GUIDANCE FOR ESTIMATING AMBIENT AIR MONITORING COSTS
FOR CRITERIA POLLUTANTS AND SELECTED AIR TOXIC POLLUTANTS
FINAL REPORT
EPA Contract Number 68D10142
Work Assignment 07
Prepared for:
Edward Hanks
Monitoring Section
Monitoring and Reports Branch
Technical Support Division
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
October 1993
U.S. Envircrr.:,;;,! /. ,'-c;;on Agency
Region 5,Lifrru,y vp,'-12J)
77 West Jack;::- F,^,'«.-j?rrt 10^ r,
Chicago, IL 60604-3590 ' ^ fj°°r
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF ACRONYMS vii
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1 References 1-2
2.0 APPROACH 2-1
2.1 Cost Model 2-1
2.1.1 Network 2-2
2.1.2 Monitoring System 2-2
2.1.3 Activity 2-2
2.1.4 Cost Element 2-2
2.2 Cost Calculations 2-3
3.0 GENERAL COST CONSIDERATIONS 3-1
3.1 Network Design and Siting 3-1
3.2 Station Installation 3-3
3.3 Sampling 3-4
3.4 Analysis 3-5
3.5 Maintenance 3-5
3.6 Data Management and Reporting 3-6
3.6.1 Data Acquisition 3-7
3.6.2 Data Processing 3-8
3.6.3 Data Validation 3-8
3.6.4 Data Reporting 3-8
3.6.5 Combined Data Management Costs 3-9
3.7 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 3-9
3.8 Management and Supervision 3-10
3.9 References 3-10
4.0 CRITERIA POLLUTANT MONITORING 4-1
4.1 Background 4_1
4.2 Cost Estimates for Lead Monitoring 4-2
4.3 Cost Estimates for PM-10 Monitoring 4-6
4.3.1 Cost Estimates for Intermittent PM-10 Sampling 4-7
4.3.2 Cost Estimates for Continuous PM-10 Sampling 4-10
4.4 Cost Estimates for Continuous Monitoring for Nitrogen Dioxide, Ozone,
Sulfur Dioxide, and Carbon Monoxide 4-14
4.5 References 4_19
5.0 SELECTED AIR TOXICS MONITORING 5-1
5.1 Background 5_1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
Section Page
5.2 Cost Estimates for Solid Adsorbent Sampling (Methods TO1, TO2, TO7,
and TO11) 5-8
5.2.1 Introduction 5-8
5.2x2 Cost Estimates for Solid Adsorbent Sampling and Analysis 5-10
5.3 Cost Estimates for Liquid Impinger Sampling (Methods TO5, TO6, and
TO8) 5-16
5.3.1 Introduction 5-16
5.3.2 Cost Estimates for Liquid Impinger Sampling Methods 5-18
5.4 Cost Estimates for Cryogenic Trapping (Method TO3) 5-23
5.4.1 Introduction 5-23
5.4.2 Cost Estimates for Cryogenic Trapping 5-23
5.5 Cost Estimates for Hi-Vol and Hi-Vol (PUF) Sampling 5-27
5.5.1 Introduction 5-27
5.5.2 Cost Estimates for Hi-Vol Metals Sampling 5-27
5.5.3 Cost Estimates for Polychlorinated Biphcnyls (PCBs) and
Organochlorine Pesticides using Hi-Vol (PUF) Sampling (TO4) . . 5-32
5.6 SUMMA* Canister VOC Sampling (Method TO14) 5-36
5.6.1 Introduction 5-36
5.6.2 Cost Estimate for SUMMA* Canister VOC Sampling and
Analysis 5-36
5.7 References 5-41
6.0 METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS 6-1
6.1 Background 6-1
6.2 Cost Estimates for a Basic Meteorological System 6-1
6.3 Cost Estimates for an Advanced Meteorological System 6-5
6.4 References 6-10
7.0 PHOTOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT MONITORING 7-1
7.1 Background 7-1
7.2 Cost Estimates for PAMS Monitoring 7-2
7.2.1 Network Design 7-2
7.2.2 Cost Estimates for Sampling O3 7-2
7.2.3 Cost Estimates for Sampling Nitrogen Oxides (NO,) 7-3
7.2.4 Cost Estimates for VOC Monitoring 7-3
7.2.5 Cost Estimates for Formaldehyde and Other Carbonyl Compound
Monitoring ............7-11
7.2.6 Cost Estimates for a Surface Meteorological Monitoring Station .. 7-13
7.2.7 Monitoring Costs for Upper Air Meteorology 7-21
7.3 References 7-24
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
Section Page
8.0 VISIBILITY MONITORING 8-1
8.1 Background 8-1
8.2 Network Design 8-2
8.3 Cost Estimates for Aerosol Sampling 8-4
8.4 Cost Estimates for Transmissometer Monitoring 8-7
8.5 Cost Estimates for Automated Camera Systems 8-11
8.6 Cost Estimates for Nephelometry 8-13
8.7 Cost Estimates for an Integrated Visibility Monitoring Station 8-15
8.8 Reference 8-17
9.0 SATURATION MONITORING 9-1
9.1 Saturation Monitoring Costs 9-2
10.0 COSTS FOR AN EXAMPLE NETWORK 10-1
ATTACHMENT A MONITORING COST TABLE A-l
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IV
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LIST OF TABLES
Number Page
2-1 Labor Rates 2-5
4-1 Cost Estimates for Lead Daily Sampling 4-3
4-2 Lead Cost Summary Daily Sampling 4-4
4-3 Lead Cost Summary 4-4
4-4 Cost Estimates for Intermittent PM-10 Sampling 4-8
4-5 Intermittent PM-10 Sampling Cost Summary 4-9
4-6 Cost Estimates for Continuous PM-10 Sampling 4-11
4-7 Continuous PM-10 Sampling Cost Summary 4-12
4-8 Cost Estimates for Continuous Monitoring of Nitrogen Dioxide,
Ozone, Sulfur Dioxide, and Carbon Monoxide 4-15
4-9 Summary of Costs for Continuous Monitoring of Nitrogen Dioxide,
Ozone, Sulfur Dioxide, and Carbon Monoxide 4-17
4-10 Summary of Costs for Continuous Monitoring of Ozone for Selected
Monitoring Periods 4-18
5-1 Cross Reference Table for Monitoring Systems for Selected
Toxic Air Pollutants 5-3
5-2 Solid Adsorbents 5-9
5-3 Solid Adsorbent Sampling Costs 5-12
5-4 Solid Adsorbent Cost Summary 5-15
5-5 Liquid Impinger Sampling Methods 5-17
5-6 Liquid Impinger Sampling Costs 5-20
5-7 Liquid Impinger Cost Summary 5-22
5-8 Cryogenic Trap Method TO3 Sampling Costs 5-25
5-9 Cryogenic Trap (Method TO3) Cost Summary 5-26
5-10 Metals Analysis Costs 5-27
5-11 Hi-Vol Metals Sampling Costs 5-29
5-12 Hi-Vol Metals Cost Summary 5-31
5-13 Costs Estimates for Hi-Vol (PUF) Sampling (TO4) 5-33
5-14 ffl-Vol (PUF) Cost Summary 5-35
5-15 SUMMA* Canister (Method TO14) Costs 5-38
5-16 SUMMA* Canister Cost Summary for VOCs 5-40
6-1 Cost Estimates for Basic Meteorological Measurement System 6-2
6-2 Total Costs for The Basic Meteorological System 6-4
6-3 Cost Estimates for Advanced Meteorological Measurement System 6-7
6-4 Total Costs for the Advanced Meteorological System 6-9
7-1 Summary of Total Costs for O3 Sampling 7-3
7-2 Summary of Total Costs for NO, Sampling 7-3
7-3 Canister VOC Sampling and Analysis Costs per Site
Sampling Frequency (A) and 3-Month Monitoring Period 7-5
7-4 Summary of VOC Canister Sampling and Analyses Costs for Sites with
Sampling Frequency (A) and 3-Month Monitoring Period 7-9
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Number Page
7-5 Continuous VOC Sampling Costs Sample Frequency (B) 12-Month
Monitoring Period 7-10
7-6 Summary Costs for Continuous VOC Monitoring for 12-Month Period 7-11
7-7 Carbonyl Monitoring Costs for Sampling Frequency (D)
3-Month Monitoring Period 7-14
7-8 Summary Costs for Formaldehyde and Other Carbonyl Compounds
Sampling Frequency (D) and 3-Month Monitoring Period 7-15
7-9 Carbonyl Monitoring Costs for Sampling Frequency (E) 3-Month
Monitoring Period 7-16
7-10 Summary Costs for Formaldehyde and Other Carbonyl Compounds Sampling
Frequency (E) and 3-Month Monitoring Period 7-17
7-11 Costs for a Surface Meteorological Monitoring Station Operating for a
3-Month Period 7-18
7-12 Summary Costs for a Surface Meteorological Monitoring Station Operating
for 3 Months 7-20
7-13 Costs for an Upper Air Meteorological Monitoring Station Operating for a
3-Month Period 7-22
7-14 Summary of Costs for an Upper Air Meteorological Station Operating for
a 3-Month Period 7-23
8-1 Visibility Monitoring Program 8-3
8-2 Aerosol Sampling Costs 8-5
8-3 Aerosol Sampling Costs Summary Breakdown 8-6
8-4 Transmissometer Costs 8-9
8-5 Transmissometer Cost Summary 8-11
8-6 Cost Estimates for Photographic Measurements 8-12
8-7 Photographic Measurements Cost Summary 8-13
8-8 Cost Estimates for Nephelometry 8-14
8-9 Nephelometer Cost Summary 8-15
8-10 Integrated Visibility Monitoring System Cost Summary 8-16
9-1 Saturation Monitoring Costs 9-4
9-2 Summary of Saturation Monitoring Costs 9-5
10-1 Hypothetical Network Configuration 10-2
10-2 Network Cost Details-Years 0-5 10-6
10-3 Summary of Network Costs 10-17
Blank Monitoring Cost Table A-l
LIST OF FIGURES
Number Page
10-1 Network Cost Summary 10-4
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
AAS
AIRS
CO
CPTL
DNPH
ECD
GC/FID •
GC/MS
HPLC
ICAP-OES
IMPROVE
MSA/CMSA
NAA
NAAQS
NAMS
NaOH
NDMA
NIST
NO,
03
0/M
OM
PAMS
Pb
PC
PCBs
PM-10
PRO1
PRO2
PROS
PRO4
PUF
QA
QA/QC
RASS
SIP
SLAMS
S02
SSI
SVOCs
TEC1
atomic absorption spectrophotometer
Aerometric formation Retrieval System
carbon monoxide
capital expenditures
dinitrophenylhydrazine
electron capture detector
United States Environmental Protection Agency
gas chromatography with flame ionization detection
gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer
high performance liquid chromatography
Inductively coupled argon plasma optical emission spectrometry
Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments
Metropolitan Statistical Area/Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area
neutrons activation analysis
National ambient air quality standards
National Air Monitoring Stations
sodium hydroxide
nitrosodimethylamine
National Institute of Science and Technology
nitrogen oxides
ozone
operating/maintenance
oscillating microbalance
Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations
lead
personal computer
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
paniculate matter with an aerodynamic diameter equal to or less than a
nominal 10 micrometers
Professional I
Professional n
Professional ffl
Professional IV
polyurethane foam
quality assurance
quality assurance/quality control
radio acoustic sounding system
State Implementation Plan
State and Local Air Monitoring Stations
sulfur dioxide
size selective inlet
semi-volatile organic compounds
Technician I
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vu
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LIST OF ACRONYMS (continued)
TEC2 Technician n
TSP total suspended particulates
UV ultraviolet
VOC volatile organic compound
XRF X-ray fluorescence
cH-93-iM - viii
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SECTION 1.0
INTRODUCTION
Since 1979, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued three
documents for estimating costs of ambient air quality monitoring. The first of these, Cost of
Monitoring Air Quality in the United States (1979), provided capital, operation and maintenance
costs for criteria pollutants and selected meteorological parameters.1 This document was updated
in 1985 by the document Cost of Ambient Air Monitoring for Criteria Pollutants and Selected
Air Toxic Pollutants? The 1985 document updated the previous cost estimates and developed
new costs for measurements of selected air toxic compounds and visibility related parameters.
Costs for criteria pollutant measurements only were updated in 1987 in the document Cost of
Monitoring for Selected Criteria Pollutants (An Internal Report)?
The purpose of this document is to update the previous cost estimates and to develop cost
estimates for the following additional measurement categories:
• Additional air toxics methods to cover, to the extent currently possible, measurement of
the 189 compounds identified in Title DI of the amended Clean Air Act
• Methods related to Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS)
• Saturation sampling for PM-10 and carbon monoxide (CO) using portable samplers
This document also describes the design and implementation of a model to be used in
developing and presenting costs across different measurement methodologies. This approach has
a number of advantages over developing cost estimates using different cost structures for different
measurements. Details of the approach and its advantages are discussed in Section 2 of this
document
Sections 1 (Introduction) and 2 (Approach) outline the philosophy and methodology used
for developing monitoring cost estimates. These sections provide the perspective needed to
understand the discussions and presentations throughout the document
Section 3 discusses general cost considerations associated with the range of activities that
make up a complete monitoring system. This section provides a description of each activity as
defined for this document and discusses general cost considerations and specific dollar costs as
appropriate.
Sections 4 through 9 provide cost estimation criteria and detailed cost tables for each
measurement category. Each of these sections presents background information sufficient to
outline the most prevalent monitoring requirements and monitoring applications for each type of
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measurement Costs are presented in detailed tables organized by activity. Costs are then
summarized as total capital and annual operation and maintenance expenses, and lifetime
annualized cost
Section 10 provides an example cost calculation for a hypothetical monitoring network.
1.1 REFERENCES
1. PEDCo Environmental, Inc. Cost of Monitoring Air Quality in the United States. United
States Environmental Protection Agency, Monitoring and Data Analysis Division.
November 1979.
2. PEI Associates, Inc., Cost of Ambient Air Monitoring for Criteria Pollutants and Selected
Air Toxic Pollutants. EPA-450/4-85-004. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. May 1985.
3. Cost of Monitoring for Selected Criteria Pollutants (An Internal Report). U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Technical Support Division, Monitoring and Reports Branch. November 1987.
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SECTION 2.0
*
APPROACH
The overall philosophy for the revised guideline is to provide a structure for an agency
to use in calculating its own monitoring costs by giving a detailed breakdown of costs for each
measurement type. Costs presented in the guideline should be reasonably accurate; however, a
given agency should modify these costs as appropriate.
It is reasonable to expect that the estimated level of effort needed to conduct similar
monitoring activities will vary significantly across various agencies. Some of this variability will
result from differences in the way in which State and local agencies account for level of effon
expenditures; however, the disparity is also likely to be due largely to actual differences in effon
expended. States should apply their own level of effort estimates as needed in place of those
adopted for the guideline.
Capital costs and expenses for consumables should remain reasonably constant across
agencies. The guideline should serve effectively as a reference for these costs. Cost estimates
in the guideline are based on the most likely methods, materials, and equipment to be used for
each monitoring system.
2.1 COST MODEL
A generalized cost model was used to provide a consistent cost structure to be applied in
developing cost estimates for each monitoring system presented in this guideline. This gives an
overall structure to the cost estimates provided that should increase ease of use. Using a
consistent format to develop and present costs across different monitoring systems should also
enable States to more easily accumulate costs across the range of measurements that make up
their total monitoring program. Other advantages of this approach include the following:
• A comprehensive list of major activities and cost elements is addressed for each
monitoring system. This helps ensure that all relevant costs are considered.
• The generalized cost model imposes a consistent format for developing cost structures.
This format provides a basis for compatibility with computerized database structures and
the capability to use the current document as a basis for future development of an
automated cost estimation software package.
• Ancillary data, such as the cost estimation criteria, references and methods, are
documented in a consistent fashion. This provides quality assurance (QA) for the cost
estimates and should facilitate future updates and revisions to the cost document
The model developed for this document organizes network costs in a hierarchical
structure. The-overall monitoring network is divided into individual monitoring systems.- The
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costs of setting up, operating and maintaining each monitoring system are divided among
generalized monitoring activities. Costs are incurred for unique elements within each activity.
2.1.1 Network
The overall network is comprised of one or more types of monitoring. Monitoring types
are generally defined by a physical or regulatory grouping of pollutants or parameters.
Monitoring types include criteria pollutant monitoring, air toxics monitoring, meteorological
monitoring, photochemical assessment monitoring, visibility monitoring, saturation monitoring,
and remote sensing.
2.1.2 Monitoring System
The next level at which costs are accumulated is individual monitoring systems.
Monitoring systems are complete systems that are used to measure one or more pollutants or
parameters. Monitoring systems are defined by a unique combination of the type of monitoring,
the pollutants or parameters measured, and the sampling and analytical methods used. Each
monitoring type is associated with a specific list of pollutants or parameters. Each pollutant or
parameter might be routinely measured by one or more sampling and analytical methods. Unique
combinations of these factors make up individual monitoring systems that incur distinct costs.
Monitoring system costs include all of the activities required to conduct monitoring from network
design through data reporting.
2.1.3 Activity
The costs for each monitoring system are addressed in terms of a fixed list of general
activities that incur costs. These include network design and siting, station installation, sampling,
analysis, maintenance, data management and reporting, quality assurance/quality control
(QA/QQ, and supervision. This list covers the range of activities required to set up, operate, and
maintain a monitoring station, and collect and report quality assured data.
The level of effort required to conduct some activities can be considered somewhat
independently from individual monitoring system costs. That is, the costs are similar regardless
of the pollutant or parameter being measured. For example, data management costs might
depend more on whether the data are collected by a continuous analyzer or by an intermittent
sampler than on the type of measurement The costs for other activities may be more directly
linked to particular monitoring systems and incur very different costs depending on the pollutant
or parameter measured. Sampling and analytical costs, for example, are pollutant/method
specific.
2.1.4 Cost Element
The costs for each activity are broken down into specific cost elements that incur cost
directly. These costs may be for labor, durable goods (equipment), consumables and/or
purchased services. The model provides for two levels of cost elements, which means that costs
may be identified for a number of sub-elements under a single element. F_or example, equipment
CH-93-104 2-2 ~
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costs may be broken down into costs for the various components purchased. This provides a
sufficient level of detail to the cost breakdowns without becoming overly burdensome. For
clarity, the cost tables presented in this document do not distinguish between the two levels of
cost elements used in the model.
While there are a fixed number of well-defined methods and activities used in the model,
each individual activity may include a variety of cost elements, determined by the specific
circumstances. This provides the flexibility necessary to adapt the model to the various methods.
The cost elements should be clearly defined. To help ensure this, cost elements were reviewed
for clarity and consistency before actual dollar cost estimates were obtained. The cost
breakdowns should be similar enough from method to method to allow determining costs across
several methods.
Supplemental data including the amortization period, the basis for annualizarion.
references, and comments are provided for each unique cost element. These data provide
additional information necessary for cost estimation and QA purposes. These supplemental data
are not presented in the cost tables, but are discussed in the text They will be retained for use
in revising and updating the document The cost tables are footnoted for clarity.
2^ COST CALCULATIONS
Cost estimates are based on existing literature and direct monitoring experience. Current
costs for equipment and supplies are verified with vendors. Level of effort estimates are verified
with selected State and local agencies.
Costs for each monitoring system are presented in detailed tables by activity and cost
element This provides a logical and complete breakdown of costs that can be used directly or
used as a structure for accumulating an agency's actual costs for more refined estimates. Each
monitoring system will incur costs for labor and purchases of durable goods, consumables, and
services. Some of these costs are one time, capital expenditures, and some are annual operation
and maintenance costs. Total capital expenditures and annual operation and maintenance costs
are summed. Capital expenditures are also ahnualized over the appropriate amortization periods
and combined with annual operation and maintenance costs to give an average annualized cost
over the lifetime of the system. This document assumes that the lifetime of most monitoring
systems is 5 years.
Operation and maintenance costs are annualized based on a typical sampling schedule
assuming that the monitor is operated throughout the year. Some monitoring systems, however,
may not be operated throughout the year. For example, PAMS are only required to operate for
3 months during the primary ozone season. In such instances, cost estimates are presented as
appropriate. If a monitor will not be operated throughout the year, cost estimates presented in
this document should be adjusted accordingly.
The individual cost tables reflect costs for a single, complete monitoring station. When
more than one monitor is located at a single site, there are obvious cost savings in several
categories including land use, site preparation, shelters, and power. Further savings may be
CH'93-104 - 2-3
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realized for certain combinations of monitors at a single site. When total network costs are
accumulated, costs should be adjusted accordingly. This issue is addressed in the example
network cost calculation in Section 10 of this document
Services can be contracted outside the monitoring agency to conduct activities ranging
from limited laboratory work to operation and maintenance of a complete monitoring program.
In many cases, the proportion of capital versus operation and maintenance expenses depends on
whether work is conducted in-house by the monitoring agency, or contracted to a service
provider. For example, laboratory services contracted on a per sample basis would be considered
an operation and maintenance cost, while laboratory work conducted in-house would involve
significant initial capital equipment expenditures. The totals for the two options can be compared
by reviewing the total annualized cost including amortized capital expenditures. The cost
estimates presented in this document are intended to reflect a reasonable combination of in-house
and contract services. Costs for multiple options are presented where appropriate. Cost estimates
should be adjusted as needed to reflect the amount and type of contract assistance used.
For the purpose of this document, labor rates are divided into four professional and two
technical levels. These levels are described including the necessary education, training and
experience.
Technician I (TEC1) A technician I, or junior technician, has the training required for
routine site operations. The technician is capable of keeping accurate records and making and
recording correct observations of events that may have an impact on data quality. Good writing,
arithmetic, and communication skills are required; however, no formal education beyond high
school is necessary. An associate's degree is preferred.
Technician II (TEC2) In addition to the skills required of a technician I, a technician n
has the training, education, and experience necessary to install, calibrate, and maintain most types
of monitoring equipment The technician understands the mathematics applied to statistical QC,
linear regression, and unit conversions. In addition, a sound understanding of QA principles is
required. In most cases, a technician n would have at least 2 to 6 years of work experience or
an associate's degree along with 1 to 3 years of training and work experience.
Professional I (PRO1) A professional I would be assigned responsibility for fairly routine
tasks such as QC data processing, and operational data validation (level I). A professional I
might also serve as a laboratory technician. A bachelor's degree or equivalent would be required
in a suitable scientific area and up to 3 years of work experience.
Professional II (PR02) A professional n would have responsibility for more critical tasks
requiring experience and judgement These would include participation in network design and
QA planning, supervision of site operations, statistical data validation (level n), and report
preparation. An experienced laboratory technician might also be at the professional n level. A
bachelor's degree or equivalent in a suitable scientific field and a minimum of 3 to 8 years of
work experience or a master's degree and 1 to 6 years of work experience would be required.
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Professional in (PROS) A professional in is a senior technical staff member with key
responsibility for management and direction of monitoring programs. The professional HI would
participate actively in the technical labor effort required for planning, development, and day to
day management of the monitoring network, sharing many of these tasks with the professional
n. The professional ffl should have a bachelor's degree and a minimum of 8 to 14 years of work
experience or a master's degree and 6 to 12 years of work experience.
Professional IV (PRO4) The professional IV is a senior management and/or senior
technical staff member. The professional IV would be responsible for overseeing the overall
monitoring program and establishing policy to ensure compliance with the relevant regulations.
This person would also consult with and review the work of the lower level professionals. The
professional IV would coordinate with industry and other agencies in defining the direction and
role for the agency's air monitoring program. The professional IV should generally have a
master's degree and more than 12 years of work experience or a doctoral degree and more than
10 years of work experience.
Fully loaded labor rates are used in this document for technical and professional labor
hours. Loaded rates include benefits and overhead costs, using a factor of 2.5 times the hourly
rate paid to the employee. Table 2-1 lists the loaded rates for each professional and technical
level
TABLE 2-1. LABOR RATES
• ^ % % ^ " * , t
'' »V » ,^'s „ /• , t' '•. - ' *• '$ ;
: ,,f •. '? x,* s >^ i. «.., , ,,. ' N * , A , ' O <,. ,:
•''.^.•^.••^•^^^^^Tt^^^^^^^i ^,'V.f>;:
Junior Technician (TEC1)
Senior Technician (TEC2)
Junior Professional (PRO1)
Mid-level Professional (PRO2)
Staff Professional (PRO3)
Senior Professional (PRO4)
y£jta^]&tfcv;j
t^^($&*pK'^
12.00
13.20
14.40
16.80
20.00
26.40
. . Loaded Labor
" Rafe($/hour)
30.00
33.00
36.00
42.00
50.00
66.00
CH.«M04
2-5
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SECTION 3.0
GENERAL COST CONSIDERATIONS
This section describes the range of activities that make up a complete monitoring program
and discusses the costs associated with each. To avoid redundancy in the presentations for
individual monitoring systems, detailed cost estimates are provided for eight general monitoring
activities whose costs do not depend on the specific monitoring systems used. These eight
activities are (1) network design and siting, (2) station installation, (3) sampling, (4) analysis, (5)
maintenance, (6) data management and reporting, (7) QA/QC, and (8) management and
supervision. Activities whose costs are highly system specific are discussed briefly in this
section, but are discussed in detail in the section for the specific monitoring systems involved.
3.1 NETWORK DESIGN AND SITING
Network design and siting costs depend on regulatory requirements and the emission,
transport, and dispersion characteristics of the pollutants being measured. For criteria pollutants
(and some non-criteria pollutants), network design criteria are outlined in the 40 CFR Pan 58
regulations. This does not apply to all pollutants and parameters that might be part of an
agency's monitoring program. Network design criteria are tailored to specific monitoring
programs. In addition to site locations, the sampling schedule, averaging interval, and QA
criteria may be predetermined by regulatory requirements, as in the case of the criteria pollutants.
In the absence of specific regulations, it may be necessary to include consideration of these
factors as part of the network design study. If an area requiring monitoring spans several States
and/or EPA regions, the administrative complexity of an integrated network design will have an
upward impact on costs.
A general network design procedure consists of the following steps:1
• Determine the monitoring objectives and the required spatial scales of representativeness
• Review emissions information and identify unique source characteristics
• Characterize topographic and land use influences
Analyze available meteorological data
• Analyze existing monitoring data
• Perform air quality modeling analysis
» -
• Select monitoring locations
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In some situations, saturation monitoring or receptor modeling might also be conducted
as part of a network design.
Each network design study must accommodate the requirements and circumstances
peculiar to the area and the monitoring objectives. Thus, it is difficult to provide a generally
applicable cost formula. It is important to consider these costs, however, because they can be
significant This document presents some rough approximations of the actual cost of network
design.
To estimate the network design cost for a single monitoring system, total network design
costs are divided by the number of stations in the network. Alternatively, in instances where
multiple monitoring systems are usually collocated at a single station (as in visibility or PAMS
monitoring), network design costs are estimated separately from individual monitoring system
costs. In this document a network size of five sites is used where appropriate for cost estimation.
Otherwise, the network size is discussed in terms of specific monitoring requirements for the
pollutant or parameter to be measured.
Network design costs can be estimated in terms of burdened labor hours, which include
overhead. These estimates include labor required for actual site selection. This usually involves
a field trip to the area required by the network design to locate a point that meets specific probe
siting criteria and allows for access, electricity and security. Network design costs are generally
one time costs that would be amortized over the useful life of the network. Network lifetime is
generally assumed to be 5 years for the purposes of this document The cost of periodic network
design reviews could be incorporated into this category as an additional, annual cost
A relatively simple network design study involving a review of existing data might be
accomplished in 100 to 200 hours at the PRO2 and/or PROS level, depending on the extent of
the review, the availability and quality of the data, and other factors. A more involved analysis
of the data could double this estimate. If existing data are insufficient it may be necessary to
gather the needed data, requiring additional time and resources.
A study involving dispersion modeling would add 100 to 200 hours at the PR02 and
PROS level, depending on the availability of high quality emissions and meteorological data
suitable for model input In complex terrain, or another situation where dispersion modeling
estimates might not be as reliable, a saturation monitoring and/or receptor modeling study might
be required.
Portable saturation monitors are currently available for paniculate matter less than 10
microns in diameter (PM-10) and carbon monoxide (CO). A saturation study would require 400
to 600 hours for design, implementation, data analysis, and report presentation. This effort would
be distributed among technicians and professionals from TEC1 (site operation) through PROS
(network design). A receptor modeling study would probably require special monitoring,
followed by modeling. The cost could range from several hundred to several thousand hours,
in addition to any capital expenditures necessary to conduct the monitoring.
CH-93-104 - 3-2
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3.2 STATION INSTALLATION
Station installation costs include site acquisition, preparation, and procurement and
installation of the monitoring equipment The land for the site may be purchased, leased, or in
some cases used without cost Site preparations include providing access, electricity and security.
Costs may include grading or leveling a site for a shelter or instrument platform, grading and
paving or graveling an access road, providing electrical power and phone service for the site, and
constructing fencing and installing lighting as necessary to prevent theft or vandalism. After the
site is prepared, the shelter or platform and equipment must be transported to the site and
installed. The equipment must then be made operational, calibrated, and prepared for routine
monitoring.
Station installation costs include expenditures for durable goods, purchased services, and
labor. These are one time capital costs that will be amortized over the lifetime of the monitoring
station. For the purposes of this document, the lifetime of a monitoring station is assumed to be
five years. The total costs for station installation are somewhat independent of the pollutant or
parameter being measured. This is because site preparation costs can sometimes be significantly
larger than equipment costs. While equipment costs are directly related to the pollutant being
measured, site preparation costs may be more related to logistical factors. Site preparation costs
are also dependent on factors specific to individual monitoring systems, such as whether a shelter
is required or whether monitoring is conducted in a remote or populated area.
A plot of land sufficient for a monitoring site can be leased in some rural or suburban
areas of the country for about $100 per month. Other areas may be significantly higher. In
urban areas, sites may be located within buildings, on rooftops, or in parks. Sites located on
public land or on land owned by universities, churches, or schools can often be leased for a
nominal fee or used without cost In some cases, the land or an easement on the land may have
to be purchased. Real estate prices vary widely depending on the site location.
The cost of clearing, grading and providing an access drive to a site depends on the site's
location and condition, and on the criteria for probe placement for the monitoring system to be
installed. Bulldozing services can generally be obtained for between $60 and $100 per hour.
Gravel for the roadbed would cost an additional $100 to $150 per 100 feet For a site that is
reasonably close to an existing roadway (within 300 feet), an access road can probably be graded
and graveled for $500 to $1000. This assumes that the terrain is not unreasonably steep or rocky
and that the area is not heavily forested.
The cost of clearing and grading an area large enough for a shelter or monitor platform
(about 1000 square feet) is about $250 to $500 including the cost of reseeding the area in grass.
This assumes that there are few large trees to be removed and that the surrounding area does not
require additional clearing in order to satisfy probe placement criteria. If'a larger area needs to
be cleared and large trees removed, the cost could be much higher. Accurate estimates should
be obtained from local contractors.
The local electric utility company will provide and install the cable, equipment and poles
(or underground service) needed to connect the site to the electric grid. If the site is within a
CH-93-104 _ 3.3
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certain maximum distance from an existing power line, the utility should charge only a nominal
application and hook-up fee ($50 to $100). For longer power drops, the utility will charge a
hook-up fee based on the distance covered. Rates can be obtained from the local utility
company. An electrician will be needed to install wiring from the weather head to the shelter
or instrument platform. A typical wiring application using a pre-wired shelter should cost about
$500 to $1,000. There will be additional expense if underground wiring is to be ran to several
instrument locations around the site. Estimates can be obtained from local electrical contractors.
If telephone lines are required at the site, the local telephone company will install
telephone cable to the shelter for a nominal connection fee (about $50). A monthly service
charge (approximately $25) will also be assessed.
Security fencing adequate to keep out intruders should be chain link, 6 to 8 feet high and
topped by three strands of barbed wire. Fencing of this type to enclose a 30-foot square should
cost about $1,200 to $1,800 installed. This includes a 12-foot gate, allowing an equipment
shelter to be removed without being lifted over the fence. Security lighting should also be
installed when necessary. A dusk to dawn security lamp can be leased from the electric utility
for about $10/month (including power usage) or purchased and installed for about $100. Monthly
power usage should be about 60 kilowatt hours. At 10 cents per kilowatt hour, the security lamp
costs $6 per month to operate.
Total site preparation costs, including access, electricity and security, should range
between $2,500 and $5,000. The lower end of this range represents the cost for a site located
in a more developed area with ready access, while the higher end represents cost where access,
clearing, and grading must be provided. In addition, there may be expenses for land lease or
purchase. The estimates assume that the site is reasonably accessible, located near existing power
lines, and does not require clearing a large area.
Equipment costs and the labor required to install, test, and calibrate the equipment depend
on the particular monitoring system. These costs are addressed in detail in the cost tables for
individual monitoring systems.
3.3 SAMPLING
Sampling costs include the labor and travel expense required for periodic field service of
the monitoring station and the sampling media, and supplies and power required by the
monitoring system. Field service consists of routine sampling media exchanges and routine
periodic maintenance that can be performed by a junior technician (TEC1). Costs for more
technically involved maintenance, both routine and remedial, are addressed under a separate
activity for maintenance. Costs for routine calibrations and audits are addressed under the
QA/QC activity.
Sampling costs depend on the monitoring system and on the amount of travel required
to reach the sites. Different monitoring systems require different field service activities, sampling
media, and supplies. Some systems, for example continuous analyzers for ozone. (03), sulfur
dioxide (SOj), and nitrogen dioxide (NO^, do not use sampling media. Labor costs are estimated
CH-93-104 3-4
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based on the frequency and activities required for individual monitoring systems. Specific costs
are given in Ac cost tables for the individual monitoring systems.
For the purposes of this document, travel costs are generally estimated assuming a round
trip to the site at 27.5 cents per mile. Travel distances are estimated based on the likely distance
to the site for a particular monitoring system. For example, visibility stations are typically
located in remote areas. This figure can be adjusted as appropriate. Annualized travel costs
depend on the frequency of visits required for the monitoring system.
3.4 ANALYSIS
Analysis costs apply when separate laboratory analyses are conducted on samples
collected in the field. Continuous ^monitoring systems, such as those for 03, NO;, and SCX, do
not incur analysis costs since the sampling and analysis are both conducted on-site by the
analyzer. However, PM-10 and lead samplers expose a filter on-site, which must then be sent
to a laboratory for analysis.
Analysis costs are measurement specific. Annualized costs depend on the number of
samples collected in a year. Analyses can be conducted in-house by an agency laboratory or
purchased from a contract laboratory. This document assumes that if laboratory work is
conducted in-house, trained laboratory personnel and basic laboratory facilities will already be
available. That is, no explicit cost estimates are provided for training personnel or building and
furnishing a laboratory. Training costs are, however, reflected in the salary rate of the laboratory
technician. Current costs for equipment and supplies needed for specific monitoring systems are
provided in the cost tables.
The agency will need to total all the expenses required for in-house analysis and derive
a cost per sample based on the total expenditures and the number of samples to be processed
over the lifetime of the network. This calculation can be quite complex and will depend on the
individual agency's overall analytical program.
The cost for in-house analyses can be compared to the cost of contract laboratory services
on a per sample basis. Per sample analysis costs are presented in the cost tables based on current
quotes from contract laboratories and a limited number of contacts with agency laboratories. The
totals provided in the cost tables reflect a per sample analysis cost based on the most economical
selection of in-house versus contract laboratory analytical services.
3.5 MAINTENANCE
Maintenance costs represent the cost of routine and remedial maintenance and repairs of
the monitoring equipment The specific maintenance activities are determined by the monitoring
system used. Costs include labor, travel, equipment, spare parts and supplies. Maintenance is
conducted by a senior technician (TEC2). After a sampler or analyzer is repaired, it must often
be recalibrated. Remedial calibrations of this sort are also included under maintenance costs.
Routine calibrations are accounted for under QA. The need for and cost of maintenance and
repairs is _ determined by the particular monitoring system. A description of the required
CH-9M04 3.5
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maintenance activities is provided in the text describing each monitoring system. Specific
maintenance costs are included in the cost tables for the individual monitoring systems.
3.6 DATA MANAGEMENT AND REPORTING
Data management and reporting costs are incurred through the activities and resources
necessary for data acquisition, data processing, data validation, and data reporting. Air quality
data can be segregated into two broad categories: continuous data and intermittent data.
Continuous data are collected by continuous analyzers and meteorological equipment Data from
continuous instruments are most often retrieved as an hourly average. Intermittent concentration
data are the result of a calculation based on a flow rate or accumulated volume of air measured
on-site and a mass of sampled material determined at a laboratory. Samples are generally
collected over time intervals of 24 hours or longer, which may or may not be consecutive. The
cost of data management depends on the volume of data handled, whether the data are continuous
or intermittent, the level of computer automation employed, and on the operational characteristics
of the particular monitoring system.
Data management can be achieved by manual or automated methods. In practice, most
data management systems are computer based; however, they may not be completely automated.
For example, such systems may require manual data entry and data editing. This document
estimates data management costs primarily in terms of the level of effort (technical labor)
required. These estimates include economies of scale that would be realized from a network
containing a total of 12 or more continuous and intermittent monitors. The cost of the necessary
computer resources is not explicitly estimated for each data management activity and monitoring
system. Computers are often multi-use machines, and their costs may be divided among a
number of activities conducted at the agency. Computers and other support equipment and
services are considered part of general overhead, and their costs are reflected in the burdened
labor rate. Where computers are required on-site, as part of the sampling or analytical equipment,
their costs are included explicitly in the cost tables. For example, the automated gas
chromatograph used for continuous VOC monitoring requires an on-site computer.
Most data management activities can now be conducted on a personal computer with a
modem, adequate disk storage, and tape backup. The current hardware cost for such a system
is $3,000 to $5,000. Software may be developed at the agency, provided by equipment vendors,
or purchased separately. Software costs vary widely depending on the system implemented;
however, software adequate to run a data management system on a personal computer should be
available commercially for $1,000 to $2,000. This includes a communications system, a database
system, and a statistical/graphics data analysis system.
Level of effort estimates in this document assume that an automated data management
system is in place. Such a system would include data loggers on-site that are polled remotely
by computer so that manual data entry is not required. Similarly, laboratory data should be
received in an electronic format Programs should be in place to automatically process and load
data into a central database system. Statistical, graphical and error checking routines should be
available to aid in data validation. Routine data reports should be generated automatically. Data
should also be automatically uploaded to the national Aerometric Information Retrieval System
CH-93-104 3-6
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(AIRS). The cost of developing an automated data management system is not estimated in this
document System design is in an evolving state at most agencies. For practical reasons, existing
equipment and software must continue to be operated as new systems are put into place. It is
generally infeasible to implement a completely newly designed system. Since such circumstances
vary greatly from agency to agency, it is not practical to use a generalized cost estimate for
system design and implementation.
3.6.1 Data Acquisition
Data acquisition may be accomplished manually or automatically. Continuous data can
be recorded using a data logger. The data logger can record on cartridges which are removed
periodically and read at the monitoring agency, or the data can be automatically uploaded from
the data logger via a telephone line and modem. Continuous data can also be plotted on strip
charts and converted manually to numerical form. Strip charts are often used as a backup system
to a data logger. Criteria pollutant monitoring costs for the gaseous pollutants CO, NO2, 03, and
S02 include a strip chart recorder and data logger for each analyzer. Flow rates for an
intermittent analyzer can also be recorded continuously using a data logger or strip chart Flows
may also be recorded manually by the site operator at the start and end of each sampling period.
Analytical data will be delivered by the laboratory either electronically or as hard copy.
A fully integrated, automated data collection system can streamline the effort required for
data acquisition; however, an initial investment is required to design and implement the system.
The cost benefits of such a system are maximized when large volumes of data are involved. An
automated system also provides superior QC to a system where human transcription is required.
As a practical matter, most air agencies are currently in transition between a manual and a fully
automated system.
In a survey of nine State and local agencies conducted in 1990,2 the level of effort
required to acquire data ranged from about 12 to 48 hours per monitor per year for continuous
data and from 1 to 24 hours per monitor per year for intermittent data. The level of effort
required to obtain intermittent data varied according to the pollutant being measured mainly as
a function of laboratory data reporting procedures. Level of effort estimates for intermittent data
were based on 15, 24-hour samples per quarter. One source of variability in the level of effort
estimates in the survey is the accounting practices used at the various agencies. Data acquisition
activities are defined differently at different agencies. At some agencies, initial data screening
costs could not be separated from the data acquisition costs.
As more agencies adopt automated data handling systems, the level of effort required for
data acquisition should move towards the lower end of the range presented in die survey. A
generally applicable estimate is 12 to 24 hours per monitor per year for continuous data
acquisition and 12 to 16 hours per monitor per year for intermittent data acquisition. These
estimates assume that automated data acquisition systems are used where applicable. The
estimates also include the effort required for an initial screening to detect any obvious errors such
as formatting errors, date/time errors and data gaps.
CH-9M04 3.7
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3.6.2 Data Processing
Data processing costs include the effort to properly format the data and upload it to the
agency's central database. This might involve computer file format conversions, application of
initial error and missing data codes, and generation of summary reports for use in data validation.
Data processing is the link between the agency's data acquisition and database systems. In a
fully automated system, this link might be transparent to the system user and require very little
effort to operate and maintain. Specific data processing activities will depend on the data
management system in use at a particular agency.
Data processing costs ranged from 2 to 24 hours per monitor per year for continuous data
and 1 to 6 hours per monitor per year for intermittent data in the 1990 survey of nine State and
local agencies.2 This range reflects the variability in the configuration of each agency's data
handling systems and also variability in accounting for how various data management tasks are
performed. A reasonable estimate for data processing costs is 6 to 12 hours per monitor per year
for continuous data and 2 to 4 hours per monitor per year for intermittent data. The cost reflects
the effort needed to monitor the system and verify its proper operation.
3.6.3 Data Validation
Costs are given in this document for two levels of data validation. These are referred to
as operation data validation (Level I) and statistical data validation (Level II). Operational data
validation constitutes a review of all available field information and application of appropriate
data screening criteria. Operational data validation checks may include the following: power
failure, instrument off line, instrument undergoing calibration, zero/span check or maintenance
activity, instrument out of calibration, date/time errors, instrument malfunction, data logger
malfunction, missing data, and unusual local sources. Data quality flags can be applied to
indicate the occurrence of one or more of these conditions. Once operational checks have been
completed, the data can be reviewed using statistical and graphical methods. Level n validation
checks may include the following: control limit cxceedance, excessive rate of change, spike,
abnormal stability (persistence), inter-parameter tests, outlier tests, and data below the limit of
detection.
According to the 1990 survey of nine agencies,2 the level of effort required for data
validation is 4 to 36 hours per monitor per year for continuous data and 2 to 8 hours per monitor
per year for intermittent data. The range reflects variations in the degree of automation and in
accounting practices. A reasonable estimate is about 12 hours per monitor per year for
continuous data and 6 hours per monitor per year for intermittent data.
3.6.4 Data Reporting
Data reporting costs represent the cost of generating routine .air data reports and
transmitting air quality data to AIRS. This includes preparing any necessary data formats and
summaries. This should be an automated procedure. According to the 1990 survey,2 the level
of effort for required data transmission to AIRS is about 1 to 4 hours per monitor per year for
CH-93-10* 3-8
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continuous and intermittent data. A reasonable estimate would be 2 to 4 hours per monitor per
year to generate routine data reports and transmit data to the AIRS.
3.6.5 Combined Data Management Costs
The total level of effort costs for a data management program range from 30 to 50 hours
per monitor per year for continuous data and 20 to 30 hours per monitor per year for intermittent
data. For example, a network containing 26 continuous monitors and 40 intermittent monitors
would require about one full-time equivalent position for data management Data acquisition,
data processing, Level I data validation and data reporting should be performed by a junior or
mid-level professional (PROl to PRO2). Level n data validation should be performed by a mid-
to senior level professional (PRO2 to PRO3). For example, approximately 50 percent of the
work would be at the PROl level, 25 percent at the PR02 level, and 25 percent at the PROS
level. These proportions vary according to the staff mix and system characteristics at each
agency. Note that these level of effort estimates do not address costs for system development
and maintenance, or hardware and software expenditures.
3.7 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL
QA is a system designed to ensure that the data collected by the monitoring system are
of known quality, and that the data quality objectives are met QC is a system of routine
procedures and checks designed to implement a QA program. A QA program involves planning
and organizing a QC program and implementing procedures to verify proper QC and document
data quality. QA is required for every monitoring program.
QA costs include planning and coordination, calibrations and certifications, audits,
training, and data review and reporting. A QA plan must be prepared for each monitoring
program. The QA plan should be prepared in accordance with guidelines contained in the
Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement Systems.3 Monitoring instruments
must be calibrated regularly, and the calibration standards must be certified. Performance and
systems audits must be conducted on a regular schedule to document proper operations. Data
recovered by the monitoring system and from calibrations, checks and audits must be evaluated
for conformance with data quality objectives. A training program must be implemented.
The QA program will require expenditures for labor (planning and coordination), durable
goods (calibration equipment), consumables (calibration standards), and purchased services
(contract audits). Some of these costs are one time capital expenditures (equipment purchases,
QA plan preparation), and others are annual expenses (routine calibrations, audits). Data
validation is generally viewed as a QA activity; however, for cost estimation purposes, data
validation is addressed under the activity of data management QA costs are generally specific
to a given monitoring system. Costs are addressed in the cost tables for each monitoring system.
CH-93-10* 3.9
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3.8 MANAGEMENT AND SUPERVISION
Management and supervision of a monitoring program involves overall planning of the
scope of the monitoring program, coordinating implementation of the monitoring program,
supervision of routine activities, and periodic review of practice and procedure. The monitoring
program must be administered in view of local, State, and Federal policies requiring monitoring.
The program must be updated to reflect current changes in regulations and technology.
The cost of management and supervision is estimated in terms of burdened labor hours
for a senior professional (PROS to PRO4). The number of hours required to manage a
monitoring program depends on the size and complexity of the program. Costs per monitoring
system are estimated based on the administrative and operational complexity of the system. Total
management costs are divided by the number of monitors to arrive at a cost per monitoring
system.
In general, costs are estimated for two general categories of administrative activity:
planning and coordination, and supervision and review. The monitoring manager is responsible
for determining which types of monitoring are needed or required in the area and implementing
programs to support the necessary monitoring activities. Once a monitoring program is in place,
the supervisor should review periodic data and QA reports, and conduct supervisory activities to
ensure that the monitoring program is conducted within budget and schedule. It is estimated that
16 hours per monitor per year are needed for planning and coordination. Another 16 hours per
monitor per year are allocated for supervision and review. These are somewhat artificial
estimates since, in practice, these activities apply across the network.
3.9 REFERENCES
1. Noll, K. and T. Miller, Air Monitoring Survey Design, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc.
1977.
2. Results of the 1990 Survey on Ambient Air Quality Data Management and Reporting
Systems. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Monitoring and Reports Branch. January 1991.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory,
Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement Systems: Volume I
Principles. EPA-600/9-76-005. December 1984.
CH-93-104 3-10
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SECTION 4.0
CRITERIA POLLUTANT MONITORING
4.1 BACKGROUND
Criteria pollutants include sulfur dioxide (SO^), nitrogen dioxide (NO^, ozone (O3), lead
(Pb), carbon monoxide (CO) and paniculate matter with an aerodynamic diameter equal to or less
than a nominal 10 micrometers (PM-10). Requirements for establishing uniform ambient air
quality monitoring for the criteria pollutants came as a result of Section 319 of the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1977. EPA promulgated regulations in 1979 for establishing ambient monitoring
networks for the criteria pollutants under 40 CFR Part 58.1 Part 58 includes requirements for
network design and siting, QA, monitoring methodologies, probe siting, data reporting, and
determination of air quality indices. National ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for each
of the criteria pollutants are contained in 40 CFR Part 50.2 Reference methods for measuring the
concentrations of each of the criteria pollutants are included in the Appendices to Part 50.3
Requirements for maintaining NAAQS for the criteria pollutants are contained in 40 CFR
Part 51.4 In general, Part 51 requires areas which are not in attainment with the prescribed
NAAQS (/.£., nonattainment areas) to develop and implement control strategies for attaining the
NAAQS within a specified time period. Such control strategies include the use of air quality
models and/or ambient air quality data for demonstrating attainment of the NAAQS by the
required date. More specifically, Part 51 requires that ambient air quality monitoring programs
be established in nonattainment areas, in accordance with the provisions of Part 58 as a means
of determining the NAAQS attainment/nonattainment status of the designated area.
For areas which are currently in attainment with the NAAQS, Part 51 includes provisions
for ensuring prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) to the ambient air in the respective
areas.4 In some cases, certain major stationary sources and source modifications which are
applying for construction permits in these attainment areas may be required to conduct
preconstruction ambient monitoring for certain criteria or noncriteria pollutants. The required
monitoring generally must adhere to the provisions of 40 CFR Part 58.
An acceptable State Implementation Plan (SIP) must include the establishment of an air
quality surveillance system for monitoring ambient air concentrations for those pollutants for
which standards have been established in Part 50, and for affected agencies, for ozone precursors,
and surface and upper air meteorological parameters. Such a surveillance system is referred to
as the State and Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS) network and includes SLAMS, National
Air Monitoring Stations (NAMS) and Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS)
sites.
The SLAMS and NAMS sites are established to measure concentrations of the criteria
pollutants while the PAMS sites monitor for NOj, 03>* ozone precursors (volatile organic
compounds, other oxides of nitrogen, carbonyl compounds), and meteorological parameters. This
section discusses the costs associated with criteria pollutant monitoring, and Section 7 covers
monitoring costs for the PAMS sites.
CH-9M04
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Cost estimates are included for each of the criteria pollutants calculated for a single
monitoring system. Amortization of capital costs is based on a 5-year period lifetime for a
monitoring site. Where ranges of capital costs are provided, the corresponding annual costs are
determined based on a reasonable estimate of the most likely methods and procedures to be used.
Travel costs for routine site service, maintenance and repairs, and audits are not explicitly
estimated for criteria pollutant monitoring. Criteria pollutant monitoring is generally assumed
to be conducted in non-remote areas within a reasonable distance (about 10 to 15 miles) from
the base of operations for site operators and maintenance personnel. It is assumed that travel
expenses are accounted for within general overhead expenses. General overhead is reflected in
the multiplier applied to obtain the burdened labor rate. When remote sites are used, additional
travel costs should be added.
4.2 COST ESTIMATES FOR LEAD MONITORING
Over the last decade, lead impacts from mobile sources have decreased rapidly due to the
removal of lead additives from automotive fueL As a result, the focus of lead monitoring has
shifted from high traffic areas to point sources of lead such as primary and secondary smelters,
and lead acid battery manufacturing and reclamation facilities.
Table 4-1 gives the costs associated with sampling and analysis for lead. The costs are
based on daily sampling using a 48-hour sampling period. Capital expenditures (i.e., one time
costs) listed in the table as CPTL and annual operating/maintenance costs listed as 0/M, as well
as the professional level and amount of time needed to complete a given activity are provided.
Table 4-2 gives the average (amortized) annual costs for capital expenditures and total costs for
capital and operational measures.
A network design study for lead around point sources could include dispersion modeling
to determine maximum impact areas from nearby point sources. Monitors may also have to be
located to capture background concentrations from urbanized areas. Cost estimates for a network
design study (including dispersion modeling) are based on approximately 375 hours divided
between the mid and senior professional levels. The cost per site is obtained by dividing the cost
of the study by five sites.
Site selection includes a field survey of candidate sites, and selection of final monitoring
locations based the monitoring objectives and logistical constraints. Site selection costs are based
on 24 hours per site at an average rate corresponding to a senior technician (TEC2).
Lead is usually sampled using a high-volume sampler, which is also used for sampling
total suspended particulates (TSP). These arc self contained, weatherproof samplers. A complete
sampler including flow control and recording equipment can be obtained for about $2,000. Site
preparation costs assume a new but reasonably accessible site. Costs include constructing a
platform for the sampler and/or securing the sampler to the roof of a shelter. It is assumed that
the site may need to be fenced and lighted to prevent vandalism. The estimate for site
preparation includes labor and materials. The work may be done in-house or contracted out.
CH-9M04 4-2
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TABLE 4-1. COST ESTIMATES FOR LEAD DAILY SAMPLING
(48-Hour Sampling Period)
Dr'''!;;/ '/^.*-r.v '-. .1
aSeWJd&Bfes&a^^ „ *, ^ - - '- '/ \. ^ ?^ "n, / % ^ *
$v .- ^ % ,/JJr *- j " -. <.•••• Mf •• *-^** *• j- j- <. " ""^-^
Network design study*
Network design study*
Site selection
' \ Cost
Type
x&&v*y ;*?£*&
CPTL
CPTL
CPTL
Labor
tevei
^>-J*,*
PR02
PR04
TEC2
Hours
s %
40
35
24
Cost:
1,680
2310
792
•SiieOfise^ib* ? ' * * - "- ' V ' '
Procurement
Land/lease
Site preparation
Power drop
High volume sampler (complete)
Equipment installation
CPTL
0/M
CPTL
CPTL
CPTL
CPTL
PRO1
TEC2
8
8
288 '<
1.500
3.000
350
2,000
264
l^mpisjgi."5: r-r'-'"- ^ -. ' 5 ';''/'
Filter media
Supplies
Utilities
Site service
•KfaiweHano*-' >"%'/'"^' ^ '^"^ '^ ' ',, '
; WtHBHWBJHW? ,
Spare parts/supplies
Repairs
Routine maintenance
Aaalys»'' '- '-< * ' - " - ' '-
Laboratory services
O/M
0/M
0/M
O/M
,'i**'* i 'J- -:--
0/M
0/M
O/M
TEC1
'" '„ '. :'%'
TEC2
TEC2
, '••• , •• '
O/M
270
400
200
600
8,100
' -
8
16
200
264
528
1.000
Data acquisition/processing
Data reporting
Data validation
.^^7^**s**Bra^lfc... .';.-.. '.. -". '>' ;« '" ' -'-'*
.Audi^calibration kit
O/M
O/M
O/M
PRO1
PRO2
PRO2
10
8
12
360
336
504
7:^y^'^s^'V>^ -' ^
CPTL
125
(Continued)
CH-93.104
4-3
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TABLE 4-L COST ESTIMATES FOR LEAD
(48-Hour Sampling Period) (Continued)
Lafeor
Hours
Cost
QA plan preparation
CPU.
PRO2
16
672
Audits
O/M
TEC2
16
528
Training
O/M
TEC2
264
Reporting
O/M
PRO2
336
Implementation/coordination
O/M
PRO2
16
672
Plannin g/coordination
O/M
PROS
16
800
Supervision/review
O/M
PROS
16
800
11,481
17392
Asterisk denotes dispersion modeling conducted for network design.
TABLE 4-2. LEAD COST SUMMARY DAILY SAMPLING
(48-Hour Sampling)
11,481
17392
19,688
**Average annualized cost is obtained by dividing the capital cost by five (the number of years used for amortization),
and then adding the annualized operation and maintenance costs. Average annualized cost = 11,481/5 + 17392 = 19,688,
TABLE 4-3. LEAD COST SUMMARY
(1/6 Day Sampling Schedule)
Cost
9,771
10,130
1Z084
**Average annualized cost is obtained by dividing the capital cost by five (the number of years used for amortization),
and then adding the annualized operation and maintenance costs. Average annualized cost = 9,771/5 + 10,130 = 12,084.
CH-9M04
4-4
-------
Sampling for lead involves routine site visits to replace filter media, record flows, and
maintain the sampler. A sampling schedule of 1 sample every 6 days has traditionally been used
to characterize mobile source impacts. Due to the increased variability in atmospheric lead
concentrations near point sources, every day sampling is recommended in these locations. The
cost estimates provided in Table 4-1 reflect a daily sampling schedule. A summary of the
captial, O/M, and annualized costs for a 1/6 day sampling schedule is given in Table 4-3. The
daily sampling estimates assume a 48-hour sampling period. A noon-to-noon sampling period
is assumed so that it is not necessary to use two samplers to obtain consecutive samples as it
would be with a midnight-to-midnight period. The labor estimates for site service include travel
time. Alternative sampling strategies can be used to help mitigate the increased cost of daily
sampling. These include 48-hour sampling periods, flexibility in sample start and stop times, and
composite filter analysis.
Sampling supplies include filters, folders, envelopes, flow recorder charts, and inks.
Either quartz or glass fiber filters may be used for sampling. Filters cost approximately $2 each.
Cost estimates assume 200 filters per site per year for 48-hour sampling, allowing for blanks and
damaged filters. Power consumption is about 6000 kilowatt hours per year, assuming continuous
operation.
Lead analysis is conducted on a filter extract by atomic absorption spectrophotometry
(AAS). Analysis may be done in-house or contracted out The cost estimate assumes that 8-day
samples are composited for each analysis (four 48-hour samples). Approximately 50 analyses
would be needed per sampler per year including QC samples. The per sample cost for contract
analysis is about $20. This includes the cost of shipping the samples to and from the laboratory.
In-house analysis requires purchasing the AAS instrument and associated equipment and supplies
and providing laboratory space and a trained technician to conduct the analysis. The cost of AAS
equipment ranges from $55,000 to $95,000 depending on the degree of automation desired. The
per sample cost would depend on the sample volume. Shipping costs are assumed to be rolled
into the cost per sample.
Routine maintenance involves cleaning and lubricating the sampler, inspecting gaskets and
electrical connections, replacing the pump motor brushes, inspecting the pump bearings and
housing, and recalibrating inlet flow rates. The average cost for spare parts and maintenance
supplies is estimated at $200 per sampler per year. Quanerly routine maintenance is assumed
for the cost estimates. An additional maintenance visit is allowed for remedial maintenance
(repairs).
Data management activities and level of effort per sample are typical of those for
intermittent sampling. Intermittent data acquisition and processing involves obtaining the
laboratory data reports, formatting the data as necessary, and integrating them with the agency's
data management system. The total cost may be somewhat higher than average intermittent data
management costs based on a l-in-6 day sampling interval due to the possibility of greater
sampling and analysis frequency. For example, if cost estimates were based on data from
approximately 200 samples per year (including blanks and QC samples) for 48-hour, every day
sampling, instead of the 60 samples per year obtained with a l-in-6 day sampling interval, then
CH-93-104 4.5
-------
total data management costs would tend to ran $720 for data acquisition/processing for 20 hours
at the PRO1 level, $756 for data reporting for 18 hours at the PR02 level, and $1,050 for data
validation for 25 hours at the PRO2 level. For the assumptions used in Table 4-1, of 48-hour
sampling interval and 4 samples composited for analysis, the data management costs are roughly
comparable to those of 1/6 day sampling.
QA costs include preparation of the QA plan, coordination and supervision of the QA/QC
program, flow audits, participation in an internal audit, reports, and training. QA costs are
divided among the number of monitors in the network (assumed to be five). QA plan preparation
is a one time (capital) cost Coordination and supervision includes reviewing audits and field
operations, and ensuring that procedures are followed and that necessary corrective measures are
taken when necessary. Reports on QA activities, problems, and solutions should be prepared for
management review once per quarter. Training is assumed to be an annual cost due to operator
turnover. Flow audits must be conducted at least once per year on each sampler. Allowance is
made for two flow audits per year for the cost estimate. Flow calibration involves using either
a variable flow calibrator which uses a primary standard traceable to the National Institute of
Science and Technology (MIST) or an orifice calibration kit The cost for a variable flow
calibrator kit which is used in the calculation shown is $625, and the cost for an orifice
calibration kit, which is not used in Table 4-1, is $400. The cost of the flow calibration kit is
divided among a network of five samplers and is shown in Table 4-1 as $125.
Management and supervision costs are estimated as for a typical monitoring program as
discussed in Section 3.8.
4.3 COST ESTIMATES FOR PM-10 MONITORING
Both continuous and intermittent methods are available for ambient PM-10 monitoring.
Intermittent methods are more common and include high volume samplers fitted with a size
selective inlet (SSI), and dichotomous samplers. Of these, the SSI sampler is the most widely
used for routine SLAMS and NAMS monitoring. The dichotomous sampler (Dichot) collects
paniculate in two size ranges: smaller than 10 microns and larger than 2.5 um (coarse), and
smaller than 2.5 pm (fine). The PM-10 concentration is the sum of the coarse and fine fractions.
The filters are collected during site visits, and sent to a laboratory for weight determination.
Continuous PM-10 monitors include beta attenuation monitors and a continuous weighing,
oscillating microbalance (OM). Both employ a size selective inlet The beta attenuation monitor
collects PM-10 on a filter tape. The deposit buildup on the tape is continuously recorded by
measuring the attenuation of beta radiation through the tape. The tape is automatically advanced
at preset intervals. The OM collects PM-10 on a small filter interfaced with an inertial mass
transducer which allows near continuous weighing of the filter as the deposit accumulates. The
filter is changed manually when the paniculate loading rises beyond the tolerance limits of the
device.
The cost for PM-10 monitoring, using each of these types of monitors, is estimated based
on SLAMS/NAMS monitoring requirements. The dichotomous samplers and continuous PM-10
monitors are more often used in special circumstances. The dichotomous sampler is often used
CH-93-104 4-6
-------
to collect data for receptor modeling applications. The continuous monitors are used in
circumstances where there is large temporal variation in PM-10 concentrations, particularly in
high concentration areas, or for PSI index reporting.
Network design and siting cost estimates are the same for each method based on
SLAMS/NAMS monitoring requirements. A PM-10 network design study follows the network
design methodology outlined in Section 3 of this guideline. Such a study may or may not
include modeling. A reasonable estimate of costs for such a study, excluding modeling, is about
200 hours at the mid to senior professional level (PRO2 to PRO4). Using 75 hours at the PRO2
level and 125 hours of PRO4 time, such a study would cost $11,400. Assuming a network size
of five stations, the cost per station can be estimated at $2480. The inclusion of dispersion
modelling would require approximately 175 additional hours (125 at the P2 level and 50 at the
P4 level) for a total cost of about $19,950. Costs for site selection are based on the same
assumptions used for site selection for lead monitoring.
4.3.1 Cost Estimates for Intermittent PM-10 Sampling
Cost estimates for intermittent PM-10 sampling are detailed in Table 4-4 and summarized
in Table 4-5. Option 1 describes costs for sampling with an SSI sampler, and Option 2 describes
the costs for a dichotomous sampler. The figures given in Table 4-4 are based on a 1 in 6 day
sampling schedule. Table 4-5 summarizes costs for 1 in 6 (1/6), every other day (1/2), and every
day (1/1 and I/la) sampling schedules for both methods. The 1/2 and 1/1 sampling schedules
use two samplers at each site. Costs are also summarized for an every day sampling schedule
using three samplers per site (I/la). The capital costs for option I/la are higher; however, these
are largely offset by lower operating costs since fewer site visits are required.
The cost increase due to a more frequent sampling schedule depends on the number of
samples and the number of samplers. Some cost elements such as network design and siting, and
the cost of a laboratory microbalance do not change with increased sampling frequency. Costs
for such items as filter media and supplies increase directly with the number of samples. Capital
equipment and installation costs increase directly with the number of samplers. Economies of
scale are realized for laboratory analysis, data management and administrative costs. These
factors were taken into account in projecting the costs for the more frequent sampling schedules.
The standard SSI sampler is designed to be operated outdoors without a shelter.
Dichotomous samplers are commercially available in weatherproof configurations so that a shelter
is not required. A complete PM-10 SSI sampler including high volume sampler, size selective
inlet, flow control and recording equipment costs about $4,500. The dichotomous sampler costs
about $8,000, complete. Assumptions used in estimating site preparation costs are the same as
those used for lead sampling.
PM-10 sampling requires scheduled site visits to change the filter media and service the
sampler. Sampling supplies include filter media, filter shipper holder envelopes (SSI) or petri
slides (dichotomous), and flow recorder charts and inks. For l-in-6 day sampling, about
75 filters should be allowed per SSI sampler per year. The SSI sampler uses 8 x 10.inch quartz
fiber filters which cost about $2 each. The dichotomous sampler, which uses teflon filters
CH-93-104 4_7 " _
-------
TABLE-M. COST ESTIMATES FOR INTERMITTENT PM-10 SAMPUNG
(1/6 Day Sampling Schedule)
Network design study
Network design study
Procurement
^•^•^M^^^^^^
Land/lease
Site preparation
SSI sampler (comptete)
^"^"^^^"•^^^•"^^'^^-i-^-^^
Dichotomous Sampler (complete)
Equipment installation
Filter media (PM-10)
————___^^_«^
Filter Media (Dichotomous)
Supplies
M^MMB^B
Utilities
Spare parts/suppUes
Repairs
Routine maintenance
Microbalance
— — -^— ^•
Laboratory
Data acquintion/frrocessing (SSD
Data acquisition^rocessing (Dichot)
Data reporting (SSI)
m^m^^^
Data reporting (Dichot)
CH-93.104
-------
TABLE 44. COST ESTIMATES FOR INTERMITTENT PM-10 SAMPLING
(1/6 Day Sampling Schedule) (Continued)
Data validation (Dichot)
Audit/calibration kit (SSI)
Audit/calibration kit (Dichot)
QA plan preparation
••^^•^^•^H
Audits
Implementation/coordination
*•" *«.
i/'^'-x?*,. $*^»,s- '.-. • . ... . ii
%e«tti«^^Sfa&^tt^ " ,«,
Option 1 - Sampling with an SSI sampler
Option 2 - Sampling with a dichotamoas sampler
TABLE 4-5. INTERMITTENT PM-10 SAMPLING COST SUMMARY
Average Annual (5 yr)
Capital
^•^MiM^H*
Annual
^^MHIHM
Average Annual (5 yr)
-------
costing about $3 each, requires twice the number of filters (150 filters) because of the two size
fractions (coarse and fine). The dichotomous sampler uses comparatively small (37 mm
diameter) circular filters. A variety of filter media are available for the dichotomous sampler,
however, Teflon filters are most commonly used. Power consumption for both samplers is
estimated at 1000 kilowatt hours per year based on running 24 hours in each 6-day period.
Routine maintenance of the SSI sampler is similar to that for the lead sampler. In
addition to the maintenance requirements for the flow system, the SSI must be disassembled and
cleaned. While the maintenance procedures vary, the spare parts and labor estimates for routine
maintenance and repairs are the same for bom the SSI and dichotomous samplers. These
estimates are general figures that take into account variations in the need for maintenance and
repairs among samplers within a network. Quarterly routine maintenance is assumed for the cost
estimates for both methods. These visits include flow calibration. Allowance is made for one
major or two minor repairs per year.
After being allowed to equilibrate in a desicator, filters collected by either the SSI or the
dichotomous sampler are analyzed gravimetrically on a microbalance accurate to 0.1 mg. The
cost of such a microbalance ranges from about $4,000 to $9,000. A reasonable estimate is
$7,500. For the cost estimate, this cost is divided across a network containing five sites;
however, a single microbalance is capable of handling filters from a network of up to 20 sites.
The cost per filter analysis is reduced for larger networks. Gravimetric analysis involves filter
conditioning and pre-weighing, filter weighing, and data reduction. The cost estimates are based
on 75 filters per year for SSI sampling and 150 filters per year for dichotomous sampling. The
analytical cost per filter is approximately the same for both methods. The labor required for data
reduction is somewhat lower for the second filter from the dichotomous sampler since the flow
rates and sampling conditions are the same as for the first filter; however, the dichotomous data
also require the additional step of combining the weights from the coarse and fine fractions.
The costs of data acquisition and processing, validation, and reporting are typical of those
for intermittent sampling data (see Section 3.6). Slightly higher data management costs are
incurred for the dichotomous sampler due to the larger number of filters. QA and supervision
activities and costs are similar to those for lead sampling except an allowance is made for one
audit per year. The calibration kit for the dichotomous sampler consists of two mass flow
meters. The cost of the kit is about $1,000. This cost is distributed among a network of five
sites for the cost estimate.
4.3.2 Cost Estimates for Continuous PM-10 Sampling
Cost estimates for continuous PM-10 monitoring are detailed in Table 4-6 and
summarized in Table 4-7. Option 1 describes costs for a beta attenuation monitor and Option
2 describes the costs for an OM monitor. Costs are estimated assuming that hourly data are
collected and that the data are polled remotely via telephone lines.
The cost of a complete beta attenuation monitor is about $15,000. This includes an
approved shipping container needed to transport the sampler in accordance with Department of
Transportation regulations for shipping radioactive material. The OM sampler costs about
CH-93-104 4-10
-------
TABLE 4-
-------
TABLE 4-6. COST ESTIMATES FOR CONTINUOUS PM-10 SAMPLING (Continued)
Cost
Data validation - operational
0/M
PRO1
18
648
Data validation - statistical
O/M PRO2
16
672
Calibration kit (Beta)
CPTL
Calibration kit (TEOM)
CPTL
1,000
Flow audits
O/M
TEC2
16
528
Implementation/coordination
O/M
PROS
26
1,300
QA plan preparation
CPTL
PR02
20
840
Reporting
O/M
PRO2
26
1,092
Training
O/M
TEC2
8
264
Planning/coordination
O/M
PROS
26
UOO
Supervision/review
O/M PROS
26
UOO
Total Capital (CPTL} Costs ~ Optics t
30,528
•I/*
12,427
31,628
12,769
Option 1 - Beta attenuation monitor
Option 2 - Oscillating microbilance moni
TABLE 4-7. CONTINUOUS PM-10 SAMPLING COST SUMMARY
30J28
31,628
12,427
12,769
"' t
18^33
19,095
CH-93-10*
4-12
-------
$17,000. The OM sampler requires a temperature controlled shelter. Commercially available
beta attenuation monitors do not require a weatherproof shelter, although a shelter is
recommended for improved reliability. The cost estimates include a shelter for both methods.
The cost for an 8' x 8', prewired, temperature controlled shelter is about $7,000. Small shelters
can also be used that are designed to house only the sampler. The cost for such a shelter is about
$3,750. The utility cost for heating and cooling the smaller shelter is also lower. The cost
estimate in Table 4-6 is based on use of the smaller shelter. If more than one type of monitoring
will be conducted at the site, the larger shelter would be used and the cost would be divided
among the monitors using the shelter.
A datalogger configured with a modem is used to store and retrieve data from both types
of continuous PM-10 monitors. Data are polled remotely over telephone lines. The cost of the
off-site computer used for remote polling is not included in the cost estimates (see Section 3.61.
A new version of the OM monitor that does not require an external data logger has recently
become available, at the same cost. The cost estimates in Table 4-6 assume that a datalogger,
including a data storage cartridge is used for both types of monitor.
Both types of monitors require minimal field service. The sample collection filter in the
OM monitor must be changed when the filter becomes too heavily loaded. This is estimated at
one filter change every 2 weeks at an average PM-10 concentration of from 25 to 50 ug/m3.
Twenty-six site visits per year are assumed for routine service of the OM monitor. The sample
collection tape in the beta attenuation monitor should be changed about two times per year.
however, the sample inlet should be cleaned about every 2 months. Six site visits per year are
assumed for routine service of the beta attenuation monitor.
Routine maintenance for the beta attenuation monitor includes replacing gaskets and
tubing. Periodic maintenance for the OM monitor includes replacing gaskets, tubing, and a
protective filter. The cost estimate includes two routine maintenance visits per year. In addition.
the estimates include a pump overhaul once per year for each type of monitor. Although both
types of monitors generally need few repairs, the estimates allow technician time for minor
repairs to the instruments, phone lines, and wiring at the site. Each sampler is shipped, when
purchased, with sufficient spare parts and supplies for about 1 year's operation. The average
annualized cost over the 5-year period takes this into account by subtracting 1 year's expense for
spare parts and supplies.
Data management costs are typical of those for handling hourly averaged data (see
Section 3.6). These include automated data acquisition and processing, data validation, and
reporting. QA costs include the cost of preparing the QA plan, conducting audits, reviewing
operations, implementing corrective actions, and providing training. The cost estimate allows for
flow audits twice per year. Both types of monitors are audited using certified mass flow meters.
The audit kit for the beta attenuation monitor costs about $1,900. The audit kit for the OM
monitor costs about $1,000. Calibration of the OM monitor includes flow controller software
calibration every six months and flow controller hardware, analog and mass transducer calibration
at an interval of 1 to 2 years. These activities would be conducted during the semi-annual
maintenance visits. No external calibration is required for the beta attenuation monitor.
CH-93-I04 4.13
-------
Costs for program management and supervision are typical of those for a continuous
monitoring system (see Section 3.8).
4.4 COST ESTIMATES FOR CONTINUOUS MONITORING FOR NITROGEN
DIOXIDE, OZONE, SULFUR DIOXIDE, AND CARBON MONOXIDE
Although continuous and intermittent monitoring methods are available for the monitoring
of gaseous criteria pollutants in ambient air, except for SO^ the reference or equivalent methods
for the other four gaseous criteria pollutants, NOj, 03, SO?, and CO, are continuous methods.
The reference method for S02 is an intermittent method; however, all SLAMS and NAMS sites
use continuous methods for measuring SOj. Therefore, the cost estimates presented here only
address continuous monitoring methods.
A number of different principles of detection are used for measurement of the four
pollutants and the reader is referred to the reference method descriptions in the Appendices of
40 CFR Part 50, the Federal Register announcements of equivalent method designations, or the
equipment manufacturers literature for detailed descriptions of the methods. For purposes of
simplifying the cost estimations, we have included a single analyzer cost for each of the four
pollutants. Choice of the type of reference or equivalent analyzer is up to the user and the cost
may vary from that listed in the table.
Table 4-8 gives a detailed breakdown of the cost estimates for NO2, O3, SO2, and CO.
All of the pollutant monitoring costs are similar for the continuous analyzers; therefore, they all
appear on one table. There are some added complexities in the NO2 analyzer because it measures
NO2 as the difference between NO and NOr Since the analyzer requires more time to calibrate
than the other analyzers and provides concentration levels for NO, NO2, and NOX, adjustments
for these differences have been considered and reflected in the cost estimates for NO, calibration,
and data management In addition, NAMS and SLAMS sites frequently have more than one
continuous analyzer at the same site while the cost estimates included in the table assume one
analyzer per site. In calculating costs for a multipollutant monitoring site, cost adjustments
should be made to reflect multiple use of items such as the shelter, and the multigas calibrator,
as well as to avoid duplicate costing for site selection, power drop, land/lease, and site
preparation.
Network design and siting cost estimates for the four pollutants are assumed to be the
same and follow the methodology presented hi Section 3. For these pollutants it is assumed that
the cost of a network design is about 511,400 prorated among five monitoring sites or $2,280 per
station.
Site installation costs include the cost of equipment procurement, land lease, site
preparation, power drop and equipment installation. In addition, the costs for an NO2, O3, SO2,
and CO analyzer and other major equipment expenditures are included under this category. The
other major costs include, multipollutant gas calibrator, zero air supply, data logger, strip chart
recorder, ambient air intake manifold, 8' x 12' prewired temperature controlled shelter, and
shelter accessory equipment such as a constant voltage regulator, workbench, filing and wall
cabinets, and an exterior gas bottle compartment
CH-93-104 4-14 *
-------
CostUement
Network design study
Network design study
Site selection
NO-NO.-NO, analyzer
Ozone analyzer
••^l*^mi^M_«
SO, analyzer
Carbon monoxide analyzer
Multigas calibrator
"^^"^"^""•^^•"^•^^•^^^••^•B
Zero air supply
Ambient air intake manifold assembly
Data logger
Strip chan recorder
^
Power drop
Land/lease
l^H>IHB^B^^^^B'^^^B^BHi
Procurement
Shelter (8x12 temperature controlled)
Optional shelter equipment/accessories
Site preparation
Equipment installation
IL '"
[[Sampling and Analysis
Supplies
Utilities
••^^^•I^HMM
Routine site visits
——»—»—••••._
Maiaienancg:
Spare parts/supplies
Remedial repairs
Routine maintenance
SffiKSSU
FoOotant
CO
Cost
Labor
Level
Hour
s
^
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
IMMMM
/
mm^^^
s
s
;*, ,^ '-^< ,4 ^. sV; ••- Q'
CPTL
iHM^i^MI^^^
CPTL
CPTL
PR02
15
(Continued)
CPTL
CPTL
CPTL
^^^MBI^^H
CPTL
CPTL
CPTL
0/M
CPTL
CPTL
CPTL
CPTL
TEC2
16
TEC2
52
Cost
CH-93-104
4-15
-------
TABLE 4-8. COST ESTIMATES FOR CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF
NITROGEN DIOXIDE, OZONE SULFUR DIOXIDE, AND CARBON MONOXIDE
(Continued)
Cost:
Labor
Level
Hour
Cost
O/M
PRO1
26
936
Data acquisition/processing
0/M
PR01
30
1,080
Dais. reporting
O/M
PRO2
24
1,008
Data reporting
O/M
PRO2
28
1,176
Data validation
O/M
PR02
34
1,428
Data validation
O/M
PRO2
40
1,680
Portable ozone transfer calibrator
CPTL
2,400
Multigas calibration/audit system
CPTL
7,200
Audits
O/M
PRO2
16
672
Routine calibrations
O/M
TEC2
52
1,716
Routine calibrations
O/M
TEC2
26
858
Coordination/implementation
O/M
PROS
12
600
Training
O/M
PRO2
24
1,008
QA plan preparation
CPTL
PRO2
20
840
Planning/coordination
O/M
PRO3
32
1,600
Supervision/review
O/M
PROS
32
1,600
49,558
17396
49,558
15574
49,558
•" %> "•
15,974
49,358
•" x* ff •> •jr'&s *• % 'Ct^^ww.^v ^ ? ^ * <• v. ' vl"VA^. ^
%an^li^teBaiw»^O^^€Sjs^^vlf
15,974
CH-93>104
4-16
-------
Sampling and analysis normal operational costs include $400 for supplies such as chart
paper, pens, log books, and miscellaneous items, $960 for utilities at $80 per month, and $1,716
for 26 2-hour site visits per year. Maintenance and repair costs of approximately $1,700 per
year consist of corrective repairs, routine maintenance of the analyzers, including spare parts.
Data management costs allow for 26 hours per year for data acquisition and processing
for O3, SOz, and CO analyzers with an additional 4 hours per year for NO2. Data reporting
entails 28 hours per year for NQj and 24 hours for the other three pollutants. Finally data
validation is estimated at 40 hours per year for a PR02 for NOj and 34 hours for the other
pollutants.
QA costs encompass capital costs for a portable ozone transfer calibrator, a multigas
calibration/audit system and 20 hours of a PR02 time to prepare/update a QA project plan. Also
included are operation and maintenance charges for the conduct of routine calibrations, audits
(internal and external), training and overall coordination and implementation of a QA program.
Supervision and management total 64 hours per year for planning, program review and upper
level management supervision.
Table 4-9 gives a summary of the annual costs for continuous monitoring of nitrogen
dioxide, ozone, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide.
TABLE 4-9. SUMMARY OF COSTS FOR CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF
NITROGEN DIOXIDE, OZONE, SULFUR DIOXIDE, AND CARBON MONOXIDE
CTarboB Monoxide
49,558
49,558
49^58
49358
17396
15,974
15^74
15,974
aafisafrCpsfc
27308
25,886
25,886
25,846
The operation and maintenance (0/M) costs given in Table 4-8 are for a year-round
(12 month) monitoring period. Many agencies, however, do not conduct ozone monitoring
throughout the year. According to Appendix D of CFR Part 58 ozone monitoring schedules can
be 4, 5, 7, 9, or 12 months depending on what state the monitoring is being conducted in.
Table 4-10 gives a summary of the annual costs incurred for ozone monitoring on one of these
other schedules. These costs were approximated by taking the O/M costs for the 12-month time
period, and multiplying the O/M costs by the fraction of the year actually monitored. For
example a 7-month monitoring period would have a multiplier of 7/12 (0.5833) or for a 4-month
period 4/12 (0.33).
CH-9M04
4-17
-------
TABLE "°'0*^Y OF COSTSFOR CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF
OZONE FOR SELECTED MONITORING PERIODS
• + v •"* % O
.* */''<-^.V' * o^
v ^^^^^^
£OS$$ Igfr CgCgig HOPgTQRlNG SEASON
CH-93-104
4-18
-------
4.5 REFERENCES
1. "Ambient Air Quality Surveillance", Federal Register 44:27558-27604. May 10, 1979.
2. "National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards", Code of Federal
Regulations, Title 40, Part 50, July 1, 1991.
3. "National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards, Reference Methods for
the Determination of Criteria Pollutants", Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 50,
Appendices A-G, July 1991.
4. "Requirements for Preparation, Adoption, and Submittal of Implementation Plans", Code
of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 51, July 1, 1991.
CH-93-104 4-19
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-------
SECTION 5.0
SELECTED AIR TOXICS MONITORING
5.1 BACKGROUND
This section deals with costs incurred in the collection and analysis of selected air toxic
pollutants. Determination of toxic organic compounds in ambient air is a complex task, due to
the wide variety of compounds of interest and the lack of standardized sampling and analysis
procedures. In recent years, more and more attention has been focused on the standardization
of monitoring and analysis techniques for air toxics. In 1988, the EPA revised the Compendium
of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air.1 This document
was originally produced in 1984 and it contains EPA recommended sampling and analysis
procedures for selected air toxics. It is updated periodically to incorporate new methods. In
1987, the Urban Air Toxics Monitoring Program was initiated by EPA. The purpose of the
program is to support State and local agency efforts to assess the nature and magnitude of the
urban air toxics problem in their respective areas. The program consists of these different types
of air samplers:
Canister - for volatile organic compounds (VOQ
Adsorbent tube cartridge - for formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds
• Total suspended paniculate filter - for metals
Other EPA documents dealing with air toxics include Technical Assistance Document for
Sampling and Analysis of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air, and Screening Methods for
the Development of Air Toxic Emission Factors.*3 The cost estimates included in this chapter
focus on the pollutants and methods described in these EPA documents.
This section is arranged so that complete costs are tabulated for each monitoring system.
The majority of the monitoring systems described here were taken from the Compendium of
Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds and can be identified by their
Compendium number, TO1-T014.1 However, the old Cost of Ambient Air Monitoring for
Criteria Pollutants and Selected Toxic Pollutants (EPA-450/4-85-004) document was also used
to furnish methods for this section and they are noted accordingly.4 These sources should be
consulted for a more detailed breakdown and description of the different monitoring systems.
Table 5-1 provides an easy cross-reference of subsections that deal with sampling and
analytical costs for each of the selected air toxic pollutants. Individual pollutants are listed
alphabetically in the left column of the table. Recommended monitoring systems for the selected
air toxics are listed across the page. Each monitoring system is also listed by the collection
media used for sampling. The number of the subsection covering costs for the recommended
monitoring system is included in each column heading. Thus, each pollutant can be cross-
CH-93-104 5.1
-------
referenced across the page to locate report subsections where sampling and analysis costs are
found.
Certain assumptions were made in compiling the toxic pollutant cost estimates. In
calculating laboratory analysis costs, it is assumed that there is an existing fully-equipped
laboratory with all basic laboratory furniture, equipment and associated glassware. Specific
analytical equipment costs are included in descriptions for the specific method. A second
assumption involves the use of air sampling equipment and supplies. To the extent possible,
prices are listed for complete sampling systems rather than individual components of the
sampling system. The following assumptions were also made:
• A monitoring network consists of five monitoring sites
• CPTL costs are amortized over 5 years
The sampling schedule is once every 6 days
The cost estimate tables summarize the start up costs incurred for the installation of one
sampler and the purchase and set up of the appropriate analytical equipment. As stated
previously, there are many alternatives for how a monitoring system can be set up and run.
However, only the following two cost options have been given for each of the monitoring
systems. These options differ in how the analytical portion of the monitoring system is handled;
sampling activities remain the same regardless of the option chosen.
Option 1 - This option includes all sampling requirements and necessitates the purchase and
installation of all the analytical equipment needed to analyze the samples. It also
covers all expenses incurred conducting the analysis, such as operation and
maintenance of analytical equipment, audits, calibrations, training, data
management, and management and supervision.
Option 2 • This option includes all sampling requirements but necessitates the purchase of
analytical services from a laboratory. The cost estimates are in the tables and are
based on 61 samples per year. The agency collects the samples, sends the sample
to the lab for analysis and receives a report on the results.
CH-93-104 5-2
-------
TABLE 5-1. CROSS REFERENCE TABLE FOR MONITORING SYSTEMS FOR
SELECTED TOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS
8wi#*frf
-------
TABLE 5-1. CROSS REFERENCE TABLE FOR MONITORING SYSTEMS
SELECTED TOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS (Continued)
FOR
Chlordane
Cblorobenzene
Chlorobiphenyls
Chloroform
Uilorpyrifos
Chlorolhalonil
Chromium
Droionaldehyde
Cumene
1,1-Dlchloroeihane
,2-Dlchloroefhane
,2-Dichloropropane
,3-Dichloropropane
l,4'-DDE
,4'-DDT
)jchloromethane
)imethylnilrosamine
(continued)
-------
TABLE 5-1. CROSS REFERENCE TABLE FOR MONITORING SYSTEMS
SELECTED TOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS (Continued)
FOR
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene
cis-1,3-Pichtoroproiyne
rans-1,3-Dichloropropcnc
1,2-Dihromocihane
m-o-p-Dichlorobenzene
2,5-Dimetbylbenzaldehyde
Bthyl Benzene
Blbylene Dibromide
Bthyl Chloride
formaldehyde
Freon 12
'reon 114
'reon 11
'reon 113
•Heptane
-Heptene
Hexanal
(continued)
-------
TABLE 5-1. CROSS REFERENCE TABLE FOR MONITORING SYSTEMS FOR
SELECTED TOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS (Continued)
'^"^^^???^1^
TOU
for
TQ&
' ,* " <* V
Hexachlorobuladiene
Isobuiyraldehyde
fsovulcruldcliydc
Manganese
Meihylene Chloride
Vfethyl Chloroform
X
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Methyl Chloride
Methyl Bromide
ickel
-Nitrosodimethylamine
-m-p-Cresol
-m-p-Xylene
-m-p-Tolualdehyde
entanal
henol
•olychlorinated Biphenyls
(continued)
-------
TABLE 5-1. CROSS REFERENCE TABLE FOR MONITORING SYSTEMS FOR
SELECTED TOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS (Continued)
iy^xiMlwp
*s r % ,x*x*, v*c " *'
Phosgene
Prapanal
Propionaldehyde
Styrenc
Toluene
,1.1-Trichloroethane
reirachloroethylene
rdchloroethylene
. 1,2-Trichloroeihane
. 1,2,2-Telrachloroethane
,3i5-Trimethylbenzene
,2,4-Trimethylbenzenc
,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
/aler aldehyde
finy\ Chloride
^inylidene Qiloride
-------
5.2 COST ESTIMATES FOR SOLID ADSORBENT SAMPLING (METHODS TO1,
T02, TO7, and T011)
5.2.1 Introduction
Solid adsorbents are frequently used for sampling gas phase organics. The primary
advantage of this sampling approach is the large volume of air which can be sampled when
compared to other techniques such as impingers or cryogenic sampling. Sampling and analytical
costs are similar for solid adsorbent methods, TO1, TO2, and TOT. Cost data provided in this
section may be used for all three adsorbents. However, Method TO 11 uses a silica gel solid
adsorbent cartridge that contains silica gel coated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)
reagent Aldehydes and ketones readily form a stable derivative with the DNPH reagent
Method TO11 is a modification of Method TO5 which uses a DNPH solution in a midget
impinger for air sampling. The sampling component of Method TO 11 is the same as for the
other solid adsorbents but the analytical process is different Method T05 must be consulted to
obtain a detailed breakdown of analytical cost for TO 11 adsorbent used. The basic difference
between Methods TO1, TO2, and TO7 is the cost of the particular solid. Method TO 11 solid
adsorbent costs are included in this cost breakdown, but the summary cost estimate is found in
Section 5.3. There are generally three categories of solid adsorbents: organic polymeric
adsorbents, inorganic adsorbents, and carbon adsorbents.
Methods TO1 and TO7 are examples of organic polymeric adsorbents. These methods
do not collect water in the sampling process so large volumes of air can be collected. Another
advantage of the organic polymeric adsorbents is the absence of "active sites" which can lead to
irreversible adsorption of certain polar compounds. A major disadvantage for these adsorbents
is their inability to capture highly volatile materials, like vinyl chloride, as well as certain polar
materials like methanol or acetone.
Method TO2 uses a carbon adsorbent for its sampling requirement These adsorbents are
relatively nonpolar compared to the inorganic adsorbents, and thus water adsorption is less of a
problem. Carbon based materials tend to exhibit much stronger adsorption properties than
organic polymeric adsorbents. This allows for efficient collection of volatile materials such as
vinyl chloride. However, the strong adsorption can be a problem in cases where recovery is
desired by thermal desorption of less volatile materials such as benzene or toluene because of the
high temperature (400°Q required.
This chapter does not contain any methods using inorganic adsorbents. However,
inorganic adsorbents are more polar than the organic polymeric adsorbents, leading to better
collection of polar material. Unfortunately, water is also collected leading to the rapid
deactivation of the adsorbents. Consequently, these materials are seldom used for sampling trace
organic compounds in air.
Table 5-2 illustrates the type of solid adsorbent used, analytical method employed, and
compounds sampled by each method. *
CH.93-104 5-8
-------
TABLE 5-1 SOLID ADSORBENTS
Solid adsorbent -
Tenax®
Analytical Method -
GC/MS
--••^—^-^—^—«™
Pollutants -
Benzene,
Toluene,
Ethyl Benzene,
Xylene(s),
Cumene,
n-Heptane,
1-Heptene,
Chloroform,
Carbon Tetrachloride,
1,2-Dichloroethane,
1,1,1-Trichloroethane,
Tetrachloroethylene,
1.2-Dichloropropane,
*w*iJicnloiopropane,
Chlorobenzene,
Bromoform,
Ethylene Dibromide,
Bromobenzene.
~
This method is used
to determine
compounds that are
nonpolar organics
having boiling points
in the range of
approximately 80° -
200°C. However, not
all compounds falling
into this category can
be determined.
Conventional methods
have relied on carbon
adsorption approaches
with subsequent
solvent desorption.
This is not sensitive
enough to pick up
adequate
concentrations for
these compounds so a
thermal desorption
process within the
analytical system
fulfills this need for
enhanced sensitivity.
Solid adsorbent -
Carbon Molecular
Sieve
•
Analytical Method -
GC/MS
•^^••^^^•••^••M
Pollutants -
Vinyl Chloride,
Acrylonitrile,
Vinyfidene Chloride,
Methylene Chloride,
Allyl Chloride,
Chloroform,
1,2-Dichloroe thane,
1,1,1-Trichloroethane,
Benzene,
Carbon Tetrachloride,
Toluene
Compounds which can
be determined by this
method are nonpolar
and nonreactive
organics having
boiling points in the
range -15 to +120°C.
However not all
compounds meeting
these criteria can be
determined. This
approach is capable of
capturing highly
volatile organics like
vinyl chloride, which
are not collected on
Tenax®.
TO?
Solid adsorbent -
Thermosorb
Analytical Method -
GC/MS
•»"^—^-^—«™.
Pollutants-
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
This method determines
N-nitrosodimethylamine
(MDMA) in ambient air.
Nitrosamines, including
MDMA, are suspected
human carcinogens.
These compounds may
be present in ambient air
as a result of emissions
from tire manufacturing
or from atmospheric
reactions between
secondary or tertiary
amines and NOX.
Solid adsorbent -
Silica gel
Analytical Method -
HPLC/UV
Pollutants -
Acetaldehyde,
Acetone,
Acrolein,
Butyraldehyde/
Isobutyraldehyde
Crotonaldehyde,
2,5-Dimethylbenzaidehyde
Formaldehyde,
Hexanaldehyde,
Isovaleraldehyde,
Propionaldehyde,
o-m-p-Tolualdehyde,
Valeraldehyde
Benzaldehyde
This method is primarily
used for the sampling and
analysis of formaldehyde.
However, the separation
conditions or
chromatographic conditions
can be adjusted to determine
higher molecular weight
carbonyls as well.
CH-93-104
5.0
-------
Cost Estimates for Solid Adsorbent Sampling and Analysis
Table 5-3 gives the detailed costs for operating a solid adsorbent sampling unit for one
year and conducting sample analyses using a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS).
These costs are based on a sample collection schedule of one 24-hour sample every sixth day.
Analytical operational costs are given for 61 samples, both for in-house analytical work and
outside laboratory analysis.
Station installation costs include the costs associated with site procurement, site
preparation, equipment purchase, and labor to install the site. The sampling system consists of
a vacuum pump, 7-day skip timer with elapsed time indicator, fine metering valves, and quick
connect fittings. This system is self-contained in an anodized aluminum shelter. The price
shown in Table 5-3 is for a complete system, although the components can be purchased
separately.
Sampling costs include supplies, sampling media, utilities, and labor for servicing the site.
Sampling supplies include pens, chart paper, carrying cases for sampling tubes, and a chain of
custody form. There are three types of solid adsorbent sampling media: Tenax®, carbon
molecular sieve, and thermosorb. Sampling media consist of a glass or metal cartridge, with the
solid adsorbent in the middle and glass wool plugs on the inlet and outlet of the adsorbent.
Method TO11 uses silica gel spheres that have been coated with DNPH. These cartridges cost
about $10 each and can be purchased ready for use. Utility prices are based on one sampler but
could be higher if multiple samplers are used. Site service is conducted by a TEC1 and is based
on travel time, calibration of equipment, and replacing cartridges. Site service has been estimated
at 2 hours per site visit
Maintenance and repair costs differ for options 1 and 2 since option 1 requires repair and
maintenance on the sampling and laboratory equipment, while option 2 only requires service on
the sampling equipment Option 1 parts and supply costs include spare sampling and analytical
parts, such as pumps, fittings, and laboratory glassware and equipment Option 2 parts and
supplies would include spare pump parts, fittings, etc. Repair and maintenance labor hours
associated with option 1 sampling and analytical equipment are estimated at 8 and 10 hours,
respectively, while option 2 labor hours for repair and maintenance are estimated at 4 and 5
hours. Remedial maintenance and repair is conducted by a TEC2 and includes quarterly
recalibrations and pump maintenance.
Analytical costs include analytical equipment, supplies, and labor. There are two general
ways to handle sample analysis. The first is to purchase the needed equipment and conduct the
analysis in-house; the second is to hire an outside laboratory to do the analysis. If option one
is chosen, then a GC/MS is purchased and set up. The GC/MS is assumed to be fully automated
with a PC-based data system and software. Purchase price for the complete system is estimated
at $115,000. After the sample is collected on the solid adsorbent cartridge, it is prepared for
analysis by placing it in a heated chamber and purging with an inert gas which transfers the
VOCs from the cartridge onto a cold trap and subsequently onto the front of the GC column.
CH-93-UM 5-10
-------
Component identification is accomplished on the basis of GC retention time and mass spectral
characteristics. Capital costs for analytical equipment purchase are divided between the five sites
assumed in the network. Analytical supplies include such items as gas purifier cartridges, GC
gases including helium, and nitrogen, cryogen (liquid nitrogen or argon), pressure regulators and
valves, gas tight syringes, reagents standards and miscellaneous material like pens, paper, and
printer cartridges. It would take a PRO2 or equivalent an estimated 40 hours of labor to set up,
calibrate, and otherwise prepare the analytical equipment for use. Method TO11 analytical costs
for Options 1 and 2 which are based on HPLC/UV analysis are given in Section 5.3. Method
TO7 would not require the use of a desorption unit and assumes the need for a TEC2 with
support from a PRO2 to set up and optimize the analytical equipment Once the equipment has
been optimized, it is estimated that at least one hour is required for analysis of each adsorbent
sample cartridge.
If Option 2 is used, laboratory analysis is performed by a contractor laboratory. The cos:
estimates listed in Table 5-3 assume 61 samples at $350 per sample plus an additional $3,150
to perform replicate analysis on 15 percent of the samples.
Data management and reporting costs include data acquisition, processing, reporting, and
validation for one site for one year. These cost estimates assume that an automated data
management system is in place and will handle data from five sites. Routine data reports include
quarterly computer generated data summaries. The hours per site for the data management and
reporting category under Option 1 include: 16 hours for data acquisition/data processing, 8 hours
for data reporting, and 8 hours for data validation (operational and statistical).
QA and QC includes both capital and operation and maintenance costs. CPTL costs are
included for the preparation of the QA plan and for calibration equipment The effort required
for QA plan preparation is divided between the five sites in the network. Annual QA/QC costs
include coordination, implementation and oversight of the QA program, preparation of periodic
reports on data quality, audits and flow calibrations for the sampling and analytical equipment
QA activities should be conducted by mid- to senior-level professionals. Training covers
sampling site operators, lab analysts, and personnel involved with data management and quality
assurance. QA/QC costs for Option 2 are less because of the absence of the laboratory work.
Supervision costs include planning, coordination, supervision and review. This is usually
done by a senior level professional who must oversee the budget employee scheduling conflicts,
and other duties associated with the operation and maintenance of a monitoring network.
Table 5-4 gives a summary of the capital costs, operation and maintenance costs, and
annualized costs based on a five year amortization rate. The only difference in the cost estimates
for Methods TO1, TO2, and TO7 is the price of the solid adsorbent material.
CH-93-lOr
-------
TABLE 5-3. SOLID ADSORBENT SAMPLING COSTS
Network design study
Network design study
Site selection
Station
Procurement
••BB- BB-BBB—BBMB
Land/lease
Site preparation
Power hookup
Solid adsorbent sampler
Equipment installation
Sampling:
»—•—•••-•
Supplies
TENAX cartridges (70 at $30)
^____i^
Carbon molecular sieve
••^"^"^i—^
Thennosorb
Silica gel/DNPH cartridge (70 at S10)
Utilities
Spare parts
—^—^^—
Spare parts
———^—^
Remedial calibrations
—————^
Remedial calibrations
(continued)
CH-93-104
5-12
-------
TABLE 5-3. SOLID ADSORBENT SAMPLING COSTS (Continued)
Remedial maintenance
Remedial maintenance
" ' •
Contract lab analysis
(S350/sample for T01, TO2, T07)
|| (S170/sampleforT011)
Equipment (GC/MS)
Thermal desorption/cryogenic trap
unit
J Extra GC columns
• — . _
[ Standards and reagents
Sample analysis
Equipment Setup
1' v <'"<•" »-„ *,», - '-*- — ~ v . ~;:'
iB^Maoraemenr „ 't, v '- *.'V- ~-' ^
^•M^M^B^^M^
^
'
/
••••••M.1----BBMW
•MMMHM^M^^
-------
TABLE 5-3. SOLID ADSORBENT SAMPLING COSTS (Continued)
^>*^v'<^B!ta0afc^ * ;S^"'
X' *i s . s
ftv'
"s , Labor l
Level
Hour
Cost
Training
O/M
PRO2
40
TEC2
20
1,680
660
Training
O/M
PRO2
TEC2
336
264
Reporting
O/M
PRO2
30
1.260
QA plan preparation
CPTL
PRO2
10
420
QA plan preparation
CPTL
PRO2
336
Implementation/coordination
O/M
PRO2
25
1,050
Implementaaon/coordination
O/M
PR02
15
630
Planning/coordination
O/M
PRO3
400
S upervision/review
O/M
PRO3
400
36,070
- '''iwwf's ^y ww^ *«•• 5.%xv .
^..rJi**& rrr *
iy5 ^Gr'fyty -Xyv. <*__ 7^ j* _>^A_fJ'fr_ ^.j'''
2U66
10,140
11,628
Option 1 - Sampling and analysis conducted by agency
Option 2 - Sampling conducted by agency, analysii conducted by a contractor
CH-93-I04
5-14
-------
TABLE 5-3. SOLID ADSORBENT SAMPLING COSTS (Continued)
-W
Routine repairs
"••••••••"••••••••••••••••i
Routine repairs
Remedial maintenance
Remedial maintenance
[AaalytKai
Contract lab analysis
($350/sample for TO1, TO2, TOT)
(SITO/sampleforTOll)
Equipment (GC/MS)
Thermal desorption/cryogenic trap
unit
Extra GC columns
Standards and reagents
Sample analysis
Equipment Setup
i?-", J^Y'
Data acquisition/processing
Data acquisition/processing
^•^^^^"••"•^••^•••B™™
Data reporting
Data validation
p Assurance
•*******"****"*«**«"w™»i*
Calibration standards
••"••^^••••i
Audits
~^—H^KM^Hi
Audits
••^^••^•MM
Calibrations
•••••••••••••gHHH^^,^^
Calibrations
Optt
0/M
Labor
TEC2
TEC2
TEC2
^
O/M
CPTL
CPTL
O/M
^•••^••^^
0/M
O/M
PRO2
PRO2
PRO2
PR02
O/M
•^••^•Hl
0/M
•••••••••
0/M
(continued)
PRO2
•^^••^^M^^
PRO2
••MM^H^M
TEC2
^•MIBiMHBHB
TEC2
Hour
16
24
24,500
2J10
200
200
576
336
••^•^•H
T92
^^^i^HBIM
264
CH-93-104
5-13
-------
TABLE 5-3. SOLID ADSORBENT SAMPLING COSTS (Continued)
preparation
~
QA plan preparation
————————^
Implementation/coordination
Implementation/coordination
. •>.'
iskai:.
Planning/coordinati
————————_
Supervision/review
Option 1 - Sampling and analysis conducted by agency
Option 2 - Sampling condnoed by agency, analysis conducted by a contnctor
CH-93-104
5-14
-------
TABLE 5-4. SOLID ADSORBENT COST SUMMARY
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Includes TENAX cartridges as sampling media
Includes Carbon Molecular Sieve as sampling media
Includes Thennosorb as sampling media
*
ia (3nd SUbstitUtes Table
costs for
CH-93-10*
5-15
-------
COST ESTIMATES FOR LIQUID IMPINGER SAMPLING (METHODS T05,
TO6, and T08)
5.3.1 Introduction
Three methods (T05 for carbonyl compounds, T06 for phosgene, and TO8 for phenol and
cresols), each using a liquid impinger sampling technique as the'method for trapping the air
pollutants, are discussed in this subsection. The liquid impinger sampling system is similar to
that described for organic sampling on solid adsorbents. In this case, the pollutants are captured
in a liquid solution using an impinger or "bubbler" collection system. The procedure involves
passing the air pollutant gas stream through an organic solvent or other suitable liquid to capture
the air pollutant compounds by absorbing them into the solvent This technique is relatively
simple and may be useful in high pollutant concentration monitoring situations. Large volumes
of air, however, cannot be sampled due to solvent evaporation during the sampling process;
therefore, impinger sampling methods are not generally used for trace organic analysis. To
optimize the collection efficiency, the impinger should be designed so that contact between the
air and solvent is maximized. In addition, the system should be cooled so as to reduce solvent
loss during sampling and increase sample collection efficiency. The analytical technique for
determining the concentration of the pollutants for each of the methods is high performance
liquid chromatography (HPLQ with an ultraviolet absorbance detector at a specified wavelength.
Table 5-5 contains general descriptions for impinger methods TO5, T06, and TO8. These
methods are similar in most respects except for the type of reagent used in the impinger sampling
train. Method TO5 uses a solution of DNPH and isooctane, Method T06 a solution containing
aniline and toluene, and Method T08 a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution.
CH.93.104 5-16
-------
TABLE 5-5. LIQUID IMPINGER SAMPLING METHODS
Method T05
Method TO6
Method T08
Absorbing Solution •
2,4-dinitrophenyihydra2dne(DNPH) and
Absorbing solution •
Aniline and toluene
Absorbing solution -
Sodium hydroxide
isooctane
Analytical Method
HPLC/UV
Analytical Method
HPLC/UV
Analytical Method -
HPLC/UV
Pollutants Sampled -
Formaldehyde,
Acetaldehyde,
Acrolein,
Propanol,
Acetone,
Crotonaldehyde,
Isobutyraldehyde,
Methyl Ethyl Ketone,
Benzaldehyde,
Pentanol,
o-Tolualdehyde,
m-Tolualdehyde,
p-Tolualdehyde,
Hexanol
Pollutants Sampled
Phosgene
Pollutants Sampled -
Phenol,
Mediylphenols (cresols)
Background •
Conventional methods for aldehydes and
ketones used coiorimenic techniques that
detected only one or two compounds, or the
sum of numerous compounds. This method
can specifically determine a wide variety of
aldehydes and ketones at typical ambient
concentrations.
Background •
The old method for phosgene
detection could not detect
below 10 ppbv and had many
interferences. Method TO6
can detect to 0.1 ppbv and
has less interferences.
Background -
Conventional methods for phenols
used colorimetric or GC techniques
with large detection limits. Method
TO8 reduces these limits by using
anHPLC.
CH-93-104
5-17
-------
5.3.2 Cost Estimates for Liquid Impinger Sampling Methods
Table 5-6 includes a detailed breakdown of the capital and operational and maintenance
costs for a monitoring system using a liquid or midget impinger sampling train and an HPLC/UV
analytical measurement system. Table 5-7 summarizes these costs. The basic assumptions of
Section 5.1 that applied for solid adsorbent sampling and analysis also apply for liquid impinger
sampling. In addition, the same network design costs given in Table 5-3 also apply here.
Station installation costs include site procurement and preparation, power installation,
sampling equipment procurement and installation, and labor. These costs are considered to be
capital costs because they occur once and are amortized over the lifetime of the monitoring site.
Station installation costs were based on the assumption that the site is easily accessible, near
existing power source, and relatively secure, meaning additional security fences or lights are not
required. An example of a site meeting these assumptions would be the rooftop of an apartment
building or the yard of a municipal building. Therefore, site preparation materials would include
weather resistant electrical cords, miscellaneous hardware, and materials to build a platform for
the sampling unit to rest on. For this cost estimate, the midget impinger sampling train is
purchased as a complete unit. The unit includes a sample pump capable of drawing air at 100-
1000 ml/minute, rotameter, vacuum gauge, elapsed timer, dry gas meter, pressure gauge for
precision volume corrections, a self contained shelter, and other assorted features. The cost also
includes a midget impinger glassware set, 8 clamps, and a stainless steel glassware tray with
insulated liner. A TEC2 or equivalent would be required to install and calibrate the equipment.
In colder climates thermostatically controlled heat tape would be necessary to prevent the
impinger solution from freezing. This cost is not included here.
Sampling operational costs include supplies, impinger reagents, utilities, and labor for
servicing the site. Site servicing is conducted by a TEC1 and includes travel time, loading the
impingers, checking out the sampling train, checking the initial and final flow, and conducting
a periodic flow calibration. Utility costs are estimated at the same values as the solid adsorbent
sampling costs.
Maintenance costs include spare parts, corrective action, and servicing equipment not
covered by routine site service. Spare parts for a liquid impinger would be a pump rebuilding
kit, cleaning materials, and any extra tubing or hardware. An extra glassware set was added for
an additional $243. Remedial maintenance is performed by a TEC2 and includes pump servicing
and flow meter cleaning or servicing. Quarterly recalibration of the flow measurement devices
is also assumed.
There are two general ways to handle sample analysis. The first is to purchase the needed
equipment and conduct the analysis in-house. The second is to hire an outside laboratory to
conduct the analysis. For option 1, the analytical costs include equipment, supplies, and labor.
Methods TO5, TO6, and TO8 all utilize the HPLC/UV for sample analysis. For this cost
estimate the unit is equipped with a data handling system. Cost for this system is about $21,000.
This cost, along with the costs for the auxiliary equipment and analytical balance, were
CH-93-104 . _ 5-18
-------
distributed among five sites so the costs shown for these items are only one fifth of the actual
price. Other capital costs include a nitrogen evaporator with heating block, analytical balance,
and installation costs. Method T08 does not require a nitrogen evaporator for sample
concentration. Analytical operation and maintenance costs include supplies, labor for sample
analysis, and, if option 2 is chosen, costs for an outside laboratory to perform the analysis. In
Option 2, the cost per sample for Method TO5 is $170, Method T06 is $180, and Method T08
is $150. The contract laboratory analysis cost of $170 is used in Table 5-6. Option 1 would
require a PRO2 or equivalent to perform the sample analysis.
Data management and reporting costs include data acquisition, processing, reporting, and
validation. These costs are the same as the solid adsorbent monitoring costs.
QA and QC costs include capital costs for QA plan preparation and calibration standards,
labor costs for QA reporting, internal and external audits, calibrations, training, QA
implementation, and QA coordination. The QA project plan cost is divided among the number
of sites in the network.
Overall supervision and management costs are those normally associated with the overall
planning, coordination, tracking, and review of a monitoring program. The cost estimates for
these activities are the same as those identified in earlier discussions.
cH-93-io* " 5.19
-------
TABLE 5-6. LIQUID IMPINGER SAMPLING COSTS
nr/&V;:H*':, ^;;V|
* ^ •""'•£:' ^rftSt? 1^ b^tl^jflfc ••- - •• •• ^ :
ly^^-'J^ fc, „;,„ v' C*' ;
iiet«BdteI3!es«B^ * - v "\ V ' ^
V ™ ' -1 ff J f /. •* ;
^&M6^:'wk^}4^^
Procurement
Land/lease
Site preparation
Power hookup
Liquid impinger sampler
Equipment installation
$aanj&a£i, f, 3 * '," C ^ x, "
iV *5^ ^ft# ^ ^ * \^ *" s V%^'
Supplies
Reagents
Utilities
Impinger preparation
Site service
-Xe&ri'^iw '/,.?* /•*>#''
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
^x^'/"-/',/',;
^
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
* c , ^ I*al
s lievel
•• v
"?C^/,
PRO1
TEC2
-'-.',/• >' '
> « ^
PRO2
TEC1
ii V,^^
* !• % « ^
TEC2
TEC2
TEC2
TEC2
TEC2
TEC2
me '
Boors
4 < ' -
3
8
-, '
61
122
%
12
6
6
4
6
4
Cost
3,072
^
288
1,500
3,000
' 350
3,690
264
100
300
100
2.562
3,660
400
200
396
198
198
132
198
132
(continued)
CH-93-104
5-20
-------
TABLE 5-6. LIQUID IMPINGER SAMPLING COSTS (Continued)
C" •. A» X .*" ^ ',. ^ %-* %X «. j- ^
F..^^*li **:''''~-
£S«$KiH~';r %» ; *»V
Contract laboratory analysis
(70 samples/yr at S170/sample)
Equipment - HPLC/UV
Equipment (auxiliary)
Analytical balance
Supplies
Sample analysis
Equipment Setup
»n*Btei&fet^rtrt*itc:''^ ''° <%<* '' ^ '
Data acquisition/processing
Data acquisition/processing
Data reporting
Data validation
;_ &MJ.A ~&,,',^ <^+^f '
Calibration standards
Audits
Audits
Calibrations
Calibrations
Training
Training
Reporting
QA plan preparation
6 •
CM
•M^^MMI^BMM
/-
/
^
/
^
!•"... % fwryjEH
X%^ -3w^^?
/
/
/....
Pllt,
r :co^^
r - ^-^^ % ;
- - - Labor
Level
Boors
Cost
*jh ; ' ^ - " "'
^' * ' - -
OP /
—
^
—
•c
;
-~^*»
O/M
CPTL
CPTL
CPTL
O/M
O/M
CPTL
B£ifeC^h'^i^
*;
k A.
/
v^-r^gK^?
^
/
/
- -^
. j
i
,/
-<
^
•*
«••**
T
^s
^^-
-*s
3B
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
PR02
PR02
61
40
11,900
4,200
400
200
250
2.562
1,680
Xc- f X ,0 «\ , Sj.*- ..
PRO1
PRO1
PRO2
PRO2
16
8
14
20
576
288
588
840
ffef%/;>r x.Vv ^'<-
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
CPTL
PRO2
PRO2
TEC2
TEC2
PRO2
TEC2
PRO2
TEC2
PRO2
PRO2
16
8
24
8
40
20
8
8
30
10
300
672
336
792
264
1,680
660
336
264
1,260
420
(continued)
CH-93-104
5-21
-------
TABLE 5-«. LIQUID IMPINGER SAMPLING COSTS (Continued)
QA plan preparation
Implementation/coordination
Implementation/coordination
Planning/coordinati
Supervision/review
Capital (CPIX)
Total Operatioo?aiKt:Maiittenance
Option 1 - Sampling and analysis conducted by agency
Option 2 - Sampling conducted by agency, analysis conducted by a contractor
TABLE 5-7. LIQUID IMPINGER COST SUMMARY
•V ,* f. ', S- , ^, ,ff '^^ / ^ sZj^ > j i
''-",:."*'- >'"••<-, «'»•,*
Metbod TQS
17^64
21,444
17^64
21,444
11,000
24,990
AnnaaSzcd Opczatioa aiKi.
Maintenance: Costs.
11.000
26J90
(a)
28,590
(a) Analysis performed on 70 samples at $170/sample
(b) Analysis performed on 70 samples at S180/sample
(c) Analysis performed on 70 samples at $150/sample
CH-93-104
5-22
-------
5.4 COST ESTIMATES FOR CRYOGENIC TRAPPING (METHOD TO3)
5.4.1 Introduction
The collection of atmospheric volatile organics by condensation in a cryogenic trap is an
attractive alternative to adsorption or impinger collection. The trap used in Method TO3 is
stainless steel tubing packed with glass beads. This technique has the following advantages.
• A wide range of organic materials can be collected
• Contamination problems with adsorbents and impinger solutions are reduced
» The sample is immediately available for analysis without further handling
• Consistent recoveries are generally obtained
Unlike the previously described sampling methods for toxic organic compounds,
Method TO3 uses an on-site GC with an FID which combines the sampling and analysis at the
sampling sites; therefore, Option 2 for contracted analytical services is not included. Method
TO3 can detect highly volatile compounds having boiling points in the range of -10° to 200°C.
Because these species are present in the atmosphere at ppb levels or below, preconcentration is
needed to acquire sufficient material for identification and quantitation.
The following compounds are detected by Method T03:
Vinylidene chloride Chloroform 1,2-Dichloroethane
Methylchloroform Benzene Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene Chlorobenzene
5.4.2 Cost Estimates for Cryogenic Trapping
Table 5-8 provides a breakdown of the capital, operation, and maintenance costs incurred
in the installation and operation of a cryogenic trap sample concentrator and gas
chromatograph/flame ionization detector (GC/FID) or electron capture detector (GC/EC) system.
Network design costs are equivalent to that of the solid adsorbent and liquid impinger sampling
methods. Table 5-9 summarizes these costs.
Site installation costs are higher for this method than those for other organic monitoring
sites because of the installation of the more complex GC system. A sample of ambient air is
drawn through a collection trap submerged in either liquid nitrogen or argon. Once the sample
is collected, a carrier gas is used to sweep the contents of the trap onto the head of a cooled GC.
A temperature-controlled shelter must be provided to house the equipment The cost for a wired,
8 by 10-foot shelter with air conditioning and base board heat is given. Site preparation costs
are also going to be higher both for labor and materials. Furthermore, security will probably be
ca-w-104 ... 5_23
-------
needed around the shelter. A 30-foot square of 6 to 8 foot high chain linked fence will cost
approximately $1,200 to $1,800 installed. Other costs include utility hookup, phone line
installation, and any benches, chairs, shelving, or lighting needed for the shelter. The sampling
and analytical system consists of a cryogenic trap connected to a GC/FID or EC detector. This
system is automated so a sample is automatically drawn and analyzed. It also is equipped with
a data computerized acquisition system. The installation of a phone line will allow the site
operator to upload and download information offsite. A PRO2 or senior TEC2 would be needed
to install and operate this system.
Sampling and analysis costs include supplies, cryogen at about $50/day for 100 days and
carrier gases, utility and phone costs, spare GC column, and site operation and service. Supplies
for this method would be extra computer disks, printer paper, pens, and other assorted items.
Gases required for this method include helium, hydrogen, air, liquid argon or liquid oxygen, and
liquid nitrogen. Utility costs will be higher because of maintaining a temperature controlled
environment and conducting analysis operations on site. A monthly fee will be charged for
telephone service. Site service would be performed by a PRO2, and tasks performed on-site
include instrument calibration and checkouts, sampling, and analysis. Travel time to and from
the site is also included in the labor estimate.
Maintenance costs cover operation and maintenance activities that are not part of routine
field service and spare parts. A PRO2 would conduct any maintenance while on site. These
activities would include quarterly calibrations, replacement of any malfunctioning equipment, or
fixing any system leaks.
Data management and reporting costs are basically the same as for other methods.
However, data validation, both operational and statistical, would be higher because having the
analytical equipment in the field exposes the results to more variability because of weather and
site conditions. Therefore, more time is needed to evaluate other information to determine data
validity.
QA and QC costs include capital and operational costs. Capital costs include QA plan
preparation, calibration standards, audits, routine calibrations, reporting, training, and
implementation nd coordination. Calibrations costs are estimated based on weekly calibration
and audits on a quarterly basis. Reports on data quality and QA/QC conditions would be
generated quarterly.
Supervision costs are higher for this method because of the additional complexity of the
system and the extra time needed to review data and management requirements.
CH-93-104 _ 5-24
-------
TABLE 5-8. CRYOGENIC TRAP METHOD TO3 SAMPLING COSTS
frocurement
MH^M^H^^M^
Land/lease
Site preparation
Power hookup
Telephone hookup
Shelter
Shelter equipment
————
Security fencing
GC/FID or ECD with Cryogenic trap
Equipment installation
Supplies
••••— ««
Cryogen. Supply gases
Telephone service
^^•^H^^B^
Utilities
•^^••m^M^
Site operation service
Spare parts/supplies
Remedial calibrations
Routine repairs
Remedial maintenance
Data acquisition/processing
CH-93-104
5-25
-------
TABLE 5-8. CRYOGENIC TRAP METHOD T03 SAMPLING COSTS (Continued)
' $• *• •. f ^f •v* ^ %
v Vs" <** •*?*$ f s* Cost" BJfiiRMt *• > "• 'v
'^1 V " *\ ci ' ^' '"" . '- ' '"" "
Data reporting
Data validation operational
Data validation statistical
9S8S6ipi^^*^? *^^
Calibration standards
Audits (in house)
Calibrations
Training
Training
Reporting
QA plan preparation
Implementation/coordination
:s
. jajwryision •. '
Planning/coordination
Supervision/review
: '" ' ?• < v^- %:;-;f^"?
•imp^.C'X^ ::"'
' *" ' 'C^
' :
» -Sever, ;
PRO2
PRO2
PRO2
^;>^:
PRO2
TEC2
PRO2
PRO2
PRO2
PRO2
PRO2
•.
PROS
PRO3
-.* «> * % "
w %
^ ^ ^ -. f
Mff"*v "• ""
Hwirs
8
14
20
/ ' nc ^ "'
16
61
40
20
30
40
25
16
16
' - -
,% Cost
336
588
840
"" ** f
1,000
672
2,013
1,680
660
U60
1,680
1,050
•- r • "" '
800
800
54,890
41,469
TABLE 5-9. CRYOGENIC TRAP (METHOD T03) COST SUMMARY
54,890
41,469
>, -4. '• ',*', , IS " ,.. >' -" ^ s
52,447
CH-93-104
5-26
-------
5.5 COST ESTIMATES FOR HI-VOL AND HI-VOL (PUF) SAMPLING
5.5.1 Introduction
This section provides cost summaries for two monitoring systems using hi-vol samples.
The first system uses a hi-vol sampler for the detection of metals such as arsenic, beryllium,
cadmium, chromium, manganese, and nickeL This sampler can also be used for TSP sampling.
The second method (TO4) uses a modified hi-vol sampler with a polyurethane foam (PUF)
backup absorbent cartridge to sample for a variety of organochlorine pesticides and
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Table 5-10 illustrates the three types of metals analyses
available. The table gives the metals detected, cost of equipment if purchased outright, and the
contract cost per sample. Analysis methods include X-ray fluorescence (XRF), neutron activation
analysis (NAA), and inductively coupled argon plasma optical emission spectrum (ICAP-OES).
TABLE 5-10. METALS ANALYSIS COSTS
*>»stK$Kf £'•(»£,„<$
-------
the roof of an existing shelter or building. These costs are included within the site preparation
costs.
Sampling for metals involves routine site visits to replace filter media, record flows, and
maintain the sampler. A sampling schedule of one 24-hour sample every 6 days is used for this
cost estimate. Sampling supplies include folders and envelopes, flow recorder charts, and inks.
Filter media are quartz filters and come hi boxes of 100. Utilities would be approximately $100
a year. Site service would take about IVi hours per sample and would be performed by a TEC1.
Maintenance involves cleaning and lubricating the sampler, inspecting gaskets and
electrical connections, replacing the pump motor brushes and* inspection of the pump bearings
and housing, and recalibrating inlet flow rates. The average cost for spare parts and maintenance
supplies is estimated at $250 per sampler per year. An additional maintenance visit is allowed
for remedial maintenance (repairs).
Analytical costs for metals collected by hi-vol sampling are variable. Inductively coupled
argon plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICAP-OES) is the analytical system used for the
cost estimate. Unfortunately, this system is very expensive and must, in most cases, be used for
other types of analyses as well to justify the expenditure. A suitable ICAP-OES including a data
management system, output device, and exhaust system will cost around $200,000, and auxiliary
equipment such as regulators, extractors, etc. will cost another $6,000. Equipment installation
is time consuming and expensive. Other costs include analytical reagents and sample processing
time. The Option 1 analytical (ICAP/OES, analytical reagents, equipment setup) and QA plan
preparation costs were apportioned among five sites so that the costs shown in Table 5-11 are
only one-fifth of the actual costs for these activities. Table 5-12 summarizes these costs. Table
5-10 shows three methods, including ICAP, for analyzing metals, what metals they are used for,
the cost of equipment if reasonably available, and the price per sample for an outside laboratory
to do the analysis.
Data management and reporting activities and level of effort per sample are typical of
those for other toxic organic monitoring systems. Costs include data acquisition, processing,
reporting, and validation.
QA and QC costs include QA plan preparation, coordination and implementation of the
QA program, flow audits, reports, training, calibration standards, and calibration kit. Flow audit
costs are based on two audits per year on each sampler. A PRO2 is assumed for conducting the
audit, and a TEC2 is assumed for flow calibrations. Calibration standards for ICAP-OES are
variable depending on the target species to be analyzed. For the cost estimate only one standard
was priced. Depending on the final system used, this cost could be much higher. Reports on
QA activities were based on one management review report per quarter. Training costs are also
included.
Estimated costs for supervision and management are given for a typical monitoring
program as discussed hi Section 5.2.
CH-93-104 5-28
-------
TABLE 5-11. HI-VOL METALS SAMPLING COSTS
Cost Element
Procurement
Site preparation
Power hookup
1 ———
Hi-vol sample system
Filter holders (21
Equipment installation
Quartz filters (100)
Maintenance'
Remedial calibrations
Remedial calibrations
•"•^••—•—i—»«•••
Routine repairs
••"•••—••—••—«•»
Routine repairs
Remedial maintenance
Remedial maintenance
^^^^•Hn^^BMB^
Contract laboratory analysis
^"^^"^^"^^^^^""^"•^^•^^••^^"^"^••^^
Equipment - ICAP/OES
Equipment (auxiliary)
Analytical reagents
^^•^••^•••^•^•^
Processing
—————._^_
Equipment Setup
(continued)
CH-93-I04
5-29
-------
TABLE 5-11. HI-VOL METALS SAMPLING COSTS (Continued)
^?l^^^''MAf'i!
|< f<~^V '? •"}&»,>-*£-* ' - -< V-x "^ - ?V ! s "
: . . . ^ •" * *• •• *"^ ^
Data acquisition/processing
Data acquisition/processing
Data reporting
Data validation
i,^<3»fi««'^
t%ir ^
L-pgfi^
^VQMt: ', M
^r-v^: i
Labor
;£evei
Hours -
: Cost
'C- Y" --','-•< - ' ^GDsts- Optioa 2 . .; v . ,
- - ' Tdt^Operati^aodMain^aneeQ^^Opdo^^
800
800
52.646
18,321
9,160
20,435
Oprion 1 - Sampling and analysis conducted by agency
Option Z • Sampling conducted by agency, analysis conducted by a contractor
CH-93-104
5-30
-------
TABLE 5-12. HI-VOL METALS COST SUMMARY
(a) Analysis performed on 70 samples at S45/sample
(b) Analysis performed on 70 samples at 5300/sample
(c) Analysis performed on 70 samples at S143/sample
-------
5.5.3 Cost Estimates for Polychlorinated Biphenyis (PCBs) and Organochlorine Pesticides
using Hi-Vol (PUF) Sampling (TO4)
Table 5-13 gives detailed cost estimates for PCS and organochlorine pesticides. Network
design costs may be more extensive than for metals sampling. The identification and location
of sources and determination of pollutant distributions and concentrations can be expected to take
more time and resources than for metals. For these reasons, the cost of network design for hi-vol
(PUF) sampling is equivalent to the other toxic organic sampling methods.
Station installation costs are the same as for metals sampling. However, the cost of the
hi-vol sampler is different This method requires the use of a modified hi-vol sampler with a
polyurethane foam (PUF) plug behind a quartz filter to trap the analytes. This absorbent plug
is then analyzed for specific analytes using a GC with an electron capture detector (ECD). A hi-
vol (PUF) sampler consists of a vacuum pump capable of drawing samples at 200-28(Wminute,
dual sampling module, flow venturi, elapsed time indicator, seven day skip timer, and an
anodized aluminum shelter.
Sampling costs are basically the same as for metals. Site service is performed by a TEC1
responsible for changing filters, checking equipment, and conducting flow checks. The cost of
PUP plugs are $2.75 apiece for the 2" plug and the cost for quartz filters are the same as those
for metals sampling.
Maintenance and repair costs are also die same as those for metals sampling (see
Section 5.6.2).
Analytical costs include GC/ECD, solvents, standards, and labor. A GC/ECD would cost
about $26,500 and includes a computerized data acquisition system. Auxiliary equipment would
include regulators, extra GC column, etc. The cost estimate for solvents and standards is for one
standard size cylinder. Depending on laboratory operation, number of samples, and type of
method used, this cost will most probably be much higher. Sample analysis can be broken down
into two parts: sample preparation and sample analysis. Sample processing can be conducted
by a TEC2 and involves extracting the analytes from the sample. This needs to be done within
one week of collection. A PRO2 would conduct the sample analysis and the analytical
equipment installation. The Option 1 analytical (GC/ECD, auxiliary equipment, analytical
reagents, equipment setup) and QA plan preparation costs were divided among five sites so that
the costs given in Table 5-13 are only one-fifth of the actual costs for these activities.
Laboratory analysis on a contract basis would cost approximately $150 per sample. The
sampling schedule of one 24-hour sample every 6 days would yield 61 samples per year at a
yearly cost of $9,150. Another $1,350 is required for duplicate/replicate sample analyses.
Data management and reporting costs including data acquisition would be the same as for
metals. QA and QC costs include capital and operational expenditures. Capital costs are for a
calibration kit and QA plan preparation. Operational costs include audits, calibrations, training,
reporting, and implementation and coordination. These costs are the same as for metals analysis.
Supervision and management costs are the same as those for high-volume sampling for
metals.
CH-93-104 5-32
-------
TABLE 5-13. COSTS ESTIMATES FOR HI-VOL (PUF) SAMPLING (T04)
Quartz filter (100)
2" PUF Plug (100)
Utilities
•••••a
Site service
M
M
M
VI
VI
TEC1
90
Contract laboratory analysis
(70 samples)
"^^^^^"^^^"^••^^™
Equipment
Equipment Setup
100
225
170
100
2,700
12
6
6
4
6
4
200
150
396
198
198
132
198
132
(continued)
CH-93-104
5-33
-------
TABLE 5-13. COSTS ESTIMATES FOR HI-VOL (POT) SAMPLING
(T04) (Continued)
Data acquisition/processing
Data acquisition/processing
Daa reporting
Data validation
Caiibradon standards & kit
Audits
Audits
Calibrations
^««— •— •••
Calibrations
»— ••^••^
Training
Reporting
QA plan preparation
QA plan preparation
Implementation/coordination
Implementation/coordination
Planning/coordination
Supervision/review
Tofat Operettas ^ndiMamtenag^fflJM>
Total Capital fCPTt) Q»st8>
<0^
Option 1 - Sampling and analysis conducted by agency
Option 2 - Sampling conducted by agency, analysu conducted by a contractor
CH-93-104
5-34
-------
TABLE 5-14. HI-VOL (PUF) COST SUMMARY
CH-93-104
5-35
-------
5.6 SUMMA* CANISTER VOC SAMPLING (Method 7014)
5.6.1 Introduction
Method TO 14 describes a procedure for collecting ambient air VOCs in canisters. The
use of canisters provides convenient integration of ambient air samples over a specific rime
period, remote sampling and central analysis, ease of storing and shipping samples, unattended
sample collection, analysis of samples from multiple sites with one analytical system, and
collection of sufficient sample volume to allow assessment of measurement precision and/or
analysis of samples by several analytical systems. In addition to VOCs, some semi-volatile
organic compounds (SVOCs) can also be collected using SUMMA* canisters. SVOCs are
organic compounds that are too volatile to be collected by filtration air sampling but not volatile
enough for thermal desorption from solid adsorbents. Generally, these compounds have
saturation pressures at 25°C between 10"1 and 10"7 mm Hg. VOCs are generally classified as
those organics having saturated vapor pressures greater than 10~l mm Hg.
SUMMA* canister sampling using Method TO 14 can be used to test for the following
compounds: Freon 12, Methyl chloride, Freon 114, Vinyl chloride, Methyl bromide, Ethyl
chloride, Freon 11, Vinylidene chloride, Dichloromethane, Freon 113,1,1-Dichloroethane, cis-1,2-
Dichloroethylene, Chloroform , 1,2-Dichloroethane, Methyl chloroform, Benzene, Carbon
tetrachloride, 1,2-Dichloropropane, Trichloroethylene, cis-l,3-Dichloropropene, trans-1,3-
Dichloropropene, 1,1,2-Trichloroethane, Toluene, 1,2-Dibromoethane, Tetrachloroethylene,
Chlorobenzene, Ethylbenzene, m-Xylene, p-Xylene, Styrene, 1,1,2,2-Tetracnloroethane, o-Xylene,
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene, m-Dichlorobenzene, Benzyl chloride, o-
Dichlorobenzene, p-Dichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, Hexachlorobutadiene
Method TO14 is used by the Air Toxics Program and the Non-methane Organic
Compound Program to sample for VOCs. These programs specify specific sampling apparatus
in order to comply with the program. Costs collected for this method are for a single event
canister monitoring site.
5.6.2 Cost Estimate for SUMMA* Canister VOC Sampling and Analysis
Details of the costs associated with VOC measurements are provided in Table 5-15.
Station installation costs include labor, site preparation, power hookup, site leasing, and
equipment purchases. This cost estimate assumes a readily accessible site near an existing power
supply. A power drop under this scenario would be about $300. Site preparation would be
performed by a TEC2. Materials needed for this activity would include items to build a platform
for the sampler and any hardware to attach the sampler. The VOC sampler is a self-contained
single event system. It consists of a 0-30 cc/min controller with electronic display, teflon
diaphragm vacuum pump, electronic 1-24 hour programmer/timer, elapsed time meter, and a
portable weather cabinet with thermostat control and collapsible legs. Equipment installation
costs are based on 12 hours of TEC2s time.
CH-93-104 5-36
-------
Sampling incorporates both capital and operational costs. Capital costs cover the purchase
of five SUMMA* canisters and two shipping containers. Canister costs are based on a single
purchase price of about $560 each and a shipping container at $179 each. Operation and
maintenance costs include supplies, utilities, and site service. Site service is conducted by a
TEC1 based on 1 hour per site to change canisters, examine equipment, and check flow rates.
Maintenance costs include supplies, remedial calibrations, routine repairs, and any other
corrective action. These include field and laboratory activities. Routine calibrations are usually
performed on a quarterly basis and are estimated at 3 hours per quarter. Four hours have been
allocated for any emergency or remedial maintenance and for routine repairs.
Analysis of SUMMA* canister samples can either be done by a contract laboratory or
done in-house after the purchase of needed equipment If the samples are sent out, the cost is
about $350 per sample or $24,500 dollars for 70 samples per year including blanks. The cost
includes cleaning of the canister to required certification, shipping of the canisters, and a data
report of the findings. In order to conduct the analysis in house a high resolution gas
chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer or multi-detector system is needed. Prices will
vary depending on the specific detection system chosen. For this example a system priced at
$115,000 is used. The GC/MS or multidetector in this cost estimate is equipped with a data
acquisition and report preparation system. A canister cleaning system is included and can be
purchased for $15,000. Supplemental equipment costs include GC columns, regulators, and other
miscellaneous items. Equipment setup is estimated at about 40 hours by a PR02. Sample
processing takes roughly 1 hour per sample. The canister cleaning system can hold up to 16
canisters at one time and takes 3 hours to complete the cleaning cycle. However, it is assumed
that actual labor time is one hour.
Data management and reporting costs are slightly higher than for the other toxic organic
monitoring systems because of the larger number of pollutants measured.
QA and QC measures include calibration standards, development of a QA plan, training,
audits, calibrations, reporting on QA activities, and implementation and coordination of QA
procedures. Duplicate and replicate sample costs should be added to the total price for the
70 samples. Audits, training, reporting, and QA plan preparation are calculated for a PRO2 and
TEC2. TEC2 rates are used for estimating routine calibrations.
Supervision and management cost estimates are the same as for the other toxic organic
monitoring systems. A summary of the VOC monitoring costs is given in Table 5-16.
cH.93.io* 5.37
-------
TABLE 5-15. SUMMA CANISTER (Method T014) COSTS
£*<**;;' >>r^- /v':s-'\ \,1;*£1;
; vlu- vV^"- -* v * - vk^ v ":^ * l
tlftfcKKk&iM&fc" :, ;t;V *- »*%i
^•Site^TflStaliaii&rt'* v - " %-*s ' ^ ~ *•" •
a- ' _.S "" v. ?_ _". •w"w"w "
Procurement
Land/lease
Site preparation
Power hookup
VOC canister sampler
Equipment installation
'* ^ <**•*: :
j.aptt;
r-^v^-
F'°^;
Jf'"*VTw i
^ ^ ^^ -.
^
/"
/
^
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
-* f -' -" ^ ''••
* v"t&^ !
rf^OrtTf" \ % ^ :
"* ^£n»^jBj***^ -i-i '
•'Sv-' ^** ^ 3s«- ^i*"*^ A V . ^
CPTL
0/M
CPTL
CPTL
CPTL
CPTL
' Professional
Level
Hour*
Cost
h 3,072
-, ^
PRO1
TEC2
8
12
288
UOO
3.000
350
6.940
396
itiSaroplfeg. , :
Supplies
SUMMA* canisters (8 at S535)
Shipping containers (6 at $180)
Utilities
Site service
;> Xiamtfnfltigfy •.- , ',"-'i f" ?' %£"-^ - \ "'
: •• ' . . "• ....
Spare parts/supplies
Spare parts/supplies
Remedial repairs
Remedial repairs
Routine maintenance
Routine maintenance
! ;&isilydfialP --'\ '''' ',\ vg; 'S;"^';P^/r
Contract laboratory analysis
Equipment (GC/MS)
Canister cleaning system
Supplemental equipment
Supplies
Operation of GC/MS
Canister cleaning
Equipment Setup
/
/
/
^
s
s
/
/
s
0/M
CPTL
CPTL
0/M
0/M
TEC1
61
100
4,280
U080
100
1,830
^ •. ^ ^ -. A- % •. * ^ ^ ^*. ^ -i •- T. ^
/
/
s
f fff "" J$ 'fz * ^
^
s
s
s
s
s
s
-------
TABLE 5-15. SUMMA CANISTER (Method TO14) COSTS (Continued)
r^S^^^S^f: "^ f"$
? -"\ ^ *j* ^ :
?:^ -
pi*?-]
"• f
i > , •.
5, t^e |
Professional
'Level-
Hours
$jDa]i& fcfeaag&meRF" * - ^^ „'«' -^ - •*» >^v - -
Data acquisition/processing
Data acquisition/processing
Data reporting
Data validation
vC^J4nYuk'Jfc.t!Aavj.ftiii'jc''*v !>.*!»•&* A* »it xi ,1 >
:;-.X^UaiM.y:'jrtSi5llFi»nt3!,-- •? -x^ ,.%!• ^,- •.* ,-.-.:
Canister certification system
Calibration standards
Audits
Audits
Calibrations
Calibrations
Training
Training
QA plan preparation
QA plan preparation
i. .T^P??????*'!^.? ^^-K-.-^^-.^/^^-.-f'^ '' -'-
Implementation/coordination
Impiementation/coordination
Planning/coordination
S upervision/review
^
/
^
^/° ^ i'v^j-* %v-^
^ ^^ 'y*"? \
/
/
/
/
^
w
/
/
/
0/M
O/M
0/M
0/M
PRO1
PRO1
PR02
PRO2
24
16
12
12
864
576
504
504
^/t ;— -V'-'"1" , -° "- " ^ -
^
/
^
^
CPTL
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
CPTL
CPTL
PRO2
PR02
TEC2
TEC2
PRO2
TEC2
PRO2
TEC2
PRO2
PRO2
16
8
12
6
40
20
8
8
10
8
233
200 1
672 j
336
396
198
1,680
660
336
264
420
336
^-^^i-r-'^, „ ; ,C'Xt^,'^'
^
s
S
s
s
s
0/M
0/M
O/M
0/M
PRO2
PRO2
PRO3
PROS
16
8
8
8
; *• -, % '- . ",, , ' ' ,"t 't ': totat'€apit^,<€KT&>Cwfe.-OpliiB»a - - ^ /- '
; " - -••• -?""••' ' Tolai OpwatiOTt and Maii»t«nam^: ^O/M) Costs -Option 3
TotatCapital (€3?!^} Qjsts - Option^
T^ OperaifoB^n^MaioteiiaiieeXO^
672
336
400
400
46,959
21J19
19,742
32,546
Option 1 - Sampling and analysis conducted by agency
Option Z - Sampling conducted by agency, analysts conducted by a contractor
CH-9VUM
5-39
-------
TABLE 5-16. SUMMA* CANISTER COST SUMMARY FOR VOCs
Capital Costs
x » v x -, ? ' ' " ' » *• • % -
„ ^ '' . V* _ • * '- '
Annualized Operation and
Maintenance Costs
Average Annualized Cost
CH-93-104
5-40
-------
5.7 REFERENCES
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Compendium of Methods for the Determination
of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air, EPA-600/4-89-017. Atmospheric Research
and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711. June 1988.
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Technical Assistance Document for Sampling and
Analysis of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air, EPA-600/4-83-027. Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711. June 1983.
3. Radian Corporation, Screening Methods for the Development of Air Toxic Emission
Factors, EPA-450/4-91-021. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Technical Support
Division, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711. September 1991.
4. PEI Associates, Inc., Cost of Ambient Air Monitoring for Criteria Pollutants and Selected
Toxic Pollutants, EPA-450/4-85-004, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air and Radiation, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711. May 1985.
cH-w-104 5.41
-------
-------
SECTION 6.0
METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS
6.1 BACKGROUND
Meteorological parameters are measured as an integral part of PSD monitoring programs
as well as by the National Weather Service and by independent research studies. Recent changes
to the 40 CFR Part 58 air quality surveillance regulations added provisions for surface
meteorological monitoring at each PAMS site and upper air meteorological monitoring for each
PAMS area.1
In this cost analysis, two levels of site sophistication are presented: (1) a site that is
configured to meet basic PSD and PAMS monitoring requirements, and (2) an advanced system
that includes equipment to measure additional parameters for a more detailed atmospheric
characterization which could also be incorporated into a part of the PSD or PAMS monitoring
program. The advanced system includes cost estimates to conduct upper air meteorological
monitoring.
6.2 COST ESTIMATES FOR A BASIC METEOROLOGICAL SYSTEM
The following parameters must be measured in a meteorological monitoring program that
meets the basic requirements of the PSD monitoring guidelines: wind speed (horizontal, hourly),
wind direction (horizontal, hourly), hourly ambient temperature, hourly precipitation, hourly
dewpoint, barometric pressure and solar radiation.2 The parameters listed in EPA's guidance
document, Technical Assistance Document for Sampling and Analysis of Ozone Precursors?
include all of the preceding except hourly precipitation, and dewpoint3 In addition, hourly
average mixing heights may be necessary for air quality impact analysis and model input and
evaluation. These mixing height measurements can be derived by extrapolating the twice-daily
radar acoustic sounding measurements routinely collected by the NWS. The cost of an upper air
system for the PAMS program is included in Section 6.3.
Requirements for additional instrumentation and data will depend upon the topography
of the area; the effects of pollutant emissions on ambient air quality, soils, vegetation, and
visibility; and the input requirements of the dispersion modeling techniques used in the air quality
analysis. The basic system assumes that these other complexities are minimal and does not
consider the special requirements that such an area would entail. Cost estimates for the proposed
basic meteorological system described in this section are presented in Table 6-1.
Station installation costs include site preparation, equipment, shelter, and labor to install
the equipment. The basic meteorological system includes a wind direction/wind speed measuring
system, a temperature probe, a dewpoint sensor, a pyranometer for solar radiation, a tipping
bucket sensor that records precipitation, and a barometric pressure sensor. The data acquisition
system includes a computer that can be polled remotely by a telephone or satellite link. A strip
chart recorder is used as a backup. Because a wide variety of meteorological sensors, translators,
CH-93-IO* (j-1.
-------
TABLE 6-1. COST ESTIMATES FOR BASIC METEOROLOGICAL
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Network design & site selection
Site lease
»•—^^-^—..
Utiliaes hookup
10-m tower
6-ftboom
^^••iMBI^M
Guy kit
^W^BH^IHH
Shelter
Security fence
Site preparation (clearing, setup &
wiring)
Wind direction/speed system
Crossarm
•WMMM^H^M
Air temperature probe
Dew point sensor
Solar radiation shield
—^——^~.—
Pyranometer
••••^^•^^^^MHI^H^
Mast adapter
8" tipping bucket
^^^"^"^^•"••"•i^™
Wind screen
Barometric pressure sensor
•"""—•——•—^—______
Wind direction calibrator
Wind speed calibrator
Temperature calibrator
^____
Precipitation calibrator
CR-93-1M
6-2
-------
TABLE 6-1. COST ESTIMATES FOR BASIC METEOROLOGICAL
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM (Continued)
Humidity & dew point calibrator
^m^^m^__
Solar radiation calibrator
Pressure calibrator
MHII^H'MHIMI^^HH^^M^M^^^MM
Data logger
Ram pack
CFIL
CTTL
CPU.
ICPTL
Data cassette recorder
Strip chart recorder (backup)
Niemann enclosure
Computer hardware and software
Additional power supply for instruments
Accessories
CPTL
CPTL
GPTL
Procurement
^^^^^^™™^^™«™^B™^^™
Equipment installation
Acceptance testing
[Sampling
Utilities
""^"^""^^^ -
Routine field service supplies
Routine field service checks
•"M
Travel expenses
^^^^^^•
O/M
TEC1
TEC2
PRO2
60
208
60
Remedial field service - comective action
-^••——.
Remedial field service - spare parts
Q/M.
TEC1
TEC2
TEC2
16
16
16
8
1,000
1,000
1,400
IL
' •" " .^
PRO2
TEC2
PRO2
Contractor
tu
24
16
6
6
uzu
I 1,008 1
528 1
252 I
300 I
1,980
480
528
CH-93-104
6-3
-------
TABLE 6-1. COST ESTIMATES FOR BASIC METEOROLOGICAL
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM (Continued)
Cast Easement-
acquisition
validati
Implementation/coordination
plan preparation
Calibrations
QA/QC reporting & review
Audit
Planning/coordination
Supervision/review
Table 6-2.
A summary of the costs for the basic meteorological measurement systems are shown in
TABLE 6-2. TOTAL COSTS FOR THE BASIC METEOROLOGICAL SYSTEM
CH-93-10*
6-4
-------
data loggers, and other system components are available, the meteorological monitoring
equipment performance and accuracy specifications contained in EPA's PSD monitoring guideline
are used as a guideline for this cost analysis.
All sensors should be mounted on a 10-meter tower. Installation costs for the tower are
included in site preparation costs. Associated booms, cross arms, and cable assemblies will be
needed to mount the sensors and to connect them to the data acquisition system. Costs for
miscellaneous cables, connectors, locks, mounting bolts pads, etc are included in the cost for
accessories. Labor costs for bench-testing and calibrating the instruments before they are
installed in the field are included. Contractor assistance is assumed for sensors that might require
elaborate preset-up testing and periodic retesting such as the use of a wind tunnel.
Sampling costs include routine operations and field service. These are labor, travel,
supplies, and utilities. Costs for routine site visits include 52 weekly visits per year plus an
additional 24 visits per year for other activities such as data acquisition and QA. This assumes
a 60 mile round trip for the site operator for PSD sites. Technician time on-site includes travel
time and time required for the necessary weekly and monthly routine service and operational
checks. Quarterly field checks are also conducted by a junior professional Annual supply costs
for routine site service include costs such as chart paper, pens, and cleaning supplies. Costs for
utilities include a monthly telephone service charge.
Maintenance and repair costs include spare parts, and corrective action repairs and
remedial equipment service that is not part of routine field service. Data management and
reporting costs are for continuous data acquisition, processing, validation and reporting. Routine
data reports consist of monthly, computer generated data summaries including graphics. The
cost of developing software and procedures for data management is not included in the cost
estimates; however, the purchase of appropriate software is included as part of the PC hardware
and software items listed under the installation category.
QA procedures at the site as recommended in the EPA document, Qualify Assurance
Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement, Volume TV-Meteorological Measurements, specifies
a minimum of two yearly audits.4 In addition to the required audits, costs for routine quarterly
calibrations, QA checks on data logging and reporting procedures and preparation of a QA
project plan are also included.
6J COST ESTIMATES FOR AN ADVANCED METEOROLOGICAL SYSTEM
The advanced meteorological system may be obtained by building upon the basic system
described in Section 6.2. For the advanced system discussed in this section, it is assumed that
complex terrain and associated wind-flow regimes arc predominant and the equipment selected
has been chosen to provide extra accuracy, sensitivity, and dependability. The following
parameters are included: wind speed (horizontal and vertical, hourly), wind direction (three
dimensional, hourly), hourly ambient temperature profile at two different heights «on the 30-meter
tower, coincidental temperature and humidity, hourly precipitation, hourly dewpoint, barometric
pressure, solar radiation, and hourly average mixing heights. The Part 58 PAMS regulations
specify that at least one upper air meteorological measurement station be established to obtain
CH-93.104 - 6-5
-------
improved mixing height estimations.1 For cost estimations we assumed here that a doppler radar
system (at $125,000) would be used to determine upper air wind speed and wind direction. In
addition, the cost of a radio acoustic sounding system ($15,000) was added for temperature
determinations. Finally a price of $10,000 was included for a computer, processing software, and
communication equipment which allows for transfer of the data to the agency main database.
The advanced and the basic system both have the following equipment; guy kit, 6-foot boom,
shelter, security fence, crossarm, dew point sensor, wind screen, barometric pressure sensor, wind
direction calibrator, wind speed calibrator, solar radiation calibrator, pressure calibrator, data
logger, ram pack, data cassette recorder, stripchart recorder, and a nieman enclosure. New
equipment included in the advanced system are net radiometer, doppler radar system, and the
radar acoustic sounding system. Enhanced equipment at the advanced site include a 30-meter
tower versus a 10-meter tower at the basic station, 2 temperature probes for vertical temperature
profiles, multiple radiation shields, 12" tipping bucket, and enhanced computer and software
package. Detailed cost estimates for the entire advanced meteorological system described in this
section are presented in Table 6-3, and a summary is given in Table 6-4.
Station installation costs include site preparation, equipment and shelter, and labor.
Because a wide variety of meteorological sensors, translators, data loggers, and other system
components are available, the requirements of the PSD specifications for equipment performance
and accuracy were used as a guideline for this cost analysis. All assemblies should be mounted
on a 30-meter tower for improved accuracy. Installation costs for the tower are included in site
preparation costs. A safety climb system and a work platform are included for safer and more
convenient tower maintenance. Associated booms, cross arms and cable assemblies are be
needed to mount the sensors and to connect them to the data acquisition system. Costs for
miscellaneous cables, connectors, locks, mounting bolts pads, etc. are included in costs for
accessories. Labor costs for bench-testing and calibrating the instruments before they are
installed in the field are also included. Contractor assistance is assumed for sensors that might
require an elaborate set-up such as a wind tunnel.
Sampling costs include routine operations and field service. These are labor, travel,
supplies, and utilities. Costs for routine site visits include 52 weekly visits per year plus an
additional 36 visits per year for other activities such as data acquisition and QA. This assumes
a 60-mile round trip for the site operator. A senior technician (TEC 2) is required due to the use
of more sophisticated equipment. Technician time on-site includes travel time and time required
for the necessary weekly, monthly, service and operational checks. Quarterly field checks are
also conducted by a junior professional. Annual supply costs for routine site service include
costs such as computer supplies, chart paper, pens, and cleaning supplies. Costs for utilities
include a monthly telephone service charge.
Maintenance costs include corrective action, spare parts and routine equipment service that
is not part of routine field service. Data management and reporting costs are for continuous data
acquisition, processing, validation and reporting. Routine data reports consist of monthly,
computer generated data summaries including graphics. The cost of developing software and
procedures for data management is not included in the cost estimates.*
CH-93-104 . (5-6
-------
TABLE (5-3. COST ESTIMATES FOR ADVANCED METEOROLOGICAL
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Network design & site selection
Utilities hookup
30-m tower
6-ftboom
^^•i^HMB^HVMHi
Work platform
Safety climb system
Shelter
•^^f^am^m^
Security fence
Site preparation (clearing, wiring &
setup)
Micro response wind vane
Crossarm
Propeller anemometer
U-V-W mast adapter
Temperature profile ( 2 temp, probes)
Dew point sensor
Humidity/temp, probe
Solar radiation shield (4)
Net radiometer
I.
Free standing mast
""^^^^^"•^^^^^•^•™*«^«
12" tipping bucket
Windscreen
Barometric pressure sensor
CH-9V104
6-7
-------
TABLE 6-3. COST ESTIMATES FOR ADVANCED METE
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM (Continued)
Doppler radar system
Radar acoustic sounding system
Additional computer hardware &
software
i^M^MI^MM^ __
Wind direction calibrator
Wind speed calibrator
Temperature calibrator
"^M__
Humidity & dew point calibrator
^^•••Mnn.^..
Solar radiation calibrator (duplicate
equipment)
Precipitation calibrator
Pressure calibrator
•"••—~^-—
Data logger
Ram pack
Data cassette recorder
———»____
Strip chart recorder (backup)
Niemann enclosure
"^™^^^^^^^^^^^*wi^^^
Additional power supply for instruments
Accessories
——_^____
Equipment procurement
™^™^^"1'^"'^"™^—•«—*^^l^^—
Equipment installation
—————.—_
Acceptance testing
CPTL
^™*™*^Mi
CPTL
•••^•MM
CPTL
—^»»i_
CPTL
^^^•^•^^
CPTL
^•^^i^HH
CPTL
^H^il^^H
CPTL
^•^^•••i^
CPTL
•—^-.
CPTL
••^•^^^•M
CPTL
••^•^•^^
CPTL
CPTL
100
^•^^
48
32
PR02
[Contractor
20
8
Utilities
••••MMM^M
Routine field service supplies
Routine field service checks
15.000
^^MB^^MM
10,000
«^n^—••
1^00
300
^^••H^
1,400
^^^•^•I^BI
2,000
i^BVKMBKi
450
^•^-i^™™
900
MHH^MH
1,600
^HI^HB^HB
1,000
•^•l^WM
900
^•^^^^•M
1,000
•^^•^•^HH
4,200
•^M^M^WM
U84
1,344
I^MBMMM
660
336
300
-------
TABLE 6-3. COST ESTIMATES FOR ADVANCED METEOROLOGICAL
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM (Continued)
*",' , , Cosl Element \ \ ' ;,
Travel expenses
^ -.
L -Cost?
0/M
0/M
Labor
Level
PR02
Hoars
24
Cost
1,008
1,452
^
Remedial field service - corrective action
Remedial field service - spare parts
0/M
0/M
TEC2
PR02
IData Management
Data acquisition, processing and reporting
Data validation
Implementation/coordination
QA plan preparation
Calibrations
QA/QC reporting & review
Audits
0/M
0/M
* *" j-^-s^y -v^vw^ '-w^J c
\ v ^^ -• •>• %
0/M
CPTL
0/M
0/M
0/M
TEC2
PR02
5 •*%£• 'V"vjji> -',v^'
•• ""' ^ •• * ^
PRO2
PR02
TEC2
PRO2
TEC2
PRO2
_. ' '*.,'"S >'"/" - ^ ' -" '• ' *"' *«•&% "' -" I 5 '> **'*» "<. '- 'sv*'
Si^XtrVKJOft::- : *• ' - " '-T},;^% **« ^ '-.%'«->-«'', w ^ -" - v ""' ^ ^ "''"•" r ' ,\' "• ~- '"'
Planning/coordination
Supervision/review
0/M
0/M
- '••" ' Total. Capital {CFTL} Costs
PRO3
PRO3
40
16
192
36
v'-x " /
32
28
32
32
24
24
r:* ''-*-'
32
32
, , , r , ,
TC<)si5 " ..-.-,-
U20
672
2.000
6J36
U12
U44
1,176
1,056
1344
792
1,008
" '
1,600
1,600
221,020
37,520
TABLE 6-4. TOTAL COSTS FOR THE ADVANCED
METEOROLOGICAL SYSTEM
''-' '' *'' I«X-\" V* "xv
;.'.,., ',, * v,' ifSt,^,,* '*'>
[-93-104
-------
-------
QA procedures at the site as recommended by the EPA document, Quality Assurance
Handbook for Pollution Measurements, Volume IV-Meteorological Measurements* consist of a
minimum of two yearly audits. In addition to the required audits, costs for routine quarterly
calibrations and QA checks on data logging and reporting procedures are also included.
Supervision and management for the overall measurement program include 64 hours for a PRO 3.
6.4 REFERENCES
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Register, Volume 58, No. 28,
Appendix D, Section 4.6, February 12, 1993.
2. Ambient Air Monitoring Guideline for Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD),
EPA-450/4-87-007, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
27711. May 1987.
3. Technical Assistance Document for Sampling and Analysis of Ozone Precursors,
EPA-600/8-91-215, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
27711. October 1991.
4. Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurements, Volume IV-Meteorological
Measurements, Revised EPA-600/4-90-003, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. August 1989.
CH-93-104 $.10
-------
-------
SECTION 7.0
PHOTOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT MONITORING
7.1 BACKGROUND
Unlike the SLAMS and NAMS network design criteria which are pollutant specific,
PAMS network design criteria are specific to site location.1 At each PAMS, concurrent
measurements of O3, NO,, speciated VOCs, carbonyl compounds, and meteorological parameters
are conducted. Consequently, design criteria for the PAMS network are based on selection of
an array of site locations for O3 precursor source, areas and predominant wind directions
associated with high 03 events. Specific monitoring objectives associated with each PAMS
location are related to the following five principal uses of the PAMS data: (1) NAAQS
attainment and control strategy development, (2) SIP control strategy evaluation, (3) emissions
tracking, (4) air quality trends including VOC, NOX, 03, and limited toxic air pollutant trends,
and (5) exposure assessment A maximum of five PAMS sites are required in 03 nonattainment
areas listed as serious, severe, or extreme. The actual number of sites depends on the population
of the Metropolitan Statistical Area/Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA/CMSA) or
nonattainment area, whichever is larger. Specific monitoring objectives associated with each site
result in four distinct site types.
Type (1) sites are established to characterize upwind background and transported 03 and
its precursor concentrations entering the area and will identify those areas which are subjected
to overwhelming transport The type (1) sites are located in the predominant morning upwind
direction from the local area of maximum precursor emissions during the 03 season.
*
Type (2) sites are established to monitor the magnitude and type of precursor emissions
in the area where maximum precursor emissions are expected to impact and are suited for the
monitoring of urban area toxic pollutants. Type (2) sites are located immediately downwind of
the area of maximum precursor emissions and are typically placed near the downwind (morning)
boundary of the central business district to ensure that neighborhood scale measurements are
obtained.
Type (3) sites are intended to monitor maximum O3 concentrations occurring downwind
(afternoon) from the area of maximum precursor emissions. Type (3) sites should be located so
that urban scale measurements are obtained.
Type (4) sites are established to characterize the extreme downwind transported O3 and
its precursor concentrations exiting the area and will identify those areas which are potentially
contributing to overwhelming transport in other areas. Type (4) sites are located in the
predominant afternoon downwind direction, as determined for site type (3). Further information
on the four site types and PAMS monitoring requirements is contained in 40 CFR Part 58.1
CH-93-104 7..J
-------
COST ESTIMATES FOR PAMS MONITORING
7.2.1 Network Design
PAMS network design costs are based on a five station network for an isolated MSA.
Of the five stations two are Type (2) sites and the other three include a Type (1), Type (3) and
Type (4) site. In designing the network it is further assumed that existing stations would be
evaluated and at least two would be selected as PAMS sites. The other three are assumed to be
new sites requiring an analysis of the meteorological data, topographic and climatological and
topographic features of the area, as well as ozone precursor emission sources. Further resources
are required to prepare a formal PAMS network design for submission to EPA. Finally, efforts
are also needed to conduct actual field trips to several potential sites to ensure that the specific
probe siting criteria specified in the Part 58 PAMS regulations are satisfied. To conduct these
activities it is estimated that a total 75 hours of a PR02 and 125 hours of a PR04 would be
required. This total effort is prorated equally among the five sites recognizing that one or two
of the sites will be existing sites and special data analysis and site evaluation visits at these sites
may not be required.
The cost for the PAMS network design is reflected in the Table 7-1 summary costs for
ozone and therefore not duplicated in the other tables presented in this section. A more
complicated multi-State or Regional network could readily double or triple the level of effort
because of the additional technical and administrative personnel involved, the increase in the size
of the network, and the additional resources required to prepare, review, and agree on a combined
PAMS network.
122 Cost Estimates for Sampling 03
Cost estimates for 03 sampling for 12 months are summarized in Table 7-1. Details of
all relevant capital and operating costs for monitoring O3 are located hi Table 4-8 of Section 4.
The capital cost estimates for O3 monitoring include a PAMS network design (assuming
a network of five stations, each monitoring for O3, NO2, VOC, carbonyl, and meteorological
parameters), site installation costs, a shelter to house all PAMS monitoring equipment such as
an O3 analyzer, a gas phase titration system, an O3 generator, a data logger and a strip chart
recorder. The capital costs may vary slightly from the costs presented in the table depending on
the equipment vendors and the model of equipment chosen.
The operation and maintenance costs include routine maintenance, repairs, and necessary
recalibrations following maintenance to the equipment It is assumed that routine maintenance
will be conducted during the usual site visits. Data management (including data acquisition,
processing, reporting, and data validation), QA/QC, and management and supervision are also
considered here as operation and maintenance costs.
C84MM 7-2
-------
TABLE 7-1. SUMMARY OF TOTAL COSTS FOR O3 SAMPLING
(12-Month Sampling Period)
CfflSt
49,558
15^74
25,886
7.2J Cost Estimates for Sampling Nitrogen Oxides (NOJ
Cost estimates for monitoring NO^ (including NO, N02, and NOX) are summarized in
Table 7-2. Details of all relevant capital and operating and maintenance costs for monitoring
nitrogen oxides is given in Table 4-8 of Section 4.
Capital and operation and maintenance costs for monitoring nitrogen oxides include items
similar to those for O3. They exclude network design costs, however, since such expenditures
were included in the cost estimates for 03 monitoring. In addition, sampling is only required for
3 months so 0/M costs are based on that 3-month sampling period.
TABLE 7-2. SUMMARY OF TOTAL COSTS FOR NO, SAMPLING
(3-Month Sampling Period)
7.2.4 Cost Estimates for VOC Monitoring
7.2.4.1 Background
VOC 03 precursors usually refer to nonmethane organic compounds in the Q through C12
carbon number range. The number of VOC 03 precursors typically measured by EPA's guidance
document for 03 precursor monitoring, Technical Assistance Document for Sampling and Analysis
of Ozone Precursors,2 is approximately 55. In this guidance document, EPA describes two
methods for collecting and analyzing VOC O3 precursor ambient air samples. The first method
is a manual method that consists of collecting integrated air samples in a SUMMA® passivated
stainless steel canister with subsequent laboratory gas chromatographic analysis. The second
method is an on-site automated method where sampling, analysis, and data integration and
laboratory data reports are generated automatically. In EPA's 40 CFR Pan 58 monitoring
CH-93-104
7-3
-------
regulations, three minimum PAMS VOC sampling frequencies (A, B, and C) are specified
depending upon the type of site.3 Sites on an (A) sampling frequency collect eight 3-hour
samples every third day and one 24-hour sample every sixth day during the monitoring period
(typically June, July, and August). Sites with a (B) sampling frequency collect eight 3-hour
samples every day during the monitoring period and one 24-hour sample every sixth day all year.
Sites with a (C) sampling frequency collect eight 3-hour samples on the peak O3 days plus each
previous day, eight 3-hour samples every sixth day, and one 24-hour sample every sixth day
during the monitoring period. Meeting these (C) requirements would require predicting high O3
concentration time periods or sampling more frequently.
For all affected MSA/CMSA populations, site types (1), (3), and (4) may use sampling
frequencies (A) or (C). For MSAs having populations less than 500,000, site type (2) may also
use frequency (A) or (C); however, for areas having populations greater than 500,000, type (2)
sites must use sampling frequency (B). To satisfy these sampling frequencies, an agency may
choose to use a continuous analyzer.
7.2.4.2 Cost Estimates for VOC Canister Sampling and Analysis
Cost estimates for PAMS VOC monitoring vary significantly depending on variables such
as the use of continuous analyzers or canisters, the canister sampling frequency, and the
alternative selected to conduct the laboratory analysis. In deciding on the laboratory analysis
options, an agency may for example, elect to conduct the analyses within the agency, obtain
analytical services from a private laboratory, or arrange for an interagency agreement with
another agency that has the necessary equipment and experience to perform VOC analyses.
Although numerous combinations of options are possible, three detailed examples are presented
here. The examples include the use of VOC canister sampling at frequency (A) with two options
for analysis and the use of continuous VOC analyzers. The first example (option 1) gives
monitoring costs for an agency that uses in-house personnel to collect canister samples and to
conduct the laboratory analysis. The second example (option 2) provides costs for an agency that
runs the canister sampling program in-house, but contracts out for VOC analysis of the canisters.
The third example shows the cost breakdown for an agency that operates its type (2) site every
day for VOCs using a continuous analyzer. Operating a site on an every day schedule using
canisters for eight 3-hour samples per day may be impractical because (1) the number of canisters
required per site would be in the range of 100 to 200, and (2) about eight samples per day is the
approximate maximum number that a central laboratory can analyze in a 10-hour work shift. In
this case, an on-site continuous GC analyzer seems more appropriate; therefore, this option was
selected as a practical example.
Cost estimates for the first two examples are shown in Table 7-3 as option 1 (VOC
sampling and analysis within the agency) and option 2 (agency sampling with contractor
laboratory analysis). In keeping with the division given in Section 3, breakdowns for the
monitoring costs were considered for eight major categories of activities: network design and
siting, station installation, sampling, maintenance and repair, analysis, data management and
reporting, QA/QC, and management and supervision. For purposes of the first two examples,
it is assumed that the monitoring period is 3 months. Based on an (A) sampling frequency, a
total of 264 VOC samples are scheduled for collection during the three month monitoring period.
CH-93-104 - _ 7-4
-------
VOC SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS COSTS PER SITE
SAMPLING FREQUENCY (A) AND 3-MONTH MONITORING PERIOD
CastJ&emeat
Procurement
Automated multi-event canister
sampling
Equipment installation
•Sampiag
Canisters (40/site)
Travel expenses
Routine rite visits
Spare parts/supplies
Snare nans/supplies
Remedial
Remedial repairs
Routine maintenance
^^•^^•MHM^BM^^H
Routine maintenance
- ,' ~v * ^v ^, y ,^'^'^Ls /ivV^'*^«y,' *V^'' ' . mm.i... lii.Tr.'imm,,,
i3a^.Rfema^eownr.; < ^- - ^^ ;; t *, V * '^, T-"'"j' ^;V'" ^;/-
Data acquisiri
Data acquisiti
Data
i^^^^^^
Data reportin
Data validation
Data validation
^M^M
Data analysis and trends
Data analysis and trends
CH-93-104
7-5
-------
TABLE 7-3. CANISTER VOC SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS COSTS PER SITE
SAMPLING FREQUENCY (A) AND 3-MONTH MONITORING PERIOD
(Continued)
f x v;^;;-> . * >',»
L^**l%v£* - > ;**:•'£ * & x *
Initial GC installation and checkout
Annual GC checkout
Operation of GC and canister
cleaning (includes 10% replicate
analysis)
GC cylinder gases
Calibration standards
Gas cleaning system
Contractor lab analysis
(290 samples at S325/sample)
^ ' , Ogtnms . "
OptI
^
S
s
s
s
s
$n*.~
'
*t__^. ••
cost
CPTL
0/M
O/M
0/M
O/M
CPTL
0/M
, ;', ^**
v% ;
TEC2
PRO2
TEC2
PRO2
TEC2
PRO2
Hoar
160
80
50
25
290
100
, Cost
5080
3,360
1,650
1.050
9.570
4,200
900
600
5,000
94,250
Canister certification system
Calibration standards
Audits
Audits
Routine calibrations
Routine calibrations
Training
Training
Implementation/coordination
QA plan preparation
/
/
/
/
S
S
s
/
s
s
s
s
CPTL
0/M
0/M
O/M
0/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
CPTL
PRO2
PRO2
TEC2
TEC2
PRO2
PRO2
PROS
PRO2
16
8
12
6
40
8
4
8
1,165
1,000
672
336
396
198
1,680
336
200
336
&«wwsta*V'^ '*,<:", 't'-t\&* i*£i?*&i^rv '^ -
^'^Vx^^sjJ^ j^^QH^^^a^kl^^Kat^Mk'^^^^^^!^
'•f <\ « ^ ' '
p*-, \ *
^ V? f '
1,600
1,600
75009
36,722
33.404
107.756
Option 1 - Sampling and analysis conducted by control agency
Option 2 - Sampling conducted by control agency, analysis conducted by contractor
CH-93-104
7-6
-------
This amounts to 248 samples [eight 3-hour samples every third day for a 3-month (92 day)
monitoring period plus 16 samples for the one 24-hour sample every sixth day for the monitoring
period]. Using the EPA VOC monitoring method contained in reference 2 with one automated
GC analytical system, an average total of six VOC samples can be analyzed in an 8-hour work
shift, including a zero and one point calibration span. In a 10-hour shift, eight canister samples
can be processed. This is desirable since it corresponds to the daily number of samples for a site
on an (A) sampling frequency and for a laboratory on a 5-day work schedule. Based on these
assumptions, the option 1 agency laboratory cost estimates given in Table 7-3 were calculated
based on using one GC system for every three sites on an (A) sampling frequency.
Cost estimates for network design are not listed in Table 7-3, since the PAMS site is a
multi-parameter site, and the network design costs are included as part of the 03 cost estimates.
Similarly, some of the normal site or station installation costs such as site procurement,
land/lease, site preparation, and power hookup are not included in this cost estimate of the
manual VOC sampling option. The installation costs apply to both options since sampling will
be conducted internally. Installation costs for both options include the capital cost for a $ 15,000
dollar automated multi-event canister sampling system at each site. Labor costs for VOC
sampling equipment procurement and internal labor expenses for equipment installation at the site
are also included under the category of installation.
Under the costs for sampling, option 1 and 2 costs include the purchase of approximately
40 6-liter canisters per site at a volume discount price of $425 per canister. Single canister prices
are in the range of $500 to $560 dollars. Forty canisters per site allows approximately 3 to 4
days time for shipment to and from the laboratory and a 2-3 day turnaround time for analysis and
canister cleaning. A few more samplers per site would be required if longer time periods for
shipping, cleaning, and analysis were found to be necessary. In addition to canister costs, the
sampling costs include labor and travel expenses (assuming a 30-mile round trip) for 31 site
visits.
Maintenance and repair costs differ for options 1 and 2 since option 1 requires repair and
maintenance on the sampling and laboratory equipment, while option 2 only requires service on
the sampling equipment Option 1 parts and supply costs are based on expenditures for such
items as spare valves, fittings, chromatography columns, and pumps while option 2 is restricted
to sampling equipment Repair and maintenance labor costs associated with option 1 sampling
and analytical equipment are estimated at 72 hours. Option 2 costs are estimated at 36 hours for
repair and maintenance for sampling equipment only. Because the automated GC systems are
new and complex, it may be prudent to invest in available extended service warranties. These
may be offered at a cost of about $1,500 dollars for 3 years.
Analytical costs for options 1 and 2 are based on using EPA's recommended technique
for measuring VOC which is gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC/FID). In
this technique, an air sample is taken from ambient air samples collected in stainless steel
canisters and transferred to-the GC/FID system. The sample is first passed into a primary sample
concentration system, followed by desorption and collection on a secondary cold trap, called a
cryo-focusing trap. This second trap serves to enhance the convergence of the sample prior to
injection on the analytical column, thereby improving pollutant resolution. The concentrated,
ca-93-104 7.7
-------
focused sample is then desorbcd onto the analytical column(s) for separation, and qualitative and
quantitative analysis. For the continuous analyzer this entire cycle is fully automated.
Laboratory cost estimates for canister analysis are based on the use of a continuous
analyzer equipped with a VOC autosampler using a multi-port valve for automatic switching of
multiple canisters to the GC/FJD system. Costs for continuous VOC analyzers including a data
integrator, personal computer (PC), and appropriated software range from $50,000 to $125,000.
A cost of $81,000 prorated among three sites was used for option 1 of Table 7-3. Other costs
for option 1 include one time up front costs associated with the installation, checkout, and
optimization of the GC system (12 weeks of TEC2 and 6 weeks of PRO2 labor apportioned
among three sites). Another option 1 major capital cost item prorated among three sites is the
canister cleaning system ($15,000/3 sites). The laboratory analysis activities also include
prorated costs for GC cylinder support gases and liquid cryogen ($50/day for 95 days). The 95
days includes a 12-week checkout period and the 3-month monitoring period. Also tabulated are
site prorated labor operating costs for a TEC2 (290 hours) and a PRO2 (100 hours) to operate
the GC during the monitoring period. The 290 hours per site are based on the assumption that
it will take about 870 hours (eight samples per day, 1 hour per sample) to analyze the total of
870 canister samples collected from the three sites during the monitoring period (290 per site for
three sites which is 264 samples plus an additional 26 per site for replicate analyses).
In option 2, laboratory analyses are performed by a contractor laboratory. The cost
estimates listed in Table 7-3 assume a charge of $325 per canister for analysis. For the 3-month
sampling period a total of 264 canister samples are collected. At $325 dollars per canister, this
amounts to a total of about $85,800 in analytical costs. Replicate analysis costs are not included
in these costs. Including 10 percent replicates adds another $8,450 to the analysis costs for a
total of $94,250.
Data management and reporting (as described in Section 3.6) includes those costs
associated with data acquisition, processing, validation and reporting the data from each site to
the agency's data bank. Because the number of compounds measured per sample can be as
large as 50 to 55, the resources allotted for data management activities are greater than those
suggested in Section 3.6. The hours per site for the data management and reporting category
under option 1 were apportioned as follows: 20 hours for data acquisition/data processing, 8
hours for data reporting, and 12 hours for data validation (operational and statistical). In
addition, this category includes an EPA suggested allotment of 0.2 work year (416 hours per
year) per site (every day sampling) for data analysis and air quality trends. For sampling
frequency (A) this amounts to about 85 hours per site. Option 2 cost estimates are similar except
that the hours for data acquisition/data processing were reduced to 15 hours per site.
QA/QC costs for option 1 include capital costs for a canister certification system (prorated
among 3 sites), and the prorated cost to prepare a QA project plan. Operation and maintenance
costs under this category are identified for calibration gases (prorated), audits, routine
calibrations, and training. Apportioned supervisory hours at the PRO3 level are also included.
Costs for option 2 are less because of the absence of the laboratory work. Management and
supervision costs have been increased to reflect the newness and complexity of the VOC
program.
7-8
-------
A summary of the capital costs and annual operation and maintenance costs is presented
in Table 7-4. The annualized cost for option 2 is about 23. times larger than option 1. This
difference may be due to the need for a larger burden rate for the laboratory analysis portion of
option 1 to reflect the true overhead rate and costs associated with operating a laboratory. The
burden rate used in all of the cost estimates was 2.5 times the average labor rate. In addition, the
laboratory analysis costs of option 1 do not include any confirmation analyses (such as GC/MS)
that is usually recommended for 10 to 15 percent of the samples.
TABLE 7-4. SUMMARY OF VOC CANISTER SAMPLING AND ANALYSES
COSTS FOR SITES WITH SAMPLING FREQUENCY (A) AND
3-MONTH MONITORING PERIOD
Cost Type
Option!
Option 2
Capita! Costs
75,209
33,404
36,722
107,756
51,764
114,437
Option 1 - Canister sampling and analysis conducted by control agency personnel
Option 2 • Canister sampling conducted by agency personnel, analysis conducted by contractor
7.2.4 J Cost Estimates for VOC Monitoring Using On-Site Continuous Analyzers
Cost estimates for VOC monitoring for a year-round monitoring period are given in Table
7-5. This example illustrates the monitoring requirement cost estimates for a PAMS VOC type
(2) site operating with a year-round (B) sampling frequency. The (B) sampling frequency
requires the collection of eight 3-hour samples every day during the monitoring period and one
24-hour sample every sixth day all year. For this example the monitoring period is 3 months.
As noted in Section 7.2.3.1, however, VOC canister sampling every day at a rate of eight 3-hour
samples per day followed by laboratory GC analysis is not very practical and would be more
effectively conducted using an on-site continuous VOC monitor. Cost estimates therefore are
given based on the use of a continuous VOC monitor everyday for 3 months plus one 24-hour
canister sample every sixth day all year.
For the same reasons noted previously, network design costs are not included here but in
the costs for 03 monitoring. Site installation costs for on-site continuous VOC monitoring are
greater-because of the additional time required to install the automated GC. Costs for sampling
and analysis include $81,000 for a fully automated GC with FID, PC and appropriate software.
The actual price for an automated system may range from $50,000 to $125,000 depending upon
the options chosen. Other sampling and analysis costs include time for instrument installation,
checkout, and optimization of parameters. Although it may take as long as 2 to 4 months to set
up and optimize the GC, we elected to use the lower limit based on the assumption that the
CH-93-104
7-9
-------
TABLE 7-5. CONTINUOUS VOC
« - ™EQUENCY (B) 12-MONTK _
Continuous, 12-Month 1/6 Day Canister Sampling)
\
-- ci«r
Equipment installation
On-site automated GC with FID
GC installation and checkout
PR02
TEC2
; On-site operation
10.500
5.100
^•^^^^•^
1.800
^"^i—^
17.500
: Canisters (12/site)
Liquid cryogen
RButine maintenance
Pita acquisitio
Data reportin
Data validation
!_.. DSta analysis and trends
^^^^^^^^^^"^"•^^"^•^"^^BI^B™
Assaiangg'
! Calibration standards
Audits
••^••M^M
Routine calibrations
Training
i Iniplementation/cooniinarion
i PKnning/coorainaQon
Supervision/review
-------
agency would have gained experience at other sites or a central lab using a similar system.
Additional sampling and analysis costs include cryogen at $50 per day and support gases.
Maintenance and repair costs include an estimated $2,500 for spare parts and supplies
such as columns, GC replacement parts, regulators, and pumps. Costs for remedial repairs and
maintenance are estimated as $3,300 and $4,125 respectively, including 100 hours of a TEC2 for
repairs and 125 hours for routine maintenance.
Data management costs are similar to those estimated for VOC canister sampling and
laboratory analysis but increased by a factor of four to cover operating costs for the entire year.
Cost estimates for data analysis and trends, however are based on EPA's estimate of 0.2 work
year per site.
QA and QC costs include the customary items of audits, calibrations, training, and QA
project plan preparation. An additional 40 hours are allotted for participation in external audits.
In addition, the hours allotted for calibrations have been increased to allow about 1 hour per day
for calibrations.
Supervision and management costs are based on 64 hours of a PRO3 for planning and
coordination, and another 64 hours for supervision and review.
A summary of the capital costs and annual operation and maintenance costs for
continuous VOC monitoring for a 12-month period is given in Table 7-6.
TABLE 7-6. SUMMARY COSTS FOR CONTINUOUS VOC MONITORING
FOR 12-MONTH PERIOD
\ •„'* '- *S?^*QM£*\,^*:\ ;V
CanfcaLCfcsts:/ /•>,*•" -'"'- '? \> »';^ '" - 1 **>'" \ '-'
V • % v v •••• t.< ^ ff. t ^ ^ ^
i Average- Annualtzed Costs ' "" ::
'^'f^:^^®&<^ : >
105052
160,139
181,189
7.2.5 Cost Estimates for Formaldehyde and Other Carbonyi Compound Monitoring
The PAMS methodology for measuring formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in
ambient air is described in EPA's, Technical Assistance Document for Sampling and Analysis of
Ozone Precursors.2 The method is basically EPA's Method 1 1 from the Compendium of Methods
for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air.4 The method is based on
the reaction of organic carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) with 2,4-
CH-93-104
-------
dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) in the presence of an acid to form stable derivatives which are
analyzed using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLQ with an ultraviolet (UV) absorption
detector operated at 360 nm. In the method protocol, ambient air is passed through a prepacked
silica gel cartridge impregnated with acidified DNPH; after sampling, the cartridges are capped
and shipped to the laboratory for analysis. Three aldehyde sampling frequencies (D, E, or F) are
specified in the 40 CFR Part 58 PAMS regulations depending on the population of the
MSA/CMSA.3 Sampling frequency (D) requires eight 3-hour samples every third day during the
monitoring period, and one additional 24-hour sample every sixth day during the 3-month
monitoring period; (E) specifies eight 3-hour samples every day during the monitoring period,
plus one additional 24-hour sample every sixth day during the entire year; and (F) requires eight
3-hour samples on peak 03 days plus each previous day, and eight 3-hour samples every sixth
day during the monitoring period. Meeting these (F) requirements would require predicting high
O3 concentration time periods or sampling more frequently.
A detailed breakdown of the cost estimates for a site operating with a (D) sampling
frequency for a 3-month monitoring period is given in Table 7-7. The table shows costs for two
options. The first option is for an agency that uses in-house personnel to collect the samples and
conduct the laboratory analysis, and the second option is for an agency that collects the samples,
but contracts out for laboratory analysis.
Network design costs have been given previously and are not duplicated here. Station
installation costs reflect the labor costs associated with the procurement and installation of the
carbonyl cartridge sampler. The price of the sampler ($2,830) is also listed. The detailed
sampling costs include miscellaneous supplies, about $300, commercially available sampling
cartridges, and labor hours for routine site visits. The 31 labor hours given for site visits are
based on the assumption of 31 site visits at one hour per site. Travel expenses were not included
since they were allotted in the VOC cost estimate. Maintenance and repair cost estimates reflect
the normal ranges generally allocated for these activities.
Analytical services for option 1 include $28,000 for an HPLC/UV system for measuring
carbonyl compounds, and auxiliary laboratory equipment such as extraction glassware, liquid
syringes, special pipets, and miscellaneous fittings. The HPLC/UV system includes an
autosampler which automatically transfers sample tubes to the analyzer. In addition, hours are
allotted for equipment set up, and sample analysis. The hours allocated for sample analysis
assumed a total of 290 samples per site (eight samples per day for 31 days plus 16 samples for
the one 24-hour sample every sixth day for the 3-month monitoring period, plus 26 replicate
analyses and an analyses rate of 40 samples per 8-hour work day). This amounts to about
58 hours of a TEC2's time plus an additional 20 hours for a PRO2. The carbonyl compounds
assumed to be measured at this analyses rate are formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone. In
most air samples these three compounds constitute essentially all of the carbonyl compounds
detected. For option 2 the only cost estimate provided is the cost for analyzing 290 samples.
The cost was based on a volume discount price of $125 per cartridge. The contract analysis price
ranges from about $150 per sample to $375 per sample, while the volume discount price ranges
CB-93-104 7-12
-------
from about $100 to $300. For option 2, a discount price of $125 per sample analysis is used
which brings the total analysis price for the 290 samples to $36,250.
Data management and reporting costs for both options include the customary activities
for this category but are less than the hours allotted for VOC monitoring because the number of
pollutants measured are smaller. The hours given for QA/QC, and supervision and management
are in the normal range.
A summary of the capital costs and annual operation and maintenance costs for
formaldehyde and other carbonyl costs for sampling frequency (D) is given in Table 7-8.
Cost estimates for a site operating with an (E) sampling frequency for a 3-month
monitoring period is given in Table 7-9. The table shows costs for the same two options
presented in Table 7-7. All capital costs remain the same as given in Table 7-7. All operation
and maintenance costs, except training costs, have been modified to reflect carbonyl sampling
frequency E. In option 1, the hours allocated for sample analyses are based on a total of 877
samples per site (eight samples per day for 92 days, sixty-one, 24-hour samples every sixth day
for the entire year, 80 replicate analyses samples, and an analyses rate of 40 samples per 8-hour
work day. For option 2, the only cost estimate provided is the cost for analyzing 877 samples.
A volume discount analyses price of $125 per sample is used which results in a total analysis
price of $109,625. Data management and reporting costs for both options are similar to sampling
frequency D but adjusted to reflect the increased frequency of sampling. The same adjustment
was made for QA/QC, and supervision and management
A summary of the capital costs and annual operation and maintenance costs for sampling
frequency (E) is provided in Table 7-10.
7.2.6 Cost Estimate for a Surface Meteorological Monitoring Station
Table 7-11 shows the detailed costs for a PAMS surface meteorological monitoring station
operating for a 3-month monitoring period. The cost estimates are essentially the same as those
given in Table 6-1 of Section 6 except that they were adjusted to reflect a 3-month monitoring
period compared to the 12-month cost estimates given in Section 6. In addition, other
modifications were made to include an apportionment of the calibration systems (wind speed and
wind direction calibrator, temperature and pressure calibrator, humidity and dew point calibrator,
and solar radiation calibrator) among five PAMS sites. Also, a number of items from Table 6-1
such as site installation activities were not included here because they were already included in
Table 7-1 and Table 4-8. In addition, the 8" tipping bucket and the wind screen were excluded
from Table 7-11 because they were not listed among the measurement parameters in EPA's
technical assistance document2 Table 7-12 gives a summary of the capital and operation and
maintenance costs for a PAMS surface meteorological monitoring station.
CH-93-UM • 7.13
-------
TABLE 7-7. CARBONYL MONITORING COSTS FOR SAMPLING
FREQUENCY (D) 3-MONTH MONITORING PERIOD
Labor
Hours
EqUipihent procurement
CPTL
PRO2
16
672
Cartridge sampler
CPTL
2,830
Equipment installation
CPTL
TEC2
264
Saaipfing
Supplies
O/M
110
Carbonyl sample cartridges
(S10 each)
0/M
3,000
Routine site visits
0/M
TEC2
31
1,023
Span parts/supplies
0/M
280
Remedial calibrations
O/M
TEC2
15
495
Routine repairs
0/M
TEC2
10
330
Remedial maintenance
0/M
TEC2
10
330
Contract laboratory analyses (290
samples at S125 per sample
0/M
36250
Equipment - HPLC/UV with
autosampler
CPTL
28,000
Equipment (auxiliary)
CPTL
2,000
Supplies/reagents
O/M
250
Sample analysis
0/M
TEC2
PR02
58
20
1,914
840
Equipment setup
CFTL
PRO2
40
1,680
Data acquisition/processing
0/M
PRO1
18
648
Data reporting
0/M
PR02
10
420
Data, validation
O/M
PRO2
14
588
(Continued)
CH-9M04
7-14
-------
TABU: 7-7. CARBONYL MONITORING COSTS FOR SAMPLING
FREQUENCY (D) 3-MONTH MONITORING PERIOD (Continued)
Calibrations (site & lab)
Calibrations (site)
Audits
^•^—•^••1
Audits
Implementation/coordination
QA plan preparation
Planning/coordination
Supervision/review
1 - Sampling and analysis conducted by control agency
ion 2 - Sampling conducted by control agency, analysis by contract laboratory
TABLE
3-MONTH MONITORING PERIOD
CH-93-104
7-15
-------
^,yv -\ ,-f..
Cartridge sampler
Equipment installation
Sampling-
Carbonyl sample cartridges (900)
($10 each)
Routine site visits
Spare parts/supplies
Remedial calibrations
Routine repairs
Remedial maintenance
Contract laboratory analyses (877
samples at S125 per sample
109,625
^"•"^^—•^
28,000
Equipment - HPLC/UV with
autosampler
Equipment (auxiliary)
Supplies/reagents
Sample analysis
qiripment setup
Data
Data acquisition/processing
Data reporting
Data validation
PR01
•^•IHi^HM
PRO2
(Continued)
CH-93-104
7-16
-------
TABLE 7-9. CARBONYL MONITORING COSTS FOR SAMPLING
FREQUENCY (E) 3-MONTH MONITORING PERIOD (Continued)
Optl
Opt2
Type
Labor
Hours
Calibration standards
Calibrations (site & lab)
Calibrations (site)
Audits
Audits
Training
Training
Implementation/coordination
QA plan preparation
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
Planning/coordination
Supervision/review
0/M
0/M
PROS
^•^^•^^^H*
PROS
64
64
'' ' * -• ~ , ^ , ;.„•.,"' < ""
KSJ^^Mauaea^ £z ^
Option 1 - Sampling and analysis conducted by control agency
Option 2 - Sampling conducted by control agency, analysis by contract laboratory
Cost
N/A
TEC2
TEC2
TEC2
TEC2
PRO2
TEC2
PROS
PRO2
24
12
32
16
40
8
4
8
••••MIMMMMM.
900
792
396
1,056
528
1,680
264
200
336
40,467
-^-^—•^••^
4,102
••—•—•—»
138,657
3-MONTH MONITORING PEMOD
CH-93-104
7-n
-------
TABLE 7-11. COSTS FOR A SURFACE METEOROLOGICAL MONTTORlNr
STATION OPERATING FOR A 3-MONTH[1i£bl>
Honre
Xv O
"N-
10-m tower
6-ft boom
Guy kit
Wind direcrion/s
Crossarm
•M^m^v^^^^^M^H
Air temperature
Dew point sensor
^"^^^^•"^••^•^"•"•i^B^^M
Solar radiation shield
be
CPTL
Mast adapter
""^""^^^^^••^•^J^^MMBl
Barometric pressure sensor
Wind direction calibrator
Wind speed calibrator
Temperature calibrator
Precipitation calibrator
Humidity & dew point calibrator
^
Solar radiation calibrator
Pressure calibrator
Data ton
Ram
•MBMHMI
Data cassette recorder
Strip chan recorder (backup)
Niemann enclosure
Computer hardware and software
Additional power supply for instruments
Accessories
"""^•"^•""••""—^—^—i—^-™.«
Equipment procurement
Equipment installation
~~———^———_
Acceptance testing
CPTL
CPTL
I Subtotal for CPTL site installation
Cost
CH-93-104
7-18
-------
TABLE 7-11. COSTS FOR A SURFACE METEOROLOGICAL MONITORING
STATION OPERATING FOR A 3-MONTH PERIOD (Continued)
, ^ * * f^,A, - /, •• I H -
^ •• f * •. "* f '• '• f "• ^
~" *• "" ' >dt)$C CfffilBHpH th ** '"i *•
r. " ^ •
S&iipiia^ ^ ..-- : - ^ »-* '"
Routine field service supplies
Routine field service checks
Travel expenses
Mainteaaaee
Remedial field service - corrective
action
Remedial field service - spare parts
; <
% •• '" " " ^ ; "
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
Lafcor
L^et
'/ ; - % ••
TEC1
TEC2
PRO2
Hoars
-
52
15
4
Cost
500
1,560
495
168
313
0/M
0/M
O/M
0/M
TEC1
TEC2
PRO2
4
4
4
120
132
168
1,500
W^^^^^^^^'^^^^^-''^': ^>",*,-,^'> <>\^r,\^,;*- - ^ ^
Data acquisition, processing and
reporting
Data validation
0/M
0/M
TEC2
PRO2
36
6
1,188
252
Quality Assaraneet • ,' •. " /"v ^ ' • ' • :
Implementation/coordination
QA plan preparation
Calibrations
QA/QC reporting & review
Audit
S'apem'sioar - '
Planning/coordination
Supervision/review
0/M
CPTL
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
O/M
PRO2
PRO2
TEC2
PRO2
TEC1
TEC2
PRO2
4
20
6
6
4
4
4
168
840
198
252
120
132
168
•• -. ^ "" ,. -• 'f
O/M
0/M
PROS
PROS
6
6
' " ToteTCapltai'
-------
A summary of the costs for the surface meteorological measurement station is shown in
Table 7-12.
TABLE 7-12. SUMMARY COSTS FOR A SURFACE METEOROLOGICAL
MONITORING STATION OPERATING FOR 3 MONTHS
tft-Cw. vAtyQM. i%*****S, ** V^v S'X^vS? WArfv %
Average Aanialized Cost
CH-93-104
7-20
-------
7.2.7 Monitoring Costs for Upper Air Meteorology
A breakdown of the costs for an upper air meteorological monitoring station operating for
a 3-month period is presented in Table 7-13. The principal monitoring equipment include a
doppler radar system to measure wind speed and direction up to approximately 4,000 meters.
The cost for this system is about $130,000. Also included is a radio acoustic sounding system
(RASS) for the measurement of temperature up to about 2.0 kilometers. This will allow for the
calculation of mixing heights. The price of this unit is about $20,000. Approximately $10,000
is also necessary for a PC, data processing software, and a communication package. Other costs
listed cover site installation (equipment procurement and equipment installation and set up),
maintenance, data management, quality assurance and supervision. The costs for these activities
are very similar to those given in the table for the surface meteorological station (Table 7-11).
Table 7-14 gives a summary of the capital and annual operation and maintenance costs for the
upper air station
CH-93-104
-------
TABLE 7-13. COSTS FOR AN UPPER AIR METEOROLOGICAL MONITORING
STATION OPERATING FOR A 3-MONTH PERIOD
L*' €ostf
fcafcor
i- Level
HOOT
Cost
^
v <• % j. J* * v
Procurement
CPIL
PRO2
16
672
CPIL
Equipment installation
TEC2
PRO1
16
16
528
576
Doppler radar system
CPTL
130.000
Shelter (assume system uses PAMS shelter)
Radar accoustic sounding system
CPTL
20,000
PC processing software, and communications package
CPTL
10,000
Routine field service supplies
0/M
500
Routine field service checks
O/M
TEC2
PRO2
12
6
396
252
Remedial field service - corrective action
O/M
TEC2
132
Remedial field service • spare parts
O/M
500
Data acquisition, processing and reporting
O/M
TEC2
36
1,188
Data validation
O/M
PRO2
252
Implementation/coordination
O/M
PR02
168
QA plan preparation
CPTL
PRO2
20
840
Calibrations
O/M
TEC2
198
QA/QC reporting & review
O/M
PR02
252
Audit
O/M
O/M
TEC2
PRO2
4
4
132
168
Planning/coordination
O/M
PRO3
200
Supervision/review
O/M
PROS
200
162,616
4,538
CH-93-104
7-22
-------
TABLE 7-14. SUMMARY OF COSTS FOR AN UPPER AIR METEOROLOGICAL
STATION OPERATING FOR A 3-MONTH PERIOD
CH-93-104
7-23
-------
-------
73 REFERENCES
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Register, Vol. 58, No. 28, Appendix D,
Section 4.2, February 12, 1993.
2. Technical Document for Sampling and Analysis of Ozone Precursors, EPA-600/8-91-215,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC October 1991.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Register, VoL 58, No. 28, Appendix D,
Section 4.4, February 12, 1993.
4. Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient
Air, EPA-600/4-89-017. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Atmospheric Research
and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711. June 1988.
CH-93-104
-------
-------
SECTION 8.0
VISIBILITY MONITORING
8.1 BACKGROUND
Section 169 of the Clean Air Act requires EPA to promulgate regulations to ensure
progress towards the goal of preventing future and remedying existing visibility impairment in
Class I Federal areas, when such impairment is caused by anthropogenic air pollution. EPA
promulgated regulations in 40 GFR Part 51 that require States to develop programs designed to
achieve this goal and establish procedures for visibility impact analyses for new source review.
These regulations also direct States to include a strategy for evaluating visibility in Class I
Federal areas in the implementation plan. This strategy must take into account current and
anticipated visibility monitoring research, the availability of appropriate monitoring techniques,
applicable EPA guidance, and existing visibility data. EPA has promulgated visibility monitoring
strategies for States that have failed to do so on their own in a timely fashion.
Visibility impairment can be defined as the extent to which the ability of an observer to
clearly see an object or vista is limited by the scattering and absorption of light caused by
particles and gases in the atmosphere. The relationship between air pollution and human visual
perception is complex. There is no single measurement that adequately characterizes visibility
impairment and provides an indication of its causes. Therefore, a visibility monitoring system
typically consists of measurements of multiple parameters.
Visibility related measurements can be generally divided into three groups: optical,
aerosol, and scene. Optical measurements register the ability of the atmosphere to change or
obstruct light passing through it Aerosol measurements identify and quantify the paniculate and
gaseous constituents of the atmosphere that are related to visibility impairment. Scenic indices
characterize the appearance of the view through the atmosphere. Models are used to establish
relationships among measurements in different groups.
There are many methods that have been used to measure visibility related parameters.
Over time, the state-of-the-art has evolved and some methods have taken precedence over others
due to increased data quality. The current state-of-the-art in visibility monitoring is represented
by the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network. This is
a cooperative visibility monitoring effort between the EPA and several federal land management
agencies. It is designed to address the data needs of the Section 169 visibility protection
program. The monitoring objectives are to establish background visibility levels in order to
assess the impacts of new sources; to determine the sources and their contributions to visibility
impairment; to assess progress toward the national visibility goal; and to promote the
development of visibility monitoring technology.
The IMPROVE network provides optical, aerosol, and scene measurements. Long path
transmissometers are used for optical measurements. Aerosol measurements are obtained by the
IMPROVE sampler, which collects four simultaneous filter samples. Scene characteristics are
recorded by color photography. At sites where there is no transmissometer, color slides may be
CH-93-104 g_l
-------
analyzed by scanning densitometry to give a rough quantification of visual range. Temperature
and relative humidity are also measured at IMPROVE sites.
The cost estimates provided in this document are based on the IMPROVE sampling
protocol. Costs arc also provided for a nephelometer designed to provide particle light scattering
data at ambient conditions. Nephelometers have been used in many visibility monitoring studies
to provide an optical measurement of visibility impairment The nephelometer samples the
atmosphere at a single point while the transmissometer measures light extinction over a sight
path. In addition, costs are provided for the use of a dichotomous sampler in place of the
IMPROVE sampler. Table 8-1 summarizes the visibility measurements addressed in this
document
8.2 NETWORK DESIGN
Network design and site selection costs for a visibility monitoring program reflect the
complexity of the relationships being investigated, the concurrent needs of multiple monitoring
systems, and the logistical constraints imposed by remote monitoring locations. It can be difficult
to find a representative site with a suitable vista for transmissometer and/or photographic
measurements. The potential influences of sources adversely affecting visibility must be carefully
considered. Predicting the impacts of sources on a regional scale may require sophisticated
source and receptor oriented modeling. Understanding the influence of local sources is especially
important if point based measurements, such as those made by a nepelometer, are used. This
may require a micro-inventory of the area near candidate sites.
Due to limited resources, there is a need to select sites that are representative of the area
where the site is located and that are comparable with other visibility protected areas. Four
criteria were established for selecting sites among the 156 visibility protected Class I Federal
areas: anticipated changes in visibility in the area, existing visibility problems, scenic value and
sensitivity, and the representativeness of the data to other visibility protected areas.
Network design for visibility monitoring is an ongoing process that reflects continuing
changes in monitoring techniques, scientific understanding of visibility related issues, and
resources available for visibility monitoring. For Class I Federal areas, the initial network design
phase involving evaluation of monitoring needs versus available monitoring techniques and
resources has been completed.
A somewhat more limited network design effort is required for establishing a visibility
monitoring station or network of stations in an area in order to obtain background information
needed to assess potential impacts on visibility from new sources. A study should be conducted
to determine background monitoring locations of a suitable scale. These may focus on areas of
particular visibility interest, especially scenic vistas. Between 300 to 400 hours at the mid- to
senior professional level (PRO2 to PRO4) is a generally reasonable estimate of the effort required
to undertake such a study. This would be followed by additional effort required for site
selection.
CH-93-104 g-2
-------
TABLE 8-1. VISIBILITY MONITORING PROGRAM
* ;\'i?>
IMPROVE Sampler Module A - Fine (<2.5um)
Teflon
IMPROVE Sampler Module B - Fine Nylon
IMPROVE Sampler Module C - Fine Quartz
IMPROVE Sampler Module D - PM-IO Teflon
IMPROVE Sampler - Impregnated Quartz Filter
(Back-up to PM-10 Teflon)
Transmissometer
Automated 35mm Camera system
Temperature/Humidity Sensor
Dichotomous Sampler
Integrating Ncpheloinctur
"'?Hfa«i|^8|i(V>V ' , ' ;S^JB^"
Mass (gravimetric),
Optical Absorption (integrating plate),
Sodium through Lead (Particle Induced
X-Ray Emission - PIXE. or X-Ray
Fluorescence - XRF)
Nitrate (Ion Chromatography)
Organic and Elemental Carbon
(combustion analyzer)
Mass (gravimetric)
Sulfur Dioxide (Ion Chromatography)
Extinction coefficient
View monitoring
Extinction coefficient (slide contrast
measurements)
Ambient temperature and relative
humidity
Fine mass and PM-10 mass
Extinction coefficient
Two samples per week - Weekly filter change
Two samples per week - Weekly filler change
Two samples per week - Weekly filler change
Two samples per week - Weekly filler change
Two samples per week - Weekly filter change
Continuous - Data uploaded via satellite (DCP),
telephone, or data cartridge. Strip chart backup.
Three photographs daily
Continuous - Data uploaded via satellite (DCP),
telephone, or data cartridge. Strip chart backup.
Two .samples per week - Weekly filter change
Continuous - Data uploaded via satellite (DCP),
telephone, or data cartridge. Strip chart backup.
s
-------
Due to the difficulties in site selection, at least 100 hours of effort at the senior technical
(TEC2) and midprofessional level (PRO2 to PROS) should be allowed for selection and proper
documentation of each monitoring site. This includes consideration of up to three candidate sites.
Resources required for travel to the site locations should be added. These may be significant
given the remoteness of typical visibility monitoring locations.
Cost estimates for network design and site selection should be added to the total cost for
the individual monitoring systems that are determined to be necessary for a particular monitoring
program.
83 COST ESTIMATES FOR AEROSOL SAMPLING
Aerosol sampling is necessary to characterize the atmospheric constituents contributing
to visibility degradation and to provide data for source apportionment. The IMPROVE sampler
collects simultaneous filter samples in four sample collection modules. Separate pump and
control modules control flow through the filter modules. Each filter module is capable of
exposing up to four samples at prescribed intervals over a period of up to 14 days; however, the
IMPROVE protocol calls for exposing two sample sets per week. Table 8-1 describes the filter
media, particle size outpoint, and analytical data for each module.
Cost estimates for aerosol sampling are detailed in Table 8-2 and summarized in
Table 8-3. Detailed costs given in Table 8-2 assume that the full four modules of the IMPROVE
sampler are used. In specific situations, the IMPROVE sampler modules may be used
independently. Capital and annual operation and maintenance costs are also given (see Table
8-3) for alternative configurations using the IMPROVE sampler modules or a dichotomous
sampler.
The IMPROVE sampler can be installed on a wooden or aluminum platform or housed
in a shelter. The cost estimates provided assume that a wooden platform is used. Site
preparation, land/lease, and power drop costs are given separately. However, in many cases, the
aerosol sampler will be collocated with other visibility monitoring equipment, such as a
transmissometer, nephelometer, or camera system. Site preparation costs are given for each
method, since some sites may contain a single system. It is important that site preparation costs
are not double counted when determining total station costs. An AC power drop is necessary for
the aerosol sampler. The system requires 25 amps power at 120 volts. Power consumption is
about 4,000 kilowatt hours per year.
Sampling costs include filter media and supplies, labor, and travel. The sampler is
serviced weekly. The cost of filter media is based on use of 120 sets of 5 filters per year (see
Table 8-1). Analysis costs are provided for elements (sodium through lead), ions (nitrate,
sulfate), and carbon (elemental and organic) for 120 filters per year. Other costs include shipping
and replacement parts. These costs are included in an overall figure for filter media and supplies.
Travel costs are estimated based on a 50 mile round trip. This figure should be adjusted as
necessary. Costs for travel time and expense are broken out separately from the labor required
to service the sampler. If multiple visibility parameters are measured at the same site, the travel
expense should be counted only once, .
CH-9MM "" 8-4
-------
TABLE 8-2. AEROSOL SAMPLING COSTS
(Full Four Modules of IMPROVE)
x*v\^
*A *„
CostEtement
Lafeor
Level
..
X";N s _'.
IMPROVE Sampler (4 modules, controller,
and pump house)
• ~_
Installation and delivery (IMPROVE Sampler)
Land/lease
-^—^^—•-•••
Power drop
Procurement
Site preparation
Hlter media and supplies
Routine weekly site service
Travel expense
Travel time
Utilities
Remedial calibrations
——————————.
Routine maintenance
Repairs
Spare parts
I Analysis:
Elemental analysis
——^——i———
Carbon analysis
— —^——^—
(Nitrate
Data
M^MHHH
Data
ulfate)
quisition/processing
reporting
OTL
L
L
L
L
L
PR01
TEC2
TEC2
O/M
TEC2
O/M
O/M
•MMI^Mi
O/M
(Continued)
PRO2
•^••^n^HB
PRO2
^••H^H^
PRO2
PR02
^••"^^^^™
PR02
Hoars
16
'-
2
I
52
52
100
85
50
48
M^B^M
64
Cost
10,000
3,000
2,100
3,570
•*^^^«i^^*^
2,100
2,016
• i.
2,688
CH-93-104
8-5
-------
TABLE 8-2. AEROSOL SAMPLING COSTS (Continued)
Cast
Labor
JBoors
Cost
Data validation level 1
0/M
PRO1
48
1,728
Data validation level 2
0/M
PRO2
32
1344
Audits (contract)
0/M
600
Calibration kit certification
0/M
200
Calibration kit
CPTL
200
Implementation/coordination
O/M
PR02
48
2,016
Planning
0/M
PR02
48
2,016
Reporting
O/M
PRO2
32
1344
Routine calibration
0/M
TEC2
16
528
Training
O/M
TEC2
264
-.
Planning/coordination
O/M
PROS
26
uoo
Supervision/review
O/M
PROS
26
1300
18,126
37300
TABLE 8-3. AEROSOL SAMPLING COST SUMMARY BREAKDOWN
i
? -'- s^-
*!f
-- ^
f f *
' > i.
L^r
M»-
' ^
''*-'
^
/VVfc-ry'^V*^'' , '*' ',-• - '"
f f f.S'' jL *~ f f t •• f ft*
\'~l;\; -SampfcrType^ ; /,-
$• •.' ' : ' * " ,< :'- V«U ^
Full Sampler
Full less PM-10
Double Module (Teflon and Nylon)
Double Module (Teflon and Quartz)
PM-10 Only (Includes elements)
Fine Only (Includes dements)
Diciiotomous Sampler
-.-W-J'*^ &-'-*
%#3$£C3«aii6£; ^
'^T^ f v'"^ /
18,126
, 14^60
8^80
8,980
7370
6,780
8375
^.^Sww. ;.. -,-..
Annual OrM •
«l>'>U;;r - i
37300
34,140
23,039
25,079
15,100
15,100
28JOO
; - Average
Aonuaitzed
40,925
36,992
24,835
26,875
16,674
16,456
30375
CB-9M04
8-6
-------
Maintenance costs include routine maintenance, repairs, and necessary recalibrations
following adjustments to the equipment A budget of $500 per year is allowed for replacement
parts. No separate travel allowance is estimated for maintenance. It is assumed that routine
maintenance will be conducted during the usual site visits. Travel time is allowed for in the
estimates for emergency repairs.
Data management costs include obtaining the data from the laboratories and preparing it
in a suitable format in a centralized database. About 50 filters per month will be handled for
each site. Costs are included for data validation and preparation of quarterly data reports.
Routine data management is handled by a junior to mid-level professional and overseen by a
senior professional
QA and QC include both capital and operation and maintenance costs. Capital costs are
for preparation of the QA plan and for field calibration equipment. The effort required for QA
plan preparation is divided over the number of sites in the network. The cost estimates provided
here assume an arbitrary network size of five sites. Annual QA/QC costs include coordination,
implementation and oversight of the QA program, preparation of periodic (e.g. quarterly) reports
on data quality, and training. QA activities should be conducted by mid- to senior level
professionals. Training includes both site operator training and training of personnel involved
with data management and QA. Training is considered to be an annual cost because of personnel
turnover and updates in operating procedures.
8.4 COST ESTIMATES FOR TRANSMISSOMETER MONITORING
The transmissometer measures light extinction over a site path. The transrnissometer
consists of a transmitter and receiver, a photometer, and electronic components. It measures the
loss of visible light (green - 550 nm) received from a source of known intensity over a known
path length. Cost estimates for monitoring light extinction using a transmissometer are detailed
in Table 8-4 and summarized in Table 8-5.
Station installation costs include site preparation, equipment and shelters, and labor.
Separate transmitter and receiver stations are required, each with its own shelter and power
supply. The receiver includes a data acquisition computer that can be polled remotely by
telephone or satellite link. A strip chart recorder is used as a backup. Sites located in remote
areas may require solar power and a satellite link to transmit continuous data. Costs are
summarized for a site where AC power and telephone services are available (Option 1), and a
site where solar power and a satellite link are required. Cellular telephone service is
increasingly available in remote areas (Option 2).
Sampling costs include routine operations and field service. These are labor, travel,
supplies, and electric power (if available). Costs for routine site visits include 52 weekly visits
per year, assuming a 50 mile round trip for the site operator. A senior technician (TEC2) is
required because of the sophisticated nature of the equipment Technician travel time and time
on-site are given separately to allow cost adjustments to be made for more or less remote sites.
cH-w-104 3.7
-------
Technician time on-site includes the time required for the necessary weekly and monthly
service and operational checks. Annual supply costs for routine site service include costs such
as transmissometer lamps, chart paper, pens, and cleaning supplies. Electric power costs are
estimated for a power consumption of about 11,000 kilowatt hours per year (about 10 amps
drawn continuously). In remote locations, solar power may be used instead of electric power.
Costs for a solar-powered system are provided separately. The transmissometer can be operated
in a cycled mode which would consume less power. Cost estimates are for continuous operation.
Maintenance costs include corrective actions, spare parts and routine equipment service
that is not part of routine field service. Standard operating procedures1 call for an annual
equipment exchange so that the transmissometer system can be thoroughly checked and calibrated
in the laboratory.
Data management and reporting costs are for continuous data acquisition, processing,
validation and reporting. This includes the transmissometer extinction data and concurrent
temperature and humidity data necessary for data interpretation. Data management costs are
applicable to data collected at one site over a year. Routine data reports consist of a monthly,
computer-generated data summary including graphics. The cost of developing software and
procedures for data management is not included in the cost estimates.
CH-93.104 8-8
-------
TABLE 8-4. TRANSMBSOMETER COSTS
""^"^^""^^•^""^^^^^••^^^•••••^•i^™
Adjustable mounting base (receiver)
Mounting pier (receiver)
^^^^"^"•^^^^~^~^™^^—"•^•^•n™—
Power supply (receiver)
AC power drop (receiver)
Solar power system (receiver)
Shelter (receiver)
Strip chart recorda
.
Telescopes (receiver and transmitter)
^^^^^^^••^^•M^MB^MB^^^
Temperature/humidity sensor (receiver
station)
Mounting base (transmitter)
Mounting pier (transmitter)
AC power drop (transmitter)
Solar power system (transmitter)
1 '^^^^^^™^ww«««««**i
Routine field service supplies
""^
Routine field service travel expense
Routine field service weekly checks
-------
TABLE 8-4. TRANSMBSOMETER COSTS (Continued)
Cs ••"•., ' f
CSffit Element
tabor
Hoars
Cost
Routine field service weekly checks
- travel time
0/M
TEC2
52
1,716
Utilities
Remedial field service - corrective action
0/M
0/M
TEC2
30
1,100
990
Remedial field service - spare parts
0/M
500
Routine field service - annual equipment
exchange
0/M
TEC2
24
792
Data acquisition/processing
0/M
PRO1
52
1,872
Data repotting
0/M
PRO2
24
1,008
Level 1 Data validation - operational
0/M
PRO1
12
432
Level 2 Data validation - statistical
0/M
PR02
12
504
Implementation/coordination
0/M
PR02
26
1,092
Calibration disk
CPTL
125
Neutral density filter and holder
CPTL
300
QA plan preparation
CPTL
PRO2
20
840
QA/QC reporting
0/M
PRO2
26
1,092
QA/QC Review (field logs/reports)
0/M
PRO2
26
1,092
Training
0/M
TEC2
264
Planning/coordination
0/M
PROS
26
UOO
Supervision/review
O/M
PRO3
26
uoo
39,465
22,388
54,465
20.088
Opaoo 1 - AC power and telephone service* available
Option 2 • Cellular telephone jetvics
CH43-IM
8-10
-------
TABLE 8-5. TRANSMBSOMETER COST SUMMARY
8.5 COST ESTIMATES FOR AUTOMATED CAMERA SYSTEMS
The automated camera system is used to document conditions affecting the visual scene
such as ground cover, cloud cover, visible haze, and meteorological conditions. TTiese data can
be used to help uiterpret extinction measurements obtained by instrumental methods such as the
°meter0rnehd0 Color slides ^ usuaHy taken three times daily. In addition
°n C0l°r SHdCS C3n ta ^ l° derive ** ^ Action'
nor hi , " ' fOTeSted mountainside «• P«*«d. When other methods are
n°ab obtain
and a imn '*"** ***%" ^^ °f a 35mm Camera ^ ^winder and databack
c^l^T ?H Pr0§ramTble QmCT 1S USed t0 exP°se ^ «" at specified intervals. The
camera is mounted inside a weatherproof enclosure. The system is battery operated Installation
land lease^and™em
VCgetation so *« » unobstructed
f °r a —k of fi- sites in
' u
CH-93-104
8-11
-------
TABLE 8-tf. COST ESTIMATES FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS
'* ' "" %'\ vx % £ ^ /*v
—«—*• -w * . .,
^ % *> -. V ,
* v^.^ -.,
;v= Cost „!
Hours
Cost
Camera system (complete)
CPTL
2,800
Equipment installation
CPTL
TEC2
12
396
Land/lease
O/M
uoo
Procurement
CPTL
288
Site preparation
CPTL
1,500
Sampling
Routine site service
O/M
TEC1
26
780
Travel expense
O/M
702
Travel time
O/M
TEC1
52
U60
: *S o*.*
Routine maintenance and repairs
O/M
TEC2
264
Spare pans
O/M
100
Processing and coding only
O/M
5,400
Processing coding, and densitomeoric analysis
O/M
Data processing
O/M
PRO1
16
576
,t,'<^',.? ••"•«<•„,
?•«'.'»..%',
Implementation/coordination
O/M
PRO2
336
QAplan
O/M
PRO2
336
Reporting
O/M
PRO2
16
672
Training
O/M
PR02
336
Planning/coordination
O/M
PRO3
400
Supervision/review
O/M
PROS
16
800
4^84
14J62
Total based on processing coding, and densitometric analysis
CH-93-104
8-12 ;
-------
TABLE 8-7. PHOTOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS COST SUMMARY
4,984
14,362
15^59
8.6 COST ESTIMATES FOR NEPHELOMETRY
The nephelometer measures scattered light extinction by pulling a sample volume of air
into an optical chamber with a light source of known intensity and a detector. The nephelometer
provides a measurement of light extinction that is representative of the atmosphere at the point
of sampling. The accuracy of this measurement depends on the uniformity of the atmosphere
over the sight path. The costs presented in this document are based on a nephelometer designed
to operate at ambient conditions. That is, the sample temperature is not changed by introducing
the sample into the optical chamber. This is important since relative humidity can have a
profound effect on the measured scattering coefficient A heated inlet can be added to measure
the dry atmospheric scattering coefficient A heated inlet adds about $1,300 to the cost of the
system.
Costs in this document are based on a nephelometer that can be operated outdoors during
all weather conditions. This nephelometer can also be powered by solar energy when AC line
power is not available. Some models of nephelometers, however, do require AC line power and
a temperature controlled shelter to protect the instrument's optics and electronics. A telephone
connection is used to provide control inputs and upload data from the system. Cellular telephone
service is available in many areas where line service may not be. When no telephone service
is available, a satellite linkup may be used. The cost of the equipment required for the satellite
link is about $6,500. A detailed cost breakdown is provided in Table 8-8. Costs are summarized
in Table 8-9. Option 1 gives costs for a site where AC power is available. A shelter is also used
at the Option 1 site. The Option 2 configuration requires solar power, but does not require a
shelter.
The sampler is serviced weekly and a span check is performed using a reference gas.
Maintenance costs depend on whether the nephelometer is run continuously or in a cycled mode.
More lamp replacements are required for continuous operation. Typically, a nephelometer would
be run continuously where rapid changes in the scattering coefficient might be expected, such as
in urban areas. In remote areas, the nephelometer would normally be run in a cycled mode.
Cost estimates are based on continuous operation. Data management and QA are based on
handling hourly averaged data.
CH-93-104
8-13
-------
TABLE 8-8. COST ESTIMATES FOR NEPHELOMETRY
^%t.ft"i. /•<" ,Vk ^ ^ ,^'XSft' V %£'v "" ? v \
r4yfcito*^
;C^tt^!
% ^^ ^^
' /•? ^ *• \
/^x^aaar
s%, •. f
I Hoais
i ..Cos*
'""•"• ^ _, # >• '%% * "s •, ^£ f *• ^ v v *"*"*, ^'f "•** *f \ ^ $ i. ,y ..%^ -. N
' ^IlwtOI^ fSflSfiSffffltSO^f^C vt W.-HV s' •* %% j- •». ""^ ••'•Jwv'V.rf' ^vSwA til -^ j i A.yS-J1 < ^ vi ?*. •" « ^O + *~ <-f ."" ~~ ••
Data logger and control system
Modem
Nephelometer
Shelter (temperature controlled)
Equipment installation
Land/lease
AC power drop
Power supply
Solar power system
Procurement
Site preparation
Telephone line
^
^
J
S
S
/
^
/
s
s
s
^
V
S
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
CPTL
CPTL
CPTL
CPTL
CPTL
O/M
CPTL
CPTL
CPTL
CPTL
CPTL
O/M
TEC2
PRO1
16
8
6,700
600
12,000
7,000
528
1.500
350
400
4^00
288
2.000
UOO
• "• \ jv ^ r f f jf"" "* <"• •* ' % X^ ' ^
Routine weekly site service
Travel expense
Travel time
Utilities
:te&££^£nkte V^,"' v '', ^
.•*"*rt******'fK"'w'^"' * * s ^ '* i ' '
Remedial calibrations
Repairs
Spare parts and supplies
Data acquisition/processing
Data reporting
Data validation level 1
Data validation level 2
^^^^fe^^^^if'-a*4*'?.s '?~ '•&;/> ,•%%{' *>'
s
s
s
s
\ w>*
V
^
/
'< v \ ^«*'
% %'
^
/
/
/
s
s
s
£$£*r
^
s
s
vv **'*',
s
s
s
s
^C^^^^^^^^*^:
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
TEC2
TEC2
^Ul^fe^^V :
O/M
O/M
O/M
; :- :«*;:/
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
TEC2
TEC2
26
52
' ,' "
4
20
858
702
.. 1J16
320
132
660
500
t$i^ * "
PRO1
PRO2
PRO1
PRO2
52
32
24'
24
1,872
1,344
864
1,008
"*2?^^'i%,/.,'
(Continued)
CH-93-104
8-14
-------
TABLE 8-8. COST ESTIMATES FOR NEPHELOMETRY (Continued)
Xevcf
Hoars
Cost
Audits
0/M
PR02
168
Span calibration system
CPTL
1,000
Implementation/coordination
0/M
PRO2
12
504
QA/QC data review
0/M
PRO2
26
1.092
CPTL
PRO2
20
840
Reporting
0/M
PRO2
26
1,092
Calibration gas
0/M
300
Training
O/M
PRO2
336
Planning/coordination
0/M
PRO3
26
uoo
Supervision/review
0/M
PR03
26
uoo
31,706
18,768
28,856
18,448
TABLE 8-9. NEPHELOMETER COST SUMMARY
Option z
31.706
28,856
18.768
18,448
Average Anmiaiized Cost
25.109
24^19
8.7 COST ESTIMATES FOR AN INTEGRATED VISIBILITY MONITORING
STATION
Costs for an integrated visibility monitoring station where more than one monitoring
system is in place will be less than the sum of the costs for the individual monitoring systems.
Duplicate costs include site preparation, and power drop (capital), and travel expense, travel time,
and land/lease (operation and maintenance). Table 8-10 represents the costs for a monitoring
system consisting of the full IMPROVE sampler (Aerosol), transmissometer (Optical), and
automated camera system (Scene) located in a remote area, but where AC line power and
CH-93-104
8-15
-------
telephone service are available. Network design costs reflect a mix of technical and mid- to
senior level professional labor hours totalling 400 hours at $50 per hour. Site selection costs are
estimated at 100 hours per site at an average rate of $45 per hour for senior technical to mid-
level professional labor. Total network design and siting costs are divided by an arbitrary
network size of five sites.
TABLE 8-10. INTEGRATED VISIBILITY MONITORING SYSTEM
COST SUMMARY
Cteir
Aerosol
Scene
Total
Caphal
8,500
3350
14,776
37,615
3,484
67,725
N/A
3^18
34,882
18,470
10,600
67,870
1,700
4488
37337
25^93
1U97
81,415
CH-9M04
8-16
-------
&8 REFERENCE
1. Air Resource Specialists, LPV-2 Transmssometer Standard Operating Procedures
Manual, prepared for the National Park Service Visibility Monitoring and Data Analysis
Program. May 1988.
CH-W.104 8-17
-------
-------
SECTION 9.0
SATURATION MONITORING
Saturation monitoring is an air monitoring approach directed at obtaining finely detailed
spatial and temporal resolution of air pollutant impacts in an area. This is accomplished through
a study design employing a large number of relatively inexpensive, portable battery operated
samplers. Such samplers are normally mounted to existing utility poles and require very little
effort for site preparation and installation. Saturation monitoring studies are typically conducted
over relatively short intervals during the part of the year in which maximum impacts are expected
to occur. A successful saturation study provides data that can complete information unavailable
through traditional monitoring and modeling approaches.
Saturation study designs are tailored to the area under consideration and the specific
monitoring objectives involved. For example, a saturation study might focus on identifying high
concentration areas, or on establishing the spatial distribution of pollutant concentrations.
Samplers could be clustered in areas thought to be most heavily impacted or spread over an area
in order to identify high impact areas. Saturation data can be used to resolve spatial
concentration gradients and identify distinct impact areas associated with different source types.
In addition, saturation data can provide missing background and area/mobile source baseline
concentrations. Dispersion model performance can be evaluated using data obtained from
saturation studies. Saturation studies may be particularly valuable in complex terrain situations
where existing monitoring data are likely to lack the required spatial resolution, and modeling
results are subject to the greatest uncertainties.
Portable samplers are currently available that have been evaluated for PM-10 and CO
monitoring. The current samplers are capable of running continuously for 24 hours and can be
programmed to start and stop at preset times over a 7-day period. The PM-10 version collects
particulate on a filter at a constant flow rate of about 5 liters per minute. A single stage impactor
is used to separate the fine from the course particulate. The PM-10 samplers have also been run
with the size selective inlet removed, and the filters analyzed for lead and other metals. The CO
version fills up to two Tedlar* bags on a preset schedule. The flow rate is adjusted to fill each
bag over the proper interval. The sample is later analyzed using an infra-red gas filter correlation
analyzer.
Designing a saturation monitoring network requires many of the same considerations
necessary for designing any other monitoring network. Historical meteorological and monitoring
data must be analyzed, emissions information and topographic influences need to be considered,
and any previous modeling studies should be reviewed. Additional information, such as citizen
complaints, should also be considered when available. Saturation study costs depend on the
number of samplers, and the length and complexity of the study. The study interval must be long
enough to allow collection of sufficient valid samples to ensure the statistical integrity of the
data. The sampling schedule should be addressed in terms of the monitoring objectives and
logistical constraints. Whatever sampling period is chosen, it is important to devise a scheme
for sample changes to ensure that samples are collected over comparable intervals at different
CH-93-104
-------
locations. The saturation study design can also incorporate multiple or dynamic sampling
periods, if appropriate. Sampling can be triggered by meteorological conditions. Logistical
considerations, including regulatory deadlines, manpower, and resources, will play a significant
role in study design.
Currently available portable samplers exhibit detection limits and operating ranges
comparable to reference methods. A limited number of intercomparison studies have been
conducted to validate portable sampling methods. If possible, die study design should include
a set of samples from a portable sampler collocated with a reference or equivalent sampler
(operated on the same schedule) so that an assessment of the relative accuracy of the data can
be obtained. In addition, a duplicate set of measurements should be obtained from collocated
portable samplers so that operational precision can be assessed. A QA project plan should be
prepared and adhered to as with any monitoring program.
9.1 SATURATION MONITORING COSTS
This section provides cost estimates for PM-10 (Option I) and CO (Option 2) saturation
monitoring studies. Costs for a study collecting 30 valid samples using 20 samplers are provided.
Operation costs are inflated by about 15 percent to allow for incomplete data capture. Thus, in
effect, the cost estimates represent a 35 sample study. Capital equipment is depreciated
completely over five years. It is assumed that the samplers purchased will be used in one study
per year.
The PM-10 sampler units cost $1,300 each. The additional equipment required for CO
sampling adds $188 per sampler, including two sample collection chambers, and the necessary
valves and fittings. Individual Tedlar* bags cost $15.50 each. The Tedlar* bags should last for
a 30-day study, but would be replaced for the next study. Tedlar* bag costs for each study are
estimated based on consumption of 4 bags plus 1 spare per sampler.
A glass fiber filter is used when sampling CO. The filter should be changed each day.
PM-10 samples are usually collected on quartz fiber or a low pressure drop Teflon* filter. Quartz
filters cost about $1 each and Teflon* filters cost from $2 to $4 each. Cost estimates are based
on filters at $2 each. Supplies required for PM-10 sampling include hexane, Apiezon* grease,
dropper and wash bottles for cleaning and regreasing the impactors, and plastic bags for storing
filter holders. Costs for shipping PM-10 samples to the laboratory are based on overnight
service. Samples are shipped every 5 days or 100 samples.
For CO studies, a CO analyzer will be needed on-site because the samples degrade
rapidly. A capital equipment cost estimate is provided for the CO analyzer. The operating cost
for the study is estimated at about 1/12 of the annual operating cost This includes the cost of
a gas cylinder used for daily span checks. The 40 samples collected each day can be analyzed
in an- 8-hour period, allowing time for QC, data recording, and preparing the bags for the next
day's samples. The PM-10 samples are weighed at a remote lab. The cost is estimated on a per
sample basis including data recording and reporting.
CH-93-104 9-2
-------
Data management costs include data processing, validation, analysis, and reporting. Data
processing costs include the effort required to obtain and properly format either the PM-10 or CO
data and supporting meteorological data for analysis. The data analysis costs include examination
of spatial and temporal variation with respect to daily meteorological conditions. QA costs
include preparation of the QA plan, audits, review, reporting, and training. It is assumed that the
QA plan will be adapted from existing materiaL Flow audits are conducted at the beginning,
middle, and end of the study. Costs for a flow audit device are based on use of a portable
electronic bubble flow meter. Training costs for the provider include preparation or adaptation
of training materials for die study. Time is allowed for training site operators. Laboratory
technicians (including the operator of the CO analyzer) are assumed to have had prior training.
Supervision costs include planning study details and supervising daily operations.
Detailed breakdowns of saturation monitoring costs for PM-10 (Option I) and CO (Option
2) are given in Table 9-1. These costs are summarized in Table 9-2.
CH-93-104 9.3
-------
TABLE 9-1. SATURATION MONITORING COSTS
its
labor
HOUIS
Network design study
CPTL
PROS
100
5,000
Site selection
CPTL
PRO2
48
2^)16
*&&«^:*
Portable PM-10 samplers (20)
CPTL
26,000
CO sampler add-on (20)
CPTL
3,760
Installation hardware
CPTL
800
Installation labor
O/M
TEC2
16
528
Procurement
0/M
PRO1
24
864
Filter media (PM-10)
O/M
U80
Filters (for CO)
O/M
690
Tedlar bags 4 per sampler plus 1 spare
O/M
1.550
Shipping
O/M
100
Routine site service
O/M
TEC1
210
6300
Travel expense for routine site service
O/M
4.725
Spare parts
O/M
250
Supplies
O/M
100
Repairs
O/M
TEC2
20
660
PM-10 gravimetric analyses (700 filters)
O/M
5,520
CO analyzer
CPTL
10,000
CO analyzer operating expenses
O/M
200
CO analysis
O/M
TEC2
280
9240
Data processing
O/M
PR02
12
504
(Continued)
CB-93-10*
9-4
-------
TABLE 9-1. SATURATION MONITORING COSTS (Continued)
^>t^xv?:?'xv ^^ vx pfo'?^ *•? •• ^ V?"'VV$ ^ ^ *"" ••^^1 ^
^^i^ '/f'^ "v- ^ •• **'-± ','' , ^ c ' ^x"1* ^'' v¥ %
Data analysis
Data reporting
Data validation - level 1
Data validation • level 2
fC-^iA^':
i> •* '
s
/
s
s
^om.
^
/
s
s
''Cost 1
^e i
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
V p •< s
Uv^
PROS
PROS
PRO2
PROS
Hours
40
24
16
8
Cost
2,000
uoo
672
400
^^^^^rf^c^ry^^^^^^^^'^ *- '^Vj^
Bubble flow calibrator
Flow audits
Review
Implementation/coordination
Q A plan
Reporting
Training (provider)
Training (receiver)
/
/
^
s
s
s
s
s
s
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
CPTL
O/M
O/M
O/M
CPTL
O/M
O/M
O/M
TEC2
PRO2
PRO2
PRO2
PRO2
PRO2
TEC1
24
24
4
40
16
24
8
1200
792
1,008
168
1,680
672
1,008
240
;sa£«KK^v;r ^-^^vX'O^^;*-^^ -," ,"-<:V^-
Planning/coordination
Supervision/review
s
s
/
/
O/M
O/M
PROS
PROS
40
48
^ JX^r^^:5LI"^^T^^ai^^ s->;"^ (j
I - '.^'^ X/; ;<£• ^rti...^^^^^! ** %'te- "* a' Vimci |
: ,,<: « ,«-. ' «-.', ;trViBir$tyKf^Mwr win tnaimnwic^^vfnri| *
L- ^T^'*^:'^;*','^ ', '*" TirtMCiDitai
[ XcV^-'^^idifsr^^w
^-bptioii^ \ ^% : . '
<%^lt^~Q9&teV ,'^>'' '" '-- " " '
^^^sts-Opti^l^ ' * '
2.000
2,400
36,696
33,491
50,456
38,071
Option 1 - Saturation monitoring cost! for PM-10
Option 2 • Saturation monitoring cosu for CO
TABLE 9-2. SUMMARY OF SATURATION MONITORING COSTS
36^96
50.456
$*^^
-------
-------
SECTION 10.0
COSTS FOR AN EXAMPLE NETWORK
This section presents an example application of the cost estimates in the preceding
sections to an hypothetical network. The network configuration was chosen to be representative
of a large (population greater than 2,000,000), isolated MSA where PAMS monitoring will be
required. The example includes costs for operation and maintenance of the existing criteria
pollutant monitoring network and implementation of PAMS monitoring over a 5-year period.
The existing network includes a basic meteorological station (see Section 6.2). The example also
includes reconfiguration of the lead monitoring network from mobile source oriented monitoring
to point source monitoring. Two new lead monitoring stations are established during the period
using samplers relocated from existing sites. The example illustrates economies realized from
location of multiple parameters at a single site, use of existing sites for new PAMS sites, and
relocation of existing equipment to new sites.
For simplicity and consistency we have used cost estimates in this example that have been
presented in earlier sections. For example, we have used the 48-hour sampling period for lead
sampling even though the vast majority of current lead sites use a 1/6 day sampling schedule.
In a number of instances the use of earlier cost estimates will result in an overestimate of actual
costs. For instance, at a site with collocated PM-10 and lead samplers there will be a savings
in travel time for routine field site visits. Also, sites that have numerous instruments collocated
would see savings by sharing data loggers, computers, as well as travel time for instrument
servicing. In addition, site installation savings may be realized when moving an existing site or
installing multiple instrument at a new site. To include all these details here would make the
example overly complex, obscure the basic derivation of costs, and would not be as generally
applicable.
Estimates of capital and operating and maintenance costs are given for the existing
network (year 0) and for the following 5-year period. The existing network contains 14 sites.
Five PAMS sites and two lead sites are added during the 5-year period. Three of the PAMS sites
are established at existing monitoring locations, so that the network contains a total of 17 sites
at the end of the period. The site/parameter configuration of the network is shown in Table 10-1.
The table also describes planned changes to the network over the 5-year period.
Figure 10-1 shows capital and operating and maintenance costs accumulating over the
5-year period. Table 10-2 gives detailed costs for the existing network (year 0) and for years 1
through 5. Capital and operating and maintenance costs are given for each site and parameter.
The costs are obtained from the appropriate pollutant/meteorological station tables presented in
earlier sections of this report The table includes comments describing changes to the network
and economies due to multiple parameters at a single site, relocation of existing equipment to
new sites, and use of existing site§ for new PAMS sites.
CH-93-10*
-------
TABLE 10-1. HYPOTHETICAL NETWORK CONFIGURATION
""•••.
', ',"" -^ z "
ItJSISf^
rtrtftt
UUU1
0002
0003
0004
0005
0006
0007
0008
0009
0010
0011
, ,,"^ ",- -- - c?> "- '"'
*t x Parameter t\ ^
mut in
rM-10
PM-10
Lead
SO,
N0:
Lead
CO
SO,
0,
PM-10
0,
Lead
SO,
NO,
Lead
CO
Lead
CO
CO
NO,
o,
PM-10
CO
03
NO,
VOC(B)
Carbonyls (A)
Surface Met
C^ \ ^; ^4V^>- C^itroeais,
^^^^^^^^fe^^^fe*^5£^^^%' .'•:>'«.—
.
No changes over 5-year penod.
PM-10 and lead monitors are collocated. No changes over 5-year
period.
Mo changes over 5 -year period.
No changes over 5-year period.
O} monitor, shelter, and peripheral equipment moved to site 0015 year
5.
NO? monitor moved to site 0012 year 2.
Lead sampler moved to site 0016 year 2.
Lead sampler moved to site 0017 year 3.
NO2 monitor moved to site 0011 year 1.
Equipment moved to site 0012 year 2. Monitoring discontinued after
year 1.
PAMS site type 2 located at existing neighborhood scale site. New O3
monitor. NO, monitor relocated from site 0009.
(continued)
CH-93-104
10-2
-------
TABLE 10-1. HYPOTHETICAL NETWORK CONFIGURATION (Continued)
0012
O,
NO,
VOC(B)
Carixmyls (A)
Surface Met
PAMS site type 2 established year 2. New site established year 2. O3
monitor, shelter, and peripheral equipment relocated from site 0010.
NO, relocated from site 0006.
0013
SO,
o,
NO2
VOC (A)
Surface Met.
Upper Met.
PAMS site type 3 located at existing downwind site. Established year 3.
New NO, monitor. Upper air meteorology is established year 2.
0014
SO,
o,
NO,
VOC (A)
Surface Met.
PAMS site type 1 located at existing upwind site. Established year 4.
New NO, monitor.
0015
O,
NO,
VOC (A)
Surface Met
PAMS site type 4 established year 5. O, monitor, shelter and peripheral
equipment relocated from site 0005. Surface meteorology is part of the
existing network and operates year round.
0016
Lead
New point source oriented lead site.
0017
Lead
New point source oriented lead site.
Note: Bold parameters are part of existing network.
CH-93-104
10-3
-------
»—
I
a
e
r
•i
9f
0
•5
o
D
o
tn
Dollars
Thousand*
O)
§
S
O W
O O
o a
s
w
oa
-------
Operation and maintenance costs for the existing network total $451,632 per year. This
figure more than doubles to $1,020,376 per year at the end of 5-years. The increase is due to
implementation of the PAMS network. No allowance is made for inflation, or for possible
reduction in costs due to technological improvements in methods for non-criteria pollutants
(especially VOCs). Capital costs total $839,999 over the 5-year period. The largest single year
capital expenditure comes in year 2 when the second PAMS station and the upper air
meteorological station are installed.
-------
TABLE 10-2. NETWORK COST DETAILS-YEAR 0 - 5
3*«ter#i
«•?$*.' **4~
H^V/^W:
i
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
11
11
13
13
14
14
15
•J&tt&Qjitnil
^ ••"fp- jrtr-f /: .A^feS./
Monitor
"• *." ^%0 **/.
0- --*' ' ^'5-
f ••; ' *
PM-10
PM-10
Lead
SO,
NO,
Lead
CO
SO2
03
PM-10
o,
Lead
SO,
NO2
Lead
CO
Lead
CO
CO
NO2
0,
PM-10
CO
S02
0,
S02
o,
Met
E£»* +tMj& 1k>ff].h±.
i(KD--'3IKf jNukl
'\ 'f^l- ***
js>jvBfi«S!)K V yfr ^h, v«vC^y.y>v . v "* .
I^^K^rf^^^ ,
(continued)
CH-93.1M
10-6
-------
TABLE 10-2. NETWORK COST DETAILS-YEAR 0 - 5 (Continued)
*r8feHP:
i * * -< •$ ^*
k-x\ 5 -,-,*.>••
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
10
11
11
11
11
»jHiflr
tsrv* -»
PM-10
PM-10
Lead
SO,
NO,
Lead
CO
S02
03
PM-10
o,
Lead
SO,
NO,
Lead
CO
Lead
CO
CO
0,
PM-10
CO
03
o,
L"-TeiBr %
; -',V : "'
• » S •, i ^
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
! ;;?JP
-------
TABLE 10-2. NETWORK COST DETAILS-YEAR 0 - 5 (Continued)
iSP^Vi
11
11
11
11
n
11
n
n
13
13
14
14
15
jfo&ilOperat
XfOg! *
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
Monitor
NO2
NO,
VOC
voc
Carbonyls
Carbonyls
Met
Met
S02
0,
SO,
0,
Met
.vfvBT&j&vBi
' '
PM-10
PM-10
Lead
SO2
NO2
Lead
CO
SO,
0,.
- Tear j
f V
% x -, J ^ ^
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
tfeftiMB*
ffwwwwMfo
'•• " ' '"•,
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
*f»*q
CPTL
O/M
CPTL
O/M
CPTL
O/M
CPTL
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
<; % ,;;,v&l
Bt&fCM&fl*'**1
s v*,;'C**o^
' 4 'v " :
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
;^^.;,;
$1,028
515,896
$105052
5160,139
535,782
$16,732
527328
$8,034
515,974
$14,474
$15,974
$14,474
$29,442
[£f^C^$i33p«
V"V*i f i^t$TO&l3
*' •. ' ' ^ " ^ £?,A:
$10308
519,116
$31,784
514,474
515,896
517392
$14,474
$15,974
$14.474
""' ** ** Comments
t , V
Cost to relocate monitor from site
#9. Installation + 5500 for site
modifications. Assumes
peripheral equipment for ozone
analyzer is used for NO,.
Less lease
PAMS continuous VOC.
Sampling schedule B.
PAMS continuous VOC.
Sampling schedule B.
Carbonyls sampling frequency D.
Option 1.
Carbonyls sampling frequency D.
Option 1.
PAMS surface meteorological
station
3 months operation
Includes lease
Less lease
Includes lease
Less lease
Basic meteorological station (year
round operation)
££1\ ' ; < , -
>- "' s .- •'
b-n;,^ ''',,*
Ipte^T"' " -~ ^ ' " "
^•#-.«Vr *v» '
Includes lease
Collocated. Less lease for 2nd
sampler.
Collocated. Less lease
Less lease
Less lease
Includes lease
Less lease
Includes lease
Less lease
(continued)
CH-9M04
10-8
-------
TABLE 10-2. NETWORK COST DETAILS-YEAR 0 - 5 (Continued)
^•SHe?
iv-v.™11^ '
U° -~ -' '
: ' ' •• , ^ •• ••
5
5
6
6
7
8
8
9
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
J Monitor
«. *. -. ,
PM-10
o,
Lead
SO,
CO
Lead
CO
CO
PM-10
CO
o,
NO,
VOC
Carfoonyls
Met
o,
03
N02
NO7
VOC
VOC
Carbonyls
I "Tear-
:' *
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
! Typ*\
0/M
O/M
0/M
O/M
0/M
0/M
O/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
CPTL
0/M
CPTL
O/M
CPTL
0/M
CPTL
Cost
\
S 10308
$14,474
$17,392
$14,474
$15,974
$13,892
515,974
515,974
$10,308
514,474
$14,474
$15,896
$160,139
516,732
58,034
$3378
$15,974
$1,028
$15,896
5105052
$160,139
$35,782
Comments
Includes lease
Less lease
Includes lease
Less lease
Includes lease
Relocate to #17 after year 2
Includes lease
Includes lease
Includes lease
Less lease
Less lease
Less lease
PAMS continuous VOC.
Sampling schedule B.
Carbonyls sampling frequency D.
Option 1.
3 months operation
Cost to establish new site and
relocate monitor, shelter, and
peripheral equipment from site
*10. Site preparation (3000) +
Power drop (350) + Installation
(528).
Includes lease
Cost to relocate monitor from site
#6. Installation + 5500 for site
modifications. Assumes
peripheral equipment for ozone
analyzer is used for NO,.
Less lease
PAMS continuous VOC.
Sampling schedule B.
?AMS continuous VOC.
Sampling schedule B.
Carbonyls sampling frequency O.
Option 1.
(continued)
CH-93-104
10-9
-------
TABLE 10-2. NETWORK COST DETAILS-YEAR 0 - 5 (Continued)
KK*^':
: ^,,' N5 „' X. f.
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
14
14
15
16
16
; Monitor
v&'-inK'ty'Jl '
W> .. "•"%& V ^*»
&#, V v
Carbonyls
Met
Met
SO,
0,
Met
Met
SO,
0,
Met
Lead
Lead
?~Y&aK-<
•> '•'" X ""•"I. "
•?"•••• "•' > ^
ft 1 •••.-...•.
•. / f /* -"^v
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
? "TJSpe^
'fi>,\ **, ,
'<. ^-- ^ ^.^ ^ •- •$•
L ;^t -
O/M
CPU.
O/M
O/M
O/M
CPTL
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
CPTL
O/M
^&tetCaphaI,<€±^>^8l^y^^^- ^ J/ \j
fci^t?/feu£tMif$Aifcc*fci4i?fci»»i£
iiUUU^v^erallalKttBuiiKlau
jfcfij^^*$$8^$l
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6 .
6
PM-10
PM-10
Lead
SO2
NOj
Lead
CO
SO2
o.
PM-10.
0,
Lead
SO,
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
'Vr<'€fc&'-»"V 'Jf^N' Comsients
^-: :'*> "^/^vj^ ' '
^ , * *' - v 1 ,
516,732
527,328
$8,034
$15,974
514,474
5162,616
S4.538
515^74
514,474
529,442
56^250
517,392
Caibonyls sampling frequency D.
Option 1.
PAMS surface met
3 months operation
Includes lease
Less lease
Upper air meteorological station
3 month operation
Includes lease
Less lease
Basic meteorological station (year
round operation)
Cost to relocate from site #7 and
establish new site. Site
preparation (3vXX))+rower (350) +
Installation (264) + a portion of
network design and siting.
Includes lease
& ;V 't'i^'&tiijQJfi&s /-- % \ , \ ,
K;i •^ %£ %a>^-**jf44p/t*^^^Vv'' *»*' " f
^^%4$%w«<9wllXwfSw^%l'oL«T^ »=•
%
510,308
519,116
531,784
514,474
515,896
517,392
514,474
515,974
514.474
510,308
514,474
517392
$14,474
Includes lease
Collocated. Less lease for 2nd
sampler.
Collocated. Less lease
Less lease
Less lease
Includes lease
Less lease
Includes lease
Less lease
Includes lease
Less lease
Includes lease
Less lease
(continued)
CH-9MM
10-10
-------
TABLE 10-2. NETWORK COST DETAILS-YEAR 0 - 5 (Continued)
u *' - v X,* !
I"* ,'& -.'\«\ "*
: •. , ' ^.-. •,
7
8
9
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
Monitor
•^ .-
* ' f %*
CO
CO
CO
PM-10
CO
o,
NO,
voc
Caibonyls
Met
o,
NO,
VOC
Carbonyls
Met
SO,
o,
NO,
NO,
VOC
VOC
Met
Met
r-- "Ifcear^
!"-.$• ' ' '
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
&?&?*
' •. ™% s" ' '
s «r
O/M
0/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
CPTL
O/M
CPTL
O/M
CPTL
O/M
:*.- ce**- *
' ' ' 5
j- ,
$15,974
$15,974
$15^74
S10308
$14,474
$14,474
$15,896
$160,139
$16,732
$8.034
$15,974
515,896
$160,139
$16,732
$8,034
$15,974
$14,474
$10,116
$15,896
$75,209
$36,722
$27,328
$8,034
" - Comments
^
Includes lease
Includes lease
Includes lease
Includes lease
Less lease
Less lease
Less lease
PAMS continuous VOC.
Sampling schedule B.
Carbonyls sampling frequency D.
Option 1.
3 months operation
Includes lease
Less lease
PAMS continuous VOC.
Sampling schedule B.
Carbonyls sampling frequency D.
Option 1.
3 months operation
Includes lease
Less lease
Analyzer (9300) + Procurement
(288) + Installation (528) -
assumes that peripheral equipment
is in place due to ozone and SO,
analyzers in place
Less lease
PAMS VOC sampling schedule A
canisters). Option 1 - in-house
analysis.
PAMS VOC sampling schedule A
canisters). Option 1 - in-house
analysis.
>AMS surface meteorological
station
i months operation
(continued)
CH-93-104
10-11
-------
TABLE 10-2. NETWORK COST DETAILS-YEAR 0 - 5 (Continued)
13
14
, M
i 15
(
• 16
; 17
1 17
Monitor
*s .. *' ' f "
VL ys % 1.
v^ ^ - f ^ s
Met
SO,
0,
Met
Lead
Lead
Lead
-'Tear, "
, if-
< ' s" '
i
i~
2'
1 2
!' 2
3
'; 3
4
4
5
: 5
6
6
• 7
; 8
i 9
11
PM-10
PM-10
Lead
SO,
N02
Lead
CO
SO,
03
PM-10
0,
Lead
SO,
CO
CO
CO
PM-10
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
0/M
0/M
0/M
O/M
0/M
0/M
O/M
0/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
O/M
0/M
0/M
' - $"• * €&& * ,^ -' IV ;; ' ^ Cbmtnents
' '-' "-, " ' ', " ' - ^ T '
f * * -f 1-.'
$4^38
$15^74
$14,474
S29.442
S17392
56^50
517^92
ililll^Ili^
yr^^^^^^fSiv^v^^-. s *}»n
^I^^Siliit
^;^:^ <<^7^\
510^08
S19.116
$31,784
$14,474
515,896
$17,392
$14,474
$15^74
$14,474
$10,308
$14,474
$17392
$14,474
$15^74
$15574
$15^74
$10308
Upper air meteorological station (3
month operation)
Includes lease
Less lease
Basic meteorological station (year
round operation)
Includes lease
Cost to relocate from site #8 and
establish new site. Site
preparation (3000) + Power (350)
+ Installation (264) + a Portion of
network design and siting.
Includes lease
^OT§t$*Kir *-; ',»;
Pl|$!Wife*iKvs:^*%'>1**w "
&£&*"&#•"*<• ^v> ' s
ffil&*&&fv^fw w.^ •• *% %
* M-X > v "•• ' ,
•* ,*••<•<
-. «^<
[ncludes lease
Collocated. Less lease for 2nd
sampler.
Collocated. Less lease
Less lease
Less lease
Includes lease
Less lease
[ncludes lease
Less lease
Includes lease
Relocate after year 4 to site #15.
Also move shelter.
Includes lease
Less lease
Includes lease
Includes lease
Includes lease
Includes lease
(continued)
10-12
-------
TABLE 10-2. NETWORK COST DETAILS-YEAR 0 - 5 (Continued)
' ' -;«te''^
^ * - /--V-
„ ,-
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
14
^Monitor
"" •.
,y- - -
CO
o,
NO,
VOC
Carbonyls
Met
03
NO2
VOC
Carbonyls
Met
SO,
03
NO,
VOC
Met
Met
S02
o,
NO2
N02
VOC
VOC
;" Ifear^
L ^ ' .. ' •• »«¥
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
h'*£jpe^
y •• - >' '> '
K^v'^w.' *^v '
0/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
O/M
CPTL
O/M
CPTL
O/M
"• ** i X3B»fct^ *
'
•. -. ^ ^ •.
'' "- %
S14.474
$14,474
515,396
5160,139
516,732
58,034
515,974
515.896
5160,139
S16.732
58,034
515,974
514,474
515,896
536,722
58,034
54,538
515,974
514,474
510,116
515,896
575,209
536,722
"'* " %' Comments 'f&:^--
f '• '. '•:"
Less lease
Less lease
Less lease
PAMS continuous VOC.
Sampling schedule B.
Carbonyls sampling frequency D.
Option 1.
3 months operation
Includes lease
Less lease
PAMS continuous VOC.
Sampling schedule B.
Caibonyls sampling frequency D.
Option 1.
3 months operation
Includes lease
Less lease
Less lease
PAMS sampling schedule A
[canisters). Option 1 - in-house
analysis.
3 months operation
3 months operation
includes lease
Less lease
Assumes that peripheral equipment
s in place due to ozone and SO,
analyzers at site. Analyzer (9300)
+ Procurement (288) + Installation
(528).
Less lease
'AMS sampling schedule A
'canisters). Option 1 - in-house
analysis.
*AMS sampling schedule A
(canisters). Option 1 - in-house
analysis.
(continued)
CH-93-104
10-13
-------
TABLE 10-2. NETWORK COST DETAILS-YEAR 0 - 5 (Continued)
f$zm*^'
Oy**£ VA-*1^
> ',"","• S -'
14
14
15
16
17
> Monitor
* /J J"-''
^ .. ' ,. v '
Met
Met
Met
Lead
Lead
tt****:
:\ •• VA'- / f
•?'? , I ,"
4
4
4
4
4
1; <%lfj>&**
'-.'•*• s f *
\ f "*" s % *• ^
•• w \r s ^
CPTL
0/M
O/M
0/M
O/M
^^C^p"^4€PT^>G»t^«-Tear^ ""1 v"*> *
Total Operation and Maintenance (O/JVTJ Costs -
Y«ar4
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
6
6
7
8
9
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
PM-10
PM-10
Lead
S02
NO2
Lead
CO
S02
o,
PM-10
Lead
SO2
CO
CO
CO
PM-10
CO
o,
N02
voc
Caibonyls
Met
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
O/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
, •^^^/i^-fSas^st'W^
\v ;-u -' ^l?(
•• ' '- •jf-C '• :
S27J28
58,034
529,442
$17392
$17392
**~-' ^'-JTO®
$966^58
S10308
$19,116
$31,784
$14,474
$15,896
S17392
$14,474
$15,974
$14,474
$10308
$17392
$14,474
$15374
$15^74
$15374
$10308
$14,474
$14,474
$15,896
$160,139
$16,732
$8,034
*$^* ••"' ' "- Cbminents
' '^ ' ;
!>«0 ''
PAMS surface met
3 months operation
Basic meteorological station (year
round operation)
[ncludes lease
Includes lease
^- '
[ncludes lease
Collocated. Less lease for 2nd
sampler.
Collocated. Less lease
Less lease
Less lease
Includes lease
Less lease
Includes lease
Less lease
Includes lease
Includes lease
Less lease
Includes lease
Includes lease
Includes lease
Includes lease
Less lease
Less lease
Less lease
?AMS continuous VOC.
Sampling schedule B.
Carbonyls sampling frequency D.
Option 1.
3 months operation
(continued)
CH-93-10*
10-14
-------
TABLE 10-2. NETWORK COST DETAILS-YEAR 0 - 5 (Continued)
RlSite^
:-,'',, '•
'''•"•:
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
Monitor
^\ \\ f. ,v -•
o,
NO2
voc
Carbonyls
Met
SO2
03
N02
VOC
Met
Met
S02
0,
NO,
VOC
Met
o.
0,
N02
N02
VOC
i4 Tear-'
;••
: ^ ,'
' \
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
! >*5*r ,
'. f f N
0/M
O/M
0/M
O/M
O/M
0/M
O/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
0/M
CPTL
O/M
CPTL
0/M
CPTL
--- ^oosr^
% "• % •"
515^74
515,896
S160439
516,732
$8,034
S15.974
514,474
515,896
536,722
58,034
54,538
515^74
514,474
515,896
536,722
58,034
53,878
515.974
510,116
515,896
575,209
: "'V Comments
Includes Lease
Less lease
PAMS continuous VOC.
Sampling schedule B.
Carbonyls sampling frequency D.
Option 1.
3 months operation
Includes lease
Less lease
Less lease
PAMS sampling schedule A
(canisters). Option 1 • in-house
analysis.
3 months operation
3 months operation
Includes lease
Less lease
Less lease
PAMS sampling schedule A
(canisters). Option 1 - in-house
analysis.
3 months operation
Cost to establish new site and
relocate monitor, shelter, and
>eripheral equipment from site #5.
Site preparation (3000) + Power
drop (350) + Installation (528).
Includes Lease
Assumes that peripheral equipment
s in place due to ozone and SO,
analyzers in place. Analyzer
9300) + procurement (288) +
installation (264).
.ess lease
»AMS sampling schedule A
canisters). Option 1 - in-house
analysis.
(continued)
CH-93-104
10-15
-------
TABLE 10-2. NETWORK COST DETAILS-YEAR 0 * 5 (Continued)
15.
voc
O/M
536,722 PAMS sampling schedule A
(canisters). Option 1 - in-house
analysis.
15
Met
O/M
529,442
Basic meteorological station (year
round operation)
16
Lead
O/M
$17392
Includes lease
17
Lead
O/M
517,392
Includes lease
Total Operation and Maintenance (O/M) Costs -
TotaiJ^etwork Capital (CPTL)
CH-93-i04
10-16
-------
ATTACHMENTA
SAMPLING COST TABLE
-------
TABLE
SAMPLING COSTS
f ^
Cost
Labor
Level
Cost
Hour
Sampling s
f ,
Maintenance
(continued)
A-l
-------
TABLE
SAMPLING COSTS (Continued)
•J Vc'
'^
tabor
Level
Cost
Hoar
j. ^ ^
QoaBty Assoiaoeerand QoaSty Cwtfrol
(continued^
A-2
-------
TABLE
SAMPLING COSTS (Continued)
Cost: Element
Optfras
Cost
Lalior
Level
'Cost
Hour
Total OjwrationarniMaintettai^ (Excluding Sampling Media &.-
Option 1
Option 2
TABLE
COST SUMMARY
Cost Tjpe-
Cost
Option^
Capital
A-3
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Heat read liauuetiom on the reverse before committing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-454/R-93-042
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
U TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Guidance for Estimating Ambient Air
Monitoring Costs for Criteria Pollutants
and Selected Toxic Pollutants
S. REPORT DATE
October 1993
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
TRC Environmental Corporation
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA Contract 68D10142
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Monitoring And Reports Branch
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Report
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Work Assignment Manager:
Edward Hanks
16. ABSTRACT
This document provides cost estimates for monitoring, collecting
and analyzing criteria pollutants in ambient air, toxic air pollutants,
for enhanced ozone, saturation sampling for PM-10, and carbon monoxide
(CO) using portable samplers. The document also describes the design
and implementation of a model to be used in developing and presenting
costs associated with different measurement methodologies. The capital
and operating costs were developed based on 1992/1993 manufacturers'
equipment costs and upon labor categories and rates as provided by a
cross section of private and Governmental agencies.
"'• KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
i. DESCRIPTORS
Ambient Air Monitoring
Criteria Pollutant Monitoring
Selected Air Toxics Monitoring
Photochemical Assessment Monitoring
Release unlimited
b.lOENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
19. SECURITY CLASS (TJiu&eparr>
uncTassif led
20. SECURITY CLASS (Tliis page/
Unclassified.
c. COSATi Field/Group
,
21. NO. OF PAGES
180
22. PRICE
PA Form 2220«1 (R»». 4—77) PMCVIOUS COITION is OSSOLKTC
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