United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
vEPA-454/R-95-011
October 1995
Air
NATIONAL AIR POLLUTANT
EMISSION TRENDS,
1900 -1994
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TREND IN NATIONAL EMISSIONS
1900-1994
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NOx VOC SO2 Population
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National Air Pollutant
Emission Trends
1900 1994
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Floor
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
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Disclaimer
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Ak Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and has been
approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products is not intended to constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use.
Disclaimer
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Foreword
(_J This document presents the most recent estimates of national emissions of the criteria air pollutants. The emissions of each pollutant are
~-f estimated for many different source categories, which collectively account for all anthropogenic emissions. The report presents the total
O emissions from all 50 States and from each United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) region in the country. These estimates
are updated annually.
This report tracks changes in national emissions since passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA). The emission trends
are the net effect of many factors, including changes in the nation's economy and in industrial activity, technology, consumption of fuels,
traffic, and other activities that cause air pollution. The trends also reflect changes in emissions as a result of air pollution regulations
and emission controls. These reports will serve as a measure of our nation's progress in reducing air pollution emissions as a result of
mandatory and voluntary controls and of continuous changes in national activity.
This report also reflects recent improvements in the way national and regional emissions are calculated. Improvement in estimation
methods is an on-going effort, and it is expected that future reports will reflect this effort. Revisions to the methodology used in the
previous version of this report, National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993, (hereinafter referred to as "Trends") include: a change
in the method used to estimate pre-1985 to the present emissions, recalculation of mobile source emissions for the years 1970 to 1994
using a new emissions model, use of certain years' estimates for trends only, modification of the method used to calculate particulate
matter emissions, and use of other years' estimates as both trend and absolute indicators. Further details of these methodological changes
are described in chapter 6 of this report.
In addition to the extensive coverage of criteria air pollutant emissions from anthropogenic sources in the United States, this year's report
continues to provide limited coverage of biogenic, global warming gases, air toxics, and international emissions. Preliminary estimates
are presented for the years 1990 through 1994. Final estimates (including refinements to the data used to estimate emissions) will be
presented in future reports.
Foreword iii
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Contents
Foreword iii
Tables ix
Figures xi
Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii
Acknowledgement xvi
Executive Summary ES-1
ES.l EMISSIONS SUMMARY ES-1
ES.2 EMISSIONS SUMMARY BY POLLUTANT ES-2
ES.2.1 Carbon Monoxide Emissions ES-2
ES.2.2 Nitrogen Oxide Emissions ES-2
ES.2.3 Volatile Organic Compound Emissions ES-2
ES.2.4 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions ES-3
ES.2.5 Paniculate Matter (PM-10) Emissions ES-3
ES.2.6 Lead Emissions ES-4
ES.3 CURRENT NONATTAINMENT AREAS ES-4
ES.4 REFERENCES ES-5
1.0 Introduction 1-1
1.1 HEALTH EFFECTS 1-1
1.2 REPORT ENHANCEMENTS 1-2
1.3 REPORT STRUCTURE 1-2
1.4 REFERENCES 1-3
2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions 2-1
2.1 EMISSIONS FOR 1994 BY SOURCE CATEGORY 2-1
2.1.1 Carbon Monoxide Emissions 2-1
2.1.2 Nitrogen Oxide Emissions 2-2
2.1.3 Volatile Organic Compound Emissions 2-2
2.1.4 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions 2-2
2.1.5 Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions 2-2
2.1.6 Lead Emissions 2-3
2.2 SPATIAL EMISSIONS 2-3
2.2.1 State Level 2-3
2.2.2 County Level 2-3
2.2.3 Nonattainment Areas 2-3
2.3 LARGEST POINT SOURCES IN AIRS/AFS 2-3
2.4 REFERENCES 2-4
Contents
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
3.0 Summary of National Emission Trends and Economic, Demographic, and Regulatory Influences on Historic Trends in
Emissions 3-1
3.1 INTRODUCTION 3-1
3.2 OVERVIEW OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL HISTORY 3-2
3.2.1 Pre-1970 Efforts 3-2
3.2.2 1970 Clean Air Act and Post-1970 Activities 3-2
3.3 CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSION TRENDS, 1940 THROUGH 1994 3-3
3.3.1 Fuel Combustion Carbon Monoxide Emissions: Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other 3-3
3.3.2 Industrial Process Carbon Monoxide Emissions 3-3
3.3.3 Transportation Carbon Monoxide Emissions: On-Road Vehicles and Non-Road Sources 3-4
3.3.4 Remaining Sources 3-4
3.4 NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSION TRENDS AND VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND TRENDS, 1900
THROUGH 1994 3-4
3.4.1 Regulatory History for Nitrogen Oxide and Volatile Organic Compound Emissions 3-4
3.4.2 Nitrogen Oxide Emissions Trends 3-5
3.4.2.1 Fuel Combustion Nitrogen Oxide Emissions: Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other 3-5
3.4.2.2 Transportation Nitrogen Oxide Emissions: On-Road Vehicles and Non-Road Sources 3-5
3.4.2.3 Remaining Sources 3-5
3.4.3 Volatile Organic Compound Emission Trends 3-5
3.4.3.1 Fuel Combustion Volatile Organic Compound Emissions: Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other 3-6
3.4.3.2 Industrial Process Volatile Organic Compound Emissions 3-6
3.4.3.3 Transportation Volatile Organic Compound Emissions: On-Road Vehicles and Non-Road Sources . . . 3-6
3.4.3.4 Remaining Sources 3-6
3.5 SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSION TRENDS, 1900 THROUGH 1994 3-6
3.5.1 Fuel Combustion Sulfur Dioxide Emissions: Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other 3-7
3.5.2 Industrial Process Sulfur Dioxide Emissions 3-7
3.5.3 Remaining Sources 3-7
3.6 PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) EMISSION TRENDS, 1940 THROUGH 1994 3-8
3.6.1 Point and Fugitive Process Sources 3-8
3.6.1.1 Fuel Combustion Paniculate Matter (PM-10) Emissions: Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other 3-8
3.6.1.2 Transportation Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions: On-Road Vehicles and Non-Road Sources 3-8
3.6.1.3 Remaining Sources 3-8
3.6.2 Fugitive Dust Sources 3-9
3.7 LEAD EMISSION TRENDS, 1970 THROUGH 1994 3-9
3.7.1 Fuel Combustion Lead Emissions: Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other 3-9
3.7.2 Industrial Process Lead Emissions 3-9
3.7.3 Transportation Lead Emissions: On-Road Vehicles and Non-Road Sources 3-9
3.8 REFERENCES 3-10
4.0 Emission Trends, 1985 through 1994 4-1
4.1 REFERENCES 4-2
5.0 National Emission Projections, 1996 to 2010 5-1
5.1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROJECTIONS, 1994 AND 1995 REPORTS 5-1
5.2 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS 5-1
5.3 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS 5-2
5.4 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND EMISSIONS 5-2
5.5 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS 5-2
5.6 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) EMISSIONS 5-2
5.7 REFERENCES 5-3
vi Contents
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodology 6-1
6.1 INTRODUCTION 6-1
6.2 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1900 THROUGH 1939 6-1
6.3 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1940 THROUGH 1984 6-2
6.4 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1985 THROUGH 1994 6-2
6.4.1 Fuel Combustion 6-2
6.4.1.1 Electric Utility Units 6-2
6.4.1.2 Industrial and Other Combustion 6-3
6.4.2 Transportation 6-4
6.4.2.1 On-Road Vehicles 6-4
6.4.2.2 Non-Road Sources 6-5
6.4.3 Industrial Processes 6-5
6.4.4 Remaining Categories 6-5
6.4.4,1 Natural Sources, Geogenic, Wind Erosion 6-5
6.4.4.2 Miscellaneous, Agriculture and Forestry 6-5
6.4.4.3 Miscellaneous, Other Combustion 6-6
6.4.4.4 Miscellaneous, Fugitive Dust 6-6
6.5 EMISSION REVISIONS 6-7
6.5.1 Methodological Changes 6-7
6.5.2 Other Changes 6-7
6.6 COUNTY AND SEASONAL EMISSIONS, 1994 6-7
6.7 LARGEST POINT SOURCES IN AIRS/AFS 6-7
6.8 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1996 to 2010 6-8
6.8.1 On-Road Vehicles 6-8
6.8.2 Utilities 6-8
6.8.3 Nonutility Point Sources 6-8
6.8.3.1 Carbon Monoxide Controls 6-9
6.8.3.2 Nitrogen Oxide and Volatile Organic Compound Controls 6-9
6.8.3.3 Sulfur Dioxide Controls 6-9
6.8.3.4 Paniculate Matter (PM-10) Controls 6-9
6.8.4 Area/Non-Road Projections 6-9
6.8.4.1 Carbon Monoxide Area/Non-Road Controls 6-9
6.8.4.2 Nitrogen Oxide Area/Non-Road Controls 6-9
6.8.4.3 Volatile Organic Compound Area/Non-Road Controls 6-9
6.8.4.4 Sulfur Dioxide Area/Non-Road Controls 6-9
6.8.4.5 Particulate Matter (PM-10) Area/Non-Road Controls 6-10
6.9 REFERENCES 6-10
7.0 International Criteria Pollutant Emissions 7-1
7.1 CANADA 7-1
7.2 EUROPE 7-1
7.2.1 CORTNAIR: The Atmospheric Emission Inventory for Europe 7-1
7.2.2 CORINAIR85 7-1
7.2.3 CORINATR90 7-2
7.3 REFERENCES 7-3
Contents vii
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
8.0 Air Toxic Emissions 8-1
8.1 INTRODUCTION 8-1
8.2 TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY SUMMARIES 8-1
8.3 NATIONAL INVENTORIES FOR SPECIFIC POLLUTANTS 8-2
8.3.1 Section 112(k) Inventories (Urban Area Source Program) 8-2
8.3.2 Section 112(c)(6) Inventories 8-3
8.4 STATE-LEVEL INVENTORIES FOR SPECIFIC POLLUTANTS 8-3
8.5 REFERENCES 8-4
9.0 Biogenic Emissions 9-1
9.1 REFERENCES 9-1
10.0 National and International Greenhouse Gas Emissions 10-1
10.1 NATIONAL 10-1
10.1.1 Methodology and Data 10-1
10.1.2 Trends 10-1
10.2 INTERNATIONAL 10-2
10.2.1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions 10-2
10.2.2 Global Trends 10-2
10.2.3 United States 10-2
10.2.4 Canada 10-2
10.2.5 Mexico 10-2
10.3 REFERENCES 10-3
Appendix A National Emissions (1970 to 1994) by Subcategory A-l
Appendix B Regional Emissions (1985 to 1994) B-l
Appendix C National Total Paniculate Emissions (1940 to 1992) by Subcategory C-l
Appendix D Chapter 2 Color Maps Converted to Black and White D-l
viii Contents
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Tables
ES-l. Summary of National Emissions ES-8
ES-2. Percentage Change in National Emissions ES-9
ES-3. Current Nonattainment Areas ES-10
1-1. Major Source Categories 1-4
2-1. 1994 National Point and Area Emissions by Source Category and Pollutant 2-5
2-2. 1994 State-level Carbon Monoxide Emissions and Rank by Major Category in Alphabetical Order of State Name 2-6
2-3. 1994 State-level Nitrogen Oxide Emissions and Rank by Major Category in Alphabetical Order of State Name 2-7
2-4. 1994 State-level Volatile Organic Compound Emissions and Rank by Major Category in Alphabetical Order of State
Name 2-8
2-5. 1994 State-level Sulfur Dioxide Emissions and Rank by Major Category in Alphabetical Order of State Name 2-9
2-6. 1994 State-level Paniculate Matter (PM-10) Emissions and Rank by Major Category in Alphabetical Order of State
Name 2-10
2-7. Ozone Nonattainment Areas with Approved 1990 Base Year Emissions or Areas Designated to Attainment 2-11
2-8. Predominant Industries Listed Among the Top 50 Plants from AIRS/AFS 2-12
2-9. Top 50 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting Carbon Monoxide - 1994 2-13
2-10. Top 50 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting Nitrogen Oxides - 1994 2-14
2-11. Top 50 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting Volatile Organic Compounds - 1994 2-15
2-12. Top 50 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting Sulfur Dioxide - 1994 2-16
2-13. Top 50 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting Sulfur Dioxide from Industrial Sources - 1994 2-17
2-14. Top 50 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting Paniculate Matter (PM-10) - 1994 2-18
2-15. Top 50 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting Lead - 1994 2-19
3-1. Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1940 through 1994 3-11
3-2. Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1940 through 1994 3-12
3-3. Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions, 1940 through 1994 3-13
3-4. Total National Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide, 1940 through 1994 3-14
3-5. Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10), 1940 through 1994 3-15
3-6. Total National Emissions of Lead, 1970 through 1994 3-16
3-7. Carbon Monoxide Emission Standards, 1970 to Present 3-17
3-8. Nitrogen Oxide and Volatile Organic Compound Emission Limits for Light-Duty Vehicles 3-17
3-9. Nitrogen Oxide and Volatile Organic Compound Emission Limits for Light-Duty Trucks 3-18
4-1. 10 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Administrative Regions 4-2
4-2. Seasonal Emissions for Carbon Monoxide, 1985 through 1994 4-3
4-3. Seasonal Emissions for Nitrogen Oxides, 1985 through 1994 4-4
4-4. Seasonal Emissions for Volatile Organic Compounds, 1985 through 1994 4-5
5-1. National Carbon Monoxide Emissions by Source Category Projected from 1990 to 2010 5-4
5-2. National Nitrogen Oxide Emissions by Source Category Projected from 1990 to 2010 5-5
5-3. National Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by Source Category Projected from 1990 to 2010 5-6
5-4. National Sulfur Dioxide Emissions by Source Category Projected from 1990 to 2010 5-7
5-5. National Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions by Source Category Projected from 1990 to 2010 5-8
7-1. 1985 Canada Nitrogen Oxide Emissions by Province 7-4
7-2. 1985 Canada Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by Province 7-5
7-3. 1985 Canada Sulfur Dioxide Emissions by Province 7-6
7-4. 1990 Emissions of Common Pollutants for Canada 7-7
7-5. CORINAIR 1985: Nitrogen Oxide Emissions 7-9
7-6. CORINAIR 1985: Volatile Organic Compound Emissions 7-9
7-7. CORINAIR 1985: Sulfur Dioxide Emissions 7-10
7-8. CORINAIR90 Emissions for Austria and Bulgaria 7-11
Tables ix
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
7-9. CORINAIR90 Emissions for Belgium 7-12
7-10. CORINAIR90 Emissions for Croatia and Czech Republic 7-13
7-11. CORINAIR90 Emissions for Denmark and Estonia 7-14
7-12. CORINAIR90 Emissions for Finland and France 7-15
7-13. CORINAIR90 Emissions for Former East Germany and Former West Germany 7-16
7-14. CORINAIR90 Emissions for Greece and Hungary 7-17
7-15. CORINAIR90 Emissions for Ireland and Italy 7-18
7-16. CORINAIR90 Emissions for Latvia and Lithuania 7-19
7-17. CORINAIR90 Emissions for Luxembourg and Malta 7-20
7-18. CORINAIR90 Emissions for Netherlands and Norway 7-21
7-19. CORINAIR90 Emissions for Poland and Portugal 7-22
7-20. CORINAIR90 Emissions for Romania and Slovakia 7-23
7-21. CORINAIR90 Emissions for Slovenia and Spain 7-24
7-22. CORINAIR90 Emissions for Sweden and United Kingdom 7-25
8-1. State Total Air Emissions from TRI, 1988 to 1993 8-5
8-2. 1990 Total Benzene Emissions by Source Category 8-6
8-3. 1990 Total 1,3-Butadiene Emissions by Source Category 8-7
8-4. 1990 Total Formaldehyde Emissions by Source Category 8-8
8-5. 1990 Total Carbon Tetrachloride Emissions by Source Category 8-9
8-6. 1990 Total Perchloroethylene Emissions by Source Category 8-10
8-7. 1990 Total Methylene Chloride Emissions by Source Category 8-11
8-8. 1990 Total Trichloroethylene Emissions by Source Category 8-12
8-9. 1990 National Extractable Organic Matter Emissions 8-13
8-10. 1990 National Tetraethyl Lead and Tetramethyl Lead Emissions 8-14
8-11. 1990 National Polychlorinated Biphenyl Emissions 8-14
8-12. 1990 National Cadmium Emissions 8-15
8-13. National Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions 8-16
8-14. Selected Toxic Emission Estimates by State ". 8-17
10-1. Summary of U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Sinks by Source Category, 1990 to 1994 10-4
10-2. Summary of U.S. Methane Emissions by Source Category, 1990 to 1994 10-5
10-3. Summary of U.S. Nitrous Oxide Emissions by Source Category, 1990 to 1994 10-6
10-4. Emissions of Hydrofluorocarbons and Perfluorinated Carbon, 1990 to 1994 10-6
10-5. Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions 10-7
10-6. Regional Carbon Dioxide Emissions 10-9
10-7. Carbon Dioxide Emissions for the United States 10-11
10-8. Carbon Dioxide Emissions for Canada 10-12
10-9. Carbon Dioxide Emissions for Mexico 10-13
A-l. Carbon Monoxide Emissions A-2
A-2. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions A-6
A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions A-10
A-4. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions A-17
A-5. Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions A-21
A-6. Lead Emissions A-26
A-7. United States 1990 Ammonia Emissions by Environmental Protection Agency Region A-28
B-l. Regional Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1985 to 1994 B-2
B-2. Regional Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1985 to 1994 B-2
B-3. Regional Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1985 to 1994 B-2
B-4. Regional Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide, 1985 to 1994 B-3
B-5a. Regional Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10) from Point and Fugitive Process Sources, 1985 to 1994 B-3
B-5b. Regional Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10) from Fugitive Dust Sources, 1985 to 1994 B-3
B-5c. Regional Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10) from All Sources, 1985 to 1994 B-4
B-6. Regional Emissions of Lead, 1985 to 1994 B^
C-l. Total Particulate (TSP) Emissions C-2
Tables
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Figures
ES-l. Trend in National Emissions, NITROGEN OXIDES, VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, SULFUR
DIOXIDE (1900 to 1994), and PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10 [nonfugitive dust sources]; 1940 to 1994) ES-6
ES-2. Trend in National Emissions, CARBON MONOXIDE (1940 to 1994), FUGITIVE DUST (1985 to 1994), and
LEAD (1970 to 1994) ES-7
ES-3. Trend in National Per Capita Emissions of NITROGEN OXIDES, VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, and
SULFUR DIOXIDE, 1900 to 1994 ES-9
2-1. 1994 National CARBON MONOXIDE and NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions by Source Categories 2-20
2-2. 1994 National VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by Source Categories 2-21
2-3. Breakdown of Major 1994 National VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emission Sources 2-22
2-4. 1994 National SULFUR DIOXIDE and PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions by Principal Source
Categories 2-23
2-5. 1994 National LEAD Emissions by Principal Source Categories 2-24
2-6. 1994 Emission Estimates by State and Pollutant for the Top 10 States Emitting Each Pollutant 2-25
2-7. Density Maps of 1994 CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions 2-26
2-8. Density Maps of 1994 NITROGEN OXIDE and VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions 2-27
2-9. Density Maps of 1994 SULFUR DIOXIDE and PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions 2-28
2-10. Ozone Nonattainment Areas with Approved 1990 Base Year Emissions by Classification and Major Sources 2-29
2-11. Ozone Nonattainment Areas with Approved 1990 Base Year Emissions by Major Sources and Locations 2-30
2-12. Top 50 Plant Emissions as Reported to AIRS/AFS by Pollutant 2-31
3-1. Trend in CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1940 to 1994 3-19
3-2. Trend in NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1900 to 1994 3-19
3-3. Trend in VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1900 to 1994 3-20
3-4. Trend in SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions by 6 Principal Source Categories, 1900 to 1994 3-20
3-5. Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) by Point and Fugitive Process Sources (1940 to 1994), and by
Fugitive Dust Sources (1985 to 1994) 3-21
3-6. Trend in LEAD Emissions by 5 Principal Source Categories, 1970 to 1994 3-21
3-7. Trend in CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions for the Period 1940 to 1994 3-22
3-8. Trend in NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions for the Period 1940 to 1994 3-22
3-9. Trend in VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions for the Period 1940 to 1994 3-23
3-10. Trend in SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions for the Period 1940 to 1994 3-23
3-11. Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions from Point and Fugitive Processes for the Period 1940 to
1994 3-24
3-12. Trend in LEAD Emissions for the Period 1970 to 1994 3-24
3-13. Trend in Cm-Road CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions, Vehicle Miles Traveled, Fuel Use, and Gasoline Price 3-25
3-14. Trend in On-Road NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions, Vehicle Miles Traveled, Fuel Use, and Gasoline Price 3-25
3-15. Trend in On-Road VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions, Vehicle Miles Traveled, Fuel Use, and
Gasoline Price 3-26
3-16. Trend in On-Road LEAD Emissions, Vehicle Miles Traveled, Fuel Use, and Gasoline Price 3-26
3-17. Trend in NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions from Electric Utility Fuel Combustion, Coal Used to Produce Electricity,
and Average Retail Price of Electricity Sold 3-27
3-18. Trend in SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions from Electric Utility Fuel Combustion, Coal Used to Produce Electricity,
and Average Retail Price of Electricity Sold 3-27
3-19. Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions from Electric Utility Fuel Combustion, Coal Used to
Produce Electricity, and Average Retail Price of Electricity Sold 3-27
Figures xi
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
3-20. Trend in Copper Production and SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions from Copper Production 3-28
3-21. Trend in Cement Production and PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions from Cement Production 3-28
3-22. History of U.S. Municipal, County, and State Air Pollution Control Legislation 3-29
3-23. Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions and Pollution Abatement Expenditures 3-29
5-1. National CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions by Source Category (Projected from 1990 to 2010) 5-4
5-2. National NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions by Source Category (Projected from 1990 to 2010) 5-5
5-3. National VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by Source Category (Projected from 1990 to 2010) 5-6
5-4. National SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions by Source Category (Projected from 1990 to 2010) 5-7
5-5. National PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions by Source Category (Projected from 1990 to 2010) 5-8
8-1. Toxic Release Inventory, Air Emissions Inventory 8-18
8-2. Top 10 Hazardous Air Pollutants - 1988 Basis 8-19
8-3. Toxic Release Inventory, Releases by Industry, 1988 - 1993 8-20
9-1. Seasonal Breakdown of Total 1990 Biogenic VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND and NITRIC OXIDE
Emissions 9-2
9-2. Density Maps of VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND and NITRIC OXIDE (NO) 1990 Biogenic Emissions by
County 9-3
10-1. 1950 to 1991 Global CARBON DIOXIDE Emissions from Fossil Fuel Burning, Cement Production, and Gas
Flaring 10-8
10-2. Comparison of Per Capita CARBON DIOXIDE Emissions 10-10
10-3. CARBON DIOXIDE Emissions for the United States 10-11
10-4. CARBON DIOXIDE Emissions for Canada 10-12
10-5. CARBON DIOXIDE Emissions for Mexico 10-13
D-l. Density Maps of 1994 CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions D-2
D-2. Density Maps of 1994 NITROGEN OXIDE and VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions D-3
D-3. Density Maps of 1994 SULFUR DIOXIDE and PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions D-4
D-4. Ozone Nonattainment Areas with Approved 1990 Base Year Emissions by Major Sources and Locations D-5
xii Figures
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
2BHDDV class 2B heavy-duty diesel vehicles
AIRS/AFS Aerometric Information Retrieval System Facility Subsystem
ARCINFO name of commercial Graphical User Interface (GUI) product
BEA Bureau of Economic Analysis
BEIS Biogenics Emissions Inventory System
BENNET Btu Efficiency Neural Network
BLS Bureau of Labor Statistics
Btu British thermal unit
BUSES buses
QHg ethane
CAA Clean Air Act
CAAA 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments
CEC European Commission
CEHC Conseil European de 1'Industrie Chimique (European Chemical Industry Council)
CFC chlorofluorocarbons
CH4 methane
CHIEF Clearinghouse of Inventories and Emission Factors
CITEPA Centre Interprofessionnel Technique dEtudes de la Polution Atmopherique (currently, the main contractor for the
CORINAIR program)
CO carbon monoxide
CO2 carbon dioxide
CORINAIR CORINE AIR
CORINE COoRdination dTNformation Environnementale
CTG Control Techniques Guidelines
DDE p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichlorethylene
DGXI Directorate General Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection
DOE U.S. Department of Energy
DOI U.S. Department of the Interior
DOT U.S. Department of Transportation
EEA European Environment Agency
EFIG Emission Factors and Inventory Group
EFTA European Free Trade Association
EIA Energy Information Administration
E-GAS Economic Growth Analysis System
EOM extractable organic matter
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986
ERCAM Emission Reduction and Cost Analysis Model
EU-12 12 European Union countries
EUROTRAC EUROpean experiment on TRAnsport and transformation of environmentally relevant trace Constituents in the
troposphere over Europe (a scientific research program)
FCCC Framework Convention on Climate Change
FHWA Federal Highway Administration
FMVCP Federal Motor Vehicle Control Program
FTP Federal Test Procedure
Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
GDP Gross Domestic Product
gpm grams per mile
GT gas turbines
HAPs hazardous air pollutants
HC hydrocarbon
HCB hexachlorobenzene
HDDT heavy-duty diesel truck
HDDV heavy-duty diesel vehicle
HDGT heavy-duty gasoline truck
HOT heavy-duty truck
HEW Health, Education, and Welfare
HFC hydrofluorocarbon
HHDDV heavy heavy-duty diesel vehicle
HNO3 nitric acid
HPMS Highway Performance Monitoring System
1C internal combustion
I/M inspection and maintenance
IIASA International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
JEIOG Joint Emissions Inventory Oversight Group
kWh kilowatt hour
L&E Locating & Estimating (documents)
Ibs pounds
LDDT light-duty diesel truck
LDDV light-duty diesel vehicle
LDGT light-duty gasoline truck
LDGV light-duty gasoline vehicle
LOT light-duty truck
LDV light-duty vehicle
LHDDV light heavy-duty diesel vehicle
LRTAP long range transboundary air pollution
MACs mobile air conditioners
MACT maximum achievable control technology
MC motorcycle
MHDDV medium heavy-duty diesel vehicles
MOBILESa EPA's mobile source emission factor model
MPS Multiple Projections System
MSA Metropolitan statistical area
N2O nitrous oxide
NAA nonattainment area
NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NACE nomenclature generale des activites economiques de la Communaute europeenne
NAPAP National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
nee not elsewhere classified
NEDS National Emissions Data System
NESHAP National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants
NMHC nonmethane hydrocarbons
NO nitric oxide
NO2 nitrogen dioxide
NOX nitrogen oxides
NSPS New Source Performance Standards
NSTU Nomenclature of Statistical Territorial Units
O, ozone
xiv Acronyms and Abbreviations
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
OAQPS Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OMS Office of Mobile Sources
Pb lead
PCB polychlorinated biphenyl
PFC perfluorinated carbon
PHOXA PHotochemical OXidants study (a scientific research program)
PM-10 paniculate matter less than 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter
POM polycyclic organic matter
POTW publicly owned treatment works
ppm parts per million
RACT Reasonably Available Control Technology
ROM Regional Oxidant Model
ROP rate of progress
RVP Reid vapor pressure
SCC Source Classification Code
SEDS State Energy Data System
SIC Standard Industrial Classification (code)
SIP State Implementation Plan
SNAP90 source sector split
SO2 sulfur dioxide
TCDD 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
TCDF 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran
TEL tetraethyl lead
TF task force
TML tetramethyl lead
TP total particulates
TPY tons per year
TRI Toxics Release Inventory
TSDF treatment storage and disposal facility
TSP total suspended particulate
TTN Technology Transfer Network
UAM Urban Airshed Model
UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
UNICE UNion des Confederations de 1'Industrie et des employeurs dEurope (union of industrial and employers'
confederations of Europe)
U.S. United States
USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture
VMT vehicle miles traveled
VOC volatile organic compounds
Acronyms and Abbreviations xv
-------
Acknowledgement
This report was prepared with the help of many people. The EPA wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Sharon V. Nizich, Thomas
McMullen, and David Mobley of the Emission Factors and Inventory Group, Mark Wolcott and Lois Platte of the Office of Mobile
Sources, Bill Hohenstein of the Climate Change Division, Tom Pierce of Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Lab, as well
as staff at E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. who assisted in preparing the emission estimates and producing this report. The agency also
wishes to acknowledge the data and information that were provided by numerous people from Government agencies and private
institutions and organizations, especially Marc Deslauriers of Environment Canada and Gordon Mclnnes of the European Environmental
Agency, Denmark.
xvi Acknowledgement
-------
Executive Summary
This report presents the United States (U.S.) Environmental
Protection Agency's (EPA) latest estimates of national and regional
emissions for criteria air pollutants:3 carbon monoxide (CO),
nitrogen oxides (NOX), volatile organic compounds (VOC), sulfur
dioxide (SO2), fine paniculate matter less than 10 microns
(PM-10), lead (Pb), and total suspended paniculate matter (TSP
[only in appendix C]). Estimates are presented for the years 1900
to 1994, with greater detail in more recent years.
National emissions are estimated annually by the EPA based
on statistical information about each source category, emission
factor, and control efficiency. The estimates are made for over 450
individual source categories that include all major sources of
anthropogenic emissions for the years 1900 through 1984.
Note: Methodologies to estimate pre-1985 and 1985
to the present emissions differ. Differences in
methodologies for allocating emissions among source
categories could result in significant changes in the
emissions, particularly at the more detailed source
category level. CAUTION SHOULD BE EXERCISED WHEN
COMPARING TRENDS FOR TOTALS OF PRE-1985 AND 1985 TO
THE PRESENT YEAR VALUES.
Starting with 1985, the estimates are based on a modified
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP)1
inventory. This will allow for future inclusion of emissions data
compiled and submitted by individual State pollution control
agencies. As these detailed source emissions data progressively
replace the broader, economic-activity based emissions, the
accuracy of the national and regional estimates should improve, but
comparisons with previously published estimates must take into
account this changing complexion of the data base. This change
in methodology is only an intermediate step, however, so caution
should be used when using this report for comparative purposes.
More details on the changing methodology are described in chapter
6. The emissions for individual source categories are aggregated
to show the emission trends at the national end regional levels and
by major source category.
ES.1 EMISSIONS SUMMARY
The level and composition of economic activity in the nation,
demographic influences, meteorological conditions, and regulatory
efforts to control emissions affect the trends in criteria air pollutant
emissions. Up until the 1950s, the greatest influence on emissions
were economic and demographic. Emissions grew as the economy
and population increased; emissions declined in periods of
economic recession. Dramatic declines in emissions in the 1930s
were due to the Great Depression. More recent recession in the
mid/late-1970s (largely a result from disruptions in the world oil
markets) and early 1990s also led to decreases in emissions.
Emissions also increase as a result of a shift in the demand for
various products. For example, the tremendous increase in demand
for refined petroleum products, especially motor gasoline after
World War n, increased emissions associated with petroleum
refining and on-road vehicles. Increased economic production as
a result of World War n raised emissions to levels higher than
those of the pre-Depression Era. The declines in the 1940s
through 1970s in residential wood combustion resulted from the
abundant supply, low relative prices, and convenience of fossil
fuel-generated electricity.
In the 1950s the States issued air pollution statutes generally
targeted toward smoke and paniculate emissions. It was not until
passage of the Clean Air Act (CAA) as amended in 1970
(Congress passed the original CAA in 1963) that major strides
were made in reducing air pollution. The 1970 Amendments
created the EPA and charged it with three major tasks: 1) set
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS); 2) develop
motor vehicle emission standards; and 3) set New Source
Performance Standards (NSPS). As a result of these standards,
CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and Pb emissions were reduced in the mid-
1970s.
The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) are only
beginning to effect emission levels. For some source categories
(such as non-road engines), standards are scheduled to begin in
1996, but significant emission reductions are not expected until
after the year 2000.
Some emission sources such as wildfires and fugitive dust
have been influenced more by meteorological conditions than
economic forces. Controls to reduce fugitive dust emissions
resulting from the CAAA are beginning to take effect, but are only
applied in the paniculate matter (PM) nonattainment areas (NAAs).
The amount of land burned in wildfires varies greatly from year-to-
year. Overall emission reductions from wildfires are a result of the
U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Forest Service support
of State efforts in fire prevention and early control. For example,
in the year 1910,5,201 fires burned approximately 5 million acres
of land, whereas in the year 1990, 11,950 fires burned only one-
third of a million acres of land.
Executive Summary ES-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 7994
More details on the effects of economic, demographic, and
regulatory forces on emission levels are explained in chapter 3. Of
special note is figure 3-23, which displays criteria air pollutant
emissions versus pollutant abatement expenditures. Criteria air
pollutant abatement expenditures peaked in 1986 and have declined
markedly since, while pollutant emissions continue to decline.
This indicates increased efficiency in reducing criteria air pollutant
emissions.
The emissions resulting from these economic, demographic,
and regulatory influences are presented in figures ES-1 and ES-2,
and table ES-1. The changes in emissions are presented in table
ES-2 for several time periods.
Figure ES-3 shows the trend in population2 and per capita
emissions for NOX, VOC, and SO2 over the period 1900 to 1994.
Although the emission trend for these pollutants shows variability
over the entire time period, figure ES-3 clearly shows that, since
the initial passage of the 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments, per
capita emissions have been steadily declining, with the exception
of NOX. Since 1980, NOX emissions (on a per capita basis) have
been declining.b
The following sections present a brief description of the
changes in total emissions of each pollutant from 1940 to 1994.
ES.2 EMISSIONS SUMMARY BY
POLLUTANT
ES.2.1 Carbon Monoxide Emissions
Most anthropogenic CO is generated in combustion processes.
Internal combustion engines, both in on-road vehicles and in
diverse non-road source uses, comprise the principal sources,
contributing about 62 and 16 percent, respectively, of the estimated
98 million short tons of CO emissions in the United States in 1994.
The majority of the carbon in gasoline and diesel fuel is oxidized
to carbon dioxide (COj), a concern in its own right as a greenhouse
gas (see chapter 10). A small fraction (up to 8 percent in an
uncontrolled gasoline engine) is incompletely oxidized to CO,
which is poisonous to humans.
The national trend in CO emissions since 1940 has been
influenced primarily by changing emissions from on-road vehicles.
In 1940, on-road vehicles contributed some 32 percent (30 million
short tons) of the 94 million total short tons emitted; total CO
emissions peaked in the early 1970s at around 130 million short
tons, of which almost 69 percent (88 million short tons) came from
on-road vehicles. By 1994, the national total had declined to 98
million short tons, 62 percent of which (61 million short tons)
came from on-road vehicles, despite increases in vehicle miles
traveled (VMT) during the same period. In other notable
categories, over the same 54 year period, non-road sources engine
emissions of CO increased by 94 percent and now stand at 16
percent of the total; CO from residential wood combustion
decreased by 68 percent (from 11 million to 4 million short tons)
and is now 4 percent of the total; the contribution from wildfires
decreased 84 percent (from 25 million to 4 million short tons) and
is currently 4 percent of the total.
ES.2.2 Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
Nitrogen oxides are formed during high temperature fuel
combustion, principally in fossil fuel-fired electric utility and
industrial boilers and in internal combustion engines. The principal
components of NOX, nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2),
participate in the photochemical reactions producing tropospheric
ozone, can be further oxidized to nitric acid (HNO3), a component
of acid rain, and can induce respiratory effects in humans and also
form particulate nitrates.
From 1940 through 1970, NOX emissions increased by over
180 percent (from 7 million to 21 million short tons). Since 1980,
annual national NOX emissions have leveled off at about 23 million
short tons. In 1940, industrial fuel combustion was the largest of
the four major contributors, adding 34 percent (3 million short
tons) to the national total; fuel combustion by electric utilities
added less than 9 percent (two thirds of a million short tons). On-
road vehicles contributed 18 percent (1 million short tons); non-
road sources and machinery (principally coal-fueled railroad
locomotives), added 13 percent (just under 1 million short tons).
By 1994, NOX emissions from electric utilities and on-road vehicles
had risen markedly, each now contributing about one third to the
national total (approximately 8 million short tons each). Emissions
from industrial combustion and non-road sources have risen more
slowly, in fact, industrial combustion emissions are now about 26
percent below their 1940 level; each now comprises about 13
percent (approximately 3 million short tons each) of the national
total for NOX.
ES.23 Volatile Organic Compound Emissions
Volatile organic compounds0 are a principal component in the
chemical and physical atmospheric reactions that form ozone and
other photochemical oxidants. Emissions of VOC increased for the
nation from 1900 to 1970, peaking in the early 1970s, but have
decreased steadily until 1992 with a slight increase in 1993 and
1994. Some categories have increased while others have
decreased. Variability of emission levels is based on pollution
controls, population, and economic factors. For instance, in 1900,
emissions from all fuel combustion sources represented 68 percent
of the total national VOC emissions, but by 1994 the contribution
was 4 percent. These decreases, occurring despite large population
growth, are due to increased controls on the burning of fossil fuels
for utilities and industry. While emissions of petroleum product
storage and marketing operations increased during the mid-1970s
as a result of increased demand for petroleum products, especially
motor gasoline, emissions from these sources began to decrease
after 1978 as a result of more effective control measures. Another
reason for the overall decrease in the emissions between 1970 and
ES-2 Executive Summary
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
1994 is the substitution of water-based emulsified asphalt for
asphalt liquified with petroleum distillates.
With the advent of wider use of the automobile and aircraft,
VOC emissions for transportation sources increased 159 percent
from 1940 to 1970. After 1970, the Federal Motor Vehicle
Control Program (FMVCP) initiative resulted in a drastic decline
in vehicle emissions, even with the enormous increase in VMT.
From 1970 to 1994, on-road vehicle emissions dropped
approximately 51 percent. Inspection/maintenance, reformulated
fuels programs, and other control programs are expected to
contribute to a continuing decline in emission rates for on-road
vehicles, despite increasing VMT.
ES.2.4 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
The majority of SO2 emissions are from the combustion of
fossil-fuels containing sulfur. Various paniculate sulfate
compounds can be formed, as well. Once emitted into the
atmosphere, SO2 can be further oxidized to sulfuric acid, a
component of acid rain.
In 1940, national SO2 emissions were almost 20 million short
tons. In the early 1970s, the total reached some 31 million short
tons; by 1994 it had declined again to approximatelythe 1940 level.
In 1940, the major contributor was industrial fuel combustion,
producing 30 percent (6 million short tons) of the total. The next
three ranking categories were "other combustion sources"
(consisting primarily of residential and commercial coal furnaces),
18 percent (4 million short tons), metals refining and processing,
and non-road sources (largely coal-fueled locomotives), each
adding about 16 percent (some 3 million short tons each). Fifth
among the major categories was electric power generation;
coal-fueled steam generators added about 12 percent (2 million
short tons) to the national total of SO2 emissions.
By 1994, decreases were seen in the first four categories in
varying degrees. Emissions of SO2 from electric power generation,
on the other hand, rose markedly with the demand for electric
power; by the 1970s, SO2 emissions from electric utilities had
increased sevenfold and dominated the national total at 56 percent
(17 million short tons). By 1994, the electric utility companies had
installed emission controls and/or switched to low sulfur fuels,
reducing their emissions to under 15 million short tons, but because
of reductions in other categories as well, electric utilities now
constitute some 70 percent of the total national SO2 emissions.
The second ranking contributor is the industrial combustion
category at 14 percent (3 million short tons). The remaining three
categories that were significant in 1940 each now account for 3
percent or less of the national total (< 0.7 million short tons each).
ES.2.5 Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions
Air pollutants called particulate matter include dust, dirt, soot,
smoke, and liquid droplets directly emitted into the air by sources
such as factories, power plants, cars, construction activity, fires, and
natural windblown dust as well as particles formed in the
atmosphere by condensation or transformation of emitted gases
such as VCX: and SO2.
On July 1, 1987 EPA promulgated new annual and 24-hour
standards for particulate matter using a new indicator, PM-10, that
includes only those particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller
than 10 micrometers. These smaller particles are likely responsible
for most adverse health effects of particulate because of their
ability to reach the thoracic or lower regions of the respiratory tract
Because of the new standard, EPA now only reports TSP in
appendix C of this report. Unless otherwise noted, all references
in this report to particulate matter emissions are for PM-10.
Trends in the PM-10 portion of historically inventoried point and
area (generally from sources referred to as "Point and Fugitive
Processes") particulate matter emissions are presented for the years
1940 to 1994 in this report. National emissions are also provided
for PM-10 fugitive dust emissions'1 from 1985 to 1994. In total,
these fugitive emissions are 10 to 13 times more than the
historically inventoried categories.
In 1940, emissions from fuel combustion represented 25
percent of the total national PM-10 emissions. Despite continuing
increases in coal consumption, PM-10 emissions from electric
utilities decreased after 1970, as a result of installing air pollution
control equipment required by new facilities constructed in the
1970s. Fuel combustion sources contributed 24 percent to the total
national emissions from historically inventoried sources in 1970,
and 28 percent in 1994. In 1940, emissions from transportation
emissions accounted for 17 percent of the total national PM-10
emissions from historically inventoried. Railroad and on-road
vehicles represented 15 and 1 percent, respectively, of the 1940
emissions from historically inventoried sources. From 1940 to
1994, railroad emissions have decreased by 98 percent. In contrast,
emissions from on-road vehicles have increased 48 percent In
1994 emissions from the transportation sources represented 2
percent of the total national PM-10 emissions and 19 percent of
PM-10 emissions from historically inventoried sources.
The PM-10 emissions from industrial processes increased
from 1940 through 1950, primarily as a result of increases in
industrial production. From 1950 to 1970, industrial output
continued to grow, but the emissions from industrial processes
decreased due to the installation of pollution control equipment
mandated by air pollution control programs. The reduction of
emissions by these control devices more than offset the increase in
emissions due to production increases. In 1970, industrial
processes contributed 59 percent to the total national PM-10
emissions, while in 1994, this source contributed 2 percent to total
national PM-10 emissions (18 percent of emissions from
historically inventoried sources), thus indicating considerable
progress in reducing emissions. In 1940, wildfires contributed 14
percent to the total national emissions, but in 1994 this source
contributed only 1 percent to the total.
Executive Summary ES-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
The PM-10 emissions from fugitive dust sources increased by
2 percent from 1985 to 1994. Paniculate matter (PM-10)
emissions due to wind erosion are very sensitive to regional soil
conditions and year-to-year changes in total precipitation and wind
speeds. For example, the total national emissions from wind
erosion in 1993 are estimated to be 2 million short tons, compared
to 18 million short tons in 1988. The lack of precipitation in 1988
prior to spring crop planting, especially in the central and western
United States, contributed to greater wind erosion for that year. In
1993, unusually heavy spring rains in Kansas and Oklahoma,
where wind erosion is normally very significant, resulted in a 57
percent decrease in the wind erosion emissions from the previous
year.
ES.2.6 Lead Emissions
Lead gasoline additive, nonferrous smelters, and battery plants
are the most significant contributors to atmospheric Pb emissions.
Total Pb emissions from all sources dropped from 219 thousand
short tons in 1970 to 5 thousand short tons in 1994. The decrease
in lead emissions from on-road vehicles accounts for essentially all
of this drop. The reasons for this drop are noted in chapter 3.7.3
of this report.
Electric utility, industrial, and other fuel combustion emissions
in 1970 represented 5 percent of the total national Pb emissions.
The Pb emissions decreased by 95 percent from 1970 to 1994. By
1994, fuel combustion emissions accounted for 10 percent of the
total emissions. Industrial processes in 1970 represented
12 percent of the total national Pb emissions. The industrial
emissions decreased by 92 percent from 1970 to 1994. By 1994,
industrial process estimates accounted for 41 percent of the total
emissions. Emissions from highway vehicles accounted for 78
percent of the total emissions in 1970. Total national Pb emissions
decreased sharply from 1970 to 1986 as a result of the widespread
use of catalytic converters on automobiles to reduce CO, NOX, and
VOC emissions and the use of unleaded gasoline for vehicles with
these converters. From 1975 to 1994, the percent of unleaded
gasoline sales increased from 13 to 99 percent, while the Pb
emissions from on-road vehicles decreased from 130 thousand
short tons in 1975 to 1 thousand short tons in 1994, or about
99 percent In 1994, on-road vehicle emissions accounted for 28
percent of the total national Pb emissions. The 1993 and 1994
emissions have increased as a result of increased production and
processing by industry and increased consumption by electric
utilities.
ES3 CURRENT NONATTAINMENT AREAS
The numbers of areas designated in nonattainment of air
quality standards, as of mid-1995, are listed in table ES-3. This list
provides information on how the States are meeting their goals set
forth in Title I of the CAAA. As State data are federally approved
for these NAAs, they will be incorporated into the 1996 Trends
Report.
ES-4 Executive Summary
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
ES.4 REFERENCES
1. The 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory (Version 2): Development of the Annual Data and Modeler's Tapes. EPA-600/7-89-012a.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. November 1989.
2. National Data Book and Guide to Sources, Statistical Abstract of the United States -1993. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau
of the Census, Washington, DC. 1989.
3. Historic Emissions of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides in the United States from 1900 to 1980. EPA-600/7-85-009a and b. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. April 1985.
4. Historic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds in the United States from 1900 to 1985. EPA-600/7-88-008a. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. May 1988.
* The CAA requires that the EPA Administrator publish a list of pollutants that have adverse effects on public health or welfare, and which are
emitted from numerous and diverse stationary or mobile sources. For each pollutant, a "criteria" document must be compiled and published by the
Administrator. The criteria are scientific compendia of the studies documenting adverse effects of specific pollutants at various concentrations in the
ambient air. For each pollutant, NAAQS are set at levels which, based on the criteria, protect the public health and the public welfare from any known
or anticipated adverse effects. These regulated pollutants are therefore referred to as "criteria pollutants."
b Please note that the apparently encouraging downward trend is probably due as much to the increase in population as to the decrease in emissions.
c It should be noted that EPA's definition of VOC (40CFR51.100) excludes methane (CH4), ethane (CjHj), and certain other nonphotochemically
reactive organic compounds.
d Fugitive dust, as discussed in this chapter, refers to the source categories as listed in table 3-5 and table A-5 of miscellaneous - fugitive dust,
miscellaneous - agriculture & forestry, and natural sources - wind erosion.
Executive Summary ES-5
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
(suoj yoqs uojHjoi)
ES-6 Executive Summary
-------
Figure ES-2. Trend in National Emissions, CARBON MONOXIDE (1940 to 1994),
FUGITIVE DUST (1985 to 1994), and LEAD (1970 to 1994)
150
120
Carbon monoxide
and
Fugitive dust
Emissions
(million short tons)
90
30
cn
X
co
c
3
I
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Fugitive dust (FD)
Lead (Pb)
Pbl
\A
\
-Mr
\
300
180
Emissions
(thousand short tons)
5'
60
0| I I I I II I I | I I I I I I I I I | I I I I I I I I l| I I I I I I I I I | I I I I I I I I l| I I I I 0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
Year
Note(s): Fugitive dust emissions include natural source-wind erosion, miscellaneous-agriculture & forestry, and miscellaneous-fugitive dust sources.
ET
1'
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table ES-1. Summary of National
(thousand short tons, 1 .1 million short tons equals 1
Emissions
million metric tons)
Paniculate Matter
Year
1900"
1905**
1910**
1915**
1920**
1925"
1930"
1935"
1940
1945"**
1950
1955""
1960
1965""
1970"*"
1975
1980
1984
1985****"
1986
1987
1988
1989
1 Q90*******
1991*****"
1992***""
1993*******
1 994
Carbon
Monoxide
NA*"
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
93,615
98,112
102,609
106,177
109,745
118,912
128,079
115,110
115,625
114,262
114,690
109,199
108,012
115,849
103,144
100,650
97,376
94,043
94,133
98,017
Nitrogen Volatile Organic
Oxides Compounds
2,611
3,314
4,102
4,672
5,159
7,302
8,018
6,639
7,374
9,332
10,093
11,667
14,140
17,424
20,625
21,889
23,281
23,172
22,860
22,348
22,403
23,618
23,222
23,038
22,672
22,847
23,276
23,615
8,503
8,850
9,117
9,769
10,004
14,257
19,451
17,208
17,161
18,140
20,936
23,249
24,459
30,247
30,646
25,677
25,893
25,572
25,798
24,991
24,778
25,719
23,935
23,599
22,877
22,420
22,575
23,174
Sulfur
Dioxide
9,988
13,959
17,275
20,290
21,144
23,264
21,106
16,978
19,953
26,373
22,358
21,453
22,227
26,380
31,161
28,01 1
25,905
23,470
23,230
22,442
22,204
22,647
22,785
22,433
22,068
21 ,836
21,517
21,118
(PM-10)w/o
fugitive dust
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
15,956
16,545
17,133
16,346
15,558
14,198
13,044
7,617
7,050
6,220
4,094
3,890
3,931
4,750
3,927
3,882
3,594
3,485
3,409
3,705
Fugitive Dust
(PM-10)*
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
40,889
46,582
38,041
55,851
48,650
39,451
45,310
40,233
39,139
41 ,726
Lead
(short tons)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
219,471
158,541
74,956
42,217
20,124
7,296
6,857
6,513
6,034
5,666
5,279
4,899
4,938
4,956
Note(s): * Fugitive dust emissions not estimated prior to 1985. They include miscellaneous-agriculture & forestry, miscellaneous-fugitive dust, and
natural sources-wind erosion.
NAPAP historical emissions3'4
*** NA denotes not available.
**** Combination of revised transportation values and NAPAP historical emissions.
***** There is a change in methodology for determining on-road vehicle and non-road sources emissions (see chapter 6).
****** There is a change in methodology in all sources except on-road vehicles and non-road sources and all pollutants except lead, as
reflected by the dotted line.
******* 1990 through 1994 estimates are preliminary. The emissions can be converted to metric tons by multiplying the values by 0.9072.
ES-8 Executive Summary
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
Table ES-2. Percentage Change in National Emissions
Year
1900 to
1994
1940 to
1994
1970 to
1994
1984 to
1994
1990 to
1994
1993 to
1994
Carbon
Monoxide
NA**
5
-23
-14
3
4
Nitrogen
Oxides
805
220
14
2
3
1
Volatile
Organic
Compounds
173
.5
-24
-9
-2
3
Sulfur Dioxide
111
6
-32
-10
-6
-2
Paniculate
Matter
(PM-10)
NA
-77
-72
-40
-5
9
Fugitive Dust*
NA
NA
NA
NA
6
7
Lead
NA
NA
-98
-88
-13
0
Note(s): * Fugitive dust indudesmiscellaneous^gricullure&forestiy miscellaneous-fugitive dust, and ra^
" NA denotes not available. 1990 to 1994 estimates are preliminary; negative percent change indicates a decrease.
Figure ES-3. Trend in National Per Capita Emissions of NITROGEN OXIDES,
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, and SULFUR DIOXIDE, 1900 to 1994
300-
"5T
to a.
o 8
o. inn _
Per capita emiss
(short tons /1 000 1
-ซ r>
8 g
-Population VOC
^^ ^^--~~
htf ^"' '> *,**
s ป' * ซ " ป ^^
^ ^^^^^^^^^^^
% ***
Population / ** * \> ซ.*
... """*
NO
^
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
Year
Note(s): The apparent encouraging downward trend in emissions is probably due as much to an increase in population as to the decrease in emissions
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce's Statistical Abstract of the United States.
ouu
0
onn
j. r
B I
opulation (mi
Executive Summary ES-9
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Category
OZONE
Serious and above
Moderate
Marginal
Unclassified
CO
Serious
Moderate
Unclassified
PM10
Serious
Moderate
Moderate
S02
Pb
Unclassified
Table ES-3. Current Nonattainment
As of Areas Added In
1990 CAAA* or Subtracted Attainment Current
98
24
31
43
59
42
1
41
34
70
51
12
82
-1"* -1 22
+1*" -4 28
-11 32
-5 54
41
+1*"* 2
+9 -11 39
-2*"" -1 31
83
6
64
+13 13
3 -5 49
+1 13
9
Areas
Redesignation Status**
1996-2010, area dependent
1996
Currently in process of redesignation to
attainment
2000
1996
10 years from nonattainment
designation
4 years from nonattainment
6 years from nonattainment
designation
designation
5 years from nonattainment designation
5 years from nonattainment
designation
Note(s): * Column presents original number in nonattainment as of passage of the CAAA.
" Column presents expected dates that areas will be in attainment.
*** One ozone area redesignated from Serious to Moderate.
*"* One CO area redesignated from Moderate to Serious.
***** Two unclassified CO areas redesignated Moderate.
ES-10 Executive Summary
-------
Chapter 1.0 Introduction
This report presents the United States (U.S.) Environmental
Protection Agency's (EPA) latest estimates of national emissions
for criteria air pollutants: carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides
(NOX), volatile organic compounds (VOCs [excludes certain
nonreactive organic compounds]), sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate
matter less than 10 microns (PM-10), lead (Pb), and total
suspended particulate matter (TSP [only in appendix C]). The
Clean Air Act (CAA) requires that the EPA Administrator publish
a list of pollutants that have adverse effects on public health or
welfare, and which are emitted from numerous and diverse
stationary or mobile sources. For each pollutant, a "criteria"
document must be compiled and published by the Administrator.
The criteria documents are scientific compendia of the studies
documenting adverse effects of specific pollutants at various
concentrations in the ambient air. For each pollutant, National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are set at levels that,
based on the criteria, protect the public health and the public
welfare from any known or anticipated adverse effects. Regulated
pollutants are therefore referred to as "criteria pollutants." Some
of the health effects are described in section 1.1.
Criteria pollutant emissions are presented through this report
since 1900 with increasing detail in the current year. This report
also contains information on the improved methodology for
estimating emissions from 1985 to the present. Revised
international emissions from Europe and Canada, air toxic
emissions, and biogenic emissions are also presented.
1.1 HEALTH EFFECTS
Carbon monoxide enters the bloodstream and reduces the
delivery of oxygen to the body's organs and tissues. The health
threat from CO is most serious for those who suffer from
cardiovascular disease, particularly those with angina or peripheral
vascular disease. Healthy individuals also are affected but only at
higher levels. Exposure to elevated CO levels is associated with
impairment of visual perception, work capacity, manual dexterity,
learning ability and performance of complex tasks.1
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can irritate the lungs and lower
resistance to respiratory infection (such as influenza). Nitrogen
oxides are an important precursor both to ozone and to acidic
precipitation and may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
Atmospheric deposition of NOX is a potentially significant
contributor to ecosystem effects including algal blooms in certain
estuaries such as the Chesapeake Bay. In some western areas,
NOX is an important precursor to particulate concentrations.2
Volatile organic compounds are a principal component in the
chemical and physical atmospheric reactions that form ozone and
other photochemical oxidants. The reactivity of ozone (O3) causes
health problems because it damages biological tissues and cells.
Ozone is also responsible each year for agricultural crop yield loss
in the United States of several billion dollars and causes noticeable
foliar damage in many crops and species of trees. Forest and
ecosystem studies indicate that damage is resulting from current
ambient O3 levels.3
The major health effects of concern associated with exposures
to high concentrations of SO2 include effects on breathing,
respiratory illness and symptoms, alterations in the lung's defenses,
aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease, and
mortality. Children and the elderly may also be sensitive. Also,
SO2 can produce foliar damage on trees and agricultural crops.
Together NOX and SO2 are the major precursors to acidic
deposition (acid rain), which is associated with a number of effects
including acidification of lakes and streams, accelerated corrosion
of buildings and monuments, and visibility impairment.4
Based on studies of human populations exposed to ambient
particle pollution (sometimes in the presence of SO2), and
laboratory studies of animals and humans, the major effects of
concern for human health include effects on breathing and
respiratory symptoms, aggravation of existing respiratory and
cardiovascular disease, alterations in the body's defense systems
against foreign materials, damage to lung tissue, carcinogenesis,
and premature mortality. Particulate matter causes damage to
materials and soiling; it is a major cause of substantial visibility
impairment in many parts of the United States.4
Exposure to Pb can occur through multiple pathways,
including inhalation of air, diet and ingestion of Pb in food, water,
soil, or dust. Lead accumulates in the body in blood, bone, and
soft tissue. Because it is not readily excreted, Pb also affects the
kidneys, liver, nervous system, and blood-forming organs.
Excessive exposure to Pb may cause neurological impairments
such as seizures, mental retardation and/or behavioral disorders.
Even at low doses, Pb exposure is associated with changes in
fundamental enzymatic, energy transfer and homeostatic
mechanisms in the body. Fetuses, infants, and children are
especially susceptible to low does of Pb, often suffering central
nervous system damage. Recent studies have also shown that Pb
may be a factor in high blood pressure and subsequent heart
disease in middle-aged Caucasian males.5
1.0 Introduction 1-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
1.2 REPORT ENHANCEMENTS
Since 1973, EPA has prepared estimates of annual national
emissions in order to assess historic trends in criteria pollutant
emissions. While these estimates were prepared using consistent
methodologies and were useful for evaluating emission changes
from year to year, they did not provide an absolute indication of
emissions for any given year. Beginning with the 1900 to 1992
report (published in October 1993), EPA established a goal of
preparing emission trends that would also represent the best
available annual estimates of emissions.5
The EPA's Emission Factors and Inventory Group (EFIG) is
developing procedures and criteria for replacing Trends emissions
data with 03 State Implementation Plan (SIP) submitted data. The
1996 report will contain the resulting 1990 Base Year Inventory
that consists of State data for nonattainment areas (NAAs) and
EPA-generated data for all other areas.
The EFIG is also developing a data management and
reporting system of emissions data. When the system is complete,
the EFIG will be able to extract the most current State inventories
of emissions and supplement the gaps with EPA-generated
attainment area emission inventories. The EFIG has already made
several changes to the Trends methodology to make the transition
smoother.
In this report, there are three distinct time periods: 1900 to
1939, 1940 to 1984, and 1985 forward. Since the accuracy and
availability of historical data is limited, revisions to earlier years'
estimates are not generally made (pre-1984 [some exceptions are
discussed in chapter 6]). However, numerous changes in current
year totals will be incorporated into the reported estimates using
SIP and modeling data as it becomes available. Please note that
methodologies within a given time period (especially more recent
periods) will also vary, as more accurate data are included in the
Trends data base.
Although there are many changes to the Trends methodology,
some methods have remained constant. For example, the 1900
through 1939 NOX, VOC, and SO2 estimates are extracted from the
NAPAP historical emissions report.6'7 In addition, Pb estimates
(1970 to present), and all CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10
estimates from 1940 to 1984 reported in Trends are based upon the
previous national "top-down" methodology. Below is a summary
of the changes made this past year in support of achieving EPA's
goal of preparing the best available annual estimates of emissions.
The SO2 and PM-10 on-road emissions were revised by
utilizing EPA's Office of Mobile Sources (OMS) emission factor
model, PARTS. This model was also used to improve the PM-10
fugitive dust paved and unpaved road emissions. To improve the
residential wood combustion emissions, an EPA model for
determining residential wood consumption at the county level is
used. The wildfire emissions are updated by incorporating
estimates prepared by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
for the 10 western States in the Grand Canyon Visibility Transport
Region. The PM-10 control efficiencies and particle size
distributions for point sources are also revised. Chapter 6
describes exceptions to the methodologies listed above, and
modifications made to previous Trends emission estimates.
13 REPORT STRUCTURE
Changes instituted in the format of last year's report, intended
to make the report more comprehensible and informative, are
maintained for this report. The executive summary presents a brief
overview of each chapter of the report. In the introduction, chapter
1, the reader is informed of changes to the report, the health effects
of criteria air pollutants, and the structure of the report. A detailed
account of the current year emissions by pollutant, source category,
State, NAA, county, and season and by a listing of top-emitting
facilities is given in chapter 2. Chapter 2 also discusses the
reasons why emissions increased for all criteria pollutants except
S02. National trends in emissions from 1900 (where available) to
the current year and demographic, economic, and regulatory
influences on emission trends are discussed in chapter 3. Regional
trends in emissions from 1985 through the current year are
presented in chapter 4. The total emission projections for the
nation from 1996 to 2010 are reported in chapter 5. An
explanation of the methodologies used to estimate emissions is
found in chapter 6. Emissions from sources, noncriteria pollutants,
or countries not traditionally part of the Trends report are displayed
in chapters 7, 8, and 10. These emissions were developed by the
EPA and other governmental agencies. Biogenic NOX and VOC
emissions are presented in chapter 9. In each of the chapters,
numeric superscrips represent references and alphabetic superscripts
represent endnotes.
As in last year's report, all emissions reported in tables and
figures in the body of the report are in multiples of thousand short
tons, except Pb.f The pollutants are presented in the order of CO,
NOX, VOC, SO2, PM-10, and Pb throughout this report. Emissions
were developed at the county and Source Classification Code
(SCC) level for the years 1985 to 1994 for most source categories.
These emissions were then summed to the national Tier level.
There are four levels in the tier categorization. The first and
second level, respectively referred to as Tier 1 and Tier 2, are the
same for each of the six criteria pollutants. The third level, Tier 3,
is unique for each of the six pollutants. The fourth level, Tier 4,
is the SCC level. The match-up between SCC and all three tier
levels is located on EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards' (OAQPS) Technology Transfer Network (TTN),
Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emission Factors (CHIEF)
electronic bulletin board. Table 1-1 lists the Tier 1 and Tier 2
categories used in chapters 1 through 6 to present the emission
estimates. Tables and figures appear at the end of each chapter in
the order in which they are discussed within the chapter.
Appendix A contains tables listing emissions for each of the
criteria pollutants and ammonia by Tier 3 source categories. If
emissions are reported as zero, the emissions are less than 0.5
thousand tons (or 0.5 tons for Pb). "NA" indicates that the
1-2
1.0 Introduction
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
apportionment of the historic emissions to these subcategories is Emissions of NOX are expressed as weight-equivalent NO2.
not possible. If a tier category does not appear, then emissions are Thus, the actual tons of NO emitted have been inflated to report
not currently estimated for that category (either EPA estimates the them as if they were NO2. The molecular weight of NOX should
emissions as zero or does not currently estimate the emissions due therefore be assumed to be that of NO2 when using numbers in this
to time or resource limitations). The State total emissions for each report.1 The VOC emissions are reported as the actual weight of
of the criteria pollutants except Pb are located in appendix B. a multitude of different compounds. The relative amounts of the
Lead emissions are presented at the regional level in appendix B. individual compounds emitted will determine the average
ThePM-10 fugitive dust emissions are also shown separately molecular weight of a given source category's emissions.
by State. Emissions of TSP (calculated in the 1993 Trends Report Therefore, no equivalent molecular weight standard exists for
and not updated since) by Tier 3 source categories are presented in VOC. The VOC emissions referred to in this report exclude those
appendix C while black and white copies of some county-level organic compounds which are considered negligibly
color maps in chapter 2 are presented in appendix D. photochemically reactive, in accordance with the EPA definition of
VOC at 40CFR51.100. Thus, methane (CHJ, ethane (C2HJ, and
certain other organic compounds are not included in the VOC
totals.
1.4 REFERENCES
1. Air Quality Criteria for Carbon Monoxide. EPA/600/8-90/045F (NTIS PB93-167492). Office of Health and Environment
Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
NC. 1991.
2. Air Quality Criteria for Oxides of Nitrogen. EPA/600/8-9 !/049aF-cF.3v. Office of Health and Environment Assessment,
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1993.
3. Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants. EPA/600/8-84/020aF-eF.5v (NTIS PB87-142949). Office
of Health and Environment Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. 1991.
4. Air Quality Criteria for Paniculate Matter and Sulfur Oxides. EPA/600/8-82/029aF-cF.3v (NTIS PB84-156777). Office of
Health and Environment Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. 1991.
5. Air Quality Criteria for Lead. EPA/600/8-83/028aF-dF.4v (NTIS PB87-142378). Office of Health and Environment
Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
NC. 1991.
6. Historic Emissions of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides in the United States from 1900 to 1980. EPA-600/7-85-009a and b. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. April 1985.
7. Historic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds in the United States from 1900 to 1985. EPA-600/7-88-008a. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1988.
e All data are estimates only, true values of emissions are not known.
' Lead emissions are measured in short tons. Short tons can be converted to metric tons by dividing the emissions by a factor of 1.1023.
8 When stating nitrogen oxide emissions, the author is referring to emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO,).
1.0 Introduction 1-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
Table 1-1. Major Source Categories
T1ER1 TIER1 TIER 2 TIER 2
CODE* NAME CODE NAME
TER1 TIER1 TIER 2 TIER 2
CODE NAME CODE NAME
01 FUEL COMBUSTION-ELECTRIC UTILITIES
01 Coal
02 Oil
03 Gas
04 Other External Combustion
05 Internal Combustion
02 FUEL COMBUSTION-INDUSTRIAL
01 Coal
02 Oil
03 Gas
04 Other External Combustion
05 Internal Combustion
03 FUEL COMBUSTION-OTHER
01 Commercial / Institutional Coal
02 Commercial /Institutional Oil
03 Commercial/Institutional Gas
04 Misc. Fuel Combustion (except residential)
05 Residential Wood
06 Residential Other
04 CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG.
01 Organic Chemical Mfg.
02 Inorganic Chemical Mfg.
03 Polymer & Resin Mfg.
04 Agricultural Chemical Mfg.
05 Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg.
06 Pharmaceutical Mfg.
07 Other Chemical Mfg.
OS METALS PROCESSING
01 Nonferrous
02 Ferrous
03 Metals Processing not elsewhere classified
(NEC)
OB PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
01 Oil & Gas Production
02 Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
03 Asphalt Manufacturing
07 OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
01 Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
02 Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
03 Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
04 Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
05 Mineral Products
06 Machinery Products
07 Electronic Equipment
, 08 Transportation Equipment
09 Construction
10 Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
OS SOLVENT UTILIZATION
01 Degreasing
02 Graphic Arts
03 Dry Cleaning
04 Surface Coating
05 Other Industrial
06 Nonindustrial
07 Solvent Utilization (nee")
09 STORAGES, TRANSPORT
01 Bulk Terminals & Plants
02 Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
03 Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
04 Service Stations: Stage I
05 Service Stations: Stage II
06 Service Stations: Breathing & Emptying
07 Organic Chemical Storage
08 Organic Chemical Transport
09 Inorganic Chemical Storage
10 Inorganic Chemical Transport
11 Bulk Materials Storage
12 Bulk Materials Transport
10 WASTE DISPOSAL* RECYCLING
01 Incineration
02 Open Burning
03 Publicly Owned Treatment Works
04 Industrial Waste Water
05 Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility
06 Landfills
07 Other
11 ON-ROAD VEHICLES
01 Light-Duty Gasoline Vehides & Motorcycles
02 Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks
03 Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehides
04 Diesels
12 NON-ROAD VEHICLES
01 Non-road Gasoline
02 Non-road Diesel
03 Aircraft
04 Marine Vessels
05 Railroads
13 NATURAL SOURCES
01 Bbgenic
02 Geogenic (wind erosion)
03 Miscellaneous (lightning/freshwater/sartwater)
14 MISCELLANEOUS
01 Agriculture & Forestry
02 Other Combustion (wildfires)
03 Catastrophic /Accidental Releases
04 Repair Shops
05 Health Services
06 Cooling Towers
07 Fugitive Dust
Note(s): * Code numbers are presented for The Representative Emissions National Data System (TRENDS) user.
The Source Classification Code (SCC) definitions and assignment to Tier category are available on the Technology Transfer Network's OTN [919-
541-5742]) Emission Inventories/Emission Factors Information (CHIEF) Technical Information Area.
"not elsewhere classified.
1-4 1.0 Introduction
-------
Chapter 2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions
Although the EPA has produced an annual estimate of
emission trends since 1973, this report is the third in a series which
presents emissions at the State, O3 NAA, and seasonal level for
CO, NOX, VOC, and SO2 for the current year. This report presents
PM-10 for the second year at the same level of detail as CO, NOX,
VOC, and SO2. The more detailed information (State, county, and
NAA) is presented for the current year of emissions. The 14
major source categories for which emissions are presented are:
fuel combustion-electric utilities, fuel combustion-industrial, fuel
combustion-other, chemical and allied product manufacturing,
metals processing, petroleum and related industries, other industrial
processes, solvent utilization, storage and transport, waste disposal
and recycling, on-road vehicles, non-road sources, natural sources,
and miscellaneous (see also table 1-1).
The 1994 emissions of Pb were estimated by the same
methodology used to produce the 1993 emissions in the last
report1 The 1994 estimates are based on extending the trend of
the Pb activity data from previous years (details are provided in
chapter 6), which are then multiplied by the current emission
factors and control efficiencies. This methodology makes
estimating State and seasonal emissions very resource intensive;
therefore, only national emissions are presented here.
This report is the fourth in a series that tracks the changes in
the top-emitting sources from the Aerometric Information Retrieval
System Facility Subsystem (AIRS/AFS) of CO, NOX, VOC, and
SO2 emissions and the third in a series that tracks PM-10, Pb, and
industrial SO2. The AIRS/AFS was used to determine the types of
plants that emit large quantities of criteria pollutants. Emissions
were extracted from AIRS/AFS using an ad hoc report2 which
excluded plants listed as permanently closed. In addition, some
adjustments were made for data that were obviously in error after
conferring with appropriate State and EPA Region personnel.
2.1 EMISSIONS FOR 1994 BY SOURCE
CATEGORY
The 1994 emissions of all criteria pollutants except Pb were
calculated using one of four major methodologies depending on the
source category. These estimates were generated using a similar
manner as in the previous report The exceptions are detailed in
chapter 6. The methodology differs for on-road vehicles, electric
utilities, fugitive dust and all other sources. Estimation methods
are similar to the methodologies used to produce the 1993
emissions presented in this report Some modifications to the 1993
methodology were made in cases where information could not be
obtained to generate the 1994 estimates. Other changes in
methodology were required in order to make the best estimate with
available data. These emissions are preliminary and will be
modified in the next Trends report.
The 1994 emissions increased for all criteria pollutants except
SO2. The increases are a result of increased consumption of
industrial fuels and production of industrial goods except petroleum
products. In general, this increased fuel use is the direct result of
increased economic activity rather than a change to less fuel
efficient technologies. Utilities consumed less coal and oil but
increased consumption of gas in 1994. This resulted in decreased
utility SO2 emissions which resulted in reduced total SO2
emissions. Residential consumption of wood also decreased in
1994.
The increase in CO, NOX, and VOC on-road emissions is a
result of higher vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and higher Reid
vapor pressure (RVP). (Changes in RVP do not affect all
pollutants equally.) The decrease in SO2 and PM-10 on-road
emissions resulted from the desulfurization of diesel motor fuel.
(See section 3.5.3 for details.) The 1994 emissions from non-road
sources increased as a result of increased use of non-road engines
and vehicles.
The miscellaneous emissions increased significantly over the
1993 emissions. This is due to the increased number of acres of
land burned in the United States by wildfires. Wildfire severity
(i.e., how many and how intense) is due in part to meteorological
conditions such as: temperatures, humidity, thunderstorms, and
relative amount of rain.
2.1.1 Carbon Monoxide Emissions
Currently only 13 of the 14 Tier 1 source categories are
estimated for CO. In Tier 1, the natural sources category contains
minimal CO emissions and, thus, is not estimated for the Trends
report. (Studies are currently underway, however, on isoprene
oxidation, monoterpene, and other organic compound emissions
which are likely to significantly change the current estimates.)
Figure 2-1 presents a pie chart of the 13 Tier 1 categories, 3 of
which (solvent utilization, storage and transport, and electric utility
fuel combustion) constitute less than 0.5 percent of the total and
are combined with petroleum and related industries, industrial fuel
combustion, other industrial processes, waste disposal and
recycling, and chemical and allied chemical manufacturing in the
2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions 2-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
"remaining categories" grouping. As the figure shows, on-road
vehicles are the major contributor to CO emissions. In 1994, they
represented 62 percent of the total CO emissions. Of the total on-
road vehicle emissions, 65 percent are from cars (light-duty
gasoline vehicles [LDGV], motorcycles [MC], and light-duty diesel
vehicles [LDDV]). The second major contributor to CO emissions
is non-road sources, which constitute approximately 16 percent of
total CO estimates. These emissions result primarily from the
gasoline consumption by construction, industrial and farm
equipment, and recreational marine vessels. Table A-l, in
appendix A, presents a complete breakdown of CO emissions.
Table 2-1 presents the point and area split of the Tier 1 source
categories. Area source emissions, including transportation
sources, make up 93 percent of total CO emissions in 1994.
2.1.2 Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
Currently only 13 of the 14 Tier 1 source categories are
estimated for NOX. Natural source emissions are not included in
chapters 2 through 5 of this report, although biogenics, a
subcategory of natural sources, are presented in chapter 9 for the
year 1990. Figure 2-1 presents a pie chart of the remaining 13
categories, 4 of which (solvent utilization, storage and transport,
waste disposal and recycling, and metals processing) constitute less
than 1 percent of the total and are combined with chemical and
allied product manufacturing, other industrial processes,
miscellaneous, and petroleum and related industries in the
"remaining categories" grouping. As shown, electric utility
emissions represent 33 percent, of the total 1994 NOX emissions.
Ninety percent of the emissions estimated for electric utilities are
attributed to coal combustion, of which 64 percent are emissions
from bituminous coal combustion. As with CO emissions, LDGV
are a major contributor (50 percent) to 1994 on-road vehicle NOX
emissions. Table A-2, in appendix A, presents a complete
breakdown of NOX emissions.
Table 2-1 presents the point and area source split of the Tier
1 source categories. Area source emissions, including on-road
vehicles, contributed slightly more than half (55 percent) of the
total NOX emissions in 1994.
2.13 Volatile Organic Compound Emissions
Currently only 13 of the 14 Tier 1 source categories are
estimated for VOC. Natural sources are not included, although
biogenics, a subcategory of natural sources, are considered a major
source of VOC emissions. Biogenic emissions for 1990 are
included in chapter 9. Figure 2-2 presents a pie chart of the
remaining 13 categories. Two of the source categories (electric
utility fuel combustion and metals processing) constituted less than
0.5 percent of the total emissions and are combined with chemical
and allied products, petroleum and related industries,
miscellaneous, other industrial processes, and fuel combustion
(industrial, other) in the "remaining categories" grouping. The
"remaining categories" grouping contributed 18 percent to the total
VOC estimate in 1994. As shown, solvent utilization contributed
27 percent and on-road vehicles contributed 27 percent to the total
1994 VOC emissions. Light-duty gasoline vehicles produced
62 percent of the on-road vehicle 1994 VOC emissions. Surface
coating represents 44 percent of the solvent utilization emissions.
There are 26 subcategories of surface coating. Their contribution
to surface coating emissions are presented in figure 2-3. The
emissions from all categories are presented in table A-3, in
appendix A. The contributions made to the "remaining categories"
grouping by Tier 1 source categories are also presented in
figure 2-3.
Table 2-1 presents the point and area split of the Tier 1 source
categories. Area source emissions, including on-road vehicles,
constituted 85 percent of total VOC emissions in 1994.
2.1.4 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
Currently only 13 of the 14 Tier 1 source categories were
estimated for SO2. Only the natural sources category is not
currently estimated for Trends (there are sulfur emissions from
marine sources and volcanoes, but they are considered minor).
Figure 2-4 presents a pie chart of the remaining 1 3 categories, 5 of
which (solvent utilization, storage and transport, waste disposal and
recycling, non-road sources, and miscellaneous) constitute less than
2 percent of the total and are combined with non-road sources,
petroleum and related industries, and other industrial processes in
the "remaining categories" grouping. As shown, electric utilities
are the major contributor to SO2 emissions. In 1994 they
represented 70 percent of the total SO2 emissions. The second
largest contributor is industrial fuel combustion, which produced
14 percent of the 1994 SO2 emissions. Coal combustion produces
96 percent of the electric utility emissions. Bituminous coal
combustion is 83 percent of the electric utility coal combustion
emissions.
Table 2-1 presents the point and area split of the Tier 1 source
categoric. Point source emissions constituted 92 percent of the
total SO2 emissions in 1994.
Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions
Currently, emissions for all 14 Tier 1 source categories were
estimated for PM-10. Figure 2-3 presents a pie chart in which all
categories, with the exclusion of fugitive dust sources, have been
combined in the point and fugitive process sources grouping.
Fugitive dust sources constitute 92 percent of the 1 994 total PM- 1 0
emissions. Unpaved roads (29 percent) are the greatest contributor
to 1994 PM-10 fugitive dust emissions. The remaining 5 top
categories are construction (27 percent), paved roads (14 percent),
agricultural tilling (14 percent), wind erosion (6 percent), and
mining and quarrying (1 percent). The point source fugitive dust
emissions are minimal and are included in the "remaining fugitive
dust" category presented in figure 2-4.
2-2 2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 2-1 presents the point and area source split of the Tier
1 source categories. Area source emissions, dominated by the
fugitive dust category, contributed 97 percent to the total PM-10
emissions in 1994.
2.1.6 Lead Emissions
The 1994 emissions of Pb were estimated by the same
methodology used to produce the 1993 emissions in the last
report1 The 1994 estimates are based on extending the trend of
the Pb activity data from previous years (details are provided in
chapter 6) which are then multiplied by current emission factors
and control efficiencies. This methodology makes estimating point
and area emissions very resource intensive; therefore, only national
emissions are presented here.
Of the 14 Tier 1 source categories, the following 5 are not
estimated for Pb, since they are thought to be negligible: solvent
utilization, storage and transport, petroleum and related industries,
natural sources, and miscellaneous. The remaining 9 categories are
presented in a pie chart in figure 2-5. The "remaining categories"
grouping includes chemical and allied product manufacturing, other
industrial processes, and fuel combustion (electric utility and
industrial). Metal processing, the major contributor of Pb
emissions in 1994, represents 38 percent of the total emissions.
Nonferrous metal processing represents 63 percent of the 1994
metals processing Pb emissions. Primary and secondary Pb
products are responsible for 51 and 38 percent, respectively, of the
nonferrous metals processing Pb emissions in 1994.
2.2 SPATIAL EMISSIONS
The 1994 criteria pollutant emissions were estimated for all
pollutants except lead at the county level and summed to the state
level. These estimates are presented in tables 2-2 to 2-7 and
figures 2-6 to 2-11.
2.2.1 State Level
Tables 2-2 through 2-6 present the total emissions and ranking
per pollutant by major source category for each State in
alphabetical order. The estimates for Alaska and Hawaii include
only on-road vehicle and fossil-fuel steam electric utility emissions.
PM-10 estimates listed in table 2-6 also include some fugitive dust
estimates for Alaska and Hawaii. (A base year inventory similar
to NAPAP was not available for these States.)
Figure 2-6 presents the top 10 States with the largest
emissions, by pollutant, for 1994 (22 States in total). These top 10
States represent a range of 46 to 61 percent of the national
emissions, depending on the particular pollutant.
2.2.2 County Level
For all criteria pollutants except Pb, the emissions are derived
at the county level. The exceptions explained in detail in chapter
6 are fugitive dust sources and wildfires. Figures 2-7 to 2-9
presents the total 1994 emissions per square mile for each county.
As figure 2-7 shows, the eastern third and west coast emit more
CO than the western two-thirds of the continental United States. In
contrast, figures 2-8 to 2-9 illustrate that the eastern half and the
west coast emit more NOX, VOC, and SO2 than the western half
of the continental United States. The emissions of PM-10 are
dominated by the fugitive dust emissions that are predominant in
the rural and agricultural areas. Carbon monoxide emissions from
residential wood burning are presented in figure 2-7 .h
2.23 Nonattainment Areas
Table 2-7 presents 53 O3 NAAs and CO, NOX, and VOC
emission estimates for the year 1990 in order of EPA regions. The
32 NAAs with a check mark (/) have been designated to
attainment as of the writing of this report. The other 21 areas
have had their 1990 base year emissions approved. Figure 2-10
presents CO, NOX, and VOC emissions grouped by O3 NAA
classifications. The emissions presented by location and major
source category are provided in figure 2-11. A summary of the
current status and changes since the 1990 CAAA for the NAAs
(03, CO, SO2, PM-10, and Pb) are presented in table ES-3.
23 LARGEST POINT SOURCES IN AIRS/AFS
This report is the fourth in a series that tracks the changes in
the top-emitting sources of CO, NOX, VOC, and SO2 emissions
and the third in a series that tracks PM-10, Pb, and industrial SO2.
The data in AIRS/AFS were developed by the respective States
using methodologies of their choosing. The AIRS/AFS1 was also
used to determine the types of plants that emit large quantities of
criteria pollutants. Emissions were extracted on May 19, 1995
from AIRS/AFS using an ad hoc report which excluded plants
listed as permanently closed. In addition, some adjustments were
made for data that were obviously in error. Details on how the
data was extracted from AIRS is provided in section 6.7.
NOTE: Depending on the day the data are extracted,
the list of top emitters may change. Because these lists
are based on several different extractions and some
additional adjustments have been made, the data in tables
in this report may not correspond precisely to the data
currently in AIRS/AFS. However, this report has
presented the top 50 sources based to the maximum
extent possible, on AIRS/AFS.
The most common industries by pollutant contained in the list
of top 50 emitting sources are defined in table 2-8. Figure 2-12
2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions 2-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
and tables 2-9 to 2-15 present the plant-level emissions of the top
50 largest point source emitters of these pollutants.
2.4 REFERENCES
1. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993. EPA-454/R-94-027, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. October 1994.
2. AIRS Facility Subsystem. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. June 1992.
" The high emissions presented in figure 2-8 for Mississippi are a result of high estimates of unpaved road emissions as reported in
table 2-6. According to the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), past estimates of unpaved road VMT in Mississippi were too low.
' The AIRS data is not the main basis for the data in this report.
2-4 2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions
-------
to
b
on
c
3
m
Table 2-1.
Source Category
FUEL COMB.-ELECTRIC UTILITY
FUEL COMB.-INDUSTRIAL
FUELCOMB.-OTHER
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
NON-ROAD SOURCES
MISCELLANEOUS*
Total
1994 National
Point
325
470
90
2,048
2,166
390
749
2
58
76
0
0
0
6,372
CO
Area
0
201
3,798
0
0
0
2
0
0
1,671
61,070
15,657
9245
97,647
Point
Total
325
671
3388
2,048
2,166
390
751
2
58
1.746
61,070
15,657
9245
98,077
and Area Emissions by Source Category and Pollutant
(thousand short tons)
NOA
Point Area Total Point
7,795 0 7,795 36
1,891 1,315 3206 117
100 627 727 10
291 0 291 1,121
84 0 84 77
95 0 95 214
324 5 328 332
303 1,162
3 0 3 514
20 65 85 8
0 7,530 7,530 0
0 3,095 3,095 0
0 374 374 1
70,604 73,077 23,675 3490
VOC
Area
0
17
705
456
0
417
79
5,151
1259
2265
6295
2255
684
79,584
Total
36
135
715
1577
77
630
411
6,313
1,773
2273
6295
2255
685
23,774
SO, .
Point Area
14,869 0
2,404 625
199 399
457 0
692 0
406 0
429 2
1 0
5 0
21 16
0 295
0 283
0 14
79,484 7,634
Total Point
14,869 265
3,029 207
599 16
457 64
692 141
406 26
431 377
1 2
5 59
37 8
295 0
283 0
14 10
27,778 7,778
PM-10
Area
1
30
513
0
0
0
13
0
0
242
311
411
42,733
44,255
Total
266
237
529
64
141
26
390
2
59
250
311
411
42,743
45,437
Emissions (percent)
Source Category
FUEL COMB.-ELECTRIC UTILITY
FUEL COMB.-INDUSTRIAL
FUELCOMB.-OTHER
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
NON-ROAD SOURCES
MISCELLANEOUS*
Total
Point
5.10
738
t.40
32.14
3359
6.11
11.75
0.03
051
1.19
0.00
0.00
0.00
700
_ .CO
Area
0.00
022
4.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
132
66.64
17.08
10.09
100
Total
033
0.68
357
2.09
221
0.40
0.77
0.00
0.06
1.78
6231
1557
9.43
100
NOA
Point Area Total Point
73.51 0.00 33.01 1.00
17.83 10.11 13.58 327
0.94 4.82 3.08 027
2.74 0.00 123 3122
0.80 0.00 0.36 2.13
0.89 0.00 0.40 555
3.05 0.04 1.39 924
0.02 0.00 0.01 3237
0.02 0.00 0.01 1431
0.19 0.50 0.36 022
0.00 57.87 31.88 0.00
0.00 23.79 13.10 0.00
0.00 2.88 1.59 0.02
700 700 700 700
_.VOC__
Area
0.00
0.09
3.60
233
0.00
2.13
0.41
2630
6.43
1157
32.14
1151
3.49
700
Total
0.16
0.58
3.08
630
033
2.72
1.77
2724
7.65
931
27.16
9.73
256
100
SO,
Point Area
76.32 0.00
12.34 3822
1.02 24.44
2.35 0.00
3.55 0.00
2.09 0.00
220 0.11
0.00 0.00
0.02 0.00
0.11 0.99
0.00 18.07
0.00 17.33
0.00 0.83
700 700
Total Point
70.41 2256
14.34 17.64
2.83 137
2.16 5.44
328 11.96
1.92 223
2.04 32.10
0.00 0.18
0.02 5.00
0.18 0.68
1.40 0.00
1.34 0.00
0.06 035
700 700
PM-10
Area
0.00
0,07
1,14
0.00
0,00
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
054
059
052
9656
700
Total
058
051
1.15
0.14
031
0.06
035
0.00
0,13
054
0.68
0.89
94.08
700
Note(s): Miscellaneous includes PM-1 0 natural sources.
^
i?
ง
~
^-
ง
?
|
tq
S
5-
Co
S'
3
1
|
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 2-2. 1994 State-level Carbon Monoxide Emissions and
Alphabetical Order of State Name
Rank by Major Category in
(thousand short tons)
Rank
14~~
41
23
31
1
28
37
48
51
3
6
49
32
9
10
35
19
26
13
42
29
22
8
24
27
16
38
39
40
43
21
33
5
11
46
4
30
20
7
47
25
45
17
2
36
50
15
12
34
18
44
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
On-Road
Vehicles
ilsi
144
802
642
5,329
1.004
636
161
88
3,220
2,103
223
333
2,541
1,791
755
686
1,062
905
363
1,017
1,354
2,648
1,171
724
1,473
252
440
330
311
1,423
635
2,841
1,923
193
2,889
976
680
2,561
208
973
222
1,458
4,486
587
186
1,716
1,176
451
1,450
198
61,070
Non-Road
Sources
278
0
334
141
1,767
287
156
38
24
927
444
0
73
524
288
162
154
221
457
23
288
321
286
296
262
481
62
98
107
22
373
135
722
451
39
569
192
197
636
51
233
51
357
1,856
142
11
360
331
97
294
41
15,657
Miscellaneous
435
353
553
113
675
84
5
1
1
524
924
27
619
19
20
10
912
39
275
5
7
13
12
20
303
48
425
126
107
3
21
181
23
128
56
17
47
779
18
2
207
26
47
278
192
1
49
443
46
10
15
9,245
Fuel Comb.-
Other
86
12
45
115
306
39
24
5
1
62
92
0
58
51
99
33
27
127
44
68
43
39
173
81
88
147
40
14
11
43
21
34
160
225
4
116
62
163
158
7
81
11
178
75
21
41
179
186
73
106
13
3,888
Metals
Processing
106
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
9
0
0
106
607
2
0
35
1
0
2
1
197
3
0
40
19
0
58
0
0
0
0
38
0
128
3
9
230
0
8
0
49
7
34
0
24
358
75
14
0
2,166
Remaining
Categories
194
0
43
132
321
36
19
45
3
109
230
1
18
146
124
46
110
81
860
30
28
53
140
115
122
165
32
22
11
22
38
34
99
149
19
327
106
48
112
7
81
17
153
881
28
7
62
114
276
109
64
5,990
Total
2,431
510
1,778
1,145
8,399
1,450
841
252
117
4,842
3,801
250
1,101
3,386
2,929
1,007
1,888
1,565
2,541
490
1,385
1,781
3,456
1,686
1,500
2,354
829
701
624
402
1,875
1,019
3,846
2,914
311
4,046
1,385
1,876
3,715
273
1,583
326
2,243
7,583
1,004
245
2,390
2,609
1,018
1,982
332
98,017
2-6 2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 2-3. 1994 State-level Nitrogen Oxide Emissions and Rank by Major Category in
Alphabetical Order of State Name
(thousand short tons)
Rank
16
49
23
34
2
26
41
46
51
7
12
47
42
5
4
32
20
11
9
44
27
31
8
22
28
13
39
37
40
43
24
33
10
14
38
3
21
36
6
48
29
45
15
1
35
50
17
25
19
18
30
State
Alabama
Alaska
An'zona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
Fuel Comb.-
Electric Utility
231
3
142
83
139
131
12
23
0
344
215
10
0
389
535
119
151
368
141
1
102
58
316
166
53
283
66
75
67
23
57
101
123
185
124
524
146
16
346
0
94
22
206
716
105
0
77
46
308
180
173
7,795
On-Road
Vehicles
162
15
114
88
714
108
88
22
10
361
261
23
43
297
216
95
87
139
114
47
138
145
290
152
97
191
34
55
38
39
177
68
353
241
24
331
123
100
305
22
128
30
180
540
58
23
222
156
63
177
27
7,530
Fuel Comb.-
Industrial
63
0
42
45
179
36
6
10
0
31
51
0
12
127
122
27
110
66
313
14
19
15
76
26
63
23
13
8
3
6
26
79
59
53
20
91
115
15
94
3
38
3
60
766
30
1
54
31
54
44
67
3,206
Non-Road
Sources
60
0
61
27
364
54
22
5
5
125
79
0
15
122
87
33
69
73
144
5
44
53
69
46
50
60
29
44
24
2
63
20
96
69
14
97
43
58
95
4
37
6
75
366
28
1
84
63
32
50
24
3,095
Fuel Comb.-
Otner
16
0
4
6
57
14
15
2
3
8
13
0
2
44
22
10
8
10
6
6
17
26
39
18
6
15
2
5
3
5
33
5
79
14
2
41
7
6
43
4
5
2
10
34
6
3
16
11
5
17
2
727
Remaining
Categories
41
10
29
15
80
7
1
1
0
36
52
1
37
22
29
13
39
17
60
2
12
4
17
8
52
45
29
5
9
1
25
18
11
18
3
27
25
37
32
0
16
2
48
189
25
0
23
59
12
6
14
1,263
Total
574
28
392
263
1,532
351
143
63
20
905
671
34
110
1,001
1,011
297
463
672
778
75
331
301
806
416
321
616
174
192
143
75
381
291
722
581
187
1,111
460
232
915
33
317
66
579
2,611
251
28
475
365
473
473
307
23,615
2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions 2-7
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 2-4. 1994
State-level Volatile Organic Compound Emissions and
Category in Alphabetical Order of State Name
Rank by Major
(thousand short tons)
Rank
18~~
47
29
31
2
32
34
39
51
7
11
50
38
4
13
33
25
24
12
41
28
23
9
21
26
19
40
35
42
45
16
36
3
8
43
6
27
30
5
46
10
44
14
1
37
49
15
22
17
20
48
State
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
Solvent
Utilization
112
0
69
69
588
73
67
25
11
229
140
0
23
347
223
95
78
90
75
25
96
166
280
159
88
158
20
51
20
25
160
25
348
278
33
304
68
63
307
29
94
31
165
370
36
14
214
100
76
188
9
6,313
On-Road
Vehicles
138
13
93
66
628
94
68
18
9
344
217
27
32
256
178
74
65
107
95
34
106
131
256
117
76
143
24
42
35
30
161
60
304
196
18
287
95
69
259
20
103
22
146
473
55
17
169
120
45
141
19
6,295
Waste Recycling
68
0
14
9
109
5
7
1
0
10
99
0
2
28
38
7
7
12
132
3
3
8
41
9
12
12
2
4
9
2
67
3
26
27
3
68
18
6
98
1
377
2
14
535
4
2
12
11
334
14
1
2,273
Non-Road
Sources
42
0
42
24
234
35
26
6
3
135
62
0
11
74
46
26
26
40
76
5
38
54
88
49
40
49
9
17
15
5
50
17
87
63
6
72
32
29
84
9
32
8
49
254
17
2
48
49
15
48
5
2,255
Storage and
Transport
25
0
22
34
83
21
12
5
1
67
50
0
11
73
44
26
33
25
49
11
26
28
41
44
39
37
11
18
8
7
66
17
97
63
11
53
28
17
54
4
22
11
25
297
15
4
48
35
14
31
8
1,773
Remaining
Categories
117
51
31
59
220
20
14
62
0
94
106
4
41
153
99
13
153
100
215
19
15
18
69
35
84
98
35
21
9
11
83
28
136
187
14
104
60
80
104
6
79
6
199
835
20
8
107
96
92
33
20
4,265
Total
503
64
272
261
1,862
248
194
116
25
878
674
31
120
931
628
242
361
374
641
97
284
406
775
413
340
497
100
153
95
80
586
150
997
813
86
888
301
265
907
70
707
80
600
2,764
148
47
597
412
576
455
61
23,174
2-8 2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 2-5. 1994 State-level Sulfur Dioxide Emissions and Rank by Major Category in
Alphabetical Order of State Name
(thousand short tons)
Rank
11
51
19
34
27
35
44
36
48
9
10
47
46
6
2
23
33
7
16
38
17
26
14
31
24
12
37
40
42
41
29
22
15
13
25
1
30
43
3
49
21
45
8
4
39
50
18
28
5
20
32
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
Fuel Comb.-
Electric Utility
527
1
136
66
4
88
26
44
2
713
683
19
0
849
1,310
165
70
959
120
5
271
138
386
89
94
532
22
55
55
51
88
66
251
389
144
2,075
100
15
1,111
0
187
33
753
533
34
0
178
74
1,087
191
78
14,869
Fuel Comb.-
Industrial
59
0
4
22
40
6
9
23
0
25
60
0
8
179
327
62
17
54
152
55
28
27
86
25
86
58
17
5
3
6
16
13
140
103
56
239
24
14
83
1
63
3
110
359
22
1
112
30
64
101
32
3,029
Metals Fuel Comb.- Chemical and
Processing Other Allied
9
0
145
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
4
0
0
16
49
0
0
8
14
0
5
0
4
2
0
67
28
0
0
0
0
137
4
0
0
18
0
3
33
0
1
0
23
40
12
0
7
28
30
1
2
692
50
0
1
1
9
3
16
3
4
9
2
0
3
23
40
17
0
7
5
13
29
29
13
9
2
13
1
0
1
6
21
2
83
15
3
33
1
5
46
4
4
1
7
14
6
3
20
8
3
10
2
599
17
0
40
2
5
0
0
3
0
30
5
0
17
37
4
0
2
4
84
0
6
0
0
3
22
3
3
0
0
0
6
14
1
8
8
5
2
0
1
0
0
0
9
95
0
0
5
0
4
1
9
457
Remaining
Categories
78
1
10
17
146
10
4
22
1
53
39
1
9
83
23
11
27
31
58
6
23
11
34
14
30
44
10
9
5
2
32
32
21
22
3
38
20
18
55
1
22
3
23
259
5
1
34
32
16
17
9
1,473
Total
740~
2
336
108
204
106
55
95
7
831
793
20
37
1,188
1,754
255
117
1,063
434
80
363
205
523
143
234
717
82
70
63
64
163
264
500
536
214
2,409
146
55
1,328
6
277
41
925
1,300
78
5
355
172
1,204
321
132
21,118
2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions 2-9
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 2-6. 1994 State-level Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions and Rank by Major Category
in Alphabetical Order of State Name
(thousand short tons)
Rank
22~
42
37
29
2
24
41
49
51
9
14
47
32
8
21
19
7
33
26
45
39
38
16
13
4
6
3
15
44
48
36
10
12
23
27
11
5
25
18
50
35
34
28
1
40
46
31
17
43
30
20
Note(s):
Unpaved
State Roads*
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohb
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
268
97
92
194
125
135
13
6
0
308
352
6
321
201
76
196
364
70
102
25
41
69
285
463
1,614
901
249
347
10
12
0
983
188
58
93
422
1,149
323
136
0
179
80
38
1,046
102
47
96
153
66
62
701
12,865
Construction Agricultural Tilling
215
71
136
108
1,452
368
149
28
17
763
330
71
53
578
205
84
87
137
335
34
242
230
305
172
48
237
44
49
80
39
324
109
627
340
39
405
168
210
368
33
157
38
221
1,600
150
21
199
482
24
179
36
12,397
44
0
14
147
92
144
2
6
0
11
65
0
103
503
255
533
520
124
68
8
24
2
108
397
101
298
222
357
8
2
6
29
63
61
473
218
195
54
88
0
25
365
103
475
22
7
43
109
13
174
35
6,716
Paved
Roads"
148
12
122
82
676
104
58
18
7
285
211
21
48
251
183
91
97
119
103
37
90
101
203
117
71
168
39
56
49
28
132
64
237
193
31
250
115
82
230
17
97
37
145
543
55
17
171
121
47
155
24
6,358
Unpaved road excludes unpaved airstrips and miscellaneous point sources which are
Paved road excludes
Remaining
Wind Erosion Categories
0
0
0
0
19
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
1
0
1
470
0
0
0
0
13
14
12
0
0
1,473
201
0
0
0
170
0
0
16
0
154
0
0
0
0
18
0
24
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,593
included in table 3-5 and
149
37
86
107
290
59
16
9
2
190
206
4
94
118
110
33
123
128
134
26
41
28
102
85
106
120
91
29
51
14
39
59
131
163
20
112
51
132
129
5
81
37
144
298
68
16
124
123
66
64
52
4,501
appendix A,
Total
825
217
448
638
2,654
811
238
68
25
1,557
1,164
103
625
1,651
830
937
1,661
579
742
131
439
444
1,017
1,246
1,939
1,725
2,118
1,040
199
94
501
1,414
1,247
815
672
1,407
1,833
801
950
55
539
575
651
3,986
397
106
632
988
217
635
847
45,431
table A-5.
miscellaneous point sources which are included in table 3-5 and appendix A, table A-5.
2-10 2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions
-------
Table 2-7. Ozone Nonattainment Areas with Approved 1990 Base Year Emissions or Areas Designated to Attainment
1
ra
(tons/day)
Nonattainment Area Name
Scranton-Wilkes-Barre, PA
Charleston, WV
GreenbrierCo.WV
Huntington, WV
Parkersburg, WV
Birmingham, AL
JacksonvlBe, FL
Miami-Fort Lauderdale-W. Palm Beach, FL
Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL
Ashland, KY
Edmonson Co, KY
Lexington-Fayette, KY
Owensboro, KY
Paducah, KY
Chartotte-Gastonia, NC
Greensboro-Winston Salem-High Point, NC
Raleigh-Durham, NC
Cherokee Co, SC
Knoxville, TN
Memphis, TN
Jersey Co, IL
Kansas City, MO-KS
St. Louis, MO-IL
Evansville, IN
Chicago-Gary-Lake County, IL-IN
Indianapolis, IN
Louisville, KY-IN
South Bend-Elkhart, IN
Detroit-Ann Arbor, Ml
Grand Rapids, Ml
Muskegon, Ml
Canton, OH '
Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY '
Cleveland-Akron-Lorain, OH '
Columbiana County, OH
Columbus, OH '
Dayton-Springfield, OH '
Prebte County, OH
SteubenvHIe, OH
Toledo, OH '
Youngstown, OH '
Door Co, Wl
Kewaunee Co, Wl
Manitowoc Co, Wl
Milwaukee-Racine, Wl
Sheboygan, Wl
Walworth Co, Wl
Lake Charles, LA
Dallas-Fort Worth, TX
El Paso, TX
Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX
Victoria County, TX
San Francisco Bay Area. CA
Carbon Monoxide
Point
283
[ 17
0
V 15
/ 8
180
V
/ 27
34
V
V NA
NA
/ 37
[ 14
V 45
V 5
V 1
V 0
V 3
/ 6
f NA
/
114
1
709
V" 221
8
V 1
V" 146
6
5
V 7
V 89
f 707
V
V" NA
V 6
/
/
V 5
V 19
NA
0
1
20
11
0
42
13
7
334
/
V" NA
Stationary On-Road Non-Road
Area Vehicles Sources Total
2
37
6
21
12
43
183
16
1
4
3
2
24
41
33
6
8
94
1
4
2
5
38
3
6
45
9
1
2
5
13
9
0
1
13
1
1
3
36
3
2
1
5
3
28
NA
435 193 913
222 49 324
16 7 30
285 31 351
64 18 101
450 135 808
2,566 838 3,613
943 366 1,358
2 25
84 59 146
26 21 86
10 7 31
346 122 537
558 152 757
384 108 526
65 3 74
296 69 376
295 169 564
10 6 16
282 108 508
155 41 199
771 78 1,564
732 148 1,138
107 37 155
250 56 313
3,058 863 4,112
445 124 584
115 37 157
189 63 261
793 275 1,162
1,402 808 2,930
581 438 1,028
534 25 565
378 14 398
294 88 413
19 21 40
9 5 14
52 16 71
976 300 1,332
53 19 86
64 22 89
117 75 235
2,838 1,117 3,973
327 112 449
2,413 1,270 4,045
2.529 665 3.194
Point
235
306
0
5
11
359
180
278
NA
2
82
6
30
23
4
1
9
140
96
3
303
54
45
11
735
118
17
40
280
245
NA
32
85
23
NA
0
3
131
56
1
119
109
33
781
116
Nitrogen Oxides
Stationary On-Road Non-Road
Area Vehicles Sources Total
1 72 38 346
29 27 14 375
7 3 1 11
25 23 12 64
14 7 5 36
31 55 24 469
no data available
17 255 94 546
13 113 41 444
no data available
NA NA 1 1
0 29 8 39
0 4 3 90
0 2 1 10
1 54 21 107
0 80 20 123
0 56 18 78
0 819
4 42 10 64
4 63 27 233
0 234
no data available
2 45 24 167
2 14 8 27
6 83 28 420
31 63 29 177
1 13 5 64
6 31 18 66
56 437 108 1,336
14 66 17 214
1 15 4 37
1 16 16 73
2 131 35 447
10 177 71 502
no data available
7 79 89 175
0 55 7 94
no data available
no data available
0 38 3 127
7 30 11 71
0 426
0 213
1 12 4 20
19 112 42 304
1 11 5 74
1 8 4 13
0 20 41 181
20 293 166 588
2 37 15 88
14 337 237 1,369
no data available
15 251 159 541
Point
115
16
0
21
87
62
29
20
NA
14
17
97
25
82
13
2
8
75
0
74
13
79
29
8
14
167
42
7
12
71
80
NA
37
59
16
NA
1
1
40
7
2
58
67
10
480
NA
Volatile Organic Compounds
Stationary On-Road Non-Road
Area Vehicles Sources Biogenlcs
26
21
3
12
7
43
295
99
1
14
5
2
38
63
41
4
29
76
3
34
13
42
49
11
42
252
39
10
19
65
121
54
23
5
28
6
2
9
133
10
8
7
174
27
229
NA
56 24
30 7
2 1
38 5
9 3
71 16
337 129
118 52
1
16 11
5 4
2 1
41 20
62 21
46 18
6 0
41 10
72 19
2 1
43 24
25 8
135 12
107 19
19 7
40 10
327 531
48 23
13 9
32 24
126 38
248 80
95 48
106 2
69 2
49 13
2 4
1 1
6 3
147 40
6 3
8 4
15 13
307 97
39 12
252 195
270 78
121
75
99
42
17
200
325
98
29
24
53
41
51
118
123
31
32
43
15
54
8
21
25
38
20
114
47
20
37
109
195
106
115
72
50
26
21
34
69
27
11
16
126
13
336
243
Total
341
150
106
118
122
392
1,116
387
31
80
83
143
176
346
241
43
120
285
21
228
67
289
230
82
126
1,391
199
59
124
408
725
303
284
207
157
38
26
52
430
52
32
110
771
100
1,492
591
NntafcV NA = not nvmlahlp ",/" maans thft O7one nnnattamment areas have been desianated to attainment as of .lulu 14 1QQ5 'Fvnftrtflri tn hซ raHaeinnatoH tn attainmnnt bv Ortnhar 1 1M5
|
f>*
1
a.
ju
^
"B
0
1=
1
l>ซ
i1
ฃ'
5'
a
?
<ซ
&
>*.
<ง
^
>-ซ
1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
Table 2-8. Predominant Industries Listed Among the Top 50 Plants from AIRS/AFS
Pollutant
CO
.#0*
voc
sot.
Industrial SO2
PM-10
Lead
Industry
Steel mills
Carbon black
Primary aluminum
Petroleum refining
Paper mills
Other
Electric utility
Petroleum refining
Organic chemicals
Cellulose
Steel mills
Other
Electric utility
Petroleum refining
Copper smelters
Steel mills
Chemical & allied products
Paper mills
Cement/concrete
Other
Electric utility
Steel mills
Metal mining
Stone, clay, glass, concrete
Other
Secondary nonferrous smelting
Steel mills
Gray iron: foundries
Copper smelters
Electric utility
Stone, clay, glass, concrete
Chemical & allied products
Other
SIC
3312
2895
3334
2911
26x1
various
4911
2911
2869
282x
3312
various
4911
29xx
333X
3312
28xx
2621
32xx
various
49x1
3312
10x1 & 1211
32XX
various
3341
331x
3321
333X
4911
32XX
28xx
various
Number of Plants
15
13
7
6
3
6
50
19
9
7
7
8
50
15
8
6
6
3
3
9
11
9
8
8
14
11
8
6
5
5
5
4
5
% Emissions
46
26
9
8
3
8
100
37
14
18
12
19
100
23
21
12
10
6
4
24
18
19
28
11
24
45
31
2
8
2
2
6
4
Note(s): x represents any digit 0 through 9
% emissions is the percentage of the plants emissions compared to the total emissions of the 50 plants.
The emissions in this table and tables 2-9 through 2-15 have not been incorporated into the emission report throughout the rest of the report
2-12 2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
1993
Rank
1
2
3
4
6
8
9
10
11
5
12
13
15
16
17
14
18
20
22
23
24
25
26
27
29
28
1994
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Table 2-9. Top 50 AIRS/AFS
Plant Name
USX Corporation - Edgar Thomson Works
Wheeling Pittsburgh Steel Steubenville
U.S. Steel Co Gary Works Part 2
Columbian Chemicals Co
Bethlehem Steel
ACME Steel Company
Cabot Corp Canl Pit
Gulf States Steel, Inc.
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
USX Corporation - Clairton Works
Columbian Chemical
Cabot Corp
Degussa Carbon Black Co
Cabot Corporation
Alcoa (Aluminum Co. of America)
Sid Richardson Carbon Company
Phillips 66 Company
J.M. Huber Corporation
Ashland Petroleum - St. Paul Park
Addis Plant Sid Richardson Rd
Ormet Corporation
LTV Steel Company
Noranda Aluminum, Incorporated
Degussa Corporation
E. I. Du Pont De Nemours and Company
Weirton Steel Corporation
Exxon Co USA Refinery
United Refining Co.
AK Steel Corporation
Witco Corp, Concarb Division
Columbian Chemicals Company
LTV Steel Company - Pittsburgh Works
Armco Inc
Bethlehem Steel Corporation
Inland Steel Rat Products
Murphy Oil USA
SCM Chemicals, Inc.-Ashtabula Plant 2
Great Southern Paper Woodlands Oper
Geneva Steel
Witco Corporation
Union Camp Corp
Inland-Rome Inc
Alcoa
Rhone-Poulenc Chem
Columbian Chemicals
Alcan Ingot & Recycling
Columbia Falls Aluminum
GM Powertrain Div.
Intalco Aluminum
Total Petroleum, Inc.
Plants Emitting Carbon Monoxide - 1994
State
PA
OH
IN
WV
MD
IL
LA
AL
PA
PA
LA
LA
LA
TX
IN
TX
TX
TX
MN
LA
OH
IN
MO
OH
TN
WV
LA
PA
OH
OK
KS
PA
PA
IN
IN
Wl
OH
GA
UT
TX
GA
GA
NC
WY
AR
KY
MT
OH
WA
Ml
County
Code
003
081
089
051
005
031
101
055
095
003
101
039
101
179
173
227
233
201
163
121
111
089
143
167
085
029
033
123
017
071
067
003
019
127
089
031
007
099
049
341
051
115
167
037
139
101
029
039
073
057
County
Allegheny
Jefferson
Lake
Marshall
Baltimore
Cook
St. Mary
Etowah
Northampton
Allegheny
St. Mary
Evangeline
St. Mary
Gray
Warrick
Howard
Hutchinson
Harris
Washington
West Baton Rouge
Monroe
Lake
New Madrid
Washington
Humphreys
Hancock
East Baton Rouge
Warren
Butler
Kay
Grant
Allegheny
Butler
Porter
Lake
Douglas
Ashtabula
Early
Utah
Moore
Chatham
Royd
Stanly
Sweetwater
Union
Henderson
Rathead
Defiance
Whatcom
Gratiot
NEDS
ID
0009
5006
9999
0019
0147
0823
0004
0008
0048
0011
0005
0001
0018
0001
0007
0002
0015
0021
0003
0006
5001
0318
0008
5015
0007
0001
0015
0003
5002
0703
0007
0022
0007
0001
0316
0095
5007
0001
0027
0003
0007
0021
0004
0001
0014
0029
0012
5008
0001
0009
SIC
3312
3312
3312
2895
3312
3312
2395
3312
3312
3312
2895
2895
2895
2895
3334
2895
2911
2895
2911
2895
3334
3312
3334
2895
2816
3312
2911
2911
3312
2895
2895
3312
3559
3312
3312
2911
2816
2631
3312
2895
2621
2631
3334
1474
2895
3334
3334
3321
3334
2911
Year
91
90
92
90
93
94
90
93
90
91
90
90
90
90
92
85
90
90
92
90
90
92
89
90
93
90
90
90
90
93
93
91
90
90
90
91
90
90
92
90
90
90
90
94
93
91
94
90
94
90
Emissions
(tons/year)
227,989
185,571
175,432
142,575
130,507
100,507
98,008
97,000
91,305
89,476
86,089
66,615
64,258
63,232
61,582
55,818
54,916
54,688
54,686
54,322
52,947
52,640
50,808
48,745
46,928
46,153
44,492
43,104
40,636
39,330
38,825
36,592
35,831
34,565
32,199
31,203
31,147
30,584
30,142
30,023
29,295
28,758
27,138
25,347
25,304
24,703
24,408
24,296
23,929
23,812
Note(s): These data were reported as found in AIRS/AFS. EPA recognizes that there may be inaccuracies and incompleteness in the data, and the
data may not accurately reflect the current emissions of facilities. However, it is the most recent information available from States.
The values presented in the "County Code" column are FIPS county codes.
The AIRS data are not the main basis for the emissbn estimates presented elsewhere in this report.
2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions 2-13
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
1993
Rank
2
1
4
3
5
6
7
9
11
12
13
10
26
14
15
16
17
18
19
21
23
30
27
25
28
29
1994
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Table 2-10. Top 50 AIRS/AFS
Plant Name
TVA
Texas Utilities Electric Company
TVA Cumberland Steam Plant
Detroit Edison Monroe
General James M. Gavin Plant
James M Stuart Elec Generating Station
Com Ed - Powerton Station
Indiana Kentucky Electric Corporation
Appalachian Power Co. John E. Amos Plant
Illinois Power Co - Baldwin Power Rant
Georgia Power Co Bowen Stm Elec Gen Station
Alabama Power Co E.C. Gaston
Com Ed - Kincaid Generating Station
CP&L Roxboro
Penn Power-Mansfield
Central Illinois Public Service
Kyger Creek Station Ohio Valley Bee Cor
PSI- Gibson
Ohio Edison Company W H Sammis Plant
Associated Electric Coop
Alabama Power Co Barry
Monongahela Power - Harrison
Duke Power Co Belews Creek Steam Station
Texas Utilities Mining Company
Pennsylvania Electric Co.-Conemaugh
Pennsylvania Electric Co.-Homer City
Pen Elec - Keystone
Muskingum River Plant
Georgia Power Co Branch Stm Elec Gen Station
West Penn Power Co.
PP&L-Montour
TVA Widows Creek
Detroit Edison St. Clair
TVA Colbert
PP&L-Brunner Island
Arizona Public Service, 4 Comers
Georgia Power Co Wansley Stm Elec Gen Station
Union Electric Company
New England Power Co
Badger Paper Mills Inc., Dayton Div.
Ohio Power-Kammer Plant
Indiana Michigan Power Company
PSE & G Co.
Salt River Project- Navajo Station
Alabama Power Gorgas
Ipalco - Petersburg
Monongahela Power - Pleasants
Padficorp - Jim Bridger
Virginia Power - Mount Storm
Houston Lighting & Power Company
Plants Emitting Nitrogen Oxides - 1994
State
KY
TX
TN
Ml
OH
OH
IL
IN
WV
IL
GA
AL
IL
NC
PA
IL
OH
IN
OH
MO
AL
WV
NC
TX
PA
PA
PA
OH
GA
PA
PA
AL
Ml
AL
PA
NM
GA
MO
MA
OH
WV
IN
NJ
AZ
AL
IN
WV
WY
WV
TX
County
Code
177
449
161
115
053
001
179
077
079
157
015
117
021
145
007
135
053
051
081
143
097
033
169
401
063
063
005
167
237
059
093
071
147
033
133
045
149
071
120
113
051
029
017
005
127
125
073
037
023
157
County
Muhlenberg
Titus
Stewart
Monroe
Gallia
Adams
Tazewell
Jefferson
Putnam
Randolph
Bartow
Shelby
Christian
Person
Beaver
Montgomery
Gallia
Gibson
Jefferson
New madrid
Mobile
Harrison
Stokes
Rusk
Indiana
Indiana
Armstrong
Washington
Putnam
Greene
Montour
Jackson
St. Clair
Colbert
York
San Juan
Heard
Franklin
South East Massach
Montgomery
Marshall
Dearborn
Hudson
Coconino
Walker
Pike
Pleasants
Sweetwater
Grant
Fort Bend
NEDS
ID
0006
0003
0011
0020
5002
5001
0053
0001
0006
0033
0011
0005
0048
0029
0005
0038
5001
0013
5010
0004
1001
0015
0004
0011
0001
0003
0012
5001
0008
0006
0003
0008
0024
0010
0020
0002
0001
0003
0061
5008
0006
0002
0021
0423
0001
0002
0005
1002
0003
0005
SIC
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
2621
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
Year
91
88
93
90
90
90
94
90
90
94
90
93
94
92
90
94
90
90
90
93
93
90
91
85
91
91
90
90
90
91
90
93
90
93
90
91
90
93
90
90
90
90
90
90
93
90
90
94
90
90
Emissions
(tons/year)
110,766
107,741
106,928
105,287
86,748
76,905
72,628
70,705
65,460
63212
63,131
62,359
61,323
58,339
57,962
57,687
57,462
57,063
54,153
53,299
52,409
50,726
50,560
49,392
47,648
47227
46,069
45,409
43^58
42,044
39,638
39203
38,871
38246
37,975
37,917
36,925
36,797
36,030
35,504
34,560
34,387
34,132
32,771
32,663
31,551
31257
30,975
30,690
30,496
Note(s): These data were reported as found in AIRS/AFS. EPA recognizes that there may be inaccuracies and incompleteness in the data, and the data
may not accurately reflect the current emissions of facililies. However, it is the most recent information available from States.
The values presented in the "County Code" column are FIPS county codes.
The AIRS data are not the main basis for the emission estimates presented elsewhere in this report.
1994 Rank numbers 25 and 26 are the same plant but have different NEDS ID'S.
2-14 2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 2-11. Top 50 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting Volatile Organic Compounds - 1994
1993 1994
Rank Rank Plant Name
2 1 Courtaulds No. America Inc
3 2 Tenn Eastman Co
4 3 Chemi-trol Chemical Co
5 4 BP Oil Company
5 BASF Fibers
6 Exxon Company USA
7 7 BP Chemicals Inc.
9 8 Lenzing Fibers Corporation
9 Star Enterprise
15 10 Farmland Industries, Inc. (Ref. Div.)
25 1 1 Chevron U.S.A. Products Company
30 12 Shell Oil Company
19 13 E.I. Dupont De Nemours & Company Inc
14 Coastal Refining And Marketing, Inc.
14 15 AK Steel Corporation
1 16 Air Products & Chemicals
16 17 ACME Steel Company-Chicago Coke Plant
18 Koch Refining
21 19 Roanoke Cement Company
20 Lion Oil Company
11 21 Wheeling-Pitt (Follansbee)
23 22 Impression Coatings
17 23 Exxon Co USA Refinery
13 24 LTV Steel Company - Pittsburgh Works
24 25 Tenn Eastman Co
26 Eastman Chemical Company
27 BASF Corporation
28 Cape Industries
29 Mobil Oil Corporation
30 Amoco Chemicals Co
31 The Dow Chemical Company
32 Dupont Washington Works
33 Shell Oil Co Wood River Mfg Complex
19 34 E. I. Dupont De Nemours and Company
35 Amoco Oil Company
36 Witco Corp, Concarb Division
37 Weirton Steel Corporation
38 Huntsman Corporation
39 Kodak Park Div
40 Sun Refining & Marketing Co.
41 F.M. Thorpe Manfacturing
42 Union Carbide Corporation
18 43 E.I. Dupont
44 Citgo Petroleum Corp
45 Inland Steel Rat Products
46 Bethlehem Steel Corporation
47 Fina Oil and Chemical Company
48 Phibro Energy USA, Inc.
49 Phillips 66 Company
50 Shell Oil Co Refinery
Note(s): These data were reported as found in AIRS/AFS. EPA recognize
data may not accurately reflect the current emissions of facilities.
County
State Code County
AL 097 Mobile
TN 163 Sullivan
OH 143 Sandusky
OH 095 Lucas
TN 063 Hamblen
TX 201 Harris
OH 003 Allen
TN 063 Hamblen
TX 245 Jefferson
KS 125 Montgomery
TX 245 Jefferson
TX 201 Harris
TX 245 Jefferson
TX 355 Nueces
OH 017 Butler
KY 157 Marshall
IL 031 Cook
MN 037 Dakota
VA 023 Botetourt
AR 139 Union
WV 009 Brooke
OH 091 Logan
LA 033 East Baton Rouge
PA 003 Allegheny
TN 163 Sullivan
TX 203 Harrison
TX 039 Brazoria
NC 129 New Hanover
TX 245 Jefferson
AL 103 Morgan
TX 039 Brazoria
WV 107 Wood
IL 119 Madison
TX 361 Orange
TX 167 Galveston
OK 071 Kay
WV 029 Hancock
TX 245 Jefferson
NY 055 Monroe
PA 045 Delaware
MO 011 Barton
TX 057 Calhoun
NC 019 Brunswick
LA 019 Calcasieu
IN 089 Lake
IN 127 Porter
TX 227 Howard
TX 167 Galveston
TX 233 Hutchinson
LA 089 St. Charles
NEDS
ID SIC Year
5002 2823 92
1007 2819 93
5017 3443 90
5046 29,11 90
0022 2824 90
0027 2911 90
5006 2819 90
0197 2823 92
0020 2911 90
0003 2911 93
0004 2911 90
0039 2911 90
0003 2869 90
0018 2911 85
5002 3312 90
0009 2821 91
1302 3312 94
0011 2911 92
0003 3241 94
0016 2911 94
0002 3312 93
5008 3079 90
0015 2911 90
0022 3312 91
1004 2824 93
0019 2869 90
0017 2869 90
0083 2869 90
0018 2911 90
0002 2869 92
0041 2869 90
0001 2821 90
0104 2911 94
0002 2869 90
0001 291 1 90
0703 2895 93
0001 3312 90
0006 2869 90
0258 3861 90
0025 2911 91
0006 2541 86
0003 2869 90
0013 2824 90
0016 2911 90
0316 3312 90
0001 3312 90
0001 2911 90
0007 2911 90
0015 2911 90
0002 2911 90
>s that there may be inaccuracies and incompleteness in the data,
Emissions
(tons/year)
22,349
17,824
17,190
15,337
12,789
12,601
12,583
11,850
11,341
11,241
10,983
10,485
9,233
9,216
9,006
8,552
8,386
8,250
7,941
7,831
7,821
7,486
7,416
6,986
6,978
6,956
6,802
6,684
6,634
6,427
6,259
6,098
6,037
6,025
5,972
5,721
5,624
5,560
5,510
5,489
5,421
5,314
5,262
5,231
5,166
5,158
5,152
4,748
4,724
4,708
and the
However, it is the most recent information available from States.
The values presented in the '^County Code" column are FIPS county codes.
The AIRS data are not the main basis for the emission estimates
presented elsewhere in this report.
2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions 2-15
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 2-12. Top 50 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting Sulfur Dioxide - 1994
1993 1994
Rank Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
11
17
12
14
15
16
18
20
21
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
7
13
Note(s):
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Plant Name
General James M. Gavin Plant
TVA Cumberland Steam Plant
Georgia Power Co Bowen Stm Elec Gen Station
Monongahela Power - Harrison
Indiana Kentucky Electric Corporation
PSI - Gibson
Kyger Creek Station Ohio Valley Elec Corp
Georgia Power Co Wansley Stm Elec Gen Station
Muskingum River Plant
Illinois Power Co - Baldwin Power Plant
West Penn Power Co.
Pennsylvania Electric Co.
James M Stuart Elec Generating Station
Ohio Edison Company W H Sammis Plant
Central Illinois Public Service
Alabama Power Co E.G. Gaston
Ohio Power-Kammer Plant
Cardinal Operating Company
Virginia Power - Mount Storm
Alcoa Generating Corp.
Pen Elec - Keystone
PP&L - Montour SES
Georgia Power Co Yates Stm Elec Gen Station
TVA-Gallatin
CEI - Eastlake
Detroit Edison Monroe
Columbus Southern Power - Conesville
Union Electric Company
TVA Kingston Steam Plant Kingston
PP & L - Brunner Island
Texas Utilities Electric Company
Associated Electric Coop
PSI - Cayuga
TVA Johnsonville Steam Plant
Com Ed - Kincaid Generating Station
Kentucky Utilities
Pennsylvania Electric Co.
CG&E W.C. Beckjord Station
Cincinnati Gas & Electric Co.
Alabama Power Gorgas
Georgia Power Co Branch Stm Elec Gen Station
CP&L Roxboro
Texas Utilities Mining Company
Indiana Michigan Power Company
Duke Power Co Belews Creek Steam Station
Electric Energy, Inc. - Joppa Steam Elec. Station
Monongahela Power - Fort Martin
Liloo - Northport
Appalachian Power Co. John E. Amos Plant
Atlantic City Elec
County
State Code
OH 053
TN 161
GA 015
WV 033
IN 077
IN 051
OH 053
GA 149
OH 167
IL 157
PA 059
PA 063
OH 001
OH 081
IL 135
AL 117
WV 051
OH 081
WV 023
IN 173
PA 005
PA 093
GA 077
TN 165
OH 085
Ml 115
OH 031
MO 071
TN 145
PA 133
TX 449
MO 143
IN 165
TN 085
IL 021
KY 041
PA 063
OH 025
OH 061
AL 127
GA 237
NC 145
TX 401
IN 029
NC 169
IL 127
WV 061
NY 103
WV 079
NJ 009
County
Gallia
Stewart
Bartow
Harrison
Jefferson
Gibson
Gallia
Heard
Washington
Randolph
Greene
Indiana
Adams
Jefferson
Montgomery
Shelby
Marshall
Jefferson
Grant
Warrick
Armstrong
Montour
Coweta
Sumner
Lake
Monroe
Coshocton
Franklin
Roane
York
Titus
New Madrid
Vermillion
Humphreys
Christian
Carroll
Indiana
Clermont
Hamilton
Walker
Putnam
Person
Rusk
Dearborn
Stokes
Massac
Monongalia
Suffolk
Putnam
Cape May
NEDS
ID
5002
0011
0011
0015
0001
0013
5001
0001
5001
0033
0006
0001
5001
5010
0038
0005
0006
5002
0003
0002
0012
0003
0001
0025
5012
0020
5001
0003
0013
0020
0003
0004
0001
0011
0048
0010
0003
5001
5052
0001
0008
0029
0011
0002
0004
0014
0001
1922
0006
0001
Emissions
SIC Year (tons/year)
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4931
4931
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
90
93
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
94
91
91
90
90
94
93
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
89
90
90
90
93
93
90
88
93
92
93
94
91
91
90
90
93
90
92
85
90
91
94
90
90
90
87
373,413
346,171
305,302
292,039
281,423
273,037
249,143
248,651
245,099
233,768
194,558
186,356
173,828
169,131
166,111
156,480
155,170
148,751
141,490
135,281
134,880
132,450
129,844
128,724
128,547
128,539
128,227
119,139
117,387
117,104
112,882
111,338
109,973
108,643
107,327
107,213
105,308
104,643
103,015
102,259
101,222
97,043
94,228
90,636
90,144
87,890
84,906
84,639
84,517
83,987
These data were reported as found in AIRS/AFS. EPA recognizes that there may be inaccuracies and incompleteness in the data, and the
data may not accurately reflect the current emissions of facilities.
However, it is the most recent information available from
States.
The values presented in the "County Code" column are FIPS county codes.
The AIRS data are not the main basis for the emission estimates presented elsewhere in this report.
2-16 2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 2-13. Top 50 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting Sulfur Dioxide from
Industrial Sources -1994
1993
Rank
1
2
4
3
5
11
6
7
8
10
9
12
15
16
17
20
18
19
21
22
25
28
29
1994
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Plant Name
Aluminum Company of America
Copper Range Company
Asarco, Inc.
Asarco, Inc.
Shell Oil Co Wood River Mfg Complex
Asarco, Inc.
Dakota Gasification Company
Phelps Dodge/Hidalgo Smelter
USS/Kobe Steel Co. - Lo'rain Works
The Doe Run Company - Smelting Division
Star Enterprise, Delaware City Plant
Mead Corporation
Kodak Park Div
Kennecott Main Stack, Smelter
AK Steel Corporation
Phelps Dodge/Chino Mines
Exxon Co., U.S.A.-Big Escambia CK
Mobil Oil Corp
Bethlehem Steel Corporation
Agrico - Uncle Sam Plant
Mobil Joliet Refining Corp
Wheeling Pittsburgh Steel Steubenville
Inland Steel Rat Products Part 2
Eastman Chemical Company / Main Facility
Lafarge Corporation Great Lakes Region
Fort Howard Corporation
Uno-ven Company
Shell Western E & P
Adm Com Processing - Clinton
Ampro Fisheries
Reynolds Metals Co.
Union Camp Corp/Fine Paper Div
Chevron U.S.A. Products Company
Pekin Energy Company
Clark Oil & Refining Corporation
Asarco, Inc.
Mobil Oil Corporation
PPG Industries
Phillips 66 Company
Magma Copper Co.
Conoco, Inc.
Grain Processing Corp
Texas Industries, Inc.
US DOE Y-1 2 Plant
Total Petroleum, Inc.
Wheeling Pitts Stl Steubenville North
Great Lakes Carbon Corporation
Rna Oil And Chemical Company
Citgo Petroleum Corp
Lafarge Corporation
County
State Code
TX
Ml
MO
TX
IL
AZ
ND
NM
OH
MO
DE
OH
NY
UT
OH
NM
AL
NJ
IN
LA
IL
OH
IN
TN
Ml
Wl
IL
MS
IA
VA
LA
VA
TX
IL
IL
MT
TX
WV
TX
AZ
OK
IA
TX
TN
OK
OH
TX
TX
LA
TX
331
131
093
141
119
007
057
023
093
099
003
141
055
035
017
017
053
015
127
093
197
081
089
163
007
009
197
121
045
133
033
093
245
179
031
049
245
051
233
021
071
139
139
001
019
081
245
227
019
439
County
Milam
Ontonagon
Iron
El Paso
Madison
Gila
Mercer
Hidalgo
Lorain
Jefferson
New Castle
Ross
Monroe
San Lake
Butler
Grant
Escambia
Gloucester
Porter
St. James
Will
Jefferson
Lake
Sullivan
Alpena
Brown
Will
Rankin
Clinton
Northumberland
East Baton Rouge
Isle of Wight
Jefferson
Tazewell
Cook
Lewis and Clark
Jefferson
Marshall
Hutchinson
Pinal
Kay
Muscatine
Ellis
Anderson
Carter
Jefferson
Jefferson
Howard
Calcasieu
Tarrant
NEDS
ID
0001
0002
0008
0001
0104
0615
0013
0003
5004
0003
0016
5001
0258
OCX
5002
0001
0007
0006
0001
0004
0089
5006
0317
0003
0010
0328
0077
0036
0030
0018
0021
0006
0004
0044
2448
0001
0018
0002
0015
0102
0202
0025
0009
1020
0209
5008
0023
0001
0016
0024
SIC Year (tons/year)
3334
1021
3332
3331
2911
3331
1311
3331
3312
2819
2911
2621
3861
3331
3312
3331
1311
2911
3312
2874
2911
3312
3312
4961
3241
2621
2911
2819
2075
2077
2999
2621
2911
2869
2911
3332
2911
2819
2911
3331
2911
2869
3241
3499
2911
3312
2999
2911
2911
3273
90
90
93
90
94
93
94
91
90
93
92
90
90
92
90
95
93
87
90
90
94
90
90
93
90
91
94
86
85
94
90
94
90
94
94
94
90
85
90
93
90
85
90
93
88
90
90
90
90
85
67,364
65,156
47,709
47,341
40,063
36,961
36,596
34,592
34,467
34,254
33,923
33,921
32,718
30,047
29,132
28,058
27,194
26,240
26,029
25,727
24,837
22,714
21,242
19,236
18,851
18,836
18,021
17,116
17,017
17,010
16,628
16,141
15,500
14,859
14,791
14,746
14,628
14,422
14,063
14,051
13,631
13,605
13,068
12,800
12,360
11,815
11,587
11,531
11,466
11,308
Note(s): These data were reported as found in AIRS/AFS. EPA recognizes that there may be inaccuracies and incompleteness in the data,
data may not accurately reflect the current emissions of facilities. However, it is the most recent information available from States.
The values presented in the "County Code" column are FIPS county codes.
The AIRS data are not the main basis for the emission estimates presented elsewhere in this report.
2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions 2-17
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 2-14. Top 50 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting Paniculate Matter (PM-10) - 1994
1993 1994
Rank Rank
4
1
5
6
8
9
11
12
13
17
19
26
21
24
25
30
2
Note(s)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Plant Name
Nemo Coal, Inc.
LTV Steel Mining - Hoyt Lakes Taconite
Inland Steel Flat Products Part 2
Asarco, Inc.
Eveleth Mines - Fairlane Plant
Bethlehem Steel Corporation
Pacificorp - Jim Bridger
Trade Waste Incinerator Inc
Kennecott Main Stack, Smelter
Inland Steel Rat Products
Peabody Coal Co Midwest Division
Central Soya Company Inc
Pacificorp - Centralia Plant
Imperial Products Corp
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Lafarge Corporation Great Lakes Region
KPL Gas Service (JEC)
PP&L - Montour SES
A E Staley Manufacturing Co
ACME Steel Company
Cumberland Municipal Utility
Inland Steel Mining
Champion International Corp.
Caruthersville Shipy
Copper Range Company
Northern States Power
US Steel - Ore Operation
Pacificorp Naughton Power Plant
Lone Star Industries, Inc
Craig Industries
Pacificorp - Dave Johnston
Rouge Steel Company
Cargill Inc - Commodity Marketing Div
Granite City Steel Company
Harborlite Corp, Superior Plant
Glasgow, Inc.
U S Steel Co Gary Works Part 2
GAF Chemicals Corporation
Corson Lime Co., Div. of Rangaire
Lehigh Portland Cement Co
Gamett Wood Products
PP & L - Brunner Island
Carolina Power and Light
LTV Steel Company, Inc. (Republic)
Lehigh Portland Cement Co
Asarco, Inc. Ray Mine
Pacific P&l Wyodak
Medusa Cement Co.
Roanoke Cement Company
International Paper Company-Androscoggin
: These data were reported as found in AIRS/AFS.
County
State Code
Mb
MN
IN
AZ
MN
IN
WY
IL
UT
IN
IL
IN
WA
MO
PA
Ml
KS
PA
IL
IL
Wl
MN
Ml
MO
Ml
MN
MN
WY
IN
MO
WY
Ml
IL
IL
AZ
PA
IN
Wl
PA
IA
MO
PA
NC
IL
IN
AZ
WY
PA
VA
ME
175
137
089
019
137
127
037
163
035
089
157
001
041
035
095
007
149
093
115
031
005
137
043
155
131
141
137
023
133
203
009
163
031
119
021
091
089
075
091
033
091
133
021
031
093
021
005
073
023
007
County
Randolph
St. Louis
Lake
Pima
St. Louis
Porter
Sweetwater
St. Clair
Salt Lake
Lake
Randolph
Adams
Lewis
Carter
Northampton
Alpena
Pottawatomie
Montour
Macon
Cook
Barren
St. Louis
Dickinson
Pemiscot
Ontonagon
Sherburne
St. Louis
Lincoln
Putnam
Shannon
Converse
Wayne
Cook
Madison
Final
Montgomery
Lake
Marinette
Montgomery
Cerro Gordo
Howell
York
Buncombe
Cook
Lawrence
Pinal
Campbell
Lawrence
Botetourt
Franklin
NEDS
ID
0015
0009
0317
0001
0113
0001
1002
0103
0030
0316
0034
0005
0010
0004
0048
0010
0001
0003
0018
0823
0586
0062
0014
0030
0002
0004
0005
0004
0002
0006
0001
0188
1225
0153
0108
0021
9999
0435
0034
0035
0010
0020
0628
1221
0002
0066
0046
0024
0003
0021
SIC
1211
1011
3312
1021
1011
3312
4911
4953
3331
3312
1222
2075
4911
2861
3312
3241
4911
4911
2046
3312
4931
1011
2611
3731
1021
4911
1011
4911
3272
2861
4911
3312
5153
3312
3295
1422
3312
3999
3274
3241
2421
4911
4911
3312
3241
1021
4911
3272
3241
2611
EPA recognizes that there may be inaccuracies and incompleteness in
Year (tons/year)
"87 ^^
92
90
92
92
90
94
94
92
90
94
90
93
93
90
90
93
90
94
94
92
92
90
87
90
92
92
94
92
93
94
90
94
94
90
91
92
90
91
90
93
90
89
94
90
93
94
91
94
90
the data,
11,562
8,852
6,404
5,920
4,778
4,161
3,972
3,936
3,616
3,553
3,371
3,129
2,944
2,789
2,721
2,712
2,662
2,585
2,568
2,326
2,307
2,301
2,261
2,249
2,181
2,141
2,074
2,029
1,992
1,974
1,949
1,910
1,876
1,875
1,874
1,862
1,826
1,785
1,779
1,761
1,703
1,677
1,658
1,653
1,648
1,620
1,603
1,594
1,593
1,592
data may not accurately reflect the current emissions of facilities. However, it is the most recent information available from States.
The values presented in the "County Code" column are FIPS county codes.
The AIRS data are not the main basis for the emission estimates presented elsewhere in this report.
2-18 2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 2-15. Top 50 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting Lead
1993
Rank
1
2
3
4
10
5
12
13
16
18
20
23
24
25
29
30
1994
Rank Plant Name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Refined Metals Corp
Granite City Steel Company
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc.
Northwestern Steel & Wire Co.
The Doe Run Company - Smelting Division
Asarco, Inc.
Chemetco
The Doe Run Company
R. Lavin & Sons, Inc.
Gopher Smelting & Refining
Tnemec Company Inc
Continental Cement
PPG Industries Inc., Works No 14
Asarco, Inc.
Asarco, Inc.
C R Huntley Steam Station
Haeger Potteries, Inc.
Refined Metals Corp
Northwest Waste To Energy
Asarco, Inc.
Niagara Mohawk Power Corp. Dunkirk
Keystone Steel & Wire Division
Wirco Casting
Briggs Plumbingware, Inc.
ACME Steel Company-Chicago Coke Plant
Pilot Battery Inc
Northern States Power
Taraoorp Industries, Inc.
ACME Steel Company
Copper Range Company
Ford Motor Co Cleve Casting Plant
Gaston Copper Recycling
Clow Corp Cast Iron Pipe Foundry Div
Steel Of W Va Inc
Ipalco - Stout
Illinois Power Co - Baldwin Power Plant
Dai-tile Corporation
Cyprus Copper Company
Akzo Coatings, Inc
Central Foundry Division G M C
Goudey Station Johnson
Eagle-Picher Industries Inc
Coastal Eagle Poi
General Battery Corp. (Exkde Corporation)
Bremen Castings Inc
GM-Powertrain Division
National Steel Corp Great Lakes Division
Briggs, Plumbingware, Inc
G.N.B., Inc.
Rouge Steel Company
State
IN
IL
IL
IL
MO
MO
IL
MO
IL
MN
MO
IL
IL
TX
NE
NY
IL
TN
IL
MT
NY
IL
IL
IL
IL
IL
MN
IL
IL
Ml
OH
SC
OH
WV
IN
IL
TX
AZ
IL
OH
NY
MO
NJ
IN
IN
IL
Ml
IL
TX
Ml
County
Code County
097
119
031
195
099
093
119
093
097
037
047
031
115
141
055
029
089
157
031
049
013
143
163
095
031
091
141
119
031
131
035
063
031
011
097
157
113
007
031
039
007
097
015
035
099
183
163
033
085
163
Marion
Madison
Cook
Whrteside
Jefferson
Iron
Madison
Iron
Lake
Dakota
Clay
Cook
Macon
El Paso
Douglas
Erie
Kane
Shelby
Cook
Lewis and Clark
Chautauqua
Peoria
St. Clair
Knox
Cook
Kankakee
Sherbume
Madison
Cook
Ontonagon
Cuyahoga
Lexington
Coshocton
Cabell
Marion
Randolph
Dallas
Gila
Cook
Defiance
Broome
Jasper
Gloucester
Delaware
Marshall
Vermilion
Wayne
Crawford
Collin
Wayne
-1994
NEDS
ID
0036
0153
1199
0070
0003
0008
0128
0009
0084
0016
0075
0035
0104
0001
0020
1700
0065
0212
1478
0001
0325
0136
0128
0001
1302
0088
0004
0039
1220
0002
5100
0023
5003
0009
0033
0033
0025
0898
0622
5008
0292
0020
0004
0028
0001
0078
0092
0030
0001
0188
SIC
3341
3312
3341
3315
2819
3332
3341
3332
3341
3341
2851
5039
3211
3331
3341
4911
3269
3341
4953
3332
4911
3315
3321
3261
3312
3691
4911
3341
3312
1021
3321
3341
3321
3312
4911
4911
3253
3331
2893
3321
3573
2816
2911
3341
3321
3321
3312
3261
3341
3312
Emissions
Year (tons/year)
87
94
94
94
93
93
94
90
94
92
93
85
94
90
93
85
94
85
94
94
85
94
94
94
94
94
92
94
94
90
85
91
85
85
90
94
90
93
85
85
85
93
85
92
90
94
90
94
90
90
715
689
303
144
122
115
108
53
48
48
41
37
35
34
27
24
22
20
19
18
18
18
16
14
13
13
13
12
11
11
11
8
8
8
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
Note(s): These data were reported as found in AIRS/AFS. EPA recognizes that there may be inaccuracies and incompleteness in the data, and the
data may not accurately reflect the current emissions of facilities. However, it is the most recent information available from States.
The values presented in the "County Code" column are FIPS county codes.
The AIRS data are not the main basis for the emission estimates presented elsewhere in this report.
2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions 2-19
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Figure 2-1. 1994 National CARBON MONOXIDE and NITROGEN OXIDE
Emissions by Principal Source Categories
CARBON MONOXIDE
On-Road Vehicles/light trucks
15%
Remaing Categories'
7%
Metals Processing
2%
Fuel Comb-Other
4%
Miscellaneous"
9%
On-Road Vehicles/heavy duty diesel
1%
On-Road Vehicles/light duty vehicles
40%
On-Road Vehicles/heavy duty gas
5%
Non-Road Sources
16%
Remaining Categories
5%
Electri Utility/coal-bituminous
19%
Fuel Comb-lndustnal
14%
Electric Utility/coal-subbituminous
9%
Non-Road Sources
13%
Electric Utility/other
5%
Fuel Comb-Other
3%
On-Road Vehicles
32%
* Remaining Categories are defined in section 2.1
** Miscellaneous is primarily wildfire emissions.
NITROGEN OXIDES
2-20 2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions
-------
fj
O
on
c
I
m
Figure 2-2. 1994 National VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emission Estimates by Source Category
Solvent Utilization/surface coating
Remaining Categories*
18%
Solvent Utilization/nonindustrial
9%
Storage & Transport
8%
Solvent Utilization/degreasing
Solvent Utilization/other
3%
Non-Road Sources
10%
On-Road Vehicles
27%
Waste Disposal & Recycling
10%
More details are displayed in figure 2-3.
1
-------
VI
c
3
3ฐ
s
Figure 2-3. Breakdown of Major 1994 National VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emission Sources
Remaining Categories
Chemical mfg
Fuel Comb. - other
Miscellaneous
(primarily wildfires)
Petroleum Industry
Other Industrial
Fuel Comb.-lndustrial
Metals Processing and
Fuel Comb.-Electric Utility
1200 1600
Emissions (thousand short tons)
Emissions (thousand short tons)
* all othen sources that use specific solvents on nonspecific surfaces
** general: sources that use nonspecific solvents on nonspecific surfaces
o
3>.
Surface Coating
architectural
industrial adhesives
all other*
general**
wood furniture
auto refinishing
paper
traffic markings
thinning solvents
miscellaneous
metal cans
maintenance coatings
electronic & other electrical
autos & light trucks
metal coil
metal furniture
fabrics
aircraft
machinery
large appliances
large ships
misc. metal parts
plastic parts
flatwood products
railroad
magnet wire
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Figure 2-4. 1994 National SULFUR DIOXIDE and PARTICULATE
MATTER (PM-10) Emissions by Principal Source Categories
SULFUR DIOXIDE
Electric Utility/other
Electric Utility/coal-subbituminous5%
Metals Processing
3%
Fuel Comb-Industrial
14%
Fuel Comb-Electric Utility
70%
Chemical & Allied Mfg
2%
Remaining Categories'
7%
Fuel Comb-Other
3%
Electric Utility/coal-bituminous
56%
PAR1TCULATE MATTER (PM-10)
Fugitive Oust/paved roads
14%
Fugitive dust/agricultural crops*****
15%
Fugitive Dust/construction"
27%
Natural Sources/wind erosion***
6%
Point and Fugitive Process Sources"
8%
Remaining Fugitive Dust******
2%
Fugitive Dust/unpaved roads
28%
Note(s):
Remaining categories are defined in section 2.1.
Construction emissions represent the majority of the miscellaneous-fugitive dust-other category as presented in appendix A, table A-5.
* Natural sources/wind erosion emissions are discussed as fugitive dust sources throughout this report.
'** Point and fugitive process sources are all sources except the fugitive dust sources.
***** Presented In appendix A, table A-5 as miscellaneous-agriculture & forestry-agricultural crops.
*** Includes miscellaneous-agriculture & forestry-agricultural livestock and miscellaneous-fugitive dust-other excluding construction.
2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions 2-23
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Figure 2-5. 1994 National LEAD Emissions by Principal Source Categories
Fuel Comb-Other
8%
On-Road Vehicles
28%
Waste Disposal & Recycling
17%
Remaining Categories*
5%
Non-Road Sources
4%
Metals Processing
38%
other
primary zinc production
primary copper production
lead cable coating
secondary copper production
lead battery manufacture
secondary lead production
primary lead production
Nonferrous Ferrous
Processing Processing
Nonferrous Processing
Remaining Categories are defined in section 2.1.6.
* not elsewhere classified
Metals Processing
1,200
2-24 2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Figure 2-6. 1994 Emission Estimates by State and Pollutant for the
Top 10 States Emitting Each Pollutant
California
Florida
3 6
Percentage of Total Emissions
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Michigan
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Oklahoma
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
West Virginia
2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions 2-25
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Figure 2-7. Density Map of 1994 CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions
Emission Density
| High
Above Average
Average
Below Average
DLow
ALL SOURCES
RESIDENTIAL WOOD
BURNING SOURCES
2-26 2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Figure 2-8. Density Maps of 1994 NITROGEN OXIDE and
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions
High
Above Average
Average
Below Average
QLow
VOLATILE
ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions 2-27
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Figure 2-9. Density Maps of 1994 SULFUR DIOXIDE and
PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions
Emission Density
High
Above Average
Average
Below Average
D Low
PARTICULATE
MATTER (PM-10)
Note(s): 1994 emissions except 1990 PM-10 Fugitive Dust-paved and unpaved road emissions for Mississippi.
The data used to estimate emissions for Mississippi is currently under review.
2-28 2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Figure 2-10. Ozone Nonattainment Areas with Approved 1990 Base
Year Emissions by Classification and Major Sources
80
Severe-17 (3)
CARBON MONOXIDE
Moderate (21)
Classification
All Classifications
Severe-17 (3)
NITROGEN OXIDES
Moderate (21) Marginal (21)
Classification
All Classifications
Moderate (21)
Classification
All Classifications
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Stationary Area
Note(s): Numbers in parenthesis are the number of areas within each classification.
2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions 2-29
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Figure 2-11. Ozone Nonattamment Areas with Approved
1990 Base Year Emissions by Major Sources and Locations
Source Categories
Point
Stationary Area
On-Road
Non-Road
I | Biogenics
VOLATILE
ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
2-30 2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Figure 2-12. Top 50 Plant Emissions as Reported to AIRS/AFS by Pollutant
VOLATILE
ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
SULFUR DIOXIDE:
electric utility
PARTICULATE
MATTER (PM-10)
SULFUR DIOXID
industrial
''IT'High
Medium
* Low
State Shading
States with plants
2.0 Summary of 1994 Emissions 2-31
-------
Chapter 3.0
Summary of National Emission
Trends and Economic,
Demographic, and Regulatory
Influences on Historic Trends in
Emissions
This chapter of the report summarizes estimates of historical
trends in criteria air pollutant emissions for the period 1900 through
1994. The CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10 emissions for the
years 1990 through 1994 are preliminary and will be revised as
ozone SIP inventory information becomes available. The 1994
emissions for Pb are also preliminary and will be revised for the
1996 Trends report. The 1993 Pb emissions, reported as
preliminary emissions in the previous report, have been revised.1
The level and composition of economic activity in the nation,
demographic influences, and the impact of regulatory efforts to
control emissions affect historic trends in criteria air pollutant
emissions. A general discussion and figures depicting significant
economic, demographic, and regulatory influences on emission
trends are included in the following section to provide additional
insight to air pollutant emissions trends.
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The national emissions for each of the criteria air pollutants
are presented in tables 3-1 through 3-6. For CO, NOX, VOC, SO2,
and PM-10 emissions are shown for the beginning year in each
decade for the period 1940 through 1990 and for the years 1993
and 1994. Emissions of Pb are reflected in table 3-6 for every 5
years between 1970 and 1990 and for the years 1993 and 1994.
The emissions are provided by Tier 1 source category and for Tier
2 and Tier 3 source categories for sources that are major
contributors to total emission levels.
Figures 3-1 through 3-6 depict historical emission trends for
each air pollutant by principal source category. For NOX, VOC,
and SO2, these trends are presented for the period 1900 through
1994. Carbon monoxide and PM-10 emissions are shown by
major source category for the period 1940 through 1994. Lead
emissions are shown by principal source category in figure 3-6 for
the period 1970 to 1994.
Several different methods are used to estimate the emissions
reported in these tables and figures. In order to assess the trends
in the emissions, it is important to know when changes in
methodology occur. The NOX, VOC, and SO2 emissions for the
years 1900 through 1969, with the exception of the years 1940,
1950, and 1960 are estimated using the methodology described in
section 6.2. The CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10 emissions for
the years 1940, 1950, and 1960 and for the years 1970 through
1984, are estimated by the methodology described in section 6.3.
This methodology is also used to produce the Pb emissions for all
source categories for the years 1940,1950,1960, and 1970 through
1994. The methodology described in section 6.4 is used to
estimate the CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10, emissions for all
source categories for the years 1985 through 1994 and for
transportation sources for the years 1970 through 1994.
Figures 3-7 through 3-12 present trends in historical emissions,
per capita emissions, and emissions normalized by real Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) for each of the criteria air pollutants.
Emissions values are in thousands of short tons. For comparison
purposes, emissions normalized by real GDP are stated as short
tons per billion dollars real GDP and per capita emissions are short
tons per 100,000 persons. With the exception of lead emissions,
these trends are presented for the period 1940 to 1994. Lead
emission comparisons reflect the period 1970 to 1994. Per capita
emission trends are used as a tool to assess the impact of
demographic factors or population growth on emission trends ?3
Since most air pollution is created by human activities, it is
reasonable to assume that as the population grows, emissions will
increase (all other factors affecting emissions remaining
unchanged). Per capita variations in emission trends are indicative
of changes in emissions for each resident in the nation, on average.
Changes in the general state of the economy will also impact
air pollution emissions. The annual productivity of the nation's
economy is typically measured using real GDP. Gross domestic
product is defined as the market value of all goods and services
produced in the nation within a year, and in this report real GDP
refers to GDP stated in constant 1987 price levels.4-5 If all other
factors affecting emissions remain constant, it is reasonable to
assume that as the economy grows (i.e., real GDP increases)
emissions will also increase. The production of goods and services
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends 3-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
and other socioeconomic behavior (e.g., vehicle usage) are primary
sources of emissions. Assuming pollution control is constant,
increased production of goods using productive processes that
create pollution results in more pollution. Thus, as more goods
and services are produced in the nation emissions can be expected
to rise, all other factors held constant. In an effort to view
emission trends on a basis that normalizes variations in national
production levels, annual emissions are also presented per dollar of
real GDP in figures 3-7 through 3-12.
In addition to the general level of annual economic activity,
the composition of economic activity (i.e., the mix of goods and
services produced in the nation) may also affect emission levels.
Over time the mix of goods and services produced in the nation
varies due to many factors, including the introduction of
technological innovations and changes in consumer tastes and
preferences. Emission trends are compared to historical trends in
economic and related activities in figures 3-13 through 3-21 [e.g.,
historical CO emissions are compared to VMT, fuel use, and
gasoline prices in figure 3-17], as a method of relating significant
contributing activities to emissions.
A general discussion of important historical regulatory efforts
to control air pollutant emissions is also presented. Significant
regulatory milestones in air pollution control and the likely impact
of these controls on emission levels are highlighted. Historical
information concerning the number of jurisdictions with air
pollution control regulation is presented in figure 3-22. Figure 3-23
compares emission trends for the period 1972 through 1992 with
annual expenditures for air pollution abatement, air regulation and
monitoring, and research and development for air pollution.6
A synopsis of regulatory activities in air pollution is presented
in section 3.2. Emission trends and economic, demographic, and
regulatory factors influencing emission levels for each of the
criteria air pollutants are the focus of sections 3.3 through 3.7.
3.2 OVERVIEW OF AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL HISTORY
3.2.1 Pre-1970 Efforts
The very first air pollution statutes in the United States were
passed by the cities of Chicago and Cincinnati in 1881 to control
smoke and soot from furnaces and locomotives. County
governments began to pass their own pollution control laws in the
early 1900's. The first State to legislatively control air pollution
was Oregon in 1952. Other States followed, with air pollution
statutes generally targeted toward smoke and particulates. Figure
3-22 presents the number of jurisdictions with air pollution control
legislation during the 100-year period starting in 1880.7
The Federal government's involvement in air pollution control
began in 1955 with the passage of the Air Pollution Control Act.
This law limited the extent of Federal involvement to funding
assistance for the States' air pollution research and training efforts.
The shift toward greater involvement of the Federal government in
air pollution control began in the mid-1960s. In 1963 Congress
passed the original Clean Air Act, which provided for permanent
Federal support for air pollution research, continued and increased
federal assistance to the States for the development of their air
pollution control agencies, and introduced a mechanism through
which the Federal government could assist the States with cross-
boundary air pollution problems. In 1965, Congress amended the
Clean Air Act for the first time, directing the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare (HEW) to set the first Federal emissions
standards for motor vehicles.
In 1967 Congress passed the Air Quality Act, which required
that States establish air quality control regions and that HEW
publish information about the adverse health effects associated with
several common air pollutants. This information was to be used
by the States in setting air quality standards. In addition, HEW
was to identify viable pollution control technologies for States to
use to attain the air quality standards that each was to have
established.
There were several perceived problems with this early period
of air pollution control. The HEW had been slow in issuing
guidance documents detailing the adverse health effects associated
with common air pollutants; where these had been prepared, States
had either failed to set air quality standards or were slow in
developing implementation plans. Also, the automobile
manufacturers appeared able to disregard the emissions standards
set by HEW.
3.2.2 1970 Clean Air Act and Post-1970
Activities
With the CAA, as amended in 1970, a major change took
place in air pollution policy. First, a new Federal government
agency, EPA, was charged with the responsibility of setting the
NAAQS. In 1971, the EPA promulgated primary and secondary
NAAQS for photochemical oxidants, CO, SO2, TSP, and
hydrocarbons (HCs). Second, EPA was given authority to develop
national emissions standards for cars, trucks, and buses. Finally,
Congress gave the EPA power to set emissions standards for all
new sources of the common air pollutants (NSPS). Under the
CAA, the major responsibility left to the States was how to control
existing sources. States were charged with the task of complying
by 1975 with each of the NAAQS by developing and
implementing SIPs that would demonstrate how existing sources
would be controlled. Additional modifications were made to the
Act in 1977, with the most significant changes occurring with
passage of the CAAA.
Figure 3-23 depicts a comparison of annual criteria air
pollutant emission trends with annual national expenditures for air
pollution abatement, air regulation and monitoring, and research
and development for pollution abatement and control. Emission
levels represent the sum of emissions in short tons for all of the
criteria air pollutants excluding PM-10 from fugitive dust sources.
3-2 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Data to estimate fugitive dust PM-10 emissions were unavailable
for the entire 21-year period. For the period depicted, increasing
expenditures correspond to decreasing total criteria air pollutant
emissions, an indication of the impact of regulatory measures in
reducing emission levels. A linear trend line has been fit to the
data indicating that increasing expenditures for pollution control
corresponds with decreasing emission levels. Interestingly, the last
4 years of available data (1989 through 1992) indicate that fewer
dollars are being spent than during the 1980s, although emission
levels have continued to decline.
Trends in each of the criteria air pollutants by principal source
categories and the impact of economic, demographic, and
regulatory influences on these emission trends are discussed in the
following sections. Because the emissions reduction impact of the
CAAA mandates is only beginning to take effect, the discussion
highlights pre-1990 regulatory activities that targeted specific
criteria air pollutant emission reductions. It is important to note
that the regulatory discussion is not comprehensive. Instead, these
sections emphasize the regulatory efforts that have targeted the
major source categories for each air pollutant. In addition, the lack
of detail available for all of the data precludes the possibility of
analyzing some of the stationary source control measures (e.g.,
state-specific regulations such as Reasonably Available Control
Technology [RACT] provisions).
33 CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSION
TRENDS, 1940 THROUGH 1994
Table 3-1 and figure 3-1 reflect historical trends in CO
emissions by principal source categories. The "remaining
categories" grouping shown in figure 3-1 refers to the following
Tier 1 categories: fuel combustion - electric utility; fuel
combustion - industrial; petroleum and related industries; other
industrial processes; solvent utilization; and storage and transport
The miscellaneous category relates primarily to wildfires. Total
CO emissions increased to peak levels around 1970 and have
decreased thereafter. A significant decrease in CO emissions
occurred between 1973 and 1975 as a result of disruptions in world
oil markets and a subsequent recession in the United States. This
short-term decrease in emissions is exhibited in NOX and VOC
emission trends during the 1973 to 1975 period also for similar
reasons. On-road vehicle emissions, the major source of CO
emissions followed a similar trend of increasing significantly
(203 percent) through 1972 and decreasing (over 33 percent)
subsequently. In contrast, non-road source emissions have
increased 100 percent during the period. Emissions from other
source categories have declined over the period with the exception
of fuel combustion - electric utility and industrial and other
industrial processes. Carbon monoxide emissions for 1994 have
increased somewhat over the 1993 levels due primarily to
increased emissions from wildfires.
In figure 3-7, total CO emissions, CO emissions normalized
by real GDP, and per capita CO emissions are displayed. Per
capita CO emissions follow a general downward trend through the
1949 to 1994 period. Similarly, CO emissions normalized by real
GDP follow a downward trend during the 1949 to 1994 period
reflecting fewer emissions being produced per dollar of output.
33.1 Fuel Combustion Carbon Monoxide
Emissions: Electric Utility, Industrial, and
Other
For the source categories of fuel combustion - electric utility,
fuel combustion - industrial, and fuel combustion - other,
residential wood combustion is the most significant source,
accounting for 16 percent of total CO national emissions in 1940,
but declining to 5 percent in 1994. During the period 1940 to
1970, the residential consumption of wood declined steadily as a
result of the abundant supply, low relative prices, and convenience
of fossil fuels relative to wood for home heating, cooking, and
heating water. The 1970 to 1980 period exhibited a resurgence in
the use of wood for home heating and a corresponding increase in
emissions from residential wood combustion. The increase in the
use of wood for home heating during this period occurred as the
result of disruptions in crude oil deliveries and related product
markets that resulted in increases in the price for fossil fuel
products. Since 1980, prices of fossil fuel products have declined
in real terms and a reduction in the use of wood for home heating
has occurred. Carbon monoxide emissions from residential wood
combustion have decreased by 40 percent since 1980.
Carbon monoxide emissions from residential fuel combustion
using fuels other than wood have also undergone substantial
changes since 1940. An 82 percent reduction in emissions during
the 1940 to 1970 period occurred as a result of the steady decline
in the use of anthracite and bituminous coal for home heating.
Emissions from residential combustion of fuels other than wood
are currently less than 1 percent of total national CO emissions.
33.2 Industrial Process Carbon Monoxide
Emissions
Industrial processes accounted for 8 percent of total CO
national emissions in 1940, but decreased to 6 percent of total
emissions by 1994. Emissions from chemical and allied product
manufacturing declined during the period. Metals processing
emissions increased through 1970, but have declined since.
Emissions from the petroleum refining industry increased by a
factor of 10 through 1970 as a result of an increase in refinery
throughput and an increase in demand for refined petroleum
products. Emissions from the petroleum refining industry have
decreased 82 percent since 1970 due to the retirement of obsolete
high polluting processes such as the manufacture of carbon black
by channel process and the installation of emission control devices
such as fluid catalytic cracking units. Petroleum refining accounted
for less than 1 percent of total CO emissions in 1994.
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends 3-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
333 Transportation Carbon Monoxide
Emissions: On-Road Vehicles and Non-
Road Sources
On-road vehicles have been the predominant source of CO
emissions in the U.S. since World War n, contributing 69 percent
to total national emissions in 1970 and 62 percent in 1994. As part
of the effort to reduce CO emissions, emission standards have been
developed for on-road vehicles. Table 3-7 provides a list of
standards for light-duty vehicle (LDV) and light-duty truck (LOT)
CO emissions, expressed in grams per mile (gpm). In addition to
these standards, the CAAA require cars to meet a standard of 10
gpm at 20 degrees Fahrenheit, starting with the 1994 model year
to ensure that emission control devices work efficiently at low
temperatures. The federal standards through 1975 applied only to
gasoline-powered LDTs. Federal standards for 1976 and later
applied to both gasoline and diesel-powered LDTs. In addition, a
CO standard of 0.50 percent at idle was established for 1984 and
later model years; effective at high altitudes starting with the 1988
model year. Other CO standards apply to LDTs more than 6,000
pounds (Ibs), heavy-duty engines and vehicles, and non-road
sources.
Figure 3-13 presents the trends in on-road vehicle CO
emissions, VMT, vehicle fuel use, and gasoline prices.8 Gasoline
prices have been adjusted to constant 1987 general price levels for
comparison purposes. It is reasonable to assume that a decline in
gasoline price is associated with an increase in the quantity of
gasoline demanded, VMT, and CO emissions (i.e., a decrease in
the price of gasoline will result in greater VMT, fuel use, and CO
emissions), all other factors remaining unchanged. This figure
indicates that on-road vehicle CO emissions have declined
approximately 32 percent between 1970 and 1993, although fuel
use increased approximately 50 percent, VMT increased over
100 percent, and real gasoline prices decreased 17 percent in this
same period. This decrease in CO emissions can be attributed to
the impact of regulatory measures previously noted.
Non-road CO emissions represented 9 percent of the national
total in 1940, with emissions from railroad locomotives accounting
for approximately 51 percent of this amount. CO emissions from
non-road sources have increased by 94 percent since 1940 and
accounted for 16 percent of the national total in 1994. While
emissions from locomotives have declined 97 percent during the
analysis period (through technology shifts rather than emission
controls), emissions from aircraft and non-road gasoline equipment
have increased substantially during the period.
33.4 Remaining Sources
Carbon monoxide emissions from other sources decreased
from 1940 to 1994. In 1940, the emissions from waste disposal
and recycling, and miscellaneous other combustion - wildfires
accounted for 4 and 27 percent, respectively of total CO emissions.
Emissions from wildfires are relatively erratic from year to year
due the uncontrolled nature of wildfires, but declined from 1940
levels to 4 percent of total CO emissions in 1994. In contrast, CO
emissions from waste disposal and recycling increased by
94 percent between 1940 and 1970. Since 1970, CO emissions
from waste disposal and recycling have declined 75 percent and
accounted for 2 percent of total CO emissions in 1994.
3.4 NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSION TRENDS
AND VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
TRENDS, 1900 THROUGH 1994
Nitrogen oxides and VOCs are grouped together here because
they comprise the principal emitted primary pollutants that are
acted upon by sunlight to produce the secondary pollutant,
tropospheric ozone. While there is currently no ambient air quality
standard for VOCs, from the standpoint of modeling ozone
formation the category of VOC emissions is as important as the so-
called criteria pollutants for which there are ambient air quality
standards.
The trend in NOX emissions is presented in table 3-2 and
figure 3-2. The NOX "remaining categories" include the following
Tier 1 categories: petroleum and related industries; solvent
utilization; metal processing; waste disposal and recycling;
miscellaneous; and storage and transport The trend in VOC
emissions is presented in table 3-3 and figure 3-3. The VOC
"remaining categories" grouping includes the following Tier 1
categories: fuel combustion - electric utility; fuel combustion -
industrial; fuel combustion - other; petroleum and related industries;
and other industrial process. The VOC emissions for the
miscellaneous category are primarily from wildfires.
3.4.1 Regulatory History for Nitrogen Oxide and
Volatile Organic Compound Emissions
The 1971 photochemical oxidants standard was based on an
hourly average level that was not to be exceeded more than once
per year; the hydrocarbon standard was also first promulgated in
1971. In 1979, the photochemical oxidants standard was revised
and restated as ozone, and the hydrocarbon standard was reviewed
and withdrawn in 1983. The ozone standard was revised to 0.12
parts per million (ppm [from 0.08 ppm]), not to be exceeded more
than three times in a 3-year period. Ozone is formed thorough a
photochemical process in the presence of VOCs and NOX.
On-road vehicles have been one of the top contributors to
each of these pollutants (e.g., in 1970, on-road vehicles accounted
for 42 percent of total VOC and 36 percent of total NOX
emissions). Table 3-8 presents the VOC and NOX emission limits
that have been set over the last two decades for LDVs. The VOC
and NOX emission standards for LDTs are presented in table 3-9.
In addition to these standards, LDTs over 6,000 Ibs and heavy-duty
trucks (HDTs) also have NOX standards.
3-4 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
3.4.2 Nitrogen Oxide Emissions Trends
As indicated in table 3-2 and figure 3-2, NOX emissions have
increased over 220 percent between 1940 and 1994, with a
14 percent increase over the 1970 and 1994 period. All Tier 1
principal source categories show increases for this period with the
exception of petroleum and related industries, waste disposal and
recycling, and miscellaneous sources. Total NOX emissions, per
capita NOX emissions, and NOX emissions normalized by real GDP
are presented in figure 3-8. In general, the per capita NOX
emissions reflect a much less dramatic increase during the 1940 to
1978 period than is present in the total NOX emission trend. Per
capita NOX emissions have declined since 1978. Nitrogen oxide
emissions normalized by real GDP declined and then increased
during the 1940s but declined thereafter, an indication that fewer
NOX emissions are released per dollar of real GDP.
3.4.2.1 Fuel Combustion Nitrogen Oxide Emissions:
Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other
In 1900, electric utilities accounted for 4 percent of the total
national NOX emissions. By 1930, electric utility NOX emissions
increased by a factor of 6. Emissions from this source have
continued to increase to 8 million short tons in 1994, accounting
for 33 percent of total NOX emissions in that year. Figure 3-17
shows NOX emissions from electric utilities, coal used to produce
electricity, and the average retail price for electricity per kilowatt
hour (kWh) sold for the period 1970 through 1994.9 NOX is
emitted when fossil fuels are used to generate electricity; however,
emissions using coal as an energy source represented 90 percent of
fuel combustion - electric utility NOX emissions in 1993. Although
emissions and coal used to produce electricity have increased over
the period, with the price of electricity declining in real terms since
1982, NOX emissions have increased much less than coal use (60
percent compared to 150 percent, respectively).
3.4.2.2 Transportation Nitrogen Oxide Emissions:
On-Road Vehicles and Non-Road Sources
In 1900, on-road vehicles made an insignificant contribution
to total national NOX emissions. By 1920, emissions from on-road
sources had increased to 5 percent of total NOX emissions and
continued to increase by a factor of 3 from 1920 to 1940.
Emissions from on-road vehicles peaked in 1978 and have declined
since then. Currently, on-road vehicle emissions constitute
approximately 32 percent of total NOX emissions.
Figure 3-14 displays trends in on-road NOX emissions, vehicle
miles traveled, fuel use, and real gasoline prices for the period
1940 through 1993. One would anticipate that NOX emissions
from on-road vehicles will increase as VMT and fuel use increase
and as gas prices decline (all other factors remaining unchanged).
This pattern does exist from the period 1940 through 1978;
however, NOX emissions begin to decline after 1978 while VMT
and fuel use continue rising and gasoline prices decline in real
terms.
The effects of previously noted regulations account for the
declines in NOX emissions occurring after 1978. Although VMT
has more than doubled since 1970, NOX emissions from on-road
vehicles are nearly equal to their 1970 levels.
In contrast to the on-road vehicle NOX emission trends,
emissions from non-road sources increased over the entire period
of 1940 to 1994. Emission control measures for selected non-road
engine categories are scheduled to begin in 1996; significant
emission reductions are not expected until after the year 2000.
3.4.2.3 Remaining Sources
The NOX emissions for the years 1900 through 1939 were
generated by five source categories (electric utility, industrial,
commercial-residential, on-road vehicle, and other), making
comparisons prior to 1940 on a source category basis difficult. In
general, however, the emissions for the remaining sources of
industrial processes, waste disposal, and miscellaneous sources
increased from 1900 to 1920 and continued to increase from 1920
to 1940, but at a slower rate. Emissions from these sources
accounted for 18 percent of the total 1940 NOX emissions. The
emissions for the waste disposal and recycling category steadily
increased by a factor of 4 from 1940 to 1970, but have decreased
81 percent since 1970. Emissions from industrial processes
steadily increased by a factor of 3 from 1940 to 1970. The
emissions then decreased by 28 percent from 1970 to 1980. The
increase from 1980 to 1994 of 44 percent was due in part to a
change in the methodology used to estimate emissions between
1984 and 1985. In 1994, the total emissions for the remaining
sources were 5 percent of national NOX emissions.
3.43 Volatile Organic Compound Emission
Trends
Volatile organic compounds are a principal component in the
chemical and physical atmospheric reactions that form ozone and
other photochemical oxidants. The emissions of VOC species that
primarily contribute to the formation of ozone are included in total
VOC emissions, while emissions of methane, a nonreactive
compound, are not included. No adjustments are made to include
chlorofluorocarbons or to exclude ethane and other VOCs with
negligible photochemical reactivity. On-road vehicle emissions
were estimated as nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs).
Emissions of organic compounds from biogenic sources such as
trees and other vegetation, are presented in chapter 9. The 1990
VOC emissions from biogenic sources were 30 percent greater
than the emissions from anthropogenic sources, according to recent
research, but the extent to which biogenic emissions contribute to
oxidant formation has not been clearly established.
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends 3-5
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Total national VOC emissions, per capita VOC emissions, and
VOC emissions normalized by real GDP are presented in figure
3-9. During the 1900 to 1970 period, VOC emissions increased
over 200 percent, reaching a peak in 1970. Since 1970, VOC
emissions have declined approximately 24 percent. The VOC
emissions for individuals in the nation, on average remained
relatively unchanged through 1970 and have declined 41 percent
since 1970. Volatile organic compound emissions normalized by
the level of goods and services produced in the nation reflect a
decreasing trend after 1949 (declining approximately 60 percent).
3.4.3.1 Fuel Combustion Volatile Organic
Compound Emissions: Electric Utility,
Industrial, and Other
In 1900, emissions from all fuel combustion sources
represented 68 percent of the total national VOC emissions. Wood
combustion accounted for 90 percent of the emissions from these
sources. By 1940, emissions from fuel combustion sources had
decreased to 12 percent of total emissions and these emissions
account for less than 3 percent of total emissions currently. The
decline in residential wood combustion was discussed previously
in section 3.3.1.
3.4.3.2 Industrial Process Volatile Organic
Compound Emissions
The emissions from industrial processes (i.e., chemical &
allied products, petroleum & related industries, other industrial
processes, solvent utilization, and storage & transport) accounted
for 17 percent of the total national VOC emissions in 1900. By
1940, the emissions from industrial processes had risen to
26 percent of the total. The VOC emissions from these sources
increased to 12 million short tons accounting for 40 percent of
VOC emissions in 1970. Since 1970, emissions from these
sources have decreased 13 percent, to approximately 47 percent of
total national VOC emissions. Emission control devices and
process changes have helped limit the growth in these emissions
since 1970. Emissions from petroleum and related industries and
petroleum product storage and marketing operations increased
during the mid-1970s as a result of increased demand for
petroleum products, especially motor gasoline. After 1978, the
emissions from these sources decreased as the result of product
reformulation and other control measures. For example, VOC
emissions from solvent utilization sources decreased due to the
substitution of water-based emulsified asphalt for asphalt liquefied
with petroleum distillates. Chemical and allied products and other
industrial process categories reflect increases in emissions during
the reporting period.
3.4.3.3 Transportation Volatile Organic Compound
Emissions: On-Road Vehicles and Non-
Road Sources
In 1900, transportation sources accounted for 4 percent of the
total national VOC emissions; railroad emissions were 99 percent
of these emissions. Railroad VOC emissions peaked in 1920 when
these emissions were 20 percent of the national total and have
decreased since then to less than 1 percent currently. The total
VOC emissions from the transportation sector increased
160 percent during the 1940 to 1970 period.
Volatile organic compound emissions from on-road vehicles
peaked in 1970 at 13 million short tons, or 42 percent of the
national VOC emission total. Figure 3-15 presents the trends in
on-road VOC emissions, VMT, fuel usage, and gasoline prices for
the period 1940 through 1993.8 It is reasonable to assume that,
absent regulation, VOC emissions will increase as VMT and fuel
usage increase and as gasoline prices decrease. This trend was
present for the period prior to 1970. Since 1970, however, VOC
emissions from on-road vehicles have declined 51 percent while
VMT and fuel usage increased. Gasoline prices decreased in real
terms after 1980. These trends indicate the influence of regulation
in reducing national VOC emissions from on-road vehicles.
In contrast, emissions from non-road sources continued an
increasing trend through the entire reporting period. Non-road
VOC emissions have increased over 46 percent since 1970.
3.4.3.4 Remaining Sources
In 1900, emissions from the solid waste disposal and
miscellaneous sources categories represented 10 percent and
24 percent of total VOC emissions. Although wildfires are
somewhat erratic from year to year, fire prevention programs have
been successful at decreasing wildfire emissions to 2 percent of the
national total VOC emissions in 1994. In 1994, solid waste
disposal emissions accounted for 10 percent of the national VOC
emissions.
3.5 SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSION TRENDS,
1900 THROUGH 1994
The trend in SO2 emissions between 1940 and 1994 is
presented in table 3-4, and between 1900 and 1994 in figure 3-4.
The "remaining categories" grouping includes the following Tier
1 categories: petroleum and related industries, other industrial
processes, solvent utilization, waste disposal and recycling,
chemical and allied product manufacturing, and storage and
transport Figure 3-10 presents total national SO2 emissions, per
capita SO2 emissions, and SO2 emissions normalized by real GDP.
Total national SO2 emissions increased by more than 218 percent
during the period 1900 to 1973, but have decreased since 1973 by
approximately 33 percent. Per capita SO2 emissions reached a
3-6 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
peak in 1943, declined during the 1950s, increased during the
1960s, and have declined since 1970. In contrast, SO2 emissions
normalized by real GDP have declined steadily since 1946. The
normalized trends indicate that emissions per individual, and per
dollar value of goods and services produced in the nation, have
followed a general declining trend since 1970.
3.5.1 Fuel Combustion Sulfur Dioxide
Emissions: Electric Utility, Industrial, and
Other
In 1900 electric utilities accounted for 4 percent of total
national SO2 emissions. Emissions from electric utilities steadily
increased over the period 1900 to 1925 by a factor of 5. The SO2
emissions from utilities decreased during the early portion of the
1930 decade due to the Great Depression. The 1940 emissions
levels approximated those existing prior to the Depression. From
1940 to 1970, SO2 emissions from electric utilities doubled every
decade as a result of increased coal consumption. In 1970,
emissions from coal combustion accounted for 62 percent of total
SO2 emissions from all fuel combustion sources. From 1970 to
1994, SO2 emissions from electric utilities using all types of energy
sources decreased approximately 15 percent Sulfur dioxide
emissions from fuel combustion - electric utilities account for
70 percent of the total national SO2 emissions in 1994.
The SO2 NAAQS was promulgated in 1971. Also in that
year, the EPA developed a NSPS requiring that all new coal-fired
power plants emit no more than 1.2 pounds of SO2 per each
million British thermal units (BTUs) of electricity produced. Most
new plants chose to meet this NSPS by shifting to lower-sulfur
coals. An amendment to the CAA in 1977 effectively required
any new coal-fired power plant not only to meet the original
NSPS, but also to use some form of scrubbing equipment, even
when using low-sulfur coal.
Figure 3-18 presents the trends in coal consumed to produce
electricity and SO2 emissions from electric power (coal) facilities
for the period 1970 to 1993.9 This figure indicates that between
1970 and 1993, SO2 emissions declined 8 percent from coal-fired
electric power facilities; this contrasts with a 150 percent increase
in coal consumed to produce electricity. In contrast, the average
price per kWh of electric increased in real terms between 1970 and
1982 and decreased thereafter.
Emissions from fuel combustion - industrial and other sources
increased through the 1940 to 1970 period. Since 1970 SO2
emissions have declined by 34 percent and 60 percent for fuel
combustion - industrial and other sources, respectively. The
decreases in SO2 emissions from these sources reflect decreases in
coal burning by industrial, commercial, and residential consumers.
Industrial Process Sulfur Dioxide
Emissions
The SO2 emissions for metals processing increased by
44 percent over the period 1940 to 1970 and accounted for
15 percent of the total national emissions in 1970. During the
period 1970 through 1994, emissions declined from this source by
86 percent due to the increased use of emission control devices for
the industry. Metals processing accounted for 3 percent of total
national SO2 emissions in 1994. In particular, SO2 emissions were
greatly reduced at nonferrous smelters. By-product recovery of
sulfuric acid at these smelters has increased since 1970, resulting
in the recovered sulfuric acid not being emitted as SO2.
Processing copper is one major type of metal processing that
contributes to SO2 emissions. A NSPS was issued by the EPA to
regulate SO2 emissions from copper smelters that are new,
modified, or reconstructed after October 16, 1974. Figure 3-20
presents the trends in copper production and SO2 emissions from
copper production over the 1940-1993 period.10 This figure shows
that a 15 percent reduction in copper production took place
between 1970 and 1993, while SO2 emissions from copper
production facilities declined 91 percent.
Emissions from other industrial processes, chemical and allied
manufacturing, and petroleum and related industries accounted for
4 percent of total SO2 emissions in 1940 and 7 percent in 1970.
Since 1970, emissions from these sources have declined by
44 percent. One factor contributing to the decline in SO2
emissions from these sources is the NSPS for sulfuric acid
manufacturing plants built, modified, or reconstructed after 1972.
3.53 Remaining Sources
In 1940, the emissions from the remaining sources of waste
disposal and recycling, on-road vehicles, non-road sources, and
miscellaneous sources were 19 percent of total national SO2
emissions. Emissions from railroads accounted for approximately
80 percent of the remaining source emissions in 1940. From 1940
to 1970, railroad emissions decreased 99 percent as a result of the
obsolescence of coal-fired locomotives. Over the same period,
emissions from the waste disposal and recycling and on-road
vehicle categories increased by factors of 3 and 136, respectively.
Between 1970 and 1994, the emissions for: waste disposal and
recycling increased by a factor of 5 while on-road vehicle
emissions decreased by 28 percent. The remaining source SO2
emissions constituted 3 percent of the national total in 1994.
On August 21, 1990, EPA published regulations (54 FR
35276) that govern desulfurization of diesel motor fuel. Beginning
October 1, 1993 all diesel fuel that contains a concentration of
sulfur in excess of 0.05 percent by weight or which fails to meet
a minimum cetane index of 40 cannot be used in motor vehicles.
Reductions in SO2 emissions from diesel motor vehicles of
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends 3-7
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
approximately 75 percent are expected to result from the
desulfurization regulations.12
3.6 PART1CULATE MATTER (PM-10)
EMISSION TRENDS, 1940 THROUGH 1994
The 1940 to 1994 trend in PM-10 emissions is presented in
table 3-5 and figure 3-5. The emission trends for PM-10 sources
are discussed separately for the point and fugitive process sources
and for the fugitive dust sources. The PM-10 fugitive dust sources
are categorized as natural sources (geogenic - wind erosion) and
some miscellaneous sources. Within the miscellaneous category
are agriculture and forestry (agricultural crops and livestock) and
fugitive dust [construction, mining and quarrying, point source,
paved roads and unpaved roads (unpaved airstrips)]. The PM-10
point and fugitive process sources include all other PM-10 sources.
3.6.1 Point and Fugitive Process Sources
The PM-10 point and fugitive process sources include all
PM-10 sources except the fugitive dust sources listed above. The
totals for both categories are presented in table 3-5 for the period
1940 through 1994. The "remaining categories" grouping includes
the following Tier 1 categories: fuel combustion - industrial; fuel
combustion - other; petroleum and related industries; other
industrial processes; chemical and allied product manufacturing;
and waste disposal and recycling. The miscellaneous category
consists primarily of wildfires and managed burning. Figure 3-11
depicts total national PM-10 emissions, per capita PM-10
emissions, and PM-10 emissions normalized by real GDP for the
period 1940 to 1994 for point and fugitive process sources. Each
of these indicators declines over the 1950 to 1994 period, an
indication that total PM-10 emissions, PM-10 emissions per
individual, and PM-10 emissions per dollar of goods and services
produced in the nation have declined since 1950.
3.6.1.1 Fuel Combustion Particulate Matter
(PM-10) Emissions: Ekctric Utility,
Industrial, and Other
In 1940, emissions from fuel combustion represented
25 percent of point and fugitive process PM-10 emissions. Electric
utility PM-10 emissions result primarily from the combustion of
coal. Emissions from this source increased by approximately
85 percent between 1940 and 1970. The increase in emissions
during the 1940 to 1970 period corresponds with an increase in
electric production using coal as an energy source. A NAAQS for
TSP was first promulgated in 1971. In 1987, the TSP standard
was reviewed and revised to include only PM with an aerodynamic
diameter less than or equal to 10 microns (referred to as PM-10).
Beginning in December 1976, a NSPS for new, modified, or
reconstructed fossil-fuel-fired steam generators became effective.
Figure 3-19 presents the trends in coal consumed to produce
electricity, and PM-10 emissions from electric power (coal)
facilities for the period 1970 to 1993.9 This figure indicates that
between 1970 and 1994, PM-10 emissions declined 85 percent
from coal-fired electric power facilities while coal consumption to
produce electricity increased approximately 150 percent.
In 1940, fuel combustion from the residential sector was the
primary source of PM-10 fuel combustion - other emissions.
Since 1940, PM-10 emissions from residential fuel combustion
have declined by 72 percent due to a decrease in the use of coal
and wood as an energy source in the residential sector.
3.6.1.2 Transportation Particulate Matter (PM-10)
Emissions: On-Road Vehicles and Non-
Road Sources
In 1940, emissions from transportation sources accounted for
17 percent of total point and fugitive process PM-10 emissions.
Railroads and LDGVs contributed significantly to total 1940
emissions. From 1940 to 1970, railroad emissions decreased by
99 percent. Over the same period, LDGV emissions decreased by
49 percent. Although the 1994 emissions from transportation
sources represent 19 percent of the total national PM-10 emissions
from point and fugitive sources, PM-10 emissions from on-road
vehicles and non-road sources have declined approximately 73
percent during the 1940 to 1994 period.
3.6.1.3 Remaining Sources
PM-10 emissions from industrial processes increased from
1940 to 1950, primarily as a result of increases in industrial
production. From 1950 to 1970, industrial output continued to
grow, but emissions from industrial processes were reduced due to
the installation of pollution control equipment mandated by State
and local air pollution control programs. The reduction of
emissions by these control devices was more than offset by the
increase in emissions due to production increases. In 1970,
industrial processes contributed 59 percent to the total national
PM-10 from point and fugitive source emissions, while in 1994,
these emissions had decreased to 18 percent, reflecting significant
progress achieved in reducing emissions from this source category.
One NSPS contributing to the decline in PM-10 emissions
from industrial processes applies to new, modified, or reconstructed
Portland cement facilities beginning in August 1971. Figure 3-21
presents the trends in cement production and PM-10 emissions
from cement production over the 1970 to 1993 period. Although
a 3 percent increase occurred in cement production between 1970
and 1993, there was a 98 percent decrease in PM-10 emissions
from cement manufacturing facilities. It should be noted that a
significant change occurred in the PM-10 emissions estimation
methodology in 1985, resulting in lower emissions.
3-8 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Another source of PM emissions is wildfires. Annual
emissions from wildfires are quite variable depending upon the
incidence of wildfires and on weather conditions in forested areas.
However, due to the success of fire prevention programs, wildfire
emissions have declined to less than 1 percent of total PM-10
emissions in 1994.
3.6.2 Fugitive Dust Sources
Fugitive dust source emissions were first estimated in the
1991 Trends report. These emissions are based on old emission
factors and were developed based on limited data. The
methodology to develop the emissions relies on state-level default
data for most source categories. These emissions are presented in
table 3-5 and figure 3-5 for the period 1985 through 1994. The
"remaining categories" grouping includes the Tier 3 miscellaneous
category (see section 3.6 for more detail). More detailed
presentations for the years 1985 through 1994 are in appendix A,
table A-5.
For several source categories, the methodology for estimating
fugitive dust emissions utilizes meteorological data such as the
number of days with greater than 0.01 inches of precipitation and
average monthly wind speed. These data can vary significantly
from year-to-year, resulting in highly varying emissions.
The PM-10 emissions from fugitive dust sources increased by
2 percent from 1985 to 1994. During this time period, the
emissions ranged from 56 to 38 million short tons in 1988 and
1987, respectively. Emissions from wind erosion are highly
variable on an annual basis. For example, the total national
emissions from wind erosion were estimated to be 18 million short
tons in 1988 compared with 2 million short tons in 1993. A lack
of precipitation prior to the spring crop planting season, especially
in the central and western parts of the United States contributed to
greater wind erosion in 1988. In 1993, unusually heavy spring
rains in Kansas and Oklahoma resulted in a 68 percent decrease in
wind erosion emissions for these two States from the 1992 values.
For 1994, total national fugitive dust PM-10 emissions were
estimated to be about 11 times greater than the total emissions
from point and fugitive process sources.
3.7 LEAD EMISSION TRENDS, 1970
THROUGH 1994
The trend in Pb emissions is presented in table 3-6 and figure
3-6 for the period 1970 through 1994. The "remaining categories"
grouping includes the following Tier 1 categories: fuel combustion
- electric utility; fuel combustion - industrial; other industrial
processes; and chemical and allied product manufacturing. Figure
3-12 shows the trend in national Pb emissions, per capita Pb
emissions, and Pb emissions normalized by real GDP. National
total Pb emissions decreased 98 percent during the 1970 to 1994
period. Per capita Pb emissions and Pb emissions normalized by
real GDP reflect a similar trend.
3.7.1 Fuel Combustion Lead Emissions: Electric
Utility, Industrial, and Other
Fuel combustion emissions in 1970 accounted for 5 percent
of total lead emissions. While emissions from these sources have
decreased 95 percent during the 1970 to 1994 period, these sources
contributed 10 percent to the total national Pb emissions in 1994.
3.7.2 Industrial Process Lead Emissions
Industrial process emissions contributed 12 percent to total
national Pb emissions in 1970. Since that time these emissions
have decreased 92 percent, but accounted for 41 percent of total Pb
emissions in 1994.
3.73 Transportation Lead Emissions: On-Road
Vehicles and Non-Road Sources
The overwhelming majority of lead emissions has historically
been attributable to one major source on-road vehicles. Lead
emissions from on-road vehicles accounted for 78 percent of total
emissions in 1970. Total national Pb emissions decreased sharply
from 1970 to 1994 as the result of regulatory actions. The lead
NAAQS was promulgated in October 1978. The lead phase-down
program has required the gradual reduction of the lead content of
all gasoline over a period of many years. The lead content of
leaded gasoline was reduced dramatically from an average of 1.0
gram per gallon (gpg) to 0.5 gpg on July 1,1985, and still further
to 0.1 gpg on January 1, 1986. In addition, as part of EPA's
overall automotive emission control program, unleaded gasoline
was introduced in 1975 for use in automobiles equipped with
catalytic control devices. These devices reduce CO, VOC, and
NOX emissions. In 1975, unleaded gasoline's share of the total
gasoline market was 13 percent. In 1982, the unleaded share of
the total gasoline market was approximately 50 percent. By 1994,
unleaded gasoline sales accounted for 99 percent of the gasoline
market, In 1994, on-road vehicles contributed 28 percent of annual
lead emissions, down substantially from 87 percent in 1983. The
CAAA mandates that leaded gasoline be prohibited for use in
highway vehicles after December 31, 1995.
Figure 3-16 presents the trends in fuel use, VMT, gasoline
prices, and on-road vehicle lead emissions over the 1970-1993
period.8 Absent regulation, one would predict that lead emissions
from vehicles would increase as VMT and fuel use increase and
as gasoline prices decline. Between 1970 and 1993, fuel
consumption and VMT increased approximately 50 percent and
100 percent, respectively, while on-road lead emissions declined by
99 percent. Gasoline prices have declined since 1980 in real
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends 3-9
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
terms.' The downward trend in Pb emissions is the direct result of
regulatory actions reducing the lead content of gasoline.
3.8 REFERENCES
1. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993. EPA-454/R-94-027, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. October 1994.
2. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States Colonial Times to 1970. 1989.
3. U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of Census, Current Population Reports,
"Population Projections of the United States, by Age, Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1993 to 2050."
4. U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, National Income and Product Accounts of the United
States, Volume I and II, 1929-1988. February 1993.
5. President's Council of Economic Advisors, Economic Indicators, Prepared for the Joint Economic Committee, 103rd Congress, 2nd
session. December 1994.
6. U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of Economic Analysis, "Pollution Abatement and
Control Expenditures 1972-1992," Survey of Current Business. May 1994.
7. Portney, Paul, "Air Pollution Policy," in Public Policies for Environmental Protection. Resources for the Future, Washington, DC.
1990.
8. Pennwell Publishing, Energy Statistics Sourcebook, Ninth Edition. August 1994.
9. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Monthly, Washington, DC, various editions.
10. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, "Cement," Minerals Yearbook, Washington, DC, various years.
11. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1992. EPA-454/R-93-032, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park,NC. October 1993.
12. Development of an Industrial SO2 Emissions Inventory Baseline and 1995 Report to Congress. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1994.
1 Gasoline prices have been adjusted to consider the change in prices occurring on average for all goods and services in the economy. A decline in
gasoline prices in real terms means that gasoline prices have declined, on average, relative to all other goods in the economy during the 1970 to 1993
period.
3-10 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
Table 3-1. Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1940 through 1994
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB.-ELEC. UT1L
FUEL COMB.-INDUSTRIAL
FUELCOMB.-OTHER
Residential Wood
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Other Chemical Mfg
carbon black mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Ferrous Metals Processing
gray iron cupola
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
fee units
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
conical wood burner
Open Burning
commmercial/institutional
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
NON-ROAD SOURCES
Non-Road Gasoline
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
recreational marine vessels
Non-Road Diesel
Aircraft
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
forest wildfires
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1940
4
435
14,890
11,279
4,190
4,139
4,139
2,730
2,714
1,174
221
221
210
114
110
MA
AM
3,630
2,202
1,316
1,428
863
30,121
22,237
3,752
4,132
0
8,051
3,777
1,198
780
NA
1,351
NA
60
32
4
4,083
29ฃW
29,210
25,130
93,615
1950
no
$49
10,656
7,716
5,844
5,760
5,760
2J10
2,792
1,551
2,651
2,651
2,528
231
220
NA
NA
4,717
2,711
1,613
2,006
1,139
45,796
31,493
6,110
7,537
54
11,610
7,331
2,409
1,558
NA
2,716
NA
120
53
934
3,076
18,135
18,135
11,159
102,609
1960
110
661
6#5Q
4,743
3,982
3,775
3,775
2,866
2,540
1,123
3,086
3,086
2,810
342
331
AM
AM
5,597
2,703
1,366
2,894
1,509
64,266
47,679
7,791
8,557
239
11,575
8,753
2,262
1,379
NA
3,897
NA
518
65
1,764
332
11,010
11,010
4,487
109,745
1970
237
770
3,625
2,932
3J97
2,866
2,866
3,644
2,991
1,203
2,179
2,168
1,820
620
610
AM
AM
7fl59
2,979
1,431
4,080
2,148
88,034
64,031
16,570
6,712
721
10,605
9,478
250
732
4,679
46
2,437
976
543
506
65
7,909
7,909
5,620
128,079
1980
322
750
6,230
5,992
2,151
1,417
1,417
2,246
1,404
340
1,723
1,723
1,680
830
798
NA
NA
2,300
1,246
228
1,054
47
78,049
53,561
16,137
7,189
1,161
12,681
11,004
368
970
5,366
77
2,680
1,102
801
743
96
8,344
8,344
5,396
115,625
1990
314
677
4,072
3,781
1,940
1,522
1,126
2,080
1,394
262
435
425
389
717
657
2
55
1,686
849
18
836
5
62,855
40,502
15,084
5,930
1,342
74,642
12,655
395
1,228
6,001
63
3,254
1,207
841
966
122
11,173
11,173
6,079
100,650
1993
322
670
3,961
3,679
1,998
1,574
1,170
2,091
1,410
261
398
388
352
732
672
2
56
1,732
872
18
859
5
60,202
39,163
15,196
4,476
1,367
15,269
13,162
423
1,285
6,212
70
3,402
1,245
903
1,019
124
6,700
6,700
1,586
94,133
1994
325
671
3,888
3,607
2,048
1,619
1,207
2,166
1,465
271
390
380
344
751
689
2
58
1,746
879
18
867
5
61,070
39,303
15,139
5,244
1,383
15,657
13,452
453
1,340
6,276
73
3,519
1,256
954
1,063
124
9,245
9,245
4,115
98,017
Note(s): Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
1994 emission estimates are preliminary and will be updated in the next report
Tier 1 source categories and emissions are shaded.
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends 3-11
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
Table 3-2. Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1940 through 1994
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB.-ELEC. UTIL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
Oil
FUBL COMB.-INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
Gas
natural
FUELCOMB.-OTHER
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
METALS PROCESSING
Ferrous Metals Processing
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Mineral Products
cement mfg
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
NON-ROAD SOURCES
Non-Road Gasoline
Non-Road Diesel
construction
industrial
farm
airport service
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1940
660
467
255
125
193
2,543
2,012
1,301
365
337
529
177
6
4
4
105
107
105
32
AM
.AM
110
1,330
970
970
204
132
73
155
NA
NA
997
122
103
70
NA
33
NA
0
109
657
990
7,374
1950
7,376
1,118
584
288
198
3,192
1,076
688
1,756
1,692
647
227
63
770
110
770
93
89
55
AM
NA
215
2,743
1,415
1,415
339
219
120
296
93
93
7,538
249
187
158
NA
29
NA
2
108
992
665
10,093
1960
2,536
2,038
1,154
568
498
4,075
782
533
2,954
2,846
760
362
770
770
110
220
737
123
78
AM
AM
331
3,982
2,607
2,606
525
339
186
363
487
487
7,443
312
247
157
40
50
NA
4
108
772
447
14,140
1970
4,900
3,888
2,112
1,041
1,012
4,325
771
532
3,060
3,053
836
439
277
77
77
240
787
169
97
AM
AM
440
7,390
4,158
4,156
1,278
725
553
278
1,676
1,676
1,628
81
941
599
75
166
78
72
40
495
330
20,625
1980
7,024
6,123
3,439
1,694
901
3,555
444
306
2,619
2,469
747
356
276
65
65
72
205
181
98
NA
NA
111
8,621
4,421
4,416
1,408
864
544
300
2,493
2,463
2,423
102
1,374
854
99
280
113
106
110
731
248
23,281
1990
7,576
6,698
4,600
1,692
210
3,256
613
445
1,656
1,436
712
352
276
67
53
700
306
216
121
2
2
82
7,488
3,437
3,425
1,341
780
561
335
2,375
2,332
2,843
124
1,478
944
125
230
144
139
173
929
373
23,038
1993
7,773
7,008
4,535
2,054
169
3,197
550
399
1,650
1,440
726
363
206
67
54
95
375
222
124
3
3
84
7,570
3,680
3,668
1,420
828
592
315
2,094
2,047
2,985
122
1,433
1,007
131
256
152
147
183
945
279
23,276
1994
7,795
7,007
4,497
2,098
151
3,206
568
412
1,634
1,427
727
364
297
84
56
95
328
234
131
3
3
85
7,530
3,750
3,737
1,432
830
603
333
2,015
1,966
3,095
125
1,494
1,076
136
265
159
153
188
947
374
23,615
Note(s): Categories displayed betow Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
1994 emission estimates are preliminary and will be updated in the next report
Tier 1 source categories and emissions are shaded.
3-12 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
Table 3-3. Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions,
1940 through 1994
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB.-ELEC. UTJL
FUEL COMB.-1NDUSTRIAL
FUELCOMB.-OTHER
Residential Wood
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MRS
Organic Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUMS, RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Surface Coating
Nonindustrial
consumer solvents
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
area source: gasoline
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
ON-RO AD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty dieset vehicles
NON-ROAD SOURCES
Non-Road Gasoline
lawn & garden
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
wildfires
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1940
2
108
7,667
1,410
884
58
325
577
130
1,971
1,058
490
NA
639
185
158
990
4677
3,647
3,646
672
498
NA
NA
778
208
NA
4,079
3,420
17,161
1950
9
98
7,336
970
7,324
110
442
548
184
3,679
2,187
NA
NA
1,218
361
307
1,104
7,257
5,220
5,214
1,101
908
22
22
7,273
423
NA
2,530
1,510
20,936
1960
9
106
768
563
991
245
342
1,034
202
4,403
2,128
1,189
NA
1,762
528
449
1,546
10,506
8,058
8,050
1,433
926
89
89
7,275
526
NA
1,573
768
24,459
1970
30
150
541
460
1,341
629
394
1,194
270
7,174
3,570
1,674
NA
1,954
599
509
1,984
12,972
9,193
9,133
2,770
743
266
266
1,542
1,284
574
1,101
1,101
770
30,646
1980
45
157
848
809
7,595
884
273
1,440
237
6,584
3,685
1,002
NA
1,975
517
440
758
8,979
5,907
5,843
2,059
611
402
392
1,869
1,474
655
1,134
1,134
739
25,893
1990
35
135
749
718
1,526
554
72
643
401
5,975
2,619
1,900
1,083
1,759
658
560
2,262
6,854
4,285
4,234
1,769
470
330
316
2,720
1,646
728
1,069
1,068
768
23,599
1993
36
734
729
698
7,557
562
74
631
406
6,156
2,687
1,982
1,116
1,757
614
512
3277
6,703
3,812
3,777
1,647
326
318
301
2,206
1,704
753
576
515
212
22,575
1994
36
735
775
684
7,577
567
77
630
477
6,373
2,773
2,011
1,126
7,773
606
501
2,273
6,295
3,921
3,884
1,664
393
317
299
2,255
1,730
761
665
684
379
23,174
Note(s): Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
1994 emission estimates are preliminary and will be updated in the next report
Tier 1 source categories and emissions are shaded.
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends 3-13
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
Table 3-4. Total National Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide, 1940 through 1994
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB.-ELEC. UTIL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
Oil
residual
FUEL COMB.-INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
Oil
residual
Gas
FUELCOMB.-OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Residential Other
distillate oil
bituminous/subbituminous coal
CHEMICAL & ALUED PRODUCT MFG
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
sulfur compounds
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
lead
aluminum
Ferrous Metals Processing
PETROLEUMS RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Mineral Products
cement mfg
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
NON-ROAD SOURCES
Marine Vessels
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1940
2,427
2,276
1,359
668
249
151
146
6,060
5,188
3,473
1,070
645
554
397
145
3,642
695
407
2,517
60
2,267
215
215
215
3,309
2,760
2,292
80
4
550
224
334
0
334
318
AM
NA
3
3
3,190
215
2,975
545
545
19,953
1950
4,515
4,056
2,427
1,196
433
459
453
5,725
4,423
2,945
907
571
972
721
180
3,964
1,212
658
2,079
163
1,758
427
427
427
3,747
3,092
2,369
95
28
655
340
536
43
553
522
NA
AM
3
703
2,392
215
2,174
545
545
22,358
1960
9,264
8,883
5,367
2,642
873
380
375
3,864
2,703
1,858
574
272
922
663
189
2,319
154
905
1,250
295
868
447
447
447
3,986
3,322
2,772
57
38
664
676
671
114
557
524
AM
AM
10
114
321
105
215
554
554
22,227
1970
77,398
15,799
9,574
4,716
1,509
1,598
1,578
4,568
3,129
2,171
669
289
1,229
956
140
1,490
109
883
492
212
260
591
591
591
4,775
4,060
3,507
77
80
715
881
846
169
677
618
NA
NA
8
411
83
43
36
110
110
31,161
1980
17,469
16,073
NA
NA
NA
1,395
NA
2,957
1,527
1,058
326
144
1,065
851
299
971
110
637
211
157
43
280
271
271
1,842
1,279
1,080
34
95
562
734
918
223
694
630
AM
AM
33
527
175
117
53
11
11
25,905
1990
75,898
15,227
13,365
1,425
438
639
629
3,106
1,843
1,382
29
81
823
633
352
595
176
233
175
137
30
440
333
325
663
486
300
112
60
160
440
407
137
257
169
1
5
36
571
265
190
68
14
14
22,433
1993
15,191
14,546
12,199
1,796
551
612
602
2,942
1,661
1,248
26
72
848
662
346
599
171
241
178
145
25
450
341
332
667
488
300
114
60
162
409
413
141
265
176
1
5
37
517
278
201
69
8
8
21,517
1994
74,869
14,312
11,904
1,854
555
523
512
3,029
1,715
1,289
26
75
882
692
345
599
169
242
177
145
25
457
345
336
692
506
312
119
62
168
406
437
145
279
186
1
5
37
295
283
206
69
74
14
21,118
Note(s): Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
1994 emission estimates are preliminary and will be updated in the next report
Tier 1 source categories and emissions are shaded.
3-14 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
Table 3-5. Total National Emissions of Paniculate Matter (PM-10), 1940 through 1994
(thousand shorttons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB.-ELEC. UT1L
Coal
bituminous
FUEL COMB.-1NDUSTRIAL
FUELCOMB.-OJHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Residential Wood
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
sulfate (kraft) pulping
Mineral Products
cement mfg
surface mining
stone quarrying/processing
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Diesels
NON-ROAD SOURCES
Railroads
NATURAL SOURCES-wind erosion
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
agricultural crops
agricultural livestock
Other Combustion
wildfires
managed burning
Fugitive Dust
unpaved roads
paved roads
other
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1940
962
954
573
708
2,338
235
1,716
368
330
1ฃ08
588
217
246
374
366
364
3,996
784
511
470
2,701
1,363
62
482
AM
AM
392
210
NA
2,480
2,464
AM
2,968
NA
NA
NA
2,968
2,179
591
NA
NA
NA
NA
15,956
1950
1,467
1,439
865
604
1,674
224
1,128
288
455
1J027
346
105
427
254
412
389
6,9S4
696
798
729
5,460
1,998
108
663
NA
NA
50$
314
9
1,788
1,742
NA
1,934
NA
NA
NA
1,934
1,063
662
NA
NA
NA
NA
17,133
1960
2,117
2,092
1,288
331
1,113
21
850
194
309
1,026
375
122
214
437
689
639
7ฃ11
691
958
886
5,563
2,014
140
1,039
AM
AM
764
554
15
201
110
NA
1244
NA
NA
NA
1,244
428
606
NA
NA
NA
NA
15,558
1970
1,775
1,680
1,041
641
455
13
384
3
235
1J16
593
343
198
525
286
217
5,832
485
727
668
4,620
1,731
134
957
AM
AM
999
443
136
223
25
NA
839
NA
NA
NA
839
385
390
NA
NA
NA
NA
13,044
1980
879
796
483
679
887
8
818
27
148
622
130
32
322
170
738
97
1,846
402
183
142
1,261
417
127
421
AM
AM
273
397
208
329
37
AM
852
NA
NA
NA
852
514
315
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,050
1990
262
269
187
240
553
14
501
18
62
136
45
3
86
4
28
4
374
30
104
69
212
32
17
84
2
57
242
357
250
372
47
4,362
36,267
7,364
6,983
381
1,178
590
529
27,725
11,338
5,992
10,396
43,333
1993
268
255
184
234
539
13
488
18
63
136
45
3
87
4
27
4
377
31
107
71
211
33
17
80
2
57
248
321
215
395
48
1,978
37,905
7,231
6,837
394
743
152
532
29,930
12,482
6,095
11,353
42,548
1994
266
254
182
237
529
13
478
18
64
141
46
3
90
5
26
4
390
32
111
73
220
35
17
83
2
59
250
311
206
411
48
2,593
40,750
7,121
6,716
405
1,017
424
535
32,012
12,883
6,358
12,771
45,431
Note(s): Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
1994 emission estimates are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Tier 1 source categories and emissions are shaded.
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends 3-15
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
Table 3-6. Total National Emissions of Lead, 1970 through 1994
(short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB.-ELEC. UT1L
Coal
FUEL COMB.-1NDUSTR1AL
Coal
FUELCOMB.-OTHER
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
lead oxide and pigments
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
primary lead production
primary copper production
primary zinc production
secondary lead production
secondary copper production
lead battery manufacture
lead cable coating
Ferrous Metals Processing
coke manufacturing
ferroalloy production
iron production
steel production
gray iron production
Metals Processing NEC
metal mining
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Mineral Products
cement manufacturing
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
municipal waste
other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
NON-ROAD SOURCES
Non-Road Gasoline
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
Note(s): Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1
1970
327
300
237
218
10,052
10,000
103
103
24,224
15,869
12,134
242
1,019
1,894
374
41
127
7,395
11
219
266
3,125
3,773
960
353
2,023
540
1,488
2,200
581
1,619
777,967
142,918
22,683
6,361
8,340
8,340
219,471
1975
230
189
75
60
10,042
10,000
120
120
9,923
7,192
5,640
171
224
821
200
49
55
2,196
8
104
93
1,082
910
535
268
7,337
217
1,120
7,595
396
1,199
730,206
106,868
19,440
3,898
5,072
5,012
158,541
1980
129
95
60
45
4,111
4,080
104
104
3,026
1,826
1,075
20
24
481
116
50
37
911
6
13
38
481
373
289
207
808
93
715
7,270
161
1,049
62,189
48,501
11,996
1,692
3,320
3,320
74,956
1985
64
51
30
22
427
400
118
118
2,097
1,376
874
19
16
288
70
65
43
577
3
7
21
209
336
144
141
376
43
273
871
79
792
15,978
12,070
3,595
313
229
229
20,124
1990
64
46
18
14-
418
400
736
136
2,769
1,409
728
19
9
449
75
78
50
576
4
18
18
138
397
184
184
169
26
143
804
67
738
1,690
1,263
400
28
197
197
5,666
1993
67
49
15
11
415
400
96
96
1,887
1,195
604
21
13
353
70
86
47
499
3
12
20
145
319
193
193
54
27
28
829
67
762
7,407
1,046
336
19
179
179
4,938
1994
63
49
15
11
475
400
93
93
1,873
1,171
566
22
14
360
80
85
44
489
3
13
19
150
304
213
212
55
26
28
847
74
774
1,403
1,048
336
19
793
193
4,956
totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
1994 emission estimates are preliminary and will be updated in the next report
Tier 1 source categories and emissions are shaded.
3-16 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 3-7. Carbon Monoxide Emission Standards, 1970 to Present
Emission Limit
(grams of CO per mile)
Model year
1970-1971
1972-1974
1975-1979
1980-1993
1994+
1994+
Light-duty Vehicles
23
39
15
3.42
3.45
4.26
Light-duty Trucks
(0 to 6,000 Ibs.)
39
201
183,104
4.4s
5.56
Note(s): ' Standard applies for 1975-1978 model years.
2 Certain vehicles were subject to a less stringent requirement of 7.0 gpm from
model years 1980-1984.
3 Standard applies for 1979-1983 model years.
4 Standard applies for 1984-1993 model years.
5 Standards applicable to vehicles that have a useful life (for certification purposes)
of 5 years or 50,000 miles, whichever comes first.
6 Standards applicable to vehicles that have a useful life (for certification purposes)
of 10 years or 100,000 miles, whichever comes first.
Table 3-8. Nitrogen Oxide and Volatile Organic Compound Emission Limits for
Light-Duty Vehicles
Emission Limit
(grams per mile)
Model Year NOX
1972-1974 3.02
1975-1979 3.13, 2.04
1980-1993 1.0s
61994+ 0.4
71994+ 0.6
VOC1
3.4
1.5
0.41
0.25
0.31
Note(s): ' These are exhaust emission standards for VOC.
2 Standard applies for 1973-1974 model years.
3 Standard applies for 1 975-1 976 model years.
* Standard applies for 1 977-1 980 model years.
5 Standard aoolies for 1981-1993 model vears.
Standard applicable to vehicles that have a useful life (for certification purposes) of
5 years or 50,000 miles, whichever comes first.
Standard applicable to vehicles that have a useful life (for certification purposes) of
10 years or 100,000 miles, whichever comes first.
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends 3-17
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 3-9. Nitrogen Oxide and Volatile Organic Compound Emission Limits for
Light-Duty Trucks
Emission Limit
(grams per mile)
Model Year
1972-1974
1975-1978
1979-1984
1985-1993
71994+
"1994+
NOX
3.02
3.13
2.34
125.6
0.7
0.97
VOC1
3.4
2.0
1.7
0.8
0.32
0.4
Note(s): 1 These are exhaust emission standards for VOC.
2 Standard applies for 1 973-1 974 model years.
Standard applies for 1979-1987 model years.
Standard applies for 1988-1993 model years.
Light-duty trucks with a loaded-vehicle weight more than 3,750 pounds are subject
to a 1.7 gpm standard for these model years.
Standard applicable to vehicles that have a useful life (for certification purposes) of
5 years or 50,000 miles, whichever comes first.
Standard applicable to vehicles that have a useful life (for certification purposes) of
10 years or 100,000 miles, whichever comes first.
3-18 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Figure 3-1. Trend in CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions
by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1940 to 1994
140
120 -
1990
On-Road Vehicles IHJ Non-Road Sources HI Fuel Comb.-Other ED Miscellaneous (primarily fires)
Metals Processing ^ Chemical & Allied Product Mfg. H Waste Disposal & Recycling d Remaining Categories
Figure 3-2. Trend in NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions
by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1900 to 1994
30
25
-20
1
I 15
10
1900 1910 1920
1970 1980 1990
On-Road Vehicles U Fuel Comb.-Elec. Utilities ^ Fuel Comb.-lndustrial
Fuel Comb.-Other |^ Chemical & Allied Products ffl Other Industrial Processes
Non-Road Sources
Remaining Categories
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends 3-19
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Figure 3-3. Trend in VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions
by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1900 to 1994
1900 1910 1920
1930
1940 1950
Year
1960 1970 1980
1990
Solvent Utilization On-Road Vehicles SB Waste Disposal & Recycling Hill Non-Road Sources
Storage & Transport ^ Chemical & Allied Product Mfg. 0 Miscellaneous (primarily fires) I I Remaining Categories
Figure 3-4. Trend in SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions
by 6 Principal Source Categories, 1900 to 1994
1910 1920 1930
1940 1950
Year
1960
1970 1980 1990
Fuel Comb. - Elec. Util. [I Fuel Comb. - Industrial Metals Processing On-Road Vehicles
Fuel Comb. - Other HU Non-Road Sources Q Remaining Categories
3-20 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Figure 3-5. Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) by Point and Fugitive Process
Sources (1940 to 1994), and by Fugitive Dust Sources (1985 to 1994)
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Year
I I Remaining Categories ฃ2J Fuel Comb. Other
S3 Waste Disposal & Recycling (TTI Non-Road Sources
DM Fuel Comb. - Ind. I:; j Miscellaneous (primarily fires)
S3 Fuel Comb. - Elec. Util. @ Other Industrial Process
1985
EH! Wind Erosion
I I Remaining Categories
Bffl Paved Roads
HI Agriculture
Hi Unpaved Roads
Figure 3-6. Trend in LEAD Emissions
by 5 Principal Source Categories, 1970 to 1994
300
1970
1990
Metals Processing | On-Road Vehicles Hj| Waste Disposal & Recycling
Fuel Comb.-Other FTTH Non-Road Sources I I Remaining Categories
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends 3-21
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
140,000
120,000
100,000
c 80,000
uj 60,000
40,000
20,000
Figure 3-7. Trend in CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions
for the Period 1940 to 1994
/ \
1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
Year
CO Emissions CO Emissions Normalized by GDP Per Capita CO Emissions
CO emissions reflect thousands ol short tons
Emissions normalized by GOP are shown as short tons per bllon dolars of real GDP (stated m constant 1987 pnces)
Per capita emissions are short tons per 100.000 persons
Source U.S Department of Commerce, population data." GDP data"
Figure 3-8. Trend in NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions
for the Period 1940 to 1994
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
Year
NOx Emissions NOx Emissions Normalized by GDP Per Capita NOx Emissions
NOx emissions reflect thousands of short tons
Emissions normalized by GDP are shown as short tons per biion dolars of real GDP (staled In oonstant 1987 prices).
Per capita emissions are short tons par 100,000 persons
Source U S Department of Commerce, population data?3 GDP data3''
3-22 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Figure 3-9. Trend in VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions
for the Period 1940 to 1994
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
J 15,000
10,000
5,000
1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985
Year
1990
VOC Emissions VOC Emissions Normalized by GDP Per Capita VOC Emissions
VOC omissions reflect thousands of short tons
Emissions normalized by GDP are shown as short tons per bikm doters of real GDP (stated in constant 1987 prices).
Per capita emissions are short tons per 100,000 persons
Source U S Department of Commerce, population data,2"3 GDP data3-4
Figure 3-10. Trend in SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions
for the Period 1940 to 1994
35,000
30,000
25,000
c 20,000
I 15,000
10,000
5,000
1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
Year
SO2 Emissions SO2 Emissions Normalized by GDP Per Capita SO2 Emissions
SO2 erne sons reflect thousands of short Ions.
Emissions noimalzed by GDP are shown as short tons per MKon dolars of real GDP (stated In constant 1987 prices)
Per capita amfeakro are short tons per 100,000 persons.
Source U.S. Depaitnent of Commerce, population data." GDP data
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends 3-23
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
20,000
15,000
I
8 10,000
5,000
Figure 3-11. Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions
from Point and Fugitive Processes for the Period 1940 to 1994
1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
Year
PM-10 Emissions PM10 Emissions Normalized by GDP Per Capita PM-10 Emissions
PM-10 emissions reflect thousands of short tons
Emissions normalized by GDP are shown as short tons per b* on dotera a real GDP (stated m constant 1987 prices)
Per capita emissions are short tons per 100,000 persons
Source U.S. Department of Commerce, population data."GDP data
300
250
Figure 3-12. Trend in LEAD Emissions
for the Period 1970 to 1994
1970
1990
Pb Emissions Pb Emissions Normalized by GDP Per Capita Pb Emissions
Pb emissions reflect thousands of short tons
Emissions normalized by GDP are shown as abort tons per Ml ion dobrs of real GDP (staled In constant 1987 prices).
Per capda emissions are short tons per 100,000 persons
Source- US. Department of Commerce, popuation data," GDP data
3-24 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
250
200
1
|150
i
i100
I
50
0
Gasofnepnc<
Source: Ener
Figure 3-13. Trend in On-Road CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions,
Vehicle Miles Traveled, Fuel Use, and Gasoline Price
-
k
194
wares
gyStat
llll
0 1960 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981
Year
H CO Emissions H Fuel Use H Vf,
n i
1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993
rtT O Gasoline Price
tated In constant 1987 prica level*.
teles Sourcebook11
ป | Percentage of 1 970 Value
ป J Ul O Ul Q Ul
. s
Figure 3-14. Trend in On-Road NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions,
Vehicle Miles Traveled, Fuel Use, and Gasoline Price
-
194
:essre
srgySti
III
ซ 1960 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981
Year
| NOx Emissions | Fuel Use H V
lulu
1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993
MT Q Gasoline Price
stated In constant 1 987 price lewis
fflstics Somcebook'
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends 3-25
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Figure 3-15. Trend in On-Road VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions,
Vehicle Miles Traveled, Fuel Use, and Gasoline Price
250
200
I150
5
I
100
50
1940 1960 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993
Year
VOC Emissions Fljel Use VMT O Gasoline Price
Gasohia prices are sided m constant 1987 price lewis
Source Energy Statutes Sourcabook'
250
200
Figure 3-16. Trend in Highway LEAD Emissions,
Vehicle Miles Traveled, Fuel Use, and Gasoline Prices
1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992
Pb Emissions H Fuel Use ^ VMT Q Gasoline Price
Gaaotne prices are died in constant 1987 price levels
Source: Energy Statistics Sourcdnok'
3-26 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
300
250
|200
ง
ซ150
Jioo
60
0
Pmann
Source U
Figure 3-17. Trend In NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions from Electric
Utility Fuel Combustion, Coal Used to Produce Electricity,
and Average Retail Price of Electricity Sold
!
1970 1>72 1974 1976 1ป7ป 1980 1981
V~r
NOxEmmom ^ Coal Used to Produce Elad
lljlllllll
|
1984 1986 1988 1980 1992
ridty Q Avenp Prica par kWh
MWMd * MnunlflBT ctalm
D^wwcrtrtErargy1
300
250
1200
g
* 150
e 100
50
0
EmMimn
Scut* U
Figure 3-18. Trend In SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions from Electric
Utility Fuel Combustion, Coal Used to Produce Electricity,
and Average Retail Price of Electricity Sold
: .,1,
||| j
IIllllIIlIllllII
1970 1972 1974 1976 1976 19SO 1M2
Yair
SO2 Emissions ^ Coal UstKj lo Produce Elซa
mil
J I
IIllllIIlIllllII
1964 1968 1966 1990 1992
riciy O Avarage Pric* of kWh
MtnUogydwvocxmdwl 1BK
DtpvtnrtdElwgy*
300
250
|200
i
V 150
e 100
ฃ
50
0
Ernmn
SMMC u
Figure 3-19. Trend In PARTKULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions from Electric
Utility Fuel Combustion, Coal Used to Produce Electricity,
and Average Retail Price of Electricity Sold
; (lj|
-fr\\ j I
iff S
Ell J i
Jll i H
1970 1972 1974 1976 1976 1960 1962 19
Vtar
PM-10 Emissions H Coal Used 10 Produos Else
J J J J J J J 1 J JL_
64 1966 1986 1980 1992
tncMy O Average) Price per kWh
LOvrtTWKdEn^y'
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends 3-27
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Figure 3-20. Trend in Copper Production and SULFUR DIOXIDE
Emissions from Copper Production
120
100
5 8ฐ
o 60
8.
I
40
20
1940 1960 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993
Year
Copper Production S02 Emissions 11 Copper Production
Bnjsacns methodology change occurred in 1985
Source U S Department cf Interior.I0
140
Figure 3-21. Trend in Cement Production and PARTICULATE MATTER
(PM-10) Emissions from Cement Production
1940 1960 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993
Cement Production PM-10 Emission US Cement Production
Emissions methodology change occurred in 1985
Source: U.S Department of Interior'"
3-28 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
160
Figure 3-22. History of U.S. Municipal, County, and State
Air Pollution Control Legislation
Source: Pittc Potass lor Emianmenlal Protection7
O
ฃ
1
Figure 3-23. Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions and Pollution Abatement Expenditures
200,000
190,000
180,000
170,000
160,000
140,000
15,000
(19721
I
20,000
(1964)
(1975) (1963)
(1981)
(1982)
I
I
25,000
30,000
36,000
Expenditures (millions of 1987 dollars)
Cntaria ar poUant emission* wdudng PM-10 amasicns from fugftrw dust
Source: U S Department of Ccmmซrc* 6
40,000
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends 3-29
-------
Chapter 4.0
Emission Trends, 1985 through
1994
This chapter presents emission summaries for each of the 10
EPA regions and national seasonal emissions by major source
category. Definitions for EPA Administrative regions are
presented in table 4-1. When comparing emissions from different
regions, it is important to consider the size of the region,
population, economic activity, predominant types of industry, soil
type, and other factors that affect air pollution. Total regional
emissions for 1985 through 1994 are presented by pollutant and
year in appendix B, tables B-l through B-6.J Table A-7 presents
the regional emissions of ammonia. The 1996 Trends report will
present and discuss ammonia emissions in more detail.
It should be noted that the regional emissions shown in the
previous report1 have been revised. As described in chapter 6,
regional emissions for lead are calculated as a fraction of the total
national emissions of each source category. Regional emissions of
CO, NO,, VOC, SO2, and PM-10 are the sum of county emissions
in each region.
The trends in regional emissions follow the trends in national
emissions for most categories. This effect is largely due to the fact
that each region has a diversity of source categories which reflect
the national diversity. Some source categories, however, such as
wildfires, prescribed burning, wind erosion, and certain industrial
processes, produce significant regional effects and, therefore, do not
necessarily follow national trends within the source category.
These source categories will generally account for large changes at
the regional level from one year to the next.
Of special note are the 1990 CO and VOC Region X
emission changes. These changes are the result of a large number
of wildfires in Alaska Also of interest is the variation in the
PM-10 emissions for Regions VI and VII and to a lesser extent
Region Vin. These changes are the result of wind erosion
estimates being very sensitive to regional soil conditions and year-
to-year changes in total precipitation and wind speeds.
Tables 4-2 through 4-4 present the 10-year trend in CO, NOX,
and VOC seasonal emissions. These seasonal emissions were
estimated using four methods for three pollutants. The
methodology was specific to on-road vehicles, electric utility,
residential wood burning, other area sources, and all other point
sources. The three pollutants are CO, NOX, and VOC. On-road
vehicle and electric utility emissions were estimated for each
month, and then summed to the four seasons. Residential wood
burning emissions were distributed to the seasons based on heating
degree days. Area source emissions were temporally apportioned
using State point and area factors obtained from the NAPAP
methodology.2 The point emissions were distributed to the seasons
based on the 1985 NAPAP seasonal throughput percentages for
each point. The seasons are defined as winter (December, January,
February), spring (March, April, May), summer (June, July,
August), and autumn (September, October, November). Several
source categories emit evenly throughout the year. This may be
because national production is constant (industrial sources) or lack
of specific seasonal indicators (area sources). Sources with
noticeable variation are fuel combustion - electric utility and other,
on-road vehicles, non-road sources, and miscellaneous sources.
Electric utility seasonal emissions vary slightly depending on
pollutant. This variation is due to the fact that different fuels (i.e.,
coal, oil, gas) emit differing amounts of pollutants. In general, for
the 10 years and 3 pollutants presented, the emissions are highest
in the summer and lowest in the spring.
The combustion of wood by residential users affects the
seasonal variation in fuel combustion - other. As is expected,
emissions are highest in the winter and lowest in the summer. For
the years 1985 to 1994, the percentages vary depending on
temperatures, with winter emissions ranging from 56 to 64 percent
of the total fuel combustion emissions.
On-road NOX emissions vary little from season to season or
year to year. The on-road CO emissions have been highest in the
winter for the years 1985 to 1994. Emissions of VOC are highest
in the summer for the years 1985 to 1991. In 1992 and 1993,
VOC emissions are approximately evenly distributed. For the
winter of 1994, VOC on-road emissions were higher than any
other season. The shifting of VOC emissions to the winter months
is caused in part by the decrease in the RVP limit in fuels sold
during the summer months.
The same seasonal allocation factor was used for all years to
apportion the annual non-road emissions. Non-road engine
emissions (non-road diesel and gasoline) are higher in the summer
than in the winter since weather prohibits the use of these engines;
such as construction, lawn & garden, recreational, and light
commercial.
In 1994, the miscellaneous category is comprised of wildfires
(45 percent), prescribed burning (47 percent), and other burning
(agricultural burning, structural fires, etc., [8 percent]). The
numerical average seasonal percentages in 1994 for prescribed
burning and wildfires are listed below.
4.0 Emission Trends, 1985 through 1994 4-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
Prescribed Burning
Season (%)
Wildfires
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
10
70
0
20
5
5
50
40
Spring percentages for the 10-year period are the lowest. The
emissions in the other three seasons vary depending on the
magnitude of the source subcategories. For example, in the 10-year
range, wildfires emissions are the highest in 1988 and the lowest in
1993 and the prescribed burning emissions are constant In 1988, the
summer and autumn proportion of annual miscellaneous emissions
are the largest, but in 1993 the spring proportion is the largest.
4.1 REFERENCES
1. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1993. EPA-454/R-94-027, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1994.
2. Pratt, D.B., D.F. Mudgett, and R.A. Walters. The 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory: Development of Temporal Allocation
Factors. EPA-600/7-89-010d. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. April 1990.
' A discussion of emission trends during the last decade is located in chapter 3.
Table 4-1.10 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Administrative Regions
Region 1
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Veimont
Region i
New Jersey
New York
Region H
Delaware
District of
Columbia
Marytend
Pennsylvania
Virginia
West Virginia
Region rv
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Mississippi
North
Carolina
South
Carolina
Tennessee
Region V
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
MinnosotB
Onto
Wisconsin
Region VI
Arkansas
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Region VH
towa
Kansas
Missouri
Nebraska
Region VIII
Colorado
Montana
North Dakota
South Dakota
Utah
Wyoming
Region K
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Region X
Alaska
Idaho
Oregon
Washington
4-2 4.0 Emission Trends, 1985 through 1994
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 4-2. Seasonal Emissions for Carbon Monoxide, 1985 through 1994
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
"^*$!*l$<5
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
ammmXUgป9^>-'i te'ปpwz'
:;;;j'^.f.^ "s^SX ซs^^ \s8yS s . ' < ^rfssr-Vlw "
76
68
79
70
172
165
162
171
.*ซ?
4,834
1,388
94
1,209
66
81
69
168*"
159
157
166
jm
3,837
1,413
103
1,254
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Vinte'r'
Spring
Summer
Autumn
463
461
460
462
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
tefStdia
^?ss?^
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
!*u-
ton
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Storage* Transport
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
617
548
524
533
482
117
118
117
110
;ซs*?
174
174
173
173
2
0
0
0
0
' 12
12
12
12
Winter
Spnng
Summer
Autumn
484
485
486
486
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Non-floaii Source*
21,267
18,534
19,686
17,900
74
69
87
71
$49?
?67
159
156
166
,.Mfe
3,463
1,310
94
1,144
80
70
89
74
164
162
171
- , .S^^
3,737
1,359
96
1,198
83
74
86
77
mi
173
165
162
172
WO,-
"3,826"
1,420
89
1,114
~
72
72
91
79
IS!
174
166
163
173
2,290
982
57
744
76
73
89
172"'
164
161
170
,ซ3|&:
2,428
910
87
948
76
74
87
76
fp*
173
165
162
171
'JSlfifc'
(US*-
2,576
1,044
65
930
465
463
462
464
577
513
490
499
116
114
107
451
449
448
450
~M**>
549
491
468
477
i'li"
116
115
108
481
479
477
480
483
481
480
482
486
484
483
486
%t^r-'
488 493
486 490
484 489
487 492
581
519
496
505
.*?.
112
113
112
104
179
180
178
178
0
0
0
0
st.
13
13
13
13
179
179
178
177
0 '
0
0
0
'!ป->
,ซ,
12
12
12
178
178
177
177
?:**,
o
0
0
0
14
14
14
591
526
503
512
"110
112
111
104
180
180
178
178
':;:*;,
o
0
0
0
14
14
14
14
578
512
491
499
'110
111
110
104
180
180
179
178
0
0
0
0
14
14
14
14
554
490
470
478
104
105
104
98
-7*9'-'
178
178
177
177
0"
0
0
0
',-** .
13
13
14
14
568
503
483
490
104'*
105
104
97
"18*5"
180
179
179
b"
o
0
0
"$ฃ.;.:
14
14
14
14
478
479
479
479
461
463
463
463
450
452
452
452
436
437
437
437
420
422
422
422
424
426
426
426
428
429
430
430
78
72
93
79
172 '
165
162
171
=!,
ปซV
2,213 2,302
885 840
70 64
794 682
,
78
72
95
80
"173
165
162
171
501
499
498
500
514
511
510
513
580
515
494
502
761
102
101
95
601
534
512
520
390
"99"
100
99
92
184
184
183
182
o'
0
0
0
14
14
14
14
188
188
187
187
ff 2
0
0
0
0
>',ซป
14
15
15
15
432
433
433
433
435
437
437
437
19,375
17,830
18,811
17,330
18,941
17,460
18,165
16,684
19,155
17,342
18,039
16,545
18,923
16,421
15,411
15,295
17,289
15,925
14,894
14,750
17,433
15,402
14,574
14,665
16,947
15,170
13,630
14,112
16,981
15,177
13,837
14,208
17,522
15,397
13,942
14,209
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Mlscettumous
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Total All Sources
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
2,601
3,378
4,234
3,493
; !- 7,895,-:
678
3,496
1,539
2,183
114,690
31,499
28,840
27,554
26,797
2,663
3,448
4,310
3,562
'," 7iปt :
648
3,493
1,196
1,917
109,199
28,601
28,170
26,399
26,029
' "2,695
3,484
4,353
3,600
. 9,8207;
728
3,598
1,958
2,535
108,012
27,839
27,796
26,478
25,900
'2,766
3,576
4,465
3,693
: 15,063
1,087
4,034
5,415
5,327
115,849
28,799
28,283
29,992
28,775
2,772
3,578
4,471
3,698
r:::;Y&*2fl!
"698
3,620
1,565
2,238
103,144
28,287
27,017
23,510
24,330
2,793
3,608
4,511
3,729
*'* 'tljtXi':''-
'"' 850
3,761
3,100
3,462
100,650
23,562
25,965
26,345
24,778
'"'"2,770 "
3,589
4,510
3,732
zฃ-*9jKtt
'717
3,627
1,780
2,406
97,376
25,392
25,477
22,888
23,620
2,828
3,662
4,601
3,809
6,774
630
3,545
897
1,702
94,043
25,031
25,356
21,163
22,494
'2,901
3,752
4,713
3,903
> V '-$$00^
627
3,551
853
1,669
94,133
24,783
25,348
21,451
22,550
2,978
3,847
4,830
4,002
-,,"1$NS
755
3,688
2,118
2,684
98,017
25,641
25,795
22,982
23,600
4.0 Emission Trends, 1985 through 1994 4-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 4-3. Seasonal Emissions for Nitrogen Oxides, 1985 through 1994
(thousand short tons)
""'Winter ' ' " "
Spring
Summer
Autumn
FmiComb,'tnttttstrlal :' 'r
Winter"" " ' "'""
Spring
Summer
Autumn
fflM($ifatl>ZiO$M% :'-.;, jf,""' '',.
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
., >',. .
Winter "
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Waste Disposal & Recycling
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
On-Road Vehicles >> " :
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Non-Road Source f ,
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Miscellaneous
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Total All Sources
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
R85
1,801
1,603
1,862
1,650
'"' "'"825'
794
785
805
' 'V'/f"''^'?^'?'
343'"'
163
56
149
65""' i:
72
62
63
,: ., f-'ffi'; ,'
22~-
22
21
21
*V ~'-Wf" -,
31
31
31
31
,''- ' &%?$<ฃ
79
83
83
82
'"'" "'. "' > ฃ"/'"
'l' "
1
1
1
: . ' '>'<;, ซJ ซ,',
1
1
1
1
li>*>,/;9f- ~-
- -vป.^,,V.
22
22
22
; -spaas!/;''
2,063
2,046
1,997
1,983
587
674
780
693
-: ,,309',":
25
122
72
91
22,860
5,861
5,624
5,775
5,599
R5S~
"'"17757*"'
1,568
1,935
1,648
789''"'
758
749
769
i*'ซ-_ggijf*v-
"328"'
162
56
148
'*' ""eV""'
72
62
63
-,/f^jKf ,~,~
""" 20
21
20
20
v*f$fih, '''
27"
27
27
27
's<ซ '"fittf-
,..., i-,,.^
83
83
83
-,.-':$ ,
1
1
1
1
.,/> -Jf'V;
1
1
1
1
',:fv4S7,
" '''"'22''
22
22
22
' 3^7721
'1,962
1,974
1,920
1,918
'596
685
793
703
, -, m - "
22
120
46
70
22,348
5,668
5,485
5,718
5,476
1987
1,748
1,627
2,055
1,698
788
757
748
769
"'*' '''; TSfi''
332
165
59
151
' 64
70
60
61
'' ' 7$ '
'''19
19
18
19
'':-?0?
25
25
25
25
':.: 320
77
81
81
81
: ;'""-, 3,
i
1
1
1
"' -~, %
" 1
1
1
1
* i * ' 8S'
21
21
21
21
''"''jrtffit /
'" 1^938
1,939
1,885
1,889
574
657
759
674
- 351,
27'
125
92
107
22,403
5,615
5,483
5,807
5,499
TsJSiT"
: ->3i!ป!
1,928
1,679
2,137
1,786
820
789
779
800
^"'..^40'ฐ
349'
172
61
158
'"69
75
64
66
'<<-; >;- 'Si'
20
21
20
20
, , ' '"ซป',
25
25
25
25
;'- sts
76
80
80
79
-' -' "' ,,-~3''.,.
1
1
1
1
' ... ฃ,
1
1
1
1
-: '"':=; "85 :
21'
21
21
21
-.< ""VitoBrt >
1,949
1,942
1,879
1,892
625" '
720
830
738
,-. ' Tie '
46
146
278
256
23,6)8
5,928
5,665
6,180
5,845
1989
\',9BO
1,760
2,034
1,833
825
794
784
805
; 736
'349
172
59
155
69
74
64
66
' > ' 'SSI
21
21
20
21
,,ซ -"''ffi
24
24
24
24
,;3tJ
75
79
79
78
- ; "'>' '.!
""""1 '
1
1
1
'. ' ' -'US--- ',
20'"'
21
21
21
* ":?14Bฃ'*'
' "''' 1,881 ''
1,907
1,864
1,836
'"e'i'o"'
704
809
720
, 373-
""" 28
127
103
115
23,038
5,747
5,761
5,830
5,700
vSSri
1,858"
1,722
2,064
1,843
'""'" '*816'"'
786
777
796
' ' JW ' '
338
167
59
155
71
75
65
67
*". ' "-95J
'l9
20
19
19
,, - .&*.. " -.
24
24
24
24
yu/f/,.";
'72'"
75
75
75
1 ,.:* <,S St
"1"'
1
1
1
", :-..,.; ฃ;''
"1
1
1
1
" ~-',ซJ"f
20
21
21
21
''T*373. '
1,863
1,857
1,834
1,820
" 600
691
796
709
283
24
123
57
79
22,672
5,705
5,572
5,797
5,597
1992
1,864
1,768
2,019
1,825
827'"
796
786
806
,"" 730 ""
344
171
60
156
73
77
66
68
, m -:
20
20
20
20
; ,' ซซ'_"";
'24 '
24
24
24
. ; , ,385", ,
74
77
77
77
.,:-.*,
1
1
1
1
', " - :3' '"-''-
'l
1
1
1
, -gs -f
21
21
21
21
" "71440 - '
1,873
1,880
1,855
1,833
' 618
713
822
732
',ซ*',
22
121
40
66
22,847
5,757
5,680
5,796
5,613
1993
?PP?S??ปC:
1,914
1,779
2,188
1,893
"822 '
791
782
802
: 'ปป,
341
170
60
155
73
77
67
69
jff
20
21
20
20
'"' ^ JMซ', ^
'23
24
24
24
- -at?
76
80
80
79
l*~ / ,3 _- .
1
1
1
1
,: " : ,.g v. ,
1
1
1
1
" 94' :
21' "
21
21
21
' 715 Ifl % ' v
1,907
1,896
1,856
1,851
638
737
852
758
20
120
25
53
23,276
5,856
5,717
5,976
5,725
1994
""" 1,913
1,772
2,207
1,904
'"825
793
784
804
f%f
343
170
60
154
74
79
68
70
' ; - >gj.
""" ""2'^"
22
21
21
i " ' &&
23
24
24
24
328
79
83
83
83
1
1
1
1
: ' , 3.
1
1
1
1
- ' ' 85
21
21
21
21
, ,^Vซ^A,
1*925
1,897
1,866
1,841
660
764
886
786
$74
28
128
103
116
23,615
5,910
5,760
6,128
5,817
4-4 4.0 Emission Trends, 1985 through 1994
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 4-4. Seasonal Emissions for Volatile Organic Compounds,1985 through 1994
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
Fuel Comtf.-Electric Utility
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
fuetCoim-lntiustrtol
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
W^CjtoBfciCNftfr- ':*-' Y
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
ctmiacai A AtHea product MI.
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Metals Processing ' -Y,YY ;
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Petroleum & Related InUuMes
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
(mermmtriai Processes r
"Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
*&Att&ฃt?}iitttf*ttfa* ' ' ""< <%< ; ~ v
vQwIBRvjjmfiawQff. , <,- }&'fiA*l/ปfii*M
iHrapwHF JWWyHHMif flt mmfjfvvrly^
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Oh-fm "
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Mtemjeouiji ::Y,:YS,Y
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Total All Sources
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
1985
8
7
9
8
- 134
35
33
33
34
1,403
906
257
15
224
",71>3
'"'"' 175 '
176
176
176
YfHIStoY-
""'98'"'
97
97
98
* 1,398
1,405
1,451
1,444
:. ,'1,747, ':
436
437
438
437
""" 577''
577
577
578
''^KK--
"2,019
2,317
2,849
2,191
Y^ซป
384
493
619
512
J582-,;
49
189
153
171
25,798
6,445
6,350
6,773
6,230
1986
34
9
8
9
8
', '- 133 ''-
34
33
32
33
1,230
717
262
17
233
1i41%~
354
354
351
353
. v '73,
19
19
18
18
666
166
166
167
167
Y,' ' 988
''" '" ' 99
99
99
99
'* 'l',382
1,388
1,430
1,426
1,873,,.
'417
418
419
418
573
573
573
573
8,874 '
1,910
2,194
2,700
2,070
-j^iSKr
391
501
627
520
I ''"Sit -
48
192
141
163
24,991
6,113
6,207
6,584
6,087
1987
''"' 8
8
10
8
'".131
34
32
32
33
;' 1,117
646
243
16
212
1,410.
353
354
351
352
7S
18
18
17
17
: : B55Y
163
164
164
164
,",-*ป*!
99 '
98
98
99
"l,410
1,416
1,461
1,456
1,801
449
450
451
450
'564
564
564
564
"- 8,477
1,839
2,107
2,557
1,974
, 'JtfOSIS,,','
391
501
626
519
*52 :.-
54'""
202
192
205
24, //S
6,028
6,156
6,540
6,053
1988
!! '" 9
8
10
9
:'". 138':
35
34
33
34
''1,188
698
252
16
222
- 1,018 '
379
379
377
378
74.
19
19
18
18
' 645 '
161
161
161
161
?;,: ;Y48BPV
"102
102
102
102
' 1,458
1,466
1,514
1,507
/fyMSf ,
459
460
462
460
4t*X4n
: jff&IW
577
577
578
578
8^90
1,831
2,037
2,515
1,906
, ฃ,108: '
405 "
518
646
537
Y'f^&ZF::
84
242
470
431
25,719
6,218
6,255
6,902
6,344
1989
37
10
9
10
9
134
35
33
33
34
1200
715
264
15
206
1,506
377
377
375
376
- ,' -74
19
19
18
18
",:639
159
160
160
160
' ' Y!4B3 ;
'101
101
100
101
1,463
1,471
1,518
1,512
'1,783.
437
438
440
438
572
572
573
573
'* 7, 198 '
1,791
1,796
1,921
1,683
'= 2,103 ~.
405
517
646
536
639
54
209
179
197
23,935
6,139
5,965
5,987
5,844
1990
9
8
10
9
.. , './Jt3Sl~
35
33
33
34
749
423
181
9
136
1,526
382
382
380
381
v 72
19
19
18
18
643
160
161
161
161
;;"49I
100
100
100
100
tSffre
,3fymf9
' 1,466
1,474
1,521
1,514
,.3*759
438
440
441
440
565
565
566
566
6,854
1,702
1,705
1,825
1,623
." 3f1%&
408
521
651
540
'.' t$69'.
75
229
395
370
23,599
5,783
5,817
6,108
5,891
1991
38.
9
8
10
9
135
35
33
33
34
aw
450
167
14
175
1,533
384
384
382
383
' 69
18
18
17
17
' , ,7834 -
158
159
159
159
"3ฃ6': .
100
99
99
100
1,451
1,460
1,507
1,499
, 1,720
428
430
431
430
566
566
566
566
, %4SS
1,631
1,626
1,723
1,520
' '^,11111
406
520
653
543
-: 74f
59
212
231
238
22,8/7
5,696
5,682
5,826
5,673
1992
' 9
8
9
8
<.' .:i&Si.:~
35
33
33
34
'' ' ' JJKl
478
193
10
172
1,546 '
387
388
385
386
72,-
18
18
17
17
ear '
159
159
160
160
, "'- 403 i; ;'
' 161
100
100
101
1,479
1,487
1,536
1,528
1,74S. .:
435
436
437
436
567
567
567
567
. 5,072
1,474
1,444
1,577
1,577
'"','3,159 '";'
414 ' '
529
664
552
' 466 .
45 '
199
94
128
22,420
5,722
5,646
5,513
5,539
1993
9
8
10
9
Y 134
35
33
33
34
729
409
162
11
146
-- 1357 ,
390
390
387
389
74
19
19
18
18
831;
157
158
158
158
r~, 408 -
102
101
101
102
1,509
1,518
1,569
1,560
;: *;7ง7V'
438
439
440
439
568"
568
568
568
8,103 :
1,595
1,532
1,544
1,432
- a&se-':-
423
540
678
564
516
48
203
117
148
22,575
5,701
5,672
5,635
5,566
1994
38
9
8
10
9
13S
35
33
33
34
715
426
154
10
125
fปซ77
395
395
392
394
77
20
20
19
19
630
157
157
158
158
411
103
103
103
103
1,547
1,557
1,609
1,600
, :ฃฃ$(
442
443
445
443
568
568
568
568
"ftOW.
1,668
1,583
1,573
1,471
1 ; 2ฃ55
433
552
693
577
685
56
213
201
215
23,174
5,860
5,786
5,813
5,714
4.0 Emission Trends, 1985 through 1994 4-5
-------
Chapter 5.0
National Emission Projections,
1996 to 2010
Emission projections by pollutant through the year 2010 are
shown in tables 5-1 through 5-5 for CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and
PM-10, respectively. For most source categories, emission
projections are based on growth factors from EPA's Economic
Growth Analysis System (E-GAS).1 (Department of Energy
electricity generation projections2 are used for utilities and
MOBILE Fuel Consumption Model3 VMT projections are used for
motor vehicles.) Changes in emission controls are modeled to
project the effects of the CAAA on future emission levels. The
growth factors project growth in activity only and do not include
changes that might result from new technology (i.e., improved
efficiency). The control factors will capture changes in control
technology mandated by the CAAA but may not capture new
technologies and increased efficiency of process which are not
mandated by the CAAA.
Emission projections are a function of growth factors and
future control level estimates, both of which have associated
uncertainties. Growth factors, in general, are more uncertain the
further into the future the growth is projected. In any given
projection year, unexpected upturns or downturns in the economy
may occur which are unaccounted for in projections of trends in
activity. While the control factors applied may account for control
initiatives resulting from CAAA requirements, increased production
efficiency and technological changes (which may be a result of
initiatives to decrease production costs) may not be taken into
account
National projections are shown in the following tables for each
pollutant. These projections can be used to show which pollutants
are expected to increase or decline, and to show which sectors
have the greatest impact on total emissions and future emission
levels. While the future levels may give an indication of whether
air quality can be expected to improve, it should be noted that air
quality indicators (e.g., ambient concentrations) vary significantly
by area and that these national projections may not adequately
indicate the emission changes expected in individual areas currently
in nonattainment for CO, SO2, PM-10, and ozone. Caveats
associated with the controls modeled for each pollutant are
discussed below.
5.1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROJECTIONS,
1994 AND 1995 REPORTS
This chapter is basically a duplicate of the information
presented in the October 1994 report. Changes were made to the
non-road projections to adjust for errors made when the future
controls were applied. Specifics on all changes are explained in
section 6.5 of this report. The 1994 values presented in the last
report were derived using linear regression. The 1994 emissions
presented throughout this report were estimated using
methodologies similar to those for the year 1993 (see section 6.4
for more details.)
The projections contained in last year's report were estimated
during the summer of 1994. In particular, the estimate of 1994
emissions contained in last year's report is a linear interpolation of
estimates based on actual 1993 data and the 1996 projections.
Since that time several events have occurred that changed EPA's
estimate of 1994 emissions. Some ozone nonattainment areas have
opted out of using reformulated gasoline (began in 1995) and
changes have been made in the inspection and maintenance (I/M)
rule making (slated to begin in 1996). For these reasons and the
assumptions that VMT will increase, RVP will remain relatively
constant, and temperatures will be shown to have been somewhat
higher during the summer of 1995, mobile source on-road
emissions may be higher in 1995 than currently projected. On the
other hand, it is unclear at this point whether 1996 and later mobile
source emissions will increase or decrease, since Tier 1 emission
standards are scheduled to start in 1996 while other State and EPA
initiatives are slated for later years. At issue is whether,
collectively, our improvements in technology can overcome the
historically seemingly inexorable increase in VMT. As in past
Trends reports, changed will be made to the emission estimates as
information and resources become available.
52 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS
Trends in CO emissions through 2010 are shown in table 5-1
and illustrated in figure 5-1. Total emissions are expected to show
a continued decline through 2000 with emissions showing a slight
increase in 2002 continuing into the future. Emissions in 2010
likely will remain below 1990 levels. The decline through 2000
5.0 National Emission Projections 5-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
is due entirely to expected decreases in on-road vehicle emissions
as a result of more stringent tailpipe standards, enhanced I/M in
some ozone and CO nonattainment areas, and oxygenated fuels.
These decreases in on-road vehicle emissions outweigh small
increases in emissions from other source categories. As VMT
increases begin to dominate any further decreases in on-road
vehicle emission factors, total emissions begin to increase.
53 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN
NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS
Projected levels of NOX emissions through 2010 are shown in
table 5-2 and figure 5-2. Total emissions show a slight increase
from 1990 to 1993 followed by a decrease in 1996 as stationary
source NOX RACT is implemented and enhanced I/M programs
begin in some ozone nonattainment areas. Electric utility
emissions show an expected decline in 1996 with RACT
requirements and an additional decline between 1999 and 2000 as
phase n Title IV standards become effective. While RACT control
requirements for industrial fuel combustion emitters result in
emission declines for this category, trends are dominated by
decreases in predicted activity for coal and oil sectors. On-road
vehicle emissions will likely continue to decline through 2005 as
emission factor decreases due to tailpipe standards, phase n
reformulated gasoline, and I/M requirements outweigh increases in
VMT.
5.4 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
EMISSIONS
Trends in VOC emissions through 2010 are shown in table
5-3 and figure 5-3. Emission levels in 2010 are expected to
remain lower than 1990 although total emissions show an upturn
between 2000 and 2002. Emission projections for VOC include
only the mandatory provisions of the CAAA including RACT,
new Control Techniques Guidelines (CTGs), Federal measures for
consumer solvents, Tide I and n mobile source measures, and Title
HI Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standards.
Provisions which are not accounted for and which may result in
further emission declines (in ozone nonattainment areas) include
new source offsets, progress requirements, and attainment and
maintenance provisions. The largest expected decrease in
emissions occurs between 1993 and 1996 as the majority of ozone
nonattainment area mandatory measures are implemented. Solvent
utilization emissions show a continued decline through 1999 as
more stringent control requirements become effective for consumer
solvents. On-road vehicle emissions show a continued decline
through 2005; VMT increases then begin to dominate any
additional reductions due to emission factor decreases. Effects of
emission factor decreases become nil as tailpipe standards become
increasingly pervasive in the course of fleet turnover.
5.5 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN SULFUR
DIOXIDE EMISSIONS
Future year expected emission trends through 2010 for SO2
are shown in table 5-4 and figure 5-4. Total emissions are
predicted to continue to decline through 2010. Sulfur dioxide
emissions are dominated by electric utility and industrial fuel
combustion. Electric utility fuel combustion emissions show an
expected continued decline through 2010 due to the lower emission
cap in 2010. These projections assume that utilities bank a certain
portion of their phase I allowances and use these banked
allowances from 2000 to 2010. The projected 2010 utility
emissions are approximately 6 million short tons greater than the
2010 electric utility SO2 cap due to the use of the banked
allowances.
Future year expected emission trends from industrial sources
can be discerned from table 5-4 by combining the emissions from
fuel combustion-industrial, chemical and allied products
manufacturing, metals processing, petroleum and related industries,
other industrial processes, solvent utilization, storage and transport,
and waste disposal and recycling. When future emissions from
these sources are examined, they show a slight expected decrease
from 1990 to 1993, and then show a slightly increasing trend to the
year 2002. From 2002 to 2010 projected emissions are basically
flat. In all cases, the emissions projections show that total national
industrial SO2 emissions remain below 5 million short tons, well
below the 5.60 million short ton per year cap established by section
406 of the CAAA. As with historic emissions, industrial
combustion emissions continue to be the largest contributor to
future industrial SO2 emissions, although table 5-4 clearly shows
that emissions from industrial combustion sources decrease in
future years.
5.6 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN
PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10)
EMISSIONS
Projections of future levels of PM-10 emissions are shown in
table 5-5 and figure 5-5. Clean Air Act Amendment controls
reduce PM-10 emissions in nonattainment areas; however, because
this is such a small subset of total national emissions, overall levels
show an increase in emissions. The lower expected increase
between 1990 and 1996 is generally due to the nonattainment area
controls. Changes in emissions after 1996 are due solely to
activity level changes with the exception of on-road vehicles. On-
road vehicle emission factors decrease due to diesel fuel standards
and increased penetration of cleaner vehicles with fleet turnover.
The further decrease between 2005 and 2008 is due to the CAAA
standards for heavy duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs).
Wind erosion emissions can fluctuate substantially from year-
to-year, depending on meteorological conditions which cannot be
projected to the future. For this reason, all future year emissions are
5-2 5.0 National Emission Projections
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
assumed to be equivalent to 1990 levels. The 1993 estimate is
based on actual meteorological data. The large decrease seen in
1993 is due to substantial precipitation during the spring and
summer months in the midwestern United States, which resulted
in midwestern flooding and also acted to substantially reduce wind
erosion emissions. The "dip" observed in table 5.5 for wind
erosion is a direct result of this 1993 anomaly.
5.7 REFERENCES
1. Economic Growth Analysis System: User's Guide, Version 2.0. EPA-600/R-94-139b. Joint Emissions Inventory Oversight Group
(JEIOG), Office of Research and Development (ORD), Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS), U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. August 1994.
2. Recommendations to NAPAP Regarding SO2 Emission Projections. Report to the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
(NAPAP). Prepared by Resources for the Future. Washington, DC. June 15, 1994.
3. MOBILE4.1 Fuel Consumption Model. Computer reports from EPA, Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, MI. August 1991.
5.0 National Emission Projections 5-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
Figure 5-1. National CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions by Source Category
(Projected from 1990 to 2010)
120
2010
On-Road Vehicles [
i Non-Road Sources I
Miscellaneous H Metals Processing
(primarily wildfires)
Fuel Combustion-other I I Remaining Categories
Table 5-1. National Carbon Monoxide Emissions by Source Category
Projected from 1990 to 2010
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
Fuel Combustion - Electric Utility
Fuel Combustion - Industrial
Fuel Combustion - Other
Chemical and Allied Prod. Mfg
Metals Processing
Petroleum & Related Industries
Other Industrial Processes
Solvent Utilization
Storage and Transport
Waste Disposal & Recycling
On-Road Vehicles
Non-Road Sources
Miscellaneous
Total
1990
314
677
4,072
1,940
2,080
435
717
2
55
1,686
62,858
14,642
11,173
100,650
1993
322
670
3,961
1,998
2,091
398
732
2
56
1,732
60,202
15,269
6,700
94,133
1996
364
662
4,051
2,086
2,192
362
768
2
60
1,771
48,874
16,173
6,331
83,697
1999
395
652
3,697
2,192
2,288
331
814
2
65
1,804
46,003
17,033
6,372
81,649
2000
402
650
3,796
2,230
2,322
322
831
2
66
1,815
45,309
17,329
6,387
81/461
2002
416
646
3,850
2,309
2,395
304
866
2
70
1,836
44,525
17,945
6,418
81,580
2005
435
641
4,012
2,436
2,514
279
921
2
75
1,866
44,533
18,919
6,468
83,100
2008
462
636
4,337
2,502
2,624
266
950
2
77
1,892
45,835
19,460
6,493
85,535
2010
482
634
4,554
2,540
2,690
257
966
2
79
1,910
46,749
19,800
6,507
87,169
5-4 5.0 National Emission Projections
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
Figure 5-2. National NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions by Source Category
(Projected from 1990 to 2010)
1990
2010
Fuel Combustion-
electric utility
On-Road Vehicles
Fuel Combustion-
industrial
Non-Road Sources
Fuel Combustion-other
Remaining Categories
Table 5-2. National Nitrogen Oxide Emissions by Source Category
Projected from 1990 to 2010
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
Fuel Combustion - Electric Utility
Fuel Combustion - Industrial
Fuel Combustion - Other
Chemical and Allied Prod. Mfg
Metals Processing
Petroleum & Related Industries
Other Industrial Processes
Solvent Utilization
Storage and Transport
Waste Disposal & Recycling
On-Road Vehicles
Non-Road Sources
Miscellaneous
1990
7,516
3,256
712
276
81
100
306
2
2
82
7,488
2,843
373
1993
7,773
3,197
726
286
81
95
315
3
3
84
7,510
2,985
219
1998
6,761
2,985
718
421
86
91
339
3
3
86
7,041
3,178
206
1999
6,978
2,908
706
432
90
88
366
3
3
88
6,700
3,210
207
2000
5,921
2,892
702
436
91
87
375
3
3
89
6,531
3,208
207
2002
6,102
2,866
692
445
94
86
395
3
3
90
6,349
3,211
207
2005
6,379
2,827
678
458
99
84
427
3
3
92
6,281
3,231
209
2008
6,781
2,793
655
470
103
83
445
3
3
93
6,387
3,228
209
2010
7,072
2,772
639
478
106
83
455
3
3
94
6,495
3,235
209
Total
23,038 23,276 21,918 21.778 20,545 20,543 20,769 21,253 21,643
5.0 National Emission Projections 5-5
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
Figure 5-3. National VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by
Source Category (Projected from 1990 to 2010)
10
o
:M^^^^M^^""iUI
^MmmwM^w^.
Illlllll
On-road Vehicles
Solvent Utilization
Waste Disposal &
Recycling
Non-Road Sources
Storage & Transport
Remaining Categories
2010
Table 5-3. National Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by Source Category
Projected from 1990 to 2010
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
Fuel Combustion - Electric Utility
Fuel Combustion - Industrial
Fuel Combustion - Other
Chemical and Allied Prod. Mfg
Metals Processing
Petroleum & Related Industries
Other Industrial Processes
Solvent Utilization
Storage and Transport
Waste Disposal & Recycling
On-Road Vehicles
Non-Road Sources
Miscellaneous
Total
1990
36
135
749
1,526
72
643
401
5,975
1,759
2,262
6,854
2,120
1,069
23,599
1993
36
134
729
1,557
74
631
406
6,156
1,757
2,271
6,103
2,206
516
22,575
1996
40
269
311
1,682
64
633
465
6,247
1,761
2,277
5,147
2,321
458
21,678
1999
42
267
284
1,594
68
555
457
5,867
1,519
1,269
4,846
2,324
464
19,556
2000
43
267
292
1,605
69
550
447
5,947
1,530
1,271
4,742
2,322
466
19,551
2002
44
267
295
1,632
72
540
455
6,170
1,556
1,275
4,632
2,222
471
19,631
2005
45
267
306
1,675
76
526
469
6,532
1,603
1,280
4,578
2,046
478
19,881
2008
48
270
330
1,713
79
533
478
6,730
1,635
1,284
4,657
1,859
481
20,097
2010
50
272
346
1,735
81
537
483
6,853
1,654
1,288
4,726
1,748
483
20,256
5-6 5.0 National Emission Projections
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
Figure 5-4. National SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions by Source Category
(Projected from 1990 to 2010)
30-
I
to
o
CO
o
i
111
10
g8~s88~888^^
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
2000
2005
2010
Fuel Combustion-
electric utility
Fuel Combustion-
industrial
Metals Processing g| On-Road Vehicles
Fuel Combustion-other I I Remaining Categories
Note(s): Historic emissions shown for 1980 to illustrate Base Year "Title IV-Acid Deposition Control" emission estimates.
Table 5-4. National Sulfur Dioxide Emissions by Source Category
Projected from 1990 to 2010
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
Fuel Combustion - Electric Utility
Fuel Combustion - Industrial
Fuel Combustion - Other
Chemical and Allied Prod. Mfg
Metals Processing
Petroleum & Related Industries
Other Industrial Processes
Solvent Utilization
Storage and Transport
Waste Disposal & Recycling
On-Road Vehicles
Non-Road Sources
Miscellaneous
Total
1990
15,898
3,106
595
440
663
440
401
1
5
36
571
265
14
22,433
1993
15,191
2,942
599
450
667
409
413
1
5
37
517
278
8
21,517
1996
12,100
2,866
592
467
579
390
445
1
5
38
315
291
7
18,095
1999
11,500
2,887
566
479
579
371
477
1
5
39
336
305
7
17,552
2000
11,300
2,908
554
483
580
364
488
1
5
39
344
309
7
17,382
2002
10,980
2,958
530
491
580
352
510
1
5
39
360
319
7
17,133
2005
10,500
2,962
494
501
581
335
545
1
5
40
385
335
7
16,693
2008
9,900
2,912
455
516
582
328
566
1
5
41
411
348
7
16,071
2010
9,500
2,882
430
524
583
323
578
1
5
41
429
355
7
15,659
the 1994 Trends wtth a different methodology and will be updated in the 1996 Trends Report
5.0 National Emission Projections 5-7
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
Figure 5-5. National PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions by Source Category
(Projected from 1990 to 2010)
1990
2010
Fuel Combustion-
other
Other Industrial
Processes
Non-Road Sources
On-Road Vehicles
^ Fuel Combustion-
electric utility
I I Remaining Categories
Note(s): Natural Source and Miscellaneous emissions are not included.
Table 5-5. National Paniculate Matter (PM-10) Emissions by Source Category
Projected from 1990 to 2010
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
Fuel Combustion - Electric Utility
Fuel Combustion - Industrial
Fuel Combustion - Other
Chemical and Allied Prod. Mfg
Metals Processing
Petroleum & Related Industries
Other Industrial Processes
Solvent Utilization
Storage and Transport
Waste Disposal & Recycling
On-Road Vehicles
Non-Road Sources
Natural sources (wind erosion)
Miscellaneous
Total
1990
282
240
553
62
136
28
374
2
57
242
357
372
4,362
36,267
43,333
1993
268
234
539
63
136
27
377
2
57
248
321
395
1,978
37,905
42,548
1996
309
214
660
76
148
24
331
2
58
254
153
438
4,362
43,598
50,628
1999
334
201
594
78
155
23
353
2
61
259
131
466
4,362
48,850
55,867
2000
338
198
609
79
157
22
360
2
62
260
122
476
4,362
49,834
56,882
2002
353
193
618
80
162
21
376
2
65
263
126
498
4,362
51,835
58,955
2005
375
186
643
82
171
20
402
2
69
268
132
532
4,362
54,937
62,180
2008
404
179
694
84
178
19
416
2
71
271
127
547
4,362
57,383
64,738
2010
425
176
729
86
182
19
424
2
72
274
122
556
4,362
59,012
66,440
Note(s): The 1990 and 1993 on-road emissions were updated using the emission factor model PARTS. The 1996 to 2010 emissions were estimated for
the 1994 Trends with a different methodology and will be updated in the 1996 Trends Report
5-8 5.0 National Emission Projections
-------
Chapter 6.0
National Criteria Pollutant
Estimation Methodology
Each year the EPA prepares emission estimates for assessing
trends in criteria pollutants. For Trends reports published prior to
October 1993, the principal objective of compiling emission
estimates was to identify overall changes in emissions on a national
scale. National emissions provide an indicator by which to
measure national progress in the control of air pollutant emissions,
but the use of these estimates has limitations. The emission
estimates presented in the past represent calculated estimates based
on standard emission inventory procedures. These estimates do not
represent the results of efforts to measure actual source emissions.
Therefore, it should be recognized that these estimated national
trends in emissions may not be representative of local trends in
emissions or air quality.
In recent years, the objective for preparing and presenting the
national estimates has been modified. In addition to presenting
national progress in reducing air emissions, local trends in
emissions are presented when possible. To achieve this goal, a
revised methodology has been developed that will support the use
of detailed SIP inventories or other local inventories (e.g., the
Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission Study).
Because of these changes in methodologies,
comparison of values with previous Trends reports is not
a valid exercise. The reader should use caution when
comparing estimates for the years 1940 to 1994 from this
report with values in any report previously published. See
section 6.5.
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Three major methods are used to estimate the emissions for
successive intervals from 1900 through 1994.
The emissions presented for the years 1900 through 1939 are
taken from two reports on historic emissions.1-2 The emissions
presented for these years in the Trends report are unchanged from
the emissions presented in past Trends reports. The emissions
presented for the years 1940 through 1984 are based on the
methodology used to estimate the emissions for these years found
in all prior Trends reports, with several exceptions and
modifications to the emissions previously presented.
For the years 1985 to the current year, the emissions are based
on emission inventories known as the Interim inventories.3 These
inventories were created for the years 1987 through 1991 for use
as inputs into the Regional Oxidant Model (ROM) and the Urban
Airshed Model (UAM); the use of this methodology has been
expanded in this report to emissions for the years 1985 through
1994. In addition, the 1990 base year Interim inventory was
designed to facilitate the incorporation of available SIP emissions
data for nonattainment areas.
This chapter presents a general description of the
methodologies used to estimate emissions for 1900 through 1984
presented in this report. A more thorough discussion is provided
for the emissions estimation methodology used for the years 1985
through 1994. More detailed descriptions of all three
methodologies are presented in the Trends Procedures Document4
and the 1994 Trends report.5 The Trends Procedures Document
can be accessed via the TIN Bulletin Board.
The emissions presented in this report have undergone
additional revisions such as the incorporation of current
information, refinements in the methodology, and changes in
priorities. These revisions, as well as revisions anticipated in future
Trends reports, are presented in this chapter.
The 1994 emissions are presented in this report at the region,
State, county, nonattainment, and seasonal level for various tier
level categories. Brief descriptions of the methodologies used to
create these spatial and temporal emissions are also presented in
this chapter.
In addition to presenting emissions for the current year and
prior years, the Trends report presents national emission projections
for the years 1996 through 2010. The methodologies used to
produce these projected emissions are applied according to the
following source categories: on-road vehicles, electric utilities, and
all other sources. This chapter includes a description of these three
projection methodologies.
62 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1900 THROUGH
1939
The national SO2, NOX, and VOC emissions presented for the
years 1900 through 1939 have been taken from two reports on
historic emissions. In addition, these reports provided emission
estimates for the years 1941 through 1949,1951 through 1959, and
1961 through 1969.k The first report contains SO2 and NOX
emissions for the years between 1900 and 1980.' Volatile organic
compound emissions for the years between 1900 and 1985 are
6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodology 6-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
contained in the second.2 It should be noted that emissions for the
years 1940, 1950, I960, and 1970 in the Trends report were
estimated according to the methodology discussed in section 6.3.
Emissions of SO2, NOX, and VOC were estimated every 5
years from 1900 through 1970, using appropriate activity indicators
and emission factors. Emissions for all intervening years between
1900 and 1970 have been extrapolated from the aforementioned
emissions based on changes in the national activity for all
applicable source categories.
63 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1940 THROUGH
1984
A top-down estimating procedure has been used to produce
the criteria pollutant emission estimates for the years 1940, 1950,
1960, and 1970 through 1984, with several major exceptions. For
all transportation sources, both on-road vehicles and all non-road
transportation, the emissions for only the years 1940, 1950, and
1960 have been produced using this methodology.1 The lead
emissions have been produced using the top-down approach for the
years 1970 through 1994. In addition, the TSP emissions
presented in appendix C have been produced by this methodology.
The SO2 emissions for copper smelters for the years 1975 to 1984
were obtained from the plants as documented by the Argonne
National Laboratories. Finally, emission estimates for the years
1941 through 1949, 1951 through 1959, and 1961 through 1969
were estimated as described in section 6.2.
The emissions were estimated either for individual sources or
groups of sources using three basic factors: (1) an activity indicator
which represents the activity of a source producing emissions,
(2) an emission factor which relates the quantity of emissions
produced to the activity of the source, and (3) a control efficiency
which quantifies the amount of pollutant not emitted due to the
presence of control devices. Depending on the source category, the
activity indicator was represented by the quantity of fuel consumed
(or delivered), VMT, refuse burned, raw material processed, or
some other measure of production activity. The emission factors
are quantitative estimates of the average rate of emissions from
many sources combined and are most valid when applied to a
large number of sources.
National activity data for individual source categories were
obtained from many different publications. Emission factors were
generally obtained from the Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors (AP-42), and from MOBILES. Control efficiencies were
derived from several sources, depending on the year for which the
emissions were being estimated. For the years 1940 through 1984,
the primary source was the National Emissions Data System
(NEDS) archives.
6.4 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1985 THROUGH
1994
The CO, NO,, SO2, and VOC emissions presented in this
report for the years 1985 through 1994 have been estimated using
a methodology developed for the Interim Inventories, with several
exceptions. The Interim methodology was developed to produce
inventories for the years 1987 through 1991 and is presented in the
Regional Interim Emission Inventories (1987-1991)? A similar
methodology was developed for the preparation of a national 1990
PM-10 inventory as documented in the Emissions Inventory for the
National Paniculate Matter Study6 and revised as documented in
the draft report entitled The National Particulates Inventory:
Phase II Emission Estimates? In order to generate the necessary
emissions for the Trends report, the Interim methodology has been
expanded to generate CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC emissions for the
years 1985 and 1986, as well as PM-10 emissions for the years
1985 through 1989. Emissions for 1992 through 1994 for all
pollutants, except Pb, and all source categories, except for steam
generated fossil-fuel electric utility units, on-road vehicles,
wildfires, and most fugitive dust sources, have been projected from
the 1990 emissions using growth factors created by the EPA's
E-GAS, version 2.0.
Lead emissions for the years 1985 through 1994 have been
estimated using the methodologies described in section 6.3 of this
report. These methodologies were applied to estimate lead
emissions for all applicable source categories. The weighted
emission factors and control efficiencies were assumed to be
constant from 1990 to 1994. Using historic activity data, the 1994
preliminary estimates were made by one of two methods. The first
of these two methods used a quadratic regression with weighted
20-year category-specific activity data. The second method used
a linear regression with weighted 7-year activity data, and was
applied to source categories where the trend in activity data has
changed significantly over the past 10 years.
6.4.1 Fuel Combustion
The emissions included in the fuel combustion category fall
under three Tier 1 source categories including: fuel combustion-
electric utility; fuel combustion-industrial; and fuel combustion-
other.
6.4.1.1 Electric Utility Units
Emissions from the combustion of fuel by electric utilities
have been divided into two classifications: (1) steam generated
fossil-fuel units (an electric utility unit is a boiler) and (2) nonsteam
generated fossil-fuel units such as gas turbines (GT) and internal
combustion (1C) engines.
The emissions from fossil-fuel steam electric utility units for
the years 1986 through 1993 have been based on four basic
6-2 6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodology
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
factors: (1) fuel consumption, (2) emission factor, which relates the
quantity of fuel consumed to the quantity of pollutant emitted,
(3) fuel characteristics, such as sulfur content, ash content, and
heating value of fuels, and (4) control efficiency, which indicates
the amount of pollutant not removed by the use of control devices.
The fuel consumption characteristics and control efficiencies were
obtained at the boiler-level from the Steam-Electric Plant
Operation and Design Report (Form EIA-767), collected and
published annually by the Energy Information Administration
(EIA) of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Emission factors
were obtained from the (AP-42), and were both SCC- and
pollutant-specific. Because EIA-767 data were not available for
the year 1994, the 1994 emissions were extrapolated from the 1993
boiler-level emissions based on plant-level 1994 fuel consumption.
The 1985 fuel combustion-electric utility category is based on the
National Allowance Data Base Version 2.11, Acid Rain Division,
U.S. EPA, released March 23, 1993. Allocations at the Tier 3
level for 1985 are approximations only and are based on the
methodology to estimate emissions for the years 1986 through
1993.
The 1990 emissions for GT and 1C engines have been
estimated from the point source portion of the 1985 NAPAP
Emissions Inventory for the appropriate sources. These 1990
emissions served as the base year from which emissions for the
years 1985 through 1989 and the years 1991 through 1994 were
estimated. The methodology used to develop the emissions for the
1990 base year and the two methodologies used to estimate the
emissions from the base year emissions are discussed in section
6.4.1.2.
6.4.L2 Industrial and Other Combustion
Industrial and other combustion includes the combustion of
fuels for use by industry, commercial establishments, institutions,
and residences. The 1990 emissions for these source categories
were generated from both the nonutility point source and
nonsolvent area source portions of the 1985 NAPAP Emissions
Inventory. These 1990 emissions served as the base year from
which the emissions for the years 1985 through 1989 and the years
1991 through 1994 were estimated. The emissions for the years
1985 through 1989 were estimated using historical earnings data
compiled by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) or historic
estimates of fuel consumption based on the DOE's State Energy
Data System (SEDS). Emissions for 1991 through 1994 were
estimated using growth factors produced by E-GAS, version 2.0.
6.4.1.2.1 1990 Base Year Inventory The 1985 NAPAP
Emission Inventory estimates for the nonutility point sources have
been projected to the year 1990 based on the growth in BEA
historic earnings for the appropriate State and industry, as identified
by the 2-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code. State
and SIC-level growth factors were calculated as the ratio of the
1990 earnings data to the 1985 earnings data.
The area source emissions from the 1985 NAPAP Emissions
Inventory that fall within this category, with the exception of
residential wood combustion, have been projected to the year 1990
based on BEA historic earnings data, BEA historic population data,
DOE SEDS data, or other growth indicators. The specific growth
indicator was assigned based on the source category. The BEA
earnings data were converted to 1982 dollars as described above.
The 1990 SEDS data were extrapolated from data for the years
1985 through 1989. All growth factors were calculated as the ratio
of the 1990 data to the 1985 data for the appropriate growth
indicator.
When creating the 1990 emissions inventory, changes were
made to emission factors, control efficiencies, and emissions from
the 1985 inventory for both the nonutility and area sources. The
PM-10 control efficiencies were obtained from revisions made to
the PM-10 Calculator.0 Details of these changes are presented in
the Trends Procedures Document.4 In addition, rule effectiveness
was applied to the 1990 emissions estimated for the nonutility
point sources. The CO, NOX, and VOC point source controls were
assumed to be 80 percent effective; PM-10 and SO2 controls were
assumed to be 100 percent effective.
The 1990 emissions for CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC were
calculated using the following steps: (1) projected 1985 controlled
emissions to 1990 using the appropriate growth factors, (2)
calculated the uncontrolled emissions using control efficiencies
from the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory, and (3) calculated the
final 1990 controlled emissions using revised control efficiencies
and the appropriate rule effectiveness. The 1990 PM-10 emissions
were calculated using the TSP emissions from the 1985 NAPAP
Emission Inventory. The 1990 uncontrolled TSP emissions were
estimated in the same manner as the other pollutants. From these
TSP emissions, the 1990 uncontrolled PM-10 estimates were
calculated by applying SCC-specific uncontrolled particle size
distribution factors. The controlled PM-10 emissions were
estimated in the same manner as the other pollutants. Because the
majority of area sources are uncontrolled emissions, the second and
third steps were not required to estimate the 1990 area source
emissions.
The 1990 residential wood combustion estimates were made
using AP-42 emission factors and the EPA wood burning model.
The wood burning model estimates consumption for all counties
in the United States based on survey data from the northeast and
several western States.
6.4.1.2.2 1985 through 1989 1990 served as the base year from
which emissions for 1985 through 1989 were estimated. 1990
emissions from each point source in the 1985 NAPAP Emissions
Inventory (excluding steam electric utilities) were projected to the
years 1985 through 1989 based on the growth in earnings by
industry (2-digit SIC code). Historical earnings data from BEA's
table SA-5 were used to represent growth in earnings from 1985
through 1990.
6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodology 6-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Area source emissions were estimated using BEA historic
earnings data, BEA historic population data, DOE SEDS data, or
other growth indicators. All growth factors were calculated as the
ratio of the earnings data for the specific year to the earnings data
for 1990.
The emissions for all pollutants for a given year between 1985
and 1989 were calculated by applying the appropriate growth
factors to the 1990 base year emissions. The 1985 emissions
estimated by this method do not equal those in the 1985 NAPAP
Emissions Inventory due to the changes made when creating the
1990 emissions (e.g., the application of rule effectiveness or the
application of updated emission factors).
6.4.1.2.3 1991 through 1994 The 1991 through 1994 emissions
for all pollutants were estimated by applying growth factors to the
1990 emissions. The growth factors were obtained from E-GAS,
version 2.0, and were applied by county and SCC to the 1990
emissions. The E-GAS generates two sets of growth factors at the
SCC-level. One set is representative of counties within serious and
above ozone nonattainment areas, while the other set is applied to
counties within both the attainment portions and the marginal and
moderate ozone nonattainment areas within each State. The
overall growth factors are best illustrated by the changes in
emissions presented at the Tier 3 subcategory in appendix A, tables
A-l to A-5.
6.4.2 Transportation
Transportation includes emissions from two Tier 1 source
categories: on-road vehicles and non-road sources. The non-road
category includes emissions from non-road sources and equipment
as well as aircraft, commercial marine vessels, and railroads.
6.4.2.1 On-Road Vehicles
On-road emissions have been estimated for every year from
1970 through 1994. These annual emissions were based on
county-level VMT and emission factors. Emissions were estimated
for eight vehicle categories including: LDGVs; LDDVs; light-duty
gasoline trucks-1 (LDGT-1 [trucks less than 6,000 Ibs in weight]);
LDGT-2 (6,000 to 8,500 Ibs in weight); light-duty diesel trucks
(LDDTs); heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs); HDGTs; and MCs.
6.4.2.1.1 VMT Data Annual VMT data for the years 1980
through 1994 were obtained from the Federal Highway
Administration's (FHWA) Highway Performance Monitoring
System (HPMS) data base. The data are specified by State,
vehicle type, and roadway type. Using population data from the
1980 census, the data were distributed among the counties. For the
years 1970 through 1979, the state-level VMT data were obtained
from FHWA's Highway Statistics and apportioned to the counties
based on the distribution of the 1980 county-level VMT data. The
data for all years were then apportioned from the HPMS vehicle
categories to the eight vehicle classes listed above using allocations
provided by EPA's OMS.
The resulting annual county-level vehicle and roadway type
specific VMT data were allocated by month. Seasonal NAPAP
temporal allocation factors were used to apportion the VMT to the
four seasons. Monthly VMT data were obtained using a ratio
between the number of days in a month and the number of days
in the corresponding season.
6.4.2.1.2 CO. NO,. VOC Emission Factors County-level
emission factors for CO, NOX, and VOC were calculated using the
MOBILE5a model, which is designed to estimate exhaust and
evaporative emission factors for on-road vehicles. To calculate the
emission factors for each year from 1970 through 1994, the model
utilized information on state-level monthly maximum and
minimum temperatures, nine vehicle speeds, national vehicle
registration distributions, gasoline volatility given in terms of in-use
RVP, and county-level I/M and oxygenated fuels programs. The
Federal Test Procedure (FTP) operating mode was modeled at all
speeds.
6.4.2.1.3 PM-10 and SO2 Emission Factors A detailed
description of the methodology to estimate PM-10 and SO2
emissions from on-road vehicles for the years 1970 through 1994
is located in chapter 11 of the National Particulates Inventory:
Phase II Emission Estimates.1 The EPA's on-road particulate
matter emission factor model, PARTS, was used to calculate
highway vehicle PM-10 emission factors from vehicle exhaust,
brake wear, tire wear, and reentrained road dust from paved and
unpaved roads, and SO2 vehicle exhaust emission factors.
The vehicle registration distribution used was also common to
all PARTS model runs. PARTS uses the same vehicle
classifications as the MOBILE model, except that the MOBILE
HDDV class is broken into five subclasses in PARTS.
To maintain consistency with the 1990 Trends emissions, the
1990 vehicle registration distribution used in the MOBILE
modeling for the 1990 Trends emissions was adapted for this
analysis. This registration distribution was modified by distributing
the MOBILE HDDV vehicle class distribution among the five
PART5 HDDV subclasses (2BHDDV [class 2B HDDV], LHDDV
[light HDDV], MHDDV [medium HDDV], HHDDV [heavy
HDDV], and BUSES [buses]): This was accomplished using
HDDV subclass-specific sales, survival rates, and diesel market
shares.
Monthly, county-level, SCC-specific PM-10 emissions from
highway vehicle exhaust components were calculated by
multiplying 1990 monthly county-level, SCC-specific VMT by
1990 state-level, SCC-specific exhaust PM-10 emission factors
generated using PARTS. None of the inputs affecting the
calculation of the PM-10 exhaust emission factors vary by month,
so only annual PM-10 exhaust emission factors were calculated.
PARTS total exhaust emission factors are the sum of lead, soluble
6-4 6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodology
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
organic fraction, remaining carbon portion, and direct SO4 (sulfate)
emission factors.
National annual SO2 highway vehicle exhaust emission factors
by vehicle type and speed were calculated using PARTS. These
emission factors calculated within PARTS vary according to fuel
density, the weight percent of sulfur in the fuel, and the fuel
economy of the vehicle (which varies by speed). None of these
parameters vary by month or State. Monthly/county/SCC-specific
SO2 emissions were then calculated by multiplying each county's
monthly VMT at the road type and vehicle type level by the SO2
emission factor (calculated for each vehicle type and speed) that
corresponds to the vehicle type and road type.
The PARTS PM-10 emission factor for brake wear is 0.013
grams per mile. This value was applied to estimate brake wear
emissions for all vehicle types.
PARTS emission factors for tire wear are proportional to the
average number of wheels per vehicle. The emission factor is
0.002 grams per mile per wheel. Therefore, separate tire wear
emission factors were calculated for each vehicle type. Tire wear
PM-10 emissions were then calculated at the monthly/county/SCC
level by multiplying the monthly/county/SCC level-VMT by the
tire wear emission factor for the appropriate vehicle type.
6.4.2.2 Non-Road Sources
The non-road category includes the estimated emissions from
aircraft, commercial marine vessels, railroads, and all other non-
road vehicles and equipment. The 1990 base year emissions from
aircraft, commercial marine vessels, and railroads have been
estimated from the area source portion of the 1985 NAPAP
Emission Inventory by the process described in section 6.4.1.2.
The basis for the 1990 non-road emissions was emission
inventories prepared by OMS for 27 NAAs. These inventories
were combined and used to create national county-level emissions.
These emissions were classified by equipment and engine type in
the OMS inventories and were distributed to the appropriate non-
road SCCs. The OMS inventories did not contain emissions for
SO2 and, therefore, none were included for the non-road SCCs. It
was assumed, based on the emissions from the 1985 NAPAP
Emissions Inventory, that the SO2 emissions for these SCCs were
very small (< 92,000 short tons/year).
The non-road emissions for the years 1970 through 1989 have
been based on the 1990 estimates. Historic E-GAS growth factors
were obtained by Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) codes and
matched with the non-road SCCs. For the years 1991 through
1994, non-road emissions were grown from the 1990 estimates
using E-GAS growth factors.
6.43 Industrial Processes
The industrial processes category includes the estimated
emissions for the following Tier 1 source categories: chemical and
allied product manufacturing; metals processing; petroleum and
related industries; other industrial processes; solvent utilization
(industrial and nonindustrial); and storage and transport
The CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10 emissions for these
source categories, excluding the area source solvent utilization
sources, have been estimated by the methodology described in
section 6.4.1.2. This includes all emissions based on the nonutility
point sourced and nonsolvent area source emissions from the 1985
NAPAP Emission Inventory.
Emissions from area source solvent utilization were based on
a national material balance of the total point and area source
solvent consumption. The national solvent emissions were
calculated by subtracting the quantity of solvent transferred to
waste management operations and the quantity of sol vent destroyed
by air pollution controls from the total national solvent
consumption in 1989.
The 1989 national solvent emissions were apportioned to
States and counties using data from the 1988 census data base.
The 1989 county-level solvent emissions were then projected to
1990 using BEA earnings data. The resulting 1990 solvent
emission inventory included emissions from both area and point
sources. The 1990 county-level point source solvent emissions
were subtracted from the total solvent inventory to yield the 1990
area source solvent emissions. These estimates were then projected
to the years 1985 through 1989 and the years 1991 through 1994
by the method described in section 6.4.1.2.
6.4.4 Remaining Categories
"Remaining categories" include emissions for three Tier 1
source categories including: waste disposal and recycling; natural
sources; and miscellaneous. The CO, NOX, PM-10, SO2, and VOC
emissions for the years 1985 through 1994 from all source
categories, except for those listed below, were produced using the
methodology described in section 6.4.1.2.
6.4.4.1 Natural Sources, Geogenic, Wind Erosion
The PM-10 emissions for the years 1985 through 1994 from
the wind erosion of agricultural lands were estimated using a
modified version of the NAPAP methodology. Monthly emissions
were estimated from the acres of crops planted, the number of
seconds, and the dust flux. The expected dust flux was based on
the probability distribution of wind energy, the mean wind speed
and the coefficient of drag.
6.4.4.2 Miscellaneous, Agriculture and Forestry
PM-10 emissions from agricultural crops for the years 1985
through 1994 were estimated using the AP-42 emission factor
equation for agricultural tilling. The activity data for this
calculation were the acres of land planted. The emission factor,
6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodology 6-5
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
expressed in terms of the mass of TSP produced per acre-tilled was
corrected by parameters including the silt of the surface soil, the
particle size multiplier, and the number of tillings per year.
The 1990 emissions from agricultural livestock were
determined from activity data, expressed in terms of the number of
heads of cattle, and a national PM-10 emission factor. The
emissions for the years 1985 through 1989 were produced using
the methodology described for area source emissions in section
6.4.1.2.2. Emissions for the years 1991 through 1994 were
estimated using E-GAS growth factors.
6.4.4.3 Miscellaneous, Other Combustion
The miscellaneous, other combustion category includes
emissions from agricultural burning, forest fires/wildfires,
prescribed/slash and managed burning, and structural fires. The
emissions from agricultural burning and structural fires were
produced using the methodology described in section 6.4.1.2.
Forest fires/wildfires emissions were generated for the years
1985 through 1994 using information on the number of forest fires,
their location, and the acreage burned. These data were obtained
from the Department of Interior (DOI) and the USDA Forest
Service. The amount of biomass used to determine the quantity of
vegetation burned was estimated by the EPA. Average emission
factors were applied to the estimated quantities of vegetation
burned.
For the years 1986 through 1993, and for the States of
Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New
Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming, the above
emission estimates were replaced for the pollutants CO, NOX,
VOC, and PM-10 by those in the inventory produced for the
Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission.8 The SO,
emissions were estimated based on the methodology described
below for determining prescribed burning estimates. The 1985 and
1994 emissions for the 11 States listed above were estimated based
on the ratio of acres burned reported by the USDA and DOI for
the years 1985, 1990, and 1994.
Emissions from prescribed burning were based on the 1989
USDA Forest Service inventory of particulate matter from
prescribed burning. The NOX and SO2 emissions were estimated
by assuming the ratio between the CO emissions to either the NOX
or SO2 emissions in the Forest Service inventory was equal to the
corresponding ratio the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory. The
resulting 1989 emissions for CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10
have been used for all years between 1985 and 1994.
6.4.4.4 Miscellaneous, Fugitive Dust
PM-10 fugitive dust emissions arise from construction
activities, mining and quarrying, paved road resuspension, and
unpaved roads. The general methodology used to estimate
emissions for each of these categories required an activity indicator,
an emission factor, and one or more correction factors. The
activity indicator for a given category varied from year to year, as
may the overall correction factor.
6.4.4.4.1 Construction Activities The PM-10 emissions for the
years 1985 through 1992 were calculated from an emission factor,
an estimate of the acres of land under construction, and the average
duration of construction activity. The acres of land under
construction were estimated from the dollars spent on construction.
The PM-10 emission factor was calculated from the TSP emission
factor for construction obtained from AP-42 and the PM-10ATSP
ratio.
The 1993 and 1994 emissions were extrapolated from the
1992 emissions using the ratio between the numbers of residential
and nonresidential construction permits issued in 1992 and the
numbers issued in 1993 and 1994.
6.4.4.4.2 Mining and Quarrying The PM-10 emissions for the
years 1985 through 1993 were the sum of the emissions from
metallic ore, nonmetallic ore, and coal mining operations. These
PM-10 emissions arise from the following activities:
(1) overburden removal, (2) drilling and blasting, (3) loading and
unloading, and (4) overburden replacement. Emissions from
transfer and conveyance operations, crushing and screening
operations, and storage and travel on haul roads were not included.
To calculate the emissions from metallic ore mining, the
PM-10 emission factors for copper ore processing operations were
applied to all metallic ores. The PM-10 emission factors for
western surface coal mining were used to estimate the emissions
from both nonmetallic ore and coal mining.
The 1994 PM-10 emissions were produced from a linear
projection of the emissions for the years 1985 through 1993.
6.4.4.4.3 Paved Road Resuspension The calculation of total
PM-10 emissions for the years 1985 through 1994 were based on
the paved road VMT, an AP-42 base emission factor, and two
correction factors: road surface silt loading and the number of dry
days. A dry day is defined as any day with less than 0.1 inches of
precipitation. This term attempts to account for the effect of
precipitation. Surface silt loading values by paved road functional
classes and State were determined using an empirical model based
on traffic volume.
Total VMT data for the years 1985 through 1992 were
obtained by State and roadway functional class. The total
preliminary 1994 VMT data were obtained by State and two road
types (urban and rural). The rural and urban VMT data were
apportioned to the road functional classes using the distribution of
the 1993 VMT data. The VMT from paved roads for each year
was calculated by subtracting the unpaved road VMT (see section
6.4.4.4.4) from the total VMT for each year.
6.4.4.4.4 Unpaved Roads The total PM-10 emissions for the
years 1985 through 1993 were based on the unpaved roads VMT
data, an AP-42 base TSP emission factor, and the following
6-6 6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodology
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 1994
correction factors: particle size multiplier, silt content of road
surface material, mean vehicle speed, mean vehicle weight, mean
number of wheels, and the number of dry days. Mean vehicle
speeds were assigned to each unpaved road functional class. The
number of dry days is defined in the same manner as for
estimating the paved road estimates. The VMT data for unpaved
roads were obtained for rural and urban road functional classes
excluding local types and for local road types.
The 1994 PM-10 emissions were produced by multiplying the
projected 1994 VMT by the AP-42 emission factor and 1994
correction factors.
6.5 EMISSION REVISIONS
The estimated emissions presented in this report have in some
instances been modified from those presented in previous Trends
reports. These modifications have come about due to the use of
different methodologies to estimate the emissions, the refinement
of the methodologies used for the 1994 Trends report, the
availability of updated information used to estimate emissions, and
the recategorization of some emission source categories. These
modifications to the emissions are documented in this chapter.
6.5.1 Methodological Changes
The emissions presented in this report reflect several major
changes in the methodologies used to estimate the emissions.
These changes have been described in the preceding sections of
this chapter. The changes in the methodologies from those used
to estimate emissions presented in the 1994 Trends report are
summarized below.
CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10 emission estimates were
improved for wildfires.
Data developed with the Residential Wood Burning Model
were incorporated into emission estimates for the period 1985
through 1994.
PM-10 and SO2 emissions for 1970 through 1994 were
calculated using the PART5 emission factor model.
Continuous uncontrolled particle size distribution data for
source categories, as well as size-specific control efficiency
data for primary PM control devices were developed. These
improvements were reflected in the PM-10 NAAQS
inventory.7
65.2 Other Changes
In addition to the changes in methodology affecting most, if
not all, source categories and pollutants, other changes were made
to the emissions for specific pollutants, source categories, and/or
individual sources. Such changes are discussed below.
Modifications such as the assumption of lower vehicle speeds,
an updated AP-42 emission factor, and a revised county
allocation scheme were made to paved and unpaved road
fugitive dust emissions.
The 1991,1992, and 1993 emissions were updated using the
completed version of E-GAS (2.0).
The growth emission estimates for a smelter were deleted for
the years 1987 to 1994 because the smelter was demolished.
In the 1994 Trends report the 1985 value was deleted for all
years 1987 through 1994.
The prescribed burning estimates are from a data base
provided by USDA, not their published report.
Using an historical emission trending technique, emissions for
1940 through 1969 were adjusted to minimize the impact of
year-to-year aberrations in emission trends resulting from
emission estimation methodology changes.
The 1940, 1950, and 1960 on-road vehicle emissions were
modified to incorporate 1970 county-level monthly emissions
data resulting in more accurate emission estimates for these
years.
The rule effectiveness was changed from 80 to 100 percent
for a few plants as the result of comments received from State
air agencies. This resulted in a reduction of NOX and VOC
emissions.
The wind erosion-natural source emissions were adjusted to
correct for a calculational error in previous estimates.
For source categories that use year-specific activity data, the
activity data were revised when easily accessible.
The projected non-road emissions were also changed to
correct a previous calculational error.
6.6 COUNTY AND SEASONAL EMISSIONS,
1994
Although the EPA has produced an annual national estimate
of emission trends since 1973, this report is the third in a series
which presents emissions at the county, State, ozone nonattainment
area level, and by season for CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC. Starting
with last year's report, PM-10 emissions were presented by various
geographical areas. The methods used to produce county and
seasonal emissions are presented for the current year of emissions
in sections 2.2 and 2.3. The state-level and regional emissions are
presented for the years 1985 through 1994 in appendix B of this
report. Lead emissions are presented only at the regional level in
this report. For a more detailed description of how the spatial and
temporal emissions were derived, see the 1994 Trends report.
6.7 LARGEST POINT SOURCES IN AIRS/AFS
This report is the fourth in a series to track the top-emitting
sources of CO, NOX, VOC, and SO2, and the third to track the top-
emitting sources of PM-10, industrial SO2, and Pb. The plant level
emissions were extracted from AIRS/AFS excluding only those
facilities having an operating status defined as permanently closed.
6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodology 6-7
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
The lists for each pollutant of the 50 top-emitting sources in 1994
are presented in section 2.4 of this report. The process by which
these lists were compiled is described below.
Emissions data for all inventory years were downloaded from
the AIRS/AFS data base. The criteria set for the data extraction
was modified in order to include all records where the year of
inventory was not blank. Data extractions for each pollutant were
performed on May 19,1995 using the criteria set. The six output
files were processed using the following steps: (1) retain the
record for a given facility with the latest year of inventory and data
in all other fields, (2) delete all closed plants (i.e., operating status
= "x"), (3) rank plants by emissions, and (4) retain the 50 top-
emitting facilities. The processing of the industrial sources emitting
SO2 included the additional step of removing all electric utilities
after ranking the plants by emissions.
6.8 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1996 to 2010
Projections of future year emissions have been estimated using
the following general procedure:
Grow 1990 emissions or activity levels.
Apply future year control efficiencies or emission factors
reflecting CAAA requirements.
The application of the above procedure differs slightly by
major emitting sector on-road vehicle, utility, nonutility point,
and area/non-road sources.
6.8.1 On-Road Vehicles
On-road emissions were projected using the Emission
Reduction and Cost Analysis Model (ERCAM). Growth factors
were first applied to 1990 VMT estimates. VMT was then
allocated to the monthly level and MOBILESa emission factors
were applied. The monthly emissions were then summed to
calculate annual emissions.
The 1990 VMT estimates were projected to the future years
using metropolitan statistical area (MSA) level growth factors by
vehicle class. These factors were developed from national growth
by vehicle class from the MOBILE4.1 Fuel Consumption Model.9
The national growth was scaled to the MSA-level based on
population projections.10 Thus, if an area shows population growth
higher than the national average, VMT growth will also be higher
than the national average.
The resulting annual county-level vehicle and roadway type
projected VMT data were temporally allocated to months using
NAPAP temporal allocation factors and the number of days in
each month."
The MOBILESa emission factor model was used to calculate
all CO, NOX, and VOC on-road emission factors for all States
except California.12 California emission factors for these pollutants
were calculated using an QMS-modified version of MOBILESa
that simulates the California fleet. As with the 1970 through 1994
on-road emission factors, the projection year emission factors were
calculated at the county level.
Particulate matter (PM-10) emission factors were calculated
at the national level by vehicle type, using the procedure discussed
for the historical PM-10 emission factors in the 1994 Trends report.
These emission factors were then applied to the national VMT
totals by vehicle type.
Sulfur dioxide emission factors were calculated at the national
level by vehicle type, following the procedure described for the
calculation of the 1970 to 1994 SO2 on-road emission factors in the
1994 Trends report. Fuel economy projections were obtained from
the MOBILE4.1 Fuel Consumption Model.7
6.8.2 Utilities
Utility growth was projected using the ERCAM-NOX model,
and the 1990 Interim Inventory as the base for the projections.3'13
In ERCAM-NOX, changes in the capacity utilization of existing
electric utility units are based on historical capacity utilization at
the unit level. Additional growth is projected based on planned
and projected electric utility units. Data on planned units and
projected electric utility demand were obtained from DOE.14'15
Generation projections from the existing and planned units have
been subtracted from the projected generation demand at the
regional and fuel type level. The remaining generation is assumed
to be filled by projected units. Existing units were assumed to
retire after 65 years of service.
Nitrogen oxides controls were applied using the ERCAM-NOX
model.13 This model applies Title I and Tide IV RACT level
controls to the required units, applying the expected percentage
reductions from RACT that are specific to the boiler type and fuel
type. Planned and projected units coming on line in 1996 or later
in nonattainment areas and the ozone transport regions were
assumed to be subject to new source review and were assumed to
apply selective catalytic reduction. No new controls were applied
to VOC, CO, or PM-10 emissions.
Sulfur dioxide projections are based on the SO2 electric utility
allowance caps of Title IV. The emission caps per year change
from 1995 to 2000 to 2010. The projections presented here are
based on ICF Resources, Incorporated's projections of how utilities
will use these allowances.16 Their analysis assumes that a certain
portion of the Phase I allowances from 1995 to 1999 will be
banked and then used from 2000 to 2010.
6.83 Nonutility Point Sources
Nonutility point source emissions were projected using the
Multiple Projections System (MPS).17 MPS combines growth
factors and future year control levels to calculate projection year
emissions. The E-GAS growth factors were used in nonutility
point source emission projections with the exception of industrial
source fuel combustion emissions from coal, residual oil, and
distillate oil. Growth factors for these industrial source fuel
6-8 6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodology
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
combustion categories were generated using a Btu Efficiency
Neural Network (BENNET). This neural network provides growth
factors that reflect changes in fuel prices, general economic growth
in the industrial sector, and that account for fuel switching in future
years. These BENNET growth factors were used in place of
E-GAS growth factors by MPS to develop industrial combustion
point source projected emissions. Additional details concerning
BENNET and how industrial source emission projections were
developed are available elsewhere.18
6.8.3.1 Carbon Monoxide Controls
Carbon monoxide nonattainment area requirements generally
focus on mobile source controls enhanced I/M and oxygenated
fuels. While there may be isolated cases of point source controls,
these are not incorporated into the projections.
6.8.3.2 Nitrogen Oxide and Volatile Organic
Compound Controls
Nitrogen oxide and VOC control information was based on
the ROM point source control input19 This file simulates the
mandatory control requirements of the CAAA, namely, RACT
requirements. Controls are specified by source category and ozone
nonattainment classification. Additional CAAA requirements
which are not incorporated into these projections include: rate-of-
progress (ROP) requirements, new source offsets, and controls
needed for attainment demonstrations. In addition, possible
substitution of NOX for VOC to meet ROP requirements is not
accounted for in the projections.
6.833 Sulfur Dioxide Controls
The CAAA does not specify any mandatory SO2 controls.
Regulations applicable to sources of SO2 emissions are determined
on a State or nonattainment area basis. A national emission cap of
5.6 million short tons of SO2 per year was set by the CAAA for
industrial sources. If the cap is exceeded, EPA may promulgate
new regulations. Projections of growth to 2005 utilizing E-GAS
do not show emissions exceeding this cap. Point sources of SO2
were therefore assumed to remain at current control levels.
6.8.3.4 Particulate Matter (PM-10) Controls
Review of PM-10 SIPs indicate that control efforts are
focusing primarily on area source emitters; therefore, point sources
were assumed to remain at current control levels.
6.8.4 Area/Non-Road Projections
Area and nonroad pollutant sources were also projected using
MPS.17 E-GAS growth factors were used in combination with
estimates of future year control efficiencies.
6.8.4.1 Carbon Monoxide Area/Non-Road Controls
Carbon monoxide control efforts mandated by the CAAA
focus on on-road source controls; therefore, no new area source
control initiatives were modeled. However, CO standards will be
proposed for certain non-road engines, with varying effective dates
beginning as early as 1996. Timing of the benefits of these CO
standards will depend upon phase-in schedules and fleet turnover.
Standards will be set for lawn and garden, utility, small farm and
construction, light industrial applications, gasoline and marine
engines. The non-road emission projections will reflect the effect
of these standards in future Trends reports.
6.8.42 Nitrogen Oxide Area/Non-Road Controls
Nitrogen oxide control information was taken from the ROM
area source control strategy file. Reasonably available control
technology requirements are incorporated for industrial fuel
combustion emissions as a result of the Tide 1/RACT requirements.
Reasonably available control technology controls are applied to
major stationary sources. The definition of major stationary source
differs according to the ozone nonattainment classification (e.g.,
marginal, moderate, serious, severe, extreme, ozone transport
region) of the area. Controls for compression ignition (diesel)
engines were added. Increases in NOX emissions due to the spark
ignition standards (aimed at reducing VOC) were also incorporated.
6.8.4.3 Volatile Organic Compound Area/Non-Road
Controls
Volatile organic compound control information was based on
the ROM area source control strategy file.19 Area source control
requirements include RACT and new CTG requirements in ozone
nonattainment areas, stage n vapor recovery, Tide HI control for
hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), and Federal measures for
consumer solvents and architectural and industrial maintenance
coatings. Non-road controls for spark ignition engines (phase 1)
and recreational marine vessels were added to the ROM controls.
The VOC controls modeled reflect the mandatory control
requirements under the CAAA.
6.8.4.4 Sulfur Dioxide Area/Non-Road Controls
Sulfur dioxide area source emitters were projected assuming
no change in current control levels. Unlike nonutility point
6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodology 6-9
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
sources, sulfur dioxide emissions from the area source component 6.8.4.5 Participate Matter (PM-10) Area/Non-Road
of industrial fuel combustion sources were projected using E-GAS Controls
growth factors, rather than BENNET growth factors. The
E-GAS growth factors were utilized because industrial fuel . , ... . . . . . _,.. ,_
, . .... . , ,. . ... Area source PM-10 controls were modeled in all PM-10
combustion area sources are unlikely to switch fuels like point . _ . ,.,.,, c ,
nonattainment areas. Controls applied include watering of cattle
sources
feedlots, recycled asphalt paving and chemical suppressants on
unpaved roads, vacuum sweeping of paved roads, limiting tilling
on windy days, dust control plans at construction sites, and
replacement of non-EPA certified woodstoves with pellet stoves or
EPA Phase n stoves. The controls applied to each area depend on
the magnitude of emissions from the potentially controlled source
categories and the severity of nonattainment.
6.9 REFERENCES
1. Historic Emissions of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides in the United States from 1900 to 1980. EPA-600/7-85-009a and b. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. April 1985.
2. Historic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds in the United States from 1900 to 1985. EPA-600/7-88-008a. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. May 1988.
3. Regional Interim Emission Inventories (1987-1991), Volume I: Development Methodologies. EPA-454/R-93-021a. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1993.
4. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, Procedures Document, 1900-1993. EPA-454/R-95-002. Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1994.
5. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993. EPA-454/R-94-027. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, NC. October 1994.
6. Emissions Inventory for the National Paniculate Matter Study. Final Draft. Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. July 1994.
7. The National Particulates Inventory: Phase II Emission Estimates. Draft Report. EPA Contract No. 68-DE-0035, Work
Assignment No. 1-46. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. June 1995.
8. An Emissions Inventory for Assessing Regional Haze on the Colorado Plateau. Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission,
Denver, CO. January 1995.
9. MOBILE4.1 Fuel Consumption Model. Computer reports from EPA, Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, MI. August 1991.
10. 7990 BEA Regional Projections to 2040: Volume 1: States. U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. June 1990.
11. The 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory: Development of Temporal Allocation Factors. EPA-600/7-89-010d. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. April 1990.
12. User's Guide to MOBILES (Mobile Source Emissions Model). Draft. Office of Mobile Source, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Ann Arbor, MI. 1993.
13 The Emission Reduction and Cost Analysis Model for NOS (ERCAM-NOJ. Final Report. E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. Prepared
for Ozone/CO Programs Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1994.
14. Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1990. DOE/EIA-0095(90). U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information
Administration. Washington, DC. October 1991.
15. Annual Outlook for U.S. Electric Power 1991: Projections Through 2010. DOE/EIA-0474(91). U.S. Department of Energy, Energy
Information Administration. Washington, DC. July 1991.
16. Recommendations to NAPAP Regarding SO2 Emission Projections. Report to the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
(NAPAP). Prepared by Resources for the Future. Washington, DC. June 15, 1994.
17. Multiple Projections System (MPS): User's Manual Version 1.0. EPA-600/R-94-085. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air
and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1994.
6-10 6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodology
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
18. Industrial SO2 and NOX Tracking System. Report to the Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA). Prepared by E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. Durham, NC. September 1994.
19. Regional Oxidant Modeling of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments: Default Projection and Control Data. Report to the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Prepared by E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. Springfield, VA. August 1994.
The trend in emissions, not the actual emissions, were extracted from references 1 and 2.
b The 1940, 1950, and 1960 on-road estimates were adjusted for this report to compensate for the methodological changes from 1960 to 1970.
c Details on the PM-10 Calculator updates are available in chapter V of the National Particulates Inventory: Phase II Emission Estimates.
d The rule effectiveness was changed from 80 to 100 percent for a few plants as a result of comments received from State air agencies. This yielded
in a reduction of NO. and VOC emissions.
6.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodology 6-11
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Chapter 7.0
International Criteria Pollutant
Emissions
This is the second report in the Trends series to present
international emissions. This section presents (he 1985 criteria
pollutant emissions that are available for Canada, and the 12
European Union (EU-12) countries: Belgium, Denmark, France,
Former West Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and United Kingdom.
For these countries, 1990 estimates are also presented if
emissions data were available. The 1990 emissions are presented
for 18 additional European countries that now have emissions data
available: Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia,
Finland, Former East Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta,
Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Sweden.
The 1990 estimates for several countries are still preliminary.
It is also important to note that to the extent that emission
estimation methodologies differ between countries, intercountry
comparisons may be misleading.
7.1 CANADA
Canadian emissions data were provided by Libby Greenwood
and Marc Deslauriers of Environment Canada for 1985 and 1990,
respectively.112 The 1990 estimates are preliminary and do not
correspond with those reported in the Interim report.3 The 1990
NOX and VOC estimates are from Canada's Residual Discharge
Information System; the 1990 SO2 emissions are taken from a
report developed for Eastern Canada's Acid Rain Program.4
National Canada estimates are presented in this report, as well as
estimates for three provinces Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick.
Tables 7-1 and 7-2 display the 1985 emissions by major source
category for NO, and VOC, respectively. The 1985 SO2 emissions
for Canada are presented in table 7-3. Table 7-4 shows 1990
emissions by major source category for CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and
total particulates (TP) for Canada.
7.2 EUROPE
There has been a considerable on-going effort in Europe to
develop consistent emissions for countries in the European
community. This section provides the 1985 and 1990 estimates of
NOX, VOC, and SO2, emissions developed under this effort.
7.2.1 CORINAIR: The Atmospheric Emission
Inventory for Europe ฐ
On June 27,1985, the European Council of Ministers adopted
Decision 85/338/EEC on a Commission world program for
gathering, coordinating, and ensuring the consistency of
information on the state of the environment and natural resources
in the European Community. This program was called CORTNE
(COoRdination dlNformation Environnementale) and one of its
component projects was the CORINe AIR emission inventory
(CORINAIR).5
When the Council Decision on CORINE was adopted, there
were several air emissions data collection campaigns in progress at
the international level (OECD, UNECE, and PHOXA). The
methodology for the prototype 1985 CORINAIR (CORINAIR85)
inventory was based on the methodology of OECD and was
developed in collaboration with experts from each of the member
states, as well as from the European Commissions (CEC), OECD,
UNICE, Conseil European de 1'Industrie Chimique [European
Chemical Industry Council {CEFIC}]), EUROTRAC, and IIASA.
On May 7, 1990, the Council adopted Regulation 1210/90
which established the European Environment Agency (EEA) and
the European environment information and observation network.
The regulation gives the EEA responsibility for the collection,
processing, and analysis of environmental data and for the
continuation of work started under the CORINE decision. It also
lists several areas of work to be given priority. Air quality and
atmospheric emissions are included in this list.
Pending a decision on the location of the EEA, the CORINE
program is being continued by the EEA Task Force (EEA-TF)
formed within the Directorate General Environment, Nuclear
Safety and Civil Protection (DGXI) of the CEC. The CORINAIR
project is being continued through an update for 1990
(CORINAIR90).
72.2 CORBVABR85
The prototype emission inventory for 1985 CORINAIR85
was based on the following:
(1) a new nomenclature (which was technology-based,
since the NACE was considered inappropriate for
environmental needs);
7.0 International Criteria Pollutant Emissions
7-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
(2) a Default Emission Factor Handbook (based broadly
on OECD and PHOXA results but also introducing
new developments);
(3) addressing major localized emission sources as point
sources (large point sources) and other minor or diffuse
sources as area sources, with areas based on the
Community's Nomenclature of Statistical Territorial
Units (NSTU); and
(4) software for data input and the calculation of
emissions.
These features of the CORINAIR system were developed by
the contractor (Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d'Etudes de la
Polution Atmopherique [CITEPA], in Paris) in conjunction with
the following:
(1) the CORINAIR Technical Unit (which included other
contractors and representatives of DGXI, the
customer);
(2) working groups covering specific sources/pollutants
(stationary NO,, mobile sources, stationary VOC,
natural VOC, and ammonia); and
(3) the CORINAIR Expert Group, with experts from each
of the member states and from related international
activities.
The CORINAIR85 inventory was based on 120 activities
divided into eight categories:
combustion (other than industry),
oil refining,
industrial combustion,
industrial processes,
solvent evaporation,
road transport,
nature, and
miscellaneous activities.
It also quantified three pollutants: NOX, VOC (including
CH4), and SO2. Tables 7-5, 7-6, and 7-7 present the summary of
the results obtained.
With certain restrictions on the use of the limited subset of
data held in confidence within the CORINAIR data base,
CORINAIR85 data are available on request from the CITEPA in
Paris or the EEA-TF in Brussels. The complete CORINAIR85
inventory (activity statistics, emission factors, emissions, etc.) is
held in personal computer files in Paris and Brussels. Emissions
by territorial unit are held for mapping and analysis in ARCINFO
files on the CORINE data base in Brussels.
723 CORINAIR90
Atmospheric emission inventory requirements and
methodologies were developed rapidly at the national and
international level during the course of the CORTNAIR85 project.
Estimates were extended to newly quantified sources of emissions
and to additional pollutants. Each international project became
informed of the work being carried out elsewhere. The need to
harmonize these activities became clear when overlaps were
discovered in the work that was being performed.
In preparing for the CORINAIR90 project, the CORINAIR
Technical Unit and Expert Group were able to collaborate closely
with UNECE and OECD. The UNECE requires emission
inventory data as part of the obligations under the various Protocols
for the Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP)
convention. The OECD is developing the methodology for
inventorying greenhouse gas emissions on behalf of the IPCC.
This collaboration has achieved these results:
(1) produced a more developed nomenclature (source
sector split [SNAP90]) involving over 260 activities
grouped into a three-level hierarchy of subsectors and
11 main sectors;
(2) extended the list of pollutants to be covered to eight
(SO2, NOX, NMVOC, ammonia, CO, CH4, NO, and
C02);
(3) extended the number of sources to be considered as
point sources (there were over 1400 large point sources
in the CORINAIR85 inventory);
(4) extended the availability of the CORINAIR system to
30 countries; and
(5) increased the awareness of CORINAIR and the need
to produce an inventory within a reasonable time frame
to serve the requirements of the user community.
Following agreements reached with the UNECE on a
common source sector split for reporting atmospheric emissions,
the CORDStAIR90 system has been made available to 30 European
countries on a voluntary basis or with financial support from the
CEC.
The CORINAIR90 system is currently available to the
following:
(1) The EU-12 countries;
(2) 5 EFTA countries: Austria, Finland, Norway, Sweden,
and Switzerland;
(3) 3 Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania;
(4) 9 Central and Eastern European countries: Albania,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland,
Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia; and
(5) Russia.
7-2 7.0 International Criteria Pollutant Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
CORINAIR90 emissions for each of the 12 European Union through 7-22. Data were prepared from data supplied to date by
countries, 5 EFTA countries, 3 Baltic States, and 10 additional the EEA-TF.6
central and eastern European countries are presented in tables 7-8
73 REFERENCES
1. Telefax entitled "Canadian Data for U.S. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Report" from Libby Greenwood, Pollution Data
Branch, Environment Canada, Hull, Quebec to Sharon Nizich, Emission Factors and Inventory Group, Technical Support Division,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 28,
1994.
2. File of updated 1990 emissions from Marc Deslauriers, Pollution Data Branch, Environment Canada, Hull, Quebec to Sharon Nizich,
Emission Factors and Inventory Group, Technical Support Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. May 9, 1995.
3. Regional Interim Emission Inventories (1987-1991), Volume I: Development Methodologies. EPA-454/R-93-021a. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1993.
4. Annual Report on the Federal Provincial Agreement for the Eastern Canada Acid Rain Program. Environment Canada, Hull,
Quebec. 1992.
5. CORINAIR Newsletter. G. Mclnnes, European Environment Agency Task Force, DGXI, Commission of the European Communities,
Brussels, Belgium. March 1993.
6. Computer files of updated 1990 emissions from Gordon Mclnnes, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark to Sharon
Nizich, Emissions Inventory Branch, Technical Support Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. May 2, 1995.
0 The acronyms found in this chapter are defined in the list of Acronyms and Abbreviations found on page xiii.
7.0 International Criteria Pollutant Emissions 7-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
Table 7-1. 1985 Canada Nitrogen Oxide Emissions by Province
(thousand short tons)
SECTOR
Ontario
Quebec
New Brunswick
CANADA
TRANSPORTATION
Cars
LJght-DutyTrucks
Gas
Diesel
Heavy-Duty Thicks
Gas
Diesel
Off-Road Dtesel
Construction
Agriculture
Railroads
Other
Other
139
26
0
10
90
10
8
31
30
22
80
9
0
4
29
4
5
17
23
18
10
3
0
1
9
1
1
3
4
1
383
92
0
33
273
35
59
135
160
86
FUEL COMBUSTION
Residential
Commercial
industrial
Natural Gas
Other
17
14
0
108
8
4
0
46
1
1
0
5
45
33
153
267
POWER GENERATION
172
2
8
330
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
33
12
3
112
INCINERATION/MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL.
5
715
6
267
1
51
28
2,222
Note(s): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
The emissions presented in the last column are the totals for all of Canada.
Source: LJbby Greenwood of Environment Canada, Pollution Data Branch, Hull, Quebec.
7-4 7.0 International Criteria Pollutant Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
Table 7-2. 1985 Canada Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by Province
(thousand short tons [as total nonmethane hydrocarbons])
SECTOR
TRANSPORTATION
Cars
Light-Duty Trucks
Gas
Diesel
Heavy-Duty Trucks
Gas
Diesel
Off-Road Gasoline
Other
FUEL COMBUSTION
Fuelwood
Residential/Commercial
Industrial
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Petrochemicals
Petroleum Refining
Plastics
Other
INCINERATIOWMISCELLANEOUS
Surface Coatings
Fuel Marketing
Dry Cleaning
Solvent Use
Slash Burning
Other
POWER GENERATION
TOTAL
Ontario
175
44
0
14
11
7
32
37
1
6
13
67
9
30
60
10
6
143
18
5
1
688
Quebec
99
12
0
6
4
3
14
44
0
0
6
40
4
11
35
4
4
76
22
10
0
394
New Brunswick
12
5
0
1
1
1
2
6
0
0
0
7
0
1
3
1
0
8
5
1
0
55
CANADA
507
126
1
47
34
72
74
119
4
53
33
179
15
68
134
31
16
325
106
21
3
1,968
Note(s): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
The emissions presented in the last column are the totals for all of Canada.
Source: LJbby Greenwood of Environment Canada, Pollution Data Branch, Hull, Quebec.
7.0 International Criteria Pollutant Emissions 7-5
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
Table 7-3. 1985 Canada Sulfur Dioxide Emissions by Province
(thousand short tons)
SECTOR Ontario
Quebec New Brunswick CANADA
PRIMARYMETALS 860
POWER GENERATION 370
553 19 1.968
1 103 811
OTHER* 408
WTAL 1,637
250 29 1,389
803 151 4,168
Note(s): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
The emissions presented in the last column are the totals for all of Canada.
* "Other includes remaining Industrial Process sectors, Fuel Combustion, Transportation, and Incineration/Miscellaneous.
Source: Libby Greenwood of Environment Canada, Pollution Data Branch, Hull, Quebec.
7-6 7.0 International Criteria Pollutant Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
Table 7-4. 1990 Emissions of Common Pollutants for Canada
(short tons)
CategorySector
TP*
SO,
NO,
VOC
CO
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Crude Oil Production
Petroleum Refining
Natural Gas Processing
Coal Industry
Upstream Oil & Gas Operations
Pulp and Paper Industry
Tar Sands
Iron Ore Mining and Beneficiation
Lead and Zinc Production
Copper and Nickel Production
Iron and Steel Production
Mining and Rock Quarrying
Wood Industry
Ferrous Foundries
Aluminum Production
Other Petroleum and Coal Products
Petrochemical Industry
Other Chemicals
Plastics & Synthetic Resins Fabrication
Asphalt Production
Bakeries
Cement and Concrete Manufacture
Abrasifs Manufacture
Clay Products
Grain Industries
Paint & Varnish Manufacturing
Asbestos Production
Other Industrial Fuel Combustion (Area)
Other Industries *
Category total:
FUEL COMBUSTION,
Commercial Fuel Combustion
Residential Fuel Combustion
Residential Fuelwood Combustion
Electric Power Generation
Category total:
32
9,137
646
77,415
0
107,453
4,573
59,621
3.543
14,119
55,067
138,642
110,127
1,446
21,829
1,067
1,044
16,009
190
38,468
0
24,738
1,236
10,462
64,259
103
26,333
13,011
109,852
910,422
2,487
3,907
124,567
169,799
300,758
50,694
146,526
246,617
3,149
0
134,095
163,372
50,681
163,162
1,381,651
76,620
4,248
6,055
2,067
35,237
614
3,646
15,218
467
505
0
38,325
3,847
181
0
1
1,927
26,027
45,187
2,600,122
22,183
32,283
1,233
760,813
816,513
3,254
36,938
128,968
2,011
0
61,815
17,477
7,506
891
59,288
32,051
3,575
9,881
34
3,495
505
8,690
16,554
394
284
4
28,171
234
322
11
10
987
55,961
38,425
517,737
26,273
37,985
6,021
290,546
360325
19,649
90,692
4,031
2,708
490,363
16,765
33
619
15
347
30,090
100
56,203
1,219
920
128
29,555
3,107
13,748
2,461
3,813
209
1,938
29
1
1,554
50
619
95,299
866,267
1,217
2,865
276,153
2,611
282,846
573
124,064
25,960
2,535
0
92,695
11,558
18,805
62
146
632,890
870
529,145
1,968
317,017
33
74,991
6,909
909
122
0
2,119
701
82
2
2
184
7,930
24,221
1J76j495ฅmj
6,382
28,408
696,484
73,064
804,340
(continued)
7.0 International Criteria Pollutant Emissions 7-7
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
Table 7-4. 1990 Emissions of Common
CategoryfSector
TP*
Pollutants for Canada (continued)
so,
NO,
VOC
CO
TRANSPORTATION
Automobiles
Light-duty Gasoline Trucks
Heavy-duty Gasoline Trucks
Motorcycles
Propane Powered Vehicles
Light-duty Diesel Trucks
Heavy-duty Diesel Vehicles
Other Diesel Vehicles
Light-duty Diesel Vehicles
Railroads
Marine
Aircraft
Non-Road Use of Gasoline
Tire Wear
Category total:
INCINERATION
Wood Waste Incineration
Other Incineration
Category total:
MISCELLANEOUS
Dry Cleaning
Application of Surface Coatings
General Solvent Use
Fuel Marketing
Structural Fires
Pesticides and Fertilizer Application
Cigarette Smoking
Marine Cargo Handling Industry
Category total:
TOTAL FOR CANADA
5.470
1,825
377
22
111
541
34,623
24,942
298
24,255
5,603
1,400
4,928
40,399
144,795
12,681
693
13,373
4
1
842
0
51
22,860
493
4,397
28,649
1J97&97
10,355
4,168
191
21
8
2,557
35,579
18,738
2,523
15,782
53,362
1,468
1,652
0
146,402
175
2,584
2,759
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
3,565,799
324,905
104,883
13,131
596
3,090
2,763
342,794
282,397
2,011
147,865
52,189
20,399
51,976
0
1,349,001
1,757
3,190
4,946
1
4
11
0
19
822
0
0
858
2233,366
492,148
154,496
12,884
3,333
1,845
1,198
40,190
27,784
731
7,274
35,465
7,994
105,541
898
891,780
19,323
2,832
22,155
13,212
189,576
463,326
106,541
65
46,421
0
1
819,141
2,882,189
4,432,306
1,445,669
167,269
10,559
2,867
2,309
162,573
87,425
1,726
51,491
102,676
53,017
1,588,362
0
8,108,248
228,371
11,520
239,891
0
0
2
0
787
0
197
0
988
11,029,960
Note(s): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
Total paniculate.
** The Carbon Black Sector was grouped under the Other Industries Sector to protect the confidentiality of the information.
Source: Marc Deslauriers of Environment Canada, Pollution Data Branch, Hull, Quebec.
7-8 7.0 International Criteria Pollutant Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 7-5. CORINAIR 1985: Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Belgium
Denmark
Germany
Greece
Spain
France
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Portugal
United Kingdom
Total Europe-12
Percent of Total
Combustion
excluding
industry
72
164
919
163
293
284
40
487
2
149
15
942
3,532
31
Oil
refineries
7
2
31
4
14
20
0
30
0
22
2
45
177
0
Industrial
combustion
41
14
250
9
44
137
9
128
3
31
12
331
1,009
9
Processes
30
6
157
31
75
121
6
139
10
19
13
14
619
5
Solvent
evaporation
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Road
transport
201
114
1,637
132
500
1,207
39
951
10
299
63
1,010
6,162
54
Nature
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Wise
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
349
300
2,994
340
927
1,769
93
1,735
25
519
106
2,342
11,499
Percent of
Total
3
3
26
3
8
15
1
15
0
5
1
20
Note(s): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
Source: Commission of the European Communities, European Environment Agency Task Force.
Table 7-6. CORINAIR 1985: Volatile Organic Compound Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Belgium
Denmark
Germany
Greece
Spain
France
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Portugal
United Kingdom
Total Europe-12
Percent of Total
Note(s): The sums
Combustion
excluding
industry
20
15
110
2
40
208
19
52
0
8
1
99
574
3
Oil Industrial
refineries combustion
12
3
32
7
24
34
1
42
0
13
4
34
207
1
3
2
23
1
2
8
1
6
0
11
1
62
120
1
Processes
32
2
100
4
23
73
1
50
0
12
19
267
583
3
Solvent Road
evaporation transport
90
64
1,235
31
360
483
23
438
3
181
57
736
3,701
17
213
106
1,286
127
539
1,311
26
1,090
7
239
58
872
5,874
27
Nature
31
8
280
216
966
467
23
244
3
15
72
88
2,413
11
Misc.
78
28
3,383
290
406
476
26
1,326
2
0
8
2,165
8,188
38
Total
479
228
6,450
678
2,360
3,060
121
3,246
15
479
220
4,323
21,661
Percent
of Total
2
1
30
3
11
14
1
15
0
2
1
20
may not equal total due to rounding.
Source: Commission of the European Communities,
European Environment Agency Task Force.
7.0 International Criteria Pollutant Emissions 7-9
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 7-7. CORINAIR 1985: Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Belgium
Denmark
Germany
Greece
Spain
France
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Portugal
United Kingdom
Total Europe-12
Percent of Total
Combustion
excluding
industry
208
266
1,705
411
1,873
672
87
1,307
3
78
95
3,250
9,956
66
Oil
refineries
39
4
160
31
107
247
1
163
0
90
14
133
990
7
Industrial
combustion
109
67
459
89
290
489
61
606
6
17
76
615
2,884
19
Processes
60
18
164
20
69
116
2
143
9
23
25
106
755
5
Solvent
evaporation
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Road
transport
18
12
65
0
74
109
4
84
0
12
8
47
433
3
Nature
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Misc.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent of
Total Total
433
367
2,553
551
2,413
1,634
155
2,304
18
220
218
4,151
15,018
3
2
17
4
16
11
1
15
0
1
1
28
Note(s): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
Source: Commission of the European Communities, European Environment Agency Task Force.
7-10 7.0 International Criteria Pollutant Emissions
-------
-4
O
International
r>
0
"0
ET
I
V)
M
O*
C/3
M*
Table 7-8. CORINAIR90 Emissions
for Austria and
Bulgaria
(thousand short tons)
AUSTRIA
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
BULGARIA
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
SO2 NOX as N02
17
19
39
11
NE
0
7
IE
0
0
NE
93
SO2 NOxas
1,453
121
326
81
1
0
10
16
0
0
0
2,008
11
12
37
12
NE
0
154
IE
1
NE
NE
227
NO2
86
6
72
29
0
0
137
29
1
1
0
361
NMVOC
0
100
11
8
16
130
114
IE
26
15
237
656
NMVOC
1
17
9
30
4
41
74
6
7
30
176
394
CH4
0
11
1
NE
119
0
3
IE
161
356
204
855
CH4
1
18
4
3
261
0
2
0
62
236
2
589
CO
6
776
27
241
0
0
582
IE
0
60
NE
1,692
CO
13
273
105
48
0
0
372
15
64
1
10
901
C02
10,646
12,473
15,772
0
0
0
13,859
0
48
0
0
52,798
C02
31,822
7,103
22,529
5,142
10,736
0
7,597
2,118
2,673
1,154
180
91,054
N20
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
8
N20
7
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
21
13
48
NH3
0
0
0
5
0
0
1
0
5
75
7
94
NH3
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
26
288
0
324
Note(s): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
AZ=assumed to be zero or negligible; NE/ND/NA=not estimated; IE=included elsewhere
Source: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon Mclnnes of the European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark.
1
|
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1'
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Table 7-9.
CORINAIR90 Emissions for Belgium
(thousand short tons)
BELGIUM (FLEMISH REGION)
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
BELGIUM (WALLONIE REGION)
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
Note(s): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
AZ=assumed to be zero or negligible; NE/ND/NA=not estimated;
S02
79
26
80
41
0
0
9
NE
1
0
0
236
S02
25
14
56
8
0
0
7
0
3
0
0
113
NOX as NO2
51
7
20
4
0
0
116
NE
1
0
0
200
NOX as N02
14
9
53
2
0
0
94
4
2
0
0
178
NMVOC
0
4
2
46
11
59
117
NE
0
0
12
251
NMVOC
0
5
5
14
4
40
91
4
0
1
21
183
CH4
0
1
0
3
25
0
9
NE
1
140
17
194
CH4
0
4
6
13
27
0
2
0
5
158
0
214
CO
2
52
18
11
0
0
783
NE
1
0
0
867
CO
1
50
8
107
0
0
294
2
17
0
0
479
CO2
18,528
14,054
12,223
74
0
0
12,251
NE
1,028
0
0
58,159
C02
6,005
12,422
22,192
5,804
0
0
9,156
227
1
0
0
55,807
N20
2
2
1
2
0
0
1
NE
0
4
2
14
N20
0
1
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
6
3
15
NH3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NE
0
54
0
54
NH3
0
0
0
2
0
0
8
0
0
593
0
602
IE=included elsewhere
Source: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon Mclnnes of the European
Environment Agency, Copenhagen,
Denmark.
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Table 7-10. CORINAIR90 Emissions
for Croatia and
Czech Republic
(thousand short tons)
CROATIA
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
CZECH REPUBLIC
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
Note(s): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
AZ=assumed to be zero or negligible; NE/ND/NA=not estimated;
SO2 NOX
69
20
75
1
0
0
7
6
2
0
0
180
SO2 NOX
1,163
458
173
61
0
0
0
6
1
0
0
1,863
IE=induded elsewhere
asNO2
9
5
18
1
0
0
28
22
0
0
0
83
asN02
321
103
145
8
0
0
143
51
1
0
0
773
NMVOC
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
0
NMVOC
4
58
3
29
6
93
53
7
0
0
40
294
CH4
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
0
CH4
4
58
4
1
845
0
3
0
34
508
95
1,552
CO
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
0
CO
28
501
276
83
0
0
143
9
5
0
0
1,044
C02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C02
64,963
51,085
27,127
747
0
0
7,667
3,121
757
0
2,060
157,527
N2O
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
N20
9
6
2
3
0
0
1
0
0
26
16
62
NH3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NH3
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
88
0
91
Source: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon Mclnnes of the European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark.
-------
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Table 7-11. COF
DENMARK
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
ESTONIA
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
Note(s): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
AZ=assumed to be zero or negligible; NE/ND/NA=not estimated;
UNAIR90 Emissions for
(thousand short
SO2 NOxas
148
10
31
4
0
0
7
17
1
0
0
218
S02 N0xas
217
5
44
2
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
275
IE=included elsewhere
tons)
NO2
100
6
15
1
4
0
113
63
0
0
0
301
N02
21
1
7
0
0
0
40
2
0
0
0
72
Denmark
NMVOC
1
9
1
4
7
37
109
15
0
2
10
197
NMVOC
0
4
0
10
0
7
28
1
0
0
0
50
and Estonia
CH4
1
7
1
0
13
0
2
1
134
290
390
839
CH4
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
78
84
165
CO
41
154
5
0
38
0
602
30
0
0
0
870
CO
10
64
12
1
0
0
258
2
1
0
0
347
C02
29,349
8,705
8,461
1,285
800
0
8,925
4,236
0
0
0
61,761
C02
19,395
1,354
4,696
553
0
0
3,413
305
0
0
0
29,716
N20
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
7
18
N20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
4
NH3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
139
0
139
NH3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
28
0
29
Source: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon Mclnnes of the European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Table 7-12.
CORINAIR90 Emissions for
Finland
and France
(thousand short tons)
FINLAND
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
FRANCE
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
Note(s): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
S02 NOX
78
15
81
43
0
NE
4
6
0
NE
0
227
S02 NOX
379
128
567
122
26
0
160
27
21
0
3
1,433
asNO2
59
5
31
2
AZ
NE
119
52
ND
ND
AZ
269
asN02
117
98
182
34
4
0
1,144
142
26
0
6
1,753
NMVOC
0
0
0
35
9
35
73
12
2
ND
292
457
NMVOC
1
236
8
110
135
701
1,290
134
23
12
509
3,159
CH4
1
1
1
AZ
191
NE
2
2
66
160
566
990
CH4
1
165
7
7
342
0
25
1
815
1,776
211
3,349
CO
6
2
8
0
AZ
NE
398
38
0
AZ
0
453
CO
23
2,086
659
737
0
0
7,509
565
256
NE
214
12,048
C02
17,021
7,626
11,981
1,396
0
0
11,824
4,015
695
0
2,475
57,033
C02
49,302
122,973
96,330
7,508
200
0
107,414
12,877
14,526
NE
119,881
531,011
N20
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
10
18
32
N20
1
4
2
103
0
0
4
0
1
67
61
245
NH3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
40
0
41
NH3
AZ
AZ
AZ
18
AZ
0
1
AZ
2
751
AZ
772
AZ=assumed to be zero or negligible; NE/ND/NA=not estimated; IE=induded elsewhere
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(thousand short tons)
FORMER EAST GERMANY
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
FORMER WEST GERMANY
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
S02 NO,
2,108
459
1,727
7
0
26
18
NE
-
4,345
SO2 NOX
220
147
492
59
22
53
13
NA
-
1,006
as NO2
167
10
174
5
0
_
137
62
NE
NE
NE
556
asN02
284
114
367
18
2
_
1,646
242
NA
NA
NA
2,673
NMVOC
1
80
2
14
33
140
424
28
NE
NE
116
839
NMVOC
6
37
9
117
189
1,136
893
53
NA
NA
298
2,739
Note(s): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
AZ=assumed to be zero or negligible; NE/ND/NA=not estimated; IE=included elsewhere
Source: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon Mclnnes of the European Environment Agency, Copenhagen,
CH4
1
80
2
0
70
_
22
1
461
545
NE
1,183
CH4
6
36
9
6
1,628
_
53
1
1,971
1,674
NA
5,383
Denmark.
CO
413
1,362
450
59
23
_
981
64
NE
-
3,351
CO
59
761
799
667
0
_
5,413
216
NA
-
7,916
C02
80,489
63,447
76,237
7,152
78
_
17,809
4,916
NE
NE
250,128
C02
220,076
155,466
217,059
23,867
689
_
142,172
21,760
ND
ND
781,089
N2O
2
2
2
5
0
_
1
NE
0
23
NE
36
N20
8
5
6
104
0
_
9
ND
5
60
ND
197
NH3
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
190
0
193
NH3
0
0
0
2
0
8
0
0
593
0
602
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Table 7-14. CORINAIR90 Emissions for
Greece and
Hungary
(thousand short tons)
GREECE
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
HUNGARY
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
Note(s): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
AZ=assumed to be zero or negligible; NE/ND/NA=not estimated;
SO2 NOxas
363
42
30
56
0
0
15
201
0
0
1
707
SO2 NOxas
430
289
119
9
0
0
58
NE
0
0
0
905
IE=included elsewhere
N02
123
2
3
37
0
0
126
300
0
8
1
599
NO2
33
26
24
14
0
0
94
NE
0
0
0
191
NMVOC
1
0
0
24
4
90
152
51
0
35
433
791
NMVOC
1
19
4
4
20
21
79
NE
0
0
0
148
CH4
1
0
0
2
401
0
4
1
223
400
5,039
CO
7
1
0
27
0
0
776
73
0
376
0
6,071 1,260
CH4
2
20
3
1
220
0
2
NE
0
324
40
612
CO
4
150
56
79
0
0
478
NE
0
0
1
768
C02
55,925
2,159
1,534
8,945
0
0
11,418
1,341
668
1
8,180
90,172
C02
17,230
16,712
17,889
1,042
0
0
7,024
0
0
0
944
60,841
N20
8
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
14
200
226
N20
0
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
17
0
22
NH3
0
0
0
12
0
0
0
0
0
508
0
520
NH3
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
57
0
62
Source: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon Mclnnes of the European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark.
|
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Table 7-15.
CORINAIR90
Emissions for Ireland
and Italy
(thousand short tons)
IRELAND
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
ITALY
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
Note(s): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
S02
114
33
43
0
0
0
6
1
0
0
0
196
S02
844
90
633
116
0
0
114
53
5
0
628
2,482
NOX as NO2
51
7
12
2
0
0
49
5
1
0
0
128
NOX as NO2
449
65
334
14
0
0
1,043
307
38
1
13
2,263
NMVOC
0
9
0
1
3
24
69
1
5
86
18
217
NMVOC
4
23
12
104
147
593
1,051
144
124
436
168
2,806
CH4
0
4
0
0
11
0
1
0
152
708
59
937
CH4
4
18
10
8
383
0
28
9
1,436
1,945
321
CO
4
88
1
0
0
0
336
4
43
0
0
475
CO
25
286
684
419
0
0
6,101
793
1,879
30
1,189
4,163 11,406
C02
11,973
8,661
5,985
1,108
0
0
5,078
511
1,563
0
0
34,880
C02
117,985
77,670
158,765
29,895
0
0
101,274
23,417
5,883
0
56,739
571,629
N20
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
44
3
50
N20
18
9
13
16
0
0
3
3
2
63
29
156
NH,
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
132
0
139
NH3
0
0
0
25
0
0
1
0
12
385
0
423
AZ=assumed to be zero or negligible; NE/ND/NA=not estimated; IE=induded elsewhere
Source: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon Mclnnes of the European
Environment Agency, Copenhagen,
Denmark.
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Table 7-16. CORINAIR90 Emissions for
Latvia and
Lithuania
(thousand short tons)
LATVIA
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
LITHUANIA
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
AZ=assumed to be zero or negligible; NE/ND/NA=not estimated;
S02
85
14
4
0
0
0
3
8
0
0
0
115
S02
105
64
38
7
0
0
6
3
1
0
0
222
NOX as NO2
20
5
2
0
0
0
25
41
0
0
0
93
NOX as NO2
47
9
18
3
0
0
53
28
0
0
0
158
NMVOC
1
6
0
0
0
1
33
5
0
2
52
101
NMVOC
1
1
29
10
7
11
45
5
0
3
4
116
CH4
1
4
0
0
2
0
1
0
43
110
583
743
CH4
1
1
0
0
26
0
1
0
0
199
58
286
CO
5
95
1
0
0
0
257
13
0
0
0
370
CO
5
4
36
12
0
0
450
12
2
0
0
521
C02
9,649
2,945
1,502
459
0
0
2,289
1,603
0
0
0
18,447
C02
18,176
4,710
3,266
2,082
0
0
4,374
1,899
0
0
0
34,507
N20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
5
9
N20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
1
12
NH3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
37
0
38
NH3
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
81
0
84
IE=included elsewhere
Source: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon Mclnnes of the European
Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark.
|
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i.
!-i'
|
i?
-
3
5'
s-5
1
t
S
,
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0
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3
5"
3
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n
a.
=?
3
m
VI
5"
3
CA
Table 7-17. CORINAIR90 Emissions
for
Luxembourg
and
Malta
(thousand short tons)
LUXEMBOURG
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
MALTA
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
SO2 N0xas
0
1
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
SO2 N0xas
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
6
NO2
0
1
12
0
0
0
10
1
0
0
0
25
NO2
2
0
0
0
0
0
4
6
0
0
0
12
NMVOC
0
1
0
1
2
4
11
1
0
0
2
23
NMVOC
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
0
0
0
0
4
CH4
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
4
19
1
27
CH4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
1
0
9
CO
0
6
108
19
AZ
0
52
3
0
AZ
AZ
189
CO
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
2
0
0
0
23
C02
2,076
1,316
7,133
645
0
0
847
117
146
0
116
12,394
C02
1,411
84
91
4
0
0
351
267
0
0
0
2,208
N2O
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
N20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
0
0
13
NH3
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
8
NH3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
5
AZ=assumed to be zero or negligible; NE/ND/NA=not estimated; IE=included elsewhere
Source: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon Mclnnes of the
European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark.
<:
5'
~-
"w
ฃ
c
1
1
5'
a
1
ฃ
8
i
s
-------
-J
b
^^
3
a
&.
Q
3
03
n
a
1
1
cn
<ซฐ
5'
3
C/5
W
Table 7-18. CORI
NETHERLANDS
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
NORWAY
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
AZ=assumed to be zero or negligible; NE/ND/NA=not estimated;
NAIR90 Emissions for Netherlands
(thousand short
SO2 NOxas
48
5
48
81
0
0
14
19
5
2
AZ
222
SO2 NOxas
1
3
8
31
0
0
4
8
0
0
0
54
IE=included elsewhere
tons)
NO,
84
35
44
67
2
1
300
54
6
26
17
635
NO,
1
3
27
9
0
0
84
99
9
0
0
232
NMVOC
1
18
1
85
1
160
202
25
3
6
4
507
NMVOC
0
9
2
13
111
32
88
15
1
0
0
270
and Norway
CH4
1
2
2
9
1
0
7
0
417
573
135
1,147
CH4
0
11
3
1
13
0
2
1
160
91
0
282
CO
6
111
13
280
2
1
744
23
3
9
29
1,219
CO
0
126
11
60
0
0
720
33
1
0
0
950
C02
43,541
34,717
30,439
26,467
563
313
26,224
2,966
2,646
7,723
0
175,597
C02
177
2,499
9,682
6,523
369
95
8,059
5,158
1,688
176
9
34,435
N2O
0
0
0
2
0
0
5
0
3
10
8
27
N20
0
1
1
7
0
0
1
0
0
6
0
16
NH3
0
1
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
209
10
225
NH3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
37
0
38
** Source: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon Mclnnes of the European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark.
$
-------
J
-4
O
3*
3
5'
i.
o
f?
3.
p
i
cT
cn
M
5"
3
Table 7-19. CORINAIR90 Emissions for
POLAND
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
PORTUGAL
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
Note(s): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
AZ=assumed to be zero or negligible; NE/ND/NA=not estimated;
(thousand short
SO2 NOxas
1,589
444
1,006
94
0
0
75
65
1
0
0
3,273 1
SO2 NOxas
192
5
04
12
0
0
15
3
0
0
0
312
IE=included elsewhere
tons)
N02
493
43
348
75
0
0
243
159
83
0
1
,446
N02
55
3
30
5
0
0
118
27
0
0
6
243
Poland and
NMVOC
2
99
11
88
51
230
248
73
169
34
290
1,295
NMVOC
0
11
4
28
8
74
89
7
0
4
483
710
Portugal
CH4
2
94
16
9
2,914
0
4
1
814
1,861
392
6,107
CH4
0
8
3
2
2
0
2
0
39
224
151
431
CO
68
1,343
3,389
122
0
0
2,133
90
225
0
18
7,389
CO
2
129
364
12
0
0
677
13
0
0
0
1,198
C02
154,452
62,631
147,337
3,886
0
0
19,576
11,674
2,077
0
13,287
414,920
C02
15,624
3,873
17,314
3,859
0
0
9,422
1,641
444
0
11,097
63,275
N20
15
4
6
13
0
0
1
0
2
94
21
155
N20
2
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
34
19
60
NH3
1
0
0
35
0
0
0
0
43
458
42
581
NH3
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
96
0
102
|
1
?_
c"
1
hi
3
1
^
1
i
^
s
^
Source: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon Mclnnes of the European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark.
-------
-J
b
1
i
I
E.
n
f?
1
ET
m
3
0
3
en
i
W
Table 7-20. CORINAIR90 Emissions
ROMANIA
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
SLOVAKIA
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
Note(s): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
AZ=assumed to be zero or negligible; NE/ND/NA=not estimated;
(thousand short
SO2 NOxas
903
230
109
30
0
0
6
33
0
0
0
1,311
SO2 NO, as
243
117
166
11
0
AZ
3
1
1
AZ
AZ
542
IE=included elsewhere
for Romania
tons)
N02
167
29
64
17
0
0
50
186
21
11
0
546
NO2
67
12
58
14
6
AZ
56
12
1
AZ
0
227
NMVOC
2
29
9
65
108
192
76
15
75
48
150
769
NMVOC
1
14
10
7
11
55
40
1
11
AZ
88
237
and Slovakia
CH4
2
24
5
11
1,095
0
1
1
133
594
91
1,955
CH4
0
14
6
AZ
124
AZ
1
0
53
125
0
323
CO
13
373
782
129
0
0
531
27
1,332
0
0
3,188
CO
9
171
116
19
2
AZ
151
5
28
AZ
0
501
C02
58,993
35,752
65,709
22
0
0
3,893
6,734
7
0
0
171,110
C02
15,863
10,470
14,619
3,147
1,196
0
4,501
519
320
0
4
50,639
N20
8
4
3
11
0
0
0
0
1
45
35
108
N2O
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
4
22
NH3
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
292
0
300
NH3
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
57
7
66
Source: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon Mclnnes of the European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark.
ซ
-------
-J
b
1
o'
I
n
1
T3
ET
I
m
3.
Crt
o'
en
Table 7-21. CORINA
IR90 Emissions for
Slovenia
and Spain
(thousand short tons)
SLOVENIA
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
SPAIN
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
S02
154
18
17
4
0
0
3
NE
0
0
0
196
S02
1,613
108
527
42
0
0
76
19
46
0
0
2,431
NOX as NO2
17
1
3
1
0
0
34
NE
0
0
0
57
NMVOC
1
1
0
2
3
10
18
NE
0
0
0
35
NOX as NO2 NMVOC
274
23
187
16
0
0
564
272
38
1
11
1,386
11
65
12
87
64
340
495
44
25
92
855
2,088
CH4
1
1
0
0
47
0
0
NE
32
42
0
124
CH4
10
49
8
4
754
0
13 2
2
559
964
944
CO
1
9
1
0
0
0
65
NE
0
0
0
77
CO
18
981
447
274
0
0
,877
122
580
157
29
3,305 5,486
C02
6,145
1,581
1,337
416
0
0
3,141
NE
0
0
0
12,620
C02
71,529
31,886
72,514
38,871
NE
AZ
53,688
16,093
7,821
15,557
11,483
319,442
N20
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
NE
0
4
6
11
N20
10
3
7
11
NE
AZ
2
0
0
69
119
223
NH3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NE
0
27
0
27
NH3
AZ
AZ
AZ
17
AZ
AZ
0
0
NE
347
NE
365
AZ=assumed to be zero or negligible; NE/ND/NA=not estimated; IE=induded elsewhere
Source: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon Mclnnes of the
European
Environment Agency
Copenhagen,
Denmark.
-------
-J
o
!3
1
1
p.
n
3.
3.
O.
5"
I
W
VI
1
VI
f
J
fe
Table 7-22. CORINAIR90
Emissions
for Sweden and
United Kingdom
(thousand short tons)
SWEDEN
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
UNITED KINGDOM
1 Public power, cogeneration, and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional, and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
Note(s): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
S02 NOxasNO2
15
16
38
17
0
NE
7
11
2
NE
0
105
14
12
42
10
0
NE
163
101
2
0
0
345
SO2 NOxasNO2
3,008
229
774
20
0
0
70
72
0
0
0
4,174
855
1,239
252
10
71
0
1,524
194
14
0
0
4,159
NMVOC
2
129
9
31
17
74
154
35
0
0
270
722
NMVOC
14
45
3
326
486
829
1,083
29
53
0
88
2,956
CH4
1
10
4
0
0
NE
13
3
180
205
1,691
2,106
CH4
3
1
0
0
1,334
0
12
0
1,199
1,186
0
3,736
CO
6
72
24
6
0
NE
1,118
107
14
0
2
1,347
CO
55
325
78
0
2
0
6,639
47
242
0
0
7,387
C02
6,917
9,099
16,139
1,998
0
0
16,128
6,137
29,599
0
84,378
170,395
C02
219,365
121,636
134,475
8,179
13,883
0
120,435
12,115
9,739
0
0
639,828
N20
1
1
1
3
0
0
1
0
0
8
19
33
N20
3
0
0
94
0
0
0
0
0
90
0
187
NH3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
28
45
0
74
NH3
0
0
0
17
0
0
0
0
4
495
53
569
AZ=assumed to be zero or negligible; NE/ND/NA=not estimated; IE=included elsewhere
Source: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon Mclnnes of the European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark.
-------
Chapter 8.0 Air Toxic Emissions
8.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the available emissions data for toxic air
pollutants. The data are much less comprehensive than those for
the criteria air pollutants, because an extensive and long-term
monitoring and emissions tracking program similar to that for
criteria pollutants has not been established for air toxics. EPA is,
however, beginning development of a county-wide toxics data
base, bringing together elements from different toxics programs.
This data base will be available the Spring of 1996.
This chapter therefore presents emissions culled from two
different program areas. The scope of the inventories developed
for these programs varies because each program was designed to
meet a particular need. Because the emissions data were not
collected in the same manner for each program, the estimates may
differ among programs. The two types of toxic emission
inventories cited in this chapter are:
Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) estimates (currently for
over 300 chemicals) submitted annually since 1987 to
EPA by certain manufacturing facilities; and
national inventories for specific pollutants prepared by
EPA to support special studies called for by the CAAA.
The term "toxic" was used by legislators drawing up the TRI
list, which covers all media air, land, and water. In this section,
all TRI data presented correspond to the release of specific
chemicals to air only. "Hazardous" refers to the list of air
pollutants targeted for regulation under section 112(b)(l) of the
CAA.
Because it is the only one of the three inventory types which
is regularly updated, the TRI data discussed in section 8.2 may be
used as an indication of toxic emission trends. However, the TRI
does not present a complete picture of toxic air emissions because
only manufacturing facilities with 10 or more employees must
report emissions. The national inventories for specific pollutants
presented in section 8.3 provide a more comprehensive picture for
a limited number of air toxics because they attempt to identify and
include estimates for all source categories emitting those pollutants.
For some toxic air pollutants, the mobile, commercial, residential,
and consumer sectors can be much more significant sources of
emissions than the manufacturing sector. It should be noted that
these estimates have been prepared for only a single year, 1990.
The development of comprehensive toxics data is complicated
by several factors, including the number of chemical compounds
involved, the number and variety of sources emitting the
compounds, the low concentrations sometimes involved, and the
potential for secondary formation of one hazardous compound
from other, often nonhazardous, compounds. The limitations
inherent in current data sources limit EPA's ability to identify
trends in air toxic emissions and concentrations. Therefore,
preliminary assessments of baseline emissions are somewhat
tentative. As more information is collected on air toxic emissions,
EPA will attempt to modify the baseline estimates to accurately
reflect the effectiveness of Title in regulations in reducing toxic air
emissions.
8.2 TOXIC RELEASE INVENTORY
SUMMARIES
Manufacturing facilities meeting specified activity thresholds
are required to report their estimated releases and transfers of listed
toxic chemicals to EPA each year. The reports are compiled by
EPA into a publicly available data base called the TRI. This
inventory was established under the Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 (EPCRA). Although
1987 was the first year for TRI reporting, 1988 has been chosen as
the baseline year for comparisons because of concerns about the
data quality of industry's submissions in the first year. The list of
chemicals for which releases and transfers must be reported has
seen additions and deletions each year, and now includes over 300
chemicals in 20 chemical categories.
While the TRI is the only data base available for assessing air
toxic emission trends, this data base does have some limitations.
Facilities with SIC codes outside the range of 20 to 39 (the
manufacturing SIC range) are not required to report. Under this
exemption, facilities such as mining operations, electric utilities,
and oil and gas production operations are not required to report to
the TRI. Emissions from small manufacturing facilities (those with
fewer than 10 employees) as well as commercial, residential, and
mobile sources are also not included in the TRI. The TRI data are
self-reported by the emitting facilities, and the TRI does not require
facilities to perform any actual monitoring or testing to develop
their estimates. The accuracy of the reported data may vary from
facility to facility and year to year. Despite these limitations, the
TRI estimates are being used here as indicators of the trend in
toxic air emissions, at least in the manufacturing sector. Efforts are
underway to enhance the TRI data base by expanding both the
types of facilities which must report their releases and the list of
chemicals which must be reported.
Figure 8-1 shows the trend in toxic air emissions as reported
by manufacturing facilities to EPA's TRI data base.1 In order to
8.0 Air Toxic Emissions 8-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
reduce the effects of changing reporting requirements on the
underlying trend in toxic emissions, the 1988-1993 totals shown
are for a set of 278 chemicals that have been on the TRI list since
its inception in 1987. The original TRI list included 173 of the
189 chemicals subsequently defined by the CAAA as HAPs, and
these are graphed as a subset in figure 8-1. These HAPs have
shown the same trend in reductions as the larger TRI set,
representing more than 60 percent of the declining TRI total for
each year.
The 10 HAPs ranked highest in emissions (based on 1988
reported air releases) have accounted for approximately 56 percent
of total TRI air emissions and approximately 79 percent of the total
HAP air emissions in each reporting year. The sums of the
emissions for these 10 HAPs are shown for 1988 through 1993 in
figure 8-1; the 6-year trend for each individual HAP is shown in
figure 8-2. A generally declining trend is evident for 9 of the 10
HAPs; hydrochloric acid shows slight increases for 1989 and 1990,
decreases for 1991 and 1992, and a slight increase for 1993.
Sixteen of the 189 HAPs defined by the CAAA were not
included in the original TRI list. Two of the 16, acetophenone and
ethylidene dichloride, have been added to the TRI list, with the first
reports to be submitted by July 1,1995 for the 1994 reporting year.
Nine other HAPs were proposed for addition to the TRI on
January 12, 1994. The nine HAPs are:
hexane
caprolactam
triethylamine
mineral fibers
polycyclic organic matter (polycyclic aromatic
compounds)
phosphine
isophorone
dimethyl formamide
hexamethylene-l,6-diisocyanate
The five remaining HAPs were not proposed for addition to
the TRI list for various reasons, such as being produced in
quantities too low to meet the TRI thresholds or being emitted by
sources which do not have to report to the TRI. These HAPs
include:
coke oven emissions;
2,2,4-trimethylpentane;
radionuclides (including radon);
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; and
p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE).
Table 8-1 shows total TRI-reported air emissions for each
State for 1988 through 1993.1 Only two States (Nevada and North
Dakota) reported greater emissions in 1993 than in 1988. Most
States show a steady downward trend through all years. Figure
8-3 shows the trend in TRI emissions for each of the 20 SIC
groups required to report to TRI.1 Only three SIC groups (Food,
Tobacco, and Apparel) reported greater emissions in 1993 than in
1988.
83 NATIONAL INVENTORIES FOR SPECIFIC
POLLUTANTS
The EPA's OAQPS has developed a number of nationwide
toxic emissions inventories for individual chemicals to help address
specific requirements of the CAAA. For the pollutants addressed,
these inventories are more comprehensive than the TRI in that they
attempt to identify and quantify all source categories and air
emissions of these pollutants, whether from manufacturing
facilities, commercial facilities, mobile sources, or residential and
consumer sources. These inventories also include emissions from
facilities with fewer than 10 employees and emissions from sources
with very low concentrations of toxics, which are exempted from
the TRI reporting requirements. These considerations can be
extremely important for estimating the total emissions of some
pollutants.
These inventories have been compiled by using existing
national estimates for a specific chemical from a specific source
category (e.g., for development of a National Emission Standard
for Hazardous Air Pollutants [NESHAP]) wherever possible.
Other EPA inventories such as the TRI were used as well. If no
suitable inventory was available, an average emission factor and
national activity data were used to estimate emissions. In general,
the emissions estimates are based on national activity data for an
entire source category, rather than data for individual facilities.
Details on how the estimates for each source category were derived
can be found in the references cited.
Inventories are available for only 13 HAPs at this time, and
most of these inventories are still in draft form. Since these
inventories have been prepared for a single year, no evaluation of
a trend is possible. However, they are valuable as an initial
assessment of the potential magnitude of risks posed by certain
pollutants and source categories. They also provide an initial
baseline for evaluating potential methods for reducing identified
risks. A projected trend can be estimated by examining the major
sources of the emissions, assessing whether these source categories
are growing or shrinking, and whether or not they are regulated or
scheduled to be regulated.
83.1 Section 112(k) Inventories (Urban Area
Source Program)
Section 112(k) of the CAA requires the EPA to identify
source categories and subcategories of HAPs in urban areas that
pose a threat to human health. Area sources accounting for at least
90 percent of total emissions of at least 30 HAPs that present the
greatest threat to urban populations must be identified. Emission
standards for these HAP species are to be developed by the year
2000. The work being performed in support of section 112(k) is
referred to as the Urban Area Source Program.
In order to meet the requirements of section 112(k), national
inventories of toxic pollutants are needed. This information, in
8-2 8.0 Air Toxic Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
conjunction with risk factors for the specific toxics, can be used to
determine the specific pollutants and source categories that need to
be controlled. Thus far, national inventories have been developed
for seven HAPs under the Urban Area Source Program. These
HAPs are thought to be ubiquitous in most urban areas, regardless
of the type of industries present in the local area.
Tables 8-2 through 8-4 present the 1990 national estimates for
three HAPs emitted primarily from combustion source categories.2
Tables 8-5 through 8-8 present the 1990 national totals for four
HAPs used primarily as solvents.2
83.2 Section 112(c)(6) Inventories
Section 112(c)(6) of the CAA requires EPA to identify and
characterize all source categories and subcategories that emit any
of seven specified pollutants by November 15, 1995. Section
112(c)(6) also requires the subsequent development of emission
standards for the largest-emitting source categories of each
pollutant The categories to be regulated must account for at least
90 percent of the national emissions of that pollutant. The seven
pollutants specified in section 112(c)(6) are:
polycyclic organic matter (POM);
hexachlorobenzene (HCB);
alkylated lead compounds (TEL and TML);
polychlorinated biphenyl compounds (PCBs);
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD);
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF); and
mercury.
All of these pollutants are included in the list of 189 HAPs defined
in section 112 (b)(l) of the CAA.
In addition to the source category emissions estimates called
for by section 112(c)(6), national emissions were estimated for
major point and area source contributors and were allocated to
urban and rural areas, in order to support the section 112(k) Urban
Area Source Program. Regional emissions estimates were also
developed to support work required by section 112(m) of the
CAA, which mandates the quantification of atmospheric deposition
to the Great Lakes, Chesapeake Bay, Lake Champlain, and coastal
waters.
1990 base year national emissions are summarized below for
five of the seven pollutants listed in section 112(c)(6). The
inventories for TCDD and TCDF are still under development. It
should be noted that the inventory for mercury, although presented
below, is considered draft.
hi table 8-9, 1990 estimates of extractable organic matter
(EOM) are presented as a surrogate for POM emissions.3
Extractable organic matter is a gravimetric-based measurement
which correlates with the POM class of compounds in terms of
compound carcinogenicity and mutagenicity.
The only known commercial use of alkylated lead compounds
is in the manufacture of leaded gasoline anti-knock compounds,
which raise the octane levels in leaded motor vehicle gasoline and
aviation gasoline. The phase-down of lead in on-road motor
vehicle gasoline began in 1973. Section 211(n) of the CAA
prohibits the manufacture of engines requiring leaded gasoline after
1992. The final deadline for the abolishment of all lead-containing
on-road vehicle fuels is December 31, 1995.
The two most common lead anti-knock compounds are
tetraethyl lead (TEL) and tetramethyl lead (TML). The potential
for TEL and TML emissions is limited to evaporative losses from
the distribution, marketing, and use of leaded motor vehicle
gasoline and aviation gasoline. National evaporative loss emissions
are presented in table 8-10 for pipelines, bulk terminals, bulk
plants, service stations, and non-road engines and vehicles.4
The source category emissions listed in table 8-11 are those
for which reliable PCB emissions could be developed.5 The
following categories were identified as potential sources of PCB
emissions for which sufficient data were not available to develop
national emissions estimates:
Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities (TSDFs) and
Landfills;
Superfund Sites;
Steel and Iron Reclamation (auto scrap burning);
Accidental Releases (spills, leaks and transformer fires);
and
Environmental Sinks of Past PCB Contamination.
Tables 8-12 and 8-13 present emissions for two key metallic
HAPs, mercury and cadmium. Mercury is one of the seven
pollutants specified in section 112(c)(6) of the CAA (see above).
The estimates for cadmium are taken from an EPA document that
is part of the Locating and Estimating (L&E) document series.6
Over the last 10 years, L&E documents have been published by
EPA to assist state and local air pollution control agencies in their
efforts to prepare inventories of toxic air pollutants. The
documents provide a compilation of available information,
including emission factors, on the sources and emissions of specific
toxic air pollutants. The series now includes 33 documents. Only
those completed in the last year have had national emission
estimates included. Several L&E documents expected to be
published in the next year will also include national emissions.
The estimates for mercury are from an internal EPA draft report to
Congress.7
8.4 STATE-LEVEL INVENTORIES FOR
SPECIFIC POLLUTANTS
Table 8-14 presents the state-level toxic air pollutant estimates
that are available.2'85'10 These estimates are not comprehensive
because state-level emissions data are not available for some toxic
pollutants and source categories. Although state emissions are
available for PCB, TEL, and TML, data are not presented for these
pollutants because of the relative small amounts emitted (national
emissions are less than 1 tpy for each of these pollutants).
8.0 Air Toxic Emissions 8-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
8.5 REFERENCES
1. Toxic Release Inventory System files, Technology Transfer Network Bulletin Board, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. Various years.
2. National Screening Inventory of Sources and Emissions of Candidate 112(k) Pollutants to Support the Urban Area Source Program,
Benzene, 1,3-Butadiene, Perchloroethylene, Trichloroethylene, Methylene Chloride, Carbon Tetrachloride, and Formaldehyde, (tables
4-1 through 4-7), Review Draft Report and background data, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
April 1995.
3. Emissions Inventory of Section 112(c)(6) Pollutants, Extractable Organic Matter (EOM), Draft Report, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1993.
4. Estimation ofAlkylated Lead Emissions, (table I), Final Report U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
NC. September 1993.
5. Emissions Inventory of Section 112(c)(6) Pollutants, Poly chlorinated Biphenyl Compounds (PCBs), Draft Report and background
data. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1993.
6. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds, (table 3-3), EPA-454/R-93-040. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1993.
7. Draft Mercury Study Report to Congress, Volume II: Inventory of Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions in the United States, U.S. EPA,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Internal Review Draft, 1995.
8. Telefax entitled "POTW Numbers," from Gary Brooks, Radian Corporation, to Sharon Nizich, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. June 13, 1995.
9. Emissions Inventory of Section 112(c)(6) Pollutants: Polycyclic Organic Matter (POM), 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
(TCDD)/2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF), and Poly chlorinated Biphenyl Compounds (PCBs), Final Report and background
data, Radian Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1995.
10. Estimation of National Hexachlorobenzene Emissions for 1990, (table I), Final Report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1993.
8-4 8.0 Air Toxic Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
Table 8-1. State Total Air Emissions from TRI, 1988 to 1993
(short tons/year)
State
Texas
Tennessee
Onto
Louisiana
Virginia
Utah
Indiana
Illinois
Alabama
New York
North Carolina
Michigan
California
Pennsylvania
Georgia
South Carolina
Mississippi
Minnesota
Florida
Missouri
Arkansas
Kentucky
Wisconsin
Iowa
New Jersey
West Virginia
Oklahoma
Kansas
Washington
Massachusetts
Connecticut
Alaska
Oregon
Nebraska
Maryland
Maine
Arizona
Puerto Rico
New Hampshire
Colorado
Rhode Island
Delaware
Idaho
Wyoming
South Dakota
Montana
New Mexico
Virgin Islands
North Dakota
Hawaii
Nevada
American Samoa
Total
1988
105,793
73,865
71,423
68,580
62,833
60,809
56,732
55,021
53,003
50,662
49,813
49,657
46,391
45,960
42,528
34,207
30,783
27,461
25,861
25,276
24,380
24,264
23,815
22,410
19,829
18,923
17,889
16,344
14,849
13,967
13,124
11,523
10,595
9,345
9,191
8,718
8,155
7,150
6,157
6,017
3,890
3,782
2,683
1,446
1,286
1,194
1,067
853
636
437
352
15
1,341,726
1989
98,252
80,035
70281
67,422
40,977
65^01
57204
51,486
52,933
43,399
47,605
53,412
41,721
40,904
38227
36207
30271
31243
30,637
24,320
21,893
22,626
21,763
22,608
15,596
17224
14,829
16,458
14,306
12,468
10,784
10,475
9,983
8,336
9236
7,778
6,385
6,903
5,495
5,412
3,150
4,320
2,678
1,830
1,615
1253
1,411
580
671
343
343
14
1281,097
1990
89,337
74,454
58,080
55,722
39,133
53,159
54,461
44,896
51,954
37383
45,099
41,988
41,346
38,378
37,347
34,644
30,156
25,446
23,648
22,955
17,136
20,905
22,080
19,786
12,824
15,690
15,336
15227
14239
10,644
8,803
7,984
9,410
8.460
6,778
6,991
6,414
8,716
4,060
3,362
2,610
3,010
2,870
2,365
1,406
1226
1284
606
741
340
373
10
1,152240
1991
83,395
71,932
49,856
49,116
33,600
37244
46,193
40,590
49,661
32,034
41,431
35,186
33,560
33,062
29,116
30,883
28212
19,528
19,123
17,479
15,978
18,918
18,568
17237
10,637
13,578
12,993
14,402
12,933
8260
7,979
6,613
8,934
7,396
5,845
6,901
4,773
7,923
2,645
2,876
2,178
2,920
3,152
1,439
1,369
1,180
1,077
555
903
290
425
11
1,002,544
1992
77,540
63,501
44,718
43,808
31,674
34,457
42,337
36,039
47,109
27,370
40,016
32,910
27.131
30,319
25,038
30,856
26,663
14,608
16,630
18,095
13,839
18,493
18,345
16234
9,945
11219
12,081
12,411
10,936
7,091
6,618
5,473
8,155
6282
5274
6,472
4,161
6,755
2,968
2,456
1,659
2,484
2,604
1,146
1,447
1,394
932
777
878
298
416
6
910,483
1993
70,935
58,367
Reduction (88-93)
Tons Percent
34,858
15,497
42299 29,124
38,833
30,499
40,075
38,438
31,506
47,580
22,427
37,091
33,931
23269
26,036
22,697
28,491
24,107
11,170
15294
16,344
14,713
17,508
29,747
32,335
20,733
18294
23515
5,423
28235
12,722
15,726
23,121
19,924
19,831
5,716
6,676
16291
10366
8,932
9,667
6,756
16,610 7205
14,080
7,719
11,550
8,331
12,109
7,373
8,614 9275
10,698 5,645
10245 4,604
5,770 8,197
5239 7,886
3,114 8,409
8,452 2,143
5,406 3,939
5227 3,964
5,310
2,741
6,694
1,963
2218
1,763
2251
2,135
949
900
1,198
918
780
3,408
5,415
457
4,193
3,799
2,128
1,531
548
497
386
3
149
72
734 i (98)
264 173
526
9
836,064
(174)
5
505,662
33
21
41
43
51
34
32
43
10
56
26
32
50
43
47
17
22
59
41
35
40
28
30
37
61
39
52
35
31
59
60
73
20
42
43
39
66
6
68
63
55
40
20
34
30
0
14
8
-15
40
-49
37
38
Source(s): U.S. EPA, OAQPS, Technology Transfer Network Bulletin Board, Toxic Flelease Inventory System files, various years.
8.0 Air Toxic Emissions 8-5
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 8-2. 1990 Total Benzene Emissions by Source Category
Source Category
Emissions (tons/yr)
On-road mobile*
Non-road mobile**
Oil and gas production, glycol dehydrators
Residential wood combustion
Forest fires
Prescribed burning
Gasoline distribution, bulk plants and terminals
Gasoline distribution, local gas stations and underground tank filling
Petroleum refining
Chemicals and allied products (SIC 28)***
Coke oven emissions
Industrial wood combustion
Landfills
Secondary lead smelting
Non-road mobile, aircraft****
Portland cement kilns
POTWs*****
Industrial Coal Consumption
Internal combustion engines
Utility coal combustion
Commercial wood combustion
Medical waste incineration
Iron and steel foundries
Utility natural gas combustion
Hazardous waste incineration
Industrial residual oil combustion
Commercial coal combustion
Commercial residual oil combustion
Utility residual oil combustion
Sewage sludge incineration
Total
217,765
95,994
52,900
44,190
29,932
23,719
10,160
6,826
3,086
2,026
806
326
278
193
120
104
55
40
31
21
6.1
4.4
3.0
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.4
0.88
0.16
488,591
Note(s): * On-road mobile includes gasoline and diesel passenger cars and trucks.
Non-road mobile includes lawn and garden equipment, recreational vehicles and vessels, commercial and industrial engines, and
agricultural and construction equipment.
*" Total of SICs 28, 2812, 2819, 2821, 2822, 2865, 2869, and 2879,
*"* Non-road mobile, aircraft includes air taxis and general aviation.
***** Publically Owned Treatment Works.
Source(s): National Screening Inventory of Sources and Emissions of Candidate 112(k) Pollutants to Support the Urban Area Source Program,
Review Draft, April 1995, and background data.
8-6 8.0 Air Toxic Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends. 1900 - 1994
Table 8-3. 1990 Total 1,3-Butadiene Emissions by Source Category
Source Category Emissions
(tons/yr)
Non-road mobile* 41,883
On-road mobile** 38,516
Forest fires 10,733
Prescribed burning 8,505
Chemicals and allied products (SIC 28)*** 1,577
Secondary lead smelting 374
Petroleum refining 219
Non-road mobile, aircraft**** 107
Total 101,914
Note(s): * Non-road mobile includes lawn and garden equipment, recreational vehicles and vessels, commercial and industrial engines, and
agricultural and construction equipment.
On-road mobile includes gasoline and diesel passenger cars and trucks.
*" Total of SICs 28, 2812, 2819, 2821, 2822, 2869, 2879, and 2899.
**" Non-road mobile, aircraft includes air taxis and general aviation.
Source(s): National Screening Inventory of Sources and Emissions of Candidate 112(k) Pollutants to Support the Urban Area Source Program,
Review Draft, April 1995, and background data.
8.0 Air Toxic Emissions 8-7
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 8-4. 1990 Total Formaldehyde Emissions by Source Category
Source Category
Emissions
(tons/yr)
On-road mobile*
Forest fires
Prescribed burning
Non-road mobile**
Structure fires
Wood products (SIC 24 and 25)***
Chemicals and allied products (SIC 28)****
Non-road mobile, aircraft*****
Industrial natural gas combustion
Coating related products (usage)
Industrial wood combustion
Antimicrobial agents (usage)
Commercial distillate oil combustion
Industrial residual oil combustion
Utility residual oil combustion
Utility natural gas combustion
Commercial residual oil combustion
POTWs******
Industrial distillate oil combustion
Municipal waste incineration
Utility coal combustion
Commercial wood combustion
Adhesives (usage)
Medical waste incineration
Air fresheners (usage)
Sewage sludge incineration
Hard surface cleaners (usage)
Fabric, carpet, and upholstery products (usage)
Total
101,722
68,238
54,075
45,719
2,217
1,504
1,299
942
858
389
299
103
78
59
59
55
53
40
37
34
28
5.6
2.8
1.4
0.83
0.46
0.08
0.02
277,819
Note(s): * On-road mobile includes gasoline and diesel passenger cars and trucks.*
Non-road mobile includes lawn and garden equipment, recreational vehicles and vessels, commercial and industrial engines, and
agricultural and construction equipment.
*** Total of SICs 2434, 2435, 2436, 2439, 2493, 2499, 2511, 2517, and 2521.
**** Total of SICs 28, 2812, 2313, 2819, 2821, 2822, 2861, 2869, 2873, 2879, and 2899.
***** Non-road mobile, aircraft includes air taxis and general aviation.
****** Publically Owned Treatment Works.
Source(s): National Screening Inventory of Sources and Emissions of Candidate 112(k) Pollutants to Support the Urban Area Source Program,
Review Draft, April 1995, and background data.
8-8 8.0 Air Toxic Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 8-5. 1990 Total Carbon Tetrachloride Emissions by Source
Category
Source Category Emissions
(tons/yr)
Chemicals and allied products (SIC 28)* 548
POTWs** 345
Utility coal combustion 28
Petroleum refining 24
Portland cement kilns 2.6
Hazardous waste incineration 0.06
Medical waste incineration 0.06
Sewage sludge incineration 0.02
Total 948
Note(s): * Total of SICs 28, 2812, 2816, 2819, 2821. 2822, 2865, and 2899.
" Publically Owned Treatment Works.
Source(s): National Screening Inventory of Sources and Emissions of Candidate 112(k) Pollutants to Support the Urban Area Source Program,
Review Draft, April 1995, and background data.
8.0 Air Toxic Emissions 8-9
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 8-6. 1990 Total Perchloroethylene Emissions by Source Category
Source Category Emissions
(tons/yr)
Dry cleaning industry 95,700
Halogenated solvent cleaning 11,847
Maintenance and repair products (usage) 3,368
Fabric, carpet, and upholstery products (usage) 2,430
Landfills 904
Chemicals and allied products (SIC 28)* 215
POTWs" 127
Arts and crafts supplies (usage) 92
Sealants (usage) 89
Coke oven emissions 85
Coating related products (usage) 53
Hard surface cleaners (usage) 43
Miscellaneous household products (usage) 42
Utility coal combustion 27
Automobile detailing products (usage) 3.9
Portland cement kilns 2.1
Petroleum refining 2.0
Utility residual oil combustion 0.34
Sewage sludge incineration 0.05
Medical waste incineration 0.04
Total 115,031
Note(s): * Total of SICs 28, 2812, 2819, 2865, 2869, 2979, 2899, and 5169.
** Publically Owned Treatment Works.
Source(s): National Screening Inventory of Sources and Emissions of Candidate 112(k) Pollutants to Support the Urban Area Source Program,
Review Draft, April 1995, and background data.
8-10 8.0 Air Toxic Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 8-7. 1990 Total Methylene Chloride Emissions by Source Category
Source Category Emissions
(tons/yr)
Halogenated solvent cleaning 9,570
Chemicals and allied products (SIC 28)* 9,243
Landfills 362
POTWs" 168
Wood products (SIC 24 and 25)*" 132
Utility coal combustion 110
Coke oven emissions 54
Portland cement kilns 26
Utility residual oil 20
Spray paints and coatings (usage) 14
Petroleum refining 8.1
Medical waste incineration 0.61
Sewage sludge incineration 0.08
Hard surface cleaners (usage) 0.05
Total 19,708
Note(s): * Total of SICs 28, 2812, 2819, 2821, 2833, 2834, 2865, 2879, 2899, and 5169.
** Publically Owned Treatment Works.
"* Total of SICs 2434, 2499, 2511, 2517, and 2541.
Source(s): National Screening Inventory of Sources and Emissions of Candidate 112(k) Pollutants to Support the Urban Area Source Program,
Review Draft, April 1995, and background data.
8.0 Air Toxic Emissions 8-11
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 8-8. 1990 Total Trichloroethylene Emissions by Source Category
Source Category Emissions
(tons/yr)
Halogenated solvent cleaning 40,623
Landfills 433
Coke oven emissions 233
Spray paints and coatings (usage) 106
Chemicals and allied products (SIC 28)* 101
POTWs** 90
Coating related products (usage) 76
Maintenance and repair products (usage) 35
Utility coal combustion 27
Fabric, carpet, and upholstery products (usage) 5.9
Adhesives (usage) 4.8
Petroleum refining 0.85
Portland cement kilns 0.29
Sewage sludge incineration 0.24
Medical waste incineration 0.04
Total 41,735
Note(s): * Total of SICs 28, 2812, 2819, 2869, 2879, 2899, and 5169.
" Publically Owned Treatment Works.
Source(s): National Screening Inventory of Sources and Emissions of Candidate 112(k) Pollutants to Support the Urban Area Source Program,
Review Draft, April 1995, and background data.
8-12 8.0 Air Toxic Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 8-9. 1990 National Extractable Organic Matter Emissions
(short tons/year)
Source Category EOM
Residential Wood Combustion 425,448
Industrial Wood Combustion 97,848
On-Road Vehicles 56,157
Utility Coal Combustion 38,628
Non-Road Vehicles 25,116
Residential Natural Gas Combustion 4,143
Diesel 1C Engines & Turbines 3,660
Commercial Coal Combustion 2,746
Industrial Coal Combustion 2,411
15 Other Categories Estimated* 11,830
TOTAL 667,989
Note(s): 'Includes additional combustion sectors, municipal and medical waste incineration, coke ovens, and primary
aluminum production.
No estimates available for the following potential sources of EOM emissions:
Iron and Steel Foundries
Carbon Black Manufacturing
Hazardous Waste Incineration
Wood Treatment and Preserving
Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing
Locomotives, Aircraft, and additional Nonroad Vehicles
Petroleum Refining
Charcoal Manufacturing
Secondary Lead Smelting
Pulp and Paper Production
Asphalt Hot-Mix Production
Of the above listed categories, iron and steel foundries and petroleum refineries are likely to be major sources
of EOM emissions based on the air emissions for individual POM compounds reported in the TRI data base.
Source(s): Emissions Inventory of Section 112(c)(6) Pollutants, Polycydic Organic Matter (POM), 2,3,7,8-
Tetrachtorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)/2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF), and Per/chlorinated Biphenyl
Compounds (PCBs), Final Report, March 1995 (table 2-2).
8.0 Air Toxic Emissions 8-13
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 8-10. 1990 National Tetraethyl Lead and Tetramethyl Lead Emissions
(pounds/year)
Source Category
Bulk Plants - Aviation Gas
Nonroad Vehicles
Service Stations
Bulk Plants - Motor Vehicle Gas
Bulk Terminals
Pipelines
TOTAL
TEL
750
38
13
5
4
2
811
TML
N/A
293
102
40
30
16
481
Source(s): Estimation of Alkylated Lead Emissions, Final Report, September 1993 (table 1).
Table 8-11. 1990 National Polychlorinated Biphenyl Emissions
(pounds/year)
Source Category PCB Emissions
Municipal Waste Combustion 161
Medical Waste Incineration 76
Hazardous Waste Incineration 28
Sewage Sludge Incineration 10
Other Biological Incineration 5
Waste Tire Incineration 2
TOTAL 282
Note(s): The foltowing categories were identified as potential sources of PCB emissions for which sufficient data were
not available to develop national emissions estimates:
Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities (TSDFs) and Landfills;
Superfund Sites;
Steel and Iron Reclamation (auto scrap burning);
Accidental Releases (spills, leaks and transformer fires); and
Environmental Sinks of Past PCB Contamination.
Source(s): Background data for Emissions Inventory of Section 112(c)(6) Pollutants: Polycydic Organic Matter (POM),
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dtoxin (TCDD)/2,3,7,8-Tetrachtorodibenzofuran (TCDF), and Polychlorinated
Biphenyl Compounds (PCBs), Rnal Report, March 1995.
8-14 8.0 Air Toxic Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 8-12. 1990 National Cadmium Emissions
(short tons/year)
Source Category
Coal Combustion
Oil Combustion
Municipal Waste Incineration
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Medical Waste Incineration
Wood Combustion
Metal & Metal Compound Production
Major Uses of Metal
Primary Lead Smelting
Primary Copper Smelting
Primary Zinc Smelting
Secondary Copper Smelting
Secondary Zinc Smelting
Iron and Steel
Portland Cement Production
Miscellaneous Sources
Mobile Sources
TOTAL
Cadmium
240.4
26.0
7.7
6.9
3.9
0.4
10.1
3.6
15.8
6.2
6.3
4.8
1.7
1.5
3.3
0.1
NA
338.7
Source(s): Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds, EPA-454/R-93-
040, September 1993 (table 3-3).
8.0 Air Toxic Emissions 8-15
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
Table 8-13. National Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions
(short tons/year)
Source Category
Mercury Activity Year
Area Sources
Electric Lamp Breakage
Laboratory Use
Dental Preparations
Subtotal
Combustion Point Sources
Utility Boilers
Commercial/Industrial Boilers
Residential Boilers
Municipal Waste Combustors
Medical Waste Incinerators
Sewage Sludge Incinerators
Crematories
Wood-fired Boilers
Subtotal
Manufacturing Sources
Chlor-alkali Production
Cement Manufacturing
Battery Production
Electrical Apparatus Manufacturing
Instrument Manufacturing
Secondary Mercury Production
Carbon Black Production
Primary Lead Smelting
Primary Copper Smelting*
Lime Manufacturing
Fluorescent Lamp Recycling*
Subtotal
TOTAL
1.5
0.8
0.8
3.1
54.5
29
3.5
55
64.7
1.8
0.4
0.3
209.2
6.5
6.5
0.02
0.46
0.5
7.4
0.25
9
0.7
0.7
0.006
32
244.3
1989
1992
1992
1990
1992
1991
1991
1991
1990
1991
1980
1991
1990
1992
1992
1992
1991
1991
1990
1992
1992
1993
Note(s): Mercury was phased out of paint use in 1991.
Insufficient information was available to estimate emissions for the following source categories:
Mobile sources;
Agricultural burning (one study estimates 0.04 tonsfyear from preharvest burning of sugarcane in
Florida everglades area);
Landfills;
Hazardous waste incinerators;
Mercury compounds production;
Byproduct coke production; and
Petroleum refining.
Emissions are estimated for only one source, which is scheduled to cease operations by March 31,1995;
nationwide estimates are expected to be higher.
Source(s): Draft Mercury Study Report to Congress, Volume II: Inventory of Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions in the
United States, U.S. EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Internal Review Draft, 1995.
8-16 8.0 Air Toxic Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 8-14. Selected Toxic Emission Estimates by State
(short tons/year)
STATE
AK
AL
AR
AZ
CA
CO
CT
DC
DE
FL
GA
HI
IA
ID
IL
IN
KS
KY
LA
MA
MD
ME
Ml
MN
MO
MS
MT
NC
ND
NE
NH
NJ
NM
NV
NY
OH
OK
OR
PA
Rl
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT
VA
VT
WA
Wl
WV
WY
TOTAL
Methyfene Chloride;
BEN
17,702
12,159
5,001
5,831
37,804
6,196
3,322
451
861
19,536
13,990
1,173
3,303
2,830
12,310
7,587
9,633
4,878
11,613
5,946
5,133
1,518
13,798
6,444
7,178
8,436
4,262
8,647
2,254
3,324
1,240
7,772
3,950
1,712
14,602
12,838
8,938
5,454
11,951
980
5,919
1,381
6,357
37,084
3,087
7,831
727
6,571
6,300
2,204
2,454
392,476
6,221
2,594
610
1,140
5,505
577
487
61
132
3,985
3,159
179
430
718
1,600
1,077
625
769
952
844
771
212
1,534
1,077
1,090
1,268
543
1,359
213
339
177
1,149
661
267
1,963
1,749
686
1,152
1,660
135
1,270
168
1,099
3,538
410
1,187
106
1,025
868
371
215
59,926
CTET
1
17
7
5
62
6
9
4
7
16
20
2
7
8
54
19
6
20
29
19
10
2
38
9
12
10
2
19
1
2
2
40
4
3
52
61
6
6
42
4
53
1
47
98
5
18
1
26
12
18
1
920
EOM
1,582
11,493
7,074
7,845
65,234
7,306
5,529
882
1,063
22,630
22,359
2.108
7,706
3500
29,086
16,963
6,697
9,740
8,436
10,348
7,382
2,495
24,202
11,859
13,836
8,360
2,787
19,424
2,820
4,213
1,969
13,016
3,770
2,694
32,575
29.275
5,665
10,696
26,161
1,643
6,859
1,795
12,033
36,191
4,275
16,552
1,015
13,226
13,385
5,055
2,262
584,770
FORM
39,309
13,364
2,372
5,055
18,138
1,860
1,309
172
349
18,097
14,984
628
1,200
3,833
4,358
2,861
2,386
2,237
3,087
2,343
2,257
614
4,211
4,152
3,227
6,390
2,890
4,536
977
1,238
492
3,106
2,995
1,013
5,385
4,669
2,105
5,654
4,561
372
5,332
618
3,001
10,285
1,569
3,513
309
3,235
2,519
1,018
960
231,149
NA
2
1
0
33
2
0
NA
1
36
2
1
11
0
13
8
8
3
3
0
4
0
5
4
4
0
0
4
0
10
0
1
1
0
3
6
1
2
3
0
1
1
2
16
0
3
0
4
4
0
0
203
; F6RM
METH
19
304
140
173
1,820
191
307
50
146
628
479
51
181
87
1.161
661
153
280
358
446
260
62
719
267
417
138
36
611
32
89
59
1,200
73
71
1.337
1,008
151
148
1,078
77
594
34
624
1,393
100
420
29
366
304
226
24
19,579
PER5
488
1,483
1,185
1,133
8,137
1,856
1,104
214
168
4,454
3,169
357
1,667
722
4,783
2,888
3,212
2,107
1,424
2,656
1,997
787
4,070
1,907
8,256
1,240
1,207
2,796
3,119
1,356
532
2,314
1,665
578
5,639
3,829
1,552
1,022
4,764
456
1,292
853
2,248
7,014
663
3,851
418
1,966
1,792
2,312
315
TRi
62
636
343
536
4,997
549
666
200
130
2,029
1,093
185
468
134
2,092
1,011
398
531
533
1,259
777
199
1,550
813
893
333
97
1,188
89
271
200
1,379
181
230
3,220
1,956
404
456
2,097
184
565
98
851
2,524
263
1,007
99
771
896
214
50
TOTAL
65,384
42,051
16,732
21,719
141,730
18,544
12,733
2,032
2,858
71,412
59,256
4,684
14,973
11.533
55.456
33,075
23,118
20,565
26,435
23,862
18,591
5.889
50,127
26,533
34,913
26,175
11,824
38,585
9,506
10,842
4,670
29,977
13,300
6,569
64,777
55,391
19,507
24,589
52,316
3,851
21,885
4,948
26,262
98,143
10,372
34,381
2,705
27,190
26,080
11,418
6,281
115,017 41,709 1,445,749
PERC - Perchloroethylene; TRI - Tnchloroethvlene.
Note(s). Ninety-nine percent ot hexachlorobenzene (HCB) emissions are from pesticides.
Totals in this table may not equal those shown in the national tables because state data were not available for the following source categories:
Benzene - aircraft, non-road mobile, and utility residual oil sources 1,3-Butadlene - aircraft & non-road mobile sources
Carbon Tetrachlonde - hazardous waste incinerators and utility coal sources
EOM - commerdal/woooVwood residue, on-road mobile, and non-road mobile sources
Formaldehyde - aircraft and non-road mobile sources Methylene Chloride - unity coal sources
Perchkxoethylene - utility coal and utility residual oil sources Trtehloroethylene - utility coal sources
Source(s): National Screening Inventory of Sources and Emissions of Candidate 112(k) Pollutants to Support the Urban Area Source Program, Review Draft and
background data, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, April 1995.
Telefax entitled "POTW Number,1 from G. Brooks, Radian Corporation, to S. Niztah, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 13,1995.
Emissions Inventory of Section 11i(c)(6) Pollutants: Potycydic Organic Matter (POM), 2,3,7,B-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-diox!n (TCDD)e,3,7,B-
Tetrachkmdibenzofuran (TCDF), and Polychlonnated Biphenyl Compounds (PCBs), Final Report and data, Radian Corporation, March 1995.
Estimation of National Hexachlorobenzene Emissions for 1990, Final Report, (table 1), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, October 1993.
8.0 Air Toxic Emissions 8-17
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Figure 8-1. Toxic Release Inventory
Air Emissions Inventory
1,400
1,200
1,000
800 -
600 -
400
200 -
0
All TRI Chemicals
173 HAPS in TRI
1988
1989 1990 1991 1992
TRI Air Emissions in thousand short tons/year
Source(s): U.S. EPA, OAQPS, TIN Bulletin Board, TRIS files, various years.
1993
8-18 8.0 Air Toxic Emissions
-------
Figure 8-2. Top 10 Hazardous Air Pollutants -1988 Basis
CO
o
o'
CO
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
Toluene 1.1.1Trichloroethane MEK DicNoromethane Hydrochloric Acid
Methand Xylene(mixed iso) Chlorine Catbon Disuffide Trichloroethylene
TRI Air Emissions in thousand tons/year
Sources): U.S. EPA OAQPS, TTN Bulletin Board, TRIS files, various years.
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Chemicals
Multiple Codes 20-39
Primary Metals
Paper
Transportation
Plastics
Fabr. Metals
Electrical
Furniture
Petroleum
Printing
Machinery
Measure/Photo
Textiles
Lumber
Miscellaneous
Stone/Clay
Food
Leather
No Codes 20-39
Tobacco
Apparel
(
Source(s): U.S. EB\, Of
Figure 8-3. Toxic Release Inventory
Releases by Industry, 1988 - 1993
DflHHHBHBBDBIpB^^^^
f
*
F
h
i
Jfflb
pn
k
P
i
i
i
^H 1988
I1989
1990
J,-
^fc 1992
B,-,
I
|
I
I
1
D 100 200 300 400 500 1
TRI Air Emissions in thousand short tons 1
kQPS, TTN Bulletin Board, TRIS files, various years. 1
8-20 8.0 Air Toxic Emissions
-------
Chapter 9.0 Biogenic Emissions
This chapter presents a preliminary estimate of biogenic VOC
and NO emissions for 1990. The methodology for computing
these estimates is based on the Biogenic Emissions Inventory
System Version 2 (BEIS2)1-2. Because of the availability of
more recent field measurements, this newer version of BEIS tends
to produce higher annual fluxes of isoprene and NO than the
earlier version of BEIS3'4. The 1990 annual VOC emissions of
33.61 and NO emissions of 1.69 million short tons are considered
preliminary because they are based on interim version of processed
land use data and rely on a simple interpolation of meteorological
data. The land use data are being adapted from a variety of federal
agencies in an effort to provide a realistic depiction of national
vegetation coverage for the explicit purpose of computing biogenic
emissions. The sources of land use data include (in order of
priority): tree coverage by genus (eastern United States, U.S.
Forest Service), crop areas (USDA), urbanized areas (U.S. Census
Bureau), other areas including water, scrub, and barren (primarily
western United States, U.S. Geological Survey's 1990 land use/land
cover). The meteorological data used in the calculation are based
on spatial interpolations of 1990 mean monthly diurnal profiles of
ambient air temperature and cloud cover from National Weather
Service surface observing stations.
Biogenic emission estimates are strongly affected by
differences in climatology and land use. Figure 9-1 shows that
highest emissions occur in the summer, when temperatures are
highest. Variations in biogenic emissions are influenced by
fluctuations in temperature. For example an increase of 10ฐC can
result in over a two-fold increase in both VOC and NO. It is
expected, therefore, that future annual emission estimates will
correlate very strongly to changes in annual temperature patterns.
Figure 9-2 shows the spatial variation in biogenic emission
densities estimated for counties across the United States. While
some of this variability is attributable to differences in temperature
and solar radiation, much of the spatial difference can be attributed
to variations in land use. Higher VOC densities in the southern
United States and in Missouri are strongly linked to the large areas
of high-emitting oak trees. The relatively high densities of NO in
the midwestern United States are associated with areas of fertilized
crop land.
Research in the area of biogenic emissions continues to be
highly volatile, and changes in emission estimates methodology are
to be expected in the next few years. Several EPA-sponsored
research programs will hopefully begin to yield more accurate
estimates of these emissions. However, in the next few years,
these estimates should be viewed with a degree of uncertainty.
9.1 REFERENCES
1. Birth, T. User's Guide to the Personal Computer Version of the Biogenic Emissions Inventory System (PC-BEIS2),
EPA-600/R-95-091, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1995.
2. Geron, C., A. Guenther, and T. Pierce. An improved model for estimating emissions of volatile organic compounds from forests
in the eastern United States. Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 99, pp. 12773-12791. 1994.
3. Guenther, A., et al. A global model of natural organic compound emissions. Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 100, pp.
8873-8892. 1995.
4. Williams, E., A. Guenther, and F. Fehsenfeld. An inventory of nitric oxide emissions from soils in the United States. Journal of
Geophysical Research, vol. 97, pp. 7511-7519. 1992.
9.0 Biogenic Emissions 9-1
-------
vo
b
OS
f
o'
m
I'
o'
3
Figure 9-1. Seasonal Breakdown of Total 1990 Biogenic VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
and NITRIC OXIDE (NO) Emissions
22%
4%
17%
15%
25%
21%
57%
39%
I
VOC
(34 million short tons)
NO
(2 million short tons)
Winter j I j j i| Spring ^B Summer | | Autumn
Note(s): Winter is defined as December, January, and February.
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Figure 9-2. Density Maps of VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND and
NITRIC OXIDE (NO) 1990 Biogenic Emissions by County
VOLATILE
ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
Emission Density
High
Above Average
El Average
D Below Average
D Low
NITRIC
OXIDE (NO)
9.0 Biogenic Emissions 9-3
-------
Chapter 10.0
National and International
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Naturally occurring greenhouse gases include water vapor,
CO2, CH4, nitrous oxide (N2O), and O3. Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs [a family of human-made compounds]), its substitute
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and other compounds such as
perfluorinated carbons (PFCs), are also greenhouse gases.
Although CO2, CH4, and N2O occur naturally in the atmosphere,
their recent atmospheric buildup appears to be largely the result of
anthropogenic activities. This growth has altered the composition
of the Earth's atmosphere, and may affect future global climate.
Since 1800, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide have
increased by more than 25 percent, CH4 concentrations have more
than doubled, and nitrous oxide concentrations have risen
approximately 8 percent.1 From the 1950s until the mid-1980s, the
use of CFCs increased by nearly 10 percent per year. Now that
CFCs are being phased out under the Montreal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol), the
use of CFC substitutes is expected to grow significantly.
10.1 NATIONAL
10.1.1 Methodology and Data
The U.S. greenhouse gas emissions presented in this report are
taken from an EPA report, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas
Emissions and Sinks: 1990-1994, Draft Report, September 1995.2
Emissions of greenhouse gases for various source categories were
developed using methods that are similar to those recommended by
Volumes 1-3 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.3 The
BPCC guidelines were followed whenever possible to ensure that
the U.S. emissions inventory is comparable to other countries'
inventories submitted under the Framework Convention on Climate
Change (FCCC). It should be noted that the IPCC guidelines
represent baseline methodologies. The methodologies are currently
evolving, and efforts continue to refine the recommended
procedures. For U.S. emission sources relating to energy
consumption, forest sinks, and some CH4 sources, the IPCC default
methodologies were expanded, resulting in a more comprehensive
estimation procedure for the U.S. Details on the methods utilized
to develop the U.S. emissions are available in the aforementioned
September 1995, EPA report.
10.1.2 Trends
U.S. emissions and uptake of carbon dioxide for 1990 to 1994
are summarized in table 10-1. Carbon dioxide emissions from
fossil fuel consumption comprise the largest category of U.S.
emissions, accounting for about 99 percent of total CO2 emissions
and 83 percent of all U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. Changes in
CO2 emissions from fossil fuel consumption had the greatest
impact on U.S. emissions during this period. While U.S. emissions
of CO2 in 1991 were approximately 1 percent lower than 1990
emission levels, in 1992 they were about 1 percent over 1991
levels, thus returning emissions to about 1990 levels. In 1993 CO2
emissions from fossil fuel combustion were approximately
2 percent higher than the previous year, with emissions increasing
1 percent in 1994. Overall, emissions in 1994 were about 4
percent higher than 1990 levels. This trend is largely attributable
to changes in total energy consumption resulting from the
economic slowdown in the U.S. in the early 1990s and the
subsequent recovery. During this period industrial processes
accounted for about 1 percent of total U.S. CO2 emissions.
Because certain natural processes remove (sequester) CO2 from the
atmosphere, total net CO2 emissions are estimated by subtracting
the amount of CO2 sequestered by forest management and land-use
activities from the amount produced. Over the 1990 to 1992
period, these activities removed approximately 10 percent of total
CO2 emissions. Forest sink estimates for 1993 and 1994 are not
yet available.
Methane emissions from the U.S. from 1990 to 1994 are
summarized in table 10-2. Landfills are the largest single
anthropogenic source of CH4 in the United States, accounting for
about 36 percent of total U.S. CH4 emissions. The agricultural
sector is also a major source of CH4, accounting for approximately
33 percent of total U.S. CH4 emissions in 1994, with enteric
fermentation in domestic livestock and manure management
together comprising the majority. Methane emissions from coal
mining account for about 14 percent of total CH4 emissions, and
have fluctuated significantly in recent years, largely due to
decreases in coal production as a result of labor unrest in 1993. As
coal production has risen since the end of the strikes, emissions
from coal mining have increased commensurately.
Emissions of N2O from 1990 to 1994 are displayed in table
10-3. These emissions have increased over 10 percent since 1990,
primarily for two reasons. First, emissions from fertilizer use,
10.0 National and International Greenhouse Gas Emissions
10-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
which account for approximately 45 percent of total U.S. N2O
emissions, increased significantly from 1993 to 1994 as farmers
planted more acreage and increased fertilizer use to replace
nutrients lost in the flooding of 1993. Second, emissions have also
increased slightly from other categories as the U.S. economy has
grown since the early 1990s.
Emissions of HFCs and PFCs for 1990 to 1994 are
summarized in table 10-4. These compounds are powerful
greenhouse gases and have been receiving increased attention
under the FCCC. These emissions have begun to grow as the use
of these chemicals increases to replace the phaseout of CFCs and
other ozone-depleting compounds under the terms of the Montreal
Protocol and the CAAA. Their use since 1990 has grown
primarily due to an increase in the use of HFC-134a in mobile air
conditioners (MACs). Hydrofluorocarbon and PFC emissions are
also the result of by-product emissions from other production
processes.
10.2 INTERNATIONAL
10.2.1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions
The CO2 emissions presented in this section were obtained
from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge
National Laboratories.4 A systematic method for estimating the
amount of global CO2 emissions due to fossil-fuel combustion was
first proposed in 1973. The methodology also accounts for C02
emissions from cement manufacturing and gas flaring. Since that
date, both the data collection and the procedures for estimating
CO2 emissions have been refined and improved.5 To derive global
emissions, energy and population statistics were obtained from the
United Nation's Department of International Economic and Social
Affairs. The U.S. DOI's Bureau of Mines supplied cement
manufacturing data, and gas flaring data were compiled from both
the U.S. EIA and the United Nations.
10.2.2 Global Trends
Since 1860, when CO2 emissions were estimated to be about
375 million short tons per year, global CO2 emissions have risen
dramatically. In 1991, approximately 25 billion short tons of CO2
were emitted to the atmosphere as a result of fossil-fuel burning,
cement manufacturing, and gas flaring.
Table 10-5 presents global CO2 emissions for 1860 to 1991.
Starting in 1950, estimates were developed using the methods of
Marland and Rotty.6 Figure 10-1 depicts the trend in CO2
emissions over the 1950 to 1991 period. Total global CO2
emissions continued their upward trend, increasing 2 percent
between 1990 and 1991.
Table 10-6 displays regional world CO2 emissions for 1950 to
1991. The nine regions are based on United Nations conventions
and are defined in table 10-6. Between 1990 and 1991, a decline
in CO2 emissions was evident for Eastern Europe and North
America. An increase in CO2 emissions over the same period was
seen for regions experiencing much faster population growth (i.e.,
Africa, Centrally Planned Asia, Other America, Far East, and
Oceania). In 1950, North America, and Western and Eastern
Europe contributed approximately 89 percent of total CO2
emissions. Presently, that percentage has dropped to only about 40
percent as economic growth in developing countries has led to
substantial increases in emissions.
Figure 10-2 compares estimates of total global CO2 per capita
emissions with CO2 per capita emissions for Mexico and Canada
during 1950 to 1991. Per capita emissions for the United States
are presented from 1950 to 1989. 1990 to 1993 CO2 emissions for
the United States are discussed in section 10.1. Per capita CO2
emissions for Canada peaked in 1979 at 19.8 short tons, well
above the global average, while Mexico's per capita emissions are
significantly lower, exceeding the global average only once in
1982.
1023 United States
Table 10-7 and figure 10-3 present CO2 emissions for the
United States. The United States continues to be the largest single
source of fossil-fuel-related CO2 emissions, contributing
approximately 38 percent more CO2 emissions than the world's
second largest emitter, the former USSR. Carbon dioxide
emissions in 1989 were nearly twice those of 1950, although the
United States' share of global emissions declined over the same
interval due to higher growth rates in other countries. In 1989,
CO2 emissions from the United States reached an all-time high of
6 billion short tons of CO2 and have since remained near this level.
U.S. emissions for 1990 through 1993 are discussed in more detail
in section 10.1.
10.2.4 Canada
Table 10-8 and figure 10-4 present CO2 emissions for Canada
for the period 1950 to 1991. Total CO2 emissions from Canada
more than doubled between 1950 and 1974, and continued rising
until 1980. In the early 1980s, CO2 emissions declined, but then
began to increase by 1986, peaking in 1989 at 488 million short
tons of CO2. By 1991, CO2 emissions had decreased 7 percent
from 1989 emission levels. Coal burning contributed to 63 percent
of the total emissions in 1950, but declined in both absolute and
relative terms until 1974. Beginning in 1974, a decline in CO2
emissions from liquid fuels was accompanied by a steady increase
in emissions from coal.6
10.25 Mexico
Carbon dioxide emissions for Mexico are displayed in table
10-9 and figure 10-5. From 1950 to 1982, total CO2 emissions
10-2 10.0 National and International Greenhouse Gas Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
from Mexico increased at a rate of approximately 7 percent per
year. Total emissions declined slightly and leveled off near 320
million short tons of CO2 during the period 1983 to 1988. From
1989 to 1991, total emissions rose approximately 10 percent,
peaking at 375 million short tons of CO2 in 1991. The increase in
emissions has been largely attributable to an increase in oil
production. In 1991, petroleum products accounted for 74 percent
of total CO2 emissions, the highest fraction of any of the major
COj-emitting countries. In recent years, natural gas has become
increasingly important in Mexico and now accounts for 15 percent
of CO2 emissions.6
103 REFERENCES
1. IPCC National Inventory Guidelines: Workbook Module 1. Document included with CEEM module. Organization for Economic
Co-Operation and Development, and International Energy Agency. Paris, France. 1992.
2. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-1994. Draft Report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
September 1995.
3. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 3 volumes: Vol. 1, Reporting Instructions; Vol. 2, Workbook; Vol. 3,
Reference Manual. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, and
International Energy Agency. Paris, France. 1995.
4. Keeling, C.D. Global historical CO2 emissions, pp. 5-8. In T.A. Boden, D.P. Kaiser, R.J. Sepanski, and F.W. Stoss (eds.), Trends
'93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. ORNL/CDIAC-65. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A. 1994.
5. Marland, G. and R.M. Rotty. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Fuels: A Procedure for Estimation and Results for 1950-1982.
Julius 36b:232-261. 1984.
6. Marland, G., R.J. Andres, and T.A. Boden. Global, regional, and national CO2 emissions, pp. 9-88. In T.A. Boden, D.P. Kaiser,
R.J. Sepanski, and F.W. Stoss (eds.), Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. ORNL/CDIAC-65. Carbon Dioxide
Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A. 1994.
10.0 National and International Greenhouse Gas Emissions 10-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
Table 10-1. Summary of U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Sinks
by Source Category, 1990 to 1994
Preliminary Estimates
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
1900
1991
1992
1993
1994
FOSSIL FUEL CONSUMPTION FOR ENERGY
Electric Utilities
Oil
Gas
Coal
Industry
Oil
Gas
Coal
Transportation
Oil
Gas
Coal
Commercial
Oil
Gas
Coal
Residential
Oil
Gas
Coal
U.S. Territories
Oil
Gas
Coal
Total Fossil Fuel Consumption
FUGITIVE FUEL
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Cement Production
Lime Production
Limestone Use
Soda Ash Production and Use
Carbon Dioxide Manufacture
Total Industrial Processes
TOTAL EMISSIONS
FORESTRY/LAND USE*
TOTAL NET EMISSIONS
1,920,700
107,600
167,000
1,646,000
1,175,000
418,400
480,600
275,900
1,656,400
1,616,500
39,800
0
240,100
72,900
157,600
9,700
367,300
97,000
263,900
6,500
36,800
36,300
0
500
5,396,300
7ฃ00
36,000
13,100
5,600
4,600
1,300
60,600
5,464,100
(481,000)
4,983,100
1,909,200
101,300
196,600
1,638,300
1,127,700
366,400
500,500
260,900
1,621,400
1,584,500
36,900
0
244,700
69,100
166,800
8,800
383,100
98,800
278,400
5,900
43,200
42,500
0
800
5,329,400
8ฃ00
35,200
12,900
5,300
4,400
1,400
59,200
5,396,800
(477,000)
4,919,800
1,905,200
80,600
168,000
1,656,700
1,185,500
411,800
520,300
253,500
1,643,600
1,607,500
36,100
0
245,400
65,200
171,300
8,900
392,700
100,400
286,300
5,900
37,800
37,100
0
800
5,410,300
8,000
35,400
13,300
4,900
4,500
1,500
59,600
5,477,900
(473,000)
5,004,900
1,976,300
90,900
162,300
1,723,100
1,176,200
384,200
540,800
251,100
1,674,300
1,636,200
38,000
0
246,400
60,300
177,200
8,900
413,600
106,200
301,500
5,900
37,800
37,100
0
800
5,524,600
8,000
37,400
13,800
4,500
4,400
1,500
61,700
5,594,300
NA
NA
1,993,600
83,400
180,300
1,729,900
1,189,200
399,700
540,200
249,300
1,709,100
1,670,600
38,500
0
256,900
61,600
182,200
10,100
411,600
111,300
293,100
7,300
37,800
37,100
0
800
5,595,300
8,000
40,200
14,000
4,800
4,400
1,500
64,900
5,668200
NA
NA
Note(s): * Negative values represent a carbon sink.
Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding.
NA = not available.
Source(s): Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks, 1900-1994. Draft Report, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. September 1995.
10-4 10.0 National and International Greenhouse Gas Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 10-2. Summary of U.S. Methane Emissions by Source Category,
1990 to 1994
Preliminary Estimates
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
WASTE
Landfills
Wastewater
AGRICULTURE
Cattle
Other
Animal Waste
Dairy
Beef
Swine
Poultry
Other
Agricultural Waste Burning
Rice Cultivation
TOTAL AGRICULTURE
FUGmVE FUEL EMISSIONS
Coal Mining
Oil and Gas Systems
MOBILE SOURCE COMBUSTION
STATIONARY COMBUSTION
TOTAL EMISSIONS
1990
10,900
200
6,000
300
900
200
1,100
300
40
100
500
9,400
4,900
3,600
300
700
29,900
1991
11,100
200
6,000
300
900
200
1,100
300
40
100
500
9,500
4,700
3,600
300
800
30,100
1992
10,900
200
6,100
300
900
200
1,200
300
40
100
500
9,700
4,500
3,600
300
800
30,000
1993
11,000
200
6,200
300
900
200
1,100
300
40
100
500
9,700
4,000
3,600
300
700
29,500
1994
11,200
200
6,300
300
1,000
200
1,300
300
40
100
600
10,200
4,400
3,600
300
700
30,600
Note(s): Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding.
Source(s): Inventoryof U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissionsand Sinks, 1900-1994. Draft Report, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. September 1995.
10.0 National and International Greenhouse Gas Emissions 10-5
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1994
Table 10-3. Summary of U.S. Nitrous Oxide Emissions
by Source Category, 1990 to 1994
Preliminary Estimates
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
AGRICULTURE
Crop Waste Burning
Fertilizers
TOTAL AGRICULTURE
MOBILE SOURCE COMBUSTION
STATIONARY COMBUSTION
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Adipic Acid Production
Nitric Acid Production
TOTAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
TOTAL EMISSIONS
1990
4
204
208
108
39
62
44
106
461
1991
4
208
212
110
38
65
44
109
465
1992
5
210
215
113
39
60
44
104
471
1993
4
209
273
115
39
64
45
109
476
1994
5
232
238
117
40
68
49
117
512
Note(s): Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding.
Source(s): Inventoryof U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks, 1900-1994. Draft Report, U.S. Environmerrtal Protection Agency. September 1995.
Table 10-4. Emissions of Hydrofluorocarbons and Perfluorinated Carbon, 1990 to 1994
Preliminary Estimates
(thousand short tons; molecular basis)
Compound
MFCs
HFC-23
HFC-125
HFC-134a
HFC-125a
HFC-227
PFCs
CF4
C2F6
SFfi
GWP
12,100
3,200
1,300
140
3,300
6,300
12,500
24,900
1990
6.085
0.000
0.551
0.282
0.000
2.701
OJ270
1.102
1991
6.206
0.000
0.992
0.292
0.000
2.701
0.270
1.102
1992
6.327
0.000
1.323
0296
0.000
2.701
0,270
1.102
1993
2.910
0.000
6.526
1.146
0.000
2.695
0.270
1.102
1994
3.075
4.211
11.475
1.687
3.946
2.695
0.270
1.135
Note(s): Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding.
Source(s): Inventoryof U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks, 1900-1994. Draft Report, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. September 1995.
10-6 10.0 National and International Greenhouse Gas Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 10-5. Global Carbon
Dioxide Emissions
(million short tons)
Year
1860
1865
1870
1875
1880
1885
1890
1895
1900
1905
1910
1915
1920
1925
1930
1935
1940
1945
Year
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1991
Coal
370
480
568
741
880
1,067
1,331
1,503
1,962
2,402
2,959
2,996
3,340
3,318
3,410
3,113
3,817
3,329
Solids
4,353
4,911
5,735
5,933
6,321
6,786
7,881
9,049
9,672
9,466
Lignite Crude petroleum Natural gas
7
11
15
22
26
33
44
55
81
99
121
139
176
209
220
231
356
209
Liquids Gases
1,710 392
2,526 606
3,435 950
4,935 1,419
7,429 2,086
8,613 2,518
9,728 2,934
8,771 3,306
10,032 4,058
10,472 4,139
0
0
4
4
15
15
33
44
62
92
139
183
308
462
612
704
909
1,063
Cement Flaring
73 93
121 125
174 158
238 222
315 352
384 376
485 360
529 222
635 251
655 283
0
0
0
0
0
4
7
11
15
22
33
40
51
77
114
121
172
264
Global
per capita
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
Total
378
491
587
766
917
1,118
1,415
1,610
2,123
2,614
3,252
3,359
3,876
4,066
4,356
4,169
5,254
4,866
Total
6,620
8,286
10,452
12,748
16,506
18,681
21,389
21,878
24,646
25,010
Note(s): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
Source(s): Keeling, C.D. 1994. Global historical CO2 emissions, pp. 5-8. In T.A. Boden, DP. Kaiser, R.J. Sepanski, and F.W. Stoss (eds.), Trends 93:
A Compendium of Data on Global Change. ORNL/CDIAC-65. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
Martand, G., R.J. Andres, and T.A. Boden. 1994. Global, regional, and national CO2 emissions, pp. 9-88. In T.A. Boden, D.P. Kaiser, R.J.
Sepanski, and F.W. Stoss (eds.), Trends "93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. ORNL/CDIAC-65. Carbon Dioxide Information
Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
10.0 National and International Greenhouse Gas Emissions 10-7
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Figure 10-1. 1950 to 1991 Global CARBON DIOXIDE Emissions from Fossil Fuel
Burning, Cement Production, and Gas Flaring
30,000 T
25,000 --
w 20,000
I
e
o
15,000
o
Total
Solids
o Liquids
Gases
Flaring
Cement
10,000 --
5,000 -; .-
1985
1990
Source(s): Keeling, C.D. 1994. Global historical CO2 emissions, pp. 5-8. In T.A. Boden, DP. Kaiser, R.J. Sepanski, and F.W. Stoss (eds.), Trends 93:
A Compendium of Data on Global Change. ORNUCDIAC-65. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
10-8 10.0 National and International Greenhouse Gas Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 10-6. Regional Carbon Dioxide Emissions
(million short tons)
Total Emissions
Year
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1991
Region 1
(AMD)
182
269
339
412
582
732
983
979
1,107
1,160
Region 2
(FEA)
115
172
230
331
478
640
951
1,219
1,719
1,829
Region 3
(APR)
105
144
174
237
331
423
571
646
727
743
Region 4
(OCN)
185
248
370
580
1,000
1,156
1,282
1,305
1,519
1,528
Region 5
(MDE)
19
56
101
192
299
460
564
712
924
1,446
Region 6
(WEU)
1,549
1,951
2,170
2,673
3,203
3,267
3,562
3,252
3,353
3,709
Region 7
(CPE)
1,185
1,772
2,390
3,086
3,665
4,520
5,235
5,700
5,378
4,793
Region 8
(CPA)
91
226
906
596
971
1,418
1,807
2,378
2,970
3,107
Region 9
(NAM)
2,984
3,203
3,445
4,111
5,077
5,193
5,574
5,364
5,905
5,893
1 = Other America (AMD)
2 = Far East (FEA)
3 = Africa (AFR)
4 = Oceania & Japan (OCN)
5 = Middle East (MDE)
6 = Western Europe (WEU)
7 = Eastern Europe (CPE)
8 = Centrally Planned Asia (CPA)
9 = North America (NAM)
Source(s): Marland, G., R.J. Andres, and T.A. Boden. 1994. Global, regional, and national C02 emissions, pp. 9-88. In T.A. Boden, D.P. Kaiser, R.J.
Sepanskj, and F.W. Stoss (eds.), Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. ORNL/CDIAC-65. Carbon Dioxide Information
Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
10.0 National and International Greenhouse Gas Emissions 10-9
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Figure 10-2. Comparison of Per Capita CARBON DIOXIDE Emissions
25 -r
20--
co
**
'a.
8 15
w
C
o
w
10 --
5 --
United States
Canada
Global
Mexico
I I I I
-Il-
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
Year
1975
1980
1985
Note(s): U.S. per capita emissions data is not presented for 1990 or 1991. See section 10.1 for a discussion of 1990 to 1994 national CO2 emission
estimates.
Sounce(s): Martand, G., R.J. Andres, and T.A. Boden. 1994. Global, regional, and national CO2 emissions, pp. 9-88. In T.A. Boden, DP. Kaiser, R.J.
Sepanski, and F.W. Stoss (eds.), Trends "93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. ORNL/CDIAC-65. Carbon Dioxide Information
Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
10-10
10.0 National and International Greenhouse Gas Emissions
-------
National Mr Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 10-7. Carbon Dioxide Emissions for the United States
(million short tons)
Year
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1989
Gas
Fuels
352
529
729
922
1,261
1,156
1,101
949
1,116
Liquid Solid Fuels
Fuels
989
1,266
1,414
1,639
2,081
2,284
2,358
2,117
2,361
1,403
1,145
1,024
1,217
1,303
1,283
1,595
1,811
2,012
Gas
Flaring
48
46
33
19
29
8
7
6
8
Cement
Production
21
29
31
36
36
34
38
39
38
National per
capita
18.47
18.19
17.91
19.72
22.96
22.07
22.39
20.65
22.35
Bunker
Fuels
33
44
47
43
54
59
123
62
68
Total
2,813
3,015
3,232
3,833
4,711
4,765
5,100
4,921
5,537
Figure 10-3. CARBON DIOXIDE Emissions for the United States
6,000
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
Year
1975
1980
1985
Note(s): U.S. emissions data is not presented for 1990 or 1991. See section 10.1 for a discussion of 1990 to 1994 national CO2 emission estimates.
Sourcefs): Martand, G., R.J. Andres, and T.A. Boden. 1994. Global, regional, and national CO2 emissions, pp. 9-88. In T.A. Boden, D.P. Kaiser, RJ.
Sepanski, and F.W. Stoss (eds.), Trends "93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, ORNL/CDIAC-65. Carbon Dioxide Information
Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
10.0 National and International Greenhouse Gas Emissions 10-11
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 10-8. Carbon Dioxide Emissions for Canada
(thousand short tons)
Year
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1991
Gas Fuels
3,920
8,205
23,757
41,957
69,081
94,771
106,613
121,684
137,827
141,048
Liquid Fuels
57,853
94,597
127,674
167,392
222,764
256,593
272,574
201,299
213,545
196,436
Solid
Fuels
107,664
80,277
55,149
60,145
65,112
67,663
86,085
108,246
99,394
104,459
Gas Cement National per
Flaring Production capita
0
2,309
3,535
4,644
5,297
2,943
3,455
5,525
4,813
4,972
1,461
2,197
2,886
4,165
3,962
5,478
5,770
5,602
6,376
6,046
12.45
11.92
11.88
14.15
17.18
18.79
19.72
17.58
17.34
16.77
Bunker
Fuels
4,987
5,998
7,489
9,931
11,244
9,765
7,663
3,064
5,343
5,000
Total
170,901
187,585
212,999
278,302
366,221
427,450
474,495
442,360
461,958
452,961
Figure 10-4. CARBON DIOXIDE Emissions for Canada
Total
Solids
Liquids
Gases
Flaring
Cement
r r r rn T T r r r-n "r 1- T- r
n-T-rr TTTTTTTI
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
Year
1975
1980
1985
1990
Source(s): Mariand, G., R.J. Andres, and T.A. Boden. 1994. Global, regional, and national CO2 emissions, pp. 9-88. In T.A. Boden, DP. Kaiser, R.J.
Sepanski, and F.W. Stoss (eds.), Trends "93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. ORNL/CDIAC-65. Carton Dioxide Information
Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
10-12 10.0 National and International Greenhouse Gas Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table 10-9. Carbon Dioxide Emissions for Mexico
(thousand short tons)
Year
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1991
Gas
Fuels
1,693
2,571
7,037
17,392
22,735
28,757
50,283
58,043
52,801
54,911
Liquid
Fuels
26,122
31,821
47,397
52,175
72,020
105,206
199,597
217,801
262,369
276,944
Solid
Fuels
2,073
2,995
3,896
4,543
7,554
12,416
17,258
22,557
22,351
22,945
Gas Cement National per
Flaring Production capita
2,955
5,302
9,585
6,518
10,606
11,537
10,905
6,906
7,754
5,438
840
1,107
1,698
2,366
3,947
6,383
8,929
11,367
13,137
14,676
1.25
1.41
1.90
1.94
2.30
2.79
4.28
4.20
4.24
4.32
Bunker
Fuels
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
33,680
43,792
69,611
82,993
116,863
164,296
286,967
316,678
358,405
374,911
Figure 10-5. CARBON DIOXIDE Emissions for Mexico
Total
Solids
Liquids
Gases
Flaring
1985
1990
Source(s): Martand, G., R.J. Andres, and T.A. Boden. 1994. Global, regional, and national CO2 emissions, pp. 9-88. In T.A. Boden, D.P. Kaiser, R.J.
Sepanski, and F.W. Stoss (eds.), Trends 93: A Compendium at Data on Global Change. ORNL/CDIAC-65. Carbon Dioxide Information
Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
10.0 National and International Greenhouse Gas Emissions 10-13
-------
Appendix A National Emissions (1970 to 1994)
by Subcategory
Appendix A - National Emissions (1970 to 1994) by Subcategory A-l
-------
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Source Category
FUM, COMB' fiUsC, (I7E.
Coal
Oil
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. aW/STfWL
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
fvm.com.QTmK K >:< ;
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
ethylene dichloride
maleic anhydride
cyclohexanol
other
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
pigments; TiO2 chloride process: reactor
other
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
carbon black mfg
carbon black furnace: fugitives
other
Table A-1.
1970 1980
237 322
106 188
41 48
90 85
NA NA
770 750
100 58
44 35
462 418
164 239
NA NA
3,625 6,230
12 13
27 21
24 26
NA NA
2,932 5,992
686 1,402
2,246 4,590
630 178
3J97 2,151
340 543
11 17
73 103
36 37
220 386
190 191
18 34
172 157
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
2,866 1,417
2,866 1,417
NA NA
NA NA
Carbon Monoxide Emissions
(thousand short tons)
1985
292
208
18
56
10
670
86
47
257
167
113
7,525 ;
14
18
42
57
7,232
NA
NA
162
1.84S
251
0
16
5
230
89
77
12
19
16
0
1,471
1,078
155
238
1986 1987
291 300
208 217
24 20
48 53
11 10
650 649
87 85
46 46
242 252
172 171
103 96
6,607 8,011
14 14
18 19
42 43
60 59
6,316 5,719
NA NA
NA NA
157 157
1,8S3 1t7W
261 260
0 0
16 15
5 5
240 240
94 89
82 77
12 11
19 18
16 16
0 0
1,463 1,415
1,068 1,034
165 161
231 219
1988
313
229
25
48
11
669
87
46
265
173
98
6,390
15
18
47
55
6,086
NA
NA
168
1,91 7
278
0
16
6
256
95
83
12
18
17
0
1,509
1,098
185
226
1989
319
231
26
51
11
872
87
46
271
173
96
6,450
15
17
49
55
6,161
NA
NA
153
f,925
285
0
16
6
264
95
84
12
18
17
0
1,510
1,112
180
219
1990
314
233
20
51
11
877
86
46
276
171
98
4,672
15
16
50
52
3,781
NA
NA
158
1,940
286
0
16
6
264
95
83
12
19
17
0
1,522
1,126
179
218
1991
31$
233
19
51
12
867
72
52
274
170
99
4,373 .,
15
16
50
52
4,090
NA
NA
151
1,944
284
0
16
6
262
95
83
12
19
18
0
1,529
1,131
184
214
1992
313
235
15
51
11
' -: .672
80
47
276
170
99
,4,61$
15
17
50
52
4,332
NA
NA
150
1,964
288
0
16
6
266
96
84
12
19
18
0
1,542
1,142
185
215
1993
322
245
16
49
12
670
77
47
276
170
99
3,967
15
17
51
52
3,679
NA
NA
149
1,998
289
0
16
6
268
96
84
12
19
18
0
1,574
1,170
190
214
a*
1994 s;-
32$ ?
246 ?
14 |
OO ^j
12 |.
671 |
80 ป
50 j?
273 |
170 K,
98 ง
3,888
15 to
..
51
52
3,607
NA
NA
147
2,046
293
0
16
6
271
98
85
13
20
19
0
1,619
1,207
196
216
(continued)
-------
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Table
Source Category
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
aluminum anode baking
prebake alur.iinum cell
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
basic oxygen furnace
carbon steel electric arc furnace
coke oven charging
gray iron cupola
iron ore sinter plant windbox
other
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRtES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
fee units
other
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
sulfate pulping: rec. furnace/evaporator
sulfate (kraft) pulping: lime kiln
other
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
A-1.
1970
3,644
652
326
326
NA
2,991
440
181
62
1,203
1,025
81
NA
2,179
NA
2,168
1,820
348
11
620
NA
NA
610
NA
610
NA
NA
10
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Carbon Monoxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
1980
2,246
842
421
421
NA
1,404
80
280
43
340
600
61
NA
1,723
NA
1,723
1,680
44
0
830
NA
NA
798
NA
798
NA
NA
32
NA
NA
NA
NA
HA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1985 1986
2,223 2,679
694 650
41 40
257 243
396 367
1,523 1,423
694 640
19 17
9 9
302' 294
304 280
194 184
6 6
462 45?
11 9
449 440
403 398
46 41
2 2
694 71$
0 0
0 0
627 647
475 491
140 145
12 12
0 0
43 44
0 0
18 18
0 0
6 5
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
1987
1,934
614
38
232
344
1,365
617
17
8
281
266
176
6
- -*ป -
8
445
408
37
2
'713
0
0
646
489
144
13
0
44
0
18
0
5
2
1
0
0
0
1988
2,1Q1f
656
40
248
368
1,439
650
18
9
288
287
188
6
;;-44f
8
431
393
38
2
711
0
0
649
491
145
13
0
44
0
13
0
5
' 2
1
0
1
0
1989
2,132
677
41
254
382
1,449
662
18
9
280
293
187
6
436
8
427
390
37
2
7 W
0
0
655
497
146
13
0
43
0
12
0
5
2
1
0
1
0
1990
2,080
681
41
255
384
1,394
642
17
8
262
283
181
6
: 43$ '"-
8
425
389
36
2
717
0
0
657
498
146
13
0
43
0
12
0
5
2
1
0
1
0
1991
1f992
653
40
245
368
1,333
615
16
8
249
271
174
5
412
8
403
367
36
2
7W
0
0
652
495
145
13
0
41
0
11
0
5
2 '
1
0
1
0
1992
2,044
665
41
251
373
1,373
634
17
8
254
280
180
6
410
8
400
364
36
2
719*
0
0
661
502
146
13
0
42
0
11
0
5
2
1
0
1
0
1993 1994
2,091 \-2,16^
676 695
42 43
256 264
378 389
1,410 1,465
651 677
17 18
8 9
261 271
287 298
185 192
6 6
4U&A ) *~-4AA
ซsป , ,;ซ3w
8 8
388 380
352 344
36 36
2 2
-, Jfljjjjf " ' f$f
0 "" 0
0 0
672 689
510 523
149 152
13 13
0 0
44 46
0 0
11 11
0 0
5 5
2. ' 2
1 1
0 0
1 1
0 0
(continued)
?
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Source Category
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Organic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
conical wood burner
municipal incinerator
industrial
commmercial/institutional
residential
other
Open Burning
industrial
commmercial/institutional
residential
Landfills
Other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
light-duty diesel trucks
light-duty diesel vehicles
NON-ROAD SOURCES
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
Table A-1.
1970
AM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,059
2,979
1,431
333
NA
108
1,107
NA
4,080
1,932
2,148
NA
NA
NA
88,034
64,031
63,846
185
16,570
10,102
6,468
6,712
721
721
NA
NA
16,605
9,478
268
250
732
4,679
Carbon Monoxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
1980 1985
AW 49
NA 0
NA 0
NA 0
NA 42
NA 0
NA 6
2^00 1,941
1,246 958
228 17
13 34
NA 9
60 32
945 865
NA 2
1,054 982
1,007 20
47 4
NA 958
NA 0
NA 0
78,049 77,387
53,561 49,451
53,342 49,273
219 178
16,137 18,960
10,395 11,834
5,742 7,126
7,189 7,716
1,161 1,261
1,139 1,235
4 4
19 22
12,681 13,706
11,004 11,815
299 312
368 421
970 1,104
5,366 5,685
1986 1987
ซ so
0 0
0 0
0 0
45 44
0 0
5 5
1,916 1,850
949 920
18 18
35 34
9 9
33 35
852 822
2 2
966 930
21 21
4 4
941 905
0 0
0 0
73,347 71ฃSQ
46,698 45,340
46,522 45,161
175 179
17,789 17,274
10,795 10,187
6,995 7,087
7,601 7,347
1 ,259 1 ,289
1,232 1,260
4 5
23 24
13,884 > 14,131
12,057 12,286
314 316
416 402
1,137 1,164
5,749 5,808
1988 1989
56 ' SS
0 0
0 0
0 0
51 49
0 0
5 5
1,806 1,747
903 876
19 19
35 35
10 9
38 39
800 773
2 2
903 870
21 21
4 5
877 845
0 0
0 0
TMWf $3,050
45,553 42,234
45,367 42,047
186 187
17,133 15,940
9,890 9,034
7,244 6,906
7,072 6,506
1,322 1,369
1,290 1,336
5 6
26 28
74,500 14ฃ18
12,465 12,538
318 321
401 398
1,207 1,227
5,866 5,929
1990
55
0
0
0
49
0
5
1,686
849
18
35
9
40
745
2
836
21
5
811
0
0
62,858
40,502
40,316
187
15,084
8,511
6,573
5,930
1,342
1,307
6
29
14,642
12,655
324
395
1,228
6,001
1991
:: ' $4
0
0
0
48
0
5
1,701
857
18
35
9
40
753
2
844
20
5
819
0
0
62,074
40,267
40,089
177
15,014
8,450
6,565
5,459
1,334
1,298
6
30
14,601
12,641
327
376
1,197
6,075
1992
'; ': '$$'
0
0
0
49
0
5
1,717
864
18
35
9
40
759
2
852
21
5
826
0
0
59,859 !
39,370
39,190
180
14,567
8,161
6,407
4,569
1,352
1,315
6
31
14,900
12,883
330
395
1,234
6,143
1993
m
0
0
0
50
0
5
1,732
872
18
35
9
41
766
2
859
22
5
833
0
0
60^02
39,163
38,973
190
15,196
8,430
6,766
4,476
1,367
1,328
7
33
15,269
13,162
333
423
1,285
6,212
1994
' S3
0
0
0
52
0
5
1,748
879
18
35
10
42
772
2
867
23
5
839
0
0
GfJffQ
39,303
39,111
192
15,139
8,319
6,821
5,244
1,383
1,343
7
34
75,657
13,452
336
453
1,340
6,276
(continued)
National Air
J
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3
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Table
Source Category
NON-ROAD SOURCES (continued) :
Non-Road Gasoline (continued)
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
recreational marine vessels
other
Non-Road Diesel
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
Railroads
im6mjuwt$oo&~*Tฃ ?" =;: ->iv, ----- ', '
Other Combustion
structural fires
agricultural fires
slash/prescribed burning
forest wildfires
other
A-1.
1970
: <,-:
46
2,437
9
80
976
1
543
0
336
33
3
127
10
1
33
506
14
2
12
0
65
7,909
7,909
101
873
1,146
5,620
169
TOTAL ALL SOURCES 1 28,079
Carbon Monoxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand
1980 1985
!ป, -' ' ,". *~ ,,
77 84
2,680 2,894
25 28
116 129
1,102 1,157
2 2
801 910
0 0
479 553
43 49
3 3
214 237
11 12
2 2
48 54
743 831
37 44
4 5
32 39
1 1
96 106
:--'4##-:':. vjm -
8,344 7,895
217 242
501 396
2,226 4,300
5,396 2,957
4
short tons)
1986 1987
" / ~~"- '-
85 47
3,028 3,203
27 33
133 137
1,167 1,175
2 2
912 797
0 0
552 538
50 51
3 3
237 131
13 14
2 3
55 57
858 887
47 50
5 6
41 44
1 1
109 112
fฃs* %m
7,254 8,820
242 242
441 483
4,300 4,300
2,271 3,795
115,625 114,690 109,199 108,012
Note(s): NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with
contained in the more aggregate estimate.
1988
92
3,219
31
144
1,185
2
930
0
538
53
3
259
14
3
60
931
56
6
48
1
118
75863
15,863
242
612
4,300
10,709
115,849
1989
,: " - >
63
3,223
33
147
1,195
2
845
0
535
54
3
175
14
3
61
955
59
7
52
1
121
0,i21
8,121
242
571
4,300
3,009
103,144
1990
63
3,254
33
149
1,207
2
841
0
528
54
3
176
14
3
62
QCC
S?OO
58
6
51
1
122
11,ltt
11,173
242
552
4,300
6,079
100,650
1991
66
3,198
32
148
1,221
2
818
0
501
53
3
183
14
3
62
962
58
6
51
1
122
8,W
8,530
242
549
4,300
3,439
97,376
1992
> s ;'* '
68
3,295
33
151
1,233
2
853
0
526
54
4
189
14
3
63
980
60
7
53
1
124
%m
6,774
242
559
4,300
1,674
94,043
1993
'*''','
70
3,402
34
157
1,245
2
903
0
564
56
4
196
15
3
65
1,019
62
7
54
1
124
4>zw
6,700
242
573
4,300
1,586
94,133
1994
73
3,519
35
163
1,256
2
954
0
603
59
4
203
15
3
68
1,063
63
7
55
1
124
' 9,245
9,245
242
589
4,300
4,115
98,017
1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
1
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Table A-2
Source Category
FUEL COMB, ELEC. WIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
natural
Internal Combustion
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
natural
process
other
Other
wood/bark waste
liquid waste
other
Internal Combustion
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
1970
4,900
3,888
2,112
1,041
344
391
1,012
40
972
NA
NA
NA
' -- 4SS8>ป'
771
532
164
75
NA
332
228
104
NA
3,060
3,053
8
NA
162
102
NA
60
NA
836
23
210
1980
7,024
6,123
3,439
1,694
542
447
901
39
862
NA
NA
NA
.$ฃ$$:, '
444
306
94
44
NA
286
179
63
44
2,619
2,469
5
145
205
138
NA
67
NA
741
25
155
. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
(thousand short tons)
1985 1986
6,916 ,SQ9
6,051 6,061
4,438 4,427
1,340 1,290
272 344
NA NA
177 246
174 242
4 4
640 552
640 552
48 50
3J/K&," "3,06&
608 613
430 439
14 14
33 31
131 129
309 300
191 181
89 89
29 30
1,520 1,433
1,282 1,206
227 216
11 10
118 120
89 92
12 12
17 16
655 599
71H 694
37 36
106 110
1987 1988
7,128 7,S30
6,278 6,668
4,529 4,623
1,411 1,659
337 387
NA NA
204 260
200 257
4 4
599 551
599 551
48 50
'; 3,063 / 3,187 ;,
596 617
435 447
14 15
27 29
119 126
292 296
172 175
89 91
31 31
1,505 1,584
1,285 1,360
210 214
10 10
119 121
92 93
12 12
15 16
552 569
706 740
37 39
121 117
1989
7,607
6,708
4,665
1,650
392
NA
272
269
4
578
578
49
3,209
615
446
14
30
124
294
176
88
29
1,625
1,405
209
10
120
92
12
16
556
736
38
106
1990
- 7*f*?,.
6,698
4,600
1,692
406
NA
210
207
3
558
558
50
3,255 '
613
445
14
30
124
297
177
90
30
1,656
1,436
211
10
119
91
12
16
570
712
39
99
1991 1992
7,488 7,47S
6,662 6,694
4,522 4,564
1,732 1,707
408 423
NA NA
201 160
198 158
3 3
569 568
569 568
56 52
3,17S 3&16
512 571
371 414
12 13
25 28
103 115
338 305
205 184
104 93
28 28
1,641 1,651
1,425 1,437
206 205
9 9
117 118
91 91
12 12
15 15
567 571
71 9 736
39 38
98 101
1993
7,773
7,008
4,535
2,054
418
NA
169
166
3
543
543
53
3,197
550
399
13
27
111
306
185
94
27
1,650
1,440
202
9
118
91
12
15
572
726
38
102
1994
7,785
7,007
4,497
2,098
412
NA
151
147
3
582
582
55
3J06
568
412
13
28
115
318
194
99
26
1,634
1,427
199
9
118
91
12
15
567
727
38
102
(continued)
National Air Poll
%
tn
ง.
5'
3
!
I-
vo
^
vo
ฃ
-------
a
1.
S"
>
f
5'
i.
CB
W5*
W)
o'
3
3
s
s
ฃ
s
C/l
c
pT*
V
O
Bป
ft
8
-3
Table A-2
Source Category
FUEL COMB, OTHER {coffttnase$
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
distillate oil
natural gas
other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
HEtXitS PROCESSING ". ;}; ,,, ,--_, ;:; > : '. '
Nonferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Product
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
cement mfg
glass mfg
other
1970
120
NA
44
439
118
242
79
271
70
201
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
/ -7?
NA
77
NA
'.&KP.,
NA
240
NA
1ปf
NA
NA
18
NA
169
97
48
24
. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
1980 1985
i ' , ' ''
131 145
NA 11
74 88
356 326
85 75
238 248
33 3
21$ 262
54 37
159 22
NA 22
NA 143
NA 0
NA 0
NA 38
\.ss ... ';ซr
NA 16
65 58
NA 13
n IM
NA 69
72 55
NA 1
Sฎ$ 32T
NA 5
NA 0
24 73
NA 0
181 239
98 137
60 48
23 54
1986
*' "V ' '
139
12
77
320
76
241
3
264
38
19
22
145
0
0
38
,. '-$Q:
15
53
13
, 109
55
53
1
- ., 320
5
0
76
0
238
136
48
54
1987
"" V _,'
144
11
69
323
79
241
3
-, .38S''
38
17
22
141
0
0
37
"V-'TS-,,
14
48
13
' i , 101 ' :
48
52
1
l;-, m "
5
0
76
0
230
130
47
53
1988
157
11
74
343
80
259
3
2?4
42
18
23
151
0
0
40
i*m:
15
53
13
100
48
51
1
';'f*f '
5
0
76
0
225
126
46
53
1989 1990
-^ 5TKi 7'.^
159
11
75
347
78
267
3
' ;' S8sf[~\ k
42
18
23
152
0
0
39
% /|3'-:'";'!-t
15
54
14
\ .,, jK? , ---' -
47
49
1
'-^^t1'^
5
0
77
0
220
124
45
51
:'f?' '
164
11
46
352
81
269
3
239?::';
42
19
23
154
0
0
38
Ws
15
53
13
160
50
50
1
tse
5
0
77
0
216
121
44
51
1991
' : ;? l??>~
164
11
50
358
83
272
2
"i27fv
42
19
23
156
0
0
38
/""' 7*
14
51
12
"&..
49
47
1
- ,%&,
5
0
76
0
208
116
42
49
1992
'fi~Zฐ~ "'' -ซ?"
166
11
53
361
85
274
2
?T.': .<8w"',A
43
19
24
161
0
0
38
~^'^:^'^:
15
53
12
>',,-, ' t#- . -,-
48
47
1
."jf.jflr-^
5
0
78
0
214
119
44
50
1993 1994
' :?!^55' :,?f*;
167 168
11 11
45 44
363 364
86 86
275 276
2 2
jswr, :;llwp>
43 44
19 19
24 25
162 164
0 0
0 0
39 39
%:{i^ง;?C|5lMf'
15 15
54 56
13 13
^\SSJ',!''':-1^:
48 49
46 45
1 1
:! ;$ff ir "'^Mt
5 5
0 0
79 81
0 0
222 234
124 131
46 48
52 55
(continued)
ง=
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
CO
o ^
'55 J2
.12 ง
ฃ t
uu 5
ซ
O 8
S
0>
CMCMOOeปOI>-CMCMOCOCOmCOCOO
in Sincoi-cocoocoT^co^j-
T- O T-
^kCMCM
-t| co in
SS * 66 co co o cป
co" co" T-~ CM" T-"
OococMOcocMinTf^co
*!:cOCD'r-CMCMCni-Cป'^-
K> co_ ซ> - co
1C co" co" W CM" CM"
r-^incMT-OT-iniocMt^co
COCMi *TOOCOCO(^CO CO
' ^ ^ co h^ in co co co
co" co" v" CM" CM"
o ป- T incocncooo^
co^in^ ^oomcococo
co" co" T-" CM" CM"
*- o i- o o
r^cnoochcor^cnococoocoococo
cMin & o a> COCMOCOCMCO CM
Sง ooh^ incncocO^co
at co" co" T-" CM" CM"
< <
Z Z
< <
z z
ง z z z z f z z z z z ฃ ซ ^ z z ป ง 5
in oo f
o co
Tt 00
Sco in in
co CM
*
CM" c\I
^C
-------
Table A-2. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
o
I
X
8
5'
en
1
5
Cfl
I
I
Source Category
NON-ROAD SOURCES
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
recreational marine vessels
other
Non-Road Diesel
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1970
' 81
1
2
46
5
0
3
0
2
16
6
941
0
599
75
4
166
17
2
78
72
40
0
34
6
495
330
20,625
1980
2,423
102
1
3
61
6
1
4
0
2
18
6
1,374
0
854
99
5
280
18
5
113
106
110
0
93
17
731
248
23,281
1985
113
1
4
70
6
1
4
0
3
19
7
1,562
0
986
112
5
309
20
5
125
119
131
0
110
20
808
309
22,860
1986
2(777
116
1
3
72
6
1
4
0
3
19
7
1,569
0
984
116
5
309
21
5
129
123
140
0
118
22
829
257
22,348
1987
2,664
118
1
3
74
6
0
4
0
3
19
7
1,416
0
959
119
5
172
22
6
133
128
149
0
125
24
854
351
22,403
1988
2,914
122
1
3
76
7
1
4
0
3
19
7
1,597
0
961
123
5
340
22
6
140
134
165
0
138
26
897
726
23,618
1989
2,844
123
1
3
78
7
1
4
0
3
19
7
1,485
0
955
125
5
228
22
7
143
138
175
0
147
28
923
292
292
23,222
1990
124
1
3
78
7
1
4
0
3
20
7
1,478
0
944
125
5
230
22
7
144
139
173
0
145
27
929
373
23,038
1991
2,796
122
1
3
76
7
1
4
0
3
20
7
1,433
0
894
122
6
239
22
6
144
139
174
0
146
27
929
283
22,672
1992
2,885
125
1
3
78
7
1
5
0
3
20
7
1,494
0
939
126
6
248
23
7
146
141
179
0
151
28
946
249
22,847
1993
129
1
4
81
7
1
5
0
3
20
7
1,582
0
1,007
131
6
256
23
7
152
147
183
0
154
29
945
219
23,276
1994
3,085
133
1
4
85
7
1
5
0
3
20
7
1,673
0
1,076
136
6
265
24
7
159
153
188
0
158
30
947
374
23,615
Note(s): NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are
contained in the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
?
-------
t Table
o
o Source Category
| " Coal
> Oil
' Gas
z
ฃ Internal Combustion
ง sป <.v-r-
^ .- i
* Coal
1 Oil
%. Gas
| Other
~ Internal Combustion
WD CZtjlM^'^llllfli^"'^ tli^jEJLf**^ '^:'"^' ^""^ .".%ฃ&gy" vr:'^*^ "v . \^i *,
^J ftrp^u *tr^rffTffitt''^^^ffr~^rJ;J' "^, l^^^^^''^"*^^" '- */?'' ''<"e,. ;_ "ฃ''
ฐ Commercial/Institutional Coal
,- Commercial/Institutional Oil
S Commercial/Institutional Gas
"^ Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
x Residential Wood
on
= fireplaces
jo woodstoves
TO Residential Other
2 -M^;a,-j^^S"^^-ป!iT'iซij^'!Wi^wปi^*i^*lfe^^.ซ'^""-viV
3 j$|ฃliiW*4^^ '%,;-,-,ซ:* .-
Organic Chemical Mfg
ethylene oxide mfg
phenol mfg
terephthalic acid mfg
ethylene mfg
charcoal mfg
socmi reactor
socmi distillation
socmi air oxidation processes
socmi fugitives
other
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
Polymer & Resin Mfg
polypropylene mfg
polyethylene mfg
polystyrene resins
A-3.
1970
18
7
5
NA
lisas -
4
4
77
65
NA
lift #
%ฃฃฃ.:*
1
4
6
NA
460
107
353
70
*%**="
liSMFfe?
629
8
NA
29
70
48
81
NA
NA
194
199
65
271
0
17
10
Volatile Organic Compound Emissions
(thousand short tons)
1980
31
9
5
NA
:!f5jflS
3
3
62
89
NA
iffWTff
1
3
7
NA
809
189
620
28
'' ^OTJg'
%" JrjfSsฎ?
884
10
NA
60
111
40
118
NA
NA
254
291
93
384
1
22
15
1985
24
5
2
1
' *" f$F'tฃHฃJt
i"ivv^' *i?f?,'
7
17
57
35
18
/ v ', 2Jjl?ฃf^l&;
; ;',f'~jป|!^*wp' ^ \
1
4
6
4
1,372
NA
NA
16
' ^ 4CJi* ""' ''
''..'," - "tf&SVf'i f ;
492
2
0
51
41
39
100
10
2
203
43
34
415
13
80
7
1986 1987
24 * 25
7 6
2 2
1 1
^%3&'" -;V/;tlto
7 7
16 16
57 57
36 36
16 15
^V^jwlis ^V^^^jF^T^'
^ ^' J^*T"ซ5S' IK ,?t$&Fz4fi!
1 1
4 4
6 6
4 4
1,199 1,085
NA NA
NA NA
16 16
"v*'*'iฃ 'jfajfo",- '"' ;ซr JJ*tJt'*
Ljf^jfSr ' /, '" "'" '*$&# ff &
512 505
3 2
0 0
54 53
43 42
41 42
106 104
11 10
2 2
208 205
45 44
36 35
436 449
14 13
83 81
8 8
1988
27
7
2
1
,, f TtSfai
7
16
61
36
15
k^l'sf5 frltfl--^-
* v ^^^'^^i'A-
1
4
6
4
1,155
NA
NA
17
" J-""-^ "jcif 4*
'\VfS3f&.. -^
552
3
0
57
48
45
116
11
2
221
49
39
473
15
90
8
1989
27
7
2
1
;TfSi;;T
7
16
61
36
15
*^? ซflftP\v1
^-.^"^SSSss^'Vf-'',?
1
4
7
4
1,169
NA
NA
15
"J -*^^fe^' ^-s
^ , T^sNEPB^^s,^
551
3
0
57
47
46
115
11
2
220
48
38
469
15
88
8
1990
27
6
2
1
|-f35::i
7
16
61
35
15
"n'j^H'""
,?/J'*'!*^'^ ; '
1
4
7
4
718
NA
NA
15
;j^ ijjf&jjf' '\
'^awfw/ v, '
554
3
0
58
47
46
117
12
2
222
48
38
477
15
89
8
1991
27
5
2
1
!.sf3$:/'-'
6
18
61
36
15
f.Xa^jr f'l
f WW ' ^ ; ^.
1
4
7
4
776
NA
NA
15
!"''!* 'jteซ"i "- "'
^;fjfSwv- -; i
557
3
0
58
48
46
116
11
2
223
49
40
482
15
91
8
1992
"" 27
4
2
1
;'J35h
7
16
61
35
15
' fiSS^'"*
9r5^'^"'
1
4
7
4
822
NA
NA
15
'^GAtik'^
jtBlWCf ^
561
3
0
58
49
46
118
12
2
223
50
40
486
15
93
8
1993
29
5
2
1
- , /*S4. ,
7
16
61
35
15
Vv-KjBaijV'
? ''sj^' **ฃฃ-.*"
1
4
7
4
698
NA
NA
14
; ^ ^ tOSy ''''
ฅ- \*f*w* "
562
3
0
58
49
47
118
12
2
224
50
40
492
16
95
8
|
1994 S'
29 |
4 I
2 t*]
1 Sj-
-i,',*ซ i-
7 ^
17 |
61 ,1
36 ^
15 ง
IH?*?W .1.
1 \ง
4 *"
7
4
684
NA
NA
14
-'..- "'^",-
' "-"- '**ป* ป
567
3
0
59
50
47
120
12
2
224
51
41
500
16
98
9
(continued)
-------
Table A-3.
Source Category
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG (continued)
Polymer & Resin Mfg (continued)
synthetic fiber
styrene/butadiene rubber
other
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
paint & varnish mfg
other
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
carbon black mfg
printing ink mfg
fugitives unclassified
carbon black furnace: fugitives
other
> METALS PROCESSING \n-i>^ ' ^ -\ ^;%
"^ Nonferrous Metals Processing
a. Ferrous Metals Processing
* coke oven door & topside leaks
, coke oven by-product plants
Z other
o' Metals Processing NEC
ง PETROLEUMS, RELATED INDUSTRIES
tn Oil & Gas Production
i- Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
ง' vaccuum distillation
"> cracking units
ฃ process unit turnarounds
o petroleum refinery fugitives
5 other
3 Asphalt Manufacturing
C/3
c
?r
P
I
05
0
i
Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
1970
x: ^--
112
77
55
NA
61
61
NA
40
275
275
NA
NA
NA
NA
^Jfl*-'"
NA
394
216
NA
177
NA
1,19*
411
773
24
27
NA
NA
721
11
1980
- '.''t'-'K
199
70
77
NA
65
65
NA
77
92
92
NA
NA
NA
NA
!-:4ฃ73r:
NA
273
152
NA
121
NA
1,440
379
1,045
32
21
NA
NA
992
16
1985
*/ ~t", !";'^>;
217
59
38
22
10
10
0
55,
330
26
13
16
4
271
Si- "'!?!, ''-.=-
18
57
12
3
41
1
' -v ?BS<'",'
107
592
15
34
15
76
454
3
1986
i'^-f,~
231
61
40
23
10
10
0
57
339
25
13
17
4
279
-iJiCi-
18
54
12
3
39
1
666
79
584
14
33
14
71
452
3
1987
,':''";&Vt
248
60
39
23
10
10
0
58
331
24
13
16
4
273
^jjjfijf:;
~'"l8
51
11
3
37
1
%(8SซS? ' -
70
582
14
33
14
69
452
3
1988
250
66
44
25
11
11
0
61
352
26
13
18
5
290
-;.'$fe'Ty
19
54
12
3
39
1
'* Wf- '"'
71
571
13
32
13
66
447
3
1989
'""/ป/: %
250
65
43
25
11
11
0
61
352
26
13
18
5
290
19
54
12
3
39
1
;iS39--':"-
68
568
13
31
13
65
446
3
1990
*H "~\'f-
257
65
43
25
11
11
0
62
357
27
13
18
5
295
19
52
11
3
38
1
IM^K * -
72
568
13
31
14
66
444
3
1991
-i,v ,-r
257
66
45
26
11
11
0
62
356
27
13
18
5
293
19
50
10
3
37
1
634
69
562
12
30
13
66
442
3
1992
ft"--' ;v " , ^
257
67
45
27
11
11
0
62
359
27
14
18
5
295
19
51
11
3
38
1
,-' vVflgjpl,, - '
68 ""
566
12
29
13
66
447
3
1993 1994
isyStr'5,:5;;'^?^,
258 259
69 71
46 48
27 28
11 11
11 11
0 0
63 64
361 366
28 29
14 14
18 18
5 5
296 300
af" 21~
53 55
11 11
3 3
39 40
1 1
'-'t&itf* f-- "4&fc
69 70
560 557
11 11
28 28
12 12
65 64
443 442
3 3
(continued)
-------
1
h- 1
&
X
.
o
1.
en
\
Co
0
0
s
tr
c/3
S"
I
a
Table A-3.
Source Category
OTHE ft WBUSTfttAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
vegetable oil mfg
whiskey fermentation: aging
bakeries
other
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
rubber tire mfg
green tire spray
other
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
Degreasing
open top
conveyorized
cold cleaning
other
Graphic Arts
letterpress
flexographic
lithographic
gravure
other
Dry Cleaning
perchloroethylene
petroleum solvent
other
Volatile Organic Compound Emissions
(thousand short tons)
1970
3&Q
208
59
105
45
NA
NA
NA
60
60
NA
NA
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,174'"
707
NA
NA
NA
707
319
NA
NA
NA
NA
319
263
NA
NA
263
1980 1985
237 390
191 169
81 46
64 24
46 51
NA 49
NA 10
NA 42
44 41
44 10
NA 5
NA 26
2 15
NA 4
NA 0
NA 1
NA 108
6,584 5,699
513 756
NA 28
NA 5
NA 31
513 691
373 317
NA 2
NA 18
NA 4
NA 131
373 162
320 169
NA 85
NA 84
320 0
1986 1987
39$ 394 '
171 175
47 49
24 24
52 51
50 51
10 10
44 44
43 43
10 10
5 5
28 28
15 15
4 4
0 0
1 1
108 103
5,626 'c 5,743
634 681
28 28
5 5
33 31
568 618
325 340
2 2
19 19
4 4
138 140
163 174
217 216
111 110
106 106
0 0
1988
408
177
50
24
52
52
10
44
46
11
6
29
14
4
0
0
112
5,945 : --,
754
29
5
34
687
362
2
20
4
148
188
216
109
106
0
(continued)
1989
4m
175
49
23
51
52
10
44
46
11
6
29
14
4
0
0
109
SjflttSitf
757
29
4
35
689
363
2
20
4
150
187
212
107
105
0
1990
401
177
50
23
51
52
10
44
46
11
6
29
14
3
0
0
106
j.-5,97ฃ' s
757
28
4
34
690
363
2
20
4
151
186
209
105
104
0
1991
390
176
50
23
50
52
10
44
45
11
6
29
14
3
0
0
106
ftttB':--",
728
28
4
34
662
362
2
20
4
149
187
211
106
105
0
1992
403 ;
179
52
24
50
53
10
44
45
11
6
29
14
3
0
0
106
6,Q&1
745
28
4
34
678
368
2
21
4
151
191
216
109
107
0
1993
"'408 ^
180
52
24
51
54
10
45
46
11
6
29
14
3
0
0
106
f&f1S8;'"
762
28
4
34
695
381
2
21
5
156
198
218
110
108
0
1994
411
183
53
24
51
55
10
46
46
11
6
30
15
4
0
0
106
$913
785
29
4
35
717
396
2
22
5
163
205
221
111
109
0
(continued)
?
-------
Table A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
I
X
B>
I
m
o
5-
CO
e
Source Category
Surface Coating
industrial adhesives
fabrics
paper
large appliances
magnet wire
autos & light trucks
metal cans
metal coil
wood furniture
metal furniture
flatwood products
plastic parts
large ships
aircraft
misc. metal parts
architectural
traffic markings
maintenance coatings
railroad
auto reflnishing
machinery
electronic & other electrical
general
miscellaneous
thinning solvents
other
Other Industrial
miscellaneous
rubber & plastics mfg
other
Nonindustrial
cutback asphalt
pesticide application
1970
3,570
52
161
652
49
7
165
49
18
211
35
64
17
21
1
NA
442
NA
108
5
83
39
NA
79
942
NA
372
640
39
309
292
1,674
1,045
241
1980
3,685
55
186
626
36
5
165
73
21
231
52
82
25
20
2
NA
477
NA
106
9
186
62
NA
52
799
NA
415
690
44
327
319
1,002
323
241
1985
2,549
381
34
106
22
0
85
97
50
132
41
4
11
15
27
14
473
100
79
4
111
37
79
146
104
90
306
125
NA
25
100
1,783
191
212
1986
2,602
353
34
109
19
0
86
96
50
140
44
4
11
16
29
14
502
106
80
3
132
28
79
147
109
92
317
131
NA
29
102
1,717
175
263
1987
2,606
353
35
110
19
0
88
95
49
142
44
4
11
15
26
14
503
106
80
3
132
28
79
148
108
94
318
132
NA
29
103
1,768
186
262
1988
2,646
366
35
114
19
0
87
96
50
143
44
4
11
16
31
14
504
107
80
3
133
29
80
158
105
97
320
133
NA
29
104
1,834
199
262
1989
2,635
375
35
114
18
0
87
95
50
140
44
4
11
15
34
14
500
106
80
3
132
28
79
154
103
96
317
131
NA
29
102
1,867
199
260
1990
2,619
383
35
114
18
0
86
95
49
138
43
4
11
15
33
14
495
105
79
3
130
28
78
153
98
95
315
126
NA
28
98
1,900
199
258
1991
2,568
366
34
112
17
0
79
91
47
133
42
4
10
15
33
13
500
106
76
3
132
26
75
154
98
94
307
124
NA
28
96
1,925
202
264
1992
2,623
378
35
114
18
0
80
93
48
138
43
4
10
15
33
13
505
107
78
3
137
26
77
157
98
96
315
126
NA
28
97
1,952
207
272
1993
2,687
392
36
117
18
0
80
94
50
148
46
5
10
15
33
14
510
108
81
3
140
27
80
160
98
98
324
126
NA
29
97
1,982
214
280
1994
2,773
412
36
121
19
0
81
97
52
159
50
5
11
16
34
15
515
109
85
4
144
27
85
163
98
100
336
127
NA
31
97
2,011
221
289
S.
!
(continued)
-------
1 Table A-3.
a Source Category
= Nonindustrial (continued)
> adhesives
' consumer solvents
& other
ง STQfjA<^:^f^AfiSPOf(f;, - ' <: -.-,. '"-,:
~ Bulk Terminals & Plants
g fixed roof
8. floating roof
ง variable vapor space
ฃ5 underground tanks
5 area source: gasoline
~ other
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
ฃ fixed roof gasoline
^ fixed roof crude
"^ floating roof gasoline
fc floating roof crude
efr / seal gasoline
<ง efr / seal crude
3 if r / seal gasoline
if r / seal crude
variable vapor space gasoline
other
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
gasoline loading: normal / splash
gasoline loading: balanced / submerged
gasoline loading: normal / submerged
gasoline loading: clean / submerged
marine vessel loading: gasoline & crude
other
Service Stations: Stage 1
Service Stations: Stage II
Service Stations: Breathing & Emptying
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Volatile Organic Compound Emissions
(thousand short tons)
1970
': >
NA
NA
387
fฃf/t-z '
599
14
45
1
NA
509
30
300
47
135
49
32
3
1
1
2
3
25
92
3
20
39
2
26
2
416
521
NA
26
NA
1980
;,,.'; -
NA
NA
437
fj$78h
517
12
39
1
0
440
26
306
43
148
45
36
3
2
1
2
3
23
61
0
2
3
0
50
6
461
583
NA
46
NA
1985
, - - " '
345
1,035
NA
; 1,747,. " I
606
14
46
1
0
512
32
223
26
26
27
5
2
0
1
0
1
133
126
3
21
41
2
24
35
207
485
49
34
17
1986
i-,:"
332
947
NA
ijK$ V
620
14
47
1
0
526
32
217
25
24
26
5
2
0
1
0
1
132
123
3
20
41
2
23
34
213
400
48
35
17
1987
' ;- ...
332
988
NA
*,ซป*
632
14
48
1
0
537
32
214
25
22
26
5
2
0
1
0
1
131
123
3
21
40
2
23
34
219
511
51
34
16
1988
-/ ; "". x.
345
1,030
NA
(continued)
1989
353
1,056
NA
1990
361
1,083
NA
1991
365
1,095
NA
1992
: ...
368
1,105
NA
1993 1994
372 375
1,116 1,126
NA NA
1j&tjl ' 1,7i?': <--.f,?3|?\ 1,72$ '1,74$.** 1f7$7 t,ฅfil
652
15
50
1
0
554
33
215
24
21
25
5
2
0
1
0
1
135
125
3
21
41
2
23
35
223
522
52
37
16
651
15
50
1
0
553
33
210
23
21
24
5
2
0
1
0
2
132
125
3
22
42
2
22
35
223
441
52
36
15
658
15
49
1
0
560
33
212
24
21
25
5
2
0
1
0
2
133
125
3
21
42
2
22
35
230
428
53
36
16
629
15
49
1
0
532
33
213
24
21
25
5
2
0
1
0
2
134
126
3
21
42
2
23
35
226
420
53
37
16
626
15
49
1
0
527
33
216
24
21
25
5
2
0
1
0
2
136
128
3
21
43
2
23
35
233
434
54
37
16
614 606
16 16
51 53
1 1
0 0
512 501
34 36
215 216
24 24
21 21
25 25
5 5
2 2
0 0
1 1
0 0
2 2
135 136
131 134
3 3
22 22
45 46
2 2
24 24
36 36
240 247
446 458
56 57
38 38
16 16
(continued)
-------
Table A-3.
Source Category
STORAGE* TRANSPORT (continued)
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL* RECYCLING ^
Incineration
Open Burning
industrial
commmercial/institutional
residential
other
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
a" ON-ROAD VEHICLES , ' "'- ' A-' ' -, ^, "
g Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
& light-duty gas vehicles
> motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
ฃ light-duty gas trucks 1
ง light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
| Diesels
8 heavy-duty diesel vehicles
ง light-duty diesel trucks
Q light-duty diesel vehicles
5 N0N*flQAff,$&URGM$ :'" Y" ">' : ". " -- '
ฐ Non-Road Gasoline
o
_- recreational
g construction
^ industrial
"^ lawn & garden
g. farm
g light commercial
CD
TO
0
.
U>
Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
1970
NA
NA
NA
1,994
548
1,424
NA
NA
NA
1,424
NA
NA
NA
NA
11
12,972 :
9,193
9,133
60
2,770
1,564
1,206
743
266
266
NA
NA
1,542
1,284
138
22
46
574
4
142
1980
, ' ,^ S, ',
" NA
NA
NA
- *;??5s:
366
372
NA
NA
NA
372
NA
NA
NA
NA
20
'k tt$79
5,907
5,843
64
2,059
1,229
830
611
402
392
2
8
1,863
1,474
151
32
61
655
7
158
1985
f 4F :.-;>>:
0
0
0
*A"'L'fM^j&iB ' **,,-'
64
309
6
1
302
NA
10
1
1,925
0
0
':^'9j>SZฃ'< '^-..
5,864
5,810
54
2,425
1,437
988
716
370
360
2
8
-,;-.( :$,0fl0V ,-';
1,561
156
37
69
691
8
171
1986
,:">> \
0
0
0
2,293
63
304
6
1
297
NA
11
2
1,913
0
0
'tojEff-':
5,537
5,483
54
2,279
1,316
963
700
357
346
2
9
1,582
157
37
71
699
8
178
1987
.' ": ~ '",
0
0
0
-32SSU
61
292
6
1
285
NA
11
1
1,890
0
0
'^'8,477-~ '""''
5,281
5,227
53
2,185
1,227
958
662
350
338
2
9
'. %lWe ,
1,601
158
36
73
706
4
188
1988
0
0
0
Z$fQ
60
284
6
2
277
NA
11
2
1,953
0
0
8J290
5,189
5,136
53
2,129
1,173
956
626
345
332
2
10
2,100
1,620
159
35
75
713
9
189
1989
; ;. ;;*-?:--;'?
"o
0
0
' ^my^;
59
274
6
2
266
NA
11
2
1,945
0
0
v- ,'30SS?, '^
4,462
4,412
50
1,867
1,018
849
517
346
332
3
11
ป ^is^-v,
1,631
160
35
77
720
6
190
1990
;,->;, -^\\
0
0
0
Z2/&&,
57
263
6
2
256
NA
11
2
1,929
0
0
'&j8$t- ' ~~
4,285
4,234
51
1,769
960
809
470
330
316
3
12
^JO/r;
1,646
161
35
77
728
6
191
1991
;,\s:-,:-V^
0
0
0
*2,S6i-'f\
57
265
6
2
258
NA
11
2
1,929
0
0
$,499 ;,.
4,069
4,033
37
1,688
906
781
423
319
304
3
12
$*iฃ<'
1,654
163
33
75
737
6
188
1992
','i-;S!!-">:
0
0
0
"3$B;^
58
268
6
2
260
NA
11
2
1,929
0
0
*Q&fa?ts~s~
3,832
3,799
33
1,588
849
739
334
318
302
3
13
l&fiaHC rs
1,677
164
35
77
745
7
194
1993 1994
.-^*s?;s,^-is??i
0 0
0 0
0 0
&&?;ฃ &&ฃ
58 59
270 272
6 6
2 2
262 264
NA NA
11 11
2 2
1,929 1,929
0 0
0 0
; 4งL jfffi^ "" I;'- &j$fjjฃ
3,812* 3,921
3,777 3,884
34 36
1,647 1,664
875 874
772 790
326 393
318 317
301 299
3 3
13 14
i^sj^^y^^
1,704 1,730
166 167
37 '40
80 84
753 761
7 7
200 207
(continued)
-------
Table A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
o
>
z
o
3
-j
o
VO
VO
c/2
Source Category
NON-ROAD SOURCES (continued)
Non-Road Gasoline (continued)
logging
airport service
recreational marine vessels
other
Non-Road Diesel
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
structural fires
agricultural fires
slash/prescribed burning
forest wildfires
other
Health Services
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1970
3
4
350
1
129
75
9
1
33
3
0
9
97
9
0
8
1
22
1,141
1,101
19
131
147
770
34
NA
30,646
1980
7
6
395
1
191
106
12
1
56
3
0
13
146
25
0
23
2
33
1,134
1,134
40
70
285
739
1
NA
25,893
1985
8
6
413
1
216
123
13
1
61
3
0
15
165
30
1
28
2
37
562
562
44
55
179
283
NA
0
25,798
1986
8
7
416
1
217
122
14
1
62
3
0
15
170
32
1
29
2
38
544
543
44
61
179
259
NA
1
24,991
1987
10
7
419
1
188
119
14
1
34
3
0
15
176
34
1
31
2
39
652
651
44
67
179
361
NA
0
24,778
1988
9
7
422
1
223
120
14
1
67
3
0
16
185
38
1
35
2
41
1J3& ,
1,226
44
85
179
918
NA
1
25,719
1989
, ,
10
7
425
1
200
119
15
1
45
3
1
17
190
40
1
37
3
42
639
638
44
79
179
335
NA
1
23,935
1990
10
7
429
1
200
118
15
1
46
3
1
17
192
39
1
36
3
42
1,069
1,068
44
77
179
768
NA
1
23,599
1991
9
7
434
1
195
111
14
1
48
3
0
17
192
40
1
37
3
42
741
740
44
76
179
440
NA
1
22,877
1992
10
7
438
1
203
117
15
1
49
4
1
17
195
41
1
38
3
43
:*fNt
465
44
78
179
164
NA
1
22,420
1993
10
8
442
1
214
125
15
1
51
4
1
18
203
42
1
38
3
43
- ' &% 8 '
515
44
79
179
212
NA
1
22,575
1994
' ' ,:-'-"
10
8
446
1
226
134
16
1
53
4
1
18
212
43
1
39
3
43
'/'4W&
684
44
82
179
379
NA
1
23,174
Note(s): NA = not available. For several source categones, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are
contained in the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
No data was available after 1984 to weigh the emissions from residential wood burning devices.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
-------
Source Category
fl(IBt--';- ,\ -'
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
Internal Combustion
HCtctti^^^fUSiiiwt,'-' -4: ' 'V/-"V .-'
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
ฃ Oil
1> residual
& distillate
X
> other
Gas
|F Other
ง' Internal Combustion
S. FUEL COMB. OTHER ' o : < ', :- '; -' - - !
51 Commercial/Institutional Coal
ป>' Commercial/Institutional Oil
ง' Commercial/Institutional Gas
a
^ Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
S Residential Wood
ฐ Residential Other
2. distillate oil
io bituminous/subbituminous coal
^ other
cr
v;
GO
e
ff
ff
8
3
H*
-a
Table
1970
-<.- '; ;'flgซป'.'1
A-4. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
(thousand short tons)
1980
15,799 16,073
9,574
4,716
1,509
1,598
1,578
20
1
NA
: ', -; .4ฃ68"">,
3,129
2,171
669
289
NA
1,229
956
98
175
140
70
NA
.--''j* JMftrt
; J,4sw
109
883
1
NA
6
492
212
260
20
NA
NA
NA
1,395
NA
NA
1
NA
$85f
1,527
1,058
326
144
NA
1,065
851
85
129
299
60
NA
jyrihf
971
110
637
1
NA
13
211
157
43
11
1985 1986
16ฃ73 .'-,,. 1$,Wt
15,630 14,860
14,029 13,454
1,292 1,048
309 357
612 811
604 799
8 12
1 1
30 30
3,te& 3,11$
1,818 1,828
1,347 1,375
28 29
90 82
353 341
862 828
671 637
111 109
80 82
397 370
86 84
7 6
$78 ' o**
158 161
239 267
2 2
1 1
13 11
167 169
128 129
29 30
10 10
1987
1&Tt9
15,034
13,513
1,182
338
651
640
11
1
29
3,068
1,817
1,374
29
73
341
807
617
106
84
356
82
6
ฃฃ4*
' 662
164
310
2
1
10
175
134
32
10
1988
15,990 :
15,224
13,546
1,311
368
734
722
12
1
31
3,111
1,856
1,395
29
79
353
806
614
108
84
360
83
6
Jfiฃ?ฃl
660
172
295
2
1
11
180
137
33
10
1989
.i&fcf$.:
15,408
13,576
1,423
409
779
765
14
1
30
&m
1,840
1,384
29
79
348
812
625
107
80
346
82
6
' ; ^J8 *S -Jt
, ,824, -
169
274
2
1
11
167
132
27
8
1990
75,898
15,227
13,365
1,425
438
639
629
10
1
31
3,106
1,843
1,382
29
81
351
823
633
108
82
352
82
6
iSsS?
176
233
2
1
7
175
137
30
9
1991
ts.m
15,101
13,203
1,381
517
652
642
10
1
35
2ฃi$
1,547
1,162
24
67
293
935
733
125
77
348
79
6
2MtA ''
582
175
232
2
1
7
176
141
26
8
1992
f$4f8K
14,840
12,900
1,456
484
546
537
9
1
32
3,002
1,722
1,294
27
75
327
845
656
112
76
348
81
6
359gF
173
238
2
1
8
177
144
26
8
1993
*4P$f
14,546
12,199
1,796
551
612
602
10
1
32
JMM&c
1,661
1,248
26
72
315
848
662
113
73
346
80
6
J?All
599
171
241
2
1
6
178
145
25
8
1994
14,869
14,312
11,904
1,854
555
523
512
11
1
34
3,029
1,715
1,289
26
75
325
882
692
118
71
345
80
6
J*tfWฃ
.S98 >
169 S
242 |
2 ฃ
1 5.
6 ?
177 1=
145 |
25 c*i
8 -.
&4
5-
(continued) M
1
1
1
-------
lk
00
t Source Category
CHEMICAL* ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
x" Organic Chemical Mfg
> Inorganic Chemical Mfg
2 sulfur compounds
ง. other
ง Polymer & Resin Mfg
~ Agricultural Chemical Mfg
3. Pharmaceutical Mfg
a. Other Chemical Mfg
O Nonferrous Metals Processing
j| copper
S lead
aluminum
ฃ other
^r Ferrous Metals Processing
K, Metals Processing NEC
ง PETROLEUM &RELATED INDUSTRIES
| Oil & Gas Production
,
111
111
NA
770
480
290
NA
NA
NA
169
NA
677
618
59
NA
NA
NA
Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
(thousand short tons)
1980
280
NA
271
271
NA
NA
NA
NA
10
1,279
1,080
34
95
71
562
NA
: 734 ,
157
157
NA
577
330
247
NA
NA
NA
223
NA
694
630
64
NA
NA
NA
1985
; 456 .-
16
354
346
8
7
4
0
76
853
655
121
62
14
172
18
''jaw ,' "
204
202
2
300
212
88
1
3
0
131
1
286
192
95
0
0
3
1986 1987
432 425
16 17
329 322
320 314
8 8
7 6
4 4
0 0
77 75
710 479
525 298
112 111
59 57
13. 13
161 153
17 15
469 , 445
176 155
175 154
1 1
291 289
207 207
84 82
1 1
3 3
0 0
135 135
1 1
285 276
190 183
95 93
0 0
0 0
3 3
(continued)
1988
44$
19
341
333
8
7
4
0
78
529
343
113
59
14
162
16
,;/443- ,
159
157
1
283
202
81
1
" "3
0
135
1
268
177
91
0
0
3
1989
440
17
334
326
8
7
4
0
77
513
327
113
60
13
165
17
.429
156
155
1
272
195
77
1
3
0
136
1
261
172
89
0
0
3
1990
440
17
333
325
9
7
4
0
79
486
300
112
60
13
160
17
449
164
163
1
274
196
78
1
3
0
137
1
257
169
87
0
0
3
1991
440
17
333
325
8
7
4
0
79
463
285
108
58
12
153
17
,422,',
159
157
1
262
185
77
1
3
0
137
1
247
163
84
0
0
3
1992
,"'447 -
18
338
330
9
7
4
0
80
476
292
111
59
13
158
17
' 41t
156
154
1
260
183
77
1
3
0
139
1
254
169
86
0
0
3
1993
-' > 45Bf
18
341
332
9
7
4
0
81
488
300
114
60
13
162
17
;" 409
155
154
1
253
177
76
1
3
0
141
1
265
176
89
0
0
3
|
5"
1994 5-
- -457 ?
~.
18 j?
345 |
336 t*,
9 5'
7 i-
4 2,
0 |
82 ,1
506 ง
312 ^
119 58
62 ^
13
168
18
406
158
156
1
248
172
75
1
3
0
145
1
279
186
93
0
0
3
(continued)
-------
Source Category
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
STORAGE & TRANSPORT ^ ;
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Organic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
industrial
other
ฃ Open Burning
"a industrial
|. other
ฃ. Landfills
' industrial
? other
ง' Other
ON'ROAD VEHICLES - "" - ' .
g1 Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
% light-duty gas vehicles
ง motorcycles
^ Light-Duty Gas Trucks
5= light-duty gas trucks 1
ฎ light-duty gas trucks 2
2. Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
S Diesels
^ heavy-duty diesel vehicles
"< light-duty diesel trucks
c light-duty diesel vehicles
O
to
I
5
Table A-4.
1970
' ; NA'-
NA
NA
NA
NA
--. - '- ' - HA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
8
4
NA
4
4
NA
4
NA
NA
NA
NA
411
132
132
0
40
26
13
8
231
231
0
0
Sulfur Dioxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
1980
AM
NA
NA
NA
NA
w
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
33
21
NA
21
12
NA
12
NA
NA
NA
NA
azt
159
158
0
50
33
16
10
303
291
2
10
1985 1986
'- -f '.-'-if
0 0
0 0
1 1
0 0
- ' 4. f ' 4
0 0
1 1
1 1
0 0
0 0
1 2
34 35
25 26
10 10
15 16
9 8
0 0
8 8
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
;,3SB?,- $&f'.
146 143
145 143
0 0
55 55
36 36
19 19
11 11
311 318
298 305
2 2
11 11
1987
/.I --f -
0
0
1
0
- :" 44
0
1
1
0
0
2
: - ' 3?;:
26
10
16
8
0
8
0
0
0
0
'.- :$38'~
142
142
0
56
36
20
11
328
314
2
11
1988
~ ,f
0
0
1
0
-- ;":5?
0
1
1
0
0
2
-' ' 36
28
11
17
8
0
8
0
0
0
0
"' "3S3"
144
144
0
58
37
21
11
340
325
3
12
1989
,'-,; J-:
0
0
1
0
' f'5~-
0
1
1
0
0
2
"- 39
28
10
18
8
0
7
0
0
0
0
sm
145
145
0
58
38
21
11
356
341
3
12
1990
,s< ':* -'
0
0
1
0
-- : -5 -:
0
1
1
0
0
2
' 38
29
10
18
7
0
7
0
0
0
0
57T !
144
144
0
58
38
21
11
358
342
3
13
1991
-'.. ;< 1 ' , ,
0
0
1
0
"v >>'?'$. ~
0
1
1
0
0
2
, :' 36 . -
28
10
18
7
0
7
0
0
0
0
''$?$':.
143
142
0
59
38
21
10
358
342
3
13
1992
,-'", 1"':':-
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
' ,v^7 "--
29
10
18
7
0
7
0
0
0
0
"''STSt' -
146
146
0
59
38
21
10
363
347
3
13
1993
~, ': >if
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
' .3?"
29
10
19
7
0
7
0
0
0
0
147
146
0
61
39
22
11
299
286
2
11
1994
-v ./Cjfr
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
29
10
19
7
0
7
0
0
0
0
147 ง
147 ง'
0 1
61 ^
39 5>
22 1
11 i
76 ฃ
73 ง.
1 &
3 ^
(continued) g"
,1
1
-------
a
X
I
Table A-4. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
NON-ROAD SOURCES
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS 1 vs*-"*.^ ' ,
Other Combustion
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1970
4
43
36
:'/': , ,- ,". -V -:>-ฐซ1J&-
110
31,161
1980
- 17$
6
117
53
'' : ?ff,,'
11
25,905
1985
208
6
143
59
ff :
11
23,230
1986
22*
6
154
60
>'. -, 'ซ,
9
22,442
1987
7
164
62
- 'f$ '
13
22,204
1988
2SS
7
181
65
' :. 27-;
27
22,647
1989
26?
7
193
67
.,' '''"'$& :-
10
22,785
1990
26ฎ
7
190
68
~ -''*!.,
14
22,433
1991
266
7
191
68
:, ' |fl;-=
10
22,068
1992
7
197
69
- ' - 9.
9
21,836
1993
278
8
201
69
$
8
21,517
1994
253
8
206
69
1*
14
21,118
Note(s): N A = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are
contained in the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categon'es may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categon'es.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
The 1985 fuel combustion, electric utility category is based on the National Allowance Data Base Version 2.11, Acid Rain Division, U.S. EPA, released
March 23, 1993. Allocations at the Tier 3 levels are approximations only and are based on the methodology described in section 6.0, paragraph 6.2.1.1.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
Cfl
8
-------
Source Category
FUEL COMB. BLฃC, UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
> other
| Oil
9: residual
* distillate
i other
Z Gas
o' natural
i. process
w other
1- Other
VI
o' wood/bark waste
3
^ liquid waste
3 other
o Internal Combustion
ฐ FUEL COMB. OTHER
Jg Commercial/Institutional Coal
ฃ Commercial/Institutional Oil
Si Commercial/Institutional Gas
g3 Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
B
O
3
Table A-5.
1970
1,7T$ :
1,680
1,041
513
126
NA
89
85
3
7
NA
$4*
83
52
16
15
NA
89
83
6
0
27
24
4
NA
441
415
NA
26
NA
. ,4S5' '
13
52
4
NA
Particulate Matter (PM-10)
(thousand short tons)
1980
879
796
483
238
75
NA
76
74
2
7
NA
679
18
12
4
2
NA
67
63
4
0
23
20
3
NA
571
566
NA
5
NA
887
8
30
4
NA
1985
284
272
219
36
17
0
8
8
0
1
3
248
70
48
1
7
15
50
41
5
4
47
24
22
1
75
67
1
6
3
f00S
13
12
4
3
1986 1987
* * dfijt - * 9&rf
mXfff , mxrw
273 271
219 214
34 35
20 21
0 0
11 9
11 9
0 0
1 1
3 3
243 "238:*
71 67
48 48
1 1
6 6
15 13
48 46
39 37
5 5
4 4
45 44
23 23
21 20
1 1
77 78
69 70
1 1
6 6
3 3
886 811
13 13
14 16
4 4
3 3
Emissions
1988
279
264
191
50
23
0
10
10
0
1
3
~':242
70
49
1
6
14
46
37
5
4
45
24
20
1
79
71
1
6
3
" SS* ,,
14
15
5
3
1989
273
258
194
40
24
0
11
11
0
1
3
241" "
70
49
1
6
14
47
38
5
4
44
24
20
1
78
71
1
6
3
' <~isp,v
13
13
5
3
1990
, 282 ;
269
187
40
42
0
9
9
0
1
3
m
69
48
1
6
13
47
38
5
4
44
24
20
1
77
69
1
6
3
v, TSSIV
14
11
5
3
1991
248
234
168
40
25
0
10
10
0
1
3
234
57
40
1
5
11
53
44
6
4
44
24
20
1
77
69
1
6
3
: ,'&&''
14
11
5
3
1992
24T
236
167
44
24
0
8
8
0
1
3
, 2J98- '
64
45
1
6
12
48
39
5
4
44
24
19
1
77
69
1
6
3
- '" 626 .
14
12
5
3
1993
*;*: '288 *,
255
184
46
23
0
9
9
0
1
3
- '-:%34 :~:
62
43
1
6
12
48
40
6
3
44
24
19
1
77
69
1
6
3
-'jฃ* -
13
12
5
3
1994
*&ป-
254
182
48
23
0
8
8
0
1
3
*:$&
64
45
1
6
12
50
41
6
3
43
24
19
o I
77 1'
69 &.
1 ฃ
6 ^
3 1=
-ซป i
13 ~
12 1
5 a.
3 ง
1
(continued) "^
-------
ฃ Table A-5
5> Source Category
3 FUEL COMB. OTHER (continued)
ง= Residential Wood
> fireplaces
' woodstoves
K Residential Other
ง 't^^^^^^j^i/U^^^'F^3^fQTMi^&''^''~i^~'-'<'''''
^ Organic Chemical Mfg
g Inorganic Chemical Mfg
% Polymer & Resin Mfg
ง Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Q Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
^S Pharmaceutical Mfg
ฐ Other Chemical Mfg
2. !MSpE^|p3N!?l|SS^0'>x;;;:, /.'x': ''': ,'-;:
vo Nonferrous Metals Processing
~ copper
<< lead
00
e zinc
g other
-------
Table A-5.
Source Category
OTHER INDUSTR/AL PROCESSES (continued)
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products (continued)
wheat mills
other grain mills
other
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
sulfate (kraft) pulping
other
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
cement mfg
surface mining
stone quarrying/processing
other
Machinery Products
ฃ Electronic Equipment
1| Transportation Equipment
& Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
> SOLVENT UTILIZATION
< Degreasing
j? Graphic Arts
5' Dry Cleaning
B. Surface Coating
51 Other Industrial
1 SWBAQB&JWN&PQaT
o' Bulk Terminals & Plants
^ Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
3 Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
o Organic Chemical Storage
0 Organic Chemical Transport
Jg Inorganic Chemical Storage
i Bulk Materials Storage
-------
1 Table A-5.
1 WASW mpo$At>& mcYcum
^ Incineration
> residential
1 nthpr
, , \JU ICI
ฃ Open Burning
ง residential
other
g Industrial Waste Water
Q Landfills
ง Other
~ QN&QAbWmU3S
^ Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
ฐ light-duty gas vehicles
^. motorcycles
S Light-Duty Gas Trucks
^ light-duty gas trucks 1
"^ light-duty gas trucks 2
=? Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
TO heavy-duty diesel vehicles
q light-duty diesel trucks
light-duty diesel vehicles
NON-ROAD SOURCES
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
other
Paniculate Matter (PM-10) Emissions
(thousand short tons)
999
229
51
178
770
770
NA
NA
NA
NA
225
224
1
70
41
29
13
136
136
0
0
35
3
0
0
10
0
1
o
0
21
75
42
32
198
198
NA
NA
NA
NA
120
119
1
55
25
29
15
208
194
2
12
41
3
0
0
11
0
1
0
0
24
52
39
13
225
221
4
0
0
0
77
77
0
43
19
24
14
229
219
1
8
43
3
0
0
12
0
1
0
0
25
52
38
14
222
217
4
0
0
0
69
69
0
39
17
22
13
236
226
1
8
43
3
0
0
12
0
1
0
0
25
51
37
14
214
209
4
0
0
0
360
66
65
0
37
17
21
12
245
235
2
8
MซYI ~
3SP
44
3
0
0
12
0
1
0
0
26
51
36
15
208
203
5
0
0
0
66
66
0
37
16
20
12
254
244
2
9
44
3
0
0
13
0
1
0
0
26
(continued)
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
50
35
15
200
195
5
0
0
0
65
64
0
34
16
19
11
257
247
2
9
44
3
0
0
13
0
1
0
0
26
49
34
16
192
188
5
0
0
0
64
63
0
32
15
17
11
250
240
2
9
45
3
0
0
13
0
1
0
0
26
49
34
16
194
189
4
0
0
0
i&9 . .
63
63
0
32
15
17
10
245
234
2
9
45
3
0
0
13
0
1
0
0
26
50
34
16
196
191
5
0
0
0
64
63
0
31
15
17
9
239
228
2
9
46
3
0
0
13
0
1
0
0
27
51 51
35 35
16 16
197 199
193 194
5c
5
0 0
Of\
0
0 0
65 65
64 64
0 0
31 31
15 15
16 16
10 10
215 206
205 197
2 2
8 8
46 47
3 3
0 1
0 1
13 13
0 0
1 1
0 0
0 0
27 27
(continued)
ฃ
-------
I
m
ง
1
-3
Table A-5. Particulate
Matter (PM-10) Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
Non-Road Diesel
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
Railroads
'A^jj J J JQ*J>i-*rjjjWJA!tJ^M?Ii!t'^"i^J'''^'^J^-v^ " Vzฃ%!'ฃ2Z"i% ^i^' '*"' '%$iฃ-:''~ HZ?*-"""
yffff*^K^^^^^y^^fW^i^MW~fwy~"S^'''f'kiySffA--i'~,
Geogente
wind erosion
jf^Sciiy^ipiltoS -<,>*> ..,''' :;V-> vf-;i5 -\ -' v''--"'^ ฐ.\, ; ---'
Agriculture & Forestry
agricultural crops
agricultural livestock
Other Combustion
wildfires
managed burning
other
Fugitive Dust
wind erosion
unpaved roads
paved roads
other
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1970 1980
135 202
0 0
85 123
11 14
1 1
29 49
2 2
0 1
8 12
21 33
6 17
1 2
4 10
2 5
25 37
f^ "^^j^^si*^ ' 'iCjfi'Zi',* *
*;ง |**ซ Jf^5',>4;P"*frS
NA NA
NA NA
.>" 4s9^Hv.?is5te&
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
839 852
385 514
390 315
64 23
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
13,044 7,050
1985
227
0
141
16
1
53
2
1
13
37
20
2
12
6
41
^ ^'^'iiii^;*^
:,- ,}j^Pfo!,
4,047
4,047
^TttM?
7,108
6,833
275
873
308
506
59
29,734
0
11,644
5,080
13,009
44,982
1986
227
0
139
16
1
54
3
1
14
38
21
2
13
6
42
~''"~ฃ&"'"^^"' ',*
"jjl60j&4ฃy.
10,324
10,324
^>S@i5SFS i
7,183
6,899
285
798
226
513
59
29,075
0
11,673
5,262
12,139
50,473
1987
200
0
134
17
1
30
3
1
14
40
23
3
13
7
43
-ฐlvj' ^^^"^i ,
"^IfJSTT^
1,577
1,577
37143% f.
7,326
6,996
330
967
389
519
59
29,139
0
11,110
5,530
12,499
41,973
1988
231
0
134
17
1
59
3
1
15
42
25
3
15
7
45
-J- "i-. *fv,f'
-------
5
x> Source Category
2 j$JHฃ CQUB.ELEC IflTBL"-^ ' -*" - ' ' v's.' ' '
J3 FTV15** WflWw ftfefcrV* **,**** " ' ' ,i,
& Coal
> bituminous
' subbituminous
ฃ anthracite & lignite
ง Oil
^- residual
g1 distillate
ฐ" "ftS^'t^tfK.VfttXHSI^^, ฃ' *" ^' ' '"
ง Coal
X bituminous
^ subbituminous
0 anthracite & lignite
ฐ Oil
S residual
^ distillate
c3 Commercial/Institutional Coal
ง" bituminous
-------
>
a
tn
on
I
3
Table A-6.
Source Category
METALS PROCESSING V ,
Nonferrous Metals Processing
primary lead production
primary copper production
primary zinc production
secondary lead production
secondary copper production
lead battery manufacture
lead cable coating
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
coke manufacturing
ferroalloy production
iron production
steel production
gray iron production
Metals Processing NEC
metal mining
other
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Mineral Products
cement manufacturing
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
municipal waste
other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES j ,
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
NON-ROAD SOURCES
Non-Road Gasoline
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
Note(s): NA = not available.
1970
-,: 24,224
15,869
12,134
242
1,019
1,894
374
41
127
38
7,395
11
219
266
3,125
3,773
960
353
606
2,028
540
540
1,488
2,200
2,200
581
1,619
/fTJjjSSfv
142,918
22,683
6,361
ft 340
8,340
219,471
1980
SMS
1,826
1,075
20
24
481
116
50
37
24
911
6
13
38
481
373
289
207
82
808
93
93
715
1ฃW
1,210
161
1,049
'.mat-
48,501
11,996
1,692
v" ^32@ -
3,320
74,956
Lead Emissions (continued)
(short tons)
1985 1986
:, &0S7;-. ,t^Kttfr~
1,376 1,161
874 660
19 16
16 11
288 296
70 63
65 66
43 47
3 2
577 553
3 3
7 13
21 16
209 200
336 320
144 107
141 106
3 1
-: 3?
V
o_
|
S
hi
!'
5
|
>*.
-------
=8
I
X
tn
GO
I
1
Table A-7. United States 1990 Ammonia Emissions by Environmental Protection
Agency Region
(short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC.VTfL, :-^
Coal
Oil
Gas
FUEL COMB. WDUSTRtAL ^;>V-V"' ! -''"''
Coal
Oil
Gas
'I^^CC^j^'&jiliti-f"1^."'-^ '-;" f-:S;:-/A-
Commercial/lnstitutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Residential Other
CHEMICAL&MJJl^t^DU<^m^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
UETAt,S PROGESSlNQ - - !- ;'-"' ' - ~
Ferrous Metals Processing
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
OTHER INDUSTfit^PROCESSES -:
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
POTW
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
NONROAD ENGINES ana EQUIPMENT
Marine Vessels
Railroads
JM3Sr7l^wLT$J!fi6G! & jf^DHjE^fWl^ , *;' , ^-^
Fertilizer Application
Animal Husbandry
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
Region 1 Region II
," 82 -.,-: 17$.
0 0
19 18
3 57
0 1
294 574
105 270
..^ '^aaiFV ;>t#al
0 0
375 637
26 79
961 1,089
" , * \ ,1 v% \-> 's s",'' \ '
0 0
* \ '^" "I * ?-'''- '- " '
0 43
0 0
' 0 ' 0
0 0
5,540 10,176
8,433 13,159
1,599 2,438
20 29
13 19
:" !^''--4f "._ c Aits'
11 69
33 50
546 370
19,180 42,705
37,157 71,783
Region III
-~' - :' Y"2ฃ
0
11
11
2
322
610
".V3yMf7
0
324
61
962
- - ' , " - \. >
4,277
; f
1,154
2,176
0
2
8,421
16,352
3,218
42
29
Vv.'- 249
117
132
192,594
9,780
182,814
230,816
Region IV
- ---ฃ7
0
26
40
4
832
1,091
1- ^-\83!7
0
369
68
390
48,478
'- ' - v
338
1,498
0
17
11,566
35^258
32,633
6,480
85
59
"^ ',-,ซป-
170
281
633,536
64,346
569,190
737,961
Region V
: ' ". M
0
8
28
6
385
1,671
', <-"ฃa&.
1
184
189
889
, -. ~ ' ซฐ *, .
10,193
- ---"'
4,060
8,689
0
3,113
20,675
30,416
5,942
76
53
;i , " 3W8;
31
317
830,200
114,564
715,635
917,128
Region VI
4,758
19
195
4,544
2
1,088
4,280
' \, 4m:
0
181
78
145
73,825
ฐ'. ~ '. *
0
19,195
0
22,929
t" ^u ^-
7,032
20,513
4,009
52
35
. \ 684
365
319
63,957
730,941
953,703
Region VII
' "";', ""-4
0
1
4
1
54
397
:";?zi3=
0
39
50
125
;,"" ' , .'" ' ''
41,477
9
934
0
6,899
3,677
8,413
1,712
23
16
' .'.. ''-219*
20
199
111,811
953,362
1,129,223
Region VIII
"'""- ' ' \-J?
0
0
2
1
89
317
''''". . /"''ITt-y
0
50
32
90
,, '
52
288
1,739
; - .-'-': 2 ~
0
2
2,501
5,238
1,065
15
10
'r X;7$2h
0
152
643,068
26,219
616,848
654,711
Region IX
M
0
8
38
0
528
3,516
''.' 388-
0
153
79
156
3,319
"^ ' ^
0
8,007
0
1,088
9,479
24,203
4,470
53
35
48Q
285
195
2Sf,W
25,291
232,103
307,822
Region X National Total
.'"'. 1. ',,
0
0
0
' -' 83B -
0
127
703
. a*--;'.'
0
72
16
104
*' "' '"" - '', -''
954
0
607
2,079
1,445
2,694
6,254
1,240
16
11
, - ITS -
71
108
mja?
2,860
155,947
775,067
: $,fl$3
19
286
4,727
18
4,292
12,960
.:,*.*\\i$ri8
2
2,384
677
4,910
182,574
'" - - "< "
5,893
ir
42,845
2,079
35,495
81,761
"'; 198,479
165,614
32,173
411
281
'" ' ", 2,926
1,139
1,788
4#3*,t&
419,744
4,218,725
5,215,370
Note(s): NA = not available.
"Residential Other" is residential combustion of all fuels except wood.
Zero values represent less than 0.5 short tons/year.
In order to convert emissions to megagrams (metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
%
!
I
Emission Tren
ฃ
5
ง
1
ง
^
-------
Appendix B Regional Emissions (1985 to 1994)
Appendix B - Regional Emissions (1985 to 1994) B-l
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table B-1. Regional Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1985 to 1994
(million short tons)
Region 1985Ss:;198ft 1987:% 1988 1989 F?ij1?90 1991 ;4:rf 7199& 1993
tin ;
5.07 tp"*
4.68 ;i
7.17;
10.61 *$
22.64 ,V
19.08;ง
14.93 /
5.35
4.60 ;r
13.01 <;:
5.94 vii
VW
0.72 %
1.20,'y
2.331,
4.26 f
4.57 "':
4.46!'*
1.43'V
1.15,i
2.09 J;
0.66ซ?:?
0.73 : v'j 0.74 0.74
1.19
2.31
4.26
4.52
4.17
1.40
1.12
2.04
0.66,
-1J2S-
'2.36,
4:42'
4,31
1,48
2.09
1.24 ;
2.38 y
4.41
4.69 'f
4.31 ,
1.50/
1.21 '%:
2.06 ;;
0.68 C;
O.?0
4.39
';4JS'
4.2S;
0.68
1.15
2.21
4.43
4.596
4.25 ,
1.48
1.23
1.98 ;
0.66
0.65
1.11
2.27
4.65
4.76
4.37C
1.51
1.27
2.01
0.69
National 22.86 22.35 22.40 23.62 23.22 23.04 22.67 22.85 23.28 23.62
Table B-3. Regional Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1985 to 1994
(million short tons)
Region 1985^ 1986 1987jf 1$88 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
1994
X,-,
1.06
1.87
2.81 -
5.39;
4.57!
4.56
1.27
0.86
2.50?
0.921
0.94
1.00a-
1.78^1
2.78 r
5.31 !"
4.37 '';;
4.27 .;';
1.20 ;
0.77 '":
2.43
0.87 iv?
i.tป
0.95 s
1.68
2.60 -V
5.14;.?
4.19V
4.15
1.27
0.71
2.38
0.86 V
: OJO
0.69
0.87 /
1.57
2.46
5.13
3.97
4.03
1.15
0.67 ,
2.23
0.80 ;
oja
< Jjse
f .46
,Cka4-
3.95
4.00,
'iio
0.67
2J6
^ 0.80
0.87
1.56
2.45;
4.81
3.98
4.05
1.11
0.68
2.16
0.90'
OJ9
4.12
1.25
,0.72
National 25.80
24.78.
23.93 23,60 22.88 22,42 22.58 23,17
B-2 Appendix B - Regional Emissions (1985 to 1994)
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table B-4. Regional Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide, 1985 to 1994
(million short tons)
Beflion 1985 1986 1987 1988
1989!
1990
1991 = -1992 1993
1994
VH
0.591"', .0,8* 0.58,
0.633 'r,0.57:
0.88
3.24 *;
5.25V
7.17
2.47 **
1.70* =
0.73 ?,
0.97 \:
0.25 :
7.0$
0.85
3.37
5.32 :
6.94
2.11
1.60
0.57
0.63
0.23
. 7 J&
0-64
0.88
0.88
3.45
5.47
7.06:
2.20
1.54
0.62:
0.69
0.25
0.86
2.17
0.64
OJ5
0.56
0.82
3.44
5.40
6.75::
2.17
1.38
0.67
0.63
0.25,
O.S1
:0,77
6.48
1.30
0.64
0.44=:
0.71
3.40
5.72 '
6.35
2.27
1.09
0.64
0.64 =
0.26
National 23.23 22.44 22.20
22.79
22.07 21.84 21.52;
Table B-5a. Regional Emissions of Paniculate Matter (PM-10) from Point and
Fugitive Process Sources, 1985 to 1994
(million short tons)
Region
1985 V 1986 1987;
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 ; 1994
0.11 '--'
0.16 '.
0.35
1.07
0.60',
0.58,
0.24
0.18??;
0.43 ' ;
0.37 ,:,
-.CMf
6=23
0.39
0.11;
0.15:
0.37,
1.03
0.56
0.55
0.22
0.15!
0.45
0.35
041
0.11
0.16
0.34:
1.06
0.58
0.55
0.30
0.15
0.34
0.35,,
0.09
0.14
0.30
0.3^
0.09
0.14
0.29
1.11
0.52
0.50
0.23
0.14
0.30
0.28,
0.96
0.13
6;31
0.08 , ;
0.13
0.29 ,
0.93 ^
0.52 /
0.51
0.20:
0.12 :
0.28 :c:
0.35 :'
0.08
0.13
National
4.09
3.89
3.93
-4,75:
3.93
3.88
3.59
3.49
3.41
3.70
Table B-5b. Regional Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10) from Fugitive Dust
Sources, 1985 to 1994
(million short tons)
Region
1985 1986 1987
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
1.36;*
2.30,"
2.29 ;
5.74;
6.83,
8.21 $
4.68-
3.31:
4.22'
1.96;
1.27
2.09 :
2.31
5.94
6.56
7.33,
3.92
2.97,
3.72'
1.94
1.12
1.81,
2.15
6.10
6.24,
16.96;
3.12
3.55:
1.78:
1,03
.-. --1.57
ง,39
10.43
:4.93
2.90
3.18
0.99, .,,'
1.60; ^
2.24,,,,-
5.80 :
5.78, :-
11.87:;,:;
7.91 '';
3.04v':,-,:/:
3.38 ':'.-ฃ
2.71 '-r^.
0.89
1.64
1.99
7.05
5.78
8.75
4.13
3.87^
2.90
2.15
1.62
:8.08
15.08
3.04
National 40.89
38.04
48.65-3945 45.31 40.23 39.14 41J3
Appendix B - Regional Emissions (1985 to 1994) B-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Table B-5c. Regional Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10) from All Sources,
1985 to 1994
(million short tons)
R0|ilon<
SIS
\* ฃ:$$'ฐฐ:'.'1~~-
'i f&\.
: <;V'. '
' '':.%% .,..:
'' :;yrt-, ;
;-' '{$งฃ;.
:ฐ:'{''IX:".'
X '-.' ' ~%f ""
'l '" j^ v ""' '',
National
1985
1.47
2.46
2.64
6.81
7.43
8.79
4.92
3.49
4.65
2.32
44.98
;-:;,-,-^98l-
feS
;%'';- \2i54''
6.67
":' ,7.05
15.73
'''- ,,;,-Sป03
',;' 3.02
'.',. v'/4-P6
;:--=''' :M28
150,47
Table B-6.
1987
1.37
2.24
2.68
6.97
7.12
7.87
4.14
3.12
4.17
2.29
41.97
/>/:, 1988
1989 f
,1990
xljl ISSII
v.x/'ฃ60
2.50
^ 2^5:
'^X?J23 7.15^-^:1^0
' . ;*'-', 7^18
';,/-.21,2'9
''^7.51-
6.82,,
17.51
6.13 ,
'"" $KJ$\<
:';-jl,6,^6:
* "',5;t6-
' ' *' jt/ $k^ '3O7''-' ; ^i'rtR
, ,V;fl-;Ol o.^/-'-, ,^44-
: :ซ0.60
3.89
2.1 2 /
52.58 >
Regional Emissions
(thousand short
Region
' -vi'H''''"'
'""": $>,";v
vv HI -,H
YlV'f ""''
4Vv-;
'.-v:"'Vf--"--
,,:'Mir;;'
w
/:' 'IK.-'." '
'''' ,',':X>-; ',
National
1985
0.93
1.54
1.83
3.57
3.98
2.58
1.88
0.74
2.39
0.68
20.12
1986
;?* ';-\Oi30
,-' ^.:\QJ54
,,,-"6.59,
y-i'1^'
j-^'1^
';!;f""0l87;
'T.'''::tJo
'(.?.$ฃ?
" %m
^ 0121
7.30
1987
0.28
0.50
0.52
1.11
1.56
0.82
0.99
0.26
0.64
0.19
6.86
1988
0.24
.'C-\0/*4
.' . --'0ป47-
1.08
::;:,"/i.5#
' : 0.7S
> 0.99
0.24
0.57
0.17
6.51
1989
0.22
0.38
0.41
1.01 V
1.45,,
0.70
1.00
0.23
0.50
0.15 '
6.03
"".' 3,51 ,
'':''2J7:
43.33
of Lead,
tons)
1990
0.19
0,36
0.37
''' '03J5
>;;-;i.4i
-,;,OJ4
0.99
0.21
0.42
0.13
0.67
1991
1.08
1.73
2.53
6.91
6.30
12.37
8.14
3.18
3.68
2.98
48.91
1985
1991
0.18
0.34
0.35
0.89
1.32.
0.62
0.88
0.20
0.39
0.12
5.28
./;lv,1992.'
<^
;,';, 2 J50
;;/'-'6.86-
;,- '6.2t
9.89
5.70
; 3;81
'. 3.17
' 'c:': ฃ;78
43.72
to 1994
1992
0.17
::; '0.33:
, 0.33
<,'", 0.81-
,:,;'.: ^22
.;!Sl',J^ง8;
-s,,,-079-
;:-;;.0.18
0,36
0.12
4.90
1993
0.98
1.77
2.28
7.98
6.29
9.26
4.33
3.99
3.17
2.50
42.55
1993
0.17
0.32
0.32
0.81
1.24
0.58
0.83
0.18
0.36
0.11
4.94
1994
:t"l'75
:" ' 2.33
8.07
6,78
8-61
5.36
'- 5.42
3.40
. -2.63
45.43
1994
;'; ; 'Oi.1,7
; 'i-o^
*' 's"\MijS3t\iP
;,' ':"*$j$&
.':V:;1l|6'
'">0',SO"
' ^50.18'
'*. ^0,,36
.'-r'-0.1'2'
4.96
B-4 Appendix B - Regional Emissions (1985 to 1994)
-------
Appendix C National Total Particulate
Emissions (1940 to 1992) by
Subcategory
Appendix C - National Total Particulate Emissions C-l
-------
n
a.
x"
n
B>
B>
n
rn
o
3
Table C-1. Total Particulate (TSP)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUMLCOMB. CtEC. Om,
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite and lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite and lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
natural
process
Other
wood/bark waste
other
FUEL COMB OTHER '** ' " '
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
Residential Other
1940
./ . V , ' V,; ***?ฃ'
1,419
822
405
192
11
11
0
0
' : ' '-.-/' !- ' $#?# ",
3,598
2,227
686
685
44
33
0
11
6
5
1
222
171
51
''''- 2 $78' " '
415
25
0
1,716
402
1,315
522
1950
2,142
1,240
611
291
36
34
2
1
3,i334
2,934
1,756
541
638
82
62
2
17
15
13
2
302
252
50
3$8ฃ-'
480
45
1
1,128
264
864
408
1960
$122'
3,089
1,847
910
333
30
29
1
3
1t96Q
1,659
1,103
340
217
76
56
2
18
25
22
3
200
187
13
,'-f %47..~ '
58
63
2
850
199
651
275
Emissions
1970
2,603 1
2,475
1,492
735
247
121
117
4
7
'2t436'
1,444
982
303
159
106
83
9
14
27
24
4
859
818
40
*-gQg,.'
47
71
4
384
90
294
4
1980
; . 919
797
483
238
75
116
113
3
7
, \>so^:
272
188
58
26
80
63
6
11
23
20
4
1,129
1,121
7
' ' '"-937
36
44
4
818
191
626
36
1985
~/'47$.-.:^
432
262
129
41
42
40
1
6
',i<3งฃ'
132
92
28
12
43
35
5
4
20
17
3
1,159
1,156
3
' '' SH3& ' &'
21
19
4
821
192
629
35
1990
'~45&f
394
239
118
37
56
54
2
5
1,Q7J
92
64
20
8
22
14
5
3
26
22
5
930
926
4
'-:-S38"
14
20
4
469
110
359
30
1991
>!S,4#งfe*
394
239
118
37
47
45
2
5
-;r,^0^-);-
98
68
21
9
20
13
5
3
26
21
5
914
911
3
'''"'$$$'""
13
20
4
457
107
350
29
1992
i ,4$4"
407
247
122
39
42
41
2
5
~lt$j&'
99
69
21
9
15
8
5
3
27
22
5
889
885
4
l";4gjg'
13
19
4
429
100
328
29
(continued)
National Air Pollutt
$
^
tn
1'
?
it
"K.
i
j_
I
-------
Table C-1. Total Particulate (TSP) Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
n
I
o
I
o
c
Source Category
'CH^UICAl^W'At^^'^AOOVC^rMfG'--1''- "'^ '" ';:
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
iOSrMj&fi^D^BS^^^ ";':' (', ; f v>h;;\ ";, ; ;, j
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
lead
zinc
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
primary
secondary
Metals Processing NEC
Ffflptf W*f *jm LATED INDUSTRIES f : , ; " ^.
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
fluid catalytic cracking units
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES r >r
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
country elevators
terminal elevators
feed mills
soybean mills
wheat mills
other grain mills
other
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
sulfate (kraft) pulping
other
1940
V ' I;',- ^ ggft";
6
68
19
237
V; ; 4^78
620
238
168
188
26
3,446
3,287
159
411
r .. --380-';
2
2
387
882
371
351
24
48
12
17
58
550
470
80
1950
-5; \4gfc '.
9
31
15
401
4,853
385
120
82
89
94
4,189
3,858
331
279
, '$47
23
23
524
8,152
898
417
313
26
60
11
19
53
866
729
137
1960
'"'-310' *
18
45
16
230
;3,17Q '.
443
146
46
52
199
2,247
2,083
164
481
,' 1,219.':
50
50
1,169
9.Q42
1,036
512
346
27
53
9
20
69
1,031
886
145
1970
, /.ggjj-
45
62
46
86
"&7!&r-x
731
428
57
24
222
1,473
1,304
169
577
887
70
70
617
7,949
872
426
310
20
30
10
20
56
788
668
120
1980
1ง& ':*
21
25
61
42
'" ~;?8ฃ -~
151
38
19
3
91
430
379
51
201
, ', 'ie$'~,.
41
41
125
629
388
152
10
22
2
11
43
229
142
87
1985
129
23
13
48
45
49$
112
34
13
4
61
242
201
41
142
\144;
16
16
128
%'$0&
834
465
252
27
27
3
10
52
220
124
96
1990
121 '
22
12
41
45
488
99
33
16
4
47
248
198
50
138
'f&?
13
13
139
1,994
639
404
142
18
16
1
6
52
202
90
112
1991
:;: 118
22
12
42
43
' -461'-
100
32
14
4
50
217
173
43
144
',;-?47:-
13
13
133
1,878
574
344
121
16
29
2
7
56
202
92
110
1992
'' : 127
23
12
43
48
487
105
33
15
4
52
237
188
49
146
/ 148
13
13
134
1,919
563
342
120
12
25
2
9
53
208
95
114
(continued)
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
o
V
c
"J
o
w
o
'55
w
Q. r
wo
Cซ (0
0) -o
*- c
n 5
5 3
(0
SI
ง1
s ss ง a i
; CO CM CO IT5 O) ,ซQ T- ^
! o i- CM in w -
i- CM t CM
^ If) _ _
^ ^ CM <$ CM CM 55 ^ *- " v- ;- ;ฃj; & ฃ
CM i-
en
!
-: , T-_ CM co CM CM pj T- ,- -^ ^- ,^g- min
^ ' ' ^ ",'*' ?<,* *'
' ' "'
' ซt ^ 12 2 ฃJ **>. r^ CM in co oo ซป*, i^-o>
- 8. 5 8 8 8 $1" n -0 ซ *ฃ.8 g
,
ffii-
ca
"
CO
T- lO CO
^- CO CM h- >Cjr O ^ CO
co oo oo co ^n*^ *^ co o
h* co 10 10 "ity, ^ T co
T T CM >**
J
t;. ft ' ^ s ^.
o> o> Q -Q S 2
2 2 ^? J2 ^ 2 2
n: Q
C-4 Appendix C - National Total Paniculate Emissions
-------
I
X
O
I
o
Table C-1. Total Particulate (TSP) Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
NON-ROAD SOURCES (continued) i g
Non-Road Diesel
construction
industrial
farm
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS :'' , ""-,' '-y
Other Combustion
wildfires
managed burning
other
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1940
-;-,"""- ; , --, 3 -f- ,r
1
0
0
0
0
107
94
6
7
2,651
4,081
4,081
2,774
881
426
25,157
1950
'ฃ, ^'t::l
16
12
0
4
0
1,982
87
7
13
1,874
2,731
2,791
1,353
987
451
27,375
1960
>f^-:""
22
12
3
7
40
45
28
7
10
119
1,903
1,903
544
903
456
23,761
1970
;:, :
71
14
19
38
110
49
32
7
9
70
1^19;
1,210
490
581
139
20,944
1980
.;/,?;8;j
94
19
18
57
82
32
0
11
22
60
J,18G
1,186
654
472
59
9,992
1985
;/*_ "'::ซ,
107
20
14
73
96
30
0
17
13
40
1,114
1,114
597
471
47
8,651
1990
:,<ซa"-' "
112
23
16
73
86
35
0
20
15
41
1,312
1,312
807
471
34
8,131
1991
; >?
-------
Appendix D Chapter 2 Color Maps
Converted to Black and White
Appendix D - Chapter 2 Color Maps Converted to Black and White D-l
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Figure D-1. Density Maps of 1994 CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions
ALL SOURCES
Emission Density
High
Above Average
Average
D Below Average
DLOW
DNone
RESIDENTIAL WOOD
BURNING SOURCES
D-2 Appendix D - Chapter 2 Color Maps Converted to Black and White
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Figure D-2. Density Maps of 1994 NITROGEN OXIDE and
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions
Emission Density
High
Above Average
D Average
Below Average
CH Low
VOLATILE
ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
Appendix D - Chapter 2 Color Maps Converted to Black and White D-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Figure D-3. Density Maps of 1994 SULFUR DIOXIDE and
PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions
SULFUR DIOXIDE
Emission Density
High
Above Average
D Average
D Below Average
["How
PARTICULATE
MATTER (PM-10)
Note(s): 1994 emissions except 1990 PM-10 Fugitive Dust-paved and unpaved road emissions for Mississipp
The data used to estimate emissions for Mississippi is currently under review.
D-4 Appendix D - Chapter 2 Color Maps Converted to Black and White
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
Figure D-4. Ozone Nonattainment Areas with Approved
1990 Base Year Emissions by Major Sources and Locations
Source Categories
Point
Stationary Area
On-Road
Non-Road
Biogenics
VOLATILE
ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
Appendix D - Chapter 2 Color Maps Converted to Black and White D-5
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-454/R-95-011
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1994
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Sharon V. Nizich, Thomas Pierce, William Hohenstein, E.H.
Pechan and Associates
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Mail Drop 14
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-D30035
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Director
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Office of Air and Radiation
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Technical - 1900-1994
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/200/04
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This report presents the latest estimates of national and regional emissions for criteria air pollutants:
carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, fine particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, paniculate matter, and
volatile organic compounds. Estimates are presented for the years 1900 to 1994, with greater detail in
more recent years. This report also includes sections on air toxics, international emissions, greenhouse
gases, projections, and biogenics.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Air Emission Trends
Lead
Air Pollution
Nitrogen Dioxide
Ozone
Biogenics
Total Suspended Particulates
Volatile Organic Compounds
Particulate Matter
Carbon Monoxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Emission Projections
Greenhouse Gases
Air Pollution Control
Air Pollution Research
Air Pollution Trends
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (Page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EFA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION IS OBSOLETE
-------
C: horse.wpd
ERRATA SHEET:
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1994
EPA-454/R-95-011
October 1995
NTIS Number - TD96-135678
Page 2-19, Table 2-15: Top 50 AERS/AFS Plants Emitting Lead - 1994
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc., ranked number 3 with 303 tons per year of
emissions, was not reported correctly in AIRS. According to the state of Illinois, the correct
value for 1994 is less than 1 ton per year.
------- |