United Stales
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park. NC 27711
EPA-454/R-93-046
March 1994
Air
xvEPA
LOCATING AND ESTIMATING
AIR EMISSIONS
FROM SOURCES OF
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
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EPA-454/R-93-046
LOCATING AND ESTIMATING AIR EMISSIONS
FROM SOURCES OF METHYL ETHYL KETONE
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
March 1994
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, and has been approved for publication. Any mention of trade
names or commercial products is not intended to constitute endorsement or recommendation for
use.
11
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CONTENTS
Section Page
DISCLAIMER ii
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES vii
1.0 PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT 1-1
1.1 REFERENCE FOR SECTION 1.0 1-5
2.0 OVERVIEW OF DOCUMENT CONTENTS 2-1
2.1 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 2.0 2-5
3.0 BACKGROUND 3-1
3.1 NATURE OF POLLUTANT 3-1
3.2 OVERVIEW OF PRODUCTION AND USE 3-1
3.3 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 3.0 3-5
4.0 EMISSIONS FROM METHYL ETHYL KETONE PRODUCTION 4-1
4.1 SECONDARY-BUTYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENATION 4-5
4.1.1 Dehydrogenation Process Description 4-5
4.1.2 Emissions from Secondary-Butyl Alcohol Dehydrogenation 4-6
4.2 n-BUTANE OXIDATION 4-8
4.2.1 n-Butane Oxidation Process Description 4-8
4.2.2 Emissions from n-Butane Oxidation 4-10
4.3 n-BUTENE OXIDATION 4-11
4.4 STORAGE AND HANDLING EMISSIONS 4-11
4.5 EQUIPMENT LEAK EMISSIONS 4-12
4.6 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 4.0 4-16
5.0 EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIES USING METHYL ETHYL KETONE AS A
SOLVENT 5-1
5.1 PAINT, COATING, AND INK MANUFACTURING 5-1
5.1.1 Paint, Coating and Ink Production Process Description 5-5
5.1.2 Emissions from Paint and Ink Production 5-7
5.2 SURFACE COATING - GENERAL 5-8
5.2.1 Surface Coating Process Description 5-9
5.2.2 Emissions from Surface Coating Operations 5-18
5.3 SURFACE COATING - ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS 5-22
5.3.1 Adhesive and Sealant Process Description 5-22
5.3.2 Emissions from Adhesive and Sealant Processes 5-23
5.4 SURFACE COATING - MAGNETIC TAPE MANUFACTURING 5-25
5.5 PRINTING AND PUBLISHING INDUSTRY 5-28
5.5.1 Process Descriptions for Printing and Publishing 5-28
in
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Section Page
5.5.2 Emissions from Printing and Publishing 5-30
5.5.3 Emissions Reduction By Process Modification 5-33
5.5.4 Emissions Reduction By-Product Modification 5-37
5.6 MISCELLANEOUS USES OF MEK 5-38
5.6.1 Solvent Cleaning (Degreasing) 5-38
5.6.2 Research and Development Laboratories 5-40
5.7 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 5.0 5-42
6.0 RESIDUAL METHYL ETHYL KETONE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRY .... 6-1
6.1 REFUSE SYSTEMS 6-1
6.1.1 Solid Waste Disposal Process Description 6-1
6.1.2 Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal 6-2
6.2 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 6.0 6-3
7.0 EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIES WHICH MAY PRODUCE METHYL ETHYL
KETONE AS A BY-PRODUCT 7-1
7.1 FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS 7-1
7.1.1 Meat Smoking 7-1
7.1.2 Breweries 7-2
7.2 PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS 7-2
7.3 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS 7-3
7.3.1 Petroleum Refining 7-3
7.3.2 Asphalt Paving 7-5
7.4 PLASTICS MATERIALS AND RESINS 7-5
7.5 SYNTHETIC RUBBER MANUFACTURING 7-6
7.6 CELLULOSIC MANMADE FIBERS 7-7
7.7 PHARMACEUTICALS PREPARATION 7-7
7.8 SOAP AND OTHER DETERGENTS 7-8
7.9 CYCLIC ORGANIC CRUDES AND INTERMEDIATES 7-8
7.10 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRIES 7-9
7.11 OTHER POSSIBLE MEK BY-PRODUCT SOURCES 7-10
7.12 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 7.0 7-11
8.0 AMBIENT AIR AND STATIONARY SOURCE TEST PROCEDURES 8-1
8.1 EPA METHOD TO-5 8-1
8.2 EPA METHOD 0030 8-2
8.3 EPA METHOD 5040 8-4
8.4 EPA DRAFT METHOD 0011 8-4
8.5 EPA DRAFT METHOD 8315 8-6
8.6 NIOSH METHOD 2500 8-6
8.7 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 8.0 8-8
IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Section Page
APPENDIX A POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF METHYL ETHYL
KETONE EMISSIONS A-l
APPENDIX B LISTS OF PAINT, INK, AND PRINTING FACILITIES WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION B-l
APPENDIX C SUMMARY OF EMISSION FACTORS LISTED IN
THIS DOCUMENT C-l
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FIGURES
Number Page
3-1 MEK Production and Use Tree 3-4
4-1 Locations of Plants Manufacturing MEK 4-3
4-2 Methyl Ethyl Ketone from Secondary-Butyl Alcohol by Dehydrogenation 4-7
4-3 Methyl Ethyl Ketone from n-Butane by Liquid-Phase Oxidation 4-9
5-1 Flow Diagram of the Paint and Ink Manufacturing Process 5-6
5-2 Flow Diagram of a Typical Surface Coating Operation 5-19
5-3 Diagram of a Pressure Sensitive Tape and Label Coating Line 5-24
5-4 Processing Steps in Magnetic-Tape Production 5-27
5-5 Rotogravure and Flexography Printing Process (Chill Rolls
not used in Rotogravure Publication Printing) 5-31
5-6 Web Offset Lithography Publication Printing Process 5-32
8-1 Schematic of Volatile Organic Sampling Train 8-3
8-2 Schematic of Trap Desorption/Analysis System 8-5
VI
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TABLES
Number Page
3-1 Physical and Chemical Properties of MEK 3-2
4-1 Producers and Capacities of MEK 4-2
4-2 MEK Historical and Projected Data 4-4
4-3 Average Emission Factors for Fugitive Equipment Leak Emissions 4-13
4-4 Control Techniques and Efficiencies Applicable to Equipment
Leak Emissions 4-15
5-1 Estimated Consumption of Methyl Ethyl Ketone in Paints and Coatings,
by Market - 1988 and 1989 5-3
5-2 Ink End-Use Categories 5-4
5-3 SIC Codes Associated with Surface Coating Processes 5-10
5-4 Description of Coating Operations, Emission Point Sources, and Emission
Reduction Methods for Surface Coating Groups 5-11
5-5 SIC Codes Associated with Adhesives and Sealants 5-26
5-6 Printing Industry Characterization 5-29
5-7 Gravure Association of America Industry Survey Results 5-34
7-1 Methyl Ethyl Ketone Emission Factors for Kraft Pulping Operations 7-4
vn
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Emissions of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) into the atmosphere are of special significance
because of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. These amendments mandate that MEK
emissions be subject to standards that allow for the maximum degree of reduction of emissions
and that, by 1995, a list of source categories be established that accounts for no less than 90
percent of MEK emissions. This document is designed to assist groups interested in inventorying
air emissions of MEK by providing a compilation of available information on sources and
emissions of this substance.
MEK is a colorless organic liquid with an acetone-like odor. In the U.S., MEK is
produced using dehydrogenation of secondary butyl alcohol (approximately 86%) and as a by-
product of butane oxidation (remaining 14%). U.S. production in 1990 was about 215 million
kilograms (473 million pounds).
MEK is used as a solvent in the manufacture of adhesives, protective coatings, inks and
magnetic tapes. It is also the preferred extraction solvent for dewaxing lube oil.
At the time of publication of this document, estimates of nationwide emissions of MEK
were not available. Updates to this document will attempt to incorporate any nationwide
emission estimates subsequently developed.
Vlll
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SECTION 1.0
PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and State and local air pollution control
agencies are becoming increasingly aware of the presence of substances in the ambient air that
may be toxic at certain concentrations. This awareness, in turn, has led to attempts to identify
source/receptor relationships for these substances and to develop control programs to regulate
emissions. Unfortunately, very little information is available on the ambient air concentrations
of these substances or on the sources that may be discharging them to the atmosphere.
To assist groups interested in inventorying air emissions of various potentially toxic
substances, EPA is preparing a series of documents such as this that compiles available
information on sources and emissions of these substances. Prior documents in the series are
listed below:
Substance EPA Publication Number
Acrylonitrile EPA-450/4-84-007a
Carbon Tetrachloride EPA-450/4-84-007b
Chloroform EPA-450/4-84-007c
Ethylene Dichloride EPA-450/4-84-007d
Formaldehyde (Revised) EPA-450/2-91-012
Nickel EPA-450/4-84-007f
Chromium EPA-450/4-84-007g
Manganese EPA-450/4-84-007h
Phosgene EPA-450/4-84-007i
Epichlorohydrin EPA-450/4-84-007J
Vinylidene Chloride EPA-450/4-84-007k
Ethylene Oxide EPA-450/4-84-0071
Chlorobenzenes EPA-450/4-84-007m
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) EPA-450/4-84-007n
Polycyclic Organic Matter (POM) EPA-450/4-84-007p
Benzene EPA-450/4-84-007q
Organic Liquid Storage Tanks EPA-450/4-88-004
Coal and Oil Combustion Sources EPA-450/2-89-001
Municipal Waste Combustors EPA-450/2-89-006
Perchloroethylene and Trichloroethylene EPA-450/2-90-013
1-1
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Substance EPA Publication Number
1,3-Butadiene EPA-450/2-89-021
Chromium (supplement) EPA-450/2-89-002
Sewage Sludge EPA-450/2-90-009
Styrene (revised) EPA-450/4-91-029
Methylene Chloride EPA-454/R-93-006
This document deals specifically with methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). Its intended audience
includes Federal, State, and local air pollution personnel and others who are interested in locating
potential emitters of MEK, and making gross estimates of air emissions therefrom.
Because of the limited amounts of data available on potential sources of MEK emissions,
and since the process configurations, control equipment, and operating procedures of many
sources will not be the same as those described here, this document is best used as a primer to
inform air pollution personnel about (1) the types of sources that may emit MEK, (2) process
variations and release points that may be expected within these sources, and (3) available
emissions information indicating the potential for MEK to be released into the air from each
operation.
The reader is strongly cautioned against using the emissions information contained in this
document to develop an exact assessment of emissions from any particular facility. Because
insufficient data are available to develop statistical estimates of the accuracy of these emission
factors, no estimate can be made of the error that could result when these factors are used to
calculate emissions from any given facility. It is possible, in some extreme cases, that order-of-
magnitude differences could result between actual and calculated emissions, depending on
differences in source configurations, control equipment, and operating practices. Thus, in
situations where an accurate assessment of MEK emissions is necessary, source-specific
information should be obtained to confirm the existence of particular emitting operations, the
types and effectiveness of control measures, and the impact of operating practices. A source test
and in some cases a material balance should be considered as the best means to determine air
emissions directly from an operation.
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In addition to the information presented in this document, another potential source of
emissions data for MEK is the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory (TRI) form required by Section
313 of Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA 313).1
SARA 313 requires owners and operators of certain facilities that manufacture, import, process,
or otherwise use certain toxic chemicals to report annually their releases of these chemicals to
any environmental media. As part of SARA 313, EPA provides public access to the annual
emissions data. The TRI data include general facility information, chemical information, and
emissions data. Air emissions data are reported as total facility release estimates, broken out into
fugitive and point components. No individual process or stack data are provided to EPA. The
TRI requires the use of available stack monitoring data or measurement of emissions to comply
with SARA 313. If monitoring data are unavailable, emissions are to be quantified based on the
use of best engineering judgement to estimate releases to the environment.
The reader is cautioned that the TRI will not likely provide facility, emissions, and
chemical release data sufficient for conducting detailed exposure modeling and risk assessment.
In many cases, the TRI data are based on annual estimates of emissions (i.e., on emission factors,
material balances, engineering judgement) rather than on direct measurement of emissions. The
reader is urged to obtain TRI data in addition to information provided in this document to locate
potential emitters of methyl ethyl ketone, and to make preliminary estimates of air emissions
from these facilities. To obtain an exact assessment of air emissions from processes at a specific
facility, source tests or in some cases detailed material balance calculations should be conducted,
and detailed plant site information should be compiled.
Each L&E document, as standard procedure, is sent to government, industry, and
environmental groups wherever EPA is aware of expertise. These groups are given the
opportunity to review the document, comment, and provide additional data where applicable.
Where necessary, the documents are then revised to incorporate these comments. Although these
documents have undergone extensive review, there may still be shortcomings. Comments
subsequent to publication are welcome and will be addressed based on available time and
resources. In addition, any information is welcome on process descriptions, operating parameters,
1-3
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control measures, and emissions information that would enable EPA to improve the contents of
this document. Comments and information may be sent to the following address:
Chief, Emission Factor and Methodologies Section
Emission Inventory Branch, (MD-14)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
1-4
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1.1 REFERENCE FOR SECTION 1.0
1. Toxic Chemical Release Reporting: Community Right-To-Know. Federal Register
52(107): 21152-21208. June 4, 1987.
1-5
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SECTION 2.0
OVERVIEW OF DOCUMENT CONTENTS
As noted in Section 1.0, the purpose of this document is to assist Federal, State and local
air pollution agencies and others who are interested in locating potential air emitters of MEK and
making gross estimates of air emissions therefrom. Because of the limited background data
available, the information summarized in this document does not and should not be assumed to
represent the source configuration or emissions associated with any particular facility.
This section provides an overview of the contents of this document. It briefly outlines
the nature, extent, and format of the material presented in the remaining sections of this report.
Section 3.0 of this document briefly summarizes the physical and chemical characteristics
of MEK, and provides an overview of its production and use. This background section may be
useful to someone who needs to develop a general perspective on the nature of this substance and
how it is manufactured and consumed.
Section 4.0 of this document focuses on major production source categories that may
discharge air emissions containing MEK. Section 5.0 discusses the uses of MEK as industrial
feedstocks and major solvent uses, particularly paint and ink manufacturing, degreasing, and
coating operations. Section 6.0 addresses residual emissions from industry and Section 7.0
describes emissions from industries which may produce MEK as a by-product of processes (e.g.,
burning of fuel oil). Example process descriptions and flow diagrams are provided, where
applicable, in addition to available emission factor estimates for each major industrial source
category described in Sections 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0. Individual companies involved with either
the production or use of MEK are reported throughout the document. The reported information
was extracted primarily from trade publications.
Section 8.0 of this document summarizes available procedures for source sampling and
analysis of methyl ethyl ketone. The summaries provide an overview of applicable sampling and
2-1
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analytical procedures, citing references for those interested in conducting source tests. Although
a National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) procedure is provided, no EPA
endorsement of this method is given or implied.
Appendix A identifies potential source categories of MEK emissions by Standard
Industrial Classification (SIC) code and associated description. These potential source categories
do not necessarily denote significant sources of MEK emissions. For those interested in cross
referencing SICs with Source Classification Codes (SCCs) and associated descriptions, the reader
should consult the Crosswalk/Air Toxic Emission Factor Database Management System, Version
1.2 (October 1991).1 The Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)/Particulate Matter (PM) Speciation
Database Management System, Version 1.4 (October 1991) also provides SCC level emission
source identification.2 Appendix B presents paint and ink manufacturing facilities and printing
facilities with annual sales greater than $1,000,000. Appendix C summarizes, in table format,
all emission factors listed in this document.
Each emission factor listed in Sections 4.0 through 7.0 has been assigned an emission
factor grade based on the criteria for assigning data quality and emission factor ratings as
presented in the document Technical Procedures for Developing AP-42 Emission Factors and
Preparing AP-42 Sections. These criteria for rating test data used to develop emission factors
are presented below.3 The data used to develop emission factors are rated as follows:
A - Tests performed by a sound methodology and reported in enough detail for
adequate validation. These tests are not necessarily EPA reference test methods,
although such reference methods are certainly to be used as a guide.
B - Tests that are performed by a generally sound methodology but lack enough detail
for adequate validation.
C - Tests that are based on a nonvalidated or draft methodology or that lack a
significant amount of background data.
D - Tests that are based on a generally unacceptable method but may provide an
order-of-magnitude value for the source.
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Because of the almost impossible task of assigning a meaningful confidence limit to
industry-specific variables (i.e.., sample size vs. sample population, industry and facility
variability, method of measurement), the use of a statistical confidence interval for an emission
factor is not practical. Therefore, some subjective quality rating is necessary. The following
emission factor quality ratings are applied to the emission factor tables.
A - Excellent. The emission factor was developed only from A-rated test data taken from
many randomly chosen facilities in the industry population. The source category* is
specific enough to minimize variability within the source category population.
B - Above average. The emission factor was developed only from A-rated test data from
a reasonable number of facilities. Although no specific bias is evident, it is not clear if
the facilities tested represent a random sample of the industries. As in the A rating, the
source category is specific enough to minimize variability within the source category
population.
C - Average. The emission factor was developed only from A- and B-rated test data from
a reasonable number of facilities. Although no specific bias is evident, it is not clear if
the facilities tested represent a random sample of the industry. As in the A rating, the
source category is specific enough to minimize variability within the source category
population.
D - Below average. The emission factor was developed only from A- and B-rated test
data from a small number of facilities, and there may be reason to suspect that these
facilities do not represent a random sample of the industry. There also may be evidence
of variability within the source category population. Limitations on the use of the
emission factor are footnoted in the emission factor table.
E - Poor. The emission factor was developed from C- and D-rated test data, and there
may be reason to suspect that the facilities tested do not represent a random sample of
the industry. There also may be evidence of variability within the source category
population. Limitations on the use of these factors are always footnoted.
U - Unrated or Unratable. The emission factor was developed from suspect data with no
supporting documentation to accurately apply an A through E rating. A "U" rating may
be applied in the following circumstances:4
- a gross mass balance estimation
- QA/QC deficiencies found with C- and D-rated test data
* Source category: A category in the emission factor table for which an emission factor has been calculated; generally a single process.
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- gross engineering judgement
- technology transfer
This document does not contain any discussion of health or other environmental effects
of MEK. It does include a discussion of ambient air monitoring techniques; however, these
ambient air monitoring methods may require modifications for stack sampling which may affect
data quality.
2-4
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2.1 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 2.0
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Crosswalk/Air Toxic Emission Factor Database
Management System, Version 1.2. EPA-450/4-91-028. Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1991.
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Paniculate
Matter (PM) Speciation Database Management System, Version 1.4. Research Triangle
Park, NC. October 1991.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Technical Procedures for Developing AP-42
Emission Factors and Preparing AP-42 Sections. Draft Document. Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1992.
4. Group discussion meeting on applying "U" rating to emission factors. Anne Pope, EIB;
Robin Baker Jones, Midwest Research Institute; Garry Brooks, Radian Corporation; and
Theresa Moody, TRC Environmental Corporation.
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SECTION 3.0
BACKGROUND
3.1 NATURE OF POLLUTANT
Methyl ethyl ketone, also known as 2-butanone, is a colorless organic liquid with an
acetone-like odor and a low boiling point.1 It is partially miscible with water and many
conventional organic solvents and forms azeotropes with a number of organic liquids.2 MEK is
distinguished by its exceptional solvency, which enables it to formulate higher-solids protective
coatings.1'2
The molecular formula of methyl ethyl ketone is CH3COCH2CH3; its molecular structure
is represented as:
H O H H
H—C—C—C—C—H
H H H
Some physical and chemical properties of MEK are presented in Table 3-1. Because of MEK's
high reactivity, it is estimated to have a short atmospheric lifetime of approximately eleven hours.
Atmospheric lifetime is defined as the time required for the concentration to decay to 1/e (37
percent) of its original value.3
3.2 OVERVIEW OF PRODUCTION AND USE
Methyl ethyl ketone production in the United States is accomplished by one of two
processes: (1) dehydrogenation of secondary butyl alcohol or (2) as a by-product of butane
oxidation. Approximately 86 percent of the total 1991 production capacity in the United States
(280 million kg or 617 million Ibs) utilized dehydrogenation of secondary butyl alcohol while
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TABLE 3-1.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MEK
Property
Structural formula: CH3COCH2CH3
Synonyms: 2-butanone, ethyl methyl ketone, MEK, methyl acetone
CAS registry number: 78-93-3
Molecular weight (grams)
Melting point, °C
Boiling point, °C
Density at 20°C, g/L
Vapor density (air at 101 kPa, 0°C = 1)
Critical temperature, °C
Critical pressure, MPa
Surface tension at 20°C, dyne/cm
Dielectic constant at 20°C
Heat of combustion at 25°C, kJ/mol
Heat of fusion, kJ/(kg*K)
Heat of formulation at constant pressure, kJ/mol
Specific heat:
vapor at 137°C, J/(kg*K)
liquid at 20°C, J/(kg*K)
Latent heat of vaporization at 101.3 kPa, kJ/mol
Flashpoint (closed cup), °C
Ignition temperature, °C
Explosive limits, volume % MEK in air
lower
upper
Threshold limit, ppm
Vapor pressure at 20°C, mm Hg
Viscosity, MPa*s (=cP)
at 0°C
at 20°C
at 40°C
Solubility at 90°C, g/L of water
Value
72.1
-86.3
79.6
804.5
2.41
260
4.4
24.6
15.45
2,435
103.3
279.5
1,732
2,084
32.8
-6.6
515.5
2
12
200
77.5
0.54
0.41
0.34
190
Source: References 2-4.
3-2
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the remaining 14 percent utilized butane oxidation.1'5 Actual domestic production in 1990 was
about 215 million kg (473 million Ibs).1
Figure 3-1 illustrates the production and use of MEK. Major end-users of MEK include
protective coating solvents (61 percent), adhesives (13 percent), and magnetic tapes (10 percent).
Vinyls are the primary resins that employ MEK as a solvent. Methyl ethyl ketone is commonly
used as a solvent in rubber cements, as well as in natural and synthetic resins for adhesive use.
It is also the preferred extraction solvent for dewaxing lube oil and is used in printing inks.1
Overall, the projected use of MEK is expected to gradually decline during the 1990s. The
growing trend towards water-based, higher-solids, and solventless protective coatings, inks, and
adhesives should reduce the demand for MEK. The installation of solvent recycling facilities will
also reduce requirements for fresh solvent production. Although MEK is favored as a solvent
due to its low density, low viscosity, and high solvency, its recent addition on the EPA's
hazardous air pollutants list will likely cause potential users to consider other comparative
solvents such as ethyl acetate.1
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END USE
PRODUCTION
Dehydrogenation of Secondary
Butyl Alcohol (86%)
By—Product of Butane Oxidation
(14%)
Protective Coating Solvent (61%)
Adhesives Solvent
Magnetic Tapes (10%)
Lube Oil Dewaxing (5%)
Chemical Intermediate (4%)
Printing Ink (4%)
Miscellaneous (
Figure 3-1. MEK production and use tree.'
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3.3 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 3.0
1. Chemical Products Synopsis for Methyl Ethyl Ketone. Mannsville Chemical Products
Corporation. Asbury Park, NJ. January 1991.
2. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Third Edition, Volume 13. John
Wiley and Sons. New York, NY. 1983.
3. Lowenheim, Fredrick A. and Marguerite K. Moran. Faith, Keyes, and Clark's Industrial
Chemicals. Fourth Edition. 1975.
4. Verschveren, Karel. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Second
Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. New York, NY. 1983.
5. 1990 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States of America. SRI International.
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SECTION 4.0
EMISSIONS FROM METHYL ETHYL KETONE PRODUCTION
Methyl ethyl ketone production and the associated air emissions are described in this
section. Process flow diagrams are included as appropriate, with specific streams or vents labeled
to correspond with the discussion in the text. Emission factors for the production processes are
presented when available, and control technologies are described. The reader should contact the
specific facility being included in an emissions inventory to verify the nature of the process used,
production volume, and controls in place before applying any of the emission factors presented.
Methyl ethyl ketone is currently produced at three separate facilities in the United States.
The production locations, capacities (for 1991), and manufacturing process type are presented in
Table 4-1. The total domestic production for MEK during 1990 was 215 million kg (473 million
Ibs).1 Figure 4-1 illustrates that all domestic MEK manufacturing facilities are located in States
that border the Gulf Coast. Two of the three facilities, Exxon Chemicals, and Shell Chemical,
manufacture MEK by dehydrogenation of secondary-butyl alcohol (also known as sec-butyl
alcohol or 2-butanol). The other facility (Hoechst-Celanese) produces MEK as a by-product
during the oxidation of n-butane in the production of acetic acid.1'2 Both of these processes are
described in this section.
As mentioned in Section 3.0, the projected use of MEK is expected to gradually decline
during the 1990s. United States' demand has been projected to drop to less than 159 million kg
(350 million Ibs) by 1995. Table 4-2 lists historical and projected figures for domestic MEK
capacity, production, imports, exports, and demand.1
Sections 4.1 and 4.2 discuss processes and process emissions from secondary-butyl alcohol
dehydrogenation and n-butane oxidation, respectively. Section 4.3 contains a brief description
of n-butene oxidation, which is a relatively new MEK production process not currently
commercialized in the United States. Finally, Sections 4.4 and 4.5 discuss storage and handling
emissions and equipment leak emissions which are applicable to processes described in both
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TABLE 4-1.
PRODUCERS AND CAPACITIES OF MEKa
Producer
Exxon Chemicals
Hoechst-Celanese
Shell Chemical
Total
Location
Baton Rouge, LA
Pampa, TX
Norco, LA
Method of
Manufacturing
MEK
DSBAb
OBC
DSBA
1991 Capacity
million kg
(million Ibs)
104
39
104
280
(230)
(85)
(230)
(617)
a Based on announced capacities and trade estimates. Exxon began operation at its new
Baton Rouge, LA plant in late 1988. Exxon's Linden, NJ facility, with an annual capacity
of 136 million kg (300 million Ibs), was shut down in 1988. In 1988, Union Carbide
reportedly began interim production of MEK at Institute, WV in a unit with an annual
capacity of less than 4.5 million kg (10 million Ibs).
b Dehydrogenation of secondary-butyl alcohol.
c Oxidation of butane.
Source: Reference 1.
4-2
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LEGEND OF PLANT NAMES AND LOCATIONS
1. Exxon Chemicals in Baton Rouge, LA
2. Hoechst-Celanese in Pampa, TX
3. Shell Chemical in Norco, LA
Figure 4-1. Locations of plants manufacturing MEK.1
4-3
-------
TABLE 4-2.
MEK HISTORICAL AND PROJECTED DATA (MILLION LBS)
Capacity
Production
Imports
Exports
Demand
1970
565
480
33
22
491
1975
600
425
40
47
418
1980
878
587
8
69
526
1985
700
537
61
77
521
1987
692
672
38
101
609
1988
622
482
102
57
527
1989
622
449
74
79
444
1990
617
473a
47
83
437
Projected
1991
617
N/Ab
N/A
N/A
430
1993
545
N/A
N/A
N/A
380
a Preliminary projection
b N/A - not available
Source: Reference 1.
-------
Sections 4.1 and 4.2. The reader should note that this section discusses production process
oriented emissions only and that secondary MEK sources such as waste treatment disposal
facilities are discussed in Section 6.0 of this document.
4.1 SECONDARY-BUTYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENATION
The majority of MEK manufactured in the United States is produced by dehydrogenation
of secondary-butyl alcohol. The two operating facilities in the United States using this
production method have the capacity to produce an annual total of 241 million kg (532 million
Ibs), based on 1991 data, from the dehydrogenation process.1 This subsection discusses the 2-
butanol dehydrogenation process.
4.1.1 Dehydrogenation Process Description
Methyl ethyl ketone manufacture by secondary-butyl alcohol dehydrogenation is a two-
step process where the first step involves the hydration of butenes to produce secondary-butyl
alcohol. The second step consists of the dehydrogenation of secondary-butyl alcohol yielding
MEK and hydrogen gas. These steps are illustrated by the following reactions:3
(1)
CH3CH=CHCH3
butene
aqueous
H2SO4
OH
CH3CHCH2CH3
sec-butyl alcohol
(2)
OH
CH3CHCH2CH3
sec-butyl alcohol
ZnO ar brass
400-550°C
O
CH3CCH2CH3
MEK
H2
hydrogen gas
4-5
-------
Since the first reaction (1) does not involve MEK as a product, this discussion will focus
on the second step of the reaction. Figure 4-2 illustrates the process of secondary-butyl alcohol
dehydrogenation. Initially, preheated vapors of secondary-butyl alcohol are passed through a
reactor (Step 1) containing a catalytic bed of zinc oxide or brass (zinc-copper alloy) which is
maintained between 400° and 550°C (750° and 1,025°F). A mean residence time of two to eight
seconds at normal atmospheric pressures is required for conversion from secondary-butyl alcohol
to MEK.3'4
Product gases from the reaction vessel are then condensed via a brine-cooled condenser
(Step 2) and sent to a distillation column for fractioning (Step 3). The main fraction (methyl
ethyl ketone) is typically obtained at an 85 to 90 percent yield based on the mass of secondary-
butyl alcohol charged. The uncondensed gas may be scrubbed with water or a nonaqueous
solvent to remove any entrained ketone or alcohol from the hydrogen-containing gas (Step 4).
The hydrogen may then be re-used, burned in a furnace, or flared.5
A liquid-phase process for converting secondary-butyl alcohol to methyl ethyl ketone has
been developed and is used in Europe. In this process, secondary-butyl alcohol is mixed with
a high-boiling solvent containing suspended finely divided Raney or copper chromite catalyst.
The reaction occurs at a temperature of 150°C (300°F) and at atmospheric pressure allowing
MEK and hydrogen to be driven off in vapor form and separated as soon as each is formed.4
The advantages of this process include a better yield (typically 3 percent better), longer catalyst
life, simpler product separation, and lower energy consumption.3
4.1.2 Emissions from Secondary-Butyl Alcohol Dehydrogenation
Process emissions from secondary-butyl alcohol dehydrogenation are noncondensible VOC
(including MEK) and hydrogen from the reactor vents and distillation column condenser, each
labeled with an emission point A in Figure 4-2. Fugitive emissions can occur at the scrubber,
labeled as emission point B. Other fugitive losses occur from equipment leaks, which are
discussed in Section 4.5 of this document. These process and fugitive emissions can be collected
4-6
-------
Secondary—butyl alcohol
Denotes Potential Location of Emissions
Process Emissions
B
Fugitive Emissions
Storage and Loading Emissions
Solvent
Alcohol
to recovery
Hydrogen
Figure 4-2. Methyl ethyl ketonc from secondary-butyl alcohol by dchydrogcnalion.*
-------
and either burned as fuel or used elsewhere in the plant complex. The emissions may be
continuous or periodic, depending on the method used to purge noncondensibles from the
condensers. Storage and loading emissions (emission point C) are discussed separately in
Section 4.4.
At present, no emission factors are available for MEK production processes. Also, little
information on emissions controls used in MEK production is available. One type of control
used is incineration, which can potentially reduce MEK emissions by 99 percent.5
4.2 n-BUTANE OXIDATION
Methyl ethyl ketone is currently manufactured by liquid-phase oxidation of n-butane at
only one facility (Hoescht-Celanese) in the United States, which had a 1991 operating capacity
of 39 million kg (85 million Ibs).1 However, MEK has occasionally been commercially available
in significant quantities from the liquid-phase oxidation of butane to acetic acid. Depending on
the demand for acetic acid, this by-product methyl ethyl ketone can be marketed or recycled.3
This subsection discusses MEK production via n-butane oxidation.
4.2.1 n-Butane Oxidation Process Description
Figure 4-3 illustrates the liquid-phase oxidation of n-butane.4 Initially, n-butane and
compressed air or oxygen are fed into a reactor (Step 1) along with a catalyst, typically cobalt,
manganese or chromium acetate to produce acetic acid, MEK and other by-products such as
ethanol, ethyl acetate, formic acid, and propionic acid.5 This process produces the following
chemical reaction:
o o
CH3CH2CH2CH3 + O2 ' CH3COH + CH3CCH2CH3 + other + H2O
by-products
n-butane oxygen acetic acid MEK water
or air
4-8
-------
i Nitrogen
®t r
Unreacted
hydrocarbons oopu
Air . A
L ,L .., ' ' ' ,,_J^7 ,, , . '
ri— butane |
Catalyst "~ an(j c
Denotes Potential Location of Emissions
rator
© ' fA ©' r © fA
^hangel-s ^ n«rnnt«r .. Rash ^ Separation
colors tank and purification
I
' 1
Final Products
Acetic acid
MEK
Acetone
Methanol
Other organlcs
Process Emissions
Fugitive Emissions
Storage and Loading Emissions
Figure 4-3. Methyl ethyl ketone from n-butane by liquid-phase oxidation.6
-------
Air is bubbled through the reactant solution at 150° to 225°C (300° to 440°F) with
pressures of about 5.5 MPa (800 psi). Conditions must be carefully controlled to facilitate MEK
production and prevent competing reactions that form acetic acid and other by-products. Process
conditions can be varied producing different ratios of product components through the choice of
raw material, reaction conditions, and recovery methods.6
Vapors containing crude acetic acid and the various by-products including MEK are
separated from unreacted n-butane and inert gases (Step 2), then stripped or flashed to remove
dissolved butane and inert gases (Step 3), and sent to the purification section (Step 4). Unreacted
nitrogen leaving the reactor carries various oxidation products (formic, acetic, and propionic
acids; acetone, MEK, methanol, etc.) and some unreacted butane and is sent to a separator
(condenser) for removal/recycling of unreacted hydrocarbons (Step 5).5
The purification section of the plant is complex and highly specialized utilizing three-
phase distillation in conjunction with straight extraction.6 The low-boiling organics such as MEK
are separated from the crude acetic acid by conventional distillation. Azeotropic distillation is
used to dry and purify the crude acetic acid. Recovery and purification of the various by-
products require several distillation columns and involve extractive distillation or azeotrope
breakers or both. Liquid organic wastes are typically burned in boilers to recover their heat
value.5
4.2.2 Emissions from n-Butane Oxidation
Process emissions from n-butane oxidation include the vent gases from the reactor,
decanter, flash tank, and several distillation columns, labeled with an emission point A in
Figure 4-3. Fugitive emissions occur from the separator (emission point B) and from equipment
leaks (see Section 4.5). Storage and loading emissions (emission point C) are discussed
separately in Section 4.4. At present, no emission factor data are available for MEK emissions
4-10
-------
from n-butane oxidation processes. Also, little information is available on emissions controls
used in this MEK production method.
4.3 n-BUTENE OXIDATION
A new one-step process that converts olefins to ketones called OK technology was
developed by Catalytica, Inc., of Mountain View, CA, in 1986. Specifically, MEK is produced
via direct oxidation of n-butenes at about 85°C (185°F) and 690 kPa (100 psi), using a
proprietary, homogenous nonchloride catalyst. Advantages of this process are that it is non-
corrosive, environmentally clean, and economical because of low capital investment and low
energy needs. The process is currently in lab-scale operation; however, plans are underway to
design a facility outside the United States.1
4.4 STORAGE AND HANDLING EMISSIONS
Methyl ethyl ketone emissions also occur from storage tank and handling losses during
product loading/unloading into drums, tank trucks, tank cars, barges, and ships. These losses are
labeled with an emission point C in Figures 4-2 and 4-3. The three most prominent designs of
liquid storage vessels are fixed roof, external floating roof, and internal floating roof. Each of
these designs and their types of emissions are discussed here.
A typical fixed roof tank consists of a cylindrical steel shell with a permanently affixed
roof, which may vary in design from cone- or dome-shaped to flat. Storage losses from fixed
roof tanks are referred to as breathing and working losses. Breathing loss is the expulsion of
vapor from a tank through vapor expansion and contraction, which are the result of changes in
temperature and barometric pressure. The combined loss from filling and emptying the tank is
called the working loss.7
External floating roof tanks are cylindrical and have a roof that floats on the surface of
the liquid being stored. Emissions from external floating roof tanks are the sum of standing
4-11
-------
storage loss and withdrawal loss. Standing storage loss can be estimated as the sum of rim seal
loss and roof fitting loss. Withdrawal loss occurs as the liquid that clings to the tank wall is
exposed to the atmosphere and vaporized when the floating roof is lowered by reducing amounts
of stored liquid.7
An internal floating roof tank has both a permanent fixed roof and an internal floating
deck, which eliminates the vapor space in the tank, thereby reducing the amount of stored liquid
that evaporates and can be emitted. Losses from internal floating roof tanks are the sum of
withdrawal and standing losses. Withdrawal losses for internal floating roof tanks include
vaporization of liquid that clings to the tank wall and any columns present. Standing storage
losses include rim seal, deck fitting, and deck seam losses.7
Both standing losses and withdrawal losses from storage tanks can be estimated using
equations given in the Environmental Protection Agency's report Estimating Air Toxic Emissions
from Organic Liquid Storage Tanks7
4.5 EQUIPMENT LEAK EMISSIONS
Emissions occur from liquid or gas streams leaking from process equipment components
such as pump seals, process valves, compressors, safety relief valves, flanges, open-ended lines,
and sampling connections. Emission estimates can be calculated from various methodologies
described in the EPA publication Protocols for Generating Unit-Specific Emission Estimates for
Equipment Leaks of VOC and VHAP* These methodologies differ in level of complexity; the
more complex, the more accurate the emissions estimate.
The simplest methodology, using average emission factors, requires the following input
data: number of components by type, MEK percent weight of the stream, and the number of
hours per year the component is in service. These data are then multiplied by EPA's average
emission factors for the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI) shown in
Table 4-3. Emissions can be estimated by using the formula shown below.8
4-12
-------
TABLE 4-3.
AVERAGE EMISSION FACTORS FOR FUGITIVE
EQUIPMENT LEAK EMISSIONS
Equipment
Valves
Pump Seals
Compressor Seals
Pressure Relief Seals
Flanges
Open-Ended Lines
Sampling Connections
Service
Gas
Light Liquid
Heavy Liquid
Light Liquid
Heavy Liquid
Gas/Vapor
Gas/Vapor
All
All
All
Emission Factor
(kg/hr/source)
0.0056
0.0071
0.00023
0.0494
0.0214
0.228
0.104
0.00083
0.0017
0.0150
Emission Factor
(Ib/hr/source)
0.0123
0.0157
0.00051
0.1089
0.0472
0.503
0.229
0.00183
0.0037
0.0331
Source: Reference 8.
T No. of
[equipment components
Weight percent \ Component-specificl \No. hrs/yr in\
<] [MEK in the stream] \_ emission factor \ [MEK service]
This method should be used only if no other emissions data are available, as it may result
in overestimating equipment leak emissions. More complex methodologies may be used to obtain
more accurate equipment leak emission estimates. However, these methodologies require that
some level of emission measurements (leak concentrations) be made for the facility's process
equipment components. These methodologies are briefly described here, and the reader is
referred to the EPA Protocols document or Fugitive Emission Sources of Organic Compounds-
Additional Information on Emissions, Emission Reductions, and Costs for calculation details.8'9
4-13
-------
The first method, the leak/no leak approach, is based on a determination of the number
of leaking and non-leaking components. A leaking component is defined by a measured or
estimated leak concentration greater than or equal to 10,000 ppmv.8 Once the number of
leaking/nonleaking equipment components have been determined, the fugitive equipment leak
emissions are estimated using the appropriate emission factors and the equation identified
previously for the average emission factor method.
The second method differentiates fugitive equipment leak emissions into three leak
concentration ranges: 0 - 1,000 ppmv; 1,000 - 10,000 ppmv; and greater than 10,000 ppmv. The
number of components falling into a particular range is then multiplied by the component-specific
emission factor for that range. The component-specific emission factors can be found in EPA's
Protocols document.8
The third method uses screening data in correlation equations derived by EPA.
Correlation equations are only available for flanges, pump seals, and valves in light-liquid and
gas service. Finally, the fourth method gives each facility an option to develop its own
correlation equations, but requires more rigorous testing, bagging, and analysis of equipment
leaks to determine mass emission rates.9
Although no specific information on emissions controls used by the industry was
identified, equipment components in MEK service typically have some type of control.
Generally, control of fugitive emissions requires the use of low-emission or leakless process
equipment, an inspection and maintenance program, and routine replacement of chronic leaking
components. Typical controls for equipment leaks are listed in Table 4-4.9 In addition, other
leakless process equipment is available such as leakless valves and sealless pumps.
4-14
-------
TABLE 4-4.
CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND EFFICIENCIES APPLICABLE
TO EQUIPMENT LEAK EMISSIONS
Equipment Component
(Emission Source)
Pump Seals
Packed and mechanical
Double mechanical0
Compressors
Flanges
Valves
Gas
Liquid
Pressure Relief Devices
Gas
Sample Connections
Open-ended Lines
Control Technique
Seal area enclosure vented to a
combustion device
Monthly LDARb
Quarterly LDAR
Semiannual LDAR
Annual LDAR
N/Ad
Vent degassing reservoir to combustion
device
None available
Monthly LDAR
Quarterly LDAR
Semiannual LDAR
Annual LDAR
Monthly LDAR
Quarterly LDAR
Semiannual LDAR
Annual LDAR
Monthly LDAR
Quarterly LDAR
Rupture Disk
Closed-purge sampling
Caps on open ends
Percent
Reduction
100a
61
32
0
0
—
100a
0
73
64
50
24
59
44
22
0
50
44
100
100
100
a Combustion devices approach 100 percent control efficiency.
b LDAR (Leak detection and repair program).
0 Assumes the seal barrier fluid is maintained at a pressure above the pump stuffing box
pressure and the system is equipped with a sensor that detects failure of the seal and/or
barrier fluid system.
dN/A (Not applicable). There are no VOC emissions from this component.
Source: Reference 9.
4-15
-------
4.6 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 4.0
1. Chemical Products Synopsis for Methyl Ethyl Ketone. A Reporting Service of Mannsville
Chemical Products Corporation. Asbury Park, NJ. January 1991.
2. Chemical Economics Handbook. SRI International. Menlo Park, CA. May 1991.
3. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Third Edition, Volume 13. John
Wiley and Sons. New York, NY. 1983.
4. Lowenheim, Fredrick A. and Marguerite K. Moran. Faith, Keyes, and Clark's Industrial
Chemicals. Fourth Edition. 1975.
5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Organic Chemical Manufacturing - Volume 10:
Selected Processes. EPA-450/3-80-028e. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1980.
6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Investigation of Selected Potential Environmental
Contaminants; Ketonic Solvents. EPA-560/2-76-003. Office of Toxic Substances.
Washington, DC May 1976.
7. Murphy, P. Estimating Air Toxics Emissions From Organic Liquid Storage Tanks.
EPA-450/4-88-004. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. 1988.
8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Protocols for Generating Unit-Specific Emission
Estimates for Equipment Leaks of VOC and VHAP. EPA-450/3-88-010. Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. 1988.
9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Fugitive Emission Sources of Organic
Compounds—Additional Information on Emissions, Emission Reductions, and Costs.
EPA-450/3-82-010. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, NC. April 1982.
4-16
-------
SECTION 5.0
EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIES USING METHYL ETHYL KETONE AS A SOLVENT
This section discusses emissions from major processes using MEK as a solvent. Potential
emission sources are identified and available emission factors are presented. Figure 3-1 (in
Section 3.2) presents estimated 1990 data for end-use patterns of MEK.1 Of these end-uses, only
lube oil dewaxing and chemical intermediates are not included here. No process information or
emission factor data were available for either of these two end-uses. For end-uses that are
discussed here, the reader is advised to contact the specific sources in question to verify the
nature of the process, production volume, and control techniques used before applying any of the
emission factors presented in this section.
5.1 PAINT, COATING, AND INK MANUFACTURING
Methyl ethyl ketone is one of the many solvents used as a raw material in the
manufacture of paints and inks. In 1989, MEK accounted for 7 percent of the 1,972 million kg
(4,349 million Ibs) of solvents consumed in paints and coatings.2 During 1990, paints, coatings,
and inks accounted for approximately 65 percent of total MEK domestic consumption.1
In 1987, Paint and Allied Products facilities (SIC 2851) were composed of 1,123
companies operating 1,426 plants, two-thirds of which were located in 10 states. Also, 1987
Census of Manufacturers data show 504 Printing Ink manufacturing facilities (SIC 2893) in the
United States owned by 224 companies in 19 states and the District of Columbia. Over 50
percent of paint manufacturing plants and 60 percent of ink manufacturing facilities were small,
employing less than 20 people and specializing in a limited product line marketed within a small
geographic region. Ward's Business Directory listed 364 paint and allied products facilities in
5-1
-------
SIC 2851 with 1990 sales greater than $1,000,000. Ward's also listed 56 ink manufacturing
facilities in SIC 2893 with 1990 sales greater than $1,000,000. These lists are given in Appendix
B, Table B-l and Table B-2.3
Methyl ethyl ketone is only one of several vehicle solvents used by paint and ink
manufacturers. One method used to categorize the products of paint manufacturing is end-use
(e.g., markets served). The end-use categories are architectural coatings, product coatings for
original equipment manufacturers (OEM), and special purpose coatings. Special purpose coatings
include industrial construction and maintenance paints designed for extreme conditions, traffic
marking paints, marine paints, auto refmishing paints, aerosol paint concentrates, and others.4 A
summary of MEK consumption in the paint and coating end-use categories and subcategories is
found in Table 5-1. MEK is most often used in OEM product coatings such as those for wood
furniture and fixtures, containers and closures, automotive finishes, and machinery and
equipment.2 Paint products may also be classified by the type of vehicle or carrier incorporated
in the paint formulation.
The total annual production of paint in the United States consists of 60 percent solvent-
borne products, 35 percent water-borne paints, and 5 percent allied products. While more than
70 percent of architectural coatings are water-borne, the majority of product and special purpose
coatings are solvent-borne.3
Like paints, inks may also be classified by either end-use or the type of vehicle used in
the formulation. The five primary ink categories are letterpress, offset lithography, gravure,
flexographic and screen printing. Typically, flexographic, rotogravure, and screen printing inks
employ a solvent-based vehicle, while letterpress, lithographic, and offset inks use an oil- or
paste-based vehicle. It should be noted that EPA classifies all of these as solvent-based inks.
A summary of ink product shipments classified by end-use category and subcategory is given in
Table 5-2.3
5-2
-------
TABLE 5-1.
ESTIMATED CONSUMPTION OF METHYL ETHYL KETONE
IN PAINTS AND COATINGS, BY MARKET - 1988 AND 1989
Paints and Coatings
Wood Furniture and Finishes
Wood Flat Stock
Metal Furniture and Fixtures
Containers and Closures
Sheet, Strip and Coil
Major Appliances
Other Appliances
Automotive
Topcoat
Primer
Underbody Components and Parts
Trucks and Buses
Railroad
Other Transportation
Machinery and Equipment
Electrical Insulation
Paper, Foil, and Film
Other Product Finishes
Maintenance
Marine
Commercial and Maintenance
Auto Refinishing
Traffic Paints
Other
Total Special Purpose
Thinner and Miscellaneous
TOTAL
MEK Use
1988
million kg
7.3
0
2.3
5
1.4
1.4
0.9
2.7
0.5
0.5
0.9
0
0.5
0.9
0.5
1.8
5.4
1.4
0.9
9.1
3.6
5.4
20.4
90
162.8
(million Ibs)
(16)
(0)
(5)
(11)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(0)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(12)
(3)
(2)
(20)
(8)
(12)
(45)
(199)
(359)
1989
million kg
6.8
0.1
2.2
4.8
1.4
1.3
0.7
2.6
0.6
0.4
0.9
0.2
0.4
1.1
0.5
1.8
5
1.5
0.7
8.5
3.4
5.3
19.5
86
155.7
(million
Ibs)
(15.0)
(0.3)
(4.9)
(10.5)
(3.1)
(2.8)
(1.5)
(5.7)
(1.3)
(0.9)
(2.0)
(0.4)
(0.8)
(2.4)
(1.0)
(3.9)
(11.1)
(3.3)
(1.6)
(18.8)
(7.5)
(11.7)
(43)
(190)
(343.5)
Source: Reference 2.
5-3
-------
TABLE 5-2.
INK END-USE CATEGORIES
1987 Product Shipments'
Product
Quantity"
Value
(million dollars)
Letterpress inks (NA)
New inks mil Ibs 203.1
Publication inks mil Ibs (S)
Packaging inks mil Ibs 12.1
Other letterpress inks mil Ibs 16.5
Letterpress inks. n.s.k (NA)
Lithographic and offset inks (NA)
News inks mil Ibs 314.3
Publication inks:
Web types mil Ibs *179.9
Sheet types mil Ibs **20.0
Packaging inks mil Ibs 18.2
Web commercial type mil Ibs 39.3
Other lithographic and offset inks, including sheet
commercial type mil Ibs *50.8
Lithographic and offset inks. n.s.k (NA)
Gravure inks (NA)
Packaging inks mil Ibs 111.3
Publication inks mil Ibs 293.8
Other gravure inks mil Ibs *0.9
Gravure inks, n.s.k (NA)
Flexographic inks (NA)
Packaging inks:
Solvent types mil Ibs 117.7
Water types mil Ibs 125.0
Other flexographic inks:
Solvent types mil Ibs 5.2
Water types mil Ibs 19.8
Flexographic inks, n.s.k (NA)
Printing inks, n.e.c (NA)
Textile printing inks mil Ibs 36.0
Screen printing inks mil Ibs (S)
Other printing inks, including stencil inks mil Ibs (S)
Printing inks. n.e.c.. n.s.k (NA)
Printing ink, n.s.k (NA)
Printing inks, n.s.k., typically for establishments with
10 employees or more (see note) (NA)
Printing inks, n.s.k., typically for establishments with less
than 10 employees (see note) (NA)
TOTAL _ (NA)
164.1
100.7
9.8
27.4
20.9
5.2
987.3
256.9
311.0
68.5
77.7
73.0
162.8
37.4
414.5
153.6
248.2
1.4
11.2
424.8
189.3
172.4
8.9
31.0
23.1
140.4
45.3
59.6
34.0
1.4
229.7
160.5
69.2
2,360.7
a Data reported by all producers, not just those with shipments of 5100,000 or more.
b For some establishments, data have been estimated from central unit values which are based on quantity-cost
relationships of the data reported by the establishment. The following symbols are used when the percentage of
each quantity Figure estimated in this manner equals or exceeds 10 percent of the figure published in this table:
*10 to 19 percent estimated; **20 to 29 percent estimated. If 30 percent or more is estimated, figure is replaced
by (S).
n.e.c. - Not elsewhere classified
n.s.k. - Not specified by kind
(NA) - Not available
(S) - Withheld because estimate did not meet publication standards
Source: Reference 3.
5-4
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5.1.1 Paint, Coating and Ink Production Process Description
Paint and ink facilities use similar processes to manufacture their respective products in
batch-scale fashion. Most small plants (i.e.., facilities employing fewer than 20 people) produce
paint in 40 to 1,900 liter (10 to 500 gallon) batches, while larger facilities produce paint in 760
to 11,360 liter (200 to 3,000 gallon) batches and some stock items in 37,850 liter (10,000 gallon)
runs.5'6 Inks are produced in batches ranging from 3.8 liters (1 gallon) to over 3,785 liters (1,000
gallons).6
In most cases, paint and ink manufacturing facilities purchase raw materials
(e.g., pigments, solvents, resins, and other additives) and then formulate, or blend, a finished
product. Normally, no chemical reactions occur during the process.6 Batch process production
of paint and ink involves four major steps:
preassembly and premix
• pigment grinding/milling
product finishing/blending
product filling/packaging3
Figure 5-1 is a flow diagram for paint and ink manufacturing processes.
The first step in the manufacturing process (Step 1) is preassembly and premix where
liquid raw materials (e.g., resins, solvents, oils, alcohols, and/or water) are "assembled" and
mixed in containers to form a viscous material to which pigments are added. The incorporation
of the pigment into the paint or ink vehicle to yield a fine particle dispersion is referred to as
pigment grinding or milling (Step 2). Final product specifications are achieved in the product
finishing step (Step 3) which consists of three intermediate stages: thinning, tinting and blending.
After the material has been blended, it is transferred from the blend tanks into containers for
product shipment. The transfer step normally involves product filtration (Step 4).3 The final step
in paint and ink manufacturing is product filling operations (Step 5).
5-5
-------
©
5 t
.11 *
5 5
ECO
.1 S "5 -o
o. o: u> Ji
1 ' 1
;
r
1
Pigment
Grinding
or Milling
(Botch
Operations)
i
A
1
1
1
1
L
i
:
i
Preaosembfy
and
Premlx
i ^
Plan
Gnn
or M
(Conti
Opora
1 A '
D
lent
ding
Illlng
nuous
f A
L
1 i
i • i
Product
Finishing
1 A
B
Denotes Potential Location of Emissions
Process Emissions
Fugitive Emissions
Note: Emissions may result from equipment cleaning at any step in the manufacturing process.
Figure 5-1. Flow diagram of the paint and ink manufacturing process.3
-------
5.1.2 Emissions from Paint and Ink Production
There are three primary factors expected to affect the magnitude of MEK emissions from
paint and ink manufacturing. They include the types of solvents and resins used in the
manufacturing process, the temperature at which these compounds are mixed, and the methods
and materials used during cleanup operations.3
Methyl ethyl ketone may be released from several process steps (each labeled with an
emission point A), handling operations (labeled with an emission point B), and cleanup
operations throughout the paint and ink manufacturing process, as shown in Figure 5-1. During
the preassembly and premix stage (Step 1), emissions may arise from mix tanks or drums while
resins are being thinned and other materials are being added. Methyl ethyl ketone emissions can
also occur during the pigment grinding step (Step 2) when materials are added to the dispersion
equipment. Emissions that occur in the product finishing step (Step 3) are mainly a result of
material additions during the thinning and tinting stages; however, MEK emissions from product
filling operations (Step 5) result from material transfer and free-fall into the receiving container.
Another emission source is the product filtering device (Step 4). As product flows through this
device, the material is often exposed to air, resulting in release of incorporated MEK. Fugitive
emissions occur as leaks from flanges, valves, and pumps used to transfer material from process
equipment in one stage to process equipment in the next stage.3
In addition to emissions from process operations, MEK is also released from a variety of
cleaning operations following the manufacture of solvent-based products. In many facilities,
manufacturing equipment is cleaned manually (with solvents, brushes, and/or rags) on the
production floor on an as-needed basis. The standard method of cleaning grinding mill
equipment involves emptying the mill of product and then adding solvent to the vessel to capture
remaining product residue. Emissions here occur from cleaning solvent addition and removal as
well as the cleaning process.3
5-7
-------
Methyl ethyl ketone emissions that occur during the manufacturing steps may be reduced
by implementing equipment and process modifications such as use of tank lids or closed-system
milling equipment. Emissions from cleaning equipment may be reduced by using rubber wipers,
high-pressure spray heads, or automatic tub washers.3
An extensive literature search revealed little current available emission factor data for the
manufacture of paints and inks. Solvent losses ranged from 1 to 2 percent under well-controlled
conditions to nearly 100 percent for some volatile organic compounds.7 The 100 percent loss
estimate is conservative, as enough volatile components remain in the paint or ink to keep it fluid
and workable. Many paint and ink manufacturing facilities calculate total plant VOC emissions
based on raw material consumption rather than calculating emissions from processes or
equipment by an alternative method. Total plant emissions, therefore, reflect solvent losses
during manufacturing, cleaning operations, and storage.3 At present, solvent losses from most
facilities are less than 10 percent.4
5.2 SURFACE COATING - GENERAL
According to 1990 data, consumption of MEK in paints and coatings accounted for
approximately 61 percent (131 million kg or 288 million Ibs) of total MEK solvent sales.1
Specific details of MEK use in paints and coatings by industrial categories are presented in
Section 5.1. Section 5.2 concentrates on the application of these coatings to many different types
of surfaces. Sections 5.3 and 5.4 discuss, respectively, Adhesives/Sealants and Magnetic Tape
manufacture, two specialized types of surface coatings.
The potent solvency of MEK makes it attractive for the formulation of lower-VOC
materials, including higher-solids coatings, to reduce solvent emissions. As stated previously,
there are no growth prospects for MEK in paint manufacturing as environmental factors force the
5-8
-------
trend toward higher solids, waterborne, solventless, ultraviolet, or electron beam cured systems.
Vinyls continue to be the major resins employing MEK as a solvent.1
Methyl ethyl ketone emissions from surface coating operations are associated with many
varied industrial categories. Table 5-3 lists these source categories and their respective SIC
codes. Each of these source categories exhibits various application methods, emission sources,
and emissions reduction techniques. A summary of these is provided in Table 5-4 along with
additional references for each category. Since surface coating is a very broad category, detailed
process information and flow diagrams for each source are not included in this document, but
may be found in the additional references listed in Table 5-4. Instead, the reader is provided
with general coating and finishing techniques, and emissions sources.
5.2.1 Surface Coating Process Description
Industrial surface coating operations use several different methods to apply coatings to
substrates. Some of the more commonly used techniques include spraying, dipping, rolling, flow
coating, and knife coating. Table 5-4 lists the possible application methods by source category.
In addition to the application of coatings to substrates, many surface coating operations also
include surface preparation steps (e.g., cleaning and degreasing), drying and curing stages.
Spraying operations are normally performed in a spray booth using one of the following spray
application methods: air atomization; airless atomization; air-assisted airless atomization; high-
volume, low-pressure (HVLP); and electrostatic methods. Dip coating involves immersing the
substrate in a tank containing a bath of paint. The object is slowly removed from the tank,
allowing excess paint to drain back into the tank. Roller coating is used to apply coatings to flat
surfaces. A typical roller coating machine contains three or more power driven rollers, one of
which is partially immersed in the coating material. The paint is transferred to a second, parallel
roller by direct contact. The sheet to be coated is run between the second and third rollers, and
is coated by transfer of paint from the second roller. Flow coating is used on articles which
5-9
-------
TABLE 5-3.
SIC CODES ASSOCIATED WITH SURFACE COATING
PROCESSES
General Source Category
Large Appliances and Miscellaneous
Metal Parts and Products
Magnet Wire
Automobiles and Light Duty Trucksa
Cans
Metals Coils
Paper and Paperboard
Fabrics
Wood Products
Flatwood Products
Plastic Products
Ship Building and Repairing
Aircraft
SIC Codes
2514, 2522
3400, 343 Group, 347 Group, 358 Group,
363 Group, 3651, 3652
3351, 3357
3711, 3713
3411, 3412
3353, 3354
2670
2211, 2221, 2231, 2241, 2261, 2262,
2269, 2281, 2282, 2284, 2295
2420, 2511, 2512, 2517, 2521
2435
3069, 3080
3731
3721
aLocomotives and heavy-duty trucks, hopper car and tank interiors, and paint and drum interiors are covered
under metal products.
5-10
-------
TABLE 5-4.
DESCRIPTION OF COATING OPERATIONS, EMISSION SOURCES, AND EMISSION
REDUCTION METHODS FOR SURFACE COATING GROUPS
General Source Category
Application Methods
Emission Sources
Emissions Reduction Methods'
Additional
References
Large Appliances
Dip coating
Flow coating
Spray coating
171
fl] Cleaning/pretrcatincnt
[2] Application area: Prime spray.
How or dip coating operation
Topcoat spray
[3] Flashoff
[4] Oven areas
[5] Coating mixing
[6] Coating and solvent storage
[7] Equipment cleanup
[8] Other: All solvent used and
not recovered or deslroycd may
be considered potential emissions.
[1] Thermal incineration11
[2] Catalytic incineration"
[3] Carbon adsorbers'"
[4] Waterhome coatings'
[5] Higher-solids solvenlborne
materials.'
[6] Electrostatic spray coaling0
[71 Powder coatings1
4, 8,9
Magnet Wire
Coating bath
[1] Cleaning/pretrcatincnt
[2] Coating application (low
emissions)
[3] Exhaust oven (high emissions)
[4] Coating mixing
[5] Coating and solvent storage
[61 Equipment cleanup
[7J Other: All solvent used and
not recovered or destroyed can be
considered potential emissions.
[11 Thermal incineration' 90%
[21 Catalytic incineration' 90%
|3| Ultraviolet cure coating1"
[4] Walcrhomc coaling1"
[51 Powder coating0
4, 10
(continued)
-------
TABLE 5-4.
DESCRIPTION OF COATING OPERATIONS, EMISSION SOURCES, AND EMISSION
REDUCTION METHODS FOR SURFACE COATING GROUPS (Continued)
General Source Category
Application Methods
Emission Sources
Emissions Reduction Methods"
Additional
References
Automobiles and Light
Duly Trucks
to
Electrodeposition (primer)
Manual or automatic spray
coating with or without use
of electrostatic techniques.
Spray applicators include
electrostatic rotary
;il<>mi/,ers(ininibe!ls), robot
electrostatic airspray gums,
automatic electrostatic air
spray guns, hand held
electrostatic air spray guns,
hand held conventional air
spray guns and automatic
air spray guns.
[1] Cleaning/pretreatment
[2] Application area: Prime
application, (electrodeposition)
Prime surfacing operation
Topcoat operation
Repair topcoat application
[3] Flashoff area
[4] Oven areas for the above
[5] Coaling mixing
[6] Coaling and solvent storage
[7] Equipment cleanup
[8] All solvent used and not
recovered or destroyed can be
considered potential emissions.
[1] Thermal incineration'
[2] Catalytic incineration'
[3] Carbon adsorbed
[4] Waterbome coatings0
[5] Powder coatings'
ffi] Higher-solids coating
[7| Elcclroclcposilion primer'
4, 11, 13
(continued)
-------
TABLE 5-4.
DESCRIPTION OF COATING OPERATIONS, EMISSION SOURCES, AND EMISSION
REDUCTION METHODS FOR SURFACE COATING GROUPS (Continued)
General Source Category
Application Mel hods
Emission Sources
Emissions Reduction Methods'
Additional
References
Cans
Reverse roll coating
Roll coaling
Spray coating
[1] Cleaning/prelreatment
[2] Coaling iirea: Two piece can
exterior base coaling
Interior spray coating
Sheet hasccoaling (interior)
Sheet basccoating (exterior)
Side seam spray coaling
End sealing compound
Lithography
Over varnish
[31 Flashoff
[4] Oven areas for the above
[5] Coaling mixing
[6] Coating and solvent storage
[71 Equipment cleanup
[8] All solvent used and not
recovered or destroyed can be
considered potential emissions.
[1] Thermal incineration1 90%
[2J Catalytic incineration' 90%
[3] Waierbonie coalings-two piece
cans,' other processes'1 60-90%
[41 Higher solids coating.'
[51 Powder coating-side scam
coaling of uncomented three piece
cans,11 oilier processes.1" 100%
[61 Carbon adsorption-low
temperature processes6 90%, other
processes'*
[7] Radiation-cured coalings"
4, 11, 14, 15
(continued)
-------
TABLE 5-4.
DESCRIPTION OF COATING OPERATIONS, EMISSION SOURCES, AND EMISSION
REDUCTION METHODS FOR SURFACE COATING GROUPS (Continued)
General Source Category
Application Methods
Emission Sources
Emissions Reduction Methods"
Additional
References
Metal Coils
Reverse roll coating
[1] Application area:
Prime coating
Finish coating
[2] Flashoff area
[3] Exhaust oven area
[4] Quench area
[5] Fugitive emissions
[6] Solvent mixing
[7] Solvent storage
[8] Equipment cleanup
[9] AH solvent used and not
recovered or destroyed can be
considered potential emissions.
[11 Thermal incineration0 95%
[2] Catalytic incineration' 95%
[3] Waterborne coatings'
11, 16, 17
Paper and Paperboard
Knife coating
Reverse roll coating
Gravure (graphic arts)
[1] Application area
[2] Oven areas
[3] Coating mixing
[4] Coating and solvent storage
[5] Equipment cleanup
[6] All solvent used and not
recovered or destroyed can be
considered potential emissions.
[1] Carbon adsorber0 90%
[2] Thermal incinerator' 95%
[31 Catalytic incinerator0 95%
[4] Condensers'1
[5] Waterbome0
[61 Radiation-cured coalings'
[71 Hot melt adhcsives"
4, 10,
(continued)
-------
TABLE 5-4.
DESCRIPTION OF COATING OPERATIONS, EMISSION SOURCES, AND EMISSION
REDUCTION METHODS FOR SURFACE COATING GROUPS (Continued)
General Source Category
Application Methods
Emission Sources
Emissions Reduction Methods*
Additional
References
Fabrics
Knife coating
Roll coating
Roller
Rotary screen
Flat screen
[1] Fabric scouring
[2] Coating application area
[3] Flashoff area
[4] Drying ovens
[5] Fugitive emissions
[6] Coating mixing
[7] Coating and solvent storage
[8] Equipment cleanup
[9] AH solvent used and not
recovered or destroyed can be
considered potential emissions.
[1] Carbon adsorber0 80%
[2] Thermal incineration0 95%
[3] Catalytic incineration' 95%
[4] Condensers' 80%
11
Wood Products
Spray coating
Dip coaling
Flow coaling
[1] Clean/pretreatment
[2] Application area
[3] Flashoff
[4] Oven areas
[5] Coating mixing
[6] Coating and solvent storage
[7] Equipment cleanup
[8] All solvent used and not
recovered or destroyed can be
considered potential emissions.
[1] Waterborne coatings0
[2] Carbon adsorptionb
[3] Thermal incineration'
[4] Catalytic incineration1*
[5] Higher solids coalings'
[6] Radiation-cured coatings'
4, 18
(continued)
-------
TABLE 5-4.
DESCRIPTION OF COATING OPERATIONS, EMISSION SOURCES, AND EMISSION
REDUCTION METHODS FOR SURFACE COATING GROUPS (Continued)
General Source Category
Application Methods
Emission Sources
Emissions Reduction Methods*
Additional
References
Flatwood Products
Reverse roll coating
Direct roll coating
Lithography and gravure
printing
V*
ON
[1] Application area
[2] Flashoff area
Filler
Sealer
Basecoat
Topcoat
Inks
[3] Oven areas for the above
[4] Coating mix
[5] Coating and solvent storage
[6] Equipment cleanup
[7] All solvent used and not
recovered can be considered
potential emissions
[1] Waterborne coalings especially
in filler and basecoatc
[2] Ultraviolet curing'
[3] Afterburners1"
[4] Carbon adsorption15
12, 19
Plastic Parts
Roll coating
Spray coating
[ 11 Clcan/prelrealment
[2] Coating application
[3] Flashoff area
Coating operations, flow, dip,
spray
[4] Coating mixing
[5] Coating and solvent storage
[6] Equipment cleanup
[71 All solvent used and not
recovered can be considered
potential emissions.
[1] Carbon adsorber"
[2] Thermal incinerator11
[3] Catalytic incinerator11
[4] Waterborne coatings'
[5] Higher solids coatings'
4,20
(continued)
-------
TABLE 5-4.
DESCRIPTION OF COATING OPERATIONS, EMISSION SOURCES, AND EMISSION
REDUCTION METHODS FOR SURFACE COATING GROUPS (Continued)
General Source Category
Application Methods
Emission Sources
Emissions Reduction Methods"
Additional
References
Ship Building and
Repairing
Spray coating
[1] Clean/pretreatment
[2] Coating application
Prime coat operation
Topcoat operation
[3] Flashoff
[4] Oven areas for the above
[5] Coating mixing
[6] Coating and solvent storage
[7] Equipment cleanup
[8] All solvent used and not
recovered or destroyed can be
considered potential emissions
Information currently under
development by EPA
Aircraft
Spray coating
Flow coating
[1] Clean/pretreatment
[2] Coating application
[3] Flashoff
Prime coat operation
Topcoat operating
[4] Oven areas for the above
[5] Coating and solvent storage
[6] Equipment cleanup
[7] All solvent used and not
recovered or destroyed can be
considered potential emissions.
Information currently under
development by EPA
% is the approximate control efficiency of total VOC emissions.
' Current technology that may be used or is used occasionally.
Frequently used current technology.
-------
cannot be dipped due to their buoyancy, such as fuel oil tanks, gas cylinders, or pressure bottles.
In this operation, the coating material is fed through overhead nozzles which cause the paint to
flow in a steady stream over the article to be coated. Excess paint is allowed to drain from the
coated object and is then recycled. Knife coating is used primarily to coat paper or fabric webs.
The adjustable blade or "knife" distributes a liquid coating evenly over a moving surface.
5.2.2 Emissions from Surface Coating Operations
There are many potential MEK point and fugitive emissions sources in the surface coating
industry. Figure 5-2 is a flow diagram of a typical surface coating operation depicting the
operations, auxiliary facilities, and emission points. This figure is generic and may differ
significantly from any specific coating operation. Point source emissions include controlled and
uncontrolled emissions from the degreasing, surface coating, and drying and curing operations.21
Degreasing operations and emissions are discussed separately in Section 5.5.1 of this document.
Emissions from the coating application area result from the evaporation of solvent around the
application equipment and from the exposed substrate as it travels from the applicator to the
drying oven entrance (flashoff). Bake oven emissions result from the remaining solvent that is
vaporized in the oven and from by-products of chemical reactions that occur as the coating cures.
Emissions from curing or vulcanizing of the coating are usually negligible compared to the total
emissions from the operation.22
Other point sources include the degreasing solvent storage tank vent, surface coating
solvent storage vent, and the surface coating blending tank vent. Fugitive emission sources
include solvent evaporation losses from degreased, coated and dried products as well as losses
from leaking process equipment and transfer of organic liquids within the plant.
5-18
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O '^DECREASING SOLVENT^ '6
STORAGE TANK
® f
SURFACE COATING
SOLVED STORAGE
TANK
(Additives) (14)
(Real
(Pigment
Figure 5-2. Fllow diagram of a typical surface coating operation.21
-------
Streams 1, 2, 3, and 4 in Figure 5-2 depict the flow of products through the plant. Stream
1 represents the input of uncoated products to the surface coating system. Stream 2 represents
the flow of degreased or scoured products to the surface coating operation. Stream 3 represents
the product flow to the drying and curing operation. Stream 4 represents the flow of coated
finished products from the surface coating section of a manufacturing plant.
Streams 5 through 10 represent the flow of degreasing solvent through the surface coating
section of a manufacturing plant. Streams 5 and 6 depict the flow of solvent into the plant and
to the degreasing unit. Streams 7 and 8 represent the flow of solvent vapors from the degreasing
unit through the fume handling system. Uncontrolled and controlled emissions are represented
by streams 9 and 10, respectively. As stated previously, MEK emissions data for degreasing
operations are presented in Section 5.5.1.
Streams 11 through 21 represent the flow of surface coating raw materials through the
plant. Streams 11, 12, 13, and 14 represent the flow of solvent, pigment, resin, and additives to
the surface coating blending tank. Stream 15 is the flow of coating to the surface coating unit.
For those operations that use spray painting, stream 16 is the flow of compressed air. Streams
18 and 19 represent the flow of solvent and resin from the surface coating unit through the fume
handling equipment. Uncontrolled and controlled coating solvent emissions are depicted by
streams 20 and 21, respectively.21
Streams 22 through 25 represent the flow of gases (e.g., fuel, steam or electrically heated
air) to the drying and curing operation. Drying and curing operations occur in flashoff areas and
curing ovens. Flashoff areas are the places between application areas, or between an application
area and an oven, in which solvent is open to the atmosphere and able to volatilize from the
coated piece. Portions of the emissions from a flashoff area are exhausted through application
area and oven vents; the amount exhausted through these vents depends on the total length of the
flashoff area. Ovens are used between some coating steps to cure the coating prior to the next
5-20
-------
step in the finishing sequence. Streams 24 and 25 represent drying and curing uncontrolled and
controlled emissions, respectively.18'21
Methyl ethyl ketone can be used in solvent formulations as a thinner to dilute coatings
or as a medium to dissolve resins. Methyl ethyl ketone may also be included in formulations
used to clean coating application equipment. The extent to which MEK is employed in either
of these formulations is unknown.
An extensive literature search revealed some emission factor data for coating applications.
However, because the references for these data were unavailable for review, no emission factors
are presented here. No emissions data were found in current literature for degreasing, drying and
curing, or cleanup/dilution operations using MEK. The reader is directed to Table 5-4 for
additional sources of information.
One method of reducing MEK emissions from surface coating operations is to modify the
coating formulation. Conventional coatings typically contain 70 to 85 percent VOC by weight.
Minimizing or eliminating the use of these solvents in surface coating formulations can be an
effective way to reduce VOC emissions, including MEK. Water-borne and higher-solids coatings
contain less solvent by volume. Waterborne coatings contain water as the main solvent or
dispersant, although most include 5 to 20 percent organic solvent to aid in wetting, viscosity
control, and pigment dispersion. Two important coatings in the higher-solids category are
powder coatings and radiation curable coatings, which may emit only small amounts of VOC
during the curing operation.23 More typical higher-solids coatings use reduced polymer chain
lengths to control viscosity while allowing a reduction in solvent content.
Larger surface coating facilities may use add-on control systems to capture and control
solvent emissions. A capture device is used to contain emissions from surface coating operations
and direct them to a stack and/or control device. Commonly used capture devices include covers,
5-21
-------
vents, hoods, bake ovens and partial or total enclosures. Control devices typically used in the
surface coating industry include carbon adsorbers, condensers, and incinerators with control
efficiencies between 95 and 98 percent. Overall control system efficiency is the product of
capture and control efficiencies.
5.3 SURFACE COATING - ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS
Adhesives are substances designed to hold materials together by surface attachment.
Generally, adhesives are considered as coatings for the surfaces being bonded. Five basic coating
types are used in adhesives and include solvent-based coatings, waterborne (emulsion) coatings,
100 percent solids (hot melt) coatings, calendar coatings, and prepolymer coatings. Essentially
all solvent emissions from this industry result from solvent-based coatings, therefore, further
discussion will be limited to this class of adhesives.
Solvent-based adhesive formulations contain approximately 65 percent by weight solvent
and 35 percent by weight coating solids.25 Emissions releases from solvent-based adhesive
formulations average about 95 weight percent solvent and 5 weight percent coatings solids.
Methyl ethyl ketone is one of the solvents used as a raw material in the manufacture of adhesives
and sealants (SIC 2891). In 1990, MEK consumption in adhesive formulations accounted for 13
percent (28 million kg or 61 million Ibs) of total MEK solvent sales.1
5.3.1 Adhesive and Sealant Process Description
Many methods of application are used for solvent adhesive cementing of surfaces. They
include brush application, spraying, dipping, roll coating, felt pad, and pressure sensitive tapes
and labels. Each of these is briefly described in this subsection.
5-22
-------
During brush application, the adhesive is brushed onto both adherents, and the parts are
joined while wet. Uniform application of the adhesive is a prime advantage of spraying,
however, masking of the pieces being cemented together is normally required. Surfaces to be
bonded are often dipped into the adhesives for complete surface coating before being joined.
Roll coating is a method of applying adhesive to a flat sheet or strip where the coating is
transferred by a roller or series of rollers. The felt pad method involves the use of a thick felt
pad partially immersed in a pan of solvent where the solvent "wicks" through the felt fibers by
capillary action, keeping the surface of the pad constantly wet.
An example diagram of a pressure sensitive tape and label (PSTL) coating line is
presented in Figure 5-3. During the coating of PSTL, some backing material (paper, cloth, or
film) is coated to create a tape or label product that will stick on contact. First, solvent-based
adhesives are applied (Step 1). Next, the product is transferred to the drying oven, where the
solvents evaporate, leaving a sticky surface (Step 2). After evaporation, the coated material is
removed (Step 3) and prepared for packaging and shipment. The adhesive side is usually wound
against a non-stick surface (release coat) for ease in final product use.26
5.3.2 Emissions from Adhesive and Sealant Processes
Methyl ethyl ketone emissions from solvent-based adhesives are expected to result from
the evaporation of solvent contained in the adhesives. These emissions arise mainly at the point
of application and the drying oven area each labeled with emission points B in Figure 5-3. In
an uncontrolled facility, essentially all of the solvent used in the coating formulation is emitted
to the atmosphere. Some solvent (up to five percent) can remain in the final product (labeled
with an emission point B in Step 3), although this solvent will eventually evaporate into the
atmosphere as residual emissions.
5-23
-------
Denotes Potential Location of Emissions
Process Emissions
B
Fugitive Emissions
n
Control Device
(If Present)
Heated Air
from Burner
Hot Air Nozzles
(J (J U U U
Adhesive or
Release Coater
B
Solvent in the Web
Rewind
Figure 5-3. Diagram of a pressure sensitive tape and label coating line.27
-------
There are additional losses from solvent storage and handling, equipment cleaning,
miscellaneous spills, coating formulation mixing tanks, and cleaning operations. These emissions
are relatively small compared to application and drying oven area emissions. Types of emission
control used in this industry are similar to those discussed for the surface coating industry.
Waterborne coatings, incineration, and carbon adsorption are some control techniques used;
however, the reader is encouraged to review Section 5.2 (Surface Coating) for further
information.
An extensive literature search revealed some emission factor data for adhesive and sealant
operations, however, references for these data were unavailable for review. Based on available
literature and engineering judgment, the major industrial categories that may be involved in MEK
emissions from the adhesive industry have been summarized in Table 5-5.26 It should be noted,
however, that some of these industrial categories could also be emitting MEK from other uses
of the solvent described in this document.
5.4 SURFACE COATING - MAGNETIC TAPE MANUFACTURING
Solvents such as MEK are used in magnetic coatings to dissolve raw binder polymers and
to provide a fluid medium for pigment dispersion in the coating mix.28 In 1990, magnetic tape
manufacturing accounted for nearly 10 percent (21 million kg or 47 million Ibs) of total domestic
MEK consumption.1
Magnetic tape consists of two basic components: base film or support, and a magnetic
coating. Both the support and coating vary with the intended use of the tape. In order for
magnetic tape to perform adequately, the magnetic pigment must be thoroughly and completely
dispersed in the magnetic coating mix. The dispersion process is responsible for breaking up
agglomerates to obtain a uniform coating mix. Figure 5-4 illustrates the process steps and
potential MEK release points from magnetic tape manufacturing.
5-25
-------
TABLE 5-5.
SIC CODES ASSOCIATED WITH ADHESIVES AND
SEALANTS
General Source Category
Adhesive Manufacture
Pressure Sensitive Tapes and Labels
Wood Products Industries
Leather and Leather Products
Stone, Clay, Glass and Concrete
Products
Rubber and Plastic Products
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries
SIC Codes
2981
2672, 3069
2420, 2426, 2429, 2430, 2431, 2434,
2435, 2436, 2439, 2452, 2492, 2493,
2499
3131, 3143, 3144, 3149, 3199
3211, 3221, 3229, 3231, 3241, 3253,
3255, 3264, 3271, 3274, 3275, 3291,
3292, 3293, 3295, 3299
3000, 3021, 3041, 3052, 3053, 3061,
3069, 3079, 3080, 3081, 3082, 3083,
3086, 3087, 3088, 3089
2297, 2298, 3465, 3841, 3842, 3942,
3944, 3949, 3961, 3965, 3991
As noted in Figure 5-4, process steps in magnetic tape manufacturing which have the
potential to emit MEK include the coating dispersion, coating, orientation, drying, and
calendaring operations, each labeled as emission points A. Fugitive losses, labeled as emission
points B, may occur during product rewinding, testing, solvent recovery, cleaning, and finished
product packaging as noted in Figure 5-4. Emission factor data specifically for MEK from
magnetic tape manufacturing are not currently available. Actual emissions will depend on the
level of MEK in the solvent, the amount of solvent used, and the level of control. TRI data
suggest that magnetic tape manufacturing is a significant source of MEK emissions.
5-26
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B
r
Base
Coating
dispersion
film
Coating
Solvents
recovery
|A
Orientation
r r
Chemical
raw
materials
Finished
products
Reels,
cassettes, and
cartridge
manufacturing
Denotes Potential Location of Emissions
Process Emissions
B
Fugitive Emissions
Figure 5-4. Processing steps in magnetic-tape production.29
5-27
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5.5 PRINTING AND PUBLISHING INDUSTRY
The printing and publishing industry falls under general SIC code 27, encompassing
fourteen subcategories. These fourteen subcategories can be combined into three major groups:
publishing (SICs 2711, 2721, 2731, 2732, and 2741), commercial printing (SICs 2752, 2754,
2759, 2761, 2771, 2782, and 2789), and trade services (SICs 2791 and 2796).
Methyl ethyl ketone consumption in the printing and publishing industry during 1990 was
approximately 4 percent (8.6 million kg or 19 million Ibs) of total MEK solvent sales. The term
"graphic arts" is often used to describe the commercial printing sector of the industry. Graphic
arts printing processes include letterpress, flexography, rotogravure, offset lithography, and screen
printing. All of these process are likely to use MEK to varying degrees. Letterpress,
lithographic, and screen printing inks do not use MEK, but these industries may use it as a clean-
up solvent. Gravure and flexographic printing may use MEK in inks as well as clean up
solvents.
The majority of publishing and printing groups are concentrated in four states: California,
New York, Pennsylvania, and Illinois. An overall characterization of the printing industry is
given in Table 5-6, which lists the number of establishments from each printing category.30
Companies in the printing and publishing industry grossing one million dollars or greater in
annual sales are presented in Table B-3 of Appendix B.31
5.5.1 Process Descriptions for Printing and Publishing
The gravure process is used in printing four product categories: packaging, specialties,
publications, and advertisements. Gravure printing can be performed using either a continuous
roll of substrate or individual sheets fed to the press. Printing with a web (continuous roll) is
referred to as the rotogravure process and is the most common method of gravure printing.32
5-28
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TABLE 5-6.
PRINTING INDUSTRY CHARACTERIZATION
Printing Category
Newspaper
Periodicals
Book Publishing
Book Printing
Misc. Publishing
Commercial Printing Letterpress
Commercial Printing Lithographic
Engraving and Plate Printing
Commercial Printing Gravure
Commercial Printing, necb
Manifold Business Forms
Greeting Cards
Blankbooks and Loose-Leaf Binders
Bookbinding and Related Work
SIC
2711
2721
2731
2732
2741
2751
2752
2753
2754
2759
2761
2771
2782
2789
Number of
Establishments
9,091
4,020
2,298
561
2,369
10,371a
24,980
869a
322
10,796
853
162
511
1,035
a 1982 statistics
b nee - not elsewhere classified
Source: Reference 30.
5-29
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Flexographic printing is used to print flexible packaging, milk cartons, gift wraps, folding
cartons, paperboard, paper cups and plates, labels, tapes, and envelopes. The majority of
flexographic printing is web-fed and uses an image carrier that is made of either rubber or a
photopolymer. The image, or print, area is raised above the surface of the image carrier, which
wraps around the plate cylinder.33
Lithography is the predominant printing process in the graphics arts industry, accounting
for just under half of all printing applications.26 It is characterized by a planographic image
carrier in which the image and non-image areas are on the same plane. The image area is water
repellant and the non-image area is chemically repellant to ink. When the image is applied to
a rubber covered "blanket" cylinder and then transferred onto the substrate, the process is known
as "offset" lithography.
5.5.2 Emissions from Printing and Publishing
Fugitive emissions from rotogravure and flexography printing occur from the ink fountain,
press, and chill rolls, each labeled with an emission point B in Figure 5-5. The dryer vent
(emission point A) is nearly always controlled with some type of add-on equipment. Emissions
are influenced by press and job variables, solvent concentration in the ink, and solvent added as
make-up during operations. Press and job variables include cylinder width, cylinder
circumference, web width, line speed, dryer temperature, dryer air flow, dryer exhaust VOC
concentration, solvent blend, ink type, ink color, ink coverage, and type of paper.
Volatile organic compound emission points from the web offset lithography are shown
in Figure 5-6. Fugitive sources include the ink fountain, dampening system, plate and blanket
cylinders, chill rolls, and the product, each labeled with an emission point B. Process emissions
occur from the dryer vent which is nearly always controlled (emission point A).
5-30
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fA
To Atmoephere
I 1
I 1-
Solvent I I
| 1 | 1 Mixture I still '
1 Condeneer ' ' Decanter
1 n
i i i
Warm I I
Water
Solvents
Water
Steam Plus
Solvent
Vapor , ,
X 1 Activated Corbon i ^ 1
I Adsorber I
^ -• 1 (Active Mode)
Activated Carbon
Adeorber
| (Regenerating) [
Steam
Steam Boiler
Solvent Laden Air
Web
mx
If'
Ink
Fountain
^•^
tB
Press
(one unit)
^•^
Steam Drum or
Hot Air Dryer
f
Chill
Rolls
• Printed Web
Air
Denotes Potential Location of Emissions
Process Emissions
Fugitive Emissions
Air Heat Air Cool Water
from Steam,
Hot Water,
or Hot Air
Figure 5-5. Rotogravure and flexography printing process (chill rolls not used in
rotogravure publication printing).26
5-31
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r
Cos-
. Thermal or
< ASS, .
1
| _____ |
«--
Degradation
Products
Heat
Exchanger
11
1
1
1
Washup
Solvents
Web
Air
Water Isopropanol
(with Dalgren
Dampening System)
Shell and
Flat Tube
Heat
Exchanger
|2
1 _____ 1
To Atmosphere
Fresh Air
Denotes Potential Location of Emissions
Process Emissions
. .
Fugitive Emissions
Printed Web
Air
Figure 5-6. Web offset lithography printing process.
26
5-32
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No reliable MEK emission factor data were found in current literature for the printing and
publishing industry, although VOC emissions data are available from various sources. Ink and
solvent consumption numbers have also been published and are presented in Section 5.1. A local
survey may provide the needed information on the proportion of MEK used relative to total
solvent consumption. Methyl ethyl ketone emissions may then be estimated by multiplying the
percentage MEK by the ink consumption rate and solvent content of the ink. Similar techniques
may be applied to known VOC emission rates or emission factors. Based on available literature
and engineering judgement, the printing categories that may emit MEK are included in
Appendix A.
5.5.3 Emissions Reduction By Process Modification
A control system for VOC (including MEK) emissions from printing operations consists
of two components: a capture device and a control device. The total control efficiency of the
system is determined by the combined efficiencies of the two components. A capture device is
used to collect and contain emissions from a process operation and direct them toward reuse,
recycling, or to a control device. Approximately 2.5 to 7 percent of the solvents used in printing
are retained in the printed product. The remaining solvents are reclaimed for reuse, recycled, and
sold back to suppliers, or lost as fugitive emissions.3435
The Gravure Association of America (GAA) conducted a survey of their members which
recorded total solvent purchased, reused, and recovered in various segments of the industry
during 1987.36 Table 5-7 presents a summary of these statistics for publication, folding cartons,
flexible packaging, and product gravure printing. These numbers are presented to provide an
overview of solvent purchase, reuse, and recovery, but these numbers vary tremendously
depending on the type of printing and substrates. The GAA membership reported a total of
18.8 million kg (41.4 million Ibs) of virgin solvent purchased, 112 million kg (246 million Ibs)
of solvent recovered, and 81 million kg (179 million Ibs) of solvent reused. More solvent is
5-33
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TABLE 5-7.
GRAVURE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA INDUSTRY SURVEY RESULTS
Printing Process
Publication Plants
Folding Cartons
Flexible Packaging
Product Gravure
Reported Results
Total Solvents
Purchased
kg
1.0
2.9
7.2
7.7
(Ibs)
(2.2)
(6.4)
(15.9)
(16.9)
Total Solvents
Recovered
kg
101
0.7
2.8
7.0
(Ibs)
(23)
(1.6)
(6.2)
(15.5)
Total Solvents
Reused
kg
73
0.7
1.9
5.1
(Ibs)
(162)
(1.6)
(4.1)
(11.3)
Projected Gravure Estimates for
Industry
Total Solvents
Purchased or
Reused
kg
182
22
78
—
(Ibs)
(401)
(49)
(173)
(--)
Total
Solvents
Recovered
kg
247
4.4
24
—
(Ibs)
(544)
(9.7)
(53)
(--)
Source: Reference 36.
-------
recovered than purchased due to solvent recovery from ink formulations. The portion of solvent
that is recovered but not reused is sold back to the manufacturers, lost as fugitive emissions, or
destroyed by incineration. When the survey results are projected to the entire gravure industry,
these figures total 282 million kg (622 million Ibs) of solvent purchased or reused, and
275 million kg (606 million Ibs) of solvent recovered. The GAA projected total gravure
publication plants' solvent consumption and fate based upon the percentage (by sales) of this
segment responding to the survey. The EPA-projected solvent consumption and fate for the
folding carton and flexible packaging segments is based upon the same principle. The estimated
ratio of solvent recovered to solvent consumed for the publication segment of the industry was
73 percent. The respondents in this portion of the industry reported using solvent recovery
systems, but none reported using incineration as an emission control technique. Labels and
wrappers and product printing plants reported using water-based inks, solvent recovery, and
incineration to reduce VOC emissions.36
Packaging gravure plants and label and wrapping gravure plants did not have solvent
consumption and fate reported as did other segments of the industry. However, ink, coating, and
lacquer consumption data were reported. The solvent content for these applications is required
to produce a rough estimate of solvent usage by these segments of the industry. Solvent recovery
and reuse could not be calculated from available information. Packaging gravure member plants
reported using 13.9 million kg (30.7 million Ibs) of inks, 1.8 million kg (3.9 million Ibs) of which
were water-based; and 6.6 million kg (14.6 million Ibs) of coatings and lacquers. The labels and
wrappers member plants reported using 3.2 million kg (7.0 million Ibs) of inks, 0.3 million kg
(0.7 million Ibs) of which were water-based; and 2.3 million kg (5.0 million Ibs) of coatings and
lacquers. The EPA-projected industry use estimates for labels and wrappers plants are 16.4
million kg (36.2 million Ibs) of inks, 1.7 million kg (3.7 million Ibs) of which were water-based;
and 11.7 million kg (25.9 million Ibs) of coatings and lacquers.36
5-35
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Carbon adsorption and incineration systems have traditionally been employed to control
VOC emissions from the gravure printing process. Carbon adsorption systems may be applied
to achieve an overall VOC reduction efficiency of 75 percent. This estimate is based on the
carbon adsorption system operating at a recovery efficiency of 90 percent, after 75 to 85 percent
of the VOC has been captured. Incineration systems may be applied to gravure printing
operations to achieve an overall reduction efficiency of approximately 65 percent. Incinerators
are estimated to achieve 90 percent VOC destruction, with a capture efficiency of 70 to
80 percent.33
A recent study demonstrated that capture and control systems may be applied to gravure
printing presses and achieve greater than 90 percent overall VOC control.37 The average VOC
control efficiency at these demonstration facilities ranged from 94 to 99.5 percent. The facilities
included in the study used total enclosure capture systems and one of the following add-on
control devices:
• catalytic incinerator
• regenerative thermal incinerator
• carbon adsorber
• recuperative thermal incinerator
The Environmental Protection Agency has developed and published standard criteria for
the design and operation of permanent total enclosure systems (PTE). The PTE criteria have
been published in the following sources:
Guidelines for Developing a State Protocol for the Measurement of Capture Efficiency.
Environmental Protection Agency. Policy Statement. April 16, 1990.
Magnetic Tape Manufacturing Industry-Background Information for Promulgated
Standards (EPA-450/3-85-029b).
5-36
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Polymeric Coating of Supporting Substrates-Background Information for Promulgated
Standards (EPA-450/3-85-022b).
Capture efficiencies of 100 percent may be achievable if all the EPA PTE criteria are met.
Incineration and carbon adsorption emission control techniques are also feasible for use
in the flexographic and lithographic printing processes. In the flexographic printing process,
effective capture systems are often difficult to install on the presses which may be two to three
floors in height. Overall control efficiencies for this process are approximately 60 percent.33
Recent studies have indicated that flexographic printing presses controlled by catalytic and
regenerative thermal incineration may achieve a 95 percent VOC control efficiency.37'38
Overall, these studies reflect that VOC in the printing and publication industry can be well
controlled. While the CTG recommended control efficiency for publication gravure is 75 percent
and the NSPS is 84 percent, industry routinely reports 90 percent efficiency or better.4
5.5.4 Emissions Reduction By-Product Modification
Emissions reduction by-product modifications may be achieved in the printing industry
by using water-based inks. Typical ink formulations contain approximately 50 to 85 percent
solvents by volume. Water-based inks, used in packaging and product printing, contain
approximately 5 to 30 percent solvents by volume and account for 30 to 40 percent of all inks
used. The package printing sector in the gravure printing process has achieved significant VOC
reductions through the use of water-based printing inks. Water-based inks account for
approximately 15 percent of all inks used in all gravure printing processes.32'39 The use of water-
based inks may contribute to an overall VOC reduction of 65 to 75 percent, if the solvent content
of the inks is maintained below 25 percent by volume.33
5-37
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5.6 MISCELLANEOUS USES OF MEK
5.6.1 Solvent Cleaning (Degreasing)
Surface cleaning or degreasing includes the solvent cleaning or conditioning of metal
surfaces and parts, fabricated plastics, electronic and electrical components, and other nonporous
substrates. These cleaning processes are designed to remove foreign materials such as grease,
oils, waxes, carbon deposits, and moisture, usually in preparation for further treatment such as
painting, electroplating, galvanizing, anodizing, or applying conversion coatings.40
Data on the current use of MEK in solvent cleaning operations are scarce.40 A 1992
report from the Air and Waste Management Association showed that in 1974, 0.73 million kg
(1.6 million Ibs) of solvent were used for solvent cleaning, with 62 percent used in cold cleaning
operations. Methyl ethyl ketone was used only in cold cleaning operations, accounting for
approximately 8,000 kg (17,600 Ibs).41 For reference, this section discusses several kinds of
cleaning operations, including cold cleaning. Although cold cleaning is the only type of cleaning
operation likely to use MEK, discussions of other types are included for comparison.
Solvent Cleaning Process Description—
The three most commonly used organic solvent cleaners are open top vapor cleaners
(OTVCs), in-line cleaners, and cold cleaners. OTVCs are primarily used in metalworking
operations and other manufacturing operations. The vapor cleaning process is one in which
solvent vapors are generated by boiling liquid solvent in the bottom of an open tank. These
vapors rise to the level of the condensing coils and there form a controlled vapor zone that
prevents vapors from escaping the tank. Parts are immersed into this zone where solvent vapors
condense and dissolve foreign materials contained on the parts.40
5-38
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In-line cleaners (also called conveyorized cleaners) employ a continuous feed of soiled
parts into the cleaning unit. The majority of in-line cleaners operate in the vapor phase, however,
they may also operate in the nonvapor or liquid phase. In-line cleaners are typically used in
large-scale operations and are normally enclosed except for parts inlet and exit openings. With
these exceptions, in-line cleaning techniques are the same as those used in vapor or cold
cleaning.40
Cold cleaning is a batch process in which parts are immersed in a closed tank that
contains cleaning solvents that are at room temperature or slightly heated. The solvents and parts
are then agitated by either compressed air, vertical motion, or ultrasonics. This agitation
enhances the cleaning efficiency of cold cleaning, however, it may also result in higher
emissions.40
Emissions from Solvent Cleaning—
In general, solvent evaporation occurs both directly and indirectly with all types of solvent
cleaning equipment, though MEK is typically only emitted from cold cleaning. The emission
mechanisms include losses of solvent vapor from the tank via diffusion and convection, and
evaporation of solvent on cleaned parts as they are withdrawn from cleaning equipment.42 Other
significant emission sources are leaks from cleaning or associated equipment, and losses from
solvent storage and transfer. The quantity of emissions vary depending upon the type, design,
and size of equipment, hours of operation, operating techniques, and type of material being
cleaned. Emissions are ultimately a function of solvent use, therefore, techniques and practices
designed to conserve solvent use are beneficial in reducing atmospheric emissions.
Potential control methods for organic solvents include add-on equipment and improved
operating practices.42 Add-on equipment includes covers for equipment openings, enclosing
equipment, increasing freeboard height, adding freeboard refrigeration devices, and use of
automated parts handling systems. These devices limit diffusional and convective losses from
5-39
-------
solvent tanks and evaporative losses from solvent carry-out. More sophisticated control
techniques include add-on equipment such as carbon adsorption systems to recover solvent
vapors.
The best method for determining MEK emissions from solvent cleaning processes is
through mass balance calculations. A crucial factor in the use of mass balance calculations is
the percentage of MEK in the solvent. The following formula describes the necessary factors
required to perform a mass balance determination.
E = S(P) - W (Q)
where:
E = Emissions of MEK
S = Amount of solvent used (purchased)
P = Percentage MEK of the solvent used
W = Waste solvent disposed
Q = Percentage MEK of the waste
Units for E, S, and W must be consistent (e.g., all in kgs) before performing any calculations.
These calculations may require the conversion of volume (e.g., cubic meters) to mass (e.g., kgs)
which is readily accomplished by multiplying solvent density (e.g., kgs/m3) by volume.
5.6.2 Research and Development Laboratories
TRI data indicate that MEK is emitted from research and development laboratories. This
category includes Engineering Services (SIC 8711), Commercial Physical and Biological
Research (SIC 8731), and Testing Laboratories (SIC 8734). Various laboratory processes may
be sources of emissions including: chemical mixing and reactions during experiments or testing,
glassware and equipment cleaning and washing, and chemical storage. These emissions are
5-40
-------
transported to the atmosphere either from stacks attached to chemical fume hoods or from vents
used to ventilate the building.42 No MEK-specific emission factor data were found in current
literature.
5-41
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5.7 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 5.0
1. Chemical Products Synopsis for Methyl Ethyl Ketone. Mannsville Chemical Products
Corporation. Asbury Park, NJ. January 1991.
2. SRI International. U.S. Paint Industry Database. Prepared for the National Paint and
Coatings Association, Inc. Washington, DC. September 1990.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Control of VOC Emissions from Ink and Paint
Manufacturing Processes. EPA-450/3-92-013. Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. April 1992.
4. Salman, David. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Conference with Mike Ling, TRC Environmental Corporation, Chapel Hill, NC. August
9, 1993.
5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guides to Pollution Prevention: The Paint
Manufacturing Industry. EPA-625/7-90-005. Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory.
Cincinnati, OH. 1990.
6. Berlow, James R., Howard D. Feiler, and Paul J. Storch. Paint and Ink Industry Toxic
Pollutant Control. Reprinted for the Pollution Prevention Pays Program, Pollution
Prevention Pays Library, C&AP 88. Raleigh, NC.
7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Toxic Air Pollutant Emission Factors - A
Compilation for Selected Air Toxic Compounds and Sources. EPA-450/2-88-006a. Office
of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. 1988.
8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from
Existing Stationary Sources, Volume 11: Surface Coating of Large Appliances.
EPA-450/2-77-034. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, NC. 1977.
9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Industrial Surface Coating: Appliances -
Background Information for Proposed Standards (Draft Environmental Impact Statement).
EPA-450/3-80-037A. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, NC. 1980.
10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from
Existing Stationary Sources, Volume IV: Surface Coating for Insulation of Magnetic
Wire. EPA-450/2-77-033. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research
Triangle Park, NC. 1977.
5-42
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11. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from
Existing Stationary Sources, Volume 11: Surface Coating of Cans, Coils, Paper, Fabrics,
Automobiles and Light-Duty Trucks. EPA-450/2-77-066. Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1977.
12. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Enforceability Aspects of RACT for Factory
Surface Coating of Flatwood Paneling. EPA-340/1 -80-005. Division of Stationary
Source Enforcement. Washington, DC. 1980.
13. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Automobile and Light-Duty Truck Surface
Coating Operations - Background Information for Promulgated Standards.
EPA-450/3-79-030b. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, NC. 1980.
14. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Beverage Can Surface Coating Industry -
Background Information for Proposed Standards. EPA-450/3-80-036a. Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. 1980.
15. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Beverage Can Surface Coating Industry:
Background Information for Promulgated Standards of Performance.
EPA-450/3-80-036b. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, NC. 1983.
16. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Metal Coil Surface Coating Industry -
Background Information for Proposed Standards. EPA-450/3-80-035a. Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. 1980.
17. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Metal Coil Surface Coating Industry -
Background Information for Promulgated Standards. EPA-450/3-80-035b. Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. 1980.
18. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Control of Volatile Organic Compound
Emissions from Wood Furniture Coating Operations. Draft. Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1991.
19. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from
Existing Stationary Sources, Volume 11: Surface Coating of Flatwood Paneling.
EPA-450/2-78-032. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, NC. 1978.
20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Surface Coating of Plastic Parts for Business
Machines - Background Information for Proposed Standards. EPA-450/3-85-019a.
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. 1985.
5-43
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21. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Source Assessment: Prioritization of Air
Pollution from Industrial Surface Operations. EPA-450/2-75-019d. Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. February 1975.
22. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Polymeric Coating of Supporting Substrates-
Background Information for Proposed Standards. EPA-450/3-85-022a. Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. April 1987.
23. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. VOC Pollution Prevention Options for the
Surface Coating Industry. Alliance Technologies Corporation. Air and Energy
Engineering Research Laboratory. Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1991.
24. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Pressure Sensitive Tape and Label Surface
Coating Industry-Background Information for Proposed Standards. EPA-450/3-80-003a.
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. September
1980.
25. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Summary of Technical Information for Selected
Volatile Organic Compound Source Categories. EPA-450/3-81-007. Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1981.
26. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors.
AP-42, Fourth Edition and Supplements. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1985.
27. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Third Edition, Volume 14. John
Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. 1983.
28. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Magnetic Tape Manufacturing Industry-
Background Information for Proposed Standards. EPA-450/3-85-029a. Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1985.
29. Crume, Richard V. and Mark B. Turner. "Organic Solvent Cleaning (Degreasing)." Air
Pollution Engineering Manual. Air & Waste Management Association. Van Nostrand
Reinhold. New York, NY. 1992.
30. U.S. Department of Commerce. 7957 Census of Manufacturers. Bureau of Census.
Washington, DC.
31. Gale Research, Inc. Wards Business Directory of U.S. Private and Public Companies-
1991. Volume 4. Detroit, MI. 1991.
5-44
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32. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Publication Rotogravure Printing - Background
Information for Proposed Standards. EPA-450/3-80-031a. Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1980.
33. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from
Existing Stationary Sources - Volume VII: Graphic Arts Rotogravure and Flexography.
EPA-450/2-78-033. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, NC. December 1978.
34. Burt, R. NSPS for VOC Emissions from Publication Rotogravure Printing Industry.
Radian Corporation. National Air Pollution Control Techniques Advisory Committee
Meeting Minutes. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, Emission Standards Engineering Division. Research Triangle Park, NC.
December 12-13, 1979.
35. Neal, B. and Robert H. Oppenheimer. "Environmental Regulations and Compliance in
the Gravure Industry." Tappi Journal. July 1989. p. 121.
36. Gravure Association of America. Profile Survey of the U.S. Gravure Industry. New
York, NY. 1989.
37. Friedman, B. et al. Best Demonstrated Control Technology for Graphic Arts.
EPA/450/3-91/008. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. February 1991.
38. Kosusku, M. and Carlos M. Nunez. "Destruction of Volatile Organic Compounds Using
Catalytic Oxidation." Journal of Air & Waste Management Association.
40(2):p. 254-259. February 1990.
39. North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development.
Companion Document for the Conference on Waste Reduction for Industrial Air Toxics
Emissions. Pollution Prevention Pays Program. Greensboro, NC. April 24-25, 1989.
40. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Organic Solvent Cleaners-Background
Information for Proposed Standards. EPA-450/2-78-045a. Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1979.
41. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from
Solvent Metal Cleaning. EPA-450/2-77-022 (OAQPS No. 1.2-079). OAQPS Guidelines.
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. November
1977.
5-45
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42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Identification and Characterization of Missing
or Unaccounted for Area Source Categories. EPA-600-R-92-006. Air and Energy
Engineering Research Laboratory. Research Triangle Park, NC. January 1992.
5-46
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SECTION 6.0
RESIDUAL METHYL ETHYL KETONE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRY
The only industry identified and having available data where MEK is considered a
residual emission is the operation of refuse systems. Potential emission sources from refuse
operations are identified and available emission factors are presented. The reader is advised to
contact the specific sources of interest to verify the nature of the process and control techniques
used before applying the emission factor presented in this section.
The reader should note that TRI data indicate that MEK is also emitted from facilities
within SIC codes 5171 and 5172 (Petroleum and petroleum products). Available literature has
not indicated where these MEK emissions originate, and therefore further discussion is omitted
from this section.
6.1 REFUSE SYSTEMS
Methyl ethyl ketone may be a residual contaminant in several operations from refuse
systems (SIC 4953). Possible operations include wastewater treatment, incineration, landfills, and
other sites for disposal of refuse. Process information and an emission factor (provided in
Section 6.1.2) are included here for solid waste disposal (emission factor is for sludge
incineration).
6.1.1 Solid Waste Disposal Process Description
The general term "solid waste disposal" includes disposal of garbage, refuse, and other
discarded solid materials from industrial, municipal, commercial, mineral, and agricultural
operations. Various methods have been employed to dispose of solid wastes, including solid
waste incineration, composting, landfilling, and recycling. Incineration can be a major source
6-1
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of atmospheric emissions during solid waste disposal. Common air pollution control technologies
include electrostatic precipitators, dry fabric filters, dry scrubbers, and wet scrubbers.1
6.1.2 Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal
The majority of air pollutant emissions from the various solid waste disposal methods
result from incineration. In general, solid waste incinerators have the capacity to emit large
quantities of air pollutants into the atmosphere. Particulate matter is a major constituent of the
emissions produced by the turbulent movement of combustion gases through the burning sludge
and the resultant ash. In addition, other air pollutants are emitted such as volatile organic
compounds (MEK and others) and carbon monoxide. These are commonly emitted via
incomplete combustion of the solid waste due to improper combustor design or poor operating
conditions. Particle sizes, emission rates, concentrations, and general characteristics of the
released air pollutants vary depending on the composition of the refuse being burned and the
nature and operation of the incineration process.2
One source of MEK emissions identified from the literature search is government sludge
incineration (SCC 5-01-005-06) which reports an emission factor of 0.00538 kg MEK/Mg dry
sludge (0.01076 Ibs MEK /ton dry sludge).3 This emission factor is based on test data from
operations using scrubber controls. The corresponding grade for the emission factor is D
according to criteria used from AP-42 in assigning emission factor grades. According to TRI
data, this SIC source category is a relatively small source of MEK emissions.
6-2
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6.2 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 6.0
1. Radian Corporation. Characterization of the Municipal Waste Combustion Industry -
Appendix A. Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1986.
2. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Third Edition, Vol. 24. "Wastes,
Industrial: Solid Wastes." John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, NY. 1983.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Toxic Air Pollutant Emission Factors - A
Compilation for Selected Air Toxic Compounds andSources. EPA-450/2-88-006a. Office
of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. 1988.
6-3
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SECTION 7.0
EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIES WHICH MAY PRODUCE METHYL ETHYL KETONE
AS A BY-PRODUCT
This section discusses air emissions from industrial processes where MEK is produced
as a by-product. Potential emission sources are identified and available emission factors are
presented. The reader is advised to contact the specific sources in question to verify the nature
of the process, production volume, and control techniques used before applying any of the
emission factors presented in this section.
7.1 FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS
Methyl ethyl ketone may be formed as a by-product in some of the food and kindred
product categories. Possible categories for MEK emissions include SIC codes 2011 (Meat
packing plants), 2013 (Sausages and other prepared meats), 2044 (Rice milling), 2079 (Edible
fats and oils, nee), 2082 (Malt beverages), 2087 (Flavoring extracts and syrups, nee), 2111
(Cigarettes), and 5153 (Grain and field beans).
7.1.1 Meat Smoking
Smoking is performed on meat and sausage products to preserve the meat, as well as
improve the flavor, aroma, and appearance. The smoke used to treat the meat is a mixture of
gases, aerosols, and vapors of incomplete combustion. Methyl ethyl ketone can be formed as one
of these by-products in the smoke.1 An extensive literature search revealed no specific MEK
emissions data; however, TRI data indicate that facilities with SIC 2013 are a major source of
MEK emissions.
7-1
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7.1.2 Breweries
Breweries are principally an urban source of pollutants and emit VOC from various
brewing process steps. Emissions vary according to brewery size. The emission points in a
small brewery are the fermenters (usually the largest source of VOC vented emissions), brew
kettle, hot wort tank, mash tun, lauter tun, and the spent grain tank. Emission points in a large
brewery are the brew kettle (the largest source of VOC emissions), strainmaster, waste beer
sump, activated carbon regeneration, mash cooker, and rice cooker.2 An extensive literature
search revealed little data for MEK emissions from breweries; however, TRI data indicate that
breweries are a significant source of MEK by-product emissions.
7.2 PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
Methyl ethyl ketone may be formed as a by-product in some of the paper and allied
product categories. Possible categories for MEK emissions include SICs 2611 (Pulp mills), 2621
(Paper mills), and 2631 (Paperboard mills). Pulping consists of converting raw materials into
fibers which can be used in products, such as paper, paperboard, or building materials.
The primary emissions from pulping operations are reduced sulfur compounds such as
hydrogen sulfide, methylmercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide.3 TRI data indicate
that facilities within SIC 2611 (Pulp mills) emit significant amounts of MEK. However, an
extensive literature search revealed minor emissions of MEK from the pulping process. Two
references indicated that VOCs are found in the noncondensible gases from digester relief and
spent liquor evaporation; however, neither of these references specifically mentioned MEK.1'4
Another reference reported MEK in digester vent condensate at a level of 27 ppm; in evaporator
condensate at 1 to 3 ppm; and in stripper feed at 20 to 25 ppm.5 Upon contacting facilities
within SIC 2611, it was discovered that the majority of MEK emissions are believed to occur
from secondary processes such as paper coating or equipment cleaning. One facility did report
7-2
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that emissions of MEK resulted from reactions occurring in the pulping digesters and evaporators.
The facility has verified these emissions through source testing.6 This facility also cited the
Handbook of Chemical Specific Information for SARA 313 Form R Reporting, a publication
distributed by the National Council (of the Paper Industry) for Air and Stream Improvement
(NCASI), as documenting these emissions and describing the environmental fate of MEK.7
Table 7-1 presents emission factors developed by NCASI for the kraft pulping process.
According to NCASI, MEK is not an input, but is instead coincidentally manufactured in the
kraft pulping process. The emission factors are based on data from tests performed by NCASI
during 1990 and 1991.
7.3 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS
Methyl ethyl ketone is formed as a by-product in some petroleum and coal products.
Possible categories for MEK emissions include SIC codes 2911 (Petroleum refining), 2951
(Asphalt paving mixtures and blocks), 2992 (Lubricating oils and greases), and 2999 (Petroleum
and coal products, nee).
7.3.1 Petroleum Refining
Petroleum refining (SIC 2911) converts crude oil into refined products, including liquefied
petroleum gas, gasoline, kerosene, aviation fuel, diesel fuel, fuel oils, lubricating oils, and
feedstocks for the petrochemical industry. Petroleum refining employs a wide variety of
processes, the arrangement of which depends on the final product desired. Petroleum refining
processes most likely to produce by-product MEK emissions include separation processes
(i.e., distillation) and petroleum conversion processes.8
7-3
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TABLE 7-1.
METHYL ETHYL KETONE EMISSION FACTORS FOR KRAFT PULPING
OPERATIONS
Emission Source
Black Liquor Oxidation Vent Gases
Brown Stock Washer Vent Gases
Oxygen Deliquification System Vents
Direct Contact Evaporators
Non-condensible Gases from Evaporator and Digester
Vents
Batch Digester Blow Condensates
Turpentine Condenser Condensates
Evaporator Combined Condensate
Average Emission Factor
ksMEK
Mg pulp
0.005
0.0135
0.0015
0.0075
0.0165
0.007
0.0045
0.0135
IbMEK
ton pulp
0.010
0.027
0.003
0.015
0.033
0.014
0.009
0.027
Emission Factor
Quality Rating3
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
"Based on AP-42 criteria selection discussed in Section 2.0 of this document.
Source: References 7,9.
-------
Emissions from petroleum refining operations contain petroleum distillates and derivatives.
An extensive literature search revealed no specific information on MEK by-product emissions
from the refining processes. However, TRI data indicate that facilities with SIC 2911 (Petroleum
refineries) emit a substantial amount of MEK.
7.3.2 Asphalt Paving
The asphalt paving mixtures and blocks (SIC 2951) category consists of two types of
asphalt paving used for road paving and repair: cutback asphalt and emulsified asphalt.2 It has
been estimated that approximately 75 percent of total asphalt production is used for paving.10
Cutback asphalt is a type of liquefied road surface that is prepared by blending or "cutting
back" asphalt cement with various blends of petroleum distillates. Emissions from cutback
asphalt operations occur during mixing of asphalt batches, stockpiling, equipment application, and
the curing of the road surface when petroleum distillates evaporate. The curing process is the
largest individual source of VOC emissions in this operation.10
Emissions from asphalt paving mixtures and blocks are considered to be 100 percent
VOC. However, an extensive literature search revealed no specific information of MEK by-
product emissions from either asphalt paving process. TRI data indicate that facilities within
SIC 2951 (Asphalt paving mixtures and blocks) can emit significant amounts of MEK.
7.4 PLASTICS MATERIALS AND RESINS
Methyl ethyl ketone may be formed as a by-product in some of the production processes
for plastics materials and resins (SIC 2821). The major sources of air contamination in plastics
manufacturing are the emissions of raw materials; the emissions from drying operations; the
emissions of solvents or other volatile liquids from the reactor trains; and the emissions of
7-5
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solvents during storage and handling of thinned resins. Most emissions control equipment in the
plastics manufacturing industry is a basic part of the system and is often used to recover a
reactant or product. These controls include floating roof tanks or vapor recovery systems
(adsorbers or condensers), purge lines that vent to a flare system, and recovery systems on
vacuum exhaust lines or reactor vessels.
Emissions during plastics production processing contain various solvents or other volatile
liquids including MEK. An extensive literature search revealed no specific information of MEK
by-product emissions from plastics production processes. However, TRI data indicate that
facilities within SIC 2821 (Plastics materials and resins) emit a substantial amount of MEK.
7.5 SYNTHETIC RUBBER MANUFACTURING
Methyl ethyl ketone may be formed as a by-product during the manufacture of styrene
butadiene copolymers or synthetic rubber (SIC 2822). Two types of reactions used to
manufacture synthetic rubber are emulsion and solution. This discussion focuses on the emulsion
type processes which can be either in a solid granular form (crumb) or a liquid form (latex).
Major emissions sources for the emulsion crumb process include reactor trains, monomer
recovery units, and dryers. The condenser vent for emulsion latex monomer recovery is the
largest emissions source for latex production. Emissions from dryers in the crumb process and
the monomer removal part of the latex process are normally not controlled. Plant emissions vary
depending on facility age, size, and plant modification factors.11
An extensive literature search revealed no specific information of MEK by-product
emissions from synthetic rubber production processes. However, TRI data indicate that facilities
within SIC 2822 (Synthetic rubber) emit a large amount of MEK.
7-6
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7.6 CELLULOSIC MANMADE FIBERS
Although no process information or specific MEK emissions sources are described here
for the cellulosic manmade fibers category (SIC 2823), it is mentioned separately due to the
potentially large MEK emissions, according to TRI data. There are several production processes
which comprise this category, and after an extensive literature search, no specific data on MEK
emissions were located. The reader should therefore consult specific industries in this category
in order to verify the nature of the process, possible MEK emissions, production volume, and
control techniques used.
7.7 PHARMACEUTICALS PREPARATION
Methyl ethyl ketone may be formed and/or emitted as a by-product during production of
the thousands of pharmaceutical products (SIC 2834) manufactured by a typical pharmaceutical
plant. The major equipment contributors of emissions from pharmaceuticals production are
MEK-containing organic solvents from dryers, reactors, distillation systems, extractors,
centrifuges, and storage tanks. Since solvents are expensive and are typically recovered and
reused for economic reasons, solvent emissions are controlled as part of the normal operating
procedures in a pharmaceutical industry. Also, most manufacturing is performed inside buildings
where solvent losses must be minimized based on industrial hygiene requirements. Condensers
are used as a solvent recovery method and scrubbers and incinerators are used for emission
control. Control systems are usually designed to operate intermittently and targeted to remove
a specific chemical associated with the typical batch process in pharmaceuticals preparation. It
is difficult to make a quantitative estimate of the effectiveness of available control methods since
control efficiency is dependent on the process being controlled. However, control efficiencies
of greater than 95 percent have been reported.12
7-7
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An extensive literature search revealed no specific information on MEK by-product
emissions from pharmaceuticals preparation; however, TRI data indicate that facilities within SIC
2834 (Pharmaceutical preparations) emit a significant amount of MEK.
7.8 SOAP AND OTHER DETERGENTS
Methyl ethyl ketone may be formed as a by-product during the production of soap and
other detergents (SIC 2841). Odor, in the form of organic compounds, is the predominant
atmospheric pollution concern in the manufacture of soap. Potential emission (odor) sources
include vent lines, vacuum exhausts, product and raw material storage, and waste streams.
Control of these emissions may be achieved by scrubbing all exhaust fumes and incinerating the
remaining compounds.13
An extensive literature search revealed no specific information on MEK by-product
emissions from soap manufacturing; however, TRI data indicate that facilities within SIC 2841
(Soaps and other detergents) emit a small amount of MEK.
7.9 CYCLIC ORGANIC CRUDES AND INTERMEDIATES
Methyl ethyl ketone is formed as a by-product during the production of phenol from
cumene. This process is present at many establishments which manufacture cyclic organic crudes
and intermediates, and organic dyes and pigments included in SIC 2865. Although specific
process information for the production of phenol was not available, emission factors for MEK
from some of the process steps were found.
One source of MEK emissions is the cumene oxidation vent, with an emission factor of
0.05 kg MEK/Mg of phenol produced (0.10 Ibs MEK/ton phenol). A second source of MEK
emissions is the cleavage section vent with an emission factor of 1.8 x 10"5 kg MEK/Mg phenol
7-8
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(3.6 x 10"5 Ibs MEK/ton phenol).14 Both of these emission factors are based on test data with
unspecified controls. The corresponding emission factor quality ratings are D according to
criteria used for AP-42 emission factors. Note that according to TRI data, this SIC source
category is potentially a relatively large source of MEK emissions.
7.10 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Methyl ethyl ketone is formed as a by-product during the production of several synthetic
organic chemicals. Manufacturers of these synthetic organic chemicals are classified under SIC
2869. Chemicals which may form MEK as a by-product during their manufacture include
ethanolamines, lead alkyl, chloroprene, acetic acid, acrylates, glycerin (glycerol), propylene,
caprolactam, glycol ethers, nitriles, allyl chloride, and allyl alcohol.
The broadest categories of synthetic organic chemical manufacturing processes are the
conversion and separation production processes. Conversion processes include reactor and air
oxidation processes. The distinguishing characteristic of conversion processes is the alteration
of a chemical's molecular structure through chemical reactions. Separation processes include
distillation, stripping, absorption, filtration, crystallization, and extraction. A separation process
is characterized by the division of a chemical mixture into its distinct components. The resultant
components often represent the manufactured product, or may be process by-products or
reactants.15
The main emission sources found in SOCMI facilities include process vents, transfer and
loading operations, storage tanks, wastewater treatment, and equipment leaks. Although no
specific MEK emission data were found in current literature, TRI data suggest that several of
these sources emit significant amounts of MEK.
7-9
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7.11 OTHER POSSIBLE MEK BY-PRODUCT SOURCES
MEK may be formed as a by-product from other sources within many different product
categories. One possible source of MEK emissions is the drum burning furnace within SIC 5085
(Industrial supplies). According to TRI data, this drum burning/drum cleaning source is an
emitter of MEK. Other MEK emissions sources may be included in some mining operations.
Possible sources are crushing, hauling, and loading of coal in SIC 1231 (Anthracite mining).
Others include drying in SICs 1411 (Dimension stone) and 1499 (Miscellaneous nonmetallic
minerals) and calcining in SIC 1475 (Phosphate rock). Note that the specific operations
mentioned here may not be the only ones to emit MEK from these SIC categories.
The SIC Major Groups 32 (Stone, Clay, and Glass Products) and 33 (Primary Metal
Industries) are also large potential emitters of MEK as a by-product. Primary sources of MEK
in Major Groups 32 and 33 are kilns, melting furnaces, and process boilers. These are considered
to be external combustion sources and produce MEK as a combustion by-product in fuel firing.
Note, however, that these are not the only MEK by-product sources to be found in Major Groups
32 and 33. Each industry is different and may have other sources of MEK by-products besides
those mentioned here. For example, SIC codes 3351, 3353, 3354, and 3357 also contain surface
coating operations and MEK emissions, as were discussed in Section 5.2 of this document.
7-10
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7.12 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 7.0
1. Suess, Michael J., ed., et al. Ambient Air Pollutants from Industrial Sources: A
Reference Handbook. World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe. Elsevier
Science Publishers. New York, NY. 1985.
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Procedures for the Preparation of Emission
Inventories for Carbon Monoxide and Precursors of Ozone - Volume I: General
Guidance for Stationary Sources. EPA-450/4-91-016. Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1991.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Review of New Source Performance Standards
for Kraft Pulp Mills. EPA-450/3-83-017. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1983.
4. Smook, G.S., and Kocurek, M.J., ed. Handbook for Pulp & Paper Technologists. Joint
Textbook Committee of the Paper Industry. Canada. 1982.
5. Blackwell, Brian R., et al. Review of Kraft Foul Condensates. TAPPI, 62 (10): 33-37,
1979.
6. Teleconference between C. Black of Champion International in Courtland, Alabama and
B. McMinn of Alliance Technologies Corporation. June 22, 1992.
7. National Council (of the Paper Industry) for Air and Stream Improvement. Handbook of
Chemical Specific Information for SARA Section 313 Form R Reporting. "Methyl Ethyl
Ketone." March 1992.
8. C.E. Burklin, et al. Revision of Emission Factors for Petroleum Refining.
EPA-450/3-77-030. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, NC.
October 1977.
9. Teleconference between A. Someshwar of the National Council (of the Paper Industry)
for Air and Stream Improvement in Gainesville, FL and S. Snow of TRC Environmental
Corporation. August 21, 1992. Discussed test data used to develop MEK emission
factors.
10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Summary of Technical Information for Selected
Volatile Organic Compound Source Categories. EPA-450/3-81-007. Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1981.
11. Air & Waste Management Association. "Synthetic Rubber." Air Pollution Engineering
Manual. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York, NY. 1992.
7-11
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12. Crume, Richard V. and Jeffrey W. Portzer. "Pharmaceutical Industry." Air Pollution
Engineering Manual. Air & Waste Management Association. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
New York, NY. 1992.
13. Scherr, Richard C. "Soaps and Detergents." Air Pollution Engineer ing Manual. Air &
Waste Management Association. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York, NY. 1992.
14. Delaney, J. L. and T. W. Hughes. Source Assessment: Manufacture of Acetone and
Phenol from Cumene. EPA-600/2-79-019d. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, OH. 1979.
15. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Reactor Processes in Synthetic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing Industry - Background Information for Proposed Standard. EPA-450/3-
90-016a. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC.
June 1990.
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SECTION 8.0
AMBIENT AIR AND STATIONARY SOURCE TEST PROCEDURES
Methyl ethyl ketone emissions can be measured from ambient air and stationary sources
utilizing the test methods presented below. If applied to stack sampling, the ambient air
monitoring methods may require adaptation or modification. To ensure that results will be
quantitative, appropriate precautions must be taken to prevent exceeding the capacity of the
methodology.
EPA Method TO-5: Determination of Aldehydes and Ketones in Ambient Air Using
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
EPA Method 0030: Volatile Organic Sampling Train (VOST) with EPA Method 5040:
Analysis of Sorbent Cartridges from VOST
EPA Draft Method 0011: Sampling for Aldehyde and Ketone Emissions from Stationary
Sources with EPA Draft Method 8315: Determination of Formaldehyde by DNPH
Derivatization, Solid Sorbent Extraction, and HPLC Detection
NIOSH Method 2500: 2-Butanone
The following subsections briefly describe the recommended sampling and analytical methods
for determining MEK emissions.
8.1 EPA METHOD TO-51
Ambient air concentrations of MEK can be measured using EPA Method TO-5 from the
Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air2
Ambient air is drawn through a midget impinger train that contains equal parts of 2N HC1/0.05
percent 2,4-dintrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) and isooctane solution at an approximate flow rate
of 100 to 1,000 mL/minute. Aldehydes and ketones, especially MEK, form stable
2,4-dintrophenylhydrazones (DNPH derivatives). The total volume of air collected should not
8-1
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exceed 80 L. The impinger solutions are then placed in a sample vial and sent to a laboratory
for analysis.
The DNPH derivatives are recovered by removing the isooctane layer and extracting the
aqueous layer with a hexane/methylene chloride mixture. The combined organic layers are then
evaporated to dryness and the residue is dissolved in methanol. The DNPH derivatives are
separated using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography and detected and
quantified with an ultraviolet detector operated at 370nm. The specified analytical column is a
Zorbax® ODS column, 25 cm x 4.6 mm ID.
8.2 EPA METHOD 00302
The volatile organic sampling train from SW-846, (third edition), is designed for the
collection of volatile organic compounds from the stack gas effluents of hazardous waste
incinerators. The VOST method was designed to collect volatile organics with boiling points in
the range of 30° to 100°C (86° to 212°F). Many compounds with boiling points above 100°C
(212°F) may also be effectively collected using this method. Methyl ethyl ketone concentrations
can be measured using this method. Figure 8-1 presents a schematic of the principle components
of the VOST.
In most cases, 20 L (0.7 ft3) of effluent stack gas are sampled at an approximate flow rate
of 1 L/minute (0.04 ft3/min) using a glass-lined heated probe. The gas stream is cooled to 20°C
(68°F) by passage through a water-cooled condenser and the volatile organics are collected on
a pair of sorbent resin traps. Liquid condensate is collected in the impinger located between the
two resin traps. The first resin trap contains about 1.6 g (0.06 ounce) Tenax® and the second trap
contains about 1 g (0.04 ounce) each of Tenax® petroleum-based charcoal.
8-2
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-Heated Probe
Isolation Valves
Carbon Filter
Vacuum
Indicator
Glass Wool
Particulate
niter
Thermocouple
Sorbent
Cartridge
Exhaust
Condensate
Trap Impinger
Silica Gel
Figure 8-1. Schematic of volatile organic sampling train.1
-------
The Tenax® cartridges are then thermally desorbed and analyzed by purge-and-trap
GC/MS along with the condensate catch as specified in EPA Method 5040. Analysis should be
conducted within 14 days of sample collection.
8.3 EPA METHOD 50402
The contents of the sorbent cartridges (collected from EPA Method 0030) are spiked with
an internal standard and thermally desorbed for 10 minutes at 80°C (176°F) with organic-free
nitrogen or helium gas [at a flow rate of 40 mL/min (2.4 in3)], bubbled through 5 mL (0.3 in3)
of organic-free water, and trapped on an analytical adsorbent trap. After the 10 minute
desorption, the analytical adsorbent trap is rapidly heated to 180°C (356°F), with the carrier gas
flow reversed so that the effluent flow from the analytical trap is directed into the GC/MS. The
volatile organics are separated by temperature-programmed gas chromatography and detected by
low resolution mass spectrometry. The concentrations of the volatile organics are calculated
using the internal standard technique.
EPA Methods 5030 and 8240 may be referenced for specific requirements for the thermal
desorption unit, purge-and-trap unit, and GC/MS system.
A diagram of the analytical system is presented in Figure 8-2. The Tenax® cartridges
should be analyzed within 14 days of collection. The desired detection limit of this method is
0.1 ng/L (20 ng per Tenax® cartridge).
8.4 EPA DRAFT METHOD 0011
2,3
EPA Draft Method 0011 from the Methods Manual for Compliance with the BIF
Regulations., is very similar to EPA Method TO-5. Method 0011 is used to determine the
Destruction and Removal Efficiency (DRE) of aldehydes and ketones from stationary sources.
8-4
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I
Flow During
Desorption
oo
N2
Thermal
Desorption
Chamber
Flow to
GC/MS
Flow During
Frit
Analytical Trap
with Heating Coll
(0.3 cm diameter
by 25 cm long)
H20
Purge
Column
Heated
Une
He or N2
Vent
3 % OV-I (1cm)
Tenax (7.7 cm)
Silica Gel (7.7 cm)
Charcoal (7.7 cm)
Figure 8-2. Schematic of trap desorption/analysis system.3
-------
The method was specifically developed for the determination of formaldehyde; however, many
laboratories have expanded the application to also include other aldehydes and ketones.
In general, exhaust gases are withdrawn isokinetically from a stationary source and are
collected in an aqueous solution of acidic 2,4-dintrophenylhydrazine. The aldehydes and ketones
that are present react with the DNPH to form DNPH derivatives. The impinger solutions are then
recovered and sent to the laboratory for analysis. The samples are extracted, concentrated, and
analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography.
8.5 EPA DRAFT METHOD 83152
EPA Draft Method 8315 was designed for the determination of free formaldehyde in
aqueous samples and leachates. This method can be modified to include the detection and
quantification of MEK from aqueous samples collected via EPA Method TO-5 and EPA Draft
Method 0011.
The ambient air or exhaust gas samples are collected in an acidic
2,4-dintrophenylhydrazine solution using either EPA Method TO-5 or EPA Draft Method 0011.
Any MEK that is present reacts with the DNPH to form a DNPH derivative. The solution is then
extracted with a methylene chloride solution, concentrated using the Kuderna-Danish (KD)
procedure, and mixed with methanol. The DNPH derivatives are separated using reversed phase
high performance liquid chromatography and detected and quantified with an UV detector
operated at 360 nm.
8.6 NIOSH METHOD 25004
Ambient air and exhaust gas concentrations of MEK can also be measured using NIOSH
Method 2500. The levels of detection using this method are much higher than the other
procedures discussed. NIOSH methods are designed for worker exposure studies usually over
an eight-hour period.
8-6
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Ambient air or exhaust gas samples are collected on a solid sorbent tube containing
Ambersorb® XE-347 with 160 mg on the front-half portion and 80 mg on the back-half One to
12 L of air are collected, depending on the expected concentrations, using a vacuum pump set
at an approximate flow rate of 0.01 to 0.2 L/minute.
The samples are then capped and sent to the laboratory and desorbed with carbon disulfide
(CS2) and analyzed by GC/FID. The column specified in NIOSH Method 2500 is a 4.0m x 2mm
glass or stainless steel with 20 percent SP-2100/0.1 percent Carbowax 1500 on Supelcoport
100/120 or equivalent. The sorbent sample should be stable for at least six weeks at 25°C.
8-7
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8.7 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 8.0
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Compendium of Methods for the Determination
of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air. EPA-600/4-89-017. June 1988.
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Test Methods for Evaluating SolidWaste. Third
Edition. Report No. SW-846. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
Washington, DC. November 1986.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Methods Manual for Compliance with the BIF
Regulations. EPA/530-SW-91-010. Office of Solid Waste. Washington, DC. December
1990.
4. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. Third Edition, Volumes 1 and 2. February 1984.
-------
APPENDIX A
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF METHYL ETHYL KETONE EMISSIONS
A-l
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF METHYL ETHYL KETONE
EMISSIONS (Continued)
SIC Code
1411
1475
1499
1611
1721
2011
2013
2044
2076
2079
2082
2087
2111
2211
2221
2231
2241
2261
2262
2269
2281
2282
Source Description
Mining operations nonmetallic minerals stone quarrying
Mining operations nonmetallic minerals phosphate rock
Mining operations miscellaneous nonmetallic minerals
Highway and street construction
Painting and paper hanging
Meat packing plants
Sausages and other prepared meats
Rice milling
Vegetable oil mills, neca
Edible fats and oils, neca
Beer production - malt beverages
Flavoring extracts and syrups, neca
Cigarettes
Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton
Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade
Broadwoven fabric mills, wool
Narrow fabric mills
Finishing plants, cotton
Finishing plants, manmade
Finishing plants, neca
Yarn spinning mills
Throwing and winding mills
(continued)
A-2
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF METHYL ETHYL KETONE
EMISSIONS (Continued)
SIC Code
2284
2295
2297
2298
2299
2353
2390
2396
2399
2420
2426
2429
2430
2431
2434
2435
2436
2439
2452
2493
2499
2510
Source Description
Thread mills
Coated fabrics, not rubberized
Nonwoven fabrics
Cordage and twine
Textile goods, neca
Hats, caps, and millinery
Misc. fabricated textile products
Automotive and apparel trimmings
Fabricated textile products, neca
Sawmills and planing mills
Hardwood dimension and flooring mills
Special product sawmills, neca
Millwork, plywood and structural members
Millwork
Wood kitchen cabinets
Hardwood veneer and plywood
Softwood veneer and plywood
Structural wood members, neca
Prefabricated wood buildings
Reconstituted wood products
Wood products, neca
Household furniture
(continued)
A-3
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF METHYL ETHYL KETONE
EMISSIONS (Continued)
SIC Code
2511
2512
2514
2517
2519
2520
2521
2522
2531
2541
2542
2591
2599
2600
2611
2621
2631
2652
2655
2656
2657
2670
Source Description
Wood household furniture
Upholstered household furniture
Metal household furniture
Wood TV and radio cabinets
Household furniture, neca
Office furniture
Wood office furniture
Office furniture, except wood
Public building and related furniture
Wood partitions and fixtures
Partitions and fixtures, except
wood
Drapery hardware and blinds and shades
Furniture and fixtures, neca
Paper and allied products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paperboard mills
Setup paperboard boxes
Fiber cans, drums and similar
Sanitary food containers
Folding paperboard boxes
products
Miscellaneous converted paper products
(continued)
A-4
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF METHYL ETHYL KETONE
EMISSIONS (Continued)
SIC Code
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2679
2731
2732
2741
2752
2754
2759
2761
2771
2780
2789
2791
2796
2810
2812
2813
2816
Source Description
Paper coated and laminated, packaging
Paper coated and laminated, neca
Bags: plastics, laminated and coated
Bags: uncoated paper and multiwall
Die-cut paper and board
Converted paper products, neca
Book publishing
Book printing
Miscellaneous publishing
Commercial printing, lithographic
Commercial printing, gravure
Commercial printing, neca
Manifold business forms
Greeting cards
Blankbooks and bookbinding
Bookbinding and related work
Typesetting
Platemaking services
Industrial inorganic chemicals
Alkalies and chlorine
Industrial gases
Inorganic pigments
(continued)
A-5
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF METHYL ETHYL KETONE
EMISSIONS (Continued)
SIC Code
2819
2821
2822
2823
2824
2833
2834
2841
2842
2843
2850
2851
2860
2865
2869
2873
2874
2879
2891
2892
2893
2895
Source Description
Industrial inorganic chemicals, neca
Plastics materials and resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic manmade fibers
Organic fibers, noncellulosic
Medicinals and botanicals
Pharmaceuticals preparations
Soap and other detergents
Polishes and sanitation goods
Surface active agents
Paints and allied products
Paints and allied products
Industrial organic chemicals
Cyclic crudes and intermediates
Industrial organic chemicals, neca
Nitrogenous fertilizers
Phosphatic fertilizers
Agricultural chemicals, neca
Adhesives and sealants
Explosives
Printing ink
Carbon black
(continued)
A-6
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF METHYL ETHYL KETONE
EMISSIONS (Continued)
SIC Code
2899
2911
2951
2992
2999
3021
3052
3053
3061
3069
3080
3081
3082
3083
3086
3087
3088
3089
3111
3131
3143
3144
Source Description
Chemical preparations, neca
Petroleum refining
Asphalt paving mixtures and blocks
Lubricating oils and greases
Petroleum and coal products, neca
Rubber and plastics footwear
Rubber and plastics hose and belting
Gaskets, packing and sealing devices
Mechanical rubber goods
Fabricated rubber products, neca
Miscellaneous plastics products, neca
Unsupported plastics film and sheet
Unsupported plastics profile shapes
Laminated plastics plate and sheet
Plastics foam products
Custom compound purchased resins
Plastics plumbing fixtures
Plastics products, neca
Leather tanning and finishing
Footwear cut stock
Men's footwear, except athletic
Women's footwear, except athletic
(continued)
A-7
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF METHYL ETHYL KETONE
EMISSIONS (Continued)
SIC Code
3149
3199
3211
3221
3229
3231
3241
3253
3255
3264
3271
3274
3275
3291
3292
3295
3299
3312
3313
3315
3316
3317
Source Description
Footwear, except rubber, neca
Leather goods, neca
Flat glass
Glass containers
Pressed and blown glass, neca
Products of purchased glass
Cement, hydraulic
Ceramic wall and floor tile
Clay refractories
Porcelain electrical supplies
Concrete block and brick
Lime
Gypsum products
Abrasive products
Asbestos products
Minerals, ground or treated
Nonmetallic mineral products, neca
Blast furnaces and steel mills
Electrometallurgical products
Steel wire and related products
Cold finishing of steel shapes
Steel pipe and tubes
(continued)
A-8
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF METHYL ETHYL KETONE
EMISSIONS (Continued)
SIC Code
3321
3324
3325
3334
3341
3351
3353
3354
3355
3357
3363
3364
3365
3366
3398
3399
3410
3411
3412
3423
3429
3431
Source Description
Gray and ductile iron foundries
Steel investment foundries
Steel foundries, neca
Primary aluminum
Secondary nonferrous metals
Copper rolling and drawing
Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil
Aluminum extruded products
Aluminum rolling and drawing, neca
Nonferrous wiredrawing and insulating
Aluminum die-castings
Non ferrous die castings, exc. aluminum
Aluminum foundries
Copper foundries
Metal heat treating
Primary metal products, neca
Metal cans and shipping containers
Metal cans
Metal barrels, drums, and pails
Hand and edge tools, neca
Hardware, neca
Metal sanitary ware
(continued)
A-9
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF METHYL ETHYL KETONE
EMISSIONS (Continued)
SIC Code
3432
3433
3441
3442
3443
3444
3446
3448
3449
3451
3452
3460
3462
3465
3469
3470
3471
3479
3480
3482
3483
3489
Source Description
Plumbing fixture fittings and trim
Heating equipment, except electric
Fabricated structural metal
Metal doors, sash, and trim
Fabricated plate work (boiler shops)
Sheet metal work
Architectural metal work
Prefabricated metal buildings
Miscellaneous metal work
Screw machine products
Bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers
Metal forgings and stampings
Iron and steel forgings
Automotive stampings
Metal stampings, neca
Metal services, neca
Plating and polishing
Metal coating and allied services
Ordnance and accessories, neca
Small arms ammunition
Ammunition, exc. for small arms, neca
Ordnance and accessories, neca
(continued)
A-10
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF METHYL ETHYL KETONE
EMISSIONS (Continued)
SIC Code
3491
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3499
3519
3523
3524
3531
3532
3533
3534
3536
3537
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
Source Description
Industrial valves
Steel springs, except wire
Valves and pipe fittings, neca
Wire springs
Misc. fabricated wire products
Metal foil and leaf
Fabricated metal products, neca
Internal combustion engines, neca
Farm machinery and equipment
Lawn and garden equipment
Construction machinery
Mining machinery
Oil and gas field machinery
Elevators and moving stairways
Hoists, cranes, and monorails
Industrial trucks and tractors
Machine tools, metal cutting types
Machine tools, metal forming types
Industrial patterns
Special dies, tools, jigs and fixtures
Machine tool accessories
Power-driven hand tools
(continued)
A-ll
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF METHYL ETHYL KETONE
EMISSIONS (Continued)
SIC Code
3553
3554
3555
3556
3559
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3571
3572
3575
3577
3578
3579
3581
3582
Source Description
Woodworking machinery
Paper industries machinery
Printing trades machinery
Food products machinery
Special industry machinery, neca
Pumps and pumping equipment
Ball and roller bearings
Air and gas compressors
Blowers and fans
Packaging machinery
Speed changers, drives, and gears
Industrial furnaces and ovens
Power transmission equipment, neca
General industrial machinery, neca
Electronic computers
Computer storage devices
Computer terminals
Computer peripheral equipment, neca
Calculating and accounting equipment
Office machines, neca
Automatic vending machines
Commercial laundry equipment
(continued)
A-12
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF METHYL ETHYL KETONE
EMISSIONS (Continued)
SIC Code
3585
3586
3589
3594
3599
3612
3613
3621
3624
3625
3629
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3639
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
Source Description
Refrigeration and heating equipment
Measuring and dispensing pumps
Service industry machinery, neca
Fluid power pumps and motors
Industrial machinery, neca
Transformers, except electronic
Switchgear and switchboard apparatus
Motors and generators
Carbon and graphite products
Relays and industrial controls
Electrical industrial apparatus, neca
Household cooking equipment
Household refrigerators and freezers
Household laundry equipment
Electric housewares and fans
Household vacuum cleaners
Household appliances, neca
Current-carrying wiring devices
Noncurrent-carrying wiring devices
Residential lighting fixtures
Commercial lighting fixtures
Vehicular lighting equipment
(continued)
A-13
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF METHYL ETHYL KETONE
EMISSIONS (Continued)
SIC Code
3648
3651
3652
3660
3661
3663
3669
3670
3671
3672
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3691
3692
3694
3695
3699
3710
Source Description
Lighting equipment, neca
Household audio and video equipment
Prerecorded records and tapes
Communications equipment
Telephone and telegraph apparatus
Radio and TV communications equipment
Communications equipment, neca
Electronic components and accessories
Electron tubes
Printed circuit boards
Semiconductors and related devices
Electronic capacitors
Electronic resistors
Electronic coils and transformers
Electronic connectors
Electronic components, neca
Storage batteries
Primary batteries, dry and wet
Engine electrical equipment
Magnetic and optical recording media
Electrical equipment and supplies, neca
Motor vehicles and equipment
(continued)
A-14
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF METHYL ETHYL KETONE
EMISSIONS (Continued)
SIC Code
3711
3713
3714
3715
3716
3721
3724
3728
3731
3732
3743
3751
3761
3764
3769
3792
3795
3799
3812
3821
3822
3824
Source Description
Motor vehicles and car bodies
Truck and bus bodies
Motor vehicle parts and accessories
Truck trailers
Motor homes
Aircraft
Aircraft engines and engine parts
Aircraft parts and equipment, neca
Ship building and repairing
Boat building and repairing
Railroad equipment
Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts
Guided missiles and space vehicles
Space propulsion units and parts
Space vehicle equipment, neca
Travel trailers and campers
Tanks and tank components
Transportation equipment, neca
Search and navigation equipment
Laboratory apparatus and furniture
Environmental controls
Fluid meters and counting devices
(continued)
A-15
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF METHYL ETHYL KETONE
EMISSIONS (Continued)
SIC Code
3825
3826
3827
3829
3841
3842
3844
3845
3851
3861
3870
3931
3942
3944
3949
3951
3952
3955
3961
3965
3991
3993
Source Description
Instruments to measure electricity
Analytical instruments
Optical instruments and lenses
Measuring and controlling devices, neca
Surgical and medical instruments
Surgical appliances and supplies
X-ray apparatus and tubes
Electromedical equipment
Ophthalmic goods
Photographic equipment and supplies
Watches, clocks, watchcases and parts
Musical instruments
Dolls and stuffed toys
Games, toys, and children's vehicles
Sporting and athletic goods, neca
Pens and mechanical pencils
Lead pencils and art goods
Carbon paper and inked ribbons
Costume jewelry
Fasteners, buttons, needles, and pins
Brooms and brushes
Signs and advertising specialties
(continued)
A-16
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF METHYL ETHYL KETONE
EMISSIONS (Continued)
SIC Code
3995
3996
3999
4173
4491
4499
4931
4953
5021
5065
5072
5078
5085
5113
5160
5169
5171
5172
5198
5211
5511
5712
Source Description
Burial caskets
Hard surface floor coverings, neca
Manufacturing industries, neca
Bus terminal and service facilities
Marine cargo handling
Water transportation services, neca
Electric and other services combined
Refuse systems
Furniture
Electronic parts and equipment
Hardware
Refrigeration equipment and supplies
Industrial supplies
Industrial and personal service paper
Chemicals and allied products
Chemicals and allied products, neca
Petroleum bulk stations and terminals
Petroleum products, neca
Paints, varnishes, and supplies
Lumber and other building materials
New and used car dealers
Furniture stores
(continued)
A-17
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF METHYL ETHYL KETONE
EMISSIONS (Continued)
SIC Code
6512
6513
6514
7361
7372
7378
7379
7530
7532
7629
7641
7699
8211
8220
8244
8711
8731
8734
9711
9999
Source Description
Nonresidential building operators
Apartment building operators
Dwelling operators, exc. apartments
Employment agencies
Prepackaged software
Computer maintenance and repair
Computer related services, neca
Automotive repair shops
Top and body repair and paint shops
Electrical repair shops, neca
Reupholstery and furniture repair
Repair services, neca
Elementary and secondary schools
Colleges and universities
Business and secretarial schools
Engineering services
Commercial physical research
Testing laboratories
National security
Nonclassifiable establishments
anec = not elsewhere classified
Based on 1987 SIC codes.
A-18
-------
REFERENCES FOR APPENDIX A
1. Toxic Chemical Release Inventory (TRI), 1987-1990. On-line access through the
databases. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Crosswalk/Air Toxic Emission Factor
Database Management System, Version 1.2. Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1991.
3. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Paniculate Matter (PM) Speciation Database
Management System, Version 1.4. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1991.
A-19
-------
APPENDIX B
LISTS OF PAINT, INK, AND PRINTING FACILITIES WITH ANNUAL SALES
GREATER THAN $1 MILLION
B-l
-------
TABLE B-l.
PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS FACILITIES (SIC 2851) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (Continued)
Name
Aervoe-Pacific Co. Inc.
AExcel Corp.
Agri-Blend Inc.
Akron Paint & Varnish Inc.
Akzo Coatings Inc. Reliance Universal Inc.
Akzo Coatings Inc. Akzo Resins & Vehicles
Akzo Coatings Inc.
Allentown Paint Manufacturing Co.
Also Indus Inc. Morton Paint Co.
Ameritone Paint Corp.
Ameron Inc. Enmar Finishes Div.
Ameron Inc. Ameron Protective Coatings
Div.
Amsterdam Color Works Inc.
Aspen Paints
Atlas Coating Corp.
Automotive Finishes Inc.
Baker Sealants & Coating
Barrett Varnish Co.
Bee Chem Co.
Behr Process Corp.
Benjamin Moore & Co.
Bennette Paint Manufacturing Co.
Best Bros Paint Manufacturing Co.
Beverly Manufacturing Co. (Los Angeles)
Birk Paint Manufacturing Inc.
Blue Ridge Talc Co. Inc.
Brewer Chem Corp.
Brod-Dugan Co.
Bruning Paint Co.
Burkes Paint Co. Inc.
Buten Paint & Wallpaper
Cabot Stains
Cal Western Paint Corp.
Calbar Inc.
California Products Corp.
Carbit Paint Co.
Address
PO Box 485, Gardnerville NV 89410
7373 Production Dr, Mentor OH 44060
PO Box 957, Rowlett TX 75088
1390 Firestone Parkway, Akron OH 44301
1930 Bishop Ln, Louisville KY 40218
21625 Oak St, Matteson IL 60443
1600 Watterson Towers, Louisville KY 40218
PO Box 597, Allentown PA 18105
Box 6208, Canton OH 44706
PO Box 190, Long Beach CA 90801
PO Box 9610, Little Rock AR 72219
201 N Berry St, Brea CA 92621
1546 Stillwell Ave, Bronx NY 10461
1128 SW Spokane St, Seattle WA 98134
820 E 140th St, Bronx NY 10454
6430 Wyoming Ave, Dearborn MI 48126
234 Suydam Ave, Jersey City NJ 07304
1532 S 50th Ct, Cicero IL 60650
2700 E 170th St, Lansing IL 60438
PO Box 1287, Santa Ana CA 92702
51 Chestnut Ridge Rd., Montvale NJ 07645
PO Box 9088, Hampton VA 23670
PO Box 2056, Sinking Spr PA 19608
9118 S Main St, Los Angeles CA 90003
230 Kearny Ave, Jersey City NJ 07305
PO Box 39, Henry VA 24102
PO Box 48, Honolulu HI 96810
2145 Schuetz Rd, St. Louis MO 63146
601 S Haven, Baltimore, MD 21224
727 S 27th St, Washougal WA 98671
5000 Ridge Ave, Philadelphia PA 19128
100 Hale St, Newburyport MA 01950
1 1748 Slauson Ave, Santa Fe Spr CA 90670
2626 N Martha St, Philadelphia PA 19125
PO Box 569, Cambridge MA 02139
927 W Blackhawk St, Chicago IL 60622
Sales in
$ Millions
11
20
1*
4*
300
13
550*
4
o
3
40
15
112
7
4
7*
4
5
o
3
66
33*
370*
5
1
2
2
9
50
15
30
o
5
40
30
5
4
32
5
(continued)
B-2
-------
TABLE B-l.
PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS FACILITIES (SIC 2851) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (Continued)
Name
Carboline Co.
Cardinal Color Co.
Cardinal Indus Finish Inc.
Century Chem Co.
Certified Coating Products
CF Jameson & Co. Inc.
Charles A Crosbie Labs Inc.
Chemical Technology Labs Inc.
Chemical Coating Corp.
Ciba-Geigy Corp. Drakenfeld Colors
Clement Coverall Inc.
CM Athey Paint Co.
Coatings & Chems Corp.
Colonial Refining & Chem Co.
Columbia Paint Corp.
Columbia Paint Co.
Colwell Gen Inc.
Commercial Chem Co. Inc.
Con-Lux Coatings Inc.
Cook & Dunn Paint Corp. Pure All Paint
Coatings Co.
Cook & Dunn Paint Corp.
Cook & Dunn Paint Corp. Adelphi
Coating
Cook Paint & Varnish Co.
Coronado Paint Co. Inc.
Cosan Chem Corp.
Cotter & Co. Gen Paint & Chem Co.
Courtlaulds Coatings USA Inc.
Cowman & Campbell
CP Inc.
Crest Chem Indus Ltd.
Crosby Coatings Inc.
CWC Indus Inc.
Dalys Inc.
Dampney Co. Inc.
Address
350 Hanley Indus Ct, St. Louis MO 63144
50-56 1st St, Paterson NJ 07524
1329 Potrero Ave, South El Mon CA 91733
5 Lawrence St, Bloomfield NJ 07003
2414 S Connor Ave, Los Angeles CA 90040
PO Box 197, Bradford MA 01835
PO Box 3497, Van Nuys CA 91407
12150 S Alameda St, Lynwood CA 90262
7300 Crider Ave, Pico Rivera CA 90660
PO Box 519, Washington PA 15301
PO Box 557, Camden NJ 08101
1809 Bayard St, Baltimore MD 21230
3067 N Elston Ave, Chicago IL 60618
20575 Ctr Ridge Rd, Cleveland OH 44116
PO Box 2888, Huntington WV 25728
PO Box 4569, Spokane WA 99202
PO Box 329, Fort Wayne IN 46801
PO Box 2126, Santa Ana CA 92707
PO Box 847, Edison NJ 08818
700 Gotham Ave, Carlstadt NJ 07072
700 Gotham Parkway, Carlstadt NJ 07072
700 Gotham Parkway, Carlstadt NJ 07072
PO Box 419389, Kansas City MO 64141
PO Box 308, Edgewater FL 32032
400 14th St, Carlstadt NJ 07072
201 Jandus Rd., Cary IL 60013
PO Box 1439, Louisville, KY 40201
PO Box 70328, Seattle WA 98107
PO Box 333, Connersville IN 47331
PO Box 85, New Lenox IL 60451
PO Box 1038, Chico CA 95927
2686 Lisbon Rd, Cleveland OH 44104
3525 Stone Way N, Seattle WA 98103
85 Paris St, Everett MA 02149
Sales in
$ Millions
65
7
18
5
1
1
1
o
3
o
3
28
4
6
5
3
5
17
20
4
25
8*
20
o
J
100
28
10*
120
160*
3
5
1*
6
5
5
4
(continued)
B-3
-------
TABLE B-l.
PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS FACILITIES (SIC 2851) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (Continued)
Name
Daniel Products Co.
Davis Paint Co.
Davlin Paint Co. Inc.
DC Tranche & Co.
De Boom Paint Co.
Dean & Barry Co.
Decratrend Paints
Deft Inc.
Del Paint Corp.
Delrac Manufacturers of Bisonite Products
Co. Inc.
DeSoto Inc.
Devoe & Raynolds Co.
Dexter Corp. Dexter Specialty Coatings
Div.
Diamond Products Co. Inc.
DJ Simpson Co.
Dover Sales Co. Inc.
Duncan Enterprises
Dunn Edwards Corp.
Dupli-Color Products Co.
Duralac Inc.
Duron Inc.
Dye Specialties Inc.
Egyptian Lacquer Manufacturing
Ellis & Everard (US Holdings) Inc.
Prillaman Chem Corp.
Elpaco Coatings Corp.
Emco Finishing Products Inc.
Empire State Varnish Co.
Environmental Coatings Inc.
Epoca Co.
Epoxy Coatings Co.
Evans Paint Inc.
Everseal Manufacturing Co. Inc.
Fabrionics Inc.
Address
400 Claremont Ave, Jersey City NJ 07304
1311 Iron St, Kansas City MO 64116
700 Allston Way, Berkely CA 94702
1401 W Wabansia Ave, Chicago IL 60622
645 Texas St, San Francisco CA 94107
296 Marconi Blvd, Columbus OH 43215
251 Mason Way, City of Indu CA 91746
17451 Von Karman Ave, Irvine CA 92714
3105 E Reno St, Oklahoma City OK 73117
PO Box 764, Tonawanda NY 14151
PO Box 5030, Des Plaines IL 60017
PO Box 7600, Louisville KY 40207
1 E Water St, Waukegan IL 60085
709 S 3rd Ave, Marshalltown IA 50158
PO Box 2265, South San Francisco CA 94080
PO Box 2479, Berkeley CA 94702
PO Box 7827, Fresno CA 93747
PO Box 30389, Los Angeles CA 90039
1601 Nicholas Blvd, Elk Grove Vi IL 60007
84 Lister Ave. Newark NJ 07105
10406 Tucker St, Beltsville MD 20705
PO Box 1447, Secaucus NJ 07096
PO Box 4449, Lafayette IN 47903
PO Box 4024, Martinsville VA 24112
PO Box 447, Elkhart IN 46515
470 Cresent St, Jamestown NY 14701
38 Varick St, Brooklyn NY 11222
6450 Hanna Lake SE, Caledonia MI 493 16
5 Lawrence St, Bloomfield NJ 07003
PO Box 1035, Union City CA 94587
PO Box 4098, Roanoke VA 24015
475 Broad Ave, Ridgefield NJ 07657
Route 130 S, Camargo IL 61919
Sales in
$ Millions
20
13
3*
o
J
5
15
17
15
4
3*
408
120*
80
18*
5
3*
30
150*
50
4
150
8
10
96*
8
2
5
5
1
1
4*
12
13
(continued)
B-4
-------
TABLE B-l.
PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS FACILITIES (SIC 2851) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (Continued)
Name
Parboil Co.
Farwest Paint Manufacturing Co. Inc.
Federated Paint Manufacturing Co.
Ferro Corp. Coatings Div.
Fiber-Resin Corp.
Fine Line Paint Corp.
Finishes Unlimited Inc.
Finnaren & Haley Inc.
Flecto Co. Inc.
Frank W Dunne Co.
Frazee Indus Inc.
Fredericks-Hansen Paint
Fuller O'Brien Corp.
Gilbert Spruance Co.
Given Paint Manufacturing Co. Inc.
GJ Nikolas & Co. Inc.
Glidden Co. Eastern Region
Glidden Co. Southwest Region
Glidden Co. Resin Div.
Gloss-Flo Corp.
Glyptal Inc.
Gordon Bartels Co.
Graham Paint & Varnish Co.
Grow Group Inc. US Paint Div.
Grow Group Inc. Natl Aerosol Products Co.
Grow Group Inc.
Guardsman Products Inc.
Guardsman Chems Inc.
H Behlen & Brother Inc.
Hancock Paint & Varnish
Hanna Chem Coatings Inc.
Harco Chem Coatings Inc.
Harrison Paint Corp.
Hartin Paint & Filler
Hempel Coatings USA
Address
8200 Fischer Rd, Baltimore MD 21222
PO Box 68726, Tukwila WA 98168
1882 S Normal St, Chicago IL 60616
PO Box 6550, Cleveland OH 44101
PO Box 4187, Burbank CA 91503
12234 Los Nietos Rd, Santa Fe Spr CA 90670
PO Box 69, Sugar Grove IL 60554
2320 Haverford Rd, Ardmore PA 19003
PO Box 12955, Oakland CA 94608
1007 41st St, Oakland CA 94608
PO Box 2471, San Diego CA 92112
PO Box 5638, San Bernardino CA 92408
450 E Grand Ave, South San Francisco CA 94080
Richmond St & Tioga St, Philadelphia PA 19134
111 N Piedras St, El Paso TX 79905
2810 Washington Blvd, Bellwood IL 60104
PO Box 15049, Reading PA 19612
PO Box 566, Carrollton TX 75011
1065 Glidden St NW, Atlanta GA 30318
135 Jackson St, Brooklyn NY 11211
305 Eastern Ave, Chelsea MA 02150
2600 Harrison Ave, Rockford IL 61108
4800 S Richmond St, Chicago IL 60632
831 S 21st St, St. Louis MO 63103
2193 E 14th St, Los Angeles CA 90021
200 Park Ave, New York NY 10166
3033 Orchard Vista Dr, Grand Rapids MI 49501
13535 Monster Rd, Seattle WA 98178
Route 30 N Perth Rd, Amsterdam NY 12010
109 Accord Dr, Norwell MA 02061
PO Box 147, Columbus OH 43216
208 DuPont St, Brooklyn NY 11222
PO Box 8470, Canton OH 44711
PO Box 116, Carlstadt NJ 07072
201 Route 17 N, Rutherford NJ 07070
Sales in
$ Millions
11
3
8*
73*
10
5
3
25*
20
7
100
12
140
10
7*
2
140
59
30
4
5
7
10*
30*
5
413
190
6
10
10
25
6
20
3
15
(continued)
B-5
-------
TABLE B-l.
PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS FACILITIES (SIC 2851) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (Continued)
Name
Hentzen Coatings Inc.
Heresite Protective Coatings Inc.
Hoboken Paint Co. Inc.
Hoffers Inc.
Hy-Klas Paints Inc.
Hydrosol Inc.
ICI Americas Inc. ICI Paints
Illinois Bronze Paint Co.
Indurall Coatings Inc.
Industrial Coatings Intl.
Insilco Corp. Sinclair Paint Co.
International Paint Co. USA Inc.
International Paint Co. USA Inc. Southwest
Div.
International Coatings Co.
Irathane Syss Inc.
IVC Indus Coatings Inc.
J Landau & Co. Inc.
James B Day & Co.
James Bute Co.
Jasco Chem Corp.
John L Armitage & Co.
Johnson Paints Inc.
Jones Blair Co. Oilman Paint &
Wallcovering Div.
Kalcor Coatings Co.
Kaufman Products Inc.
Keeler & Long Inc.
Kelly-Moore Paint Co. Inc. Hurst Div.
Kelly-Moore Paint Co.
King Fiber Glass Corp. Fiber Resin
Supply Div.
Komac Paint Inc.
Kop-Coat Co. Inc.
Kop-Coat Co. Inc. Pettit Paint Co.
Kurfees Coatings Inc.
Address
6937 W Mill Rd, Milwaukee WI 53218
PO Box 250, Manitowoc WI 54221
40 Indus Rd, Lodi NJ 07644
PO Box 777, Wausau WI 54401
1401 S 12th St, Louisville KY 40210
8407 S 77th Ave, Bridgeview IL 60455
925 Euclid Ave, Cleveland OH 44115
300 E Main St, Lake Zurich IL 60047
PO Box 2371, Birmingham AL 35201
7030 Quad Ave, Baltimore MD 21237
6100 S Garfield Ave, Los Angeles CA 90040
6001 Antoine, Houston TX 77091
PO Box 920762, Houston TX 77292
13929 E 166th St, Cerritos CA 90701
PO Box 276, Hibbing MN 55746
PO Box 18163, Indianapolis IN 46218
PO Box 135, Carlstadt NJ 07072
Day Ln, Carpentersville IL 60110
PO Box 1819, Houston TX 77251
PO Drawer J, Mountain View CA 94040
1259 Route 46 E, Parsippany NJ 07054
PO Box 061319, Fort Myers FL 33906
PO Box 1257, Chattanooga TN 37401
37721 Stevens, Willoughby OH 44094
1326 N Bentalov St, Baltimore MD 21216
PO Box 460, Watertown CT 06795
301 W Hurst Blvd, Hurst TX 76053
987 Commercial St, San Carlos CA 94070
366 W Nickerson St, Seattle WA 98119
1201 Osage St, Denver CO 80204
480 Frelinghuysen Ave, Newark NJ 07114
36 Pine St, Rockaway NJ 07866
201 E Market St, Louisville KY 40202
Sales in
$ Millions
12
15
17
47
6
30
843
25
8
14*
100*
50
18
5
8*
9
4
8
3*
7
8*
9
38
6
1*
10
15
230*
2
10
15
11
16
(continued)
-------
TABLE B-l.
PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS FACILITIES (SIC 2851) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (Continued)
Name
Kwal-Howells Inc.
L & H Paint Products Inc.
Lasting Paints Inc.
Lenmar Inc.
Lilly Chem Products Inc.
Lilly Industrial Coatings Inc.
Lily Co. Inc.
Linear Dynamics Inc.
Lyle Van Patten Co. Inc.
MA Bruder & Sons Inc.
Maas & Waldstein Co.
MAB Paints Inc.
Magruder Color Co. Inc. Radiant Color Div.
Major Paint Co.
Mansfield Paint Co. Inc.
Martec Inc.
Martin-Senour Co.
Mautz Paint Co.
McCormick Paint Works Co.
McWhorter-McCloskey Inc.
Mercury Paint Co. Inc.
Mid-States Paint Co.
Midwest Lacquer Manufacturing Co.
Midwest Paint Manufacturing Co.
Millmaster Onyx Group Inc. Mantrose-
Haeuser Co.
Mobile Paint Manufacturing Co.
Mohawk Finishing Products
Moline Paint Manufacturing Co.
Moling Paint Manufacturing
Monarch Paint Co.
Morton Intl Inc. Norris Paint/TMT
Muralo Co. Inc.
Muralo Co. Inc. Olympic Paint & Chem
Co.
N Siperstein Inc.
Address
PO Box 39-R, Denver CO 80239
PO Box 7311, San Francisco CA 94120
PO Box 4428, Baltimore MD 21223
150 S Calverton Rd, Baltimore MD 21223
PO Box 188, Templeton MA 01468
733 S West St, Indianapolis, IN 46225
PO Box 2358, High Point NC 27261
400 Lanidex Plz, Parsippany NJ 07054
321 W 135th St, Los Angeles CA 90061
PO Box 600, Broomall PA 19008
2121 McCarter Highway, Newark NJ 07104
630 N 3rd St, Terre Haute IN 47808
PO Box 4019, Richmond CA 94804
4300 W 190th St, Torrance CA 90509
169 W Longview Ave, Mansfield OH 44905
760 Aloha St, Seattle WA 98109
101 Prospect Ave, Cleveland OH 44115
PO Box 7068, Madison WI 53707
2355 Lewis Ave, Rockville, MD 20851
5501 E Slauson Ave, Los Angeles CA 90040
14300 Schaefer Highway, Detroit MI 48227
9315 Watson Indus Park, St. Louis MO 63126
9353 Seymour Ave, Schiller Par IL 60176
2313 W River Rd N, Minneapolis MN 55411
500 Post Rd E, Westport CT 06880
4775 Hamilton Blvd, Theodore AL 36582
Route 30 N, Amsterdam NY 12010
5400 23rd Ave, Moline IL 61265
5400 23rd Ave, Moline IL 61265
PO Box 55604, Houston TX 77255
PO Box 2023, Salem OR 97308
PO Box 455, Bayonne NJ 07002
5928 S Garfield Ave, Los Angeles CA 90040
415 Montgomery St, Jersey City NJ 07302
Sales in
$ Millions
23
4
6
13
11
212
30
30
o
3
140*
15
32
30
65
2
o
J
44*
19
18*
5
18
3
5
2
15
45
35*
17
125
29*
5
42
2*
40
(continued)
B-7
-------
TABLE B-l.
PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS FACILITIES (SIC 2851) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (Continued)
Name
National Paint Co. Inc.
National Lacquer & Paint Co.
Nelson Tech Coatings Inc.
New York Bronze Powder Co. Inc.
Niles Chem Paint Co.
Norton & Son Inc.
Nu-Brite Chem Co. Inc. Kyanize Paints
O'Brien Corp.
O'Brien Corp. Powder Coatings Div.
O'Brien Corp. Southeast Region
Old Quaker Paint Co.
Orelite Chem Coatings
Pacific Coast Lacquer Co. Inc.
Palmer Paint Products Inc.
Pan Chem Corp.
Paragon Paint & Varnish Corp.
Parker Paint Manufacturing Co.
Parks Corp.
Parks Paint & Varnish Co. Inc.
Passonno Paints
Pave-Mark Corp.
PavePrep Corp.
Perm Color Inc.
Pentagon Chem & Paint Co.
Perfection Paint & Color Co.
Performance Coatings Inc.
Perry & Derrick Co.
Pervo Paint Co.
PFI Incorporated-Paints for Industry
Pierce & Stevens Corp.
Plasti-Kote Co. Inc.
Plasticolors Inc.
Plextone Corp. of America
PMC Inc. Gen Plastics Div.
Ponderosa Paint Manufacturing Co. Inc.
Address
3441 E 14th St, Los Angeles CA 90023
7415 S Green St, Chicago IL 60621
2147 N Tyler Ave, South El Mon CA 91733
519 Dowd Ave, Elizabeth NJ 07201
PO Box 307, Niles MI 49120
148 E 5th St, Bayonne NJ 07002
2nd & Boston St, Everett MA 02149
450 E Grand Ave, South San Francisco CA 94080
5300 Sunrise Rd, Houston TX 77021
PO Box 864, Brunswick GA 31521
2209 S Main St, Santa Ana CA 92707
62 Woolsey St, Irvington NJ 07111
3150 E Pico Blvd, Los Angeles CA 90023
PO Box 1058, Troy MI 48099
1 Washington Ave, Hawthorne NJ 07506
5.49 46th Ave, Long Island NY 11101
PO Box 11047, Tacoma WA 98411
PO Box 5, Somerset MA 02726
660 Tonnelle Ave, Jersey City NJ 07307
500 Broadway, Watervliet NY 12189
PO Box 94108, Atlanta GA 30318
141 Central Ave, Westfield NJ 07090
400 Old Dublin Pike, Doylestown PA 18901
24 Woodward Ave, Ridgewood NY 11385
715 E Maryland St, Indianapolis IN 46202
PO Box 1569, Ukiah CA 95482
2510 Highland Ave, Cincinnati OH 45212
6624 Stanford Ave, Los Angeles CA 90001
921 Santa Fe Springs Rd, Santa Fe Spr CA 90670
710 Ohio St, Buffalo NY 14203
PO Box 708, Medina OH 44258
2600 Michigan Ave, Ashtabula OH 44004
2141 McCarter Highway, Newark NJ 07104
55-T La France Ave, Bloomfield NJ 07003
PO Box 5466, Boise ID 83705
Sales in
$ Millions
o
3
2
2
30
16*
15*
20
150*
40
11*
31
4
o
5
7
5
14*
26
20
3*
10
20
14*
40
16*
6*
3
15
13
2
50
50
17
o
3
4
10
(continued)
-------
TABLE B-l.
PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS FACILITIES (SIC 2851) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (Continued)
Name
Porter Paint Co.
Potter Paint Co. Inc.
PPG Indus Architectual Finishes Inc.
PPG Indus Inc. Automotive Products Group
Pratt & Lambert Inc.
Pratt & Lambert Inc. Western Div.
Premier Coatings Inc.
Preservative Paint Co. Inc.
Pro-Line Paint Manufacturing Co. Inc.
Proctor Paint & Varnish
Progress Paint Manufacturing Co.
Pruett-Schaffer Chem Co.
Pyrolac Corp.
Quality Coatings Inc.
Raffi & Swanson Inc.
Randolph Products Co.
Red Spot Paint Varnish Co. Red Spot
Westland Inc.
Red Spot Paint Varnish Co.
Reliable Coatings Inc.
Republic Clear Thru Corp.
Republic Powdered Metals Inc.
Riley Bros Inc.
River Valley Coatings Inc.
Riverside Labs Inc.
RJ McGlennon Co. Inc.
Roymal Inc.
RPM Inc.
Rudd Co. Inc.
Rust-Oleum Corp.
Rutland Fire Clay Co.
Sampson Paint Manufacturing Co.
Sampson Coatings Inc.
Sandstrom Products Co.
Saxon Paint & Home Care Centers Inc.
Dreeblan Paint Co.
Address
PO Box 1439, Louisville KY 40201
PO Box 265, Cambridge Ci IN 47327
2233 112th Ave NE, Bellevue WA 98004
PO Box 3510, Troy MI 48007
75 Tonawanda St, Buffalo NY 14207
PO Box 668, Marysville CA 95901
2250 Arthur Ave, Elk Grove Vi IL 60007
5410 Airport Way S, Seattle WA 98108
2646 Main St, San Diego CA 92113
38 Wells Ave, Yonkers NY 10701
PO Box 33188, Louisville KY 40232
PO Box 4350, Pittsburgh PA 15204
55 Schoon Ave, Hawthorne NJ 07506
1700 N State, Chandler IN 47610
100 Eames St, Wilmington MA 01887
Park Place E, Carlstadt NJ 07072
550 S Edwin St, Westland MI 48185
PO Box 418, Evansville IN 47703
13108 Euless St, Euless TX 76040
211 63rd St, Brooklyn NY 11220
PO Box 777, Median OH 44258
860 Washington Ave, Burlington IA 52601
PO Box 580, Aurora IL 60507
411 Union St, Geneva IL 60134
198 Utah St, San Francisco CA 94103
Route 103, Newport NH 03773
PO Box 777, Medina OH 44258
1630 15th Ave W, Seattle WA 98119
11 Hawthorne Parkway, Vernon Hills IL 60061
PO Box 340, Rutland VT 05702
1900 Ellen Rd, Richmond VA 23224
PO Box 6625, Richmond VA 23230
218 S High, Port Byron IL 61275
3729 W 49th St, Chicago IL 60632
Sales in
$ Millions
121
2*
110*
20*
246
10
20
13
7*
20
10
4
4*
2
15
9
15
56
14*
6
15
3
2*
3*
3
4
380
10
89
2
42
9
7
15*
(continued)
B-9
-------
TABLE B-l.
PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS FACILITIES (SIC 2851) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (Continued)
Name
Schalk Chems Inc.
Scott Paint Corp.
Seagrave Coatings Corp. Clover Leaf Paint
& Varnish
Seaside Inc.
Seibert-Oxidermo Inc.
SEM Products Inc.
Sentry Paint Technologies Inc.
Seymour of Sycamore Inc.
Sheboygan Paint Co.
Sheffield Bronze Paint Corp.
Sherwin-Williams Co.
Sherwin-Williams Co. Automotive Div.
Sherwin-Williams Co. Consumer Div.
Sherwin-Williams Co. Oakland
Sherwin-Williams Co. Chem Coatings Div.
Sigma Coatings Co.
Smiland Paint Co.
Snyder Bros Co.
Southern Coatings Inc.
Southwestern Petroleum Corp.
Spatz Paints Inc.
Specialty Coating & Chem
Spectra-Tone Paint Corp.
Spraylat Corp. Los Angeles
Stanchem Inc.
Standard Detroit Paint Co.
Standard T Chem Co. Inc.
Star Finishing Products Inc.
Star Bronze Co.
STD Coating Corp.
Steelcote Manufacturing Corp.
Sterling Twelve Star Paint
Sterling-Clark-Lurton
Stevens Paint Corp.
Stonhard Inc.
Address
2400 Vauxhall Rd, Union NJ 07083
5940 Palmer Blvd, Sarasota FL 34232
320 Paterson Plank Rd, Carlstadt NJ 07072
PO Box 2809, Long Beach CA 90801
6455 Strong Ave, Detroit MI 48211
120 Sem Ln, Belmont CA 94002
237 Mill St, Darby PA 19023
917 Crosby Ave, Sycamore IL 60178
PO Box 417, Sheboygan WI 53082
17814 S. Waterloo Rd, Cleveland OH 44119
101 Prospect Ave NW, Cleveland OH 44115
101 Prospect Ave NW, Cleveland OH 44115
101 Prospect Ave NW, Cleveland OH 44115
1450 Sherwin Ave, Oakland CA 94608
11541 S Champlain Ave, Chicago IL 60628
PO Box 816, Harvey LA 70059
620 Lamar St, Los Angeles CA 90031
PO Box 760, Toccoa GA 30577
PO Box 160, Sumter SC 29151
PO Box 961005, Fort Worth TX 76161
1439 Hanley Industrial Ct, St. Louis MO 63144
7360 Varna Ave, North Hollywood CA 91605
9635 Klingerman St, South El Mon CA 91733
3465 S La Cienega, Los Angeles CA 90016
401 Berlin St, East Berlin CT 06023
8225 Lyndon Ave, Detroit MI 48238
290 E Joe Orr Rd, Chicago Heights IL 60411
360 Shore Dr, Hinsdale IL 60521
PO Box 2206, Alliance OH 44601
461 Broad Ave, Ridgefield NJ 07657
3418 Gratiot St, St. Louis MO 63103
PO Box 791, Little Rock AR 72203
184 Commercial St, Maiden MA 02148
38 Wells Ave, Yonkers NY 10701
PO Box 308, Maple Shade NJ 08052
Sales in
$ Millions
7
16*
14*
3
11
7
10
10
12
3
2,124
160
170*
32*
250
15
10
7
40
26
5
3
7
5
10
8
14*
15
11
3
4
15
9
15
62
(continued)
B-10
-------
TABLE B-l.
PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS FACILITIES (SIC 2851) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (Continued)
Name
Strathmore Products Inc.
Sullivan Coatings Inc.
Sunnyside Corp
Superior Varnish & Drier Co.
Superior Sealants Inc.
Supro Corp.
Technical Coatings Laboratory Inc.
Technical Coatings Inc.
Technical Coatings Co.
Tenax Finishing Products
Tera Lite Inc.
Tester Corp.
Thompson & Formby Inc.
Ti-Kromatic Paints Inc.
Tnemec Co. Inc.
Touraine Paints Inc.
Tower Paint Manufacturing
Trail Chem Corp.
Triangle Coatings Inc.
United Paint & Chem Corp.
United Coatings Inc.
United Paint Co.
United Gilsonite Labs
Universal Paint Corp.
Universal Chems & Coatings Inc.
Universe Paint Co.
Valspar Corp. MCI Quality Coatings
Valspar Corp. Colony Paints Div.
Valspar Corp.
Valspar Corp. Masury Paint Co.
Vanex Color Inc.
VJ Dolan & Co. Inc.
Vogel Paint & Wax Inc. Marwin Paints Inc.
Vogel Paint & Wax Inc.
Voplex Corp. Allerton Chem Div.
Address
1970 W Fayette St, Syracuse NY 13204
410 N Hart St, Chicago IL 60622
225 Carpenter Ave, Wheeling IL 60090
PO Box 1310, Merchantville NJ 08109
1135 Sylvan SW, Atlanta GA 30310
2650 Pomona Blvd, Pomona CA 91768
PO Box 565, Avon CT 06001
PO Box 3337, Austin TX 78764
1000 Walsh Ave, Santa Clara CA 95050
390 Adams St, Newark NJ 07114
1631 S 10th St, San Jose Ca 95112
620 Buckbee St, Rockford IL 61106
825 Crossover Ln, Memphis TN 38117
2492 Doswell Ave, St. Paul MN 55108
PO Box 411749, Kansas City MO 64141
1760 Revere Beach Parkway, Everett MA 02149
620 W 27th St, Hialeah FL 33010
9904 Gidley St, El Monte CA 91731
1930 Fairway Dr, San Leandro CA 94577
24671 Telegraph Rd, Southfield Ml 48034
2850 Festival Dr, Kankakee IL 60901
404 E Mallory, Memphis TN 38109
PO Box 70, Scranton PA 18501
PO Box 1218, La Puente CA 91749
1975 Fox Ln, Elgin IL 60123
PO Box 668, Marysville CA 95901
6110 Gunn Highway, Tampa FL 33625
PO Box 418037, Kansas City MO 64141
1101 S 3rd St, Minneapolis MN 55415
1401 Severn St, Baltimore MD 21230
1700 Shawnee St, Mount Vernon IL 62864
1830 N Laramie Ave, Chicago IL 60639
2100 N 2nd St, Minneapolis MN 55411
Industrial Air Park Rd., Orange City I A 51041
763 Linden Ave, Rochester NY 14625
Sales in
$ Millions
6
2*
14
7*
11*
4
6
8
6
6*
3
43*
44*
3
50
17
10
4
5
11*
65
25
22*
20
10
3*
12
15
527
8
4
5
8*
100
1
(continued)
B-ll
-------
TABLE B-l.
PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS FACILITIES (SIC 2851) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (Continued)
Name
Waterlox Chem & Coatings Corp.
Watson-Standard Co. Jordan Paint
Manufacturing Co.
Watson-Standard Co.
Wattyl Group Precision Paint Group
WC Richards Co. Inc.
Welco Manufacturing Co. Inc.
Wellborn Paint Manufacturing Co.
Western Automotive Finishes
Westfield Coatings Corp.
Westinghouse Elec Corp. Insulating
Materials Div.
Whittaker Corp. Whittaker Decatur Coatings
William Zinsser & Co.
Wiltech Corp.
Wisconsin Protective Coatings Corp.
WM Barr & Co. Inc.
Yenkin Majestic Paint Corp.
Zehrung Corp
Zolatone Process Inc.
ZPC Indus Coatings Inc.
Zynolyte Products Co.
Address
9808 Meech Ave, Cleveland OH 44105
7250 Franklin St, Forest Park IL 60130
PO Box 11250, Pittsburgh PA 15238
5275 Peachtree, Atlanta GA 30341
3555 W 123rd St, Blue Island IL 60406
1225 Ozark St, North Kansas MO 64116
215 Rossmoor Rd SW, Albuquerque NM 87102
1450 Ave R, Grand Prairi TX 75050
PO Box 815, Westfiled MA 01086
Route 993, Manor PA 15665
PO Box 2238, Decatur AL 35602
31 Belmont Dr, Somerset NJ 08873
PO Box 517, Longview WA 98632
PO Box 216, Green Bay WI 54305
PO Box 1879, Memphis TN 38113
PO Box 369004, Columbus OH 43236
3273 Casitas Ave, Los Angeles CA 90039
3411 E 15th St, Los Angeles CA 90023
120 E Minereal St, Milwaukee WI 53204
PO Box 6244, Carson CA 90749
Sales in
$ Millions
4
4
29*
15
15*
10
15
17*
7
15
12*
16
2
10
95
80
2*
6
2
25
* Indicates an estimated financial figure.
Source: Gale Research, Inc. Ward's Business Directory of U.S. Private and Public Companies-1991, Volume 4.
Detroit, MI. 1991.
B-12
-------
TABLE B-2.
PRINTING INK MANUFACTURING FACILITIES (SIC 2893) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (Continued)
Name
Acme Printing Ink Co. Packaging Inc. Corp.
Acme Printing Ink Co.
AJ Daw Printing Ink Co.
American Inks & Coatings Corp.
Autoroll Machine Corp.
BASF Corp. Coatings & Colorants Div.
Bomark Inc.
Borden Inc. Coatings & Graphics Group
Braden Sutphin Ink Co.
Celia Corp.
Central Ink & Chem
Colonial Printing Ink Corp
Converters Ink Co.
Croda Inks Corp.
Custom Chem Corp.
Del Val Ink & Color Co. Inc.
Excello Color & Chem
Flint Ink Corp.
Flint Ink Corp. Capitol Printing Ink
Flint Ink Corp.
Cans Ink & Supply Co. Inc.
Gotham Ink & Color Co. Inc.
Graphic Color Corp.
Handschy Ink & Chems Inc.
Ink Masters Inc.
James River Corp. of Virginia CZ Inks Div.
JM Huber Corp. Carbon Div.
Kerley Ink Engineers Inc.
Kohl & Madden Printing Ink Corp.
Lakeland Laboratory Inc. Alfa Ink Div.
Lakeland Laboratory Inc.
Lawter Intl Inc.
Merit Printing Inc. Co.
Address
5001 S Mason Ave, Chicago IL 60638
165 Bond St, Elk Grove Vi IL 60007
3559 S Greenwood Ave, Los Angeles CA 90040
PO Box 803, Valley Forge PA 19482
11 River St, Middleton MA 01949
1255 Broad St, Clifton NJ 07015
601 S 6th Ave, City of Indu CA 91746
630 Glendale - Milford, Cincinnati OH 45215
3650 E 93rd St, Cleveland OH 44105
320 Union St, Sparta MI 49345
1100 N Harvester Rd, West Chicago IL 60185
180 E Union Ave, East Rutherford NJ 07073
1301 S Park Ave, Linden NJ 07036
7777 N Merrimac, Niles IL 60648
30 Paul Kohner PI, Elmwood Park NJ 07407
1301 Taylors Ln, Riverton NJ 08077
1446 W Kinzie St, Chicago IL 60622
25111 Glendale Ave, Detroit MI 48234
806 Charming PI ME, Washington DC 20018
1404 4th St, Berkeley CA 94710
1441 Boyd St, Los Angeles CA 90033
5-19 47th Ave, Long Island NY 11101
750 Arthur Ave, Elk Grove Vi IL 60007
120 25th Ave, Bellwood IL 60104
2842 S 17th Ave, Broadview IL 60153
4150 Carr Ln, St. Louis MO 63119
9300 Needlepoint Rd, Baytown TX 77521
2839 19th Ave, Broadview IL 60153
222 Bridge Plz Sq, Hackensack NJ 07601
655 Washington Ave, Carlstadt NJ 07072
655 Washington Ave, Carlstadt NJ 07072
990 Skokie Blvd, Northbrook IL 60062
1451 S Lorena St, Los Angeles CA 90023
Sales in
$ Millions
100
140*
13
15
12
105*
3
17*
25
15
9
17
16*
32*
40
5
84*
235
23
30*
18
4
18
30
3
28
18*
4*
45
2*
3
136
4*
(continued)
B-13
-------
TABLE B-2.
PRINTING INK MANUFACTURING FACILITIES (SIC 2893) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (Continued)
Name
Midland Color Co.
Miller-Cooper Co.
Morrison Printing Ink Co.
Naz-Dar Co.
Nor-Cote Intl Inc.
North American Printing Ink
Northern Printing Ink Corp.
Polypore Inc.
Polytex Color & Chem
PPG Indus Inc. PPG Ink Products Co.
Rexart Chem Corp.
Ron Ink Co. Inc.
Sicpa Indus of America Inc.
Sinclair & Valentine LP
Sun Chem Corp.
Sun Chem Corp. Gen. Printing Ink Div.
Superior Printing Ink Co. Inc.
United States Printing Ink Corp. Leber Ink
Div.
United States Printing Ink Corp.
Van Son Holland Corp. of America
Vivitone Inc.
Walter W Lawrence
Wikoff Color Corp.
Address
651 Bonnie Ln, Elk Grove Vi IL 60007
1601 Prospect Ave, Kansas City MO 64127
4801 W 160th St, Cleveland OH 44135
1087 N Northbranch St, Chicago IL 60622
PO Box 668, Crawfordsville IN 47933
1524 David Rd, Elgin IL 60123
8360 10th Ave N, Minneapolis MN 55427
4601 S 3rd Ave, Tucson AZ 85714
820 E 140th St, Bronx NY 10454
1835 Airport Exchange Blvd, Covington KY 41018
1183 Westside Ave, Jersey City NJ 07306
61 Halstead St, Rochester NY 14610
8000 Research Way, Springfield VA 22153
2520 Pilot Knob Rd, St. Paul MN 55120
PO Box 1302, Fort Lee NJ 07024
135 W Lake St, Northlake IL 60164
70 Bethune St, New York NY 10014
PO Box 88700, Seattle WA 98138
343 Murray Hill Pkwy, East Rutherford NJ 07073
92 Union St, Mineola NY 11501
110 E 27th St, Paterson NJ 07514
9715 Alpaca St, South El Mon CA 91733
PO Box W, Fort Mill SC 29715
Sales in
$ Millions
85
6
14*
15*
5
14
8
10
o
5
15
6*
7
25
186
1,100
410*
50
6
65
42
8
1
45*
indicates an estimated financial figure.
Source: Gale Research, Inc. Ward's Business Directory of U.S. Private and Public Companies-1991, Volume 4.
Detroit, MI. 1991.
B-14
-------
TABLE B-3.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING FACILITIES (SIC 27) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (Continued)
Company
2711 Newspapers
Advance Publications Inc.
Affiliated Publications Inc.
Chicago Tribune Co.
Cox Enterprises Inc.
Dow Jones & Co. Inc.
EW Scripps Co.
Freedom Newspapers Inc.
Gannett Co. Inc.
Hearst Corp.
Ingersoll Publications Co.
Knight-Ridder Inc.
Media Gen Inc.
New York Times Co.
News America Publishing Inc.
Thomson Newspapers Corp.
Times Mirro Co.
Tribune Co.
Location
Staten Island, NY
Boston, MA
Chicago, IL
Atlanta, GA
Washington, DC
Wilmington, DE
Irvine, CA
Arlington, VA
New York, NY
Princeton, NJ
Miami, FL
Richmond, VA
New York, NY
New York, NY
Des Plaines, IL
Los Angeles, CA
Chicago, IL
Sales (millions)
2,200*
542
500
1,970
1,444
1,266
500
3,518
1,900*
1,010*
2,268
606
1,769
3,000
550*
3,475
2,455
2721 Periodicals
ABC Publishing
Billboard Publications Inc.
BPI Communications Inc.
Cahners Publishing Co. New York Magazine
Div.
Chiton Co.
CMP Publications Inc.
Conde Nast Publications Inc.
New York, NY
New York, NY
New York, NY
New York, NY
Radnor, PA
Manhasset, NY
New York, NY
310*
100
105
102
150
187*
280*
(continued)
B-15
-------
TABLE B-3.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING FACILITIES (SIC 27) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (Continued)
Company
Grain Communicating Inc.
Diamonds Communications Inc.
Edgell Communications Inc.
Forbes Inc.
International Data Group Inc.
Meredith Corp.
Meredith Corp. Ladies' Home Journal
National Enquirer Inc.
National Geographic Soc.
Newsweek Inc.
Official Airline Guides Inc.
Penthouse Intl. Ltd.
Penton Publishing Inc.
Peterson Publishing Co.
Playboy Enterprises Inc.
Reader's Digest Assn. Inc.
Reed Publishing (USA) Inc. Cahners Publishing
Co.
Reed Publishing (USA) Inc.
Rodale Press Inc.
Scholastic Inc.
Simon & Shuster Inc. Bur of Bus Practice
Standard & Poor's Corp.
Thompson Corp. Thompson Bus. Info.
Time Inc. Magazine Co.
Times Mirror Magazines Inc.
Location
Chicago, IL
New York, NY
Cleveland, OH
New York, NY
Framingham, MA
Des Moines, IA
New York, NY
Lantana, FL
Washington, DC
New York, NY
Oak Brook, IL
New York, NY
Cleveland, OH
Los Angeles, CA
Chicago, IL
Pleasantville, NY
Newton, MA
Newton, MA
Emmaus, PA
New York, NY
Waterford, CT
New York, NY
Stamford, CT
New York, NY
New York, NY
Sales (millions)
145
470*
205
200
500
792
100
180
425
256
130*
160*
151
140*
160
1,832
430
600
150*
250*
100*
260*
160*
1,500*
470*
(continued)
B-16
-------
TABLE B-3.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING FACILITIES (SIC 27) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (Continued)
Company
Trader Publications Inc.
US News & World Report Inc.
Warren Gorham & Lament Inc.
Whittle Communications Inc.
Ziff Communications Co.
Ziff Communications Co. Zif-Davis Publishing
Co.
Location
Clearwater, FL
New York, NY
New York, NY
Knoxville, TN
New York, NY
New York, NY
Sales (millions)
270*
140*
130
210*
340*
160*
2731 Book Publishing
Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group Inc.
David C. Cook Publishing Co.
Encyclopedia Britannica Inc.
Field Publications
Grolier Inc.
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.
Harper Collins Publishers Inc.
Houghton Mifflin Co.
Insilco Corp.
John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Lawyers Co-Operative Publishing Co. Inc.
Macmillan Inc.
Macmillan Inc. Info Svcs & Instruction
MacMillan Intl. Inc.
Macmillan-McGraw-Hill School Publishing Co.
School Div.
Reading, MA
New York, NY
Elgin, IL
Chicago, IL
Middletown, CT
Danbury, CT
Orlando, FL
New York, NY
Boston, MA
Midland, TX
New York, NY
Rochester, NY
New York, NY
New York, NY
New York, NY
New York, NY
120*
180*
100
624
100*
440*
1,341
450
370
450*
282
150*
950*
416
146*
200
(continued)
B-17
-------
TABLE B-3.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING FACILITIES (SIC 27) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (Continued)
Company
Macmillian-McGraw-Hill School Publishing Co.
McGraw-Hill Inc. McGraw-Hill Intl Book Group
Mosby Year Book Inc.
Prentice Hall Inc.
Putnam Publishing Group, Inc.
Rand McNally & Co.
Random House, Inc.
RR Donnelley & Sons Co. Willard Div.
Simon & Schuster Inc.
South- Western Publishing Co.
Sunday School Bd of the Southern Baptist
Convention
Time-Life Books Inc.
West Publishing Co.
Western Publishing Group Inc.
World Book Inc.
Zondervan Corp.
Location
Lake Forest, IL
New York, NY
St. Louis, MO
New York, NY
New York, NY
Skokie, IL
New York, NY
Willard, OH
New York, NY
Cincinnati, OH
Nashville, TN
Alexandria, VA
St. Paul, MN
Racine, WI
Chicago, IL
Grand Rapids, MI
Sales (millions)
390*
115
150
970*
100
430*
325
150
1,320
112
172
350
450*
480
330*
100*
2732 Book Printing
Arcata Graphics Co. Arcata Graphics Book
Group
Banta Corp.
Bertelsmann Printing & Mfg. Corp.
Brown Printing Co. (Waseca Minnesota)
Great Lakes Color Printing Corp.
Harper & Row Publishers
Kingsport, TN
Menasha, WI
Berryville, VA
Waseca, MN
Brentwood, TN
New York, NY
170*
568
220*
363
210*
450
(continued)
B-18
-------
TABLE B-3.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING FACILITIES (SIC 27) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (Continued)
Company
Jostens Inc. Printing & Publishing Div.
RR Donnelley & Sons Co.
Location
Minneapolis, MN
Chicago, IL
Sales (millions)
121
3,122
2741 Misc Publishing
Commerce Clearing House Inc.
Donnelley Directory
GTE Telephone Operations Inc. GTE Directories
Corp.
McGraw-Hill Info. Svcs. Co.
NYNEX Info Resources Co.
RL Polk & Co.
Simplicity Holdings, Inc.
Simplicity Pattern Co.
Southwestern Bell Yellow Pages Inc.
Southwestern Bell Publications Inc.
U.S. West Direct (U.S. West Marketing
Resources Group Inc.)
Wonderland Music Co. Inc.
Riverwoods, IL
New York, NY
Dallas-Fort, TX
New York, NY
Middleton, MA
Detroit, MI
New York, NY
New York, NY
St. Louis, MO
St. Louis, MO
Aurora, CO
Burbank, CA
678
1,300*
360*
668
800
280
110*
101
240*
280*
160*
200*
2752 Commercial Printing-Lithographic
American Signature Graphics Foote & Davies
Div.
American Bank Stationary Co.
Avery Intl Corp. Avery Label Co.
Graphic Controls Corp.
Graphisphere Corp.
HS Crocker Co. Inc.
Judd's Inc.
NMG Inc.
Atlanta, GA
Baltimore, MD
Azusa, CA
Buffalo, NY
Des Plaines, IL
South San Francisco, CA
Washington, DC
Los Angeles, CA
195
110*
110*
140
110
140*
114
105
(continued)
B-19
-------
TABLE B-3.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING FACILITIES (SIC 27) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (Continued)
Company
Perry Printing Corp.
Quebecor Printing (USA) Inc.
Queens Group Inc.
Ringler America Inc.
RR Donnelley & Sons Co. Mattoon Mfg. Div.
RR Donnelley & Sons Co. Lancaster Mfg. Div.
Shea Communications Co.
Taylor Corp.
Treasure Chest Advertising Co. Inc.
Valassis Inserts Inc.
World Color Press Inc.
Location
Waterloo, WI
St. Paul, MN
Long Island, NY
Itasca, IL
Mattoon, IL
Lancaster, PA
Louisville, KY
Mankato, MN
Glendora, CA
Livonia, MI
Effingham, IL
Sales (millions)
175
770
100
700
110*
190*
120
540*
550*
400*
650
2754 Commercial Printing-Gravure
All-State Legal Supply Co.
Arcata Graphics Co.
Beck Co. (Langhorne Pennsylvania)
Clark Printing Co. Inc.
ColorArt Inc.
Dennison Mfg. Co. IPC Dennison Co.
Dinagraphics Inc.
Golden Belt Mfg. Co.
Graphic Ctr. Cos. Inc. Blake Printery
International Label Co.
JW Fergusson & Sons
Maxwell Communications Corp. Atglen
McCleery -Gumming Co.
Cranford, NJ
Baltimore, MD
W, Langhorne, PA
North Kansas, MO
St. Louis, MO
Rogersville, TN
Cincinnati, OH
Durham, NC
St. San Luis Obi, CA
Clarksville, TN
Richmond, VA
Atglen, PA
Washington, IA
43
500*
10
14*
30
60
20
70
11
30
34
50*
22
(continued)
B-20
-------
TABLE B-3.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING FACILITIES (SIC 27) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (Continued)
Company
Meredith-Burda Corp.
Perry Printing Corp. Norway Div.
Printing House Inc. (Quincy Florida)
Ringier America Inc. Corinth Div.
Sheridan Press
Southern Gravure Svc. Inc.
Stevens Graphics Inc.
Technographic Inc. Decotone
World Color Press Inc. Salem Gravure Div.
Location
Des Moines, IA
Norway, MI
Quincy, FL
Corinth, MS
Hanover, PA
Louisville, KY
Atlanta, GA
Lexington, SC
Salem, IL
Sales (millions)
500
25*
24
80
15
58*
150
30
80
2759 Commercial Printing Nee
Alden Press Inc.
Avery Intl. Corp. Soabar Products Group
Bowne & Co. Inc.
Curtis 1000 Inc.
Data Documents Inc. (Omaha)
Deluxe Corp.
Duplex Products Inc.
Graphic Indus. Inc.
John H. Harland Co.
Maxwell Commun Corp.
Meehan-Tooker Inc.
Quad Graphics Inc.
RR Donnelley & Sons Co. Warsaw Mfg. Div.
Webcraft Technologies Inc.
Williamhouse-Regency Inc.
Elk Grove Village, IL
Philadelphia, PA
New York, NY
Atlanta, GA
Omaha, NE
St. Paul, MN
Sycamore, IL
Atlanta, GA
Atlanta, GA
St. Paul, MN
East Rutherford, NJ
Pewaukee, WI
Warsaw, IN
North Brunswick, NJ
New York, NY
170*
100*
190
160*
200
1,316
327
310
345
720*
110
380
160*
220*
230
(continued)
B-21
-------
TABLE B-3.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING FACILITIES (SIC 27) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (Continued)
Company
World Color Press Inc. Spartan Printing Co.
Location
Sparta, IL
Sales (millions)
100*
2761 Manifold Business Forms
Allied Paper Inc. Allied-Energy Syss Inc.
American Bus Products Inc.
Arnold Corp.
CST Group Inc.
Ennis Bus. Forms Inc.
McGregor Printing Corp.
Moore Corp. Ltd. Moore Bus. Forms & Syss.
Div.
New England Bus. Svc. Inc.
Office Electronic Inc.
Standard Register Co.
Uarco Inc.
Vanier Graphics Corp. (American Bus. Products
Inc.)
Wallace Computer Svcs. Inc.
Dayton, OH
Atlanta, GA
Dayton, OH
Wheeling, IL
Ennis, TX
Washington, DC
Glenview, IL
Groton, MA
Itasca, IL
Dayton, OH
Barrington, IL
Santee, CA
Hillside, IL
130*
387
200
110
130
125
1,675
226
105
709
520*
133
429
2771 Greeting Cards
American Greetings Corp.
American Greetings Corp. Seasonal Div.
Current Inc. (Colorado Springs Colorado)
Gibson Greetings Inc.
Hallmark Cards Inc.
Hallmark Cards Inc. Topeka Products
Cleveland, OH
Oscoola, AR
Colorado Springs, CO
Cincinnati, OH
Kansas City, MO
Topeka, KS
1,309
110
160
463
2,500
120*
* Indicates an estimated financial figure
Source: Gale Research, Inc. Ward's Business Directory of U.S. Private and Public Companies-1991, Volume 4.
Detroit, MI. 1991.
B-22
-------
APPENDIX C
SUMMARY OF EMISSION FACTORS LISTED IN THIS DOCUMENT
C-l
-------
TABLE C-l.
SUMMARY OF METHYL ETHYL KETONE EMISSION FACTORS
SIC
2611
2611
2611
2611
2611
2611
2611
2611
4953
SIC Description
Pulp Mills
Pulp Mills
Pulp Mills
Pulp Mills
Pulp Mills
Pulp Mills
Pulp Mills
Pulp Mills
Refuse Systems
sec
30700101
30700103
307001
30700102
30700107
30700101
30700104
30700109
50100506
SCC Description
Pulp and Paper-Kraft Pulping-
Digester
Pulp and Paper-Kraft Pulping-
Evaporator
Pulp and Paper-Kraft Pulping
Pulp and Paper-Kraft Pulping-
Washer/Screens
Pulp and Paper-Kraft Pulping-
Turpentine Condenser
Pulp and Paper-Kraft Pulping-
Digester/Blow Tank
Pulp and Paper-Kraft Pulping-
Fumace with direct contact
evaporators
Pulp and Paper-Kraft Pulping-
Liquor Oxidation Tower
Solid Waste Disposal-Sludge
Incinerator
Emission Factor
0.0165 kg MEK/Mg Pulp
0.0135 kg MEK/Mg Pulp
0.0015 kg MEK/Mg Pulp
0.0135 kg MEK/Mg Pulp
0.0045 kg MEK/Mg Pulp
0.007 kg MEK/Mg Pulp
0.0075 kg MEK/Mg Pulp
0.005 kg MEK/Mg Pulp
0.00538 kg MEK/Mg of
dry sludge
Quality
Rating
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Reference
7-7
7-9
7-7
7-9
7-7
7-9
7-7
7-9
7-7
7-9
7-7
7-9
7-7
7-9
7-7
7-9
6-3
Note
Non condensible gases from
evaporator and digester vents
Evaporator combined condensate
Oxygen deliquification system
vents
Brown stock washer vent gases
Turpentine condenser
condensates
Batch digester blow condensates
Direct contact evaporators
Black liquor oxidation vent
gases
Controlled with scrubber
-------
TABLE C-2.
SUMMARY OF VOC EMISSION FACTORS*
SIC
2869
2869
2869
2869
2869
2869
2869
2869
2869
2869
SIC Description
Industrial Organic Chemicals
Industrial Organic Chemicals
Industrial Organic Chemicals
Industrial Organic Chemicals
Industrial Organic Chemicals
Industrial Organic Chemicals
Industrial Organic Chemicals
Industrial Organic Chemicals
Industrial Organic Chemicals
Industrial Organic Chemicals
sec
30109105
30109105
30109105
30109105
30109105
30109105
30109105
30109105
30109105
30109105
SCC Description
Ketone Production - MEK
Ketone Production - MEK
Ketone Production - MEK
Ketone Production - MEK
Ketone Production - MEK
Ketone Production - MEK
Ketone Production - MEK
Ketone Production - MEK
Ketone Production - MEK
Ketone Production - MEK
Emission Factor
0.104 kg/hr/source
0.00083 kg/hr/source
0.0017 kg/hr/source
0.015 kg/hr/source
0.0056 kg/hr/source
0.0071 kg/hr/source
0.00023 kg/hr/source
0.0494 kg/hr/source
0.0214 kg/hr/source
0.228 kg/hr/source
Quality
Rating
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
Reference
4-8
4-8
4-8
4-8
4-8
4-8
4-8
4-8
4-8
4-8
Note
Fugitives-Gas/vapor pressure relief seals
Fugitives-Flanges
Fugitives-Open ended lines
Fugitives-Sampling connections
Fugitives-Gas valves
Fugitives-Light liquid valves
Fugitives-Heavy liquid valves
Fugitives-Light liquid pump seals
Fugitives-Heavy liquid pump seals
Fugitives-Gas/Vapor compressor seals
Note: To obtain methyl ethyl ketone leak emission factor for each component, multiply VOC emission factor above by the fraction of methyl ethyl ketone in the stream.
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on ilie reverse before completing/
1. REPORT NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Locating And Estimating Air Emissions From Sources
Of Methyl Ethyl Ketone
. AUTHOR(S)
3. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
TRC Environmental Corporation
100 Europa Drive, Suite 150
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
3. RtCIPM'NT'S ACCESSION NO.
5. REPORT OATF
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO
68-D9-0173
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
J.S. Environmental Protection Agency
OAR, OAQPS, TSD, EIB, EFMS (MD-14)
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
4. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Project Officer: Dennis Beauregard
16. ABSTRACT
To assist groups interested in inventorying air emissions of various potentially toxic
substances, EPA is preparing a series of documents such as this to compile available
information on sources and emission of these substances. This document deals
specifically with Methyl Ethyl Ketone and in making gross estimates of air emissions
therefrom.
This document presents information on (1) the types of sources that may emit Methyl
Ethyl Ketone, (2) process variations and release points for these sources, and (3)
available emissions information indicating the potential for Methyl Ethyl Ketone
releases into the air from each operation.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Air Emission Sources
.ocating Air Emission Sources
Toxic Substances
Emission Estimation
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
UNLIMITED
19. SECURITY CLASS (Tliis Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
158
20. SECURITY CLASS (Tliis page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
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