194
67
92
NA
69
69
NA
88
85
85
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,620
909 '
12
NA
60
121
36
138
NA
NA
251
293
77
369
1
27
17
152
73
99
NA
74
74
NA
93
98
98
NA
NA
NA
NA
"881
349
2
0
15
28
37
43
7
0
173
43
3
343
12
51
6
217
45
12
11
8
8
0
43
f 25
20
... 2
/*
v ,, • 4,
'.: Si
1,640
635
2
0
31
43
41
169
11
2
180
156
36
291
14
83
8
62
61
64
23
10
10
0
226
420
25
13
17
4
360
1,633
624
2
0
30
42
41
167
10
2
177
152
35
287
13
81
8
61
60
64
23
10
10
0
244
411
24
13
16
4
353
1,752
674
2
0
32
48
45
181
11
2
191
162
39
312
15
90
8
64
66
69
25
11
11
0
247
443
26
13
18
5
381
1,748
678
2
0
32
47
46
186
11
2
190
161
38
309
15
88
8
64
65
69
25
11
11
0
247
440
26
13
18
5
378
1,771
684
2
0
32
46
46
187
12
2
192
165
38
313
15
89
8
66
65
71
25
11
11
0
254
446
27
13
18
5
383
1,778
686
2
0
32
48
44
187
12
2
192
166
39
317
15
90
8
65
66
72
26
11
11
0
252
448
27
13
18
5
384
1,758
676
2
0
32
46
45
183
11
2
192
162
38
315
15
89
8
66
65
71
25
11
11
0
254
440
26
14
17
5
377
(continued)
-------
Industrial Processes
Table A-9. VOC Emissions from Industrial Processes (cont'd)
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1983 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
coke oven door & topside leaks
coke oven by-product plants
other
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Ind
vaccuum distillation
cracking units
process unit turnarounds
petroleum refinery fugitives
other
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
vegetable oil mfg
whiskey fermentation: aging
bakeries
other
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Pub Products
Rubber & Misc. Plastic Products
rubber tire mfg
green tire spray
other
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
394
NA
394
216
NA
177
NA
1,194
411
773
24
27
NA
NA
721
11
270
208
59
105
45
NA
NA
NA
60
60
NA
NA
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
273
NA
273
152
NA
121
NA
1,440
379
1,045
32
21
NA
NA
992
16
237
191
81
64
46
NA
NA
NA
44
44
NA
NA
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
155
NA
155
85
NA
70
NA
1,270
379
877
30
9
NA
NA
838
15
245
191
85
56
50
NA
NA
NA
52
52
NA
NA
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
182
NA
182
101
NA
81
NA
1,253
392
847
30
8
NA
NA
809
14
227
168
85
34
49
NA
NA
NA
58
58
NA
NA
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
50
10
40
9
3
28
0
1,025
104
921
11
34
9
67
800
1
264
100
7
24
51
19
10
41
35
8
4
23
13
3
0
0
P1
73
19
54
12
3
39
0
764
79
682
14
33
14
131
490
3
445
221
96
24
52
50
10
44
43
10
5
28
15
4
0
1
108
70
18
51
11
3
37
0
752
70
679
14
33
14
129
489
3
460
241
115
24
51
51
10
44
43
10
5
28
15
4
0
1
103
74
19
54
12
3
39
0
733
71
659
13
32
13
120
480
3
479
248
120
24
52
52
10
44
46
11
6
29
14
4
0
0
112
74
20
54
12
3
39
0
731
68
659
13
31
13
124
479
3
476
249
123
23
51
52
10
44
46
11
6
29
14
4
0
0
109
72
20
52
11
3
38
0
737
72
662
13
31
14
126
478
3
478
254
127
23
51
52
10
44
46
11
6
29
14
3
0
0
106
69
19
50
10
3
37
0
745
73
669
13
32
14
127
484
3
475
255
129
24
50
53
10
43
46
11
6
29
14
3
0
0
103
70
19
50
10
3
37
0
715
68
643
12
29
13
119
471
3
475
252
127
23
50
52
10
44
45
10
6
29
14
3
0
0
106
(continued)
-------
Table A-9. VOC Emissions from Industrial Processes (cont'd)
(thousand short tons)
Industrial Processes
1970 1980 1983 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
open top
conveyorized
cold cleaning
other
Graphic Arts
letterpress
flexographic
lithographic
gravure
other
Dry Cleaning
perchloroethylene
petroleum solvent
Surface Coating
industrial adhesives
fabrics
paper
large appliances
magnet wire
autos & light trucks
metal cans
metal coil
wood furniture
metal furniture
flatwood products
plastic parts
large ships
aircraft
7,174
707
NA
NA
NA
707
319
NA
NA
NA
NA
319
263
NA
NA
3,570
52
161
652
49
7
165
49
18
211
35
64
17
21
1
6,584
513
NA
NA
NA
513
373
NA
NA
NA
NA
373
320
NA
NA
3,685
55
186
626
36
5
165
73
21
231
52
82
25
20
2
5,232
411
NA
NA
NA
411
274
NA
NA
NA
NA
274
215
NA
NA
3,006
45
181
503
28
4
119
68
23
191
47
56
27
17
2
6,309
500
NA
NA
NA
500
360
NA
NA
NA
NA
360
248
NA
NA
3,655
58
186
631
30
4
138
65
19
202
50
56
32
18
3
5,620
391
21
3
31
337
298
1
18
4
60
215
254
NA
NA
2,319
12
15
295
1
0
62
18
14
27
1
19
9
9
23
5,710
628
28
5
33
562
373
2
19
4
138
211
217
110
106
2,602
353
34
109
19
0
86
96
50
140
44
4
11
16
29
5,828
676
28
5
31
612
390
2
19
4
140
225
216
110
106
2,606
353
35
110
19
0
88
95
49
142
44
4
11
15
26
6,034
749
29
5
34
682
415
2
20
4
148
241
215
109
106
2,646
366
35
114
19
0
87
96
50
143
44
4
11
16
31
6,053
751
29
4
35
683
417
2
20
4
150
241
212
107
105
2,635
375
35
114
18
0
87
95
50
140
44
4
11
15
34
6,063
752
28
4
34
685
419
2
20
4
151
241
209
105
104
2,619
383
35
114
18
0
86
95
49
138
43
4
11
15
33
6,063
750
27
4
32
686
416
2
20
4
150
240
205
103
103
2,598
391
34
113
18
0
85
94
49
137
43
4
10
15
• 31
6,062
732
28
4
34
666
429
2
21
4
154
248
213
107
106
2,616
384
36
115
17
0
80
90
47
138
43
4
11
14
33
(continued)
-------
Industrial Processes
Table A-9. VOC Emissions from Industrial Processes (cont'd)
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1983 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
misc. metal parts
architectural
traffic markings
maintenance coatings
railroad
auto refinishing
machinery
eletronic & other electrical
general
miscellaneous
thinning solvents
other
Other Industrial
miscellaneous
rubber & plastics mfg
other
Nonindustrial
cutback asphalt
pesticide application
adhesives
consumer solvents
other
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
fixed roof
floating roof
variable vapor space
ef r with seals
underground tanks
area source: gasoline
other
NA
442
NA
108
5
83
39
NA
79
942
NA
372
640
39
309
292
1,674
1,045
241
NA
NA
387
1,954
599
14
45
1
NA
NA
509
30
NA
477
NA
106
9
186
62
NA
52
799
NA
415
690
44
327
319
1,002
323
241
NA
NA
437
1,975
517
12
39
1
NA
0
440
26
NA
457
NA
76
8
215
53
NA
32
518
NA
335
555
36
264
255
771
216
205
NA
NA
349
1,801
418
10
31
0
NA
0
356
21
NA
489
NA
91
9
240
51
NA
36
861
NA
385
690
37
350
303
856
198
258
NA
NA
400
1,810
416
9
31
0
NA
0
354
21
14
456
NA
NA
NA
227
37
11
118
85
80
786
456
72
378
6
1,901
192
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,678
424
11
16
1
0
NA
386
TO
14
502
106
80
3
132
28
79
147
109
92
317
172
136
29
7
1,717
175
263
332
947
NA
1,767
620
14
47
1
NA
0
526
32
14
503
106
80
3
132
28
79
148
108
94
318
173
137
29
6
1,768
186
262
332
988
NA
1,893
632
14
48
1
NA
0
537
32
14
504
107
80
3
133
29
80
158
105
97
320
175
139
29
6
1,834
199
262
345
1,030
NA
1,948
652
15
50
1
NA
0
554
33
14
500
106
80
3
132
28
79
154
103
96
317
170
135
29
6
1,867
199
260
353
1,056
NA
1,856
651
15
50
1
NA
0
553
33
14
495
105
79
3
130
28
78
153
98
95
315
164
130
28
6
1,900
199
258
361
1,083
NA
1,861
658
15
49
1
NA
0
560
33
13
493
104
79
3
130
28
78
148
93
93
312
160
127
28
6
1,934
199
255
369
1,111
NA
1,868
646
15
47
1
NA
0
550
33
13
498
106
79
3
137
26
76
154
98
96
316
161
127
28
6
1,911
200
258
363
1,090
NA
1,823
624
15
50
1
NA
0
524
34
(continued)
-------
Industrial Processes
Table A-9. VOC Emissions from Industrial Processes (cont'd)
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1983 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
Petroleum & Petroleum Prod Storage
fixed roof gasoline
fixed roof crude
floating roof gasoline
floating roof crude
efr / seal gasoline
efr /seal crude
if r/ seal gasoline
if r / seal crude
variable vapor space gasoline
other
Petroleum & Petroleum Prod Transport
gas loading: normal / splash
gas loading: balanced / submerged
gas loading: normal / submerged
gas loading: clean / submerged
marine vessel loading: gas & crude
other
Service Stations: Stage 1
Service Stations: Stage II
Service Stations: Breathing & Emptying
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
TOTAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
300
47
135
49
32
3
1
1
2
3
25
92
3
20
39
2
26
2
416
521
NA
26
NA
NA
NA
NA
12,326
306
43
148
45
36
3
2
1
2
3
23
61
0
2
3
0
50
6
461
583
NA
46
NA
NA
NA
NA
12,103
268
35
135
36
32
3
1
1
2
2
22
42
0
1
2
0
35
4
456
564
NA
53
NA
NA
NA
NA
10,250
275
35
139
36
33
3
1
1
2
2
23
46
0
1
2
0
38
5
457
560
NA
57
NA
NA
NA
NA
11,402
ii2
17
25
22
5
1
0
1
0
1
89
73
1
5
18
1
24
24
384
616
NA
16
3
0
0
0
9,518
217
25
24
26
5
2
0
1
0
1
132
123
3
20
41
2
23
34
213
400
48
129
17
0
0
0
10,399
214
25
22
26
5
2
0
1
0
1
131
123
3
21
40
2
23
34
219
511
51
127
16
0
0
0
10,637
215
24
21
25
5
2
0
1
0
1
135
125
3
21
41
2
23
35
223
522
52
142
16
0
0
0
11,019
210
23
21
24
5
2
0
1
0
2
132
125
3
22
42
2
22
35
223
441
52
139
15
0
0
0
10,938
212
24
21
25
5
2
0
1
0
2
133
125
3
21
42
2
22
35
230
428
53
139
16
0
0
0
10,982
214
24
21
25
5
2
0
1
0
2
134
125
3
20
42
2
23
35
234
436
54
142
16
0
0
0
10,999
207
23
21
24
5
2
0
1
0
1
131
125
3
21
42
2
23
35
231
429
54
137
15
0
0
0
10,903
NOTE(S): "Methodologies to estimate 1984,1985, and 1986 emission estimates differ. Because of these differences, the allocation of emissions among source categories could result
in significant changes in the emission estimates between the years, particularly at the more detailed source category level. Details on the different methodologies are
provided in section 5.0.
NA = not available. For several source categories, emission estimates either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are contained in
the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emission estimates that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
-------
Transportation Sources
Table A-10. VOC Emissions from Transportation
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1983 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
to
o
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Idgtl
Idgt2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
hddv
Iddt
Iddv
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
recreational marine vessels
other
Non-Road Diesel
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
12,219
9,545
9,442
103
1,652
1,140
512
897
125
125
NA
NA
1,392
586
41
27
114
NA
220
NA
NA
NA
104
80
92
15
20
NA
57
NA
NA
NA
10,990
7,133
7,133
NA
2,486
NA
NA
955
416
409
2
5
2,315
1,740
77
22
69
828
120
195
6
4
415
1
147
25
23
1
85
4
0
10
10,076
6,502
6,502
NA
2,451
NA
NA
748
375
364
3
8
2,129
1,632
67
11
59
785
98
189
7
5
411
1
145
22
20
1
88
3
0
11
9,631
6,150
6,150
NA
2,425
NA
NA
675
381
370
2
8
2,349
1,808
62
11
56
839
110
193
8
5
523
1
158
23
22
1
97
4
0
12
9,492
5,858
5,858
NA
2,558
NA
NA
622
455
443
3
9
2,247
1,433
146
28
60
648
4
149
6
5
386
1
251
150
20
1
52
5
1
23
8,998
5,545
5,545
NA
2,548
NA
NA
505
399
388
3
9
2,298
1,842
188
37
77
834
5
191
7
6
496
1
196
122
15
1
41
3
0
13
8,234
5,471
5,471
NA
2,004
NA
NA
308
451
432
9
10
2,249
1,785
180
35
76
805
6
189
9
6
478
1
196
119
15
1
43
3
0
14
8,082
5,386
5,386
NA
1,943
NA
NA
299
455
434
9
12
2,227
1,753
175
37
79
782
6
195
9
7
463
1
201
124
15
1
43
4
0
15
7,151
4,737
4,737
NA
1,729
NA
NA
252
433
410
10
12
2,178
1,701
168
36
78
756
6
194
9
7
446
1
205
121
15
1
48
4
0
16
6,977
4,628
4,628
NA
1,677
NA
NA
239
433
408
12
14
2,120
1,646
161
35
77
728
6
191
10
7
429
1
200
118
15
1
46
3
1
17
6,812
4,529
4,529
NA
1,630
NA
NA
227
426
398
13
15
2,060
1,602
157
32
75
711
5
187
9
7
417
1
180
108
14
1
37
3
1
17
6,099
4,051
NA
NA
1,447
NA
NA
193
409
380
14
15
2,127
1,646
161
35
77
728
6
191
9
8
429
1
200
118
15
1
46
3
0
17
(continued)
-------
Table A-10. VOC Emissions from Transportation (cont'd)
(thousand short tons)
Transportation Sources
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
Railroads
TOTAL TRANSPORTATION
1970
275
260
59
188
13
180
13,611
1980
199
28
0
25
3
201
13,305
1983
177
35
1
32
2
141
12,205
1984
190
38
1
36
2
155
11,980
1985*
"'"""ass1
5fr
t
46
3
224
1:1,739
1986
191
34
1
31
2
35
11,296
1987
194
35
1
33
2
38
10,483
1988
195
38
1
35
2
40
10,310
1989
192
39
1
35
2
41
9,328
1990
192
39
1
36
3
42
9,097
1991
193
40
1
37
3
44
8,872
1992
199
41
1
37
3
42
8,226
NOTE(S): 'Methodologies to estimate 1984, 1985, and 1986 emission estimates differ. Because of these differences, the allocation of emissions among source categories could result
in significant changes in the emission estimates between the years, particularly at the more detailed source category level. Details on the different methodologies are
provided in section 5.0.
NA = not available. For several source categories, emission estimates either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are contained in
the more aggregate estimate.
"Other* categories may contain emission estimates that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
to
-------
Other Source Categories
Table A-11. VOC Emissions from Other Sources
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1983 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
10
to
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
Open Burning
industrial
commmercial/institutional
residential
other
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
structural fires
agricultural fires
slash/prescribed burning
forest wildfires
other
Health Services
TOTAL OTHER
1,984
548
1,424
NA
NA
NA
1,424
NA
NA
NA
NA
11
1,101
1,101
19
131
147
770
34
NA
3,085
758
366
372
NA
NA
NA
372
NA
NA
NA
NA
20
1,134
1,134
40
70
285
739
1
NA
1,892
689
329
337
NA
NA
NA
337
NA
NA
NA
NA
23
1,162
1,162
36
68
285
772
1
NA
1,851
687
331
331
NA
NA
NA
331
NA
NA
NA
NA
25
951
951
36
68
285
561
0
NA
1,637
1,554
62
309
6
1
302
NA
10
1
1,171
0
0
554
554
44
55
293
162
NA
0
2,108
2,293
63
304
6
1
297
NA
11
2
1,913
0
0
561
561
44
61
293
162
0
1
2,855
2,256
61
292
6
1
285
NA
11
1
1,890
0
0
567
566
44
67
293
162
0
0
2,823
2,310
60
284
6
2
277
NA
11
2
1,953
0
0
585
584
44
85
293
162
0
1
2,895
2,290
59
274
6
2
266
NA
11
2
1,945
0
0
579
579
44
79
293
162
0
1
2,869
2,262
57
263
6
2
256
NA
11
2
1,929
0
0
577
576
44
77
293
162
0
1
2,839
2,217
56
256
6
2
249
NA
11
2
1,893
0
0
568
567
44
68
293
162
0
1
2,785
2,314
57
263
6
2
256
NA
11
2
1,981
0
0
577
577
44
77
293
162
0
1
2,892
NOTE(S): "Methodologies to estimate 1984,1985, and 1986 emission estimates differ. Because of these differences, the allocation of emissions among source categories could result
in significant changes in the emission estimates between the years, particularly at the more detailed source category level. Details on the different methodologies are
provided in section 5.0.
NA = not available. For several source categories, emission estimates either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are contained in
the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emission estimates that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
-------
Fuel Combustion Sources
Table A-12. SO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1983 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite and lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
2> bituminous
to subbituminous
w anthracite and lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
17,398
15,799
9,574
4,716
1,509
1,598
1,578
20
1
NA
4,568
3,129
2,171
669
289
NA
1,229
956
98
175
140
70
NA
17,483
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2,951
1,527
1,058
326
144
NA
1,065
851
85
129
299
60
NA
15,451
14,608
8,863
4,366
1,380
842
833
10
1
NA
2,523
1,695
1,177
363
155
NA
528
397
63
67
251
49
NA
16,023
15,315
9,291
4,577
1,446
707
692
15
1
NA
2,723
1,805
1,254
386
165
NA
597
464
69
64
264
57
NA
16,243
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3,169
1,818
1,345
28
90
355
866
670
111
84
389
89
7
15,701
14,860
13,454
1,048
357
811
799
12
1
30
3,116
1,828
1,374
29
82
343
831
637
109
86
363
87
6
15,715
15,034
13,513
1,182
338
651
640
11
1
29
3,068
1,817
1,373
29
72
343
811
617
106
87
349
85
6
15,990
15,224
13,546
1,311
368
734
722
12
1
31
3,111
1,856
1,393
29
79
355
809
614
108
87
354
86
6
16,218
15,408
13,576
1,423
409
779
765
14
1
30
3,086
1,840
1,383
29
79
350
815
625
107
83
339
85
6
15,871
15,201
13,342
1,421
438
639
629
10
1
31
3,106
1,843
1,380
29
80
353
827
633
108
86
345
85
6
15,784
15,101
13,203
1,381
517
652
642
10
1
30
3,139
1,821
1,356
28
80
357
878
684
109
85
350
84
6
15,841
15,270
13,382
1,371
517
541
533
8
1
30
3,090
1,843
1,381
29
80
353
820
633
108
79
337
84
6
(continued)
-------
Fuel Combustion Sources
Table A-12. SO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion (cont'd)
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1983 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Res.)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
distillate oil
bituminous/subbituminous coal
other
TOTAL FUEL COMBUSTION
1,490
109
883
1
NA
6
492
212
260
20
23,456
971
110
637
1
NA
13
211
157
43
11
21,405
699
183
314
1
NA
14
188
115
59
13
18,673
728
195
312
1
NA
14
206
131
63
13
19,473
578
158
239
2
1
11
168
128
30
10
19,990
611
161
267
2
1
11
169
129
30
10
19,428
663
164
310
2
1
10
175
134
32
10
19,445
660
172
295
2
1
10
180
137
33
10
19,761
623
169
274
2
1
10
167
132
27
8
19,926
597
176
233
2
1
9
175
137
30
9
19,574
608
180
237
2
1
9
179
139
30
9
19,532
589
166
237
2
1
8
174
140
26
8
19,520
NOTE(S): "Methodologies to estimate 1984,1985, and 1986 emission estimates differ. Because of these differences, the allocation of emissions among source categories could result
in significant changes in the emission estimates between the years, particularly at the more detailed source category level. Details on the different methodologies are
provided in section 5.0.
NA = not available. For several source categories, emission estimates either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are contained in
the more aggregate estimate.
"Other* categories may contain emission estimates that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
-------
Industrial Processes
Table A-13. SO2 Emissions from Industrial Processes
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1983 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
1992
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
sulfur compounds
other
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
lead
aluminum
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED IND.
Oil & Gas Production
natural gas
other
Petroleum Refineries & Related Ind.
fluid catalytic cracking units
other
Asphalt Manufacturing
591
NA
591
591
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4,775
4,060
3,507
77
80
396
715
NA
881
111
111
NA
770
480
290
NA
280
NA
271
271
NA
NA
NA
NA
10
1,842
1,279
1,080
34
95
71
562
NA
734
157
157
NA
577
330
247
NA
216
NA
202
202
NA
NA
NA
NA
14
1,352
1,033
819
53
68
93
318
NA
719
185
185
NA
534
296
239
NA
229
NA
212
212
NA
NA
NA
NA
16
1,387
1,004
779
40
83
102
383
NA
707
166
166
NA
541
310
231
NA
441
16
354
351
2
7
4
0
60
1,042
857
655
119
16
66
172
14
505
204
202
2
300
212
88
1
417
16
329
326
2
7
4
0
61
888
714
525
111
15
62
161
13
469
176
175
1
291
207
84
1
410
17
322
320
2
6
4
0
61
946
781
596
110
15
60
153
11
445
155
154
1
289
207
82
1
433
19
341
339
2
7
4
0
62
1,032
857
667
112
14
63
162
12
443
159
157
1
283
202
81
1
423
17
334
332
2
7
4
0
61
987
809
619
112
14
64
165
13
429
156
155
1
272
195
77
1
424
17
333
331
2
7
4
0
62
908
735
546
111
15
63
160
13
440
164
163
1
274
196
78
1
426
17
335
333
2
7
4
0
63
874
709
529
105
15
61
152
13
444
167
165
1
276
197
79
1
419
17
329
327
2
7
4
0
61
868
701
519
108
14
60
154
12
411
154
153
1
256
181
75
1
(continued)
-------
£
Industrial Processes
Table A-13. SO2 Emissions from Industrial Processes (cont'd)
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1983 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
_ _ _- « . m »| m • B^^kJ
Agriculture, rood, « Kinareo rroa.
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Prod.
Wood, Pulp & Paper, ft Publishing
Rubber & Misc. Plastic Prod
Mineral Products
cement mfg
oilier
Machinery Products
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasmg
Graphic Art*
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
STORAGE ft TRANSPORT
Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum Product Transport
Organic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
TOTAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
846
NA
NA
169
NA
677
618
59
NA
NA
NA
nrt
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,093
918
NA
NA
223
NA
694
630
64
NA
NA
NA
I'l/^
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3,773
860
NA
NA
234
NA
626
571
55
NA
NA
NA
Ilirt
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3,146
923
NA
NA
245
NA
678
621
57
NA
NA
NA
mrt
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3,246
3
0
tSjl
1
286
, fi
..ffp
"$
*^ "" */ tii
l!:'";;
-------
Other Source Categories
Table A-14. SO2 Emissions from Other Sources
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1983 1984 1985* 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
Open Burning
Landfills
Other
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Gasoline
Non-Road Diesel
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
TOTAL OTHER
8
4
4
NA
NA
279
128
28
10
113
379
11
50
10
170
138
110
110
776
33
21
12
NA
NA
458
159
55
16
229
531
7
75
14
301
133
11
11
1,033
25
14
11
NA
NA
483
173
62
14
234
391
6
74
14
204
92
10
10
909
25
14
11
NA
NA
507
179
67
13
248
403
6
78
16
204
99
9
9
944
34
25
9
0
0
57S
179
74
13
309
353
10
83
14
155
91
4
4
966
35
26
8
0
0
562
185
81
11
285
227
NA
NA
7
163
57
4
4
828
35
26
8
0
0
656
197
69
9
381
240
NA
NA
7
171
62
4
4
935
36
28
8
0
0
697
208
72
10
408
254
NA
NA
7
181
65
4
4
991
36
28
8
0
0
704
212
74
10
408
259
NA
NA
7
186
66
4
4
1,004
36
29
7
0
0
743
223
78
12
431
265
NA
NA
7
190
68
4
4
1,049
36
29
7
0
0
770
232
80
10
447
274
NA
NA
7
195
71
4
4
1,084
36
29
7
0
0
785
237
82
11
456
271
NA
NA
8
196
67
4
4
1,096
NOTE(S): 'Methodologies to estimate 1984,1985, and 1986 emission estimates differ. Because of these differences, the allocation of emissions among source categories could result
in significant changes in the emission estimates between the years, particularly at the more detailed source category level. Details on the different methodologies are
provided in section 5.0.
NA = not available. For several source categories, emission estimates either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are contained in
the more aggregate estimate.
'Other* categories may contain emission estimates that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
-------
Table A-15. Pb Emissions from Fuel Combustion
(short tons)
Fuel Combustion Sources
1970
1975 1980 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
NJ
00
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite, lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite, lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite, lignite
Commercial/Institutional Oil
residual
distillate
other
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Ex. Res)
Residential Other
TOTAL FUEL COMBUSTION
327
300
181
89
30
28
27
0
237
218
146
45
27
19
17
1
10,052
1
1
NA
NA
4
3
NA
1
10,000
47
10,616
230
189
114
56
19
41
40
1
75
60
40
12
7
16
14
1
10,042
16
6
2
7
11
10
1
NA
10,000
16
10,347
129
95
57
28
9
34
34
0
60
45
31
10
4
14
14
1
4,111
12
6
2
4
10
9
1
NA
4,080
9
4,299
87
67
40
20
6
20
20
0
29
21
14
4
2
8
8
1
549
6
4
1
1
5
4
1
NA
528
10
664
88
71
43
21
7
17
17
0
29
21
14
4
2
8
8
1
424
7
5
1
1
4
3
1
NA
400
13
541
64
51
31
15
5
13
13
0
30
22
15
5
2
8
7
1
421
6
4
1
1
4
3
1
NA
400
11
515
69
50
30
15
5
19
19
0
25
17
12
4
2
8
7
1
422
6
4
1
1
5
4
1
NA
400
11
516
64
48
29
14
5
16
16
0
22
14
10
3
1
8
7
1
425
5
3
1
1
5
4
1
NA
400
14
510
66
46
28
14
4
20
20
0
19
14
10
3
1
5
5
1
426
5
3
1
1
5
4
1
NA
400
16
511
67
46
28
14
4
21
21
0
18
14
10
3
1
4
3
1
420
4
3
1
1
4
3
1
NA
400
12
505
64
46
28
14
4
18
18
0
18
14
10
3
1
3
3
1
418
4
3
1
0
4
3
1
NA
400
10
500
61
46
28
14
4
15
15
0
18
15
10
3
1
3
2
1
416
3
2
1
0
4
3
1
NA
400
9
495
62
48
29
14
5
14
14
0
17
15
10
3
1
2
1
1
416
3
2
1
0
4
3
1
NA
400
9
494
NOTE(S): NA = not available
-------
Table A-16. Pb Emissions from Industrial Processes
(short tons)
Industrial Processes
1970
1975 1980 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
lead oxide and pigments
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
primary lead product
primary copper product
primary zinc product
secondary lead product
second copper product
lead battery mfg
lead cable coating
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
coke manufacturing
ferroalloy production
iron production
steel production
gray iron production
Metals Processing NEC
metal mining
other
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Mineral Products
cement manufacturing
Misc Industrial Processes
TOTAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
103
103
103
24,224
15,869
12,134
242
1,019
1,894
374
41
127
38
7,395
11
219
266
3,125
3,773
960
353
606
2,028
540
540
1,488
26,354
120
120
120
9,923
7,192
5,640
171
224
821
200
49
55
32
2,196
8
104
93
1,082
910
535
2C8
268
1,337
217
217
1,120
11,381
104
104
104
3,026
1,826
1,075
20
24
481
116
50
37
24
911
6
13
38
481
373
289
207
82
808
93
93
715
3,938
139
139
139
2,025
1,366
924
18
15
232
73
62
29
12
504
3
3
22
216
260
156
147
9
529
44
44
485
2,693
133
133
133
1,919
1,244
709
20
17
304
79
67
34
15
530
4
3
23
219
282
144
129
15
483
48
48
435
2,535
118
118
118
2,097
1,376
874
19
16
288
70
65
43
3
577
3
7
21
209
336
144
141
3
316
43
43
273
2,531
108
108
108
1,820
1,161
660
16
11
296
63
66
47
2
553
3
13
16
200
320
107
106
1
199
25
25
174
2,128
123
123
123
1,818
1,204
673
16
7
347
31
73
56
1
499
3
14
17
128
337
115
114
1
202
28
28
174
2,143
136
136
136
1,917
1,248
684
17
8
353
61
73
50
1
554
4
14
18
157
361
115
114
1
172
23
23
149
2,224
136
136
136
2,153
1,337
715
19
9
433
37
74
50
1
582
4
20
19
138
401
234
234
1
173
23
23
150
2,461
136
136
136
2,138
1,409
728
19
9
449
75
78
50
1
576
4
18
18
138
397
153
153
1
169
26
26
143
2,443
132
132
132
1,939
1,258
623
19
11
414
65
77
48
1
517
3
14
16
145
339
163
163
1
167
24
24
143
2,238
140
140
140
2,069
1,323
628
20
11
470
63
81
50
1
561
3
17
18
145
378
186
185
1
139
24
24
115
2,348
NOTE(S): NA = not available
-------
Table A-17. Pb Emissions from Other Sources
(short tons)
Other Source Categories
1970
1975 1980 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
municipal waste
other
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & MC
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Gasoline
TOTAL OTHER
2,200
2,200
581
1,619
171,961
142,918
22,683
6,361
8,340
8,340
182,501
1,595
1,595
396
1,199
130,206
106,868
19,440
3,898
5,012
5,012
136,813
1,210
1,210
161
1,049
62,189
48,501
11,996
1,692
3,320
3,320
66,719
906
906
79
828
42,696
33,096
8,623
976
2,273
2,273
45,875
901
901
74
828
35,930
27,737
7,448
745
2,310
2,310
39,141
871
871
79
792
15,978
12,070
3,595
313
229
229
17,078
844
844
52
792
3,589
2,689
841
59
219
219
4,652
844
844
52
792
3,121
2,325
748
48
222
222
4,187
817
817
49
768
2,700
2,018
637
44
211
211
3,728
765
765
45
720
2,161
1,614
512
36
207
207
3,133
804
804
67
738
1,690
1,263
400
28
197
197
2,692
582
582
55
528
1,519
1,135
364
20
180
180
2,281
742
742
59
683
1,383
1,033
331
19
207
207
2,333
•P" NOTE(S): NA = not available
o
-------
u>
Fuel Combustion Sources
Table A-18. PM-10 Emissions from Fuel Combustion
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite and lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite and lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
natural
process
Other
wood/bark waste
other
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
Residential Other
TOTAL FUEL COMBUSTION
246
150
89
44
17
89
85
3
7
641
83
52
16
15
89
83
6
0
27
24
4
441
415
26
455
13
52
4
384
90
294
3
1,342
190
107
65
32
10
76
74
2
7
679
18
12
4
2
67
63
4
0
23
20
3
571
566
5
887
8
30
4
818
191
626
27
1,756
145
109
66
33
10
31
31
0
5
610
16
11
3
2
33
30
3
0
19
17
3
541
538
3
962
7
13
2
916
214
701
25
1,717
147
116
70
35
11
26
26
1
5
615
18
13
4
2
34
32
3
0
21
18
3
542
538
4
975
7
13
2
927
217
710
26
1,737
146
121
73
36
11
20
20
1
5
605
19
13
4
2
34
31
3
0
20
17
3
532
529
2
865
6
12
2
821
192
629
24
1,617
153
119
72
36
11
30
29
1
4
603
20
13
4
2
33
30
3
0
20
17
3
531
528
3
874
6
14
2
828
194
634
25
1,631
155
125
76
37
12
25
25
1
5
601
19
13
4
2
32
28
3
0
19
16
3
531
528
3
884
7
14
2
835
195
640
26
1,640
165
132
80
39
12
32
32
0
1
568
20
14
4
2
12
10
3
0
22
19
3
513
510
3
864
7
11
2
824
193
631
20
1,597
171
133
81
40
13
33
32
1
4
581
20
14
4
2
16
14
3
0
24
20
4
521
517
4
893
6
12
2
848
199
650
24
1,644
167
135
82
40
13
28
27
1
4
487
20
14
4
2
14
11
3
0
25
22
4
427
424
3
509
6
12
2
469
110
359
21
1,163
163
135
82
40
13
24
23
1
4
477
20
14
4
2
12
10
3
0
25
21
4
420
417
3
496
5
11
2
457
107
350
21
1,135
165
139
84
42
13
22
21
1
4
463
20
14
4
2
9
6
3
0
26
22
4
408
405
3
466
5
10
2
429
100
328
20
1,095
NOTE(S): NA = not available
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
-------
u>
to
Transportation Sources
Table A-19. PM-10 Emissions from Transportation
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & MC
Idgv
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Idgtl
Idgt2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
hddv
Iddt
Iddv
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
farm
other
Non-Road Diesel
construction
industrial
farm
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
diesel
residual oil
Railroads
TOTAL TRANSPORTATION
960
644
639
4
104
86
18
71
141
141
NA
NA
273
12
2
1
3
6
1
70
14
18
38
109
16
7
8
65
1,232
1,112
602
594
7
158
91
67
61
291
279
3
9
273
10
3
1
2
3
2
93
19
17
57
82
31
11
20
58
1,385
1,042
540
540
NA
145
NA
NA
56
302
276
6
20
252
9
3
0
2
2
2
94
17
16
61
81
28
15
13
40
1,294
1,087
559
559
NA
156
NA
NA
53
319
295
4
21
260
9
2
0
1
3
2
98
17
16
64
82
28
15
13
43
1,347
1,177
558
558
NA
172
NA
NA
50
397
371
5
21
268
9
2
1
1
3
2
106
20
14
73
82
29
17
12
40
1,445
1,176
578
578
NA
187
NA
NA
44
366
341
5
20
277
9
2
1
1
3
2
111
23
13
76
88
30
18
12
39
1,453
1,301
616
616
NA
160
NA
NA
35
490
454
13
22
270
9
2
1
1
3
2
105
20
13
71
85
32
20
12
40
1,571
1,378
648
648
NA
167
NA
NA
38
524
487
14
24
285
9
2
1
1
2
2
117
22
13
82
85
32
21
12
41
1,662
1,396
662
662
NA
171
NA
NA
38
526
487
14
24
281
8
2
1
2
2
2
112
21
17
74
87
33
21
12
41
1,677
1,477
697
697
NA
180
NA
NA
46
554
514
15
25
279
8
2
1
2
2
2
111
23
15
73
86
34
20
14
41
1,757
1,528
724
724
NA
187
NA
NA
41
575
533
15
26
269
7
2
1
2
2
2
110
22
15
72
79
35
20
15
38
1,797
1,558
739
739
NA
190
NA
NA
42
586
544
16
27
272
8
2
1
2
2
2
111
23
13
75
81
36
21
15
36
1,830
NOTE(S): NA = not available
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
-------
Other Source Categories
Table A-20. PM-10 Emissions from Other Sources
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
lead
zinc
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
primary
secondary
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Petroleum Refineries & Related Ind
fluid catalytic cracking units
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Prod
country elevators
terminal elevators
feed mills
soybean mills
wheat mills
other grain mills
other
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Pub Product
sulfate (kraft) pulping
other
235
43
61
46
86
1,316
593
343
53
20
177
198
31
167
525
286
69
69
217
5,832
485
257
147
5
25
5
9
38
727
668
59
148
19
25
61
42
622
130
32
18
3
77
322
271
51
170
138
41
41
97
1,846
402
258
86
3
22
1
6
26
183
142
41
121
19
10
55
37
375
92
27
14
2
49
178
147
32
104
119
26
26
93
1,365
303
181
68
2
23
1
2
25
147
109
38
143
19
13
67
44
419
99
28
13
2
56
195
161
34
125
124
21
21
102
1,633
442
275
104
3
28
1
4
27
168
125
43
125
19
13
48
45
401
92
29
12
3
47
190
149
41
120
120
16
16
104
1,445
475
299
113
3
27
1
5
26
167
124
43
95
15
11
34
35
354
79
30
11
3
35
168
129
39
107
123
14
14
110
1,340
448
275
104
6
33
1
3
26
148
100
48
99
17
12
32
38
378
81
32
12
3
34
174
133
42
122
126
12
12
114
1,269
400
244
92
3
32
1
3
26
153
103
51
82
17
13
10
43
356
73
25
12
1
35
163
120
44
119
121
12
12
108
1,347
406
249
94
3
32
1
2
25
160
114
46
107
16
12
34
45
414
87
31
14
3
39
198
148
50
129
117
13
13
104
1,314
390
249
94
3
16
1
3
24
139
89
50
115
17
12
41
45
409
83
28
14
3
38
196
147
50
130
123
13
13
110
1,328
405
260
98
2
16
1
3
24
140
90
50
113
16
12
42
43
392
84
27
13
3
41
172
129
43
136
118
13
13
105
1,251
365
221
83
2
29
2
4
24
141
92
49
121
17
12
43
48
416
88
28
14
3
43
187
139
48
141
119
13
13
106
1,284
360
220
83
2
25
2
6
24
145
95
50
(continued)
-------
Other Source Categories
Table A-20. PM-10 Emissions from Other Sources (cont'd)
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
Mineral Products
cement mfg
surface mining
stone quarrying/processing
other
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
residential
other
Open Burning
other
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
wildfires
managed burning
other
Fugitive Dust
wind erosion
unpaved roads
paved roads
other
TOTAL OTHER
4,620
1,731
134
957
1,798
999
229
51
178
770
770
839
839
385
390
64
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
9,507
1,261
417
127
421
296
273
75
42
32
198
198
852
852
514
315
23
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3,878
915
269
124
357
166
228
48
40
8
180
180
871
871
537
314
20
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3,080
1,023 803 744 716 782 784 783 745 779
303 287 230 216 229 232 226 212 217
142 131 131 131 134 142 150 144 149
396 206 235 233 282 280 274 255 275
182 179 148 137 137 131 133 134 137
226 226 219 219 219 219 221 216 252
49 49 44 44 44 44 43 40 43
40 40 39 39 39 39 38 38 38
995544525
177 177 175 175 175 175 178 177 209
177 177 175 175 175 175 178 177 209
724 45,478 50,497 42,775 60,890 53,885 45,728 50,320 46,309
724 801 597 732 1,055 721 961 784 808
390 469 265 400 725 393 634 456 482
314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314
20 18 18 18 16 15 13 14 12
NA 44,677 49,901 42,043 59,835 53,163 44,767 49,536 45,501
NA 3,565 9,390 1,457 17,509 11,826 4,192 10,125 4,658
NA 14,709 14,661 13,948 15,615 15,335 15,649 14,254 15,167
NA 6,563 6,814 7,132 7,616 7,403 7,533 8,150 7,901
NA 19,840 19,036 19,505 19,096 18,600 17,393 17,006 17,775
3,269 47,795 52,629 44,867 63,015 56,055 47,924 52,410 48,502
NOTE(S): NA = not available
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
-------
APPENDIX B
REGIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES (1985 TO 1992)
B-l
-------
Table B-1. Regional Emission Estimates of CO
(million short tons)
Region
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VII
IX
X
Total
1985
5.09
7.64
10.43
21.21
21.61
14.87
5.51
5.23
10.46
5.87
107.90
Table
1986
4.81
7.67
10.46
21.29
20.22
14.69
5.34
4.72
10.16
5.55
104.89
1987
4.43
7.25
9.73
19.99
18.91
14.14
5.11
4.23
10.00
5.52
99.30
B-2. Regional
1988
4.34
6.90
9.75
20.06
18.98
14.21
5.09
4.14
10.03
5.56
99.07
Emission
1989
3.97
6.49
9.12
18.81
17.60
13.21
4.91
3.89
9.89
5.51
93.39
1990
4.13
6.33
8.96
18.74
17.68
12.81
4.81
3.78
9.62
5.53
92.38
Estimates of
1991
4.07
6.16
8.78
18.47
17.38
12.43
4.72
3.67
9.49
5.51
90.68
NOx
1992
4.05
6.17
8.48
17.59
16.17
12.08
4.37
3.74
9.29
5.24
87.18
(million short tons)
Region
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VII
IX
X
Total
1985
0.63
1.16
2.39
4.28
4.62
4.42
1.48
0.98
1.85
0.63
22.42
Table
1986
0.72
1.22
2.26
4.42
4.51
4.46
1.36
0.93
1.82
0.58
22.28
1987
0.68
1.23
2.28
4.52
4.61
4.47
1.43
0.99
1.96
0.64
22.81
B-3. Regional
1988
0.69
1.23
2.34
4.67
4.74
4.74
1.50
1.07
2.01
0.66
23.63
Emission
1989
0.67
1.23
2.35
4.60
4.68
4.71
1.49
1.05
2.02
0.67
23.48
1990
0.68
1.21
2.28
4.66
4.74
4.73
1.51
1.07
1.99
0.68
23.56
Estimates of
1991
0.67
1.17
2.23
4.67
4.71
4.74
1.49
1.07
1.98
0.69
23.41
voc
1992
0.66
1.14
2.22
4.48
4.60
4.63
1.46
1.27
2.00
0.68
23.15
(million short tons)
Region
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VII
IX
X
Total
1985
1.11
1.81
2.48
4.91
4.69
4.12
1.19
0.82
2.87
1.00
25.01
1986
0.99
1.80
2.71
5.32
4.47
4.72
1.19
0.73
2.51
0.90
25.35
1987
0.95
1.76
2.63
5.20
4.34
4.60
1.16
0.69
2.49
0.91
24.72
1988
0.95
1.74
2.66
5.25
4.37
4.74
1.18
0.69
2.53
0.92
25.02
1989
0.87
1.64
2.53
5.00
4.16
4.51
1.14
0.66
2.49
0.91
23.91
1990
0.87
1.59
2.50
4.97
4.12
4.46
1.12
0.65
2.46
0.92
23.67
1991
0.86
1.55
2.44
4.92
4.06
4.45
1.10
0.65
2.45
0.92
23.40
1992
0.86
1.55
2.43
4.67
3.92
4.29
1.06
0.70
2.34
0.90
22.73
B-2
-------
Table B-4. Regional Emission Estimates of SO2
Region
1
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VII
IX
X
Total
(million short tons)
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
0.60 0.61 0.58 0.63 0.63
0.86 0.84 0.86 0.87 0.89
3.26 3.32 3.38 3.46 3.46
5.35 5.50 5.51 5.63 5.67
7.20 7.10 6.96 7.05 7.08
2.49 2.12 2.13 2.16 2.22
1.71 1.52 1.60 1.56 1.55
0.66 0.42 0.41 0.45 0.45
1.00 0.82 0.94 1.03 1.00
0.25 0.21 0.24 0.24 0.25
1990
0.57
0.87
3.35
5.75
6.98
2.20
1.47
0.45
0.92
0.25
23.39 22.48 22.62 23.09 23.19 22.82
Table B-5. Regional Emission Estimates of
Region
1
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VII
IX
X
Total
(thousand short tons)
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
0.93 0.30 0.28 0.24 0.22
1.54 0.54 0.50 0.44 0.38
1.83 0.59 0.52 0.47 0.41
3.57 1.16 1.11 1.07 1.00
3.98 1.68 1.55 1.53 1.45
2.58 0.87 0.81 0.74 0.68
1.88 1.00 0.99 0.98 1.08
0.74 0.27 0.26 0.24 0.23
2.39 0.68 0.64 0.57 0.50
0.68 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.15
20.12 7.30 6.84 6.46 6.10
Table B-6. Regional Emission Estimates
1990
0.19
0.35
0.37
0.93
1.40
0.64
0.99
0.21
0.42
0.13
5.63
1991
0.55
0.83
3.48
5.73
6.91
2.21
1.41
0.49
0.91
0.26
22.77
Pb
1991
0.17
0.26
0.32
0.86
1.24
0.60
0.86
0.19
0.39
0.13
5.01
1992
0.51
0.79
3.47
5.60
6.89
2.19
1.41
0.69
0.91
0.27
22.73
1992
0.17
0.30
0.32
0.87
1.32
0.60
0.89
0.20
0.38
0.12
5.18
of PM-10
from Point and Fugitive Process Sources
Region
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VII
IX
X
Total
(million short tons)
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
0.18 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.19
0.23 0.24 0.25 0.24 0.25
0.51 0.54 0.57 0.56 0.57
1.30 1.21 1.23 1.27 1.31
1.28 1.31 1.32 1.35 1.36
0.67 0.57 0.58 0.60 0.64
0.46 0.42 0.42 0.51 0.48
0.34 0.25 0.26 0.50 0.28
0.81 0.72 0.83 0.80 0.78
0.39 0.37 0.40 0.42 0.35
6.18 5.81 6.04 6.44 6.21
1990
0.16
0.22
0.52
1.12
1.31
0.58
0.41
0.27
0.71
0.76
6.08
1991
0.16
0.22
0.51
1.10
1.26
0.58
0.40
0.26
0.70
0.62
5.81
1992
0.16
0.22
0.51
1.12
1.29
0.59
0.41
0.27
0.71
0.65
5.93
B-3
-------
Table B-7. Regional Emission Estimates of PM-10
from Fugitive Dust Sources
(million short tons)
Region
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VII
IX
X
Total
Region
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Total
1985
1.50
2.45
2.45
6.24
7.85
8.98
4.99
3.53
4.48
2.20
44.68
Table
1985
1.68
2.68
2.95
7.55
9.13
9.66
5.45
3.87
5.29
2.59
50.86
1986
1.41
2.22
2.33
6.17
7.46
15.52
5.12
3.07
4.50
2.11
49.90
1987
1.42
2.22
2.47
6.50
7.47
8.54
4.25
3.17
3.84
2.16
42.04
1988
1.43
1.93
2.41
6.86
7.38
22.26
7.33
4.20
4.02
2.03
59.84
B-8. Regional Emission
1986
1.60
2.45
2.87
7.37
8.77
16.09
5.54
3.32
5.22
2.48
55.71
(million
1987
1.61
2.47
3.04
7.73
8.80
9.12
4.67
3.43
4.67
2.56
48.08
1989
1.26
1.89
2.30
6.69
6.82
18.97
6.26
3.33
3.60
2.04
53.16
1990
1.20
1.77
2.34
5.97
6.92
12.68
5.38
3.12
3.20
2.18
44.77
1991
1.18
1.75
2.44
6.67
6.73
12.49
8.28
3.36
3.61
3.02
49.54
1992
1.16
1.55
2.42
6.70
6.39
11.82
6.21
3.88
2.84
2.52
45.50
Estimates of PM-10
short tons)
1988
1.61
2.17
2.97
8.13
8.73
22.86
7.83
4.70
4.82
2.46
66.27
1989
1.45
2.14
2.87
8.00
8.18
19.61
6.75
3.61
4.39
2.38
59.38
1990
1.37
1.99
2.86
7.10
8.23
13.26
5.79
3.40
3.91
2.94
50.84
1991
1.34
1.97
2.94
7.78
7.99
13.07
8.67
3.62
4.31
3.65
55.34
1992
1.32
1.77
2.94
7.82
7.68
12.41
6.62
4.15
3.55
3.17
51.43
B-4
-------
APPENDIX C
NATIONAL TOTAL PARTICULATE EMISSION
ESTIMATES (1940 TO 1992) BY SUBCATEGORY
c-i
-------
Table C-1. Total Particulate Emissions from Fuel Combustion
(thousand short tons)
Fuel Combustion Sources
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1985
1990
1991
NOTE(S): NA = not available
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year,
1992
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite and lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite and lignite
9 Oil
10 residual
distillate
other
Gas
natural
process
Other
wood/bark waste
other
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
Residential Other
TOTAL FUEL COMBUSTION
1,431
1,419
822
405
192
11
11
0
0
3,870
3,598
2,227
686
685
44
33
0
11
6
5
1
222
171
51
2,678
415
25
0
1,716
402
1,315
522
7,979
2,179
2,142
1,240
611
291
36
34
2
1
3,334
2,934
1,756
541
638
82
62
2
17
15
13
2
302
252
50
2,062
480
45
1
1,128
264
864
408
7,575
3,122
3,089
1,847
910
333
30
29
1
3
1,960
1,659
1,103
340
217
76
56
2
18
25
22
3
200
187
13
1,247
58
63
2
850
199
651
275
6,328
2,603
2,475
1,492
735
247
121
117
4
7
2,436
1,444
982
303
159
106
83
9
14
27
24
4
859
818
40
509
47
71
4
384
90
294
4
5,549
919
797
483
238
75
116
113
3
7
1,503
272
188
58
26
80
63
6
11
23
20
4
1,129
1,121
7
937
36
44
4
818
191
626
36
3,360
479
432
262
129
41
42
40
1
6
1,355
132
92
28
12
43
35
5
4
20
17
3
1,159
1,156
3
900
21
19
4
821
192
629
35
2,734
456
394
239
118
37
56
54
2
5
1,071
92
64
20
8
22
14
5
3
26
22
5
930
926
4
538
14
20
4
469
110
359
30
2,065
445
394
239
118
37
47
45
2
5
1,058
98
68
21
9
20
13
5
3
26
21
5
914
911
3
523
13
20
4
457
107
350
29
2,026
454
407
247
122
39
42
41
2
5
1,030
99
69
21
9
15
8
5
3
27
22
5
889
885
4
493
13
19
4
429
100
328
29
1,977
-------
Table C-2. Total Particulate Emissions from Transportation
(thousand short tons)
Transportation Sources
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1985
1990
NOTE(S): NA = not available
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
1991
1992
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
Idgv
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Idgtl
Idg12
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
hddv
Iddt
Iddv
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
farm
other
Non-Road Diesel
construction
industrial
farm
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
Railroads
TOTAL TRANSPORTATION
220
169
169
0
23
18
5
29
0
0
0
0
2,762
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
107
94
6
7
2,651
2,982
329
232
232
0
36
28
8
51
9
9
0
0
2,014
16
0
5
3
7
1
16
12
0
4
0
1,982
87
7
13
0
2,342
582
442
441
1
56
45
11
68
15
15
0
0
245
19
0
5
2
10
2
22
12
3
7
40
45
28
7
10
119
827
1,004
681
677
4
111
91
20
71
141
141
0
0
317
17
2
1
3
9
2
71
14
19
38
110
49
32
7
9
70
1,321
1,161
637
629
7
171
96
75
61
291
279
3
9
281
14
3
1
2
5
2
94
19
18
57
82
32
0
11
22
60
1,442
1,233
594
591
4
189
112
76
51
400
375
4
21
286
13
3
1
1
5
3
107
20
14
73
96
30
0
17
13
40
1,520
1,412
698
694
4
234
148
86
52
427
410
4
13
285
11
2
1
2
3
3
112
23
16
73
86
35
0
20
15
41
1,696
1,451
726
722
4
238
163
75
43
444
427
3
14
274
10
2
1
2
3
2
110
22
16
72
80
36
0
20
16
38
1,725
1,451
726
722
4
238
163
75
43
444
427
3
14
278
11
2
1
2
4
3
112
23
14
75
81
37
0
21
16
37
1,729
-------
Table C-3. Total Particulate Emissions from Other Sources
(thousand short tons)
Other Source Categories
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1985
1990
1991
1992
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Non-Ferrous Metals Processing
copper
lead
zinc
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
primary
secondary
9 Metals Processing NEC
*" PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
fluid catalytic cracking units
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
country elevators
terminal elevators
feed mills
soybean mills
wheat mills
other grain mills
other
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
sulfate (kraft) pulping
other
330
6
68
19
237
4,478
620
238
168
188
26
3,446
3,287
159
411
389
2
2
387
4,366
882
371
351
24
48
12
17
58
550
470
80
456
9
31
15
401
4,853
385
120
82
89
94
4,189
3,858
331
279
547
23
23
524
8,152
898
417
313
26
60
11
19
53
866
729
137
310
18
45
16
230
3,170
443
146
46
52
199
2,247
2,083
164
481
1,219
50
50
1,169
9,042
1,036
512
346
27
53
9
20
69
1,031
886
145
238
45
62
46
86
2,781
731
428
57
24
222
1,473
1,304
169
577
687
70
70
617
7,949
872
426
310
20
30
10
20
56
788
668
120
150
21
25
61
42
782
151
38
19
3
91
430
379
51
201
166
41
41
125
2,542
629
388
152
10
22
2
11
43
229
142
87
129
23
13
48
45
496
112
34
13
4
61
242
201
41
142
144
16
16
128
2,196
834
465
252
27
27
3
10
52
220
124
96
121
22
12
41
45
486
99
33
16
4
47
248
198
50
138
152
13
13
139
1,994
639
404
142
18
16
1
6
52
202
90
112
118
22
12
42
43
461
100
32
14
4
50
217
173
43
144
147
13
13
133
1,878
574
344
121
16
29
2
7
56
202
92
110
127
23
12
43
48
487
105
33
15
4
52
237
188
49
146
148
13
13
134
1,919
563
342
120
12
25
2
9
53
208
95
114
(continued)
-------
Table C-3. Total Particulate Emissions from Other Sources (cont'd)
(thousand short tons)
Other Source Categories
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1985
1990
1991
1992
Mineral Products
cement mfg
surface mining
stone quarrying/processing
other
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
residential
other
Open Burning
other
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
wildfires
O managed burning
01 other
TOTAL OTHER
2,934
1,363
175
482
914
550
330
98
232
220
220
4,081
4,081
2,774
881
426
14,195
6,388
1,998
307
764
3,319
659
327
86
241
333
333
2,791
2,791
1,353
987
451
17,458
6,975
2,014
403
1,411
3,147
962
417
115
302
544
544
1,903
1,903
544
903
456
16,606
6,289
1,731
388
1,582
2,587
1,210
440
134
306
770
770
1,210
1,210
490
581
139
14,074
1,684
417
385
500
382
365
167
112
55
198
198
1,186
1,186
654
472
59
5,190
1,142
287
392
206
256
318
141
105
35
177
177
1,114
1,114
597
471
47
4,397
1,153
226
444
275
207
304
127
101
26
178
178
1,312
1,312
807
471
34
4,370
1,103
212
428
255
209
288
111
101
10
177
177
1,087
1,087
581
471
35
3,979
1,148
217
442
276
213
334
125
101
24
209
209
1,116
1,116
613
471
32
4,130
NOTE(S): NA = not available
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
-------
APPENDIX D
NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES (1940 TO 1992)
FROM THE REPORT IN METRIC UNITS
D-l
-------
Table D-1. Total National Emissions of CO, 1940 through 1992 in Metric Units
(gigagrams)
Source Category
1940 1950
1960
1970
1980 1990 1991 1992
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRY
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & MC
light-duty gas vehicles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Idgtl
Idgt2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
hddv
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Gasoline
construction
industrial
farm
recreational marine vessels
Aircraft
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
(Other Combustion)
forest wildfires
TOTAL
3
395
13,508
10,232
2,394
7,838
3,176
3,801
2,495
201
104
NA
NA
3,293
24,831
18,017
18,007
2,355
1,807
547
4,458
NA
NA
7,304
3,426
1,087
708
1,226
54
4
3,704
26,499
22,798
82,433
100
498
9,667
7,000
1,638
5,362
2,570
5,301
2,640
2,405
210
NA
NA
4,279
37,533
25,537
25,491
3,836
2,949
887
8,133
26
26
10,533
6,650
2,185
1,414
2,464
109
847
2,790
16,452
10,123
89,618
100
600
5,670
4,303
1,007
3,296
1,367
3,612
2,600
2,800
310
NA
NA
5,078
52,887
38,650
38,598
4,889
3,751
1,139
9,233
114
114
10,501
7,941
2,053
1,251
3,536
470
1,600
301
9,988
4,071
94,146
215
699
3,288
2,660
2
3
622
,038
572
,082
3,306
1
6
71
54
54
8
6
2
,977
562
NA
NA
,404
,903
,395
,125
,667
,343
,324
8,526
9
6
1
3
7
5
315
315
,073
,947
529
,732
,485
361
903
254
,175
,098
107,684
292
680
5,652
5,436
1,272
4,164
162
1,951
2,037
1,563
753
NA
NA
2,086
79,826
53,638
53,638
16,022
NA
NA
9,109
1,057
1,043
14,621
13,131
375
989
1,781
1,180
928
251
7,570
4,895
117,032
285
649
5,195
4,930
NA
NA
143
1,717
1,887
1,
395
650
2
92
530
54,251
37,670
37,670
12,
2,
1,
1,
434
NA
NA
677
471
420
13,283
11,
1,
1,
3,
1,
83,
481
358
114
57
095
876
111
871
069
806
285
656
5,065
4,799
NA
NA
146
1,729
1,807
1,
398
645
2
94
492
53,366
37,
050
37,050
12,
2,
1,
1,
12,
11,
1,
1,
3,
1,
82,
281
NA
NA
538
498
443
916
179
331
084
47
067
876
117
812
069
267
283
647
4,676
4,420
NA
NA
135
1,700
1,795
366
655
2
91
1,530
50,157
34,824
34,824
11,505
NA
NA
2,335
1,493
1,437
13,317
11,484
358
1,114
57
1,095
904
110
3,875
1,069
79,092
NOTE(S): NA = not available
1990 -1992 emissions are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals since they are intended to show major contributors.
D-2
-------
Table D-2. Total National Emissions of NOx, 1940 through 1992 in Metric Units
(gigagrams)
Source Category
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1991 1992
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
Gas
natural
FUEL COMB. OTHER
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & MC
(light-duty gas vehicles)
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
hddv
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Diesel
construction
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL
599
397
231
113
53
2,306
1,825
1,180
331
306
481
5
4
95
97
NA
NA
99
1,382
1,002
149
231
NA
NA
898
93
64
596
898
6,864
1,194
903
530
261
112
2,897
977
624
1,593
1,535
587
57
100
100
84
NA
NA
195
2,225
1,462
246
442
76
76
1,396
170
143
900
603
9,439
2,301
1,747
1,047
515
185
3,697
709
484
2,681
2,582
692
101
100
200
120
NA
NA
299
4,012
2,692
382
542
397
397
1,309
224
142
700
400
13,230
4,445
3,172
1,916
944
312
3,925
699
483
2,777
2,770
758
246
70
218
170
NA
NA
399
6,738
4,295
788
497
1,159
1,159
1,656
601
168
640
299
18,923
6,371
5,148
3,120
1,537
492
3,224
403
278
2,376
2,240
672
196
59
65
186
NA
NA
101
7,897
4,219
1,250
336
2,092
2,073
2,471
1,297
664
751
225
21,468
6,828
6,085
4,175
1,548
362
3,207
556
403
1,746
295
664
361
74
91
278
2
3
75
7,091
3,207
1,064
180
2,639
2,574
2,579
1,341
857
843
121
21,373
6,787
6,044
4,103
1,571
370
3,269
553
397
1,807
295
676
363
71
93
270
2
3
73
6,999
3,221
1,051
181
2,546
2,478
2,512
1,225
785
889
119
21,240
6,775
6,076
4,154
1,546
375
3,196
556
403
1,737
294
665
363
71
85
273
2
3
75
6,783
3,191
1,020
178
2,394
2,323
2,587
1,345
857
839
121
21,001
NOTE(S): NA = not available.
1990 -1992 emissions are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals since they are intended to show major contributors.
D-3
-------
Table D-3. Total National Emissions of VOC, 1940 through 1992 in Metric Units
(gigagrams)
Source Cateaorv
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1991 1992
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Organic Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Surface Coating
Nonindustrial
consumer solvents
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
area source: gasoline
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & MC
light-duty gas vehicles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
hddv
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Gasoline
lawn & garden
recreational marine vessels
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
forest wildfires
TOTAL
2
98
1,694
1,279
308
971
802
53
295
518
118
1.788
960
444
NA
579
168
143
4,331
3,374
3,371
460
497
NA
NA
706
188
NA
15
898
3,700
3,700
3,103
15,530
8
88
1,212
880
210
670
1.201
100
401
498
167
3,338
1,984
NA
NA
1,105
328
279
6,506
4,836
4,820
754
906
10
10
1,100
384
NA
29
1,001
2,296
2,296
1,370
18,921
8
96
697
511
119
391
899
223
310
938
184
3,995
1,931
1.079
NA
1,598
479
408
9.407
7,461
7,443
982
923
42
42
1,102
477
NA
113
1,402
1,427
1.427
697
22,065
27
136
491
417
97
320
1.217
571
357
1,084
245
6,508
3.239
1,519
NA
1,772
543
462
11,085
8,660
8,566
1,498
814
113
113
1,263
531
NA
95
1,799
999
999
699
26,983
40
142
769
734
172
562
1.447
802
247
1,306
215
5,973
3,343
909
NA
1,792
469
399
9,970
6,471
6,471
2,255
866
378
371
2,100
1,578
751
377
688
1,029
1,029
671
25,719
32
258
396
368
NA
NA
1,607
620
66
669
433
5,500
2,376
1,724
983
1,688
597
508
6,330
4,199
4,199
1,521
217
393
370
1,92^
1,493
661
389
2,052
523
523
147
21,477
30
262
386
358
NA
NA
1,613
622
63
676
431
5,501
2,357
1,754
1,008
1,694
586
499
6,179
4,109
4,109
1,479
206
386
361
1,869
1,453
645
379
2,012
515
514
147
21,233
29
254
357
330
NA
NA
1,595
613
63
649
431
5,500
2,373
1,734
989
1,654
566
476
5,533
3,675
3,675
1,313
175
371
345
1,930
1,493
661
389
2,099
524
523
147
20,617
NOTE(S): NA = not available.
1990 -1992 emissions are preliminary and will be updated in the next report
Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals since they are intended to show major contributors.
D-4
-------
Table D-4 Total National Emissions of SO2,1940 through 1992 in Metric Units
(gigagrams)
Source Category
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1991 1992
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite and lignite
Oil
residual
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
Oil
residual
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Residential Other
bituminous/subbituminous coal
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
PETROLEUM & RELATED IND.
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL
2,202
2,065
1
5
,233
606
226
137
132
,498
4,706
3
3
,151
971
503
360
132
157
NA
,304
2,283
2,057
195
3,002
2,504
2,079
2,
203
303
0
0
3
3
896
2,699
18,
494
103
4
3
2
1
,096
,679
,202
,085
392
417
411
5,194
4,012
2,672
823
882
654
164
136
NA
3,596
1,886
1,595
388
3,399
2,805
2,149
2,
309
541
0
0
3
94
193
1,972
20,
494
307
8,404
8,058
4,869
2,397
792
345
341
3,505
2,452
1,685
520
836
601
171
46
NA
2,104
1,134
788
406
3,616
3,013
2,515
614
609
0
0
9
103
308
195
503
20,180
15,783
14,333
8
4
1
1
1
4
2
1
1
1
,686
,278
,369
,450
,432
,144
,839
,970
607
,115
868
127
64
NA
,352
446
236
536
4,332
3,
3,
28,
,683
,182
799
768
0
0
7
253
344
125
100
418
15,861
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2,677
1,385
960
296
966
772
271
54
NA
881
191
39
254
1,671
1,161
980
666
832
0
0
30
415
482
121
10
23,779
14,398
13,790
12,104
1,289
397
580
571
2,818
1,672
1,252
26
750
574
313
77
5
542
159
27
384
824
666
495
399
364
1
19
33
674
241
61
4
20,700
14,319
13,700
11,978
1,253
469
591
583
2,848
1,652
1,230
26
796
621
318
77
6
552
162
28
386
793
643
479
403
355
1
19
33
698
248
65
4
20,659
14,371
13,853
12,140
1,244
469
491
483
2,803
1,672
1,253
26
744
574
305
76
5
534
158
23
380
787
636
470
373
360
1
19
33
712
245
61
4
20,622
NOTE(S): NA = not available.
1990 -1992 emissions are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals since they are intended to show major contributors.
D-5
-------
Table D-5. Total Emissions of Pb, 1970 through 1992 in Metric Units
(megagrams)
Source Category
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1991
NOTE(S): NA = not available.
1990 -1992 emissions are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals since they are intended to show major contributors.
1992
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Ex. Residential)
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
lead oxide and pigments
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
primary lead product
primary copper product
primary zinc product
secondary lead product
second copper product
lead cable coating
Ferrous Metals Processing
ferroalloy production
iron production
steel production
gray iron production
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Mineral Products
(cement manufacturing)
Misc Industrial Processes
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
(Incineration)
municipal waste
other
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & MC
OFF-HIGHWAY
(Non-Road Gasoline)
TOTAL
297
215
9,119
9,072
93
85
93
21,976
14,397
11,008
219
925
1,719
339
115
6,708
199
241
2,835
3,423
1,840
490
1,350
1,996
527
1,469
156,003
129,655
7,566
199,105
208
68
9,110
9,072
109
99
109
9,002
6,525
5,117
155
203
745
182
50
1,992
94
84
982
825
1,213
197
1,016
1,447
359
1,088
118,123
96,951
4,547
143,829
117
54
3,729
3,701
95
86
95
2,745
1,656
975
18
22
436
105
34
826
12
34
436
338
733
84
649
1,098
146
952
56,418
44,000
3,012
68,000
58
27
382
363
107
97
107
1,902
1,248
792
17
14
261
64
39
523
6
19
190
305
287
39
248
790
72
718
14,495
10,950
208
18,257
58
16
379
363
123
112
123
1,940
1,279
661
18
8
407
68
46
522
17
17
125
361
153
23
130
730
61
669
1,534
1,145
179
5,112
56
16
377
363
120
109
120
1,759
1,142
566
17
10
376
59
44
469
13
15
132
307
151
22
130
528
49
479
1,378
1,029
163
4,549
56
15
377
363
127
115
127
1,877
1,200
569
18
10
426
57
46
509
15
16
131
343
126
22
105
673
53
620
1,255
937
188
4,695
D-6
-------
Table D-6. Total National Emissions of PM-10,1940 through 1992 in Metric Units
(gigagrams)
Source Category
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1991
1992
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Mineral Products
cement mfg
other
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
wildfires
Fugitive Dust
wind erosion
unpaved roads
paved roads
other
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & MC
Idgv
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
hddv
OFF-HIGHWAY
Railroads
TOTAL
392
642
2,121
1,557
364
1,193
299
1,096
533
196
332
3,625
2,451
1,236
720
356
2,692
2,692
1,977
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
190
145
145
19
26
NA
NA
2,250
2,236
13,994
451
548
1,518
1,023
239
784
413
932
314
95
374
6,308
4,953
1,812
2,441
458
1,754
1,754
965
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
284
199
199
30
46
9
9
1,622
1,580
14,663
414
300
1,010
771
180
590
280
931
340
111
625
6,542
5,046
1,827
2,149
693
1,129
1,129
388
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
502
378
378
48
62
14
14
182
100
12,607
223
581
413
348
82
267
213
1,194
538
312
259
5,290
4,191
1,571
1,631
906
761
761
349
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
871
584
580
94
64
128
128
247
59
10,960
172
616
805
742
174
568
134
564
118
29
125
1,674
1,144
378
268
248
773
773
466
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,009
546
539
144
56
264
253
248
52
6,368
152
442
462
426
100
326
105
371
75
25
111
1,205
710
205
120
200
41,485
872
575
40,613
3,803
14,197
6,834
15,779
1,340
633
633
163
42
503
466
253
37
46,126
148
432
450
414
97
317
102
356
77
25
107
1,135
676
192
122
196
45,650
711
414
44,939
9,185
12,932
7,394
15,428
1,386
657
657
169
38
522
484
244
35
50,206
150
420
423
389
91
298
109
378
80
25
108
1,165
707
197
124
229
42,012
733
437
41,279
4,226
13,760
7,167
16,126
1,413
670
670
173
38
532
493
247
33
46,654
NOTE(S): NA = not available.
1990 -1992 emissions are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals since they are intended to show major contributors.
D-7
•ti U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1994-517-149
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