United States
            Environmental Protection
            Agency
&EPA
            Great Lakes National
            Program 'Office
            536 South Clark Street
            Chicago, Illinois 60605
EPA-905/4-85-001
March 1985
Preliminary Evaluation
Of Chemical Migration
To Groundwater and
The Niagara River from
Selected Waste-
Disposal Sites

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           "Preliminary Evaluation of Chemical
  Migration to Groundwater and the Niagara River from
              Selected Waste-Disposal Sites"
                           By

       Edward J. Koszalka, James E. Paschal, Jr.,

           Todd S. Miller and Philip B.  Duran
         Prepared by the U.S. Geological  Survey

                in cooperation with the

New York State Department of Environmental  Conservation

                        for the

          U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

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                                    DISCLAIMER
         This  report  has  been  reviewed by the Great Lakes National Program Office,
    U.S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency, and approved for publication.  Approval
    does  not  signify  that the  contents necessarily reflect the views and policies
    of  the  U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names,
    or  commercial  products constitute endorsement, or recommendation for use.
                                        n
U.S. I:r.vi-vrr-::.••-'. :  . r/:'.:sn Agency

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                                 FOREWORD
     The Great Lakes National Program Office (GLNPO)  of the United States
Environmental Protection Agency was established in Region V, Chicago,  to
focus attention on the significant and complex natural  resource represented
by the Great Lakes.

     GLNPO implements a multi-media environmental  management program
drawing on a wide range of expertise represented by universities,  private
firms, State, Federal, and Canadian governmental agencies, and the
International Joint Commision.  The goal  of the GLNPO program is to
develop programs, practices and technology necessary  for a better
understanding of the Great Lakes system.   GLNPO also  coordinates U.S.
actions in fulfillment of the Agreement between Canada and the United
States of America on Great Lakes Water Quality of 1978.

     This cooperative study was supported by GLNPO, USEPA Region II, New
York State Department of Environmental  Conservation,  and United States
Geological Survey funds to define more clearly the interactions between
groundwater and surface water in the Niagara River area.
                                   in

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                                   CONTENTS

                                                                           Page

 List  of  sites  studied	  xxiii
 Abstract	      1
 Introduction	      1
    Purpose  and scope	      3
    Acknowledgments	      3
 Methods  of  investigation	      4
    Individual  site  studies	      4
      Assignment  of site numbers	      4
      Literature  review	      5
      Drilling and  coring	      5
      Substrate and water sampling	      5
      Electromagnetic-conductivity survey	      9
      Study  of  dredge-spoil-containment sites	      9
    Regional  hydrologic  investigation	      9
      Hydrogeology, stratigraphy,  and water quality	      9
      Monitoring  wells	     12
      Bedrock  drilling	     13
    Quality  assurance  for chemical  data	     13
      Practices	     13
      Results	     17
 Evaluation  of  contaminant migration	     30
    Qualitative  assessment	     30
    Quantitative assessment	     30
      General  considerations	     30
      Method of computation	     32
 Regional hydrologic evaluation	     34
    Buffalo  area	     35
      Geology	     35
      Aquifer  lithology and water-bearing characteristics	     39
      Ground-water quality	     40
    Tonawanda area	     42
      Geology	     42
      Aquifer  lithology and water-bearing characteristics	     44
      Ground-water quality	     45
   Niagara Falls area	     49
      Geology	     49
      Aquifer  lithology and water-bearing characteristics	     52
      Ground-water quality	     56
Results of hydrologic and chemical evaluation	     71
Guidelines for future studies	     75
   Site studies	     75
   Modeling of regional ground-water flow	     77
Summary	     78
Sources of data	     80
Appendices	     85
   A.   Buffalo area site descriptions	     91
   B.   Tonawanda area site descriptions	   175
   C.   Niagara Falls  area site descriptions	   289
                                      IV

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                                    PLATES
                                   (in  pocket)

                  1.   Location  of  sites  in  Buffalo  area.
                  2.   Location  of  sites  in  Tonawanda  area.
                  3.   Location  of  sites  in  Niagara  Falls  area.
                               ILLUSTRATIONS
                                                                          Page

Figure  1.  Map  showing  location  of  study  area  in Erie and Niagara
           Counties	    2

        2.  Horizontal and vertical  ground-water gradients in a
           generalized hydrologic section	   33

     3-4.  Maps of Buffalo area  showing:

           3.  Bedrock geology of the Buffalo area	   36

           4.  Surficial geology of the Buffalo area	   37

       5.  Map showing surficial geology of Tonawanda area,  N.Y	   43

       6.  General geologic column  of the Niagara Falls area	   50

     7-8.  Maps showing:

           7.  Surficial geology of the Niagara Falls area	   51

           8.  Potentiometric surface of the upper water-bearing zones
               of the Lockport Dolomite and location of bedrock wells
               in the Niagara Falls area	   53


                           Buffalo Area (Appendix A)

Figure A-l.   Location of sampling holes and electromagnetic  survey
             lines at Anaconda Company,  site 113,  Buffalo	   94

       A-2.   Results  of  electromagnetic conductivity survey  at  Anaconda
             Company, site 113,  Buffalo	   96

 A-3 - A-4.   Maps  showing:

             A-3.   Location  of monitoring  wells  at  Bethlehem Steel,  site
                   118,  Lackawanna.	   98

            A-4.   Water-table altitude  and location of  sampling  holes  at
                   Buffalo Color  Corporation,  sites  120-122,  Buffalo	  103

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                         ILLUSTRATIONS  (continued)
                                                                           Page

Figures A-4 - A-12.   Maps showing:

               A-5.   Location of sampling holes  at  Hanna  Furnace
                     Corporation,  site 135,  Buffalo	    106

               A-6.   Location of sampling holes  at  McNaughton-
                     Brooks,  Inc.,  site 138,  Buffalo	    108

               A-7.   Location of sampling holes  at  Houdaille
                     Industries—Manzel Division,  site  140, Buffalo	    112

               A-8.   Location of sampling holes  at  Mobil  Oil
                     Corporation,  site 141,  Buffalo	    115

               A~9.   Location of sampling holes  at  Otis Elevator,
                     site 144, Buffalo	    118

              A-10.   Location of sampling holes  at  Ramco  Steel, site
                     147,  Buffalo	    121

              A-ll.   Potentiometric  surface  and  location  of sampling
                     holes at Republic Steel,  site  148, Buffalo,
                     August 1979 and  February  1982	    125

              A-12.   Location of sampling holes  at  Alltift Landfill,
                     site 162, Buffalo	    126

        A-13.   Generalized geologic  column  of  formations  underlying
               the Alltift Landfill,  site 162, Buffalo	   127

 A-14 - A-19.  Maps showing:

              A-14.   Location of sampling holes  at  Empire Waste,
                     site 173, Buffalo	    133

              A-15.   Location of sampling holes  at  Lehigh Valley
                     Railroad, site  190,  Buffalo	    135

              A-16.   Location of sampling holes  at  Niagara Frontier
                     Port  Authority,  site 196, Buffalo	    141

              A-17.   Location of sampling holes  at  Procknal and Katra,
                     site  200, Blasdell	    142

              A-18.   Location of sampling holes  on  Squaw  Island, site
                     203,  Buffalo	    145

              A-19.   Location of sampling holes and electromagnetic-
                     conductivity survey  lines at Donner Hanna Coke,
                     site  217, Buffalo	    152
                                       VI

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                        ILLUSTRATIONS (continued)
                                                                           Page

Figure A-20.  Results of electromagnetic-conductivity survey
              at Donner Hanna Coke,  site 217,  Buffalo	   152

A-21 - A-25.  Maps showing:

              A-21.   Location of sampling holes  at  West  Seneca
                     Transfer Station,  site 220,  West Seneca	   157

              A-22.   Location of monitoring wells at  Times Beach
                     disposal site,  site 241,  along Lake Erie, Buffalo....   158

              A-23.   Location of sampling holes at  Allied Chemical,
                     Hurwitz-Ranne Hopkins  Street,  site 249, Buffalo	   163

              A-24.   Location of monitoring  wells at  Small Boat Harbor
                     Containment Site,  site  253,  along Lake Erie,
                     Buffalo	   168

              A-25.   Location of monitoring  wells at  Buffalo Harbor
                     Containment Site,  site  254,  along Lake Erie,
                     Lackawanna	   171
                         Tonawanda Area  (Appendix B)

Figure B-l.  Location of sampling holes and monitoring well at Buffalo
             Pumps Division, site 6, North Tonawanda	  177

       B~2.  Map showing location of monitoring wells at Occidental
             Chemical-Durez Division, sites 24 through 37, North
             Tonawanda	  178

       B-3.  General geologic column of formations underlying
             Occidental Chemical-Durez Division, sites 24 through
             37 , North Tonawanda. . . „	  179

 B-4 - B-7.  Maps showing:

             B-4.  Location of monitoring wells and surface-water samples
                   at National Grinding Wheel,  site 50,  North Tonawanda..   183

             B-5.  Direction of ground-water flow at National Grinding
                   Wheel,  site 5U,  North Tonawanda	   185

             B-6.  Locations of sampling holes  and monitoring wells
                   at Frontier Chemical  Company,  site  67,  Pendleton	   188

             B-7.  Location of monitoring wells at Gratwick-Riverside
                   Park,  site 66, North  Tonawanda	   193
                                     VII

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                        ILLUSTRATIONS (continued)
                                                                          Page

Figures B-8 - B~9.  Maps showing:

              B-8.  Location of sampling holes and monitoring wells
                    at Holiday Park, site 72, North Tonawanda	 194

              B-9.  Location of monitoring wells and electromagnetic-
                    conductivity survey lines at Nash Road, site 93,
                    Wheatfield	 200

       B-10.  Diagram showing effect of buried pipe on electromagnetic-
              conductivity reading	 201

       B-ll.  Graphs showing results of electromagnetic-conductivity
              survey at Nash Road,  site 93,  Wheatfield,  lines 1  through 8. 202

B-12 - B-21.  Maps showing:

              B-12.   Location of sampling holes  at  R.  P.  Adams Company,
                     site 103,  Tonawanda	 208

              B-13.   Location of sampling holes  at  Allied Chemical,
                     Tonawanda,  site 105,  Tonawanda	 211

              B-14.   Location of sampling holes  at  Allied Chemical,
                     Tonawanda,  site 106,  Tonawanda	 213

              B-15.   Location of sampling holes  and surface sample  at
                     Tonawanda  Coke,  sites  108,  109,  and  110, Tonawanda... 215

              B-16.   Location of sampling holes  at  Aluminum Match
                     Plate Corporation,  site  111, Tonawanda	 225

              B-17.   Location of sampling holes  at  Columbus McKinnon
                     Corporation,  site  123, Tonawanda	  228

              B-18.   Location of sampling holes  and electromagnetic-
                     conductivity  survey  lines at Dunlop  Tire and
                     Rubber  Company,  sites 125,  126, and  127, Tonawanda...  231

              B-19.   Graphs  showing  results of electromagnetic-
                     conductivity  survey  at Dunlop  Tire and Rubber
                     Company, sites  125,  126,  and 127, Tonawanda,
                     lines 1  through  5	  233

              B-20.   Location of monitoring wells at Dupont Company,
                     site  128, Tonawanda	  236

              B-21.   Location of sampling holes  at  FMC Corporation,
                     site 131, Tonawanda	  240
                                    Vlll

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                        ILLUSTRATIONS (continued)
                                                                           Page

Figures B-22 - B-25.   Maps showing:

               B-22.   Location of sampling holes  at  INS  Equipment
                      Corporation,  site 136,  Tonawanda.	   244

               B-23.   Location of sampling holes  at  Pennwatt-Lucidol
                      Division,  site 137,  Tonawanda	   248

               B-24.   Location of sampling holes  at  Shanco  Plastics and
                      Chemicals,  sites  150 and  151,  Tonawanda	   252

               B-25.   Location of sampling holes, monitoring wells, and
                      electromagnetic conductivity survey lines at
                      Spaulding Fibre Company,  sites 153 through 155b,
                      Tonawanda	   254

        B-26.   Graph  showing  results of  electromagnetic-conductivity
               survey at  Spaulding Fibre,  sites 154 and 155, Tonawanda....   257

 B-27  - B-28.   Maps showing:

               B-27.   Location of sampling  holes  at J. H. Williams
                      Company, site  160, Tonawanda	   260

               B-28.   Locations of sampling holes, surface sample, and
                      electromagnetic-conductivity survey lines at
                      Huntley  Power Station, site 182,  Tonawanda	   265

        B-29.   Graph  showing results of electromagnetic-conductivity
               survey  at Huntley  Power Station,  site 182, Tonawanda,
               lines  1 through 10	  266

       B-30.   General geologic column of formations  underlying Seaway
               Industrial Park Landfill, site 201, Tonawanda	  276

B-31 - B-32.  Maps showing:

              B-31.   Location of sampling holes at  William  Strassman
                     Property, site 204, Tonawanda	  279

              B~32.   Location of monitoring wells,  sampling holes,
                     surface  samples,  and electromagnetic-conductivity
                     survey lines at City of Tonawanda  Landfill,  site
                     207 , Tonawanda	  280

       B-33.  Graph  showing results  of  electromagnetic-conductivity
              survey  at  City  of  Tonawanda Landfill,  site 207,
              Tonawanda,  lines 1  and 2	   283
                                     IX

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                       ILLUSTRATIONS  (continued)
                                                                          Page
Figures B-34 - B-35.   Maps showing:
               B-34.   Location of monitoring wells  at  Botanical  Gardens,
                      site 243,  North Tonawanda	  285

               B-35.   Location of monitoring wells  at  Creekside  Golf
                      Course,  site 252,  Amherst	  287
                        Niagara Falls  Area  (Appendix  C)

   Figure C-l  - C-7.   Maps  showing:

                C-l.   Location  of  sampling  holes  at Airco Speer
                      Carbon  Graphite,  site 2, Niagara Falls	  291

                C-2.   Location  of  sampling  holes  at Basic Carbon
                      Company,  site  4,  Niagara Falls	  293

                C-3.   Location  of  monitoring wells at Bell Aerospace
                      Textron,  site  5,  Wheatf ield	  295

                C-4.   Geologic  cross section of formations underlying
                      Carborundum-Abrasive  Division,  site 9, Wheatfield...  298

                C-5.   Potentiometric surface at the overburden-bedrock
                      interface and  location of monitoring wells at
                      Carborundum-Abrasive  Division,  site 9, Wheatfield...  299

                C-6.   Location  of  sampling  holes at Chisholm Ryder,
                      site  11,  Niagara  Falls	  301

          C-7.   General  geologic cross  section of formations underlying
                Dupont,  Necco Park,  site  14, Niagara Falls	  304

          C-8.   Maps  showing water table  altitude and potentiometric-
                surface  altitude at Dupont,  Necco Part, site 14, Niagara
                Falls, March  1981	  305

          C-9.   Graph  showing results of  electromagnetic-conductivity
                survey for Dupont, Necco  Park,  site 14, Niagara Falls.....  307

 C-10 -  C-ll.   Maps  showing:

                C-10.  Location of sampling  holes at Frontier Bronze
                      Company, site 21,  Niagara Falls	  309

                C-ll.  Location of sampling  holes at Great Lakes
                      Carbon Company,  site  22, Niagara Falls	  311

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                         ILLUSTRATIONS (continued)
                                                                         Page
Figures C-12 - C-24.   Maps showing:
               C-12.   Location of  monitoring wells  screened  in
                      unconsolidated  deposits  and  in  bedrock  at
                      Occidental Chemical,  love  Canal,  site 38,
                      Niagara Falls	  315

               C-13.   Water levels in unconsolidated  deposits and  in
                      bedrock at Occidental Chemical, Love Canal,  site
                      38,  Niagara  Falls	  316

               C-14.   Location of  monitoring wells, Occidental Chemical—
                      Hyde Park Landfill,  site 39,  Niagara Falls	  320

               C-15.   Altitude of  top of  the Lockport Dolomite,
                      Occidental Chemical—Hyde  Park  Landfill, site 39,
                      Niagara Falls	  321

               C-16.   Water levels in upper part of Lockport Dolomite,
                      Occidental Chemical—Hyde  Park  Landfill, site 39,
                      Niagara Falls	  322

               C-17.   Altitude of  top of  the clay/till unit, Occidental
                      Chemical—Buffalo Avenue,  S-area, site 41a,  Niagara
                      Falls,  N.Y	  326

               C-18.   Thickness of clay/till unit, Occidental Chemical—
                      Buffalo Avenue,  S-area,  site 41a, Niagara Falls....  327

               C-19.   Bedrock-surface altitude, Occidental Chemical—
                      Buffalo Avenue,  S-area,  site 41a, Niagara Falls....  328

               C-20.   Water levels of  February 1980 in the S-area,
                      Occidental Chemical—Buffalo Avenue, site 41a,
                      Niagara Falls	  329

               C-21.   Potentiometric  surface of bedrock aquifer,  April
                      1979, Occidental Chemical—Buffalo Avenue,  S-area,
                      site  41a, Niagara Falls...	  330

               C-22.   Water-table  altitudes in overburden aquifer,
                      June  1979, Occidental Chemical—Buffalo Avenue
                      Plant,  sites 41b through 49,  Niagara Falls	  334

               C-23.   Water-table  altitudes in overburden aquifer,
                      September 1979,  Occidental  Chemical—Buffalo Avenue
                     Plant,  Sites  41b through 49,  Niagara Falls	  335

               C-24.   Potentiometric  surface of bedrock aquifer,
                     June  1979, Occidental—Buffalo Avenue Plant,
                      sites 41b through 49, Niagara Falls	  336
                                     XI

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                         ILLUSTRATIONS (continued)

                                                                          Page

 Figure C-25.  Map showing location of monitoring wells at TAM Ceramics,
               site 51, Niagara Falls	   338

        G-26.  Generalized geologic column of formations underlying
               Olin 102nd Street Landfill, site 56,  Niagara Falls	   340

 C-27 - C-29.  Maps showing:

               C-27.   Profile of ground-water flow patterns and
                      contamination plume, Olin 102nd  Street Landfill,
                      site 56,  Niagara Falls	   340

               C-28.   Water-table altitude at Olin 102nd Street,
                      site 56,  Niagara Falls, January  15,  1979	   341

               C-29.   Location of electromagnetic-conductivity survey
                      lines at Olin Industrial Welding Corporation,
                      site 57,  Niagara Falls	   342

        C-30.  Graphs  showing results of electromagnetic-conductivity
               survey  at Olin Industrial Welding Corportion,  site 57,
               Niagara Falls, lines 1 through 8	   343

 C-31 - C-32.  Maps showing:

               C-31.   Location of monitoring  wells at  Olin Buffalo
                      Avenue, sites 58,  59,  and 248, Niagara Falls	   346

               C-32.   Location of sampling holes and electromagnetic-
                      conductivity survey lines at Stauffer Chemical—
                      Art Park Site,  site 63, Lewiston	   352

        C-33.  Graph  showing  results  of  electromagnetic-conductivity
               survey  at Stauffer Chemical—Art Park Site,  site 63,
               Lewiston	   353

Figures C-34 - C-36.   Maps showing:

               C-34.   Location of monitoring  wells at  Reichhold-
                      Varcum  Chemical Division,  site 66,  Niagara  Falls..    356

               C-35.   Location of sampling holes at Lynch  Park,
                      site 76,  Wheatfield	    359

               C-36.   Altitudes of bedrock and ground-water in aquifer
                      and confining unit at Cecos  and  Niagara Cycling
                      (NEWCO),  sites  78a and  78b,  Niagara  Falls	    363
                                       xii

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                         ILLUSTRATIONS  (continued)

                                                                           Page

Figures C-49 - C-52.   Maps showing:

               C-49.   Location of sampling  holes  at  Witmer  Road,  site  90,
                      Niagara Falls	   397

               C-50.   Location of sampling  holes  at  Niagara Frontier
                      Transportation Authority, site 92, Wheatfield	   400

               C-51.   Location of monitoring  wells at Niagara River—
                      Belden site,  site  94, Wheatfield	   402

               C-52.   Location of surface-water samples and  electro-
                      magnetic-conductivity survey at Old Creek Bed
                      (Dibacco no.  1), site 95, Niagara	,....   404

        C-53.   Graphs  showing results  of  electromagnetic-conductivity
               survey  at  Old Creek Bed (Dibacco no.  1), site 95,
               Niagara,  lines 1,  2,  and  3	   406

 C-54  - C-59.   Maps showing:

               C-54.   Location of sampling holes at  Silbergeld Junk
                      Yard,  site  100, Niagara Falls	  409

               C~55.   Location of sampling holes at  Rodeway Inn,
                      site 237, Niagara Falls	  410

               C-56.   Location of sampling holes at  St.  Mary's School,
                      site 238, Niagara Falls	  412

               C-57.   Location of monitoring wells and sampling holes at
                      97th St.  Methodist Church, site 245,  Niagara Falls.  416

               C-58.   Location of monitoring wells at Solvent Chemical,
                      site 251, Niagara Falls	  419

               C-59.   Location  of sampling holes and  electromagnetic-
                      conductivity survey at Stauffer Chemical Plant,
                      PASNY,  site 255, Lewiston	  423

       C-60.   Graphs  showing  results of electromagnetic-conductivity
               survey  at Stauffer Chemical Plant,  PASNY,  site 255,
              Lewiston, lines  1  through 3	  425
                                      xiii

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                                   TABLES
                                                                          Page

Table 1.—Substrate and water-sample data, 1982-83	     6

      2.—U.S. Environmental Protection Agency list of recommended
          priority pollutants	    10

      3.—Detection limits and estimated accuracy and precision for
          water and substrate samples from Niagara River waste-disposal
          sites, 1982	    14

      4.—Sampling and analysis procedures for experimental constituents    15

      5.—Organic compounds identified as a naturally occurring,
          possibly naturally occurring,  or possible artifact compounds
          in ground water, surface water, and substrates, 1982	    18

      6.—Contamination of quality-assurance water blanks,  1982	    20

      7.—Surrogate recoveries  from water blanks	    22

      8.—Quality-assurance results for  waste-disposal sites	    23

      9.—Surrogate recoveries  for ground-water samples from
          bedrock wells in Niagara Falls, N.Y., December 1982-
          January 1983	    28

     10.—Surrogate recoveries  for ground-water samples from wells
          in the unconsolidated deposits along the Niagara  River,
          Robert Moses Parkway,  N.Y. ,  January 1983	    29

     11.—Surrogate recoveries  for ground-water samples from
          wells used to characterize  area water quality;  Buffalo,
          Tonawanda,  and Niagara Falls,  N.Y. , November 1982	    29

      12.—Sites designated as  having  a  major potential for
          contaminant migration to ground water	    31

      13.—Heavy-metal concentrations  in samples  from undisturbed
          soils in Buffalo,  N.Y. , June  1,  1983	    40

      14.—Analyses of a ground-water  sample from well SA-9  in
          the unconsolidated deposits along Seneca  Street,  West
          Seneca,  N.Y. ,  November 13,  1982	    41

      15.—Heavy metal concentrations  in substrate samples  from
          undisturbed soils  in  Tonawanda,  N.Y.,  May 31,  1983
          and June 1,  1983	    45

      16.—Analyses of ground-water samples  from  wells in the
          unconsolidated deposits along the  Niagara River,  Tonawanda,
          N.Y.,  November 13, 1982	    46
                                      xiv

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                             TABLES (continued)
                                                                           Page

  Table  17.—Analyses  of  ground-water  samples  from wells  in unconsolidated
            deposits  along  the  Niagara  River, Niagara  Falls,  N.Y. ,
            November  10,  1983	    58

        18.—Analyses  of  ground-water  samples  from unconsolidated  deposits
            along  the Niagara River-Robert Moses  Parkway,  Niagara Falls,
            N.Y.,  January 13, 1983	    61

        19.—Analyses  of  ground-water  samples  from bedrock  wells in
            Niagara Falls,  N.Y., December 1982-January 1983	    64

        20.—Heavy  metal  concentration in samples  obtained  from
            undisturbed  soils in Niagara Falls, N.Y., May  31, 1983 and
            June 1, 1983	    70

        21.—Potential for contaminant migration from sites studied	    71

        22.—Sites  that have a major potential for contaminant migration..    74

        23.—Sampling summary	    79
                           Buffalo Area (Appendix A)

Table A-l.   Analyses of ground-water samples from Allied Chemical,
            site 107, Buffalo, N.Y. , July 19, 1982	   92

      A-2.   Analyses of substrate samples from Anaconda Company,
            site 113, Buffalo, N.Y	   95

      A-3.   Water-level measurements in monitoring wells at Bethlehem
            Steel,  site 118,  Lackawanna,  N.Y.,  July through December
            1980	   99

      A-4.   Pumping-test analyses of selected wells at  Bethlehem Steel,
            site 118, in Lackawanna,  N.Y	   99

      A-5.   Analyses  of ground-water samples from the Bethlehem Steel,
            site 118, Lackawanna,  N.Y., July through December  1980	  100

      A-6.   Analyses  of substrate samples  from  Hanna Furnace,  site 135,
            Buffalo,  N.Y.,  August 2,  1982	  106

      A-7.   Analyses  of substrate samples  from  McNaughton  Brooks,  site
            138,  Buffalo, N.Y	  109

      A-8.   Analyses  of substrate  samples  from Houdaille Industries,
            site  140,  Buffalo, N.Y	   113
                                     xv

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                            TABLES (continued)
                                                                          Page

Ta>>le A-9.  Analyses of substrate samples from Mobil Oil, site 141,
            Buffalo, N.Y	   116

     A-10.  Analyses of soil samples from Pratt and Letchworth, site
            146, Buffalo, N.Y., 1982	   119

     A-ll.  Analyses of substrate and surface-water samples from Ramco
            Steel, site 147, Buffalo, N.Y. , July 22, 1982	   121

     A-12.  Water levels in five deep monitoring wells on Republic
            Steel, site 148, Buffalo, N.Y	  122

     A-13.  Analyses of ground-water and surface-water samples from
            Republic Steel,  site 148,  Buffalo,  N.Y., July 22-23,  1982	  123

     A-14.  Analyses of ground-water samples from wells screened above
            glaciolacustrine clay at Alltift landfill,  site 162,
            Buffalo, N.Y.,  July 1978	  129

     A-15.  Analyses of ground-water samples from four wells screened
            below glaciolacustrine clay at Alltift Landfill, site 162,
            Buffalo, N.Y.,  May 1982	  131

     A~16.  Analyses of substrate samples from Empire Waste, site 173,
            Buffalo, N.Y.,  July 30,  1982	  133

     A-17.  Analyses of substrate samples from Lehigh Valley Railroad,
            site 190,  Buffalo,  N.Y. ,  July-August 1982	  138

     A-18.  Analyses of substrate samples from Niagara  Frontier Port
            Authority,  site  196,  Buffalo, N.Y. ,  August  5,  1982	 141

     A~19.   Analyses of surface-water  and substrate  samples  from  Procknal
            and  Katra,  site  200,  Blasdell,  N.Y.,  April  27,  1982	 143

     A-20.   Analyses  of substrate samples from  Squaw Island, site  203,
            Buffalo,  N.Y	 147

     A~21.   Analyses  of substrate  samples from  Donner Hanna  Coke,  site
            217,  Buffalo, N.Y	 153

     A-22.   Analyses  of substrate  samples from West  Seneca Transfer
            Station,  Buffalo, N.Y. , August  26,  1982	 156

     A-23.   Range  at.d mean concentration of  selected metals  in 16  sediment
            samples  trom Times  Beach  containment  site,  site  241, Buffalo,
            N.Y	 159

     A-24.   Analyses  of 16 sediment  samples  from  Times  Beach containment
            site,  site  241,  Buffalo, N.Y	 160
                                      xvi

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                            TABLES (continued)
                                                                          Page
Table A-25.  Analyses of water samples from Times Beach Containment Site,
             site 241, Buffalo, N.Y. , January 11, 1983	  161

      A-26.  Analyses of substrate samples from Allied Chemical (Hurwitz-
             Ranne), site 249, Hopkins Street, Buffalo, N.Y	  165

      A-27.  Analyses of water samples from Small Boat Harbor Containment
             Site, site 253, Buffalo, N.Y. , January 11, 1983	  169

      A-28.- Analyses of water samples from the Buffalo Harbor Containment
             Site, site 254, Lackawanna,  N.Y., January 10,  1983	 172
                                Tonawanda Area

       B-l.   Analyses  of ground-water and sediment  samples  from Buffalo
             Pumps Division,  site 6,  North Tonawanda,  N.Y.,  June 21,  1982   177

       B-2.   Water-table altitudes in wells at Occidental Chemical-Durez,
             sites 24-37,  North Tonawanda, N.Y.,  1980	   180

       B-3.   Analyses  of samples from monitoring  wells at Occidental
             Cheraical-Durez,  sites 24-37,  North Tonawanda, N.Y	   181

       B-4.   Analyses  of surface-water samples from National Grinding
             Wheel,  site 50,  North Tonawanda,  N.Y.,  April 6, 1979	   185

       B-5.   Analyses  of water  samples from National Grinding Wheel,
             site  50,  North Tonawanda, N.Y	   186

       B-6.   Analyses  of ground-water, surface-water,  and substrate
             samples from  Frontier Chemical,  site 67,  Pendelton, N.Y	   189

       B-7.   Analyses  of ground-water  samples  from  Gratwick Riverside
             Park,  site  68, North  Tonawanda, N.Y.,  July  28, 1982	   191

       B-8.   Analyses  of ground-water,  surface-water and sediment  samples
             from  Holiday  Park,  site  72, North Tonawanda, N.Y. , June 19,
             1982  to July  9,  1982	   196

       B-9.   Analyses  of ground-water  and  substrate  samples from Nash
             Road, site  93, Wheatfield, N.Y. ,  June 24, 1982	   204

     B-10.   Analyses  of substrate  samples  from R. P. Adams Co., site
             103, Tonawanda, N.Y. , August  11,  1982	   209

     B-ll.   Analyses  of substrate  samples  from Allied Chemical, site
             105, Tonawanda, N.Y	   211

     B-12.   Analyses  of soil samples  from Allied Chemical,  site 106,
            Tonawanda, N.Y	   214
                                      xvii

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                            TABLES (continued)
                                                                          Page

Table B-13.  Analyses of ground-water, surface-water, and substrate
             samples from Tonawanda Coke, site 108,  Tonawanda,  N.Y	  216

      B-14.  Analyses of surface-water, ground-water and substrate samples
             from Tonawanda Coke,  site 109,  Tonawanda,  N.Y	  219

      B-15.  Analyses of substrate samples from Tonawanda Coke,  site 110,
             Tonawanda,  N.Y. ,  May  24, 1983	  223

      B-16.  Analyses of substrate samples from Aluminum Match  Plate,
             site 111,  Tonawanda,  N.Y. , July 20,  1982	  226

      B-17.  Total polychlorinated biphenyl  concentration in soil samples
             from Columbus McKinnon Corporation,  site 123, Tonawanda, N.Y. 229

      B-18.  Concentrations of total halogenated organic compounds (THO)
             in soil samples from  Columbus McKinnon  Corporation,  site 123,
             Tonawanda,  N.Y	  230

      B-19.  Concentration of  polychlorinated biphenyls  and total
             halogenated organic compounds in soil samples from  Columbus
             McKinnon Corporation, site 123, Tonawanda,  N.Y	  230

      B-20.  Analyses of soil  samples from Dunlop  Tire  and Rubber Company,
             sites 125,  126, and 127, Tonawanda,  N.Y. , July 1982	  232

      B-21.  Analyses of ground-water samples from Dupont Company,
             site 128,  Tonawanda,  N.Y. , August 18, 1982	  237

      B-22.  Analyses of substrate samples from FMC,  site 131, Sawyer
             Street, Tonawanda,  N.Y	  241

      B-23.  Analyses of substrate samples from INS  Equipment
             Corporation,  site 136,  Tonawanda,  N.Y.,  August 10,  1982	  245

      B-24.  Analyses of substrate samples from Pennwalt-Lucidol
             Division,  site 137, Tonawanda,  N.Y.,  July 30, 1982	  249

      B-25.  Analyses of substrate sample at 6-ft  depth  from Roblin Steel,
             site 149, Tonawanda,  N.Y. , August 10, 1982	  251

      B-26.  Analyses of substrate samples from Shanco Plastics,  sites
             150  and 151,  Tonawanda,  N.Y. , May 31, 1983	  253

      B-27.  Permeability  coefficients from  test borings  at Spaulding
             Fibre Company,  sites  154 and 155,  Tonawanda,  N.Y	  256

      B-28.  Analyses of water from monitoring wells  at  Spaulding Fibre
             Company, site 154,  Tonawanda, N.Y	  258
                                     xviii

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                            TABLES (continued)
                                                                          Page

Table B-29.  Analyses of substrate samples from Spaulding Fibre,  site
             155,  Tonawanda, N.Y. , July 21,  1982	  259

      B-30.  Analyses of substrate samples from J.  H.  Williams,  site
             160,  Tonawanda, N.Y., July 29,  1982	  261

      B-31.  Analyses of ground-water samples from Chemical Leaman Tank
             Lines,  site 167,  Tonawanda,  N.Y.,  July 19,  1982..	  262

      B-32.  Analyses of substrate samples from Huntley  Power Station,
             site  182,  Tonawanda,  N.Y	  269

      B-33.  Analyses of substrate samples from William  Strassman
             Property,  site 204, Tonawanda, N.Y., May  24,  1983	  278

      B-34.  Analyses of leachate  from City of  Tonawanda Landfill,
             site  207,  Tonawanda,  N.Y.,  1980-81	  281

      B-35.  Analyses of ground-water,  surface-water,  and substrate
             samples  from City of  Tonawanda Landfill,  site  207,
             Tonawanda,  N.Y. ,  July-August  1982	  282

      B-36.  Analyses of ground-water samples from  Botanical  Gardens,
             site  243,  North Tonawanda, N.Y. , June  18, 1982	  286

      B-37.   Analyses of ground-water,  and substrate samples  from
             Creekside  Golf Course,  site 252, Amherst, N.Y.,  August  25,
             1982	   288
                             Niagara Falls Area

      C-l.  Analyses of  substrate samples from Airco Speer Carbon-
            Graphite,  site 2, Wheatfield, N.Y	  292

      C-2.  Analyses of  substrate samples from Basic Carbon, site 4,
            Niagara Falls, N.Y., May 26, 1983	  294

      C-3.  Analyses of  substrate samples from Bell Aerospace Textron,
            site 5, Wheatfield, N.Y. , July 1, 1982	  296

      C-4.  Phenol concentrations in ground-water samples from Carborundum
            Abrasive Division, site 9, Wheatfield, N.Y. , 1981	  300

      C-5.  Analyses of  substrate samples from Chisholm Ryder,  site 11,
            Niagara Falls, N.Y	  302

      C-6.  Analyses of  ground-water samples from Lockport Dolomite
            at Dupont,  Necco Park, site 14,  Niagara Falls, N.Y.,
            June 25, 1982	  306
                                    xix

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                            TABLES (continued)

                                                                         Page

Table C-7.  Analyses of substrate samples from Frontier Bronze,
            site 21, Niagara Falls, N.Y	  310

      C-8.  Analyses of surface-water and substrate samples from Great
            Lakes Carbon, site 22, Niagara Falls, N.Y. , June 28, 1982...  312

      C-9.  Chemical data from well 77A in the southwest part of
            site 38	  317

     C-10.  Type of chemical wastes deposited at the Occidental Chemical-
            Hyde Park Landfill, site 39,  Niagara Falls,  N.Y.,  1953-79...  319

     C-ll.  Permeability of overburden at Occidental Chemical-Hyde Park
            Landfill,  site 39,  Niagara Falls, N.Y	  323

     C-12.  Results of permeability tests at Occidental Chemical,
            Buffalo Avenue Plant,  sites 41b-49,  Niagara Falls,
            N.Y., January 7-8,  1980	  337

     C~13.  U.S. Geological Survey analyses  of substrate samples from
            Olin parking lot and Olin mercury ponds, sites 58,  59, and
            248, Niagara Falls, N.Y. ,  August 9,  1982	  349

     C-14.  Site owner's analyses  of substrate split samples  from Olin
            parking lot and Olin mercury ponds,  sites 58,  59,  and 248,
            Niagara Falls, N.Y., August 9, 1982	  350

     C-15.  Analyses of ground-water samples from Union Carbide, site
            64,  Niagara Falls,  N.Y. ,  August  29,  1982	  354

     C-16.  Analyses of ground water from Reichhold Varcum Chemical
            Division,  site 66,  Niagara Falls, N.Y., June-July  1982	  357

     C-17.  Analyses of substrate  samples from Lynch Park,  site 76,
            Wheatfield, N.Y. ,  June 19, 1982	  359

     C-18,  Analyses of ground-water samples from Modern Disposal,
            site 77, Model City, N.Y. , August 19, 1982	  360

     C-19.  Analyses of ground-water and  substrate samples from Niagara
            County Refuse Disposal,  site  81,  Wheatfield, N.Y. ,  June-
            August 1982	  369

     C-20.  Analyse, of surface water  and bottom samples taken  from
            drainage  ditches at Niagara County Refuse Disposal,  site
            81,  Wheatfield,  N.Y	 371

     C-21.  Analyses of substrate  samples from Adams Generating Plant,
            site 82, Niagara Falls,  N.Y.,  July 27,  1982	  378

-------
                             TABLES (continued)
                                                                          Page
Table C-22.  Analyses of substrate samples from Buffalo Avenue, site
             83, Niagara Falls, N.Y	   381

      C-23.  Analyses of ground-water and substrate samples from Cayuga
             Island, site 84, Niagara Falls, N.Y	   384

      C-24.  Analyses of ground-water and substrate samples from Griffon
             Park, site 85, Niagara Falls, N.Y., July 12,  1982	   386

      C-25.  Analyses of ground-water sample from the Hydraulic Canal,
             site 86, Niagara Falls,  N.Y. , January 14, 1983	   390

      C-26.  Analyses of ground-water samples from New Road,  site 87,
             Niagara Falls, N.Y.,  July 8, 1982	   392

      C-27.  Analyses of substrate samples from south site, 64th Street,
             site 88, Niagara Falls,  N.Y. , August 11, 1982	   394

      C-28.  Analyses of substrate samples from north site, 64th Street,
             site 88, Niagara Falls,  N.Y. , August 11, 1982	   395

      C-29.  Analyses of substrate samples from Whitraer Road,  site 90,
             Niagara Falls, N.Y	   398

      C-30.  Analyses of substrate samples from Niagara Frontier
             Transportation Authority,  site 92,  Wheatfield, N.Y.,
             July 27,  1982	   401

      C-31.  Analyses of ground-water samples from Niagara River-Belden
             site,  site 94, Wheatfield,  N.Y. , June 26,  1982	   403

      C-32.  Analyses of surface-water  samples from Old Creek  Bed,
             (Dibacco),  site 95, Niagara Falls,  N.Y.,  July 9,  1982	   405

      C-33.  Analyses of substrate samples from Silbergeld Junk Yard,
             site 100,  Niagara  Falls, N.Y.,  July 8,  1982	   409

      C-34.  Analyses  of substrate samples from Rodeway Inn, site  237,
             Niagara  Falls, N.Y	   411

      C-35.   Analyses  of substrate samples  from St.  Mary's School,
             site 238,  Niagara  Falls, N.Y	   413

      C-36.   Analyses  of substrate and  ground-water  samples from 97th
             Street Methodist Church, site 245,  Niagara Falls,  N.Y. ,
             August  27,  1982	    417

      C-37.   Analyses  of ground water samples from Solvent Chemical,
             site 251,  Niagara  Falls, N.Y. ,  July-August 1980	    421

      C-38.   Analyses  of substrate samples  from  Stauffer Chemical,
             site 255, Lewiston, N.Y. , August 12,  1982	    424


                                     xx i

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             CONVERSION FACTORS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Factors for converting inch-pound units used in
System  (SI) units are shown below.
To convert inch-pound unit
 inch  (in)
 foot  (ft)
mile  (mi)
  Multiply by

    Length
    2.54
    0.3048
    1.609
                this report to International
To obtain SI unit
centimeter  (cm)
meter  (m)
kilometer (km)
square foot (ft2)
square mile (mi2)
acre
cubic yard (yd3)
gallon (gal)
     Area

    0.0929
    2.590
    0.4047

    Volume

    0.76456
    3.7854

     Flow
million gallons per day (Mgal/d)   3785.434

                                Weight to mass
pound (Ib)
ton
parts per million
parts per billion (ppb)
parts per billion (ppb)
micromhos per centimeter at
  25°C (umho/cm at 258C)
  +2% of value for + 1°C
feet per mile (ft/mi)
    453.6
    907.2

 Concentration

approximately 1
approximately 1
approximately 1
  540 to 960
square meter (m2)
square kilometer (km2)
hectare (ha)
cubic meter
liter (L)
                    cubic meters per day (m^/d)
grams (g)
kilograms (kg)
milligrams per liter
micrograms per kilogram ug/kg)
micrograms per liter (ug/L)
micrograms per liter (pg/L)
                    meters per kilometer (m/km)
                                      Datum

    NATIONAL GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF 1929 (NGVD)—Formerly called SEA LEVEL
DATUM 1929.  A geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-
order level nets of both the United States and Canada.  In the adjustment, sea
levels from selected TIDE stations in both countries were held as fixed.  The
year indicates the time of the last general adjustment.  This datum should not
be confused with MEAN SEA LEVEL.

                                    Disclaimer

    Use of trade names herein is  for identification purposes only and does not
constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey.
                                      xxii

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                            LIST  OF SITES STUDIED
                                                                             Page
                            Buffalo Area (Appendix A)

 Allied Chemical, site 107, NYSDEC 915004  	     92
 Anaconda, site 113, NYSDEC 915007	     93
 Bethlehem Steel, site 118, NYSDEC 915009  	     97
 Buffalo Color, sites 120-122, NYSDEC 915012-a,b,c	    101
 Fedders Automotive Component Company, site 132, NYSDEC 915024	    104
 Hanna Furnace, site 135, NYSDEC 915029	    104
 McNaughton Brooks,  site 138,  NYSDEC 915034 	    107
 Houdaille Industries-Manzel Division, site 140, NYSDEC 915037	    Ill
 Mobil Oil, site 141, NYSUEC 915040	    114
 Mollenberg-Betz,  site 142,  NYSUEC 915041  	    117
 Otis Elevator, site 144, NYSDEC 915073	    118
 Pratt and Letchworth,  site 146, NYSDEC 915045	    119
 Ramco Steel,  site 147,  NYSDEC 91504b	    120
 Republic  Steel,  site 148,  NYSDEC  915047	    122
 Alltift Landfill,  site  162,  NYSDEC 915054	    126
 Empire Waste,  site  173,  NYSDEC 915065	    132
 Hopkins Street,  site 180,  NYSDEC  915011	    134
 Kelly Island,  site  184,  NYSDEC 915095	    134
 Lehigh Valley  Railroad,  site  190,  NYSDEC 915781	    135
 Niagara Frontier  Port Authority,  site 196, NYSDEC 915026  	    140
 Procknal  & Katra,  site  200, NYSDEC  915085	    142
 Squaw Island,  site  203,  NYSDEC 915052	    145
 Tifft Farm, site  206, NYSDEC  915072	   150
 Erie Basin Marina,  site  216,  NYSDEC  915013	   150
 Donner Hanna Coke,  site  217,  NYSDEC  915017 	   150
 Hartwell  Street Landfill,  site 219,  NYSDEC 915030	   155
 West Seneca Transfer Station,  site 220,  NYSDEC  915039	   155
 Times Beach Containment  Site,  site 241,  NYSDEC  915080	   157
 Allied Chemical,  Hurwitz-Ranne, site  249,  NYSDEC  915120	   163
 Small Boat Harbor Containment  Site,  site 253	   167
 Buffalo Harbor Containment Site,  site  254	   170


                          Tonawanda Area (Appendix B)

 Buffalo Pumps  Division,  site 6, NYSDEC 932044	   176
 Occidental Chemical-Durez Division,  sites  24-37,  NYSDEC 93218	   178
 National Grinding Wheel, site  50, NYSDEC 932066	   Ib3
 Roblin Steel Company, site 60, NYSDEC 932059  	   186
 Frontier Chemical-Pendelton, site 67, NYSDEC  932043	   187
 Gratwick,   site 68, NYSDEC 932060  	   190
 Holiday Park,   site 72	   194
 Nash  Road, site 93,  NYSDEC 932054	   200
 R. P. Adams,  site 103, NYSDEC 915001	   208
 Allied Chemical,  Tonawanda, site 105, NYSDEC  915003-b	   210
Allied Chemical,  Tonawanda, site 106, NYSDEC 915003-c	    213
Tonawanda  Coke, site 108, NYSDEC 915055-a	    214
Tonawanda  Coke, site 109, NYSDEC 915055-b	    218
Tonawanda  Coke, site 110, NYSDEC 915055-c	    222
                                    xxiii

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                    LIST OF  SITES  STUDIED (continued)

Tonawanda  area  (continued)                                                Page

Aluminum Match  Plate,  site 111, NYSDEC  915055	   224
Ashland Petroleum, site  114,  NYSDEC  915061  	   226
Ashland Petroleum, site  115,  NYSDEC  915008-c  	   226
Ashland Petroleum, site  116,  NYSDEC  915008-a  	   227
Ashland Petroleum, site  117,  NYSDEC  915008-b  	   227
Columbus McKinnon, site  123,  NYSDEC  915016  	   228
Dunlop Tire  and  Rubber Company, sites  125-127, NYSDEC 915018-a,b,c  .  .  .   231
Dupont Company,  site  128	   235
Exolon Corporation, site  130, NYSDEC 915023	   239
FMC Corporation,  site  131, NYSDEC 915025	   239
INS Equipment Corporation, site 136	   243
Pennwalt-Lucidol  Division, site 137, NYSDEC 915035  	   248
0-Cel-O, site 143	   250
Roblin Steel, site 149, NYSDEC 915036	   250
Shanco Plastics,  sites 150-151, NYSDEC  915048	   251
Spaulding  Fibre,  sites 153-155-a,b, NYSDEC 915050-a,d	   254
Union Carbide, site 158	   250
J. H. Williams,  site  160, NYSDEC 915057	   260
Chemical Leaman,  site  167, NYSDEC 915014  	   262
Huntley Power Station, site 182, NYSDEC 915063 	   263
Seaway Industrial Park, site  201,  NYSDEC  915074	   275
William Strassman, site 204,  NYSDEC 915083  	   277
City of Tonawanda Landfill, site 207, NYSDEC  915079	   279
Veteran's  Park,  site 208, NYSDEC 915078	   284
Air Force  Plant  no. 40, site  211,  NYSDEC  915067	   284
Botanical  Gardens, site 243,  NYSDEC 932068  	   284
Creekside  Golf Course, site 252, NYSDEC 915123 	   286


                        Niagara Falls Area (Appendix C)

Airco Alloys, site 1,  NYSDEC  932001	   290
Airco Speer Carbon-Graphite,  site 2,  NYSDEC 932002  	   290
Basic Carbon Co., site 4, NYSDEC 932004	   293
Bell Aerospace, site 5, NYSDEC 932052	   295
Carborundum, Bldg. 89, site 7, NYSDEC 932048-a 	   297
Carborundum, Bldg. 82, site 8, NYSDEC 932048-b 	   298
Carborundum, Abrasive Division,  site 9, NYSDEC 932007	   298
Carborundum, Globar Plant, site 10, NYSDEC 932036	   300
Chisholm Ryder, site 11,  NYSDEC 932009  	   300
Dupont,  Necco Park, site 14, NYSDEC 932047 	   304
Dupont,  Buffalo Avenue, sites 15,  19, 250, NYSDEC 932013a-f	   308
Frontier Bronze, site 21, NYSDEC 932015	   309
Great Lakes Carbon, site  22, NYSDEC 932016	   311
Occidental-Love Canal, site 38,  NYSDEC 932020	   313
Occidental-Hyde Park,  site 39, NYSDEC 932021 	   318
Occidental-102d Street, site 40, NYSDEC 932022 	   324
Occidental Area, site 41a, NYSDEC  932019-a 	   325
Occidental-Buffalo Avenue Plant, sites 41b-49, NYSDEC 932019b-c	   332
                                     xxiv

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                      LIST OF SITES STUDIED (continued)

 Niagara Falls  area (continued)                                             Page

 TAM Ceramics,  site 51,  NYSDEC 932028	    337
 Olin-102d Street  Landfill,  site 56,  NYSDEC 932031	    339
 Olin-Industrial Welding,  site 57,  NYSDEC 932050	    342
 Olin-Buffalo Avenue,  sites  58,  59,  248,  NYSDEC  932051-a,b,  932038.  ...    346
 Stauffer  Chemical,  North  Love Canal,  site 62, NYSDEC  932034	    351
 Stauffer-Art Park,  site 63,  NYSDEC  932049	    351
 Union Carbide,  site 64,  NYSDEC  932035	    353
 Reichhold-Varcum,  site  66, NYSDEC  932040  	    354
 La  Salle  Expressway,  site 73, NYSDEC  932067	    357
 Lynch  Park, site  76,  NYSDEC  932006	    358
 Modern  Disposal Services, site  77, NYSDEC  932025  	    360
 Cecos  and  Niagara  Recycling,  sites 78a,  78b, NYSDEC 932046,  932042  ...    361
 Power  Authority Road  Site, site 79,  NYSDEC  952091	    367
 Niagara County  Refuse Disposal,  site 81,  NYSDEC 932026  	    367
 Adams  Generating  Plant,  site  82, NYSDEC  932079  	    376
 Buffalo Avenue, site  83,  NYSDEC 932080  	    379
 Cayuga  Island,  site 84, NYSDEC  932008	    383
 Griffon Park,  site  85,  NYSDEC 932081  	    385
 Hydraulic  Canal,  site 86, NYSDEC 932082	    390
 New Road,  site  87,  NYSDEC 932083	    391
 64th  Street, site  88, NYSDEC  932085	    393
Whirlpool  Site, site 89,  NYSDEC  932088  	    396
Witmer  Road, site 90,  NYSDEC  932027	    397
Town of Niagara Landfill, site  91,  NYSDEC 932089	    399
Niagara Falls Transportation Authority, site 92, NYSDEC 932090  	    399
Niagara River,  Belden, site 94, NYSDEC 932055	    401
Old Creek  Bed,  Dibacco, site 95, NYSDEC 932056-a	    404
Robert Moses Parkway,  site 96,  NYSDEC 932067 	    408
Silbergeld Junk Yard,  site 100, NYSDEC 932093	    408
Rodeway Inn, site 237, NYSDEC 932086	    410
St. Marys  School,  site 238,  NYSDEC 932087	    412
Charles Gibson Site, site 242, NYSDEC 932063 	    414
93rd Street School, site 244, NYSDEC 932078	    415
97th Street Methodist Church, site 245, NYSDEC 932084	    416
Olin Deep Well, site 247, NYSDEC 932037	    418
Solvent Chemical,  site 251	    418
Stauffer-Power  Authority of  State of New York,  site 255,
  NYSDEC 932053	   422
                                      XXV

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    Preliminary Evaluation  of Chemical  Migration

         To Groundwater and  the Niagara River

           From Selected Waste-Disposal  Sites


                                    by

                 Edward J.  Koszalka, James E.  Paschal,  Jr.,
                     Todd S.  Miller, and Philip B.  Duran


                               ABSTRACT

    In 1982,  the U.S. Geological Survey,  in cooperation  with the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency and the New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation,  made  a preliminary hydrogeologic  and chemical  evaluation of 138
known toxic waste-disposal sites along the United  States side of the Niagara
River from Lake Erie to Lewiston, approximately 20 miles downstream.  The pur-
pose of the investigation was  to identify sites that  are a possible source of
contamination  to the ground-water system.

    The 138 sites were grouped into three areas—Buffalo, Tonawanda, and Niagara
Falls.  Results from the geologic and hydrologic investigations and chemical
analyses are  as follows:

Buffalo area.—25 sites were studied, of which  19  were drilled and sampled, and
6 evaluated through a literature review.   Of the 25  sites, 10 were designated as
having a major potential for contaminant  migration.

Tonawanda area.—50 sites were studied,  of which 29 were drilled and sampled,
and 21 evaluated through a literature review.   Of  the 50 sites, 20 were
designated as  having a major potential for chemical migration.

Niagara Falls  area.—63 sites  were studied, of  which 31 were drilled and
sampled, and 32 evaluated through a literature  review.  Of the  63 sites, (31
were designated as having a  major potential for contaminant migration.


                             INTRODUCTION

    United States and Canadian monitoring of the Niagara River, which flows 37
miles north from Lake Erie to  Lake Ontario, has indicated the presence of  con-
tamination.  A report issued in March 1979 by an Interagency Task Force  on
Hazardous Waste,  composed of representatives of the New York State Department
of Environmental Conservation, the New York State Department of Health,  and the
U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency,  identified 215 hazardous  waste-disposal
sites in Erie  and Niagara,Counties.   Of these and additional sites  identified
since 1979, 164 are within a strip 3 miles  wide along the east  bank of the
Niagara River  (fig. 1).   The possibility  that toxic substances  from these sites
could migrate  to the ground-water system  and from there to the  Niagara River and
into Lake Ontario has become of increasing  concern in recent years.

-------
              PLATE 3

            NIAGARA FALLS
                          • NORTH TONAWANDA
                                   I
                          •TONAWANDA
Base from US Geological Survey, 1974
    Figure 1.   Location  of study area in Erie and Niagara Counties-

-------
     Effective remedial action requires information on the hydrogeology and the
 potential for migration of contaminants into the ground water.


                              Purpose and Scope

     In 1982,  the U.S.  Geological Survey,  in cooperation with the U.S. Environ-
 mental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the  New York State Department of
 Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC), began a preliminary hydrogeologic eval-
 uation of 138 of the 164 known toxic waste-disposal sites along the Niagara
 River from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, on  the United States side of the river.
 The main objectives  of the investigation  were to evaluate the hydrogeology and
 potential for chemical migration to ground water at the 138 sites.  Test
 drilling and  core analysis were  done at  selected sites  to obtain information
 on the composition of  the overburden, and ground-water  and core samples were
 collected and analyzed to identify  the substances present and their con-
 centration.   The location and extent of  the disposal  area at some sites were
 unknown;  therefore,  some wells and  test holes may not have been installed at
 the most significant locations.

     The  project  was  limited to preliminary investigations only and was not
 designed to assess the actual effect of ground-water  contamination on the
 Niagara  River nor to establish whether contaminant  migration has  actually
 occurred.

     This  report  presents  the hydrologic and chemical  data collected during the
 investigation,  describes  the probable ground-water  flow  patterns  as inferred
 from the  available data,  and categorizes  each site  in terms  of its potential
 for contaminant  migration.   It also  contains  suggestions  for future studies  to
 evaluate  the  regional  effects  of  contaminant  migration  on the Niagara River.
                              Acknowledgments

    This report was done in cooperation with  the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.  The
authors express special thanks to NYSDEC, Region 9, particularly John McMahon,
Peter Buechi, and their technical staff, for  assistance during the field
investigations and for report review.  Thanks are also extended to the members
of USEPA Great Lakes National Program Office  (GLNPO) and Region II.
Appreciation is extended to Vacys Saulys (GLNPO) and to Rolland Hemmett and
Gerard McKenna of USEPA, Region II,  for technical guidance and report review.

    Thanks are also extended to Donald Campbell of Erie County Department of
Environment and Planning,  and Michael Hopkins of Niagara County Health
Department, for help in the field investigation of several sites and for their
review of this report.

    Thanks are also extended to the  contract drillers.

-------
                      METHODS OF INVESTIGATION

    The region was divided  on  the basis  of  disposal-site  density  into three
areas—Buffalo, Tonawanda,  and Niagara Falls  (fig.  1).  The  Buffalo area (pi.
1) extends  from Lackawanna  to  the northern  boundary of  the  city  of  Buffalo;
most of the  sites are  concentrated  in the southern  part of  Buffalo.  The
Tonawanda area (pi.  2)  begins  at the northern boundary  of Buffalo and extends
to the western boundary  of  the city of North  Tonawanda; in  this  area the sites
are distributed evenly.  The Niagara Falls  area  (pi.  3) extends  from the
western boundary  of  North Tonawanda to the  mouth of the Niagara  River;  most
sites in this area are  concentrated within  the city of Niagara Falls.

    Prior to  this study, consultants had done subsurface  hydrogeologic  and
chemical-contaminant investigations at 59 of  the 164  sites.  The  consultant
reports were  reviewed  in this study, but those sites  were not  included  in the
1982 field  investigation.   Another 26 sites were omitted  from  the field
studies because NYSDEC  reported that they did not warrant an investigation,
either because the materials deposited were not  considered hazardous  or
because the site  location could not be determined.  The remaining 79  sites
required subsurface  hydrogeologic investigations and  chemical  analyses  to
identify which sites are possible sources of  ground-water contamination.

    During  the summer  of 1982, the U.S.  Geological  Survey did  test  drilling and
core sampling at  the 79  latter sites and collected  ground-water  samples
and(or) samples of unconsolidated materials for  interpretation of contaminant
migration.  Electromagnetic surveys were done at several  sites at which the
extent of the disposal area was uncertain to  help define  the extent of
leachate plumes or locate the boundaries of fill areas.   The number of  sites
in each area  and  the type of investigations done are  summarized below.   The
site names,  site numbers, and potential  for ground-water  contamination  are
given in the  individual site descriptions in  appendices.
Number of sites
Field
Area investigations
Buffalo
Tonawanda
Niagara Falls
19
29
31
Literature
review only
6
21
32
Investigations
not needed (as
determined by NYSDEC) Total
8
10
8
33
60
71
    TOTAL
79
59
                                                        26
164
    Several tasks, needed to achieve the objectives of  the study  are  described
below.

                            Individual  Site Studies

                          Assignment of Site Numbers

    Each site has been assigned two numbers.  The first is a site-designation
number from 1 to 254 given by the New York State Department of Environmental

-------
 Conservation (NYSDEC) as a local identifier in Erie and Niagara  Counties.   The
 second is a six-digit NYSDEC registration number for regional  and  county  iden-
 tification.  The short number is used throughout the text and  on the  plates  for
 identification; the six-digit number is given at the beginning of  each  site
 description in the appendices for reference.
                                Literature Review

     Geohydrologic and chemical data provided by the USEPA, NYSDEC, USGS,  con-
 sultants to the site owner, or the site operator were used for a preliminary
 evaluation of 59 sites to determine their potential for contaminant migration.
 Site evaluations based on these sources are included among the site descriptions
 in the appendices.


                               Drilling and Coring

     Test holes were drilled in the overburden of the deposition area at each of
 the 79 sites previously identified as containing hazardous waste to assess the
 potential for contaminant migration.   These holes were drilled by a truck-
 mounted auger rig.   The depth of the  holes varied, depending upon the thickness
 of a saturated zone (if encountered), the presence of a tight confining unit,
 the depth of known  waste burial,  or the depth determined necessary to describe
 hydrogeologic conditions at the site.

 Core samples were collected where  possible to delineate the site geology and
 zones  of potential  contaminant migration.   A monitoring well  was installed in
 each test hole that intersected the water table to obtain a water sample.   Wells
 consisted of a 1.5-in O.D.  black  iron casing with a 1.25-in-diam.  2-ft-long
 slotted black iron  screen.   At sites  where the water table was not encountered,
 a  substrate  sample  was collected  in a zone of potential contaminant migration.
 Geologic logs  of the  test  borings  are included in the site descriptions.


                          Substrate  and  Water Sampling

     Ground water, surface water, and(or)  substrates were sampled on the  79
 sites.   (The  term substrates,  as used here,  means  any unconsolidated  materials
 such as  soil,  sediment,  till,  or artificial  fill.)   All  sampling was  done
 according  to  a quality-assurance/quality-control  plan acceptable to the  NYSDEC,
 USEPA,  and USGS.  The  methods  used  to collect  samples,  the quality-control pro-
 cedures,  and  the results of  quality-control  analysis  are described  at  the  end of
 this section.

    The  heavy metals  and(or)  organic  compounds  to  be  analyzed  in each  sample
were selected by NYSDEC.  Selection was based  upon  knowledge  of  buried chemicals
 and  records  of disposal  operations.   Substrate  samples were analyzed  only  for
 acid-leachable metals  (not  total); water  samples were analyzed for  total
 recover-able metals and  for  organic compounds.  Surface-water  samples were
 collected from onsite  streams  or adjacent  drainage  ditches.  The number  of test
holes drilled, number  of samples collected,  and the  chemical constituents  and
 compounds analyzed are listed  in table  1.

-------
                                                         Table  1.—Substrate and water-sample data, 1982-83.




                                                               (Site  locations are shown in plates 1-3.)

Site name
Buffalo Area
Hanna Furnace
Allied Chemical
Anaconda

McNaughton Brooks

Division
Mobil Oil


Ramco Steel
Republic Steel [
Lehigh Valley Railroad
Niagara Frontier
Port Authority
Squaw Island
Donner Hanna Coke
West Seneca
Transfer Station
Containment Site1
Hied Chemical
(Hurwi tz-Ranne)
Hopkins Street

Small Boat Harbor
Buffalo Harbor

Buffalo area totals
Site
number

035
107
113

138

140
141

144
147
148
190

196
203
217

220



249




19 site
Sampling
date

08-02-82
07-19-82
07-28-82
05-29-83
08-05-82

08-06-82
05-20-83
08-06-82

Q8-30-82
07-22-82
07-22-82
07-19-82

08-05-82
07-29-82
05-18-83
08-05-82
05-18-83

08-26-82



08-11-82
05-18-83



8
Number of
test Number of
holes previous
drilled wells

7
3
4

4

4
4 -
4

8
3
7
20

4
8
2 -
4
4 -

4



6
6 -



121 10
Number of
water samples Number of
Ground Surface substrate
water water samples

8
3 - -
- - 4

4

4
4


2 4
6 1
20

— — 4
8
4

5



7




18 6 109
Type of analysis
GC/MS
Extractables

.
-
4

4

4
4



7
_

-
8
4

5



-




81

Volatiles

.
-
-







_
-
_

-







-




40
3 and number

As Cd Cr

8
- - 3
444

- 4 4

- - -
_


6
111
- 20 20

- 4 4
6
- - -

555



- - 7




32 60 90
of samples analyzed

Cu

8
3
4

_

4
_


6
7
20

4
6
-

5



-





Fe

8
3
4

4

4
4


6
7
20

4
6
4

5



7




83 102

Pb

8
3
4

4

4
4


6
7
20

4
-
-

5



-




85

Hg Hi V Zn CN S


3 3 - - 3
4 4 - 4 - -

_ _ _ _ _

4 _ - _ -
- - - _ -


_ _ _ _ ^ _
7 7 7 7 - -
- 20 - - - -

_ 4 _ _ _ -
- - - - -
- - - 4 -

5 5 - - - -



_ . - - - _ -




32 59 22 27 43
' Also  analyzed  for  aluminum,  antimony,  barium,  beryllium, boron, cobalt,'manganese,  selenium,  silver,  thallium, and tin.

-------
Table 1.—Substrate and water-sample  data,  1982-83  (continued)




           (Site locations are  shown  in  places  1-3.)
Site name
Tonawanda Area
Buffalo Pumps Division
Frontier Chemical-
Pendleton Site
Gratwick-Riverside
Park
Holiday Park
Nash Road
R. P. Adams Company
Allied Chemical,
Tonawanda
Tonawanda Coke
Tonawanda Coke
Tonawanda Coke
Aluminum Match Plate
Dunlop Tire & Rubber
Dupont Company
FMC Corporation
INS Equipment Corp.
Pennwalt-Lucidol
Division
Roblin Steel Company
Shan co Plastics
Spaulding Fibre
J. H. Williams Company
Chemical Leaman
Tank Lines
Huntley Power Station
William Strassman
Property
City of Tonavanda
Landfill
Botanical Gardens
Creekside Golf Course
Tonawanda area totals
Niagara Falls Area
Airco Speer Carbon-
Graphite
Basic Carbon Company
Bell Aerospace Textron
Chisholm Ryder
Site
number
006
067
068
072
093
103
105
108
109
110
111
125-27
128
131
136
137
149
150-51
155
160
167
182
204
207
243
252

002
004
005
Oil
Sampling
date
06-21-82
06-22-82
05-23-83
07-28-82
06-19-82
06-24-82
08-11-82
07-20-82
05-19-83
07-13-82
05-24-83
07-14-82
05-24-83
05-24-83
07-20-82
07-09-82
08-18-82
08-04-82
08-19-83
08-10-82
07-30-82
08-10-82
05-31-83
07-21-82
07-19-82
07-19-82
07-15-82
05-21-83
05-24-83
07- -83
06-19-82
08-25-82
29 sites
07-14-82
05-27-83
05-26-83
06-01-82
06-30-82
05-25-83
Number of
test
holes
drilled
2
3
2
7
4
4
4
4
3
2
1
3
3
4
4
4
4
10
4
1
4
4
4
13
16
4
8
3
129
4
3
2
2
3
3
Number of
previous
wells
5
4
3
2
14
-
Number of
water samples
Ground
water
2
2
5
7
2
1
1
5
3
2
3
2
35
-
Surface
water
2
4
1
1
2
2
12
-
Number of
substrate
samples
1
2
2
1
4
4
4
4
2
2
3
4
4
4
4
4
10
4
1
4
4
4
18
20
4
8
3
129
4
3
2
2
3
1
Type of analysis and number of samples analyzed
GC/MS
Extractables
3
2
5
12
6
4
4
4
4
2
2
3
4
4
4
5
4
4
10
4
4
4
3
20
4
10
3
5
143
4
3
2
3
3
Volatiles
2
5
4
2
1
3
4
4
4
4
20
4
57
3
2
1
As Cd Cr Cu Fe
- - 3 3 3
- 6 6 6 6
55555
- - - 12 12
66666
- - 4
444-4
- - - - 4
22222

- — — — 4

- - 4
- 10 10 - 10
11111
- - - - 3
- - 4
20 20 20 - 20

- 10 - 10
- - 3 3
38 54 67 38 105



- 2 2 2 2
3333
Pb Hg Hi V 2n CN S
- - 6 - 6 - -
5 5 5 - - - -
666----
4 4 4 - - - -
_ - _ 4 _
2 2 2 2 2 - -

4 - - - - -

- - 4 - -
10 ----- -
1 1 - - 1 - -
- - 3 _ _
4 ------
20 20 20 - - - -

-------

56 42 43 2 16 40




3 3 - - 3 - -

-------
                                                                Table  1.—Substrate  and  water-sample data, 1982-83 (continued)




                                                                            (Site  locations  are shown in plates 1-3.)
OO
Site
Site name number
Niagara Falls Area (continued)
Sampling
date

Frontier Bronze 021 07-08-82
05-26-82
Great Lakes Carbon 022 06-28-82
Olin, Buffalo Avenue 058,59,
248 08-09-82
Art Park 063 07- -82
Union Carbide 064 08-29-82
Lynch Park 076 06-19-82
Modern Disposal
Services 077 08-19-82
Niagara County Refuse
Disposal Site 081 06- -82
Adams Generating Plant 082 07-27-82
05-28-83
Buffalo Avenue 083 06-25-82
05-28-83
Cayuga Island 084 01-12-83
05-28-83
Griffon Park 085 07-12-82
Hydraulic Canal 086 01-14-83
Sew Road Site ' 087 07-08-82
64th Street Site 088 08-11-82
05-29-83
Whirlpool Site 089 82
Witmer Road Site 090 06-29-82
05-25-83
Niagara Frontier Transportation
Authority 092 07-27-82
Niagara River Site
(Belden) 094 06-26-82
Old Creek Bed Dibacco1 095 07-09-82
Robert Hoses Parkway 098
Silbergeld Junk Yard 100 07-08-82
05-27-83
Rodeway Inn 237 06-29-82
05-29-83
Saint Marys School 238 08-12-82
05-29-83
97th Street Methodist
Church 245 08-27-82
Stauffer Chemical-Power Authority
State of New York 300 08-12-82
Niagara Falls area totals
Totals for all areas
31 sites
79 sites
Number of
test Number of
holes previous
drilled wells
2
2
3
10
3
3
11
4
4
9
6
1
1
4
1
4
2
1
2
2
2
2
6
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
124
374
2
2
3
7
31
Number of
water samples
Ground
water
2
2
3
1
1
1
3
2
5
1
41
88
Surface
water
2
1
4
7
25
Number of
substrate
samples
2
2
2
11
3
3
6
4
4
12
6
1
3
4
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
3
4
4
112
350
Type of analysis and number of samples analyzed
GC/MS
Extractables
2
2
2
11
4
2
3
2
9
4
4
12
6
1
1
3
1
3
4
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
2
2
2
4
3
5
4
133
357
Volatiles As Cd Cr Cu
2
4
6
1
2
2
2
5
2
2
3
39
136
- 2

_ _

- - 3

- - 4 4
- - - -
1 1 1

- - 1


- 2


2222
- _ - -
- - - -
- - - -
9 15 19 27
79 129 176 148
Fe Pb Hg Ni V Zn
2 - -

11 - 11 - - -

3 3 - -

4 _ 4 - _ -


1 1 - - - 1

1 - -
4 4 - -

2 2 - -


2 22222
2 2 - -
2 2 - -
4 4 - -
5 - 5 - - -
67 13 61 95 13
274 154 135 111 29 56
CN S


- -

- -

- -


- -

- -

- -


_ _
- -
- -
- -
0 0
8 3

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                       Electromagnetic-Conductivity Survey

     An electromagnetic conductivity survey was done on 21 of  the 79  hazardous-
 waste sites to help delineate the areal extent of buried waste.  The technique
 involved traversing the site on selected survey lines.  A variation  in  observed
 values indicates changes in ground-water conductivity. The names and site num-
 bers of the 21 sites investigated are:

 Buffalo area:    Donner Hanna Coke (217), Anaconda Brass Company (113)

 Tonawanda area:  Nash Road Landfill (93), Tonawanda Coke (108,  109,  110),
 Dunlop Tire and Rubber Company (125,  126, 127), Spaulding Fiber Company  (153,
 154, 155), Huntley-Power Station (182), City of Tonawanda Landfill (207)

 Niagara Falls area:  Dupont Necco Park (14), Olin Industrial Welding  (57),
 Stauffer Power Authority (62),  Art Park (63), Niagara County Refuse  Disposal
 (81), Griffon Park (85),  Cayuga Creek (242).  The data and analyses  of the sur-
 veys are given in the  site descriptions in the appendices.


                     Study of Dredge-Spoil-Containment Sites

     The Geological Survey studied three containment sites selected by USEPA
 along Lake Erie to determine the potential for migration of contaminated water
 from dredge-spoil containment sites to the Niagara River.  The sites  are the
 Times Beach containment site (site 241),  the Small Boat Harbor containment site
 (site 253),  and the Buffalo Harbor containment site (site 254), all  in the
 Buffalo area (appendix A).   Locations are shown in plate 1.

     A nested piezometer was installed at  each containment site.  Each piezometer
 consisted  of three wells  screened at  approximately 5,  10, and 15 ft below land
 surface.   The deep well was screened  at 15 ft or at the bottom of the fill
 material,  whichever was less.   Water  samples were obtained  from each well and
 from the ponds  of each  site and  were  analyzed for "priority  pollutants."1  The
 site descriptions,  well-completion data,  and chemical  analyses are given in the
 Buffalo area site descriptions  (appendix  A).

     A water-level recorder  was  installed  at  the Times  Beach  containment site to
 continuously measure water  levels  in  the  containment  area.   Lake-level data were
 obtained from  automatic  recorders  at  the  U.S.  Army Corps  of  Engineers station
 along the  lake.   This  information  was  used  to estimate the  rate of  flow from the
 containment  area  to Lake  Erie.


                      Regional  Hydrologic Investigation

                 Hydrogeology, Stratigraphy, and Water Quality

    Eleven locations were chosen to help define the general hydrogeology  and
water quality in the three areas.  (Locations are shown in pis.  1-3.)  At each
  USEPA priority pollutants are toxic constituents and compounds for which
  technology-based effluent limitations and guidelines are required by
  Federal law.

-------
site a test hole was drilled to the top of bedrock by a conventional  truck-
mounted auger rig with hollow-stem augers.  Where feasible,  cores  were  collected
at 5-ft intervals by a split-spoon assembly.  These  cores were  used  to  describe
the  local geology.

    When bedrock was reached, a monitoring well with a 1.5-in.-diameter casing  and
a 2-ft-long, 1.25-in. diameter screen was installed.  Where  saturated thickness
was  20 ft or more,  two additional holes were drilled, and wells were  installed
at intermediate and shallow depths.  The drilling method and well  specifications
were the same as for the deep monitoring wells.  Where the saturated  thickness
was  less than 20 ft, only one additional monitoring well was installed  at  a
shallow depth.  Each well was surveyed for elevation in reference  to  sea level.

    A water sample was collected from the deepest well at nine  of  the 11 loca-
tions and was analyzed for USEPA priority pollutants (table 2).  Water  was evac-
uated from the casing three times by a peristaltic pump, and then  the sample
was collected with a stainless steel, Teflon - coated bailer.
     Table  2.—U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency  list  of  recommended
               priority pollutants^-
             METALS
     antimony
     arsenic
     beryllium
     cadmium
     chromium
     copper
     lead
mercury
nickel
selenium
silver
thallium
zinc
MISCELLANEOUS SUBSTANCES

asbestos
cyanide
                               ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
     acenaphthene
     acrolein
     acrylonitrile
     benzene
     benzidine
     carbon tetrachloride
       (tetrachloromethane)

     chlorinated benzenes
       (other than dichlorobenzenes)
         chlorobenzene
         1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
         hexachlorobenzene
                         chlorinated ethanes
                             1,2-dichloroethane
                             1,1,1-trichloroethane
                             hexachloroethane
                             1,1-dichloroethane
                             1,1,2-trichloroethane
                             1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
                             chloroethane

                         chloroalkyl ethers  (chlororaethyl,
                           chloroethyl, and mixed ethers)
                             bis (chloromethyl)ether
                             bis (2-chloroethyl)ether
                             2-chloroethyl vinyl ether  (mixed)
 1 USEPA priority pollutants are  toxic constituents  and  compounds  for which
  technology-based effluent limitations and guidelines  are  required  by  Federal
  law.
                                      10

-------
      Table 2.—U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency  list  of recommended
               priority pollutants (continued)
                          ORGANIC  COMPOUNDS  (continued)
 chlorinated  naphthalene
     2-chloronaphthalene

 chlorinated  phenols  (other  than
   those  listed  elsewhere;  includes
     trichlorophenols  and  chlorinated
       cresols)
     2,4,6-trichlorophenol
     para-chloro-beta-cresol

 chloroform (trichloromethane)
 2-chlorophenol

 dichlorobenzenes
     1,2-dichlorobenzene
     1,3-dichlorobenzene
     1,4-dichlorobenzene

 dichlorobenzidine
     3,3'-dichlorobenzidine

 dichloroethylenes
     1,1-dichloroethylene
     1,2-trans-dichloroethylene

 2,4-dichlorophenol

 dichloropropane and dichloropropene
     1,2-dichloropropane
     1,2-dichloropropylene
       (1,3-dichloropropene)

2,4-dimethylphenol

dinitrotoluene
    2,4-dinitrotoluene
    2,6-dinitrotoluene

1,2-diphenylhydrazine
ethylbenzene
fluoranthene

haloethers (other than those
  listed  elsewhere)
    4-chlorophenylphenyl  ether
    4-bromophenylphenyl ether
    bis(2-chloroisopropyl)  ether
    bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane
 halomethanes  (other  than those
   listed  elsewhere)
    methylene  chloride
       (dichloromethane)
    methyl  chloride  (chloroinethane)
    methyl  bromide  (bromoraethane)
    bromoform  (tribromomethane)
    dichlorobromomethane
    chlorodibromomethane

 hexachlorobutadiene
 hexachlorocyclopentadiene
 isophorone
 naphthalene
 nitrobenzene

 nitrophenols
    2-nitrophenol
    4-nitrophenol
    2,4-dinitrophenol
    4,6-dinitro-o-cresol

 nitrosamines
    N-nitrosodimethylamine
    N-nitrosodiphenylamine
    N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine

pentachlorophenol
phenol

phthalate esters
    bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
    butylbenzyl phthalate
    di-n-butyl phthalate
    di-n-octyl phthalate
    dioctyl phthalate
    dimethyl phthalate

polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
    benzo(a)anthracene
      (1,2-benzanthracene)
    benzo(a)pyrene (3,4-benzopyrene)
    3,4-benzofluoranthene
    benzo(k)fluoranthane
      (11,12-benzofluoranthene)
    chrysene
    acenaphthene
    anthracene
                                      11

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     Table  2.—U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency  list  of  recommended
               priority pollutants  (continued)
                         ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  (continued)
Polynulcear aromatic hydrocarbons  (cont.)
    benzo(ghi)perylene
      (1,12-benzoperylene)
    fluorene
    phenanthrene
    d ibenzo(a,h)anthr acene
      (1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene)
    indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
      (2,3-o-phenylenepyrene)
    pyrene

tetrachloroethylene (tetrachlorethene)
toluene
trichloroethylene (trichloroethene)
vinyl chloride (chloroethene)

Pesticides and metabolites
    aldrin
    dieldrin
    chlordane (technical mixture
      and metabolites)

DDT and metabolites
    4,4'-DDT
    4,4'-DDE (p,p'-DDE)
    4,4'-DDD (p,p'-DDD)

endosulfan and metabolites
    a-endosulfan
    3~endosulfan
    endosulfan sulfate
endrin and metabolites
    endrin
    endrin aldehyde

heptachlor and metabolites
    heptachlor
    heptachlor epoxide

hexachlorocyclohexane
  (all isomers)
    ot-BHC
    3-BHC
    y-BHC (lindane)
    6-BHC

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
PCB-1242
PCB-1254
PCB-1221
PCB-1232
PCB-1248
PCB-1260
PCB-1016
(Arochlor
(Arochlor
(Arochlor
(Arochlor
(Arochlor
(Arochlor
(Arochlor
1242)
1254)
1221)
1232)
1248)
1260)
1016)
toxaphene

2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
  (TCDD)
    The geologic logs from these test holes are described in the section  titled
"Geology" in the discussions of the respective areas; results of the chemical
analyses are given in the corresponding "Ground-Water Quality" sections of  the
site descriptions in the appendices.

                               Monitoring Wells

    Several monitoring wells were installed in the Niagara Falls area  to  help
define the geohydrology of the unconsolidated deposits in that area and the
upper part of the Lockport Dolomite.  Six additional wells were drilled along
the Robert Moses Parkway to monitor the ground-water quality in the uncon-
solidated deposits along the Niagara River.  (Locations are shown in pi.  3.)

    Drilling was done by a contract drilling company to specifictions written by
the U.S. Geological Survey.  The wells, 800 ft apart, were drilled to bedrock
                                      12

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 or to the top of a relatively impermeable layer,  if present.  Upon completion,
 five  wells  were pumped dry and water levels were  allowed to recover;  a water
 sample  was  then collected for analysis  for priority pollutants.   One well did
 not yield sufficient water for a sample.

    Another four wells were installed along the gorge of the Niagara River (pi.
 3) by contract  drillers to obtain information on  the quality of  ground water
 that  ultimately discharges to the gorge face of the lower Niagara River.   Two
 wells were  installed to the Rochester shale,  and  two in the first permeable zone
 of the  Lockport Dolomite.   A sample from each well  was analyzed  for priority
 pollutants.
                                Bedrock  Drilling

    In  the  City of Niagara Falls,  11 wells were installed in the Lockport
 Dolomite  (pi. 3)  at  five  sites along the  Falls Street Tunnel,  an unlined  tunnel
 in the  dolomite.   Two of  the wells  were shallow,  one placed north and one south
 of the  tunnel,  and were screened 5  to 15  ft below the water table to  measure the
 potentiometric  surface of  ground water  in the upper part of the  formation.  Four
 deeper  wells  were installed at three of the sites to measure the potentiometric
 surface of  deeper water-bearing zones.  Water samples were collected  from nine
 of the  wells  and  analyzed  for the  priority pollutants.   Well-construction data,
 geologic  logs,  and results of chemical  analyses are given in the discussion of
 the Niagara Falls area.


                     Quality Assurance for Chemical Data

    To  ensure the validity of chemical  data obtained from the  study,  quality-
 assurance practices  were  instituted  for sample collection,  sample preservation,
 sample  storage  and shipping,  sample  analysis,  and data evaluation.

    A quality-assurance plan was  prepared  by  the  U.S.  Geological Survey with
 assistance  of the USEPA to define project  organization and responsibility,
 quality-assurance objectives  and  practices,  corrective  actions to be  taken in
 case  of discrepancies,  and the content  and schedules for reports.   The plan was
written according to  the  "Interim Guidelines  and  Specifications  for preparing
Quality Assurance Project  Plans"  (USEPA,  1980).   The quality-assurance practices
 are described below;  the detection  limits  and  estimated  accuracy and  precision
 for each constituent  and compound type  are  given  in  table  3.

                                   Practices

    Sampling and  sample preservation.—Drilling equipment  was  thoroughly  washed
with  water and  steam-cleaned  before  each hole  was drilled. After boreholes had
been  drilled,  space around  the  casing was  backfilled  with  drill  cuttings  to pre-
vent  vertical migration of water.  The  sequence of  drilling  was  recorded  so that
contamination of  successively  drilled wells could be  readily detected.  Wells
were  pumped dry three  times  and water levels allowed  to  recover  before water
samples were taken.  Pumps and  sample bottles  were  rinsed  with hexane and  with
deionized water free of organic compounds  before  samples were  taken.  Except  for
substrate cores, which were handled with rubber or polyethylene  gloves, samples
for organic-compound analyses were allowed to  touch   only glass,  Teflon, the
untreated side of aluminum foil, silicon-based  tubing, or  iron.
                                      13

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   Table 3.—Detection limits and estimated accuracy and precision  for
             water and substrate samples from Niagara River waste-disposal
             sites,  19821
Constituent2
GC/MS organic
compounds ,
base/neutral
extractable
GC/MS organic
compounds
acid-
extractable
GC/MS organic
volatiles
Arsenic, total
recoverable

Cyanide, total
recoverable

Fluoride, total
recoverable
Sulfide, total
recoverable
Heavy metals,
total

cadmium
chromium
copper
iron
lead
mercury
nickel
zinc
Sample Detection
type limit
water 1-5 ug/L

substrate 300 ng/kg

water 1-5 ug/L

substrate 300 Mg/kg

water 1-5 ug/L

water 1 Mg/L

substrate 1000 Mg/kg
water 10 Mg/L

substrate 500 ug/kg
water 100 yg/L

water 500 Mg/L

water 1 Mg/L

substrate 1,000-10,000 Mg/kg








Estimated
accuracy
(percent
recovery)
40-120



30-100



70-130

70-130


70-130


70-130

70-130




63-131
62-148
52-134
67-141
61-130
66-130
73-130
46-130
Estimated
precision
(relative
percent
difference)
<30



<30



<30

<30


<30


<30

<30




<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
Accuracy and precision goals are based on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
laboratory etimates, except for precision of heavy metals, which  is  based  on
U.S. Geological Survey Central Laboratory estimates.  Goals are based  on con-
centrations of at least 10 times the detection level.

GC/MS = gas chrotnatograph/mass spectrometer,

                                    14

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     Two types of  blank water  samples were used to detect  contamination  during
sampling or shipping.   Trip blanks  were bottles  of deionized  and organic-free
water  that were mailed from the  laboratory  to  the field,  then returned  to  the
laboratory with the  samples.  Wash  blanks were deionized,  organic-free  water
samples that were  passed through the iron pipe,  tubing, and  pumps.  The blanks
were analyzed by  the laboratory  for the same organic compounds analyzed in the
samples.  Duplicates of water and substrate samples were  obtained to evaluate
the  precision of  sampling and analysis.

    Most blanks and  duplicates were obtained during the first few weeks of
sampling to validate procedures  and to discover  sources of contamination
occurring during  sampling or analysis.   The number of quality-control samples
was  reduced in subsequent weeks  to  levels commensurate with  sample submission.

    Unfiltered samples  were placed  in labeled  bottles,  treated with preserv-
ative,  and placed  in coolers where  they were protected from sunlight, then
chilled without being  frozen.   The  amount of sample required,  bottle types,  pre-
servatives required,  and maximum holding times  for the constituents in  the
samples are shown  in table 4.
              Table 4.--Sampling and analysis procedures for experimental constituents1

GC/MS organic
compounds
base/neutral-
and acid-
extractable
GC/MS organic
volatiles
Arsenic, total
recoverable
Sample
type
water
substrate



water

water
substrate
Minimum
amount
required
500 mL
50 g



50 mL

50-100 mL
10 g
Type of
container Preservative
glass cool to 4°C




glass cool to 4°C

plastic HN03 to pH<2
Maximum
holding
time
7 days
40 days ,
extracted


14 days

6 months
Analytical procedure
GC/MS2
do



GS/MS3

Atomic absorption
troraetry, hydride







spect-
1979
 Cyanide, total
   recoverable
 Fluoride,  total
   recoverable
water      50 mL
substrate  10 g
water
          300 mL
plastic  cool to 4°C     24 hours
        NaOH to
        pH 12

plastic      —        7 days
(p.  73 water, p. 81
substrate)1*

     Colorimetry
   (p. 353 water,
  p. 349 substrate)1*

Ion-selective electrode
      (p. 529)1*
Sulfide, total
recoverable
Heavy metals,
total
recoverable
water
water
substrate
250
200
10
mL
mL
g
plastic
plastic
2 mL Zn-
acetate
HN03 to PH<2
24 hours
6 months^
Titrimetry, iodometric
(p. 619)1*
Atomic absorption
spectrometry
(p. 97-277)1*
 * U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency (1974) and U.S. Geological Survey  (1977).
  GC/MS, gas chromatograph and mass  spectrometer. Variation of method 625 developed
  by U.S. Geological Survey,  (1982,  unpublished).
  Federal Register, Monday,  December 3, 1979, method 624, p. 69532.
 "* Skougstad and others, 1979.
  Maximum time for mercury is 13 days.
                                        15

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    Storage  and  shipping.—All  samples  were stored and shipped in chilled, closed
containers.   A formal  documentation  of  custody of samples  and containers by all
personnel  (chain-of-custody)  was  not done.

    Sample analysis.—All  chemical analyses of soil and water samples collected by
the U.S. Geological Survey were analyzed  by the Geological Survey Central
Laboratory or by USEPA contract laboratories.   The USEPA contract laboratories
had their own quality  control.  The  quality assurance  used by the Geological
Survey  is discussed below.  The complete  procedures for calibration and quality
control of U.S.  Geological Survey laboratory equipment are described in Friedman
and Erdmann  (1981).  Standard operating procedures for each instrument were done
according to  manufacturer's specifications.   Instruments were calibrated daily,
and the highest  available  grade of standards and reagents  were used (American
Chemical Society grade  or  equivalent).

    Calibration  standards  for organic compounds  were perfluorotributylamine,
obtained from the gas-chromatograph  and mass-spectrometer  manufacturers.
Cholesterol,  a-terpinol, and  nC35 were  used  to check column efficiency and
system performance; instrument tuning with  decafluorotriphenylphosphine (DFTPP)
and bromofluorobenzene  (BFB)  was  done routinely.   All  organic-compound standards
were obtained from the  USEPA  or the  U.S.  Food  and  Drug Administration.   Stock
solutions were made in  the laboratory;  highest grade standards available were
used.

The following checks were  done in the laboratory:

1.  At least  one replicate analysis  was done per  two sets  of  samples  (8 samples
    per set).

2.  One spike was added per two sets of water  samples.

3.  Control charts were used  when applicable to  determine  recovery  and
    repeatability.  If  the analytical result was  not acceptable  and  the
    sample was large enough,  the  analysis was  repeated until  two  or  three
    results agreed; if  the sample was insufficient  for reanalysis,  the
    result was rejected.

4.  One reagent blank was  run per set of  samples.

5.  Internal  standards were used  as  appropriate  for the  analytical method
    (Goerlitz and Brown, 1972; Skougstad  and others, 1979;  and USEPA,  1979).

6.  Quality-control samples (USEPA reference samples)  were  used  in place  of
    spiked samples on every 10th  spike.

7.  Surrogate compounds as specified by the  USEPA were  added  to  each  water
    sample, standard,  substrate,  and blank where  organic compound analysis was
    done.

8.  Calibration standards and devices were used  as  appropriate  for method.

9.  Reagent checks were performed.
                                      16

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     The data-reduction scheme in the laboratory, the principal  criteria  used  to
 validate data, and the methods used to treat data outliers are  described  in
 Friedman and Erdtnann (1981), Goerlitz and Brown (1972), and Skougstad  and  others
 (1979).


     Evaluation of the validity of chemical data.—Data were reviewed according  to
 the project quality-assurance plan and the review process described in USEPA
 (1982).  The following is a summary of the review process:

 1.  Determine representativeness of the data; that is, verify that the data
     were the proper type to meet the objectives of the study.

 2.  Determine completeness of data;  that is,  whether samples were analyzed for
     the requested constituents.

 3.  Identify contaminants in trip blanks,  wash blanks, laboratory spike blanks,
     and glassware blanks.  Reject data from samples with concentrations less
     than or equal to five times  the  concentration found in the blanks.  Data  from
     samples having concentrations greater  than 5 times that of the blanks were
     reduced by subtracting the blank value from the sample value.

 4.  Estimate accuracy of data from surrogate  spike recoveries.  The measure
     of accuracy was percent recovery:

          ,,                    yg  of surrogate  found in sample   , AA
          Percent recovery =  £-*—2	*	——:	*-=— x 100
                              Mg  of surrogate  added  to sample

 5.  Estimate precision  by comparing  the results  of  duplicate samples.   Precision
     was measured by relative percent  difference:

          Relative percent difference  =  SI  - S2  x 100
                                         SM
     where:
            SI  = ug of substance  in sample  1,
            S2  = lag of substance  in sample  2,
            SM  = mean, in  ug/L  or  pg/kg,  of  the  two  samples.

 6.   Determine  whether priority polluants were identified  properly by  checking
     a  representative  number  of spectra  of  compounds reported  in  the  computer
     quantitation  report.

 7.   Quality-assurance coordinator  and analytical  coordinator  check data and
     review  process.


                                    Results

    None of  the data were rejected for  lack of representativeness.  Samples were
obtained for a  reconnaissance of potential  contamination,  and  all organic  com-
pounds  present  in  the samples were identified where their  concentration and
availability of reference spectra made  it possible.   Naturally occurring  com-
pounds  that were  identified  are listed  in table 5.
                                      17

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    Except  where  new  samples  needed  to  be obtained,  the data were more than 95
 percent  complete.   A  few  heavy-metal analyses  were  not  performed, either because
 a  sample was  too  small, the  laboratory  request sheets were  missing or
 incomplete,  or  laboratory error  occurred.

    Organic  compounds  detected in  trip, wash,  and  laboratory blanks are listed
 in table 6.   Surrogate  recoveries  for blanks are shown  in table  7.


    Table 5.—Organic  compounds identified as a naturally  occurring, possibly
              naturally  occurring,  or possible  artifact  compounds  in ground
              water, surface water, and  substrates,  1982.
              [Identification  by  U.S.  Geological Survey.]
Naturally occurring organic compounds

Butanoic acid
Benzoic acid
Hexanoic acid
Pentanoic acid
Undecane
1,2-Octanediol
1,3,3-Trimethylbicyclo-
  [2.2.1J heptan-2-one
 1,7,7,-Trimethylbicyclo  [2,
  heptan-2-one  (camphor)
 2,2-Dimethyl decane
 2-Methylbutanoic acid
 5-Butyl-5~nonanol
2.1]
Possibly naturally occurring organic compounds
Butylcyclooctane
Cyclohexanone
Decane
Dodecane
Eicosane
Heptadecane
Heptanal
Hexadecane
Hexacosane
Nonadecane
Octacosane
Octadecane
Pentadecane
Tetradecane
Tridecane
l-Butoxy-2-propanol
1-Hexanol
2-Hexanone
2-Methylpentadecane
2-Methyl-propanoic acid, butyl ester
2,2-Dimethylundecane
2,3,5-Trimethylundecane
2,6,11-Trimethyldodecane
2,7-Dimethylundecane
3-Hexen-2-one
3-Methylbutanoic acid
3-Methy1-2-pentanone
3,8-Dimethylundecane
4-Methyldecane
4,4,5-Trimethyl-2-hexene
5-Methyl-3-hexen-2-one
5,7-Dimethylundecane
10-Methylisocosane
Possible artifacts
Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane
Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane
Octamethy1eyelotretrasiloxane
2,6-Dimethyl-2,5-heptadien-4-one
  (phorone)	
4-Hydroxy-4-methy1-2-pentanone
4-Methyl-3-hepten-2-one
4-methyl-3-penten-2-one
5-Methyl-3-hexen-2-one
6-Methyl-3,5-heptadien-2-one
                                      18

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     The surrogate recoveries (accuracy) and the precision for the samples are
 listed in tables 8 through 11.   Some samples had surrogate recoveries below
 quality-assurance goals but were sufficiently close to goals or had a sufficient
 number of surrogates meeting the goals to justify acceptance of the data.  In a
 few cases,  sample extracts evaporated.  In others, volatile surro-gates eva-
 porated before being integrated in the sample; therefore, different surrogates
 were substituted for subsequent analyses.  Some substrate samples had zero or
 minimal surrogate recoveries, but reanalysis showed that the surrogates had
 sorbed to the substrate matrix.  No data were rejected on the basis of surrogate
 recoveries,  but such data are noted in the tables of chemical data.  Surrogate
 recoveries  in substrates were found to be related to the time between surrogate
 addition and extraction.  No standard method for surrogate use in substrates is
 available.

     Precision estimates for heavy metals were calculated from duplicate and
 split  samples.   In most samples,  the precision estimates exceeded quality-
 assurance goals.  Because the types of organic compound analyses used in this
 study  are semiquantitative,  precision estimates for the organic compounds under
 ideal  conditions may have deviated by more than ^300 percent and would not have
 been representative of  the sampling precision.

     Some sample characteristics often made it impossible to achieve close
 agreement among organic compound duplicates and may have caused erratic surro-
 gate recoveries.  These characteristics are summarized below:

 1.   Most of  the substrate samples contained large stones, chunks of wood, mixed
     clay,  charcoal,  or  coke that  made homogenizing difficult or impossible.

 2.   Sample concentration was difficult to measure because of heavy,  nonvolatile
     asphaltic residues.

 3.   The black color  of  some  samples  made it impossible to determine when precip-
     itates were forming.

 4.   Several  samples  were not concentrated to  the intended volume because they
     became oily and  thick.

 5.   Many  components  were not well  resolved on  the  packed column for volatile
     analysis.

 6.   The  oily  and nonvolatile components  left  deposits  on the  injection liners.
     Liners had  to  be  changed frequently,  and  new blanks  had  to  be  run.

 7.   The  chromotagrams were extremely  complex.   Some  pesticides  could not be
     quantitated  or verified  properly.

    USEPA officials  sent  samples  containing known  quantities of  priority  pollu-
tants to the U.S. Geological  Survey Central Laboratory.   Where  percent  recovery
of priority pollutants did not meet quality-assurance  goals, the Geological
Survey determined  the causes  of incorrect  recovery readings and  corrected  them.
The USEPA considered  the  Geological Survey's  identification and  quantification
of priority pollutants to be  adequate.
                                      19

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       Table 6.—Contamination of quality-assurance  water  blanks,  1982.

                 [Concentrations in ug/M LT  indicates  that  contaminants
                  were detected but below the quantifiable detection  limit;
                  dashes  indicate they were not  detected.]
Date
collected
06-21-82
06-25-82
06-28-82

07-09-82
07-21-82
07-21-82
07-22-82
07-23-82
07-28-82
07-28-82
08-02-82
Type
Trip blank
do
do
Glassware blank
for June 1982
laboratory
Trip blank
Wash blank
Trip blank
do
do
Wash blank
do
Trip blank
Contaminants
—
—
2 , 4-Dimethy 1-2-pentene 1
Borinic acid, diethyl,
methyl ester1
3 , 3-Dimethyl-2-butanone 1
3-Methyl-2-pentanone1
2-Methyl-heptane1
3-Hexen-2-one1
Acetic acid, 1-methylester 1
2, 6-Dimethyl heptane1
6-(acetyloxy)-2-hexanone1
2-Chloronapthalene1
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate1
—
1,2-Cyclo hexanediol1
di-n-butyl phthalate
4-chloro-trans-cyclohexanol
2,2' — oxybis-propane
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthlate
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthlate
2,2' oxybis-propane1
1,1' -oxybis (3-methyl)butane
	 2
	 2
	 2
	 2
—
Concentration
—
—
0.4
4.0
20
62
24
39
95
48
33
90
1,100
—
5.0
19
LT
LT
10
6.6
LT
LT
—
—
—
—
—
1  Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
    Standards  (NBS)  library.   No external standard was available.
    Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based only on an
    internal standard.   GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by
    GC/MS  analysts.
  Sample  evaporated.

                                     20

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  Table  6.—Contamination  of  quality-assurance water  blanks,  1982  (continued)
             [Concentrations  in Mg/L; LT  indicates that contaminants
             were detected but below the quantifiable detection  limit;
             dashes indicate  they were not detected.]
  Date
collected	Type
                                 Contaminants
                            Concentration
08-12-82
 Trip  blank
08-18-82
Wash blank
08-20-82
Trip blank

Spike

Glassware blank

Glassware blank

Glassware blank



Spike
 3-methyl-2-pentenone                23
 Toluene                              2.3
 Tetrahydro-5-methyl-trans-2-
   furanmethanol1                     3.9
 1,6-Hexanediol1                      5.0
 2-Cyclohexen-l-ol1                  13
 2-Cyclohexen-l-orie1                 16
 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy-ethanol1           7.1
 1,4-Dichlorobenzene1                LT
 4-Chloro-trans-cyclohexanol         17
 Bromophenoxybenzene^                 1.7

 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone1            14
 2-Methyl-2-pentanol1                 2.3
 4~Methyl-2-pentanone^                1.6
 3-Methyl-2-pentanone1               23
 3-Cyclohexen-l-ol1                  11
 2-Cyclohexen-l-one1                 15
 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol1           2.4
 4-Chloro-transcyclohexanol-'-         18
 2,6-Bis(l,1-dimethylethyl)-
  4-methylmethyl carbamate1          1.2
 N-Phenylbenzenamine^                 2.5
4-(l,l,3,3-TetramethylbutyD-
  phenol1                            1.0
Di-n-butyl phthalate                 1.1

Methoxycyclohexane                  10

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate         90
                                      2-Cyclohexen-l-ol
                                      2-Cyclohexen-1-one
                                      1,2-Cyclohexanediol

                                      2,3-Dichlorophenol^-
                                      1,2-Dihydroacenaphthylene1
                                      2-Methyl-l-l-biphenyl1
                                   LT
                                   LT
                                   LT

                                    4.3
                                   14
                                   10
                                      21

-------
             Table 7.—Surrogate recoveries  from water  blanks

   (All values are in percent; dashes  indicate  analysis  not  performed.)
Date
collected

Sample type
Water spike

(1)
(2)


Decaf luoro-
biphenyl
1-f luoro-
napthalene
_

2,2-
Dif luoro-
biphenyl
47
Surrogate
Trifluoro-
Phenol-d6 m-cresol
75

(1) Tribromophenol
(2) Dibromophenol
(3) D ibromobenzene
(1)140, (2)105, (3)60
Quality control
  sample 2
Quality control
sample 3
(acid only)

Water spike
(2)  61
66
                44
                          64
           19
                      25
06-21-82
06-25-82
06-28-82
07-09-82
07-21-82
07-21-82
07-22-82
07-23-82
07-23-82
07-28-82
07-28-82

08-02-82
08-12-82

08-18-82
08-20-82
08-20-82
09-08-82
09-08-82

-

Trip blank
Water spike
Water spike
Water spike -
Water spike (2) 29
Water spike (2) 71
Glassware blank (2) 27
Trip blank
Trip blank (2) 52
Trip blank (2) 79
Wash blank (2) 71
Trip blank (2) 75
Trip blank
Trip blank
Trip blank
Wash blank
Wash blank
Water spike —
Trip blank
Trip blank
Water spike
Wash blank
Trip blank
Wash blank
Trip blank
Trip blank (2)64
Water spike (2)42
Water spike -

95
28
22
-
82
84
74
84
-
-
-


73

57
61
55
69
55
38
73
54
47

51
61
40
45
31
90
60
76
12
40
40
45
60
48
97


75

56
70
41
64
41
46
46
51
75

76
66
40
67
66
(2)20, (3)70
(1)44, (2)28, (3)27
90
30
69
68
73
67 (3) 58
100 (3) 47
100 (3) 98


(1)80, (2)70, (3)69

(1)67, (2)58, (3)56
(1)86, (2)89, (3)83
(1)51, (2)47, (3)48
(1)71, (2)86, (3)73
(1)51, (2)47, (3)48
(1)26, (2)30
(2)64, (3)51
(1)48, (2)75, (3)40
(1)140, (2)105,
(3)60
                                    22

-------
                                                            Table 8. Qualicy-assurance  results  for  waste-disposal sites




                                                                [Site locations  shown in  specific  site  descriptions.]
U>
Date
collected
06-18-82
do
do
06-19-82
do
do
06-21-82
do
06-19-82
do
do
06-21-82
do
do
06-17-82
do
do
06-21-82
06-21-82
do
06-22-82

do
do
06-23-82


06-25-82
do
07-09-82
do
do
do
do


(1)
Site name Sample Sample (2)
and number no. type
Botanical Gardens
(243) do
do
Lynch Park (076)
do
do
Holiday Park (072)
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
3
3
4
5
5
6
7
8
8
9
Buffalo Pumps (083)1
do
NCRD.Wheatfield
(081)
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
2
1

2
3
4
5
6
7
7
7
8
9
10
11
water2
do 2
do
substrate
do
do
water
do
do
do
do
do
do
do

substrate
do
water
water
do
substrate

do
do
do

water
do
do
substrate
do3
do3
do3
do3

Decaf luoro-
biphenyl
1-Fluoro- 2
napthalene
(2)68
-
(1)28

(2)74

(1)31
(1)65
-
(1)63
(1)31
(1)42
(1)85
(1)60(63)

(2)67
(2)96
(1)34(36)
-
-
(2)64(64)

(2)12

(2)85

(2)31
(2)54
(2)48
(2)81
(2) Ql
(2)42(103)!
(2)66'
(2)15'
Surrogate
,2-Difluoro-
biphenyl
78
87
58

70

35
56
35
65
35
34
65
62(93)1

43
86
36(59)1
-
-
36(42)1

10

69

58
40
51
72
Ql
43(95)'
41 1
141
Recoveries (in percent)
Trifluoro-
Phenol— d6 m— cresol

-
102

41

55
101
77
68
82
60
138
86(37)1

87
200
65
-
-
73(92)1

5

70

16
_
_
24.
o1
29(74)!
22 1
91

_
99

52

64
99
70
73
63
54
59
124(12)!

-
-
80
-
-
_

2

40

48
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
(1) Tribromophenol
(2) Dibromophenol
(3) Dibromobenzene

-
-

-

-
-
-
-
-
-
_
-

(1)5, (2)16, (3)72
(1)59, (2)77, (3)87
-
-
-
(1)4(5)1, (2)10(13)1
(3)59(66)1
-

_

-
_
_
(2)25

(1)0(66)1, (2)0(51)1
(DO1, (2)0'
(DO1, (2)0'
Precision
(Relative
Percent
Difference)

-
-

-

_
-
10,10
do
-
15,0
do
-

0,4
do
-
_
-

-
-

_

-
-
„
_
_
_
_
-

-------
                                                        Table  8.  Quality assurance results  for waste-disposal  sites (continued)
r-o
-P-
Surrogate Recoveries
Date
collected
06-24-82
do
do
do
do
do
06-22-82
06-25-82
do
do

06-26-82
do
06-28-82
do
do
do
do
06-28-82
do
do
do
06-28-82
do
do
08-21-82
do
do
06-28-82

06-25-82





(I)
Site name Sample Sample (2)
and number no. type
Nash Road
do
do
do
do
do
Frontier
do
do
do
do
(093)





Chemical
(067)



Niagara River
do
Gratwick
do
do
do
do
(094)
Park
(068)



Great Lakes Carbon
do
do
do
Art Park
do
do
do
do
do
Whirlpool

(022)


(063)





(089)

Buffalo Ave. (083)
do
do
do
do
do





1
1
2
2
3
4
1
2
2
3
4
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
1
1
3
4
5
6
water1*
do *
substrate
do
do
do
water
do
do
substrate
water
water
do
water1*
do 3
do
do 3
do
substrate
do
water
do


water
substrate3
do
do3
substrate
do
substrate
do




Decaf luoro-
biphenyl
1-Fluoro-
napthalene
(2)
(2)
85
2
(2)113
(2)
(2)






(2)
19
84
-
-
-
-
-
-
31
(2)133


(2)
(2)
^
-
59
57
(2)122
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)


(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)


(2)
(2)




62
59
70
19


76
oi
70
20 !

-
70
17




2,2-Difluoro-
biphenyl Phenol-d6
53
45
83
81
57
106
-
-
-
-
-
56
129
6
-
65
69
148
56
37
124
28


89
31
55
II1

92
130
24





-
68
31
23
40
_
-
-
-
-
13
27
11
-
12
20
25
91
71
61
19


22
O1
35
2'

76
7
4




(in percent) Precision
(1) Tribromophenol (Relative
Trifluoro- (2) Dibromophenol Percent
m-cresol (3) Dibroraobenzene Difference)

-
50
73
24

_
-
-
-
-
87
133
22
_
25
100
130
_

123
49


46
0'
-
-

-
8
9




0 to 25
do
0 to 50
do
-
(1)131, (2)88, (3)59
-
0 to 26
do
-
-
_
-
_ _
_
_
-
-
(1), 8, (2)27, (3)62
(2)10, (3)62
-
-


_
(1)01,(2)01
(1)47, (2)39
(1)9',(2)711
_
(1)30, (2)98, (3)75
0 to 9
do
-
-
-
-
                             1 Analysis repeated
                             2 Niagara County Refuse Disposal
                             3 Matrix interferences
                             "* Acid portion evaporated

-------
Table 8. Quality assurance results  for waste-disposal  sites  (continued)




          [Site locations shown  in  specific  site  descriptions.]
Date
collected
06-28-82
do
do
do
do
06-30-82
do
07-02-82
do

07-10-82


08-21-82
do
do
do
08-27-82
do
07-29-82



07-29-82
do
do
do
08-30-82
do
do
do
do
07-30-82

do
do
do
08-04-82
do
do
do
Site name Sample
and number no.
Buffalo
do
do
do
do
do
do
64th St
do
City of
Ave.
(083)



. N. (088)


Tonawanda Dump
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
(207)







J.H. Williams Co.
do
do
do
(160)


Squaw Island
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Luc idol

do
do
do
(203)







Division
(137)



Urn. Stausman Prop
do
do
do
(204)


7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1

2
3
4
1
2
3
4



(1) Decaf luoro-
biphenyl
Sample (2) 1-Fluoro-
type napthalene


substrate
do
substrate
do

water


substrate3
do3
do
do
do 3
do3



substrate


substrate
do

do3
do3
do3
do3
substrate

do
do
do
substrate
do
do
do


(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)

(2)


(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)






(2)


63
65
9
64

20


91
13
85
66
32
O1



-


56
(2)100

(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)





(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)

40
16
40
15
-

-
-
-
68
42
54
74
Surrogate
2,2-Difluoro-
biphenyl


53
51
5
68

75


101
8
65
46
15
Ql



47


80
19

38
11
38
17
60(72)!

62
55
57
76
30
61
81
Recoveries (in percent)
Precision
(1) Tribromophenol (Relative
Trifluoro- (2) Dibromophenol Percent
Phenol-d6 m-cresol (3) Dibromobenzene Difference/


90
91
28
27

50 82


0'
2
47
25
4
Ql



57


104
86

4
0
27
1
60(76)1

28
42
47
50
17
41
64


(2)15, (3)70
(1)9, (2)21,
(1)4, (2)2
(1)70, (2)63

(1)62


(DO1, (2)0'
(1)12, (2)4
(1)52, (2)51
(1)44, (2)34



(3)61

,(3)56








-
_
-
-
_
-
_
-


—
-
-
-
(1)0, (2)0, (3)31
(1)01,(2)01







-
_
_
_
(1)140, (2)105, (3)60


(1)76, (2)78
(1)94, (2)92

(1)10, (2)4

(1)40, (2)30
-
(1)45(48)',
(3)60(69)'


,(3)59
,(3)94



,(3)26

(2)62(72)!,

_
_
-
-





_

(1)110, (2)56, (3)70
(1)37, (2)57
(1)85, (2)61
(1)53, (2)50
(1)21, (2)18
(1)39,(2)34
(1)52, (2)61
,(3)48
,(3)54
,(3)73
,(3)47
,(3)55
,(3)79
-
-
_
-
-
-

-------
                           Table  8.  Quality assurance results for waste-disposal  sites (continued)
Surrogate Recoveries (in percent)
Date
collected
08-05-82
do
do
do
08-05-82
do
do
do
08-11-82
do
do
do
08-12-82
do
do
do
08-18-82
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
08-19-82
do
08-20-82
Site name SampL
and number no.
Donner Hanna Coke
do (217)
do
do
McNaughton Brooks
do (138)
do
do
R. P. Adams (103)
do
do
do
Stauffer Chemical
do (300)
do
do
Dupont of
Tonawanda (128)
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Modern Disposal
do (077)
Quinns Motel ( )
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
3
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
1
(1)
e Sample (2)
type
substrate
do
do
do
substrate
do
do
do
substrate
do
do
do

substrate
do
do
substrate
do
water
do
do
water

do
do
do
do
substrate
Decaf luoro-
biphenyl
1-Fluoro- 2,2-Dif luoro-
napthalene biphenyl
(2) 73
(2) 57
(2) 62
(2) 71
(2) 56
(2) 48
(2) 66
(2) 73
(2) 58
(2) 69
(2)150
(2)110

(2) 58(7)'
(2) 47
(2) 51
-
-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
(2) 15
49
14
-
30
55
50
37
55
38
52
50
89

15U)1
40
52
49

55
62
31
35

42
12
29
34
11
(1) Tribromophenol
Trifluoro- (2) Dibromophenol
Phenol-d6 m-cresol (3) Dibromobenzene
46
-
-
-
42
62
-
21
31
25
37
63

O(l)1
39
42
103

32
48
29
27

35
93
33
35
8
(2)24, (3)75
(3)69
(3)77
(3)49
(1)41, (2)40, (3)56
(1)36, (2)47, (3)42
(1)8, (3)83
(1)11, (2)21, (3)61
(1)32,(2)30
(1)86, (2)39
(1)34, (2)33
(1)78, (2)63

(l)ll(O)1 (2)10(0)!
(1)0, (2)27, (3)38
(1)41,(2)39,(3)56
U)l,(2)8, (3)154

(1)51, (2)47, (3)48
(1)60, (2)55, (3)58
(1)77, (2)52, (3)48
(1)37, (2)54, (3)54

(1)57, (2)82, (3)66
(1)124, (2)11, (3)31
(1)54, (2)80, (3)38
(1)73, (2)84, (3)47
(1)0, (2)0
Precision
(Relative
Percent
Difference)

_
_
-

_
_
-

_.
_
-

_
_
-


_
_
_
_

_
-
_
-
-
1 Analysis repeated
2 Niagara County Refuse Disposal
3 Matrix interferences
k Acid portion evaporated

-------
                           Table 8. Quality assurance results  for waste-disposal  sites (continued)

                                     [Site locations shown  in  specific  site  descriptions.]
Surrogate Recoveries (in percent) Precision
Date
collected
08-20-82
do
08-26-82

do
do
do
do
08-27-82
do
do
do
do
08-30-82
09-08-82

08-25-82
do
do
09-08-82
See quality
bedrock
01-01-82
01-04-82

a)
Site name Sample Sample (2)
and number no, type
Union Carbide
do (064)
West Seneca
Transfer Station
do (220)
do
do
do
97th St. Church
do (245)
do
do
do
Otis Elevator(144)
Creeks ide Golf
Course (252)
do
do
do
do
assurance results
1
2

1
2
3
3
4
1
2
3
4
4
1

1
1
2
3
3
water
do

substrate3
do3
do3
do3
do3
substrate3
do3
do3
do3
do3
substrate

water
substrate3
do3
do3
water
Decaf luoro-
biphenyl
1-Fluoro- 2
napthalene
_
-

_
(2) 14
(2) 19U15)1
(2) 62
(2) 38
(2) 0
(2H111
(2) 9
(2) 0
(2) 25
(2) 16

(2) 55
(2) 4
(2) 4
(2) 44
(2) 63
(1) Tribroraophenol (Relative
,2-Difluoro- Trifluoro- (2) Dibroraophenol Percent
biphenyl Phenol-d6 m-cresol (3) D ibromobenzene Difference)
32
31

-
5
20U11)2
32
25
1
91
7
07
0
11

57
2
3
29
72
30
32

_
1
18(83)'
13
6
°i
61
3
63
6
9

41
.
_
20
55
(1)57, (2)80, (3)42
(1)33, (2)81, (3)45

(1)18, (2)0
(1)0, (2)0
(1)8(80)', (2)16(61)!
(1)0,(2)17,(3)63
(1)0, (2)0, (3)33
(1)0, (2)0, (3)0
(1)81,(2)61,(3)101
(1)0, (2)0
(1)99, (2)108, (3)111
(1)0, (2)108, (3)24
(1)0, (2)7

(1)105, (2)50, (3)45
-
-
(1)16,(2)126
(1)114, (2)69, (3)55
«
-

-
-
-
-
-
—
-
-
-
-
-

-


-

for unconsolidated deposits in Niagara Falls,
wells in Niagara Falls, and wells
Cayuga Island(084)
Hydraulic Canal
(086)
1
1

water
water

along Niagara
(2)75
(2)52

River - Robert
100
63

Moses Parkway
81
59


(1)115, (2)111, (3)86
(1)92,(2)67,(3)70


-
-

1 Analysis repeated
2 Niagara County Refuse Disposal
3 Matrix interferences
** Acid portion evaporated

-------
   Table  9.—Surrogate  recoveries  for  ground-water  samples  from bedrock
            wells  in Niagara  Falls, N.Y.,  December  1982  through January  1983.

             [All values  are  in  percent;  locations  shown  in  pi.  3.]
Site
American Falls Park,
do
Robert Moses Parkway,
do
13th Street
14th Street
Cudaback Street
Niagara Street
61st Street
60th Street
Power Authority State
do
do
(1)
(2)
109 ft well
47 ft well
we 1 1 no . 1
well no. 2






of NY well no. 1
well no. 2
well no. 3
Bromochloromethane (1) d6 Benzene
l-Bromo-2-chloroethane (2) Flourobenzene
(1)85,
(1)61,
(1)88,
(1)94,
(1)93,
(1)92,
(1)86,
(1)67,
(1)66,
(1)64,
(1)69,
(1)112,
(1)101,
(2)97
(2)62
(2)79
(2)94
(2)74
(2)72
(2)66
(2)64
(2)56
(2)60
(2)105
(2)109
(2)105
(1)102,
(1)70,
(1)85,
(1)105,
(1)66,
(1)56,
(1)58,
(1)71,
(1)60,
(1)63,
(1)96,
(1)93,
(1)101,
(2)102
(2)71
(2)87
(2)107
(2)70
(2)67
(2)62
(2)73
(2)65
(2)66
(2)95
(2)103
(2)115
                                   (1) 1-Fluoronapthalene    (1)
                                   (2) p-Dibromobenzene      (2)
                                   (3) 2,2'-Difluorobiphenyl (3)
American Falls Park, 109 ft well
         do
47 ft well
Robert Moses Parkway, well no. 1
         do           well no. 2
13th Street
14th Street
Cudaback Street
Niagara Street
61st Street
60th Street
Power Authority State of NY no. 1
          do                no. 2
          do                no. 3
                                            Phenol~d6
                                            Dibromophenol
                                            2,4,6-Tribromo-
                                            phenol
(1)55,
(1)64,
(1)48,
(2)34,
(1)94,
(1)44,
(1)77,
(1)53,
(1)91,
(1)61,
(1)46,
(1)60,
(1)52,
(2)59,
(2)74,
(2)46,
(3)55
(2)105
(2)50,
(2)99,
(2)66,
(2)89,
(2)78,
(2)57,
(2)71,
(2)63,
(3)64
(3)85
(3)76

, (3)79
(3)50
(3)70
(3)60
(3)96
(3)60
(3)44
(3)61
(3)44
(1)65,
(1)43,
(1)65,
(1)64,
(1)62,
(1)47,
(1)52,
(1)36,
(1)57,
(1)43,
(1)42,
(1)45,
(1)44,
(2)70,
(2)46,
(2)65,
(2)55,
(2)43
(2)35,
(2)40,
(2)38,
(2)53,
(2)35,
(2)66,
(2)70,
(2)76,
(3)103
(3)88
(3)94
(3)97

(3)58
(3)56
(3)50
(3)57
(3)56
(3)94
(3)106
(3)97
                                         28

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Table  10.—Surrogate recoveries  for ground-water samples  from wells  in
           the unconsolidated deposits along  the Niagara  River,  Robert Moses
           Parkway, N.Y., January 1983.

           [All values are in percent; locations are shown  in pi.  3.]

Robert
Robert
Site
Moses Parkway
do
do
do
do
Moses Parkway
do
do
do
do

no.
no.
no.
no.
no.
no.
no.
no.
no.
no.

2
3
4
5
6
2
3
4
5
6
(i) Bromochloromethane
(2) l-Bromo-2-chloroethane
(1)54, (2)124
(1)124, (2)104
(1)39, (2)123
(1)95, (2)102
(1)105, (2)119
(1) 1-Fluoronapthalene
(2) p-Dibromobenzene
(3) 2,2'-Difluorobiphenyl
(1)41, (2)51, (3)45
(1)76, (2)45, (3)48
(1)71, (2)90, (3)77
(1)61, (2)71, (3)59
(1)50, (2)61, (3)52
(1) d6 Benzene
(2) Flourobenzene
(1)101, (2)103
(1)99, (2)98
(1)105, (2)101
(1)83, (2)93
(1)117, (2)92
(1) Phenol-d6
(2) Dibromophenol
(3) 2,4,6-Tribromophenol
(1)37, (2)61, (3)76
(1)1, (2)34, (3)27
(1)73, (2)122, (3)165
(1)78, (2)82, (3)109
(1)52, (2)75, (3)63
Table 11.—Surrogate recoveries for ground-water samples  from wells  used
           to characterize area water quality; Buffalo, Tonawanda, and Niagara
           Falls, N.Y., November 1982.

           [All values in percent; locations shown in pis. 2 and  3.]
Site
Department of Transportation
Shawnee Road
Niagara Falls Boulevard
Whitmer Road
Airport Triangle
I90-R62 Interchange
West Seneca Street
Griffon Park
Gratwick Park
Department of Transportation
Shawnee Road
Niagara Falls Boulevard
Whitmer Road
Airport Triangle
I90-R62 Interchange
Seneca Street
Griffon Park
Gratwick Park
(1) Bromochloromethane
(2) l-Bromo-2-chloroethane
(1)109, (2)113
(1)73, (2)124
(1)97, (2)132
(1)91, (2)104
(1)100, (2)143
(1)115, (2)94
(1)116, (2)98
(1)110, (2)115
(1)101 (116)1,
(2)100 (112)1
(1) 1-Fluoronapthalene
(2) p-Dibromobenzene
(3) 2,2'-Difluorobiphenyl
(1)32, (2)32, (3)36
(1)32, (2)38, (3)43
(1)42, (2)47, (3)47
(1)35, (2)34, (3)31
(1)49, (2)41, (3)29
(1)37, (2)40, (3)35
(1)62, (2)64, (3)58
(1)57, (2)88, (3)65
(1)62, (2)86, (3)67
(1) d6 Benzene
(2) Flourobenzene
(1)116, (2)124
(1)115, (2)119
(1)121, (2)114
(1)97, (2)92
(1)112, (2)100
(1)113, (2)114
(1)95, (2)127
(1)120, (2)125
(1)99 (103)1,
(2)104 (129)1
(1) Phenol-d6
(2) Dibromophenol
(3) 2,4,6-Tribromophenol
(1)36, (2)69, (3)36
(1)52, (2)128, (3)83
(1)36, (2)108, (3)88
(1)33, (2)134, (3)47
(1)47, (2)79, (3)32
(1)39, (2)83, (3)30
(1)49, (2)85, (3)29
(1)56, (2)95, (3)25
(1)44, (2)105, (3)43
^Analysis repeated
                                      29

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                  EVALUATION OF  CONTAMINANT MIGRATION


    This report evaluates the potential for ground-water contamination from
migration of hazardous wastes in a qualitative manner only; a quantitative
assessment would require efforts beyond the scope of this preliminary survey.
The following paragraphs give (1) criteria for the qualitative assessment of
contaminant-migration potential, (2) a general method for computing the rate and
quantity of chemical discharges, should sufficient data become available, and
(3) suggestions for future quantitative studies to assess the regional effects
of contaminant migration on the Niagara River.
                           Qualitative Assessment

    All sites are designated as having either a major or indeterminable poten-
tial for contaminant migration in ground water, as described below:

    Major potential.—These sites are close to the river or a tributary and (1)
contain hazardous constituents or chemicals and have permeable soils or suf-
ficient ground-water gradients for ground-water movement, as evidenced by site
records, chemical analyses, and water-level or core analyses; and(or) (2) have
evidence that offsite migration of hazardous contaminants has already occurred.

    Indeterminable.—These sites were those for which data were inadequate to
make a realistic assessment of contaminant migration; that is, where either the
geohydrologic data or the chemical data were insufficient to indicate the poten-
tial for offsite migration.

    Of the 138 sites evaluated in this study, 61 were judged to have a major
potential for contaminant migration and are listed in table 12.  The sites
having a major potential may already be contaminating the river(s).  The sites
designated as having indeterminable potential may be reclassified as other data
become available.
                           Quantitative Assessment

    A quantitative assessment of migration rates and amount of contamination was
beyond the scope of this study; however, a general procedure for calculating
chemical discharges to the river, based on representative data from this study as
an example, is given below.  The methods presented herein should be used with
extreme caution.  The values would be, at best, an indication of relative dif-
ferences between sites.
                            General Considerations

    At some sites, the ground-water or substrate samples may have been obtained
from within the disposal area and therefore could not be used to determine off-
site migration.  Many of the soil samples were taken from above a clay or con-
fining unit that was unsaturated; chemical migration in such layers would be
considerably slower than in saturated units.
                                      30

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Table 12.—Sites designated as having a major potential for  contaminant
           migration to ground water.

           [Locations are shown in pis. 1-3.]
Site no.

107
118
120-122
138
141
162
203
241

24-37
68
105
108
123
136
182

5
14
15-19,250
38
39
40
41
41a-49
56
58,59,248

66
81
83
85
242
251
Site name
BUFFALO AREA (10 sites)
Allied Chemical
Bethlehem Steel Company
Buffalo Color Corp.
McNaughton-Brooks , Inc.
Mobil Oil Corporation
Alltift
Squaw Island
Times Beach
TONAWANDA AREA (20 sites)
Occidental, Durez
Gratwick-Rivers ide Park
Allied Chemical
Tonawanda Coke
Columbus McKinnon Corporation
INS Equipment Corporation
Huntley Power Station
NIAGARA FALLS AREA (31 sites)
Bell Aerospace
DuPont, Necco Park
DuPont, Buffalo Avenue
Occidental, Love Canal
Occidental, Hyde Park
Occidental, 102nd Street
Occidental, Buffalo Avenue S-Area
Occidental, Buffalo Avenue Plant
Olin, 102nd Street
Olin, Buffalo Avenue Pland

Reichold-Varcum
Niagara County Refuse Disposal
Buffalo Avenue
Griffon Park
Charles Gibson
Solvent Chemical
EPA number

915004
915009
915012a-c
915034
915040
915054
915052
915080

932018
932060
915003-b
915055-a
915016
915031
915063

932052
932047
932013a-f
932020
932021
932022
932019a
932019b-i
932031
932051a,b, and
932038
932040
932026
932080
932081
932096
—
                                 31

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    To  assess  the  effects  of  each  site  on  the Niagara River would require eval-
uation  of geohydrologic  and plume  characteristics  of  each site by periodic,
long-term monitoring.  Specific  knowledge  of  the  following would be required:

1.  Type and extent  of unconsolidated material and bedrock units.

2.  Vertical and horizontal permeability for  pertinent  geologic units.
    (Horizontal and  vertical  permeabilities are not equal.)

3.  Rate and direction of  ground-water  flow (based on potentiometric gradients
    and saturated  thickness of units.)

4.  Effect of manmade disturbances  such as conduits,  storm drains,  sanitary
    sewers, water  lines, retaining  walls,  etc., on rate  or direction of  flow*

5.  Sources, extent, and characteristics of chemical  plumes,  including  con-
    taminant concentrations and  time and spatial variation.

6.  Contaminants' degree of mixing  and  rate of leaching.

7.  Chemical interactions, changes, and attenuation between  site and river.


                             Method of Computation

    An analytical approach for calculating discharges  to  the  river  would  use
Darcy's law, expressed by  the following equation:

                                           ki
                                       V=~                             (1)

where:  v = average  linear velocity of ground-water movement
        k = permeability of the material
        i = hydraulic gradient
        n = the effective  porosity  of the material

The equation can be  used if the values are known and  have  small variability.   A
two-dimensional sketch showing these relationships  in a  ground-water system  is
given in figure 2.    Some estimated  values  for  these variables  in the
Erie-Niagara County  area are given  below.

    Permeability.—Permeability tests on the  porous fill  and  sand  from  some  sites
yielded mean values  of about  10~3 cm/s.  The  vertical permeability  of the clay
units at the sites ranged  from 10~5 to 10~9 cm/s;  no  data  on  horizontal per-
meabilities are available.  Clay is highly anisotropic owing  to the  internal
structure and alignment of the platey minerals that form  it;  therefore, horizon-
tal permeability within clay can exceed the vertical  permeability  a  hundredfold
Sand stringers in clay may increase both horizontal and vertical permeability  of
a given unit.

    Hydraulic gradient.—The hydraulic gradients in the areas  studied are poorly
defined.  During the test-drilling  phase of the study in  1982,  perched water was
encountered above a  clay unit at many sites,   and the regional  water  table was
encountered within the clay.   The differences  in hydraulic head between the


                                      32

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perched  water and the water  table  varied considerably  among sites—generally
frota  0.5 to 5 ft, although greater differences occurred  at  some sites.

    The  vertical hydraulic gradient is  calculated by dividing the difference
between  water levels at two wells  in the same unit by  the saturated thickness of
the unit (fig.  2).   Horizontal hydraulic gradients is  calculated by dividing the
difference  between water-level altitude in two wells by  the distance (L) be-
tween  the wells (fig. 2).  In general,  the horizontal  gradients at the sites
studied  are relatively small except in  areas where geologic conditions or arti-
ficial recharge have caused ground-water mounding.

    Effective porosity.—The effective  porosity (the fraction of interconnected
pore  space  available for fluid transmission) of the materials at the sites
studied  is  estimated to range from 0.3  to 0.7.  Fill and sand porosity ranges
from 0.3 to 0.4,  and clay porosity ranges from 0.5 to 0.7.

    Flow velocity.—Substituting the  maximum and minimum values for the variables
discussed above into equation 1 yields  the ranges of horizontal and vertical
velocity of ground  water given below:
    n= effective porosity
    b= saturated thickness
    L = distance
Ky'vertical hydraulic conductivity
«h=horizontal hydraulic conductivity
hx=hydrostatic head
                                                             oo
    RIVER
C	f
Kv=10~6-10~7
                -h3»2-5feet
                                                                            ••••*••
                                      I
                                                                   h! - h2=.5->5feet
                                                                   b*20feet
                                Bedrock (fractured)
        Figure  2.   Horizontal and  vertical  ground-water gradients  in a
                    generalized hydrologia cross section.
                                         33

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Vertical velocity:  .               (2.8  x 10~3  ft/d)  (  5  ft)
                      Vmax  = _ki  = 	20      = 2.4 x 10~3 ft/d
                             n            0.3

                                   (2.8  x 10~6  ft/d)  (_5  ft)
                      Vmin  = ki  = 	20      = 1  x 10~6 ft/d.
                             n            0.7
Horizontal velocity:   Vmax  =  (2.8  x  IP"1  ft/d)  (.005  ft)  = 0.005  ft/d
                                     0.3

                     Vmin = (2.8 x 10~3 ft/d)  (.002  ft) = 8 x 10~6  ft/d.
                                     0.7

The calculations  indicate that ground-water movement  in the area  studied  is
relatively slow and ranges  over three  orders of magnitude.   The application  of
such a wide range may  be inappropriate for specific  site  analysis;  local
geologic and hydrologic variations could  change the  velocities  substantially.

    Contaminant flux.—To assess the rate of contaminant  discharge  to the river
from equation  (1), multiply the velocity  by the cross-sectional area of a site
and by the effective porosity, then  by appropriate conversion factors to  obtain
discharge, in  gal/d (eq. 2).  Then multiply the flow  rate by the  chemical con-
centration and appropriate  conversion  factors  to  obtain the flux  of con-
taminants, in  Ib/d (eq. 3).
                              Q = vAn x 7.48  gal
                                                                   (2)
where:
where:
Q
V
A
n
F
Q
c
= flow rate, in gal/d;
= average linear velocity, in ft/d;
= cross-sectional area, in ft2;
= effective porosity.

              F = QC x 3.785 L_
                                                    Ib
                                                                    (3)
                                         §al   4.54 x  108
 flux of contaminants, in Ib/d;
 flow rate, in gal/d;
 concentration, in yg/L.
    Again, note that the calculations are only an example  and  should  not  be  used
as measures of contamination from the sites.
                  REGIONAL HYDROLOGIC EVALUATION

    This section describes hydrogeologic character—the unconsolidated  deposits
and bedrock units, the ground-water conditions, and the general  ground-water
quality—of the three study  areas.  The individual waste-disposal  sites  in each
area are described in the appendices.
                                      34

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                               BUFFALO AREA

                                    Geology

     The Buffalo study area (pi.  1) consists of units of sedimentary bedrock
 composed of shale,  limestone,  and dolomite overlain by unconsolidated deposits
 of clay, sand,  and  till.  The  bedrock units are of Silurian and Devonian age;
 the unconsolidated  deposits are  primarily of Pleistocene age.  The extent of
 the sedimentary bedrock units  is shown in figure 3; the distribution of the
 unconsolidated  units is shown  in figure 4.

     The bedrock units of concern in this study are:  Camillus Shale, Bertie
 Limestone,  and  Akron Dolomite  (described as one unit); Onondaga Limestone;
 Marcellus  Shale,  and the Skaneateles Formation.   The unconsolidated deposits
 of interest are of  glacial origin and consist of a glaciolacustrine clay-sand
 deposit, end-moraine deposits,  and an outwash-terrace-delta gravel deposit.

     Bedrock Units.—The oldest  sedimentary bedrock unit encountered in this
 study  is the Camillus Shale of  Silurian age (fig.  3),  which occurs only in the
 northern part of  the Buffalo area.   This unit has  been described by LaSala
 (1968)  as  a gray, red,  and green thin-bedded shale containing massive
 mudstone;  the unit  also contains beds and lenses of gypsum approaching 5 ft in
 thickness.   Subsurface  information indicates a dolomitic mudrock to be inter-
 bedded  within the unit  also.  The Camillus Shale,  estimated to be about 400 ft
 in thickness, dips  southward throughout the area at approximately 40 ft/mi.
 Information from  gypsum miners  indicates that the  dip  of the formation is
 undulatory  within a range of a  few feet.

     Two  other units of  Silurian  age overlie the  Camillus Shale—the Bertie
 Limestone  and the overlying Akron Dolomite.   The Bertie Limestone is a gray
 and brown  dolomite  with some interbedded shale;  the Akron Dolomite is a
 greenish-gray and buff  fine-grained dolomite (LaSala,  1968).  The Bertie
 Limestone,  the  thicker  of the two units,  ranges  from 50 to 60 ft thick,
 whereas  the Akron Dolomite is estimated to be 8  ft thick.   Both formations dip
 southward,  as does  the  underlying Camillus Shale.

     The  Onondaga Limestone of middle  Devonian age  overlies this limestone-
 dolomite unit;  the  two  units are separated by an unconformity or an erosional
 contact.  The Onondaga  Limestone consists  of three members.   The lowest,  which
 overlies the Akron  Dolomite, is  a gray,  coarse-grained limestone generally a
 few  feet thick.  This member, according to Buehlor and Tesmer (1963),  grades
 laterally into  reef  deposits, thereby  increasing its thickness.   The middle
 member consists of  a  gray  limestone  and blue chert and reaches a thickness of
 40  to 45 ft.  The upper  member is  a dark gray to tan limestone ranging in
 thickness from  50 to  60  ft.  The  overall  thickness of  the  Onondaga Limestone
 is  approximately 110  ft.

    The Marcellus Shale  overlies  this  limestone  unit;  the  formation is
 described by LaSala  (1968)  as being black  and  fissile.   The  unit ranges  in
 thickness from 30 to  55  ft  and dips generally  southward  at 40  ft/mi.   The
uppermost unit within the  study  area  is  the  Skaneateles  Formation.   It  is
olive-gray  to dark-gray  and black,  fissile shale with  calcareous  beds.   The
 lower 10 feet of the  unit  is gray limestone.   Total thickness  is  60 to  90
 feet.  This unit is  found  in the  southernmost  part  of  the  study  area.


                                      35

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                                                              EXPLANATION
            78° 52'30
Base from USGS, 1974
                        Geology from LaSala, 1968
                            5MILES
                                                 O

                                                 0)
                                                Q
                                                 CL
                                                 O.
                                                 c
                                                 (0

                                                 C
                                                 O

                                                 (II
                                                 Cr
                                                CO
                                                 Q.
                                                 Q.
                                                       Genesee and Sonyea Formations
                                                       Ludlowville and Moscow Shale
                                                     Marcellus and Skaneateles Shales
                                                           Onondaga Limestone
                                                    Bertie Limestone and Akron Dolomite
                                                             Camillus Shale
                                                    	Boundary of area



                                                     	  Geologic contact
   Figure 3.   Bedrock  geology of  the  Buffalo area.

                La  Sola,  1968.)
(Modified  from
                                       36

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                                                             EXPLANATION
            78° 52'30
Base from USGS, 1974
                       Geology from Muller, 1977
                            SMILES
                                                o
                                                         Lake silt, sand and clay
                                                         Lake silt, sand and clay
                                                             Ground moraine
                                                                Boundary of area
                                                                Glacial marginal position
                                                                Geologic contact, dashed
                                                                where uncertain
   Figure 4.   Surfiaial  geology of the  Buffalo area.
                Muller, 1977.)
(Modified  from
                                        37

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    No additional  data  on  the  bedrock  units  within the  Buffalo area were
obtained.  The geology  of  the  units  is  summarized  by  La Sala (1968) in his
report about ground-water  resources  of  the Erie-Niagara basin.
    Unconsolidated Deposits.—The unconsolidated  units  (fig.  4)  consist of
glacial material deposited  during the  latter  part of  the  Pleistocene epoch.
The main unconsolidated unit  in  the Buffalo area  is a glaciolacustrine clay-
sand deposit consisting of  silt, fine  to medium saad, and clay  and  containing
laminae of alternating sand and  clay.

    Two other unconsolidated  deposits  of lesser extent  are present  in the area-
an end-moraine deposit and  a  small area of outwash, terrace,  and  delta gravel.
The end-moraine material, which  consists of ablation  and  lodgment tills or
poorly sorted gravel that contain more than 20 percent  carbonate  and
crystalline clasts, was deposited at the edge of  an ice sheet by  meltwater
either at the end of an advance  or during a stillstand  of glacial retreat.
The outwash, terrace, and delta  gravels, which consist  of well-sorted pebbles
and cobbles with sand, contain more than 30 percent carbonate and crystalline
clasts.  The material was deposited by meltwater  streams  forming  coalescent
aprons near the ice sheet or  as  stream terraces or terrace remnants.

    Three test holes were drilled to bedrock  in the Buffalo area  to  help
define the subsurface geology; their locations are shown  in plate 1.   The
geologic descriptions are as  follows:
    Boring no.

      SA-9
 Depth (ft)
                        Description
 0
-  1.5
      SA-10
      SA-11
 1.5 -  6.5
 6.5 - 11.5
11.5 - 25.5
    25.5

 0   -  1.5
 1.5 -  6.5
 6.5 - 11.0
    11.0

 0   - 16.5
16.5 - 21.5
21.5 - 36.5
36.5 - 60.0
    60.0
Topsoil
Sand, brown
Clay, sandy, with gravel, dark brown
Clay, sand with clay, gray, wet at  11.5  ft
Bedrock

Topsoil
Clay, sandy, red
Clay, some gravel, red
Bedrock, material was dry throughout

Fill, black, ground water at 10 ft
Clay, silty, green
Clay, silty, gray-green
Clay, silty, pinkish-gray
Bedrock
The geologic information from these test holes, combined with  the data  from
the waste-disposal sites, enables a general characterization of  the  area.

    The unconsolidated deposits, primarily the glaciolacustrine  clay, tend  to
decrease in thickness toward the east and north, where bedrock rises  to  less
than 5 ft below land surface.  Also, the clay unit is generally  less  than 2 ft
below land surface except where it has been removed by landfilling and waste-
disposal operations or urbanization.
                                      38

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              Aquifer Lithology and Water-Bearing  Characteristics

     The ground-water system within the Buffalo area consists  of a  fractured
 bedrock aquifer and an overlying aquifer of unconsolidated  deposits.

     Bedrock aquifer.—The bedrock aquifer consists of  all the bedrock  units
 discussed previously.  The main sources of water  are the  fractures  and solu-
 tion cavities.  The specific-capacity and transmissivity values of  selected
 bedrock aquifer units are shown below.

                           Specific capacityzTransmissivity2
     Bedrock unit1            (gal/min)/ft          (gal/d)/ft

Akron Dolomite
Camillus Shale
Min
2
4
Max
13
83
Min
4,000
7,000
Max
25,000
70,000
 1 Position of units is shown in figure 3.
 2 Data from LaSala (1968)

     The specific capacity of a well is the rate of discharge of water from the
 well divided by the drawdown of the water level within the well.  If the spe-
 cific capacity is constant except for the time variation, it is roughly pro-
 portional to the transmissivity of the aquifer.  Transmissivity is the rate at
 which water is transmitted through a unit width of the aquifer under a unit
 hydraulic gradient.

     The data above indicate that these two properties differ considerably within
 and among the units.   This variation reflects the amount and size of the frac-
 tures and solution cavities.

     Unconsolidated aquifer.—The unconsolidated aquifer consists of a glacio-
 lacustrine clay and  sand  and  gravel deposits.  The thicker unit is the glacio-
 lacustrine clay.   The  test drilling during the summer of 1982 encountered the
 water table at various  depths within the clay, and saturated sand stringers up
 to  3  inches thick were  common.   These  stringers were not large, however,  and
 generally thinned out  within  a few feet.

    A seasonal water table above the  clay unit was observed  during wet periods
 but  not  during the summer.  This water table  is formed by the ponding of
 infiltrated precipitation  above  the  relatively impermeable clay.   As  the  water
mounds upward,  gradients  toward  natural  or manmade topographic  lows  develop
 and  eventually discharge  to nearby surface-water bodies.   As  the season becomes
 drier  and  warmer, vegetation  increases and takes up  the remaining ground  water
 through  transpiration.

    The  hydrologic properties  of  the unconsolidated  aquifer within the  Buffalo
area  are  also  described in consultants'  reports  for  Buffalo  Color Corporation
 (sites 120-122),  Bethlehem Steel  Corporation  (site 118),  and  the  Alltift
Landfill  (site  162).

    The  general range of hydraulic conductivity  was  0.0328 to 155.8  ft/d.   The
larger value can  be attributed to  slag fill material,  which would  have  a  con-
siderably greater permeability than the glaciolacustrine  clay.  A  permeability
test was performed on a clay sample from  the  Alltift  landfill;  the permeability
ranged from 1.6 x 10"1*  to 1.8 x  10-lf ft/d.

                                       39

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    The  rate  of  ground-water movement within the unconsolidated aquifer at the
Buffalo  Color  Corporation  (sites  120-122)  was  calculated and ranges from 0.02 to
0.06  ft/yr.

    The  direction  of  ground-water  movement in  the unconsolidated aquifer is
generally  toward the  major  surface-water  bodies—Lake Erie,  Niagara River,
and Buffalo River  (fig.  4).   The  ground-water  flow pattern is dissected in the
northern part  of the  area,  where  impermeable bedrock is  less than 5 ft below
land  surface,  as indicated  in figure  4.   This  unsaturated zone diverts the
flow  northward and  southward.
                             Ground-Water  Quality

    The quality of ground water  in  the  bedrock  aquifer  in the  Buffalo area has
been documented by LaSala (1968), who  included  maps  showing  the concentration
ranges for sulfate, hardness,  and chloride.   Sulfate  concentrations given in
that report ranges from 100  to 500  ppm  and hardness  (as  CaC03)  from 150  to 1,000
ppm; chloride concentrations range  from 100  to  1,500  ppm,  and  specific conduc-
tance ranges from 1,000 to 9,000 vimho/cm.

    To estimate background water quality  in  the Buffalo  area,  a water sample
was collected from the unconsolidated deposits  in  the fall of  1982  and ana-
lyzed for priority pollutants.  The observation well  was  on  Seneca  Street
(well SA-9, pi. I), in the eastern  part of the  area  just  east  of the Buffalo
city line, and was screened  above the bedrock contact.  The  results are  given
in table 14.  Cadmium, lead, and zinc exceeded USEPA  drinking-water criteria;
minor amounts of some organic  compounds were  also  detected.  Additional
sampling of the ground water in  the unconsolidated aquifer would be needed to
define the quality of water  in this aquifer  in  the Buffalo area.

    Three substrate samples were collected in the Buffalo  area  at localities
not affected by waste-disposal sites to compare their concentrations of
heavy metals with those in substrate samples  from waste-disposal sites.
Results are given in table 13.


   Table 13.—Heavy-metal concentrations  in samples from  undisturbed soils
              in Buffalo, N.Y., June 1, 1983
              [Locations shown in pi. 1.  Concentrations  in  yg/kg.]
Location
Forest Lawn
Cemetery
Martin Luther
King Park
Holy Cross
Cemetery1
Sample
number
SB-1
SB-2
SB-3
Cadmium
5,000
5,000
9,000
Chromium
8,
8,
30,
000
000
000
Copper
7,000
10,000
40,000
Lead
20,
40,
290
000
000
,000
Mercury
100
90
280
Nickel
10
20
40
,000
,000
,000
Zinc
31,000
42,000
160,000
1 This location is downwind from a major industrial area.
                                      40

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Table 14.—Analyses of a ground-water sample from well SA-9 in the uncon-
           solidated deposits along Seneca Street, West Seneca, N.Y., November
           13, 1982.

           [Location shown in pi.  1.  Concentrations are in pg/L.  Dashes
            indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT  indicates
            it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]
Inorganic constituents

           Antimony          2
           Arsenic          17
           Beryllium
           Cadmium          22t
           Chromium          1
           Copper          160
              Lead
              Mercury
              Nickel
              Selenium
              Zinc
                   490t

                   210
                     1
                53,000t
Organic compounds

 Priority pollutants
    Methylene chloride       3.2
    Toluene                  3.9
    Ethylbenzene            LT
    DDT                      0.17t
 Nonpriority pollutants
    Chlordene
    l-Methyl-3-phenoxybenzene1
    l-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol1
    2-Ethylhexanoic acid1
    Exo-2-chloro-l-methyl-
      bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane1
    Cis-l-bromo-2-chlorocyclo-
      hexane1
    Benzenepropanoic acid1
  0.19
 LT
490
 15.7

 LT

 LT
 67
              Phenol               LT
              Naphthalene          LT
              Dimethyl phthalate   LT
              Diethyl phthalate    19
              Dibutyl phthalate    LT
1,3-Dimethylbenzene1             LT
2-Butoxyethanol1                 LT
l-(l-isobutyl-3-methyl-l-
  butenyl)-pyrrolidine           LT
2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane1      LT
Methyl-3,5-di-O-methyl-alpha-
  D-xylofuranoside1             550
N-Ethylbutanamide1              100
 1  Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
     Standards (NBS) library.   No external standard was available.
     Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based only on an
     internal standard.   GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by
     GC/MS analysts.

 t  Exceeds USEPA criterion for maximum permissible concentration in
     drinking water.
                                     41

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                             TONAWANDA AREA

                                   Geology

    The Tonawanda study area  (pi.  2)  consists  of  unconsolldated  deposits  of
clay, sand,  and  till  of Pleistocene and Holocene  age  overlying  Camillus  Shale
bedrock of Silurian age.

    Bedrock  Units.—The Camillus Shale is the  only  bedrock  unit  encountered in
the area.  As  described previously, it is a  gray, red,  and  green thin-bedded
unit with massive mudstone  and also contains beds and  lenses  of  gypsum.
Thickness of the shale is estimated to be 400  ft  but  decreases  to  the  north
near the contact with the Lockport Dolomite.

    Unconsolidated Deposits.—The unconsolidated units  consist of  glacial
material deposited during the latter  part of the Pleistocene  epoch and
lacustrine material deposited during  the early Holocene.  The distribution  of
unconsolidated deposits in  the area is shown in figure  5.

    The Pleistocene materials are similar to those  in  the Buffalo  area except
for a ground-moraine deposit, which consists mainly of  lodgment  till,  silty clay
till, and sandy till.  This deposit was formed by the  transport  and  deposition
of material  beneath the southward flowing continental  ice sheet  (Muller,  1977)
and is thus  compacted and relatively  impermeable.

    The northern part of the area contains a Holocene  lacustrine deposit  con-
sisting primarily of clay with stringers of sand and silt.  Most stringers  are
less than 3  inches thick and are discontinuous throughout the area.

    The U.S.  Geological Survey drilled five test holes  in 1982 to obtain  addi-
tional data on the subsurface geology of the area.  (Locations of these holes,
SA-4 through  SA-8,  are shown on pi. 2.)  The geologic  logs are as follows:

    Boring No.               Depth (ft)                Description

      SA-4                    0 -  1.5                Topsoil
                            1.5 -  6.5                Clay, sand, green
                            6.5 - 18.5                Clay, pink
                              18.5                    Bedrock

      SA-5                    0 -  6.5                Road fill, rubble
                            6.5 - 19.0                Clay, pink
                           19.0 - 24.5                Sand
                              24.5                    Bedrock

      SA-6                    0 -  3.0                Topsoil, rubble
                            3.0 - 28.0                Clay, pink
                           28.0 - 44.0                Sand, silty
                              44.0                    Bedrock

      SA-7                    0 -  1.5                Topsoil
                            1.5 - 16.5                Clay, gray-green
                           16.4 - 19.0                Clay, pink
                           19.0 - 27.0                Clay, sandy pink
                              27.0                    Bedrock

                                      42

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                                                      EXPLANATION
                                         o>

                                         
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Boring No.
SA-8




Depth (ft)
0 - 1.5
1.5 - 31.5
31.5 - 63.0

63.0
Description
Topsoil
Clay, red
Clay, red, interbedded
with gravel
Bedrock
     The information obtained from these test borings, together with the data
 from the disposal sites,  can be used to characterize the geology of the area in
 general terms.   The unconsolidated deposits, primarily the Pleistocene and
 Holocene lacustrine clays,  are encountered within 6 ft of land surface.
 Their thickness,  which seems to be dependent upon the depth to bedrock, ranges
 from 18.5 to 63.0 ft.   The  test drilling confirmed the boundaries of the
 unconsolidated  deposits as  drawn by Muller (1977).  Also, the Pleistocene and
 Holocene clay units are similar except  in color and the  presence of sand
 stringers in the  latter.


              Aquifer Lithology and Water-Bearing Characteristics

     The hydrologic  system of the Tonawanda area is similar to that of the
 Buffalo area—a bedrock aquifer consisting of  Camillus shale overlain by an
 aquifer of  unconsolidated deposits.

     Water within  the bedrock aquifer flows through the joints, fractures,  and
 solution cavities within  the unit.   The Camillus Shale is estimated to have a
 transmissivity  ranging from 7,000 to 70,000 (gal/d)/ft (LaSala,  1968).
 Regionally,  under nonpumping conditions,  ground water in the shale moves west
 and  south.   Ground  water  in shallow bedrock discharges into Tonawanda Creek,
 Ellicott  Creek, and the Niagara River  (pi.  2)

     The  overlying aquifer consists  of unconsolidated  morainal and clay depos-
 its.  The morainal  material is  generally  a clayey  till whose permeability  is
 as low  as that  of the  lacustrine clays.   During the  test  drilling,  ground
 water was encountered  at  various  depths within the clayey units;  also encoun-
 tered were  stringers of permeable sand  that initially yielded considerable
 amounts  of water.   The  yield diminished with time,  however,  as the stringers
 became  dewatered.

     The  low  permeability  of the deposits  causes a  seasonal  perched water table,
 similar  to  that of  the  Buffalo  area, during periods of high  precipitation.
 This water  table  discharges  into areas  of  low  topography  and eventually into
 nearby  surface-water bodies.

    The hydrologic  properties  of  the unconsolidated aquifer  have  been
 discussed in  several consultant  reports on  the  geohydrology  of the  major
 disposal  sites;  these reports  are cited in  the  site descriptions  (appendix  B).

    Permeability  tests  done  by  consultants  on  clay  samples  from  several  of  the
disposal  sites  indicate that  the  vertical permeability is  low, ranging  from
 10~5 to 10~8  cm/s.  This  is  probably the reason for the nearly steady  water
 levels in monitoring wells  screened  in  this  aquifer.   Horizontal  permeability
may be orders of  magnitude  greater than vertical permeability.
                                      44

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    The direction  of  ground-water  movement  in the aquifer is generally toward
the major  surface-water  bodies—the  Niagara River and Ellicott,  Sawyer, and
Tonawanda  Creeks  (pi.  2).


                             Ground-Water  Quality

    The chemical  quality of  ground water  in the  bedrock aquifer  has been
investigated by LaSala (1968).  Concentrations of sulfate ranged from 100 to
1,000 mg/L and hardness  (as  CaC03) from 1,500 to 3,000 mg/L.   Chloride con-
centrations ranged  from  100  to  1,500 mg/L,  and specific conductance from 1,500
to 9,000 Mmho/cm  at 25°C.

    Water  samples were collected in  the  fall  of  1982  from five observation
wells (SA-4, 5, 6,  7,  and 8;  locations  shown  in  pi. 2 ) screened in the
unconsolidated deposits  above the  bedrock contact and were analysed for
priority pollutants.   Four of the  wells were  along the eastern edge of
the area and one was  adjacent to the Niagara  River.   Results  of  the analyses
(table 16) indicate that concentrations  of  cadmium, lead,  and zinc exceeded
USEPA drinking-water  criteria and  NYS  ground-water standards. A few organic
compounds were detected,  all in minimal  quantities except  methylene chloride
and toluene.  Chlordane  was  detected at  a well along  the eastern edge of the
area, and  a-chlordane  was detected at  one well adjacent to the Gratwick-
Riverside Park site along the Niagara  River.  Additional sampling of ground
water in the aquifer would be needed to  define its quality in the Tonawanda
area.

    Three substrate samples  were collected  at localities not  affected by
waste-disposal sites  in  the  Tonawanda  area  and were analyzed  for heavy metals;
results are given in  table 15.


Table 15.—Heavy-metal concentrations  in  substrate samples from  undisturbed
           soils in Tonawanda, N.Y., May  31,  1983 and June 1,  1983.
           [Concentrations in yg/kg.   Locations  shown in pi.  2]
Location
Beaver Island State Park
Mount Olive Cemetery
Oppenheim Park
Ellicott Creek Park
Beaver Island State Park
Mount Olive Cemetery
Oppenheim Park
Ellicott Creek Park
Sample
number
SB-4
SB-5
SB-6
SB-7
SB-4
SB-5
SB-6
SB-7
Cadmium
4,000
4,000
1,000
4,000
Mercury
200
120
110
120
Chromium
8,000
20,000
20,000
10,000
Nickel
20,000
30,000
20,000
20,000
Copper
10,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
Zinc
57,000
58,000
59,000
47,000
Lead
100,000
30,000
20,000
20,000


                                      45

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Table 16.—Analyses  of ground-water  samples  from wells  in  the  unconsolidated
           deposits  along  the Niagara River, Tonawanda, N.Y. ,  November  13,  1982

           [Concentrations  are  in Mg/L, dash indicates  that  constituents  or
           compound  was not  found, LT indicates it was  found but at  less
           than the  quantifiable detection limit.  Locations shown in pi.  2.]

                                    Well number and depth  below land surface  (ft)
                                      (SA-4)          (SA-5)         (SA-6)
                                      Whitmer         Gratwick    Niagara  Falls
                                       Road             Park         Boulevard
pH
Specific conductance (ymho/cm)
Temperature (°C)

Inorganic Constituents
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Beryllium
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Copper
    Lead
    Mercury
    Nickel
    Selenium
    Zinc

Organic Compounds
  Priority pollutants
    Methylene chloride
    Toluene
    Ethylbenzene
    Dibutylphthalate
    Phenol
    Pentachlorophenol
    a-chlordane

  Nonpriority pollutants
    Diethylphthalate
    Methylcyclopentane1
    3-Methylpentane1
    1-MethyIpentylhydroperoxide1
    2,2,3-Trimethylbutane1
    2-Methyl-l-propene
    Hexane
    2,4-Dimethylpentanol1
    Chlordene
                                      6.9
                                      975
                                     18.2
                                       2t

                                      12t
                                       1
                                      65
                                     180t

                                      33

                                  16,000t
                                      42
                                      41
                                      LT
                                      LT
                                       5.6t
                                      LT
                                      LT
                                      LT
                                      41
                                      LT
   6.6
 2,590
    2T

   20t
    1
   33
  220t

   18

1,400
  110
  170
   LT
   11
                                                        1.08T
                                                        8.2
                                                       LT
                                                        0.05
 6.8
 985
  It

 10
  1
 18
120t

 18

630
210
410
 25
                 14

                  6.3
                 LT

                 40

                  1.6
t
1  Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
    Standards (NBS)  library.   No external standard was available.
    Concentration reported is  semiquantitative and is based only on an
    internal standard.   GC/MS  spectra were examined and interpreted by
    GC/MS  analysts.
  Exceeds  USEPA criterion for  maximum permissible concentration in drinking
    water  or NYS standard for  maximum concentration in ground water.
                                        46

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Table  16.—Analyses of ground-water samples  from wells  in  the unconsolidated
           deposits along the Niagara River, Tonawanda, N.Y., November  13,  1982
           (continued)

           [Concentrations are  in yg/L, dash indicates  that  constituents  or
           compound was not  found, LT indicates it was  found but at  less
           than  the quantifiable detection limit.  Locations shown  in pi.  1.]

                                    Well number and depth  below land surface  (ft)
                                      (SA-4)(SA-5)(SA-6)
                                      Whitmer         Gratwick    Niagara  Falls
	Road	Park	Boulevard	

Organic compounds (continued)

  Nonpriority pollutants (continued)
   1,3-Dimethylbenzene1                —               —            LT
   2-Ethylhexanoic acid1               —               —           140
   Octanoic acid1                      —               —            47
   Nonanoic acid1                      —               —            22
   4-Hydroxy-3,5-
     dimethylbenzaldehyde1              —               —            LT
   2,2,4-Trimethylpentane1              15
   Methylcyclohexane1                   28
   2,5-Dimethylhexane1                 40
   2,4-Dimethylhexane1                 43
   Ethylcyclopentane1                    7.8
   2,3,3-Trimethylpentane1              19
   2-Methylheptane1                     48
   3-Methylheptane1                     25
   3,3-Dimethylhexane1                 14
   2,3,4-Trimethylhexane1               15
   2-Methyl-4-heptanone1                18
   1,4-Dimethylbenzene                 26               —            —
   1,2-Dimethylbenzene1                  4.7
   2-Heptanone                          3.1              —
   2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-3-pentanone1     94
   2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanol1              5.4
   2-Decanone1                         40               —           —
   2-Decanol1                           LT
   1,4-Dioxane1                         61                —           —
   4-Chloro-trans-cyclohexanol1          7.4              —           —
   5-Ethyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone1        7.2
   4-Methylbenzoic acid1               LT

 Compound  potentially of natural origin
   Hexanoic acid1                      —                —            160
   2-Hexanone1                          5.4              —            —
                                       47

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 Table  16.—Analyses  of  ground-water  samples  from wells  in  the  unconsolidated
           deposits  along  the  Niagara  River,  Tonawanda,  N.Y.,  November  13,  1982
           (continued)

           [Concentrations  are in Mg/L,  dash  indicates  that  constituents  or
           compound  was not  found, LT  indicates  it was  found but  at  less
           than  the  quantifiable detection limit.  Locations shown  in pi.  2.]

                                    Well number  and depth  below land surface  (ft)
                                             (SA-7)(SA-8)
                                            Shawnee            Department  of
	    Road	Transportation

pH                                            7.3                   6.6
Specific conductance  (ymho/cm)                585                 2,400
Temperature (°C)

Inorganic Constituents
    Antimony                                  —                    —
    Arsenic                                    2t                    7T
    Beryllium
    Cadmium                                   10                    22t
    Chromium                                   2                     1
    Copper                                    40                    18
    Lead                                     290t                  210t
    Mercury                                   —                    —
    Nickel                                    24                     8
    Selenium
    Zinc                                     690                 3,800

Organic Compounds

  Priority pollutants
    Methylene chloride                        30                    3.6
    Toluene                                   15                    5.1
    Ethylbenzene                              —                  LT
    Dimethyl  phthalate                        —                  130
    Dibutylphthalate                           —                    2
    1,4-Dioxane-'-                               —                  LT

  Nonpriority pollutants
    Diethylphthalate                           —                  LT
    Methylcyclopentane1                         3.8                —
    1-Methylpentylhydroperoxide^               —                    1.4
    Chlordene                                   0.13
    Butyl-2-methylpropyl/phthalate             —                  86
    2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)-ethanol                 —                  140
    1,l-0xybis(2-ethoxy)ethane1               —                    6
    Acetic acid,  1-methylpropylester^          —                '  550
    2-Pentanol1                                —                  LT
    l-Chloro-2-ethenyl-methyl-
      cyclopropane1                            —                  LT
    1,3-Isobenzofurandione                     —                  LT
                                       48

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                             NIAGARA FALLS AREA

                                     Geology

    The  Niagara  Falls  study  area (pi.  3)  consists of unconsolidated Pleistocene
 and Holocene-age deposits  of till,  lacustrine  clay and silt,  and alluvial fine
 sand  underlain by dolomite of middle Silurian  age.  The bedrock units studied
 are the  Lockport Dolomite  and the upper part of the Rochester Shale.  The
 bedrock  stratigraphy beneath this area is shown in figure 6;  the distribution
 of unconsolidated deposits is shown in figure  7.

    Bedrock Units.—The  Lockport Dolomite is a hard and resistant calcium-
 magnesium  carbonate sedimentary  rock that crops out in the study area and forms
 the Niagara Escarpment north of  Niagara Falls.   In the northern part of the
 area, erosion has  removed  much of its  upper part,  leaving a thickness of only 30
 ft at the  escarpment, but  the unit  thickens to  the south and,  in the southern
 part  of  the city of Niagara  Falls,  it  is  155 ft thick.

    In 1982, the U.S. Geological  Survey installed  11  observation wells in the
 upper part of the  dolomite in the city of Niagara  Falls and two open-hole wells
 through  the entire thickness  of  the  Lockport Dolomite adjacent to the gorge
 face.  (Locations  of the wells are  shown  on pi.  3.)

    Unconsolidated Deposits.—A  relatively  thin layer of unconsolidated depos-
 its,  3 to  35 ft  thick, overlies  bedrock (fig.  7).   Along the  upper Niagara
 River, in  the southern part  of Niagara Falls,  fill and  (or) alluvial fine sand
 overlie  clay and  till or bedrock; elsewhere lacustrine  clay and silt overlie  the
 bedrock.   In the  middle and  northern parts  of  the  area,  a layer of till 5 to  20
 ft thick overlies bedrock.   The  till consists of a silty clay  or sandy matrix
 that was formed  by the transport  and lodgment of material beneath the flowing
 continental ice  sheet (Muller, 1977) and  is thus compacted  and  relatively imper-
meable.

     In  1982,  the U.S.  Geological Survey  drilled three  test holes  (SA-1,  SA-2,
and SA-3) to the top of the bedrock; the  geologic  logs  are  as  follows:
     Boring no.
Depth below
land surface (ft)
Description
SA-1



SA-2




SA-3



0
3.0
18.0
24.0
0
1.5
6.5
24.0
34.0
0
1.5
16.5
20.0
- 3.0
- 18.0
- 24.0

- 1.5
- 6.5
- 24.0
- 34.0

- 1.5
- 16.5
-20.0

Topsoil and fill
Clay, pink


Sand, clayey, with gravel
Bedrock
Topsoil
Fill, black
Clay, pink
Clay and gravel (
Bedrock
Topsoil
Clay, pink
Clay, pink, some
Bedrock




till?)



gravel

                                      49

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                                                            EXPLANATION
                                              o>
                                              c
                                              01
                                              o
                                              _o

                                              o
o>

01

o
4-t

-

—
ol
                                                       Lake silt, sand and clay
                                                          Ground moraine
Base from USGS, 1974     Geology from Muller, 1977
                                                              Boundary of area
                Glacial marginal position
                          5MILES
    	    Geologic contact, dashed
                where uncertain


     XX X X XX    Strand line
          Figure 6.   Geologic column of  the  Niagara Falls  area.
                                        50

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System
Silurian
1 Ordovician
*
Tl
•o
X
I
i
Group

Cl Inton
Albion

Formation
Lockport Dolomite
Rochester Shale
1 rondequo it L i mes tone
Reynales Limestone
Neahga Shale of Sanford (1933)
Thorold Sandstone
Grlmsby Sandstone
of Williams
(191"*)
Unnamed un i t
Whirlpool Sandstone
Queens ton Shale
Thickness I/
(feet)
150
60
12
10
5
8
"•5
40
20
1,200
Descrl pt Ion
Dark-gray to brown, massive to thin-bedded dolomite,
locally containing algal reefs and small, Irregularly
shaped masses of gypsum. At the base are light-gray,
coarse-grained limestone (Gasport Limestone Member)
and gray shaly dolomite (DeCew Limestone Member of
Williams, 1919).
Oark-gray calcareous shale weathering light-gray
to ol ive.
Light-gray to pinkish-white coarse-grained limestone.
White to yellowish-gray shaly limestone and dolomite.
Greenish-gray soft flssil* shale.
Greenish-gray shaly sandstone.
Reddish-brown to greenish-gray cross-bedded sandstone
interbedded with red to greenish-gray shale.
Gray to greenish-gray shale Interbedded with light-
gray sandstone.
White, quartzltic sandstone.
Brick-red sandy to argillaceous shale.
                 **  Average figure for area. Thickness at falls Is not necessarily
Figure  7.  Surficial  geology  of the Niagara  Falls area

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 The Geological Survey drilled six other test holes (RMP-2 through RMP-6)  along
 the Robert Moses Parkway in 1982.  Test-hole locations are shown on pi. 3.


               Aquifer Lithology and Water-Bearing Characteristics

     The ground-water system within the Niagara Falls area (pi. 3) consists of
 the Lockport  Dolomite and an overlying aquifer of unconsolidated deposits, as
 shown in the  generalized geologic column of the area in figure 6.

     Bedrock aquifer.—The Lockport Dolomite consists of a predominantly fine
 crystalline matrix with some poorly connected vugs,  mostly in the upper part,
 but few primary openings through which ground water  can move.  Significant
 ground-water  movement occurs in secondary openings such as joints and fractures,
 and these  may have been slightly widened by solution.   The secondary openings
 are more numerous  in the upper part of the dolomite  as a result of weathering.
 Some joints and fractures have developed in the underlying Rochester Shale (fig.
 6),  but not nearly to the extent as in the Dolomite  because the shale is less
 brittle.   Little hydrologic information on the deeper  rock units is available.

     Most of the ground-water movement  occurs along the horizontal bedding joints
 of  the  Lockport,  in which Johnston (1964)  identified seven major zones.  Some
 movement also occurs in other thin-bedded  zones (0.5  to 4 inches thick), which
 tend to be  weaker  and more likely to  fracture than the more massive beds,  which
 are 2 to 10 ft  thick.  Johnston (1964) noted that major water movement occurs
 within  thin-bedded zones that are overlain by thick, massive beds.

     Movement  of ground water in vertical joints is greatest in the  upper 10 to
 15  ft of the  Dolomite (weathered zone) and in the vicinity of the gorge wall.
 Tension-release joints have formed to  about 200 ft inland from the  gorge wall
 since the  erosion  of the supporting rock mass.   These  joints are probably signi-
 ficant  avenues  for downward flow of ground water to  the Niagara River.  The ver-
 tical joints  near  the gorge wall may explain the lack  of seepage springs from
 the  dolomite  along the gorge wall.   Ground water has been observed  to seep out
 along the  top of  the underlying  Rochester  Shale and  other deeper rock units.

     Water  levels  in wells  installed in  the Lockport Dolomite at depths of 5 to
 20  ft below the  water table were used  to compile a map showing the  potentio-
metric  surface  of  the upper water-bearing  zones (fig.  8).   The differences
 among potentiometric heads  in deeper water-bearing zones could not  be defined
 because  not enough wells could be installed in  each water-bearing zone nor
 grouted  to  seal  off  the  effects  of  other zones.  Johnston (1964) described the
water-bearing bedding joints as  being  separated by essentially impermeable rock
 and  considered  them as distinct  artesian aquifers.  The horizontal  joints  are
 probably connected to some  extent by vertical fractures,  but little information
 is  available  to  determine the extent of  hydraulic connection.

     An  unlined  storm-sewer tunnel,  the  Falls Street Tunnel,  runs through  the
upper part  of the  Lockport  Dolomite in the Niagara Falls  area (fig.  8).   The tun-
nel  starts  1  mi  east  of  the power conduits  and  0.7 mi  north  of the  upper Niagara
River and extends  westward  to  a  gorge  interceptor tunnel  near  the gorge wall
 just north  of American Falls.  Flow is  then pumped to  the Niagara Falls
Wastewater  Treatment  Plant.   The  Tunnel  is  3.5  mi long  and slopes at  an average
rate of 20  ft/mi toward  the gorge face.


                                       52

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            EXPLANATION
                                         Robert Moses Hydro-
                                           power plant
Potentiometnc contour of the upper
water bearing zone i n the Loekport Dolomite.
Dashed whereapproxlmate. Interval lOfeet.
Arrow shows di rect ion of ground-water
movement
               X
   Data point-Well in whicha water
   measurement was made
Pumped -storage reservoir
                                                             Reservoir pump-generating plant
     Major industrial pumping center
     Well used for cross-section
     of Fall Street sewer
                              City of Niagara Falls
                         \\\
                        |M\
                        I  J  M
                        I'll
                                  Fall Streeysewer
Base from U.S. Geological Survey, 1974
          Figure 8.   Potentiometria  surface  of the upper  water-bearing  zones
                       of  the Loekport Dolomite  and location of  bedrock wells
                       in  the Niagara  Falls  area.
                                              53

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      South  of  the  Falls  Street  Tunnel  and east of the power conduits, ground
water in  the upper water-bearing zones of the Lockport Dolomite moves northwest
from  the  Niagara River to  the tunnel and  the  power conduits.   This reach of the
tunnel  is in the upper 15  ft of the Dolomite,  which Johnston  (1964) described as
being the most  permeable zone owing to weathering,  small solution cavities, and
relatively  abundant vertical joints.   At  the  east end of the  tunnel,  water
levels  at wells NFB-9 and  10 were 3 to 5  ft above the top of  the tunnel, which
indicates a relatively low slope in potentiometric surface, ranging 0.3 to 0.8
ft  per  100  ft  between the  wells and the tunnel.

      The  potentiometric  surface near the  intersection of the  conduits and the
Falls Street Tunnel may  be controlled  by  the  water level in the forebay canal of
the powerplant  at  the north end of the area  (fig. 8).  The backfill on top of
the conduits may be more permeable than the dolomite,  which would create a
hydraulic connection between the  forebay  canal  and  conduit system.  Water-level
altitudes measured  on March 2,  1983, at wells  NFB-11,  -12,  and -13 adjacent to
the conduits near  the Falls Street Tunnel were  547.91,  546.41,  and 547.80 ft,
respectively.  These altitudes  are below  that  of  the  weir control (560 ft)  at
the sump station at  Royal  Ave., which  would enable  ground water in the backfill
to move into the aqueducts  if the  water  level were  above 560  ft.   Because the
ground-water altitude in the backfill  was below the weir control  on that date,
no  flow into the conduits  occurred at  that time.   A possible  discharge area for
ground water in the backfill may  be the  forebay canal,  in which the water level
usually fluctuates  between 541  and 546 ft during  the  winter.   During  periods of
low water levels in the  forebay canal,  ground water may be able to flow through
the backfill above  the conduits  and discharge  into  the  canal.   Thus,  the direc-
tion  of ground-water flow  in the  immediate area may oscillate  according to  the
water  level in  the  forebay canal.

      The Falls Street Tunnel is  a  significant  ground-water discharge  area in
the vicinity of the conduits, where ground-water  seepage (estimated 6 Mgal/d)
into  the tunnel has  been observed  at pipe joints  where  the tunnel crosses the
conduits (Camp, Dresser, and McKee, 1982).  Lesser  ground-water seepage,  mostly
along the northern  wall, has been  observed along  the  entire length of the
tunnel.

     North  of the Falls Street  Tunnel  and more  than 1  mi east  of  the  conduits,
ground water flows  southward from  the  Niagara Escarpment and  pumped-storage
reservoir toward the Falls  Street  Tunnel  and  the  Niagara River.   North of the
Falls Street Tunnel  and  less than  1 mi east of  the  conduits,  ground water also
flows southwest toward the  tunnel.  Along a 1-mi-wide  band along  the  east side
of the conduits, ground water moves westward  toward the conduits.

     South  of the Falls Street  Tunnel  and 0.75 mi west  of the  conduit,  an
industrial  pumping  center withdraws large quantities  of ground  water  (2,000 to
4,000 gal/min).  Johnston  (1964) reports  that part  of  the pumped  water is
induced river water  from the Niagara River.

    Water-level data are insufficient  to  indicate the  effects  of  the  industrial
pumping center on  the upper water-bearing zone of the  dolomite.   If the well
field has a large cone of  influence affecting the upper water  zones,  ground
water probably moves radially into the well field.  If  the well field does  not
greatly effect the  upper water-bearing  zone, however,  ground water may flow
north-northeast from the river  toward  the conduits.
                                      54

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      Approximately 0.75 mi west of the conduits, water  levels  in  the  shallow
 bedrock wells (NFB-7 and NFB-8, pi. 3) on either side of the Falls Street Tunnel
 were 20 ft above the top of the tunnel in December 1982, indicating that ver-
 tical downward flow of ground water into the tunnel is  impeded by the massive,
 relatively unfractured rock units.  West of the conduits, the  tunnel  dips below
 the fractured layer (upper 10 to 15 ft of the Lockport  Dolomite)  and  penetrates
 less fractured and less weathered dolomite.  In this area, ground water in  the
 upper water-bearing zone flows over the top of the tunnel.  Adjacent  to shallow
 well NFB-7,  a deeper well (NFB-7A) was installed and screened at  the  same depth
 as the bottom of the tunnel.  The water level in the deeper well was  17.5 ft
 lower than that in the adjacent shallow well,  which suggest that west of the
 conduits,  the tunnel drains the water-bearing zones it  intercepts but probably
 has little effect on the zones above or below.   The same phenomenon was seen at
 another pair  of wells  (NFB-5 and 5A) 1.5 mi west of the conduits, in which the
 water level  in the deeper well (NFB-5A) was 9  ft lower  than that in the shallow
 well (NFB-5).

     From 0.5  to 1.0 mi west of the industrial pumping center, water from the
 Niagara River recharges the Lockport Dolomite and flows northwestward to
 discharge  at  the gorge wall.  Wells adjacent to the Niagara River at Prospect
 and Terrapin  Points reveal a steeply declining  potentiometric surface toward the
 Niagara River in the gorge.   The steep potentiometric gradient within 200 ft of
 the gorge  wall is probably due to the  large drop of the river at the falls and
 the presence  of vertical stress-release joints  in the bedrock that allow ground
 water to move downward toward  the lower river  elevation.

      In the northwest  part of  Niagara  Falls,  ground water flows radially outward
 from the apex of  a ground-water mound  south of  the  forebay canal.  Discharge
 areas  include the Niagara River to  the west  and northwest,  the forebay canal to
 the north, the conduits to the east, and  the  city to  the south.  (The  central
 part of the city  has  little  water-level information to  determine ground-water
 flow paths).   A  ground-water divide  trending  roughly  north-south runs  through
 the central part  of the city.   Ground  water west  of the  divide flows  toward  the
 Niagara River,  and  ground  water east of the  divide  flows east-southeast  toward
 the conduits  or  possibly  south to  the  industrial  pumping center.

     Unconsolidated aquifer.—The  unconsolidated  deposits (fig.  7) consist of
 till,  lacustrine  silt  and  clay,  and  alluvial  fine sand  overlying bedrock.  The
 till has pebble  to  cobble  clasts  embedded in a  clayey silt matrix.   Permeability
 of  till  and lake  deposits  is low.  During the test  drilling  of  1982, ground
water was usually encountered  5  to 15  ft below  land surface.   The unconsolidated
deposits were  unsaturated  in some areas to  the  north and along  the gorge,  where
 they are thin.

     The low permeability of the deposits causes  a  seasonal water table  to form
in many places, particularly where fill and coarse-grained material overlie  the
till or clay.   This perched water table usually develops mounds  that discharge
radially into  topographic  lows, drainage ditches, and streams.

     The hydrologic properties of the  unconsolidated aquifer  are  discussed in
consultant reports  referred  to  in the  site descriptions  in appendix C.  The
direction of ground-water movement in  the aquifer is generally  toward  the major
surface-water bodies—the Niagara River, Bergholtz Creek, and Cayuga Creeks
(pl. 3).


                                       55

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                              Ground-Water  Quality

      Canadian studies of chemical quality  in natural ground water  near  the  river
 indicate that water in the Lockport Dolomite contains  lead and  zinc  concentra-
 tions of 300 to 800 Mg/L, with the concentrations increasing with  depth  (Haynes
 and Mostaghal, 1982).  The lead and zinc are leached from lead- and  zinc-sulfide
 minerals (galena and sphalerite) in the host rock.  Natural lead concentrations
 in most places exceed the USEPA drinking-water criterion of 50  Mg/L, whereas
 zinc concentration is generally less than  the Federal  and State criteria of
 5,000 Mg/L.  Little information is available about concentrations  of other heavy
 metals in ground water in the dolomite.

      To evaluate whether lead and zinc concentrations  are natural  or man-
 induced,  the highest naturally occurring concentration was doubled, giving a
 value of 1,600 Mg/L.   Analytical results above 1,600 Mg/L were interpreted to be
 the result  of man's activity.

      The presence of natural organic compounds in the rock was evident during
 drilling, when an acrid  oil  smell arose during the crushing of the dolomite.
 Natural gas and  oil water have been detected in gas-exploration wells in western
 New York (Kreidler, 1963).   Some of the volatile alkanes of low molecular weight
 (methane, propane,  n-butane,  and n-pentane) may occur as natural gas in the
 Lockport  Dolomite.

      Ground-water samples were collected and analyzed for USEPA priority pollu-
 tants in  November and  December of 1982  and  in January 1983.   Three wells (SA-1,
 SA-2,  and SA-3,  pi. 3) were  screened in the unconsolidated deposits above the
 bedrock in  the eastern part  of the  Niagara  Falls area,  five wells   (RMP-2 through
 RMP-6)  were screened  at  or just  above  the bedrock contact along the Robert Moses
 Parkway adjacent  to the  upper Niagara  River, four wells (NFB-1  through NFB-4)
 were installed in the  Lockport Dolomite near the gorge  wall within the city of
 Niagara Falls, and  nine  wells (NFB-5  through NFB-13)  were screened in the
 Dolomite  along the  Falls  Street  Tunnel  (pi. 3).   The  results  of the analyses are
 given in  tables  17,  18,  and  19.

     Water from wells SA-1, SA-2,  and SA-3 showed  cadmium,  lead,  and zinc con-
 centrations  that  exceed USEPA criteria  for  drinking water and  the  New York State
 ground-water  standards.   Methylene  chloride and  toluene were  found  in signifi-
 cant  concentrations, and  other organic  compounds  were also  detected.

     Water  from wells RMP-2 through  RMP-6 had high concentrations  of  heavy
 metals, inorganic constituents,  and  organic compounds,  particularly cyanide,
 methylene chloride, dichloroethylene, chloroform,  trichloroethylene,  tetra-
 chloroethane,  tetrachloroethylene,  and  toluene.   The  presence of these  compounds
 in  these concentrations can probably be  attributed to the  disposal  practices  of
 the  industrial complex bordering  the northern part of the  Parkway.   Cyanide
 exceeded the USEPA  criterion  for drinking water;  and  cyanide, lead, chloroform,
 trichloroethylene,  benzene, and the BHC's exceeded New  York State ground-water
 standards.

    A deep and a shallow well were installed in the Lockport Dolomite at  each  of
 two  sites along the gorge wall.  Wells NFB-2 and NFB-4  were screened  several
 feet below the first water-bearing zone encountered, and wells NFB-1  and  NFB-3
penetrated the entire thickness of the Lockport and were  left as open holes  so


                                      56

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 that a composite sample could be collected from all water-bearing zones in the
 formation.  Generally, the ground-water quality of the deep wells was similar to
 that of the Niagara River, which may indicate that river water discharges into
 the dolomite in this area.

      Heavy-metal concentrations were high in the shallow wells (NFB-2 and NFB-4)
 along the gorge wall, especially in well NFB-2, where of cadmium, lead, and zinc
 (66, 3,600 and 8,700 ug/L, respectively) exceeded USEPA criteria for drinking
 water and New York State standards for ground water.  The mercury concentration
 in well NFB-3 also exceeded the criterion and standard.

      Several organic compounds were present in the wells along the gorge wall.
 Heptachlor exceeded New York State ground-water standards in wells NFB-1 through
 NFB-4,  and ct-BHC exceeded the standard in well NFB-4.

      Except for hexane and 2-methyl-l-pentene,  both in concentrations of 20
 Ug/L,  the concentration of other organic compounds in well NFB-3 were below 5
 Ug/L.   Higher concentrations and several more compounds were detected in wells
 NFB-1  and NFB-2.   Several of the alkanes and alkenes may be derived from natural
 gas in the dolomite.   Heavy-metal concentrations at wells NFB-11 through NFB-13
 were less than the USEPA drinking-water standards, although the zinc con-
 centration (3,500 ug/L) at well NFB-11 is probably higher than in natural ground
 water in the dolomite.

      The largest variety and highest concentrations of organic compounds were
 detected in ground-water samples from two wells (NFB-11 and NFB-13) along the
 east side of the conduits.   In well NFB-11,  toluene,  benzene,  and trans-1,2-
 dichloroethylene were detected at 34,  180,  and  1,400 ug/L>  respectively, and in
 well NFB-13 at  5.7,  250,  and 1,400  yg/L,  respectively.   A total of  56 organic
 compounds were  found  in ground water at well  NFB-11,  and 24 at well NFB-13.

     Ground water  from well  NFB-12,  on the  opposite (west)  side of  the conduits,
 contained fewer compounds  (12)  and  at  generally much  lower  concentrations.   The
 significant difference in water  quality on  the  two sides of the conduits
 suggests  that  ground  water  does  not  flow  across the conduits,  but probably  into
 the  backfill material,  then  northward  toward  the forebay canal.

     The  highest heavy-metal  concentrations were detected  at well NFB-7, where
 cadmium,  lead,  zinc,  and  selenium (89,  3,500,  30,000,  and  760  Ug/L,
 respectively)  exceeded the USEPA drinking-water standards.   A  seepage sample
 collected from  the  dolomite  wall inside the Falls  Street Tunnel at  27th  Street
was  found to  contain  14,000  ug/L of  zinc  and  430 ug/L  of lead  (Camp,  Dresser and
McKee Eng.,  1982).  Another  seepage  sample  collected  from  the  tunnel  wall  1,600
 ft west  of  27th  Street  contained natural  levels  of  zinc  (220 ug/L).   The high
concentrations  of heavy metals  in the  vicinity  south of  the  Falls Street Tunnel
and  27th  Street may be  due to  leaching  of metal  debris  from  several vacant  lots
in the area  or  possibly  from  leachate moving  from  the  industrial  area to the
south.  More ground-water-level  data would be needed to  determine the effects  of
the  industrial  pumping  center  on ground-water flow  in  that  area,  however.

     Several organic  compounds were detected  in  wells NFB-5  through NFB-8 (table
19), but  the concentrations were  less  than 9  ug/L  for  all constituents except
hexane (20  to 160 ug/L)  in all four wells and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (80  ug/L)
                                        57

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 in well  NFB-7.   The  hexane may have been introduced when used as a solvent to
 wash  the sampling  bailer.

      Three  substrate samples  were  collected in the  Niagara Falls area at locali-
 ties  not affected  by waste-disposal sites  to compare their concentration of
 heavy metals  with  those  in substrate samples from waste-disposal sites.   Results
 are given in  table 20.
Table  17. — Analyses of  ground-water  samples  from wells  in  unconsolidated
           deposits along  the Niagara River, Niagara Falls, N.Y. ,
           November 10,  1983.
            [Locations are  shown  in pi.  3.  Concentrations  are  in
            dashes  indicate  that  constituents  or  compound  was  not  found,
            LT  indicates it  was  found but  at  less  than  the quantifiable
            detection limit.]

                               Well number and depth below land surface  (ft)
                                    (SA-1)          (SA-2)           (SA-3)
                                   1190-162        Griffon           Airport
                                  Interchange       Park            Triangle
_ (24.0) _ (20.0)

pH                                      7.2
Specific conductance (umho/cm)       480

Inorganic Constituents
    Antimony                          —             —               4
    Arsenic                             1              2               4t
    Beryllium                         —             —               —
    Cadmium                           13t            17t             100T
    Chromium                            11               8
    Copper                            39             31              800
    Lead                             230T           130t           2,200t
    Mercury                           —             —               —
    Nickel                            28             14              980
    Selenium                          —
    Zinc                           3,300           8,900t        640,000!
 1 Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
     Standards (NBS) library.  No external standard was available.
     Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based only on an
     internal standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by
     GC/MS analysts.
 t Exceeds USEPA criterion for maximum permissible concentration in
     drinking water or NYS standards for maximum concentration in ground water.
                                      58

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Table  17.—Analyses of  ground-water  samples  from wells  in unconsolidated
           deposits along  the Niagara River, Niagara Falls, N.Y.,
           November 10,  1983  (continued)

           [Locations are  shown  in pi. 3.  Concentrations are  in Mg/L,
            dashes indicate that constituents or compound was  not  found,
            LT indicates it was  found but at less than  the quantifiable
            detection limit.]

                               Well number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                     (SA-1)         (SA-2)           (SA-3)
                                   1190-162       Griffon          Airport
	Interchange	Park	Triangle

Organic Compounds

  Priority pollutants
    Methylene chloride               140               7.1           375
    Toluene                          150              10             230
    Ethylbenzene                        5.9            LT               4.5
    Chloroform                         4.2
    Dibutylphthalate                   12               0               2.05
    Mirex                             —               0.21
    Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene        —              —              23

  Nonpriority pollutants
    Diethylphthalate                   LT                7.7             2.5
    Methylcyclopentane1                 4.2             5.6             3.7
    1-Methylpentylhydro-
      peroxide1  (or 1-butanol)          2.0             2.0
    Hexane                             —               12              —
    Chlordene                          —               —               0.08
    1,1-Ethanediol, diacetetate1       —               —              44
    heptane1                           —               —             240
    (2, 2-DimethylpropyDoxirane1       —               —              LT
    Methylcyclohexane*                 —               —              17 .
    Ethylcyclopentane1                 —               —               7.7
    2,3,5-Trimethylpentane1            —               —              14
    1,2,3-Trimethylcyclopentane1       —               —              LT
    3-Methyl~2,4-hexadiene1            —               —              LT
    2,3-Dimethylhexane1                —              —               5.8
    2-Methylheptane1                   —              —              44
    3,3-Dimethylhexanol1               —              —              21
    1,4-Dimethyljcis-cyclohexane1     —              —               LT
    2,5-Dimethyl-l-hexene1            —              —                5.2
    2,3,4-Trimethylhexane1            —              —               14
    (1,l-Dimethylbutyl)oxirane1       —              —                2.3
    2-Bromohexane1                    —              —               14
    2,6-Dimethylheptane               —              —               18
    1,2-Dimethylbenzene1               11              —              46
    1,4-Dimethylbenzene1                5.1            —              15
   2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-3-
     pentanone1                       10              —              21
                                     59

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Table  !?•—Analyses of ground-water samples  from wells  in unconsolidated
           deposits along  the Niagara River, Niagara Falls, N.Y.,
           November 10, 1983 (continued)

           [Locations are  shown in pi. 3.  Concentrations are  in yg/L,
            dashes indicate that constituents or compound was  not  found,
            LT indicates it was found but at less  than  the quantifiable
            detection limit.]
Well number
(SA-1)
1190-162
Interchange
(SA-2)
Griffon
Park
(SA-3)
Airport
Triangle
Organic compounds (continued)

  Nonpriority pollutants (continued)
    2-Decanone                        —              —              57
    2-Ethoxybutaae1                  290              --             270
    2-Pentanone1                      —              —               9.1
    4-Chloro-trans-cyclohexanol1      —              —              LT
    l-chloro-2-ethenyl-l-
      methylcyclopropane              —              —              LT
    3-Ethylhexane1                    11
    2-Chloronaphthalene1              LT
    2,6-Bis(l,l-dimethylpropyl)-2,5-
      cyclohexadiene,1,4-dione1         5.9
    5-Ethyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone1      2.8
    3,5,5-Trimethylhexanoic acid1       5.1            —
    2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethanol1         93
    Nonanoic acid1                    85              —              —
    1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid1      LT              —
    Decanoic acid1                    29              —
    2,5-Bis(l,1-dimethylpropyl)-
      2,5-cyclohexadiene-l,4-dione1    LT              —
    2-Ethylhexanoic acid1              —              31
    Benzoic anhydride1                 —              59              —
    4-Chlorobenzoic acid1              —              13              —
    3-Ethylpentene1                    —               6.7
    Methylcyclodecane1                 —              LT
    2-Methylundecane1                  —              LT
    4,11-Dimethyltetradecane1          —              LT
    5-Propyltridecane1                 —              LT
    l-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethanol          —              —               8.0

  Compounds potentially  of  natural  origin
    Hexanoic acid1                    13              —              —
                                      60

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Table   18.—Analyses of ground-water  samples  from unconsolidated  deposits
            along  the Niagara River-Robert Moses Parkway, Niagara Falls,
            N.Y.,  January  13, 1983.

            [Locations are shown in pi. 3.  Concentrations are in yg/L,
            dashes indicate  that constituents or compound was not found,
            LT indicates it was found but at  less than the quantifiable
            detection limit, blanks indicate  not analyzed.]

                                Well number and depth below land  surface (ft)
                             (RMP-2)     (RMP-3)    (RMP-4)    (RMP-5)    (RMP-6)
                              29.0       26.0      23.0       25.0       25.0
PH
Specific conductance (yraho/cm)
Temperature (°C)
6.6
2,500
9.3
7.7
627
8.0
Inorganic Constituents
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Beryllium
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Copper
    Cyanide
    Lead
    Mercury
    Nickel
    Selenium
    Silver
    Zinc

Organic Compounds
  Priority pollutants
    Methylene Chloride
    Chloroform
    Trichlorethylene
    1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-
      ethane
    Tetrachloroethylene
    Benzene
    Toluene
    Chlorobenzene
    1.3
    It

    2
   10
    7
  130t
   47t
    O.IT
    5
    1
    0.7
   27t

    2
    5
    5
   15
    0.
   20
IT
   2T
  10t
   2
   5
   1
,000t
   6
   O.lt
   2
   1
2,500
9,200t
    -- 2,200,000
   100    ll.OOOt
   HOt  470,000t

    391  310,000
     6.It 48,000t
           2,000t
    28       820
     3,600
         120,000
         150,000t
          52,000t

          11,000
           2,000t

           1,200
 1.0
 It

 2
 4
 6

27
 5.9T
 7
          2,400
                2,300
                   62
                  130t

                   66
                   13t
                    2.81
                    4.3
  1.3
  It

  3
 lit
 71

430t
  O.lt
 10
          520
                        11
                         2.9
                         7.2t

                        11
                         1.7T
                        44t
                         l.l1
 1  Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
     Standards (NBS)  library.   No external standard was available.
     Concentration reported is  semiquantitative and is based only on an
     internal standard.   GC/MS  spectra were examined and interpreted by
     GC/MS  analysts.

 t  Exceeds  USEPA criterion for  maximum permissible  concentration in
     drinking water or NYS standard  for maximum concentration in ground water,
                                        61

-------
Table  18.—Analyses of ground-water samples from unconsolidated deposits
            along the Niagara River-Robert Moses Parkway, Niagara Falls,
            N.Y., January 13, 1983 (continued)

            [Locations are shown in pi. 3.  Concentrations are in yg/L,
            dashes indicate that constituents or compound was not found,
            LT indicates it was found but at less than the quantifiable
            detection limit, blanks indicate not analyzed.]

                                                 Well number
                            (RMP-2)    (RMP-3)    (RMP-4)    (RMP-5)    (RMP-6)
Organic compounds (continued)
  Priority pollutants (continued)
    a-BHC                      0.12t    49t        ~          0.68T      0.22t
    3-BHC                      0.68t    47t        --          0.64t      0.141
    Lindane (y-BHC)            ~         7.9T      —          0.28
    Heptachlor                —        —         ~          0.67T
    Trans-1,2-dichloro-
      ethylene               1601   20,000      9,100        180
    Ethylbenzene              —        —         —         LT         LT
    1,1,2-Trichloroethane    —         270t
    Tetrachloroethane        —       3,100t
    1,3-Dichlorobenzene      —          LT        20
    1,2-Dichlorobenzene      —          LT        14
    1,4-Dichlorobenzene      —           ~        13        —          —
    Hexachloroethane         —         280T
    1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene   —          72        22
    Hexachlorobutadiene      —          15t       —
    Naphthalene               LT
    Dibutylphthalate           9.9      ~         23         13          7.3
    Butylbenzlphthalate       —        —          —        29
    Bis(2-ethylhexyl)
      phthalate               22        —          17        —          7.1
    Phenol                    --        —          14T

  Nonpriority pollutants
    Diethylphthalate          10        LT         10         —          8.3
    Hexane1                 170         —      3,100        22         220
    Octachloropentene        —         —         LT        —
    Dibenzoanthracene        10         —
    Acetone(2-propanone)1    —       8,800
    2,2,4-Trimethylpentane1  —       1,600
    Methylcyclopentane1       —          —        —        LT          22
    3-Methylpentane1          —          —        —        —           5.6
    2-Methylthietane1         5.7        —        15
    1,3-Dichlorobutane1       LT
    l-(2-Butoxyethoxy)-
      ethanol1               LT          —        ~        —          15
    1,1'-Oxybis(4-chloro)-
      butane1                 36
    1,2,3,4,7,7-Hexachloro-
      bicyclo-(2.2.1)hepta-
      2,5-diene1             LT


                                        62

-------
 Table  18.—Analyses of ground-water samples from unconsolidated deposits
             along the Niagara River-Robert Moses Parkway, Niagara Falls,
             N.Y., January 13, 1983 (continued)

             [Locations are shown in pi. 3.  Concentrations are in Pg/L,
             dashes indicate that constituents or compound was not found,
             LT indicates it was found but at less than the quantifiable
             detection limit, blanks indicate not analyzed.]

                                                  Well number
                             (RMP-2)    (RMP-3)    (RMP-4)    (RMP-5)    (RMP-6)
 Organic compounds (continued)

   Nonpriority  pollutants  (continued)
     Hexanedioic  acid,
       dioctylester1          LT
     Pentachloroethane1       —        1,500
     Pentachlorocyclopropane1 —           50         —
     l,l,3,4-Tetrachloro-l,3	
       butadiene1             —          280
     Hexanedinitrile1         —           77
     1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene1  —           47
     Ilexachlorobutene1        —           14
     1,3,5-Trithiane1         —           31         26
     1-Propoxybutane1         —           52         —
     1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachloro-
       (1  alpha,2  beta,3 alpha,
       4  beta,5 alpha,6 beta)-
       cyclohexane1           —           20         —        —
     1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachloro-
       (1  alpha,2  alpha,3  beta,
       4  alpha,5 alpha,6 beta)-
       cyclohexane1             —         110          —
     1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachloro-
       (1  alpha,2  alpha,3  beta,
       4  alpha,5 beta,6 beta)
       cyclohexane1             —         35
     1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachloro-
       (1  alpha,2  alpha,3  alpha
      4 beta,5alpha, 6beta)-
       cyclohexane1             —          8.5        —         —
    2-Butoxyethylbutyl
      phthalate1                —         31
    Dimethylsulfide            —         —          31
    l-(l-Isobutyl-3-methyl-l-
      butenyl)pyrrolidine1     —         —         LT
    0-Cresol1                   —         —         LT
    1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene1    —         —          -         LT
    1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene1    —         —          -         LT

  Compounds  potentially of natural origin
    1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo-
      (2.2.l)-heptan-2-one
	(camphor) *	--	--	12	    —

                                        63

-------
Table  19.—Analyses of ground-water samples  from bedrock wells  in
            Niagara Falls, N.Y., December 1982-January 1983.

            [Locations shown in pi. 3.  Concentrations are in yg/L,
            dashes indicate that constituents or compound was not
            found, LT indicates it was found but at less than the
            quantifiable detection limit, blanks indicate not analyzed.]

                            Well number and depth below land surface  (ft)
                          (NFB-1)
                          American
                           Falls
                        109 ft well
                           (48.0)
             (NFB-2)
             American
              Falls
            47 ft well
              (45.0)
                (NFB-3)
              Robert Moses
                Parkway
                North #1
                 (73.7)
               (NFB-4)
             Robert Moses
               Parkway
               North #2
                 (72.2)
Inorganic Constituents

    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Beryllium
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Copper
    Cyanide
    Lead
    Mercury
    Nickel
    Selenium
    Silver
    Zinc

Organic Compounds

  Priority pollutants
    Chloroform
    Toluene
    a-BHC
    Heptachlor
    Endosulfan
    Bis(2-ethylhexyl)
      phthalate
    Di-n-octylphthalate
    Trichloroethylene
    Tetrachloroethylene
  It
 12

  3
  0.3t
120
  1
  2
230
    5t
   10t
   66t

  580

3,600t
    O.lt
  460
    1
    2
8,700t
  6T
 26

 24
  6.8t
 32

  4
250
    7t

    6

  190

  630t
    1.2T
   10
    2
    5
1,200
  1.7
 LT

  0.04t
 15
 13
   6.2T
  58
   LT
    3.7
  LT

  O.OZt
                                   0.2t
                                   0.03t
                                   0.04
    6.0
  1.7
 1 Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
     Standards (NBS) library.  No external standard was available.
     Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based only on an
     internal standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by
     GC/MS analysts.

 t Exceeds USEPA criterion for maximum permissible concentration in
     drinking water or NYS standard for maximum concentrtion in ground water.
                                         64

-------
  Table 19.—Analyses of ground-water samples from bedrock wells in
             Niagara Falls, N.Y., December 1982-January 1983  (continued)

             [Locations shown in pi. 3.  Concentrations are in ug/L,
             dashes indicate that constituents or compound was not
             found, LT indicates it was found but at less than the
             quantifiable detection limit, blanks indicate not analyzed.]
Well number
(NFB-1)
American
Falls
109-ft well
(NFB-2) (NFB-3)
American Robert Moses
Falls Parkway
47-ft well North #1
(NFB-4)
Robert Moses
Parkway
North #2
 Organic Compounds (continued)
   Nonpriority pollutants
     l,l,2-Trichloro-l,2,2-
       triflouroethane1
     2-Methy1-1-pentene1
     3-Methylpentane1
     Hexane1
     2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentene
     Butane1
     2-Butene1
     2-Methylbutane1
               2.1
—
—
—
J 1 _ —
—
—
"
Well
130
15
320
LT
--
—
"
number and
20
1.3
20
—
LT
LT
LT
depth below land
930
74
5,100
—
—
—
_— .
surface (ft)
                           (NFB-5)        (NFB-6)         (NFB-7)          (NFB-8)
                             13th           14th          Cudaback         Niagara
                           Street         Street         Avenue           Avenue
                            (22.0^         (21.0)         (20.0)           (20.0)
Inorganic Constituents
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
—
2t
—
20t
13
110
—
570t
O.lt
130
2
2
1,900
—
3t
—
16t
6
49
60 1
400t
O.IT
90
1
1
310
5
2t
—
89t
—
800
—
3,500t
O.lt

760t
1
30,000t
1
14T
—
13T
16
53
—
300t
O.lt
130
1
1
1,400
Organic Compounds

 Priority pollutants
    Toluene
    Trichloroethylene
    Tetrachloroethylene
 5.4
LT
LT

LTt
 7.8
33t
 8.8t
 1.6

LTt
                                         65

-------
 Table  19.—Analyses of ground-water samples  from bedrock wells  in
            Niagara Falls, N.Y., December  1982-January  1983  (continued)
             [Locations shown in pi. 3.  Concentrations are in
            dashes indicate that constituents or compound was not
            found, LT indicates it was found but at less than the
            quantifiable detection limit, blanks indicate not analyzed.]

                          	Well number	
                           (NFB-5)       (NFB-6)        (NFB-7)          (NFB-8)
                            13th          14th         Cudaback        Niagara
	Street	Street	Avenue	Avenue

Organic Compounds (continued)

 Nonpriority pollutants
    2-Methyl-l-pentene1      56             7.1            6.9
    Methylcyclopentane^      —            —             —               8.0
    3-Methylpentane1           6.0          LT
    Ilexane1                 160            47             20              24
    Isooctane1                1.5
    Trans-1,2-dichloro-
      ethylene               —            —             80
    Trichlorofluoro-
      methane                —            —             —               4.7
    1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-
      triflouroethane*       —            —             —               4.4
    7-Oxabicyclo[4.1.0]-
      heptane1               18
    2,2-Dichlorobutyl-
      propanoate              8.8          —             —              —
    E-2-Hexen-l-ol1           —            16
    l-Chloro-2-nitroso-
      cyclohexane1           —            15
    Methylcyclohexane^-       —            —             10              —
    Trans-4-chlorocyclo-
      hexane1                —            —             11
    Trans-2-chlorocyclo-
      hexanol                —            —             —              16
    2-Bromo-l-phenylethanol1  —            —             —               2.8
    N-(Aminocarbonyl)-
      benzamide1             —            —             —               7.0
                                         66

-------
  Table 19.—Analyses of ground-water samples from bedrock wells in
             Niagara Falls,  N.Y.,  December 1982-January 1983 (continued)

             [Locations  shown in pi.  3.   Concentrations are in Mg/L,
             dashes  indicate that  constituents  or compound was not
             found,  LT indicates it was  found but at  less  than the
             quantifiable detection  limit, blanks indicate not analyzed.]

                          	Well  number and depth below land surface  (ft)
                                       (NFB-9)(NFB-10)
                                     61st  Street               60th Street
	(22.0)	(21.0)	

pH                                                                  7.5
Temperature  (°C)                                                    9

Inorganic Constituents
    Antimony                            —                         —
    Arsenic                               4t                         3t
    Beryllium
    Cadmium                             30t                        23t
    Chromium                            37                         44
    Copper                             180                        190
    Cyanide                             90t                       360|
    Lead                               400t                       630T
    Mercury                               O.lt                      O.U
    Nickel                             190                        200
    Selenium                              1                         1
    Silver                                2                         1
    Zinc                               670                        720

Organic Compounds

 Priority pollutants
    Toluene                             LT
    Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate           9.4
    Trichlorofluororaethane              15                        LT

 Nonpriority pollutants
    1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-
      triflouroethane1                  14                         4.6
    Hexane1                              LT                        16
    Methylcyclopentane1                  —                         5,4
    Trans-4-chlorocyclohexanol1           8.6
    l.l'-Bicyclohexyl1                  15
                                        67

-------
Table 19.—Analyses of ground-water samples  from bedrock wells  in
           Niagara Falls, N.Y. , December 1982-January 1983  (continued)

           [Locations shown in pi. 3.  Concentrations are in Mg/L,
           dashes indicate that constituents or compound was not
           found, LT indicates it was found but at less than the
           quantifiable detection limit, blanks indicate not analyzed.]
Well number and
depth below land
Power Authority of State of
(NFB-11) (NFB-12)
PASNY #1 PASNY #2
(37. 0} (37. OJ
PH
Specific conductance (^mho/cm)
Temperature (°C)
Inorganic Constituents
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Molecular sulfur (S6)
Molecular sulfur (S8)
Organic Compounds
Priority pollutants
Benzene
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
a-3HC
3-BHC
Lindane
Heptachlor
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
1 , 3-Dichlorobenzene
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
Nitrobenzene
1 , 2,4-Tr ichlorobenzene '
Naphthalene
7.4
1,290
10.4

1.0
4t
—
3
20
92
—
410t
0.9t
43
—
—
3,500
25
1,450


180T
34
15
5.6
0.47T
0.44T
0.26t
LT
Lit
10
18
15
8.5
11
31
8.4
450
7.9

—
4T
—
3
20
63
—
420T
O.lt
20
1
—
710
—
—


—
2.2
LT
1.4
0.09T
0.781
0.25t
LT
Lit
—
—
—
—
—
—
surface (ft)
New York
(NFB-13)
PASNY#3
(36. Oj)
8.3
1,750
8.4

1.5
3t
—
5
12
61
0.04
390T
0.2T
16
—
--
280
30
330


250t
5.7
35
1.4
—
1.4T
1.4T
0.13
—
65
30
33
—
27
LT
                                       68

-------
 Table 19.—Analyses of  ground-water samples  from bedrock wells  in
            Niagara Falls, N.Y. , December 1982-January  1983  (continued)

            [Locations shown in pi. 3.  Concentrations  are in yg/L,
            dashes indicate that constituents or compound was not
            found, LT indicates it was found  but at less than the
            quantifiable detection limit, blanks indicate not analyzed.]

                          	Well number	
                                    Power Authority of  State of  New York
                                 (NFB-11)         (NFB-12)         (NFB-13)
	    PASNY #1	PASNY #2	PASNY #3

Organic Compounds (continued)
 Priority pollutants (continued)
    Di-n-butylphthalate
    Butylbenzylphthaiate
    Bis(2-ethylhexl)phthalate
    Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene
    Trichloroethylene
    Tetrachloroethylene

 Nonpriority pollutants
    Diethylphthalate
    Hexane1
    1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane1
    l-Chloro-2-methylbenzene1
    4-Bromobutylbenzene1
    l-Chloro-4-methylbenzene1
    1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene1
    l-Ethyl-2-methylbenzene1
    1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene1
    1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene1
    l-Ethenyl-2-methylbenzene1
    1,4-Diethylbenzene1
    1-Methy1-2-propylbenzene1
    Decylbenzene1
    l-Methyl-3-(l-methylethyl)-
      benzene1
    1,2-Diethylbenzene1
    l-Methyl-3-propylbenzene1
    l-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylbenzene1
    l-Methyl-2-(l-methylethyl)-
      benzene1
    2-Methyl-2-propenylbenzene1
    l-Methyl-3-(l-methylethyl)
     benzene1
    2-Ethy1-1,4-dimethylbenzene1
    l-methyl-4-(l-methylethyl)
     benzene1
    1,2,3,5-Tetrarnethylbenzene1
   17
   36
   13
1,400
   LTt
   LT
   64
   17
   71
   90
   14
  150
   31
   11
   84
    8.
    5.
    7.2
    9.6
 5
,9
    5.7
   LT
   18
   29

   22
   LT

   24
    5.3

    8.5
    9.6
                9.4
               24
               26T
                8.8
               12
               12
   18
   61
   10
1,400
   1ST
    3.4
   LT
   20

   14
                                        69

-------
 Table  19.—Analyses  of ground-water  samples  from  bedrock  wells  in
            Niagara Falls, N.Y. , December  1982-January  1983  (continued)

            [Locations shown  in  pi. 3.  Concentrations  are in  pg/L,
            dashes indicate that constituents  or compound  was  not
            found, LT indicates  it was  found  but at  less than  the
            quantifiable  detection limit,  blanks indicate  not  analyzed.]

                          	Well number	
                                    Power  Authority  of  State of  New  York
                                 (NFB-11)          (NFB-12)          (NFB-13)
	PASNY #1	PASNY #2	PASNY #3

Organic Compounds (continued)

 Nonpriority pollutants (continued)
    1,2,3,4-Tetrainethylbenzene1     24               —
    l-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylbenzene1    28
    2,3-Dihydro-l-methyl-l-H-
      indene                          6.3             —                —
    1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene1     2.5
    1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene1           1.5             —
    2-Methylnaphthalene1            3.7
    l.l'-Biphenyl1                 LT
    1,1'Oxybisbenzene1              5.4              —
    1,5-Dimethylnaphthalene1       LT
    1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene1       LT
    4-(l,1,3,3-Tetramethyl-
      butylphenol1                  5.7              —
    Hexathiopane                   LT                —               —
    Unknown hydrocarbons1          —                19               --
    2,4-Dichloro-2-Methylbenzene1  —                —               LT
    y-BHC                          —                —               LT
    N-Methyl-lH-imidazole-
      4-ethanamine1                —                —               11
Table 20.—Heavy-metal concentrations in samples obtained from undisturbed
           soils in Niagara Falls, N.Y., May 31, 1983 and June 1, 1983

           [Locations are shown in pi. 3.  Concentrations in yg/kg;
           dashes indicate that constituent was not found.]


Location
DeVeaux
Oakwood
Liberty
School
Cemetery
Park
Sample
number
SB-8
SB -9
SB-10


Cadmium

5,
5,
__
000
000


Chromium
7
10
10
,000
,000
,000


Copper
9,
20,
20,
000
000
000


Lead
20
30
50
,000
,000
,000
                                         Mercury	Nickel	Zinc
DeVeaux School
Oakwood Cemetery
Liberty Park
SB-8
SB-9
SB-10
150
80
130
__
20,000
20,000
23,000
46,000
130,000
                                         70

-------
           RESULTS OF  HYDROLOGIC AND CHEMICAL EVALUATION
    Results of  the field  investigations  and literature reviews  for the  138
hazardous-waste-disposal  sites (plus  the 26 sites  not recommended for investi-
gation by NYSDEC)  are summarized in tables 21 and  22.  Table  21  identifies
each  site as having either  a  major or  indeterminable potential  for contaminant
migration on the  basis of available chemical and hydrologic data; table  22
lists  the sites designated  as having  a major potential for contaminant migra-
tion.   These designations are based on the data available as  of  1983 and  are
preliminary only.   More accurate predictions as to  the rate and  extent of
leachate migration would  require additional hydrologic data to  define the
ground-water flow  patterns  within the  unconsolidated deposits and the frac-
tured  bedrock below,  and  additional sampling to determine the type,  amount,
and concentration  of  chemicals  buried  at  each site.

              Table  21.—Potential for contaminant migration from sites  studied
 Site
 number
Registry
number
                      Type of
                      investi-
Site
           Migration
           potential

              Indeter-
gation1  Major  minate
Geo-
hydro-
logic
                                                                      Type  of data
Chera-  Offsite
ical  migration
 BUFFALO AREA (pi.  1)
107
113
118
120-122

132
135
138
140
141
142
144
146
147
148
162
173
180
184
190
196
200
203
206
216
217
219
220
241
249
t253
T254
915004
915007
915009
915012
(a,b,c)
915024
915029
915034
915037
915040
915041
915073
915045
915046
915047
915054
915065
915011
915095
915781
915026
915085
915052
915072
915013
915017
915030
915039
915080
915120
—
—~
                 Allied Chemical               F
                 Anaconda                     F
                 Bethlehem Steel               L
                 Buffalo Color                 L

                 Fedder Automotive             L
                 Hanna Furnace                 F
                 McNaughton Brooks             F
                 Houdaille-Manzel              F
                 Mobil Oil                     F
                 Mollenberg-Betz               L
                 Otis Elevator                 F
                 Pratt & Letchworth             L
                 Ramco Steel                   F
                 Republic  Steel                F
                 Alltift Landfill              L
                 Empire Waste                  F
                 Hopkins Street                L
                 Kelly Island                  L
                 Lehigh Valley Railroad         F
                 Niagara Falls Port Authority    F
                 Procknall & Katra              L
                 Squaw Island                  p
                 Tifft Farm                    L
                 Erie Basin Marina              L
                 Conner Hanna Coke              F
                 Hartwell Street  Landfill        L
                 W.  Seneca Transfer Station      F
                 Times  Beach                   F
                 Allied  Chemical, Hurwitz-Ranne  F
                 Small  Boat Harbor              F
                 Buffalo Harbor                F
  F  field investigation
  L  literature review only
  X  information available
  -  no information available
                                            X
                                            X
                                            X

                                            X
                                              X
                                              X
                                                   X
                                                   X
                                                   X
                                                   X
                                                   X
                                                   X
                                                   X

                                                   X
                                                   X
                                                   X
                                                   X
                                                   X
                                                   X

                                                   X
                                                   X
                                                   X
                                                   X
                                                   X
                                             X

                                             X
                                           X
                                           X
                                             X
                                             X
                               X
                               X
                               X
                               X
                                                     X
                                                     X
                                                     X
                                                     X

                                                     X
                                                     X
                                                     X
                                                     X
                                                     X
                                                     X
                                                     X
                                                     X
                                                     X
                                                     X
                               X
                               X
                               X
                               X
                               X
                               X
                               X
               XX




               XX

               XX
                                      XX
                                         T
                                           not a source of ground-water  contaminatio
                                           but hydraulically  connected  to Lake Erie
                                         *  limited  information
                                         XX contaminant migration reported or observe
                                       71

-------
Table 21.—Potential for contaminant migration from sites studied (continued)
                                                 Migration
                                                 potential
Type of data
Site
number
Registry
number
TONAWANDA AREA (pi
6
24-37
50
60
67
68
72
93
103
105
106
108
109
110
111
114
115
116
117
123
125-127

128
130
131
136
137
143
149
150-151
153-155-
(a,b)
158
160
167
182
201
204
207
208
211
243
252
NIAGARA
1
2
4
5
7
8
9
932044
932018
932066
932059
932043
932060

932054
915001
915003-b
915003-c
915055-a
915055-b
915055-c
915055
915061
915008-c
915008-a
915008-b
915016
915018
(a.b.c)
—
915023
915025
—
915035
—
915036
915048
915050
(a-d)

915057
915014
915063
915074
915083
915079
915078
915067
932068
915123
FALLS AREA
932001
932002
932004
932052
932048-a
932048-b
932007
Type of
investi- Indeter-
Site gation1 Major minate
. 2)
Buffalo Pumps Division
Occidental Chemical-Durez Div.
National Grinding Wheel
Roblin Steel Company
Frontier Chemical-Pendleton
Gratwick Park
Holiday Park
Nash Road
R. P. Adams
Allied Chemical, Tonawanda
Allied Chemical, Tonawanda
Tonawanda Coke
Tonawanda Coke
Tonawanda Coke
Aluminum Match Plate
Ashland Petroleum
Ashland Petroleum
Ashland Petroleum
Ashland Petroleum
Columbus McKinnon
Dunlop Tire

Dupont
Exolon
FMC
INS
Pennwalt-Lucidol Div.
0-Cel-O
Roblin Steel
Shanco Plastics
Spaulding Fibre

Union Carbide
J. H. Williams
Chemical Leaman
Huntley Power Station
Seaway Industrial Park
William Strassman
City of Tonawanda Landfill
Veteran's Park
Air Force Plant no. 40
Botanical Gardens
Creekside Golf Course
(pi. 3)
Airco Alloys
Airco Speer Carbon-Graphite
Basic Carbon Co.
Bell Aerospace
Carborundum, Bldg. 89
Carborundum, Bldg. 82
Carborundum-Abrasive Div.

F
L X
L
L
F
F X
F
F
F
X

F X
F
F
F
L
L
L
L
L X
F

F
L
F
F X
F
L
F
F
F/L

L
F
F
F X
L
F
F
L
L
F
F

L
F
F
F X
L
L
L

X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X
Geo-
hydro-
logic

_

-
-
*
X
*
-
-
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
*
-

-
-
-
X
-
-
*
-
-

-
-
*
X
X
*
-
-
-
*
*

-
*
-
-
-
-
-
Chem-
ical

X

X
*
*
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
*
-
*
X
-
X
X

X
-
X
X
X
-
*
X
X

*
X
X
X
X
X
X
*
-
X
X

X
X
X
X
—
-
X
Offsite
migration

_
XX
-
-
-
-
*
-
-
XX
-
*
-
-
-
-
*
-
-
XX
-

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-
-
*
-
-
-
-

*
-
-
XX
-
-
-
                                   72

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Table 21.—Potential for contaminant migration from sites studied (continued)
Migration
potential
Site
number
Registry
number
TONA WANDA AREA (pi
6
24-37
10
11
14
15-19,
250
21
22
38
39
40
41a
41b-49
51
56
57
58,59,

248
62
63
64
66
73
76
77
78a,78b

79
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91

92

94
95
96
100
237
238
242
245
247
251
255
932044
932018
932036
932009
932047
932013
(a-f)
932015
932016
932020
932021
932022
932019-a
932019b-c
932028
932031
932050
932051
(a.b)
932038
932034
932049
932035
932040
932067
932006
932025
932046,
932042
952091
932026
932079
932080
932008
932081
932082
932083
932085
932088
932027
932089

932090

932055
932056-a
932067
932093
932086
932087
932063
932084
932037

932053
Type of
invest i-
Site gation1 Major
. 2)
Buffalo Pumps Division
Occidental Chemical-Durez Div.
Carborundum-Globar Plant
Chisholm Ryder
Dupont, Necco Park
Dupont, Buffalo Avenue

Frontier Bronze
Great Lakes Carbon
Occidental-Love Canal
Occidental-Hyde Park
Occidental-102nd Street
Occidental-S-area
Occidental-Buffalo Ave, Plant
TAM Ceramics
Olin-102nd Street Landfill
Olin-Industrial Welding
Olin-Buffalo Avenue


Stauffer Chemical, N Love Canal
Stauffer-Art Park
Onion Carbide
Reichold-Varcum
La Salle Expressway
Lynch Park
Modern Disposal Service
CECOS & Niagara Recycling

Power Authority Road Site
Niagara County Refuse Disposal
Adams Generating Plant
Buffalo Avenue
Cayuga Island
Griffon Park
Hydraulic Canal
New Road
64th Street
Whirlpool Site
Witmer Road
Town of Niagara Landfill,
Lockport Road
Niagara Falls Transportation
Authority
Niagara River-Belden Site
Old Creek Bed-Dibacco
Robert Moses Parkway
Sibergeld Junk Yard
Rodeway Inn
St. Marys School
Charles Gibson Site
97th St. Methodist Church
Olin Well
Solvent Chemical
Stauffer-PASNY

F
L X
L
F
L X
L X

F
F
L X
L X
L X
L X
L X
L
L X
L
F X


L
F
F
L X
L
F
F
L

L
F
F
F X
F
F X
F
F
F
F
F
L

F

F
F
F/L
F
F
F
L X
F
L
L X
F
Indeter-
minate

X

X
X



X
X





X

X



X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X

X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X
Type of data
Geo-
hydro-
logic

-

_
*
-
X

-
-
X
*
X
-
-
-
-
-
X


-
*
-
-
-
-
-
_

-
-
-
X
*
X
-
-
-
-
-
-

*

-
*
*
-
*
-
X
*
_
-
-
Chem-
ical

X

_
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
*
X


X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

-
X
*
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
_
X
X
Offsite
migration

-
XX
_
-
XX
-

-
-
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
-
XX
-
-


*
-
-
XX
-
*
-
_

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
_
_
-

-

*
_
-
_
_
_
-.
_
_
XX
-
                                    73

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   Table  22.—Sites  that  have  a  major  potential  for  contaminant  migration


Buffalo area.—19  sites were field  checked  and 6  evaluated  through  a litera-
ture  review.  Of these 25  sites,  the 10  listed below were designated as  having
a  major potential  for contaminant migration:

    107       Allied Chemical                               915004
    118       Bethlehem Steel  Company                       915009
    120-122   Buffalo Color Corp.                           915012a-c
    138       McNaughton-Brooks,  Inc.                       915034
    141       Mobil Oil Corporation                         915040
    162       Alltift                                       915054
    203       Squaw Island                                  915052
    241       Times Beach                                   915080

Tonawanda area.—29 sites were field checked and 21 evaluated through a
literature review.  Of these 50 sites,  the 20 listed  below were  designated as
having a major potential for chemical migration:

    24-37     Occidental Chemical-Durez                     932018
    68        Gratwick-Riverside Park                       932060
    105       Allied Chemical                               915003-b
    108       Tonawanda Coke                                915055-a
    123       Columbus McKinnon Corporation                 915016
    136       INS Equipment Corporation                     915031
    182       Huntley Power Station                         915063


Niagara Falls area.—31 sites were field checked and  32 evaluated through a
literature review.   Of these 63 sites,  the 31 listed  below were  designated as
having a major potential for contaminant migration:
5
14
15-19,250
38
39
40
41
41a-49
56
58,59,248

66
81
83
85
242
251
Bell Aerospace
Dupont, Necco Park
Dupont, Buffalo Avenue
Occidental, Love Canal
Occidental, Hyde Park
Occidental, 102nd Street
Occidental, Buffalo Avenue S-Area
Occidental, Buffalo Avenue Plant
Olin, 102nd Street
01 in, Buffalo Avenue Plant

Reichold-Varcum
Niagara County Refuse Disposal
Buffalo Avenue
Griffon Park
Charles Gibson
Solvent Chemical
932052
932047
932013a-f
932020
932021
932022
932019a
932019b-i
932031
932051a,b
932038
932040
932026
932080
932081
932096
—
                                     74

-------
                      GUIDELINES FOR FUTURE STUDIES

     This study indicates that some hazardous-waste sites will require further
 investigation to determine the potential for contaminant migration.  At other
 sites,  however,  either there is no evidence of hazardous materials, or the
 hydrogeologic character of the site does not appear to allow for contaminant
 migration,  so the need for further investigation may not be required.

     Hazardous wastes  have been disposed of in five ways:  (1) in permeable
 deposits adjacent to  the Niagara River or tributaries to the river, (2) in
 relatively  impermeable deposits more than 15 ft thick and overlying bedrock,
 (3)  in  relatively impermeable deposits that are less than 15 ft and overlying
 bedrock, (4)  in  relatively impermeable deposits originally thicker than 15 ft
 and  overlying bedrock but where thickness has been reduced by excavation to
 less  than 15  ft  and overlying bedrock, and (5)  in relatively impermeable depos-
 its  where manmade interferences have altered site characteristics and
 increased the potential for flow of water from the site.   Where contaminants
 from sites  have  reached bedrock,  their effects  have become regional.   Some
 general  guidelines  for studying these five types  of sites and the related
 regional contamination problems are given below.

                                Site  Studies

               Sites  in Permeable Deposits Adjacent to the River

     Where wastes  are  buried in or on permeable  fill or alluvial sand  adjacent
 to the Niagara River  or its tributaries,  contaminants  can move  laterally
 toward  the  river.  An example of  a hydrologic investigation that addressed
 this  concern  is  that  conducted by Dames and Moore (1981)  at the Bethlehem
 Steel site  in the  Buffalo area (see appendix A,  site 118).

     In an investigation of  this type of site,  the wastes  produced and buried
 would be identified,  the  stratigraphy of  the site documented,  the quantity of
 ground water  and  the  direction of flow delineated,  and mean concentrations of
 the  contaminant  plume determined.   Several observation wells would be
 installed in  the  unconsolidated deposits  between  the site and the river  and on
 the  upgradient side of the  site to determine ground-water gradients and  extent
 and  depth of  geologic  units.   Where  possible, wells would penetrate to  below
yearly low water-table  levels.  Single measurements of  water levels would  give
only instantaneous gradient;  seasonal  monitoring  would  indicate  changes
 throughout  the year.   Water-level  recorders  on  wells would  allow correlation
of ground-water  fluctuations  with  storms  and  river  stage.   Pumping tests  and
slug tests  could be used  to measure  the conductivity of geologic units.

    If contaminants could have  infiltrated  to bedrock,  or if the ground-water
flow system in the bedrock  differs  from that  in the unconsolidated deposits,
several wells would need  to be  installed  in  the bedrock to  determine  direction
of ground-water  flow.    Several  wells would  also be  needed to delineate  the
extent of the plume and the average  concentration  of selected constituents in
the plume.  Sampling methods  would depend  on whether contaminant transport was
relatively uniform, varied  seasonally,  or was influenced  primarily  by
recharge, river fluctuations,  or  other  influences.   Initially,  a wide range of
contaminants would be   tested  at each well.   Routine analyses  could  then be
restricted to selected constituents, with a wider range analyzed periodically.


                                     75

-------
         Sites  in  Relatively Impermeable Deposits More Than 15 Feet Thick

    Where  wastes  are  buried in relatively impermeable deposits such as
 lacustrine silt,  clay,  or till some distance from the Niagara River, tribu-
 taries,  or manmade  disturbances,  the major form of contaminant transport is
 overland runoff or  vertical movement to the underlying bedrock.   An example of
 a  hydrogeologic investigation that  addressed this concern was that conducted
 at Occidental  Chemical  Durez by Recra Research Inc.  (1980) in the Tonawanda
 area  (appendix B, sites 24-37).

    In an  investigation of  this  kind of site,  wastes  produced and buried would
 be identified, runoff from  the site measured or estimated, stratigraphy of the
 site  documented,  vertical ground-water gradients and  direction of flow delin-
 eated, and  mean concentrations of contaminants in ground  water and in
 overland runoff determined.   One  or more  wells would  be installed in bedrock
 below the  disposal  area to  test  for contaminants.

    Test drilling would be  done  close to  the disposal area to determine the
 thickness  of geologic units.   Nested peizometers would be placed on or close
 to the disposal area  to define vertical and horizontal hydraulic gradient,
 and slug or pumping tests could  be  done to determine  the  permeability of the
 sediments;  these  data could then  be used  to calculate rate and quantity of
 ground-water discharge.   Where materials  are unsaturated  or where wells do not
 produce  enough water  for  sampling,  cores  and associated core water could be
 obtained by suction lysimeter or  other means for chemical analysis.  The rela-
 tionship between  concentrations  in  cores  and those in core water, once
 established at representative sites,  could subsequently be used  at other sites
where only  soil cores are obtained  for analysis.

    Runoff  and water quality  would  be monitored for those sites  where overland
 flow  is  significant.  In  addition to routine sampling,  stage-activated flow
monitoring  and water sampling may be required  during  and  immediately after
 intense  storms.   Substrate  samples  collected from dry channel bottoms may indi
 cate  presence  of  contaminants,  but  negative findings  do not rule out the
 possi-bility of contaminant  transport.

         Sites  in  Relatively  Impermeable Deposits Less Than 15 Feet Thick

    Where wastes  are buried  in lacustrine  silt,  clay,  sand,  or till less than 15
 ft thick, weathering and  desiccation cracks  may create secondary avenues for
movement to underlying  bedrock and  significantly increase the potential for
 lateral movement offsite.  Examples  of  hydrogeologic  investigations that
addressed  this concern  are  those done in  the Niagara  Falls area  at Necco Park
 (site 14) by Weston (1979)  and at Tarn Industries (site  51)  by the
Cones toga-Rovers and Associates (1979  Hyde  Park monitoring program).

    Further investigation of  this type  of  site would  entail identification of
 (1) wastes produced and buried, (2)  runoff  from the site  (measured or
estimated), (3) stratigraphy  of the  site,  (4)  vertical  ground-water gradients
and direction  of  flow,  and  (5) mean  concentrations of contaminants in ground
water and  in overland runoff.  Observation  wells would  be installed in the
unconsolidated deposits both  upgradient and downgradient  of the  site to deter-
mine horizontal movement  of  contaminants,  and  slug or pumping tests could
determine permeability.    Several wells  would be installed in the bedrock to
sample for contaminants.

                                      76

-------
                  Sites with Identifiable Bedrock Contamination

     Where contamination from a site has reached the underlying bedrock in
 large, relatively permeable units such as Lockport Dolomite and Onondaga
 Limestone,  the potential for contaminant migration offsite and to underlying
 bedrock units is increased significantly.  A system of wells along lines
 radiating from the site may be needed to determine the extent of the con-
 taminant plume in a multilayered bedrock such as that at the Hyde Park
 landfill in Niagara Falls (site 39,  appendix C) by Occidental Chemical
 Corporation (1983).

     At sites near a ground-water divide or mound,  concentric sets of nested
 peizoraeters or wells with packers would be installed along vectors radiating
 from the site to define the contaminant plume.   If ground water moves
 regionally  in one direction,  most observation wells would be installed
 downgradient from the site.   Each major water-bearing zone should be screened
 or packed and sampled for contaminants.  Water levels would be measured to
 determine hydraulic gradients,  and pumping tests would determine permeability
 of the water-bearing units.

                         Sites With Manmade Interferences

     Drainage ditches, french  drains,  unlined sewers,  power lines, aqueducts,
 trenches,  or pumping wells  significantly increase  the potential for  lateral
 migration of contaminants in  the unconsolidated deposits.   Examples  of studies
 at such sites include that  by Recra  Research,  Inc.  and Wehran Engineering
 Corporation (1979)  at Seaway  (site 201,  Tonawanda,  appendix B)  and by the
 U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency  (1982)  at Occidental  Chemical Love Canal
 (site 38,  Niagara Falls,  appendix C).

     In addition to  installing wells  and sampling water flowing horizontally,
 conduits and fill around  conduits would be sampled  for contaminants,  par-
 ticularly  during storms.

                 Modeling of Regional Ground-Water Flow

    A regional  ground-water model of  flow patterns  in both the  unconsolidated
 material and in the bedrock units would be needed  to  assess the regional
 effects  of  contaminant  migration.  An  example  of a  flow model  of  part of  a
 region is  that  developed  by Bergeron  (U.S.  Geological  Survey,  written commun.,
 1984)  for the Hyde  Park Landfill  (site  39)  in  Niagara Falls.

    Because  ground  water  moves  vertically,  a  three-dimensional  model  or cross-
 sectional model  would be  required, and  in  some  areas,  multiple  layers would be
 needed  to represent  the bedrock  units.   The modeled area should be large
 enough  to include hydrologic  boundaries  (Niagara River,  Lake  Erie, forebay
 canal,  underground  conduits,  etc.).  Water-level data  from wells  would  be
 needed  for model  calibration  and  verification,  and, where  data  were  inade-
 quate,  additional observation wells would  need  to be  installed.   Also,  the
 location, type,  thickness, and  permeability  of  the  geologic  units  would need
 to be  determined.  Maps of depth  to top  of bedrock, thickness of  uncon-
 solidated overburden, and maps  of  bedrock  stratigraphy  would be useful  guides.

    A model  could provide information about  (1)  direction  and rate of ground-
water  flow,  (2)  effects of external hydrologic  fluctuations  such  as changes  of

                                     77

-------
 river  stage  and  seasonal recharge on ground-water fluctuations and boundary
 discharges,  (3)  effects  of pumping on flow patterns,  (4) rate of leakage to
 deep aquifers,  (5)  effects of  removing or adding discharge wells,  and (6)
 effects  of proposed remedial measures.   The model could also serve as a basis
 for  solute-transport models to evaluate the effects  of contaminant migration
 from individual  sites.
                                  SUMMARY

    American  and  Canadian monitoring  of  the quality of the Niagara River has
 indicated  a need  to  assess contamination entering  the river through the ground-
 water  system.   The  contamination  probably emanates from point and nonpoint
 sources  in the  adjacent area, which contains  a  high density of  chemical-
 manufacturing facilities  and waste-disposal sites.

    An Interagency Task Force on  Hazardous  Waste,  composed of representatives of
 the New  York  State Department of  Environmental  Conservation,  New  York State
 Department of Health,  and U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency,  identified 215
 hazardous waste-disposal  sites in Erie and  Niagara Counties in  a  report issued
 in March 1979.  Of these  sites, 164 are  within  3 miles  of  the Niagara River in
 Erie and Niagara  Counties,  N.Y.   Of the  164 sites,  138  were studied as having a
 potential for offsite  contaminant migration.

    The U.S. Geological Survey reviewed  records and,  during the  summer of  1982,
 obtained chemical analyses  of ground-water  and  core samples from  79 sites.   The
 objectives of the investigation were  to  (1) determine which sites  are a possible
 source of contamination to  the ground-water system,  (2)  classify  the sites  as to
 potential for ground-water  contaminant migration,  and (3)  determine, where
 data were sufficient,  the  potential effects of  site leachate  on  the quality of
 ground water.

    The  study area, a  37-mile band 3  miles  wide along the  Niagara  River from
 Lake Erie to Lake Ontario,  was divided into three  areas—Buffalo,  Tonawanda,  and
 Niagara Falls on  the basis  of site density.   The study  entailed  three phases—
 a general literature review, site reconnaissance and  sampling, and  a regional
 drilling and sampling  program to  obtain  background  hydrogeologic  data for
 reference.

    This report describes  the methods of  investigation,  the field  procedures,
 and the quality-control system for chemical sampling  and analysis.   It also
 categorizes the sites' potential  for  contaminant migration either  as major  or
 indeterminable  from the data available.   Hydrogeologic  and chemical data from
 the individual  sites are  given in the appendices;  the sources of  data are
 included.  For  the few sites having sufficient  data,  the probable  effects  of
 leachate on the ground-water quality  are  discussed.

    Records of  past and current disposal  practices  and  geohydrologic and chemi-
 cal data on 85  of the  138  sites were  provided by the  U.S.  Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA),  New York State Department  of Environmental
Conservation (NYSDEC), the  U.S.  Geological  Survey,  consultants to  the site
owner,  or the site operator for use in a  preliminary  evaluation of  the sites'
potential for contaminant migration.  Of  these 85 site  records, 59  were used  as
complete evaluations for  this study.  The remaining 26 sites  along  with 53  other
sites were drilled and sampled as described below.

                                      78

-------
     Ground water,  surface water,  and(or) substrates were sampled on the 79 sites
 mentioned above.   All sampling was done according to a quality-assurance/
 quality-control plan acceptable to the New York State Department of Environ-
 mental Conservation, the U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency, and the U.S.
 Geological Survey.

     The number of  sites studied,  test holes drilled, samples collected, and the
 chemical constituents and compounds analyzed from each area are shown in table
 23.   (These summary values and individual site values are also given in table 1.)
                            Table 23.   Sampling Summary
A.
Number of sites studied
, wells/
test holes sampled,
and samples obtained from chemical analysis


Area
Buffalo
Tonawanda
Niagara Falls
TOTAL


Sites
19
29
31
79
No. of
test holes
drilled
121
129
118
368
No.
of
existing
wells
10
14
7
31
B. Number of samples analyzed



Area
Buffalo
Tonawanda
Niagara Falls
TOTAL
Organic
GC/MS
extract-
ables
82
143
128
352
compounds



sampled





Samples
collected
Ground Surface
water water
18
35
16
59
for chemical




Inorganic
Volatile As
40 32
57 38
34 9
131 79
Cd Cr
60 90
54 67
15 19
129 176
Cu Fe
83 102
38 105
27 67
148 274
Pb
85
56
13
154
6
12
7
25




Substrate
109
129
112
350




constituents








constituents
Hg Ni
32 59
42 43
61 9
135 111
V
22
2
5
29
Zn CN
27 4
16 4
13 0
56 8
S
3
0
0
3
    In addition to the test-hole-drilling program, an electromagnetic  conduc-
tivity survey was done on 21 of the 79 sites to help delineate  the  extent  of
the disposal areas.

    Among the 79 sites that were drilled and sampled were  three dredge-spoil-
containment sites along Lake Erie in the Buffalo area, which were studied  to
evaluate the potential for leachate migration to the lake.  They are the Times
Beach containment site (site 241), the Small Boat Harbor containment site
(site 253), and the Buffalo Harbor containment site (site  254).
                                     79

-------
                              SOURCES OF  DATA
American Falls International Board,  1974, Preservation  and  enhancement  of  the
    American Falls at Niagara, Appendix C - Geology  and  rock  mechanics:   71  p.

Anderson, E. G., 1982, Hydrogeology  review, Hyde Park Landfill:   Toronto,
    Canada, Gartner Lee and Associates, 19 p.

Buehlor, E. J., and Tesmer, I. H., 1963, Geology of  Erie  County,  New  York:
    Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences Bulletin, v. 21,  no.  3,  118 p.

Calspon Corporation,  1977, Soils, geology, and hydrology  of the  NEWCO-Niagara
    Recycling  site, Niagara Falls, New York:  Calspon, 96 p.,  10  figs.,  6  tables.

Camp, Dresser, and McKee Engineers,  1982,  City of Niagara Falls—Reports on
    Fall Street sewer tunnel, visual inspection and  infiltration, air,  and
    sediment evaluation:  Camp, Dresser, and McKee Engineers,  230 p.

Cartwright, R. H., and Ziarno, J. A., 1980, Chemical quality  of water from
    community  systems in New York, November 1970 to  May  1975:  U.S. Geological
    Survey Water-Resources Investigations 80-77, 444 p.

CM CHAIN,  Division Columbus McKinnon Corporation, 1982, Closure plans for
    inactive landfill site, Tonawanda, New York:  CM Chain, 22 p., 6  tables, 3 figs.

Conestoga-Rovers and Associates,   1979, Progress report I, Hyde Park Landfill:
     Waterloo, Ont., Canada, Conestoga-Rovers and Associates,  17 p.

        1979,   Progress report III, Hyde Park Landfill, Bloody Run, and
     102nd Street Landfill: Waterloo, Conestoga-Rovers and Associates,  27 p.

   	 1979, Progress report IV, Hyde Park Landfill and Bloody Run:
     Waterloo, Conestoga-Rovers and Associates, 33 p.

        1979, Progress report V, Hyde Park Landfill, Bloody Run and 102nd
     Street Landfill:  Waterloo, Conestoga-Rovers and Associates, 23 p.

   	 1979, Progress report VI, Hyde Park Landfill, Bloody Run, 102nd Street
    Landfill, Hooker, Niagara Falls, New York:  Waterloo, Conestoga-Rovers
    and Associates, 18 p.,  1 append., 1 map.

   	 1979, Site investigation and monitoring programme, 102nd Street
    Landfill, Hooker, Niagara Falls, New York:  Waterloo, Conestoga-Rovers and
    Associates,  20 p., 2 maps.

        1980, Progress report VIIIA, Hyde Park-Bloody Run:  Waterloo,
     Conestoga-Rovers and Associates, 18 p.

   	 1980, Progress report VIIIB, 102nd Street Landfill, Hooker, Niagara
    Falls, New York:   Waterloo, Conestoga-Rovers and Associates, 2 p.,  2 tables,
    1 append.
                                      80

-------
                         SOURCES OF DATA (continued)

         1981, Hydrogeologic investigation, acid neutralization facility,
     Pine Avenue/Packard Road, Town of Niagara:  Waterloo, Conestoga-Rovers and
     Associates, 47 p.,  25 fig., 1 table, 8 append.

 	 1981, Hydrogeologic investigation, Landfill site, Carborundum:
     Toronto City, Conestoga-Rovers and Associates, 25 p., 1 append.

 	 1981, Monitoring well installation details, monitoring well water
     elevations, Hooker Buffalo Avenue plant and Drinking Water Treatment
     Plant:   Toronto City, Conestoga-Rovers and Associates, 25 p.

 	 1982, Overburden investigation,  S-area, December 1981 to March 1982:
     Waterloo, Ont.,  Conestoga-Rovers  and Associates.

 Dames and Moore,  1981,  Summary report of monitoring well program, Lackawanna
     Plant,  Bethelem Steel Corporation:   Dames  and Moore, 23 p.,  12 figs.

 Dominion Soil Investigations,  Inc.,  1979,  Report of Lewiston Escarpment Project,
     analysis of subsoil conditions, Whittaker  Subdivision, Lewiston,  New York:
     Dominion Soil Investigations,  Inc.,  18 p., 2 tables, 1 enc.

 Dunn Geoscience Corporation,  1981,  Town  of Niagara SLF,  Facility No.  32S08,
     open dump inventory,  ground-water quality  evaluation, New York State Depart-
     ment of Environmental Conservation,  Resource Conservation Recovery Act:
     Albany, N.Y.,  Dunn  Geoscience  Corp.,  16 p.,  4 append., 1 map.

 "Environmental Monitoring at  Love  Canal,"  Volume I,  II,  1982,  and jua  New York
     State Department of Health,  "Love Canal-A  special  report to  the Governor
     and  Legislature," Albany.

 Friedman, L.  C.,  and Erdmann,  D. E.,  1981,  Quality assurance practices  for  the
     chemical  and  biological analyses  of  water  and  fluvial sediments:   U.S.
     Geological  Survey Open-File  Report 81-650,  323 p.

 Goerlitz, D.  G.,  and Brown, Eugene, 1972,  Methods  for  analysis of organic
     substances  in  water:  U.S. Geological  Survey Techniques  of Water-Resources
     Investigations,  Book  5, Chapter A3,  40  p.

 Haynes,  S.  J.  and  Mostaghel, M.  A., 1982,  Present-day  precipitation of  lead
     and  zinc  from  groundwaters:  Mineral Deposits, v.  17,  p.  213-228.

 Johnston, R.  H.,  1964,  Ground water in the  Niagara Falls  area, New  York:
    New York  State Water Resources Comm. Bull. GW-53,  93  p.

        1982, Simulation of ground-water flow  in the vicinity of  Hyde Park
    landfill, Niagara Falls, New York:  U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File
    Report 82-159, 18 p.

Krehbiel Associates, 1978, Industrial solid waste management facility for
    Spaulding Fibre Co., Inc.:  Krehbiel Associates, 17 p., 3 figs., 1 pi.
                                      81

-------
                        SOURCES  OF DATA (continued)

 Kreidler, W. L. , 1963, Selected deep wells and areas of gas production in
     western New York:  New York State Museum and Science Bull. No. 390, 404 p.

 La Sala,  A. M., Jr., 1968, Ground-water resources of the Erie-Niagara Basin,
     New York:  State of New York Conservation Department, Water Resources
     Commission, Basin Planning Report ENB-3, 114 p.

 Leggette, Brashears and Graham, Inc., 1979, Shallow ground-water quality
     investigation,  Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corp.,  Niagara Falls, New
     York  Plant:   Westport, Conn.,  Leggette, Brashears,  and Graham, Inc.,
     Progress Report 1,  4 p.,  13 figs.,  1 append.

 	 1979,  Shallow ground-water quality investigation,  Hooker Chemicals
      and  Plastics Corp.,  Niagara Falls,  New York  Plant:   Westport, Conn.,
      Leggette, Brashears,  and Graham,  Inc., Progress Report 2, 7 p.,  8 figs.,
      3  append.

 	 1979,  Shallow ground-water quality investigation,  Hooker Chemicals
      and  Plastic  Corporation,  Niagara Falls,  New  York Plant:   Westport,  Conn.,
      Leggette, Brashears,  and Graham,  Inc., Progress Report 3, 4 p.,  3 figs.,
      3  append.

 	 1979,  Shallow ground-water quality investigation,  Hooker Chemicals and
      and  Plastic  Corporation,  Niagara  Falls,  New  York Plant:   Westport,  Conn.,
      Leggette,  Brashears,  and  Graham,  Inc.,  Progress Report 4,
      4  p.,  4 figs.,  3 append.

 	 1979,  Shallow ground-water  quality investigation,  Hooker Chemicals and
      Plastic Corp.,  Niagara Falls,  New York Plant:   Westport,  Conn.,  Leggette,
      Brashears, and  Graham, Inc.,  Progress Report  6,  13 p.,
      20 figs.

 	 1979,  Shallow ground-water  quality investigation,  Hooker Chemicals and
      Plastics  Corp.,  Niagara Falls, New  York  Plant:   Westport,  Conn.,  Leggette,
      Brashears, and  Graham, Inc.,  Progress Report  7,  12 p.

	 1980,  Hooker  Chemicals  and  Plastics Corp., Niagara  Falls  Plant, New
      York:  geologic  logs,  162 p.

 Leonard S.  Wegman Co., Inc., 1978,  Sanitary landfill  report, Town  of  Niagara:
    50 p.,  4 appendices.

 R. B. MacMullin Associates, and Auer, C.,  1979, Engineering report  for the  elimi-
    nation  and replacement of the Varcum settling  lagoon, Varcum  Chemical
    Division,  Reichold Chemicals, Inc., Niagara Falls, New  York:  R.  B.
    MacMullin  Associates, 8 p., 6 drawings, 2 addendums.

Maslia, M.  L. , and Johnston, R. H.  1982, Simulation  of ground-water flow in
    the vicinity of Hyde Park Landfill, Niagara Falls, New  York:  U.S.
    Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-159, 19 p.
                                      82

-------
                        SOURCES OF  DATA (continued)

 Moriarity, L. R.,  1979, Report on Love Canal Section, Lewiston, New York:  U.S.
     Environmental  Protection Agency, Rochester Program Support Branch, 8 p.,
     1 addendum.

 Muller,  E. H.,  1977,  Quaternary geology of New York, Niagara Sheet:  New York
     Museum and  Science Service, Map and Chart Series, no.  28,  1 sheet.

 Neruda,  F. D. ,  1980,  Niagara Frontier  inactive waste disposal  sites, Hyde Park
      Landfill,  Bloody Run, 102nd Street Landfill,  'S* Area Landfill, site con-
      ditions and proposed remedial action:   Niagara Falls, N.Y.,  Hooker,  31 p.,
      14  figs.,  1 append.

 Occidental Chemical  Corporation,  1983,  Hyde Park—Bloody run aquifer survey and
     testing program,  Niagara Falls,  New York:   Niagara Falls,  N.Y., Occidental
     Chemical Corporation,  v. I-III.

 Recra Research,  Inc.,  1978,  Evaluation of  ground-water quality in the Lockport
     Dolomite bedrock  beneath the  NEWCO-Niagara Recycling site, Niagara Falls,
     New  York:   21  p.,  7 attachments, 5 tables.

 	  1980, Hydrogeologic  investigation,  Durez Division,  Hooker
     Chemicals  and  Plastics  Corporation,  Walck  Road,  North  Tonawanda,  Niagara
     County,  New  York:   City of  Buffalo,  74  p.,  10  figs.,  11  append.

	 1982,  Supplemental  hydrogeological  investigation,  Buffalo, N.Y. :
     Alltift  Company,  Inc.,  17 p.,  1  appendix,  3 tables,  1  fig.,  3 prints.

Recra  Research,  Inc.  and  Sodarholm Engineering,  1980,  Part 360  application for
     permit  to  operate  a solid waste  management  facility; Buffalo, N.Y.:  Alltift
     Company, Inc.,  22  p.,  1 appendix.

Recra  Research,  Inc.  and  Wehran Engineering Corporation,  1979,  Hydrogeologic
     investigation,  Olin 102nd Streed Landfill,  Niagara Falls, Niagara County,
     New  York:  98  p.,  1 appendix,  13 figs.

         1979,  Hydrogeologic  investigation,  Seaway  Industrial Park Sanitary
    Landfill, Town of Tonawanda, New York:  Buffalo, N.Y., 80 p.,  1  append.
    4 maps.

Skougstad, M. W., Fishman, M. J., Friedman, L. C., Erdmann, D. E., and Duncan,
    S. S., eds., 1979, Methods  for determination  of inorganic substances  in
    water  and fluvial sediments:  U.S. Geological Survey  Techniques  of Water-
    Resources Investigations, Book 5, Chapter Al, 626 p.

U.S. Department  of Energy, 1981, Evaluation of liquid effluent discharges from
    the Linde Air Products Company Ceramics Plant:  U.S.  Department  of Energy,
    Executive Summary, 10 p.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1980, Water quality criteria pursuant to
    section 304(a)(l) of the Clean Water Act:   Federal Register, v. 45, part
    231,  no.  231, Nov. 28, 1980, p.  79318-79379.
                                      83

-------
                        SOURCES OF  DATA (continued)

 U.S.  Environmeatal Protection Agency,  1980,  Interim guidelines and specifica-
     tions for preparing quality assurance project plans:   Washington,  B.C.,
     U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency, Report  QAMS-005/80,  26 p.

 	 1982,  Environmental monitoring at Love Canal:   U.S.  Environmental
     Protection Agency,  EPA/600/4-82-030a-d,  v.  I-III,  2823  p.

	 1982,  Standard  operating procedure for  the  validation  of GC/MS hazardous
     waste  data:   U.S. Environmental  Protection  Agency,  11 p.

Wehran  Engineering,  1981,  Hydrogeologic-Geotechnical  Investigations,  Proposed
     sanitary  landfill facilities, NEWCO Waste Systems,  Inc., Pine  Avenue  site,
     Niagara Falls, New York:  Wehran Engineering, 34 p., 7  figs.,  5 pi.,  1
     table, 11  append.

	 1981,  Supplemental hydrogeologic  study  of the Packard  Road/Pine Avenue
    site:  Wehran Engineering,  14 p.,  9  figs.,  1 append.

Wehran Engineering and Recra Research, Inc.,  1978, Hydrogeological  investigation
    of Alltift Landfill,  Buffalo, N.Y.:  Wehran Engineering,  50 p.,  1 append.,
    2 maps,  5 figs.,  10 tables.

West Coast Technical  Service, Inc.,  1982, Final report  to  the U.S.
     Environmental Protection Agency  (Water and soil samples  from the Niagara
     River Gorge):  Cerritos, Calif., West Coast Technical Service,  Inc.,  78 p.

Weston, R, F., Environmental Consultants-Designers, 1978, Hydrogeologic
    investigation of  the NEWCO-Niagara Recycling site, Niagara Falls, New
    York:  Weston, R. F., 34 p., 17 figs., 7  tables, 5 appendices.

	 1979, Hydrogeologic evaluation, Necco Park Landfill, E. I.
    Dupont de Nemours and Co., Niagara Falls, New York:  14 p., 6 append.,
    4 tables.
                                      84

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           APPENDICES




                                   Page




A.  Buffalo Area	    91




B,  Tonawanda Area	  .   175




C.  Niagara Falls  Area	289
                85

-------
                                    APPENDICES

     The site descriptions herein give  the  location, site history,  and the  poten-
tial for contaminant migration as major  or indeterminate;  they also include
geologic,  hydrologic,  and chemical information in the form of  driller's logs,
site sketches, and tables of chemical  analyses.   Results of the electromagnetic
conductivity surveys are  also included.

     The tables of chemical data on samples obtained by the U.S. Geological
Survey indicate which  inorganic constituents or  organic compounds  exceeded USEPA
1980 criteria for maximum permissible  concentrations in drinking water or  the
New  York State standards  for maximum concentration in ground water.  Because no
criteria or standards  have been established for  most constituents  and compounds,
the  absence of indicators does not mean  that the quality is acceptable for use.
The  USEPA  criteria are given in table 24 with  the State of  New  York criteria for
comparison.

     All  analyses were done by contract laboratories through USEPA  or U.S.
Geological  Survey except  where otherwise indicated.


  Table 24.—Maximum permissible concentrations of selected chemical  con-
             stituents and  organic compounds in surface  water and ground  water.

             [Concentrations are in Ug/L; dashes indicate no established
             limit, ND means none should be detected  using most current
             methods of detection.]

PH
Foaming agents

U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency Risk
criteria (1980) [ factor2
—
State of
Drinking-
water
standards
(1982)3
—
New York
Ground-
water
standards
(1978)1*
6.5-8.5
500
  Inorganic  constituents

    Antimony                   146            —            —              —
    Arsenic                     ND        2.2  x 1Q-1*        50              25
    Barium                      —            —         1,000           1,000
    Beryllium                   ND        3.7  x 10~3
    Cadmium                     10            —            10              10
    Chloride                   —            —       250,000         250,000
    Chromium VI                 50            —            50              50
    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,  1980, Water quality criteria pursuant
    to  section 304 (a) (1)  of the Clean Water Act:  Federal Register, v. 45,
    no. 231, November 28,  1980, p. 79318-79379.
    Risk of obtaining one  more case of cancer at  the given concentration in a
    population of 1 million.
  3  New York State drinking-water regulations, 1982.
  "*  Ground-water classifications, quality  standards, and effluent standards:
    Title 6, official compilation of codes,  rules and regulations, pt 703,
    September 1978.
                                       86

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Table 24.—Maximum permissible concentrations of selected  chemical  con-
           stituents and organic compounds in surface water  and ground
           water (continued)

State of New
Drinking-
U.S. Environmental water
Protection Agency Risk standards
criteria (I960)1 factor2 (1982)3
Inorganic constituents
Copper
Cyanide
Fluoride
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nitrate
Selenium
Silver
Sulfate
Thallium
Zinc
Organic compounds
Acenaphthene
Acrolern
Acrylonitrile
Alachlor
Aldicarb
Aldrin
Atrazine
Azinphosraethyl
Benef in
Benzene
Benzidine
Benzo(a)pyrene
Bis-2-chloroe thy 1 ether
Bis-chloromethylether
BHC's
a-HCH
B-HCH
tech-HCH
Y-HCH
Bromacil
Butachlor
Captan
Carbaryl
(continued)
1,000 — 1,000
52
2,000-2,200
300
50 — 50
300
1.7 x 10-3 __ 2
10,000
260 — 10
50 — 50
250,000
13
5,000 — 5,000

20
320
ND 5.8 x 10-2
—
—
ND 7.4 x ID"5
—
—
—
ND 6.6
ND 1.2 x 10-1*
—
ND 3.0 x 10~2
ND

ND 9.2 x ID'3
ND 1.63 x ID"2
ND 1.23 x 10-2
ND 1.86 x 10-2
—
—
—
—
York
Ground-
water
standards

1,000
200
1,500
300
25
300
2
10,000
20
50
250,000
—
5,000

—
__
__
35
0.35
ND
7.5
4.4
35
ND
—
ND
1
__

ND
ND
ND
ND
4.4
3.5
17.5
28.7
Carbon chloroform exact 200 — — —
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloramben
Chlordane
Chloroform
DDT
Diazinon
ND .4
—
ND 4.6 x 10-4
—
ND 2.4 x 10~5
—
5
87.5
0.1
100
ND
0.7
                                       87

-------
Table 24.—Maximum permissible concentrations of selected chemical con-
           stituents and organic compounds in surface water and ground
           water (continued)
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
criteria (1980)1
Organic compounds (continued)
Dicamba
Dichlorobenzenes
Dichlorobenzidines
Dichloroethylene
Dieldrin
Diphenylhydrazine
Di thane
Endosulfan
Endrin
Ethylbenzene 1,
Ethylenethiourea
Ferbam
Fluoranthene
Folpet
Halomethanes
Heptachlor
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexach lor oe thane
Hexachlorophene
Hexachloropentadiene
Isophorone 5
Kepone
Lindane
Malathion
Maneb
Methoxychlor
Methyl methacrylate
Monochlorobenzene
Nitralin
Nitrobenzene 19
Nitrophenols
Dinitrophenol
2 ,4-Dinitro-o-cresol
Nitrosamines
n-nitrosodiethylamine
n-nitrosodimethylamine
n-nitrosodi-n-butylamine
n-nitrosodiphenylamine
n-nitrosopyrrolidine
Paradichlorobenzene
Paraquat
Parathion
Pentachlorobenzene
Pentachloronitrobenzene

—
400
ND
ND
ND
—
—
74
1
400
—
—
42
—
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
—
206
,200
—
2
—
—
100
—
488
—
,800

70
13.4

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
—
—
74
—

Risk
factor2

—
—
1.03 x 10-2
3.3 x ID"2
7.1 x 10~5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
.19
.28
7.2 x 10-1*
.45
1.9
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

—
—

8.0 x 10~4
1.4 x 10~3
6.4 x 10-3
4.9
1.6 x lO-2
7.2 x 10-3
—
—
—
—
State of New York
Drinking- Ground-
water water
standards standards
(1982)3 (1978)1*

0.44
— 	
	 	
— 	
ND
ND
1.75
—
0.2 ND
— —
ND
4.18
— — — —
56
— —
ND
0.35

— — —
7
— —
— —
ND
4
7.0
1.75
100 35
700
— — — _
35
— 	

— —
— —

— 	
— —
—
—
— 	
4.7
2.98
1.5
— —
ND
                                        88

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Table 24.---Maximum permissible concentrations of selected chemical  con-
           stituents and organic compounds in surface water and ground
           water (continued)


U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency Risk
criteria (I960)1 factor2
Organic compounds (continued)
Pentachlorophenol 1
Phenols 3
Phorate
Phthalate esters
Diethyl phthalate 350
Dimethyl phthalate 313
Di-n-butyl phthalate 34
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) 15
phthalate
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH)
Propachlor
Propanil
Propazine
Simazine
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Thiram
Trif luralin
Toxaphene
Toluene 14
Total trihalomethanes
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl chloride
Zineb
Ziram
1 , 1-Dichloroethylene
1,1,1, 2-Tetrachloroe thane
1,1, 2-Trichlorethane
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
1 ,2-Diphenylhydrazine
1 ,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzen
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy
acetic acid
2,3,7, 8-Tetrachloro-
dibenzo-p-dioxin
2,4-D
2,4-Dichlorophenol 3
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,4,5-T
2,4,5-TP (Silvex)
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 2
2 ,4,6-Trichlorophenol

,010
, 500
—

,000
,000
,000
,000

ND 7.9 x 10~5

ND 2.8 x 10~3
— —
— —
— —
—
—
ND .8
—
—
— —
, 300
—
ND 2.7
ND 2.0
— —
— —
ND 3.3 x lO-2
ND .17
ND .6
ND .94
ND 4.2 x 10~3
38

— —

ND 1.3 x 10-8
—
,090
ND .11
—
—
,600
ND 1.2
State of New York
Drinking- Ground-
water water
standards standards
(1982)3 (1978)"

21
1
ND

— -" •"•—
__ — —
770
4,200

.1

— — —
35
7
16
75.25
931
— — — —
1.75
35
5 ND
— —
100
— — r
5
1.75
4.18
—
— —
10
—
—
— — —
— —
.44
—
3.5 x 10~5
100 4.4
— — —
— —
35
10 0.26
— —
— — —
                                      89

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90

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                                APPENDIX  A
                    BUFFALO AREA  SITE DESCRIPTIONS
    A total of 33 disposal sites  in  the  Buffalo area were investigated to deter-
mine the potential of contaminant migration.   Nineteen were investigated and
sampled by the U.S. Geological  Survey  during  its  19R2 test-drilling and sampling
program; the remaining 14 were  evaluated through  a  literature review.


    Of the 33 sites investigated, 10 were designated as having a major potential
for contaminant migration; the  remaining 23 were  designated as having an inde-
terminable potential.

    The following section describes  the  location, past and current disposal
practices, and potential for contaminant migration  at the 33 sites; it also
includes the geologic, hydrologic, and chemical data.  Site locations are shown
on plate 1.
                                      91

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107.  ALLIED CHEMICAL (ITSGS reconnaissance)
NYSBFC 915004
General information and contaminant-migration potential.—The Allied Chemical
site is in the southern part of the city of Buffalo.  The site had a sludge
lagoon during 1930-70, in which an unknown quantity of spent vanadium pen-
toxide catalyst, sulfate sludges, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, salts, slag, and
polymerized "sulphan" were deposited.  Since then, the lagoon has been exca-
vated and filled with clean fill.

    The proximity of the site to the Niagara Fiver creates a potential for
seepage of contaminants to the river.  The low pH of the ground water would
tend to increase the mobility of heavy metals, thereby causing the site  to have
a major potential for contaminant migration.

Geologic information.—No geologic data were obtained.  The site owners
drilled three monitoring wells between the disposal site and the Buffalo
River, but no drilling logs are available.

Hydrologic information.—Water levels in the three monitoring wells indicate
ground water to be 14 to 15 ft below land surface.  The water-table altitude
is approximately that of the Niagara River.

Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey collected samples from  the
three monitoring wells in July 1982 for chromium, copper, iron, lead, nickel,
vanadium, and sulfide analysis.  Results are shown in table A-l.  Iron and lead
concentrations exceeded USEPA criteria for drinking water and New York State
ground-water standards.

Table A-l.—Analyses of ground—water samples from Allied Chemical, site  107,
            Buffalo, N.Y., July 19, 1982.
            [Concentrations are in Mg/L; dashes  indicate that
            constituent was not detected.!

                              Sample number and  depth below land surface  (ft)
                                          1          2          3
                                        (15.0)     (14.9)     (14.0)
pH
Specific conductance
Temperature (°C)

(u mho /cm)

3
2,580
11
.6t

.0
3
6,700
11
.9T

.0
3
2,040
11
.2

.0
t


Inorganic constituents
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Nickel
Sulfide
Vanadium
—
41
170,000t
370t
19
—
9.0
—
190
900.000T
90T
900
—
—
—
23
170,000t
6lt
200
—
30
 t Exceeds  USEPA  criterion  for maximum  permissible  concentration in drinking
  water  or New York  State  standard  for maximum  concentration  in ground water.
                                      92

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113.  ANACONDA COMPANY (USGS field reconnaissance)
                                            NYSDEC 915007
General information and contaminant-migration potential.—The Anaconda Company,
in the northern part of the city of Buffalo, received 21,600 tons of coal ash,
27,000 tons of metal slag, and unknown amounts of refractories during 1930-70.

    The clay unit underlying the site probahly retards vertical migration of
contaminants, but the rate of dispersion could not be determined.  The borehole
data indicated disturbed fill material; thus, contaminant migration could not be
evaluated.  Organic priority pollutants were found in two samples.  The poten-
tial for contaminant migration is indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The U.S. Geological Survey drilled four test borings on
the site; locations are shown in figure A-l.  The geologic logs are as follows:
    Boring no.

       1
Depth (ft)

0   -  3.5
3.5 -  4.5
4.5 - 10.0
0
1.5 -
3.0 -
4.0 -
5.0 -
6.0 -
                              1.5
                              3.0
                              4.0
                              5.0
                              6.0
                             11.5
      Description

Topsoil and debris.
Clay, sand, dark green, wet.
Clay, reddish, "balls."
SAMPLE:  4.0 ft.

Topsoil brown, fill.
Fill, fine-grained, clay, gray.
Clay, blue-gray, wet.
Clay, blue-gray.
Clay, brown.
Clay, brownish-red.
SAMPLE:  4.0 ft.
0
0.5 -
2.0 -
5.0 -
6.0 -
6.5 -
7.0 -
8.0 -
0.5
2.0
5.0
6.0
6.5
7.0
8.0
10.0
                       0   -  1.5
                       1.5 -  5.0
                       5.0 -  6.0
                       6.0 -  6.5
                     Topsoil.
                     Clay, red, cap?
                     Fill, dark soil, gravel.
                     Sand, gray, hard, some gravel.
                     Blue, green material, wet.
                     Same.
                     Clay, green.
                     Clay, red.
                     SAMPLE:  6.0 ft.

                     Topsoil.
                     Clay, sandy, brown.
                     Black, organic-looking material,
                     Clay, gray-green.
                     SAMPLE:  5.5 ft.
Hydrologic information.—No hydrologic  data were  collected.  Wet material  was
encounted in boreholes 1, 2, and  3, which may  indicate  a  perched seasonal  water
table above the clay unit.  The altitude of the perched water  table  at  the time
of sampling was 595 ft above NGVD.

Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey collected  a  soil sample  at
each borehole for arsenic, cadmium, chromium,  copper, iron,  lead, mercury,
                                      93

-------
nickel, zinc,  and  organic-compound analysis.  Results  are  given in A-2.
Chromium,  copper,  and  zinc exceeded the concentrations  in  soil  samples from
undisturbed  areas.   Samples 2  and 4 contained 13 organic priority pollutants,
some in high  concentrations.  Four nonpriority pollutants  and  some unknown
hydrocarbons  were  also detected.

Electromagnetic  survey.—The U.S. Geological Survey  ran an electromagnetic sur-
vey in November  1982.   Two traverses were made; results are plotted in figure A-2.
Several interpretations could be made from  the data,  as follows.

    Line 1.—Except  for the section between 200 and  300 ft from the origin, all
of line 1  indicates  subsurface waste disposal.  The  composition of the artifi-
cial fill  (or its  depth of burial), however, varies  along  the  line.  One
interpretation of  line 1  would be that it crosses  six  distinct  zones of artifi-
cial fill.   The  first  zone may be larger than the  second and much broader than
zones 3, 4,  and  5.   The horizontal extent of zone  6  cannot be  determined.  An
alternative  interpretation is that the line crosses  three  zones of fill and two
buried metal  conductors 400 and 440 ft from the origin. Other  interpretations
may also be  possible.

    Line 2.—This  line also shows evidence  of disturbed subsurface conditions
throughout its length.  Buried metallic debris is  indicated at  at least two
locations—120 and  380 ft from the origin.
                                  78° 53'30"
 42°
 57'
 20"
                                                              EXPLANATION
                                                                  • 3
                                                              Test boring and
                                                             substrate sample
                                                                ^  Line 1
                                                            Electromagnetic survey
                                                                traverse
    Not to scale
   Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
       Figure A-l.
Loea.ti.on of sampling holes and electromagnetic  survey
lines at Anaconda  Company,  site 113, Buffalo,
                                       94

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   Table  A-2. — Analyses  of  substrate  samples  from Anaconda Company,  site 113,
              Buffalo,  N.Y.

               [Locations shown  in  fig.  A-l.   Concentrations  are  in  ug/kg;
              dashes  indicate that constituent  or  compound was not  detected,
              LT  indicates  it was  detected but  below  the  quantifiable  detection
              limit. ]
First sampling (07-28-82)
                                      number  an(j depth  below  land  surface  (ft)
                                   12              34
                                 (4.0)         (4.0)          (6.0) _ (5.5)
 Inorganic  constituents

    Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Copper
    Iron
    Lead
    Mercury
    Nickel
    Zinc
Second sampling (05-29-83)
2,000
8,000
60,000tt
8,600,000
70,000
10,000
170,000tt
1,000
10,000
22,000
8,300,000
60,000
10,000
250,000tt
Sample number and depth
2,000
5,000
15,000
2,300,000
30,000
10,000
34,000
below land
1,000
240, 000 tt
2,000
12,000,000
50,000
20,000
2,300,OOOtT
surface (ft)
                                 1A            2A            3A            4A
                                (4.0)         (4.0)         (6.0)         (5.5)
Inorganic constituents

    Molecular sulfur1

Organic compounds

 Priority pollutants
    Fluoranthene
    Naphthalene
    Benzo(a)anthracene
    Benzo(a)pyrene
    3,4-benzofluoranthene
    Chrysene
    Acenaphthylene
                                             3,000
                                             4,600
                                                LT
                                             2,000
                                             1,800
                                             2,600
                                             1,700
                                                LT
10,000
4,000
              2,600
                 LT
                 LT
                 LT
                 LT
                 LT
 1 Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
     Standards (NBS) library.  No external standard was available.
     Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based only on an
     internal standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by
     GC/MS analysts.
tt Exceeds concentrations in samples taken from undisturbed soils in the
     Buffalo area.  Undisturbed soils were not analyzed for iron.
                                      95

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  Table A-2.—Analyses of substrate  samples  from Anaconda Company, site 113,
              Buffalo, N.Y. (continued)

                               Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                  1A             2A            3A            4A
Second sampling (05-29-83)	(4.0)	(4.0)	(6.0)	(5.5)
Organic compounds (continued)
    Anthracene
    Fluorene
    Phenanthrene
    Pyrene
    PCB-1260
    1 ,2-Dichlorobenzene
   LT
   LT
3,900
4,100
   LT
   LT
•5,200
3,400
   LT
   LT
Nonpriority pollutants
Dibenzofuran —
oi-Terpene1
2-Methylnaphthalene
Hydrocarbons1 —
LT
2,000
LT
6,000
                      100      200      300      400
                                     DISTANCE, IN FEET
                                                      500
                                                              600
                                                                      700
          Figure A-2.  Results  of electromagnetic conductivity survey  at
                       Anaconda Company,  site 113, Buffalo.
                                       96

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118.  BFTHLEHEM STEEL (Literature review)                          NYSDEC Q15009

General information and contaminant-migration potential.—The Bethlehem  Steel
site,in Lackawanna (pi.1),containsapproximately 2,200 acres, 750 of  which
consist of fill adjacent to Lake Erie.  The fill is mainly slag, cinders, sand,
and gravel.  Within this fill are wastes consisting of pickling liquor,  coke-
oven tar, industrial-treatment sludge, and asbestos.  The location is  shown  in
figure A-3.

    A chemical-dispersion analysis was made in 1981 by the consulting  firm
Dames and Moore to evaluate the dilution of maximum cumulative concentration of
constituents into Lake Erie.  Their conclusions were as follows:

1.  Analyses of lake-shore currents indicate that  lake water adjacent  to the
    landfill flows northward at approximately 1,000 ft3/s.  The discharge of
    ground water from the landfill is approximately 1 ft3/s.

2.  Dispersion analysis indicates that the maximum cumulative concentration  of
    constituents at the north end of  the slag waste fill area is of  the  same
    order of magnitude as the weighted average constituent discharge from the
    fill.

3.  Dispersion analysis and results of the lake-sample analyses indicate that
    the 1 ft /s discharge of ground water from the fill area to the  lake will
    have no significant chemical effect, provided  that all other factors
    remain constant.

    The resulting chemical concentrations in the lake are low; however,  lead,
phenol, chloride, sulfate, cyanide, and pH exceed  New York State ground-water
standards.  Migration of contaminants to Lake Erie is indicated; therefore,  this
site has a major potential for contaminant migration to Lake Erie.

Geologic data.—Dames and Moore used  several test  borings to define  the  subsur-
face geology at the site.  In their report (1981), they incorporated previous
test-boring data with additional information obtained during the installation of
monitoring wells to produce several cross-sectional diagrams of the  site.

    In general, the geologic sequence at the site  consists of a shale  or dolo-
mitic bedrock overlain by till and (or) lake deposits of sand and silt.  These
units are overlain by peat, sand, gravel, and (or) fill.  The fill consists  of
slag, cinders, sand, gravel, etc.

Hydrologic data.—Dames and Moore installed 11 monitoring wells at the site  and
measured the water levels at each during July through December 1980  (table A-3).
In their report (Dames and Moore, 1981) they estimated the ground-water  gradient
to be 1.7 x 10~3 ft in the overburden and much lower in the upper bedrock.

    Dames and Moore also ran a short-term pumping  test on monitoring wells MW-1A
through MW-5A (fig. A-3) to determine hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity
of the overburden, and also ran short-term pumping tests on monitoring wells
MW-6B through MW-8B to determine hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity of
the upper bedrock.  Results of these  tests are given in table A-4.
                                      97

-------
     Dames  and  Moore (1981) used the  above data and Darcy's  equation to calcu-
late an approximate seepage velocity  of  ground water into Lake  Erie.  An average
hydraulic  conductivity of 155.8 ft/d  yielded a seepage velocity of  0.88 ft/d.
However, if the high hydraulic conductivity at well MW-3A is eliminated, the
computed seepage velocity is 0.61 ft/d.   They also calculated the  total ground-
water  flow entering Lake Erie from  the  slag fill area to be  1 ft3/s or approxi-
mately 650,000  gal/d.

Chemical data.—Dames and Moore collected several water samples from each of the
11 monitoring wells from July through December 1980.  The mean  concentrations of
each constituent are summarized in  table A-5.

Source of  data.—Dames and Moore, 1981,  Summary report of monitoring well
program, Lackawanna Plant, Bethlehem  Steel Corporation:  23  p., 12  figs.
                                                    EXPLANATION
                                               Monitoring well installed by
                                               Dames and Moore consulting
                                               firm. All wells are shallow
                                               except those with number
                                                fol lowed by B
                               Bethlehem Steel Plant
                Base from Dames and Moore (1981)
            Figure A-3.  Location of monitoring wells  at Bethlehem Steel,
                         site  118,  Laekawanna.

                                        98

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Table A-3.—Water-level measurements in monitoring wells at Bethlehem Steel, site 118,
            Lackawanna, N.Y., July through December 1980.
            [Water-level data from Dames and Moore (1981).  All values are in feet
            above NGVD.1  Well locations are shown in fig. A-3.1

Dates of
sampling
 1980     MW-1A  MW-2A  MW-3A  MW-4A  MW-5A  MW-6A  MW-6B  MW-7A  MW-7B  MW-8A  MW-8B

07/09-11  575.8  574.1  574.9  574.3  582.4  577.5  577.3  578.9  572.9  583.4  574.6

07/23-24  575.0  573.9  574.7  574.3  574.5  577.5  571.3  579.0  572.4  583.3  574.6

08/06-07  575.8  574.5  575.0  574.3  574.5  577.6  571.3  579.1  572.9  583.4  574.6

08/20-21  575.8  574.1  574.8  574.3  574.3  577.3  577.5  578.8  572.8  582.8  574.6

09/03-04  575.8  574.1  574.8  574.3  574.8  577.8  577.3  579.1  572.5  583.4  574.6

09/19     576.3  574.0  574.6  575.9  574.5  587.9  577.P  579.1  572.9  583.3  574.7

10/01     575.9  574.0  574.5  573.8  574.6  577.6  577.6  578.9  572.5  583.1  574.5

10/15     575.5  573.4  574.2  572.5  573.9  577.5  577.3  578.9  572.4  582.9  574.8

1  Mean-surface altitude of Lake Erie 573.5 ft above NOVD
           Table A-4.—Pumping-test analyses of selected wells at
                       Bethlehem Steel, site 118, in Lackawanna, N.Y.
                       [Data and analyses by Dames and Moore (1981),
                       Well locations are shown in fig. A-3.  Dashes
                       indicate that value was not determined.]
Hydraulic
conductivity (K)
Well number1 (ft/d)
MW-1A
MW-2A
MW-3A
MW-4A
MW-5A
Average
Average minus
well 3A value
MW-6B
MW-7B
MW-8B
84
74
344
101
176
155.8

108.8
0.08
187.9
18.38
Transmissivity ,
x 103
(ft2/d)
2.52
2.59
12.04
2.52
4.40
4.81

3.00
—
—
—
              1  A  suffix = unconsolidated  strata;
                 B  suffix = upper  part  of bedrock.

-------
Table A-5.—Analyses of ground-water samples from the Bethlehem Steel,
            site 118, Lackawanna, N.Y., July through December 1980.

            [Data from Dames and Moore (1981).  Locations are shown in
            fig. A-3.  Concentrations are in yg/L.]
Well number
Constituent
Iron, dissolved
Zinc, dissolved
Lead, dissolved
Chromium, dissolved
Ammonia (as nitrogen)
Sulfide
Phenol
Chloride
Sulfate
Total dissolved solids
Cyanide, total
Oil and grease
PH
Total organic carbon
Total suspended solids







1
MW-1A
70
20
60
10
3,800
39,200
60
11,700
842,000
1,905,000




440
2,000
11.53
4,540
108,000


MW-6A
Iron, dissolved
Zinc, dissolved
Lead, dissolved
Chromium, dissolved
Ammonia (as nitrogen)
Sulfide
Phenol
Chloride
Sulfate
Total dissolved solids
Cyanide, total
Oil and grease
PH
Total organic carbon
Total suspended solids




2


51
161
493

1

25
885
150
50
70
10
,100
300
40
,000
,000
,000
160
,230
7.44
,900
,000
MW-2B


11,
160,
1,
444,
377,
2,239,

1,
11
48,
58,

60
20
60
10
QOO
700
500
600
000
000
300
900
.31
240
000

MW-3A


22
34
1
1,184
163
3,551

2
1
50
125
Well
MW-6B MW-7A
460
40
60
10
2,400
200
18
87,000
67,000
765,000
50
3,150
7.22
22,540
324,000







74
223
605

1

15
649
130
30
100
10
700
300
24
,000
,000
,000
160
,290
7.53
,530
,000
110
40
130
10
,200
,300
,100
,000
,000
,000
420
,900
1.10
,220
,000





2,

5,





MW-4A


5
5

512
151
865

1
1
6
23
110
40
210
20
,500
,700
210
,000
,000
,000 1
220
,100
1.90
,870
,000
HW-5A


5
3

167
120
,728

1
110
30
100
10
,100
,500
300
,000
,000
,000
190
,030
12.48
10
14
,230
,000
number
MW-7B
2,



1,


137,
245,
980,

2,
7
10,
256,
580
30
70
10
400
500
28
000
000
000
130
670
.23
840
000







MW-8A
220
30
70
10
1,200
900
47
150,000
337,000
898,000




230
1,510
8.18
15,080
1,225,000
MW-8B




1


107
72
470

2

7
119
120
30
70
10
,700
200
10
,000
,000
,000
40
,160
7.87
,130
,000
                                     100

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120-122.  BUFFALO COLOR CORPORATION (Literature review)     NYSDEC 915012-a,b,c.


General information and contaminant-migration potential.—The Buffalo  Color
Corporation sites, in the southern part of the city of Buffalo  (pi.  1),  consist
of the following:

  (120)  two lagoons for iron oxide sludge that were used from  1930-63,

  (121)  a weathering area that may contain  traces or  organic compounds  in dye
         sludge, and

  (122)  a 774-ft well used to dispose of 3.5 Mgal of  40-percent  ammonium
         sulfate from 1957-63.

    The limited hydrologic data suggest that  the movement of ground  water  is
relatively slow; however, the proximity of the disposal sites to  the Niagara
River, and concentrations of hazardous organic compounds and heavy metals
greater than 10 times the levels  in the samples from undisturbed  areas,  indicate
that  these sites have a major potential for  contamination to the  Buffalo River.

Geologic information.—The site owners installed nine  piezometers on the pro-
perty in 1982; the locations are  shown in figure A-4.  Only the drilling log  of
piezometer 6,  shown below, was available.

    Depth (ft)                        Description

       0-2       Mixture of purple  and black cinders,  slag, and foundry  sand.

       2-4       Fill, mostly clay  with cinders, slag  and foundry sand.
                 Clay varied in color with red and brown.

       4-6       Fill, mostly brown clay, with some  pockets of  slag  and
                 cinders.  Cinders  and foundry sand  in lower 6  inches.

       6-8       Fill, brown clay with black, clayey layer  6 inches  at
                 bottom.  Slight  odor.

       8-10      Mixed brown clay,  slag,  cinders.

       10-12      Wet black cinders, foundry  sand and slag.   Slight odor.

       12-14      Wet black cinders, slag,  foundry  sand.

       14-16      Brown sandy silt with  thin  clay  laminations.   Mottling
                 of sample from brown  to  gray brown.   Slight odor.

       16-18      Gray-brown sandy silt with  some organic  (woody)  material
                 interbedded.  Slight  odor.

       18-20      Dark  brown sandy silt with  organic  (woody) plug at  base.
    	Slight  odor.	
                                       101

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Hydrologic information.—Daily water-level measurements were taken at eight  of
the nine piezometers during June 1-24, 1982.  The average water  level in  each
piezometer during this period is listed below;  the water-table contours  from
these levels are shown in figure A-4.
Piezometer
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
Average daily
water level
(ft above NGVD)
573.5
573.5
573.6
573.7
573.5
575.3
Piezometer
number
7
8
9
10
11

Average daily
water level
(ft above NGVD)
574.0
- -
573.8
1 573.2
1573.1

  Buffalo River  stage

    The hydraulic  conductivity  (K)  of  the  overburden  at  the  site has been calcu-
lated  to be  approximately  0.01  m/d  (0.0328 ft/d)  (Holzmacher,  McLendon and
Murrel, written  commun.  to NYSDEC,  1982).   This  value,  combined  with the gra-
dient  data  from  figure A-4,  yields  a  rate  of  ground-water movement  of 0.024
ft/yr  in the weathering  area and  of 0.06 ft/yr in the sludge-pond areas.  These
values are  only  approximations; additional data  would be needed  to  verify them.

Chemical information.—No  ground-water chemical  data  are available.  However,
two  composite soil samples collected  in December 1982 by the site owner indi-
cated  the  following constituents  and  compounds in the weathered  area at the
levels shown below.  (NYSDEC, written commun., 1983):

Priority pollutants
Arsenic
Chromium, total
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Benzidine
Acenaphthene
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Anthracene, Phenanthrene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Chrysene, Benzo(a)anthracene
Benzo(b)f luoranthene , benzo
f luoranthene , benzo(a)pyrene
Dinitro toluene
Concentration
maximum
1,870
1,050
6,200
57,600
138
103
2,130
1.0
1.0
2.0
1.9
9.6
10
6.7
4.6
7.9

1,000
(yg/kg)
mean
989
904
5,905
41 ,900
89
82
1,462
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
5.2
6
3.8
2.8
4.8

500
      Nonpriority pollutants
         Chromium, hexavalent
         1-Naphthylamine	
3.2
0.2
1.9
0.2
                                       102

-------
                           78° 50'50"
                               	
42°
51'
              100
      BUFFALO

       RIVER
                                                                EXPLANATION

                                                      • 3  Piezometer

                                                      o11  River-water-level monitoring point

                                                	573.5— Water-table contour in 1982.
                                                           Conyour interval 0.5feet.
                                                           Datum is NGVD of 1929
                                                               200
                                                                       400 FEET
   Base from Holzmacher, McLendon, and
   Murrell (written communication to NYSDEC)
    Figure A-4.   Water-table altitude  and  location  of sampling holes at
                    Buffalo Color Corporation,  sites 120-122,  Buffalo.
                                         103

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 132.   FEDDERS AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENT COMPANY (Literature review)   NYSDEC  915024

 General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Fedders Automotive
 Component Company is at the intersection of Tonawanda Street and Scajaquada
 Creek Expressway in the city of Buffalo (pi.  1).  Waste oil was spread on the
 ground as a dust suppressant at a rate of about 165 gal/yr.  The waste oils
 are reported to have been light lubricating oils or hydraulic fluids, not
 transformer oils.  No monitoring has been undertaken.

    The site consists of glacial lacustrine clay underlain by Onondaga
 Limestone at a depth of 40 to 60 ft.

    No hydrologic or chemical information are available.   Thus, the potential
 for contaminant migration is indeterminable.
 135.   HANNA  FURNACE  CORPORATION  (USGS  field reconnaissance)     NYSDEC 915029

 General  information  and  contaminant-migration potential.—The Hanna Furnace
 Corporation  site,  in the southern part of  the city of Buffalo,  is used for the
 disposal  of  brick, slag,  scrap metal,  concrete,  earth,  rubble,  and "flue dust"
 consisting of  iron,  iron oxide,  alumina,  silica,  carbon,  and magnesium.

     The  potential for vertical  migration  of contaminants  is probably limited
 because  the  site  is  underlain by a thick  clay unit.   The  potential for lateral
 dispersion of  contaminants  could not be evaluated,  but  the chemical data indi-
 cate some potential  for  horizontal migration of  contaminants away from the
 site.  The actual  potential  is indeterminable.

 Geologic  information.—The  site  consists  of fill  overlying units  of sand and
 clay that are  underlain  by  limestone bedrock,  which  begins approximately 25 ft
 below  land surface.   The U.S. Geological  Survey  drilled  seven test borings in
 August 1982.   The  locations  are  shown  in  figure  A-5;  the  geologic logs are as
 shown  on  page  105.

 Hydrologic information.—Ground  water  was  encountered at  a depth  of approxi-
 mately 5  ft.   Land-surface  altitude is estimated  to  be 580 ft above NGVD;  thus
 the water-table altitude was 575  ft above  NGVD.

 Chemical  information.—The U.S.  Geological  Survey  collected a soil sample  from
 each test boring for  chromium, copper, iron,  and  lead analyses; results are
 given  in  table A-6.   The results  indicate  that the sample  from borehole 1  may
have been collected  on the disposal site and  therefore is  not  indicative of
contaminant migration.  No other  samples except sample 2,  which had an ele-
vated  copper concentration, exceeded the concentrations in samples from
undisturbed areas.
                                       104

-------
Boring no.     Depth                     Description

   1           0   -  2.5     Topsoil and fill.
               2.5 -  4.0     Fill material, black, organic smell.
               4.0 - 15.0     Clay, light green, tight, dry.
                              SAMPLE:  2.5 ft.

   2           0-1.0     Topsoil and fill.
               1.0 -  2.0     Rust-colored debris and gravel.
               2.0 -  3.5     Gravel roadbed fill with coarse sand.
               3.5 -  5.5     Sand, coarse, dark, wet.
               5.5 -  6.5     Clay, greenish.
                              SAMPLE:  3.5 ft.

   3           0-2       Topsoil and "coal dust", dark brown  to
                                black.
               2   - 12       Sand, black, coarse, wet 5  ft.
              12   - 15       Clay, olive, tight, dry.
                              SAMPLE:  6.5 ft.

   4           0-1.0     Topsoil, red.
               1.0 -  3.5     Sand, light gray, coarse.
               3.5 -  4.0     Pea  rock,  light  green-blue.
               4.0 -  6.0     Sand, reddish, coarse, with  clay,  wet.
                              SAMPLE:  5.5 ft.

   5           0-3.0     Topsoil, dark brown to dark  red.
               3   -  4.0     Sand, reddish, coarse.
               4.0 -  4.5     Sand, light-colored, coarse, damp.
               4.5 -  6.0     Sand, reddish, coarse, "iron ore",  damp,
                              SAMPLF:  6  ft.

   6           0-1.0     Topsoil, dark brown to red.
               1.0 -  3.0     Black, fine material.
               3.0 -  3.5     Same, but  light  gray.
               3.5 -  5.5     Sand, red,  coarse, damp, some clay.
                              SAMPLE:  5.5 ft.

   7           0-0.5     Topsoil.
               0.5 -  1.5     Clay, red.
               1.5 -  4.0     Sand, red,  coarse, with gravel, damp.
               4.0 -  6.0     Looks exactly like "Sakrete."
               6.0 -  6.5     Sand, black, coarse, wet.
               6.5 - 10.5     Same, with slag.
                              SAMPLE:  10  ft.
                                 105

-------
Table A-6.—Analyses of substrate samples  from Hanna Furnace,  site 135,
            Buffalo, N.Y., August 2,  1982.
             [Locations shown in fig.  A-5.   Concentrations  are  in ug/kg.]
Sample number
Constituents
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Constituents
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
1 (Split)
(2.5)
400, OOOtt (380
170, OOOtt (160
83,000,000 (71,000
40,000 (70
Sampl

4
11
4,200
30
, OOOtt)
, OOOtt)
,000) 21
,000)
e number
5
(6)
,000
,000
,000
,000
and
(3
7
92
,000
60
and

6
depth
2
.5)
,000
,ooot
,000
,000
depth
6
(5.
10,
28,
,000,
30,
below land

t
8
3
(6.5)
6,000
4,000
,700,000
10,000
below land
5)
000
000
000
000

5
surface

3
4
(5.
3
11
,700
20
surface
(
3
12
,000
10
7
10)
,000
,000
,000
,000
(ft)
5)
,000
,000
,000
,000
(ft)


tt Exceeds  concentrations in  samples from undisturbed  soils  in the Buffalo  area.
   Undisturbed soils were not  analyzed for iron.
                               78° 5V04'
  42°
  50'
  09"
                                          EXPLANATION
                                      Test boring and substrate sample
     Base from USGS Field sketch, 1982
        Figure A-5.
Location  of  sampling holes at Hanna Furnace Corporation,
site 135,  Buffalo.
                                         106

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 138.  MCNAUGHTON-BROOKS,  INC.  (USGS  field  reconnaissance)           NYSDEC  915034

 General information and contaminant-migration potential.—The McNaughton-Brooks,
 Inc. site, in the city of Buffalo, contains a rubble pile upon which  approxi-
 mately 600 gallons of solvents such  as xylol, toluol,  and paint  sludges were
 disposed of in the 1960's.  This activity  ceased in 1966.

      Vertical migration of contaminants by ground-water movement would be  inhib-
 ited by the clay layer below land surface.  Horizontal migration due  to advec-
 tion could occur during seasons of high precipitation.  The high concentration
 of synthetic organic compounds in one of the soil samples indicates that hori-
 zontal migration away from the disposal site may have occurred.  The  presence of
 these compounds indicates a major potential for contaminant migration.

 Geologic information.—The U.S. Geological Survey drilled four test holes on the
 site in 1982;  the locations are shown in figure A-6.  The geologic logs are as
 follows:

      Boring no.     Depth (ft)                   Description

         1           0-3.5      Topsoil,  debris,  rubble, could not
                                     drill there, moved 5 ft.
                    0    -  2.5      Topsoil,  debris,  rubble.
                    2.5  -  3.0      Sand,  black wet.
                                   SAMPLE:   2.5 ft.

         2           0-4       Topsoil  and debris.
                    4    -  6       Dark gray.
                    6    -  6.5      Clay,  green.
                                   SAMPLE:   5  ft.

         3           0-2        Brown  topsoil  and  debris.
                    2    -   3        Dark gray.
                    3    -   5        Clay,  light  gray/green.
                                   SAMPLE:   2.5  ft.

        4           0-2        Black  organic  topsoil.
                    2       4        Clay,  gray/green.
                                   SAMPLE:   3  ft.

Hydrologic  information.—No hydrologic data were obtained  because water  did not
collect in  the wells installed  in  test holes, even though  the material appeared
to be wet below about 2.5  ft.   The moist material was encountered at approxi-
mately 580  ft above NGVD.

Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological  Survey collected a soil  sample at
each borehole for cadmium, chromium,  iron,  lead, and organic-compounds analyses;
results are given in table A-7.  The  lead concentrations were higher here than
in the soil samples from undisturbed  areas.  The samples contained  21  organic
priority pollutants, 22 nonpriority pollutants,  and some unknown hydrocarbons.
                                      107

-------
                  EXPLANATION

           jest boring and substrate sample
Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
    Figure A-6.   Location of  sampling holes at MeNaughton-Brooks,  Inc.,
                   site  138, Buffalo.
                                      108

-------
 Table A~7.—Analyses  of substrate samples  from McNaughton Brooks, site 138,
             Buffalo,  N.Y.
             [Locations  shown in fig.  A-6.   Concentrations are in pg/kg;  dashes
             indicate  that  constituent or compound was not found, LT indicates
             it was  found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]

                                Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                   1234
 First sampling (08-05-82)	(2.5)	(5.0)	(2.5)	(3.0)
 Inorganic  constituents

     Cadmium
     Chromium
     Iron
     Lead
    1,000        1,000         1,000
    6,000        7,000         4,000        5,000
7,500,000    7,100,000     2,900,000    5,700,000
  520,OOOTt     40,000        70,000       70,000
                                 Sample  number  and  depth  below  land  surface (ft)
                                  1A             2A            3A             4A
Second sampling (05-17-83) (2.5)
Inorganic constituents
Molecular sulfur1
Organic compounds
(5.0) (2.5)
37,000
(3.0)
—
 Priority pollutants
    Benzene
    Ethylbenzene
    Methylene chloride
    Toluene
    Phenol
    Acenaphthene
    Fluoranthene
    Naphthalene
    Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
      6.8**
     70.2**
    284  **
     18.0**

      *
      *
      *
 30.1
119

 91.5
  *
  *
33.5
84.5
 *
 *
 *
15.6
 4.3
 *

 *
 1 Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
     Standards (NBS) library.  No external standard was available.
     Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based only on an
     internal standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by
     GC/MS analysts.
tt Exceeds concentrations in samples taken from undisturbed soils in the
     Buffalo area.  Undisturbed soils were not analyzed for iron.
 * Compounds detected but not quantified—Holding time exceeded before GC/MS
     acid- and base-neutral extractable compounds were extracted.
** Surrogate recoveries were outside the acceptance limits.
                                      109

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Table A-7.—Analyses of substrate samples from McNaughton Brooks, site 138,
            Buffalo, N.Y. (continued)

            [Locations shown in fig. A-6.  Concentrations are in yg/kg; dashes
            indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT indicates
            it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]

                                  Sample number and depth below land surface
                                 1A            2A            3A            4A~
                                (2.5) 	 (5.0)         (2.5)         (3.0)
Second sampling (05-17-83)
Organic compounds (continued)
Priority pollutants (continued)
Di-n-butyl/phthalate
Di-n-octyl/phthalate
Benzo( a) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)f luoranthene and
benzo(k)fluoranthene
Chrysene
Acenaphthylene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Fluorene
Dibenzo( a, h) anthracene
Indeno( 1 ,2 ,3-cd)pyrene
Pyrene
Nonpriority pollutants
Acetone
2-Butanone
Carbon disulfide
4-Methyl-2-pentanone
Styrene
0-xylene
Dibenzofuran
2-Methylnaphthalene
1 ,7 ,7-Trimethyl-tricyclo-
(2.2.1.02,6)heptane1
l-Ethyl-2-methyl-benzene1
Tetrahydrofuran1
3-Methyl-2-butanone1
1-Pentanol1
2 ,6 ,6-Trimethyl-bicyclo-
(3.1.1)hepten-2-ene1
1,3-and 1 ,4-Dimethylbenzene1
Benzofuran1
Unknown hydrocarbons1
Cis-1 ,2-Dimethylcyclo-
hexane1
5-Methyl-l-phenyl-hexane1
2-Propyloxybenzene1
1 ,3 ,5-Trimethylbenzene1
1 ,2 ,3-Trimethylbenzene1
* 	
— 	
* *
* *

* *
* A
* 	
*
*
*
* 	
* *

257 540
99.5
7.9
208
15.5
609 265
* *
* _

* 	
* 	
— *
— A
— *

— *
*
*
* 	

__ 	
	 	
	 	
— __
	
	
__
*
*

*
*
	
*
*
— _
*
*

	
	
	
	
_ —
614
*
A

„_
	
*
	
	

	
*
*
*

*
*
__
	
—
*
*
	
*

*
*
— ._


__
*
A

__
	

	
— __
13.1
A
A

	

A



A
	

A


__
A
A
A
                                      110

-------
                                                                   NYSDEC 915037
140.  HOUDAILLE INDUSTRIES—MANZEL DIVISION (USGS field reconnaissance)

General information and contaminant-migration potential.—The Houdaille
Industries-Manzel Division site, in the southern part of the city  of Buffalo,
was used for cutting oils, solvents, and cooling compounds, which  were dumped
directly upon the ground.

     The potential for horizontal migration of contaminants at  this site  is
indeterminable, but the potential for vertical migration is limited by the under-
lying clay unit.  The U.S. Geological Survey first  sampled this  site in  1982 but
resatnpled it in the spring of 1983 to verify offsite contaminant migration.

Geologic information.—The site is underlain by glacial-lake deposits of  inter-
bedded clay, silt, and fine sand; these in turn are underlain by limestone
bedrock at 20 ft below land surface.

     The U.S. Geological  Survey drilled four test borings on the site in  August
1982; the locations are shown in figure A-7.  The geologic logs  are as follows:

     Boring no.    Depth  (ft)                  Description

        1          0   -  4.0     Topsoil and fill.
                   4.0 -  4.5     Clay, dark gray.
                   4.5 -  6.5     Clay, yellow.
                                  SAMPLE:  4 ft.

        2          0-1.5     Topsoil, organic, peatlike.
                   1.5 -  3.0     Soil, loose, brown, dry.
                   3.0 -  6.5     Clay, greenish-yellow, dry.
                                  SAMPLE:  3 ft.

        3          0-3.0     Topsoil, black, organic,
                                   becoming brown near bottom.
                   3   -  3.5     Sand, greenish-yellow.
                   3.5 -  6.6     Clay, greenish-yellow.
                                  SAMPLE:  3 ft.

        4          0      2.5     Topsoil, black, organic.
                   2.5 -  4.0     Clay, yellow.
                                  SAMPLE:  2.5 ft.

Hydrologic information.—Hydrologic data are lacking because the test borings
did not encounter ground  water, but a seasonal water table may  form within  the
more permeable sand zones above bedrock.  The direction of ground-water  flow
would most likely be southward  toward the Buffalo River.

Chemical information.—In August 1981, the Erie County Department  of Environment
and Planning collected seven soil samples for benzene, toluene,  xylene,  chloro-
form, and polychlorinated biphenyl analysis.  Toluene and xylene had concentra-
tions of less than 7,000  Mg/kg  in all samples.  Benzene had a concentration  of
less than 7,000 Mg/kg  in  six samples, but the seventh had a concentration of
56,000 Mg/kg.  Chloroform concentrations ranged from 253,000 to 425,500  ppb,  and
polychlorinated biphenyls ranged from 310 to 38,100 ppb.


                                      Ill

-------
     In August  1982,  the U.S. Geological  Survey collected four  soil  samples for
copper, iron,  lead,  nickel, and organic  compound analysis; results  are given in
table A-8.   Copper in sample 3 exceeded  concentrations in soil  samples from
undisturbed  areas.  The samples contained 22 organic priority pollutants, some
with concentrations  as high as 30,000 yg/kg (fluoranthene);  six organic
nonpriority  pollutants were also detected.
  42°
  52'
  24'
                                                            EXPLANATION
                                                            Test boring and
                                                            substrate sample
      Boys club
      playground
      Not to scale
     Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
   Figure A-7.   Location of sampling  holes at Houdaille Industries-Hansel Division,
                 site 140,  Buffalo.
                                         112

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 Table A-8.—Analyses of substrate samples from Houdaille Industries, site 140,
             Buffalo, N.Y.
             [Locations shown in fig.  A-7.  Concentrations are in yg/kg; dashes
             indicate that  constituent or compound was not found, LT indicates
             it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]

                                Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                   12             34
 First sampling (08-06-82)	(4.0)	(3.0)	(3.0)	(2.5)

 Inorganic Constituents
Copper
Iron
Lead
Nickel
Second sampling (05-20-83)
2,000
620,000
Sample number
1A
67,000
(depths are
2A
100,000tt
1,600,000 1
10,000
same as in first
3A
,800,000
20,000
sampling)
4A
 Organic  Compounds

  Priority  pollutants
    Methylene  chloride
    Tetrachloroethene
    Toluene
    Trichloroethene
    Acenaphthene
    Fluoranthene
    Naphthalene
    Di-n-butyl phthalate
    Benzo(a)anthracene
    Benzo(a)pyrene
    Chrysene
    Acenaphthalene
    Anthracene
    Benzo(ghi)perylene
    Fluorene
    Phenanthrene
    Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
    Pyrene
    6-BHC
    Benzo(b)fluoranthene
    Benzo(k)fluoranthene
    380
    560
     10
     LT

 30,000
  4,000
  6,000
 14,000
 18,000
 10,000
 16,000
  4,000
18,000

12,000
16,000
28,000
 29
650
370

370
280
370
 LT
 LT
  LT

750
  LT
560
  LT
    24
 2,300
 1,400

 1,900
 2,800
 1,900

    LT
2,800

1,900
2,800
   LT

3,300
3,300
   210

    20

 1,400
 9,500
 2,400

 3,300
 1,900
 3,300
 4,300
 2,400
    LT
 1,900
10,000
 1,400
 6,200

 2,400
 2,400
   Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
     Standards (NBS) library.  No external standard was available.
     Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based only on an
     internal standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by
     GC/MS analysts.
tt Exceeds concentrations in samples taken from undisturbed soils in the
     Buffalo area.  Undisturbed soils were not analyzed for iron.
                                      113

-------
 Table  A-8.—Analyses  of  substrate samples from Houdaille Industries, site 140,
            Buffalo,  N.Y.  (continued)
             [Locations shown in fig. A-7.  Concentrations are in yg/kg; dashes
             indicate  that  constituent  or compound was not found, LT indicates
             it  was  found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]

1A
Second sampling (05-20-83) (4.0)
Nonpriority pollutants
Acetone 190
Dibenzofuran —
Fluorotrichloromethane 50
2-Methylnaphthalene
1-Methylnaphthalene1 —
1 , 8-Dimethylnaphthalene1
Benzo( j)f luoranthene1
Sample
2A
(3.0)

—
170
18
280
350,000
325,000
— — .
number
3A
(3.0)

—
LT
16
LT
—
—
700,000

4A
(2.5)

—
1,900
46
LT
—
—
1,000,000
141.  MOBIL OIL CORPORATION  (USGS  field  reconnaissance)             NYSDEC  915040

General information and contaminant-migration potential.—The Mobil Oil
Corporation site, in the southern  part of  the city of Buffalo, was  used  to
dispose of unknown quantities of cooling water, air-flotation unit  sediments,
gravity-separator sediments, tetraethyl  lead, lubricating sludges,  spent cata-
lysts, and soil contaminated with  asphalt.

     The highly permeable sand underlying  the site suggests a major potential
for contaminant migration to the Buffalo River.  The rate of movement  and  the
concentration of contaminants would depend on the amount of precipitation  per-
colating through the unsaturated zone and  the ground-water gradients at  the
site.

Geologic information.—The site consists of fill underlain by fine  to  medium
sand and gravel.  The U.S. Geological Survey drilled four test borings in  August
1982; locations are shown in figure A-8.  The geologic logs are as  follows:

     Boring no.    Depth (ft)                  Description

        1           0      6.5     Topsoil, fill, gravel, sand, fine  to
                                    medium, brown, wet at 5.5 ft.
                   6.5 - 11.5     Same but wetter.
                  11.5 - 16.5     Sand,  dark gray-green; depth is below
                                    river bed.
                                  SAMPLE:  8 ft.
                                      114

-------
     Boring no.    Depth (ft)                   Description
        2          0-1.0     Topsoil,  brown.
                   1.0 -  1.5     Clay, greenish,  with  petroleum smell.
                   1.5 -  5.5     Sand, brown  to  dark brown,  fill material.
                   5.5 -  6.0     Black,  tar-looking material.
                   6.0 - 11.5     Same as  above but not as  wet.
                                    Still  strong  petroleum  smell.
                  11.5-16.5     No  return, bit  looked same  as  above.
                                  SAMPLE:   6 ft.

        3          0-11.5     Fill, gravel, sand,  fine  to medium.
                                  SAMPLE:   9 ft.

        4          0-1.5     Topsoil.
                   1.5 -  5.0     Sand, medium to coarse,  brown.
                   5.0 - 10.0     Sand, clayey, medium  to  coarse, gray-brown.
                  10.0 - 11.5     Clay, sandy.
                                  SAMPLE:   6.5 ft.

Hydrologic information.—Ground water is  at or slightly above the water-surface
altitude of the Buffalo River.  Direction of ground-water  flow is toward the
river.
               Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
        Figure A-8.  Location  of  sampling holes at Mobil Oil Corporation,
                     site 141,  Buffalo.
                                       115

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Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey collected a soil sample  from
each test boring for lead, iron, and organic compound analysis; results are
given in table A-9.  One substrate sample had a much greater concentration of
lead (920,000 yg/kg) than samples from undisturbed areas.  Samples contained  19
organic priority pollutants, some with concentrations as high as 46,000 yg/kg;
and nine organic nonpriority pollutants.
Table A-9.—Analyses of substrate samples  from Mobil Oil,  site  141,  Buffalo,  N.Y.
            [Locations shown in fig. A-8.  Concentrations  are in yg/kg; dashes
            indicate that constituent or compound was not  found, LT  indicates
            it was found but below  the  quantifiable detection limit.]
First sampling (08-06-82)
 Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
    1234
  (8.0)        (6.0)         (9.0) 	(6.5)
Inorganic constituents

    Iron
    Lead
 Second  sampling  (05-20-83)
150,000      110,000     3,500,000       72,000
              30,000       920,000tt

Sample number (depth is same as in first sampling)
   1A            2A            3A            4A
 Organic  compounds

  Priority  pollutants
    Methylene  chloride
    Ethylbenzene
    Toluene
    Aldrin
    a-BHC
    Fluoranthene
    Benzo(a)anthracene
    Benzo(a)pyrene
    Benzo(b)fluoranthene
    Benzo(k)fluoranthene
    Phenanthrene
    Pyrene
    Chrysene
    Naphthalene
    Acenaphthalene
    790
  1,500
  1,000
  1,000
     LT
     LT
  1,000
     LT
  1,000
   300
    95
    13

    LT
38,000
15,000
15,000
    LT
15,000
46,000
31,000
15,000
    LT
15,000
   11
   LT

1,100
  520
  520
  730
  030
  730
  1  Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
      Standards (NBS)  library.  No external standard was available.
      Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based only on an
      internal standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by
      GC/MS analysts.
 ft Exceeds concentrations in samples taken from undisturbed soils in the
      Buffalo area.  Analyses for iron were not done for the undisturbed soils.
                                       116

-------
 Table A-9.—Analyses of substrate samples from Mobil Oil, site  141, Buffalo, N.Y.
             (continued)
             [Locations shown in fig. A-8.  Concentrations are in yg/kg; dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT indicates
             it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.)

                                 Sample number and depth below land surface  (ft)
                                  1A            2A            3A             4A
 Second sampling (05-20-83)	(8.0)	(6.0)	(9.0)	(6.5)

 Organic compounds (continued)

  Priority pollutants (continued)
     Anthracene                   —         11,000
     Benzo(ghi)perylene           —             LT
     Fluorene                     ~         11,000

  Nonpriority pollutants
     Fluorotrichloromethane       —             47
     2-Methylnaphthalene          —             LT
     Carbon disulfide             —             LT
     2-Methylbutane1               —         45,000
     Cyclohexane1                  —        100,000
     Benzo(k)fluoranthene          —            —            —         600,000
     Methylcyclohexane1            —        550,000
     1,2-Dimethyl-cis-cyclohexane1  -        360,000
     3-Hepten-2-one1               —          80,000
     1-Methylpyrene1               —             —            —         600,000
     Hydrocarbons1	—	870,000	~	—


 142.   MOLLENBERG-BETZ  CORPORATION  (Literature  review)               NYSDEC  915041

 General  information  and contaminant-migration  potential.—The Mollenberg-Betz
 Corporation  site,  in the  downtown  area  of  the  city of Buffalo, is  used primarily
 for  the  servicing  and manufacturing  of  commercial refrigeration  equipment.
 Before August  31,  1978, machinery  brought  into the plant was  reportedly steam
 cleaned  in a 20- by  20-ft  area  behind the main building  before being serviced.
 The washwater  contained oil,  grease,  and dirt  and was permitted  to  percolate
 directly  into  the  ground.  Also reported was the  use of waste oil  on the parking
 lot  for dust control.   These  practices  ceased  as  of September 1, 1978.

    The company's  present  disposal practices make contaminant migration unlikely,
 but the potential  for contamination from this  site  is indeterminable.

 Geologic  information.—Soils  in the area consist  of lake silt, sand, and clay
 overlying dolomitic bedrock.  Depth to bedrock  is  estimated to be approximately
 20 ft below land surface.

Hydrologic information.—No ground-water data  are  available.  Surface  drainage
 from the site probably flows  into the Buffalo  sewer system.

Chemical information.—No chemical data are available.
                                      117

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144.  OTIS ELEVATOR (USGS  field reconnaissance)
                       NYSDEC 915073
General information and  contaminant-migration potential.—The  Otis  Elevator
site, in the eastern  part  of  the city of Buffalo, was used  to  dispose of an
unknown quantity of foundry  sand containing phenol binders  until  1942.   Since
then, the site has been  covered with soil, graded, and planted.

     Data are insufficient to confirm contamination or contaminant  migration.
The potential for contaminant migration is indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The U.S. Geological Survey drilled eight  test borings
on the site; the locations are shown in figure A-9.  Seven  of  the borings hit
refusal at 3 ft below grade,  which was attributed to the  rocky fill.  The
eighth was drilled to 4  ft below grade, and a split-spoon sample  was taken.
The core was described as  soil with rock fragments.

Hydrologic information.—No  hydrologic data were collected  at  the site because
all test-bore cuttings were  dry.

Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey collected the  soil sample on
August 30, 1982, for  phenolic compound analysis; no phenols were  detected.
The Survey collected  another substrate sample on June 8,  1983, for organic
priority pollutant analysis;  no compounds were detected.
                                         78° 49'50"                            	
 42°
 55'
 15"
                            Parking lot
                                          Fence
                                        -X	*—
                            Delevan
                                               Ave
     Not to seale
                       01
                       •o
                       c
    EXPLANATION
• Test boring (no sample)
O Substrate sample
   Base from USGS field sketch, 1982

   Figure A-9.  Location  of sampling holes at Otis Elevator,  site 144,  Buffalo.


                                       118

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146.  PRATT AND LETCHWORTH (Literature review)
                                                     NYSDEC 915045
General information and contaminant-migration potential.—The Pratt and
Letchworth site, in the northern part of the City of Buffalo, was used during
1949-65 to dispose of foundry sands, slag, lubricating and hydraulic oil, paper,
and wood.  The quantities of these materials were:  sand, 1,200 tons/yr; slag,
1,000 tons/yr; and lubricating and hydraulic oil, 14,000 gal/yr.

     Available chemical data indicate some potential for migration of consti-
tuents through the fill and into the clay unit, but more data would be needed  to
substantiate this and to evaluate horizontal movement.  Thus, the potential  for
migration is indeterminable.

Geologic information.—In August 1982, the site owners drilled one geologic  test
boring onsite; the log indicated 15  to 18 ft of foundry sand underlain by clay.

Hydro1 og i c informat i on.—No hydrologic data are available because the core was
dry.  Any ground-water flow that may occur would probably be southeastward
toward Scajaquada Creek.

Chemical information.—In August 1982, the site owners collected  three soil
samples of the following types:  (1) foundry sand from the surface of the fill,
(2) foundry sand from just above the clay, and (3)  the clay soil.

The samples were analyzed for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, iron, nickel,  and
PCB's.  In November 1982, the site owners collected three samples of the above
type for phenol and total organic halogen analyses; they also collected  soil
samples upstream, adjacent to, and downstream of the site for the constituents
listed above.  Results of the analyses are given in table A-10.
        Table A-10.—Analyses of soil samples  from Pratt  and Letchworth,
                     site 146, Buffalo, N.Y.,  19821
            [Concentrations are in ug/kg; blanks  indicate  not analyzed.]
Sample description
Constituent
Foundry
sand at
surface
Foundry
sand above
clay
Clay
soil
Upstream
soil
Adjacent
soil
Downstream
soil
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Iron
Nickel
Phenols
 <30

 <50
<250
 <25
 560
Total organic
  halogens
  plus PCB  <1,000
  <30
  <60
 <650
2,500
  300
  340
                                     <30
                                      50
                                   1,500
                                   5,600
                                   1,000
                                     310
<1 ,000    <1,000
                         <400
                        1,120
                       27,100
                   10,700,000
                       12,800
                                               <1,000
      <300
     1,870
    26,700
18,300,000
    20,200
                                             
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147.  RAMCO STEEL (USGS field reconnaissance)
                   NYSDEC 915046
General information and contaminant-migration potential.—The Ramco  Steel  site
is in the city of Buffalo.  A detailed map showing the  location of the  site  and
of soil and surface-water-sampling points is shown in figure A-10.   For  an
unknown period of time, a lagoon at the site received a mixture of used  pickling
liquors, rinse water, lime sludge, iron, and chrome.  The quantity of each waste
disposed of was as follows:
                   waste liquor
                   rinse water and lime sludge
                   iron
                   chrome
75,000 gal/yr
 6,000 gal/yr
 unknown
 unknown
Use of the lagoon for waste disposal has been discontinued.

     The potential for the migration of contaminants offsite  is  indeterminable.
The slightly elevated concentrations of copper  and  lead  indicate  that  some
migration may be taking place, but if the underlying clay  is  continuous
throughout the area, the potential of vertical  migration would be  limited.   The
pond-water quality should be studied in detail  because the pond  is  a  route  of
contaminant egress from the site.

Geologic information.—The U.S. Geological Survey drilled  three  test  borings on
the site in 1982; the locations are shown in figure A-10.  The geologic  logs are
as follows:

     Boring no.    Depth (ft)                   Description
        1          0   -  4.0     Topsoil,  black, gravel.
                   4.0 -  7.0     Cinders and  soil,  black,  very  wet,
                   7.0 - 10.0     Clay,  sandy,  brown-green,  soupy,
                                    hit  refusal  at  10  ft.
                                  SOIL SAMPLE:   7-9  ft.

        2          0-2.5    Rock fill.
                   2.5 -   4.0    Sand,  fine,  brown, soupy.
                   4.0 -   5.5    Clay,  brown-red.
                                  SOIL SAMPLE:   4 ft.
        3          0-2.5    Rock  fill,  cinders.
                   2.5 -   4.0    Rock  fill,  very wet.
                   4.0 -   5.5    Clay,  sandy,  olive  green,  wet.
                                  SOIL  SAMPLE:   5 ft.

Hydrologic information.—No hydrologic  data were obtained  from  the  site because
a well could not be  developed to produce  significant  water,  even  though the soil
was moist below 2.5  ft.  Probably a  seasonal  water  table had formed at  an alti-
tude of 580 ft above NGVD at the time of  sampling.

Chemical information.—The Geological Survey  collected  a soil sample from each
of  the three boreholes, a duplicate  soil  sample at  borehole  1,  and  two  surface-
water samples from holes 4 and 5; results  are given in  table A-ll.   The sub-
strate samples contained higher copper  concentrations than soil samples from the
undisturbed areas.   The concentrations  of  iron  and  lead exceeded  USEPA  criteria
for drinking water.

                                      120

-------
Table A-ll.—Analyses of substrate and surface-water samples from Ramco Steel,
             site 147, Buffalo,  N.Y. , July 22,  1982.
              [Locations shown  in fig. A-10.   Concentrations are  in ug/kg and
             Mg/L;  dashes indicate that constituent or compound  was not found.
             Blank space indicates not measured.]


(7

1
.0)
Subs
depth

trate sampl
below land
(
Split)
e number
surface
(4
2
.0)
Specific conductance
(p mho/ era)
Temperature (°C)
Inorganic Constituents
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
10,
21,
6,500,
30,
000
000
000
000
(10
(9
(7,600
(40
,000)
,000)
,000) 6,
,000)
6
500
,000
,000
and Surface-water
(ft) sample number
3 4
(5.0)
720
23.0
3,000 1
53,000tt 19
9,360,000 7,400t
6
5
3,980
24.0
24
17,OOOT
270T
t Exceeds  USEPA criterion  for  maximum permissible concentration  in
    drinking water.
tt Exceeds concentrations  in samples taken  from undisturbed soils  in the
     Buffalo area.  Undisturbed  soils were  not  analyzed for iron.
                                            78° 50'15"
                Two drainage ditches connected
                               Lagoon
                       Red sludge at bottom of lagoon
                             and  m ditches       4
              EXPLANATION

          Test boring and substrate sample

          Surface-water sample
  Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
   Figure A-10.   Location of sampling holes at Ramco Steel, site  147,  Buffalo.
                                        121

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 148.  REPUBLIC  STEEL  (USGS  field  reconnaissance)                    NYSDEC 915047

 General information and  contaminant-migration  potential.—The Republic Steel
 landfill,  in  the  southern part  of the  city  of  Buffalo,  has been used since 1930
 for disposal  and  storage of  precipitator  dust,  clarifier  sludge,  railroad ties,
 checker bricks, scrap wood,  roll  scale, blast-furnace  dust,  EOF brick,  refuse,
 and miscellaneous debris.

     Geologic and preliminary chemical  data collected  by  the U.S.  Geological
 Survey indicate a limited potential  for contaminant  migration.   One water sample
 indicates  contamination  by  ethylbenzene and phenol.  The  potential for con-
 taminant migration is indeterminable.

 Geologic information.—The  site is underlain by a  layer of lacustrine sediments
 ranging in thickness from 8  to more  than  20 ft  overlying  a dense  silty till that
 overlies shale bedrock.

 Hydrologic information.—Water levels  in  five  deep monitoring wells  during
 August 1979 and February 1982 are  shown in  table A-12.  The  potentiometric
 surface at those times is depicted in  figure A-ll; both maps  show  the general
 direction of ground-water flow to be westward  toward the  Niagara River.

 Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological  Survey  collected  six ground-water
 samples from two shallow wells and from four deep wells on the  site  and  a
 surface-water sample from a  drainage ditch.  All ground-water samples were
 analyzed for USEPA priority  pollutants; results are  given in  table A-13.   Con-
 centrations of iron in the samples were higher  than  the USEPA criterion  for
 drinking water or the New York State standard  for  ground  water.  Lead was higher
 than the New York State  standard  in  all samples, and manganese  in  sample  3A was
higher than the standard.  Phenol  in sample 2A was much higher  than  the  State
 standard.   The samples contained  two organic priority pollutants,  six organic
nonpriority pollutants,  and  three organic compounds  potentially of natural
 origin.
           Table A-12.—Water levels in five deep monitoring wells
                        on Republic Steel, site 148, Buffalo, N.Y.l
                        [Well locations are shown in fig. A-ll.]
Well
number
1
2
3
4
5
Water level (feet
August 1979
dry
579.56
580.49
dry
583.10
above sea level)
February 1982
dry
dry
581.57
579.93
582.86
                1 August 1979 data from McPhee, Smith, Rosenstein
                  Engineers, P.C.  February 1982 data from Malcolm
                  Pirnie Associates.
                                      122

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Table A-13.—Analyses of ground-water and surface-water samples from Republic
             Steel, site 148, Buffalo, N.Y., July 22-23, 1982.
             [Locations shown in fig. A-ll.  Concentrations are in Ug/L; dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT indicates
             it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]
Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)

PH
Specific conductance
Surface water
1
7.8
1,430

2
(24.8)
9.2
608
Ground water
2A
(4.3)
11.4
2,125

3A
(14.9)
8.0
900
 (umho/cm)
Temperature  (°C)               27.0           10.2           17.0          10.5

Inorganic constituents

    Aluminum                  —            357            662            —
    Antimony                  —             —             —            —
    Arsenic                    —             —             I4t           —
    Barium                     224             —             --           532
    Beryllium                  —             —             —            —
    Cadmium                    —             —             —            —
    Chromium                  30             17             37            46
    Cobalt
    Copper                     —             —             —            —
    Iron                       373t         l.OROt           829t        2,220t
    Lead                       53T            51T            36t           40t
    Manganese                  24             90             72         l.OOOt
    Mercury                    —             —             —
    Nickel
    Selenium                  —             —             —            —
    Silver
    Tin
    Tellurium                  —             —             —
    Vanadium                  —             —             —            —
    Zinc                       —             26             18            46

Organic compounds

 Priority pollutants
    Ethylbenzene**             —             —             LT
    Phenol                     —             —             40t
  1  Tentative  identification  based  on comparison with the National Bureau of
      Standards  (NBS)  library.   No  external standard was available.  Concen-
      tration  reported is  semiquantitative and is based only on an internal
      standard.   GC/MS spectra  were examined and interpreted by GC/MS analysts,
  t  Exceeds  USEPA criterion for maximum permissible concentration in drinking
      water  or the NYS standard for maximum concentration in ground water.
 **  Volatile found in  GC/MS extractions.  Concentration probably higher than
     that detected.
                                       123

-------
Table A-13.—Analyses of ground-water and surface-water samples from Republic
             Steel, site 148, Buffalo N.Y., July 22-23, 1982 (continued)
             [Locations shown in fig. A-ll.  Concentrations are in yg/L; dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT indicates
             it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]

                               Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                            Surface water              Ground water
                                  1
          2
        (24.8)
            2A
           (4.3)
           3A
         (14.9)
Organic compounds (continued)

 Nonpriority pollutants
    2,3-Dichloro-2-methyl
      butane1                    LT
    1,3-Ditnethylbenzene1         —
    3-Hexanol1                   —
    4-Methyl-2-pentanol1         —
    l-(2-butoxyethoxy)-
      ethanol1                   52
         14
         24
         24
         13

        370
                          20
                         650
Ground water
4
(19.7)
5
(17.7)
5A
(4.6)
pH
Specific  conductance
  (umho/cm)
Temperature  (°C)

Inorganic constituents

     Aluminum
     Antimony
     Arsenic
     Barium
     Beryllium
     Cadmium
     Chromium
     Cobalt
     Copper
     Iron
     Lead
     Manganese
     Mercury
     Nickel
     Selenium
     Silver
     Tin
     Tullerium
     Vanadium
     Zinc
 11.2
710

 10.0
      7.5
  1,025

     10.5
     7
 3,625
    14.5
158
 39
264
 20
 26
     52
276,0001
     17
    574t
     4
    37
23,400t
    19
 8,520t
                17
                   33
                                       124

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Table A-13.—'•Analyses  of  ground-water  and surface-water samples  from Republic
              Steel, site  148,  Buffalo  N.Y., July 22-23, 1982 (continued)
              [Locations  shown  in fig.  A-ll.  Concentrations are  in  ug/L; dashes
              indicate  that  constituent or compound  was  not found, LT indicates
              it was found but  below  the quantifiable  detection limit.]

                                Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                                   Ground  water
                                          A
                                        (19.7)
                                        5
                                      (17.7)
 5A
(4.6)
Organic  compounds
Nonpriority pollutants
1 ,3-Dimethylbenzene1
Cyclohexanol
Hexahyd ro-2H-azepho-
2-one1
l-(2-butoxyethoxy)-
ethanol1
Cyc lohexanone^
2-Hexanone1
16
25
78
5.6
LT
150
LT
—
                      78° 50'09'
42°
50'
09'
    Not to scale
                                                 '582-
                                       EXPLANATION

                                       Monitoring well
                                       Surface water sample
                                      • Water-table altitude m1982
                                       Contour interval 1 foot
                                       General direction of
                                       ground-water flow
   Base from Republic Steel Corporation, 1982
 Figure A-ll.
Potentiometris surface and location of sampling  holes at
Republic Steel, site  148,  Buffalo,  August 1979 and February  1982.
                                         125

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162.  ALLTTFT LANDFILL  (Literature review)
NVSDKC
General information  and  contaminant-migration potential.—The Alltift Landfill,
a 25-acre area  south of  the city of Buffalo, has  been  a disposal site since  the
1950's.  From the  1950's to the early 1970's, the site was used to dispose of
bulk loads  of dye, oil  sludges, phenolic compounds,  chrome sludge, copper
sulfate, nitrobenzene,  monochlorobenzene, and naphthalene.  The amount of
material deposited is unknown.

     The landfill  was inactive from the early 1970's  to the late 1970's.  Since
then it has been used for the disposal of auto-demolition shredder waste, core
sands, fly  ash, and  sand waste at a rate of 40,000 to  60,000 yd3/yr.  The dispo-
sal area is now in the  northern third of the site (fig. A-12).

     Chemical data suggest that inorganic contaminants are migrating  through the
clay unit.   The concentration of phenols, arsenic, mercury, chlorides, and
sulfates in the zone above the clay greatly exceed ground-water standards;
therefore,  the  potential for contaminant migration would  become major if  the
contaminants were  to move through the clay and  into the lower aquifer.

                       78° 50' 19"
         42°
         50'
         40'
                                                   EXPLANATION
                                                  Monitoring well screened
                                                   above the clay unit

                                                  Monitoring well screened
                                                   below the clay unit
             Not to scale
           Base from Recra Research, 1982
Figure  A-12.   Location of sampling  holes at Alltift Landfill,  site 162,  Buffalo.
                                        126

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Geologic information.—The site consists of alluvium and fill of recent age
underlain by till and lacustrine clay, which are in turn underlain by limestone
and shale of Devonian age.  Two consulting reports—Wehran Engineering and Recra
Research (1978) and Recra Research (1982)—discuss these units in detail and
include geologic cross sections.  A generalized geologic column is shown in
figure A-13.
PERIOD




QUATERNARY



z
<
z
0
>

Q





PERIOD
RECENT



5CONSIN AGE)
PLEISTOCENE (WIJ












FORMATION
Fill
	 Unconformable 	

Alluvium
	 Conformable 	
Glaciolacustrine clay
	 Conformable 	
Basal
glaciolacustrme/
glacial till
• Unconformable •
Skaneateles
formation:
Stafford limestone
member

Marcel lus

tormation'

Oatka Creek

shale member

COLUMNAR
SECTION
£
~ ;•?-" . — :: T- .T

TT-.- -*r:'. — -:•

:>:i^vo
:™V'-A
ZS&>

1










THICKNESS
IN FEET
0-18

0-6

6-43
0-12.5

<15





30-55




CHARACTER
Refuse, wood, concrete,
cinders, fly ash,
decomposed vegetation,
sand, metal fragments;
highly permeable
Fine sand silt*
Marginally permeable

Grey varved clay,
occasional laminations
of silt or fine sand,
stiff at upper contact,
soft to very soft below;
highly impermeable
Clayey silts, some sand
and gravel; marginally
permeable

Grey limestone





Black calcareous shale




   Figure A-13.
Generalised geologic column of formations  underlying the
Alltift Landfill, site 162, Buffalo.
(Site location is shown in fig. A-12.  Modified from Recra
Research, Inc., 1982.)
                                      127

-------
 Hydrologic information.—A water-table map of the shallow fill and alluvium by
 Wehran and Recra (1978)  indicates a ground-water mound near the eastern boundary
 of  the site.   Water levels in the eight borings used to construct the map ranged
 from 580.8 to  584.8 ft above NGVD.   This mound is probably the result of the
 relatively impermeable glaciolacustrine clay, which inhibits vertical flow and
 causes water  infiltrating from the  surface soils and alluvium to move laterally
 away from the  site.

     Permeability tests on two samples  of the glaciolacustrine clay by Wehran and
 Recra (1978)  indicated permeabilities  of 5.8 x 10~8 cm/s and 6.4 x 10~8 cm/s.
 The  report concluded  that the permeability of the clay was sufficiently low to
 prevent vertical migration of contaminants from the upper unconsolidated water-
 bearing zone  to  the lower aquifers.

      In 1982,  the site owner drilled  four borings to the upper part of the
 bedrock aquifer,  collected water-level  data,  and constructed a potentiometric-
 contour map.   The potentiometric  surface slopes gently northward and ranges from
 576.3  ft  to a  low of  574.9 ft above NGVD.   Comparison of the water-table and
 potentiometric-surface maps indicates  that the heads beneath the clay are lower
 and  that  a vertical flow  component  is  present;  however,  the  rate of movement
 through the unit  would be slow.   Additional  data would be needed to define the
 vertical  ground-water  gradients at  the  site.

 Chemical  information.—In 1978, the site owner collected seven ground-water
 samples  from wells  screened above the  glaciolacustrine clay  for inorganic
 constituent analysis;  results are given  in table A-14.

     In 1982,  the site owner drilled four  wells  screened below the clay and
 collected  water  samples for chemical analysis.   Well locations are shown in
 fig. A-12.  The  samples were analyzed  by Recra Research;  results are  given
 in table  A-15.

 Sources  of data

Wehran  Engineering  and Recra Research, Inc.,  1978,  Hydrogeological investigation
     of Alltift Landfill,  Buffalo, N.Y.:   50  p.,  1  appendix,  2 maps,  5 figs.,
     10 tables.

Recra Research Inc. and Sodarholm Engineering,  1980,  Part  360  application for
     permit to operate a  solid waste management  facility;  Buffalo,  N.Y.:
     Alltift Company,  Inc.,  22 p., 1 appendix.

Recra Research Inc., 1982,  Supplemental  hydrogeological  investigation,  Buffalo,
     N.Y.:  Alltift Company,  Inc., 17 p.,  1 appendix,  3  tables,  1  fig.,  3 prints.
                                      128

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   Table A-14.—Analyses of ground-water samples from wells screened above
                glaciolacustrine clay at the Alltift landfill, site 162,
                Buffalo, N.Y.,  July  19781
                [Locations  shown in  fig. A-13.   Concentrations are in pg/L
                except  as indicated.   NV indicates  that value was not reported.]
Constituent or
characteristic
PH
Specific conductance
(pmho/cm at 25°C)
Dissolved oxygen
Biochemical oxygen
demand, 5-day
Chemical oxygen
demand
Coliform, total
(organisms/lOOmL)
Ammonia, as nitrogen
Nitrate, as nitrogen
Nitrite, as nitrogen
Total kjedahl nitrogen,
as nitrogen
Phosphate, total (as phosphorous)
Sulfate
Detergent (Methylene blue
active substances
Phenols
Alkalinity „
Total lolids 4
Color (platinum-
cobalt units)
Hardness, total
Chlorides 3
Total organic carbon
Total halogenated
hydrocarbons, as Cl
PCB
Aluminum, total
Arsenic, total
Chromium, total
Chromium, hexavalent
Copper, total
Lead, total
Mercury, total
Potassium, total

Bl
7.28
6,000

5,800

359,000 7

489,000 2

130
77,600 1
<100
50

91,900 1
556
86,300

160
37
,280,000 8
,410,000 30

500
665,000 1
,630,000 8
950,000 1

8.42
<1 .0
260
6.3
14
<10
<3
<30
<1.3
98,000
Sample
B2
7.47
21,000

4,300

,020,000

,580,000

24,000
,930,000
<500
50

,490,000
1,290
number
B4
6.43
11,000

7,200

96,500

593,000

230
73,9000
<500
50

106,000
44
441,000 2,660,000

50
696
,270,000

190
50

B5
7.10
4,000

4,200

242,000

291,000

130
61,200
120
80

69,200
86
387,000

150
20
915,000 1,530,000
,000,000 9,590,000 2,

NV
,250,000 2,
,450,000 3,
,400,000

38.4
<1 .0
50
131
546
40
26
<30
3.8
908,000
Sodium, total 1,060,000 3,080,000 2,
Calcium, total
Silver, total
Iron, total
214,000
<2
280
54,000
<2
2,430

200
260,000
880,000
313,000

1.32
<1 .0
240
<4
<3
<10
15
<30
<1.3
146,000
020,000
760,000
<2
5,080
990,000

150
665,000
730,000
110,000

1.24
<1 .0
60
5.1
10
<10
210
<30
<1 .3
118,000
840,000
146,000
<2
160
1  Data from Wehran Engineering and Recra Research,  1978.
                                      129

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    Table A-14.—Analyses of ground-water  samples  from wells  screened  above
                 glaciolacustrine clay at  the Alltift landfill,  site  162,
                 Buffalo, N.Y., July 19781  (continued)
                 [Locations shown in fig.  A-13.  Concentrations  are  in ug/L
                 except as indicated.  NV  indicates  that value was not reported,)
Constituent or
characteristic
PH
Specific conductance
(25°C) (umho/cm)
Dissolved oxygen
Biochemical oxygen
demand, 5-day
Chemical oxygen
demand
Coliform, total
(organisms/lOOmL)
Ammonia, as nitrogen
Nitrate, as nitrogen
Nitrite, as nitrogen
Total kjedahl nitrogen,
as nitrogen
Phosphate, total (as phosphorus)
Sulfate
Detergent (Methylene blue
active substances
Phenols
Alkalinity
Total solids
Color (platinum-
cobalt units)
Hardness, total
Chlorides
Total organic carbon
Total halogenated
hydrocarbons, as Cl
PCB
Aluminum, total
Arsenic, total
Chromium, total
Chromium, hexavalent
Copper, total
Lead, total
Mercury, total
Potassium, total
Sodium, total
Calcium, total
Silver, total
Iron, total
Sample number
B6
7.34

5,400
6,200

605,000

379,000

24,000,000
107,000
<100
50

125,000
130
240,000

30
30
1,760,000 2
4,950,000 6

200
594,000
1,010,000 2
488,000

3.33
<1 .0
<30
21.3
6
<10
5
<30
<1.3
128,000
1,140,000 1
190,000
<2
30
B7
8.00

7,900
NV

NV

780,000

NV
259,000
<100
70

NV
NV
NV

NV
89
,250,000 2,
,100,000 6,

NV
NV
,070,000 1,
NV

NV
NV
<30
15.4
16
10
10
<30
10.7
182,000
,560,000 1,
56,000
<4
460
B8
7.70

6,000
NV

NV

499,000

NV
113,000
<100
120

NV
44
299,000

30
71
390,000
100,000

700
536,000
430,000
538,000

NV
NV
40
12.2
12
10
14
<30
NV
118,000
300,000
18,000
3
20
1  Data from Wehran Engineering and Recra Research, 1978.
                                      130

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  Table A-15.—Analyses of ground-water samples  from  four wells  screened  below
               glaciolacustrine clay at Alltift  landfill, site 162,  Buffalo,
               N.Y, May 19821
               [Locations are shown in fig. A-13.  Concentrations  are  in  ug/L
               unless otherwise indicated; LT indicates constituent  or  compound
               was found but below quantifiable  detection limit.]
Sample number
Characteristic
Ammonia, as nitrogen
Nitrate, as nitrogen
Biochemical oxygen
demand, 5-day
Chemical oxygen demand
Total kjedahl nitrogen, as N
Sulfate
Methylene blue active
substances
Total recoverable
phenolics
Alkalinity (pH 4.5), as CaC03
Total filterable
residue (180°C)
pH
True color (Platinum-
cobalt units)
Total hardness, as
CaC03
Chloride
Odor (Threshold odor number)
Specific conductance
(ymho/cm at 25°C)
Total organic carbon
Coliform, total
( organisms /lOOmL)
Aluminum, total
Arsenic, total
Chromium, total
Chromium, hexavalent
Cadmium, total
Zinc, total
Selenium, total
Copper, total
Lead, total
Mercury, total
Sodium, total
Calcium, total
Silver, total
Manganese, total
Iron, total
Nitrogen-phosphorus
scan (ug/L as nitrogen;
N,N'-dimethylaniline standard)
W-l
2,500
<50

10,000
16,000
4,400
29,000

29

<10
590,000

1,000,000
7.73

15

390,000
260,000
1.8

1,780
5,000

<3
4,300
LT
40
6
LT
1,100
LT
100
30
LT
540,000
68,000
LT
220
88,000


LT
W-2
950
120

6,000
24,000
2,200
52,000

<20

<10
310,000

480,000
8.11

15

250,000
88,000
3.2

820
4,500

<3
7,300
LT
50
12
LT
803
LT
38
LT
LT
150,000
46,000
LT
230
28,000


LT
W-3
740
<50

<5,000
11,000
1,700
45,000

72

<10
350,000

540,000
7.99

17.5

270,000
83,000
9.0

822
2,500

<3
2,000
LT
64
8
LT
1,400
LT
22
LT
LT
14,000
28,000
LT
200
35,000


LT
W-4
2,100
170

<5,000
23,000
2,800
54,000

160

<10
700,000

890,000
12.31

2.5

451,000
88,000
1.4

2,990
9,000

<3
2,200
LT
40
LT
LT
109
LT
40
LT
LT
18,000
170,000
LT
160
54,000


LT
1  Data from Recra Research (1982).

                                      131

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173.  EMPIRE WASTE (USGS field reconnaissance)
NYSDEC 915065
General information and contaminant-migration potential.—The Empire Waste site,
in the northern part of the city of Buffalo, was used for storing sand and slag
for resale and also received slag from a metal-castings firm in 1977.  The con-
centrations of copper and zinc in substrates were higher than those in samples
collected from undisturbed soils not affected by disposal sites.  The potential
for contaminant migration is indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The U.S. Geological Survey drilled four test borings  on
the site; the locations are shown in fig. A-14.  The geologic logs are as
follows:

     Boring no.    Depth (ft)                  Description

        1          0-4.0     Fill, tannish, then black.
                   4   -  6.0     Clay, reddish, discolored.
                                  to bluish by overlying fill.
                                  SAMPLE:  4 ft.

        2          0   -  2.5     Topsoil.
                   2.5 -  6.5     Clay, reddish, discolored.
                                  SAMPLE:  5.0 ft.

        3          0-1.5     Topsoil, mixed.
                   1.5 -  2.5     Black organic wet dirt.
                   2.5 -  5.5     Clay, reddish, dry.
                   5.5 -  6.5     Clay, greenish, wet.
                                  SAMPLE:  5.5 ft.

        4          0   -  3.5     Topsoil, becoming black.
                   3.5 -  5.5     Organic dirt, black,  wet.
                   5.5 -  6.5     Clay, greenish.
                                  SAMPLE:  5.5 ft.

Hydrologic information.—No hydrologic data were obtained from  the  site  except
for moist material encountered between 3.5 and 5.5  ft at an  altitude  of  595  ft
above NGVD.

Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey collected  a substrate  sample
at each  borehole  for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron,  lead,  mecury, and
zinc  analyses; results are given  in  table A-16.  The substrate  samples had
higher concentrations of copper and  zinc  than  samples from the  undisturbed
areas.
                                       132

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Table A-16. — Analyses  of substrate samples  from Empire Waste, site  173,  Buffalo,
             N.Y.,  July 30, 1982.
             [Locations shown in fig. A-14.   Concentrations are in  ug/kg;  dashes
             indicate  that constituent  or  compound was not found.]
                                 Sample number  and depth below land surface  (ft)
                                    1234
                                  (4.0)         (5.0)          (5.5)         (5.5)
Inorganic constituents
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Mercury
Zinc
—
1,000
6,000
90,000tt
23,000,000
30,000
—
170, 000 -ft
—
—
4,000
17,000
13,000,000
20,000
—
40,000
—
1,000
4,000
95,000tt
17,000,000
100,000
—
74,000
—
—
4,000
41,000tt
38,000,000
40,000
—
39,000
tt Exceeds  concentrations in samples  taken from undisturbed soils  in  the
     Buffalo  area.   Undisturbed soils were not  analyzed for iron.
    42°
    57'
    25'
          c
          0)
          U
        Not to scale
T3
§
OC
       Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
                                                         EXPLANATION

                                                       »3 Test boring and
                                                          substrate sample
  Figure A-14.  Location of  sampling holes at Empire  Waste,  site 173, Buffalo,
                                        133

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180.  HOPKINS STREET (Literature review)                         NYSDEC 915011

General information and contaminant-migration potential.—The Hopkins Street
site, in the city of Buffalo, is reported to have been used as a landfill  in
the early and mid-1970's.  Aerial photographs from these years indicate dispo-
sal operations to have been small and to have caused no major changes in  the
physical setting of the site.

     No chemical monitoring has been recommended by NYSDEC, and the  potential
for chemical migration is indeterminable.

Geologic information.—No geologic data are available.

Hydrologic information.—No ground-water data are available.  However,  com-
parison of aerial photographs from past years with 1982 field observations
indicates a change in drainage and grade; also  a pond has formed on  the site.
The pond is probably perched upon fill or material of low permeability  and
does not reflect ground-water conditions.

Chemical information.—No chemical data are available.
 184.  KELLY  ISLAND  (Literature  review)                           NYSDEC 915095

 General  information and  contaminant-migration  potential.—Kelly Island is a
 peninsula  bounded by the Buffalo  River,  City Ship Canal,  and  Ohio Street.
 Most  of  the  fill consists of  demolition  material, earth,  and  cinders.  The
 area  was extensively developed  before  the early 1900's,  leaving little room
 for hazardous-waste-disposal  operations.

    The  site is  in  direct hydraulic  contact with the Buffalo  River and the
 City  Ship  Canal; thus contaminants,  if present, would migrate readily.
 However, no  hazardous waste  is  known to  have been buried  at the site; there-
 fore, NYSDEC has not recommended  chemical monitoring.  The potential for con-
 taminant migration  from  this  site is indeterminable.

 Geologic information.—Construction  borings from along Ganson Street (pi. 1)
 indicated  a  mixture of gravel,  sand, silt, clay, cinders, and wood to a depth
 of  10 ft along the  length of  the  site.

 Hydrologic information.—No  hydrologic data are available.

 Chemical information.—No chemical data  are available.
                                      134

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190.  LEHIGH VALLEY  RAILROAD (USGS field reconnaissance)
                                               NYSDFC 91507R1
General information  and  contaminant-migration potential.—The Lehigh Valley
Railroad site,  in  the  southern part of the city of  Buffalo,  is an abandoned
landfill covered with  soil and vegetation.  The material  buried at the site con-
sists of fly  ash,  pit  sludge,  foundry sand, and sand  slurry.   The quantity of
material buried is unknown.

     The site is underlain by  a thick clay deposit  that would act as a deterrent
to vertical migration  of contaminants.  Horizontal  migration  would occur only  if
precipitation moved  through the fill, then laterally  along the clay surfaces to
eventually discharge westward  to the adjacent outer harbor.   Cadmium, chromium,
copper, and lead were  present, but the potential  for  contaminant migration is
indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The U.S. Geological Survey drilled 20  test holes in July
and August of 1982.  The locations are shown in figure A-15;  geologic logs are
as follows:
                         78° 51'22"
                Lehigh Valley
                 Rail yard
  42°
  50'
  52"
                                                        EXPLANATION
                                                    • 10 Test boring and
                                                       substrate sample

                                                  	Wetland boundary
     Not to scale
    Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
      Figure A-15.
Location of sampling holes at Lehigh Valley Railroad,
site 19Q, Buffalo.
                                       135

-------
Boring no.    Depth (ft)                  Description

   1          0-1.5     Brown soil and black organic material.
              1.5 -  9.0     Clay, olive green, wet.
              9.0 - 16.5     Clay, dark green, wetter.
                             SAMPLE:  9 ft.

   2          0-1.0     Topsoil.
              1.0 -  3.5     Clay, greenish brown.
              3.5 - 21.5     Clay, gray green.
                             SAMPLE:  17 ft.

   3          0-1.5     Topsoil, dark brown, some rock  fill.
              1.5 -  3.5     Soil, dark brown.
              3.5 -  4.5     Clay, dark green, dry.
              4.5 - 11.5     Clay, dark green, "soupy."
                             SAMPLE:  9 ft.

   4          0-2.5     Topsoil, brown.
              2.5 -  3.5     Clay, sandy, gray-green, dry.
              3.5 -  8.0     Sand, gray-green, some clay, moist.
              8.0 - 11.5     Same as above but very wet.
                             SAMPLE:  10 ft.

   5          0-3.5     Topsoil.
              3   -  6.0     Clay, sandy, green, dry.
              6   -  9.0     Clay, sandy, green, wet.
                             SAMPLE:  10 ft.

   6          0-3       Topsoil, brown, with rubble-gravel.
              3   -  6.5     Gravel  to wet sand, fine to medium.
                             SAMPLE:  6.5 ft.

   7          0   -  3.3     Topsoil.
              3.3 -  3.5     Clay.
              3.5 -  6.5     Sand, fine to medium, gravel at bottom.
                             SAMPLE:  6.5 ft.

   8          0-21.5     Gravel  fill (probably used to elevate
                             roadbed).  Extremely hard drilling.
                             Gravel  wet at 11.5 ft which is  about
                             level of adjacent lake.
                             SAMPLE:  11.5 ft.

   9          0-1.5     Topsoil.
              1.5 -  3.5     Sand, dark brown.
              3.5 -  6.5     Sand, dark green, damp.
              6.5 - 11.5     Clay, sandy, dark green, damp.
                             SAMPLE: 10.0 ft.
  10          0   -  5.5     Topsoil, with  clay  lenses.
              5.5 -  6.5     Clay, gray-green, wet.
                             SAMPLE:  5.5 ft.
                                  136

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Boring no.    Depth (ft)                  Description

  11          0   -  3.0     Topsoil.
              3.0 -  5.5     Clay, dark green.
              5.5 -  6.5     Clay, dark green, wet.
                             SAMPLE:  5.5 ft.

  12          0-2.0     Topsoil, black.
              2.0 -  5.5     Sand, dark gray, wet.
              5.5 -  6.5     Clay, gray green.
                             SAMPLE:  2 ft.

  13          0-2.0     Topsoil, yellow-green at top,
                             darker green downward.
              2   -  4.0     Sand, clayey, dry olive green.
              4.0 - 10.0     Clay, sandy, olive green,
                             yellow at 9 ft.
                             SAMPLE:  2 ft.

  14          0   -  3.0     Topsoil.
              3.5 -  6.0     Clay, olive green.
              6.0 -  6.5     Sand, some clay, gray green.
                             SAMPLE:  6 ft.

  15          0   - 11.5     Pebble-size fill; moved east  toward  treeline,
              0-3       Topsoil.
              3-6       Clay, gray green, damp.
              6   -  6.5     Clay, yellow green, wet.
                             SAMPLE:  3 ft.

  16          0-3       Topsoil with rocks and  rubble.
              3   -  4       Clay, gray green, wet.
                             SAMPLE:  3 ft.

  17          0-3       Topsoil, iron colored,  very hot  coming
                             out  of hole.
              3   -  6.5     Clay, gray green, getting wetter
                             toward bottom.
                             SAMPLE:  2.5 ft.

  18          0-2       Topsoil.
              2-3       Sand, coarse, gray green.
              3   -  6.5     Clay, gray green, wet.
                             SAMPLE:  2.5 ft.

  19          0-2.5     Topsoil and gravel, black, wet.
              2.5 -  5.0     Sand, black, very wet.
              5.0 -  6.5     Clay, gray green.
                             SAMPLE:  3.5  ft.

  20          0-3       Topsoil and gravel, black.
              3   -  6.5     Clay, gray green.
                             SAMPLE:  3 ft.
                                  137

-------
     One test boring was drilled to bedrock.  The log is as follows:

                   0   - 16.5     Black fill material.  Hit water table at 10 ft,
                  16.5 - 56.5     Gray-green clay with some gravel and pebbles.
                  56.5 - 60.0     Gray-green sandy clay.
                  60.0            Bedrock.

     The well logs suggest glacial lake deposits overlying bedrock and overlain
by fill.

Hydrologic information.—The test-boring information suggests a water table
within the fill at an altitude between 570 and 575 ft above NGVD.  Ground water
would probably discharge from the site to the outer harbor.

Chemical information.—In 1982, the Erie County Department of Environment and
Planning and NYSDEC took water and sediment samples for chemical analysis.
Results indicated significant concentrations of heavy metals and minor quan-
tities of polychlorinated biphenyls and total organic halogens (Erie County
Department of Environment and planning, written commun., 1982).

     In 1982, the U.S. Geological Survey collected and analyzed a substrate
sample from each of 20 test borings for cadmium, chromium, copper, iron,  lead,
nickel, and phenols; results are given in table A-17.  The concentrations of
cadmium, chromium, copper, and lead were higher than in soil samples from the
undisturbed areas.
     Table A-17.—Analyses of substrate  samples  from Lehigh Valley  Railroad,
                  site 190, Buffalo, N.Y., July-August  1982
                  [Locations are shown in  fig. A-15.  Concentrations  are  in
                  Mg/kg, dashes indicate constituent or compound  was  not  found.]

                                Sample number and depth below  land  surface  (ft)	
                                12345
	(11.5)	(17.0)	(9.0)	(10)	(9.0)

Inorganic constituents

    Cadmium                     —           —           —        1,000       1,000
    Chromium                 1,000         2,000       7,000       6,000       6,000
    Copper                  17,000       19,000      14,000       16,000      28,000
    Iron                 7,200,000   10,000,000   5,400,000    4,100,000   2,300,000
    Lead                    10,000       10,000      50,000      140,000      50,000
    Nickel                      —       10,000      10,000       10,000

Organic compounds

  Priority pollutant
    Phenol
 Tt Exceeds  concentrations  in  soil  samples  from undisturbed  areas.   Undisturbed soils
   were  not  analyzed  for  iron.
                                       138

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Table A-17.—Analyses of substrate samples from Lehigh Valley Railroad,
             site 190, Buffalo, N.Y., July-August 1982 (continued)
             [Locations are shown in fig. A-15.  Concentrations are in
             Ug/kg, dashes indicate constituent or compound was not found.]

Sample
6
(6.5)
number and
7
(6.5)
depth below
8
(11.5)
land surface
9
(10.5)
(ft)
10
(5.5)
Inorganic constituents
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Nickel
Organic compound
Phenol (priority

1,000
7,000
40,000
3,400,000 1
26,000

pollutant) —
11
(5.5)
7,000
20,000
2,000,000
10,000
10,000

—
12
(2.0)
5,000
170,000tt
44,OOOtT
20,000,000
35,000
20,000

—
13
(2.0)
1,000
7,000
19,000
7,000,000 10
10,000
20,000

—
14
(6.0)
2,000
20,000
45,000tt
,000,000
140,000
30,000

—
15
(4.5)
Inorganic constituents
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Nickel
Organic compound
Phenol (priority

14,000tt
20,000
2,100,000tt
16,000,000
l,600,000tt
30,000

pollutant) —
16
(3.0)
10,000
3,000
4,500,000
10,000
10,000

—
17
(2.5)
3,000
12,000
2,000,000
10,000

—
18
(2.5)
3,000
10,000
2,300,000 5
10,000

—
19
(3.5)
1,000
10,000
21,000
,000,000
40,000

—
20
(3.0)
Inorganic constituents
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Nickel
Organic compounds
Phenol (priority
2,000
8,000
22,000
5,900,000
160,000
10,000

pollutant) —
9,000
25,000
1,400,000
30,000
20,000

—
3,000
13,000
3,500,000
30,000

—
1,000
8,000
74,OOOtT
12,000,000 3
200,000
20,000

—
4,000
13,000tt
,700,000
20,000

—
                                    139

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196.  NIAGARA FRONTIER PORT AUTHORITY  (USGS field reconnaissance)  NYSDEC  915026

General information and contaminant-migration potential.—The Niagara  Frontier
Port Authority site, at the Buffalo outer harbor, was used by an  automotive
assembly plant to dispose of an unknown quantity of cafeteria, office,  and  plant
refuse, including paint sludges.  The site also contains  dredged  lake-bottom
material and demolition debris as well as an unknown amount  of casting sands
deposited by a different automobile manufacturer.

     Hydrologic data suggest that chemical migration would most likely be  toward
the Buffalo harbor.  The chemical data, however, do not indicate  high  con-
centrations of contaminants on the site and suggest that  horizontal migration
may not be taking place.  Additional data would be needed to evaluate  vertical
migration; thus the migration potential is indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The site consists of fill material overlying clayey sand.
The U.S. Geological Survey drilled four test borings in August 1982.   Locations
of  the borings are  shown in figure A-16; logs  are as follows:

     Boring no.    Depth (ft)                  Description

        1          0   - 10.0     Rock debris,  fill.
                  10.0 - 16.5     Sand, fine to medium, tan  to
                                    gray-green  at 14 ft,  wet.
                                  SAMPLE:  13  ft.

        2          0-5.0     Fill debris.
                    5.0 -  6.0     Sand, light  blue-green, damp.
                   6.0 - 11.5     Sand, clayey,  tan.
                  11.5 - 13.0     Looks like clay at  12-13  ft, gray,  wet.
                                  SAMPLE:   12-13  ft.

        3           0-1.5     Lime, smells  like  paint.
                    1.5 -  3.0     Same.
                    3.0 -  6.5     Sand, tan  to black,  gravel and  debris,
                                    wet at  top.
                    6.5 - 11.5     Same, with  some  clay.
                  11.5 - 16.5     Same with  more  debris:  bricks,  glass, etc.
                  16.5 - 21.5     Hit hard  zone at  17  ft; another
                                    at  about  19 ft.
                  21.5 - 26.5     No  return—sample  off  bit.
                                  SAMPLE:   26.5 ft.

        4           0-1.5     Brown  sand.
                    1.5 -  5.0     Same.
                    5.0 -  8.0     Sand,  fine  to medium,  light brown,  wet.
                    8.0 -  11.5      Sand,  olive  green,  some clay,  wetter.
                                  SAMPLE:   8.0 ft.

 Hydrologic  information.—Ground water was  encountered  at  13 to 14 ft  below
 land  surface  (590 ft  above  NGVD);  thus,  the water-table altitude is 576 to  577
 ft above  NGVD.   The direction  of ground-water flow is most  likely westward
 toward the  Buffalo  harbor.
                                       140

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  Chemical information.—The  U.S.  Geological Survey collected  a substrate sample
  from each test boring  for cadmium,  chromium, copper,  iron,  lead,  nickel, and
  phenol analyses; results are  given  in table A-18.  None  of  the heavy-metal
  concentrations exceeded  those in soil samples from the undisturbed areas.
                        78° 52'30'
42°
5V
42"
                                              EXPLANATION

                                           •2 Test boring and
                                              substrate sample
                                     Heliport
   Not to scale
Figure A-16.
Location  of
sampling  holes
at Niagara
Frontier  Port
Authority,
site 196,
Buffalo.
  Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
  Table A-18.—Analyses  of  substrate samples from Niagara Frontier Port
               Authority,  site 196, Buffalo, N.Y.,  August 5,  1982.
               [Locations  shown in fig. A-16.  Concentrations are in yg/kg;
               dashes  indicate compound was not  found.]

                                  Sample number and  depth  below land surface (ft)
                                     1234
  	(13.0)	(13.0)	(26.5)	(8.0)

  Inorganic constituents
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Nickel
—
1,000
—
58,000
—
—
—
2,000
1,000
270,000
—
—
1,000
1,000
38,000
340,000
60,000
—
—
—
—
130,000
—
—
                                         141

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200.  PROCKNAL AND KATRA  (Literature  review)
NYSPEC 91S085
General information and  chemical  migration potential.—The Procknal and Katra
site is in  the Village of  Blasdell.   The active part of the site receives trash
from the Village  of Blasdell  and  bulky material from the City of Lackawanna.
The inactive  part, immediately  to the south,  was used for disposal of rubbish
from the Village  of Blasdell.   In January 1982 the site received 200 to 300
  Q
yd  of  sand contaminated with coal-tar derivatives from National Fuel Gas.  This
material was  buried with 1,000  Ib of dehydrated lime.  Analyses of the water and
soil samples  show low concentrations of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocar-
bons (PAH).  A complete  assessment of the site would require more subsurface
data.   The  potential  for contaminant migration is indeterminable.

Geologic information.—No  site-specific geologic information is available,  but
the site is in an area in  which the bedrock consists of Skaneateles and
Marcellus shale  and thin limestone.

Hydrologic  information.—No monitoring wells  have been installed; therefore, no
site-specific hydrologic information is available.

Chemical information.—The company collected  soil and water samples from  four
different locations in 1982;  sampling locations are shown in fig. A-17.   Water
samples were  analyzed for  heavy metals, iron, total organic halogens (TOH),
total organic carbon  (TOC), and PAH; the soil samples were analyzed for all but
TOG.  A leachate  breakout  was observed at site 2.  Results of the soil and  water
analyses are  given in table A-19.
42°
48'
20'
                     EXPLANATION
                    I Sampling hole
    Not to scale
   Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
           Figure A-17*   Location of sampling holes at Procknal  and Katra,
                         site 200, Blasdell.
                                       142

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 Table  A-19.—Analyses  of  surface-water  and  substrate  samples  from Procknal
             and Katra, site  200,  Buffalo,  N.Y., April  27,  1982.x
              [Locations shown in  fig. A-17.  Concentrations are  in yg/L  and
             Mg/kg;  LT indicates  it was  found  but below the quantifiable
             detection limit.]

                                         	Surface-water sample	
 Inorganic  constituents

    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Beryllium
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Copper
    Iron
    Lead
    Mercury
    Nickel
    Selenium
    Silver
    Thallium
    Zinc

 Organic compounds

 Total Organic Carbon
 Total Organic Halogen,
    asCl2  (Lindane standard)

 Polycyclic aromatic compounds
    Acenaphthene
    Acenaphthylene
    Anthracene
    Benzo(a)anthracene
    Benzo(a)pyrene
    Benzo(b)fluoranthene
    Benzo(ghi)perylene
    Benzo(k)fluoranthene
    Chrysene
    D ibenzo(a,h)anthr acene
    Fluoranthene
    Fluorene
    IndenoCl,2,3-cd)pyrene
    Naphthalene
    Phenanthrene
    Pyrene
LT
LT
LT
10
4
58
410
40
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
4
30
2,200
40
LT
60
LT
LT
LT
120
LT
LT
10
LT
LT
40
1,000
40
LT
60
LT
LT
LT
97
2,000
    0.38
8,000
    0.64
14,000
     1.1
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
0.047
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
0.45
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
0.51
LT
1  Samples  analyzed  by Procknal  and  Katra,  1982.
                                      143

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Table A-19.—Analyses  of  surface-water  and  substrate  samples  from Procknal and
             Katra,  site  200,  Buffalo,  N.Y.,  April  27,  19821  (continued)
             [Locations shown  in  fig. A-17.   Concentrations  are  in ug/L  and
             Mg/kg;  LT  indicates  it was found but below the  quantifiable
             detection  limit.]

                        Substrate sample number  and depth  below  land surface (ft)
                                1              234
Dry weight percent	(46)	(76)	(12)	(72)	
Inorganic constituents

    Antimony                   LT
    Arsenic                27,000
    Beryllium                  LT
    Cadmium                 2,000
    Chromium               24,000
    Copper                570,000
    Iron                  350,000
    Lead                   44,000
    Mercury                    LT
    Nickel                 11,000
    Selenium                  500
    Silver                     LT
    Thallium                   LT
    Zinc                   59,000

Organic compounds

 Total organic halogen,     1,600
    as Cl2 (Lindane standard)

 Polynuclear aromatic compounds
     LT
  2,600
     LT
    400
  9,100
 21,000
200,000
 10,000
     LT
  2,000
    770
     LT
  6,600
 34,000
  1,500
  110,000
   49,000
       LT
   29,000
   46,000
  170,000
1,700,000
  220,000
       LT
   98,000
    4,200
       LT
   22,000
  280,000
    2,400
  8,700
  4,400
     LT
  1,400
  8,300
 18,000
240,000
 49,000
     LT
 11,000
    440

  2,900
 34,000
    560
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benzo( a) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)f luoranthene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Benzo(k) f luoranthene
Chrysene
D ibenzo( a, h) anthracene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Indenod , 2,3-cd)pyrene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
LT
LT
500
3,500
4,200
4,600
6,600
3,800
5,600
12,000
5,600
340
1,820
420
6,500
5,100
LT
LT
LT
LT
550
LT
LT
LT
130
2,000
320
LT
LT
LT
36
LT
LT
LT
290
1,400
2,300
1,900
2,600
2,200
1,700
2,600
3,100
94
1,900
240
880
3,700
LT
370
480
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
370
LT
LT
180
LT
370
1,100
LT
1 Analyses by Procknal and Katra, 1982.
                                      144

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  203.   SOUAW ISLAND (USGS field reconnaissance)
            NYSDEC 915052
  General information and contaminant-migration  potential.—Squaw Island  is  be-
  tween the Niagara River and the Black  Rock Canal,  which borders the mainland of
  the city of Buffalo.  The site accepted  foundry sand with phenolic binders,
  incinerator residue, street sweepings,  forest  debris, and general refuse for
  more than 3 decades.  During 1954-70,  the  island was used for the disposal of
  waste foundry sand containing clay,  insoluble  metal compounds, trace oils, and
  resins.  The rate of disposal is estimated to  have been 300,000 to 400,000
  tons per year.  In the mid-1970's, much  of the fill was excavated and transferred
  to the Tifft Farm (site 206, pi. 1).

       The highly permeable foundry  sand  that was used to fill and increase  the
  size of the island indicates a major potential for migration of contaminants to
  the Niagara River and the Black Rock Canal.  Any leachate would readily per-
  colate to the water table and migrate  to the surrounding water bodies.

  Geologic information.—The  site contains a thin mantle of till and unsorted
  sediments overlying limestone bedrock.   The U.S. Geological Survey drilled eight
  test borings in 1982.  Locations of  the  test holes are shown in fig. A-lft; the
  geologic logs are on page 146.
                     78° 54'12'
42°
55'
23'
   Not to scale
                                       EXPLANATION

                                        test boring and
                                        substrate sample
Figure A-18.
Location  of
sampling  holes
on Squaw  Island,
site 203f
Buffalo.
  Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
                                         1A5

-------
Boring no.    Depth (ft)                  Description

   1          0-3.0     Topsoil, black.
              3.0 -  8.0     Clay, red, tight.
              8.0 - 10.0     Clay, sandy, damp, greenish.
             10.0 - 15.0     Same, but wetter.
             15.0 - 17.0     Same, but tighter.  Sample depth may  be
                               at lower altitude than  river surface.
                             SAMPLE:  10  ft.

   2          0      5.0     Black, organic  topsoil.
              5.0 -11.5      Gray cinder  ash,  glass, etc., getting
                               wet at about  10  ft.
             11.5 - 16.5     Same.
             16.5 - 21.5     No return.
                             SAMPLE:  10  ft.

   3          0-1.5     Light gray cinder ash.
              1.5 -  8.0     Dark brown dirt,  dry,  changing to
                               dark gray  at  about  6  ft.
              8.0 - 11.5     Clay, tan to dirty yellow, damp.
                             SAMPLE:  8 ft.
                             Note.—Drill was  moved  several times
                                    to miss  rock fill.

   4                         No drilling  log was obtained,  only a  sample
                             from  11.5-ft depth.   A considerable amount of
                             the waste fill  was removed and redeposited at
                             Tifft Farms. The area once  occupied  by the
                             fill  is  now  covered by additions  to the muni-
                             cipal waste-treatment facilities.   Well 4 was
                             drilled  at  the  southern edge of  the additions
                             (southern edge  of the removal area).

    5          0-1.5     Black  soil,  fill, rocky.
              1.5  -  6.5     Whitish  rocky  fill material.
              6.5  -  11.5     Brown,  wet,  rocky fill  into  wet  green clay.
                             SAMPLE:   7.5 ft.

    6          0-1.5     Fill.
              1.5  -  6.5     Black oily  soil, fill, smells wet.
              6.5  -  11.5     Black,  sandy,  clay,  oily, water.
              11.5  -  16.5     Black,  sandy,  clay,  oily, water.
                             SAMPLE:   16  ft.

    7          0-1.5      Brown topsoil,  rocky fill.
              1.5  -  6.5     Loose soil,  black to red clay, 1  in  thick.
              6.5  -  11.5     Green sandy clay, wet.
                              SAMPLE:   11  ft.

    8          0-1.5      Road fill.
               1.5  -   6.5      Fill, rubble.
              6.5  -  11.5      Red clay, wet,  tight.
              11.5  -  16.5      Green,  sandy,  clay.
                              SAMPLE:  16 ft.
                                  146

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 Hydrologic information.—Ground water was  encountered  at  approximately  the
 same altitude as  the water  surface  in the  Niagara River and  the  Black Rock
 Canal.  The direction of ground-water flow would be  toward these water  bodies.

 Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey collected  a  substrate sample
 from each test boring for chromium, copper, iron, and  organic-compound  analysis;
 results are given in table A-20.  The substrate samples had  higher  concentra-
 tions of chromium and copper than soil samples from  undisturbed  areas.   The
 samples contained 17 organic priority pollutants; the  highest  concentration
 among these compounds (fluoranthene) was 330 yg/kg;  25 organic nonpriority
 pollutants and some unknown hydrocarbons were also found.


 Table A-20.—Analyses of substrate samples from Squaw  Island, site  203,  Buffalo, N.Y.
              [Locations shown in fig.  A-18.  Concentrations  are  in  yg/kg; dashes
              indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT indicates it
              was found but below the quantifiable detection  limit,  blanks indicate
              not analyzed.]
 First sampling (07-29-82)
Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
   12             34
(10.0)       (10.0)         (8.0)       (11.5)
 Inorganic constituents

     Chromium
     Copper
     Iron
     Molecular sulfur

 Organic compounds

  Priority pollutants
     Fluoranthene
     Bis(2-ethylhexl) phthalate
     Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
     Pyrene

  Nonpriority  pollutants
     1,1-Ethanediol,  diacetate^
     4-Methyl-2-pentanone^
     2-Butanone *
     2-Methylheptane1
     2,3,4-Trimethyl  hexane1
                                 ***
                            8,000
                           17,000
                        6,400,000
                               LT
    20,000tt
 l,700,000tt
15,000,000
 ***
              ***
                                           330
                                            LT
                                            LT
                                            LT
                            1,100
                            2,300
                            4,800
                              640
                              780
      420
 1 Tentative identification based on comparison with the National  Bureau  of
     Standards (NBS) library.  No external standard was available.
     Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based only  on  an
     internal standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted  by
     GC/MS analysts.
Tt Exceeds concentrations in samples from undisturbed areas in Buffalo area.
     Undisturbed soils were not analyzed for iron.
 * Compounds detected but not quantified—Holding time exceeded before GC/MS
     acid- and base-neutral extractable compounds were extracted.
*** Inadequate sample.   No analyses performed.
                                      147

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 Table  A-20.—Analyses  of  substrate  samples  from Squaw Island,  site 203,  Buffalo,  N.Y.
             N.Y.  (continued)
              [Locations shown  in  fig. A-18.   Concentrations  are  in yg/kg;  dashes
             indicate  that  constituent  or compound  was  not  found,  LT  indicates  it
             was  found but  below  the  quantifiable detection  limit,  blanks  indicate
             not  analyzed.]

                               Sample number  and depth  below land  surface  (ft)
                                  1234
 First  sampling  (07-29-82)	10.0	10.0	8.0	11.5

 Organic compounds  (continued)

 Nonpriority pollutants (continued)
    2,6-Dimethylheptane1                                   1,100           750
    1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene1                                  330
    3-Methylheptane1                                         370
    2,2'-[methylenebis(oxy)]-
       bis propane1                                           380
    3-Methyl-l-pentanol1                                       LT
    2-Methyl-2-propy1-1,3-
       dioxylane *                                            680         —
    2-Methyl-2-hexanol1                                      340
    2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane1                              —          1,500
    1,2-Dimethylbenzene^                                     —            800
    1,4-Dimethylbenzene1                                     —            LT
    Propyl benzene *                                         —            580
    l-Ethyl-2-methylbenzene1                                 —            820
    1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene                                   —            420
    2-Methyl-l-heptene1                                      —            LT
    3-Ethyl-hexane1                                          —            370
    4-Penten-2-one1                                          —            LT
    2,2,3-Trimethylbutane1                                   —            460
    l-Methyl-4-propylbenzene1                                —            LT
    2-Chloro-l-phenyl-ethanone1                              —            LT
    2,4,4-Trimethylhexane1                                   —            350
    2-Chloronaphthalene1                                     —            LT
    l-Methyl-7-(l-Methylethyl)-
      phenanthrene1                                          —            LT
    5-Ethyl-S-propylundecane1                                —            LT
    2-Cyclohexen-l-one1                                     430
    3-Methyl-2-pentanonel                                     —          1,100
                               Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                  56             78
                                (7.5)	(16.0)	(11.0)	(16.0)

Inorganic constituents
    Chromium                    5,000        9,000        10,000        4,000
    Copper                     69.000TT     37,000       550,000tt     12,000
    Iron                   56,000,000   74,000,000    79,000,000   72,000,000

Organic compounds
 Priority pollutant
    Pyrene                        730         —
                                         148

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 Table A-20.—Analyses  of  substrate  samples  from Squaw Island,  site  203,  Buffalo,
             N.Y.  (continued)
             [Locations shown  in  fig. A-18.   Concentrations  are  in  ug/kg;  dashes
             indicate  that  constituent  or compound  was  not  found, LT  indicates  it
             was  found but  below  the quantifiable detection  limit,  blanks  indicate
             not  analyzed.]

                               Sample number  and depth  below land surface  (ft)
                                  5678
 First sampling (07-29-82)	(7.5)	(16.0)	(11.0)	(16.0)

 Organic compounds  (continued)

 Nonpriority pollutants
    5-Methyl nonane1             —           —             420
    2,2,5-Triraethyl-3,4-
      hexanedione1               —           —             500
    2H-pyran-2-one1              —           —             570
                                Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                              1                   2
Second sampling (05-18-83)	(12.0)	(14.0)	

Inorganic constituents

   Molecular sulfur1                         810                 270

Organic compounds

 Priority pollutants
   Benzene                                   —                    6.0
   Acenaphthene                                *                   *
   Fluoranthene                                *                   *
   Naphthalene                                 *                   *
   Bis(2-ethylhexl)  phthalate                —                    *
   Di-n-butyl  phthalate                      —                    *
   Di-n-octyl  phthalate                      —                    *
   Benzo(a)anthracene                           *                   *
   Benzo(a)pyrene                               *                   *
   Benzo(b)fluoranthene and
    benzo(k)fluoranthene                       *                   *
   Chrysene                                     *                   *
   Acenaphthalene                               *                   *
   Fluorene                                     *                   *
   Phenanthrene                                 *
   Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene                       *                   *
   Indenod ,2,3-cd)pyrene                       *                   *
   Pyrene                                       *                   *

Nonpriority pollutants
   Benzoic acid                              —                    *
   4-Methylphenol                              *                 —
   Dibenzofuran                                *                  *
   2-Methylnaphthalene                         *                  *
   3,4-Dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-                              *
    (4,18,12-trimethyl)-2H-l-
    benzopyren-1-ol1                          *                  —
   Unknown hydrocarbons1	*                   *
                                       149

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206.  TIFFT FARM (Literature review)                               NYSDEC  915072

General information and contaminant-migration potential.—The Tifft  Farm  site,
in the southwestern part of the city of Buffalo, was a disposal  site for
material hauled from Squaw Island (site 203, pi. 2) during  the mid-1970's.   The
site was designed with clay barrier walls and base and a  leachate-collection
system.  The site was capped with a clay seal and has been  incorporated  into a
nature preserve.  Subsurface investigations were not included as  a part  of  this
site-assessment program.
216.  ERIE BASIN MARINA (Literature review)                       NYSDEC  915013

General information and contaminant-migration potential.—The  Erie  Basin
Marina is on Lake Erie at the mouth of the Buffalo River  in  the  city  of
Buffalo.  Construction of the site began  in  1972  and was  completed  in the
mid-1970's.  The fill is reported to consist of 90 percent slag  from  a steel
corporation and 10 percent construction and  demolition  material  from  area
buildings that were being torn down.  The site is in direct  hydraulic contact
with the Buffalo River and Lake Erie; thus contaminant  migration would be
likely.  No hazardous waste is reported to be deposited at the site.   The  poten-
tial for contaminant migration from the site is indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The site is a manmade area built out  into the  water.
It consists of a slag and hard fill base  overlain by imported  soil  and
underlain by lake deposits.

Hydrologic information.—The fill material is in  direct contact  with  Lake
Erie; thus any ground water at the site would mix directly with  lake  water.
All surface runoff would also flow directly  into  the Buffalo River  or Lake
Erie.

Chemical information.—No evidence of hazardous waste was  found;  therefore,  no
water or soil analyses were made.
217.  DONNER HANNA COKE COMPANY (USGS  field  reconnaissance)         NYSDEC 915017

General information and contaminant-migration  potential.—The  Donner Hanna Coke
Company, in the southern part  of  the city  of Buffalo,  was a  disposal area for
ammonium sulfate and water-treatment-plant  solids.   The site is  now used for
coke storage.

     The potential for vertical migration  of contaminants is probably minimal
because an extensive clay  unit underlies  the site.   The geologic cores and
results of an  electromagnetic  survey indicate  the  area of fill to be larger than
visual inspection of the site  would indicate.   All  samples were  taken within the
disposal area;  thus, more  data would be  needed to  determine  the  potential for
horizontal migration offsite.  The potential is indeterminable at present.
                                       150

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Geologic information.—The U.S. Geological Survey drilled  four  test  borings  in
August  1982.Locations are  shown  in  fig. A-19; the  geologic  logs  are  as  follows:


     Boring no.    Depth (ft)                   Description

         1          0   -  4.0      Black  coke,  fill  material.
                   4.0 -  5.0      Clay,  dark  olive  green,  wet.
                   5.0 - 10.0      Clay,  tan  to yellowish,  dry,  tight,
                                   getting wet  at  about  R  ft and sandy.
                                   SAMPLE:  5  ft.

         2          0-3.5      Topsoil and  rubble,  debris.
                   3.5 -  6.0      Clay,  sandy, gray-green, "soupy",
                                   becomes drier and tighter at  4.0.
                                   SAMPLE:  3.5 ft.

         3          0-2.5      Topsoil and  coke  debris, black.
                   2.5 -  5.0      Asphaltic-looking, watery material
                                   with gravel.  Volatile  sensing meter
                                   reading of  20 (2.5 background) Meter
                                   setting of  9 - calibrated for benzene.
                                   smells less asphaltic than in first hole.
                   5.0  -   6.0    Clay,  gray,  green.
                                   SAMPLE:   3.5 ft.

         4          0   -   3.0    Coke bed  material, bricks, wood, etc.
                   3.0  -   5.0    Sand,  black, very coarse, damp.
                   5.0  -   6.0    Soupy, black material.   Sample would
                                   not burn.
                   6.0  -   6.5    Clay,  greenish, wetter than in other
                                   holes.
                                   SAMPLE:   5.5 ft.
 Hydrologic information.—The test borings indicate a zone of ground water at 4
 to 6 ft below land surface.  This ground-water zone may be perched, as suggested
 by the second well log.

 Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey collected a substrate sample
 from each test boring for cyanide, iron, and organic compound analyses; results
 are given in table A-21.  The samples revealed no cyanide but contained 21 orga-
 nic priority pollutants, 18 organic nonpriority pollutants, and some unknown
 hydrocarbons.

 Electromagnetic survey information.—The U.S. Geological Survey conducted an
 electromagnetic survey in November 1982; results are shown in figure A-20.  The
 line both begins and ends in a wetland.  The conductivity values recorded within
 the wetland, as well as those outside the wetland, show high readings of conduc-
 tivity that possibly indicate buried waste (fig. A-20).  The pattern of readings
 around the 420-ft mark would normally be considered evidence of buried metal but
 here may reflect remnants of a large coke pile that once occupied the area (fig.
 A-20).  (Coke, a form of carbon, has a conductivity similar to that of metal.)
                                       151

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          a
                           CONDUCTIVITY, IN MILLIMHOS PER METER
Ln
ro
                                                                                 i-j
                                                                                 

-------
Table A-21.—Analyses of substrate samples from Donner Hanna Coke, site 217,
             Buffalo, N.Y.
             [Locations shown in fig. A-19.  Concentrations are in ug/kg; dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT  indicates
             it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]

                               Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                  1234
First sampling (08-05-82)	(5.0)	(3.5)	(3.5)	(5.5)

Inorganic constituents

    Cyanide                     —           —            —           —
    Iron                 8,100,000    5,000,000     5,200,000     2,400,000
                            Sample number  (depths  are  same  as  in  first  sampling)
Second sampling (05-18-83)	1A	2A	3A	4A

Inorganic constituents

    Molecular sulfur1       27,000           680

Organic  compounds

  Priority pollutants
    Benzene                     14.0          18.5           37.8         51.8
    Ethylbenzene                —           —              3.8         —
    Toluene                      2.5          —             21.6
    2,4-Dimethylphenol          —            *             —           —
    Phenol                      —            *             —           —
    Acenaphthene                —            *              *            *
    Fluoranthene                 *            *              *            *
    1,2-Dichlorobenzene         —            *
    Naphthalene                  *            *              *            *
    Benzo(a)anthracene          —            *              *            *
    Benzo(a)pyrene              —            *              *            *
    Benzo(b)fluoranthene  and
       benzo(k)fluoranthene       *            *              *            *
  1  Tentative  identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
      Standards  (NBS)  library.   No external standard was available.
      Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based only on an
      internal standard.   GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by
      GC/MS analysts.
  *  Compounds  detected but not  quantified—Holding time exceeded before GC/MS
    acid- and  base-neutral extractable compounds were extracted.
                                       153

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Table A-21.—Analyses of substrate samples from Donner Hanna Coke, site 217,
             Buffalo, N.Y. (continued)
             [Locations shown in fig.  A-19.   Concentrations are in pg/kg;  dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT indicates
             it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]

                              Sample number (depths are same as first sampling)
Second sampling (continued)	1A	2A	3A	4A

Organic Compounds (continued)
Priority pollutants (continued)
   Chrysene
   Acenaphthylene
   Anthracene
   Benzo(ghi)perylene
   Fluorene
   Phenanthrene
   Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
   IndenoQ ,2,3-cd)pyrene
   Pyrene                       *

Nonpriority pollutants
   Acetone                    399
   Carbon disulfide            —
   2-Hexanone
   0-xylene                     3.7
   2-Methylphenol
   4-Methylphenol
   Dibenzofuran
   2-Methylnaphthalene
   gH-Carbazole1
   3-Methylphenanthrene1
   Hexadecanoic acid1           —
   1-MethyIpyrene1
   Trichlorofluoromethane1     —
   Methy1eyelohexane1
   4-Methyl-2-pentanone1
   2,6,6-Trimethyl-
      bicycloO.l.l)-
      hepten-2-ene1
   1,3- and 1,4-Dimethyl-
      benzene1
   l-Ethenyl-2-methylbenzene1
   Unknown hydrocarbons1
                                               *
                                               *
                                               *
                                               *
                                               *
                                               *
                                               *
                                               *
                                               *
                                             346
                                               5.7
                                               *
                                               *
                                               *
                                               *
                                               *
                                               *
                                               *
                                               *
 *
 *

 *
 *
 *

 *
 *
83.7
41.5
69.8
 *
 *
                                                             *
                                                             *
                                                             *
                                                             *
                                                             *
                                                             *
X
*
4.7
                                      154

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 219.  HARTWELL  STREET  LANDFILL  (Literature  review)                  NYSDEC 915030

 General information and  contaminant-migration  potential.—This  landfill,  at the
 west end of Hartwell Street  in  the  northern part  of  the  city of Buffalo,  con-
 tains earth fill, wood pallets,  pieces  of trucks, metal  products,  and construc-
 tion and demolition debris.  No  evidence of hazardous  waste  has been reported.
 The potential of contaminant migration  is indeterminable.

 Geologic information.—No data  are  available.  The overburden is  estimated to be
 60 to be 80 ft  thick.

 Hydrologic information.—No data are available.  No  surface  water  or wetlands
 are within a mile of the site.

 Chemical information.—NYSDEC, Region 9, inspected this site  on March  29,  1982,
 and collected water and soil samples from three locations—ponded  water on the
 east side of the landfill, ponded water on  the west  side near the  Atlas Steel
 Company property (see pi. 1), and from a sump  in the basement of a house  adja-
 cent to the landfill.   The latter two samples  contained lead  in excess of  USEPA
 drinking-water criteria and the New York State standard for  ground water  as well
 as detectable concentrations of chromium, copper, zinc, and  total  organic  car-
 bon.  The substrate samples contained relatively high amounts of copper,  nickel,
 and zinc,  and detectable amounts of chromium,  lead,  and silver.


 220.   WEST  SENECA TRANSFER STATION (USGS field reconnaissance)     NYSDEC  915039

 General  information and contaminant-migration potential.—The West Seneca
 Transfer Station site,  in the town of West  Seneca, was used  during 1930-70 for
 the disposal  of  municipal refuse.   The site  also  contained an incinerator  faci-
 lity,  which was  replaced  in 1970 by a solid  waste-transfer station that is still
 in operation.

     Although  the  site  is adjacent  to the Buffalo River,  the  potential for hori-
 zontal and  vertical migration could  not  be evaluated.  The potential for con-
 taminant migration  is indeterminable.

 Geologic information.—The  site  contains  about  20  ft  of fill  and refuse
 underlain by a layer of sand,  silt,  and  clay overlying  shale  bedrock.  The shale
 is  approximately 40 ft  below  land  surface.

     The U.S. Geological  Survey  drilled  four test borings  in  August 1982;  the
 locations are shown in  fig. A-21.  The geologic logs  are  on p. 156.

Hydrologic information.—Ground water was found between 6.5 and  11.5  ft below
 land surface.  The land surface  is approximately  590  ft above NGVD; thus  the
water-table altitude ranges from 580  to 585  ft  above  NGVD.

Chemical information.—The Geological Survey collected  a soil sample  from  each
test boring for arsenic, cadmium, chromium,   copper, iron,  lead,  mercury, nickel,
and organic compound analysis; results are shown in table A-22.  A  duplicate
sample was taken from boring 3.  The substrate  sample contained  elevated con-
centrations  of copper and lead.  Copper in sample 2 exceeded  heavy-metal con-
centrations  in soil samples from undisturbed  areas.


                                      155

-------
      Boring no.     Depth (ft)                   Description
         1           0    -   1.5      Dirt,  fill,  rocky.
                    1.5  -   6.5      Fill,  black,  smelly.
                    6.5  -  11.5      Fill,  black,  smelly,  wet.
                   11.5  -  16.5      Fill,  black,  wet,  smelly.
                   16.5  -  21.5      Gray  clay, wet,  gravel.
                                   SAMPLE:   wet  gray  clay  at  21.5  ft.

         2           0    -   1.5      Black  fill,  dirt and  rocks.
                    1.5  -   6.5      Black  fill,  fine,  green, wet.
                    6.5  -  11.5      Wet black fill,  dirt,  fine,  green.
                   11.5  -  16.5      Same  as  above, with gravel.
                   16.5  -  21.5      Wet gray  clay.
                                   SAMPLE:   21.5  ft.

                        -   1.5      Brown  dirt,  topsoil.
                     5  -   6.5      Brown  dirt,  loose  to  gray  clay, wet,
                                    black  to brown dirt.
                    6.5  -  11.5      Brown, sandy  dirt  with gravel.
                   11.5  -  16.5      Same as  above.
                                   SAMPLE:   16.5  ft.

                    0    -   1.5      Dirt,  fill, very rocky.
                    1.5  -   6.5      Gray clay to  brown wet sand.
                    6.5             Wet brown sand.
                                   SAMPLE:   6.5  ft.
0
1.
Table A-22.—Analyses of substrate samples from West Seneca Transfer  Station,
             Buffalo, N.Y., August 26,  1982.
             [Locations shown in fig. A-21.  Concentrations are  in  ug/kg;
             dashes indicate that constituent or compound was not found.)
»
Inorganic constituents
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Organic compounds
Sample
1
(21.5)

1,000
1,000
5,000
20,000
8,100,000 7
20,000
—
10,000
—
number and
2
(21.5)

1,000
1,000
5,000
Sl.OOOtt
,200,000
70,000
—
10,000
—
depth below
3
(16.5)

	
—
4,000
9,000
3,000,000 (1
10,000
—
—
—
land surface
(Split)

(--)
(-- )
(4,000)
(5,000)
,700,000) 1
(--)
(--)
(--)
(--)
(ft)
4
(6.5)

—
—
1,000
—
,200,000
—
—
—
—
tt Exceeds concentrations in samples taken from undisturbed soils in the
     Buffalo area.  Undisturbed soils were not analyzed for iron.
                                      156

-------
                             78° 47'42'
        42°
        52'
                       Buffalo
             Solid waste
             transfer station
                                X
                           • 2  »3
River
                                 Fence
 D
 n
                                       •4
  EXPLANATION
3 Test boring and
  substrate sample
                    Not to scale
           Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
             Figure  A-21.   Location of sampling  holes at West Seneca
                            Transfer Station, site  220,  West Seneca.
241.  TIMES BEACH CONTAINMENT SITE (USGS field reconnaissance)
                                  NYSDEC  915080
General information and  contaminant-migration potential.—This  site is a 46-acre
strip of land with a  1,600-ft  by 400-ft pond in the  city  of  Buffalo along Lake
Erie.  The site was used during 1971-76 for disposal  of dredge  spoils from the
Buffalo River, Buffalo Harbor,  and the Black Rock Canal (fig. A-22).  It was
abandoned in 1976 with 20 acres of open water left.   Approximately 550,000
yd3 of dredged material  was  deposited on the site.

     During 1983, the U.S. Geological Survey maintained a surface-water-stage
gaging station at the site and obtained 15-min interval stage  records for both
Lake Erie and the containment  pond.  Summaries of hourly  lake  stages were
obtained from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric  Agency and were plotted
against hourly values of pond  stage.  Results indicate  that,  in the absence of
major abrupt changes, the pond stage fluctuates with  the  lake  stage but with a
lag of about 1 hour.  The lake and pond stages fluctuated as much as 2.5 ft, but
normal daily fluctuations ranged from 0.3 to 0.4 ft.  Seasonal  fluctuations were
not greater than the  diurnal fluctuations.  At regular  6-hour  periods, the lake
stage rises faster and remains higher than the pond  stage, which causes inflow
                                       157

-------
to the pond.  When  the  lake stage falls, it recedes more  rapidly  than the pond
stage, which causes water  to flow from the pond to the  lake  for extended
periods.  Rates of  outflow from the pond are slower than  inflow rates;  the
average outflow rate  calculated by the U.S. Geological  Survey  was 2.5 Mgal/d.
The rate is seldom  less  than 1  Mgal/d and may exceed  10 Mgal/d.   Under low-wind
conditions, the diurnal  fluctuations alone could probahly cause a complete
exchange of pond water  every 2  weeks.

     The barrier does not  seem  to prevent water from  entering  or  leaving the
pond; thus any leachate  produced within the site would  readily enter Lake Erie
and Buffalo Harbor.   This  site  therefore has a major  potential for contaminant
migration.  Additional  water-quality monitoring would be  needed to define the
rate of contaminant migration.

Geologic information.—The dredged sediments on the area  consist  of sand, silt,
and clay.  The underlying  bedrock is Onondaga Limestone overlain  by natural lake
deposits of silt and  clay.

Hydrologic information.—The U.S. Geological Survey installed  three monitoring
wells in the area  in  1982  (fig. A-22).  The well data and geologic logs are
given on p. 159.

     Access to the  wells is obtained from Fuhrman Avenue  across  from fire
hydrant 6, 1.5 mi  south  of Coast Guard station entrance (fig.  A-22).

     The 12-ft well  is  150 ft from Fuhrman Boulevard; the R-ft well is 240 ft
from the 12-ft well;  and the 4-ft well is 180 ft from the 8-ft well.  All wells
emitted a strong petroleum odor, and an oily film was seen on  water surface in
each.
                                       78° 53'
  42°
  52'
  30'
                                               OOP s"os
                                               OO(
                                        Fire hydrant number Q
      Coast Guard
                                                    EXPLANATION
                                           )1  Monitoring well. Number is well depth,
                                               in feet below land surface
     Not to scale
     Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
       Figure  A-22.   Location of monitoring  wells at Times Beach
                      disposal site, site 241,  along Lake Erie, Buffalo.
                                       158

-------
     Well no.       Depth (ft)                  Description

        1          0-1.0     Organic muck.  Depth to water surface
                                  approximately 0.5 ft.
                   1    -  4.0     Sandy-silty loam.  Entire well was augered.

        2          0-8.0     Surface layer of organic muck.  Became
                                  sandier with depth.  Depth to water surface
                                  0.5 ft to 1 ft.  Entire well was augered.

        3          0-12.0     Surface layer of organic muck.  Became
                                  sandier with depth.  Well was augered to
                                  about 8 ft below land surface into sandy
                                  loam.  Because of slumping, well was driven
                                  the remaining 4 ft of depth.  Depth to water
                                  approximately 1 ft.  Light gray material at
                                  7 ft below land surface.

Chemical information.—In the summer of 1981, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
collected 16 sediment samples from the site and analyzed them for selected metals
and organic compounds; results are given in table A-23 and A-24, respectively.

     In January 1983, the U.S. Geological Survey collected samples from the
three monitoring wells and the containment pond for priority-pollutant analysis;
results are given in  table A-25.  The samples were from dredge  spoils and  there-
fore were not compared to State and Federal standards.  The samples contained  19
organic priority pollutants; benzene exceeded the New York State standard  in all
three wells.  Also 10 organic nonpriority pollutants and 5 organic compounds
potentially of natural origin were found.

 Table A-23.—Range and mean concentration of selected metals in 16 sediment
              samples from Times Beach containment site, site 241, Buffalo,  N.Y.1
              [Concentrations are in pg/kg.  Dashes indicate that values were
              not calculated.]
Method of extraction

Inorganic
constituents
Zinc
Cadmium
Copper
Iron
Manganese
Arsenic
Mercury
Nickel
Chromium
Lead

Mini-
mum
1,031,000
10,900
238,000
54,000
619,000
2,000
2,900
49,000
302,000
156,000
HNO^
Maxi-
mum
1,845,000
13,300
269,000
74,000
723,000
58,900
9,400
63,000
393,000
1,037,000


Mean
1,283,000
11,900
251,000
64,000
694,000
22,700
4,800
55,000
332,000
497,000

Mini-
mum
84,000
500
10,000
810
77,000
90
<50
4,200
350
82,000
DPTA
Maxi-
mum
202,000
3,000
33,000
1,070
114,000
290
—
7,000
470
421,000


Mean
150,000
1,760
21,400
940
91,000
170
—
5,300
400
191,000
  Data from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
                                      159

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 Table A-24-.—Analyses of 16 sediment  samples  from  Time  Beach  containment
              site, site 241, Buffalo, N.Y.1
              [Concentrations are  in pg/kg.]

Organic compounds
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
PCB (Aroclor 1242)
PCB (Aroclor 1254)
Aniline
1-amino/napthalene
N-benzyl-N-ethyl /aniline
4-(dimethyl/amino)benzophenone
4,4-methylene bis ,(N,N-dimethyl/aniline)
N, N, N' , N'-tetramethylbenzidine
p, p'-benzylidene bis (N,N-dimethyl/aniline)
benzo-(a)-pyrene
Chlordane
Toxaphene
Dimethyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Dibutyl phthalate
Benzylbutyl phthalate
Lindane
Heptaclor
Aldrin
p, p'-DDE
Dieldrin
Endrin
p, p'-DDD
p, p'-DDT
Methoxyclor
Mirex
Phenol
1 ,2-dichlorobenzene
1 ,3-dichlorobenzene
1 ,4-dichlorobenzene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo/ ( a) / anthracene
Chrysene
Mini-
mum

1,500
420
620
1,700
1,700
2,400
<100
540
<100
2,600
20,000
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<1,700
830
1,200
8,000
11,000
10,000
7,000
10,000
9,800
6,200
7,200
Maxi-
mum

5,500
1,000
2,500
2,800
4,100
7,000

1,400

4,700
96,000

















9,800
9,500
22,000
20,000
15,000
13,000
24,000
27,000
23,000
26,000
Mean

3,000
750
1 ,500
2,300
2,700
4,500

930

3,300
39,000

















3,500
3,QOO
12,000
14,000
13,000
9,700
17,000
17,000
12,000
14,000
1 Data from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
                                      160

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Table A-25.—Analyses of water samples from Times Beach  Containment  Site,  site 241,
             Buffalo, N.Y., January 11, 1983.
             [Locations shown in fig. A-22.  Concentrations  are  in ug/L;  dashes
             indicate that constituent or  compound was not  found, LT indicates
             was found but below the quantifiable detection  limit.]

PH
Specific conductance
Sample

1
(4)
6.8
1,750
number and depth
Ground water
2
(8)
7.1
2,100
below

3
(12)

land surface (ft)
Surface water
4
(0.5)
7.4
485
  (pmho/cm at 15°C)

Inorganic constituents

    Aluminum                     3,130         2,500       95,800         30,500
    Antimony                       24t           —           —             311
    Arsenic                        66t          106t          30            115t
    Barium                         187t          280t       2,320t           331t
    Beryllium                      —            —
    Boron                          —            —           —             —
    Cadmium                          7.8           5.8          17t           39t
    Chromium                       10 It           72t          496T          758t
    Cobalt                         —            —           220
    Copper                         102            64         l,250t          912
    Iron                       60,700t       30,900t       63,600t      130,000t
    Lead                           239t          195t        3,560t        2,020t
    Manganese                    3,020t          496t       19,200t        2,930t
    Mercury                          0.96t        —           —             —
    Nickel                         —            —           659           129
    Selenium                       —            —
    Silver
    Thallium
    Tin                            ~            —            —            66
    Vanadium                       —            —            —            —
    Zinc                       18,200t        4,100       761,000t        3,340

Organic compounds
Priority pollutants
Benzene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Acetone

370T
4,600
25
15
—

42t
360
18
—
—

35 1
270
46
7.7
LT

—
LT
—
—
—
 1 Tentative identification based on  comparison with  the  National  Bureau of
     Standards (NBS) library.  No external  standard was available.
     Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based  only  on an
     internal standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined  and  interpreted by
     GC/MS analysts.
 T Exceeds USEPA criterion for maximum permissible concentration in drinking
     water or New York State standard for maximum concentration in ground water.

                                         161

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Table A-25.—Analyses of water samples from Times Beach Containment Site, site 241,
             Buffalo, N.Y., January 11, 1983 (continued)
             [Locations shown in fig. A-22.  Concentrations are in yg/L; dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT indicates
             was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]

                                    Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                           Ground water             Surface water
1
(4)
2
(8)
3
(12)
4
(0.5)
Organic compounds (continued)

 Priority pollutants (continued)
    2-Chlorophenol                 39
    1,2-dichlorobenzene            —           —          230
    1,3-dichlorobenzene            —           —           22
    1,4-dichlorobenzene            49           —          120
    1,2,4-trichlorobenzene         —           —           77
    N-nitrosodiphenylamine         48           —           24           38
    Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate     30           —           81
    Aniline                        35
    4-Chloroaniline               430
    Naphthalene                    —           —          100
    Benzo(b)f luoranthene           —           —           —           LT
    Benzo(k)f luoranthene           —           —           —           LT
    Chrysene                       —           —           —           LT
    Anthracene                     —           —           —           LT

  Nonpriority pollutants
    0-xylene                       32           LT
    F luoranthene                   —           —           —            9.2
    Methylcyclopentane1           180           74           64
    Hexane                      2,500        1,100        1,000
    4-Ethyl-2-methylhexane1        —           40
    4-Methylbenzeneamine*          470           —           —
    2-Chlorobenzeneamine1          300           —           53
    3-Ethyl-S-methylpyridine1     110
    2,4-Dimethylheptane1           —           33
    1,3-Dimethylbenzene1           —            6.8
    3-Hexanone1                    —           —           35
    2-Hexanone1                    —           —           35
    3-Hexanol1                     ~           ~           23
    2-Hexanol1                     ~           ~           37
    1-Hexanol1                     —           —           12
                                        162

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249.  ALLIED CHEMICAL  (HURWITZ-RANNE) HOPKINS STREET
      (USGS field  reconnaissance)
NYSDEC 915120
General information  and  chemical-migration potential.—The Hopkins Street site,
in the southern  part of  the city of Buffalo, consists  of two parcels of land
having different  owners.   Site information indicates that  neither area was used
for disposal  or  lagooning,  but NYSDEC received  information that burial trenches
had been operated on both areas.

     Geologic data indicate a limited potential  for  contaminant migration from
the northern  property.   Vertical migration of contaminants on the southern prop-
erty is unlikely  because the site is underlain  by  clay.   Organic priority pollu-
tants and  a high  chromium concentration  suggest  a  possibility of contaminant
migration, but the potential is indeterminable  at  this time.

Geologic information.—The two sites consist of  3  to 4 ft  of fill and debris
underlain  by  extensive clay.  The U.S. Geological  Survey drilled six test holes
in August  1982 and another six in May 1983.  Locations are shown in figure A-23.
The geologic  logs are as follows:
                       78' 49'53'
                      I	1	
            42°
            50'
            09'
                               Manila  St
                             Northern disposal site
                                                  EXPLANATION
                                                  Test boring and
                                                  substrate sample
                               Southern disposal site
               Not to scale
              Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
         Figure A-23.  Location of sampling holes  at  Allied Chemical,
                       Hurwitz-Ranne Hopkins Street,  site  249,  Buffalo,
                                        163

-------
                                South Property
     Boring no.

        1
     Boring no.

        1
Depth (ft)

0   -  3.5
3.5 -  4.0
                   0
                   3.0 -
                   0

                   2.5 -
       3.0
       5.0
       2.5

       3.0
Depth (ft)
0
2.5 -
3.0 -
0
4.0 -
5.0 -
0
3.0 -
3.5 -
4.5 -
2.5
3.0
4.0
4.0
5.0
6.5
3.0
3.5
4.5
6.5
               Description

  Topsoil, dark brown.
  Clay, sand, with oily fluid.
  SAMPLE:  3.5 ft.

  Fill, slag.
  Clay, dark green to yellow, wet,
  SAMPLE:  4 ft.

  Topsoil, gray, gravel, turning.
  green at 1.0 ft.
  Clay, greenish, gray,
  SAMPLE:  2.5 ft.

North Property

               Description

  Topsoil and fill.
  Clay, green, tight.
  Clay, greenish-gray, wet.
  SAMPLE:  3 ft.

  Fill, debris.
  Clay, green, wet.
  Clay, yellow, wet.
  SAMPLE:  4 ft.

  Fill, debris, black.
  Hard zone, rock, and gravel.
  Clay, green, wet.
  Clay, yellow.
  SAMPLE:  3.5 ft.
Hydrologic information.—Test-boring data indicate a perched water table within
the clay unit 3 to 4 ft below land surface.  The altitude of this water table  is
approximately 580 ft above NOVD.

Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey collected a soil sample  from
each test boring for chromium, iron, and organic compound analysis; results  are
given in table A-26.  The samples contained 28 organic priority pollutants.  The
Erie County Department of Environment and Planning sampled the site; PCB's were
detected in surface soils.
                                      164

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 Table A-26.—Analyses of substrate samples from Allied Chemical (Hurwitz-Ranne),
              site 249, Hopkins Street, Buffalo, N.Y.
              [Locations shown in fig. A-23. Concentrations are in yg/kg; dashes
              indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT indicates
              it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]
                          Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                          	North Property	
 First sampling (8-11-82)
               1
             (3.0)
              2
            (4.0)
                  3
                (3.5)
 Inorganic constituents

     Chromium
     Iron
            30,000      180,000tt     340,000tt
        10,000,000   28,000,000    29,000,000

        	South Property	
                           1
                         (3.5)
                 Duplicate
                  sample
                    2
                  (4.0)
                         3
                       (2.5)
     Chromium
     Iron
    30,000       (20,000)      180,000tt     3,000
10,000,000   (10,000,000)   21,000,000   3,700,000
 Second  sampling  (5-18-83)   1A
                       Sample  number  (depths  are  same  as  in  first  sampling)
                            North Property      	South Property	
              2A
         3A
           1A
         2A
          3A
 Organic  compounds

  Priority  pollutants
     Benzene
     Methylene  chloride
     Toluene
     Heptachlor
     2,4-Dimethylphenol
     Phenol
     Pentachlorophenol
     Acenaphthene
     1,2-Diphenylhydrazine
       as azobenzene
     Fluoranthene
       LT
 19.1**
314**
 22.6
538
 LT
LT
3.4
 27.9
313
  2.8
10.6
                                  *
                                  *
            *  **
                                                    *  **
                                                    A
                                                     *
                                                     *
 1 Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
     Standards (NBS) library.  No external standard was available.
     Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based only on an
     internal standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by
     GC/MS analysts.
Tt Exceeds concentrations in samples from undisturbed soils in the Buffalo
     area.  Undisturbed soils were not analyzed for iron.
 * Compounds detected but not quantified—Holding time exceeded before GC/MS
     acid- and base-neutral extractable compounds were extracted.
** Surrogate recoveries were outside the acceptance limits.
                                      165

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Table A-26.—Analyses of substrate samples from Allied Chemical (Hurwitz-Ranne),
             site 249, Hopkins Street, Buffalo, N.Y. (continued)
             [Locations shown in fig. A-23. Concentrations are in yg/kg; dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT indicates
             it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]
Sample
North
Second sampling (continued) 1A
Organic compounds (continued)
Priority pollutants (continued)
Naphthalene *
Bis(2-ethylhexl)
phthalate *
Di-n-butyl/phthalate *
Diethyl/phthalate *
Di-n-octyl /phthalate
Benzo(a)anthracene *
Benzo(a)pyrene *
Benzo(b)f luoranthene and
benzo(k)f luoranthene *
Chrysene *
Acenaphthylene *
Anthracene —
Benzo(ghi)perylene *
Fluorene —
Phenanthrene
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene *
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene *
Pyrene —
N-nitrosodiphenyl-
amine —
Nonpriority pollutants
number (depths
Property
2A 3A


* *

— —
A AA A
	
	
* AA *
A AA A

* AA A
A AA A
A A
	 	
A AA A
A A
	 	
A AA A
A AA A
A AA A

	 	

are same as
South
1A


A

	
A
	
A
A
A

A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A

A

in first
Property
2A


A

A
A
	
	
A
A

A
A
	
	
A
	
	
	
A
A

	

sampling)

3A


A

	
A
A
	
A
A

A
A
	
	
	
	
	
	
A
A

	

Acetone -- 328** 696
2-Butanone —
Carbon disulfide —
0-xylene —
4-Methylphenol —
Dibenzofuran *
2-Methylnaphthalene *
2-Hexanone —
4-Methyl— 2-pentanone —
Tetrahydrofuran1
3,2,1-Bicyclooctane1
2-Methylphenol —
Cis-octahydropentelene1 —
Cis-1 ,2-dimethylcyclo-
hexane —
Ethylcyclohexane1 —
2,6,6-Trimethyl-(3.1.1)
bicyclo-hept-2-ene1
165
55.5** 100
31.2**
—
A A
A A
	 	
	 	
A A
A 	
	 	
A 	

A 	
A 	

*
	
13.4
—
A
A
A
	
	
__
	
A
	

	
	

	
	
121
—
A
A
A
A
A
A
	
	
	

__
	

	
	
	
	
	
A
A
A
A
	
	
	
	

	
	

A
                                       166

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Table A-26.—Analyses of substrate samples from Allied Chemical  (Hurwitz-Ranne),
             site 249, Hopkins Street, Buffalo, N.Y. (continued)
             [Locations shown in fig. A-23. Concentrations are  in ug/kg;  dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT  indicates
             it was  found hut below  the quantifiable detection  limit.1
Sample number (depths
North Property
Second sampling (continued) 1A 2A 3A
are same as in first sampling)
South Property
1A 2A

3A
Organic compounds (continued)

 Nonpriority pollutants (continued)
    6,6-Dimethyl-2-
      methylene-bicyclo-
      (3.1.0-heptane1
    1, 2,3-Trimethycyclo-
      hexane                —     '
    2-Methylnaphthalenel    —    -•
    1,8-Dimethyl-
      naphthalene1
    Carbazole1              —
    3-Methylphenanthrene1
    9-Methylphenanthrene1   —
    2-Phenylnaphthalene1    —    -
    l-Methylpyrenel
    7-Methyl-benzo(a)-
      anthracene1           —    -•
*
*
*
*
*
*
253.  SMALL  BOAT HARBOR  CONTAINMENT  SITE  (USOS  field  reconnaissance)

General  information  and contaminant-migration  potential.—This site  lies along
Lake  Erie south of  the  Small  Boat Harbor in the  city of Buffalo and  is operated
by  the Niagara Frontier Transportation  Authority.  The site was used for dispo-
sal of dredge spoils  from  the Buffalo  River, Buffalo Harbor,  and the Black Rock
Canal  (fig.  A-24).   This  site was  the  first of  three containment sites
constructed  and was  a prototype for other containment sites—Times Beach (site
241)  and Buffalo Harbor (site 254).

      If  the  barrier  is  similar to  the  one at the Times Beach  containment site
(site 241),  it would  not prevent water  from entering or leaving the  site, and
any leachate produced within  the site  would readily  enter Buffalo Harbor.
Therefore,  this site  has potential  for  contaminant migration.  Additional water-
quality  monitoring  would be needed  to  define the rate of  contaminant migration.

Geologic information.—The dredged  sediments on  the  area  consist of  sand, silt,
and clay.   The underlying  bedrock  is Onondaga  Limestone overlain by  natural lake
deposits of  silt and  clay.

Hydrologic  information.—The  U.S. Geological Survey  installed three  monitoring
wells  in the area in  1982. The well data and  geologic logs are as follows:
                                       167

-------
     Well no.       Depth _(_f_tj_                   Description

        1           0-4.0     Organic  clays.   Depth to water surface
                                   less  than  0.5 ft.   Sandier at depth.  Entire
                                   well  was augered.

        2           0-8.0     Organic  clays and  fine silts.  Became sandier
                                   with  depth.   Coarse, granular material  at
                                   about 3.5  ft.  Depth to water surface about
                                   5 ft  (sandy  loam).  Entire well was  augered.

        3           0-12.0     Organic  clays and  fine silts through  entire
                                   depth.   Well approximately 2 ft below lake
                                   level, however, well yielded little water.
                                   Entire well  was augered.

Well 1 is in  the  northwest corner of the site, approximately 150 ft  south of
the northern  dike and 100  ft east of western dike.  Well 2 is in the northeast
corner of the site, 50 ft  south of the  billboard and 170 ft west of  the road.
Well 3 is in  the  east-central part of the  site, 6 ft south of the double
billboard and 50  ft west of the road.

     All wells  emitted a strong petroleum  odor, and  an oily film was seen on
water surface in  each.  Vegetation around  well 1 was dying.

Chemical information. — In  January 1983, the  U.S. Geological Survey  collected
samples from  the  three monitoring wells and  the containment pond for USEPA
priority-pollutant analysis; results are given in table A-27.  These samples
are dredge  spoils and therefore were not compared to State and Federal  criteria,
The samples also  contained 16 organic nonpriority pollutants and two organic
compounds potentially of natural origin.
                                       78° 51 '50'
   42°
   50'
   45'
             Small boat harbor
                                 Single billboard
             	I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I i  l\l i | | | |
                                \   Fuhrman   Blvd   /
                                                     /-
                                                        Double billboard
      ™^
           01
02        ^^
  ^^\ ^ ~  ">" •»
 /-               S
   f C  Wooded area  I  ^
                    EXPLANATION
           Q1  Monitoring well. Number is well depth,
               in feet below land surface
       Not to scale
     Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
      Figure A-24.  Location  of monitoring wells at Small  Boat Harbor
                    Containment Site,  site 253 f along Lake Erie,  Buffalo.
                                        168

-------
Table A-27.--Analyses of water samples from Small Boat Harbor Containment Site,
             site 253, Buffalo, N.Y., January 11, 1983.
             [Locations shown in fig. A-24.  Concentrations are in pg/L; dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT indicates
             it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]
Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)

PH
Specific conductance (umho/cm)

1
(4)
6.9
3,200
Ground water
2 3
(8) (12)
6.9
2,900
Surface water
4
(0.5)
7.4
400
Inorganic constituents

  Priority pollutants
    Aluminum
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Barium
    Beryllium
    Boron
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Cobalt
    Copper
    Iron
    Lead
    Manganese
    Mercury
    Nickel
    Selenium
    Silver
    Thallium
    Tin
    Vanadium
    Zinc

Organic compounds

  Priority pollutants
    Benzene
    Chlorobenzene
    Toluene
	Ethylbenzene
 6,320
    21t
    83t
   268t
    14t
   2381

   214
79,800t
   89 31
 3.430T

    84
    48

12,500t
    19t
 2,200
    LT
 2,470

    21t
   I48t

   374
     3.4
    30
12,400t
    441
 2,220t
  2,280

     28t
    143t
     32t
     99t

     69
116,000t
    135t
  4,630t
      0.90t
     59
234
4Q7t
 2,810
    LTt
    14
 18,lOOt
    46t
   290

    11
 14
  1  Tentative  identification  based  on comparison with the National Bureau of
      Standards  (NBS)  library.   No  external standard was available.  Concen-
      tration  reported is semiquantitative and is based only on an internal
      standard.   GC/MS spectra  were examined and interpreted by GC/MS analysts,
  t  Exceeds  USEPA criterion for maximum permissible concentration in drinking
      water  or the New York State standard for maximum concentration in ground
      water.
                                          169

-------
Table A-27.—Analyses of water samples from Small Boat Harbor  Containment  Site,
             site 253, Buffalo, N.Y., January  11, 1983 (continued)
             [Locations shown in fig. A-24.  Concentrations  are  in yg/L; dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT  indicates
             it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]
Sample number
Ground water Surface water
1
234
Organic compounds (continued)

  Priority pollutants (continued)
    1,3-dichlorobenzene            LT           —            62
    N-nitrosodiphenylamine         46t          —            25t
    1,4-dichlorobenzene            —           26            —
    Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate    —           LT            LT
    Di-n-octyl phthalate           —           —            —             LT

 Nonpriority pollutants
    0-xylene                       LT           —            18
    2-Methylbutane1                  2.8
    Methylcyclopentane1            15           —            15
    Hexane1                        41           —            —
    1,3-Dimethyl-cis-
      cyclopentane1                  7.4         —
    1,1,3-Trimethylcyclo-
      pentane1                       8.4         —
    2-Chlorobenzeneamine1          10           —            —             —
    2,4-Dimethylheptane1           —           37             8.0
    3,5-Diroethylheptane1           —           38             9.8
    Cyclohexane1                   —           —             8.3       1,600
    Methylcyclohexane1             —           —            41
    1-Nonanol1                     —           —             9.0
    l-Chloro-2-methylbenzene1      —           —            13
    2-Chlorobenzeneamlne1          —           —            21             —
    4-Fluorobenzeneamine1          —           —            —             32
  Compounds potentially  of  natural  origin
    Tin H£»P ^ITI (*                        ——
                                                 —           18            —
	Eicosane1	—	—	LI	'—


254.  BUFFALO HARBOR  CONTAINMENT  SITE  (USGS field reconnaissance)

General  information and  contaminant-migration potential.—This site, on Lake
Erie near  the Bethlehem  Steel  Plant  in the city of Lackawanna, at  the intersec-
tion of  Route 5  and Ridge  Road (pi.  1),  was used for disposal of dredge spoils
from the Buffalo River,  Buffalo Harbor,  and the Black Rock Canal (fig. A-25).

    If  the barrier here  is similar  to  that at Times Beach containment site (site
241), it would not prevent water  from  entering or leaving the site, and any
leachate produced within the site would  readily enter Lake Erie and the Buffalo
                                          170

-------
Harbor waters.   Therefore,  this site has  a major  potential for contaminant
migration.  Additional  monitoring would he needed to define the rate of  con-
taminant migration.

Geologic information.—The dredged sediments  on  the area consist of sand,  silt,
and clay.   The  underlying bedrock is Onondaga Limestone overlain by natural  lake
deposits of silt and clay.

Hydrologic  information.—The U.S. Geological  Survey installed three monitoring
wells in the  area in 1982 (fig. A-25);  the well  data and geologic  logs  are  given
on p. 172.  The wells  form an east-west line,  approximately 100 ft south of  the
dredge pipe on  the east side of the containment  area.

Chemical information.—In January 1983, the U.S.  Geological Survey sampled  the
three monitoring wells  and the containment pond  for USEPA priority pollutant
analysis; results are  given in table A-28.  The  samples are dredge spoils  and
therefore were  not compared to State and  Federal  criteria.  The samples  con-
tained eight  organic priority pollutants, several organic nonpriority pollu-
tants, and  one  organic  compound that may  be of natural origin.
                                              78° 52'05'
                                             	1	
                                                        Boat slip
                    Light house
               Dredge pipe.
    42°
    49'
    45'
       Not to scale
                                    EXPLANATION
                             Monitoring well. Number is well depth,
                              in feet below land surface
      Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
      Figure A-25,
Location of monitoring wells at Buffalo Harbor
Containment Site,  site 254,  on Lake Erie,  Lackawanna.
                                           171

-------
     Well no.       Depth (ft)                  Description

        1          0   -  0.5     Fine sand.  Land surface probably less than
                                  2 ft above pond surface.
                   0.5 -  4.0     Depth to water surface approximately 1.5 ft
                                  below land surface.  Entire well augered.

        2          0   -  0.5     Fine sand.  Land surface less than 4 ft above
                                  pond level.
                   0.5 -  8.0     Sandy loam.  Water surface at 2.5-3.5 ft
                                  below land surface.  Augered entire well;
                                  some slumping.

        3          0-0.5     Fine sand.
                   0.5 -  6.5     Sandy loam.
                   6.5 -  8.0     Hard pack (possibly cemented) black, granular
                                  material much like fly ash.  Saturated at
                                  about 8 ft.  Well was augered to 8 ft, drove
                                  pipe to 12 ft at about 1 ft/hr.
Table A-28.—Analyses of water samples from the Buffalo Harbor Containment  Site,
             site 254, Lackawanna, N.Y., January 10, 1983.
             [Locations shown in fig. A-25.  Concentrations are in Mg/L; dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT indicates
             it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]
Sample number and depth

PH
Specific conductance (yumho/cm)
Inorganic constituents
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium

1
(12)
11.5
3,000

5,630
—
—
270t
—
—
—
Ground water
2
(8)
6.2
1,500

4,050
—
15t
219t
—
—
6.7
below land surface (ft)
Surface water
3
(4)
6.8
1,030

5,410
—
36 1
212t
—
—
12T
4
(0.5)
4.3
280

1,680
—
—
—
—
169
—
   Tentative identification based on comparison with  the National Bureau  of
     Standards (NBS) library.  No external standard was available.
     Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based  only on  an
     internal standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined  and interpreted  by
     GC/MS analysts.
 t Exceeds USEPA criterion for maximum permissible concentration in
     drinking water or the New York State standard for maximum  concentration
     in drinking water.
                                          172

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 Table A-28.—Analyses  of water samples  from the  Buffalo Harbor Containment Site,
              site  254,  Lackawanna,  N.Y.,  January 10,  1983  (continued)
              [Locations shown  in  fig. A-25.   Concentrations  are in Mg/L;  dashes
              indicate  that  constituent  or compound was  not  found,  LT  indicates
              it  was  found but  below the quantifiable  detection limit.]

                                                    Sample  number
                                          Ground water              Surface  water
 Inorganic  constituents  (continued)

    Chromium                      216T         40            51t           19
    Cobalt
    Copper                         —          —            62
    Iron                       39,600t     57,200t       82,500t       7,080t
    Lead                          128T        120T          125T           72t
    Manganese                   5,240t      2,550t        7,540t         311T
    Mercury
    Nickel
    Selenium
    Silver
    Thallium
    Tin                            24          —            52
    Vanadium
    Zinc                        1,200      14,7001       27,900t         124

Organic Compounds

  Priority pollutants
    Benzene                        37t        120t          610T
    Chlorobenzene                  11          67            250
    Toluene                         8.3
    Fluoranthene                   24t
    Naphthalene                    110
    Bis(2-ethylhexyl)  phthalate    22         LT             38
    Acenaphthylene                 21t
    Phenanthrene                  24t

 Nonpriority pollutants
    o-Xylene                       —         LT             5.6
    Methylcyclopentane1            200         —             31
    3-Methylpentane1               28
    Hexane*                        580         —            100
    4-Methylbenzeneamine1          16
    2-Naphthaleneamine1            17         —            —
    2,4-Dimethylheptane1           —         21
    4-Ethyl-2-methylhexane1        —           9.6
    3,5-Dimethylheptane1           —          22
    1,3-Dimethylbenzene1           —           5.0
    1,2-Dimethylbenzene1           —          —            —            5.1
    l-(2-Butoxyethoxy)-ethanol1    —         230
                                      173

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174

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                               APPENDIX B
                  TONAWANDA AREA SITE DESCRIPTIONS
    A total  of  60  waste-disposal  sites in the Tonawanda area were investigated
to determine the  potential  for  contaminant migration.  Twenty-nine were sampled
by the U.S.  Geological  Survey during  its 1982 test-drilling and sampling
program;  the remaining  31 were  evaluated through a literature review.

    Of the 60 sites  investigated,  20  were designated as having a major potential
for contaminant migration;  the  remaining 40 were designated as having an inde-
terminable potential.

    The following section describes  the location, past and current disposal
practices, and  potential  for contaminant migration at the 33 sites; it also
includes  the geologic,  hydrologic, and chemical data.  Site locations are shown
on plate  2.
                                      175

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6.  BUFFALO PUMPS DIVISION (USGS reconnaissance)                 NYSDEC  932044

General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Buffalo  Pumps
Division site, in the City of North Tonawanda, was used  to dispose  of  an
unknown quantity of boiler ash.  The site was closed in  1971  and has since
been partly covered with grass.

    Heavy-metals concentrations in a sediment sample from a wetland at the
west end of the property were higher than in water samples from near the
refuse area.  Additional data would be needed to determine whether  migration
is taking place; thus, the potential for contaminant migration is indeter-
minable.
Geologic information.—The site consists of glacial  lacustrine  clay  overlying
bedrock of Camillus Shale.  The U.S. Geological Survey drilled  on  the  site  in
1982; locations are shown in figure B-l.  The geologic logs are  as follows:


    Boring no.   Depth (ft)     	Description	

       1          0-6.2    Fill.
                  6.2 - 11.2    Clay, tan, wet.
                 11.2 - 27.0    Same, but wetter.
                 27.0 - 28.5    Clay, sandy, pinkish.
                 28.5 - 30.0    Bedrock.
                                SAMPLE:  5-7 ft.

       2          0-1.0    Topsoil.
                  1.0 -  3.0    Clay, gray.
                  3.0 -  5.0    Sand, clayey, dark,  very  wet.
                  5.0 -  5.5    Clay, dry.
                  5.5 -  6.2    Sand, dry, tight.
                                SAMPLE:  3 - 5 ft.
Hydrologic information.—Water levels  in  the  two wells  indicated  ground  water
to be 3 to 5 ft below land surface.  The  direction  of ground-water  flow
appeared to be toward the Niagara River.


Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological  Survey collected  water samples  from
the two wells and a sediment sample  from  the  swamp  on the  west  side of  the
property (fig. B-l) for chromium, copper, iron, and  organic-compound analyses.
Results are given in table B-l.  No  organic compounds were found; however, the
sediment sample was analyzed at a detection limit of mg/kg instead  of ug/kg.
The concentrations of chromium, copper, and iron in the water samples exceeded
USEPA criteria for drinking water and  the New York  State ground-water stan-
dards.  The substrate sample had a higher copper concentration  than soil
samples from undisturbed areas.
                                      176

-------
Table B-l.—Analyses  of ground-water and  sediment  samples from Buffalo  Pumps
            Division,  site f>,  North Tonawanda,  N.Y.,  June 21, 1982.
            [Locations shown in fig. B-l.   Concentrations are in [Jg/L and
            Ug/kg  respectively; dashes  indicate that  compound was  not found.]
Sample number

Inorganic constituents
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Organic compounds

Ground
1
150T
3,400t
260,000!
—
water
2
40
300
51 ,000t
—
Surface-water sediment
3
l,500,000tt
10,000,000
***
 T Exceeds  USF.PA criterion for maximum  permissible concentration  in  drinking
     water  or  NYS standard for maximum  concentration in ground water.
tt Exceeds  concentrations in samples  from  undisturbed soils in the  Tonawanda
     area.   Undisturbed soils not  analyzed for iron.
*** Analyzed at  detection limit above  that required by this study.
     No  compounds detected.
                          78° 53'10'
      43°
      02'
      46"
                                                             EXPLANATION
                                                          ^  Monitoring well and
                                                              water sample
                                                          o
                                                          °  Substrate sample
                                                                  Not to scale
         Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
         Figure B-l.   Location of sampling holes  and monitoring well  at
                       Buffalo Pumps Division,  site 6,  North Tonawanda.
                                        177

-------
  24-37.  OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL-DUREZ DIVISION (Literature  review)    NYSDEC 932018

  General information and chemical-migration potential.—The  Occidental
  Chemical-Durez Division, in the city of North  Tonawanda,  has  14  separate
  disposal areas, which were operated during 1930-73.  Sites  36  and 37  (fig.
  B-2) have been properly capped with clay  and are  being  monitored by the
  present owner.  The buried materials consist of 250  tons  of phenol tar (some
  may contain chlorobenzenes), 28,000 tons  of phenol-bearing  material,  and 25
  tons of calcium-aluminum oxide and calcium phosphate.   The  site  has been under
  investigation since 1979.  A second investigation that  was  initiated  in
  response to the detection of dioxin was completed in November  1982.  In May
  1983, 32 additional piezometers were installed, bringing  the  total number of
  piezometers to more than RO.  The site owner did  additional soil and  ground-
  water sampling in July 1983.  In addition, New York  State has  begun a program
  to delineate the direction of ground-water flow and  chemical migration.

      The potential for contaminant migration within the  permeable fill and
  fluvial sand and gravel is major.  Analyses of the monitoring-well samples
  indicate that some migration has taken place,  although  no chlorinated organic
  contaminants had reached bedrock as of 1980.   This would  be expected  because
                                    78° 51'33'









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the bedrock is overlain by silt and  clay.   Offsite  migration  within ground
water has been detected in the southwest corner  of  the  site north of Walck
Road, in utility beddings along Walck  Road,  and  perhaps along Wilson Avenue
and eastward past the railroad grade (fig.  B-2).

    Additional chemical data, given  in the  August  1982  report by Occidental
Chemical-Durez, indicate  the presence  of chemical  constituents in the bedrock
wells on site.  This may  have resulted from vertical  migration through several
old bedrock wells on site that were  not properly plugged until 1981 or 1982.

Geologic information.—The site consists of fill overlying glaciolacustrine
silt and clay  units that  are underlain in  places by till.  These units overlie
bedrock of Camillus Shale.  A geologic column is shown  in figure B-3.

    The present owner installed 23  shallow wells during 1979-80 to monitor
water levels and collect  water  samples (fig. R-2).   The geologic logs and
well-construction specifications  are given in Recra Research, Inc.  (1980).

Hydrologic information.—The bedrock (Camillus Shale) is estimated to have a
transmissivity value ranging from 7,000 to 80,000 (gal/d)/ft.  This wide  range
reflects the varying amount of  dissolution cavities,  joints,  and bedding
PERIOD




>-
DC
 —;•.;•;
ii-sj^iiiis

-_-_ _-_-_-_-_
S-Vvrtf
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••i)0iij>if:
= 	 : 	 L_^_
- - " • -
•<*2>.v<;
$!g
±5tc
5^
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THICKNESS,
IN FEET
0-5



0-5

16-23
0-7
500-700*


CHARACTER
Gravel, fly ash, coal dust,
industrial waste, clean

Brown clayey si Its to fine

Medi um to coarse sands
occasionally grading to
gravel
Purple brown clay; verystiff
at top becoming very soft at
bottomired, silty laminations
i ncrease wi th depth
Brown si Ity gravelly sand
with cobbles
Gray-green shale to
carbonate mudstone, highly
fractured, numerous veins
and bod i es of gypsum


  Figure B-3.
                           * Drill ing penetrated upper 60 feet

General geolog-La  column  of  formations underlying Occidental
Chemical-Durez Division,  sites 24 through 37,  North Tonatfanda.
(Modified from Recra Research, Inc.,  1980.)
                       179

-------
planes  within the formation.  Regionally, under  nonpmping conditions, ground
water in the Camillus  Shale moves west and south to discharge  into Tonawanda
Creek and Niagara River  (Recra Research, Inc.,  1980).

    The unconsolidated depoists contain a water  table, which suggests
generally southward  flow from most  of  the site,  except where ground-water
gradients on the northeast side indicate northeastward flow.   These flow
patterns are generally restricted to  the more  permeahle material  overlying
the silt and clay.   The  permeability  of the silt and clay is estimated to be
10~6 cm/s.
             Table B-2 .--Water-table  altitudes in wells at  Occidental Chemical-r»ureZ,
                       sites 24-37, North Tonawanda, N.Y., 19801
                       [All altitudes are in reference to site benchmark 2
                       at 100.08 ft above NRVD.  Locations are shown in
                       fig. B-2. Blank space indicates no measurement made.]
Well
number2
P-l
P-2
P-3
P-4
P-5
P-6
P-7
P-8
P-9
P-10
P-ll
P-l 2
P-l 3
P-14
P-15
P-16
P-17
P-18
P-19
P-20
P-21
P-22
P-2 3
P-24
P-25
P-26
P-27
P-28
P-29
P-30
W-7
W-12
W-16
W-17
Reference-
point
altitude
(ft)
100.58
100.32
100.68
100.20
100.58
99.73
99.66
102.95
102.03
102.60
103.17
103.56
101. 94
103.11
101.86
100.10
100.44
100.81
102.72
101.60
100.53
100.21
101.49
100.12
100.64
101.72
100.93
100.92
101.83
102.11
103.34
101.63
102.85
100.23
Land-
surface
altitude
(ft)
98.2
98.3
98.7
98.5
98.7
97.9
98.0
101.0
99.8
101.7
101.4
101.2
99.9
101.0
99.3
98.1
98.4
99.1
101.2
99.8
98.3
97.9
98.7
98.3
98.2
100.5
98.7
99.2
98.4
100.1
100.0
98.6
97.9
98.1
Date of measurement
1-10-80
95.83
93.24
96.43
93.12
94.66
92.73
93.83
94.95
95.86
95.43
99.55
97.19
97.19
97.44
97.11
97.10
97.61
97.14
93.76
93.93
96.74
96.88
96.91
95.91
96.22
96.64
96.93
96.75
96.66
97.19




1-15-80
96.08
93.49
96.76
93.17
95.00
92.77
92.99
95.12
96.20
96.02
99.75
97.23
97.77
98.07
97.69
97.35
98.11
97.19
94.10
94.18
97.53
97.21
97.24
96.70
96.93
96.97
98.18
98.09
97.83
97.61




2-5-80
95.50
92.65
96.22
93.12
94.58
92.65
93.58
94.49
95.78
95.18
99.71
97.14
96.61
97.11
96.78
97.27
97.27
97.14
93.39
Q3.68
96.36
96.59
96.45
95.10
95.85
96.47
96.26
96.21
96.37
96.61
88.76
88.55
88.85
88.48
4-3-80
96.33
94.20
97.18
93.28
95.67
93.34
94.37
95.78
96.70
96.89
99.80
96.89
98.19
18.69
98.19
97.52
98.02
97.48
95.10
94.77
97.45
97.38
97.32
97.75
97.52
97.26
98.88
98.21
97.91
97.61
88.34
88.59
88.35
88.40
6-18-80
95.75
93.53
96.81
93.12
94.83

93.99
95.03

95.23
99.46
97.27
96.94
97.53
97.03
96.27
96.19

93.80


96.09

95.41
95.31
96.89

96.05


88.01
87.92
87.52
88.31
           Data from Recra Research, Inc. (1980)
           P - shallow well, W = bedrock well
                                        180

-------
Chemica1  information.—Recra  Research  sampled several of the  monitoring  wells
for selected organic compounds;  results  are given  in table B-3.   Water  from
the shallow wells contained a substantial amount of contamination from  the
overburden; the  bedrock wells did not  indicate  chlorinated organic compounds
in  1980.

Source of data.—Recra Research, Inc., 1980, Hydrogeologic investigation,
Durez  Division,  Hooker Chemicals and Plastics Corporation, Walck Road,  North
Tonawanda, Niagara  County,  New York:   City of Buffalo, 74 p., 10 figs.,
11  append.
        Table B-3.—Analyses of samples from monitoring wells at Occidental Chemical-Durez, sites 24-37,
                North Tonawanda, N.Y., 19801
                [Well locations are shown in fig, B-2.  Concentrations are in pg/L. Dashes
                indicate not analyzed, ND indicates not detected.]


Constituent
pH (Field)
pH (Lab)
Specific conductance (timho/cm)
Total recoverable phenolic*
Toluene
Monochloroenzene
0-dichlorobenzene
M-dichlorobenzene
P-dichlorobenzene
1 ,2,3-trichlorobenzene
1 ,2,4-trichlorobenzene
1,3, 5-tr ichlorobenzene
Constituent
pH (Field)
pH (Lab)
Specific conductance (pmho/cm)
Total recoverable phenolica
Toluene
Monochloroenzene
0-dich lorobenzene
M-dichlorobenzene
P-dichlorobenzene
1 ,2, 3- t rich lorobenzene
1 ,2,4-trichlorobenzene
1,3, 5-trichlorobenzene
Constituent
pH (Field)
pH (Lab)
Specific conductance (pmho/cm)
Total recoverable phenolics
Toluene
Monochloroenzene
0-dichlorobenzene
M-dichlorobenzene
P-dichlorobenzene
1 ,2,3-trichlorobenzene
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
1 ,3,5-trichlorobenzene

P-l
4-4-80
	
8.90
1,290
4.3
80
ND
190
32
170
ND
ND
ND
P-5
4-2-80
	
12.46
8,410
0.34
98
—
2,300
330
1,500
ND
ND
ND
P-ll
4-1-80
	
8.27
679
64
480
ND
17
16
25
ND
ND
ND

P-l
6-18-80
	
7.68
970
2.3
290
85
160
62
280
ND
ND
23
P-5
6-18-80
	
12.37
7,450
0.62
89
4,000
430
52
350
ND
20
ND
P-ll
6-17-80
6.60
7.87
452
190
1,100
460
76
ND
26
ND
ND
ND
Well numbe
P-2
4-4-80
	
—
—
0.023
ND
ND
22
ND
29
ND
ND
ND
P-7
4-4-80
	
7.61
3,640
190
190
ND
1,000
200
1,300
33
34
ND
P-12
4-2-80
	
7.32
2,900
1.1
180
ND
54
21
170
ND
ND
ND
:r and date i
P-2
6-17-80
	
7.44
2,080
0.015
ND
ND
13
ND
18
ND
ND
ND
P-7
6-17-80
7.45
7.81
2,250
44
680
12,000
3.200
1,100
5,500
ND
910
NO
P-12
6-18-80
6.75
7.49
1,810
29
ND
1,300
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
sampled (P
P-3
4-4-80
„
9.80
2,010
0.49
ND
-- 1,
2,600
780
2,200
ND
ND
ND
P-8
4-4-80
._
—
—
0.024
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
P-13
4-2-80

7.47
1,180
0.021
ND
ND
ND
29
18
ND
ND
ND
• shallow w<
P-3
6-17-80
„
7.99
2,810
0.71
ND
400,000
1,500
350
1,800
ND
ND
ND
P-9
4-1-80
..
6.91
5,100
0.21
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
P-14
4-2-80
..
12.34
5,620
0.098
NO
ND
ND
ND
12
ND
ND
ND
ill)
P-4
4-2-80
_
7.02
1,310
0.22
ND
ND
2,300
770
1,400
370
680
27
P-10
4-4-80

7.68
936
0.022
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
P-14
6-18-80
11.90
12.04
3,720
0.058
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

P-4
6-18-80
6.75
7.76
1,380
0.025
ND
940
3,200
2,000
5,000
200
1,100
46
P-10
6-17-80
6.90
7.68
870
0.018
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
P-l 5
4-2-80

7.69
4,800
0.13
ND
ND
58
25
25
ND
ND
ND
                                         181

-------
           Table B-3.—Analyses of samples from monitoring wells at Occidental Chemical-Duress, sites 24-37,
                       North Tonawanda, N.Y., 1980' (continued)
Well number and date sampled (P * shallow well; W

Constituent
pH (Field)
pH (Lab)
Specific conductance (pmho/cm)
Total recoverable phenolics
Toluene
Monochloroenzene
0-dich lorobenzene
M-dich lorobenzene
P-dichlorobenzene
1 , 2 , 3- t rich lorobenzene
1 ,2 ,4-trichlorobenzene
1 ,3,5-trichlorobetizene
Constituent
pH (Field)
pH (Lab)
Specific conductance (umho/cm)
Total recoverable phenolics
Toluene
Monochloroenzene
0-dichlorobenzene
M-dich lorobenzene
P-dichlorobenzene
1,2, 3- t rich lorobenzene
1 ,2,4-trichlorobenzene
1 , 3, 5- 1 rich lorobenzene
Constituent
pH (Field)
pH (Lab)
Specific conductance (umno/cm)
Toluene
Monochloroenzene
0-dichlorobenzene
M-dichlorobenzene
P-dichlorobenzene
1,2, 3- t rich lorobenzene
1 ,2,4-trichlorobenzene
1 ,3,5-trichlorobenzene
Constituent
pH (Field)
pH (Lab)
Specific conductance (pmho/cm)
Total recoverable phenolics
Toluene
Monochloroenzene
0-dichlorobenzene
M-dichlorobenzene
P-dichlorobenzene
1 ,2,3-trichlorobenzene
1 ,2,4-trichlorobenzene
1 ,3,5-trichlorobenzene
P-15
6-18-80
6.75
7.36
4,890
0.48
110
160
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
P-22
6-17-80
6.80
7.49
1,510
0.031
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
P-27
4-2-80
	
6.96
1,600
0.014
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND













P-16
4-2-80
	
12.57
10,300
0.049
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
P-23
4-2-80
	
7.71
1,240
0.016
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
P-28
4-2-80
	
7.73
1,470
0.014
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
W-12
6-12-80
	
7.63
3,720 4
11
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
P-17
4-2-80
	
12.49
8,640
0.013
ND
ND
ND
ND
11
ND
ND
ND
P-24
4-1-80
	
7.17
780
1.0
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
P-28
6-18-80
6.85
7.49
1,210
0.002
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
W-16
4-3-80
	
7.14
,300
19
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
P-19
4-4-80
	
7.14
7,200
0.065
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
P-24
6-17-80
6.95
7.48
765
0.11
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
P-29
4-2-80
	
7.37
965
0 .042
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
W-16
6-12-80
—
7.56
4,110 13
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
P-19
6-18-80
6.50
7.19
5,700
0.207
ND
ND
46
ND
14
ND
ND
ND
P-25
4-4-80
	
7.42
1,270
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
P-30
4-2-80
	
7.55
1,870
0*023
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
W-17
4-3-80
	
6.98
« deep well)
P-20
4-2-80
__
7.73
1,770
0.037
ND
ND
37
ND
25
ND
ND
ND
P-25
6-17-80
7.00
7.39
890
0.02
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
W-7
4-3-80
	
7.28
4,120
Qni ft
• \) IO
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
W-17
6-12-80
	
7.34
P-21
4-2-80
	
7.41
1,710
0.028
ND
ND
52
ND
17
ND
ND
ND
P-26
4-4-80
	
6.46
1,640
23
2,400
—
13
ND
12
ND
ND
ND
W-7
6-12-80
	
7.71
3,970
Onvs
• U / J
240
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND



P-22
4-2-80
	
8.23
1,220
0.047
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
P-26
6-17-80
6.95
7.75
1,070
5.1
3,300
1,200
15
ND
15
ND
ND
ND
W-12
4-3-80
	
—
0 060
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND



,400 10,900
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND


















Data from Recra Research, Inc.,  1980.
                                                         182

-------
50.  NATIONAL GRINDING  WHEEL  (Literature review)
                                                            NYSDEC  932066
General information  and  chemical-migration potential.—National Grinding
Wheel Division  of  Federal-Mogul Corporation, is on Walck Road  in  North
Tonawanda.  During 1974-77,  the company disposed of waste in an undeveloped
area northwest  of  the  plant.   A sketch of the site showing sampling  points  is
given in  figure B-4.

    The landfilling  operations took place in three trenches covering an area
of about  100  ft2  and extending to a maximum depth of 18 ft.  The  waste
material  consisted of  unknown quantities of vitrified bakelite wheels,  rubber
resinoid  mix, dust-collector  fines, and general refuse.  Disposal ceased
during  1977 when National  Grinding Wheel withdrew its application for a permit
to operate a  landfill  at this location.

    After completion of  a  hydrogeologic investigation of the site (NYSDEC,
written commun., 1983),  National Grinding Wheel proposed to remediate the site
by excavating the  disposal trenches.  Remediation began in July 1983 and,
except  for final grading,  was completed in September.  Salvageable grinding
 43°
 02'
 50'
                                         78° 5V24'
    /
 //
z
                           EXPLANATION
                |	_j Approximate area of landfill waste
                BOW2-81 Monitoring well
                                                        Kilns
                                                                         50 FEET
   Base from Conestoga-Rovers & Associates, 1983
      Figure B-4.   Location of monitoring wells  and surface-water samples
                   at National Grinding Wheel, site 50,  North Tonawanda.
                                      183

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wheels were reclaimed, and contaminated soil and nonreclaimable wheels were
sent to a sanitary landfill for disposal.  The excavated area was backfilled
with clean material.

    The present potential for offsite contaminant migration  is indeterminable.

Geologic information.—In January 1981, Empire Soils  installed five monitoring
wells; locations are shown in figure B-5.  Well depths  range between  5 and 10
ft.  The geologic logs are as follows:

     Well no.      Depth        Description

       OW1         0-1'       Brownish  red silt and clay cover mottled.
                  1' - 10.5'    Fill - grinding wheels, stone, glass,
                                plastic - reddish black oily liquid.
               10.5' - 14'      Medium-brown silty clay - soft.

       OW2         0 - 1'       Topsoil.
                  1' - 2'       Brown and orange silty  fine  sand.
                  2' - 5'       Medium-brown silty fine sand, wet at  4 ft.
                  5' - 8.5'     Red, brown, and gray  silty clay layers -  stiff.
                8.5' - 10'      Reddish-brown and gray  silty clay - stiff.

       OW3         0 - 1.5'     Fill - brown and orange silt, sand and clay.
                1.5' - 2'       Topsoil.
                  2' - 5'       Medium-brown silty fine sand - wet.
                  5' - 8'       Brown, red, and gray  silty clay layers.
                  8' - 13'      Medium-brown silty clay.
                 13' - 20.5'    Medium- and reddish-brown silty clay  - soft.
               20.5' - 21'      Reddish-brown clayey  silt till.

       OW4         0-2'       Brown, red, and tan silty clay.
                  2' - 5'       Medium-brown fine sandy silt - moist.
                  5' - 9"       Brown, gray, red, and tan silty clay  layers.

       OW5         0-3'       Fill - brown and orange clay, silt and fine  sand.
                  3' - 7'       Fill - grinding wheels, stones, few chuncks
                                of medium-brown sandy silt.
                  7' - 12'      Reddish-brown and gray  silty clay.
                 12' - 14"      Reddish-brown silty clay - soft.

    Foundation borings made on the site encountered bedrock  at an average
depth of 38 ft.

Hydrologic information.—Conestoga Rovers and Associates (1982) collected
ground-water data and constructed a ground-water map  showing flow direction.
As  shown on figure B-5, ground-water flow in the overburden  is radially  out-
ward  from the trenches.

Chemical information.—Recra Research, Inc. collected surface-water and
ground-water samples for chemical analysis.  Sampling locations are shown on
figure B-4.  Most samples were analyzed for pH, total organic carbon,  specific
conductance, and phenols.  Results are given in tables  B-4 and B-5.
                                      184

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                                       78° 51'24'





43°
02'
50"














«,
/ /
/ / ^
/ / f .
/ / •. 97 18v-*T
< iC-/ ' \
- / // \ N
r- s& ' \
/• Q»/ \
^ c^/ \
/'
.••• /
J
f
/Fence
/ Gate
/ .+
/ / EXPLANATION
A'
\
OW2-81 \
i (97.89) '••.
S ~~^\ ^*
""" 198.281 ' ^ _ (97.79)
v \ *
M^
T Manhole

IQ7 731 1 .'

51
1
1 Kilns
oil —~
SJ (75)
"'l
/ / ^i
/ / .OW2-81 Monitoring well. Number in parentheses °°
' * (97.89) is water levek measured on March 13, 1981
/ in feet above sea level
/
0 50 FEET
/ — 98.0— — Water-table contour. Shows altitude of
water-table in March
1981. Datum is sea level
         Base from Conestoga-Rovers & Associates, 1983

    Figure 3-5.  Direction  of ground-water flow at National Grinding Wheel,
                 site 50, North Tonauanda, N.Y.
                 (Modified  from Conestoga-Rovers and Associates,  1982.)

Table B-4.—Analyses  of  surface-water samples  from National Grinding Wheel,
            site 50,  North  Tonawanda, N.Y. April 6,  1979.
            [Concentrations in yg/L; LT indicates  constituent or compound
            was detected but below the quantifiable  detection limit.]1

Specific conductance (umho/cm)
Aluminum, soluble
Chloride
Chromium, soluble
Copper, soluble
Iron, soluble
Nickel, soluble
Zinc, soluble
Grease and oil, total
Grease and oil, hydrocarbon
Grease and oil, polar
Phenol
Total organic carbon
Sample
A
472
800
17,500
8
1,660
180
40
45
LT
LT
LT
780
29,500
identification
B
700
800 1,
95,200 36,
LT
480
210
LT
78
LT
LT
LT
1,400
43,500 44,
C
489
000
500
4
34
220
LT
29
LT
LT
LT
100
500
  Data  from  Recra Research, Inc.,  1979
                                       185

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  Table B-5.—Analyses of water samples from National Grinding Wheel, site 50,
            North Tonawanda, N.Y.
            [Locations shown in fig. B-4.  Concentrations in yg/L; dashes
            indicate constituent or compound not analyzed, LT indicates it
            was detected but below the quantifiable detection limit.]1
  Constituent or
  characteristic
OW-1
            Sampling site

          OW-2       OW-3
                   OW-4
                   OW-5
                            North
                            ditch
                              Sewer
                              manhole
  PH
     (02-17-81)
     (03-04-81)
     (06-03-82)
10.1
10.0
10.0
7.3
6.8
7.5
7.0
6.7
7.9
7.3
6.8
8.2
7.3
6.7
7.8
7.0

7.6
8.7
Specific conductance (umho/cm)
(02-17-81)
(03-04-81)
(06-03-82)
Aluminum
(02-17-81)
(03-04-81)
(06-03-82)
Total organic
(02-17-81)
(03-04-81)
(06-03-82)
Phenols
(02-17-81)
(03-04-81)
(06-03-82)
7,660
7,020
8,500

14,500
6,750
5,670
carbon
5,300,000
5,740,000
8,328,000

952,000
1,150,000
1,007,000
1,740
1,500
1,670

50
LT
LT

43,300
4,600
7,270

18
6
6
1,800
1,600
1,348

1,750
LT
1,000

21,100
19,300
172,000

1,680
1,040
40
1,610
1,450
735

1,600
3,350
— -

5,000
17,100
7,250

11
28
100
1,320
1,140
1,120

70,000
1,350
15,360

5,100
6,800
19,750

13
11
10
423
—
—

500
—
LT

15,800
—
50,380

5
—
~
—
—
1,500

—
—
250

—
—
90,080

—
—
100
    Data from Recra Research, Inc., 1982
60.   ROBLIN  STEEL COMPANY (Literature review)
                                                     NYSDEC  932059
General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Roblin  Steel
Company site,  in the  city of North Tonawanda,  contains an  unknown  quantity of
phosphate sludge, steel scale,  furnace  brick,  oil,  and oxides.  The phosphate
sludge is concentrated, compacted, and  covered for  secure  landfilling; the
remaining materials are stored  in an  area of  about  1 acre  and are  being
transported  periodically to other landfills.
     No geologic or  hydrologic  information are  available.
contaminant  migration  is indeterminable.
                                             The  potential  for
                                          186

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67.  FRONTIER CHEMICAL COMPANY—PENDLETON SITE
      (USGS field reconnaissance)
                                                NYSDEC 932043
General information and chemical migration potential.—The  Frontier
Chemical Company-Pendleton Site, in the town of Pendleton,  was  used  for  treat-
ment of industrial wastes.  An unknown quantity of waste  oil,  solvent, acids,
paint waste, dyes, heavy-metal sludges, and other material  was  disposed  of  on
the site.  A quarry lake on the property  that was used in the  treatment  opera-
tions is contaminated with heavy metals.  A remedial program is being  imple-
mented that consists of treating and  dewatering the  lake  and excavating  the
sludge, which will be contained in a  secure facility to be  built on  the  pro-
perty.

    The potential for downward migration  through  the clay beneath the  site
appears limited, but the chemical data suggest  that  a  small quantity of  heavy
metals may be leaching laterally, as  indicated  by surface-water sample 5
(table B-6).  Additional testing would be needed  to  confirm the migration of
contaminants.  Currently the  potential for contamination  migration is  indeter-
minable.

Geologic information.—The site consists  of a Holocene lacustrine clay
overlying bedrock of Camillus Shale.  The U.S.  Geological Survey drilled three
test borings in  1982; locations are shown in  figure  B-6.  The  geologic logs
are as follows:
    Boring no.

        1
Depth (ft)
 0
 4.5
 5.0
11.4
        4.5
        5.0
       11.4
       26.5
                           Description
Fill material.
Debris, wet, black.
Clay, tan, pinkish at 9.0 ft.
Same.
Note:  Logged hole with Gamma ray,
SOIL SAMPLE:  3.0 - 3.5 ft.
       2           0-1.3       Topsoil
                   1.3  -   3.0       Clay and brick debris.
                                   WATER SAMPLE:   2.5 - 3.0 ft zone.

       3           0-1.4       Clay, tan
                   1.4  -   2.1       Same.
                   2.1  -   2.6       Clay, damp, with some sand
                   2.6  -   3.4       Same.
                   3.1  -   3.6       Clay, pink.
                   3.6  -   4.0       Clay, with some quartz  sand.
                   4.0  -   4.6       Clay, brown,  tight
                                   SOIL SAMPLE:   3.6 - 4.0 ft.

 Hydrologic  information.—Ground  water was encountered 2 to 5 ft below land
 surface.  The  U.S. Geological  Survey installed one well on the property, in
 which  the water  level  was slightly higher than in the quarry lake, which was
 573  ft above NGVD.
                                      187

-------
Chemical Information.—The U.S. Geological  Survey  collected five samples  in
1982—a water  sample from the well, two soil  samples  from the test borings,
and two surface-water  samples from the drainage  ditch along Townline Road
(fig. B-6)  for cadmium,  chromium, copper,  iron,  nickel, and zinc analyses.   In
May 1983,  the  Survey collected two substrate  samples  for organic-compound ana-
lyses.  Results are  given in table B-6.  The  water samples contained iron con-
centrations  that  exceeded USEPA criteria for  drinking water and New York  State
standards  for  ground water; the soil samples  had high concentrations of
copper.

    Additional data  on chemical quality of  lake  water and sediments are
available  at  the  NYSDEC  office in Buffalo,  N.Y.
                             78° 49'52
                                                      EXPLANATION

                                                 Monitoring well and water sample
                                                 Test boring and substrate sample

                                                 Surface water sample
   Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
        Figure  B-6.   Locations of sampling holes and monitoring wells
                      at Frontier Chemical  Company,  site 67, Pendleton.
                                       188

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Table B-6.—Analyses of ground-water, surface-water, and substrate samples  from
            Frontier Chemical, site 67, Pendleton, N.Y.
            [Locations shown in fig. B-6.  Concentrations are in ug/L and ug/kg;
            dashes indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT  indi-
            cates it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.  Blank
            space indicates that samples were not analyzed  for characteristic.]
First
sampling
(06-22-82)
PH
Specific conductance (umho/cm)
Temperature (°C)
Sample
Substrate
1
(3.2)
2
number
and depth
Ground water
2
(2.8)
7.0
,190
13.0
(dupli-
cate)

below land
Substrate
3
(3.8)
2
surface
Surface
4
7.2
,020
26.0
(ft)
water
5
7
1,970
20
.4
.0
Inorganic constituents
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Copper
    Iron
    Nickel
    Zinc
    5,000
   74,000tt
6,000,000

   26,000
    2     (2)      1,000       2        4
         (—)     10,000
   18    (15)    150,000tt    24      670
3,000t(l,400t) Q,500,000  34,000t 200,000t
   53    (57)     20,000      38    1,000
1,700 (1,300)     39,000     180    3,600
                                Sample number  and  depth  below  land  surface  (ft)
                                                Substrate
 Second  sampling (05-23—83)
                1A
              (3.2)
                      3A
                    (3.8)
Organic compounds

  Priority  pollutants
    Trans-1,3,-dichloroethene
    Trichloroethene
    Di-n-butyl  phthalate
             110
             900
              LT
  t  Exceeds USEPA  criterion  for  maximum  permissible  concentration in drinking
      water  or NYS  standard  for maximum concentration in ground water.
 tt  Exceeds concentrations in samples  from undisturbed soils  in the area.
      Undisturbed soils  not  analyzed  for iron.
                                       189

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68.  GRATWICK-RIVERSIDE PARK (USGS field reconnaissance)         NYSDEC  932060

General information and chemical-migration potential.—Gratwick-Riverside
Park, in the City of North Tonawanda, was used by  two  large manufacturing
firms for the disposal of 25,000 tons of phenolic  resin,  25,000  tons  of  pheno-
lic molding compounds, 50 tons of oil and grease,  and  50,000  tons  of  municipal
rubbish and hard fill.  In 1982, the owner removed more  than  30  barrels  of
hazardous waste from the bank of the Niagara River.

    The potential for contaminant migration is major.  The  fill  is permeable,
enabling ground water to move laterally toward the Niagara  River,  which  is
adjacent to the site.  Downward movement of contaminants  through the
underlying clay is unlikely, however.

Geologic information.—The site consists of fill overlying  a  Holocene
lacustrine clay, which in turn overlies bedrock of Camillus Shale.  Depth  to
bedrock is approximately 25 ft.  The U.S. Geological Survey drilled one  well
and obtained a test boring on the site in 1982; its location  is  shown in
figure B-7.  The geologic log is as follows:

                 Depth (ft)     	Description	

                  0   -  4.5    Topsoil, fill, dark.
                  4.5 -  5.5    Debris, pottery, tile.
                  5.5 -  9.0    Soil, dark, black, wet.
                  9.0 - 11.5    Gravel, little or  no return,  bricks.
                 11.5 - 16.0    No return.
                 16.0 - 21.5    Clay, sandy, gravel, wet, hard  drilling.

Hydrologic information.—Water levels in the newly installed  well  (no. 1)  and
four older wells (nos. 2-5) indicate ground water  to be  approximately 6  ft
below land surface.  The apparent direction of ground-water flow is southwest-
ward toward the Niagara River.

Chemical information.—In 1979, Recra Research, Inc. completed  an  investiga-
tion of the site.  The analytical data and drilling  logs  are  available at
NYSDEC in Buffalo, N.Y.

    In 1981, the Niagara County Health Department  sampled wells 2  through  5
(fig. B-7) for cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel,  total  organic halo-
gens, and phenol.  Concentrations of all heavy metals  were  less than  or  equal
to  their detection limits.  Total organic halogen  concentration ranged from
less than 1 yg/L to  35 yg/L, and phenol ranged  from  200  yg/L  to 17,000 yg/L.

    In 1982, the U.S. Geological Survey sampled the  new  monitoring well  (no.
1)  along with  the four others  for arsenic, cadmium,  chromium, copper, iron,
lead, mercury, nickel, and organic compounds.  Results are  given in table  B-7.
All wells except no. 5 had iron and lead concentrations  exceeding  USEPA
drinking-water criteria and New York State ground-water  standards.  In wells
3,  4, 5, phenols exceeded the  USEPA criterion and  State  standard,  and at well
4,  phenol was  found  in concentrations as high as  1,914 ug/L.   Concentrations
of  most other  compounds were less than 100 ug/L.
                                      190

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 Table B-7.—Analyses  of ground-water samples from Gratwick Riverside Park,
             site 68,  North Tonawanda,  N.Y.,  July 28,  1982.
             [Locations shown in fig. B-7.   Concentrations are in Mg/L;  dashes
             indicate  that constituent or compound was not found, LT indicates
             it was  found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]

                                Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                 12345
                              (15.3)     (15.0)     (11.7)    (19.4)    (19.2)
pH
Specific conductance
  (ymho/cm)
Temperature (°C)

Inorganic constituents

    Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Copper
    Iron
    Lead
    Mercury
    Nickel
    Molecular sulfur1

Organic compounds

 Priority pollutants
    Phenol
    Naphthalene
    Butylbenzyl phthalate
    2,4-Dimethylphenol
    Di-n-butyl phthalate
    Bis-2(ethylhexyl)
      phthalate
    Tetrachloroeylene
    Ethylbenzene

 Nonpriority pollutants
    l-(2~butoxyethoxy)
      ethanol1
    [l-l'-biphenyl]-2-ol1
   11.4
2,110

   10.0
                              LT
                                8**
                              85**
                              32**
                                         10.6       10.8
                                      1,650      2,450
                                         12.0
 12.0
 10.0
504

 13.0
                                                  97t
         l,900t
           50.3
           20.9
                                                   LTt
                                                    6
LT
                                   5.2
   11.2
1,780

   13.0
1
3
3
56
8,800t
loot
0.7T
—
—
10
1
—
25
6,400t
150t
—
5
—
1
—
—
12
4,400T
64 T
—
3
—
1
1
—
22
15,000t
140t
O.lt
20
—
1
—
—
10
3, 100!
43
0.7t
5
546
                                            13.7t
           LT
   Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
     Standards (NBS) library.  No external standard was available.
     Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based only on an
     internal standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by
     GC/MS analysts.
 t Exceeds USEPA criterion for maximum permissible concentration in
     drinking water or NYS standard for maximum concentration in ground water.
** Surrogate recoveries were outside the acceptance limits.
                                     191

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Table B-7.—
         Analyses  of  ground-water  samples  from Gratwick  Riverside  Park,
         site  68,  North Tonawanda, N.Y. , July  28,  1982 (continued)

                          	Sample number
Organic compounds (continued)

 Nonpriority pollutants (continued)
                              11**
                               5.2**
                               8.8**
 [l-l'-biphenyl]-3-olL
 [l-r-biphenyli-4-ol1
 2-dibenzofuranol1
 l-chloro-3-
   phenoxybenzene
 4~chloro[l,1'-biphenyl]-
   4-011
 l-chloro-4-phenoxybenzene
 0-cresol
 3-(l,1-dimethylethyl)-
   phenol1
 1-H-indole1
 1,6-dimethy1-4-
   (1-methylethyl)
   naphthalene
 2-[(4-hydroxypheny1)methy1]
   phenol 1
 4,4'-methylenebisphenol1
 m-cresol
 l,r-(l,2-ethanediyl)bis
  [3,4-dimethy1]benzene1
 2-butoxyethylbutyl
   phthalate1
 1,6-hexanediol1
 1-1'-oxybisbenzene1         —
 1-(1,1'-dimethylethyl)
  benzene1                  —
 3,8-dimethylundeeane1
Dibenzofuran1
 [l-l'-biphenyl]-2-ol1
 2-phenoxyphenol1            —
 3-ethyl-3-methyl hexane1
4-phenoxylphenol            —
4-(l,l-Dimethylethyl)-
  phenol1
 1,4-Dimethyl-7-(l-methylethyl)
  azulene1
 1,2-Dimethylbenzene1
 1,3-Dimethylbenzene1
 l-Ethyl-3-methylbenzene1
l-Ethyl-4-methylbenzene1    —
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene1
P-cresol
 1-Ethy1-2-methy1benzene1
53**
35**
15**

LT**

LT**
 LT**
5.0
                                                             LT

                                                             31.2
                                                             LT
                                                            LT

                                                            LT
                                                            LT
                                                  370
                              194
                                LT**
                                 7.4**
                                        LT**
                                          6.2**

                                        LT**
                                          2.5**
                                          3.2**
                                        44**
                                          4.8**
                                          1.3**
                                        16**
                                                                      14.7

                                                                      LT
                                                  LT
                                                  LT
                                                  LT
                                                  LT
                                                   5
                                                  18
                                                  LT
                                     192

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Table B-7.—Analyses  of  ground-water samples from Gratwick Riverside  Park,
            site 68,  North  Tonawanda,  N.Y.,  July 28, 1982 (continued)

                              	Sample number	
Organic compounds  (continued)

 Nonpriority  pollutants  (continued)
    Dihydro-5-methyl-5-phenyl
      2(3H)-furanone  l
    a,a,-Dimethylbenzene-
      methanol *                —
    1,2 ,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene1 —
    3,4-Dimethylphenol1         —
    2,3-Dihydro-4-methyl
      4-indene 1                —
    2-Ethylphenol
    2,3-Dimethylphenol1
    2-[2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)
      ethoxy]ethanol  1          —
    1 ,4-Dihydro-l,4-methano-
      naphthalene               —
    5-(l,1-Dimethylethyl-
      butanethioate 1           —
    1-Methylnaphthalene1	—
LT

LT
LT
15

LT
LT
LT

LT

LT

LT
LT
                   EXPLANATION
             Monitoring well and water sample
    Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
        Figure B-7.   Location of monitoring wells at Gratwiek-Riverside
                     Park, site 68, North  Tonawanda.
                                       193

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72.  HOLIDAY PARK  (USGS  field reconnaissance)

General information  and  chemical-migration potential.—The Holiday Park site,
in the city of  North Tonawanda, was used primarily  for municipal-waste dispo-
sal and by a chemical firm to dispose of 125  tons of pheolic resin, 500 tons
of phenolic molding  compounds, and 500 tons of mixed refuse.  The materials
were buried in  three areas on the property and in much of the area now occupied
by the golf course.

    Chemical data  indicate a possiblity of leachate migration from two of the
areas.  Two samples  suggest possible northward migration from the southeast
disposal  area,  and one indicates possible migration from the westernmost area.
The presence of organic  compounds in one sample  is  attributed to sampling
within the disposal  area,  as indicated by the drilling log, and cannot be con-
sidered evidence of  contaminant migration.  Additional testing would be needed
to confirm migration.  The potential for contaminant migration at this site  is
indeterminable.

Geologic  information.—The area consists of glacial lacustrine clay overlying
bedrock of Camillus  Shale.  The U.S. Geological  Survey drilled six test
borings on the  site  in 1982; the locations are shown in  figure B-8.  The
geologic  logs  are  on p.  195.

Hydrologic information.—Seven monitoring wells  are on  the site—five new
wells  installed by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1982  for this study and two
older  ones.  Water levels in the wells suggest  the  direction of ground-water
flow  to be east toward Tonawanda Creek and the drainage  ditches (fig. B-8).
After  water  samples were withdrawn  from  these monitoring wells, recovery time
often  exceeded 48  hours, which indicates extremely  slow  ground-water movement.
                                   78° 50'40'
 43°
 02'
 30"
                                                                       Site243
                                                                       (Botanical
                                                                        Gardens)
    Not to scale
                     EXPLANATION
             06  Monitoring well and water sample
             D?  Test boring and substrate sample

             A^O Surface-water sample
    Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
          Figure  B-8.   Location of sampling holes  and monitoring wells
                        at Holiday Park, site  72, North Tonawanda.
                                       194

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       Boring no.   Depth (ft)     	Description	

          1          0-1.5    Dark  topsoil, clay.
                    1.5 -  5.0    Clay,  greenish-gray.
                    5.0-11.0    No returns; hit many kinds of debris,  such  as
                                 mattress springs,  etc.  Depth to water 5.15  ft
                                 below land surface
                                 WATER SAMPLE:  9.2 -  11.2 ft.

          2          0     0.5    Topsoil with gravel fill.
                    0.5 -  1.5    Clay,  olive-drab,  "modeling clay."
                    1.5 -  3.0    Clay,  sandy, yellowish, moist.
                    3.0 -  3.5    Clay,  brown/yellow, saturated, sandy.
                    3.5 -  4.5    Clay,  sandy, dry,  yellow/buff.
                    4.5 -  6.0    Clay,  sandy, dry.
                    6.0 -  7.5    Sand,  very fine, rust  stained.
                    7.5 -  10.0    Clay,  sandy, some  gravel-size cherty material,
                                 may be fill.
                   10.0 -  11.5    Clay,  sandy.
                   11.5 -  15.2    Clay,  pinkish color.
                                 Water level 7.62 ft below land surface.
                                 WATER SAMPLE:   13.2 - 15.2 ft.

          3          0-4.5    Topsoil,  light  to dark brown.
                    4.5 -  6.0    Clay, sandy, greenish gray.  Hit  saturation
                                 at 6.0 ft
                    6.0 -  15.0    Clay, very sandy,  gray,  saturated.
                                 Water level 7.62 ft below land surface.
                                 WATER SAMPLE:   12.4 - 14.4 ft.

          4          0-2.0    Topsoil,  dark brown to yellow tan.
                    2  -  3.5    Topsoil,  brown, wet at 3.5 ft.
                    3.5 -  22.5    Clay, sandy, alternating  brown and gray, wet.
                                 Hit hard  layer  at 22.5 ft.   Bedrock?  Camillus
                                 Shale?
                                 WATER SAMPLE:   20.5 - 22.5 ft.

          6          0-1.5    Topsoil,  black  to brown.
                    1.5 -  6.5    Clay, brown, wet.
                    6.5 -  9.0    Same, water  at  8.0 ft.
                    9.0 -  11.5    Clay, pinkish,  tight, "modeling  clay."
                   11.0 -  15.0    Same, extremely tight.  Moved rig forward 3 ft
                                 and augered  to  clay.
                                 WATER SAMPLE:   13.0 - 15.0

          7          0-1.0    Topsoil,  black, organic.
                     1.0 -  5.0    Clay, sandy, brown, saturated.
                    5.0 -  6.5     Clay, tight, dry.
                                 SOIL SAMPLE:   3.5 ft.
Cltemical  information.—Recra Research completed an  investigation of  the  site
in 1979.  The data are available  from NYSDEC  in Buffalo,  N.Y.   In 1982,  the
U.S.  Geological  Survey collected  water samples from all  seven  monitoring
wells,  one soil  sample,  four samples of pond water  from  the  golf course, and
three sediment samples from the  moist drainage ditches.   All samples were ana-
lyzed for copper, iron,  and organic compounds; results are shown in  table B-8.
Only  iron exceeded the USEPA criterion for drinking water and  the New York
State standard for ground  water.   Only two organic  priority  pollutants were
found;  their concentrations were  below 50 Mg/L.  The samples contained  15
organic nonpriority pollutants and 10 possibly naturally occurring compounds.
                                         195

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Table B-8.—Analyses of ground-water, surface-water, and sediment samples  from
            Holiday Park, site 72, Nortb Tonawanda, N.Y., June 19,  1982 to
            July 9, 1982.
            [Locations shown in fig. B-8.  Concentrations are in ug/L  and ug/kg;
            dashes indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT
            indicates it was found but below the Quantifiable detection limit;
            blanks indicate it was not analyzed.]

pH
Specific conductance (umho/cm)
Temperature (°C)


1
6.9
2,140
10.0
Sample number
Ground water
2 3 duplicate
7.2 7.2
1,160 760
10.5 12.5


4
7.2
470
11.0
Inorganic constituents

    Copper
    Iron
    Molecular sulfur1
    46        211          8        (9)      25
90,000t    49,000      4,700t   (5,200t) 19,000t
Organic compounds

 Priority pollutants
    Dibutyl phthalate
    Ethylbenzene3                 17

 Nonpriority pollutants
    4-(l,1-Dimethylethyl)-
      phenol1                     LT
    1,3-Isobenzofurandione1       LT
    4-Chloro-
      transcyclohexanol1          —
    3-methycyclopentanone1        LT
    2-Cyclohexen-l-one1           —
    2-Cyclohexen-l-ol1            —

Compounds potentially of natural  origin

    1,7,7-Trimethyl-bicyclo
      [2.2.1]heptan-2-one1        56
    2-hexanone1                   LT
    1,3,3-Trimethyl-bicyclo
      [2.2.1]-heptan-2-one1       LT
    l-Butoxy-2-propanol1          LT
                          LT

                           8.0
                          LT
                                             31.8
                                       196

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 Table  B-8.—Analyses  of ground-water,  surface-water,  and sediment samples from
            Holiday Park,  site 72,  North Tonawanda,  N.Y.,  June 19,  1982 to
            July 9, 1982 (continued)



pH
Specific conductance (ymho/cm)
Temperature (°C)


5
8.0
618
9.0
Sample number
Ground water
(duplicate) 6
7.0
11.40
11.0
 Inorganic  constituents

    Copper
    Iron
    Molecular  sulfur

 Organic compounds

 Priority  pollutant
    Dibutyl phthalate

 Nonpriority pollutants
    2-Cyclohexen-l-one1
    Ethanol,2[2-(2-
      methoxyethoxy)]-acetate
    2,2-Dimethyldecane1
    2-Butoxyethylbutyl
      phthalate^
    4-Chloro-
      transcyclohexanol*
	l-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol1
12,000t
     (7)
(I4,000t)
  2110
96,000!
                    (2.0)
    LT

    LT
    LT
    LT
                   (11.7)
                    13
                    49
 1 Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
     Standards (NBS) library.  No external standard was available.
     Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based only on an
     internal standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by
     GC/MS analysts.
 2 Analysis done by direct aspiration because of high iron concentration.
 3 Volatile found in GC/MS extractions.  Concentration probably higher than
     that detected.
 t Exceeds USEPA criterion for maximum permissible concentration in drinking
     water or New York State standard for maximum concentration in ground water.
***Analyzed at detection limit above that required by this study.  No compounds
     detected.
                                      197

-------
Table B-8.—Analyses of ground-water, surface-water, and sediment samples  from
            Holiday Park, site 72, North Tonawanda, N.Y., June  19,  19R2 to
            July 9, 1982 (continued)
            [Locations shown in fig. B-8.  Concentrations are in Ug/L  and
            Pg/kg; dashes indicate that constituent or compound was  not found,
            LT indicates it was found but below the quantifiable detection
            limit; blanks indicate it was not analyzed.]

                                        	Sample number	
                                             Sediment
                                                   duplicate
                        Ground water
                              _
PH
Specific conductance (umho/cm)
Temperature  (°C)

Inorganic constituents

    Copper                              6,000
    Iron                            2,200,000
    Molecular  sulfur                       —

Organic compounds

 Nonpriority pollutants
    3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone1            1,000
    2-butanone1                        21,000
    2-methylheptane1                    2,300
    acetic  acid,l-methyl  ester1         3,650
    2,6-dimethyl  heptane1               2,850
    2-methyl-2-proply-l,3-
       dioxolane                           710
    2,2'-oxybispropane1                 4,200
    2,6-dimethyloctane1                   560

 Compounds  potentially  of  natural origin

    undecane1                           2,400
    tridecane1                          2,200
    2,7-dimethylundecane1                 710
    2,3,5-Trimethyldecane1             2,208
 Possible artifact
              (6,000)
          (2,300,000)
                                7.4
                            1,050
                               11.0
              60
          37,000t
             LT
     4-methyl-3-penten-2-one
                            1
4,100
(LT)
                                       198

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Table B-8.—Analyses of ground-water, surface-water, and  sediment  samples  from
            Holiday Park, site 72, North Tonawanda, N.Y., June  19,  1982  to
            July 9, 1982 (continued)
            [Locations shown in  fig. B-8.  Concentrations are  in ug/L  and yg/kg;
            dashes indicate that constituent  or  compound  was not found,  LT
            indicates it was found but  below  the  quantifiable  detection  limit;
            blanks indicate it was not  analyzed.]

                                 	Sample  number	
                                 Sedi-
                                 ment     Surface water            Sediment
                                            10  duplicate 	U	1_2_
pH                                         9.0
Specific conductance  (ymho/cm)             63
Temperature  (°C)                           24.0

Inorganic constituents

    Aluminum                               —     (—)
    Antimony                               —     (—)
    Arsenic                                —     (—)
    Barium                                 —     (—)
    Beryllium                              —     (—)
    Cadmium                                —     (—)
    Chromium                               —     (—)
    Cobalt                                 —     (—)
    Copper                      8,000      —     (--)           5,000    14,000
    Iron                    3,600,000     198    (205)       1,800,000   370,000
    Lead                                   33     (36)
    Manganese                              21     (24)
    Mercury                                —     (—)
    Nickel                                 —     (—)
    Selenium                               —     (—)
    Silver                                 —     (—)
    Tellurium                              —     (—)
    Vanadium                               —     (—)
    Zinc                                   17     (16)

Organic compounds               ***                            ***        ***

 Priority pollutant
    Di-n-butyl phthalate         —        —     (20)

 Nonpriority pollutants
    1,3-Dimethylbenzene          —        —     (29)            —         —
	Cyclohexanone	-—	   —     (29)            —         —
                                      199

-------
93.  NASH  ROAD (USGS field  reconnaissance)
NYSDEC 932054
General  information and chemical-migration potential.—The Nash Road site,  in
the  town of Wheatfield, was used  by seven firms for  disposal of an unknown
quantity of caustics, plating-tank sludge, and municipal  waste during  1964-68.
Material excavated during construction of a highway  adjacent to the southern
border  of the Love Canal was  buried in a trench 100  ft  by 30 ft across  and  27
ft deep  in the northeast corner  of the site.  Clean  fill  15 ft deep was  repor-
tedly placed over the material.

     The  potential for contaminants to travel downward  through the underlying
clay seems limited, and the potential for lateral migration cannot be  eval-
uated from the available data.   The chemical data indicate several organic
compounds in the ground water, but the rate at which these compounds move  is
unknown.  Additional data and monitoring would be needed  to confirm offsite
migration.  Thus, the potential  for contaminant migration is indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The site  consists of a Holocene  lacustrine clay unit
overlying bedrock of Camillus Shale.  The U.S. Geological Survey drilled four
test borings on the site in 1982;  the locations are  shown in figure B-9.  The
geologic logs are as follows:
                                    78° 51'35'
                                   	1	
43°
04'
08'
                                                  Suspected area of disposal
                                                      isposal area may extend
                                                        another 400 feet —•-
                                                         Wheatf i eld
                                                       North Tonawanda
                     EXPLANATION
               O^  Monitoring well and water sample

               • 2  Test boring and substrate sample
               f   Electromagnetic survey traverse

               O   Earth mounds
   Not to scale
   Base from USGS field sketch, 1982

 Figure B-9.   Location of monitoring welle and electromagnetic-conductivity
               survey lines at  Nash Road, site 93,  tfheatfield.
                                       200

-------
   jSoring no.

       1
 Depth (ft)

  0   -  5.0
  5.0 -  6.5
                  0   -  8.0
                  8.0 - 10.0
                 10.0 - 11.5
          Description
Fill.
Clay, pink.
WATER SAMPLE:
                                               6.0 ft,
                Clay,  tan  to  light  green,  sandy,  dry,
                Clay,  green.
                Clay,  pink.
                SOIL  SAMPLE:   8  -  10  ft.
                  0   -  1.5    Tan and black fill.
                  1.5 -  3.5    Clay, greenish,  sandy, dry.
                  3.5 -  7.0    Clay, greenish,  sandy, wet.
                                SOIL SAMPLE:  7  ft.
       A          0-1.0    Topsoil.
                  1.0 -  3.5    Clay, sandy, dry.
                  3.5 -  6.5    Clay, greenish, wet.
                                SOIL SAMPLE:  6.5  ft.

Hydrologic information.—Ground water was encountered  approximately 6  ft below
land surface.  The water table is estimated to  be  between  570  and  575  ft above
NGVD.  The direction of ground-water flow is probably  northeastward toward
Sawyer Creek, a tributary to Cayuga Creek, but  additional  wells  would  be
needed to confirm this.

Chemical information.—In 1982, the Geological  Survey  collected  one water
sample and three soil samples for arsenic, cadmium,  chromium,  copper,  iron,
lead, mercury, nickel, and organic-compound analyses.   Results are given in
table B-9.  In sample 2, copper concentrations  exceeded those  in soils from
undisturbed sites, and in sample 1, iron and lead  exceeded USEPA criteria for
drinking water and the New York State standard  for ground  water.  The  samples
contained five organic priority pollutants, but except for fluoranthene  (538
Ug/kg), concentrations were not above the quantifiable detection limit.  In
addition, 39 organic nonpriority pollutants and four possibly  naturally
occurring compounds were found.

    The site was also investigated by Recra Research in 1979 and by NYSDEC in
1983. The data are available from NYSDEC in Buffalo, N.Y.

Electromagnetic survey.—The Geological Survey  ran an electromagnetic  survey
with eight traverses in November 1982;  locations  are shown in  figure B-9.  The
effect of buried pipe is evident in the stripchart In  fig. B-10.
  Figure  B-10,
Effect of buried pipe
on eleotromagnetie-
eonduetivity reading.
                                                                 Normal conductivity
                                                                    reading
                                      201



ill
n
x' Distance (D) is of the order
'•;. of the depth of burial of
'.- the pipe

-------
    The southern parts of  lines  1  through 8 (fig. B-ll) show the effects of
interference by a series of  high-power  electrical transmission lines.  These
powerlines and a housing development  south of them made it impossible to begin
the southern end of each line  in a waste-free area.

    Lines 1, 2, and 3 show an  irregular pattern of conductivity values within
the disturbed area.  Beyond  the  trees that form the northern border  of the
site, the conductivity values  are within the background range.

    Lines 4, 5, and 6, though  longer  than the first three lines, show a simi-
lar pattern.  Areas of zero  conductivity probably correspond to a zone of
buried metallic debris.  (When readings are taken over a buried pipe or other
metal conductor, the conductivity value first rises, then drops to zero.)

    Line 7 both begins and ends  in a  obvious zone of dumping.  Data  collection
beyond 340 ft was impeded  by a small  pond.  Line 8 shows the clearest example
of  powerline interference;  the  conductivity range throughout this line beco-
mes artifically elevated within  40 ft of the powerlines.

    No definite conclusions  could be  made from the survey.  Variability of
fill and interferences make  data interpretation questionable.
          100
                                                   Background conductivity
                                                     Background conductivity
                               100                 200
                                   DISTANCE, IN FEET
300
  Figure B-ll.  Results  of electromagnetic-conductivity survey  at  Nash Road,
                site  93t  Wheatfield.  (Locations of lines  are shown in fig. B-10.)
                                      202

-------
  125
  100 -
                                                 Background conductivity
tr.
cr.
LU
o_
C/5
O
I
  175
  150 -
  125 -
>
t—
O

Q
Z
O
u
  100 -
                                                 Backqround conductivity
                                                 Background conductivity
                                                                      Background conductivity
               125
                            250
                                       375    0

                                          DISTANCE, IN FEET
250
   Figure B-ll  (continued).  Results  of electromagnetic-conductivity survey at
                 Nash Road,  site  93, Wheatfield.
                                              203

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Table B-9.—Analyses of ground-water and substrate samples from Nash Road,
            site 93, Wheatfield, N.Y., June 24, .1982.
            [Locations shown in fig. B-9.  Concentrations are  in yg/L  and
            Ug/kg; dashes indicate that constituent or compound was  not  found,
            LT indicates it was found but below the quantifiable detection
            limit.]

                               Sample number and depth below land  surface (ft)
                                     Ground water               Substrate
                                  1
                                (6.0)
           duplicate
                 2
               (9.5)
     split
pH                                    6.4
Specific conductance  (ymho/cm)   2,650
Temperature (°C)                     17.0
 Inorganic constituents

    Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Chromiurn
    Copper
    Iron
    Lead
    Mercury
    Nickel

 Organic compounds

  Priority  pollutants
    Fluoranthene
    Benzo(a)anthracene
    Chrysene
    Benzo(b)fluoranthene
    Benzo(k)fluoranthene
     1 ,4-dichlorobenzene
    Di-n-butyl phthalate

  Nonpriority pollutants
     1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene1
     1 ,2 ,4-trimethylbenzene1
     (l-methylethyl)benzene1
     1 ,3,3-Trimethyl-bicyclo-
       [2.2 .llheptan-2-one1
     1,7 ,7-Trimethyl-bicyclo-
 	   [2.2.1]heptan-2-one1
     5t
     1

    17
90,000t
    67t
     0.3
    34
     (5t)
     (O
    (--)
    (21)
(90,000t)
    (74t)
     (0.5)
    (34)
   ] ,000
   2,000
  77,000tt
,500,000
  20,000
(1
(4
      ,000)
      ,000)
  (lOO.OOOtt)
(5,000,000)
   (20,000)
                                        (538)
                                         (LT)
                                         (LT)
                                         (LT)
                                         (LT)
     7.3
    LT
     6.2
    18
     9.3

    62

   390
    (—)
   (5.7**)
  1  Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau  of
      Standards (NBS) library.  No external standard was available.
      Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based only on  an
      internal standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted  by
      GC/MS analysts.
  t Exceeds USEPA criterion for maximum permissible concentration  in
      drinking water and the New York State standard for maximum concentration
      in ground water.
 tt Exceeds concentrations in samples taken from undisturbed  soils in  the
      Tonawanda area.  Undisturbed soils not analyzed for iron.
 ** Surrogate recoveries were outside the  acceptance limits.
                                        204

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Table B-9.—Analyses of ground-water and substrate  samples  from Nash  Road,
            site 93, Wheatfield, N.Y., June 24,  1982  (continued)
            [Locations shown in fig. B-9.  Concentrations  are  in  ug/L and
            Ug/kg; dashes indicate  that constituent or  compound was not  found,
            LT indicates it was found  but  below  the quantifiable  detection
            limit.]

                               Sample  number and depth  below land surface (ft)
                                           	Substrate	
                                            3                   4
	(6.5)	

PH
Specific conductance (vimho/cro)
Temperature (°C)

Inorganic constituents

    Arsenic                                    —                  —
    Cadmium                                1,000               1,000
    Chromium                               2,000               2,000
    Copper                                 71,000             71,000
    Iron                               2,100,000           2,400,000
    Lead                                   13,000             20,000
    Mercury                                    —
    Nickel                                     —

Organic compounds

 Priority pollutant
    D-n-butyl/phthalate

 Nonpriority  pollutants
    1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene1                    LT
    1,2,4-trimethylbenzene1                    LT                 —
    1,4-dichlorobenzene1                       LT                 —
    (l-methylethyl)benzene1                    LT                 —
    1,3,3-Trimethyl-bicyclo-
       [2.2.1]heptan-2-one1                     LT
    1,7,7-Trimethyl-bicyclo-
       [2.2.1]heptan-2-one1                     LT
                                       205

-------
Table B-9.—Analyses of ground-water and substrate samples from Nash Road,
            site 93, Wheatfield, N.Y., June 24, 1982 (continued)
            [Locations shown in fig. B-9.  Concentrations are in yg/L and
            yg/kg; dashes indicate that constituent or compound was not  found,
            LT indicates it was found but below the quantifiable detection
            limit.]
Sample number
Ground
1
water
(dupli-
cate)
Substrate
(split)
2
3
4
Organic compounds (continued)

 Nonpriority pollutants (continued)
    1,7 ,7-Trimethyl-bicyclo
       [2.2.1]heptane-2,5-dione1    LT
    3-(l,l-dimethylethyl)
      phenol1                       20
    2-methylbenzo chloride1        LT
    Diethyl phthalate1               6.2
    Phosphoric acid
       tributylester1               10
    2(3H)-benzothiazolone          LT
    1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,lOa-
       octahydro-1,4a-dimethyl-
       7-(l-methyethyl)-[1R-
       (1  alpha,  4a  beta,
       lOa alpha)]-
       1-phenanthrenecarbox-
       aldehyde1                    LT
    Cyclohexl  phthalate1           LT
    3,5-Dimethylphenol1
    2-ethyl-4-phenol-.delta.
       2-1,3^-oxadiazolin-S-one1   —
                              i
    ri—butylbenzenesulf onamide     —
    3-(2-phenylethyl)phenol1
    2H-l-benzopyran1               —
    2-methylpentadecane1           —
    4,8,12-Trimethyl-3,
       7 ,11-tridecatriene-
       nitrile1
    o-methyloxime-3,5-dimethyl-
       2-cyclohexen-l-one1           —
     lococyclohexane1                —
    N-[2-methyl-l-(l-methylethyl)
       bitulidienejmethanamine1      —
 (20**)

 (LT**)
 (—)
  (8.0**)

(110**)
 (60**)
 (LT**)

 (11**)

(100**)
  (9.9**)
 (LT**)
 (LT**)
 (LT**)


 (LT**)

 ( —)      804
 (--)    10,052

 (—)    36,569     (--)
                                       206

-------
Table B-9.—Analyses of ground-water and substrate samples from Nash Road,
            site 93, Wheatfield, N.Y., June 24, 1982 (continued)
            [Locations shown in fig. B-9.  Concentrations are in ug/L  and
            Mg/kg; dashes indicate that constituent or  compound was not  found,
            LT indicates it was found but below the quantifiable detection
            limit.]

                                               Sample number	
                                   Ground water               Substrate
                                          (dupli-          (split)
                                           cate)      2
Organic compounds (continued)

 Nonpriority pollutants  (continued)
    N-(2-hydroethyl)-
      dodecanamide1                --    (--)    16,342
    l-(2-butenyl)-2,3-
      dimethylbenzene1             —    (—)     1,301
    2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10-octahydri-
      5-hydroxy-2,2,7,7,9-
      pentamethyl-5,9-menthano-
      benzocycloocten-4(lH)-one    —    (—)     6,294         (—)
    10-methylisocosane1            —    (—)        LT         (—)
    Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane1    —    (—)        —         (—)      —  1,300
    OctamethyIcyclotetra-
      siloxane1                    —    (—)        —         (—)      —  5,440
    Decamethylcyclopenta-
      siloxane1                    --    (—)        —         (—)      —     LT
    Dodecamethylcyclohexa-
      siloxane1                    —    (--)        —         (—)      —     90.7
    5-Methyl-3-hexen-2-one1        —    (—)        —      (3,500)
    Dichloromethylbenzene1         —    (—)        —         (LT)
    2-(1,1-Dimethyl)-4-
      methylfuran1                 —    (—)        —    (183,000)
    2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene                          —    (182,000)
    3-Octanol1                                      —     (45,000)
    2,6-Bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)
      naphthalene1                   —  (—)        —     (1,650)
    1,1,4,5,5,8-Hexamethyl-S-
      hydrindacene1                —    (—)        —      (5,750)
    2,6-Dimethyl-2,5-heptadien-
      4-one1                       —    (—)        —         (—)     509
    2-Methyl-2-octen-4-one1        —    (—)        —         (—)  13,300
    l,2,4-Trimethyl-5-(l-methyl-
      ethenyDbenzene1             —    (—)        —         (—)     159

 Compounds potentially of natural  origin

    Heptadecane1                   --    (LT**)
    Octacosane1                    —    (LT**)
    Nonadecane1                    —    (LT**)
    3,8-Dimethylundecane1          —    (LT**)
                                       207

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103.  R. P. ADAMS COMPANY (ITSGS  field  reconnaissance)
NYSDRC 915001
General information and chemical-migration  potential.—The R.  P.  Adams Company
site, in the city of Tonawanda, was  used  as a parking  lot  on which waste oil
was applied at a rate of 165 gal/yr  for dust control.   Chemical results indi-
cate disposal of some hazardous materials.

    Downward movement of contaminants  through the  extensive underlying clay is
unlikely.  Horizontal migration may  occur during periods  of excessive
precipitation; but a more detailed investigation would be  needed  to confirm
this.  The potential for contaminant migration is  indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The  site consists  of glacial  lacustrine clay overlying
bedrock of Camillus Shale.  Depth  to bedrock is approximately 60  ft.  The U.S.
Geological Survey drilled four test  borings on the site in 1982;  locations are
shown in figure B-12.  The  geologic  logs  are on p. 209.
                                       78°53'38'



42°
faB'
48"


N
	 *





Not to scale
,\

m
0)
"0
01
7T
D
(D


V
Sheridan Drive
Fence
"• »1 x A X x x .2
• 3
Q- ^ ^
u
Property line
EXPLANATION
.2 Test boring and substrate sample
          Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
       Figure B-12.  Location of sampling  holes  at  R.  P.  Adams Company,
                     site 103, Tonawanda.
Hydrologic  information.—No  ground  water was encountered in the test drilling.

Chemical  information.—The U.S.  Geological Survey collected a soil sample at
each  borehole  for  iron,  lead,  and organic-compound analyses; results are given
in  table  B-10.   Substrate  sample 4  showed eight organic priority pollutants in
concentrations  at  or above 3,500 ug/kg.    Only fluoranthene was found in any
other sample  (sample 3 at  640  ug/kg).   The  pollutants in sample 4 may be
associated  with the rubble encountered during the test drilling.
                                      208

-------
              Boring  no.    Depth (ft)      	Description

                 1           0-5.0    Clay, red, dry except for
                                          top 1 inch.
                                          SAMPLE:  1 ft.

                 2           0-1.5    Clay, red, dry.
                                          SAMPLE:  1 ft.

                 3           0-1.5    Clay, red, dry.
                                          SAMPLE:  1 ft.

                 4           0-1.5    Topsoil and rubble
                            1.5 -  2.0    Same.
                            2.0 -  6.5    Clay, red, dry, tight.
                                          SAMPLE:  1 ft.
Table B-10.—Analyses of substrate samples from R. P. Adams Co., site 103,
             Tonawanda, N.Y., August 11, 1982.
             [Locations shown in fig. B-12.  Concentrations are  in ug/kg;
             dashes indicate compound was not found.]

                               Sample number and depth below land surface  (ft)
                                  1234
	(1.0)	(1.0)	(1.0)	(1.0)

Inorganic constituents
    Iron                     3,400,000    2,800,000     2,500,000     2,400,000
    Lead                       30,000        10,000         30,000        20,000

Organic compounds

Priority pollutants
    Fluoranthene                   —           —           640         4,900
    Phenanthrene                   —           —             —         5,700
    Pyrene                         —           —             —         4,400
    Benzo(a)anthracene             —           —             —         3,500
    Chrysene                       —           —             —         4,100
    Benzo(b)f luoranthene           —           —             —         5,750
    Benzo(k)f luoranthene           —           —             —         4,700
    Benzo(a) pyrene                —           —             —         4,850
Non-priority pollutant
    1,1-Ethanediol,
      diacetate1                   —           —          6,700


 1 Tentative identification  based on comparison with the  National  Bureau of
      Standards  (NBS)  library.  No external  standard  was  available.
      Concentration  reported  is semiquantitative and  is based only  on an
      internal standard.  GC/MS spectra  were  examined and  interpreted by
      GC/MS  analysts.
                                      209

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105.  ALLIED CHEMICAL, TONAWANDA  (IISGS field reconnaissance)  NYSDEC  915003-b

General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Allied Chemical
site, an area 40 ft in diameter in the western part of the town  of Tonawanda,
was used during 1950-60 to dispose of an unknown quantity of scrap clorinated
and nonchlorinated polyethylene and spent catalyst.

    Chemical data indicate migration of contaminants from the  site,  specifi-
cally chromium, lead, and nickel.  The potential for contaminant migration
could be major, but additional information would be needed to  confirm  this.

Geologic information.—The site consists of  a lacustrine clay  deposit
overlying bedrock of Camillus Shale.  The U.S. Geological Survey drilled  four
test borings on the site in 1982; their locations  are  shown  in figure  B-13.
The geologic logs are as follows:

    Boring no.   Depth (ft)     	Description	

       1         0-2.5     Gravel fill.
                 2.5 -  9.5     Clay, debris, sand, dark green.
                 9.5 - 11.5     Clay, pink,  tight  and  dry.
                                SOIL SAMPLE:  6.5  ft.

       2         0-3.5     Topsoil, black, wet.
                 3.5 - 11.5     Clay, pink,  very dry.  Moved a few
                                feet to redrill to 3.5 ft.
                                SOIL SAMPLE:  3 ft.

       3         0-3.0     Very little  if any topsoil.  Went  almost
                                immediately  into red,  dry clay.
                 3.0 -  5.0     Clay, gray-green,  dry.
                 5.0 -  6.5     Clay, tan.
                 6.5 - 10.0     Clay, red, dry.
                                SOIL SAMPLE:  5 ft.

       4         0   -  4.3     Clay, red.
                 4.3 -  5.0     Clay, dark green.
                 5.0 -  6.0     Clay, yellowish, sandy.
                 6.0 - 6.5      Clay, red.
                                SOIL SAMPLE:  5 ft.

Hydrologic information.—No substantial ground water  was  encountered in the
test boring.   The upper part  of the  clay unit was  moist,  indicating  the possi-
bility of a perched water  table during periods of  high precipitation.   The
direction of ground-water  flow  is  probably westward toward  the Niagara River.

Chemical information.—The  U.S. Geological  Survey  collected  four soil samples
for arsenic, cadmium,  chromium, iron, lead,  mercury,  nickel,  and organic-
compound analyses;  results  are  given in  table  B-ll.  Chromium  and  lead concen-
trations in samples  1  and  2 were  above  those in  samples  from undisturbed soils
in the Tonawanda  area.  The samples  contained 21 organic  priority  pollutants
and 11 nonpriority  pollutants.
                                      210

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                                 78° 56'
           42°
           58'
           43"
              Not to scale
                                                     EXPLANATION
                                                Test boring and substrate sample
                                   _L
             Base from USGS field sketch, 1982

            Figure B-13,  Location  of sampling holes at Allied Chemiaal,
                          Tonatianda,  site 105,  Tonawanda.
Table B-ll.—Analyses  of  substrate  samples from Allied Chemical,  site  105,
             Tonawanda, N.Y.
             [Locations shown in fig. B-13.  Concentrations are  in pg/kg;
             dashes indicate  that  constituent or compound was not  found,
             LT  indicates it  was found but below the quantifiable  detection
             limit.]
  First sampling  (7-20-82)
Sample number and depth below  land  surface (ft)
   1234
  6.5          3.0           5.0           5.0
  Inorganic  constituents

      Arsenic
      Cadmium
      Chromium
      Iron
      Lead
      Mercury
      Nickel


5



1
90
,200
170

60
,000
,000tt
,000
,000tt
20
,000
3
80
2,000
200

120
,000
,000t
,000

T


3
2,000
-
t
y
-
000
000
,000tt
—
,000



20
-
>
-
000
1
4
25,000
30
-
20
9
>
>
»
-
»
000
000
000
000

000
     Tentative  identification based on comparison with  the  National Bureau of
        Standards  (NBS)  library.  No external standard was available.
        Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based  only on an
        internal standard.   GC/MS spectra were examined  and  interpreted by
        GC/MS  analysts.
  tt Exceeds  concentrations in samples taken from undisturbed  soils in the
        Tonawanda  area.   Undisturbed soils not analyzed  for  iron.
   * Compounds  detected but not quantified; holding  time exceeded before GC/MS
     acid-  and  base-neutral extractable compounds were  extracted.
                                         211

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Table B-ll.—Analyses of substrate samples from Allied Chemical, site 105,
             Tonawanda, N.Y. (continued)
             [Locations shown in fig. R-13.  Concentrations are in ug/kg;
             dashes indicate that constituent or compound was not found,
             LT indicates it was found but below the quantifiable detection
             limit.]

                                    	 	 Sample number      	
  Second sampling (5-19-83)	LA	2A	3A	4A

  Inorganic constituents

      Molecular sulfur1          450,000           360          —              580

  Organic Compounds

   Priority pollutants
      Benzene                          6.2
      Tetrachloroethene                9.8       —            —
      Dieldrin                      —           —            LT            LT
      Aldrin                        —           —            —            LT
      Heptachlor                    —           —            —            LT
      Acenaphthene                  —             *
      Fluoranthene                    *             *              *            —
      Naphthalene                     *             *              *
      Bis(2-ethylhexl) phthalate    —           —              *             *
      Di-n-butyl phthalate         —             *
      Benzo(a)anthracene              *             *              *            —
      Benzo(a)pyrene                  *             *              *
      Benzo(b)fluoranthene and
         benzo(k)fluoranthene          *             *              *            —
      Chrysene                        *             *              *
      Acenaphthylene                —             *             —
      Benzo(ghi)perylene            —             *              *
      Fluorene                      —             *             —              .
      Phenanthrene                  —             *             —
      Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene        —             *             —            —
      Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene        —             *              *
      Pyrene                          *             *              *            —

    Nonpriority  pollutants
      Carbon  disulfide              26.6
      0-xylene                        3.6         —            —
      Dibenzofuran                  —             *             —
      2-Methylnaphthalene           —             *             —           —
      2-Chloro-transcyclo-
         hexanol1                     —            *
      9-Methylphenanthrene1         —            *            —           —
       3-Methylphenanthrene1         —            *
       4H-Cyclopenta(def)-
         phenanthrene1               —            *            —           —
       2-Methylphenanthrene1         —            *
       1-Methylpyrene1               —            *
       Perylene*             	--	*	™	— ...
                                          212

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106.  ALLIED CHEMICAL, TONAWANDA  (Literature review)
 NYSDEC 915003-c
General  information and chemical-migration potential.—The  Allied Chemical
site,  in the western part of  the  town of Tonawanda,  consisted of pools of coal
tar  from spillage and leakage  during product-transfer  operations.  The amount
is unknown.   In 1981, the material  was removed and new fill added (fig. B-14).

     The  site has an indeterminable  potential for contaminant migration.  The
chemical data indicate some contamination within the site  hut given no evi-
dence  of contaminant migration.

Geologic information.—The  site  consists of a lacustrine  clay deposit
overlying bedrock of Camillus  Shale.

Hydrologic information.—No hydrologic information is  available, but the con-
ditions  are  probably similar  to  those of adjacent site 10S.  Oround-water flow
is probably  toward the river.

Chemical information.—The  company  collected six soil  samples from the fill
area and analyzed them for  several  organic compounds associated with the coal-
tar  fill; results are shown in table B-12.  Samples  contained eight priority
pollutants,  all below 100 yg/kg.
                                          78° 55'40"
                                         	1	
42°
58'
50"
                                                Sampling depths below grade
                                                     Sample   Depth
                                                             5ft
                                                             8ft
                                                             9ft
                                                             7ft
                                                            16ft
                                                             3ft
                                                       Test holes Approximate 3 ft to clay
                                                          X
                                                         b
  .Buried transfer line
/ and wooden culvert
                                                         -++<-^+l II I I I I I-H
                                                                Railroad siding
                                                                     Fence
   Not to scale
  Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
          Figure B-14.  Location  of sampling holes at Allied Chemical,
                        Tonatfanda,  site 106, Tonawanda.
                                       213

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Table B-12.-
-Analyses of soil samples from Allied Chemical, site 106,
 Tonawanda, N.Y.I
 [Locations are shown in fig. B-14.  Concentrations are  in yg/kg,
  Dashes indicate that compound was not found.2]
Sample number
Constituent 1
Acenaphtene —
Acenaphthylene —
Fluorene —
Naphthalene —
Phenanthrene/
anthracene —
Phenol —
2,4 Dimethylphenol
2
22
—
18
—

14
14
76
345
61
13
84
65

98 — 15
— — —
— — —
6

—
__
	

—
—
—
  Data from Allied Chemical Fibers and Plastics Company, Tonawanda,  N.Y.
2 Limit of detection = 10 ug/kg
108.  TONAWANDA COKE (USGS field reconnaissance)
                                                   NYSDEC  915055-a
General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Tonawanda  Coke
site, adjacent to the Niagara River in the town of Tonawanda, was used  for
general landfilling with fly ash, cinders, and tar sludges during 1Q30-79.
The rate of disposal on the site was 4,680 tons/yr.

    The information collected does not conclusively indicate contaminant
migration.  Although one ground-water sample indicates a cyanide concentration
of 280 ug/L, two substrate samples downgradient did not contain cyanide.
Substrate samples collected near the riverbank in 1983 contained high con-
centrations of organic priority pollutants.  Additional sampling and  chemical
analyses would be needed to confirm the migration of contaminants.  Proximity
of this site to the river implies a major potential for contaminant migration.

Geologic information.—The site consists of fill overlying a glacial
lacustrine clay, which in turn overlies bedrock of Camillus Shale.

    The U.S. Geological Survey drilled three test borings on the site in  1982;
the locations are shown in figure B-15.  The geologic logs are on page  215.

Hydrologic information.—Ground water was encountered at 11 to 12 ft  below
land surface.  The probable direction of ground-water flow is toward  the
Niagara River.
                                     214

-------
Boring no.

   1
Depth (ft)
 0
 4
 6,
 9,
       4.0
       6.5
       9.0
       11.5
              11.5  - 16.5
0
2
3.5
6.0
         2.0
         3.5
         6.0
        11.5
_ Description _

Topsoil,  fill.
Clay,  some sand, dry, dark  green.
Clay,  some sand, olive green.
Clay,  dark green, almost blue,  wet
right  at  bottom, sandy.
Clay,  olive green, tight
SAMPLE:   15.5 - 16.5
                                                   ft
                             Topsoil.
                             Black  organic soil.
                             Clay,  sandy, black dry.
                             Fly  ash,  cinders, black, wet
                             SAMPLE:   6.0 ft.
0
2
8
         2.0
         8.0
        11.5
                             Topsoil.
                             Clay,  red,  tight, sandy,  dry.
                             Plack,  organic, mixed with  red clay.
                             SAMPLE:   8.0 ft.
                78° 56' 10
42°
58'
42'
    Not to scale
                                                    EXPLANATION
                                                Test boring and substrate sample

                                                Surface-water sample
   Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
   Figure B-15.  Location of sampling holes  and surface sample  at
                 Tonawanda Coke, sites 108,  109,  and 110, Tonauanda.
                                     215

-------
Chemical information.—The Geological Survey collected one ground-water sample
and two soil samples from the boreholes on the site and a surface-water sample
from a drainage ditch near the Niagara River.  Each sample was analyzed for
cyanide, iron, and organic compounds; results are given in table B-13.

   Iron exceeded the USEPA criterion for drinking water and New York  State
ground-water standard in both water samples, and cyanide exceeded  the cri-
terion and standard in sample 1.  Substrate samples contained  17 organic
priority pollutants; vinyl chloride concentration was 2,100 ug/kg.  Also  12
nonpriority pollutants and some unknown hydrocarbons were found.
Table B-13.—Analyses of ground-water, surface-water, and  substrate  samples  from
             Tonawanda Coke, site 108, Tonawanda, N.Y.
             [Locations shown in fig. B-15.  Concentrations  are  in ug/L  and
             Ug/kg; dashes indicate  that  constituent  or  compound was not found,
             LT indicates it was found but below  the  quantifiable detection
             limit.]

Sample number and depth
below land surface (
ft)
Ground water Substrates Surface water

First sampling (7-13-82)
PH
Specific conductance
1 2
(16.5) (6.0)
6.8
1,480
3 4
(8.0)
7
1,020


.2
  (umho/cm)
Temperature  (°C)                 12.0                                     26.2

Inorganic  constituents

    Cyanide                     280t           —             —            30
    Iron                    170,000t       9,500,000      5,^00,000      2,400t

Organic compounds

  Nonpriority  pollutants
    Diethyl  phthalate            LT
    Benzoic  acid                 LT
    Tentative  identification  based  on  comparison with the National Bureau of
     Standards  (NBS)  library.   No external  standard  was  available.
     Concentration  reported  is  semiquantitative  and  is based  only on an
     internal  standard.  GC/MS  spectra were examined and interpreted by
     GC/MS  analysts.
  t  Exceeds  USEPA criterion  for maximum permissible  concentration in drinking
     water  or  New York  State  standard  for maximum concentration in ground water.
  *  Compounds  detected  but not  quantified;  holding time  exceeded before GC/MS
     acid-  and  base-neutral  extractable compounds were extracted.
 **  Surrogate  recoveries were above or below the acceptance limits.
                                       216

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Table B-13.—Analyses of ground-water, surface-water, and substrate samples from
             Tonawanda Coke, site 108, Tonawanda, N.Y. (continued)
             [Locations shown in fig. B-15.  Concentrations are in ug/L and
             Ug/kg; dashes indicate that constituent or compound was not found,
             LT indicates it was found but below the quantifiable detection
             limit.]
                                               Sample number
                                                 Substrates
Second sampling (5-24-83)
2A
 3A
Inorganic constituents

    Molecular sulfur1

Organic Compounds

 Priority pollutants
    Benzene
    1 ,2-Trans-dichloroethene
    Ethylbenzene
    Methylene chloride
    Tetrachloroethene
    Toluene
    Vinyl chloride
    Acenaphthene
    Fluoranthene
    Naphthalene
    Bis(2-ethylhexl) phthalate
    Benzo(a)anthracene
    Benzo(b)fluoranthene and
      benzo(k)fluoranthene
    Acenaphthylene
    Benzo(ghi)perylene
    Fluorene
    Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene
    Pyrene

 Nonpriority pollutants
    Acetone
    Carbon disulfide
    0-xylene
    Dibenzofuran
    2-Methylnaphthalene
    2 ,3-Dihydro-lH-indene1
    IH-Indene1
    Cyclohexane1
    Methylcyclopentane1
    1,1,3-Trimethyl-cyclohexane1
    2 ,2 ,3 ,4-Tetramethylpentane1
    l-Ethyl-3-methyl-trans-cyclopentane1
    2,6,6-Trimethyl-bicyclo-
      (3.1.1)hepten-2-ene1
	Unknown hydrocarbons1	
11,000
    32.2**

    28.5**
    45.0**

    16.1**

     *
     *
     *
     *
     *

     *
     *
     *
     *
     *
     *
    44.2**
   126**
     *
     *
     *
     *
  134**
  468**
  150**

   33.0**
  363**
2,180**
  352**
  247**
  530**
                 *
                 *
                 *
                 *
                 *
                                      217

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109.  TONAWANDA COKE (USGS field reconnaissance)                 NYSDFC 915055

General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Tonawanda Coke
site, in the town of Tonawanda, was used as a general landfill for bricks,
rubble, and demolition material during 1930-78.  The quantity of material
disposed of is unknown.

    The potential for vertical migration through the extensive clay unit
underlying the site is probably limited.  Data are insufficient to evaluate
horizonal migration from the site; therefore the contaminant-migration poten-
tial is indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The site consists of fill overlying a glacial
lacustrine clay that is in turn underlain by bedrock of Camillas Shale.

    The U.S. Geological Survey drilled three test borings on the site in  1982;
the locations are shown in figure B-15.  The geologic logs are as follows:

    Boring no.   Depth (ft)     	Description	

       1          0-2.5    Black organic topsoil and gravel.
                  2.5 - 11.5    Clay, red, very dry.
                                NO SAMPLE (no permeable zone below surface).

       2          0-3      Topsoil.
                  3   - 10      Clay, greenish, sandy, some water
                                right at bottom.
                 10   - 16.5    Clay, red, tight.
                                WATER SAMPLE:   11 ft.
                                SOIL SAMPLE:  5.5 ft.

       3          0-1.5    Black fill.
                  1.5 -  5.0    Clay, sandy, brown-red.
                  5.0 - 16.5    Clay, reddish,  tight, dry.
                                NO SAMPLE (no permeable zone below surface).

Hydrologic information.—Ground water was encountered at  approximately  10 ft
below  land surface.  The probable direction of  ground-water  flow  is  westward
toward the Niagara River.

Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey collected  a  ground-water
sample, a  soil sample, and a  surface-water sample in 1982, and  three  substrate
samples in 1983.  The  ground-water and  soil samples  were  analyzed  for  organic
compounds; the surface-water  sample was  analyzed for several inorganic  and
organic compounds.   Results are given  in table  B-14. In  the surface-water
sample, chromium, iron, and lead  exceeded USEPA criteria  for drinking  water,
and one organic  priority pollutant was  found.   In the substrate  samples,  21
organic priority pollutants,  16 organic  nonpriority  pollutants,  one  possibly
naturally  occurring  organic compound,  and  some  unknown hydrocarbons  were
found.  The  pH of the  surface-water  sample was  very  low.
                                      218

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Table B-14.—Analyses of surface-water, ground-water and substrate samples from
             Tonawanda Coke, site 109, Tonawanda, N.Y.
             [Locations shown in fig. B-15.  Concentrations are in ug/L; dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT indicates
             it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]

                               Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                   Surface water              Ground water
                                        1                           2
First sampling (7-14-82)	(0.2)	(11.0)	

pH                                     3.2                          6.8
Specific conductance               3,000                        1,600
 (umho/cm)
Temperature (°C)                      21.0                         13.0

Inorganic constituents

    Aluminum                       1,300
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Barium                           284
    Beryllium                         —
    Cadmium                            3
    Chromium                       1,1OOt
    Cobalt                            65
    Copper                           724
    Iron                         280,0001
    Lead                             120t
    Manganese                      5,040
    Mercury                            0.3
    Nickel                           244
    Selenium                          —
    Silver
    Tellurium                         —
    Vanadium                          —
    Zinc                             192

Organic compounds

 Priority pollutant
    Di-n-butyl phthalate              LT

 Nonpriority pollutant
    1,2-dimethylbenzene1              26
Compound potentially of natural origin
                                                                     5.0

 1 Tentative identification based on comparison with  the National  Bureau  of
     Standards (NBS) library.  No external standard was available.
     Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based  only  on an
     internal standard.  CC/MS spectra were examined  and interpreted  by
     GC/MS analysts.
 t Exceeds USEPA criterion for maximum permissible concentration in
     drinking water.

                                      219

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Table B-14.—Analyses of surface-water, ground-water and substrate samples  from
             Tonawanda Coke, site 109, Tonawanda, N.Y. (continued)
             [Locations shown in fig. B-15.  Concentrations are in Mg/L; dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT indicates
             it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]

                               Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                                   Substrates
Second sampling (5-24-83)
 1A
(2.0)
 2A
(4.0)
 3A
(3.0)
Inorganic constituent

    Molecular sulfur1

Organic compounds

 Priority pollutants
    Benzene
    1,1,1-Trichloroethane
    Toluene
    a-BHC
    Acenaphthene
    Fluoranthene
    Naphthalene
    Bis(2-ethylhexl) phthalate
    Butylbenzl phthalate
    Di-n-butyl phthalate
    Diethyl phthalate
    Benzo(a)anthracene
    Benzo(a)pyrene
    Benzo(b)fluoranthene and
      benzo(k)fluoranthene
    Chrysene
    Acenaphthylene
    Benzo(ghi)perylene
    Fluorene
    Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
    Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene
    Pyrene
              1,900
  5.7**

  3.9**

  *
  *
  *
  *
   8.3

  LT
  LT
   *
   *
   *
   *
   *
   *
   *
  *
  *
  *
  *
   *
   *
   *
   *
   *
   *
 LT
  8.2**
 LT

  *
  *
  *
                              *
                              *
  *
  *
  *
  *
  *
   Tentative identification based on comparison with  the National  Bureau  of
     Standards (NBS) library.  No external standard was available.
     Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based  only  on  an
     internal standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined  and interpreted  by
     GC/MS analysts.
 * Compounds detected but not quantified; holding  time exceeded  before GC/MS
     acid- and base-neutral extractable  compounds  were extracted.
** Surrogate recoveries were above or below the acceptance  limits.
                                      220

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Table B-14.—Analyses of surface-water, ground-water and substrate samples from
             Tonawanda Coke, site 109, Tonawanda, N.Y. (continued)
             [Locations shown in fig. B-15.  Concentrations are in Ug/L; dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT indicates
             it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]

                               Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                                   Substrates
Second sampling (5-24-83)
 1A
(2.0)
 2A
(4.0)
 3A
(3.0)
Organic compounds (continued)

 Nonpriority pollutants
    Carbon disulfide
    o-Xylene
    Benzole acid
    2-Methylphenol
    Dibenzofuran
    2-Methylnaphthalene
    1 ,3-Dimethylbenzene1
    1,4-Dimethylbenzene1
    1-Methylnaphthalene1
    1 ,8-Dimethylnaphthalene1
    1 ,6,7-Trimethylnaphthalene1
    7-Octadecanol
    Hexadecanol1
    Hexadecanoic acid1
    2-Octadecanol1
    Perylene1
    9-Methylphenanthrene
    Unknown hydrocarbons1
    Unknown PAH1

Compound potentially of natural origin

    2 ,6-Dimethylundecane1
  2.9**

  *
  33.4
                 LT
                  *
                  *
  37.9**
   5.3**
                *
                *
                *
                *
                *
                *
                *
                  *
                  *
  *
  *
  *
                               *
                               *
                               *
                                      221

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110.  TONAWANDA COKE (USGS field reconnaissance)               NYSDEC 915055-c

General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Tonawanda Coke
site, in the western part of the town of Tonawanda, was used as a general
landfill for spent iron oxide and wood shavings during 1930-78.  The rate of
disposal on the site was 728 tons/yr.

    All samples were taken from the fill area.  The potential for contaminant
migration is indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The site consists of fill overlying a glacial
lacustrine clay that inturn overlies a bedrock of Camillus Shale.  The U.S.
Geological Survey drilled three test borings on the site  in 1982; the loca-
tions are shown in figure B-15 (p. 215).  The geologic logs are as follows:

    Boring no.   Depth (ft)     	Description	

       1         0-1.0     Coke dust and debris.
                 1   -2.0     Black organic material, water.
                 2.0 -  5.0     Clay, reddish pink.
                                SAMPLE:  4 ft.

       2         0-4       Coke dust mixed with soil.
                 4   -  6.5     Clay, reddish pink.
                                SAMPLE:  4 ft.

       3         0-4       Topsoil and coke debris.
                 4-8       Coke debris, wet.
                 8   - 11.5     Clay, rust colored.
                                SAMPLE:  4 ft.

Hydrologic information.—Ground water was encountered  at  depths ranging  from 2
to  8  ft below  land surface.  The probable direction of ground-water  flow is
toward the Niagara River.

Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey  collected three soil  samples
for organic-compound analyses; results are shown in table B-15.  The samples
contained 27 priority  pollutants and more than  18  nonpriority pollutants.  The
samples were held longer than  the  7-day limit  before organic compounds  were
extracted, so  the concentrations may have been  higher  than indicated.    The
samples also contained 17 organic  nonpriority  pollutants  and some unknown
hydrocarbons.
                                      222

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 Table B-15.—Analyses of substrate samples from Tonawanda Coke, site 110,
              Tonawanda,  N.Y.,  May 24,  1983.
              [Locations  shown  in fig.  B-15.   Concentrations are in ug/kg;
              dashes indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT
              indicates it was  found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]
                                Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                     1      (split)           2         3
                                   (4.0)                   (4.0)     (4.0)
 Organic  compounds

  Priority pollutants
     Acrolein
     Benzene
     1,1,1-Trichloroethane
     Cis,l,3-Dichloropropene
     Ethylbenzene
     Methylene  chloride
     Toluene
     Dieldrin
     Heptachlor  epoxide
     Acenaphthene
     3,4-Dinitrotoluene
     Fluoranthene
     Naphthalene
     N-nitrosodidiphenylamine
     Bis(2-ethylhexl) phthalate
     Di-n-butyl phthalate
     Di-n-octyl phthalate
     Benzo(a)pyrene
     Benzo(b)fluoranthene and
      benzo(k)fluoranthene
     Chrysene
     Acenaphthylene
     Benzo(ghi)perylene
     Fluorene
     Phenanthrene
    D ibenzo(a,h)anthracene
     Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
    Pyrene
LT
64.0**
LT

LT
81.4**
 5.97**

22**
*
*

*
*

*
*
*
A
*
*
( —)
(--)
(10.8**)
(83.9**)
(21.0**)
(31)

 (*)
 (*)
 (*)
 (*)
 (*)
 (*)
 (*)

 (*)

 (*)

 (*)
 (*)
 (*)
 (*)
 (*)

 (*)
                     3,560**
             737**
             314**
           1,420**
 77.1**
  3.0**
  5.9**

160**
 16.8**
                         *
                         *
                         *
                         *
                         *
                         *
                         *
                         *
                         *
                         *
                         *
 1 Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
     Standards (NBS) library.  No external standard was available.
     Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based only on an
     internal standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by
     GC/MS analysts.
 * Compounds detected but not quantified; holding time exceeded before GC/MS
   acid- and base-neutral extractable compounds were extracted.
** Surrogate recoveries were above or below the acceptance limits.
                                      223

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 Table B-15.—Analyses of substrate samples from Tonawanda Coke,  site 110,
              Tonawanda,  N.Y.,  May 24,  1983 (continued)
              [Locations  shown  in fig.  B-15.   Concentrations  are  in yg/kg;
              dashes  indicate  that constituent or compound was not found,  LT
              indicates  it  was  found but  below the quantifiable detection  limit.]

                                Sample  number  and depth  below land surface  (ft)
                                     1       (split)           2         3
 	(4.0)	(4.0)      (4.0)

 Organic  compounds  (continued)

  Nonpriority  pollutants
     Acetone                         —          (164**)      379**
     Carbon disulfide               180**        (614**)      620**       161**
     Diethyl phthalate              —          (*)
     2-Hexanone                      ~           (--)        —         17.1**
     4-Methyl-2-pentanone            —           (—)        —          6.3**
     Styrene                         --           (—)        86.1**
     0-xylene                         4.7**       (25.5**)    238**        17.1**
     4-Chloroaniline                  *           (—)
     Dibenzofuran                    —            (*)        —          *
     2-Methylnaphthalene              *            (*)        —          *
     4-Methylphenanthrene1           —            (*)
     Tetrahydrofuran1                —           (—)        —          *
     Perylene                        —            (*)
     1-Methylnaphthalene1             *           (—)
     1,8-Dimethylnaphthalene1         *           (—)
     Thiophene1                      —           (—)          *
     2-Methylbutane1                 —           (—)        —          *
     Cyclohexane1                    —           (—)        —          *
     Unknown hydrocarbons1            *            (*)
111.  ALUMINUM MATCH PLATE CORPORATION (USGS field reconnaissance) NYSDEC 915005

General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Aluminum Match
Plate Corporation site, a 1-acre area in the city of Tonawanda, was used to
dispose of an unknown quantity of molding sand with phenolic binder and alumi-
num grindings.

    The potential for the downward movement of contaminants is probably small
because of the thick clay below.  Chemical data give no indication of horizon-
tal migration.  The potential for contaminant migration is indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The site consists of glacial lacustrine clay overlying
bedrock of Camillus Shale.  The shale is about 60 ft below land surface.

    The U.S.  Geological Survey drilled four test borings on the site in 1982;
the locations are shown in figure B-16.   The geologic logs are as follows:
                                      224

-------
    Boring no.

       1
Depth (ft)

0   - 1.0
1.0 - 4.0
4.0 - 8.5
                         Description
               Topsoil with clay  cap.
               Clay, sandy, gray-green.
               Clay, red, dry.
               SOIL SAMPLE:  3.0  ft.
0
    -1.5
1.5 - 2.0
2.0 - 2.5
                                Topsoil,  black.
                                Clay, yellow.
                                Clay, red,  tight.
                                SOIL SAMPLE:   1.5  ft.
       3         0-1.5      Topsoil,  black.
                 1.5 - 5.0      Clay,  red.
                                SOIL  SAMPLE:   1.5  ft.

       4         0   - 2.0      Topsoil,  black.
                 2.0 - 5.0      Clay,  red.
                                SOIL  SAMPLE:   1.5  ft.

Hydrologic information. — No ground water  was  encountered in the test borings
nor in previous test drilling along Military  Road  (pi.  2),  and no ground water
was encountered to a depth of 16  ft.

Chemical information. — The U.S. Geological  Survey  collected four soil samples
from the boreholes for iron, mercury,  and phenols  analyses;  results are given
in table B-16.  Only iron was detected.
          42°
          58'
T 1
f

f Sheridan Drive
r «2 V
/,'"'?' '

f 'WfCpr,«l 1 «
f site
f ^
1 ?
1 I
Not to scale
EXPLANATION
V1 Test boring and
substrate sample




            Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
          Figure B-16.  Location of sampling  holes  at  Aluminum Match
                        Plate Corporation,  site  111, Tonaaanda.
                                       225

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Table B-16.—Analyses of substrate samples from Aluminum Match Plate, site 111,
             Tonawanda, N.Y., July 20, 1982.
             [Locations shown in fig. B-16.  Concentrations are in yg/kg;
             dashes indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT
             indicates it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]

Inorganic constituents
Iron
Mercury
Organic compounds
Phenol
Sample number and depth
1 2
3.0 1.5
11,000,000 13,000,000
— — —

— —
below land surface (ft)
3 4
1.5 1.5
11,000,000 8,200,000
— —

— —
114.  ASHLAND PETROLEUM COMPANY (Literature review)
 NYSDEC 915061
General information and chemical-migration potential.—This site, in  the northern
part of the town of Tonawanda, is a solid-waste landfill containing spent  lime,
clay, wood, concrete, metal, and phosphoric acid catalysts.  The potential  for
contaminant migration is indeterminable because data are lacking.

Geologic information.—The U.S. Geological Survey drilled  four  test borings  on
the site in 1975.  The geologic logs indicated bedrock (Camillus Shale) at
approximately 80 ft below grade.  Overlying the bedrock is a sequence  of silt
and clay layers with occasional embedded gravel.

Hydrologic information.—No hydrologic information  is available.

Chemical information.—No chemical data are available, and no monitoring has
been proposed.
 115.  ASHLAND PETROLEUM COMPANY  (Literature  review)
NYSDEC 915008c
General information and chemical-migration  potential.—This  site,  received  low-
level  radioactive material  during  1944-46.   Approximately  8,000  tons  of uranium
ore  tailings  containing 0.54  percent  uranium was  spread  over the area to a  depth
of 2 ft.

    No data are  available  to  determine  contaminant  migration by  ground-water
movement.  However, the chemical analyses  of water  from  adjacent drainage
ditches indicate the  presence of some heavy metals  and low-level radiation,
which  indicates  possible offsite migration  by surface  runoff.  The potential
for  contaminant  migration  in  ground water  is indeterminable.
                                        226

-------
Geologic information.—The site is underlain by glacial lacustrine  clay  of
unknown thickness that in turn overlies bedrock of Camillus Shale.  No geo-
logic test borings have been made.

Hydrologic information.—No ground-water data are available.   Surface water
flows from the site into drainage ditches and culverts, which  drain into Two
Mile Creek, a tributary to the Niagara River (pi. 2).

Chemical information.—The U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration
(ERDA) and the Erie County Department of Environmental Planning (ECDEP)  have
collected and analyzed several surface-water and soil samples.

    In 1976, ERDA collected nine mud samples and eight water samples  from
drainage ditches upgradient and downgradient of this site.  The mud samples
were analyzed for uranium 238, and the water samples for  radium 226,  uranium
234, 235, 238, and thorium 228, 230, and 232.  The results  indicated  low-level
radiation and contamination of soils in the area.

    In June 1981, ECDEP collected four water samples from the  drainage ditches
leading downstream from the site and analyzed them for heavy metals and
selected organic compounds and tested for alpha, beta, and  gamma  radiation.
Results supported the ERDA data, confirming the migration of low-level
radiation from the site through the drainage areas.  The  levels of  radiation
in the drainage ditches are significantly below Nuclear Regulatory  Commission
standards.

                    \
116.  ASHLAND PETROLEUM COMPANY  (Literature  review)             NYSDFC 915008-a

General information and chemical-migration potential^—This  site,  in the
northern part of the  town of Tonawanda, was  a weathering  area for  tetraethyl
lead sludges in 1953.  The area  used was  10  ft  x  30  ft.   The site  was well  con-
tained, and no leachate was present upon  surficial inspection.   Owner represen-
tatives indicated  that lead sludge had been  excavated  and disposed of offsite
after the lead had weathered for  several  years.   The site probably poses no
hazards, and no monitoring has been proposed.   The potential for contaminant
migration is indeterminable.
117.  ASHLAND PETROLEUM COMPANY  (Literature  review)             NYSDEC 915008-b

General information and chemical-migration potential.—This  site,  in the
northern  part of  the  town of  Tonawanda,  has  been  a  storage  pit  for sediments,
oil sludges, and  chemical-spill  recovery.  The  area  is a concrete  storage  pit
280 ft wide and 220 ft long.  No monitoring  has been proposed  for  the site,  and
the potential for  contaminant migration  is indeterminable.
                                       227

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123.  COLUMBUS MCKINNON CORPORATION (Literature  review)
                                           NYSftEC QlSOlfS
General information and chemical-migration potential.—The  Columbus McKinnon
Corporation site, in the city of Tonawanda,  was  used during 1930-65 to dispose
of 27,000 gallons of water-soluble waste-cutting oils  in an open pit 20 ft by
20 ft adjacent to Ellicott Creek (fig.  B-17).  The area  has since been covered
with soil and graded.

    The geology, direction of ground-water  flow, and  results of the chemical
analyses indicate a major potential  for contaminant migration toward Fllicott
Creek, but the rate of migration has  not been  determined.  Additional infor-
mation would be needed to determine  the rate of  movement in both the saturated
and unsaturated zone.
                                                         78° 52'11"
43°
00'
56"
	 « 	 »— — x 	 )c —
Offices
— X- 	 k 	
8"4 o
10ft
-1-D
• 1 Soi
D Riv
1
Shop area
i
8.
Concrete pad
>->
/
/ *z ^ OH
/ J storage
( 6 r bldg
.9 y .4 ^
V^^^-^z
.7 '5
-x 	 x 	 „ Fence
"- 	 	 * * 	 «- 	 «-— ••- — i
-l/icott Creek r, ' ~T
•* — Flow direction °
10
EXPLANATION
I sampling location
0 10 2
er sediment-sample location ""' " *" 	
t
:
:
1
[.
—
nfT
ft
--O
DFEET
   Base from CM Chain, 1982
         Figure B-17.
Location of sampling holes  at Columbus MaKinnon
Corporation, site 123,  Tonawanda.
                                      228

-------
Geologic information.—The site consists of fill overlying silt  and  fine  sand.
No deep test holes were drilled on the site, but the underlying  bedrock is
assumed to be Camillus Shale.  Nine shallow test borings were  drilled  to  a
depth of 8 ft in 1981; all indicated only fill or  fill overlying silt  and fine
sand.

Hydrologic information.—No information was obtained from the  borehole-
drilling program.  However, the direction of ground-water flow is probably
toward Ellicott Creek.

Chemical information.—CM Chain collected several  soil samples for poly-
chlorinated biphenyls  (PCB's) and total halogenated organics  (THO) analysis.
Locations of the boreholes are shown in figure B-17; results  are given in
tables B-17 and B-18.  CM Chain also collected four stream-sediment  samples
for PCB and THO analysis; results are given in table B-19.

Source of data.—CM  CHAIN, Division Columbus McKinnon  Corporation, 1982,
Closure plans for  inactive landfill site, Tonawanda, New York:  CM Chain,
22 p., 6 tables, 3 figs.
Table B-17.—Total polychlorinated biphenyl  concentration  in soil  samples  from
             Colombus McKinnon  Corporation,  site  123,  Tonawanda,  N.Y.I
             [Locations  are  shown  in  fig.  B-17; concentrations  are in ug/kg.
             Dashes  indicate  that  samples  were  not  taken.]
Depth of
sample
(ft)

1 2

3
Borehole number
4567

8

9
  0.0        124,100   1,610  164,000   78,800   2,560  59,800    1,290 <500   125,000
0.42 -  2.0     —     —       —    459,000
1.0-1.8     —     --       —       —  201,000
  .84 -  1.68    —     —       —       —      —    13,600
1.0  -  2.0     —  217,000
1.25 -  2.5     —     —       --       —      —       --  549,000
2.0  -  4.0     —     —       —       —      —       —     —      —    8,940
2.0  -  4.5     —     —        250
3.3  -  3.5     —     —       —       —      —       --     —     210
4.0-4.5     —     —       —       —    27,600
4.0  -  5.5     —   74,300     --     165,000  —      7,100  53,00    —      560
3.5-5.5     —     —       —       —      —       —     —     150
4.5-5.5     —     —        310
5.5  -  7.0     —   49,100      230   141,000 17,100   —   58,800   360       40
5.5-7.6     —     —       —       —      —      6,050
   Data  from CM  CHAIN,  Division  of  Columbus  McKinnon Corporation
2  Refusal  due to  concrete
                                      229

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Table B-18.—Concentrations1  of total halogenated organic compounds (THO)
             in soil samples  from Columbus McKinnon Corporation, site 123,
             Tonawanda, N.Y.2  (Except for borehole 1, THO was from composite
             of samples from each borehole).

             [Locations are shown in fig. R-17.  Concentrations are in
             yg/kg.]
Borehole
number
1
2
3
4
5
Total
halogenated
organics
14,900
14,600
4,300
19,000
2,600
Borehole
number
6
7
8
q

Total
halogenated
organics
1,200
3,400
<100
4,000

             1 Total halogenated organics (THO) qualitative  scan
                is used as an approximation of halogenated compounds
                based on a lindane standard curve.
             2 Data from CM CHAIN, Division of Columbus McKinnon
                Corporation.
   Table B-19.—Concentration of polychlorinated  biphenyls  and  total
                halogenated organic compounds  in  soil  samples  from
                Columbus McKinnon Corporation,  site  123,  Tonawanda, N.Y.I
                [Concentrations are in pg/kg.   Locations  are shown  in
                fig. B-17.]
Sample location
Upstream and 5.
Upstream and 15
Downstream and
Downstream and

0 ft from bank
.0 ft from bank
5.0 ft from bank
15.0 ft from bank
Total
polychorinated
biphenyls
130,000
113,000
<390
570
Total
halogenated
organics
21,300
27,400
37,000
52,000
  Data  obtained  from  CM CHAIN,  Division  of Columbus McKinnon Corporation.
                                     230

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125, 126 and 127.
   DUNLOP TIRE &  RUBBER COMPANY
   (USGS field reconnaissance)
NYSDEC 915018a,b,c
General information and  chemical-migration potential.—The Dunlop Tire  and
Rubber Company site,  in  the  town  of  Tonawanda, consists of three disposal
areas within the same  property.   Site 125 was a disposal site for construction
and demolition material;  site  126 received an unknown quantity of scrap rubber
products, carbon black,  sulfur,  amines,  and general refuse; and site  127
received coal cinders  at  a  rate  of 4,000 tons/yr during 1923-73.

    The potential  for  vertical migration through the underlying clay  to deeper
units is probably  limited.   Additional sampling would be needed to  evaluate
horizontal migration  of  leachate  from the sites.  The potential for con-
taminant migration is  indeterminable.  The company has started a site investi-
gation as a result of  their  chemical testing.

Geologic information.—The  site  consists of fill overlying a glacial
lacustrine clay that  overlies  bedrock of Camillus Shale.  The U.S.  Geological
Survey drilled four test  borings  on the site in 1982; the locations are shown
in figure B-18.  The  geologic  logs are on page 232.

Hydrologic information.—Ground  water was encountered in the unconsolidated
material above the unsaturated clay, which indicates a perched water  table.
The probable direction of ground-water flow is tdward the Niagara River.
                                    78° 55'09"
                                                       EXPLANATION
                                                    Test boring and substrate sample
                                                    Electromagnetic survey traverse
   Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
  Figure B-18.
Location of  sampling holes and eleetromagnetie-conduetivity
survey  lines at Dunlop Tire and Rubber Company, sites 125,
126, and 127, Tonawanda.
                                      231

-------
   Boring no.   Depth (ft)     	Description	

       1          0-1.5    nark  organic  soils.
                 1.5 -  4.0    Same.
                 4.0 -  6.5    Clay,  brown,  some  sand,  hit  gravel at
                               6  to  6.5  ft.
                 6.5 -  11.5    Clay,  pinkish,  dry.
                11.5 -  16.5    Same.
                               SAMPLE:   1.8  ft.

       2          0-1.5    Black organic topsoil,  wet.
                 1.5 -  2.0    Same.
                 2.0 -  4.0    Clay,  sandy,  yellowish.
                 4.0 -  6.5    Clay,  brownish-pink.
                 6.5 -  10.0    Same.
                               SAMPLE:   1  ft.

       3          0-1.0    Black organic topsoil.
                 1.0 -  3.0    Black and white organic zone
                 3.0 -  16.5    Clay, reddish,  some  sand, dry
                 16.5 -  21.5    Clay.
                               SAMPLE:   3 ft.

       4          0-1.5    Brown/black organic  topsoil, some rocks.
                 1.5 -  4.0    Clay, reddish brown,  with well-rounded and
                               polished pebbles.
                 4.0 -  6.5    Hard  zone at 4  ft—went through fairly easily;
                               hit another about  5.5 ft.  Returns indicate
                               gravel zone.
                 6.0 -  11.5     Same, becoming sandy last 2 to 3 ft.
                 11.5 -  17.0     Same, hit brown clay at about 17 ft.
                                SAMPLE:   1.5 ft.

Chemical information.—The Geological Survey collected a soil sample from each
borehole for organic-compound analysis and split each with representatives of
the site owner for  private analysis.   The site owner's results are given in
table B-20.  The Geological Survey data were lost, and the site was  not resampled,


 Table B-20.—Analyses  of  soil samples from Dunlop Tire and Rubber Company,
              sites 125, 126, and  127, Tonawanda,  N.Y., July 19821
              [Locations are shown in fig. B-18; concentrations are  in
              yg/kg.]
Sample number
Constituent
Total volatile organic
halogens
Total Kjedahl nitrogen
Phenol
1
1,070

1,680,000
188
2
351

708,000
219
3
448

747,000
194
4
82

673,000
196
         Data from Dunlop Tire and Rubber  Company,  Tonawanda,  NY.
                                     232

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Electromagnetic survey.—The Geological  Survey conducted an electromagnetic
survey with five traverses  in November  1982.   Locations are shown in figure
B-18; the data are plotted  in figure  B-19.

    The location of line 1  is controlled  primarily by the railroad tracks.
Even the first 50 ft of the line  are  clearly  within an area of artificial
fill, which shows even more clearly  in  line 2 (p.  234).  The values in the
vicinity of the 250-ft mark (near 1,000 ymho/m)  were the highest recorded
during the entire study.  Line  2  ends in  the  middle of the swamp and has con-
ductivity values above those expected for uncontaminated materials, which
suggests the presence of leachate.

    The beginning of line 3 also  shows  evidence  of artificial fill, but near-
background values begin within  200  ft and persist  for 200 ft.  Beyond that
point, conductivity values  rise slightly.

    Line 4 (p. 234) shows clear evidence  of a buried conductor (probably
metallic) just beyond 200 ft, beyond  which is a zone of natural conductivity
values.  This does not necessarily  mean  that  the ground there is uncon-
taminated because not all contaminants  change the  local conductivity.  Near
the parking-lot fence, the  values again  indicate artificial fill.

    Line 5 (p. 235), run within 20  ft of  the  parking-lot fence, indicates
buried material that differs from that  along  lines 3 and 4.  At the 450-ft
mark, conductivities are almost as  high  as the highest values in line 2, which
suggests that the waste material  underlying lines  2 and 5 may be similar.
          Background conductivity
                125
                         250
                                                    Background conductivity
                                                      250
                                                                          500
                                  DISTANCE, IN FEET
  Figure B-19.  Results of electromagnetic-conductivity survey at Dunlop
                Tire and Rubber Company,  sites  125,  126,  and 127,  Tonawanda,
                lines I and 3.
                                     233

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                                                            CONDUCTIVITY, IN MILLMHOS PER METER
                                                         o
                                                         o
NJ

UJ

-C-
                                m
                                   en
                                   o

-------
        250
        225
      DC
        200
      e
      o- 175
      to
      O
      I
      -. 150
      ^ 125
      p 100
      O

      Q
      O
      O
         75
         50
         25
                                           420  600
                                          _J	L
                                                            Line 5
                              250
                                     Background conductivity
                                                    J_
500
750
                                   DISTANCE, IN FEET
   Figure B-19  (continued).   Results of eleatromagnetia-eonduetivity survey
                at  Dunlop Tire and Rubber Company, sites  125,  126,  and 127,
                Tonawanda,  line 5.
128.  DUPONT COMPANY  (USGS  reconnaissance)
               NYSDEC P15019
General information and  chemical-migration potential.—The Dupont Company
site, in the town of Tonawanda,  consists of six excavated pits  that were
filled with various materials  during 1921-78.  The types and quantity  of
buried material are as follows:
     cellulosic-ulicose,  rayon,  cellophane, and sponges
     dry "Corian" waste
     polyvinyl alcohol  film
     wet "Corian" waste
     "Vexar" netting
     dry "Tedlar" polyvinyl fluoride film
     "Tedlar" with  dimethylacetamide
     nylon shutters and water-based paints
     miscellaneous  laboratory chemicals and foundry
       sand  from an automobile manufacturing plant
          80,000 tons
           5,000 tons
             100 tons
           1,500 tons
           1,500 tons
             750 tons
           1,000 tons
              75 tons
               1 ton
                                      235

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    Data collected  in August  1982  Indicate a limited potential for  contaminant
migration.  No definite  organic leachate plume is evident, but additional  data
would be needed  to  confirm its  absence.   If such a plume exists,  its  downward
movement through the underlying clay would probably be slow.  The potential
for contaminant  migration  is  indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The site consists of approximately 40 ft of  glacio-
lacustrine clay  overlying  bedrock  of Camillus Shale.  The site owner  drilled
seven monitoring wells (fig.  B-20),  but  no geologic logs are available.

Hydrologic information.—Water  levels in six of the seven monitoring  wells
average 6.5 ft below land  surface;  in well 3, the water level was more  than  20
ft below land  surface.

    Permeability tests were run on three samples of undisturbed clay.   Results
indicate relatively low  permeability ranging from 1.08 x 10~^ to  1.60 x
10~8 cm/s.
                        78° 54'34"
 42°
 58'
 16'
                                Access  Rd
• 3
Landfi
                                                 • 5
                                      • 6
     Not to seal e
                                       EXPLANATION

                                          • 5
                                   Monitoring wells installed
                                     by property owners
   Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
         Figure B-20,  Location of monitoring wells at Dupont Company,
                       site  128,  Tonawanda.
Chemical information.—Chemical analyses of water samples from monitoring
wells by the  site  owner  indicate that concentrations of sulfate,  chloride,
dissolved barium,  dissolved  lead,  and dissolved mercury exceed the  TTSEPA cri-
terion for drinking  water.

    In August  1982,  the  U.S.  Geological Survey sampled the seven  wells  for
organic compounds; results  are given in table B-21.  Although no  organic
priority pollutants  were detected, 30 nonpriority pollutants, 7 possibly
naturally occurring  compounds, and 1 possible artifact were detected.
                                      236

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Table B-21.—Analyses of ground-water samples from Dupont Company, site 128,
             Tonawanda, N.Y., August 18, 1982.
             [Locations shown in fig. B-20.  Concentrations are in ug/L;
             dashes indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT
             indicates it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit,
                               Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                     123   (dupli-     4
                                   (5.3)     (4.1)     (21.0) cate)     (5.3)
pH                                   7.0       7.2        7.3             6.8
Specific conductance (umho/cm)   4,900     6,700      1,000           3,125
Temperature (°C)                    15.0      17.5       12.0            16.0

Organic compounds

 Nonpriority pollutants
    3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid1      —        —               ()       7.5
    1,3-dimethylbenzene1            —                         ()      LT
    1,4-dimethylbenzene1            —        —               ()      LT
    1,1,2-trimethylcyclohexane1     —        —               ()      15
    1,2,3-trimethylcyclohexane1     —        —               ()       6.6
    2,2-dimethylcyclohexanone1      —        —               (~~)      LT
    2,3-dimethylcyclohexanone1      —        —               ()      LT
    3,4-dimethyl-2-hexanone1        —        —               ()      18
    3,4,5-trimethyl-2-cyclopenten-
      1-one1                        —                         (")      LT
    3-methyl-(Z)-2-hexene1          —        ~         ~    C)      LT
    3-methyl-(E)-l,3,5-
      hexatriene1
    2,3,4-Trimethyl-2-
      cyclopenten-1-one1            —        —         —    (  )     I20
                 1                                         _    f —^      T T
    Benzothiazole1                   —                         ^~ '      LlL
    1,1,2-trimethylcyclopropane1    —        —               ()      H
    2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]
      ethanol1                      ™        —               ()       9.6
    4-butoxybutanoic acid1          —        —               ()      LT
    2-methylbenzene sulfonamide1    —        —         —    (")      H
    3-ethyl-2-methyl-l,3-
      hexadiene1                    —        —         —    (--)       8.1

Compounds potentially of natural origin

    3-hexanone1                     —        —               (--)      LT
    2-hexanone1                     —                         ()      LT
    3-methyl-cyclopentanone1        —        —         —    (—)      LT

Possible artifact

    4-methyl-3-hepten-2-one1	—	II	      (—)	LT

 1 Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
     Standards (NBS) library.  No external standard was available.
     Concentration  reported is semiquantitative and is based only on an
     internal standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by
     GC/MS analysts.

                                      237

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 Table B-21.—Analyses  of ground-water samples  from Dupont Company,  site 128,
              Tonawanda,  N.Y.,  August  18,  1982  (continued)
              [Locations  shown  in  fig.  B-20.  Concentrations  are  in  yg/L;
              dashes  indicate  that constituent  or  compound was  not  found,  LT
              indicates  it  was  found but below  the quantifiable detection  limit.
                                Sample  number  and  depth  below  land  surface  (ft)
                                                  5             6            7
                                 	          (6.0)         (5.4)        (3.9)
 pH                                                6.8           6.9          7.0
 Specific  conductance  (umho/cm)                1,680           700        6,600
 Temperature  (°C)                                 18.0           6.0         16.5

 Organic compounds

 Nonpriority pollutants
    Bis-2,2'[methylenebis(oxy)] butane1           5
    Phenol,2-methoxyAcetate1                   LT
    1-1(1,1'-dimethylethoxy)-
      4-methoxybenzene                          14           —          —
    2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanone1                   —             6
    1-(1,l'-dimethlethyl)-4-
      methylbenzene1                            —             5
    2,6,10,15-tetramethylheptadecane1           —             7
    2-methylbenzenamine1                        —           —         185
    Trans-4-chlorocyclohexanol1                 —           —          21
    1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo-
      [2.2.1]heptan-2-one1                      —           —          12
    1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo-
      [2.2.1] heptan-2-one1                     —           —           7
    1,3-Dihydro-2H-imidazo-
      [4,5-b]pyridin-2-one1                     —           —          LT

Compounds  potentially of natural origin
    Octacosane                                  —            8          —
    Hexacosane                                  —            8          —
    Tridecane1                                  —           LT
    Hydrocarbon1                                -            LT
    5,7-dimethylundecane1                       —            7          —
                                      238

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130.  EXOLON CORPORATION  (Literature review)                    NYSDEC 915023

General information and chemical-migration potential.—The ExoIon Company, on
East Niagara Street in the City of Tonawanda, manufactures aluminum oxide and
silicon carbide abrasives for grinding wheels and general industrial use.  The
company was reported to have disposed of refractory bricks, iron tailings, and
coal cinders in a low area of approximately  1.5 acres.

    The potential for contaminant migration  is indeterminable from the data
available.

Geologic information.—The soils are lacustrine silt,  sand, and clay deposits.
The site has one well, which is reported to  be 140  ft  deep.  Information  pro-
vided by the site owner indicates the following geologic  log:

                 Depth (ft)     	Description	

                   0 -   4      sandy loam
                   4 -  80      clay and silt
                  80 -  86      sand
                  86 - 140      bedrock (Camillus Shale)

Hydrologic information.—Ground-water data are scant.  Depth to water has been
reported to be approximately 4 ft.  The water table probably fluctuates season-
ally during spring and other wet periods.  Horizontal  flow would be greatest
during these periods, particularly in the sandy loam.  The direction of flow
would probably be northward toward the Erie-Barge Canal.  Ground water could
flow vertically through the sandy loam but would be impeded by  the deeper clay
and silt layer.

Chemical information,—No chemical information is available, and no monitoring
has been planned.
 131.  FMC CORPORATION   (USGS  field  reconnaissance)

 General  information and chemical-migration  potential.—The  FMC Corporation
 site, in the  town  of Tonawanda,  contains  disposal  pits for  approximately 100
 tons  of  persulfates, perborates,  sodium carbonate  peroxide,  hydrogen peroxide,
 peracetic acid, calcium and zinc  peroxide,  magnesium, urea,  pyrophosphate, and
 dipicolinic acid.  The  site was  in  operation  from  1964-76.   The pits have
 since been closed.

    The  potential  for downward migration  is probably limited by the underlying
 clay  unit.  The potential  for offsite  lateral migration  is  indeterminable.

 Geologic information.—The site  consists  of a glacial lacustrine deposit
 overlying bedrock  of Camillus Shale.   The depth  to  bedrock  is greater than
 60  ft.
                                      239

-------
    The Geological  Survey  drilled four test borings in 1QR2;  the  locations are
shown in figure B-21.   The geologic logs are as follows:
Boring no.   Depth (ft)

   1         0-0.5
             0.5 -  6.5
                 0    -   2.0
                 2.0  -   3.0
                 3.0  -  11.5
                  0    -   2.5
                  2.5  -   3.5
                  3.5  -   6.5
                                           Description
Topsoil.
Clay, reddish,  dry,  tight.
Note:  Moved  forward  and  took 0.5
sample with hand  auger.

Clay, red, "cap"?
Sand, some clay,  dark green,  wet.
Clay, reddish.
SAMPLE:  2.5  ft.

Clay, red, some fill  and  gravel.
Clay, dark green,  some sand,  damp.
Clay, red, dry, tight.
SAMPLE:  2.0  ft?
                  0    -   2.5      Clay, red.
                  2.5  -   3.0      Clay, dark green.
                  3.0  -   3.5      Clay, red, tight.  Hit  hard  material
                                 at 3.5 ft.
                                 SAMPLE:  2.5 ft.
                                                        EXPLANATION
                                                 2 Test boring and substrate sample
      Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
         Figure B-21.  Location  of sampling holes at FMC Corporation,
                       site 131,  Tonawanda.
                                      240

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 Hydrologic  information.—No  ground  water  was  encountered  in the test borings.
 The  moist material  encountered  in  borehole  2  can be attributed to a buried
 water  main  that  was  leaking  at  the  time of  drilling.

 Chemical  information.—The U.S.  Geological  Survey collected a substrate sample
 from each borehole  for  iron  and  zinc  analysis in 1982  and for organic com-
 pounds in 1983.   Results are given  in table B-22.   The samples contained 18
 organic priority pollutants,  23  organic nonpriority pollutants,  and some
 unknown hydrocarbons.


 Table  B-22.—Analyses of substrate  samples  from  FMC, site  131,  Sawyer Street,
             Tonawanda, N.Y.
             [Locations shown in fig.  B-21.   Concentrations  are  in  yg/kg;
             dashes  indicate that constituent or  compound  was  not found, LT
             indicates it was found but below the  quantifiable  detection
             limit.]
First sampling (08-04-82)
 Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
    1234
  (0.5)        (2.5)         (2.5)        (2.5)
Inorganic constituents

    Iron
    Zinc
Second sampling (08-19-83)

Inorganic constituents

    Molecular sulfur
160,000
  1,000
470,000
 17,000
410,000
 29,000
370,000
 13,000
                                                 Sample number
    1A
   2A
   3A
   4A
               10,000
Organic compounds

 Priority pollutants
    Acenaphthene
    Fluoranthene
    Naphthalene
    Bis(2-ethylhexl) phthalate
    Di-n-butyl phthalate
    Di-n-octyl phthalate
    Benzo(a)anthracene
      *
      *
      *
      *
      *
      *
      *
      *
      *
      *
      *

      *
                                               *
                                               *
 1  Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
     Standards  (NBS)  library.   No external standard was available.
     Concentration reported is  semiquantitative and is  based only on an
     internal  standard.   GC/MS  spectra were examined and interpreted by
     GC/MS  analysts.
 *  Compounds detected but not  quantified—Holding time  exceeded before GC/MS
   acid-  and base-neutral extractable  compounds were extracted.
                                     241

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 Table B-22.—Analyses  of  substrate samples  from FMC,  site  131,  Sawyer Street,
              Tonawanda, N.Y.  (continued)
              [Locations shown  in  fig.  B-21.   Concentrations  are  in  yg/kg;
              dashes  indicate  that constituent or compound  was not found,  LT
              indicates  it  was  found  but below the  quantifiable  detection
              limit.]
                                                 Sample  number
 Second  sampling (08-19-83)	1A	2A	3A	4A

 Organic compounds  (continued)

  Priority  pollutants  (continued)
     Benzo(a)pyrene                  *             *             *             *
     Benzo(b)fluoranthene  and
      benzo(k)fluoranthene          *            —             *             *
     Chrysene                        *             *             *             *
     Acenaphthylene                  *
     Anthracene                      *             *             *
     Benzo(ghi)perylene              *             *             *             *
     Fluorene                        *             *             *
     Phenanthrene                    *             *             *
     Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene          *             *             *             *
     Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene          *             *             *             *
     Pyrene                          *             *             *             *

  Nonpriority pollutants
     Dibenzofuran                    *             *             *             *
     2-Methylnaphthalene             *             *             *
     Benzoic acid                   —             *             *
     1-Methylnaphthalene1            *
     Dibenzothiophene1               *
    Acridine1                       *
     Phenanthridine1                 *
     9H-carbazole1                   *            —             *
     9-Methylphenanthrene1           *
    3-Methylphenanthrene1           *
    4-Methylphenanthrene1           *
     T-Methyl-gti-carbazole1          *
     1-Phenylnaphthalene1            *
    9,10-Anthracenedione1           *            —            —           —
     9-Ethylphenanthrene1            *
     2,5-Dimethylphenanthrene1       *
     1-Methylpyrene1                 *             *             *
     7-Methylbenzo(a)
      anthracene1                   *            —             *
    4-Cyclopenta(def)
      phenanthrene1                 *
    Perylene                       —            —             *
    Hexadecanoic acid1             —            —             *
    4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-
      benzaldehyde1                —            —             *
    4H-Cyclopenta(def)
      phenanthrene1                —            —             *
	Unknown hydrocarbons1	*	 	        *	      	*	—
                                     242

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136.  INS EQUIPMENT CORPORATION (USGS field reconnaissance)      NYSPEC 915031

General information and chemical-migration potential.—The INS Equipment
Corporation site, in the City of Tonawanda, contains 55 acres and was used  to
dispose of an unknown quantity of pit sludge, cutting oils, grinding waste,
and foundry sand.  The site has since been covered, graded, and seeded.

    This site has a major potential for contaminant migration to the Niagara
River.  The proximity of the site to the river, the probable direction of
ground-water flow, the chemical results, and the former wetland character of
the site together suggest that migration could be occurring.

Geologic information.—Before the site was graded and seeded, it consisted  of
wetlands and glacial lacustrine deposits.  The underlying bedrock is Camillus
Shale.

    The U.S. Geological Survey drilled 10 test borings on the site  1982;
locations are shown in figure B-22.  The geologic logs are as follows:

    Boring no.   Depth (ft)     	Description	

       1          0-1.5    Topsoil.
                  1.5 - 14.5    Black foundry sand, asphaltic smell, debris,
                                rubble.  Hit hard zone at 14 ft; could
                                barely drill 6 inches more.
                                SAMPLE:  14 ft.

       2          0   - 15.0    Black and gray zones of foundry sand, debris.
                                Hit hard zone at 15 ft.
                                SAMPLE:  15 ft.

       3          0-18.0    Black foundry sands, debris.
                 18.0 - 18.5    Gravel and pebbles.
                 18.5 - 21.5    Sand, black, wet.
                 21.5 - 26.5    Clay, gray-green.
                                SAMPLE:  18.5 ft.

       4          0   - 16.5    Black foundry sands, cinder ash debris.
                 16.5 - 19.5    Same but saturated.
                 19.5 - 21.5    Clay, gray-green.
                                SAMPLE:  16.5 ft.

       5          0   -  6.5    Black foundry sands, dry.
                  6.5 - 11.5    Same, with rubble and gravel.
                 11.5 -16.5     Same with nuts, bolts, rubber hoses, wood,
                                metal bindings, wet at 15 ft.
                                SAMPLE:  15 ft.

       6          0-6.5    Foundry sand, black to brown, medium.
                  6.5 - 11.5    Same, rubble at 10 - 11.5.
                 11.5 - 16.5    Sand, brown to black, rubble, hard  drilling,
                                no returns.
                 16.5 - 21.5    No returns, gray-green sandy clay on bit.
                                SAMPLE:  20 ft.
                                     243

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jtoring no,

   7
                 Depth (ft)
                      -8.0
          Description
Slag on top, then  foundry  sand,  then
limestone—could not  drill.
SAMPLE:  8 ft.
                  0   -  9.0     Topsoil,  brown to black, slag, debris,  gravel,
                                 hard  drilling.
                  9   - 15.0     Gravel,  gray and pea rock.  Could not  drill
                                 through.
                                 SAMPLE:   14 ft.

                  0   -  0.5     Black cinder ash.
                  0.5 -  4.0     "Iron ore"  with gravel, could not drill
                                 through.
                                 SAMPLE:   4  ft.
   10
                                 Note;   Moved twice to get around  hard  zone
                                 at  1.0  ft.  Tried again — still  drilling in
                                 fresh  wood.  Fourth try:
                  0   -   1.5     Topsoil and wood.
                  1.5 -   4.0     Sand,  dark brown to black, gravel,  could not
                                 drill  through.
                                 SAMPLE:  4 ft.
Hydrologic information. — Ground  water was encountered in  two  of  the  10  bore-
holes at depths of  15 and  18  ft  below land surface.  Past history  of the site
indicated that some  areas  were wetlands.  The direction of ground-water flow
is probably westward  toward  the  Niagara River.
 42°
 59'
 19"
                           78° 56'19"
        Not to scale
                                           S
                                                       EXPLANATION

                                                     2 Test boring and
                                                       substrate sample
       Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
          Figure B-22.  Location of sampling holes at INS Equipment
                        Corporation,  site 136,  Tonawanda.
                                      244

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Chemical information.—The Geological Survey collected a soil sample at each
borehole within the disposal area for cadmium, chromium, iron, lead, and
organic-compound analyses; results are given in table B-23.  The concentrations of
cadmium, chromium, and lead were higher than in samples from undisturbed areas not
affected by waste-disposal sites.  The samples contained 19 organic priority
pollutants, most in concentrations above 10,000 ug/kg and one as high as 150,000
ug/kg (fluoranthene in hole 9); 15 organic nonpriority pollutants and 14 possibly
naturally occurring organic compounds also were found.  Ground-water quantity
was insufficient for sampling.

Table B-23.—Analyses of substrate samples from INS Equipment Corporation,
             site 136, Tonawanda, N.Y., August 10, 1982.
             [Locations shown in fig. B-22.  Concentrations are in pg/kg;
             dashes indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT
             indicates it was found but below the quantifiable detection
             limit.)
                               Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                             12345
                          (14.0)    (15.0)     (20.0)     (16.5)     (15.0)
Inorganic constituents
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Iron
    Lead

Organic compounds
     53,000tt    20,000tt
    430,000tt    70,000tt
100,000,000  26,000,000
  2,500,000tt   630,000tt
    3,000
3,700,000
   10,000
     5,000tt     6,000tt
    30,000tt   180,000tt
16,000,000  41,000,000
   iio.oontt   no.ooott
       ***
                  ***
                             ***
                                         ***
                                                    ***
 Priority pollutants
    Phenol
    Naphthalene
    Acenaphthalene
    Fluorene
    Phenanthrene
    Anthracene
    Fluoranthene
    Pyrene
    Di-n-butyl phthalate
    Benzo(a)anthracene
    Chrysene
    Bis(2-ethylhexl)
      phthalate        52,000
    2,4-dimethylphenol     LT
     61,000
         LT
         LT
         LT
     41,000
         LT
     25,000
     18,000
         LT
         LT
         LT
       LT
        LT
                                 LT
    LT
    LT

33,000
                           17,000
                           11,000
                               LT
                               LT

                            5,000
 1
   Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
     Standards (NBS) library.  No external standard was available.  The
     concentration reported is semi-quantitative and is based only on an
     internal standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by
     GC/MS analysts.
tt Exceeds concentrations in samples taken from undisturbed soils in the
     Tonawanda area.  Undisturbed soils not analyzed for iron.
***Analyzed at detection limit above that required by this study.
                                       245

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Table B-23.—Analyses of substrate samples from INS Equipment Corporation,
             site 136, Tonawanda, N.Y., August 10, 1982 (continued)
             [Locations shown in fig. B-22.  Concentrations are in Mg/kg;
             dashes indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT
             indicates it was found but below the quantifiable detection
             limit.)

                               Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                             _         _          _          ^          -      .

	(14.0)    (15.0)     (20.0)     (16.5)     (15.0)

Organic compounds (continued)

 Nonpriority pollutants
    Dibenzofuran         —          —          —         —             LT
    0-cresol            11,000
    P-cresol           43,000        —          —             LT
    2-Methylnaphthalene    LT        —          —         —             LT
    2,4-Dimethyl-l,3-
      dioxolane1       30,000
    1,3-Dimethyl-
      benzene1           5,200
    Decane1               25,000
    Undecane1             55,000
    Tridecane1            90,000       —        23,000       --        26,000
    Tetradecane1         270,000      13,000       —         —        82,000
    Hexadecane1          305,000       —        64,000
    Heptadecane1         160,000       —         —         —       600,000
    Octadecane           310,000       —         —         ~       550,000
    Eicosane1            188,000       —         —         --       570,000
    Hexicosane1           97,000
    2,6,10,14-Tetramethyl-
      heptadecane1        88,000       —         —         —        63,000
    4-Methyldecane1         7,300
    Dodecane1                —         —         5,300
    2,6,11-Trimethyldodecane1 --       —         8,700
    Pentadecane1              —       —         —         —       260,000
    2-Methylpentadecane1      —       —         —         —        49,000

                             Sample  number  and  depth below land  surface (ft)
                              6789           10
	(20.0)      (8.0)      (14.0)	(4.0)	(4.0)

 Inorganic constituents

     Cadmium                1,000      4,000      1,000       2,000      2,000
     Chromium               7,000    120,000tt    30,000tt   20,000    120,000tt
     Iron               6,000,000 29,000,000  2,900,000  25,000,000 19,000,000
     Lead                  30,000    120,000tt    30,000     130,000tt  100,000
     Molecular sulfur1          —       —       44,000
                                        246

-------
Table B-23.—Analyses of substrate samples from INS Equipment Corporation,
             site 136, Tonawanda, N.Y., August 10, 1982 (continued)
             [Locations shown in fig. B-22.  Concentrations are in ug/kg;
             dashes indicate that constituent or compound was not found, l,T
             indicates it was found but below the quantifiable detection
             limit.)

                           __Samp_le_ number and depth below land surface (ft)
                             6789           10
                          (20.0)     (8.0)     (14.0)      (4.0)       (4.0)
Organic compounds            **
                                       **         **         **         **
 Priority pollutants
    Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate —       LT
    Fluorene                  —       —         —       13,000
    Phenanthrene              —       —         —       70,000
    Anthracene                —       —         —       26,000
    Fluoranthene              —       —         —      150,000
    Pyrene                    —       —         —       88,000
    Benzo(a)anthracene        —       —         —       47,000
    Chrysene                —        —         —        35,000
    Benzo(a)pyrene          —        —         —        23,000
    Indenod ,2,3-cd)pyrene  —        —         —            LT
    Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene  —        —         —            LT
    Benzo(g,h,i)perylene    —        —         —            LT
    Benzo(b)fluoranthene    —        —         —        33,000
    Benzo(k)fluoranthene    —        —         —        33,000
    Acenaphthylene          —        —         —        21,000

 Nonpriority pollutants
    Dibenzofuran            —        —         —        12,000
    2-Methylnaphthalene     —        —         —            LT
    Benzo(k)phenanthrene1   —        —         —         6,000
    Perylene1                —        —         —        16,000
    1,5-Hexadiyne1        30,000
    Cyclohexane1          11,000
    3-Hexen-2-one1         4,900
    4-Methylphenanthrene1   —        —         —        18,000
    2-Phenylnaphthalene1    —        —         —         7,100
    1-Methylpyrene1          —        —         —         9,500
    7-H-Benzo(DE)
      anthracene-7-one1      —        —         —        17,500
    Hexadecane1              —      2,500
                                       247

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137.  PENNWALT-LUCIDOL  DIVISION (USGS field reconnaissance)
NYSDEC 915035
General information  and  chemical-migration potential.—The  Pennwalt-Lucidol
Division, in  the  town  of Tonawanda, was used to dispose  of  phosphorus acid
sludge and limestone during 1956-70 at a rate of 62.5  tons/yr.   The material
has since been  removed.

    The potential  for  downward movement of contaminants  is  probably limited by
the clay unit.  Additional  information would be needed to confirm lateral
migration; therefore,  the potential for offsite migration is  indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The  site consists of glacial  lacustrine  clay overlying
bedrock of Camillus  Shale.   The U.S. Geological Survey drilled  four test
borings on the  site  in 1982;  the locations are shown in  figure  B-23.  The
geologic logs are  on page 249.

Hydrologic information.—No ground water was encountered.
                         78° 53'22"
                           ~r
         x	x	x	*	v	x	*	*	»	K    v
                   •   Building on plant site
                            Former disposal areas
                                                                EXPLANATION
                                                              1   Test boring and
                                                                 substrate sample
   Base from NYSDEC, 1982
         Figure B-23.   Location of sampling holes at  Pennwatt-Luoidol
                        Division,  site IS?, Tonawanda.
                                      248

-------
    Boring no.   Depth (ft)     	Description	

       1         0-2.0     Fill, gray to brown.
                 2.0 -  3.0     Clay, rusty brown.
                 3.0 - 11.5     Clay, red, dry.
                                SAMPLE:  2 ft.

       2         0   -  1.5     Fill, black topsoil.
                 1.5 -  3.0     Black, loose dirt, fill, rocky.
                 3.0 -  4.0     Clay, rusty brown as in borehole.
                 4 .0 -  6.5     Clay, rusty brown to clay, red, tight.
                                SAMPLE:  3 ft.

       3         0-2.0     Topsoil and gravel.
                 2.0 -  3.5     Black, organic, "slushy" material,
                                pea gravel.
                 3.5 -  4.0     Clay, brown, sandy, dry.
                 4.0 -  6.5     Clay, reddish.
                                SAMPLE:  3 ft.

       4         0-1.0     Topsoil, reddish.
                 1.0 -  3.0     Black, damp, organic material, gravel.
                 3.0 -  4.0     Clay, greenish, damp.
                 4.0 -  5.0     Clay, reddish.
                                SAMPLE:  2.5 ft.

Chemical information.—The Geological Survey collected four soil samples for
organic-compound analyses; results are shown in table B-24.  The samples con-
tained seven organic priority pollutants; concentrations ranged from 930 to
3,260 ug/kg.

Table B-24.—Analyses of substrate samples from Pennwatt-Lucidol Division,
             site 137, Tonawanda, N.Y. , July 30,  1982.
             [Locations shown in fig. B-23.  Concentrations are in pg/kg;
             dashes indicate that constituent or  compound was not found, LT
             indicates it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.)

                               Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                  1234
.	(2.5)	(3.0)	(3.0)	(2.5)

Organic compounds

 Priority pollutants
    Fluoranthene                —         1,440         2,010
    Pyrene                      —         1,190         2,350
    Benzo(a)anthracene          —         1,060           903
    Chrysene                    —         1,400         1,510
    Benzo(b)fluoranthene        —         1,880            —       1,052
    Benzo(k)fluoranthene        —         3,260
    Benzo(a)pyrene              —            —            —         911

Possible artifact
    4-methyl-3-penten-2-one	LT	—	—	II	


                                      249

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143.  0-CEL-O PRODUCTS (Literature review)

General information and chemical-migration potential.—0-CEL-O Products,  on
Sawyer Avenue in the city of Tonawanda, consists of a settling pond  to  hold
sulfur sludge. An aqueous sulfur slurry from the process buildings is pumped
to the pond, and the residual in the pond is a sulfur sludge  that was recov-
ered and sold.  The amount of sulfur sludge produced is reported  to  be  75,000
gal/yr.  Before the settling pond was put into service, the sludge was  removed
by a sewer discharging to the Town of Tonawanda wastewater-treatment facility.

    The potential for contaminant migration is indeterminable because data are
lacking.

Geologic information.—The site owners had five test borings  drilled on the
property in 1974—four to a depth of 10.5 ft; the  fifth to 30.5 ft.  The  four
shallow borings indicate the same material from 0  to 10.5 ft.  The geologic
log for the deepest boring is as follows:

                 Depth (ft)     	Description	

                  0-2      Gray-brown medium  silt and clay

                  2   - 16.5    Gray-brown hard silty clay with
                                embedded pebbles,  occasional  lenses
                                of fine sand and silt.

                 16.5 - 30.5    Moist brown medium silty clay, trace
                                of embedded fine gravel.

Hydrologic information.—Water was not encountered in any of  the  borings.
Upon completion of the deepest boring, water was poured into  the  hole to  fill
it.  The water level dropped 0.3 ft within 4 hours, indicating a  low per-
meability for the screened zone.

Chemical information.—No chemical data for this site are available, and  no
monitoring has been proposed.
149. ROBLIN STEEL COMPANY (ITSGS  field  reconnaissance)             NYSDEC 915036

General information and chemical-migration  potential.—The  Roblin Steel
Company site, in the western part of the  town  of  Tonawanda,  was  used  to
dispose of 1 Mgal of sulfuric  acid  pickling liquor  and 300,000  to 400,000 tons
of  foundry sand.  The  liquor was disposed of in 1969-70,  and the foundry sand
during 1964-71.

    The permeable river deposits and the  proximity  of  the site  to the Niagara
River suggest a large  potential  for contaminant migration from  this site;
however,  the chemical  data  are limited and  migration  of  contaminants  cannot be
confirmed; therefore,  the potential for offsite migration is considered inde-
terminable.
                                      250

-------
 Geologic information.—The site consists of topsoil  overlying  river  deposits
 of sand and gravel.  The U.S. Geological Survey drilled one  test hole  in  1982.
 The geologic descripton is as follows:

                  Depth (ft)     	Description	

                  0   - 4.5      Topsoil and gravel fill.
                  4.5 - 5.5      Dark-brown sand with river gravel
                                 (polished and rounded), wet.
                  5.5 - 6.5      Sand, greenish, gravel, saturated.
                                 SAMPLE:  6 ft.

 Hydrologic information.—Ground water was encountered 5 ft below land  surface.
 The direction of ground-water flow is westward toward the Niagara River.

 Chemical information.—The U.S.  Geological Survey collected a substrate sample
 from the borehole at a depth of 6  ft for arsenic,  cadmium, chromium,  copper,
 iron,  lead,  mercury, and zinc analyses; results are shown in table B-25.  The
 concentration of cadmium,  chromium,  copper,  lead,  and zinc exceeded those in
 undisturbed  soils not affected by  waste-disposal practices.

 Table  B-25.—Analyses of substrate sample at  6-ft  depth from Roblin Steel,
              site 149,  Tonawanda,  N.Y.,  August 10,  1982.
              [Concentrations  are in  yg/kg;  dash indicates constituent not
              found.]
 Inorganic  constituents                                 Concentration

    Arsenic
    Cadmium                                               6,000tt
    Chromium                                             80,000tt
    Copper                                               52,000tt
    Iron                                             32,000,000
    Lead                                                180,000tt
    Mercury                                                  —
    Zinc	             440,OOP It	

 tt Exceeds concentrations  in  samples  taken from undisturbed  soils  in  the
     Tonawanda area.
150, 151.  SHANCO PLASTICS AND CHEMICALS                         NYSDEC  915048
           (USGS field reconnaissance)

General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Shanco Plastics and
Chemicals sites, in the town of Tonawanda, were used to dispose of phenols and
phenolic resins at a rate of 80 tons/yr until 1976.  Also, unknown amounts of
polymerizers, carbolic acids, and drums of chemical wastes were deposited.
The drums have since been removed for proper disposal.  The sites are now
inactive, and little is known about past burial practices or removal of  con-
taminated soils.  The potential for contaminant migration is indeterminable.
                                     251

-------
Geologic information.—The  U.S.  Geological Survey drilled four  test  borings in
1983; the locations  are  shown in fig.  B-24.  The geologic logs  are as  follows:
    Boring, no.   Depth  (ft)
       1
0 - 3.5
  3.5
   Description

Topsoil.
Clay
SAMPLE:  3.5
                  0  -  2.0
                     2.0
              Topsoil.
              Clay.
              SAMPLE:   2.0
                   0  -  3.0
                     3.0
              Fill.
              Clay,  red.
              SAMPLE:   3.0
                   0  -  4.0
                     4.0
              Fill,  black.
              Clay,  red
              SAMPLE:  4.0
Hydrologic  information.—No hydrologic data are available.

Chemical  information.—The U.S. Geological Survey took  four  substrate samples
from  the  site  in May 1983 for organic-compound analyses.  The  samples con-
tained  four organic  priority pollutants, three of which were below the quan-
tifiable  detection limit.  Phenol concentration in  sample 1  was  170,000 yg/kg.
The samples also contained two organic nonpriority  pollutants,  seven possibly
naturally occurring  organic compounds, and some unknown hydrocarbons; results
are shown in table B-26.

                      78° 54'42"
              • 4
  42°
  48'
  35'
     Not to scale
                                            EXPLANATION
                                         ,2 Test boring and
                                             substrate sample
     Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
        Figure B-24*  Location  of sampling holes at Shanoo Plastics  and
                      Chemicals,  sites  150 and 151, Tonawanda.
                                      252

-------
Table B-26.—Analyses of substrate  samples  from  Shanco Plastics,  sites  150  and
             151, Tonawanda, N.Y.,  May 31,  1983.
             [Locations shown in fig. B-24.  Concentrations  are  in ug/kg; dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not  found, LT  indicates
             it was found but below the quantifiable  detection limit.]

                               Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                 1234
	(3.5)	(2.0)	(3.0)	(4.0)

Inorganic constituents

    Molecular sulfur1           —            —            —         3,000

Organi c compounds

 Priority pollutants
    Phenol                 170,000            —            LT
    Naphthalene                 LT            —            —           —
    Fluoranthene                —            —            LT           —
    Pyrene                      —            —            LT           —

Nonpriority pollutants
    1,2,3,4,4A, 9,10,10A-
       Octahydro-1,4A-
       dimethyl-7-
       isopropyl-1-
       phenanthrene
       carboxylic acid,
       methylester1       100,000
    Fenchone1                 200
    Dodecane1             200,000
    Tridecane1            400,000
    Tetradecane1          500,000
    Pentadecane1          500,000
    Hexadecane1           500,000
    Heptadecane1          400,000
    Octadecane1           200,000
    Unknown hydrocarbons1 400,000             —           —


 1 Tentative identification based on comparison  with  the  National Bureau of
     Standards (NBS) library.  No external  standard was available.
     Concentration reported is semiauantitative  and is based only on  an
     internal standard.  OC/MS spectra were examined  and  interpreted  by
     GC/MS analysts.
                                      253

-------
 153.   SPAULDING FIBRE COMPANY
       (USGS  field  reconnaissance and literature review)
NYSDEC 915050a-d
 General  information and chemical-migration potential.—The Spaulding Fibre
 Company  site,  in the city of Tonawanda, contains four disposal sites:

 Site  153 was used for the disposal of 20 tons of asbestos and fiberglass
          resin dust during 1977-78.

 Site  154 was a disposal site for approximately 750 drums of waste varnishes.

 Site  155a,b contain several lagoons that were used to collect grinding  wastes
          containing phenol and zinc chlorides.  The sludge that  collected  in
          these lagoons has been excavated and the lagoons filled with clean
          material.  The site has now been properly closed.

    The  potential for vertical migration through the underlying  clay unit
 appears  limited.  Horizontal migration of contaminants is possible  during
 periods  of intense preciptation, but additional data would be needed to con-
 firm  leachate migration.  Thus, the potential for contaminant migration is
 indeterminable until more data become available.

                        78° 53'12"






42°
00'
16"















1




••






!

.


1



&
Lagoon i
site 155
*T










>v .

N

Not to scale



Jil

2}
&
•^
• o

\
pHP —








LT,



n
£



J
Spaulding Fibre
Company























^~7 Bag material
	 disposal site 153

• 2


^f

i

r

















































Drum and bag



a!



' i
"•

di
snnQ^ 1 Q i t
^ 1 KA


1C— —

- i
	 X- 	 .


,. 	 .,







s
01
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CD
~"

in









t




EXPLANATION
»2 Jest boring and substrate
sample
O^ Monitoring well
C)2 USGS test boring and
substrate sample
1
— — « — Electromagnetic survey
traverse












     Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
Figure B-25.  Location of  sampling  holes,  monitoring wells,  and eleotromagnetis-
              aonductivity survey lines  at Spaulding Fibre Company,  sites 15S,
              154, 155a, and 155bf  Tonawanda.
                                       254

-------
Geologic information.—Earth Dimensions, Inc. drilled three geologic test
borings on sites 154 and 155 in 1978 (Krehbiel Associates, 1978); the loca-
tions are shown in fig. B-25. The geologic logs indicate clayey lake sediments
overlying a silty clay till.  These units vary in thickness within the site.
The geologic logs are as follows:

    Boring no.   Depth (ft)     	Description	

       1          0   -    .5    Moist, reddish-brown silty clay fill,
                                very firm.
                   .5 -  4      Extremely moist to wet black cinders,
                                reddish-brown silty-clay and industrial
                                waste, very friable to firm.
                  4   -  4.5    Moist, reddish-brown silty clay with
                                less than 5 percent gravel.
                  4.5 - 20      Moist, reddish-brown, silty clay loam
                                with 5 to 10 percent subangular, gray,
                                hard shale and dolomitic gravel.

       2          0   -    .5    Extremely moist, black, cinder fill,
                                very friable.
                                Moist, black, silty loam topsoil.
                                Moist, mottled, reddish-brown silty
                                clay with gray vertical desiccation
                                cracks.
                  2   - 14      Moist, reddish-brown silty clay loam
                                with 10 to 15 percent subangular hard
                                dolomite and shale gravels and occasional
                                cobbles.
                 14   - 20      Moist, brown, silty clay loan with 10 to
                                15 percent subangular hard dolomite and
                                shale gravel.
       3          0   -    .5    Moist, black, silt loam topsoil, very
                                friable.
                   .5 -  3      Moist, distinctly mottled, reddish-brown,
                                silty clay with gra desiccation cracks.
                  3   -  6      Moist, reddish-brown heavysilt loam, thinly
                                bedded.
                  6   - 12.5    Moist, reddish-brown silty clay loam with
                                10 to 15 percent subangular, hard, gray
                                shale and dolomite gravels.
                 12.5 - 20      Moist to extremely moist, brown silty clay
                                loam with 10 to 15 percent subangular, gray
                                hard shale and dolomite gravels.

    The U.S. Geological Survey drilled four test borings at site 155 in 1982;
the locations are shown in figure B-25.  The geologic logs are as follows:

    Boring no.   Depth (ft)     	Description	

       1          0   -  0.5    Topsoil.
                  0.1 -  3.5    Clay, red, mixed with gravel,
                                extremely tight.
                                SOIL SAMPLE:  2 - 3.5 ft.
                                     255

-------
    Boring no.    Depth (ft)      	Description	

       2          0-5.5    Clay, red, tight, dry, with layers of gravel.
                  5.5 -  7.0    Clay, red, wet.
                  7.0 - 11.5    Clay, red, tight, dry.
                 11.5 - 16.5    Clay, red, tight, dry.
                                SOIL SAMPLE:  5.5 - 7.0 ft.

       3          0   -  5.0    Clay, reddish, tight, dry, some gravel.
                  5.0 -  5.5    Clay, reddish, wet.
                  5.5 - 26.5    Clay, reddish, dry.
                                SOIL SAMPLE:  5 - 5.5 ft.

       4          0   -  0.5    Topsoil.
                  0.5 -  3.5    Clay, reddish, tight, dry.
                  3.5 -  4.5    Clay, reddish, damp.
                  4.5 - 16.5    Same as above but with gravel layers.
                                SOIL SAMPLE:  3.5 - 4.5 ft.

Hydrologic information.—Hydrologic data are reported in Krehbiel Associates
(1978) and in Calspan Corporation (written commun., 1979).  The Calspan
Corporation ran permeability tests on undisturbed cores from the three test
borings from site 154.

    A study by Dunn Geoscience Corporation indicates  the direction of ground-
water flow to be northward from the site (Krehbiel Associates, 1978).  Calspan
Corporation calculated permeability coefficients from six undisturbed cores
from  the three test borings; results are given in  table B-27.

Chemical information.—Two monitoring wells were installed on the site.  One
well  is upgradient from the disposal area, the other  is downgradient.  Samples
were  analyzed for chemical oxygen demand, phenol, and antimony; results  are

        Table B-27.—Permeability coefficients from test borings at
                     Spaulding Fibre Company, sites 154 and 155,
                     Tonawanda, N.Y.I
                     [Locations are shown in  fig.  B-25.]
Test boring
1

2

3

Sample zone
(ft below
land surface)
4.5 -
15
5
15
3.5 -
14.5 -
5.5
17
6
17
4.5
15.5
Permeability
coefficient
(cm/s)
k =
k =
k =
k =
k =
k =
1.06
2.1
2.0
2.3
2.2
1.4
X
X
X
X
X
X
10-7
10-7
10-5
10-7
10-5
10~6
                Tests by Calspan  Corporation.
                                     256

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given in table B-28.  The highest  phenol  concentration was 230 ug/L.  The
Geological Survey also collected a soil  sample  from each borehole at the
lagoon (site 155a,b) for iron,  zinc,  and  phenol analyses;  results are given in
table B-29.  No phenols were  found,  and  zinc concentrations did not exceed
those in undisturbed soils not  affected  by waste-disposal  practices.

Electromagnetic survey.—The  U.S.  Geological Survey conducted an electromag-
netic survey on sites 154 and 155  in November 1982.  Two lines were run.  The
locations are shown in fig. B-25;  the data are  plotted in  fig. B-26.

    Line 1 was in an open field south of  the main plant on site 154.  All
measurements within 120 ft of the  disposal-area mound show the effects of
artificial fill.  Buried metal  is  strongly indicated at several points along
the traverse (15 ft, 100 ft,  200 ft,  and  400 ft).  The final two data points
along line 1 may represent background values, but additional data would be
needed to confirm this.

    Line 2, northwest of line 1, was run over site 155.  No large deviation
from background conductivity  is evident  except  at the 200-ft mark; the cause
of this decrease is unknown.

Source of data.—Krehbiel Associates, Inc., 1978, Industrial solid waste
management facility for Spaulding  Fibre  Co., Inc., Unpublished report to site
owner, 17 p., 3 figs., I pi.
                 Background conductivity
                                                      Background conductivity
                            100
                         200
             DISTANCE, IN FEET
                                                                   300
        Figure B-26,
Results of electromagnetic-conductivity survey at
Spaulding Fibre, site 154  and 155,  Tonawanda.
(Locations are shown in fig*  B-25.)
                                      257

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Table B-28.—Analyses of water from monitoring wells at Spaulding Fibre
             Company, site 154, Tonawanda, N.Y.I, 1979-81
             [Well locations are shown in fig. B-25.  Concentrations
             are in ug/L except where indicated  .]
Date
11-23-78


1-25-79


8-18-79


9-20-79


12-20-79


5-15-80


10-23-80


3-26-81


12-10-81


Constituent
chemical oxygen demand
phenol
antimony
chemical oxygen demand
phenol
antimony
chemical oxygen demand
phenol
antimony
chemical oxygen demand
phenol
antimony
chemical oxygen demand
phenol
antimony
chemical oxygen demand
phenol
antimony
chemical oxygen demand
phenol
antimony
chemical oxygen demand
phenol
antimony
chemical oxygen demand
phenol
antimony
Well 1
(upgradient)
(mg/L)


(mg/L)


(mg/L)


(mg/L)


(mg/L)


(mg/L)


(mg/L)


(mg/L)


(mg/L)


175
<250
<10
78
220
<10
26.5
40
<100
24.4
150
<5
19.8
70
<5
7.9
230
<1
18.8
<30
<2
7.7
210
<5
<5
<30
<2
Well 2
(downgradient)
89
100
10
59
90
<10
49.1
30
<100
50.1
80
<5
32.2
80
<5
19.9
190
<1
55.6
<30
<2
11.5
260
<5
<5
<30
<2
   Analyses by Acts Testing Labs., Inc.
                                      258

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Table B-29.—Analyses of substrate samples from Spaulding Fibre, site 155,
             Tonawanda, N.Y., July 21, 1982.
             [Locations shown in fig. B-25.  Concentrations are in pg/kg.
             Sample 4 was not analyzed.]

                               Sample number and depth below land surface (ftT
                                  1234
	(3.2)	(5.5)	(5.0)	(5.0)

Inorganic constituents
Iron
Zinc
9,400,000
38,000
5,200,000
41,000
7,000,000
37,000
158.  UNION CARBIDE, LINDE DIVISION  (Literature  review)          NYSDEC 915038

General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Union Carbide  Linde
Division site, in the town of Tonawanda, was used as a storage  site  for ura-
nium tailings during 1942-48.  A report by the U.S. Department  of Energy
(1978) states that the radiation standards were  being met.  However, 72,000 yd3
of  soil was contaminated with low-level radiation, and 19,000 yd3 of building
material in and around five buildings used in processing  the uranium were con-
taminated.  In addition, approximately 50 Mgal of liquid  waste  containing small
amounts of a radioactive residual  from the production of  U-jOg concentrate was
pumped into wells on the property  that discharge to the Camillus Shale.

    According to a Department of Energy report (1981), the data from a survey
by  the Department of Energy:

    ...clearly demonstrated that the concentrations of radionuclides in
    ground water were well below the levels  established by the  Nuclear
    Regulatory Commission as acceptable for  release to an unrestricted
    area.  Due to the very high natural mineral  content of the  ground
    water, it is not acceptable as drinking  water or for  many other
    industrial or residential uses;  hence, no significant pathway exists
    for exposure of the general public.

Thus, the potential for contaminant  migration is indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The site consists of  a glaciolacustrine  clay  overlying
bedrock of Camillus Shale.  The shale lies about 95 ft below  land surface.

Hydrologic information.—Ground water was reported at 1 to 1.5  ft below  land
surface during site construction.  This probably represents a perched water
table above the clay unit.

Chemical information.—No chemical data are  available.

Source of data.—U.S. Department of  Energy,  1981, Evaluation  of liquid
effluent discharge from the Linde  Air Products Company Ceramics Plant:  U.S.
Department of Energy, Executive Summary, 10  p.
                                       259

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160.  J. H. WILLIAMS COMPANY   (USGS  field reconnaissance)
NYSDEC 915057
General information and chemical-migration potential.—The J. H. Williams
Company site, in  the City  of  Tonawanda,  contained two small areas where oils
and solvents were disposed  of.   The  soils  have since been excavated and removed,

    The potential for downward  migration is probably limited by the underlying
clay unit.  Preliminary sampling indicates the presence of organic priority
pollutants and a  possiblity of  horizontal  migration, but until additional
testing is done,  the potential  for  contaminant migration is indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The  site consists of a glacial lacustrine clay
overlying bedrock of Camillus Shale.   The  U.S. Geological Survey drilled four
test borings on the site in 1982;  the  locations are shown in figure B-27.  The
geologic logs are on page  261.

Hydrologic information.—No ground  water was encountered in the boreholes.

Chemical information.—The  U.S. Geological Survey collected a soil sample  from
each borehole for iron, lead, and  organic-compound analyses; results are
given in table B-30.  Concentratons  of lead in sample 2 exceeded those in
samples from undisturbed sites  not  affected by waste-disposal practices.
                                                    78° 54' II1'
                                                           EXPLANATION
                                                   »2 Test boring and substrate sample
    Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
           Figure B-27.  Location  of  sampling holes at J. H. Williams
                         Company,  site  160,  Tonawanda.
                                      260

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Sample 4 contained seven organic priority pollutants, all in concentrations
above 3,400 yg/kg.  The fill encountered at borehole 4 indicates that the
sample may be from within the disposal area.

    Boring no.   Depth (ft)     	Description	

       1         0-1.5     Topsoil, dark brown.
                 1.5 -  3.5     Clay, gray-green to red-brown.
                 3.5 - 10.5     Clay, red.
                                SAMPLE:  2 ft.

       2         0-1.5     Topsoil, black, organic, not very damp.
                 1.5 -  3.5     Clay, greenish gray.
                 3.5 -  6.5     Clay, reddish, dry, tight.
                                Note;  Moved back and took sample at 2 ft.

       3         0-1.5     Topsoil.
                 1.5 -  2.0     Clay, gray-green, sandy, "mushy".
                                SAMPLE:  1.5 ft.

       4         0-1.5     Topsoil, black, fill.
                 1.5 -  2.0     Clay, gray-green, sandy.
                 2.0 -  6.5     Clay, red.
                                SAMPLE:  1.5 ft.
Table B-30.—Analyses of substrate samples from J. H. Williams, site 160,
             Tonawanda, N.Y., July 29, 1982.
             [Locations shown in fig. B-27.  Concentrations are in yg/kg.)

                               Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                  1234
	(2.0)	(2.0)	(1.5)	(1.5)

Inorganic constituents

    Iron                    8,000,000    13,000,000    12,000,000   15,000,000
    Lead                       20,000       360,000tt     100,000       60,000

Organic compounds                 ***           ***           ***

 Priority pollutants
    Phenanthrene                   —            —            —        3,760
    Fluoranthene                   —            —            —        3,580
    Pyrene                         —            —            —        4,120
    Benzo( a) anthracene             —            —            —        3,410
    Chrysene                       —            —            —        4,520
    Benzo(b)f luoranthene           —            —            —        4,180
    Benzo(k)f luoranthene	--	--	--	5 ,180

tt Exceeds concentrations in samples taken from undisturbed soils in the
     Tonawanda area.
***Analyzed at detection limit above that required by this study.
                                     261

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167.  CHEMICAL LEAMAN TANK LINES  (USGS reconnaissance)          NYSDEC 915014

General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Chemical Leaman
Tank Lines site, in the city of Tonawanda, consists of three unlined settling
ponds that are used to hold drained tanker residue for offsite disposal to the
Tonawanda sewer system.

    Geologic and chemical data indicate a possibility for contaminant migra-
tion, but the potential is indeterminable.  Ground-water samples contained
several organic compounds that could be associated with past disposal
operations.

Geologic information.—The Anderson Drilling Company drilled four  test
borings in 1981.  The drilling logs indicate that the site consists of fill
overlying a fine silty sand approximately IS ft thick and underlain by a  soft
red clay.  The borings did not reach bedrock, which is probably Camillus  Shale,

Table B-31.—Analyses of ground-water samples from Chemical Leaman Tank Lines,
             site 167, Tonawanda, N.Y. , July 19,  1982.
             [Concentrations are in yg/kg; dashes indicate that compound  was
             not found, LT indicates it was found but below the quantifiable
             detection limit.]

                               Sample number and  depth below land  surface (ft)
                                       1               2                3
                                     (8.1)           (8.7)           (11.6)
PH
Specific conductance (ymho/cm)
Temperature (°C)
6.9
1,496
11.0
7.0
2,400
11.0
7.4
1,400
11.0
Organic compounds

 Priority  pollutant
     Phenol                          —               LT                38t

 Nonpriority  pollutants
     3,4-Dichlorobenzoic  acid1        780
     4-(l,l-nimethylethyl)phenol1     —               —                62
     l-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethanol1       690

 Compounds potentially of  natural  origin
     1-Hexanol1                       —               —                60
     2-Methyl-2-propanol1	13	—	—

 1  Tentative  identification based  on comparison with the National Bureau of
      Standards  (NBS)  library.   No  external standard was  available.
      Concentration reported is  semiquantitative and is based only on an
      internal standard.  GC/MS  spectra were examined and interpreted by
      GC/MS analysts.
 t   Exceeds USEPA criterion for  maximum permissible concentration in
      drinking water or New York State  standard for maximum concentration
      in ground  water.
                                      262

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Hydrologic information.—Ground water was encountered at depths of 8 to 12 ft
below land surface.  The direction of ground-water flow is southward toward
Ellicott Creek.

Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey collected water samples from
three monitoring wells downgradient from the settling ponds along the southern
boundary of the property.  Each sample was analyzed for organic compounds;
results are given in table B-31.  Phenol concentrations in samples from well
3 exceed the USEPA criterion for drinking water and the NYS ground-water
standard.  No other priority pollutants were found.
182.  HUNTLEY POWER STATION  (USGS field reconnaissance)         NYSDEC 915063

General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Huntley Power
Station site, also known as the "Cherry Farm" area, in the town  of Tonawanda,
was reportedly used by Occidental Chemical-Durez  for the disposal of  approxi-
mately 625 tons of phenol tars, some of which contained varying  amounts of
chlorinated benzenes.  An unknown amount of  foundry sand and slag was  also
disposed of on the site.

    The potential for contaminant migration  is major.  Preliminary results  of
organic-compound analyses indicate the presence of unknown quantities  of
priority pollutant compounds.  Heavy-metal data indicate that  lead has
migrated through the fill into the sand unit below.  Geologic  logs indicate
that all substrate samples were collected from within disposal areas;  there-
fore additional data would be needed to evaluate  horizontal migration toward
the Niagara River.

Geologic information.—The unconsolidated layers  consist of glacial  lacustrine
sand, silt, and clay overlying bedrock of Camillus Shale.  The U.S.  Geological
Survey drilled 13 test borings on the site in 1982; the locations are shown in
figure B-28.  The geologic logs are as follows:

    Boring no.   Depth (ft)     	Description	

       1          0-19        Black cinder ash, wet at about  11 ft.
                 19 - 26.5      Sand, gray,  fine, "soupy."
                                SAMPLE:  26.5 ft.

       2          0-10        Cinder ash,  black.  Hit rocks  at 10  ft;
                                could not drill through.  Moved  inland 50 ft,
                                could not drill through again, moved 50 ft
                                further inland.
                  0-15        Cinder ash,  black.
                 15 - 16.5      Sand, fine,  gray, "soupy."
                                SAMPLE:  15  ft.

       3          0 - 26.5      Cinder ash,  black.  Probably hit gray/green
                                sand at 20 ft, but hole was so  large that no
                                returns came to surface.
                                SAMPLE:  Took sample from auger  stem at 20  ft.
                                      263

-------
Boring no.   Depth (ft)     	Description	

   4          0-20        Cinder ash, black, wet at 11 ft.
             20 - 21.5      Sand, gray, wet.
                            SAMPLE:  18 ft.

   5          0-22        Cinder ash, black.
             22 - 26.5      Sand, gray-green, wet.
                            SAMPLE:  22 ft.

   6          0-18        Cinder ash, black.
             18 - 26.5      Sand, gray-green, wet.
                            SAMPLE:  18 ft.

   7          0-15        Fly ash, black.
             15-19        Sand, brown, wet.
             19 - 26.5      Sand, gray-green, wet.
                            SAMPLE:  19 ft.

   8          0-17        Fly ash, brownish color at about 11 ft, wet.
             17 - 26.5      Sand, gray-green.  Much water in hole but
                            could not make a well.
                            SAMPLE:  17 ft.

   9          0-21        Cinder ash, black.  Hit exceptionally hard
                            zone about 14 ft.  Boulder?
             21 - 26.5      Sand, gray-green, wet.
                            SAMPLE:  21 ft.

  10          0 - 21.5      Fly ash, black.  Hard drilling, but not rocks,
                            at 10 ft.  At 12 ft started to get rock sound
                            - no returns.  Started to move faster at 13 ft,
                            but rock sound still present—must be loose
                            rocks in large borehole or cavity.  Various
                            debris coming out; metal strapping, springs,
                            rubber gloves, etc.  Strong benzene odor.
                            Swept with HNU volatiles detection:  metal
                            strappings give reading 12 times background.
                            SAMPLE:  21 ft

  11          0-10        Fly ash, black.  Hit boulders at 10 ft and
                            could not drill through.  Moved 50 ft inland.

              0-21        Fly ash, black.

             21 - 26.5      Sand, gray-green, wet.
                            SAMPLE:  21 ft.

  12          0-21        Fly ash, black, brown, rusty colored layer at
                            10 ft.
             21 - 26.5      Sand, gray-green, wet.
                            SAMPLE:  21 ft.

  13          0-20        Fly ash, black; brown zone at about 11 ft.
             20 - 26.5      Sand, gray-green, wet.
                            SAMPLE:  20 ft.

                                 264

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Hydrologic information.—Ground water was encountered between  11  and 16 ft
below land surface within  the fill material.  The direction  of ground-water
flow is probably westward  toward the Niagara River.  Field inspection of the
site indicates extensive surface-water runoff toward the  river along the
western boundary of  the  property.

Chemical information.—The Geological Survey collected  a  soil  sample at each
borehole in 1982 for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, iron,  lead, mercury, and
nickel analyses and  in May 1983 for organic-compound analyses.  Results are
given in table B-32.

    Iron and  phenol  exceeded USEPA criteria for drinking  water.  The samples
contained 22  organic priority pollutants, some in concentrations  as high as
199,000 ug/kg (PCB-1248),  and 21 organic nonpriority pollutants,  9  possibly
naturally occurring  organic compounds, and some unknown hydrocarbons.

    Substrate samples  from sites 14, 15, 16, 19, and 20 (fig.  B-28) were from
drainage ditches or  bottom materials from the Niagara River.

Electromagnetic survey.—The U.S. Geological Survey conducted  an electromag-
netic survey  in November 1982 with 10 survey lines.  Locations are  shown in
figure B-28;  the data  are  plotted in figure B-29.
                                        78° 56'15'
42°
59'
25"
    Not to scale
                                                          EXPLANATION

                                                     Test boring and substrate sample

                                                     Surface-water sample

                                                     Electromagnetic survey traverse
  Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
        Figure B-28.  Locations  of  sampling holes,  surface sample, and
                      electromagnetic-conductivity survey lines at
                      Huntley Power Station,  site 182, Tonawanda.
                                      265

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    With the possible exception  of  one reading (at the river's edge), all  of
lines 1 and 2 showed fluctuating readings,  which indicates variable fill.
Lines 3, 4, and 5 were more  regular and probably indicate homogeneous fill.
The sharp rise in conductivity at the end of line 5 indicats the end of  the
line, which is at the edge of  the Niagara River and 30 ft below the rest of
the line.

    Line 6, along the riverbank, showed mostly background conductivity values
until approximately the  2,200-ft mark, after which the values increased  with
numbers of what appear to be refractory bricks on the surface.  The highest
conductivity values were at  the  southern end of the line, near a large stream;
this may reflect a group of  small oil-containment booms strung together  across
the current further downstream.

    Lines 7, 8, and 9 showed further evidence of varying fill material;  most
of the  readings south of the large gulley crossed by line 8 showed both  very
high and very low values, whereas north of the gulley, the fluctuations  were
considerably smaller and departed less from the background range.
    225
    200
  cc
  LLJ
  uj 175
  DC
  LLJ
  D_
  to
  O
  I
150
    125
  — 100
  >
  K;
  >
  1- 75
  O
  D
  Q
  O 50
     25
                      230
                       i-
                                                               Line 1
                                       Background conductivity
                           250                  500
                                   DISTANCE, IN FEET
                                                                750
    Figure B-29.   Results of electromagnetic-conductivity  survey  at Huntley
                   Power Station,  site 182, Tonawanda,  line 1.   (Locations
                   are shown in figure B-28.)
                                      266

-------
       100
        75
        50
        25
        50
        25
                                                                    Line 2
                                                                Background conductivity
     cc
     LLJ

     LU
     DC
     LLJ
    O
        50
        25
        50
     ^  25
    0

    Q

    O
    O
       100
        75
        50
        25
                              250
500
750
                                                                Background conductivity
                                                                    LineS
            Background conductivity
                                                                    Line 4
           Background conductivity



               Line 5
                      300
                              500
                                                    1000
                                                                          1500
                                                                    Line 6 (continued) _
                                                                Background conductivity
                      2000
                                            2500

                                        DISTANCE, IN FEET
             3000
Figure B-29 (continued).   Results of electromagnetic-conductivity  survey

              at Huntley Power  Station,  site  182,  Tonawanda,  lines 2  through 6.
              (Locations are shown in  figure  B-28.)
                                           267

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       125
       100 -
                                                              Background conductivity
                             Background conductivity
                              250
500
                               150
                               125
       100
        75
        50
        25
                       Line 9
             Background conductivity
750
                                                                     Line 10
                                                              Background conductivity
                    50
                              100  0
    250
    500
                                      DISTANCE, IN FEET
Figure B-29  (continued).   Results of eleatromagnetie-eonductivity survey
             at  Huntley Power Station,  site 182,  Tonawanda,  lines  7 through 10,
              (Locations are shown in figure B-28.)
                                         268

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Table B-32.—Analyses of substrate samples from Huntley Power Station, site 182,
             Tonawanda, N.Y.
             [Locations shown in fig. B-28.  Concentrations are in ug/kg; dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT indicates
             it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]

                               Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                             12345
First sampling (7-13-82)  (26.5)    (15.0)	(20.0)	(22.0)
Inorganic constituents
    Arsenic                 —
    Cadmium               1,000
    Chromium
    Iron
    Lead
    Mercury
    Nickel                10,000
                 3,000
 1,000
12,000,000  18,000,000  29,000,000  6,500,000  11,000,000
    30,000     120,000tt    30,000     20,000      10,000
                            20,000
                               Sample number and depth below  land  surface  (ft)
                             67           8            9          10
 First  sampling  (7-15-82)   (18.0)     (19.0)	(17.0)	(21.0)      (21.0)
 Inorganic  constituents
     Arsenic                 —
     Cadmium                1,000
     Chromium
     Iron
     Lead
     Mercury                 —
     Nickel               10,000
                             1,000
             1,000
            1,000
13,000,000  15,000,000  13,000,000  25,000,000 15,000,000
    30,000      30,000      20,000      40,000     30,000
                10,000
20,000
10,000
10,000
                                Sample  number  and  depth  below land  surface  (ft)
                             11         12           13           14          15
 First  sampling  (7-16-82)	(21.0)	(20.0)	
 Inorganic  constituents
     Arsenic
     Cadmium
     Chromium
     Iron
     Lead
     Mercury
     Nickel
                  1,000
  1,000
  1,000
            1,000
             31,000,000  12,000,000   5,900,000 8,900,000
                 40,000      30,000      20,000    20,000
                 10,000
 10,000
 10,000    10,000
  1  Tentative identification based  on comparison with the National Bureau of
      Standards (NBS)  library.   No  external standard was available.
      Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based only on an
      internal standard.   GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by
      GC/MS analysts.
 tt  Exceeds concentrations in samples taken from undisturbed soils in the
      Tonawanda area.
  *  Compounds detected but not  quantified;  holding time exceeded before GC/MS
      acid- and base neutral-extractable compounds were extracted.
                                        269

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Table B-32.—Analyses of substrate samples from Huntley Power Station, site  182,
             Tonawanda, N.Y. (continued)
             [Locations shown in fig. B-28.  Dashes indicate that constituent
             or compound was not found, LT indicates it was found but below
             the quantifiable detection limit.]
First sampling (7-16-82)
16
                                                    Sample number
                                           (Concentrations are in ug/kg)
                                                   19
20
Inorganic constituents
    Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Chromium
1,000
Iron
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
8,200,000
20,000
—
10,000
12,000,000
20,000
—
»_ .
12,000,000
30,000
—
« —
First sampling (7-16-82)
  Surface-water sample number
 (Concentrations are in ug/L)
       17          18
pH
Specific conductance (ymho/cm)
Temperature (°C)

Inorganic constituents
    Aluminum
    Antimony
    Arsenic
    Barium
    Beryllium
    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Colbalt
    Copper
    Iron
    Lead
    Manganese
    Mercury
    Nickel
    Selenium
    Silver
    Tellurium
    Vanadium
    Zinc
                                               7.4
                                           1,640
                                              26.0
     2,420

        23
       148

         3
        16
                                           4,450t
                                               7
                                             599
                    7.6
                1,650
                   28.0
                                                        280
                                                         13
                  400t
                   12
                  532
                                             206
                  160
t  Exceeds USEPA criterion for maximum permissible concentration  in
    drinking water.
                                       270

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Table B-32.—Analyses of substrate samples from Huntley Power Station, site 182,
             Tonawanda, N.Y. (continued)
             [Locations shown in fig. B-28.  Dashes indicate that constituent
             or compound was not found, LT indicates it was found but below
             the quantifiable detection limit.]
Second sampling (5-21-83)
     Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
  1A        2A          3A          4A         5A
(16.0)    (11.0)      (14.0)       (11.0)    (22.0)
Organic compounds

 Priority pollutants
    Benzene
    Ethylbenzene
    Toluene
    PCB-1248
    Phenol
    Fluoranthene
    Naphthalene
    Phenanthrene
    Pyrene
    2,4-Dime thylphenol
    Benzo(a)pyrene
    Chrysene
    Bis(2-ethylhexyl)
      phthlate
    Anthracene
    Fluorene

 Nonpriority pollutants
    2-Methylnaphthalene
    0-xylene
    2-Methylphenol
    4-Methylphenol
    Dibenzofuran
    Tetrachloro-1,1 '-
      biphenyl
    2-(l-tnethylethyl)-
  18
                         130
      phenol
 Priority  pollutants
    Methylene chloride
    Toluene
    Benzene
    PCB-1254
    PCB-1248
    Phenol
    Fluoranthene
18
48,000
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
—
—
—
—
—
— —
LT
LT
—
—
—
—
—
Sample
6A
17.0
170
52
—
—
LT
—
LT
—
199,000
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
—
—
—
LT
LT
LT
LT
—
3,600
5,700
LT
33,000
—
number and
7A
15.0
180
24
—
—
LT
LT
LT
26 12
11,000 LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
— —
LT
— — __
LT
510
—
—
— —
—
—
depth below land surface
8A 9A
17.0 21.0
180
LT
—
LT
LT LT
LT 2,200
250 LT
IP
2,500
35,000t
LT
LT
LT
LT
LT
—
LT
—
—
—
LT
—
—
11,000
	
—
1,000
(ft)
10A
12.0
280
15
13
—
13,000
LT
—
                                        271

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Table B-32.—Analyses of substrate samples from Huntley Power Station, site  182,
             Tonawanda, N.Y. (continued)
             [Locations shown in fig. B-28.  Dashes indicate that constituent
             or compound was not found, LT indicates it was found but below
             the quantifiable detection limit.]

                             Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                             6A        7A          8A          9A         10A
Second sampling (5-21-83)  17.0	15.0	17.0	21.0	12.0
Organic compounds (continued)

 Priority pollutants (continued)
    Naphthalene
    Bis(2-ethylhexl)-
      phthalate
    Diethyl phthalate
    Benzo(a)anthracene
    Benzo(a)pyrene
    Chrysene
    Fluorene
    Phenanthrene
    Pyrene
    2-4-Dimethylphenol

 Nonpriority pollutants
    Carbon disulfide
    2-Methylnaphthalene
    Acetone
    0-xylene
    4-Methylphenol
    Dibenzofuran
    Tetrachloro-1,1'-
      biphenyl1
    Terphenyl1
    1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene1 —
    1,2-Dimethylnaphthalene1 —
    2-(1-methylethyl)-
      phenol1
    1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic
      acid1
    Hexadecane1
    Heptadecane1
    Undecane1
    Dodecane1
    Tridecane1
    Tetradecane1
    2,6-Dimethylundecane
    2,3,7-Trimethyloctane
    Pexadecanoic  acid
   LT
3,600
3,900
4,400
LT
          44,000
2,100
LT
120
23


LT
49
—
7,900
LT
2,700
120
—
—
380
5,600


LT
LT
LT

LT
LT

—
—
—
—
—
LT
LT
LT
—
—
—
—
—
LT
290
960
LT
380
9,400
4,700
LT
—
LT
LT
4,700
LT
470
                                   5,600
                                     850
                                      LT
LT
                                                 LT
                                   16
                                   LT
—
—
—
.-
1,750
1,700
1,600
1,500
1,300
1,500
—
—
600
1,450
—
—
9,000
—
5,600
—
18,200
6,000
1,170
1,200
—
—
600
4,000
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
                                               1,000
                                        272

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Table B-32.—Analyses of substrate samples from Huntley Power Station, site 182,
             Tonawanda, N.Y. (continued)
             [Locations shown in fig. B-28.  Dashes indicate that constituent
             or compound was not found, LT indicates it was found but below
             the quantifiable detection limit.]

                             Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)	
                             11A    (Split)      12A       13A       14A      15A
Second sampling (5-21-83)  (12.0)	(12.0)    (12.0)	

Organic compounds

 Priority pollutants
    Methylene chloride       280     (—)        180       380       880
    Toluene                  —      (—)         13
    Trans-1,2,-dichloroethene -      (—)         —        47
    Trichloroethene          —      (—)         —        59
    PCB-1254                 --      (—)         —       —        —        LT
    PCB-1248              18,000      (*)     20,000    21,000     1,100      750
    Aldrin                   —       (*)
    Heptachlor epoxide       —       (*)         —
    Phenol                   —       (*)      2,900     3,400
    Fluoranthene              LT      (*)         —       —        LT
    Naphthalene               LT      (*)         LT     1,500       LT
    2,4-Dimethylphenol       —       (*)         —       560
    Bis(2-ethylexyl)
      phthalate              —       (*)
    Benzo(a)anthracene        LT     (—)         —       —        LT       —
    Benzo(a)pyrene            LT     (—)         —       —        LT
    Acenaphthene             —      (—)         —       280       —       —
    Acenaphthylene           —       (*)         —       —        —       —
    Chrysene                 LT       (*)         —       —        LT
    Fluorene                 —       (*)         —       280
    Phenanthrene             LT      (—)         LT       560       LT
    Pyrene                   LT       (*)         —       —        LT

 Nonpriority pollutants
    Acetone                 300      (—)        220
    Carbondisulf ide         —       (—)         —       LT        —       —
    2-Methylnaphthalene      LT       (*)      3,700    3,700        LT
    4-Methylphenol          —        (*)         —    2,500
    Dibenzofuran            —        (*)         —      230
    1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene1  —        (*)
    1,4-Dimethyl-2-ethyl-
      benzene*               —        (*)         —       —        	       	
    2-(l-methylethyl)-
      benzene1               —        (*)         —       —
    7-Methyltridecane1      —        (*)
    4-Fluoro-l,l'-biphenyl1  —        (*)
    2-Methylundecane1        —        (*)         —       —        —       	
                                       273

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Table B-32.—Analyses of substrate samples from Huntley Power Station, site  182,
             Tonawanda, N.Y. (continued)
             [Locations shown in fig. B—28.  Dashes indicate that constituent
             or compound was not found, LT indicates it was found but below
             the quantifiable detection limit.]

                            	Sample number	
Second sampling (5-21-83)    11A    (Split)
                   12A
        13A
      14A
     15A
Organic compounds (continued)

 Nonpriority pollutants (continued)
    5-Propyl-tridecane1
    1-Ethyl-2-methylbenzene1 —
    1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene1 —
    2-Ethyl-l,4-dimethyl-
      benzene               —
    1,8-Dimethylnaphthalene1 —
    1,6,7-Trimethyl-
      naphthalene           —
    Unknown  hydrocarbons1   —
    Undecane1                 —
    Dodecane1                 —
    Tridecane1
    Decane1                   —
    Tetradecane1
    Hexadecane1               —
    Feptadecane1
    Octadecane1               —
    2,6 ,10,14-Tetramethyl-
      heptadecane1
                  3,100
                             610
                           1,100

                             930
                           1,300
                   4,900
                   3,900
                   4,400
        1,100
                               930
                             1,500
                             1,400
         (*)
                                                   Sample number
 Second sampling (5-21-83)    16A
         17A
18A
19A
20A
 Organic compounds

  Priority pollutants
     Methylene chloride
     PCB-1248
     PCB-1260
     B-BHC
     6-BHC
     Fluoranthene
     Naphthalene
     Phenanthrene
     Pyrene
     Benzo(a)anthracene
     Benzo(a)pyrene

  Nonpriority pollutants
     Acetone
         220
         390
         300
350
620
590
10
LT
230
320
                                  LT
                                 290
                                  LT
                                  LT
 LT
                        LT
                        LT
                        LT
                        LT
                        LT
                        LT
     Hexane
           1
                     830
                   10,000
                                        274

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201.  SEAWAY INDUSTRIAL PARK LANDFILL  (Literature review)       NYSDEC 915074

General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Seaway Industrial
Park Landfill, in the town of Tonawanda, has been used for the disposal of fly
ash, demolition debris, municipal solid waste, waste oil, spent solvents,
sludges, oily sludges, dry "corian" wastes, and low-grade uranium ore
tailings.

    A leachate-collection system has been installed at the base of fill around
the edge of the site and encloses all waste within the site.  In addition, a
subsurface barrier wall consisting of a clay slurry surrounds the site just
outside the leachate-collection system.  This wall extends into the clayey
till and lacustrine clay beneath the site and thus prevents lateral migration
of leachate offsite and movement of ground water into the site.  Vertical
migration through the clayey till and(or) lacustrine clay is unlikely.  All
collected leachate is piped to the Tonawanda sewer system for treatment.

Geologic information.—The site consists of recent fill and alluvium overlying
a series of alternating tills and glaciolacustrine clays.  Three units uncon-
formably overlie a bedrock of Camillus Shale.

    Wehran Engineering installed 5 exploratory test borings, 22 shallow
exploratory test pits, and 3 monitoring wells in 1979.  Results are depicted
in the geologic column in figure B-30.  Geologic descriptions for each of  the
above units are given in Recra Research Inc. and Wehran Engineering (1979).

Hydrologic information.—The hydrologic properties of each geologic unit vary
locally.  Permeability of the Camillus Shale reflects the extent of bedding
planes and joints.  The lower sandy till overlying the bedrock, which is
saturated and hydraulically connected with the Camillus Shale, has a low per-
meability.  The overlying basal glaciolacustrine unit is  interbedded with
sand and clay and is considered moderately permeable (Recra Research 1979).
The glaciolacustrine clay unit overlying the basal unit, where present,  is
highly permeable.  An undisturbed core had a permeability of  1.6 x 10~°  cm/s.

    The upper clayey till, which overlies the lacustrine  clay, is also highly
impermeable.  An undisturbed core had a permeability of 1.6 x 10~8 cm/s.   The
overlying recent material of fill and alluvium is the most permeable material
on the site, although the alluvium contains some silt and clay.

    The till and clay units are highly impermeable.  Annual recharge to  the
site has been estimated by Recra-Wehran (1979) to be approximately 13 in/yr;
an equal amount of ground-water discharge is assumed.  This probably occurs  as
lateral movement throughout the landfill to topographic lows.  The time needed
for ground water to migrate through the entire thickness of impermeable
material has been calculated by Recra-Wehran (1^79) to be 1,500 years or 0.04
ft/yr, an estimate based on what they considered to be a conservative figure.

    A map of the water-table configuration in April 1979 was drawn from water
levels measured at borings and test pits.  The map shows two mounds exceeding
610 ft above NGVD and separated by a depression greater than 590 ft NGVD that
extends northeast-southwest across the center of the property.  Ground water
flows away from the mounds toward the property line, except between the mounds,
where the flowlines converge to form a stream that discharges into a culvert.
                                     275

-------
Chemical information,—Recra Research, Inc. collected several surface-water
samples and test-pit samples in 1979 for grouped organic-compound and heavy-
metals analyses; results are published in Recra Research (1979, tables 5
through 7).  The data indicate that leachate was entering the surface-water
bodies bordering the property and also infiltrating into a buried drainage
pipe beneath the landfill before the construction of the barrier wall.  Also,
PCB's were detected in two of the three piezometers on the property and in
some of the surface-water samples.

Source of data,—Recra Research, Inc., and Wehran Engineering Corportion,
1979, Hydrogeologic investigation, Seaway Industrial Park Sanitary Landfill,
Town of Tonawanda, New York:  Buffalo, N.Y., 80 p., 1 appendix, 4 maps.
PERIOD
QUATERNARY
	 1
UPPER SILURIAN
EPOCH !
RECENT
CONSIN)
CO
5
UJ
UJ
U
P
to
UJ
i

FORMATION
Fill
Alluvium
Upper clayey till
Glaciolacustrine
clay unit
Basal
glacio lacustrine unit
— Unconformable 	
Lower sandy ti 1 1
Camillus shale
COLUMNAR
SECTION
iik
ill
'vYc'.'x'-::

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204.  WILLIAM STRASSMAN PROPERTY (CONSOLIDATED FREIGHTWAYS)
      (USGS field reconnaissance)
                                                                 NYSDEC 915083
General information and chemical-migration potential.—The William  Strassman
property, in the City of Tonawanda, was used as a landfill to receive  foundry
sand, possibly containing phenolic binders, from an automobile-manufacturing
plant in Tonawanda.

    Geologic data indicate limited potential for chemical migration.   If
migration does occur, it would be during periods of high precipitation and
would be in the permeable surface material.  The potential for  contaminant
migration is indeterminable, but the presence of contaminants and the  site's
proximity to the Niagara River suggest changing the potential to major.

Geologic information.—The site consists of glacial lacustrine  clay and  till
overlying bedrock of Camillus Shale.  The U.S. Geological Survey drilled  four
test borings on the site in  1982; the locations are shown in  figure B-31.   The
geologic logs are as follows:
    Boring no.   Depth (ft)

       1         0-8.0
                                          Description
                 0
                     -  5
                     -  11.5
Clay, red, tight, dry.
SAMPLE:  4 ft.

Clay, red, tight, dry.
SAMPLE:  5 ft.

Clay, red, damp.  Hit dark green clay at about
10 ft.  Green clay is about 6 in thick and is
probably between fill material and natural
grade.
SAMPLE:  10 ft.
       4         0   -  2.0     Clay, red.
                 2.0 -  2.5     Clay, green, damp.
                 2.5 -  6.5     Clay, red, tight, dry.
                                SAMPLE:  2.5 ft.

Hydrologic information.—No ground water was encountered in the drilling.
regional direction of ground-water flow in the unconsolidated material  is
westward toward the Niagara River.
                                                                            The
 Chemical  information.—The  Geological  Survey obtained  a soil sample from each
 borehole  for  organic-compound  analyses;  results  are given in table R-33.  The
 samples  contained  19 priority  pollutants,   six nonpriority pollutants, and
 some  unknown  hydrocarbons.
                                      277

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Table B-33.—Analyses of substrate samples  from William  Strassman  Property,
             site 204, Tonawanda, N.Y., May 24, 1983.
             [Locations shown in  fig. B-31.   Concentrations  are  in yg/kg;  dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not  found,  LT  indicates
             it was  found but below  the quantifiable  detection limit.]

                               Sample number  and depth below land  surface  (ft)
                                  1234
	(2.0)         (2.0)	(2.0)	(2.5)

Inorganic constituent

    Molecular  sulfur1             —           —             —         390

Organic compounds

 Priority pollutants
    Benzene                     * **           *
    Toluene                     LT            LT
    Phenol                        *
    Acenaphthene                —            —              *
    Fluoranthene                  *            * **            *            *
    Naphthalene                   *            —              *
    N-nitrosodiphenylamine      —            —              *
    Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate —            —              *            *
    Di-n-octylphthalate         —            —              *
    Benzo(a)anthracene            *            —              *
    Benzo(a)pyrene              —            —              *           —
    Benzo(b)fluoranthene and
      benzo(k)fluoranthene        *             *              *
    Chrysene                      *            * **
    Benzo(ghi)perylene          —             *              *
    Phenanthrene                  *            —             —           —
    Fluorene                    —            —              *
    Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene      —            —              *
    Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene      —            —              *
    Pyrene                        *            * **            *

 Nonpriority  pollutants
    Dibenzofuran                  *            —              *           —
    2-Methylnaphthalene           *            —              *
    Benzole acid1               —            —             —            *
    1-Methylpyrene1             —            —              *
    Benzo(c)phenanthrene1       —            —              *           —
    2-Octadecanol1              —            —              *            *
    Hexadecanol1                —            —             —            *
	Unknown hydrocarbons1	~	—-	*	*	

 1  Tentative  identification  based on comparison  with the National Bureau of
      Standards (NBS) library.   No external  standard  was  available.
      Concentration  reported  is  semiquantitative  and  is based only on an
      internal standard.   GC/MS  spectra were examined and interpreted by
      GC/MS  analysts.
 *  Compounds  detected but  not  quantified—Holding time exceeded before GC/MS
    acid-  and  base neutral-extractable compounds  were extracted.
 **  Surrogate  recoveries  were outside the  acceptance  limits.

                                      278

-------
                                                        »2 Test boring and
                                                           substrate sample
      Base from USGS field sketch, 1982

        Figure B-31
Location of sampling holes  at  William Strassman
Property, site 204, Tonawanda.
207.  CITY OF TONAWANDA LANDFILL   (USGS  field  reconnaissance)     NYSDEC 915079

General information and chemical-migration  potential.—The City of Tonawanda
landfill, in the northern part  of  the  City  of  Tonawanda,  began operation in
1940 and is still active.  The  site  has  been used  for  disposal of industrial
and municipal wastes, incinerator  ash, and  sewage  sludge  and has also accepted
unknown quantities of waste  from several chemical  and  manufacturing firms.
Currently the landfill accepts  only  construction and demolition material and
nonputrescible household waste.

    Offsite migration of contaminants  is indeterminable.   The analyses of 10
soil and water samples from  along  the  perimeter of the disposal area showed no
significant concentrations of organic  compounds;  however, the leachate sampled
in the wooded wetlands adjacent to the site contained  high concentrations of
phenol.  Additional testing  would  be needed to confirm offsite migration.

Geologic information.—The disposal  area consists  of fill and a thin mantle of
sandy material overlying a lacustrine  clay  unit of Holocene age.  The uncon-
solidated material overlies  bedrock  of Camillus Shale.  The U.S. Geological
Survey drilled two test borings on the site in 1982; locations are shown in
figure B-32.  The geologic logs are  as follows:
                                      279

-------
    Boring no.

       1
Depth (ft)
 0
 4
14
-  4.0
- 14.0
- 16.5
                     Description
Black topsoil,  wet.
Clay, olive  green,  wet,
Clay, pink.
SOIL SAMPLE:   5 ft.
       2           0   -  6.5    Fill,  blocks,  debris, oily, wood  bits.
                   6.5 - 11.5    Clay,  olive green, wet.
                                 WATER  SAMPLE:   3 - 5 ft.

Hydrologic  information.—Ground water  was encountered between 4  and  6 ft below
land surface.   A perched water table is  indicated above and within the upper
clay zones.   The eastern boundary  of the landfill consists of a  swamp that is
ponded upon the clay.  The direction of  ground-water flow is  toward  the
drainage  ditches on the north and  south  boundaries of the landfill,  which flow
eastward  to a drainage pipe that discharges into Ellicott Creek  (pi. 2).

Chemical  information.—In  1980 and 1981, the Erie County Department  of
Environmental and Planning collected and analyzed three samples  of leachate
from the  wooded wetlands on the eastern  boundary of  the property; results are
given  in  table B-34.

    In 1982,  the U.S. Geological Survey  collected 10 samples  along the perim-
eter of  the landfill for chromium, iron, and organic compound  analyses;
                            78° 51'20"
                            Co,
                                                 Drainage ditch
           nn  L7
                                         EXPLANATION

                                        Leachate samples
                                        Observation well and
                                        water sample
                                     • 8  Test boring and substrate
                                         sample
                                     *3  Surface-water sample
                                    « — Electromagnetic survey
                                         traverse
                              Fillmore St
           Not to scale
       Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
  Figure B-S2.  Location of monitoring wells,  sampling holes,  surface samples,
                and electromagnetic-conductivity survey lines  at  City of
                Tonawanda Landfill,  site  207,  Tonawanda.
                                       280

-------
results are given in table B-35.  Chromium concentration in sample 8 was
higher than in samples from undisturbed sites.  Only one organic nonpriority
pollutant and no organic priority pollutants were detected.  Samples 4, 5, and
10 were not analyzed for heavy metals.

Electromagnetic survey.—The Geological Survey conducted an electromagnetic
survey in November 1982 with two survey lines.  Locations are  shown in  figure
B-32; the data  are plotted in figure B-33.

    Both lines begin in the landfill and end beyond the limit  of dumped
materials, and both show elevated, erratic conductivity values within the
landfill, with an immediate drop to background values  beyond the edge of  the
landfill.  No leachate plume is indicated.
Table B-34.—Analyses of  leachate  from City  of  Tonawanda  Landfill,  Tonawanda,
             site 207, N.Y.,  1980-811
             [Locations are shown  in  figure  B-32.   Concentrations  are  in yg/L.
             Dashes  indicate  that  constituent was  not  analyzed,  N  indicates
             it was  detected,  but  in  neglible quantities]
Constituent
Phenol
Cyanide
Pesticides
Herbicide 2 ,4-D
Total organic compounds
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Calcium
Sodium
A
12-15-80
903
N
N
37.7
2,465,000
20
400
3,000
100
180
91,930
3,890
299,500
10,740
0.4
60
10
15,200
830,000
852,000
B
4-21-81
1,980
—
—
—
—
20
500
68
300
4,270
44,310
450
18,500
10,860
0.4
7
10
5,030
1,260,000
298,700
C
4-21-81
147
—
—
—
—
50
200
22
10
40
5,780
70
72,200
2,050
0.4
0.9
10
720
287,000
325,700
1  Data  from Erie  County  Department  of  Environmental and Planning,  1982.
                                      281

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Table B-35.—Analyses of ground-water, surface-water, and substrate samples
             from City of Tonawanda Landfill, site 207, Tonawanda, N.Y. ,
             July-August 1982.
             [Locations shown in fig. B-32.  Concentrations are in Mg/L and
             yg/kg; dashes indicate that constituent or compound was not  found;
             blanks indicate it was not analyzed.]





pH
Specific conductance
Temperature (°C)
Sample number and depth
Sub- Ground
strate water
1 2
(5.0) (5.0)
6.6
below land surface (ft)

Surface water
3 4
(0.2) (0.2)
6.9 7.1
Sub-
strate
5
(0.5)

(ymhos/cm) 1,330 940 2,340
16.0
23.0 25.0

Inorganic constituents

 Chromium                           —       —        3
 Iron                        6,700,000  54,000t   36,000t

Organic compounds                                    ***      ***
Nonpriority pollutant
Trans-4-chlorocyclohexanol1 54 — —
1-cyclohexen-l-ol1 17 — —
2-cyclohexen-l-one1 24 — — —
Sample number and
depth below land surface
(ft)
Substrates
6 7
(0.5) (0.
8 9
5) (0.5) (0.5) (1
10
.0)
Inorganic constituents

 Chromium                         10,000     4,000      40,000tt     5,000
 Iron                        47,000,000 4,100,000  15,000,000  4,400,000

Organic compounds                    —        —          —          —    —


 1 Tentative identification based on comparison with  the  National  Bureau of
     Standards (NBS) library.  No external  standard was available.
     Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based  only  on  an
     internal standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined  and  interpreted  by
     GC/MS analysts.
 t Exceeds USEPA criterion for maximum permissible concentration  in
     drinking water or NYS standard for maximum concentration in  ground  water.
tt Exceeds concentrations in samples taken  from the soils of  undisturbed sites
     in the Tonawanda area.  Undisturbed  soils not analyzed  for  iron.
***Analyzed at detection limit above that  required by this study.   No other
     compounds detected.
                                       282

-------
                                                             CONDUCTIVITY,  IN MILLIMHOS PER METER
N3
30
            cn
            Oo
                            to
                            01
Ul
o
vj
en
                 o
                 m
                 m
                    o
                    o
                      Edge of fill-
                               o
                               /C
                               tQ

                               O
                               C
                               O
                               O
                               C
                               o
                               <

                               r+
                            CD

                            N)

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208.  VETERAN'S PARK  (Literature review)                        NYSDEC 915078

General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Veteran's Park
site, within the City of Tonawanda, was  thought to be developed on  fill
material containing dredging and demolition material.  Investigation of the
site's history revealed that offsite fill had not been used and that regrading
had entailed only the relocation of native material.  Nonhazardous  waste was
disposed of on the site, and no monitoring has been proposed.  The  potential
for contaminant migration is indeterminable.
211.  AIR FORCE PLANT NO. 40   (Literature  review)                 NYSDEC  915067

General information and chemical-migration potential.—Air  Force  Plant No.  40,
on the property currently owned by  the General Motors  Corporation in  the town
of Tonawanda, was used for  the maintenance,  repair,  and  testing of rocket
engines during  1955-58.  No evidence  of  generation  or  disposal of hazardous
waste has been  noted, and no monitoring  has  been  undertaken.

    The facility is underlain  by  glacial lacustrine clay overlying the
Camillus Shale.  No hydrologic or chemical information is available.  The
potential for contaminant migration is indeterminable.
 243.   BOTANICAL  GARDENS   (USGS  reconnaissance)                    NYSDEC 932068

 General  information  and  chemical-migration potential.—The Botanical Gardens
 site,  in the  City  of North  Tonawanda,  is  across  the  road  from the Holiday Park
 (site  no.  72)  and  borders Tonawanda  Creek.  The  site was  reportedly used for
 the  disposal  of  heavy metals,  organic  compounds,  and plasticizers during
 1958-59.   The estimated  quantity  of  material disposed  is  200 tons.

     Additional data  would be  needed  to evaluate  the  potential for chemical
 migration.  The  potential for chemical migration appears  to be limited but is
 considered indeterminable.

 Geologic information.—The  site consists  of topsoil  overlying glacial
 lacustrine deposits  underlain by  bedrock  of Camillus Shale.

 Hydrologic information.—The  site contains two monitoring wells (fig. R-34) .
 Water-level information  indicates that the direction of ground-water flow is
 eastward toward  Tonawanda Creek.   After these wells  were  pumped to obtain
 water  samples in 1982, the  total  recovery time exceeded 48 hours, which indi-
 cates  that ground-water  movement  is  slow.
                                      284

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Chemical  information.—In 1979,  Recra Research  conducted an investigation of
the site.   Boring logs and water-quality data are  available from  NYSDEC in
Buffalo,  N.Y.

    In  1982,  the U.S. Geological Survey sampled the two monitoring  wells for
copper, iron,  and organic-compound analyses; results are given  in table B-36.
No organic  compounds were detected except in a  split sample from  well 1, which
contained 250  Mg/L of 2-(2-butoxyethoxy) ethanol.   Only iron exceeded the
USEPA criterion for drinking  water and the New  York State standard  for ground
water.
                                   78° 50'40'
43°
02'
30"
                                                                       •Site 243
                                                                       (Botanical
                                                                         Gardens)
   Not to scale
                     EXPLANATION
             O6  Monitoring well and water sample
             Q7  Test boring and substrate sample

              ^  Surface-water sample
   Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
Figure B-34
Location  of monitoring
site 243,  North Tonawanda.
                                                     at Botanical  Gardens,
                                       285

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Table B-36.—Analyses of ground-water samples from Botanical Gardens,  site 243,
             North Tonawanda, N.Y., June 18, 1982.
             [Locations shown in fig. B-34.  Concentrations are  in ug/L.; dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT  indicates
             it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit;  blanks
             indicate it was not analyzed.]

                               Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                       I(duplicate)2
	(20.5)	

pH                                    6.8                         6.9
Specific conductance  (ymho/cm)     1,380                        1,550
Temperature  (°C)                      12.0                         1.0.5

Inorganic  compounds

     Copper                         129            (—)           161
     Iron                         130,000t           (--)       70,000t
     Molecular  sulfur                  LT            (LT)
 Organic  compounds
                                      ***            ***
  Nonpriority  pollutant
     2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethanol2       250
    Analysis  done  by direct  aspiration because of high iron concentration.
    Tentative identification based  on comparison with the National Bureau of
      Standards  (NBS)  library.   No  external standard was available.
      Concentration reported is semiquantttative and is based only on an
      internal standard.   GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by
      GC/MS analysts.
 *** Analyzed at detection limit above that required by this study.
  t  Exceeds USEPA  criterion  for maximum permissible concentration in
      drinking water or New  York State standard for maximum concentration
      in ground  water.
 252.  CREEKSIDE GOLF COURSE (USGS field reconnaissance)          NYSDEC 915123

 General information and contaminant-migration potential.—The Creekside Golf
 Course site is in the town of Amherst.  Interviews by NYSDEC indicate that a
 few hundred barrels were disposed of during 1946-53.  Most are believed to
 have contained phenolic tars and residues.  Scrap metals from Occidental
 Chemical-Durez and other sources have also been disposed of at the site.

     The presence of ground water suggests a possibility for contaminant migra-
 tion, but the potential is indeterminable.
                                       286

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Geologic information.—The U.S.  Geological Survey drilled  three test holes on
the site in 1982;   locations  are shown in fig. B-35.  The  geologic logs are as
follows:
     Boring no.

           1
Depth (ft)

0   -  1.5
1.5 -  6.5
6.5 - 10.0
   Description

Brown clay  and  topsoil.
Brown clay:  compact,  ropey,  and moist.
Fine sand,  brown  clay,  substrate sample
was fine, soupy,  gray-brown clay.  Well
driven  to 11.5  ft.
SUBSTRATE SAMPLE:   9.0  ft
GROUND-WATER SAMPLE:   11.5 ft
                      0   -  1.5
                      1.5 -  6.5
                      6.5 - 10.0
                    Brown clay and topsoil.
                    Tight,  green, ropey clay.
                    Gray-green, soupy clay
                    SUBSTRATE SAMPLE:  9.0 ft
                      0   -  1.5
                      1.5 -  6.5
                      6.5 - 10.5
                    Brown clay and topsoil.
                    Tight,  green-brown, ropey  clay.
                    Brown-gray, soupy clay.  Well  driven
                    to 11.5 ft.
                    SUBSTRATE SAMPLE:  9.0 ft
                    GROUND-WATER:  11.5 ft
Hydrologic  information.—The ground water  probably flows north toward
Tonawanda Creek.
        43°
        03'
        02'
                               78° 49'05"
                                                    EXPLANATION

                                           »2 Monitoring well and water sample



                                                               Not to scale
           Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
         Figure B-35.   Location of monitoring wells  at  Creekside Golf
                        Course,  site 252, Amherst.
                                        287

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Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey collected two water samples
and three substrate samples in 1982 for organic-compound analyses; the results
are in table B-37.  The only priority pollutant found was dibutyl phthalate in
substrate sample 3A at a concentration of 6.9 ug/kg.  One nonpriority pollu-
tant was found.
Table B-37.—Analyses of ground-water and substrate samples from Creekside Golf
             Course, site 252, Amherst, N.Y., August 25,  1982.
             [Locations shown in fig. B-35.  Concentrations are in yg/L  and
             Ug/kg; dashes indicate that constituent or compound was  not  found,
             blank space indicates measurement not made,  LT indicates it  was
             found but below  the quantifiable detection limit.]
Sample number and
depth below land surface (ft)
Ground water Substrates Ground Water
1
(11.5)
1A
(9.0)
2
(9.0)
3
(11.5)
Substrate
3A
(9.0)
pH                                 6.6                          6.4
Specific conductance  (umho/cm)     715                          750
Temperature  (°C)                   13.0                         13.0


Organic compounds

  Priority  pollutant
    Dibutyl  phthalate               6.9

  nonpriority pollutant
    3,4-Dimethyl-
       2-pentene1                      —       —       —         —      .  LT


  1  Tentative identification based  on comparison with the National Bureau of
      Standards  (NBS)  library.   No  external standard was available.
      Concentration reported is  semiquantitative and is based only on an
      internal standard.   GC/MS  spectra were examined and interpreted by
      GC/MS analysts.
                                       288

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                                 APPENDIX  C
                 NIAGARA  FALLS AREA SITE DESCRIPTIONS
     A total of 71  waste-disposal  sites  in  the Niagara Falls area were investi-
gated to determine  the potential  for  contaminant migration.  Thirty-one were
investigated and sampled  by the U.S.  Geological Survey during its 1982 test-
drilling and sampling program;  the remaining 40 were evaluated through a
literature review.

     Of the 71 sites investigated,  31 were  designated as having a major poten-
tial for contaminant migration; the remaining 40 were designated as having an
indeterminable potential.

     The following  section describes  the  location, past and current disposal
practices, and potential  for contaminant  migration at the 71 sites; it also
presents the geologic, hydrologic,  and chemical data.  Site locations are shown
on plate 3.
                                      280

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1.  AIRCO ALLOYS  (Literature review)                            NYSDEC  932001

General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Airco Alloys  site,
in the city of Niagara Falls, was used for the disposal of graphite  plant
waste and slurried flue dusts.  The site is monitored quarterly, and  no  signif-
icant contamination has been indicated.  The waste materials were deemed
nonhazardous by the New York State Department of Environmental  Conservation.

     Overland runoff creates a large potential for surface migration  from
the site.

Geologic information.—The site consists of unconsolidated deposits  of clay,
stratified drift, and till overlying bedrock of Lockport Dolomite.   Depth  to
bedrock ranges from 11 to 24 ft.

Hydrologic information.—The site overlies two aquifers.  The lower  one  is  the
confined aquifer of the Lockport Formation, in which water-bearing zones are
generally limited to fractures in the upper zones of the Formation;  the  upper
one is an unconfined system within the unconsolidated deposits.  The  direction
of flow is probably southwestward.

Chemical information.—The site owner collected ground-water and surface-water
samples in 1979 and 1980 for chemical analysis.  The ground-water samples
indicated little or no contamination, but the surface-water samples  indicated
an elevated chromium concentration in water leaving the site.   The owners  plan
continued monitoring.
2.  AIRCO SPEER CARBON-ORAPHITE (USGS field  reconnaissance)       NYSDEC  932002

General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Airco  Speer
Carbon-Graphite site, in the city of Wheatfield, was used during  1930-45 for
the disposal of 28,800 to 144,000 yd3 of  furnace insulation,  refractories,  and
sand as well as 2,500 gal/min of linseed  oil and 7 tons  of asbestos  fiber and
tape.  Most of the area is paved to facilitate  control and cleanup of process
dust.

     The overburden at several points on  the site  is only 4  to  6  ft  deep, and
the chemical analyses indicated high concentrations of organic  priority  pollu-
tants.  The potential for contaminant migration is indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The site was built on a  filled area of unknown com-
position overlying a lacustrine silty clay.  Beneath the clay is  Lockport
Dolomite.  The U.S.  Geological Survey drilled  four test boring on the  site in
1982; locations are shown in figure C-l.  The geologic logs  are on page  291.

Hydrologic information.—Ground water appears to be contained in  the fractures
within the bedrock and was not encountered during  the 1982 drilling.
                                     290

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     Boring no.
      I)epth (ft)

      0    - 2.0
      2.0 - 6.2
                                -  4.0
                                -  2.1
                            0    -  1.5
                            1.5  -  4.2
           Description

Topsoil.
Clay, reddish, some  sand,  fairly dry.
Sample:  6.2 ft.

Topsoil, black, gravel  fin.   nit
  bedrock at 4.0  ft.  Red  clay mixed
  in.
SAMPLE:  4.0 ft.

Red top soil.  Hit bedrock at  2.0 ft.
sample:  2.0 ft.

Top soil, black.
Clay, sandy, red, dry.   Hit bedrock
  at 4.2 ft.
SAMPLE:  4.0 ft.
Chemical information.—The  U.S.  Geological Survey collected four  soil  samples
at each test boring  for  organic  compound analyses, but the samples  exceeded
holding time and were  recollected  in May 1983.  Results are given in table
C-l.  The samples contained 14 organic priority pollutants, some  in con-
centrations as high  as 61,000  ug/kg, and five organic nonpriority pollutants.
                                                       «1  Test boring and
                                                           substrate sample
  Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
         Figure C-l.
Location of  sampling holes at Airoo Speer Carbon-
Graphite, site  2,  Wheatfield.
                                      291

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 Table C-l.—Analyses of substrate samples from Airco Speer Carbon-Graphite,
             site 2, Wheatfield, N.Y.
             [Locations shown in fig. C-l.  Concentrations are in yg/kg; dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT indicates
             it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]
 First sampling (07-14-82)
Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
   123            4
 (6.0)	(4.0)         (2.0)        (4.0)
 Organic compounds
 Second sampling (05-27-83)
  ***
               ***
                             ***
                                          ***
                                Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                2A
              (4.0)
  3A
(2.0)
      4A
     (4.0)
 Inorganic  compound

     Molecular  sulfur

 Organic  compounds

  Priority  pollutants
     Pyrene
     Acenaphthene
     Fluoranthene
     Benzo(a)anthracene
     Benzo(a)pyrene
     3,4-Benzofluoranthene
     Chrysene
     Acenaphthalene
     Anthracene
     Benzo(ghi)perylene
     Fluorene
     Phenanthrene
     Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
     Indenod, 2,3-cd)pyrene

 Nonpriority pollutants
     Dibenzofuran
     Carbon disulfide
    Methylphenanthrene1
     Benzo(b)naphthothiophene1
    Methylbenzo(a)anthracene1
           3,000
           8,000

           9,100
           7,100
           7,900
          13,000
           5,600
             LT
             LT
           4,600
             LT
           4,000

         30,000
             LT
             LT
LT
32,000
    LT
34,000
24,000
49,000
43,000
23,000
    LT
 2,000
13,000
    LT
19,000
12,000
61,000
             LT

          2,000
          2,000
          2,000
 1 Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
     Standards (NBS) library.  No external standard was available.
     Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based only on an
     internal standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by
     GC/MS analysts.
***Analyzed at detection limit above that required by this study.  No other
     compounds detected.
                                      292

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4.  BASIC CARBON COMPANY   (USGS  field  reconnaissance)
                                         NYSDEC 932004
General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Basic Carbon Company,
in the city of Niagara Falls,  generated  graphite,  30-percent coal-tar pitch,
carbon, and garbage wastes  in  unknown  quantities.   Whether any of these wastes
were buried on site is unknown.   The  site  now is used as a storage area for
antique automobiles and similar  machinery.

     The clay unit beneath  the site would  inhibit  downward migration, and ground
water, which would be the major  mechanism  for lateral migration, was not encoun-
tered.  The U.S. Geological  Survey samples may not represent conditions adjacent
to the site because the exact  location of  the buried material was unknown.  The
potential for contaminant migration is indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The U.S.  Geological Survey  drilled two test holes in
1982; the locations are shown  in figure  C-2.   The  geologic logs are as follows:
     Boring no.

         1
Depth (ft)                  Description

0   - 4.0       Topsoil,  black  with gravel at 1.0 ft.
4.0 - 6.5       Clay,  sandy,  greenish black.   6 inches
                  yellowish sand  at 4 - 4.5 ft.
6.5 -10.0       Clay,  pinkish,  wet  at top.
                SAMPLE:   5  ft.
                           0
                           2.5
                           3.5
                           5.0
                           7.0
      2.5
      3.5
      5.0
      7.0
Topsoil
Topsoil and fill.
Sand, clayey, reddish,
Clay, sandy, greenish
Clay, pink.
SAMPLE:  6 ft.
Hydrologic information.—No ground  water  was  encountered during the test drilling
and may be restricted  to fractures  in  the underlying bedrock.  Additional
drilling would be needed to define  the  hydrologic  characteristics beneath the
site.
                                                         EXPLANATION
                                                  1 Test boring and substrate sample
   Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
            Figure C-2.  Location of sampling holes  at  Basis Carbon
                         Company, site 4, Niagara  Falls.
                                      293

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ChemicajL information.—The U.S. Geological Survey collected two soil samples  for
organic-compound analyses; results are given in table C-2.  The samples con-
tained 13 organic priority pollutants, most at concentrations below the quan-
tifiable detection limit, and seven organic nonpriority pollutants and some
unknown hydrocarbons.


Table C-2.—Analyses of substrate samples  from Basic Carbon,  site 4, Niagara
            Falls, N.Y., May 26, 1983.
            [Locations shown in fig. C-2.  Concentrations  are in yg/kg; dashes
            indicate that constituent or compound was not  found, LT indicates
            it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]

                               Sample number and depth below  land surface  (ft)
                                              1                  2
	(4.0)	(4.5)	

Organic constituents

 Priority polluants
    Acenaphthene                             *                  *
    Hexachlorobenzene                        *                  —
    Fluoranthene                             *                  * **
    Naphthalene                              *                  *
    Bis(2-ethylhexyl)  phthalate              *
    Benzo(a)anthracene                       *                  * **
    Benzo(a)pyrene                           *                  *
    Benzo(b)fluoranthene  and
      benzo(k)fluoranthene                   *                  *
    Acenaphthylene                           *                  *
    Benzo(ghi)perylene                       *                  *
    Fluorene                                 *                  —
    Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene                   *                  * **
    Pyrene                                   52.0                * **

 Nonpriority  pollutants
    Carbon  disulfide                        —                   *
    Dibenzofuran                             *                   *
    2-Methylnaphthalene                      *                   *
    1,2-Benzoisothiazole1                     *
    4-Fluoro-l.I'-biphenyl1                  *
    0-aniliophenylthiocyanate1               *                  —
    Benzo(j)fluoranthene1                     *                   *
	Unknown hydrocarbons	*	*	

 1  Tentative  identification based  on comparison with the National  Bureau of
      Standards  (NBS) library.   No  external standard was available.
      Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based only  on an
      internal standard.   GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by
      GC/MS  analysts.
 *  Compounds  detected but not  quantified;  holding time exceeded before GC/MS
      acid-  and base-neutral extractable compounds were extracted.
 **  Surrogate recoveries  were above or below the acceptance limits.
                                       294

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 5.  BELL  AEROSPACE TEXTRON (USGS  field  reconnaissance)
                                       NYSDEC Q32052
 General  information and chemical-migration potential.—The Bell  Aerospace
 Textron  site,  in the town of Wheatfield,  consists of a 60-ft  by  50-ft neutrali-
 zation pond  that has been used since  the  1950's.  Wastes are  held  in the pond
 until they  reach a pH of 6 to 9 and  are  then discharged into  a sanitary sewer.
 The wastes  generally consist of rocket  fuels, nitric acid, sodium  hydroxide
 neutralizer,  and plating wastes.

      The site  has a major potential  for  contaminant migration.   The chemical
 data show elevated concentrations  of  chromium and copper in soil away from the
 pond.  Results of an investigation by the property owners indicate that leachate
 from the pond  is migrating into the  ground water.  Additional data would be
 needed to describe the geohydrology  of  the site.

 Geologic information.—The U.S. Geological Survey drilled two boreholes on the
 site in  1982;  the locations are shown in  figure C-3.  The geologic logs are on
 page 296.
                                          78° 55'44'
       Niagara Falls International
             Airport
43°
06'
09'
   Dike ,   .(•
•I lull- VKflllUl""
                              Treatment
      	"n   -i
      pond *T_J
                                                      ,.,.
                                                      .  \
                                   Guard house |  [
                                                     Gate 6
                     EXPLANATION
             ,1  Test boring and substrate sample
  Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
           Figure C-3.  Location  of monitoring wells at  Bell  Aerospace
                        Textron,  site 5,  Wheatfield.
                                         295

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     Boring no.  •          Depth (ft)                  Description

         1                 0-3          Topsoil.
                           3   -9          Clay,  red,  hit  hard  zone  at 9 ft.
                                            SOIL  SAMPLE:  5  ft.

         2                 0-1.5        Topsoil,  black  to  gray.
                           1.5 - 4.0        Same  as  above,  slag.
                           4.0 - 8.0        Clay.
                           8.0 - 9.0        Clay,  pink.
                                            SOIL  SAMPLE:  5  ft.

Hydrologic information.—No ground water was  encountered during  the  test
drilling and is  probably restricted to  the  lower  unconsolidated  units  and
fractures in the dolomitic bedrock underlying the site.

Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological  Survey collected a soil sample at
each test hole for cadmium, chromium, copper,  and iron  analyses; results are
given in table C-3.  None of  the heavy-metal  concentrations exceeded those
samples of undisturbed soils  in the area.

     Ground water samples collected by  the  owner  contained  high  concentrations
of dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, methyl chloride, and  vinyl chloride.
Table C-3.—Analyses of substrate  samples  from  Bell  Aerospace  Textron,  site 5,
            Wheatfield, N.Y., July  1,  1982.
            [Locations shown in  fig. C-3.  Concentrations  are  in ug/kg.l

                               Sample  number  and  depth  below land surface (ft)
                                           1             2
	      (6.5)	(5.0)	

Inorganic constituents

    Cadmium                              1,000         1,000
    Chromium                             10,000        4,000
    Copper                               14,000        7,000
    Iron	15,000.000     1,700.000	


Additional information.—Ooldberg-Zoino  Associates of New  York City made  a pre-
liminary study of  this site in 1982.   In an unpublished status report,  they give
the following results from six newly installed  monitoring  wells.

1.  A ground-water mound seems to  have formed below  the pond;  the direction of
    flow is radial.

2.  Estimated ground-water flow  rate is  15 ft/yr.

3.  Leachate from  the pond has migrated  to the  water table and is moving
    radially from  the pond.
                                       296

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The report also recommends the installation of additional monitoring wells  and
continued sampling to help define the geohydrology of the site  for use  in
planning remedial action.

     As part of an investigation by the site owner, several wells were  drilled
on the site.  Two water samples were collected at a downgradient well and were
analyzed for volatile organic compounds.  Results are as follows:
     Priority pollutants

       Methylene chloride
       Trichlorofluoromethane
       1,1-Dichloroethylene
       1,1-Dichloroethane
       Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene
       Chloroform
       1,2-Dichloroethane
       1,1,1-Trichloroethane
       Trans-1,3-dichloropropylene
       Trichloroethylene
       Benzene
       Tetrachloroethylene
       Toluene
       Ethyl benzene
       Vinyl chloride	
Mean concentration of two
  samples (in yg/L)	

           125,000
            15,000
               375
               140
            14,000
               910
                15
               630
                27
           420,000
                66
                38
                65
                26
               665
Source of data.—Goldberg-Zoino Associates,  1982, Unpublished  status  report
about Bell Aerospace Textron site:  New York, Goldberg-Zoino Associates.
7.  CARBORUNDUM, BUILDING 89  (Literature  review)
             NYSDEC 93204Ra
General information and chemical migration potential.—The  Carborundum  Building
89 site, along Buffalo Avenue in the city of Niagara Falls, was  used  during
1972-78 to dispose of coolant containing 50 parts water  to  1  part  alkaline con-
centrate with citride amine, as well as steel  chips and  abrasive sludge.  The
quantity of waste deposited was 5,200 gal/yr.  The site  has been remediated  by
excavation of the surface soils.

     The potential for contaminant migration is  indeterminable.  Additional
sampling of soil and ground water would be needed to evaluate  the  effect  of  the
disposal practices on the underlying ground water.

Geologic information.—No site-specific information is available.  The  site
probably consists of fill and glacial material overlying bedrock of Lockport
Dolomite.

Hydrologic information.—No site-specific information is available.   Ground-
water flow in the unconsolidated deposits is probably southward  toward  the
Niagara River; flow in the bedrock is probably westward  toward the gorge.

Chemical information.—The site owners collected four soil  samples for  nitrate,
nitrite, and iron analyses.  Data are available  from the property  owners.
                                      297

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8.  CARBORUNDUM,-BUILDING 82  (Literature  review)
                                                  NYSDEC 932048-b
General information and chemical-migration potential.—Building  82  is at
Carborundum's Buffalo Avenue Plant in Niagara  Falls.   The  area south of Building
82 is used as a transfer point for general waste  products,  which include silicon
dust and fibers.  The waste is sent away  for disposal.   No  geologic, hydrologic,
or chemical information is available.  The potential for contaminant migration
is indeterminable.
9.  CARBORUNDUM—ABRASIVE DIVISION   (Literature  review)
                                                    NYSDEC 932007
General information and chemical-migration  potential.—The Carborundum-Abrasive
Division site, in the town  of Wheatfield, was  an open  dump used during 1968-76
to dispose of 800 to 1,600  pounds  of  phenols  and 400 tons of solidified resins,
floor sweepings, and waste  fillers,  including  calcium  carbonate, clays, and
animal glue.  This site has  been remediated through the installation of a clay
cap, which was joined to  the silty clay  around the site.  The potential for con-
taminant migration is indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The  site consists of clay and  silty fill underlain by a
silty lacustrine clay, which is in turn  underlain by  a discontinuous layer of
till.  These units overlie  bedrock of  Lockport Dolomite.  A geologic cross sec-
tion is shown in figure C-4.
                                                                      Southeast
     565
               50
                      100
                               T
               150     200      250
                 DISTANCE, IN FEET
                                                     300
T,
350
                                                                     400
  Figure C-4.
Geologic aross section of formations  underlying Carborundum-
Abrasive Division, site 9,  Wheatfield.
(Modified from Conestoga-Rovers  and Assoa.,  1981.)
                                       298

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Hydrologic information.—The  property owners installed five monitoring wells  on
the site; locations  are  shown in figure C-5.  Water-level measurements taken  in
1981 indicate ground-water flow to be northeastward.  The potentiometric  con-
tours and direction  of ground-water flow are given in fig. C-5.
                                78° 56'01'
43°
06'
15"
Abandoned taxi strip

Grass
f\
Approximate area of landfill waste »^|_
EXPLANATION !
• OW1"81 OW3-81
•,585.23, .OW38^
Monitoring well and well number. '
Lower number is water level -^^^^^ \ \
measured March 3 1,1 981 ^"'"""'^s^ \ I
58° OWV8>4i
Potentiometric contour. (585.23)1 i
Interval 1 foot ^s^ i I
	 * ^x^L
a>
c w
c"| o Co
CD 3 >
°-&%
£e$
t
icrete pavement
0 50 100 FEET

OW4-8i^ *Storm sewer sampl ing station
(578.98) >J> Manhole 1
t * |\. Concrete pavement
k.' / \>
K /
Directionof ground-waterflow V *T. H \ /
OW2-81«\ PS. V /.OWB-Sl
(582.26) \ | ff\ ^ (5V9.2D
*§> i ] J^Slorm sewer
^ ' | TManhole2
ll
(f


3 Propane tanks-£_|
Grass
— x 	 x 	 * 	 x 	 „ 	
  Base and data from Conestoga-Rovers and Associates, 1981
  Figure C-5.  Potentiometrie surface at the overburden-bedroek interface and
               location of monitoring wells at Carborundum-Abrasive  Division,
               site 9,  Wheatfield.
Chemical information.—Advanced Environmental Systems collected  eight  ground-
water samples  from each of the five monitoring wells and three manholes  five
times from  February through November 1981 for phenol analysis; results are shown
in  table C-4.

Source of data.—Conestoga-Rovers and Associates,  1981, Hydrogeologic  investiga-
tion, Landfill site,  Carborundum:  Toronto City, 25 p., 1 append.
                                       299

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 Table C-4.—Phenol concentrations in ground-water samples from Carborundum
             Abrasive Division, site 9, Wheatfield, N.Y., 1981.
             [Concentrations in ug/L, <1 = detection limit.  Blank space
             indicates no analysis performed.)1
     Sample
Field Blank
Manhole  1
Manhole  2
Manhole  3
OW-1-81
OW-2-81
OW-3-81
OW-4-81
OW-5-81
                                       Date of collection
                  2-17-81
 3-4-81
                     250
                  53,500
                      11
                       9
                      17
                      25
50,000
     7
     8

    24
9-15-81
 1
    Data from Advanced  Environmental  Systems,  Inc.
    OW
        Observation wells.
10-6-81
                              2
                             14
                             13
                             30
11-24-81
                 3
                 6
<1
4
<1
4
8
6
4
5
1
4
2
<1
 10.   CARBORUNDUM,  GLOBAR PLANT   (Literature  review)
                                                                  NYSDEC 932036
General  information  and  chemical-migration potential.—The  Carborundum Globar
Plant, on Hyde  Park  Boulevard  in Niagara  Falls,  generated  sand,  fly  ash,
pallets, incinerator ash and residue  until 1962,  and  scrap  containers  and pro-
ducts, wood,  pulp, and empty drums  as waste.   Plant wastes  were  temporarily
stored in the northeast  corner  of  the property before  onsite  incineration or
offsite  disposal.  This  site is no  longer active,  and  the  incinerator  is  not
used.  No geologic,  hydrologic  or  chemical information is  available.   The poten-
tial for chemical migration is  indeterminable.
11.  CHISHOLM RYDER  (USGS field reconnaissance)
                                                                 NYSDEC 932009
General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Chisholm  Ryder  site,
in the city of Niagara Falls, was used to dispose of unknown quantities  of  ash,
cinders, rubble, grease, oil, metal turnings, and water-soluble coolant.

     The potential for vertical contaminant migration may be high because  the
overburden is shallow.  The elevated concentrations of some heavy metals such  as
zinc and the presence of organic priority pollutants indicate that sampling may
have been within the burial area.  The potential for contaminant migration  is
indeterminable because the hydrogeologic data are limited.
                                      300

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Geologic  information.—The site consists  of  fill overlying a veneer  of  ground-
moraine material that overlies bedrock  of Lockport Dolomite.  The U.S.
Geological Survey drilled three test  holes on the site in 1982; the  locations
are  shown in figure C-6.  The geologic  logs  are as follows:
      Boring no.

          1
Depth (ft)                  Description

0   - 1.5        Black organic soil.
1.5 - 2.0        Same, impenetrable materials,  possibly
                   bedrock at 2 ft.
                 SAMPLE:  2 ft.
                            0   -  3.5
                            3.5 -  5.0

                            5.0 -  6.5

                            6.5 -  8.5
                 Reddish brown topsoil.
                 Silt  (?), tan, friable, some gravel,
                   dry,  sandy.
                 Silt  or clay, reddish, dry, some
                   gravel.
                 Same,  impenetrable material, possibly
                   bedrock at 8.5 ft.
                 SAMPLE:  8.5 ft.
                            0   -  1.0
                            1.0 -  5.0
                 Black organic topsoil.
                 Clay, sandy, reddish, gravelly.
                 SAMPLE:   5 ft.
                                        79° 02'45'
43°
07'
21'
   Not to scale
                EXPLANATION
         2 Test boring and substrate sample
  Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
     Figure C-6.  Location of sampling holes at Chisholm Ryder,  site llf
                   Niagara Falls.
                                        301

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Hydrologic information.—Ground water was not encountered and is probably  con-
fined to fractures in the underlying bedrock.

Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey collected three soil  samples
for cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, mercury, zinc, and organic-compound
analyses; results are shown in table C-5.  The concentrations of zinc in samples
2 and 3 are substantially  higher than in samples collected in undisturbed soils
not affected by hazardous-waste-disposal practices.  The samples contained 14
organic priority pollutants, 15 organic nonpriority pollutants, and  some unknown
hydrocarbons.

Table C-5.—Analyses of substrate samples from Chisholm Ryder, site  11, Niagara
            Falls, N.Y.
            [Locations shown in fig. C-6.  Concentrations are in yg/kg; dashes
            indicate that constituent or compound was  not found, LT  indicates
            it was found but below  the quantifiable detection limit.]

                               Sample number  and depth below land surface  (ft)
                                               1             2             3
First sampling (06-30-82)	(2.0)	(8.5)	(5.0)

Inorganic constituents

    Cadmium                                   1,000         2,000        2,000
    Chromium                                 10,000         2,000        3,000
    Copper                                    5,000         3,000        12,000
    Iron                                     13,000        26,000     1,500,000
    Lead                                     10,000        20,000            50
    Mercury                                     —            —            —
    Zinc                                      2,000       200,000t      220,000t
                               Sample number  and  depth  below land  surface  (ft)
                                                1A            2A           3A
Second sampling  (05-25-83)	(2.0)	(8.5)	(5.0)

Organic compounds

 Priority  pollutants
    Toluene                                    —             —            3.3**
    Trichloroethene                            —             —            4.8**
    Phenol                                     —             —            *
    Fluoranthene                               *              *            *
 1  Tentative  identification  based  on  comparison with the National Bureau of
      Standards  (NBS)  library.   No  external  standard  was  available.
      Concentration  reported  is  semiquantitative and  is based only on an
      internal standard.   GC/MS  spectra  were examined and interpreted by
      GC/MS  analysts.
 T  Exceeds  concentrations in samples  taken  from undisturbed soils in the
      Niagara  Falls  area.   Undisturbed soils not analyzed for iron.
 *  Compounds  detected but not  quantified; holding time exceeded before GC/MS
      acid-  and  base-neutral  extractable compounds were extracted.
 **  Surrogate  recoveries were outside  the acceptance  limits.
                                       302

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         *
         *
         *
                                    *
                                    *
Table C-5.—Analyses of substrate samples from Chisholm Ryder, site 11, Niagara
            Falls, N.Y. (continued)
            [Locations shown in fig. C-6.  Concentrations are in ug/kg; dashes
            indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT indicates
            it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]

                               Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                               1A            2A           3A
Second sampling (05-25-83)	(2.0)	(8.5)	(5.0)

Organic compounds (continued)

 Priority pollutants (continued)
    Naphthalene
    ni-n-butyl phthalate
    Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
    Benzo(a)pyrene
    Benzo(a)anthracene
    Benzo(b)fluoranthene and
      benzo(k)fluoranthene
    Acenaphthylene
    Benzo(ghi)perylene
    Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene
    Pyrene

 Nonpriority pollutants
    Carbon disulfide
    0-xylene
    Benzole acid
    Dibenzofuran
    2-methylnaphthalene
    Trans-2-chloro-cyclohexanol1
    Dibutyl-dodecanedioate1
    Di-isooctyl phthalate1
    Trichlorofluoromethane1
    Tetrahydrofuran1
    Cyclohexane1
    Methylcyclohexane1
    1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane1
    Cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane1
    1,1,3-Trimethylcyclohexane1
    (l-Methylethyl)-cyclohexane1
    1,3- and 1,4-Dimethylbenzene1
    Unknown hydrocarbons1
                                    *
                                    *
                                    *
                                    *
                                    *
                                  43.7**
                                   9.6**
                                    *
                                    *
                                    *
                                    *
                                    *
                                    *
                                    *
                                    *
                                    *
303

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14.  DUPONT, NECCO PARK (Literature Review)
                                                  NYSDEC  932047
General information and chemical-migration  potential.—The Necco Park landfill,
a 25-acre site in the city of Niagara  Falls,  was  used  during 1930-77 for the
disposal of 93,000 tons of sodium cell  brick,  graphite scrap and butts, sludge
from brine-plant salt dissolver, furnace  brick and  rubble, scrap Elvanol,
chlorinolysis residues, and  other chemicals.   The site has since been clay
capped, and the owner installed  three  wells on the  south side of the site to
collect leachate that was infiltrating  into the bedrock aquifer.

     The potential for contaminant migration  is major.  The chemical data
collected at the site and adjacent areas  indicates  a leachate plume migrating
south-southeast from the  landfill.   The plume also  has migrated into the upper
20  ft  of the Lockport Dolomite,  where  it  has  been estimated to be moving
laterally at the rate of  100 ft/yr.  No migration of contaminants to surface-
water  bodies or sewerlines  is evident.

Geologic information.—The  site  consists of fill overlying a sequence of clays
that are underlain by Lockport Dolomite.   The unconsolidated deposits range in
thickness from 0 to 20 ft.   A generalized east-west cross section of the site  is
shown  in fig. C-7.

Hydrologic  information.—The site  owner installed several monitoring wells  along
the periphery of the  site and measured water levels in both overburden and
bedrock wells.  The  potentiometric  surface of each unit in March 1981  are shown
in  figure C-8.

     Advanced Environmental Systems, Inc.  (written commun.,  1982) ran  aquifer
tests  at some of  the  monitoring  wells.  The transmissivity of  the bedrock
aquifer is  highly  variable because  of  anistropy due to fractures.
Transmissivity  values  ranged from 195  (gal/d)/ft2 to  as high  as 8,399
(gal/d)/ft2  (Weston,  1979).
                                         D-18
                                                               D-20
      D-14
                                          Red Clayw/Dolomite  I
                                                 fragments
  Figure C-7.
General geologic cross section  of formations underlying Dupont,
Necco Park, site 14, Niagara Falls.
(Modified from Wehran, Inc., 1981.)
                                        304

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                                               EXPLANATION
                                    573	Water-table altitude. Number is feet
                                          above NGVD. Contour interval  is 1 foot.
                                            NEWCO solid-waste management facilities
                                  20 ft easement
                                        Dupont-Necco Park
                             Mohawk Power Corporation (R.O W
                                                EXPLANATION                   N
                                   573	Potentiometnc-surface altitude. Number is
                                         feet above NGVD. Contour interval is 1 root.
                                           NEWCO solid-waste management facilities

                                         20ft easement
                                Dupont-Necco Park
                             Mohawk Power Corporation (R.O.W.
Figure C-8.   Water1-table  altitude  (above)  and potentiometr>ic-sur>faee altitude
                of bedrock aquifer  (below)  at Dupont,  Necco Park, site 14,
                Niagara Falls, March  1981.
                (Modified from Wehran,  Inc.,  1981.)
                                            305

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 Chemical information.—The site owners sampled three wells in June 1982; results
 are given in table C-6.  The analyses indicate high concentrations of many
 inorganic and organic compounds from wells near the periphery, indicating the
 offsite migration of leachate.


 Table C-6.—Analyses of ground-water samples from Lockport Dolomite at Dupont
             Necco Park, site 14,  Niagara Falls, N.Y.,  June 25, 1982.
             [Locations  shown in fig. C-7.   Concentrations are in yg/kg
             except where otherwise indicated.]^
       Constituents
    or characteristics
         Well numbers
D-12
D-48
                                                                   D-52
                                       573.78
                                         7.30
                                       999.6
                                     1,941
                                    53,900
                                   310,000
                                     1,600
                                     2,900
                                  272,000
                 574.59
                   7.71
                 235.2
               2,249
              31,600
              50,000
               2,000
               1,100
              54,000
                 573.48
                   5.92
               3,822
              80,725
             175,000
             520,000
           4,300,000
              69,000
             105,000
Ground-water  altitude
   (ft  above NGVD)
pH
Chemical oxygen demand  (mg/L)
Chloride (mg/L)
Ammonia, as nitrogen
Total  organic  carbon
Barium, soluble
Halogenated organic scan
   (as  chlorine lindane  standard)
Total  volatile halogenated
  organics (as chlorine
  tetrachloride standard)
Methylene Chloride
Chloroform
Carbon tetrachloride
1,1,2-trichloroethane
Tetrachloroethane
1,1,-dichloroethylene
Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene
Benzene
Toluene
  Data from Advanced Environmental Systems, Inc.
Electromagnetic survey.—The U.S. Geological Survey conducted an electromagnetic
survey consisting of one line.  The location is shown in fig. C-8; the data are
plotted in fig. C-9.  This site was one of the few areas in Niagara County in
which no natural background conductivity could be found; this is attributed to
the long history of waste disposal in this area.   As a result, no locations
along the traverse registered background or below-background conductivity.

     Conductivity values, though fairly irregular, increase from west to east
until just west of pumping station 2 (fig. C-9).   Although an overhead cable
crosses through this area, it could not be the sole cause of the high
1,300
26,000
63,000
12,000
19,000
530
5,400
34,000
45,000
700
<50
100
1,600
11,000
110
1,200
1,000
70
690
1,200
18,000
1,100
<50
45
3,000
18,000
14,000
6,100
14,000
130
2,100
3,000
14,000
42,000
800
590
                                      306

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conductivity here.  The probable  cause  is  a change in the composition of buried
materials or a local  subsurface  flow pattern.   At the extreme eastern end of the
traverse, the conductivity  rises  abruptly,  probably the result of the NEWCO
sanitary landfill  10  ft away.
          225
                                 290
                               270 ,270
                                JLU
Landfill
                     Background conductivity
                                250
                                                     500
                                                                         750
                                    DISTANCE, IN FEET
      Figure C-9.  Results  of  electromagnetic-conductivity survey for Dupont,
                   Necco Park,  site  14,  Niagara Falls,  N.Y.
Additional  information.—Aquifer tests were conducted during  the  winter  and
spring of 1982.   Since then, two wells, nos. 52 and D-12,  have  been  pumped to
control offsite  leachate migration.  Planned pumping rates  are  5  gal/min for
well  D-12 and 10 gal/min for well 52.  Organic-phase liquid has been detected in
three wells along the southeast corner of the site.  The site owner  has  begun an
investigation to determine the lateral and vertical extent  of organic-phase
migration and has installed wells south of the two pumping  wells  to  confirm the
effectiveness of the pumping program in controlling offsite migration.

      The site owner samples the pumping wells weekly and other  wells monthly.
To  date, no significant trend in contaminant reduction  has  been noted.

Sources of data.—Weston, R. F., 1979, Hydrogeologic evaluation,  Necco Park
Landfill:  E. I. Dupont de Nemours and Co., Niagara Falls,  New  York:  14 p.,
6  appendices, 4  tables.
                                       307

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15-19, and 250.'  DUPONT, BUFFALO AVENUE FACILITY
                 (Literature review)
                                     NYSDEC 932013a-f
General information and chemical-migration potential.—These three sites, which
are at the Dupont Buffalo Avenue plant in the city of Niagara Falls, contain six
disposal areas.  Each area was used for different disposal practices, as
described below:
     Site number & location
         Type of waste
     15 - west yard
     16 - open dump
     17 - building 117
     18 - south boundary
      19 - parking  lot
    250 -  plant  site  310
         sodium cyanide
(cyanide leachate concentration
 less than State ground-water
            standard)

         metal cyanide
(cyanide leachate concentration
 less than State ground-water
            standard)

         trichloroethylene
         perchloroethylene
         (wastes excavated)

        metal cyanide  sludge
         (wastes excavated)

         metal sludge
         cell bricks
         rubble
         demolition  debris
  (metals concentration in soil
       less than background)

      polychlorinated  biphenyls
         (wastes excavated)
Quantity

500 tons
500 tons
unknown
unknown
unknown
unknown
unknown
unknown
unknown
 unknown
      The  geohydrologic  setting  suggests  a  major potential  for contaminant
migration.   Water  samples  from  monitoring  wells along the  adjacent  Moses Parkway
showed  high concentrations of contaminants.   If the direction of ground-water
flow is southward  toward  the Niagara River,  these contaminants may  have come
from the  burial  sites.  Additional  testing would be needed to confirm the source
of  contaminants.  A detailed remedial investigation program by the  owner is
underway.

Geologic  information.—The site was built  on fill underlain by old  river-bottom
sediments of silt  and  clay overlying Lockport Dolomite.  The depth  to bedrock is
approximately 10 ft.

Hydrologic information.—Hydrologic data on the individual sites are minimal.
On  a regional basis, ground water in the unconsolidated deposits would probably
 flow southward to the  Niagara  River or Gill Creek, whereas ground water  in the
bedrock would flow northwestward toward the Niagara River gorge.
                                       308

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Chemical information.—Recent  test  drilling and ground-water sampling by  the
U.S. Geological Survey,  south  of  the plant, along the north side of the Parkway,
indicates high concentrations  of  several contaminants.  Well locations (RMP1  to
RMP6) are shown on  plate 3.  The  results of the ground-water analyses are given
in table 18 in the  main  part of  the report (p. 61).
21.  FRONTIER  BRONZE  COMPANY  (USGS field reconnaissance)
                                      NYSDEC 932015
General information  and  chemical-migration potential.—The Frontier Bronze
Company,  in  the  city of  Niagara Falls,  is a storage area for spent foundry  sand,
The site  began operation in the 1960's  and continues to receive sand  at  a rate
of 5 ton/d.

     The  potential for vertical contaminant migration may be high because the
overburden is shallow.   Some organic priority pollutants were detected in soil
samples,  but hydrogeologic  data are lacking.  The potential for contaminant
migration is indeterminable.

Geologic  information.—The  U.S. Geological Survey drilled two test borings  on
the site  in  1982; locations are shown in figure C-10.  The geologic log  is  as
follows:
     Boring no.

          1
Depth (ft)                  Description

0   - 6.2       Clay,  reddish,  some  gravel.   Bedrock
                  at 6.2  ft.
                SOIL SAMPLE:  6  ft.
                            0    - 6.0
                           79° 00'17
                Clay,  reddish;  hit  bedrock at 6 ft.
                SOIL  SAMPLE:   6 ft.
                                                   EXPLANATION
                                             2  Test boring and substrate sample
      Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
        Figure C-10.   Location of sampling holes at Frontier Bronze
                       Company,  site 21,  Niagara Falls.
                                       309

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Hydrologic information.—No ground water was encountered during the test
drilling; it is probably restricted to the fractures within the bedrock.

Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey collected two soil  samples  for
copper, iron, and organic-compound analyses; results are given in table C-7.
The samples contained no phenols but contained  10 organic priority pollutants,
four organic nonpriority pollutants, and some unknown hydrocarbons.

Table C-7.—Analyses of substrate samples from  Frontier Bronze, site  21, Niagara
            Falls, N.Y.
            [Locations shown in fig. C-10.  Concentrations are in yg/kg; dashes
            indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT indicates
            it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]

                               Sample number and depth below land surface  (ft)
                                                1                           2
First sampling (07-08-82)	(6.0)	(6.0)

Inorganic constituents

    Copper                                4,000                      6,000
    Iron                                 150,000                   870,000

                               Sample number and depth below land surface  (ft)
                                                1A                          2A
Second sampling (5-26-82)	(4.0)	

Organic compounds

 Priority pollutants
    Acenaphthene                              *                        —
    Fluoranthene                              *                        —
    Naphthalene                               *                        —
    N-nitrosodidi phenylamine                 *                        —
    Benzo(a)pyrene                            *                        —
    Acenaphthylene                            *                        —
    Benzo(ghi)perylene                        *
    Fluorene                                  *                        —
    Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene                    *
    Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene                    *
                                              *
 Nonpriority pollutants
    Dibenzofuran                              *
    2-Methylnaphthalene                       *
    0-anilinophenylthiocyanate1               *                        —
    Perylene                                  *
	Unknown hydrocarbons1	*	~	

 1  Tentative identification  based  on  comparison with  the  National  Bureau  of
     Standards (NBS)  library.  No  external  standard was  available.
     Concentration reported  is semiquantitative and is  based  only  on  an
     internal  standard.  GC/MS spectra were  examined  and  interpreted  by
     GC/MS analysts.
 *  Compounds detected  but  not quantified; holding  time  exceeded  before GC/MS
    acid-  and base-neutral  extractable  compounds were  extracted.

                                       310

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22.  GREAT LAKES  CARBON COMPANY  (USGS  field  reconnaissance)
                                               NYSDEC 932016
General information and chemical-migration  potential.—The Great Lakes  Carbon
Company,  in  the  city of Niagara Falls, was  used  to dispose of unknown quantities
of carbon, graphite,  packing sand, and furnace bricks.  These materials  have
been buried  as fill,  and the filled areas are  now used for storage  and  other
plant operations.

     Chemical data suggest that the potential  for contaminant migration  is prob-
ably limited, but  here it is considered  indeterminable because other data are
lacking.  High concentrations of naphthalene were detected but may  not  indicate
migration because  the sample may have been  taken within the disposal area.
Additional sampling would be needed to confirm  this, however.

Geologic  information.—The site consists of a  thin layer of unconsolidated
material  overlying Lockport Dolomite.  The  U.S.  Geological Survey drilled three
test holes on the  site in 1982; the locations  are shown in fig. C-ll.  The
geologic  logs are  as follows:
     Boring no.

          1
      Depth (ft)                  Description

      0   -  4        Topsoil  and carbon dust.
      4   -  6.5      Clay,  greenish,  wet at 5 ft.
      6.5  - 11.5      Clay,  pink.
                      SOIL  SAMPLE:   3  - 4.7 ft.
43°
OS'
30'
       Industrial area
                            0   -  2.0       Topsoil, hit somthing hard  at  1.0 ft,
                            2.0 -  5.0       Sand,  brown to mustard,  clayey,  wet.
                            5.0 -  6.5       Clay,  tan, pink at 6.5 ft.
                                             SOIL SAMPLE:  2.0 ft.
                              78° 59'38"
                             I	1	
                                  Pond
                         Power lines
                                         i
                         •2
      Disposal area    I

               X


     - -- L
Industrial area


          EXPLANATION

  • 1  Test boring and substrate sample

  *3  Surface-water sample
                         Parking area
   Not to scale
  Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
        Figure C-l1.
Location  of  sampling holes at Great  Lakes Carbon
Company,  site  22,  Niagara Falls.
                                       311

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Hydrologic information.—Ground water was encountered between 2 and 4  ft  below
land surface.  It probably represents a seasonal perched water table above  the
clay unit.

Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey collected  three  soil  samples
and one surface-water sample for organic-compound analyses;  results are given  in
table C-8.  The samples contained four organic  priority  pollutants, with  only
naphthalene (252 Ug/kg) above  the quantifiable  detection limit, as well as  two
organic nonpriority pollutants and four possibly naturally occurring organic
compounds.
Table C-8.—Analyses of surface-water  and  substrate  samples  from Great  Lakes
            Carbon, site 22, Niagara Falls,  N.Y.,  June  28,  1982.
            [Locations shown in  fig. C-ll.   Concentrations  are  in  ug/L  and
            yg/kg; dashes  indicate  that  compound was not  found, LT indicates
            it was found but below  the quantifiable  detection limit.]

                               Sample  number and depth  below land  surface (ft)
                                    Substrates                 Surface water
1
2
3
(0.2)
4
(0.2)
 Organic  compounds

  Priority pollutants
     Naphthalene                252
     Anthracene                   —           —            —            LTt
     Fluoranthene                —           —            —            LTt
     Pyrene                      —           —            —            LTt

  Nonpriority pollutants
     4-(l,1-dimethylethyl-
       phenol1                    —           —             5            —
     Butyric acid,  thio,
       5-decyl ester1             —           —            —            LT
     Benzoic acid1                —           —             21

 Compounds potentially of natural origin

     Hexanoic acid1               —           —             9
     Pentanoic acid1              —           —             18
     2-methylbutanoic acid1      —           —             10


  1  Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
      Standards (NBS) library.  No external standard was available.
      Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based  only on  an
      internal standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted  by
      GC/MS analysts.
  T Exceeds USEPA criterion for maximum permissible concentration  in drinking
      water or New York State standard for maximum concentration in ground  water.
                                       312

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38.  OCCIDENTAL. CHEMICAL, LOVE CANAL  (Literature review)
                                                                 NYSDEC 932020
General information and chemical-migration potential. — The Occidental Chemical,
Love Canal site, a 16-acre site in the city of Niagara Falls, was used during
1942-53 for disposal of industrial toxic materials and municipal waste.  During
this time, 21,800 tons of toxic waste were deposited.  A detailed description of
the type and quantity of the wastes is given below.  A complete history of  the
site is given by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1982).
     Type of waste
                                              Total estimated quantity (tons)
     Miscellaneous acid chlorides other than
       benzoyl — includes acetyl, caprylyl,
       butyryl, nitro benzoyls

     Thionyl chloride and miscellaneous
       sulfur/chlorine compounds

     Miscellaneous chlorination — includes
       waxes, oils, naphthalenes, aniline

     Dodecyl (Lauryl, Lorol) mercaptans (DDM) ,
       chlorides and miscellaneous organic
       sulfur compounds

     Trichlorophenol (TCP)

     Benzoyl chlorides and benzotrichlorides

     Metal chlorides

     Liquid disulfides (LDS/LDSN/BDS)

     Hexachlorocyclohexane (y-BHC/Lindane)

     Chlorobenzenes

     Benzylchlorides — includes benzyl chloride,
       benzyl alcohol, benzyl thiocyanate

     Sodium sulf ide/sulfhydrates

     Miscellaneous - 10 percent of above
                                                Total
                                                              400


                                                              500


                                                            1,000


                                                            2,400


                                                              200

                                                              800

                                                              400

                                                              700

                                                            6,900

                                                            2,000

                                                            2,400


                                                            2,000

                                                            2,000

                                                           21,800
     Remedial measures have been taken at the site, including the installation  of
a clay cap, use of a leachate-collection system, and a leachate-treatment plant.
Remedial measures are also being taken under Federal Superfund Program,
including cleaning of storm sewers and sanitary sewers and installation of an
expanded and improved cap.
                                      313

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     Before the' leachate-collection system was installed, the geologic and
hydrologic data indicated a major potential for contaminant migration.  The
chemical data indicated that leachate had migrated to adjacent surface water
through storm sewers.  Contaminants were detected in Black, Bergholtz, and
Cayuga Creeks; and in the 102nd Street delta in the Niagara River.

Geologic information.—The site and adjacent areas consist of fill and glacial
unconsolidated deposits of lacustrine clay and till underlain by Lockport
Dolomite and Rochester Shale.  A summary of the units is given below.

Hydrologic information.—By 1983 a total of 174 ground-water monitoring wells
had been installed in the unconsolidated deposits and bedrock; the locations  are
shown in figure C-12.  The water levels are depicted in  figure C-13.
          Generalized stratigraphic column of formations underlying
            Occidental Chemical, Love Canal, site 38, Niagara Falls
          (Modified from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1982.)
   TvTZ
 /  /  /
  /it
 T /  1  I
J  /	/
   '•—!=-.
Syitttn
Quaternary
1 Silurian

V
«j
3
Middle
u
ti
i
Formation
Unit
rill
Lacuatrina
D«po«lt«
Till
Loekport
Do lorn It.
Roch.it.tr
Shala
Thicknaaa
(Paat)
0.1-J
C-14
1-2S
160-180
to
Ganaral Caologlc and Hydrologic Charactarlatlci
- Covura naarly antira atudy araa
induatrial waataa
throughout ragion and conaiat of loamy to aandy clayr aoma-
timaa axpoaad at aurfaca in undiaturbad arafta
from north to aouth in vicinity of canal
- Upptr aaquanca dapoaltad In (orm.r Laka Tonawanda (J-8 faat
thick) la raddlah brown to gray, molat, firm to vary firm.
varvad, ailty-clfty to clayi daaaication cracka raportad in
•alactlva araaa within aaquanca
- Lowar aaquanca (3-20 faat thick) attributabla to forma r Laka
Dana la raddiah brown, vary molat to wat, vary plaatic* vary
aticky, ailty-clay to clay
- Parmaabllity of laeuatrlna dapoalta la a. n. rally low
- Raddlah brown, molat, firm, allty to aandy clay with graval
and cobblaai aandy Bonai, wall-aortad *jraval
- Two or thraa ridgaa of till orlantad NE-SW ara in Canal Araa
- Ganarally low parmaability
- Xpproilmataly $-30 faat thick in Canal Araa
- Dark gray to brown, maaaiva to thin baddad riolomita rtipplnq
at low angla to aouthi aacondary ri.po.lt. of aultldaa,
aut fatai, and carbonata. occur throughout tha formation
- Principal aquifar in Niagara Palla araai mA)or producing
zonal in uppar part of formation
- Artaaian and unconfinad watar tabla conditLona axiat aaaoei-
atad with vartical fractura tonaa, cavitiaa formad by aolu-
tion of minarala and batwaan badding planaa
- Vartical joint ayatam hydraulically connactad to Niagara'
Rlvar
- Dark-grty calearaoui aha la i ralatlvaly imparmaibla
                                       314

-------
            EXPLANATION

  .99555   Location and number of monitoring
         well screened in the overburden
Base and data from USEPA, 1982
                                                                                                        .9901B
                                                                                                                               995EO»
                                                                                            »      \              I
                                                                                                  \.02040         I

                                                                                               ,020,,  \ I  .110M   ,„&

                                                                                            "\   .02043  |       ^O3'

                                                                                               \      .0204* CANAl
                                                                                             -03513         AREA
                                                                J   .0351$ ,1,039
                                                                     I 1.11017
                                                                   03524      ,„,
                                                                .03517 .  [."047   |
                                                                     03518     .IV
                                                                                                                    .09019
                                                                                                                    .09015
                                                 EXPLANATION
                                           Location and number of monitoring
                                           well screened in the upper part of
                                           the Lockport Dolomite
                                                                                                                         .10041


                                                                                                                        .10051
                Figure C-12.
Location of monitoring wells  screened  in  unconsolidated  deposits
(left)  and in  bedrock  (right)  at Occidental Chemical,  Love Canal,
site 38,  Niagara Falls.

-------
ON
                                   564.6

                                      564.7
                                       564J    5645
      r
                                              567 O  561.6
                                                       5695
                                                         X
                                                       5S2.9
                                                         564 6
 ,Canal area

566.6


 566.3
             565.0  S6

           56 .7  569.3
                                                                   5653
                                    EXPLANATION
                565.0   Number is water level in feet above mean sea level
                      from wells screened in overburden monitoring wells
            Base and data from USEPA, 1 982

                            Figure C-13.
                                                                                               **.
                                                           564.7
,'643 *
564.9




564

.9
x
                                                                                                                  564.8
                                                                                                              S64.7   563
                                                                                                                        5642
                                                                                                                                       565.2
 rCanal area

565.4


565.3
                                                                                                                                             565.3
                                                          EXPLANATION
                                      565.0  Number is water level in feet above mean sea level
                                            from wells screened in the upper part of the Lockport Dolomite

                                    —564.0— Water-level  contour. Contour interval 0.5 feet
Water  levels  -in unconsolidated  deposits  (left)  and in  bedrock
(right)  at  Occidental Chemical,  Love  Canal,  site 38,  Niagara  Falls.

-------
     Field tes-ting gave the following estimates of permeability of  the various
units:

     lower lake deposits  10~8 cm/s        artificial  fill      M0~5  cm/s
     till                 10~7 cm/s        upper  lake  deposits    10~7  cm/s

     Pumping tests were conducted  in wells tapping the Lockport Dolomite.
Transmissivity was calculated to be 0.015  ft2/s,  and  the  storage  coefficient
1.49 x  10-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1982).

     Ground-water movement  through unconsolidated deposits  is  probably toward
Bergholtz and Black Creeks  to the  north, Cayuga Creek  to  the west,  and Little
Niagara and Niagara Rivers  to the  south.   Ground-water gradients  in the  Lockport
Dolomite  indicate the  direction of flow  to be  south  and southwestward  toward
the Niagara River.

     Flow velocities given  by the  U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency (1982)
are as  follows:

- Vertical velocity in the  clay is approximately  0.001 in/yr;

- Horizontal velocities in  the  rest  of the overburden range from  1
  to  60 ft/yr, depending  on the permeability of  the  material.

Chemical  information.—Extensive chemical  testing has been conducted for this
site,  but the  large quantity of data  available make  its inclusion in this report
impractical.   The data are  given in  Environmental Protection Agency (1982,  v. I
and v.  II).  A summary of chemical data  on water  from one well at the periphery
of  the  site, provided  by  NYSDEC, is  presented  in  table C-9.  This well (no.
77A),  was used by the  New York  State  Department  of  Environmental  Conservation to
characterize the  contaminants observed at  the  periphery of the site.

Sources of data.—U.S. Environmental  Protection  Agency, 1982,  Environmental
monitoring at  Love  Canal:  EPA-600/4-82-030a-d,  v.  T-III, 2823 p.
          Table  C-9.—Chemical data from well 77A in the southwest part
                      of site 38.   [Data from USEPA, 1982.]

                                                  Concentration (yig/L)
         Priority  pollutants                       Maximum        Mean

           1,1-Dichloroethethylene                     1             0.5
           Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene                14             8
           Chloroform                                80            62
           Benzene                                   500           430
           1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane                500           267
           Tetrachloroethylene                      320           186
           Toluene                                   500           475
           Chlorobenzene                            500           371
           Ethylbenzene                               11             6
           1,1,1-Trichloroethane                    Trace        Trace
                                       317

-------
         Table. C-9.—Chemical  data from well 77A in the southwest part
                    of  site 38  (continued)

                                                 Concentration (yg/L)
        Priority  pollutants  (continued)

          Trichloroethylene
          1 ,1 ,2-Trichloroethane
          2-Chlorophenol
          4-Chlorophenol
          Phenol
          2,4-Dichlorophenol
          2,4 ,6-Trichlorophenol
          1,4-Dichlorobenzene
          1,2-Dichlorobenzene
          1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
          1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene
          Naphthalene
          a-BHC
          S-BHC

        Nonpriority pollutants

          Diethyl phthalate
          3-Chlorotoluene
          4-Chlorotoluene
          m-Xylene
          p and o-Xylene
          4-Chlorophenol
          2,4 ,6-Trichloroaniline
          1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene
          2-Chlorotoluene
Maximum

  157
   11
 Trace
 Trace
    3
  507
  734
  190
  130
 Trace
 Trace
 Trace
    5
   17
 Trace
   500
   500
     2
     1
 Trace
 Trace
 Trace
   304
 Mean

  79
   6
Trace
Trace
   3
 507
 734
 190
 130
Trace
Trace
Trace
   5
  17
Trace
 500
 328
   2
   1
Trace
Trace
Trace
 152
39.  OCCIDENTAL, HYDE PARK LANDFILL  (Literature review)
                  NYSDEC 932021
General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Occidental Hyde  Park
landfill, a 15-acre site in the northwest corner of the town of Niagara,  was
active during 1953-75 and was used for disposal of 80,000 tons of  chemical
wastes related to production of fertilizers, plastics, and various  industrial
products.  Typical wastes deposited are listed in table C-10.  The  landfill was
clay capped, and a leachate-collection system was installed in ]979.

     Chemical analyses of ground water from  several wells suggest  some  migration
of leachate away from the burial area, but the lateral and vertical extent  of
contaminant movement is not known.  The log  of one well describes  a slurry  of
mixed chemicals as deep as 26 ft below the top of the  fill.  Contaminants have
also been detected in ground water from 50 ft below the top of the  Lockport
Dolomite, and nonaqueous chemicals have been found at  this depth at a distance
of 700 ft from the site.  Recent chemical data indicate that contaminants have
migrated through the full thickness of the Lockport Dolomite.  Well locations
are shown in figure C-14.
                                       318

-------
     Contaminants in the upper unconsolidated deposits  (lake deposits  and  till)
move slowly because the permeability of these deposits  is  low.  The  leachate-
collection system and clay cap would help deter horizontal  contaminant movement,
but some contaminants could move vertically downward  and enter  the more per-
meable Lockport Dolomite.  Johnston (1982) estimated  that  ground  water in  the
Lockport Dolomite in the area would take 4.9 years  to reach the Niagara River
gorge, 3,000 ft to the northwest.  Leachate may not move at the same rate  as
uncontaminated ground water, however, and more data would  be needed  on the flow
regime of both the Lockport Dolomite and the underlying Rochester Shale to
determine the vertical and horizontal flow components.  Water levels in wells
completed in the unconsolidated deposits and in bedrock near the  landfill  indi-
cate gradients to be west-northwest toward the Niagara  River gorge.   The site
has a major potential for contaminant migration.

    The site is undergoing an intensive investigation by Occidental  Chemical
Corporation that is being conducted under the terms of  a negotiated  settlement
agreement that was approved by Federal Court.  As of  1983,  47 bedrock  wells and
13 overburden wells have been installed along lines radiating outward  from the
site.  Chemical and hydrogeologic data from this  investigation  are available
from the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, in Buffalo,
N.Y.  These data indicate that contamination from the site extends to the  top  of
the Rochester Shale, that aqueous-phase migration has been detected  east,  north-
west, and southwest of the site, and that nonaqueous-phase migration has been
detected southwest of the site.

Geologic information.—Glacial deposits 10 to 35  ft thick  and consisting of till
and lacustrine clay, silt, and fine sand overlie  the  Lockport Dolomite. Pebbles
occur sporadically in lake sediments, which might indicate this deposit to be  a
till (reworked lake deposit).

     The Lockport Dolomite in this area ranges from 90 to  130  ft  in  thickness.
Depth to bedrock is generally less than 15 ft east  of the  landfill,  and
increases to about 35 ft west of the landfill.  The upper  10 to 15 ft is the
most permeable zone (Johnston, 1982).  Underlying the Lockport  Dolomite is the
Rochester Shale, a relatively impermeable unit.   Bedrock-surface  contours  in the
site vicinity are shown in figure C-15.


Table C-10.—Type of chemical wastes deposited at the Occidental  Chemical-
             Hyde Park Landfill, site 39, Niagara,  N.Y.,  1953-79.l
             [Data from New York State Department of  Environmental Conservation.]
           Calcium fluoride
           Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
             derivatives
           Mercury brine  sludge
           Organic phosphates
           Dechlorane
           Benzotrichloride
           Chlorotoluenes
           Chlorindic  acid
           Dodecylmercaptan
Trichlorophenol
Benzotrifluoride derivatives
Benzoyl chloride
Liquid disulfides, chlorotoluene
  based disulfides
Chlorobenzenes
Benzyl chloride
Thiodan
Miscellaneous chlorinations
Acid chlorides
                                       319

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                                        79° 02'02'
                                                         EXPLANATION
                                                        • 2 Well
                                                       •  Dump
site
                                             —    Qa
                       •owV?"-?! |HVde Park Landfill site-«vja/lto>>3
                                                       OW7-78
                                                       •OW8-78
                               OW13-79               ^"«^_  *ef~
                             • IOW14-79                  ^^^ c°
                                    ^_^  Property boundary  ^^___L^S>,
                                   . nTiTTTTTi i i ri fiTnTTT^T"~"'^^^
                                  •OW28-80     • •!  *m  «OW24-80
                                   OW29-80   OW26-80   W  *OW25-80
                                           UW27"8U  Ao

                                  TAM Ceramics Inc  _o
                                  OW31-80
                                 • OW32-80
                                 *OW30-80
                                                                 -Town of Lewi ston-
                                                                  Town of Niagara
  . OW11-79
  'OW12-79
      Base from Conestoga, Rovers, and Associates,1980
  Figure C-14.  Location of monitoring wells,  Occidental  Chemical—Hyde Park
                 Landfill,  site 39, Niagara Falls.
Hydrologic  information.—The  ground-water flow  system in the area  is described
by Johnston (1982) as a horizontally layered  system bordered on  three sides by
ground-water drains.  These  drains are (1)  the  Niagara River Gorge to the west,
which  penetrates below the Rochester shale; (2)  the canal of the Niagara River
Project  to  the north, which  penetrates the  Rochester shale; and  (3)  the buried
conduits of the power project to the east,  which fully penetrate the Lockport
Dolomite.   Ground-water recharge is estimated to be slightly less  than 6 in/yr
(Johnston,  1982).  Ground water entering the  area moves to one of  these three
discharge areas.

     The ground-water flow  regime was modeled by Johnston (1982),  who suggests
that ground water in the  immediate vicinity of  the landfill in  the upper 10 to
15 ft  of the Lockport Dolomite flows northwest  toward the Niagara  River.  The
potentiometric surface and  direction of ground-water flow in the upper part of
the Lockport Dolomite is  shown in fig. C-16.

     Johnston's ground-water model indicates  a  ground-water divide east of  the
landfill;  ground water east  of the divide  flows eastward toward  the conduits,
while  ground water west of  the divide flows northwestward toward the Niagara
                                        320

-------
              I l\ \   pr°PertV boundary S  S~
   Base from Conestoga, Rovers, and Associates, 1980
 Figure C-15.  Altitude  of  top  of the Lockport Dolomite, Occidental Chemical—
               Hyde Park Landfill,  site 39,  Niagara Falls.
               (Modified from Conestoga-Rovers and Associates, 1982.)


River gorge.  The model  also indicates that  ground water in the lacustrine unit
and till near the landfill  flows  horizontally (northwestward) and downward into
the Lockport Dolomite.   Permeabilities calculated from pumping tests of wells
tapping the  overburden  or bedrock-till interface are given in table C-ll.  West
of the landfill, ground  water  in  the unconsolidated deposits flows mainly down-
ward.

     The flow regime  of  the bedrock aquifer is controlled mainly by the distri-
bution of joints and  fractures.   The upper 10 to 15 ft of the Lockport Dolomite
is highly fractured and  is  the  most permeable zone in the area (Johnston, 1964).
Beneath this zone, the  joints  are narrower,  although some horizontal bedding
planes are partly open.  Ground water in the upper Lockport layers flows north-
westward horizontally to the vicinity of the Niagara River gorge, where
weathering of the gorge  wall has  increased the vertical and horizontal frac-
turing and allows ground water  to move downward (Johnston, 1982).  Installation
of piezometers as close  as  possible to the gorge wall could verify this
interpretation.  Most ground water flows through the upper and lower Lockport
Dolomite; only a small  percentage moves through the Rochester shale and the
unconsolidated deposits.
                                       321

-------
                                                          EXPLANATION
                                          	—580—Water-level contour. Shows altitude of
                                                    water level August 1980. Contour
                                                    interval 5 feet. Datum is NGVD
                                             »580  Measured water level, altitude in feet

                                                   Direction of ground-water flow
                                 »593
                                                                    400 FEET
 Data from Johnston, 1982
  Figure C-16.  Water levels  in upper part of Lookport Dolomite, Occidental
                 Chemical—Hyde  Park Landfill, site  39,  Niagara Falls.
     Estimated  traveltimes for ground water  to move the 3,000  feet  from the
landfill to  the gorge through the respective units are as follows:   till,
years; upper Lockport Dolomite, 4.9 years; lower Lockport Dolomite,  6.0 years.
Estimated  traveltime to move vertically  to  the bottom of the Rochester shale is
38 years (Johnston,  1982).

Chemical information.—Many ground-water samples have been collected on and near
the site;  results  of analyses are given  in  several progress reports  by
Conestoga-Rover and  Associates (1979a, b,  c; 1980).  In addition,  the U.S.
Environmental  Protection Agency has collected soil and water samples along the
Niagara River  gorge; results are given in a  report by West Coast  Technical
Service, Inc.  (1982).  The site is  currently undergoing extensive  sampling by
t he owne r.

     The data  collected thus far indicate that leachate generated  in the land-
fill has infiltrated through the overburden  and into upper part  of the  Lockport
Dolomite.  Elevated  concentrations  of  heavy  metals and organic compounds have
been found in  both units.
                                        322

-------
 Table C-ll.—Permeability of overburden at Occidental Chemical-Hyde Park Landfill,
              site 39,  Niagara Falls,  N.Y.
              [Locations  are shown in  fig.  C-18.   Data from Conestoga-Rovers and
              Associates,  1978.]

Well
number1
OW 2-78
OW 3-78
OW 5-78
OW 6-78
OW 8-78
OW 9-78
OW 10-78
Average K
(permeability
factor (cm/s)
7.0 x 10~7
4.9 x 10-7
7.. 3 x 10-5
9.4 x 10-5
9.8 x 10-6
8.9 x 10-7
6.0 x 10~6

Location of
screen
overburden
interface
interface
overburden
interface
overburden
interface
      1  Observation wells  drilled  in  1978.
 Sources  of  data

 Anderson, E. G.,  1982, Hydrogeology  review, Hyde  Park Landfill:   Ontario,
     Canada, Gartner Lee  and Associates,  19 p.

 Conestoga-Rovers  and Associates, 1979a, Progress  report I, Hyde Park Landfill:
     Waterloo, Ontario, Candada, 17  p.

          1979b,  Progress report III, Hyde Park Landfill, Bloody  Run,  and
     102nd Street Landfill, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 27 p.

     	1979c, Progress report IV, Hyde Park Landfill and Bloody Run:
     Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 33 p.

    	1979d, Progress report V, Hyde Park Landfill, Bloody Run and  102nd
     Street Landfill:  Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 23 p.

          _1980, Progress report VIIIA, Hyde Park-Bloody Run:  Waterloo,
     Ontario, Canada, 18 p.

Johnston, R. H., 1964, Ground water in the Niagara Falls area:  New York Water
     Resources Commission Bulletin GW-53, 93 p.

Masila, M. L., and Johnston, R. H., 1982, Simulation of ground-water flow in
     the vicinity of Hyde Park Landfill, Niagara Falls, New York:  U.S.
     Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-159, 19 p.

West Coast Technical Service, Inc., 1982, Final report to the U.S.
     Environmental Protection Agency (Water and soil samples from the Niagara
     River Gorge):  Cerritos, Calif.,  78 p.
                                       323

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40.  OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL COMPANY 102nd Street Site
     (Literature review)
             NYSDEC 932022
General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Occidental Chemical
Company site, a 14-acre site in the city of Niagara Falls, was used during
1943-71 to dispose of the materials listed below.  The site  is currently  (1984)
under litigation for cleanup and remedial action.
         organic phosphates
         sodium hypophosphites
         inorganic phosphates
         BHC cake
         chlorobenzenes
         Miscellaneous (10 percent, includes
           other chlorinated organic compounds)
   100 tons
20,000 tons
   300 tons
   300 tons
   100 tons

  2,200 tons
                                             TOTAL     23,000  tons

     Hydrogeologic data  indicate  a major  potential  for contaminant  migration.
The  fill overlies an  alluvial  deposit  that  is  probably in hydraulic contact with
the  river.  Recent ground-water-level  monitoring  by the company has indicated
that ground-water flow  is  southward  toward  the Niagara River.  Chemical sampling
of ground water  on- and  offsite has  indicated  that  migration  is occurring.

Geologic information.—The site consists  of fill  overlying alluvial deposits
that are underlain by a  glaciolacustrine  clay. The clay overlies  a thin layer
of till  that  overlies bedrock  of  Lockport Dolomite.

     Twenty-four test borings  were drilled  on  the site, the geologic logs are
given  in Conestoga-Rovers  and  Associates  (1980).

Hydrologic  information.—Water levels  were  measured periodically from August
1979 through  March 1980  and are reported  by Conestoga-Rovers  and Associates
(1980).  A  few localized ground-water  mounds have been detected in which water
levels are  higher than  the river  stage.   Recent studies by the company indicate
that ground water flows  southward from the  site to the river, which is also the
ground-water  flow direction at adjacent  sites.

Chemical information.—No  chemical  information on the site was available in 1983,
 Sources of data

 Conestoga-Rover and Associates, 1979a, Site investigation and monitoring
      program, 102nd Street Landfill, Hooker, Niagara Falls, New York:  20 p.,
      2 maps.

          1979b, Progress report V, Hyde Park Landfill, Bloody Run, 102nd Street
      Landfill, Hooker, Niagara Falls, New York:  23 p., f> tables, 3 maps,
      3 appendices.

     	1979c, Progress Report VI, Hyde Park Landfill, Bloody Run, 102nd  Street
      Landfill, Hooker, Niagara Falls, New York:  18 p., 1 appendix, 1 map.
                                       324

-------
Sources of data (continued)

	1980, Progress Reports VIIIB,  102nd  Street  Landfill,  Hooker,  Niagara  Falls,
     New York: 2 p., 2 tables,  1 appendix.

Neruda, F. D.,1980, Niagara Frontier  inactive waste  disposal  sites,  Hyde Park
     Landfill, Bloody Run, 102nd Street Landfill,  'S'  Area  Landfill, site con-
     ditions  and proposed  remedial  action:  Niagara  Falls,  N.Y.,  Hooker, 31  p.,
     14 figs., 1 appendix.
4la.  OCCIDENTAL  CHEMICAL-BUFFALO  AVENUE,  S-AREA                NYSDEC 932019-a
      (Literature review)

General  information  and  chemical-migration potential.—The S-area,  a 16-acre
landfill in  the southeast corner of  the  Hooker-Buffalo Avenue plant, was used
to  dispose of  63,100 tons of  organic phosphates, acid  chlorides, phenol tars,
thionyl  chloride, chloridic acid (CgityCtyClg),  trichlorophenol, benzoyl chloride,
liquid disulfides and chlorotoluene-based  disulfides,  metal chlorides, thiodan,
chlorobenzenes, and  miscellaneous  chlorinated  hydrocarbons.

      In  1978,  organic chemicals were discovered in the shore shaft intake struc-
ture  and forebay  of  the  City  of Niagara  Falls  water-treatement plant.  The con-
tamination was traced to this site.   The site  is currently undergoing Federal
and State litigation.

      Data collected  on the  site and  along  its  perimeter indicate that chemical
migration is occurring and  that  remedial action is required; thus the con-
taminant-migration potential  is major.  Data are insufficient, however, to eval-
uate  the rates and quantities of  contaminant migration into the bedrock aquifer
or  to the Niagara River.

      The State and Federal  Governments have negotiated with Occidental Chemical
Corportion  to reach an agreement  for investigation and remediation of the site.

Geologic information.—The  site  consists of fill ranging from 8.5 to  17.5 ft in
thickness and overlying  natural  sand and silt  deposits 14 to 17.5 ft  thick.
Below these  deposits is  a till stratum 1 to 5  ft thick and composed predomi-
nantly  of silt and rock  fragments.  The  unconsolidated deposits are underlain by
Lockport Dolomite.  Maps showing  the surface altitude and thickness of the
clay/till unit are given in figures  C-17 and C-18; a map of the bedrock-surface
altitude is  shown in fig.  C-19.

Hydrologic  information.—Water-level and permeability data are available in
several  reports by consultants.   The data (not  included herein) are summarized
below.

      Measured water levels  in the  overburden wells in February 1980 were used to
construct a water-table  map (fig.  C-20).  The map indicates a ground-water mound
with a maximum altitude  of  572 ft  above  NGVD,  which suggests that ground-water
flow at  this site is essentially  radial.
                                       325

-------
               EXPLANATION
            Ground-water monitoring well
            Borehole location
      544   Clay/till contour
 Note- All elevations Based on Hooker datum
                                562
                 Robert      Moses
                                                                   Industrial Wharf
     0 50 1OO    2OOFEET
Base from Cones toga-Rovers and Associates, 1982
  Figure C-17.  Altitude of top  of clay/till unit,  Occidental  Chemical-
                  Buffalo Avenue,  S-area,  site 41a,  Niagara  Falls.
                                        326

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                                           79° OOM9"
               EXPLANATION

             Ground-water monitoring well

             Borehole location

       3 •»— Clay/til I contour

  Note- All elevations based on Hooker datum
                                                                   Industrial Wharf
     0 50 100    200FEET
Base from Conestoga-Rovers and Associates, 1982
 Figure C-18.  Thickness of clay/till  unit,  Occidental Chemical—Buffalo
                 Avenue,  S-area,  site  41a, Niagara Falls.
                                        327

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              EXPLANATION
            Ground-water monitoring well
            Borehole location
     542—~ Bedrock contour
 Note: All elevations based on Hooker datum
                                                                   Industrial^ Wharf
     0 50 100    200FEET
Base from Conestoga-Rovers and Associates, 1982
   Figure C-19.  Bedrock-surface altitude, Occidental Chemical—Buffalo
                   Avenue,  S-areat site 41 a, Niagara Falls.
                                       328

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      Water levels measured  in  observation wells  screened In the bedrock  yielded
 the  values shown on the  potentiometric map in  fig.  C-21.  The map  indicates that
 ground-water flow is toward the northwest.  A  small ground—water mound  of 0.5 ft
 is  indicated, but additional  data would be needed  to confirm it.

      Leggette, Brashears,  and  Graham (1980) ran  permeability tests  at  obser-
 vation wells screened  in the  fill and overburden and obtained permeability
 values of 0.10 to 10 (gal/d)/ft2 (5 x 10~4 to  5  x  10~6 cm/s) for the  lower over-
 burden stratum of very fine sand and 70 to 100 (gal/d)/ft2 (3 x 10~3  to S x
 10~3 cm/s) for the upper stratum of fill.  These values indicate that  ground
 water  would move considerably faster in the fill than in the underlying
 material.
                           EXPLANATION

                        Ground-water monitoring well
                       Water-table contour, number is
                        feet above NGVD. Contour
                        interval 1 foot
                             Moses    Parkway
              Base from Leaflette, Brashears, and Graham, i960
Figure C-20.   Water levels of  February 1980 in  the  S-area, Occidental Chemical-
               Buffalo Avenue,  site 41at  Niagara Falls.
                                         329

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                                        79° 00'19'
                   Robert   Moses    Parkway
                                                      I ntakes

                                                EXPLANATION

                                            Ground-water monitoring well
                                     560.0— Potentiometric contour. Number is
                                            feet above NGVD. Contour
                                             interval 0.5 feet.
         Base from Legg«tt«, Brashears, and Graham, 1979
Figure C-21.  Potentiometric surface  of bedrock aquifer,  April 1979,
                Occidental Chemical—Buffalo Avenue,  S-area, site 41a,
                Niagara Falls.
                                     330

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Chemical information.—Extensive chemical data are given in unpublished reports
by consultants for Federal, State, and local agencies involved in the litigation
proceedings.

    Chemical data from samples collected by the site owner from a well south of
the Robert Moses Parkway along the Niagara River and wells along the southern
part of the S-Area indicate high concentrations of organic contaminants.  The
compounds and their  concentration maximums and means are as follows:

                                              Concentration(ug/L)	
     Priority pollutants                   Maximum              Mean

     trans-1,2,-Dichloroethylene              261                  162
     Chloroform                             1,750                  530
     Trichloroethylene                      6,870                1,774
     Benzene                                3,860                1,799
     Toluene                                1,420                  588
     Chlorobenzene                          4  160                1,781
     Phenol                                 2,990                1,184
     Dichlorobenzenes                       2,980                  758
     Hexachloroethane                       4  450                  912
     Hexachlorobutadiene                  22,800                4,995
     Hexachlorocyclopentadiene            \2  000                2,400
     Hexachlorobenzene                     25,200                5,319
     Carbon  tetrachloride                  7,400                1,496
     Trichlorophenols                       1,280                  257
     Mirex                                 1,610                  463
      1,1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene          15,400                5,621

      Nonpriority pollutants

      Trichlorobenzenes                     50,400               11,318
      Tetrachlorobenzenes                 223,000               45,521
      Monochlorotoluenes                    9,300               2,264
      Dichlorotoluenes                      5,840               1,271
      Octachlorocyclopentene               15,000                3,000
      Pentachlorobenzene                    1,200                 255
      Data from Occidental Chemical Corporation, 1983.

 Sources of data

 Conestoga-Rovers and Associates, 1982, Overburden investigation, S-area,
      December 1981 to March 1982:  Waterloo, Ont., Conestoga-Rovers and
      Associates.

 Leggette, Brashears, and Graham, 1979, Shallow ground-water quality investiga-
      tion, Hooker Chemicals and Plastics Corp., Niagara Falls, New York  plant:
      Westport, Conn., Leggette, Brashears, and Graham, Inc., Progress Report  2,
      7 p., 8 figs., 3 append.
                                        331

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 41b-49.  OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL—BUFFALO AVENUE PLANT,             NYSDEC 932019b-i
          (Literature review)

 General information and chemical-migration potential.—Occidental Chemical-
 Buffalo Avenue Plant sites 41b through 49 are considered together herein because
 of their proximinity to one another.   The sites contain mostly unknown quantities
 of organic chemicals,  metals, chlorides, sulfides, and phosphorus compounds.

      Approximately 120 monitoring wells have been installed by the site owners
 to determine the hydraulic gradients  and extent of ground-water contamination.

      Hydrogeologic data indicate a major potential for lateral contaminant
 migration,  but clay deposits underlying the site would retard downward movement
 of contaminants into the bedrock.  Offsite migration is occurring as a result of
 ground-water infiltration into sewerlines.  Ground-water sampling would be
 needed to determine the rate and extent of the migration,  however.  These sites
 are the subject of New York State litigation.

 Geologic information.—Approximately  120 geologic logs of  wells and borings in
 and around  the sites are published in a report by Leggette,  Brashears,  and
 Graham,  Inc.,  (1980).

      During  postglacial time,  the Niagara River flowed over  the southern part of
 the site.  North of this area the site  consists of poorly  sorted till,  averaging
 13  ft in thickness,  that overlies very  fine sand and  (or)  a  clay layer  averaging
 6  ft  thick.  These layers  are underlain by till that,  in turn,  overlies the
 Lockport Dolomite  (Leggette,  Brashears,  and Graham,  Inc.,  1978).   South of the
 ancient  shoreline,  the  clay is mostly absent,  and the  till also thins  or  is
 absent;  consequently the very fine sand and till are  thicker (Leggette, Brashears,
 and Graham,  Inc.,  1979).   Geologic cross  sections of  the southern and  eastern
 plant boundaries are shown in Leggette,  Brashears,  and Graham,  Inc.  (1979).

 Hydrologic information.—Water levels in  wells  installed in  the unconsolidated
 deposits indicate  some  ground-water mounds,  but the main direction of  flow is
 southward toward the Niagara  River (fig.  C-22  and C-23.  Permeability measure-
 ments  were made  at  13 wells  (table C-12),  and  artificial fill was  found to  be
 the most  permeabile  unit at most  locations.  Permeability  of  the  clay and  till
was not  evaluated.

     Water levels  in wells  tapping the Lockport  Dolomite indicate  ground water
 to  be moving northwestward, away  from the  Niagara River  (fig. C-24).  At these
 sites, the Lockport Dolomite  is recharged  by the  Niagara River,  and water  levels
 in wells  tapping  the Lockport Dolomite  fluctuate  with  the  river  stage and  at
 approximately  equal  altitudes, indicating  a hydraulic  connection  between bedrock
 and the  river  (Leggette, Brashears, and Graham,  1979).  Water-level measurements
 in  the Lockport  Dolomite were not  obtained  far  enough  north  of  the site to
determine the  extended  path of ground-water migration  or eventual  discharge
area.  Ground water may  flow north-northwest to  the Niagara  Falls  sewer system,
which  then drains  to the west toward  the  gorge.

Chemical information.—The  site owner sampled 11  plant-site wells  tapping  the
unconsolidated deposits  along the  Robert Moses  Parkway from May to July, 1980;
results  indicate highly  elevated  levels of organic contaminants:
                                      332

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                                            Concentration       (pg/L)
      Priority pollutants                      Maximum           Mean

      Trichloroethylene                   %    400,000            71,790
      Tetrachloroethylene                      32,000            7,120
      Toluene                                    2,940              435
      Dichlorobenzene                          31,000            5,830

      Nonpriority  pollutants
Monochlorobenzene
Chlorobenzotrif luoride
Chlorotoluene
Dichloro toluene
Trichlorobenzene
Tetrachlorobenzene
1,025
400
79,000
14
150
240
255
112
10,500
12
44
125
     Data from Occidental Chemical Co.

Sources of data

Conestoga-Rovers and Associates, 1981, Monitoring well installation details,
     monitoring well water elevations, Hooker Buffalo Avenue plant and Drinking
     Water Treatment Plant: Toronto, Conestoga-Rovers and Associates, 25 p.

Leggette, Brashears, and Graham, Inc., 1979, Shallow ground-water quality
     investigation, Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corp., Niagara Falls, New York
     Plant:  Westport, Conn., Leggette, Brashears, and Graham, Inc., Progress
     Report 1, 4 p., 13 figs., 1 appendix.

	1979, Shallow ground-water quality investigation, Hooker Chemicals
     and Plastics Corp., Niagara Falls, New York Plant:  Westport, Conn.,
     Leggette, Brashears, and Graham, Inc., Progress Report 2, 7 p., 8 figs.,
     3 appendices.

    	1979, Shallow ground-water quality investigation, Hooker Chemicals
     and Plastic Corporation, Niagara Falls, New York Plant:  Westport, Conn.,
     Leggette, Brashears, and Graham, Inc., Progress Report 3, 4 p., 3 figs.,
     3 appendices.

    	1979,  Shallow ground-water quality investigation, Hooker Chemicals and
     and Plastic Corporation, Niagara Falls, New York Plant:  Westport, Conn.,
     Leggette, Brashears, and Graham, Inc., Progress Report 4, 4 p., 4 figs.,
     3 appendices.

         _1979,  Shallow ground-water quality investigation, Hooker Chemicals and
     Plastic Corp.,  Niagara Falls,  New York Plant:   Westport,  Conn.,  Leggette,
     Brashears,  and  Graham, Inc.,  Progress  Report 6,  13 p.,  20 figs.

         JL979,  Shallow ground-water quality investigation,  Hooker Chemicals and
     Plastics  Corp.,  Niagara Falls,  New York Plant:   Westport,  Conn.,  Leggette,
     Brashears,  and Graham,  Inc.,  Progress  Report 7,  12 p.

    	1980,  Hooker Chemicals and Plastics Corp.,  Niagara Falls Plant,  New
     York,  geologic logs:  Westport, Conn.,  Leggette, Brashears,  and Graham,
     Inc.,  162 p.

                                      333

-------
           Water-table contour. Number is feet above NGVD
            Contour interval is 1 foot
Base from Leggette, Brashears, and Graham, 1979
 Figure C-22.   Water-table altitudes  in overburden aquifer,  June  1979,
                 Occidental Chemical—Buffalo Avenue Plant,  sites 41b
                 through 49, Niagara Falls.
                                     334

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                       EXPLANATION

              Water-table contour. Number is feet above NGVD
              Contour interval is 1 foot
 Base from Leggette. Brashears, and Graham. 1979
Figure C-23.   Water-table altitudes in overburden  aquifer,  September  1979,
                Occidental Chemical—Buffalo Avenue  Plant, sites 41b  through
                49,  Niagara Falls.
                                      335

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      561	  Potentiometric Contour. Number is feet above NGVD.
              Contour interval is 1  foot
Base from Leggette, Brashears, and Graham, 1979
   Figure  C-24.  Potentiometric surface of  bedrock  aquifer,  June 1979,
                  Occidental  Chemical—Buffalo Avenue Plant,  sites  41a
                  through 49,  Niagara Falls.
                                     336

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 Table C-12.—Results of permeability tests at Occidental Chemical, Buffalo Ave.
              Plant, sites 41b-49, Niagara Falls, N.Y., January 7-8, 1980.1

Well
no.
B-5A
B-7A
B-8A
B-10A
B-10A
Saturated
thickness
(ft)
5.5
14.5
19.0
8.0
7.5





Transmissivity
(gal/d)/ft
390
195
106
1
63
2.
5
2
1
1
9
(cm2
.6
.8
.5
.5
.1
X
X
X
X
X
/a)
10-1
lo-1
10-1
10-3
10-*



Permeability
(gal/d)/ft
70.9
13.4
5.6
0.13
8.4
(cm/s)
3.3 x
6.3 x
2.6 x
6.1 x
4.0 x
10-3
10-1*
10-*4
10~6
10- *


Formation
material
Fill
Silty
Silty
Silty
Silty
fill
fill
fill
fill
    B-13A
    B-14A
    B-14B
    B-15A
    B-16A

    CW-1A
20.0
 7.0
16.0
19.0
 6.5

 7.0
 Recovered too
  quickly for
  evaluation

 Recovered too
  quickly for
  evaluation
  2
 34
552
2.9 x 10"3
4.9 x 10"2
7.9 x 10-1
             200*    9   x 10-3
             200*    9.0 x 10-3
 0.13  6.1 x 10~6
 1.8   8.5 x 10~5
85     4.0 x 10-3
 Recovered too
  quickly for
  evaluation
    CW-1B     10.0
    TRW-1A**   5.5
              102
              554
      1.5 x 10-1
      7.9 x 10-1
             200*
              10.2
             100
       9.0 x 10-3
       4.8 x 10-t
       4.7 x ID'3
                       Fill
                       Fill
Very fine sand
Very fine sand
    Fill

    Fill
Very fine sand
    Fill
 1  Data  from Leggette,  Brashears,  and Graham,  Inc.  (1980).
 *  Arbitrarily  assigned value.
 ** Pumping  test  run  in  July  1979.
51.  TAM CERAMICS  (Literature review)
                                                      NYSDEC  932028
General information and chemical-migration potential.—The TAM Ceramics site, in
the northern part of the city of Niagara Falls, contains several small shallow
landfills for disposal of obsolete equipment, ceramics, and metallic salts.  The
site contains 12 monitoring wells (fig. C-25).

     Nonaqueous-phase organic compounds have been found in the sewerlines of the
TAM property that are attributable to the Hyde Park Landfill (site 39).  As a
result, several new wells were installed on the TAM property by Occidental
                                      337

-------
Chemical  Corporation as part of the  aquifer survey program  at  the Hyde Park
site.  Geohydrologic information would  be  needed to determine  the movement of
contaminants  from this site.  The potential for contaminant  migration is inde-
terminable.

Hydrologic information.—Water levels were measured in nine  of the monitoring
wells.  Water levels decrease with well depth and toward  the west, which
indicates downward and westward movement  of ground water.   No  water-level infor-
mation is available from wells 1, 2, or 3.

Chemical  information.—TAM sampled wells  1, 2, and 3 in June 1979 and analyzed
for several metals, pH, 28 priority  pollutants, and several  other nonpriority
organic compounds.  Well 1, nearest  to  the Hyde Park landfill, contained several
compounds in  significant concentrations;  data are available  from NYSDEC,
Buffalo,  N.Y.
                               OW21-80
                               OW22-80
                                                        EXPLANATION
                                                       »2 Well

                                                       • Dump site
 OW20-79
• OW21-79
                        I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I t
                                OW4-78
                                OW5-78
                                OW6-78
                                  •OW28-80
                                   OW29-80
                        •OW24-80
                         OW25-80
                                 TAM Ceramics Inc
                                  OW31-80
                                 • OW32-80
     Base from Conestoga, Rovers, and Associates,1980
          Figure  C-25.   Location of monitoring wells at  TAM Ceramics,
                         site 51, Niagara Falls,
                                        338

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56.  OLIN 102ND STREET LANDFILL  (Literature review)                NYSDEC  932031

General information and chemical-migration potential.—The  Olin  landfill,  on
102nd Street in the city of Niagara  Falls, was  used  during  1948-70  for  disposal
of chemical wastes.  More than 80,000  tons of waste  are  buried on  the site.

     The types and quantities of waste  buried at  the site during 1948-70 are:

         Substance                                       Quantity  (tons)

         "Black Cake"                                         20,000
         Graphite                                                742
         Benzene hexachloride and                                60
           trichlorophenol mixture
         Trichlorbenzene                                         150
         a- and g-BHC cake                                     1,200
         Tetrachlorobenzene                                    1,100
         Lime sludge                                          23,900
         Brine sludge                                         20,000
         Hexachlorobenzene                                       60
         Trichloroanisole                                     unknown
         Concrete	6,625

     This site has a major potential for  contaminant migration.  A recent  report
of the site by Recra and Wehran (1979)  indicates  a  plume of contaminanted  ground
water intruding the alluvial deposits  of  the Niagara River  beneath  the  landfill
and discharging into the Niagara River.   Additional  data would be  needed to
determine the rate of contaminant migration and the  total amount of contaminants
entering the river.  The site is currently under  litigation for  remedial action.

Geologic information.—The site consists  of fill  and recent alluvial  river sedi-
ments underlain by Pleistocene lacustrine clay  and  till. These  unconsolidated
deposits are underlain by Lockport Dolomite.  A generalized geologic  column  is
shown in fig. C-26.

     The site owner drilled 21 test  borings and monitoring  wells on the prop-
erty.  A geologic description of each  boring is included in a report  by Recra
Research Inc., and Wehran Engineering  Corporation (1979).

Hydrologic information.—Water levels  were measured  in the  monitoring wells  in
January 1979.  A cross section of the  flow pattern  and direction of contaminant
migrtion is gien in fig. C-27; a ground-water-contour map is given in figure
C-28.  The contours indicate that ground  water  flows toward the  Niagara River
and into adjacent streams and sewerpipes.

Chemical information.—Many water samples from  wells and the Niagara  River and
sediment samples from the river were collected.   Results are reported in Recra
and Wehran (1979).  The analyses indicate elevated  concentrations  of  iron, man-
ganese, sodium, zinc, mercury, chlorides, sulfates,  and  total halogenated  organic
within the ground water.  Most of the  halogenated organics  were  chlorinated.

Source of data.—Recra Research Inc.,  and Wehran  Engineering Corp., 1979,
Hydrogeologic investigation, Olin 102nd Street  Landfill, Niagara Falls, Niagara
County, New York:  98 p., 1 appendix,  13  figs.
                                      339

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SYSTEM




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PERIOD


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IT


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PLEISTO
(WISCONSI






FORMATION

Fill
Alluvium
of the
Niagara River


Glaciolacustrine
Clay
— Conformable —
Glacial till
Great
unconformity

Lockport
Dolomite


COLUMNAR
SECTION


HHill!
:=i.'=--^_"^.—
"?•?:' X~:s?'fr*
•x^=S^'_L,- •» ••

-''fW-W
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JLJ-
'-, -
r^
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THICKNESS
IN FEET

8-17

0-20.5


0-23-5
3-5-15



1 50*


CHARACTER
Demolition debris, flyash, chemical
wastes, brine sludges; 0.5 to
2.0 feet of soil cover
Black organic silt, soft, moderately
low permeability; grading to gray
silt and fine sand, loose, moderately
permeable; grading to gray-brown
coarse to fine sandy at base.
clean, loose, highly permeable

Gray, brown, and red-brown finely
laminated clay, highly impermeable,
firm to stiff at top. Very soft at base
Red-brown silty, gravelly sand,
some clayey zones, moderately
permeable
Gray laminated dolomite, seams of
gypsum; secondary permeability
along bedding planes, joints, and
minor solution channels; aquifer


                                                                             Figure  C-26.
                                                                             Generalized
                                                                             geologic column
                                                                             of  formations
                                                                             underlying Olin
                                                                             102nd Street
                                                                             Landfill,  site
                                                                             56,  Niagara
                                                                             Falls.
                                  * Drilling penetrated upper 15 feet
                            Figure  C-27.
                            Profile  of
                            ground-water
                            flow patterns
                            and contami-
                            nation  plume,
                            Olin 102nd
                            Street Landfill,
                            site 56,
                            Niagara  Falls.
                                          Ground-water recharge area
                 Ground-water discharge area
Potentiometric surface in confined
to semi-confined Lockport dolomite aquifer
Potentiometric surface in semi-confined
aquifer with recent alluvium

Water table in landfill
                 EXPLANATION
 •«—  Direction of ground-water flow in aquifers .

      Direction of ground-water flow in confining unit

      1979 extent of leachate plume

|    ) Probable ultimate extent of leachate plume
                                   Alluvial deposits of the
                                       Nt Niagara R4ver
Not to scale
               ^Southern extent of
                 hydrogeologic investigation
                                             340

-------
                                                             78° 56'50"
43°
04'
20'
                                                                                                        EXPLANATION

                                                                                               567 08  Altitude of water-table on
                                                                                                      January 15, 1979
                                                                                              565-
                                                              Approximate ground-water contour
                                                              on January 13, 1979

                                                              Generalized ground-water
                                                              flow direction
   Data from Recra and Wehran,1979

                        Figure C-28.
Water-table  altitude at Olin 102nd Street  Landfill,  site  56,
Niagara  Falls,  January  15,  1979.

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57.  OLIN INDUSTRIAL WELDING  CORPORATION
     (Literature  review  and USGS  electromagnetic survey)
                                                    NYSDEC 932050
General information  and  chemical-migration potential,—The Olin Industrial
Welding Corporation  site,  north of  Buffalo Avenue in the city of Niagara Falls,
was used as a  landfill during  1974-60 for the disposal of 403 tons of brine
sludge with mercury  waste  and  transformer oil that may contain PCB's and
miscellaneous  industrial scrap.

     The potential  for contaminant  migration is indeterminable.  No samples
(soil or water) were taken.  Additional testing would be needed to determine  the
presence of leachate migration.

Geologic information.—The site consists of fill overlying silt and silty  clay
underlain  by bedrock of  Lockport Dolomite.  Thickness of the unconsolidated
deposits ranges  from 12  to 17  ft.

Hydrologic information.—Ground water was found in the fill overlying the  silt-
clay unit; this  is  probably a  perched water-bearing  zone that forms during
seasons of high  precipitation.  Ground water also occurs in the silt-clay  unit
above the  bedrock.   Regional ground-water flow in this zone is generally  south-
ward, but  in  the  bedrock it is generally northwestward.

Chemical information.—No chemical information is available except  that the
waste material contains  mercury (2,200 to 130,000 yg/kg), hexachlorobenzene  (20
to 780 ug/kg), and  hexachlorocyclohexane (40 to 48,000 yg/kg).  The owners
estimate the  rate of offsite migration of mercury to be 0.2 Ib/yr.

                           79° 01'27"
  43°
  05'
  08"
                                                      EXPLANATION

                                                    Electromagnetic survey traverse
     Not to scale
    Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
  Figure C-29.
Location of electromagnetic-conductivity survey lines at Olin
Industrial Welding Corporation,  site 57, Niagara Falls.
                                        342

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Electromagnetic  survey.—The U.S. Geological Survey conducted  an electromagnetic
survey with  eight  lines in 1982.  Locations are shown in  fig.  C-2Q;  the data are
plotted in fig.  C-30.
          125
        cc
        LU
        Q.

        t/3
        O
               • Open field
          225
        - 200
          175
       O 150
       CJ
          125
          100
          75
          50
          25
                                                      500
270  390   380  250
                 Mound
                                                                LINE 2
                                100                   200

                                     DISTANCE, IN FEET
                                       300
        Figure C-30.  Results of electromagnetic-conductivity survey  at Olin
                      Industrial Welding Corporation,  site 57, Niagara Falls,
                      lines  1 and 2.
                                        343

-------
     All conductivity  lines  but no. 8 were within  a  fenced  area adjacent to
Packard Road,  and  all  show unnatural variations  from beginning to end.  The
extremely high values  at the beginning of line 4 seem to be related to the
nearby concrete foundations.  Steel reinforcing  rods in the concrete founda-
tions along  lines  3,4,  and  7 strongly affected  the  conductivity readings.  The
extremely high values  in the middle of line 2 are  not explained but may indicate
locally buried conductive material or the edge effects of a buried conductor not
evident from the surface.

     The areas in  which  conductivity was closest to  background level are line  5
(west of the parking lot) and most of the southern half of line 6.  Line 5  shows
stable conductivity values in the 20-25 tnmho/m range, and line 6 shows values  in
the 45-50 umho/m range.   These values suggest  locally homogeneous fill of  rela-
tively low  conductivity.

     Line 8, along Gill  Creek, indicates that  the  bank is composed of or covered
with artificial fill,  which would mask any  evidence  of a conductive plume
emanating from the site.
   150
   125
    100
  LLJ
  Q_
  CO
  O 50
  ^ 25
                         LINE 3
                           Background conductivity
                          100
                                               200
                                                                    300
  CJ
  Q

  §50
    25
        Background conductivity
                    50
                                              25
                                               0
                           Background conductivity
                                                                        LINE 5
     200
300                    0
        DISTANCE, IN FEET
100
 Figure C-30 (continued).  Results  of electromagnetic-conductivity survey at
              Olin Industrial  Welding Corporation, site 57, Niagara Falls,
              lines 3 through  5.
                                        344

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CONDUCTIVITY, IN MILLIMHOS PER METER

-------
58, 59, 248.
              OLIN, BUFFALO AVENUE
              (TJSGS field reconnaissance)
NYSDEC 932051-a, b, 932038
General information and chemical-migration  potential.—These three sites, at the
Olin Buffalo Avenue plant in  the  city  of  Niagara Falls, were used for land-
spreading of brine sludge containing mercury  and possibly polychlorinated
biphenyls.  Also on the property  is a  pond  that  was  used to collect overflow
water from site 248, which  contains traces  of mercury.

     Chemical data, proximity to  the Niagara  River,  and the shallow overburden
indicate a major potential  for  contaminant  migration.   Some samples indicated
mercury concentrations  to be  above  background levels.   Additional sampling would
be needed to determine  whether  the  contaminant is migrating into the ground-
water system.

Geologic information.—The  sites  consists of  fill and  debris underlain by a
sandy clay.  The U.S. Geological  Survey drilled  four test borings on site 58
and six along the perimeter of  sites 59 and 248  in 1982 (fig. C-31).  The
geologic logs are on page 347.

Hydrologic information.—No ground  water was  encountered.  If ground water were
in the unconsolidated deposits, the direction of flow would probably be  south-
ward toward the  river.

                            79° 01'50'



43°
55"






F
1 Site
1
1


^
Not to scale

Allen

• 2
58
Parking lot
Buffalo

1 Plant

1
Ave

3.
Ave

1 • 3 •
• Site 59
1 .2
,


co
1


4
»te
•1




.7]
Site 58
Parking lot
~

248 •X* | EXPLANATION
' »2 Test boring and
6 1 substrate sample
1
J

  Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
          Figure C-31.   Location of monitoring wells at Olin Buffalo
                        Avenue, sites 58, 59, and 248, Niagara  Falls.
                                       346

-------
Boring no.            Depth (ft)                 Description

                               Site 58

    1                 0-3.0       Topsoil.
                      3.0 - 3.5       Clay, sandy, yellowish, damp,
                      3.5 - 8.0       Clay, reddish, gravel,  sandy.
                                        Bedrock at 8.0  ft.
                                      SAMPLE:  3 ft.
                      0   - 2         Black  topsoil
                      2   - 4.5       Clay,  sandy, gravel,  yellowish.
                                        Bedrock at 4.8  ft.
                                      SAMPLE:  4  ft.

                      0   - 3.0       Topsoil, brown  to black  at  2.0  ft,
                      3.0 - 3.5       Clay,  red.
                                      SAMPLE:  3  ft.
                      0   -  1.5       Topsoil  and  gravel.
                      1.5 -  2.5       Sand  soil, black.
                                      SAMPLE:   2.5  ft.
                          Sites 59 and 248

                      0   - 3.5       Soil,  sand, gravel  fill.
                      3.5 - 5.5       Clay,  sandy,  tan, damp.
                                      SAMPLE:   3.5  ft.
                      0   - 3.0       Gravel  fill.
                      3.0 - 6.5       Sandy  clay.
                                      SAMPLE:  4  ft.

                      0   - 1.0       Topsoil, brown.
                      1.0 - 4.0       Clay,  sandy.
                                      SAMPLE:  2  ft.

                      0   - 2         Fill,  debris,  bricks.
                                      SAMPLE:  2  ft.

                      0   - 3.0       Topsoil, debris.
                                      SAMPLE:  2.5  ft.

                      0   - 1         Topsoil, debris.
                                      SAMPLE:  1  ft.
                                 347

-------
Chemical information.—Olin installed 10 monitoring wells  in  the eastern  area  of
the plant site adjacent to Gill Creek in 1980.  Sampling during 1980-82 indi-
cates the following concentrations at the downgradient well,  which was drilled to
the top of bedrock in the southeastern area of  the plant:

                      Olin Plant Site - Downgradient Well

                                              Concentration (yg/L)
   Priority pollutants                        Maximum           Mean
     Mercury                                    21.5              13,
     2-Chlorophenol                            170                56
     2,3 and 2,4 and 2,5 Dichlorophenol         83                33
     Pentachlorophenol                          50                23
     Y-BHC (Lindane)                         4,200             1,248

   Nonpriority pollutants
Total halogenated organics
Total volatile halogenated organics
3-Chlorophenol & 4-Chlorophenol
2,4,5 and 2,3,4 Trichlorophenol
2,3,4,6 Tetrachlorophenol
14,000
9,400
98
140
50
4,087
4,287
47
49
23
     The U.S. Geological Survey collected soil  samples  from  each  test  boring  for
iron and mercury analysis.  Each sample was split with  the site owner.   Results
of the U.S. Geological Survey analyses are shown in  table C-13.   Mercury con-
centration in sample 6 of the pond borings exceeded  concentrations  from
undisturbed soils in the area.  The samples contained eight  organic priority
pollutants, of which only benzene (48,000 yg/kg) exceeded the  quantifiable
detection limit, and two organic nonpriority  pollutants.

     Results of the site owner's analyses are shown  in  table C-14,  which indi-
cates high concentrations of mercury in samples 3 and 4  from the  parking lot  and
samples 2, 4, 5, and 6 of the pond borings.   Relative concentrations of organic
compounds between samples are indeterminable  because the quantifiable  detection
limits are unknown.
                                      348

-------
Table C-13.—U.S. Geological Survey analyses of substrate samples  from Olin
             parking lot and Olin mercury ponds, sites 58, 59, and  248,
             Niagara Falls, N.Y., August 9, 1982.
             [Locations shown in fig. C-31.  Concentrations  are  in  ug/kg; dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not found,  LT  indicates
             it was found but below the quantifiable  detection limit.]
PARKING LOT
   Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
1         (Split)        234
                    (3.5)
                      (4.0)
                      (3.0)
                        (2.5)
Inorganic constituents
    Iron           1,300,000   (7,100,000)    830,000
    Mercury          —          (—)          —
 Organic  compounds    ***

 Nonpriority  pollutant
    Hexamethylcyclo-
       trisiloxane1   —
 MERCURY  PONDS
                                  ***
                                              ***
                       3,000
                                 2,800,000   1,800,000
                                       330tt        10
                                                            ***
                       3,200
                                                                          A**
                               Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
      1
    (3.5)
  2
(4.0)
  3
(2.0)
  4
(2.0)
  5
(2.5)
  6
(2.0)
 Inorganic  constituents
     Iron               2,600,000  1,800,000  1,000,000 1,900,000
     Mercury                   40         80     --            14
 Organic compounds

  Priority pollutants
     Phenanthrene
     Fluoranthene
     Pyrene
     Benzoanthracene
     Chrysene
     Benzo(a)pyrene
     Benzo(b)fluoranthene
     Benzo(k)fluoranthene
     Benzene

  Nonpriority pollutants
     3-Hexen-2-one1
     Hexamethylcyclotri-
       siloxane1
                            ***
               ***


               LT
               LT
               LT
               LT
               LT
               LT
               LT
               LT
               LT
                                                 ***
                                                           ***
                         48,000
     5,100

     2,700
                                             940,000   1
                                                   60

                                                ***
                                          ,400,000
                                              220t1
                                                                                ***
  1  Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
      Standards (NBS) library.  No external standard was available.  The
      concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based only on an
      internal standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by
      GC/MS analysts.
 tt Exceeds concentrations in samples taken from undisturbed soils in the
      Niagara Falls area.  Undisturbed soils not analyzed for iron.
 *** Samples analyzed at detection limit above that required by this study.
                                       349

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Table C-14.-
-Site owner's analyses of substrate split samples from Olin parking
 lot and Olin mercury ponds, sites 58, 59, and 248, Niagara Falls,
 N.Y., August 9, 1982.
 [Locations shown in fig. C-31.  Concentrations are in ug/kg; dashes
 indicate that constituent or compound was not found.  Data from Olin
 Incorporated, 1982.]

PARKING LOT

Inorganic constituents
Cyanide, total
Mercury, total
Mercury extract
Organic compounds
Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH)
Chlorobenzenes
Hexachloro butadiene
Chlorinated methanes
and ethanes
Other volatiles
Pesticides, Non-BHC
Pesticides, BHC

MERCURY PONDS

Sample number and depth
1 2
(3.5) (4.0)

_- _ __
170 300
<500 <500


«6,000
—
— —

<10 <52
<10 <20
—
<41
Sample number and depth
1 2 3
(3.5) (4.0) (2.0)
below land
3
(3.0)

1,400
4,500tt
<500


«10,000
«4,000
<2,000

<580
<138
<55
<45
below land
4
(2.0)
surface (ft)
4
(2.5)

4,800
20,000tt
<500


«12,000
«12,000
—

<50
<30
—
<137
surface (ft)
5 6
(2.5) (2.0)
Inorganic constituents

    Cyanide,  total
    Mercury,  total
    Mercury extract

Organic compounds
              2,000      1,200
              17,000t     6,700tt
                 <0.5      <0.5
<80      40,000t
 <0.5        <0.5
       2,800tt
<0.5      <0.5
Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons <«27,200
Chlorobenzenes «4,000
Hexachlorobutadiene <2,000
Chlorinated methanes
and ethanes <«59
Other volatiles <66
Pesticides, Non-BHC 40
Pesticides, BHC 92

<«37,300
<2,000
—

«140
<21
40
<20

<«44,300
<4,000
—

11 <229
<420
—
<125

<«22,000
<2,000
<2,000

<10 «52
<10
—
106
 tt  Exceeds  concentrations  in  samples  taken from undisturbed  soils  in the Niagara Falls
    area.
                                          350

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62.  STAUFFER-CHEMICAL, NORTH LOVE CANAL (Literature review)      NYSDEC 932034

General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Stauffer Chemical,
North Love Canal site, in the town of Lewiston, was used by Stauffer during
1930-52 to bury approximately 50,000 yd3 of waste asbestos, cell parts, reactor
linings, scrap sulfur, other metallic industrial wastes, and possibly  flux.  The
site was then covered, and a housing development has been built over it.

     Previous studies  indicate the potential  for contaminant migration to  be
limited, but  the potential is indeterminable  from the  limited  data.  Some  chemi-
cal constituents have  been detected at high concentrations in  offsite  soil and
water samples.  Periodic sampling would be needed to confirm the migration of
leachate, however.

Geologic information.—The site  consists of a few inches of organic topsoil
overlying a reddish-brown clayey  silt or till,  ranging in thickness from  1.5  ft
to 17 ft (Dominion  Soil Investigations, Inc.,  1979).   The underlying bedrock  is
Lockport Dolomite.

Hydrologic information.—Ground  water was  encountered  in the lower  part of the
till unit.  The direction of ground-water  flow is northward.   Ground-water flow
in the  underlying bedrock is also probably northward  toward  the  Niagara
Escarpment.

Chemical information.—Chemical  data  on  soil  and  water samples are  summarized in
a  report by Dominion  Soil Investigations,  Inc. (1979).  Results  indicate high
concentrations  of fluoride, magnesium, nitrate, and  sulfate within  the site.

Sources of data
 Dominion Soil  Investigations,  Inc.,  1979,  Report of Lewiston Escarpment
      Project,  analysis  of  subsoil  conditions,  Whittaker Subdivision, Lewiston,
      New York:   Dominion Soil  Investigations,  Inc., 18 p., 2 tables, 1 enclosure

 Moriarty, L. R.,  1979,  Report  on Love Canal Section, Lewiston, New York:  U.S.
      Environmental Protection  Agency, Rochester Program Support Branch, 8 p.,
      1  addendum.


 63.   STAUFFER  CHEMICAL—ART PARK SITE                             NYSDEC 932049
      (USGS field reconnaissance)

 General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Stauffer Chemical—
 Art  Park site,  in Lewiston, was used for the disposal of unknown quantities of
 asbestos, graphite, cinders, reactor linings,  scrap sulfur and metal, and sili-
 con, zirconium,  and titanium oxides.  Most of  the waste had been covered by
 1979, and the  site is now  a park.

      Chemical  data indicate the potential for  contaminant migration to be
 limited.  However, proximity to the Niagara River and the closeness of fractured
 bedrock to land  surface suggest that migration could occur, but additional data
 would be needed  to substantiate this.  The potential for contaminant migration
 is indeterminable.
                                       351

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Geologic Information.—The  site consists of a thin mantle  of  till  underlain by
dolomitic limestone.   The U.S.  Geological Survey drilled three  test borings in
1982 by hand  auger  to  bedrock,  which was encountered within  3 ft.   The bedrock
appeared to be  shale;  the overburden consists of topsoil and  clean fill.
Locations of  the  borings are shown in fig. C-32.

Hydrologic information.—No ground water was encountered during the test
drilling; ground  water is probably restricted to fractures within  the shale.
The direction of  ground-water flow is westward toward  the  river.

Chemical information.—The  U.S. Geological Survey collected  three  soil samples
and one surface—water  sample for organic—compound analyses; no  organic compounds
were detected.

Electromagnetic survey.—The U.S. Geological Survey made an  electromagnetic sur-
vey at  the site in  1982.  The steep topography west of the site allowed only  two
practical locations for  conductivity lines; these are  shown  in fig. C-32; the
data are plotted  in fig. C-33.   Line 1 was along the bank  of  the Niagara River;
line 2  was along  a  path  parallel to, but much higher than, line 1.  The first
300 ft  of line  1  show  mostly background values, but at least  two buried objects
are indicated.  Less irregularly spaced buried materials are  indicated between
300 and 700  ft, but the  fluctuations remain within  a general  trend of elevated
values.  Beyond 700 ft,  a  gradual decline in conductivity  is  indicated, which
                   Storm dram outlet
                                           Disposal area
                EXPLANATION

          2  Test boring and substrate sample

            Surface-water sample

            Electromagnetic survey traverse
   Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
Figure C-32.  Location of sampling holes and electromagnetic-conductivity survey
              lines  at Stauffer Chemical—Art Park  Site,  site 63,  Lewiston.
                                        352

-------
may reflect a local  contact  between shale and dolomite.  This decrease is
clearly visible  in  line  2.   The  elevated values at the beginning of line 2 are
caused by a local drainage  pipe.

     Although most  of  line  2 is  above the background conductivity range typical
for Erie and Niagara Counties.   It probably indicates natural conditions because
background conductivity  would be elevated in saturated shale outcrops such as
that traversed by line 2.
                                                   Background conductivity
Background V- conduct!vity
               250
                         500
         750       1000 0
         DISTANCE, IN FEET
                                                          250
                                                                     500
                                                                               750
   Figure C-33.  Results of eleetromagnetie-eonduetivity survey at Stauffer
                 Chemieal—Art Park Site,  site  63,  Lewiston.
 64.   UNION CARBIDE (USGS field reconnaissance)
                                          NYSDEC 932035
 General information and chemical-migration  potential.—The Union Carbide site,
 an active landfill in the city of Niagara Falls,  was used to dispose of car-
 bonaceous material, wood scraps, and  firebrick at an estimated rate of 8.5
 million Ib/yr.

      The potential for contaminant  migration is indeterminable.  The geologic
 character of the site indicates  that  a layer of lacustrine clay would impede
 vertical migration.  The chemical analyses  indicate no contamination offsite.

 Geologic information.—The  owners installed two monitoring wells on the site.
 The geologic logs  are as follows:
      Well no.
      1 (north)
   Depth (ft)

    0   - 12.5
   12.5 - 19.0
   19.0
          Description

Carbonaceous fill.
Till.
Lockport Dolomite
      2 (south)
    0   -  4.0      Carbonaceous  fill,
    4.0 - 15.0      Lacustrine  clay.
   15.0 - 19.8      Till.
   19.8             Lockport Dolomite.
                                        353

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Hydro!ogic information.—Although no water-level data from the monitoring wells
are available, a regional seasonal water table forms above the lacustrine clay
during periods of high precipitation.  Ground-water flow in the unconsolidated
deposits is probably southward toward the river.

Chemical information.—The site owner has sampled both monitoring wells  for
selected heavy metals and organic compounds semiannually since 1978 and  reports
the results to the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation;  the
data are available at the Department's regional office in Buffalo, N.Y.

     The U.S. Geological Survey collected water samples from both monitoring
wells in August 1982 for organic-compound analysis; results are shown  in table
C-15.  Only dibutyl phthalate was found  in well 2,  and the concentration was
below the quantifiable detection limit.
Table C-15.—Analyses  of ground-water  samples  from  Union  Carbide,  site  64,
             Niagara Falls,  N.Y.,  August  29,  1982.
             [Concentrations  are  in yg/L; dashes  indicate that  constituent
             or  compound was  not  found, LT  indicates  it was  found  but below
             the quantifiable detection limit.]

                                Sample  number  and  depth below land  surface (ft)
                                                 1                     2
	    (20.8)	(15.2)	

pH                                              8.3                   7.2
Specific  conductance  (ymho/cm)             1,570                   780
Temperature  (°C)                              11.0                  13.5

Organic compounds

  Priority pollutant
     Dibutyl  phthalate	—	LI	
 66.  REICHHOLD-VARCUM CHEMICAL DIVISION (Literature review)        NYSDEC 932040

 General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Reichhold-Varcum
 Chemical Division site, on Packard Road in the city of Niagara Falls, had a
 settling pond for phenolic waste sludges.  The pond was evacuated in  1979, and
 all materials were transported to a secure landfill.

      Recent chemical data suggest a major potential for contaminant migration.
                                       354

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Geologic information.—The site consists of a thin unit  of  silty  clay  overlying
bedrock of Lockport Dolomite.  The depth to bedrock  ranges  from 6 to 8  ft.
MacMullin Associates, Inc. drilled three test borings.   The geologic logs  are  as
follows:
         Boring no.

             1
Depth (ft)

  0 - 0.2
0.2 - 0.8

0.8 - 2.5
2.5 - 6.0

6.0 - 8.0
   8.0
              Description

              Asphalt surface.
              Brown and black loamy sand with
              gravel.
              Black loamy silt with some gravel.
              Reddish-brown, silty clay.  Some
              vertical desiccation cracks.
              Brown clayey-silt.
              Refusal—bedrock?
  0
0.2
1.0
3.0
4.0
5.2
0.2
1.0
3.0
4.0
5.2
6.1
   6.1

  0-1.0
1.0 - 2.0
2.0 - 6.3

6.3 - 7.7
7.7 - 9.5
9.5 - 9.9
   9.9
                                               Asphalt  surface.
                                               Sand  and gravel  backfill.
                                               Blacktop or  fill.
                                               Brown and  black  clayey  sand.
                                               Black gravelly sand.
                                               Brown silty  clay.
                                               Refusal—bedrock?

                                               Black and  brown  gravelly  fill.
                                               Black silty  clay.
                                               Brown, silty clay  with  some
                                               desiccation  cracks.
                                               Brown gravelly sand.
                                               Gray  loamy sand.
                                               Brownish-gray, gravelly loam.
                                               Refusal—bedrock?
Hydrologic information.—The  owner  installed  three  monitoring  wells;  locations
are shown in fig. C-34.  Water levels  indicate  the  direction of  ground-water
flow to be southward.  No hydrologic data  on  the  underlying bedrock  are
available.

Chemical information.—The site owner  has  collected water  samples  from the moni-
toring wells; results are given in  table C-16.  Recent  sampling  of additional
monitoring wells by the property owner indicates  that  the  unconsolidated
material contains phenols in  concentrations ranging from 68,000  to 2,700,000
Ug/L.

Source of data.—R. B. MacMullin Associates and Auer,  C.,  1979,  Engineering
report for the elimination and replacement of the Varcum settling  lagoon,  Varcutr
Chemical Division, Reichhold  Chemicals, Inc., Niagara  Falls, New York:   R. B.
MacMullin Associates, 8 p., 6 drawings, 2  addendums.
                                      355

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             79° 00'10'
                                                 EXPLANATION

                                               O2 Monitoring well



01

-------
 Table C-16.—Analyses of ground water from Reichold Varcum Chemical Division,
              site 66, Niagara Falls, N.Y.,  June-July 1982l

              [Locations are shown in fig.  C-34.   Concentrations are in ug/L.]
                  Date              Well No.             Phenol
                                       1                  3,000
                                       2                 50,000
                                       3                  4,000
                  6/11/82               1                 25,000
                                       2                210,000
                                       3                 15,000
                  6/23/82               1                 60,000
                                       2                166,000
                                       3                 30,000
                 6/30/82               1                 30,000
                                       2                126,000
                                       3                 15,000
                  7/8/82                1                 20,000
                                       2                162,000
                                       3                 20,000
                 1 Data collected by Reichold Varcum Chemicals,  Inc.,
                   Niagara Falls, N.Y.
73.  LA SALLE EXPRESSWAY                                           NYSDEC  93206;

General information and chemical-migration potential.—LaSalle Expressway  is  in
the city of Niagara Falls.  During the construction of the expressway, approxi-
mately 20,000 tons of vulcanized fiber and fiber sheeting, thermosetting
plastics, and trimmings were deposited as fill.  These materials are considered
nonhazardous.  No geologic, hydrologic, or chemical information are available.
The potential of contaminant migration is indeterminable.
                                                                             if
                                      357

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76.  LYNCH PARK  (USGS field reconnaissance)
                                        NYSDFC 932006
General information and chemical-migration potential.—Lynch Park, in the  town
of Wheatfield, was used to deposit clean fill from a sewer project and assorted
rubble from an abrasives plant.

     Geologic data indicate some potential for contaminant migration offsite,
but the actual potential is indeterminable.  One substrate sample contained  a
high concentration of copper.  Additional sampling and monitoring would  be
needed to evaluate the extent of migration.

Geologic information.—The site consists of fill overlying lacustrine clay
deposits containing sand stringers.  The U.S. Geological Survey drilled  three
test holes on the site in 1982; the locations are shown in fig. G-35.  The
geologic logs are as follows:
     Boring no.

         1
Depth (ft)                 Description

 0   - 2.9      Brown topsoil.
2.9  - 4.6      Clay, greenish-gray with rust stains,
4.6  - 6.3      Clay, green-gray.
6.3  - 8.0      Sand, fine to coarse, wet.
                  Clay, pinkish.
                SOIL SAMPLE:  6.5 ft.
         2                  0   - 3.4       Topsoil,  dark  brown,  clay,  gray.
                           3.4  - 5.0       Reddish  fill.
                           5.0  - 6.6       Clayey,  black,  oily,  sandier lower
                                              8  inches.
                           6.6  - 8.1       Clay,  tan,  tight.
                           8.1  -11.8       Black  organic  debris.
                           11.8  -13.3       Sand,  black-gray,  fine  to very fine,
                                              wet.
                                            SOIL SAMPLE:   12  ft.

         3                  0-2.0      Topsoil.
                           2.0  -   3.5      Debris,  fill material,  clay, gray,
                                              tight,  dry.
                           3.5  -   5.0      Black  carbonlike  material.
                           5.0  -   6.6      Black  organic  material.
                           6.6  -   8.7      Black,  oily,  sandy material.
                           8.7  -  10.2      Clay,  black,  sandy, wet.
                           10.3  -  11.8      Sand,  fine  to  medium,  black, saturated,
                                            SOIL SAMPLE:   11  ft.

 Hydrologic  information.—Ground water was encountered  in  each test boring at 6
 to 11  ft below land surface.   That  saturated material  was mainly fine-grained
 sand but did not produce sufficient water to warrant the  installation of moni-
 toring wells.  Ground-water  flow  is southwestward toward  the Niagara River.

 Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey collected three soil samples
 for  copper, iron,  mercury,  and organic-compound analyses; results are given in
 table C-17.  Copper was  above  background levels in sample 2.  Only two organic
 nonpriority pollutants were  detected.
                                       358

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                             78° 56'30"
     43°
     04'
     12"
                     V
                     /
/  Disposal area   \
                                                      EXPLANATION

                                                  Test boring and substrate sample
        Not to scale
       Base from USGS field sketch, 1982

  Figure C-35.   Location of  sampling holes at Lynch Park,  site  76,  tfheatfield.


Table C-17.—Analyses  of  substrate samples from Lynch  Park,  site 76, Wheatfield,
             N.Y.,  June  19,  1982.
             (Locations  shown in fig. C-34.  Concentrations  are in yg/kg;
             dashes indicate that constituent or  compound  was not found.]
                                Sample number and depth  below land surface (ft)
                                         1             2              3
                               	(6.5)         (6.5)         (12.6)
Inorganic constituents

    Copper                           5,000
    Iron                         2,300,000
    Mercury                             —

Organic compounds

 Nonpriority  pollutants
    3,5-Dimethyl-2-pyroxoline-l-
      carboxamide1                      —
    4,4,5-Trimethyl-2-hexene1	—
                               61,000tt
                           20,000,000
   13,000
7,400,000
                               15,700
                                  512
   Tentative  identification based on comparison  with the National Bureau
     of  Standards  (NBS)  library.  No external  standard  was available.
     Concentration reported is semiquantitative  and  is  based only on an
     internal  standard.   GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by
     QC/MS  analysts.
tt Exceeds  concentrations in samples taken from  Niagara Falls area.
     Undisturbed  soils  not analyzed for iron.
                                       359

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77.  MODERN DISPOSAL SERVICES  (USGS reconnaissance)               NYSDEC 932025

General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Modern Disposal
Services site, in the town of Lewiston in the area of Model City, has been  a
landfill for the deposition of nonhazardous wastes such as graphite, silica
dust, wood, paper, metal scrap, brick, cinders, and industrial waste.  It has
accepted approximately 150 ton/d.

     Additional monitoring would be needed to confirm migration potential.  The
potential is indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The site owner installed two monitoring wells, but no
logs are available.  The site probably consists of a thin layer of glacial
ground moraine overlying shale bedrock.

Hydrologic information.—No water levels have been recorded.  The direction of
regional ground-water flow is probably northwestward toward the Niagara  River.

Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey collected a ground-water
sample from both monitoring wells in 1982 for organic-compound analyses; results
are given in table C-18.  Three nonpriority pollutants and one possibly
naturally occurring compound were detected.

Table C-18.—Analyses of ground-water samples from Modern Disposal,  site 77,
             Model City, N.Y., August 19, 1982.
             [Concentrations are in ug/L; dashes indicate that constituent  or
             compound was not found, LT  indicates it was found but  below the
             quantifiable detection limit.)

                               Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                         1                          2
	(40.6)	(22.7)	

pH                                       7.6                       7.0
Specific conductance (umho/cm)        880                      1,175
Temperature (°C)                         7.5                       11.5

Organic Compounds

 Nonpriority pollutants
     1,2-Benzisothiazole-3-
       carboxylic  acid1                  —                        17
     2(3H)-Benzothiazolone1              —                       82

 Compound  potentially  of natural origin
     Heptacosane1                        —                        LT
     Octacosane1                         —                        LT
	Hexacosane1	--	LT	

 1  Tentative  identification  based  on  comparison with the  National Bureau of
     Standards  (NBS) library.  No  external  standard  was  available.
     Concentration reported  is  semiquantitative and  is  based  only on an
     internal  standard.  GC/MS  spectra were  examined and  interpreted by
     GC/MS  analysts.


                                       360

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78a.  CECOS and                                                NYSDEC 932046
78b.  NIAGARA RECYCLING (NEWCO)  (Literature review)           NYSDEC 932042

General Information and chemical-migration potential.—These  two  sites,  on  the
border of the city of Niagara Falls and the town of Niagara,  are  adjacent to
each other and abut the Necco Park landfill (site 14).

     The CECOS site is an active municipal, industrial,  and chemical waste-
management facility operating under New York State Department  of  Environmental
Conservation permits.  The site has received metal-finishing  solids and  sludges,
halogenated materials, filter-press sludges, and contaminated  soils.

     The NEWCO site is part of CECOS  and  is an  active  sanitary landfill  facility
that currently receives nontoxic and  municipal  wastes.   In  the early years  of
operations, some hazardous waste was  buried at  this site.

     The potential for contaminant migration offsite is  indeterminable.   The
underlying clay and till seem sufficiently impermeable to prevent vertical
migration to the bedrock.  The elevated concentrations of heavy metals  and
barium on site 78b can probably be attributed to southward  migration of  leachate
from the Necco Park landfill.

     Both sites have had extensive geohydrologic investigations by private
consultants.  Borehole, water-level,  and  chemical data are  published in  the
references listed herein.  Maps showing the surface altitude  of bedrock  and
of water levels in the underlying aquifers are  given in  figure C-36.

Geologic information.—The NEWCO site consists  of fill overlying  lacustrine
silt and very fine sand that are underlain by 10 ft df older  lacustrine  clay  and
silt.  Below is a till about 5 ft thick underlain by Lockport Dolomite.   The
depth to bedrock ranges from 15 to 18 ft  below  land surface.

     The CECOS site is geologically similar and the clay, till, and bedrock
extend through the area.  Bedrock-surface altitude  is  shown in figure  C-36.

Hydrologic information.—The sites have been described as having  three  aquifers—
a water-table aquifer at the top of the clay zone,  a confined zone just  above
the bedrock, and an upper bedrock aquifer extending to  15 ft  below the  bedrock
surface  (Wehran Engineering, 1981).   Maps of the  1981  potentiometric surface  of
each aquifer are shown in figs. C-37, C-38, and C-39.

     Ground-water flow in both the unconsolidated and  bedrock aquifers  is
generally southward except at several ground-water  mounds in  the  unconsolidated
aquifers, which have radial flow patterns and probably affect ground-water  move-
ment within the sites.  The depression in the northern part of the CECOS site
(fig. C-37) can be attributed to pumping.

     Wehran Engineering (1981) ran permeability tests  on the  underlying  clay  and
till units.  Results are as follows:
                                       361

-------
                Sample
                  no.        Soil type    Permeability (cm/s)

                   1      Lacustrine clay     8.6 x 10"9
                   2      Lacustrine clay     5.5 x 10~9
                   3      Lacustrine clay     7.1 x 10"9
                   4      Lacustrine clay     1.1 x 10~8
                   5      Till                6.6 x 10~8
                   6      Till                4.4 x 10-8

These low values indicate that vertical movement through these units to bedrock
would be extremely slow.

Chemical information.—Extensive chemical information is available.  Water
samples from monitoring  wells on the CECOS site show slightly elevated con-
centrations of calcium, sodium, and chloride, that exceed New York State
ground-water standards and USEPA drinking-water criteria.

     Water samples also show high concentrations of heavy metals and barium.
Results of chemical analyses are given in the references cited below.

Sources of data

Calspan Corporation, 1977, Soils, geology, and hydrology of  the NEWCO-Niagara
     Recycling site, Niagara Falls, New York:  Calspan Corporation, 96 p.,
     10 fig., 6 tables.

Cones toga-Rovers and Associates, 1981, Hydrogeologic investigation, acid
     neutralization facility, Pine Avenue/Packard Road, Town of Niagara:
     Cones toga-Rovers and Associates, 47 p., 25 figs., 1 table, 8 appendices.

Recra Research, Inc., 1978, Evaluation of ground-water quality in the Lockport
     Dolomite bedrock beneath the NEWCO-Niagara Recycling site, Niagara Falls,
     New York:  Recra Research, Inc., 21 p., 7 attachments,  5 tables.

Wehran Engineering, 1981, Hydrogeologic-Geotechnical Investigations, Proposed
     sanitary landfill facilities, NEWCO Waste Systems, Inc., Pine Avenue  site,
     Niagara Falls, New York:  Wehran Engineering, 34 p., 7  figs., 5 pi. ,
     1 table, 11 appendices.

         1981 , Supplemental hydrogeologic study of the Packard Road/Pine Avenue
     site:  Wehran Engineering, 14 p., 9 figs.,  1 appendix.

Weston, R. F., Environmental Consultants-Designers,  1978, Hydrogeologic
     investigation of the NEWCO-Niagara Recyclying  site, Niagara  Falls,  New
     York:  Weston, R. F., 34 p., 17  figs., 7 tables, 5  appendices.
                                       362

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                                                Monitoring well
                                                   n rock)
                                                                  EXPLANATION
            Dupont
           Property
f_g   Monitoring well and
     elevation of bedrock
                                                            575— Bedrock contour elevation
                                                                  Approximate area of
                                                                   soil removal
 Base and data from Calspan Corp, 1977
Figure C-36.   Altitudes  of bedrock and  ground-water in aquifer and  confining
                unit  at Ceaos and  Niagara Cyoiing (NEWCO),  sites 78a  and 78b,
                Niagara Falls.   (Modified from Calspan  Corp.,,  1977.)
                                         363

-------
                                                                              Acid
                                                                           neutralization
                                  Phase 1  waste-water
                                 _.,_  treatment
                                 b /o
                                                     Secure sludge management
                                                           facility
             Dupont exception
                                                                                                EXPLANATION
                                               Sanitary
                                               landfill
572 •— Piezometric contour, in feet.
       Contour interval 2 feet
      Secure chemical management facilities
Base and data from Wehran. 1981
                Figure C-37.   Potentiometrie surface of water-table  aquifer  at Ceeos  and
                                  Niagara Recycling,  sites  78a  and  78b,  Niagara  Falls.

-------
                                                                               Acld/ _ o
                                                                        neutralization  £
                                  Phase 1 waste-water
                                      treatment
                                                    Secure sludge management

                                                            facility
            Dupont exception
                                                                                              EXPLANATION

                                                                                             Piezometric contour, in feet
                                                                                             Contour mterval variable

              Sanitary

              landfill
Base and data from Wehran, 1981



               Figure  C-38.
Potentiometric surface of  confined  aquifer above  the  bedrock at
Ceeos and Niagara Recycling, sites  78a and 78b, Niagara Falls.

-------
                                Phase 1 waste-water
                                     treatment
                                                    Secure sludge management
                                                         facility
            Dupont exception
                                                           EXPLANATION

                                                           Piezometric contour, in feet
                                                           Contour interval 5feet
                                     |
      Secure chemical management facilities
I
Base and data from Wehran, 1981
                 Figure C-39.
Potentiometric surface of  upper bedrock  aquif&r at Cecos and
Niagara  Recycling,  sites 78a and 78bJ  Niagara Falls.

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79.  POWER AUTHORITY ROAD SITE  (Literature review)                NYSDEC  952091

General information and chemical-migration potential.—The  Power  Authority Road
Site, north of  the Power Authority  storage reservoir  in  the town  of  Lewiston,
was a landfill  for mostly general municipal refuse.  No  geologic,  hydrologic,  or
chemical  information is available;  thus,  the  potential  for  contaminant migration
is indeterminable.
81.  NIAGARA  COUNTY  REFUSE  DISPOSAL SITE                           NYSDEC 932026
     (USGS  field  reconnaissance)

General  information  and  chemical-migration potential.—The Niagara County Refuse
Disposal site,  in the town  of Wheatfield,  received thousands of tons of heat-
treatment salts,  plating-tank sludge, PVC skins and emulsion, thiazole polymer
blends,  polyvinyl alcohol,  phenolic resins, and brine sludge with mercury during
1968-76.  The site has been declared one of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency "superfund" sites.

     Although contaminant  migration seems possible, preliminary sampling does
not  indicate  that it has occurred.  Most samples taken within the refuse area
had  elevated  concentrations of organic compounds, but most samples taken along
the  perimeter did not.  Additional drilling and monitoring would be needed to
assess the effect of this  site on the" local or regional ground-water regime.
The  potential for contaminant migration is indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The site consists of lacustrine clay deposits with thin
sand stringers overlying bedrock of Camillus Shale.  The U.S. Geological Survey
drilled 10 test holes on the site in 1982; locations are shown in fig. C-40
(p.  373).  The geologic logs are on page 368.

Hydrologic information.—A seasonal water table perched upon the clay unit
discharges into the bordering drainage ditches and into the swampy area to the
east (fig. C-40).  The saturated sand stringers within the clay unit are easily
dewatered.  A saturated zone near the base of the clay unit may represent a
regional water table in which the direction of ground-water flow movement is
probably southward toward  the Niagara River.

 Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey collected two water samples
 and  10 soil samples for organic-compound analyses; results are given in table
 C-19.   Only three priority pollutants were found, all below the quantifiable
 detection limit.   The samples contained 18 organic nonpriority pollutants and
 14 possibly naturally occurring compounds.  In September 1980, the U.S.
 Environmental Protection Agency collected two water  samples and five sediment
 samples from the ditches;  in June 1981, New York State Department of
Environmental Conservtion collected four sediment samples and four water samples
 from the ditches; results  are given in table C-20.
                                       367

-------
Boring no.            Depth (ft)                 Description

    1                 0-1.6     Topsoil.
                      1.6  -  2.6     Fill.
                      2.6  - 11.7     Clay, pink, tight, dry
                     11.7  - 13.4     Clay, pink, wet
                                      SOIL SAMPLE:  11.7 ft.
    2                 0-1.5     Topsoil.
                      1.5  - 10.9     Clay, tan, tight.
                     10.9  - 11.4     Clay, tan, wet.
                                      SOIL SAMPLE:  10.9 ft.

    3                 0-1.5     Topsoil.
                      1.5  -  9.5     Clay, pink, dry.
                                      SOIL SAMPLE:  1.5 ft.

    4                 0       0.75    Clay, pink.
                      0.75 -  3.5     Organic material, black, wet.
                      3.5  -  4.5     Clay, green.
                      4.5  - 11.5     Clay, pink.
                                      SOIL SAMPLE:  3.5 ft.

    6A                0    -  3.5     Clay, buff.
                      3.5  - 16.5     Clay, pink.
                                      SOIL SAMPLE:  3.5 ft.

    7                 0-1.5     Topsoil.
                      1.5  -  7.0     Clay, pink.
                                      SOIL SAMPLE:  1.5 ft.

    8                 0-1.5     Topsoil.
                      1.5  -  6.5     Clay, pink, dry.
                      6.5  - 11.5     Clay, pink, wet.
                                      SOIL SAMPLE:  11.5 ft.

    9                 0-1.5     Road fill.
                      1.5  -  6.5     Clay, pink, dry.
                      6.5  - 11.5     Clay, pink, wet.
                                      SOIL SAMPLE:  11.5 ft.

   10                 0-1.5     Clay, sandy, gray.
                      1.5  -  3.0     Clay, pink.
                                      SOIL SAMPLE:  1.5 ft.

    11                0-1.5     Clay, sandy, gray.
                      1.5  -  3.0     Clay, pink.
                                      SOIL SAMPLE:  1.5 ft.
                                 368

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Table C-19.—Analyses of ground-water and substrate samples from Niagara County
             Refuse Disposal, site 81, Wheatfield, N.Y., June-August ]9B2.
             [Locations shown in fig. C-40.  Concentrations are in yg/L and
             Pg/kg, respectively; dashes indicate that  constituent or  compound
             was not found, LT indicates it was found but below the quan-
             tifiable detection limit.  Blanks indicate not analyzed.]

                             Substrate number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                      1234
	(12.5)    (11.2)      (1.5)     (2.2)	

Organic compounds

 Priority pollutants
    Naphthalene                      LT
    Dibutyl phthalate                —        LT

 Nonpriority pollutants
    2,4-dimethyl-4-heptanol1         —        LT
    2-(l,l-dimethyl-4-
      methyl furan1                  —        LT
    Bromocyclohexane1                —     4,350          —
                               Sample number  and  depth  below land  surface  (ft)
                                	Groundwater	     Substrate
                                5          6        (Duplicate)    6A        7
                              (12.4)     (15.7)           _________________
pH                              9.2        8.4
Specific  conductance
  (pmho/cm)                   475        620
Temperature  (°C)               10.0       10.0

Organic compounds

  Priority pollutants
    Diethyl  phthalate            —         LT          (LT)
    Di-n-butyl  phthalate         —         LT          (LT)

  Nonpriority pollutants
    n—butylbenzene  sulfonamide1  —         7.2          (LT)
    butyl-2-methyl-propyl
     phthalate1                 —         LT          (—)
    3,5-Dimethoxy-a-(2-methyl-
     propyl)-benzenementhanol1  —        9.2          (—)
  1  Tentative  identification  based  on comparison with the National Bureau of
      Standards  (NBS)  library.   No  external  standard was available.
      Concentration  reported  is  semiquantitative and is based only on an
      internal  standard.   GC/MS  spectra were examined and interpreted by
      GC/MS analysts.
  t  Exceeds USEPA criterion for  maximum permissible concentration in drinking wate
                                       369

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Table C-19.—Analyses of ground-water and substrate samples from Niagara County
             Refuse Disposal, site 81, Wheatfield, N.Y., June-August 1982 (continued)

                                	            Sample number	
                                      Ground water
                                                                 Substrate
                                                  (Duplicate)   6A
                                LT
                                7
Organic compounds (continued)

 Nonpriority pollutants (continued)
    Hexadecanoic acid, bis-
      (2-ethyhexl)-ester        —
    Benzaldehyde1               —
    3-methoxybenzoic acid,
      methylester1               —
    1-Heptyne1
    [l,l'-Biphenyl]-2-ol
    2-(1,l-Dimethylethyl)-4-
      methylfuran1              —
    l-(4-fluorophenyl)-
      ethanone1                —
    (Z,Z)-3,4-nimethyl-2,4-
      hexadiene                —
    6-methyl-3,5-heptadien-
      2-one1
    3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-
      1-one                    —
    3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-
      cyclohexen-1-one1        —
    2-Bromoethylcyclohexane    —
    2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethanol1 —
    l-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol1 LT
    2-methylnapthalene
    1-methylnapthalene1
    Butyl-cyclooctane1
    2-methyl-propanoic  acid,
       butyl  ester1
    2-methoxy-benzoic  acid,
       butyl  ester1
    3-methoxy-benzoic  acid,
       methyl ester1
    S-butyl-S-nonanol1
    Cyclohexanone1
                                         LT
                                         LT
43
LT
LT
LT

LT

LT

LT
LT
  Compounds  potentially of natural origin
     1,7,7-Trimethyl-
       bicyclo[2.2. l]-heptan-
       2-one1                    --         LT
     1,2-octanediol1             —         LT
           (LT)

           (LT)
                                                     (LT)
(LT)
(--)
                                                     (LT)
                                                              104,000

                                                               55,900

                                                                   LT

                                                               11,800

                                                                   LT

                                                               65,800
                                                               16,700
                                                                          430
                                                                           LT
                             Substrate number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                       8         9        10        11
                                    (11.5)              (1.5)     (1.5)	
 Organic compounds
                                       370

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Table C-20.—Analyses of surface water and bottom samples from drainage ditches
             at Niagara County Refuse Disposal,  site 81,  Wheatfield,  N.Y.
             [Blanks indicate not analyzed.]
Surface water (pg/L)

Inorganic constituents
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Maximum

30



52
160t
1.58
100


174
Mean

25



20
32
0.4
20


61
Bottom material (yg/kg)
Maximum

4,000
7,800
16,000
3,800
23,000
61,000
84,000
14,200
45,000
200
400
1,500,000
Mean

2,600
6,300
10,600
800
14,100
34,000
47,000
3,200
16,400
60
240
390,000
                                37t

                                 8
                                 2
                                56
                                31
Organic compounds

 Priority pollutants
    Benzene
    Chlorobenzene
    Chloroform
    1,2-Dichloroethane
    Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene
    1,2-Dichloropropane
    Ethylbenzene
    Methylene chloride
    Tetrachloroethylene
    Toluene
    1,1,1-Trichloroethane
    Trichloroethylene
    Vinyl chloride
    3-BHC
    6-BHC
    4,4'-DDE
    PCB-1248
    PCB-1254
    Phenol
    Acenaphthene
    Acenaphthylene
    Anthracene
    Benzo(a)pyrene
    Benzo(b)fluoranthene
    Benzo(ghi)perylene
    Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 330
    Butylbenzyl phthalate         0.8
    Chrysene
    1,2-Dichlorobenzene
    1,3-Dichlorobenzene
    7T

    2
    1
   11
    6

    2
    0.4
0.5
5
4
4
12
1
3
31
19
4
0.5
5
0.
1
2
1
2
1
1
15
4
1
0.
2
2









1

                            34,000t
5,666t
                                             57
                                              0.1
   58
   90
   11
  320
  180
1,900
   17
  130
2,000
2,300
2,200
7,605
6,900
  330
3,200
   39
   59
   6
  10
   3
  53
  37
 333
   4
  14
 273
 299
 282
 845
,444
  64
 356
   8
  17
                                      371

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Table C-20.—Analyses of ground-water and substrate samples from Niagara County
             Refuse Disposal, site 81, Wheatfield, N.Y.,  June-August 1982 (continued)

                              Surface water (yg/L)Bottom material (yg/kg)~
                	Maximum	Mean	Maximum	Mean	

Organic compounds (continued)

 Priority pollutants (continued)
    1,4-Dichlorobenzene                                     59           17
    Di-n-butyl phthalate         9            2            470          217
    Di-n-octyl phthalate        10            2            170           19
    Fluoranthene                                         2,500          319
    Fluorene                                                93           15
    Hexachlorobenzene                                       39            4
    Naphthalene                                            160           34
    Phenanthrene                                         2,000          273
    Pyrene                                               2,000          254
    1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene                                  47            6
    Benzo(a)anthracene                                   3,200          356
    Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene                                 820           91
    2,4-Dimethyl phenol                                    990          110
    Heptachlor                   0.13t        0.04t

 Nonpriority pollutants
    Trichlorof luoroniethane                                   1            0.2
    Diethyl phthalate           40            7            180           67
                                      372

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                             78° 54'26"
     43°
     03'
     54
        Not to scale
                                    EXPLANATION
                                 • 7  Test boring and
                                      substrate sample

                                 0,6  Monitoring well and
                                      water sample
                                 ?
                                 —«—  Electromagnetic
                                      survey traverse
        Base from USQS field sketch, 1982
      Figure C-40.
Location  of monitoring wells, sampling  holes,  and
electromagnetic-conductivity survey at  Niagara County
Refuse Disposal,  site 81,  Niagara Falls.
Ej. e c t r omagne t i c  survey.—The U.S. Geological Survey ran five electromagnetic
traverses  over  the  site.  Locations are shown in  fig C-40;  results are plotted  in
fig. C-41.

     Of  all the  sites investigated by electromagnetic traverses in this study,
this landfill  produced some of the most  easily  interpretable data.  This  can be
attributed largely  to the relatively undisturbed  ground on three sides adjacent
to the site.   Only  to the south of the landfill  did cultural interference
(railroad  tracks,  roads,  powerlines) affect  the  reading.

     Line  1.—The  line most indicative of  interferences was line 1, which  ran
partly along a paved road.  Conductivity values  (fig. C-41) show a steady
increase from  below background at the western end to above background between
450 and  700 ft.  After 700 ft, the values  hover  near the upper ranges of
background conductivity.

     Line  2.—This  site  is unusual in having two zones of differing background
conductivity.   The  western end of each line  terminated within a cornfield
showing  background  conductivity within the range indicated on each graph  (fig.
C-42), but the  eastern part of lines 1 and 2 were in a wetland, which has  a con-
siderably  lower background conductivity.   This  is probably because the wetlands
are underlain  by silt and organic material,  whereas the cornfield is on clay.
                                       373

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The lower conductivity  of  the wetlands shows up well  in line 2  but is masked on
the eastern end  of  line 1  by the roadbed upon which  the traverse was conducted.
Otherwise line 2  shows  a classic pattern of low background conductivities on
either side with  much  higher and more erratic values  in between.  This is the
type of pattern  most  often associated with a conductivity traverse beginning and
ending in an  uncontaminated zone but crossing a landfill in between.  The
erratic pattern  among  the  high conductivity values  corresponds  to the hetero-
geneity of buried materials.
100
 75
 50
 25
                                                     LINE 1
                   Background conductivity
                                               Wetland
                                                                          Line 6
                                                                           100  200
             250
                       500
750        1000
 DISTANCE, IN FEET
                                                      1250
1500
 Figure C-41.  Results of  electromagnetic-conductivity  survey  at Niagara
               County Refuse  Disposal,  site 81, Wheatfield,  lines 1,  2, and 6.
                                        374

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     Line 3.--The relatively  low  values at the western end of  line  3  probably
reflect the wetland  and  drainage  ditch, which seem to act much as  the wetland
area in line 2.  The high,  erratic values of line 3 begin at 340  ft and  continue
to the dense woods around  the 1,100-ft mark.  The density of vegetation  pre-
vented the  collection of additional data points within the wooded  area.
             Cornfield
       270 340 300 320
270250 300350340300260
J_L
                                Background conductivity
                               500
       750
DISTANCE, IN FEET
                                                   1000
1250
                                      1500
  Figure C-41  (continued).  Results  of electromagnetic-conductivity survey  at
              Niagara County Refuse  Disposal,  site 81,  tfheatfield, line 3>
      Line 4.—This traverse, which ran primarily  along a dirt track paralleling
 a   drainage ditch, shows conductivity values  beginning to rise 40 ft before
 reaching the  landfill area (at 460  ft)  but not  remaining extremely high along
 much of the traverse.  This is probably  due to  the relatively nonconductive
 nature of the waste material in this area  (indicated on the Niagara County Board
 of Health sketch map as a pile of gravel and  fill).  As before, when the tra-
 verse reached the wooded area at 800 ft, the  conductivity values dropped to or
 below background values.

      Line 5.—This line shows a pattern  similar  to line 2—the background values
 on the western end of the line begin to  increase  40 ft before the boundaries of
 the landfill.  This rise may correspond  to contaminated ground water emanating
 from the site.
                                        375

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225
        Cornfield •
                           . Landfill
     Woods-
                 -Cornfield
 250        250
— t Landfill-
andfill	|     |
~I      PT   T
                                                                               Woods
             Background / conductivity
                           Background conductivity
            250
                       500
750
         1000  0
                                                        250
                                                                   500
                                                                              750  850
   Figure C-41  (continued).   Results of electromagnetic-conductivity survey at
               Niagara County Refuse Disposal,  site  81,  Wheatfield, lines  4 and 5.
     Line 6.—This  line (see p. 371) was  run at right angles to  the  420-ft mark
of line 5 in  an attempt to delineate the  northern boundary of  the  landfill.
Conductivity  values drop precipitously  at the 120 ft mark, but no  futher data
could be collected  owing to the impassability of the terrain in  this direction.
82.  ADAMS  GENERATING PLANT  (USGS  field  reconnaissance)
                                    NYSPEC 932079
General  information and contaminant-migration potential.—The  Adams  Generating
Plant,  in  the city of Niagara Falls,  is  an inactive generating plant adjacent to
the  Niagara River.  The City filled  a forebay and two penstocks (444 yd3 each)
with incinerator residue and clean  stone and rock in the  early 1960's.
      The potential for contaminant  migration is indeterminable,
would be needed to confirm contaminant migration.
                                   Additional work
                                        376

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 Geologic  information.—The site  consists of fill and  clay  overlying bedrock  of
 Lockport  Dolomite.   The Geological  Survey drilled four  test  holes on the site in
 1982;  locations are shown in figure C-42.  The geologic logs are as follows:
      Boring  no.
Depth (ft)
0
6.0
- 6.0
- 9.0
                       Description
Brown topsoil.
Gravel at  6.0  to  6.5
  at 6.5 to 9.0  ft.
SAMPLE:  8.0  ft.
                                                                    ft.  "Shot  rock
                             0     -  2.0       Topsoil,  could  not drill past  2.0  ft,
                                                moved  to  new  spot.
                             0     -  3.0       Topsoil.
                             3.0   -  5.0       Dark brown  soil at 3.0 ft.
                             5.0   -  7.0       Clay,  sandy,  damp, tannish green.
                             7.0   -11.0       Clay,  reddish,  sandy, gravel  lens.
                                              SAMPLE:   8.0  ft.

                             0     -  5.0       Topsoil.
                             5.0   -  7.0       Clay,  brown.
                             7.0   -10.5       Clay,  reddish,  gravelly.
                                              SAMPLE:   10.0  ft.

                             0     -  5.0       Top soil  with gravel.
                             5.0   -  8.0       Clay,  brown,  sandy, with some  gravel.
                             8.0   -10.0       Clay,  light gray,  pea gravel,  damp.
                            10.0   -10.5       Clay,  slate gray,  damp.
                                              SAMPLE:   10.0  ft.
                     79° 02'40"
43°

52"
                        1   Buffalo   Ave
        City of
      Niagara Falls
      waste-water
     treatment plant
        *3  /   .  /
                v
               /^Old forebay
         EXPLANATION
   Bl Test boring and substrate sample
   Not to scale
                                     Figure C-42.
                                     Location of
                                     sampling holes
                                     at Adams
                                     Generating
                                     Plant, site
                                     82,  Niagara
                                     Falls.
  Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
                                         377

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Hydrologic information.—No ground water was encountered during the  test
drilling.  If ground water occurs in the unconsolidated deposits, the direction
of flow would be toward the filled forebay and the Niagara River.

Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey collected four soil samples
for chromium, copper, iron, mercury, and organic-compound analyses;  results  are
given in table C-21.  Copper exceeded background levels in sample 4, and  three
organic priority pollutants were found in sample 4 but in concentrations  below
the quantifiable detection limit.  These data may not represent actual  con-
ditions at the site  because the sampling locations and depths may not be  repre-
sentative of the deep, extensive fill in the penstocks and forebay.
Table C-21.—Analyses of substrate samples  from Adams Generating Plant,
             site 82, Niagara Falls, N.Y.,  July 27,  1982.
             [Locations shown in  fig. C-48.   Concentrations  are  in yg/kg;
             dashes  indicate that constituent  or  compound  was  not found,
             LT  indicates  it was  found  but  below  the quantifiable detection
             limit.)
First  sampling  (07-27-82)
   Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
      1234
    (8.0)        (8.0)         (10.0)	(10.5)
 Inorganic constituents

     Chromium
     Copper
     Iron
     Mercury
 Second  sampling  (05-28-83)
    5,000
   10,000
1 ,300,000
    5,000
    9,000
1,500,000
    6,000
    9,000
3,800,000
     6,000
    24,000tt
13,000,000
   Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
      1A           2A            3A           4 A
    (3.0)        (7.0)         (4.0)	(7.0)
 Organic  compounds

  Priority pollutants
     Fluoranthene
     Phenanthrene
     Pyrene
                                                 LT
                                                 LT
                                                 LT
 tt Exceeds concentrations in samples taken from undisturbed soils in the
      Niagara Falls area.
                                       378

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83.  BUFFALO  AVENUE  (USGS field reconnaissance)
                                                 NYSDEC 932080
General information  and chemical-migration potential. — The Buffalo Avenue  site,
in the city  of  Niagara Falls between Buffalo  Avenue and Robert Moses Parkway,
was formerly a  wetland on which the City  of Niagara Falls buried an unknown
quantity  of  noncombustibles and incinerator residue during 1930-50.  Traprock
fill was  used along  the southern part  of  the  area during construction  of  the
parkway.

     Hydrogeologic and chemical data indicate a major  potential for contaminant
migration because ground water can flow unimpeded through the fill to  the  river.
Chemical  results  show elevated concentrations of several organic compounds.  A
map showing  locations of borings is given in  fig. C-43.

Geologic  information. — The site consists  of several extensive areas of  fill
overlying clay, till, and alluvium.  The  unconsolidated material is approxi-
mately 30 ft thick.   The underlying bedrock is Lockport Dolomite.  The  U.S.
Geological Survey drilled 32 test holes on  the site, but 23 could go no deeper
than 1 ft because of the rock fill.  Locations of the  nine test holes  from which
a soil sample was obtained are shown in fig.  C-43.  The geologic logs  are  on
page 380.

Hydrologic information. — Water levels  indicated a maximum water-table  altitude
of 565 ft above NGVD in the two northern  wells and 562 ft above NGVD in the  two
southern  wells.  The direction of ground-water flow is southward toward the
Niagara River.
                              78° 59' 50"
                                                          EXPLANATION
                                                        jest boring and
                                                        substrate sample

                                                        Existing monitoring wel I
                                                        installed by property
                         I ^-~.^^
                City water  j  7* „
                treatment  L
                  plant    D

         Robert Moses P^U......  ^ O
                                                   — North Grand Island
                                                        Bridge
       Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
      Figure C-43.
Location  of  sampling holes at Buffalo Avenue,  site 83,
Niagara Falls.
                                        379

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    Boring no.            Depth (ft)                 Description

        1                 0      11.5     Fill material,  boulders.
                          11.5 - 26.5     Clay,  dark gray,  sandy, wet.
                                          SOIL SAMPLE:  26.5  ft.

        2                 0-2       Topsoil.
                          2               Fill.
                                          SOIL SAMPLE:  2  ft.
                          0    -  2.5      Topsoil.
                          2.5              Fill.
                                           SOIL  SAMPLE:   2.5  ft.
                          0    -   1.5      Topsoil.
                          1.5  -   4.0      Clay,  brown,  boulder fragments.
                          4.0  -   6.5      Clay,  reddish,  still some rock
                                             fragments,  sandy.
                          6.5  -   6.7      Same,  above 6 in of  water in hole.
                                           SOIL SAMPLE:   6.7 ft.
                                   4        Clay,  reddish,  brown,  sandy.
                                           SOIL SAMPLE:   4 ft.
         6                  0-4        Clay,  brown, some black material.
                           4     -  8        Clay,  tan, sandy, damp, gray sandy
                                             clay on bit.
                           8     - 10        Clay,  pink.
                          10     - 15        Clay,  dark brown, black material.
                                           SOIL SAMPLE:  7 - 8 ft.

         7                  0     -  3.5     Topsoil, organic, black.
                           3.5     5        Clay,  sandy, tan.
                           5     -  6.5     Clay,  sandy, light tan, wet.
                           6.5  -  9.0     Same,  wetter.
                           9.0             Clay,  pink.
                                           SOIL SAMPLE:  5 - 6.5

         8                  0-4        Topsoil and brown, wet, sandy clay.
                                           SOIL SAMPLE:  4.0 ft.

         9                  0-4        Clay,  tan.
                           4     -  7        Clay,  gray.
                                           SOIL SAMPLE:  4.0 ft.

Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey collected nine  soil  samples
for iron, mercury, and organic-compound analyses; results are given in table
C-22.  The samples contained 12 organic priority pollutants and 10 organic
nonpriority pollutants.  Most organic priority pollutants in sample 1  were  in
concentrations above 1,500 ug/kg.
                                      380

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Table C-22.—Analyses of substrate samples from Buffalo Avenue, site 83, Niagara
             Falls, N.Y.
             [Locations sbown in fig. C-43.  Concentrations are in yg/kg; dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT indicates it
             was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]
First sampling (6-25-R2)
    Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
       1      (Split)       234
    (26.5)               (2.0)       (3.0)       (6.7)
Inorganic constituents

    Iron
    Mercury
3,800,000 (3,500,000)  1,400,000   4,800,000   9,900,000
Organic compounds

 Priority pollutants
    Phenanthrene
    Flouranthene
    Pyrene
    Benzo(a)anthracene
    Chrysene
    Benzo(b)fluoranthene
    Benzo(k)fluoranthene
    Benzo(a)pyrene

 Nonpriority pollutants
    5-Methyl-3-hexen-2-one1
    2,6-nimethyl-2,5-hepta-
      dien—4-one
    4,5,7-Trimethylindan1
    (E)-4-(2-Butenyl)-l,2-
      dimethylbenzene
                                         ***
                                                    ***
                                                                ***
                                                                             ***
4,200
3,800
3,500
1,600
2,600
750
LT
1,400
(5,300)
(5,700)
(5,900)
(2,400)
(3,600)
(1,900)
(2,200)
(4,000)
       LT
    3,100  (12,000)
      360     (--)
            (1,400)
 Compounds  potentially  of  natural  origin
    2,3,8-Trimethyldecane1
    2,7—nimethylundecane^
    Nonadecane1
    7-Hexyldocosane
    Heptacosane1
    2,4-Dimethyl-4-heptanol1
            (3,400)
            (2,000)
            (2,100)
            (1,600)
            (1,800)
            (1,800)
    Tentative  identification  based  on  comparison  with the  National Bureau of
      Standards  (NBS)  library.  No  external  standard  was available.
      Concentration  reported  is semiquantitative  and  is based  only on an
      internal standard.  GC/MS spectra  were examined and  interpreted by
      GC/MS  analysts.
***Samples  analyzed at detection limit  above that  required  by this  study.
                                         381

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Table C-22.—Analyses of substrate samples from Buffalo Avenue, site 83, Niagara
             Falls, N.Y. (continued)
             [Locations shown in fig. C-43.  Concentrations are in |ig/kg; dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT indicates it
             was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]

                               Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                              567       (Split)
First sampling (6-30-82)    (4.0)	(6.0)	(6.5)	
Inorganic constituents

    Iron
    Mercury

Organic compound

 Priority pollutant
    Naphthalene
1,100,000     11,000,000
                         6,700,000  (2,900,000)
                            ***
                                       ***
                 LT
                              Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                    8        (Split)             9
First sampling (6-30-82)	(4.0)	(4.0)	
 Inorganic constituents

    Iron
    Mercury

 Organic compounds
 Second  sampling  (5-28-83)
 6,800,000   (1,300,000)
     ***
                 ***
                                   ***
Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
      2A             3A            4A
    (2.0)          (2.0)  	(1.5)	
 Organic  compounds

  Priority  pollutants
     4,4-DDT
     Hexachlorobenzene
     Hexachlorobutadiene
 Second sampling (5-28-83)
      25
      LT
      LT
Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
      7A             8A            9A
    (5.0)          (4.0)         (5.0)	
 Organic compounds
                                         382

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84.  CAYUGA ISLAND (USGS field reconnaissance)                     NYSDEC  932008

General information and chemical-migration potential.—Cayuga  Island  is  in the
Niagara River at the outlet of Cayuga Creek in  the city  of Niagara Falls.   The
west end was extended with an unknown quantity  of concrete ruhhle and other
solid debris.  No hazardous material is known to be  buried on  the site.

     This site probably has a major potential for contaminant  migration  because
the rubble and the direct hydraulic connection  with  the  river  provide for  rapid
movement of water, and certain contaminants are present  in the ground water in
significant concentrations.  However, additional monitoring  would be  needed to
confirm the extent and rate of contaminant migration;  therefore,  the  potential
for contaminant migration is indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The island  consists of rock,  concrete,  brick,  and fill.
The U.S. Geological Survey drilled one  test boring in  the  fill area  on the
western point of the island in 1982; the  depth  to bedrock  (Lockport  Dolomite)
was 26.5 ft.  In 1983, the Geological Survey  drilled an  additional  test  boring
2  ft deep further inland and collected  a  substrate sample.

Hydrologic information.—The U.S.  Geological  Survey  installed  one monitoring
well on the site in 1982.  The screened zone  is from 24.5  to 26.5  ft  below land
surface.  The water level in January 1983 was approximately  565 ft  above NGVD—
approximately the height of the  river.   Ground-water flow  is probably toward the
river.

Chemical information.—The U.S.  Geological Survey collected  one water sample
from the monitoring well for cadmium, chromium, copper,  iron,  lead,  zinc,  and
organic-compound analyses; results are  given  in table  C-23.  Iron,  zinc, and
phenol concentrations exceeded USEPA criteria for drinking-water standards.
The samples contained 16 organic priority pollutants and two organic
nonpriority pollutants.  Isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane  (BHC), which include
Lindane, were found in both the  water sample  near the  shore  and in  the soil
sample about  100 ft inland.
                                       383

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Table C-23.-
-Analyses of ground-water and substrate samples from Cayuga Island,
 site 84, Niagara Falls, N.Y.
 [Concentrations are in ug/L and ug/kg; LT indicates it was found
 but below the quantifiable detection  limit.  Blanks indicate not
 analyzed.]
First sampling at 6.0 ft (1-12-83)    Ground water
Inorganic constituents

    Cadmium
    Chromium
    Copper
    Iron
    Lead
    Zinc

Organic compounds

 Priority pollutants
    1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
    Naphthalene
    Dimethyl phthalate
    Di-n-butyl phthalate
    Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
    Phenol
    1,3-Dichlorobenzene
                                2
                                4
                                9
                           29,000t
                               21
                            7,000t
                                6.8
                                1.6
                                1.5
                                7.3
                                4.0
                               89t
                                8.1
1,2-Dichlorobenzene    6.7
Trichloroethene1      LTt
Chlorobenzene1        LT
Y-BHC(Lindane)2        5.9t
S-BHC2                 6.6t
? -BHC2                111
Nonpriority pollutants
Diethyl phthalate
N-(4-Chlorophenyl) ace t amide3
l-Chloro-4-ethoxybenzene3
Second sampling at 2.0 ft (5-28-83)
8.5 a-BHC2
2.0
1.4
Substrate
97t

Organic compounds

 Priority pollutants
    a-BHC
    6-BHC
    6-BHC
                                      LT
                                      LT
                                      LT
   Volatile found in GC/MS extraction.  Concentration  at  time  of  sampling
     probably higher than that detected.
   Tentative identification based on comparison with the  National  Bureau of
     Standards (NBS) library.  Concentration  reported  is  semiquantitative  and
     is based only on an internal standard.   GC/MS  spectra  were examined and
     interpreted by GC/MS analysts.  For quantitation,  pesticides  are  analyzed
     through electron capture.
 o
   Tentative identification based on comparison with the  National  Bureau of
     Standards (NBS) library.  No external  standard was available.   Concentra-
     tion reported is semiquantitative  and  is based only  on an internal  standard,
     GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted  by GC/MS analysts.
 t Exceeds USEPA criterion for maximum  permissible  concentration  in  drinking
     water or New York State  standard for maximum concentration in ground  water.
                                      384

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85.  GRIFFON PARK  (IISGS field reconnaissance)
                                        NYSDEC  932081
General information and chemical-migration potential.—Griffon  Park,  in the city
of Niagara Falls at the mouth of  the Cayuga  Island Little  River,  was  used  to
dispose mostly of leaves and forestry materials  of unknown quantity.   Some
domestic wastes may have been included.

     The hydraulic connection with  the Little  River  of Cayuga Island  indicates a
major potential for contaminant   migration.  Chemical analyses  of soil samples
indicate contamination; but analyses of  a ground-water sample indicate limited
migration.  Additional testing would be  needed  to delineate the extent of  con-
taminant migration.

Geologic information.—The site contains approximately 34  ft of unconsolidated
deposits of lacustrine clay and till overlying  bedrock that is  probably dolo-
mitic.  The U.S. Geological Survey  drilled four  test holes on the site in  1982;
their locations are shown in fig. C-44.  The geologic logs are  as follows:
     Boring no.

         1
Depth (ft)                 Description

0    - 3.0      Topsoil, brown.
3.0  - 5.0      Soil, tan.
5.0  - 6.0      Clay, sandy,  tan, damp.
6.0  - 6.5      Same, but less sand and  less  damp.
6.5  -11.5      Same, getting hard and brown,  dry,
                SOIL SAMPLE:  5-6 ft.
         2                 0-1.5      Brown  topsoil  and  fill.
                           1.5  - 6.5      Same,  fill material  wet.
                                           WATER  SAMPLE:   4.5 - 6.5  ft.

         3                 0    - 2.0      Demolition debris.
                           2.0  - 6.5      Dark brown fill material.
                           6.5  -11.5      Same,  pulled up bit;  black oil
                                              liquid  on bit stem starting 2 ft
                                              below joint.
                          11.5  -16.5      Black  oily material.
                                           SOIL SAMPLE:   15 - 16  ft.

         4                 0    -  6.5     Brown  topsoil  and  fill.
                           6.5  - 11.5     Same,  turning  black  at about  8  ft.
                          11.5  - 16.5     Same,  black oily materials on stems.
                                           SOIL SAMPLE:   8 -  11.5 ft.

Hydrologic information.—The Geological  Survey installed  one  well on  the site;
its location is shown in fig. C-44.  The direction of ground-water  flow  is pro-
bably south-westward toward the Little River.  Pumping of  the  well during
sampling caused little drawdown, indicating  that  the fill  is  highly  permeable.

Chemical information.—The Geological Survey  collected a  water  sample from the
well and three soil samples for heavy-metals  and  organic-compound analyses;
results are given in table C-24.  Chromium,  iron, and lead concentrations
exceeded USEPA criteria for drinking water and the New York State ground-water
                                      385

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standards; copper concentrations exceeded those in background soils.  The only
organic priority pollutant found was di-n-butyl phthalate, and that was at a
concentration less than the quantifiable detection limit.  Three organic
nonpriority pollutants were found.

Table C-24.—Analyses of ground-water and substrate samples from Griffon Park,
             site 85, Niagara Falls, N.Y., July 12, 1982.
             [Locations shown in fig. C-44.  Concentrations are in yg/L and
             Ug/kg; dashes indicate that constituent or compound was not found,
             LT indicates it was found but below the quantifiable detection
             limit, blanks indicate inorganic  constituent was not analyzed.]

                               Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                         Ground
                              Substrate   water           Substrates
1
(6.0)
2
(5.5)
3
(11.0)
3A
(split)
4
(10.0)
pH                                          6.8
Specific conductance  (umho/cm)          2,350
Temperature  (°C)                           13.0

Inorganic constituents

    Aluminum                             781
    Antimony                              —
    Arsenic                                —
    Barium                              1 ,220t
    Beryllium                              —
    Cadmium                                 6
    Chromium                              59t
    Cobalt
    Copper                      8,000t      —       49,000tt    (63,000)tt    17,000
    Iron                   ll,000,000t  48,500t  13,000,000 (21,000,000)   83,000,000
    Lead                                  140t
    Manganese                             730
    Mercury                        —       1.3t       40         (40)
    Nickel                                 62
    Selenium                              —
    Silver
    Tellurium
    Vanadium                              —
    Zinc	3,920	

  1  Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
      Standards (NBS)  library.  No external standard was available.  Concentra-
      tion is semiquantitative and based only  on an internal standard.   GC/MS
      spectra were examined and interpreted by GC/MS analysts.
  t  Exceeds  USEPA criterion for maximum permissible concentration in drinking
      water  and New York State standard for maximum concentration in ground water.
 tt  Exceeds  concentrations in samples taken from undisturbed soils in the
      Niagara Fall area.  Undisturbed soils not analyzed for iron.
 ***Analyzed at detection limit above that required by this study.  No  compounds
      detected.
                                       386

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Table C-24.—Analyses  of  ground-water and substrate samples  from  Griffon  Park,
             site  85,  Niagara  Falls,  N.Y., July 12, 1982 (continued)
             [Locations  shown  in fig. C-45.  Concentrations  are in yg/L and
             Mg/kg;  dashes  indicate that constituent or compound  was  not  found,
             LT  indicates it was found but below the quantifiable detection
             limit,  blanks  indicate inorganic constituent was not analyzed.]
Sample number
Substrate
1
ftrefflTrfr rntrmnundfi ***
Ground
water
2


3
***
Substrates
(Split)
***

4
***
 Priority  pollutant
    Di-n-butyl  phthalate

 Nonpriority  pollutants
    2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)-
      ethanol1
    4-(l,1-Dimethylethyl)-
      phenol1
    4-Nitrophenol	
                              LT
                             220

                              36
                              LT
Electromagnetic  survey.—The Geological Survey ran an electromagnetic  survey of
the  site with  three  lines in November 1982.  Their locations  are  shown in fig.
C-45;  the  values are plotted in fig. C-45 (p. 388).

     Line  1.—This  line,  along the bank of the Little River  (fig.  C-45)  showed
mostly background conductivity until 400 ft from the northern end  of  the line.
From there southward,  however, a considerable deviation  is seen.   The  values
become most erratic  at the southern end of the line, near an  adjacent  hazardous-
waste  landfill (site 40).
         100
                                                             Hooker dump site —
      ~UJ
          75
      Od
          25
                                                            LINE 1
                                                       Background conductivity
                                _L
                     250
                 500        750        1000
                      DISTANCE, IN FEET
                                                              1250
                                                                         1500
Figure C-44.
Results of eleotromagnetia-aonduativity survey at Griffon Park,
site 85, Niagara Falls,  line 1.   (Locations of lines are shown
in fig. 45.)
                                       387

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                   £75
                                                           CONDUCTIVITY, IN MILLIMHOS PER METER
oo
00
                                                                                         N3
                                                                                         Ul
O1
O
O
O
CJI
o
                                                                                                                                       K)
                                                                                                                                      -co
                                                                                                                                       o

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     Lines 2 and 3.—These  lines show unnatural conductivity  values throughout
their  length.  The large  conductivity rise  and subsequent  drop at the northern
end  of line 2 (fig.  C-51)  can probably be attributed to a  large pipe below
Buffalo Avenue.  The width  of the high-conductance area on line 2, however,
indicates that the material below the gravel road is more  conductive than the
surrounding fill.  The  higher conductivity  of material below  the gravel road  is
also clearly shown in  line  3 which parallels Buffalo Avenue.
                               78° 57'13'
        43°
        04'
        30"
                                  I
                                                     EXPLANATION
                                             • 3  Test boring and substrate sample

                                                Monitoring well and water sample

                                                Electromagnetic survey traverse
           Not to scale
          Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
Figure C-45.   Location of  monitoring well, sampling holes, and eleatromagnetio-
               aonduetivity survey lines at Griffon Park, site  85,  Niagara Falls
                                        389

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 86.   HYDRAULIC'CANAL  (USGS field reconnaissance)                  NYSDEC 932082

 General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Hydraulic Canal, in
 the  city of Niagara Falls,  was used to supply water to the Schoellkopf Power
 Generating Station before its collapse in the mid-1950's.  Thereafter the canal
 was  filled with domestic refuse,  demolition material, and clean fill.  It is not
 known whether industrial wastes were buried in the canal.

      The potential for contaminant migration is indeterminable.  No evidence of
 contaminant migration to the upper river has been reported, but additional moni-
 toring would be needed to confirm this.

 Geologic information.—The  canal  was excavated in the upper part of the Lockport
 Dolomite.   Two  wells were drilled in the canal.  The  drilling logs described the
 material as fill.

 Hydrologic information.—The U.S.  Geological Survey installed two  monitoring
 wells  in 1982 in the fill of the  canal—one at each end.   The well at the south
 end  has  filled  with water that is  probably river  water;  the northern well con-
 tained no  water.

 Chemical information.—The  Geological  Survey collected a water sample from the
 southern monitoring well  for copper,  iron,  and organic-compound analyses;
 results  are given  in table  C-25.   Two  volatile organic  priority pollutants were
 found,  but at concentrations less  than the quantifiable  detection  limit.
 Neither  copper  nor  iron  exceeded  USEPA criteria for drinking water.


 Table  C-25.—Analyses  of  ground-water  sample from the  Hydraulic Canal,  site 86,
             Niagara Falls,  N.Y.,  January  14,  1983.
              [Concentrations are  in  yg/L;  LT indicates  it was found  but below
             the quantifiable  detection  limit.]
Depth below land surface (ft)                       14.5
pH                                                   7.8
Specific conductance (ymho/cra)                     288
Temperature (°C)                                     2.5

Inorganic constituents

    Copper                                           3
    Iron                                           260

Organic compounds

 Priority pollutants
    Tetrachloroethane**                             LT
    1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane**                     LT


** Volatile found in GC/MS extractions.  Concentration probably higher  than  that
     detected.
                                      390

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87.  NEW ROAD -SITE  (USGS  field reconnaissance)
NYSDEC 932083
General information  and  chemical-migration potential.—The New  Road  site,  in
the city of Niagara  Falls,  was used to dispose of an unknown  quantity of non-
combustibles  and  incinerator residue.  The site contains  three  monitoring wells
(fig. C-46).

     The potential  for contaminant migration is indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The site is assumed to consist  of  a glacial ground
moraine deposit   overlying bedrock of Lockport Dolomite.

Hydrologic  information.—The direction of regional  ground-water flow is probably
southward.

Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey collected  a water sample in
1982 from each monitoring well for heavy-metals and organic-compound analyses.
Results are given in table C-26.  Iron, lead, and maganese  concentrations
exceeded USEPA criteria for drinking water in all three  samples;  aluminium was
much higher than normal.  The only organic priority pollutant found was di-n-
butyl  phthalate (less  than the quantifiable  detection  limit).  Four organic
nonpriority pollutants were found.
                                           79° 00'18"
 43°
 06'
 42"
                                       EXPLANATION
                                >2 Test boring and substrate sample
    Not to scale
   Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
 Figure C-46.  Location of monitoring wells at New Road, site 87, Niagara Falls
                                        391

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Table C-26.—Analyses of ground-water samples from New Road, site 87, Niagara
             Falls, N.Y., July 8, 1982.
             [Locations shown in fig. C-46.  Concentrations are in ug/L; dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not  found, LT  indicates
             it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]

                              Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                          1            2              3
                                       (20.3)       (14.3)        (15.8)
PH
Specific conductance (umho/cm)
Temperature (°C)
Inorganic Constituents
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Tellurium
Vanadium
Zinc
6.7
3,200
12.0

2,400
—
—
974
—
7
23
—
—
11,000!
71t
4,940t
—
—
—
—
—
—
269
7.0
3,260
12.0

1,380
—
—
382
—
9
58t
55
83
41,900
66t
1.640T
—
68
—
12
—
—
209
7.0
1,200
12.0

2,220
—
—
454
—
13t
34
84
—
13,000t
128t
4,220t
—
77
—
15
—
—
316
 Organic  compounds

  Priority pollutant
     Di-n-butyl phthalate

  Nonpriority pollutants
     2,4,6-Trimethyl-l,3,5-
       trioxane1
     2-Ethyl-1-hexanol1
     2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)-
       ethanol1
 	1,3-Dimethylbenzene1
26
17
             LT
            150
                           26
  1  Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
      Standards (NBS) library.  No external standard was available.  Concen-
      tration reported is semiquantitative and is based only on an internal
      standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by GC/MS analysts.
  t Exceeds USEPA criterion for maximum permissible concentration in drinking
      water or New York State standard for maximum concentration in ground water.
                                       392

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 88.   64TH STREET SITE (USGS  field  reconnaissance)
               NYSDEC 932085
 General information and chemical-migration potential.—The  64th Street site, in
 the city of Niagara Falls,  was  used by the city to dispose  of  an unknown quan-
 tity of garbage and refuse.   Industrial waste may also have  been buried.  The
 site consists of a north  and  a  south area.

      The potential for contaminant migration at this site is indeterminable.
 Preliminary chemical data suggest that migration is not  taking place,  but addi-
 tional sampling would be  needed to confirm this.

 Geologic information.—The  site consists of a clay unit  interbedded with sand
 stringers overlying bedrock of  Lockport Dolomite.  In  1982  the U.S. Geological
 Survey drilled two test borings in the southern part of  the  site (fig. C-47),
 and two auger holes in the  northern part.  The geologic  logs of the southern
 part of the site are on page  394; the auger holes at the northern part of the
 site both encountered fill  overlying the clay within 2 ft of land surface.
                                    78° 59'29'
                                    78° 59'30'
                                   ^
               I       Site 88s        1

               \. »2    Pine   Ave    1 •
  Not to scale
     EXPLANATION
Test boring and substrate sample
  Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
Figure C-47.  Location of sampling holes at 64th  Street,  site 88, Niagara  Falls,
                                        393

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     Boring no-.

         1
Depth (ft)                 Description

0    - 2.0      Topsoil.
2.0  - 3.5      Clay, sandy, dry.
3.5  - 5.0      Sand, yellow brown, wet,
5.0  - 6.0      Clay, red.
                SAMPLE:  5 ft.
                           0
                           2.0  -
                           3.5  -
                           5.0  -
                           6.0  -
       2.0      Topsoil.
       3.5      Sand,  fine,  dry.
       5.0      Clay,  sandy,  yellow,
       6.0      Sand,  fine,  wet.
       6.5      Clay,  red.
                SAMPLE:   3.5  ft.
Hydrologic information.—Ground water was encountered in both  test holes  in  the
southern part of the site at a depth of approximately 6 ft, but no water  was
encountered in the northern test holes.

Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey  collected soil  samples  at  all
four test holes for iron, mercury, and organic-compound analyses; results from
the south site are given in table C-27, those  from the north  site are  in  table
C-28.  No mercury was detected, but the samples  contained  13  organic priority
pollutants, seven organic nonpriority pollutants,  and some unknown hydrocarbons.

Table C-27.—Analyses of substrate samples from  south site, 64th  Street,  site 88,
             Niagara Falls, N.Y., August  11,  1982.
             [Locations shown in fig. C-47.   Concentrations are  in yg/kg;
             dashes indicate that constituent  or compound  not  found.]

                               Sample number  and depth below  land surface (ft)
                                               1                   2
                                            (5.0)                (3.5)	
 Inorganic constituents

     Iron
     Mercury

 Organic compound

 Nonpriority  pollutant
     N,N-Dimethyl-l-
       dodecanamine
                  33,000
                     ***
1,300,000
                                       12,000
  1  Tentative  identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
      Standards  (NBS)  library.   No external standard was available.
      Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based only on an
      internal standard.   GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by
      GC/MS analysts.
 ***Sample analyzed at detection limit above that required by this study.
      No compounds detected.
                                       394

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Table C-28.—Analyses of substrate samples from north site, 64th  Street,  site  88,
             Niagara Falls, N.Y.
             [Locations shown in fig. C-47.  Concentrations are in ug/kg;
             dashes indicate that constituent or compound was  not found.]
First sampling (07-02-82)
Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
               1                   2
             (3.3) 	(2.7)	
Inorganic constituents

    Iron
    Mercury
Second sampling (05-29-83)
          4,200,000
                                                              2,600,000
                                                   Sample number
               1A
                                                                  2A
Inorganic constituent

    Molecular sulfur1

Organic compounds

 Priority pollutants
    Acenaphthene
    Fluoranthene
    Naphthalene
    N-nitrosodidiphenylamine
    Benzo(a)anthracene
    Benzo(a)pyrene
    Benzo(b)fluoranthene and
      benzo(k)fluoranthene
    Chrysene
    Benzo(ghi)perylene
    Fluorene
    Phenanthrene
    Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene
    Pyrene

 Nonpriority pollutants
    Benzoic acid
    Dibenzofuran
    2-Methylnaphthalene
    Benzaldehyde1
    Trans-1,2-dichlorocyclohexane
    0-anilinephenyl-thiocyanate1
	Unknown hydrocarbons	
                                  1
                                                  *
                                                 * **
                                                  *
                                                  *
                                                 * **
                                                 * **

                                                 * **

                                                 * **
                                                  *
                                                 * **
                                                 * **
                                                 * **
                   *
                   *
                   *
                   *
                   *
                   *
                   *
                                       *
                                       *
    Tentative  identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
      Standards  (NBS)  library.   No external  standard was available.  Concen-
      tration  reported is  semiquantitative and is based only on an internal
      standard.   GC/MS spectra  were examined and interpreted by GC/MS analysts.
  *  Compounds  detected but not  quantified;  holding time exceeded before GC/MS
    acid-  and  base  neutral-extractable compounds were extracted.
 **  Surrogate  recoveries were outside the acceptance limits.
                                       395

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89.  WHIRLPOOL'SITE  (USGS field reconnaissance)
NYSDEC 932088
General  information and chemical-migration potential.—The Whirlpool  site,  along
the Niagara  River  north of the Whirlpool Bridge, was used by  the  City of Niagara
Falls  to dispose  of an unknown quantity of street sweepings and  leaves.  Some
domestic refuse may have been deposited at the site before  1940.

     The potential of ground-water contaminant migration  is indeterminable.  The
one soil sample gave no evidence of contamination, but additional data would be
needed to confirm this.

Geologic information.—The U.S. Geological Survey drilled one test boring on the
site  in 1982;  the location is shown in figure C-48.  The  geologic log is as
follows:

      Boring  no.            Depth (ft)                 Description

          1                 0    - 3.0      Fill  and  topsoil
                            3.0 -  9.0      Clay,  tan, sandy  fill.
                            9.0             Dolomite.
                                            SAMPLE:   R.75  ft.

Hydrologic information.—No ground water was  encountered.   If ground water  is
present, it  is probably restricted to  fractures  in  the  underlying bedrock.

Chemical information.—The soil sample was analyzed  for  organic compounds.  No
organic compounds were detected.
                      79° 03'30'
  43°
  26'
  36'
                                                     EXPLANATION
                                                1 Test boring and substrate sample
     Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
Figure C-48.  Looation  of sampling hole at Whirlpool, site 89, Niagara Falls.
                                        396

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 90.  WITHER  ROAD  SITE (USGS field reconnaissance)
                                                            NYSDEC 932027
 General information and chemical-migration  potential.—The Witmer Road  site,  in
 the town of Niagara,  contains an unknown  quantity of incinerator residue.   The
 site is now a  scrapyard.   The potential for contaminant migration is  indeter-
 minable.

 Geologic information.—The Geological Survey drilled two test borings on  the
 site in 1982;  locations are shown in fig. C-49.   The geologic logs are  as  follows
      Boring no.

          1
                  Depth (ft)

                  0    -  6.5
                             6.5
                             7.0
                          7.0
                          8.7
                             8.7   -  9.0
                             0
                             4.0
                          4.0
                          7.5
                             7.5   -  10.0
            Description

Black  topsoil,  reddish, sand clay
  at bottom.
Clay,  sandy,  reddish.
Split  spoon - sand,  red, some
  yellow  particles,  ashes.
Split  spoon—Sand,  red, some
  yellow  particles,  and ash
  at 9.0  ft.
SAMPLE:   7.0  ft.

Topsoil.
Limestone  (dolomite), light gray,
  ash.
Sand,  reddish,  clayey.
SAMPLE:   6.5  ft.
Hydrologic information.—No ground  water was encountered;  it  is  probably con-
fined  to the fractured bedrock.
                          79° 02'00
        43°
        07'
        35'
                                    Delaware Ave
_ Burning pits     :  Junkyard
                   Kach's Scrapyard office
                                                 EXPLANATION
                                             Test boring and substrate sample
           Not to scale
           Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
Figure C-49.  Location of sampling holes at  Witmer Road,  site 90, Niagara Falls,
                                       397

-------
 Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey collected two soil samples  for
 copper, iron, mercury, and organic-compound analyses.  The results are given  in
 table C-29.  The concentration of copper in sample 2 exceeded concentrations
 in samples from undisturbed sites not affected by waste-disposal practices.   The
 samples contained seven organic priority pollutants, five organic nonpriority
 pollutants, and some unknown hydrocarbons.

 Table C-29.—Analyses of substrate samples  from Witmer Road,  site 90,
              Niagara Falls, N.Y.
              [Locations shown in fig. C-49.  Concentrations are in yg/kg; dashes
              indicate that constituent or compound was not found,  LT indicates
              it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]
                                Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                                1                     2
 First sampling (06-29-82)	_	(6.5)	

 Inorganic constituents

     Copper                                  2,000                28,000
     Iron                                1,200,000             1,400,000
     Mercury                                     —                    —
                                                    Sample  number
 Second  sampling  (05-25-83)	__JA	2A	

 Inorganic  constituent

    Molecular  sulfur1                           —                   450

 Organic compounds

 Priority  pollutants
    Benzene                                     —                     8.8
    1,1,1-Trichloroethane                       22.9**
    Trichloroethene                             LT                     —
    Fluoranthene                                *
    Naphthalene                                 *                    —
    Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate               * **
    Pyrene                                      *

 Nonpriority pollutants
    Carbon disulfide                            —                     38.4
    Dibenzofuran                                *                     —
    2-Methylnaphthalene                         *
    2-Octadecanol1                              —                      *
	Unknown hydrocarbons1	*	*	

 1 Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
     Standards (NBS) library.  No external standard was available.  Concen-
     tration reported is semiquantitative and is based only on an internal
     standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by GC/MS  analysts,
 * Compounds detected but not quantified; holding time exceeded before  GC/MS
   acid- and base neutral-extractable compounds were extracted.
** Surrogate recoveries were outside the acceptance limits.

                                      398

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91.  TOWN OF-NIAGARA, LOCKPORT ROAD LANDFILL (Literature  review)   NYSDEC 
-------
     Boring no.

         1
 Depth (ft)                  Description

 0    -  3        Topsoil,  brown.
 3    -  5.5      Clay,  sandy, brown, tight.
 5.5  -  6.5      Clay,  reddish, tight.
 6.5  -  8.0      Same.
 8.0  - 13.0      Same.
13.0  - 15.0      Clay,  reddish, wet, with some  small
                    gravel.
                  SAMPLE:   13 - 15 ft.

 0    -  3.5      Topsoil,  brown.
 3.5  -  7.5      Clay,  pinkish brown.
 7.5  - 10.0      Same,  changing to greenish  gray.
10.0  - 15.0      Clay,  pinkish, wet.
                  SAMPLE:   14 - 15 ft.
Hydrologic information. — Ground water was  encountered from 10 to 1 3 ft  below
land surface.   The  yield from the saturated  zone  was too low to warrant  the
installation of monitoring wells.  The direction  of ground-water flow is prob-
ably northward  toward Cayuga Creek.

Chemical information. — The U.S. Geological Survey collected two soil samples for
organic-compound analyses; results are given in table C-30.  The samples con-
tained  three priority pollutants, all phthalates  and all below 40 Ug/kg, and two
nonpriority pollutants.
                                   78° 55'50"
 43°
 06'
 27'
                          Ca yuga
                                     Creek
                                                       \\
                Niagara Falls International Airport
     Not to scale
                EXPLANATION
           Test boring and substrate sample
    Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
  Figure C-50.  Location  of  sampling holes at Niagara  Frontier Transportation
                Authority, site 92,  Niagara Falls.
                                        400

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Table C-30.—Analyses of substrate samples from Niagara Frontier Transportation
             Authority, site 92, Wheatfield, N.Y., July 27,  1982.
             [Locations shown in fig. C-50.  Concentrations  are in Mg/kg,
             dashes indicate that compound was not found.]

                                                Sample number	
                                               1A             2A
Organic compounds

 Priority pollutants
    Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate                35.7
    Di-n-octyl phthalate                       15.8
    Diethyl phthalate                          LT

 Non-priority pollutants
    Acetone                                    38.1
    Bis(2-ethylbutyl) phthalate1	570
 1 Tentative  identification  based  on  comparison  with the  National Bureau of
     Standards  (NBS)  library.  No  external  standard  was available.
     Concentration  reported  is semiquantitative  and  is  based  only on an
     internal  standard.   GC/MS spectra  were examined and  interpreted by
     GC/MS  analysts.
94.   NIAGARA  RIVER—BELDEN SITE (USGS field reconnaissance)        NYSDEC 93205

General  information and  chemical-migration potential.—The Belden site, on the
Niagara  River in  the  town  of  Wheatfield,  was used by the Goodyear Company for
the  deposition of fill,  rubble, and  thiazole polymer blends in unknown quan-
tities.   Leachate has been noted leaving  this site in surface water, but the
chemical composition  is  unknown.

      Preliminary  data indicate some  potential for contaminant migration, but th
analyses of ground-water samples indicate low concentrations of contaminants.
Additional analyses would  be  needed  to define the extent of ground-water con-
tamination and the potential  for offsite  migration.  The potential for con-
taminant migration is indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The U.S. Geological Survey drilled two test holes on the
site and installed two  monitoring wells  in 1982; the locations are shown it
figure C-51.   The geologic logs are  on page 402.

Hydrologic information.—Ground water was encountered in both test holes.  The
direction of  ground-water  flow is probably southwestward toward the river.

Chemical information.—A water sample was collected from each of the monitoring
wells and analyzed for organic compounds; results are given in table C-31.  The
samples  contained two priority pollutants, both phthalates, at concentrations
below the quantifiable detection limit, and four nonpriority pollutants as well
as two possibly naturally  occurring  organic compounds.
                                       401

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   Boring no.

       1
Depth (ft)

0    -  2.6
2.6  -  3.0
            Description

Black, wet,  organic material.
Clay, water  running into hole  from
  black material above.
WATER SAMPLE:   2 - 3.7 ft.
                         0     -  3.7     Topsoil.
                         3.7   -  4.0     Clay, very  sandy, buff-colored
                                            particles.
                         4.0   -  5.0     Clay, some  sand,  dark, gray.
                         5.0   -  5.7     Sand, medium,  grayish, wet.
                                          WATER SAMPLES:   2 - 4 ft.
                                        78° 56'42"
               EXPLANATION
      O1 Monitoring well and water sample
  Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
Figure C-51.   Location of monitoring wells at Niagara  River-Belden site,
               site 94,  Wheatfield.
                                    402

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Table C-31.—Analyses of ground-water samples from Niagara River—Belden  site,
             site 94, Wheatfield, N.Y., June 26, 1982.
             [Locations shown in fig. C-51.  Concentrations are in ug/L;  dashes
             indicate that compound was not found, LT indicates it was  found
             but below the quantifiable detection limit.]

                               Sample number and depth below  land surface (ft)
                                                1                      2
	(3.7)	(4.2)	

pH                                            7.4                    7.0
Specific conductance (umho/cm)             2,080                 1,200
Temperature  (°C)                             16.5                  13.5

Organic compounds

 Priority  pollutants
    Dimethyl phthalate                      LT

 Nonpriority pollutants
    Diethyl  phthalate                       LT                     LT
    1,8-Naphthalene  dimethano1               5.8
    N-(1,l-Dimethylethyl)-4-
      methylbenzamide1                       18.6                    12
    1,1'-oxybisbutane1                      —                     34
    2-hydroxy-propanoic  acid,
      butylester1                           —                      18

Compounds  potentially of natural origin

    3-methylbutanoic acid  1                  —                     LT
    1,7,7-Trimethylbibyclo
       [2.2.1]heptan-2-one(camphor)1         LT                     LT


 1  Tentative identification  based  on comparison with the National  Bureau of
      Standards  (NBS) library.   No  external standard  was  available.
      Concentration  reported  is  semiquantitative and  is  based  only  on an
      internal  standard.  GC/MS  spectra  were examined and interpreted by
      GC/MS analysts.
                                       403

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 95.  OLD CREEK BED (DiBacco no.  1)  SITE
      (USGS field reconnaissance)
           NYSDEC 932056-a
 General information and chemical-migration potential.—This site, in  the  town of
 Niagara, has been used to  dispose  of  fill containing rocks, broken  concrete,  and
 inert wastes from an abrasives-plant  warehouse that was destroyed by  fire in
 1977.  A chemical firm indicated  that hexachlorocyclopentadiene catalyst  may be
 buried there also.  A sketch  of the site is shown in figure C-52.

      Although  contaminant  migration into Cayuga Creek seems possible  because the
 fill material  is in contact with  the  creek, the preliminary chemical  data
 suggest that the potential for contaminant migration is limited.  Future  moni-
 toring would be necessary  to  confirm the migration potential.  (At  present it is
 indeterminable.)

 Geologic information.—The site consists of a lacustrine clay  deposit overlying
 bedrock of Lockport Dolomite.  No  test holes could be drilled  on  the  site
 because the fill was too  rocky.

 Hydrologic information.—No ground water was obtained, but topographic relief
 suggests that  ground water flows  southeastward toward Cayuga Creek.

 Chemical information.—The Geological Survey collected four water samples from
 Cayuga Creek,  next  to  the  site, in 1982; locations are shown in figure C-52.
 Each sample was analyzed  for  copper,  iron, lead, mercury,  and  organic compounds;
 results are given in table C-32.   Lead exceeded the IISEPA  criterion for drinking
 water and  the  New York  State  ground-water  standard.  Sample 2  contained one
 organic priority pollutant:  four organic nonpriority pollutants also  were found.
                                      78° 57'30"
43°
06'
00'
   Not to scale
    EXPLANATION
Surface-water sample

Electromagnetic survey traverse
  Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
      Figure C-52.   Location of surface-water samples  and electromagnetic-
                     conductivity survey at Old Creek Bed (Dibacao no. 1),
                     site 95 f  Niagara.
                                        404

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Table C-32.—Analyses of surface-water samples from Old Creek Bed (Dibacco),
             site 95, Niagara Falls, N.Y., July 9, 1982.
             [Locations shown in fig. C-52.  Concentrations are in ug/L; dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not  found, LT  indicates
             it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]


pH
Specific conductance (ymho/cm)
Temperature (°C)

1
7.7
1,670
22.0
Sample
2
7.8
1,480
23.0
number
3
7.8
1,670
23.0

4
7.8
1,630
23.0
Inorganic Constituents
    Aluminum260          281          276          311
    Antimony                          —           —
    Arsenic                           —           —
    Barium                           648          234          772          811
    Beryllium
    Cadmium                            5566
    Chromium                          20           22           20           21
    Cobalt
    Copper
    Iron                            463t         324t         312t        398t
    Lead                             14           10           —           21
    Manganese                         69           63           66           73
    Mercury                           —           —
    Nickel
    Selenium                          —           —
    Silver
    Tellurium
    Vanadium                          —           —
    Zinc                             76           64           64           65

 Organic compounds

  Priority pollutant
    Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate      —           94

  Nonpriority  pollutants
    Diphenylamine                    LT           LT
    Heptanal1                         —            8.8
     2,3-Dichloro-2-methyl-
       butane                          —            7.5        —          —
     1,3-Dimethylbenzene1	—	20	22	ZL_

  1  Tentative  identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
      Standards (NBS) library.  No external standard was available.
      Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based only on an
      internal standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by
      GC/MS analysts.
  t Exceeds USEPA criterion for maximum permissible concentration in drinking
      water or New York State standard for maximum concentration in ground water
                                       405

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Electromagnetic survey.—The U.S. Geological  Survey  conducted  an electromagnetic
survey with three survey lines on the site.   Locations  are  shown in figure C-52;
the values are plotted in fig. C-53.

     Line 1.—The high conductivity value  at  the  northern end  of line 1  is prob-
ably related to the proximity of Roberts and  Disney  Roads.   The next 200 ft
were run in the open field next to Roberts Road.   Though fairly uniform, the
relatively high conductivities in this  area indicate artificial fill.  This
conclusion is supported by map 28 of the New  York State Museum and Science
Service (Muller, 1977), which indicates  this  site to be in  the same deposit as
the Niagara County Refuse Disposal site  (site 81).   If  this is correct,
background conductivity values should be considerably lower than those in the
vicinity of the open field near Roberts  Road.

     Line 2.—Beyond the open field crossed by lines 1  and  2 is a mound of fill.
Conductivity values along both lines were  considerably higher  near the fill than
elsewhere.  Line 2 showed the more dramatic fluctuations, which suggests buried
metallic refuse within the mounds.  All  readings  taken along the present bank of
Cayuga Creek were between 15 and 20 mmho/m, which is probably  the local
background range.

     Line 3.—Line 3 was run mostly over visible  refuse and showed the irregular
elevated values that might be expected  from undifferentiated waste material.

Source of data.—Muller, E. H.,  1977, Ouaternary  geology of New York, Niagara
Sheet:  New York State Museum and Science  Service,  Map and  Chart Series, no. 28,
1 sheet.
        200
                                 Background conductivity
                              100                   200
                                  DISTANCE, IN FEET
300
   Figure C-53.   Results  of electromagnetic-conductivity survey at Old Creek
                  Bed (Dibaaao no.  1),  site 95,  Niagara, line 1.
                                       406

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                                  320  316  420
 225
 200 -
 175 -
                                                          LINE 2
                                           Background conductivity
                          100
200
                                                                       300
                                                Background conductivity
                          250                    500
                              DISTANCE, IN FEET
                                                                       750
Figure C-53  (continued).   Results  of electromagnetic-conductivity survey  at
             Old Creek. Bed (Dibaeeo no. 1),  site 55,  Niagara,  lines 2 and  3.
                                      407

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96.  ROBERT MOSES PARKWAY (USGS field reconnaissance)
                                        NYSDEC 932067
General information and chemical-migration potential.—During  the  construction
of the parkway, 200 to 300 drums of unknown material from  a  chemical  firm were
allegedly deposited in trenches, but their exact  location  is unknown.

     Large quantities of fill  from the Niagara  Power Project excavations  were
deposited along several hundred feet of  the Niagara river  bed  adjacent  to the
Parkway.  The  fill is more than 20 ft thick in  several locations.

     The high  permeability of  the fill suggests some potential for contaminant
migration to the Niagara River.  Contaminants from  the industrial  area  bordering
the northern end of the fill could migrate  into the area  and to the river.

     The potential for contaminant migration  is indeterminable from the
available data.  The general direction of ground-water flow  in the uncon-
solidated material is toward the Niagara River.
 100.   SILBERGELD  JUNK  YARD  (USGS  field  reconnaissance)
                                        NYSDEC 932093
General  information  and  chemical-migration potential.—The Silbergeld Junk Yard,
in  the  city  of  Niagara Falls,  received  scrap metal from chemical and electro-
chemical firms  from  the  mid-1930's  through the mid-19501s.  The total quanity of
material deposited  is unknown,  and  the  potential for contaminant migration is
indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The site consists of a thin layer of unconsolidated depos-
its overlying Lockport Dolomite.   The U.S. Geological  Survey drilled two test
holes  on the site in 1982;  the locations are shown in  figure C-54.  The geologic
logs are as  follows:
      Boring no.
Depth (ft)                 Description

0    - 3.0      Topsoil.
3.0  - 4.0      Black organic material.
4.0  -6.5      Clay, light at top to darker  pink.
6.5  - 8.5      Clay, pink, dry, hit rock  at  8.5  ft,
                SOIL SAMPLE:  8.5 ft.
          2                 0-2.5      Topsoil, black, organic.
                            2.6  - 6.5      Clay, sandy, ocher in color
                            6.5  -10.0      Same, hit gravel at 9.0 ft. bedrock
                                              at 10.0 ft.
                                            SOIL SAMPLE:  9 ft.

 Hydrologic information.—No ground water was encountered during the drilling,
 but it probably occurs in the bedrock fractures.

 Chemical information.—The Geological Survey collected  two soil samples  for
 iron, mercury, and organic-compound analyses; results are given in table C-33.
 No mercury or organic compounds were detected.
                                       408

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Table C-33.—Analyses  of  substrate samples from Silbergeld Junk Yard,  site  100,
             Niagara Falls,  N.Y.,  July 8,  1982.
             [Locations shown  in fig.  C-54.  Concentrations are in yg/kg; dashes
             indicate  that  constituent or compound was not found, LT  indicates
             it was  found but  below the quantifiable detection limit.]
First sampling  (07-08-82)
Sample number and depth below  land  surface (ft)
                1                   2
              (8.5)	
Inorganic  constituents

     Iron
     Mercury
Second  sampling  (05-27-83)
            2,400,000
1,400,000
Sample number and depth  below land surface (ft)
                 1A                  2A
               3.0                 2.5
Inorganic  constituent

    Molecular sulfur1

Organic  compounds	
                 2,000
  1  Tentative identification based on comparison with  the  National Bureau of
      Standards (NBS) library.  No external standard was  available.  Concen-
      tration reported is semiquantitative and  based only  on an internal
      standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined and interpreted by GC/MS analysts,
                            79° 02'40"
                                                         EXPLANATION
                                                  2 Test boring and substrate sample
      Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
    Figure C-54.  Location  of  sampling holes at Silbergeld Junk Yard,  site  100,
                  Niagara Falls.
                                       409

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237.  RODEWAY  INN  (USGS  field reconnaissance)
                                             NYSDEC 932086
General information  and  chemical-migration potential.—The Rodeway Inn site,  on
the Niagara River  in the city of Niagara Falls,  was  used to dispose of an
unknown quantity of  broken concrete from the Olin  Corporation and incinerator
residue.
     The geology  and  proximity to the river  indicate  a limited potential for
contaminant migration,  but the chemical data are  insufficient to evaluate
whether ground-water  contamination has occurred.   Additional data would be
needed to evaluate  the  water quality and the likelihood of contaminant migra-
tion.  The potential  is indeterminable.

Geologic information.—The Geological survey drilled  two test borings on the  site
in 1982; locations  are  shown in figure C-55.  The geologic logs are as follows:
     Boring  no.
    Depth (ft)                 Description

    0    - 5.0      Topsoil,  black,  some clay.
    5    - 6.5      Clay,  sandy,  with gravel, tan.
    6.5   - 7.5      Same,  hit  slag  or bedrock.
                    SOIL  SAMPLE:  7.5 ft.
 43°
 04'
 22"
                            0    - 3.5
                            3.5  - 5.0
                              78° 59'05"
                    Tar  surface  and topsoil.
                    Material  looks  like incinerator ash,  wet
                    SOIL  SAMPLE:   5 ft.
                                                 Perry Ave
              EXPLANATION
      »2 Test boring and substrate sample
      •1
Suspected
disposal
 area
    Not to scale
                                  Niagara   River
   Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
      Figure  C-55.   Location of sampling  holes  at Rodeway Innt site 237,
                     Niagara Falls.
                                        410

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Hydrologic information.—Ground water was encountered  in the  test hole  closest
to the river (no. 2), but water was insufficient  for installation of monitoring
well.  The direction of ground-water flow is probably  southward  toward  the
river.

Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological  Survey collected  two  soil samples  for
iron, mercury, and  organic-compound analyses;  results  are  given  in  table C-34.
Sample 2A  contained five organic  priority   pollutants,  but at concentrations
less  than  the quantifiable detection limit.  Two  nonpriority pollutants and some
unidentified hydrocarbons also were found.

Table C-34.—Analyses  of substrate samples  from Rodeway Inn,  site  237,  Niagara
             Falls, N.Y.
              [Locations  shown in  fig.  C-55.  Concentrations  are  in  ug/kg;  dashes
             indicate  that constituent  or  compound was not found,  LT indicates
             it  was found but below the quantifiable  detection limit.]

                               Sample  number and  depth below land  surface (ft)
                                               1                     2
First sampling (06-29-82)	(3.0)	(2.3)	

Inorganic  constituents

     Iron                                  5,000,000            30,000,000
     Mercury                                       10                    50
                                Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                                               1A                    2A
 Second sampling (05-29-83)	(5.0)	(2.5)	

 Inorganic constituent

     Molecular sulfur(S8)1                      —                10,000

 Organic compounds

  Priority pollutants
     Fluoranthene                              —                    LT
     Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate               —                    LT
     Benzo(a)anthracene                        —                    LT
     Chrysene                                  —                    LT
     Phenanthrene                              —                    LT

  Nonpriority pollutants
     Carbon disulfide                          LT
     Terpene1                                   —                 2,000
     Hydrocarbons1	—	17,000	

  1  Tentative identification based on comparison with  the National Bureau  of
      Standards (NBS) library.  No external  standard was available.
      Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based only on  an
      internal standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined  and interpreted  by
      GC/MS analysts.
                                       411

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238.  SAINT  MARY'S SCHOOL (USGS  field reconnaissance)
                           NYSDEC  932087
General information and chemical-migration potential.—The St. Mary's  School
site,  in  the  city of Niagara Falls,  received an unknown  quantity of fly  ash from
Occidental  Chemical Company during  the 1950's.  The  potential for contaminant
migration  is  indeterminable.

Geologic  information.—The U.S.  Geological Survey drilled  three test borings on
the site  in 1982; the locations  are  shown in fig. C-56.   The geologic  logs  are
on page 413.

Hydrologic  information.—Ground  water was encountered  in some of the sand units.
The logs  indicated a series of perched water-bearing units that may be caused  by
seasonal  increases in precipitation.
                                  78° 59'2V
 43°
 05'
 00'
    Not to scale
                         9
-------
    Boring no«            Depth  (ft)                  Description

         1                 0   -  2.5        Topsoil.
                          2.5 -  3.0        Sand,  fine, yellow,  damp,
                          3.0 -  5.5        Clay,  yellow.
                          5.5 -  6.0        Sand,  yellow,  damp.
                          6.0 -  6.5        Clay,  red.
                                           SOIL SAMPLE:   2.5 ft.
                           0   - 1.5       Topsoil.
                           1.5 - 2.5       Same.
                           2.5 - 4.5       Sand, yellow, fine, dry.
                           A.5 - 5.0       Clay, sandy, wet.
                           5.0 - 6.0       Sand, yellow, fine, wet.
                           6.0 - 6.5       Clay, red, dry.
                                           SOIL SAMPLE:  5 ft.
         3                 0-3         Topsoil and sand.
                           3   - 4.5       Clay, yellow
                           4.5 - 6.0       Sand, yellow, wet.
                           6.0 - 6.5       SOIL SAMPLE:  5 ft.

Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey collected  three soil samples
for iron, mercury, and organic-compound analyses; results are given in table
C-35.  The samples contained four organic priority pollutants, two organic
nonpriority pollutants, and some unknown hydrocarbons.
Table C-35. — Analyses of substrate samples from St. Mary's  School,  site  238,
             Niagara Falls, N.Y.
             (Locations shown in fig. C-56.  Concentrations  are  in  pg/kg;  dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not  found, LT  indicates
             it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]
First sampling (08-12-82)
Inorganic constituents
Iron
Mercury
Sample number
1
(2.5)
1,400,000 1
and depth
2
(5.0)
,700,000
below land surface (ft)
(Split)
(130,000)
(--)
3
(5.0)
1,700,000
 1 Tentative identification based on  comparison  with  the  National  Bureau of
     Standards (NBS) library.  No external  standard was available.
     Concentration reported is semiquantitative  and is  based  only  on an
     internal standard.  GC/MS spectra were examined  and  interpreted by
     GC/MS analysts.
 * Compounds detected but not quantified — Holding  time  exceeded  before GC/MS
   acid- and base-neutral extractable compounds  were  extracted.
                                       413

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Table C-35.—Analyses of substrate samples from St. Mary's School, site 238,
             Niagara Falls, N.Y. (continued)
             (Locations shown in fig. C-56.  Concentrations are in ug/kg; dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT indicates
             it was found but below the quantifiable detection limit.]

                               Sample number and depth below land surface (ft)
                              	(samples taken from first sand layer)	
                                        1A            2A          3A
Second sampling (05-29-83)	(2.5)	(2.5)	(2.5)

Organic compounds

 Priority pollutants
    Heptachlor                           LT           LT
    Heptachlor epoxide                   —           LT           —
    Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate           *            *
    Di-n-octyl phthlate                   *            *

 Nonpriority pollutants
    trans-1,2-Dichloro-cyclohexane1      —            *           —
    cis-1,3-Dichloro-cyclohexane1        —           —             *
    Unknown hydrocarbons1 	*	—-	—
 242.   CHARLES  GIBSON  SITE (Literature  review)                       NYSDEC 932063

 General  information and  chemical-migration  potential.—The Charles  Gibson site,
 in  the eastern part of  the  town  of  Niagara,  on Cayuga  Creek,  was  used as a
 disposal site  during  1955-57  for 403 drums  (about  90 tons) of hexachlorobenzene
 and 101  truckloads  (about 1,000  tons)  hexachlorocyclohexane (BHC) cake.

      A remedial investigation program  has  been developed by the site owner in
 response to  the NYSDEC  Division  of  Environmental Enforcement  to assess the
 extent of past disposal  practices and  impact on the ground water  and surface
 water in the area.  The  potential for  contaminant  migration is major because of
 the proximity  to the  creek  and the  nature  of the buried material.

 Geologic information.—No data are  available at present.  The site probably con-
 sists of a lacustrine clay  deposit  overlying bedrock of Lockport  Dolomite.

 Hydrologic information.—No data are  available at  present.  Ground water would
 probably occur at or  near  stream stage.  The direction of ground-water flow is
 probably eastward toward the stream.

 Chemical information.—Sampling by  the NYSDEC in 1982  indicated that the waste
 material contains BHC's in  concentrations  exceeding 90,000,000 Ug/kg.
                                       414

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244.  93RD STREET SCHOOL (Literature review)                       NYSDEC 932078

General information and chemical-migration potential.—The 93rd Street School
is in the city of Niagara Falls.  The school property was used to dispose of
3,000 yd3 of fly ash and hexachlorocyclohexane  (BHC) cake that had been  removed
from Love Canal in 1954.  Soil samples taken on the property were found  to be
contaminated with trichlorobenzene and tetrachlorobenzene.  The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency included the investigation of this site  in their
1982 Love Canal Monitoring Report.

     The potential for contaminant migration is indeterminable.  Results of  the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency investigation has been used to assess the
effect of the buried material on the ground water.

Geologic information.—This site and adjacent areas consist of fill and  glacial
unconsolidated deposits of lacustrine clays and till underlain by Lockport
Dolomite and Rochester Shale.  A general stratigraphic column for a site in  the
vicinity is given on page 314 (Love Canal, site 38).

Hydrologic information.—Ground-water flow through unconsolidated deposits  is
probably northward toward Bergholtz and Black Creeks, westward to Cayuga Creek,
and southward to Little Niagara and Niagara Rivers.  Ground-water gradients  in
the Lockport Dolomite indicate that the direction of flow is  south and  southwest
toward the Niagara River.

     Velocities for horizontal flow are 0.001 in/yr  in the clay  and 1  to 60
ft/yr in the other overburden.  Permeability ranges  from  10~^ cm/s to
>10~5 cm/s.  Transmissivity of the Lockport Dolomite has  been calculated to  be
^.015 ft2/s, and the storage  coefficient to be  1.49  x  10~^ (U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1982).  Additional information on ground-water  flow is  given
in  the description of Love Canal, site 38  (p. 313).

Chemical information.—Chemical data from USEPA include ground water,  surface
water, sediment, waste, and surface soil.  Ground water in unconsolidated  depos-
its and  in bedrock was found  to contain traces  of benzene and toluene  (less
than 25 Ug/L).  Storm sewers  on 93rd Street adjacent to the  school contained
Lindane  in concentrations ranging from 15  to 97 Pg/L.  Soil  samples from the
upper 6  inches of the school  grounds contained  cadmium ranging  from 1 ,200  to
1,700 Ug/kg.  Traces of benzene (not exceeding  25 pg/kg)  were also found in  soil
at  the school.  Low-level Lindane contamination was  detected  in  the fly-ash
fill; the fly ash was also found  to contain 0.380 yg/kg of dioxin.  Lindane  con-
tamination was also found on  the  school ball diamond.  Sediment  in a  storm  sewer
discharging from the school area  into Bergholtz Creek was found  to contain  29
yg/kg of dioxin.

Source of data.—U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency, 1982,  Environmental
monitoring at Love Canal:  U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency, 2 vols.
                                       415

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245.  97TH STREET  METHODIST CHURCH (USGS field  reconnaissance)
NYSDEC 932084
General information and chemical-migration  potential.—The 97th Street Methodist
Church property,  in the city of Niagara  Falls,  was used for disposal  of  23  tons
of broken  concrete  cells from Olin Corporation  in 1958.

     The potential  for contaminant migration is indeterminable.  The  extensive
clay unit  underlying the site may inhibit  downward migration; although  the  che-
mical analyses  indicate high concentrations of  some organic priority  pollutants,
they do not  indicate offsite migration.

Geologic information.—The site consists of a lacustrine clay about  26  ft thick
overlying  bedrock of Lockport Dolomite.   The U.S. Geological Survey  drilled four
test borings on the site in 1982; the  locations are shown in figure  C-57.  The
geologic  logs are on page 418.

Hydrologic information.—During the  test drilling, the clay became moist at 11.5
ft  below  land surface and remained so  to the top of bedrock.  The general direc-
tion of  ground-water flow in the unconsolidated deposit is probably  southward.

                                  78° 07'05"
 43°
 05'
 07'
                          Residential (now evacuated)
                                   Lawn
                                     Parking lot
                        Wesley United Methodist Church
                                                    CO
                                                    ^l
                                                    (-»
                                                    3"
                            Colvm
                                        Blvd
    Not to scale
                                                              EXPLANATION
                                                              Test boring and
                                                              substrate sample
    Base from USGS field sketch, 1982
    Figure C-57.   Location of monitoring wells and sampling holes  at  97th St.
                   Methodist Chureh, site 245,  Niagara Falls.
                                        416

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Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological Survey collected four soil samples
and one water sample for iron, mercury, and organic-compound analyses; results
are shown in table C-36.  No mercury was detected.  The ground-water sample  con-
tained three organic priority pollutants, two of which were in concentrations
ahove 250,000 yg/L.
Table C-36.—Analyses of substrate and ground-water samples  from 97th  Street
             Methodist Church, site 245, Niagara Falls, N.Y., August 27,  1982.
             [Locations shown in fig. C-57.  Concentrations  are  in ug/kg  and
             Ug/L; dashes indicate that  constituent or  compound  was not  found,
             LT indicates it was found but below the  quantifiable detection
             limit.]

                               Sample number and depth  below land surface (ft)
                                                                          Ground
                                             Substrates                   water
1 2 3 4 4A
(16.5) (11.5) (8.0) (26.0) (20.0)
pH
SpeciJ
7.0
fie conductance (umho/cm) 2,730
 Inorganic  constituents

     Iron                      6,500,000   5,200,000   4,300,000   2,400,000
     Mercury                          —          —          —          —

 Organic compounds

  Priority  pollutants
     Diethyl  phthalate                —          —          —          —       LT
     Butylbenzyl  phthalate            —          —          —          —  315,000
     Bis(2-ethylhexyl)
       phthalate                      —          —          —          —  252,000

  Possible  artifact
     4-Methyl-3-penten-2-one1         —         880


  1  Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
      Standards  (NBS)  library.  No external standard was available.
      Concentration reported is semiquantitative and is based  only on an
      internal standard.   GC/MS spectra  were examined and interpreted by
      GC/MS analysts.
  t  Exceeds USEPA criterion for maximum  permissible concentration in drinking
      water or New York State standard for maximum  concentration in ground water.
                                       417

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    Boring no,

         1
 Depth (ft)
 0
 1.5
 6.5
11.5
                           0
                           1.5
                           6.5
                           0
                           1.5
                           6.5
                          11.5
                          16.5
                          21.5
                          26
- 1.5
- 6.5
-11.5
-16.5
                           0     - 1.5
                           1.5   - 6.5
                           6.5   -11.5
        1.5
        6.5
        8.0
       - 1.5
       - 6.5
       -11.5
       -16.5
       -21.5
       -26
           Description

Brown topsoil
Clay, pink.
Clay, pink.
Clay, pink.
SOIL SAMPLE:  16.5 ft.
                 Topsoil.
                 Clay, pink.
                 Clay, pink.
                 SOIL SAMPLE:
           Topsoil.
           Clay,  pink.
           Clay,  pink.
           SOIL  SAMPLE:
                                                         11.5 ft.
                                                         8 ft.
           Topsoil.
           Clay,  pink.
           Clay,  pink.
           Clay,  pink,  some  gravel.
           Clay,  pink.
           Clay,  pink.
           Bedrock.
           WATER  SAMPLE:   26 ft.
247.  OLIN DEEP WELL (Literature review)
                                         NYSDEC 932037
General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Olin well, at  the
Olin Plant site on Buffalo Avenue in Niagara Falls, is 125 ft deep and was used
to dispose of approximately 130,000 tons of end liquor (60 to 65 percent  water,
30 percent sulfuric acid, 5 to 10 percent sodium chlorate).  The well was
deactivated in 1977.  No geologic, hydrologic or chemical information is
available.  The potential for contamination migration is indeterminable.
251.  SOLVENT CHEMICAL (Literature review)
                                          NYSDEC 932096
General information and chemical-migration  potential.—The  Solvent  Chemical
site,  in  the  city of Niagara Falls  (fig.  C-58),  was  used  for  the  production of
chlorinated benzenes (dichloro-,  trichloro-,  and tetrachlorobenzene)  during
1974-78.  Earlier occupancy of  the  site  is  reported  to have been  by area
chemical  firms.

     This site has a major potential  for contaminant migration.   Contaminants
are moving offsite via  sewerline  infiltration and may  also  be migrating in the
overburden and penetrating into the bedrock.
                                       418

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  Geologic information.—The site consists of  fill,  recent  alluvium  including
  silt, silty clay, fine to medium sand, and discontinuous  till  and  clay with a
  total depth varying from 5 to 10 ft.  This material  overlies  the Lockport
  Dolomite bedrock.

       The site owner dug several test  pits  in 1980; descriptions are on page 420,

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• TP14
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QW6 «TP7 "^^
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EXPLANATION
• TP5 Test pit
QW2 Overburden monitoring well
OMH2 Manhole
Not to scale 	 1 	 — ^^— ^—




43°
04'
52'
          Figure C-58.  Location of monitoring wells at Solvent  Chemical,
                        site 251, Niagara Falls.
                                         419

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Test pit no.     Depth (ft)                 Description

    1            0   - 1.5       Fill, black cinders and  loose  rubble.
                 1.5 - 6.5       Recent alluvium; mottled  light brown  and
                                   orange brown  silt; some  fine sand.
                 6.5-8         Lacustrine clay; red brown  laminated  and
                                   silty; gray-filled joints.

    2            0-5         Fill; black cinders; loose  debris mixed with
                                   silty brown soil.
                 5   - 6         Recent alluvium; dark gray  organic  silt.
                 6   - 9         Till; red-brown clayey silt; coarse to fine
                                   gravel; occasional cobbles.

    3            0-8         Fill; loose debris, brick fragments.
                 8   -9         Recent alluvium; dark gray  organic sandy  silt.

    4            0-1         Black cinder fill.
                 1   - 8         Recent alluvium; mottled light-brown  and
                                   orange-brown silt; some fine sand.
                 8   - 9         Lacustrine clay; red-brown  silty clay.
    5            0     4.5       Black cinders and debris.
                 4.5-6         Recent alluvium; mottled gray and brown
                                   clayey silt; little fine sand.
                 6   - 8.5       Glacial till; red brown clayey silt; fine to
                                   coarse sand; little fine to medium gravel.

    6            0   - 5.5       Black cinderfill.
                 5.5 - 6.5       Recent alluvium; dark gray organic silt;
                                   grading to gray clayey silt; little
                                   medium to fine sand.
                 6.5 - 7.5       Glacial till; red-brown clayey till; sand
                                   and some gravel.

    7            0     4.2       Fill; rubble, cinders, wood
                 4.2 - 8.0       Recent alluvium; dark gray organic silt
                                   grading to gray brown clayey silt with
                                   little sand.

    8            0-4         Rubble fill.
                 4   - 6.5       Recent alluvium; black organic silt grading
                                   to gray brown silt with fine sand.

    11           0-5         Fill; cinders, debris, dark gray silty soils.
                 5   - 6         Recent alluvium; dark-gray brown organic silt,

    12           0-5         Fill; cinders and rubble.
                 5   - 6.5       Recent alluvium; dark gray organic clayey
                                   silt; fine sand.

    13           0   - 4.5       Fill; debris and dark brown soils.
                 4.5 - 5.6       Recent alluvium; dark gray organic silt
                                   grading to mottled orange brown fine
                                   sandy silt.

    14           0-5         Fill; dark brown silty soil and debris.
                 5   - 8         Recent alluvium; dark brown organic silt
                                   grading to dark gray sandy silt.
                                      420

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S3
          Table C-37.—Analyses of ground-water samples from Solvent Chemical, site 151, Niagara Falls, N.Y.,
                       July-August 1980.
                       [Well locations shown in fig.  C-59.  Concentrations are in pg/L.]
Constituent or
characteristic
PH
Specific conductance
Well number
W-l
12.4
8,400
W-2
7.35
1,500
W-2A
7.06
5,000
W-3
7.51
2,490
W-3A
7.54
2,230
W-4
6.80
5,500
W-4A
6.88
2,740
W-5
7.86
7,400
W-6
6.64
8,000
 Mmho/cm

Total organic  carbon

Ammonia, as nitrogen

Chloride

Zinc, total

ortho-Dichlorobenzene

meta-Dichlorobenzene

para-Dichlorobenzene

1,2,3,-Trichlorobenzene  5

1,2,4,-Trichlorobenzene  19

1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene   <5

Monochlorobenzene        4,000

Benzene                  4,800
                                                           53,000   28,000     38,000   35,000   850,000  38,000

                                                            2,000    5,000     15,000    4,000    13,000  240,000

                                        210,000 1,200,000 230,000  380,000  1,800,000  480,000  1,900,000  2,600,000
51,000
3,600
64,000
6.3
87
18
65
5
19
<5
36,000
8.900
210,000
42
79
11
40
<2
14
<10
29,000
2,000
1,200,0
0.040
1,500
290
410
150
900
<80
                   6.7      0.047

                   2,700    2,900

                   2,000    860

                   5,800    2,700

                   52       180

                   150      570

                   <10      <90

3,900    12,000    110,000  22,000

4,500     3,300     58,000   5,700
                                                                                22
4.5
20
230
                                                                                260,000   16,000    31,000   1,400

                                                                                27,000    2,700     9,600    420

                                                                                87,000    7,400     74,000    650

                                                                                10,000    410       1,500    69

                                                                                67,000    1,700     8,000    690

                                                                                <10       <80       <800     <40

                                                                                4,100     54,000    110,000  1,200

                                                                                1,600     41,000    170,00   3,600

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Hydrologic information.—The  site  surface  is  quite  level,  ranging  from 567 ft to
569 ft above sea  level.  Ground-water  altitude  during July through September
1980 ranged from  553 ft to 569  ft.  The direction of ground-water  movement may
be northward toward Buffalo Avenue.

Chemical information.—The owner installed  nine monitoring wells  in the uncon-
solidated deposits at  the site  in  July and  August 1980.   Samples  from these
wells indicate  the highly elevated levels  of  ammonia, zinc,  and  organic com-
pounds (table C-37).   The analysis of water from the wells tapping overburden
indicate considerable  variation within the  site.
255.  STAUFFER CHEMICAL PLANT - POWER AUTHORITY OF THE STATE
      OF NEW YORK (USGS field reconnaissance)
                                        NYSDEC  932053
General information and chemical-migration potential.—The Stauffer Chemical
Plant (PASNY) site, on the north side of the PASNY forebay in  the  town  of
Lewiston, was used to dispose unknown quantities of asbestos,  graphite,  cinders,
concrete cell parts, reactor linings, scrap sulfur and metal,  silicon,  zir-
conium, and titanium oxides.

     The potential for contaminant migration is indeterminable.  Contaminants
may migrate during the periods of excessive precipitation, but  additional  moni-
toring would be required to document the migration.  Bechtel,  Inc. is conducting
an investigation of the former plant site and disposal sites.

Geologic information.—The site consists of fill overlying a thin  unit  of  clay
that overlies bedrock of Lockport Dolomite.  The U.S. Geological Survey  drilled
four test holes on the site in 1982; locations are shown  in fig. C-59.   The
geologic logs are as follows:
     Boring no.
Depth (ft)                 Description

0    - 3        Fill, topsoil, dark brown.
3    - 4.5      Fill, light gray.
4.5  - 8.0      Clay, red, damp.
8.0             Bedrock.
                SAMPLE:   5 ft.

0    - 4.0      Topsoil.
4.0  - 6.5      Clay, yellow, brown, dry.
                SAMPLE:   4 ft.

0    - 3.0      Topsoil.
3.0  - 7.5      Clay, brown-red.
7.5             Bedrock.
                SAMPLE:   4 ft.

0    - 2        Black fill material.
2    - 6.5      Clay.
                SAMPLE:   2 ft.
                                      422

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Hydrologic information.—No ground water was  encountered during the  test
drilling.

Chemical information.—The U.S. Geological  Survey collected four soil  samples
for arsenic,  cadmium,  chromium, copper, iron,  lead,  mercury, nickel,  zinc,  and
organic-compound  analyses; results are  shown  in table C-38.  None of the  heavy
metals  exceeded  concentrations found  in undisturbed  soils not affected by waste-
disposal practices.   One organic nonpriority  pollutant was found.

Electromagnetic  survey.—The U.S. Geological  Survey  conducted an electromagnetic
survey  with  three traverses over the  site.  The locations are shown  in fig.
C-59; the data are plotted in figure  C-60.

     Both lines  1 and 2  parallel the  forebay  area near a former chemical  plant,
and both indicate high bedrock at this  site.

     Line 1,  along a road approximately 50  ft from the forebay cliff,  shows a
gradual westward  decline in conductivity  that is probably due to the rise in
bedrock in  this  direction.

     Line 2,  parallel to line 1 but within  20 ft of  the forebay cliff, shows the
effects of  bedrock (here within 2 ft  of the surface) even more clearly.  Neither
line gives  any indication of artificially elevated conductivity.
                                                      79° 01'45'
43"
08'
38'
     c
     JO
     a
     CD
r
                                 Stauffer Chemical
                                    Plant
                                  (Abandoned)
                                    Substation

                                   Forebay
                                                         EXPLANATION
                                                   Test boring and substrate sample

                                                   Electromagnetic survey traverse
             Not to scale
   Base from USGS field sketch. 1982
  Figure C-59.  Location of sampling holes and  eleatromagnetie-aonductivitu
                survey  at Stauffer Chemiaal Plant,  PASNY,  site 255, Lewiston.
                                       423

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     Line 3.—This line gives strong indications of artificial fill in an area
of high reeds 350 to 450 ft north of the dirt road.  Evidence of a buried
(metallic) conductor is also indicated 200 ft north of line 1.  Background
values at the north end of line 3 are lower than those at the southern end and
probably reflect a change in surficial geology.
Table C-38.—Analyses of substrate samples from Stauffer Chemical,  site  255,
             Niagara Falls, N.Y., August  12,  1982.
             [Locations shown in fig. C-59.   Concentrations  are  in  yg/kg;  dashes
             indicate that constituent or compound was not found, LT  indicates
             it was found but below  the quantifiable detection limit.]

                               Sample number  and depth below land surface  (ft)
                                  1234
	(5.0)	(4.0)	(4.0)	(2.0)

Inorganic constituents

    Arsenic                        —           —            —
    Cadmium                        —           —            —            —
    Chromium                    2,000         6,000         3,000         1,000
    Copper                      5,000        11,000         6,000
    Iron                    2 900,000     5,600,000     2,600,000        75,000
    Lead                           —        10,000        10,000
    Mercury                        —           —            —            —
    Nickel                         —         10,000
    Zinc                        8,000         21,000       11,000         1,000

Organic compound                  ***

  Nonpriority pollutant
    Boric  acid, Tris
       (l-methylethyl)-ester1    2,200


  1  Tentative identification based on comparison with the National Bureau of
      Standards  (NBS)  library.  No external  standard  was  available.
      Concentration reported is semiquantitative and  is based only on an
      internal  standard.  GC/MS spectra  were  examined and interpreted by
      GC/MS  analysts.
*** Analyzed at detection  limit above that  required  by this  study.
                                       424

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     50
     25
     I
Background conductivity
                                                                        LINE 1
     50
     25
                                                       1
                                                  Background conductivity
                                                                        LINE 2
  tr
                              100
                                                      200
                                                                              300
                                                          Background conductivity
      25
                               250    >-Reeds-I          500
                                   DISTANCE,  IN FEET
                Swampy area  750
Figure C-60.  Results  of electromagntic-conductivity survey at  Stauffer
                Chemical Plant,  PASNY, site 255,  Lewsiton,  lines  1 through  3.
                                         425
                                                              U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1985—556-080/8448

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                                  TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                           (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO
   EPA-905/4-85-001
                             2.
                                                          3. RECIPIENT'S ACCES$ION>NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE "Preliminary  Evaluation of Chemical
   Migration to Groundwater and  the  Niagara River from
   Selected Waste-Disposal Sites"
                                                          5. REPORT DATE
                                                          6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOFUS)
   Edward J. Koszalka, James E.  Paschal,  Jr.,
   Todd S. Miller and Philip B.  Duran
                                                          }. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
                                                          10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
   United States Geological  Survey
   Water Resources Division
   521  West Seneca Street
   Ithaca,  New York 14850	
                                                          T1. CONTRACT/GRANT NOi
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
  Great  Lakes  National  Program Office
   nited States Environmental Protection  Agency
   36  South  Clark Street, Room 958
  Chicago,  Illinois 60605	
                                                          13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED

                                                              Final
                                                          14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
                                                            Great Lakes  National  Program
                                                            Qffice-USEPA Region V
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
   New York State Department of Environmental  Conservation, Region 9
   600 Delaware Avenue. Buffalo.  New  York  14202	
16. ABSTRACT
  American and Canadian monitoring  of  the quality of the Niagara  River  has indicated
  a  need to assess contamination  entering the river through the groundwater system.
  The contamination probably emanates  from point and nonpoint sources  in the adjacent
  area,  along the U.S. side of  the  Niagara River from Lake Erie to Lewiston, approx-
  imately 20 miles downstream,  which contains a high density of chemical  manufacturing
  facilities and waste-disposal sites.

  164 of the 215 hazardous waste  disposal  sites in Erie and Niagara  Counties, New
  York are within 3 miles of the  Niagara  River.  In 1982, the USGS,  in  co-operation
  with the USEPA and the NYDEC  made a  preliminary hydrogeologic and  chemical evalua-
  tion of 138 of these 164 toxic  waste disposal sites.  The purpose  of  the investiga-
  tion was to identify sites that are  possible sources of contamination to the
  ground-water system.  The study entailed a general literature review, site recon-
  naisance and sampling, and a  regional drilling and sampling program  to obtain
  background hydrogeologic data for reference.

  61  of  the 138 studies sites were  designated as having a major potential  for
  contaminant migration.
17.
                               KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                 DESCRIPTORS
                                             b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS  C. COSATI Field/Group
   Hydrogeology
   Contaminant transport
   Hazardous waste disposal Sites
   Erie  County, New York
   Niagara County, New York
                                                Niagara River
is. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT Document is available
to  Public  through the National  Information
Service  (NTIS), Springfield, Virginia
                                      22161
                                             19. S
                                                                        21. NO OF PAGES
                                                                             456
                                             20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
                                                 Unclassified
                                                                        22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)

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