United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA-454/R-96-007
October 1996
Air
v>EPA NATIONAL AIR POLLUTANT
EMISSION TRENDS,
1900-1995
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NATIONAL AIR POLLUTANT
EMISSION TRENDS
1900 1995
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Disclaimer
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, United States
Environmental Protection Agency, and has been approved for publication. Mention of trade names or
commercial products is not intended to constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
ii Disclaimer
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Foreword
This document presents the most recent estimates of national emissions of the criteria air pollutants. The
emissions of each pollutant are estimated for many different source categories, which collectively account
for all anthropogenic emissions. The report presents the total emissions from all 50 States. These estimates
are updated annually.
This report tracks changes in national emissions since passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
(CAAA). The emission trends are the net effect of many factors, including changes in the nation's economy
and in industrial activity, technology, consumption of fuels, traffic, and other activities that cause air
pollution. The trends also reflect changes in emissions as a result of air pollution regulations and emission
controls. These reports will serve as a measure of our nation's progress in reducing air pollution emissions
as a result of mandatory and voluntary controls and of continuous changes in national activity.
In addition to the extensive coverage of criteria air pollutant emissions from anthropogenic sources in the
United States, this year's report continues to provide limited coverage of State-derived biogenic and air toxic
emissions, and emissions for Canada. Preliminary estimates are presented for the years 1990 through 1995.
Final estimates (including refinements to the data used to estimate emissions) will be presented in future
reports.
Forward iii
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Contents
Page
Foreword iii
Tables vi
Figures vii
Acronyms and Abbreviations viii
Acknowledgment ix
Executive Summary 1
National Emission Trends 4
OVERVIEW OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL HISTORY 4
HISTORICAL EMISSION TRENDS 5
ECONOMIC EFFECTS ON EMISSIONS 5
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSION TRENDS, 1940 THROUGH 1995 6
NITROGEN OXIDE AND VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND EMISSIONS TRENDS, 1940
THROUGH 1995 6
Nitrogen Oxide Emission Trends 7
Volatile Organic Compound Emission Trends 7
SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSION TRENDS, 1940 THROUGH 1995 7
PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) EMISSION TRENDS, 1940 THROUGH 1995 8
PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-2.5) AND AMMONIA EMISSION ESTIMATES, 1990 9
LEAD EMISSION TRENDS, 1970 THROUGH 1995 9
1995 Emissions 16
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS 16
NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS 16
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND EMISSIONS 17
SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS 17
PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) EMISSIONS 17
LEAD EMISSIONS 17
State Emissions 26
Biogenic Emissions 28
Air Toxic Emissions 32
Canada 35
References 36
Forward v
Proceeding Page Blank
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Tables
Page
1. 1994 and 1995 National Annual Emission Estimates for Criteria Air Pollutants 2
2. 1990 National Annual Emission Estimates for PM-2.5, Ammonia, and Hazardous Air Pollutants 2
3. 1990 Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates for Canada 2
4. 1990 Ozone Season Daily Emission Estimates for Ozone Precursor Pollutants 2
5. Carbon Monoxide Emissions, 1970 through 1995 14
6. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions, 1970 through 1995 14
7. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions, 1970 through 1995 14
8. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions, 1970 through 1995 14
9. Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions, 1970 through 1995 15
10. Ammonia and Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) 1990 Emissions 15
11. Lead Emissions, 1970 through 1995 15
12. 1995 State-level Emissions and Rank for Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides, Volatile Organic
Compounds, Sulfur Dioxide, and Particulate Matter (PM-10) 19
13. Comparison Between the Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission (GCVTC) and National
Emission Trends (NET) Emissions by State from Nonutility Point Sources, 1990 26
14. Ozone Transport and Assessment Group State-level Ozone Season Daily Emissions 27
15. Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by State 29
16. Biogenic Nitric Oxide Emissions by State 29
17. Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound Seasonal Allocation, 1988 to 1995 30
18. Biogenic Nitric Oxide Seasonal Allocation, 1988 to 1995 30
19. Top 20 Sources of Toxic Emissions 33
20. 37 Toxic Pollutants Ranked by Annual Emission Totals 34
21. 1990 Emissions for Canada by Major Source Category 35
22. 1990 Emissions for Canada by Province 35
vi Tables
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Figures
Page
1. Long-term Trend in National Emissions of SULFUR DIOXIDE, NITROGEN OXIDES, VOLATILE
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, and PARTICULATE MATTER [(PM-10), excluding fugitive dust sources] ... 3
2. Long-term Trend in National Emissions of CARBON MONOXIDE, LEAD, and PARTICULATE
MATTER [PM-10 (from fugitive dust sources)] 3
3. Trend in CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1970 to 1995 10
4. Trend in NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1970 to 1995 10
5. Trend in VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1970
to 1995 11
6. Trend in SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions by 6 Principal Source Categories, 1970 to 1995 11
7. Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories Excluding
Fugitive Dust Sources, 1970 to 1995 12
8. Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions by 4 Principal Fugitive Dust Sources,
1985-1995 12
9. Trend in LEAD Emissions by 5 Principal Source Categories, 1970 to 1995 13
10. 1995 National CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions by Principal Source Category 20
11. Density Map of 1995 CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions by County 20
12. 1995 National NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions by Principal Source Category 21
13. Density Map of 1995 NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions by County 21
14. 1995 National VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by Principal Source
Category 22
15. Density Map of 1995 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by County 22
16. 1995 National SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions by Principal Source Category 23
17. Density Map of 1995 SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions by County 23
18. 1995 National PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions by Principal Source Category 24
19. Density Map of 1995 PARTICULATE MATTER(PM-IO) Emissions by County 24
20. 1995 LEAD Emissions by Principal Source Category 25
21. Density Map of VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND 1995 Biogenic Emissions by County 30
22. Density Map of NITRIC OXIDE 1995 Biogenic Emissions by County 31
23. The National Toxic Inventory's 189 Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP) Emissions by State 33
Figures vii
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
ARD
BEIS
CAA
CAAA
CARB
CEM
CH4
CO
CO2
DOE
EC
ECOS
EFIG
EIA
EPA
ETS
GCVTC
GDP
gPg
gpm
HAPs
HC
LADCO
MACT
MMBtu
NAAQS
NAPAP
NET
NH3
NMHC
NO
NO2
NOX
NSPS
NTI
03
OAQPS
Acid Rain Division OC
Biogenics Emissions Inventory System OMS
Clean Air Act OPPE
1990 Clean Air Act Amendments OPPIES
California Air Resources Board
Continuous Emission Monitoring OSD
methane OTAG
carbon monoxide Pb
carbon dioxide PM-10
Department of Energy
elemental carbon PM-2.5
Environmental Council of States
Emission Factors and Inventory Group ppm
Energy Information Administration RACT
United States Environmental Protection RVP
Agency SIP
Emission Tracking System SO2
Grand Canyon Visibility Transport TRI
Commission TSP
Gross Domestic Product U.S.
grams per gallon VMT
grams per mile VOC
hazardous air pollutants
hydrocarbon
Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium
maximum achievable control technology
millions of British thermal units
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
National Acid Precipitation Assessment
Program
National Emission Trends
ammonia
nonmethane hydrocarbons
nitric oxide
nitrogen dioxide
nitrogen oxides
New Source Performance Standards
National Toxics Inventory
ozone
Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards
organic carbon
Office of Mobile Sources
Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation
OPPE Particulate Programs
Implementation Evaluation System
ozone season daily
Ozone Transport and Assessment Group
lead
particulate matter less than 10 microns in
aerodynamic diameter
particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in
aerodynamic diameter
parts per million
Reasonably Available Control Technology
Reid vapor pressure
State implementation plan
sulfur dioxide
Toxics Release Inventory
total suspended particulate
United States
vehicle miles traveled
volatile organic compounds
viii Acronyms and Abbreviations
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Acknowledgment
This report was prepared with the help of many people. The EPA wishes to acknowledge the assistance of
Sharon V. Nizich, David Misenheimer, Thomas McMullen, Anne Pope, and David Mobley of the Emission
Factors and Inventory Group; Mark Wolcott and Lois Platte of the Office of Mobile Sources; Thomas E.
Pierce of the National Exposure Research Lab; as well as Patty Carlson and Kathy Manwaring of E.H.
Pechan & Associates, Inc. who assisted in preparing the emission estimates and producing this report. The
agency also wishes to acknowledge the data and information that were provided by numerous people from
Government agencies and private institutions and organizations, especially Libby Greenwood of Environment
Canada.
Acknowledgment ix
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Executive Summary
This report presents the United States (U.S.)
Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) latest
estimates of national emissions for criteria air
pollutants: carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen
oxides (NOJ, volatile organic compounds (VOC),
sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter less than
10 microns in aerodynamic diameter (PM-10), and
lead (Pb). Estimates are presented for the years
1900 to 1995. Estimates for three criteria
pollutants, NOX, SO 2, and VOC, have been
extrapolated back to 1900. Criteria pollutants are
those for which ambient air standards have been
set, based on established criteria for risk to human
health and/or environmental degradation.
Data on emissions of hazardous air pollutants
(HAPs), sometimes referred to as air toxics, and
data on emissions from biogenic sources are also
included in this report for the United States. Data
for Canada for 1990 are presented for the criteria
air pollutants.
Figures 1 and 2 present the long-term trends in
the criteria air pollutant emissions from 1900
through 1995. Most of the criteria air pollutant
emission levels peaked around 1970. PM-10
emissions peaked earlier (around 1950) due to
smoke and particulates being the first pollutants to
be regulated. Between 1970 and 1995 emissions
for all criteria pollutants except NOX declined,
even though vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and
gross domestic product (GDP) increased. These
air pollution decreases are attributable to the Clean
Air Act (CAA) regulations beginning in 1970 and
continuing into the 1990s. (Intermittent economic
recession and improved manufacturing practices
have also played a role.)
Tables 1 and 2 present the most current
emission estimates for the criteria and other air
pollutants in the United States. United States
criteria pollutant emissions decreased from the
previous year. The decrease in NOX and SO2
emission estimates is a result of the
implementation of Reasonably Available Control
Technology (RACT) applied to major sources in
nonattainment areas and Title IV applied to Phase
I units at utilities as mandated by the 1990 Clean
Air Act Amendments (CAAA). The reduction in
CO and VOC emissions is a result of a decrease in
the number of acres of land burned from wildfires.
Mobile source emissions decreased from 1994 as
a result of the use of new fuels (reformulated
gasoline, oxygenated fuels, and lower Reid vapor
pressures [RVP]). Particulate fugitive dust
emissions from construction sources decreased
due to the decline in construction activity.
The most recent available Canadian data for
1990 are summarized in Table 3. Table 4 presents
the total ozone season daily (OSD) emission
estimates for the ozone precursor pollutants (CO,
NOX, and VOC) currently contained in the
National Emission Trends (NET) data base and
from the Ozone Transport and Assessment Group
(OTAG) study. EPA is in the process of
incorporating these estimates into a single
consolidated annual inventory and is also
expanding the list of pollutants to include SO2 and
PM-10.
A description of the methods used for
estimating CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, PM-10, and Pb
can be found in Chapter 6 of the previous year's
reportl and in the Trends Procedures Document.2
Preceeding Page Blank
Executive Summary 1
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
Table 1. 1994 and 1995 National Annual
Emission Estimates for Criteria
Air Pollutants
(million short tons)
Pollutant Emissions
1994 1995
Anthropogenic Emissions
Carbon Monoxide 98.8 92.1
Lead (thousand short 5.03 4.99
tons)
Nitrogen Oxides 23.7 21.8
Participate Matter (PM-10) 44.6 42.6
Fugitive dust 40.9 39.4
Sulfur Dioxide 21.0 18.3
Vol. Organic Compounds 23.3 22.9
Biogenic Emissions
Vol. Organic Compounds 32.7
Table 2. 1990 National Annual Emission
Estimates for PM-2.5, Ammonia, and
Hazardous Air Pollutants
(million short tons)
Pollutant Emissions
1990
Particulate Matter 1
(PM-2.5)
Ammonia
Hazardous Air
Pollutants
0.1
5.2
4.4
Table 3. 1990 Annual Criteria Air
Pollutant Emission Estimates for
Canada
(million short tons)
Pollutant Emissions
Carbon Monoxide 10.9
Nitrogen Oxides 2.3
Total Particulate Matter 1.4
Sulfur Dioxide 3.6
Volatile Organic 2.8
Compounds
Table 4. 1990 Ozone Season Daily
Emission Estimates for Ozone
Precursor Pollutants
(thousand short tons)
Pollutant NET
Carbon Monoxide 192
Nitrogen Oxides 53
Volatile Organic 58
Compounds
OTAG
207
54
50
Executive Summary
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
Figure 1. Long-term Trend in National Emissions of
SULFUR DIOXIDE, NITROGEN OXIDES, VOLATILE
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, and PARTICULATE MATTER
[(PM-10), excluding fugitive dust sources]
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1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
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Figure 2. Long-term Trend in National Emissions of
CARBON MONOXIDE, LEAD, and PARTICULATE MATTER
[PM-10 (from fugitive dust sources)]
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Lead Emissions (thousand short tons)
Executive Summary
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National Emission Trends
Historical trends in criteria air pollutant
emissions are presented in this section for the
period 1940 through 1995.a Because nitrogen
dioxide (NO2) is formed when NOX emissions
interact with atmospheric oxygen, and ozone (O3)
is formed when NOX and VOC are transformed by
sunlight, regulatory efforts to control NO2 and O3
levels focus on NOX and VOC pollutant emissions.
Because of their essential role in forming NO2 and
O3, this report presents information on NOX and
VOC along with CO, SO2, PM-10, and Pb.
The level and composition of economic
activity in the nation, demographic influences, and
the impact of regulatory efforts to control
emissions affect the trends in air pollutant
emissions. Significant regulatory milestones in air
pollution control and the impact of these controls
on emission levels are highlighted.
A basic strategy in the source emissions
estimation process is to partition sources into
"point" and "area" categories. A point source is a
factory, power plant, or other facility with
sufficiently large emissions to warrant individual
cataloging; in EPAs National Emission Trends
(NET) data base, the threshold generally is 100
short tons or more of a specific pollutant per year.
Area sources include sources that are too small,
too numerous, and too dispersed to catalog
individually, but that collectively contribute
significantly to the national total.
"The emission estimates for the years 1940, 1950, and 1960 can
be found in tables and figures in Chapter 3 of the previous year's
report.1
OVERVIEW OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
HISTORY
The first United States (U.S.) air pollution
statutes were passed by the cities of Chicago and
Cincinnati in 1881 to control smoke and soot from
furnaces and locomotives. County governments
began to pass their own pollution control laws in
the early 1900s.
In October of 1948, a pivotal air pollution
episode occurred in Donora, PA. An
exceptionally long weather stagnation, from a
Wednesday into the following Sunday, confined
emissions from heavy industries in and around this
town in the Monongahela River valley. Twenty
deaths, 17 on the third day alone, have been
attributed to the episode; several thousand people
experienced mild to severe respiratory distress.
The event captured national attention and revealed
a general lack of scientific knowledge about the
causes and effects of air pollution.3
In 1952, Oregon became the first State to
legislatively control air pollution. Other States
followed, with air pollution statutes generally
targeted toward smoke and paniculate matter. As
a result, PM-10 is the only pollutant with declining
emissions during the 1950s and 1960s.
The Federal government's involvement in air
pollution control began in 1955 with passage of
the Air Pollution Control Act, which limited the
extent of Federal involvement to funding
assistance for the States. Congress passed several
additional air pollution laws during the 1960s,
including the original Clean Air Act (CAA) in
1963. All of these laws granted responsibility for
setting and implementing air quality standards to
the States.
National Emission Trends
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
With the CAA, as amended in 1970, a major
change took place in air pollution policy. First, a
new Federal agency, the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), was charged with the
responsibility of setting the National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS). In 1971, the EPA
promulgated primary and secondary NAAQS for
photochemical oxidants, CO, SO2, total suspended
particulates (TSP), and hydrocarbons (HC).
Second, EPA was given authority to develop
national emission standards for cars, trucks, and
buses. Finally, Congress gave EPA control over
emissions standards for all new sources of the
common air pollutants. The major responsibility
left to the States was how to control existing
sources. States were charged with the task of
complying by 1975 with each of the NAAQS by
developing and implementing State
implementation plans (SIPs) that would
demonstrate how existing sources would be
controlled. Modifications were again made to the
CAA in 1977, with even more significant changes
occurring with the 1990 CAA Amendments
(CAAA).
HISTORICAL EMISSION TRENDS13
Emission trends are presented for the period
1970 through 1995 for CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and
PM-10 in Tables 5-11. Figures 3 through 9 depict
emission estimates for each criteria air pollutant
for 1970 to 1995. With the exception of NOX and
PM-10, all of the criteria pollutant emissions
peaked in or around 1970, and there has been a
general downward trend during the 1970 through
1995 time frame. For PM-10, peak emission
levels occurred around 1950; PM-10 levels
steadily declined until the mid-1980s and have
remained relatively stable since then. NOX
emissions steadily increased up through the
mid-1970s and levels have been fairly steady since
their 1978 peak.
Since most air pollution is created by human
activities, it is reasonable to assume that as the
population grows, emissions will increase (all
other factors affecting emissions remaining
unchanged). For most of the air pollutants, the
mid-1940s represented the highest level of per
capita emissions over the study period. The only
two pollutants with peak per capita emissions after
this period were VOC (peak in 1967) and NOX
(peak in 1973). For Pb emissions, available only
for 1970 through 1995, the peak level of per
capita Pb emissions was in 1972 before unleaded
gasoline was sold.
ECONOMIC EFFECTS ON EMISSIONS'
Changes in the general level of economic
activity will also impact air pollution emissions.
The size of the nation's economy is typically
measured using real gross domestic product
(GDP), defined as the dollar market value of all
goods and services produced in the nation within
a given year. If all other factors affecting
emissions remain constant (e.g., production
efficiency), it is reasonable to assume that as the
economy grows (i.e., real GDP increases)
emissions will also increase.
With the exception of Pb emissions, for which
estimates are only available for 1970 through
1995, the criteria pollutants exhibit a similar
pattern, which features the highest emissions per
real GDP in 1940, a dramatic decline during World
War II, and a subsequent increase. Since the
late-1940s, emissions per real GDP have steadily
declined for all criteria pollutants except NOX.
These declines can be attributed to technology
changes and regulatory influences.
In addition to the general level of economic
activity, the composition of economic activity
(i.e., the mix of goods and services produced in
the nation) may also affect emission levels. Over
time, the mix of goods and services produced in
b Figures displaying per capita emission trends can be found in
Chapter 3 of the previous year's report.1
c Figures displaying economic and regulatory influences on
historic emission trends can be found in Chapter 3 of the previous
year's report.1
National Emission Trends
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
the nation varies as a result of many factors,
including the introduction of technological
innovations and changes in consumer tastes and
preferences.
Trends in emissions of each of the criteria air
pollutants by principal source categories and the
impact of economic, demographic, and regulatory
influences on these emission trends are discussed
in the following sections. Because the emissions
reduction impact of the CAAA is only beginning
to take effect, the discussion highlights pre-1990
regulatory activities. It is important to note that
the regulatory discussion is not comprehensive.
Instead, these sections emphasize regulatory
efforts that have targeted the major source
categories for each air pollutant.
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSION TRENDS,
1940 THROUGH 1995
Total CO emissions (Figure 3 and Tables 5 and
A-l) peaked around 1970 and have decreased
thereafter. As a result of disruptions in world oil
markets and a subsequent recession in the United
States, CO emissions declined significantly
between 1973 and 1975 (a similar decline was also
exhibited in NOX and VOC emissions during this
period). On-road vehicle emissions, the major
source of CO emissions, followed a similar trend
significantly increasing through 1972
(203 percent from the 1940 level) and decreasing
thereafter (over 33 percent from the 1972 peak).
In contrast, non-road source emissions have
increased approximately 50 percent since 1970.
On-road vehicles have been the predominant
source of CO emissions in the United States since
World War II, comprising 69 percent of total
emissions in 1970 and 64 percent in 1995. As part
of the effort to reduce CO emissions, emission
standards have been developed for on-road
vehicles. Beginning with the 1970 model year, the
EPA required that new light-duty vehicles meet
CO emission standards (expressed in grams per
mile [gpm]); CO standards were also applied to
light-duty trucks beginning with the 1972 model
year. Over the last two decades, these standards
have been tightened. Separate CO standards apply
to heavy-duty engines and other vehicles.
Between 1970 and 1995, fuel use increased
approximately 50 percent and vehicle miles
traveled (VMT) increased over 100 percent. As a
result of this growth, on-road CO emissions
should have increased, but due to motor vehicle
emission regulations, CO emissions actually
decreased 33 percent.
Non-road CO emissions represented
17 percent of the national total in 1995. In
contrast to on-road CO emissions, non-road
emissions increased approximately 50 percent
between 1970 and 1995.
NITROGEN OXIDE AND VOLATILE ORGANIC
COMPOUND EMISSIONS TRENDS,
1940 THROUGH 1995
Nitrogen oxides (Figure 4 and Tables 6 and
A-2) and VOCs (Figure 5 and Tables 7 and A-3)
are grouped together here because they comprise
the primary O3 precursors that are transformed by
sunlight to produce the secondary pollutant,
tropospheric O3. While there is currently no
NAAQS for VOC, from the standpoint of
modeling O3 formation the category of VOC
emissions is as important as the officially
designated criteria pollutants for which there are
NAAQS. Nitrogen oxide emissions increased
steeply between 1940 and 1970. Since 1970, NOX
emissions have remained relatively stable. VOC
emissions increased fairly steadily until the late
1960s. Since then, VOC emissions have
fluctuated, but have declined overall. On-road
vehicles have been major contributors to each of
these pollutants (e.g., in 1970, on-road vehicles
accounted for 42 percent of total VOC and
36 percent of total NOX emissions).
In 1971, photochemical oxidants NAAQS and
HC NAAQS were first promulgated. In 1979, the
photochemical oxidants standard was restated as
O3 and revised to a daily maximum hourly average
of 0.12 parts per million (ppm) not to be exceeded
on the average of more than once per year. It
replaced an hourly oxidant standard of 0.08 ppm
National Emission Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
not to be exceeded more than once per year.
Ozone is formed through a photochemical process
in the presence of and NOX and VOCs. As with
CO, NOX and VOC exhaust emission limits for on-
road vehicles have been established over the last
two decades.
Nitrogen Oxide Emission Trends
NOX emissions increased over 220 percent
between 1940 and 1995, including a 14 percent
increase over the 1970 through 1995 period.
Emissions from on-road vehicles accounted for
18 percent of total NOX emissions in 1940.
Emissions from on-road vehicles have declined
since their peak in 1978. Currently, on-road
vehicle emissions constitute approximately
33 percent of total NOX emissions.
One would anticipate that NOX emissions from
on-road vehicles will increase as VMT and fuel use
increase and gas prices decline (all other factors
remaining unchanged). This pattern does exist for
the period 1940 through 1978; however, NOX
emissions begin to decline after 1978 while VMT
and fuel use continue rising and gasoline prices
decline in real terms.
The effects of previously noted regulations
account for the declines in NOX emissions
occurring after 1978. Although VMT has more
than doubled since 1970, NOX emissions from on-
road vehicles are nearly equal to their 1970 levels.
In contrast to the on-road vehicle trends, NOX
emissions from non-road sources increased over
the entire 1940-1995 period. Emission standards
for selected non-road engine categories are
scheduled to begin in 1996; significant emission
reductions are not expected until after the year
2000.
The current reductions in emissions are a result
of the installation (at utilities and industries) of low
NOX burners in response to the Reasonably
Available Control Technology (RACT)
requirements of the CAAA (see SO2 emissions
section for further details).
Volatile Organic Compound Emission Trends
Volatile organic compounds are a principal
component in the chemical and physical
atmospheric reactions that form O3 and other
photochemical oxidants. The emissions of VOC
species that primarily contribute to the formation
of O3 are included in total VOC emissions, while
emissions of methane (CH4), a nonreactive
compound, are not included. No adjustments are
made to include chlorofluorocarbons or to exclude
ethane and other VOCs with negligible
photochemical reactivity. On-road vehicle
emissions are estimated as nonmethane
hydrocarbons (NMHCs).
Total national VOC emissions are presented in
Figure 5 and Tables 7 and A-3. During the 1940
through 1970 period, VOC emissions increased
nearly 80 percent, reaching a peak in 1970. Since
1970, VOC emissions have declined approximately
24 percent. Total VOC emissions from the
transportation sector increased 160 percent
between 1940 and 1970. Volatile organic
compound emissions from on-road vehicles
peaked in 1970 at 13 million short tons, or
42 percent of the national VOC emission total. It
is reasonable to assume that, absent regulation,
VOC emissions will increase as VMT and fuel use
increase and as gasoline prices decrease. This
trend was present for the period prior to 1970.
Since 1970, however, VOC emissions from on-
road vehicles have declined 51 percent while VMT
and fuel use increased. Gasoline prices decreased
in real terms after 1980. These trends indicate the
influence of regulation in reducing VOC emissions
from on-road vehicles.
In contrast, non-road source emissions
increased throughout the study period. Since
1970, for example, non-road VOC emissions have
increased over 46 percent.
SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSION TRENDS, 1940
THROUGH 1995
Figure 6 and Tables 8 and A-4 depict SO2
emissions. Total SO2 emissions increased by more
than 55 percent during the period 1940-1973, but
National Emission Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
decreased approximately 33 percent since 1973.
From 1940 to 1970, SO2 emissions from electric
utilities doubled every decade as a result of
increased coal consumption. From 1970 to 1995,
SO2 emissions from electric utilities decreased
about 31 percent. Sulfur dioxide emissions from
electric utilities accounted for 66 percent of the
total national SO2 emissions in 1995.
The SO2 NAAQS was promulgated in 1971.
Also in that year, the EPA developed a New
Source Performance Standard (NSPS) requiring
that all new coal-fired power plants emit no more
than 1.2 pounds of SO2 per million British thermal
units (MMBtu) of electricity produced. Most new
plants met this NSPS by burning lower-sulfur
coals. An amendment to the CAA in 1977
effectively required any new coal-fired power plant
to not only meet the original NSPS, but to also use
some form of scrubbing equipment, even when
using low-sulfur coal.
Between 1970 and 1993, SO2 emissions from
coal-fired electric power facilities declined
8 percent; at the same time that there was a
150 percent increase in coal consumed to produce
electricity.
Title IV (Acid Deposition Control) of the
CAAA specifies that SO2 emissions will be
reduced by 10 million tons and NOX emissions by
2 million tons from 1980 emissions levels. For
electric utility units, the SO2 reductions were to
occur in two stages: Phase I, which affects 263
mostly coal-fired units and begins in 1995; and
Phase II, which affects the rest of the affected
units and begins in the year 2000. Utilities were
able to choose from among a variety of
possibilities to achieve SO2 emissions reductions in
a cost effective manner, including participating in
a market-based allowance trading system.4
Many utilities decided to switch to lower sulfur
coal and some decided to install scrubbers,
achieving greater SO2 reductions than EPA had
anticipated. This is reflected by the large SO2
emissions decline in 1995.
Although a court settlement delayed Phase I
NOX reductions under Title IV until 1996, RACT
conditions needed to be met in 1995. Thus, low
NOX burners were often installed in 1995 leading
to the NOX emissions decline in 1995. Because
actual, rather than estimated data have become
available, recent Trends utility data were acquired
differently For 1994 and 1995, the NOX, SO2, and
heat input utility data for 1994 and 1995 were
obtained from two sources: if actual data existed
from EPAs Acid Rain Division's (ARD) Emission
Tracking System's (ETS) Continuous Emission
Monitoring (CEM) data,5 they were used; if not,
the data estimated from the Department of Energy
(DOE)TEnergy Information Administration's
(EIA) Form EIA-767 data were used (as has been
done in previous years for the Trends reports).
For 1994, the only available ETS/CEM data were
for the 263 SO2 Phase I designated units; for 1995,
in accordance with the CAA, almost all of the
utility units (all operating affected units) reported
CEM data. The annual ETS/CEM data were
provided by ARD and were disaggregated to the
boiler-SCC level by the Emission Factors and
Inventory Group (EFIG).
PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) EMISSION
TRENDS, 1940 THROUGH 1995
Figure 7 depicts total national PM-10
emissions excluding fugitive dust sources. These
estimates have declined significantly since 1950.
In 1940, emissions from fuel combustion
represented 25 percent of PM-10 emissions
excluding fugitive dust sources. Electric utility
PM-10 emissions result primarily from the
combustion of coal. Between 1940 and 1970,
PM-10 emissions from this source increased by
approximately 85 percent. A NAAQS for TSP
was first promulgated in 1971. In 1987, the TSP
standard was reviewed and revised to include only
the PM-10 fraction. Beginning in December 1976,
a NSPS for new, modified, or reconstructed fossil-
fuel-fired steam generators became effective.
Between 1970 and 1993, PM-10 emissions
declined 85 percent from coal-fired electric power
facilities while coal consumption to produce
electricity increased approximately 150 percent.
8 National Emission Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
Tables 9 and A-5 present PM-10 emissions for all
source categories including fugitive dust emissions
for the years 1985 through 1995.
The PM-10 emissions from fugitive dust
sources are presented for the years 1985-1995 in
Figure 8. Fugitive dust sources are very sensitive
to meteorological conditions and can fluctuate
from year-to-year. Emissions from wind erosion
are very sensitive to regional soil conditions and
changes in total precipitation and wind speeds.
For example, the total national emissions from
wind erosion in 1993 are 2 million short tons,
compared to 18 million short tons in 1988. The
lack of precipitation in 1988 prior to spring crop
planting, especially in the central and western
United States, contributed to greater wind
erosions for that year. In 1993, unusually heavy
spring rains in Kansas and Oklahoma, where wind
erosion is normally very significant, resulted in a
57 percent decrease in wind erosion emissions
from the previous year.
PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-2.5) AND
AMMONIA EMISSION ESTIMATES, 1990
EPA is considering revisions to the existing
paniculate matter (PM) NAAQS. A national PM
emission inventory is needed by EPA to assess the
possible impacts of revisions to the NAAQS.
EPAs Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation
(OPPE) developed a national inventory under the
OPPE Particulate Programs Implementation
Evaluation System (OPPIES). The inventory
developed under this program included emission
estimates for PM-10, particulate matter less than
2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter (PM-2.5),
and ammonia (NH3).6 This inventory has since
been revised by EPAs Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards (OAQPS) and the results
for PM-2.5 and NH3 are presented in Table 10.
Tables A-7 and A-8 of Appendix A present the
PM-2.5 and NH3 emissions for 1990 by source
category and by EPA region. Fugitive dust
sources are the largest contributors to PM-2.5
emissions. Animal husbandry sources are the
largest contributors to NH3 emissions.
LEAD EMISSION TRENDS, 1970 THROUGH
1995
The trend in Pb emissions is presented in
Figure 9 and Tables 11 and A-6 for the period
1970 through 1995. Total Pb emissions
decreased 98 percent over the 1970 to 1995
period.
On-road vehicles have historically been the
major source of air-borne Pb. In 1970, for
example, Pb emissions from on-road vehicles
accounted for 78 percent of total emissions. Total
Pb emissions decreased sharply from 1970 to 1995
as the result of regulatory actions. The Pb phase-
down program has required the gradual reduction
of the Pb content of all gasoline over a period of
many years. The Pb content of leaded gasoline
was reduced dramatically from an average of 1.0
grams per gallon (gpg) to 0.5 gpg on July 1, 1985,
and still further to 0.1 gpg on January 1, 1986. In
addition, as part of EPAs overall automotive
emission control program, unleaded gasoline was
introduced in 1975 for use in automobiles
equipped with catalytic control devices. These
devices reduce CO, NOX, and VOC emissions. In
1975, unleaded gasoline's share of the total
gasoline market was 13 percent. In 1982, the
unleaded share of the total gasoline market was
approximately 50 percent. By 1995, unleaded
gasoline sales accounted for 99 percent of the
gasoline market. In 1995, on-road vehicles
contributed 28 percent of annual Pb emissions,
down substantially from 87 percent in 1983. The
1990 CAAA prohibit the use of leaded gasoline in
highway vehicles after December 31, 1995.
Absent regulation, one would predict that Pb
emissions from vehicles would increase as VMT
and fuel use increase and as gasoline prices
decline. Between 1970 and 1993, fuel
consumption and VMT increased approximately
50 percent and 100 percent, respectively, while
on-road Pb emissions declined by 99 percent. This
downward trend in Pb emissions is a direct result
of the regulatory actions reducing the Pb content
of gasoline.
National Emission Trends 9
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
Figure 3. Trend in CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions by 7
Principal Sources Categories, 1970 to 1995
1975
1980 1985
Year
1990
1995
On-Road
Metals
Non-Road
Chemical
Comb-Other
Waste Disposal
Misc
All Other
Figure 4. Trend in NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions by 7 Principal
Source Categories, 1970 to 1995
1975
1980 1985
Year
1990
1995
On-Road C
Comb-Other C
H Comb-Elec Util
H Chemical
D Comb-Industry C
Other Industry C
H Non-Road
1 All Other
10 National Emission Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
Figure 5. Trend in VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1970 to 1995
1970 1975 1980 1985
Year
1990
1995
Solv Util D On-Road D Waste Disposal D Non-Road
Stor & Trans D Chemical Misc D All Other
Figure 6. Trend in SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions by 6 Principal
Source Categories, 1970 to 1995
1970 1975 1980 1985
Year
1990
1995
Comb-Elec Util D Comb- Industry D Metals D On-Road
Comb-Other D Non-Road D All Other
National Emission Trends 11
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
Figure 7. Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10)
Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories Excluding
Fugitive Dust Sources, 1970 to 1995
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Year
Other Industry D Misc D Non-Road D Comb-Other
Comb-Elec Util D Comb-Industry Waste Disposal D All Other
Figure 8. Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10)
Emissions by 4 Principal Fugitive Dust Sources, 1985 to 1995
1985
1995
Unpaved Roads D Agriculture D Paved Roads
D All Other Wind Erosion
12 National Emission Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
Figure 9. Trend in LEAD Emissions by 5 Principal Source
Categories, 1970 to 1995
2 300
1975
1980 1985
Year
1990
1995
Metals
Comb-Other
On-Road
Non-Road
Waste Disposal
All Other
National Emission Trends 13
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
Table 5. Carbon Monoxide Emissions,
1970 through 1995
(thousand short tons)
Source Category 1970 1980 1990 1995
Fuel Comb. Elec. Util. 237 322 314 324
Fuel Comb. Industrial 770 750 677 672
Fuel Comb. Other 3,625 6,230 4,072 2,964
Chemical & Allied Prod. 3,397 2,151 1,940 2,237
Metals Processing 3,644 2,246 2,080 2,223
Petroleum & Related Inc. 2,179 1,723 435 379
Other Industrial Proc. 620 830 717 767
Solvent Utilization NA NA 22
Storage & Transport NA NA 55 65
Waste Dispos & Recycl. 7,059 2,300 1 ,686 1 ,766
On-road Vehicles 88,034 78,049 62,858 58,624
Non-road Sources 10,605 12,681 14,642 15,622
Miscellaneous 7,909 8,344 11,173 6,454
Total 128,079 115625 100,650 92,099
Note: The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to
rounding.
Table 7. Volatile Organic Compound
Emissions, 1970 through 1995
(thousand short tons)
Source Category 1970 1980 1990 1995
Fuel Comb. Elec. Util. 30 45 36 35
Fuel Comb. Industrial 150 157 135 135
Fuel Comb. Other 541 848 749 539
Chem. & Allied Prod. Mfg 1,341 1,595 1,526 1,617
Metals Processing 394 273 72 77
Petroleum & Related 1,194 1,440 643 628
Industries
Other Industrial 270 237 401 422
Processes
Solvent Utilization 7,174 6,584 5,975 6,394
Storage & Transport 1,954 1,975 1,759 1,803
Waste Disposal & 1 ,984 758 2,262 2,41 1
Recycling
On-road Vehicles 12,972 8,979 6,854 6,104
Non-road Sources 1,542 1,869 2,120 2,252
Miscellaneous 1,101 1,134 1,069 446
Total 30,646 25,893 23,599 22,865
Note: The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to
rounding.
Table 6. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions,
1970 through 1995
(thousand short tons)
Source Category 1970 1980 1990 1995
Fuel Comb. Elec. Util. 4,900 7,024 7,516 6,233
Fuel Comb. Industrial 4,325 3,555 3,256 3,137
Fuel Comb. Other 836 741 712 707
Chemical & Allied Prod. 271 216 276 283
Metals Processing 77 65 81 84
Other Industrial Proc. 187 205 306 323
Solvent Utilization NA NA 2 3
Storage & Transport NA NA 2 3
Waste Disposal & Recycl. 440 111 82 85
On-road Vehicles 7,390 8,621 7,488 7,605
Non-road Sources 1,628 2,423 2,843 2,996
Miscellaneous 330 248 373 228
Total 20,625 23,281 23,038 21,779
Note: The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to
rounding.
Table 8. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions,
1970 through 1995
(thousand short tons)
Source Category 1970 1980 1990 1995
Fuel Comb. Elec. Util. 17,398 17,469 15,898 12,013
Fuel Comb. Industrial 4,568 2,951 3,106 3,046
Fuel Comb. Other 1 ,490 971 595 599
Chem. & Allied Prod. Mfg 591 280 440 471
Metals Processing 4,775 1 ,842 663 720
Petroleum & Related 881 734 440 385
Industries
Other Industrial 846 918 401 438
Processes
Solvent Utilization NA NA 1 1
Storage & Transport NA NA 5 5
Waste Disposal & 8 33 36 37
Recycling
On-road Vehicles 411 521 571 304
Non-road Sources 83 1 75 265 292
Miscellaneous 110 11 14 8
Total 31,161 25,905 22,433 18,319
Note: The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to
rounding.
14 National Emission Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
Table 9. Particulate Matter (PM-10)
Emissions, 1970 through 1995
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
Fuel Comb. Elec. Util.
Fuel Comb. Industrial
Fuel Comb. Other
Chemical & Allied Prod
Metals Processing
Petroleum Ind
Other Industrial Proc
Solvent Utilization
Storage & Transport
Waste Disposal
On-road Vehicles
Non-road Sources
Natural Sources*
Miscellaneous*
1970 1980 1990 1995
1,775 879 282 258
641 679 241 239
455 887 553 408
235 148 63 66
1,316 622 136 145
286 138 29 26
5,832 1,846 374 393
NA NA 2 2
NA NA 57 60
999 273 242 253
443 397 357 304
223 329 372 393
NA NA 4,362 2,163
839 852 36,267 37,925
TOTAL 13,044 7,050 43,337 42,636
* Fugitive dust emissions were not estimated prior to 1 985.
In 1995 they represent 92% of the total emissions.
Note: The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to
rounding.
Table 10. Ammonia and Participate
Matter (PM -2.5) 1990
(thousand short
Emissions
tons)
1990
Source Category Ammonia PM-2.5
Fuel Comb. Elec. Util.
Fuel Comb. Industrial
Fuel Comb. Other
Chemical & Allied Prod
Metals Processing
Petroleum Ind
Other Industrial Proc
Solvent Utilization
Storage & Transport
Waste Disposal
On-road Vehicles
Non-road Sources
Natural Sources
Miscellaneous
TOTAL
Note: The sums of subcategories may
rounding.
5 110
17 177
8 506
183 43
6 96
43 21
38 251
2
27
82 197
198 293
3 293
778
4,638 7,332
5,215 10,125
not equal total due to
Table 11.
Lead Emissions,
1970 through 1995
(short tons)
Source Category
Fuel Comb. Elec. Util.
Fuel Comb. Industrial
Fuel Comb. Other
Chemical & Allied Prod.
Metals Processing
Other Industrial Proc.
Waste Disp. & Recycl.
On-road Vehicles
Non-road Sources
Totals
1970
327
237
10,052
103
24,224
2,028
2,200
171961
8,340
219,471
1980
129
60
4,111
104
3,026
808
1,210
62,189
3,320
74,956
1990
64
18
418
136
2,169
169
804
1,690
197
5,666
1995
63
17
413
80
1,937
55
842
1,387
191
4,986
Note: The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to
rounding.
National Emission Trends 15
-------
1995 Emissions
Between 1994 and 1995 emissions decreased
for all criteria air pollutants. Reductions in NOX
emissions from point sources resulted from the
implementation of RACT. Utilities consumed
more coal and gas but decreased consumption of
oil in 1995. Reduction in Phase I unit utility SO2
emissions resulted from requirements in Title IV of
the CAAA. Residential consumption of wood also
decreased in 1995.
The decrease in CO, NOX, VOC, and PM-10
on-road emissions is a result of reductions from
fleet turnover (Tier I standards being phased in),
required reformulated gasoline, oxygenated fuels,
and lower RVPs overcoming the higher VMT
The increase in SO2 on-road emissions from 1994
resulted from increased VMT. The 1995
emissions from non-road sources decreased as a
result of decreased use of non-road engines
(gasoline and diesel), outweighing the increase in
non-road vehicle (plane, train, marine vessel)
estimates.
The miscellaneous emissions decreased
significantly from the 1994 emissions. This is due
to the decreased number of acres of land burned in
the United States by wildfires. Wildfire severity
(i.e., how many and how intense) is due in part to
meteorological conditions such as: temperatures,
humidity, thunderstorms, and relative amount of
rain.
Table 12 presents the state-level emissions and
ranking for the pollutants CO, NOX, VOC, SO2,
and PM-10.
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS
Figure 10 presents a pie chart of the 1995 CO
emissions by source category, three of which
(solvent utilization, storage and transport, and
electric utility fuel combustion) constitute less than
0.5 percent of the total and are combined with
petroleum and related industries, industrial fuel
combustion, other industrial processes, waste
disposal and recycling, and chemical and allied
chemical manufacturing in the "remaining
categories" grouping. As the figure shows, on-
road vehicles are the major contributors to CO
emissions. In 1995, they represented 64 percent of
the total CO emissions. Of the total on-road
vehicle emissions, 64 percent is from cars (light-
duty gasoline vehicles, motorcycles, and light-duty
diesel vehicles). The second major contributor to
CO emissions is non-road engines and vehicles,
which constitute approximately 17 percent of total
CO emissions. These emissions result primarily
from the gasoline consumption by construction,
industrial and farm equipment, and recreational
marine vessels.
A map presenting the county-level emission
densities is shown in Figure 11. The majority of
CO emissions are emitted in the eastern third and
west coast of the United States near the major
population centers.
NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS
Figure 12 presents a pie chart of the 1995 NOX
emissions by source category, four of which
(solvent utilization, storage and transport, waste
disposal and recycling, and metals processing)
constitute less than 1 percent of the total and are
combined with chemical and allied product
manufacturing, other industrial processes,
miscellaneous, and petroleum and related
industries in the "remaining categories" grouping.
As shown, on-road vehicles represent 35 percent
of the total 1995 NOX emissions. Emissions from
electric utilities represent 29 percent of the total
emissions. Eighty-nine percent of the emissions
16 1995 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
estimated for electric utilities are attributed to
coal combustion, of which 72 percent are
emissions from bituminous coal combustion. As
with CO emissions, light-duty gasoline vehicles
are a major contributor (47 percent) to 1995 on-
road vehicle NOX emissions.
A map presenting the county-level emission
densities is shown in Figure 13. The majority of
NOX emissions are emitted in the eastern third and
west coast of the United States.
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
EMISSIONS
Figure 14 presents a pie chart of the 1995
VOC emissions by source category. Two of the
source categories (electric utility fuel combustion
and metals processing) constituted less than
0.5 percent of the total emissions and are
combined with chemical and allied products,
petroleum and related industries, miscellaneous,
other industrial processes, and fuel combustion
(industrial, other) in the "remaining categories"
grouping. The "remaining categories" grouping
contributed 17 percent to the total VOC estimate
in 1995. As shown, solvent utilization and on-
road vehicles each contributed 27 percent to the
total 1995 VOC emissions. Light-duty gasoline
vehicles produced 60 percent of the on-road
vehicle 1995 VOC emissions. Surface coating
represents 43 percent of the solvent utilization
emissions. There are 26 subcategories of surface
coating as presented in Table A-3.
A map presenting the county-level emission
densities is shown in Figure 15. The majority of
VOC emissions are emitted in the eastern third and
west coast of the United States.
SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS
Figure 16 presents a pie chart of the 1995 SO2
emissions by source category, five of which
(solvent utilization, storage and transport, waste
disposal and recycling, non-road sources, and
miscellaneous) constitute less than 2 percent of the
total and are combined with non-road sources,
petroleum and related industries, and other
industrial processes in the "remaining categories"
grouping. As shown, electric utilities are the
major contributor to SO2 emissions. In 1995 they
represented 66 percent of the total SO2 emissions.
The second largest contributor is industrial fuel
combustion, which produced 17 percent of the
1995 SO2 emissions. Coal combustion produces
96 percent of the electric utility emissions.
Bituminous coal combustion accounts for 78
percent of the electric utility coal combustion
emissions.
A map presenting the county-level emission
densities is shown in Figure 17. The majority of
SO2 emissions are emitted from large point
sources throughout the United States.
PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) EMISSIONS
Figure 18 presents a pie chart in which all
categories, with the exclusion of fugitive dust
sources, have been combined into the category
"non-fugitive dust." Fugitive dust sources
constitute 92 percent of the 1995 total PM-10
emissions. Unpaved roads (28 percent of total
PM-10 emissions) are the greatest contributor to
1995 PM-10 fugitive dust emissions. The
remaining five top categories are construction
(23 percent), agricultural crops (19 percent),
paved roads (15 percent), wind erosion (5
percent), and mining and quarrying (1 percent).
A map presenting the county-level emission
densities is shown in Figure 19. The majority of
PM-10 emissions are emitted in high per capita
and agricultural rural areas of the United States.
The high county-level emission densities estimated
for Mississippi and Oklahoma in 1995 were
replaced with 1990 and 1987 estimates,
respectively. The algorithm used to allocate
fugitive dust emissions to the county level resulted
in unrealistic values for counties in Mississippi and
Oklahoma. EPA plans to investigate the cause and
make revisions in future reports.
LEAD EMISSIONS
Of the 14 Tier 1 source categories, the
following five are not estimated for Pb, since they
1995 Emissions 17
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
are thought to be negligible: solvent utilization,
storage and transport, petroleum and related
industries, natural sources, and miscellaneous.
The remaining nine categories are presented in a
pie chart in Figure 20. The "remaining categories"
grouping includes chemical and allied product
manufacturing, other industrial processes, and fuel
combustion (electric utility and industrial). Metal
processing, the major contributor of Pb emissions
in 1995, represents 39 percent of the total
emissions. Nonferrous metal processing
represents 64 percent of the 1995 metals
processing Pb emissions. Primary and secondary
Pb products are responsible for 53 and 27 percent,
respectively, of the nonferrous metals processing
Pb emissions in 1995. Based on the emissions
reported in the Locating and Estimating Lead
document,7 the on-road vehicle emissions are over
estimated. EPA plans to investigate the
inconsistency and make revisions in future reports.
18 1995 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
Table 12. 1995 State-level Emissions and Rank for Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides,
Volatile Organic Compounds, Sulfur Dioxide, and Particulate Matter (PM-10)
(thousand short tons)
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Oxides
Volatile Organic
Sulfur Dioxide
Compounds
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
Rank
14
41
22
30
1
28
37
48
51
3
5
49
36
9
11
32
31
26
12
42
29
25
8
21
24
15
39
38
40
44
20
35
6
10
46
4
27
19
7
50
23
45
16
2
34
47
17
13
33
18
43
Emissions
2,395
514
1,575
1,114
8,047
1,304
725
232
102
4,728
3,802
227
802
3,104
2,862
988
1,079
1,432
2,686
432
1,261
1,467
3,266
1,641
1,494
2,296
590
622
537
340
1,713
813
3,628
2,871
280
3,921
1,335
1,729
3,585
222
1,568
338
2,196
7,365
821
240
2,153
2,397
972
1,858
429
92,099
NOTE: The sums of States may not equal National
Rank
15
49
27
34
2
29
39
46
51
5
14
50
42
4
6
32
21
11
8
44
24
30
9
23
28
16
40
38
41
43
22
31
12
13
37
3
19
35
7
47
25
45
10
1
36
48
17
26
18
20
33
due to
Emissions
547
29
310
226
1,389
302
134
56
18
875
631
33
89
880
853
251
387
682
744
71
321
270
737
339
307
512
125
165
116
74
362
256
662
643
182
1,114
417
211
815
32
317
59
688
2,412
208
28
505
316
439
396
246
21,779
rounding.
Rank
18
47
29
28
2
33
34
38
51
7
11
50
39
4
13
32
31
24
12
41
27
23
9
21
25
19
42
35
40
45
17
37
3
8
43
6
26
30
5
46
10
44
14
1
36
49
16
22
15
20
48
Emissions
505
65
261
261
1,834
237
183
114
24
864
674
28
106
912
629
240
254
362
673
92
273
382
756
410
344
493
87
143
94
76
566
139
967
818
82
875
299
257
899
66
723
78
606
2,842
140
47
578
404
594
447
63
22,865
Rank
7
51
19
34
26
35
43
37
48
9
11
50
46
5
2
24
31
6
16
39
20
27
14
33
25
12
36
38
42
41
32
22
15
13
21
1
28
44
4
47
23
45
10
3
40
49
17
30
8
18
29
Emissions
740
2
329
126
204
113
55
93
6
716
587
20
37
968
1,429
257
149
783
426
79
322
195
505
141
227
545
94
81
59
65
145
271
493
522
279
1,567
159
45
1,272
6
270
40
671
1,389
77
5
395
152
722
333
154
18,319
Particulate Matter
(PM-10)
Rank
21
41
37
30
3
22
43
49
51
5
13
47
25
6
20
14
11
33
28
45
38
39
19
10
9
4
7
18
44
48
36
8
12
26
24
15
2
29
16
50
35
34
32
1
40
46
31
17
42
23
27
Emissions
795
224
457
649
2,442
786
203
62
24
1,674
1,116
101
757
1,640
805
1,032
1,233
548
690
120
406
398
824
1,247
1,256
1,677
1,429
880
187
85
474
1,320
1,176
743
759
970
2,641
681
967
43
492
539
620
3,752
365
102
624
934
209
761
721
42,636
1995 Emissions 19
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
Figure 10. 1995 National CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions by Principa
Source Category
64%
17%
On-Road D Non-Road D All Other
Metals D Comb-Other
Figure 11. Density Map of 1995 CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions
by County
Emission Density
H High
HI Above Average
IH Average
I Below Average
I Low
20 1995 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
Figure 12. 1995 National NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions by Principal
Source Category
35%
29%
\ 4
3%
5%
14%
14%
On-Road D Comb-Elec Util D Comb-Industry
D Non-road All Other D Comb-Other
Figure 13. Density Map of 1995 NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions
by County
Emission Density
High
HI Above Average
^| Average
| Below Average
~1 Low
1995 Emissions 21
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
Figure 14. 1995 National VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
Emissions by Principal Source Category
27%
17%
27%
8%
10%
11%
On-Road D Solv Util D All Other
D Waste Disposal Non-Road StorS Trans
Figure 15. Density Map of 1995 VOLATILE ORGANIC
COMPOUND Emissions by County
Emission Density
H High
CH Above Average
CH Average
I Below Average
I Low
22 1995 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
Figure 16. 1995 National SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions by
Principal Source Category
66%
17%
Comb-Elec Util D Comb-Industry D All Other
D Metals Comb-Other Chemical
Figure 17. Density Map of 1995 SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions
by County
Emission Density
H High
EH Above Average
EH Average
EH Be low Average
Low
1995 Emissions 23
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
Figure 18. 1995 National PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10)
Emissions by Principal Source Category
23
19
28%
8%
15%
Unpaved Rd D Construction D Agri Crops D Paved Roads
Non-Fug Dust Wind Erosion D Other Fug Dust
Figure 19. Density Map of 1995 PARTICULATE MATTER
(PM-10) Emissions by County
Emission Density
High
CH Above Average
Average
CD Below Average
Low
24 1995 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
Figure 20. 1995 LEAD Emissions by Principal Source Category
28%
39%
17%
D Metals D On-Road D Waste Disposal
Comb-Other Non-Road D All Other
1995 Emissions 25
-------
State Emissions
In 1994, an emission inventory8 was developed
for the Grand Canyon Visibility Transport
Commission (GCVTC) to support visibility
modeling and emission management evaluation
activities required under the 1990 CAAA. The
inventory was developed for the 11 western States
(listed in Table 13). The base year for the
inventory is 1990. The inventory includes county-
level annual emission estimates of SO2, NOX,
VOC, NH3, PM-2.5, TSP, and elemental and
organic carbon particulate (EC/OC) for stationary
(point and area), mobile (on-road and non-road),
and biogenic sources. Development of the
inventory required merging several data sets. The
following data sets were used in descending order
of priority: State-derived data directly available
from each State; 1990 NET inventory to fill
geographical data gaps in inventories provided by
the States; and the 1985 National Acid
Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP)
inventory to fill pollutant gaps (i.e., TSP and
NH3). Table 13 presents a comparison between
the Grand Canyon and NET inventory from
nonutility point sources. EPA is in the process of
incorporating these estimates into the NET
inventory.
Table 13. Comparison Between the Grand Canyon Visibility Transport
Commission (GCVTC) and National Emission Trends (NET) Emissions by
State from Nonutility Point Sources, 1990 (thousand short tons)
Carbon
Monoxide
State
Arizona
California
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico
Oregon
Utah
Washington
Wyoming
GCVTC Reqion
GC
11
150
22
5
44
11
20
106
44
236
15
664
NET
5
94
4
5
35
60
18
24
43
438
52
777
NOTE: The sums of States mav not eaual
Nitrogen
Oxides
GC
40
192
42
8
16
5
70
27
17
33
40
489
NET
3
169
18
8
11
2
61
8
29
62
31
402
Volatile Organic
Compounds
GC
12
218
24
1
9
4
11
19
6
24
20
348
NET
2
99
5
1
6
0
8
16
9
47
16
208
GC
60
54
14
25
48
2
101
21
52
47
40
465
Sulfur
Dioxide
NET
183
71
9
25
54
2
181
10
26
73
39
672
Part. Matter
(PM-10)
GC
10
49
36
17
23
11
9
29
8
13
4
210
NET
2
28
1
5
6
3
7
7
4
25
2
90
GCVTC Reaion due to roundina.
The Ozone Transport Assessment Group
(OTAG) is a national workgroup formed by the
EPA and the Environmental Council of States
(ECOS) to assess and resolve issues relevant to
ozone transport. To successfully perform
photochemical modeling required the development
of high quality base and future year emissions
inputs.9 The base year emission inventory data
26 State Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
included a 1990 average summer day emission
inventory of CO, NOX, and VOC covering all
stationary point and area sources throughout the
entire OTAG modeling domain. Mobile emission
estimates were also developed for the entire
domain, based upon inputs collected from the
States, EPA, and the Lake Michigan Air Directors
Consortium (LADCO). This inventory
represented the integration of all emissions data
supplied by the States with EPAs NET inventory.
Table 14 presents the OTAG 1990 emissions by
State and major source category. The ozone
season for this report is defined June, July, and
August. The OTAG area has an eastern boundary
of the Atlantic Ocean and a western border
running from north to south through North
Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas,
Oklahoma, and Texas. In total, the OTAG
inventory completely covers 37 States and the
District of Columbia. Estimates for Mississippi
and Iowa are the same as those in the NET
inventory because these states did not submit data
to OTAG. EPA is in the process of incorporating
these estimates into the NET inventory.
Table 14
. Ozone Transport and Assessment Group State-level
Ozone Season Daily Emissions (short tons)
Point Emissions
(short tons oer dav)
State
Alabama
Arkansas
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Nebraska
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
OTAG Renion
CO
529
252
35
43
1
188
466
1457
1066
34
195
282
1593
88
428
59
439
221
254
283
19
64
132
140
236
29
2074
100
3,015
6
136
0
298
1128
1
114
827
281
16.511
NOx
901
178
115
148
8
1,438
904
1806
1752
423
530
1105
1,132
102
569
369
1459
400
347
722
278
115
834
794
847
357
2352
310
2,097
12
433
55
1200
2,810
1
328
1620
536
29.387
VOC
191
44
42
36
1
97
142
700
347
39
138
342
317
57
66
82
426
168
169
179
39
28
342
481
352
14
470
66
426
23
159
2
411
811
4
300
236
138
7.885
Area Emissions
(short tons oer dav)
CO
1263
716
835
185
148
3,475
1,994
2914
1148
745
2038
856
1727
187
1238
1462
1972
1892
1292
2162
1024
154
1434
2813
2552
394
2,009
826
1745
208
982
462
2,323
7278
79
1587
486
1,262
55.867
NOx
313
209
128
42
18
415
307
553
388
169
400
403
722
34
202
233
393
202
315
232
170
27
264
454
234
98
476
410
402
28
160
38
465
836
12
387
128
216
10.483
VOC
616
424
372
89
31
1,455
780
1392
872
493
648
536
689
148
446
614
960
806
571
773
366
92
611
1240
865
208
1085
527
855
95
598
176
976
2239
45
770
262
622
24.346
On-road Emissions
(short tons oer dav)
CO
4070
1828
1956
548
239
9888
6778
6322
4262
2136
1996
2909
3284
1029
2709
2702
6493
3686
2109
3188
1248
838
3373
8037
3797
513
8277
2937
6475
621
3218
605
4296
12400
501
5266
1395
2925
134857
NOx
396
210
218
67
24
904
659
733
449
238
225
338
285
130
305
326
648
378
260
423
142
99
424
865
443
68
737
319
591
61
331
78
444
1359
65
551
159
351
14304
VOC
513
241
279
74
31
1255
876
919
575
281
252
387
406
128
332
352
895
487
277
457
160
106
500
1031
493
67
1093
361
869
83
404
79
553
1495
62
655
178
402
17608
Total Emissions
(short tons oer dav)
CO
5862
2796
2827
777
388
13,551
9,238
10693
6476
2914
4228
4047
6605
1304
4374
4223
8905
5800
3654
5633
2291
1056
4939
10990
6585
936
12,360
3863
11,234
836
4337
1067
6,916
20806
581
6968
2708
4,468
207.236
NOx
1609
597
462
257
51
2,758
1,870
3092
2588
830
1,155
1846
2,140
266
1076
928
2500
980
922
1377
591
241
1521
2113
1524
523
3,565
1039
3,090
101
923
171
2,109
5,004
78
1266
1907
1,104
54.174
VOC
1321
709
693
199
63
2,807
1,798
3011
1794
813
1038
1,265
1411
332
843
1048
2281
1461
1018
1410
564
226
1454
2752
1710
289
2648
954
2,151
200
1162
257
1,940
4545
110
1724
676
1,162
49.840
NOTE: OTAG Emissions Data Base Version 3. The sums of States may not equal OTAG Region due to rounding.
State Emissions 27
-------
Biogenic Emissions
This report presents a preliminary estimate of
biogenic VOC and nitric oxide (NO) emissions for
1988, 1990, 1991, and 1995. The methodology
for computing these estimates is based on the
Biogenic Emissions Inventory System
Version 2 (BEIS2).10'11 Because of a better
understanding of environmental influences and the
availability of more recent field measurements, this
newer version of BEIS tends to produce higher
annual fluxes of isoprene and NO than the earlier
version of BEIS.12'13 The emission estimates are
presented in Table 15 for VOC and Table 16 for
NO. Except for 1990, differences in annual
emission estimates are due to year-to-year
variations in air temperature and cloudiness. The
1990 estimate was taken from the 1994 trends
report and was based on a slightly different version
ofBEIS2.
Biogenic emission estimates are strongly
affected by differences in climatology and land use.
Tables 17 and 18 show that highest emissions
occur in the summer, when temperatures are
highest. Variations in biogenic emissions are
influenced by fluctuations in temperature. For
example an increase of 10°C can result in over a
two-fold increase in both VOC and NO. As
shown here, annual emission estimates correlate
very strongly with changes in annual temperature
patterns.
Figures 21 and 22 show the spatial variation in
biogenic emission densities estimated for counties
across the United States. While some of this
variability is attributable to differences in
temperature and solar radiation, much of the
spatial difference can be attributed to variations in
land use. Higher VOC densities in the southern
United States and in Missouri are strongly linked
to the large areas of high-emitting oak trees. The
relatively high densities of NO in the Midwestern
United States are associated with areas of
fertilized crop land.
Research in the area of biogenic emissions
continues to be quite active, and changes in
emission estimates are to be expected in the next
few years. Meanwhile, these emissions should be
viewed with an uncertainty of at least a factor of
two.
28 Biogenic Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
Table 15. Biogenic Volatile
Organic Compound Emissions by State
(thousand
STATE
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
1988
1,826
535
1,837
1,815
889
81
25
1
1,352
1,666
854
283
237
141
154
677
1,291
599
164
140
581
729
1,662
1,472
912
1990
2,114
542
1,852
1,778
748
68
19
1
1,513
1,958
810
111
185
95
140
575
1,403
567
132
107
422
519
1,801
1,222
729
1991
1,852
517
1,476
1,711
817
74
24
1
1,246
1,609
764
257
227
103
133
648
1,043
621
155
129
548
612
1,450
1,298
781
1995
1,937
548
1,741
1,794
826
81
26
1
1,436
1,721
706
244
218
112
118
636
1,367
622
169
140
533
636
1,642
1,267
666
short tons)
STATE (continued)
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
1988
95
152
168
130
505
350
1,072
69
270
1,013
1,066
594
24
738
142
1,063
2,711
407
102
911
685
510
648
505
National 33.852
1990
79
140
147
115
533
303
1,194
49
211
1,016
1,118
510
18
886
103
1,022
2,864
374
91
886
780
420
450
387
33.224
1991
81
142
163
124
499
328
1,002
51
243
864
1,002
560
21
652
113
1,010
2,244
353
100
850
650
473
516
397
30.536
1995
78
135
171
132
531
361
1,110
48
259
887
1,114
642
24
755
104
997
2,649
345
106
917
801
492
541
358
32.742
NOTE: The sums of States may not equal National total due to rounding.
Table
16. Biogenic
Nitric
(thousand
STATE
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
1988
14
55
19
42
39
1
2
0
22
19
25
90
49
93
91
19
19
3
6
1
25
58
19
44
60
1990
19
51
21
40
35
1
2
0
29
29
23
84
48
82
87
20
20
3
6
1
25
52
22
42
49
1991
14
53
19
42
38
1
2
0
22
20
24
90
51
90
91
20
19
3
6
1
26
56
19
44
57
1995
14
55
19
42
38
1
2
0
22
20
24
86
49
87
85
19
19
3
6
1
25
54
19
42
53
Oxide Emissions by State
short tons)
STATE (continued)
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
NOTE: The sums of States may
1988
91
46
1
2
62
17
21
51
36
35
24
19
0
10
62
17
199
28
2
10
15
4
36
39
1,638
1990
83
38
1
2
59
19
26
42
36
37
22
21
0
16
53
18
203
25
2
12
15
4
34
40
1,596
1991
90
44
1
2
61
18
22
48
37
35
23
20
0
11
60
18
199
27
2
10
14
4
35
36
1,628
1995
86
44
1
2
64
18
21
44
35
34
23
20
0
11
56
17
202
28
2
10
15
4
35
35
1,591
not equal National total due to rounding.
Biogenic Emissions 29
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
L
Table 17. Biogenic Volatile Organic
Compound Seasonal Allocation,
1988 to 1995
(percentages)
Year Winter Spring Summer Autumn
1988 3 18 61 18
1990 4 17 57 22
1991 3 21 62 14
1995 3 18 59 19
Table
18. Biogenic Nitric Oxide
Seasonal Allocation,
1988 to 1995
(percentages)
L
Year Winter Spring Summer Autumn
1988
1990
1991
1995
11 23 42 24
15 21 39 25
12 24 40 23
12 22 41 24
Figure 21. Density Map of VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND 1995 Biogenic Emissions
by County
Emission Density
High
HI Above Average
HI Average
ID Below Average
Low
30 Biogenic Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
Figure 22. Density Map of NITRIC OXIDE 1995 Biogenic Emissions by County
Emission Density
D High
Q Above Average
O Average
O Below Average
PI Low
Biogenic Emissions 31
-------
Air Toxic Emissions
There are approximately 4.4 million tons of
pollutants released in to the air each year for which
there is an association with, or potential for, severe
public health (e.g., cancer or other serious,
irreversible health effects such as reproductive and
development effects and neurological effects).
The problems posed when these pollutants cause
or contribute significantly to exposures leading to
such severe effects are generally referred to as "air
toxics" problems. The term "air toxics" also refers
to pollutant-specific damage to wildlife, aquatic
life, or other natural resources, or significant
degradation of environmental quality over broad
areas.
There is considerable uncertainty in evaluating
the air toxics problem, and often toxic problems
are described in qualitative, rather than
quantitative terms. For this reason, the OAQPS is
currently developing a National Toxics Inventory
(NTI)14 which at this time includes 347 pollutants
from 796 point, area, and mobile source
categories. Data from the Toxic Release
Inventory (TRI) were used as the foundation of
this inventory. Because TRI data do not include
mobile and area sources, other references needed
to be considered. Data from OAQPS studies such
as the sections 112 k, 112(c)(6), the Draft
Mercury Report,15 and studies used to develop
Maximum Achievable Control Technology
(MACT) standards, supplement the TRI data in
NTI. State and local data such as the California
Air Resources Board's (CARB) Hot Spots Report
replace all other data in NTI. The use of this non-
TRI data has been particularly important, for it
provided estimates that indicate that area sources
account for approximately 31 percent of toxic
emissions and mobile sources account for 39
percent of toxic emissions (relative to the 189
Hazardous Air Pollutants [HAPs] as delineated in
Title III of the CAAA).
It should be noted that this is a work in
progress and additional MACT studies still need to
be added, along with various State and local toxic
inventory data and results from Title V Operating
Permit surveys. For this report, data for 37 toxic
pollutants are summarized.
Table 19 lists the 20 top emitting source
categories including point, area and mobile
sources. These 20 source categories account for
79 percent of toxic annual emissions (the 189
HAPs priority pollutants). As mentioned earlier,
area and mobile sources collectively account for
70 percent of toxic emissions; in fact, the first two
source categories, on-road motor vehicles and
residential wood combustion, account for
approximately 47 percent of the 189 HAP
pollutants emitted annually.
Table 20 provides information on the type of
effect associated with the pollutant and the current
NTI annual emission estimate. It should be noted
that these 37 pollutants account for approximately
86 percent of the 189 HAPs emitted annually.
Figure 23 shows the geographic distribution of
total toxic pollutants by State for high, medium,
and low emission ranges.
32 Air Toxic Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
Table 19. Top 20 Sources
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Emissions
(short tons)
Source Category
On-road motor vehicles
Residential wood combustion
Glycol dehydrators
Consumer and commercial
product solvent use
Non-road mobile vehicles
Forest fires
Prescribed burning
Industrial wood waste
combustion
Dry cleaning
Halogenated solvent cleaning
Utility coal combustion
Gasoline distribution; stage II
Primary aluminum production
Industrial coal combustion
Manufacture of motor vehicles
and car bodies
Gasoline distribution, stage 1
Plastics foam products
Commercial printing, gravure
Pulp mills
Structure fires
of Toxic
Emission
1 .52E+06
5.25E+05
2.45E+05
2.22E+05
2.09E+05
1.91E+05
1.31E+05
9.93E+04
8.98E+04
5.77E+04
3.96E+04
2.27E+04
1 .80E+04
1 .69E+04
1.51E+04
1 .37E+04
1 .36E+04
1 .27E+04
1.21E+04
1.18E+04
L
Figure 23. The National Toxic Inventory's 189 Hazardous Air Pollutant
(HAP) Emissions by State
National Tota
(tons per year)
Point 1,200,601
Area 1,415,199
Mobile 1,730,287
High (greater than 90,000 tons/year)
Medium (45,000 - 90,000 tons/year)
Low (less than 45,000 tons/year)
Air Toxic Emissions 33
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
Table 20. 37 Toxic Pollutants Ranked by Annual Emission Totals
(short tons)
Pollutant
Toluene
POM (PAHs)
Benzene
Formaldehyde
Xvlenes
1,3-Butadiene
Tetrachloroethylene
Acetaldehyde
Trichloroethylene
Acrolein
Methylene chloride
Hydrazine
Glycol ethers
Styrene
Arsenic compounds
Chloroform
Nickel compounds
Lead compounds
Manganese
Ethylene dichloride
Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
Cadmium compounds
Acrylonitrile
Ethylene oxide
Vinyl chloride
Chromium compounds
MDI
Mercury compounds
2,4-Toluene
Antimony compounds
Ethylene dibromide
Acrylamide
Beryllium compounds
Phosgene
2,3,7,8-TCDF
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Coke oven emissions
HTPa
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Eob
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
EFAEC
X
X
X
X
X
X
ODd
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
PMe
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Emissions
1.22E+06
7.53E+05
5.72E+05
2.81E+05
1.87E+05
1.23E+05
1.09E+05
9.53E+04
5.33E+04
4.93E+04
4.34E+04
3.94E+04
2.30E+04
1.67E+04
1.36E+04
6.93E+03
5.36E+03
3.76E+03
1.70E+03
1.27E+03
7.90E+02
7.90E+02
6.98E+02
6.52E+02
5.17E+02
2.94E+02
2.73E+02
2.46E+02
4.50E+01
2.18E+01
1.68E+01
1.44E+01
9.29E+00
2.85E+00
1.44E-02
1.56E-03
f
a Highly Toxic Pollutant (HTP) are those HAP with a reference concentration of less than 5.0E-033 mg/rrf (noncancer effects); a weight of
evidence classification of A (known human carcinogen) of B1 (probable human carcinogen); or, a verified unit risk estimate of greater than
2.0 E-05"5 (//g/m3)"1 and a weight of evidence classification of A or B.
b Environmentally Persistent (EP) HAP for which there is potential for persistence in the environment of greater than 1 4 days.
c Effects from Acute Exposure (EFAE)
d Ozone Precursors (OP)
8 PM or PM precursors
' Coke oven gas emissions not included in Version 2 of the National Toxic Inventory.
34 Air Toxic Emissions
-------
Canada
The 1990 criteria air pollutant annual
emissions data for Canada were provided by
Environment Canada16 for the year 1990.
Table 21 displays the emission estimates for
Canada by major source category. Table 22
displays the emissions for Canada by Province.
Table 21. 1990 Emissions for Canada by Major Source Category
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
Industrial Sources
Nonindustrial Fuel
Combustion
Transportation
Incineration
Miscellaneous
Carbon
Monoxide
1,308
804
8,114
700
10
Nitrogen
Oxides
533
349
1,381
8
1
Volatile
Organic
Compounds
929
283
886
61
684
Sulfur
Dioxide
2,667
816
147
3
0
Total
Particulate
Matter
893
301
147
38
34
Table 22. 1990 Emissions for Canada by Province
(thousand short tons)
Province
Alberta
British Columbia
Manitoba
New Brunswick
New Foundland
Northwest Territories
Nova Scotia
Ontario
Prince Edward Island
Quebec
Saskatchewan
Carbon
Monoxide
1,440
1,390
426
275
184
21
356
3,727
75
2,298
729
Nitrogen
Oxides
537
227
81
75
47
10
81
723
8
331
146
Volatile
Organic
Compounds
703
228
84
43
54
10
77
951
21
441
228
Sulfur
Dioxide
624
111
561
203
73
17
198
1,305
5
435
99
Total
Particulate
Matter
214
168
66
36
104
7
53
358
6
263
131
Canada 35
-------
References
1. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1994. EPA-454/R-95-011. Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. October
1995.
2. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, Procedures Document, 1900-1993. EPA-454/R-95-002.
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. December 1994.
3. Air Pollution in Donora, PA, Epidemiology of the Unusual Smog Episode of October 1948
Preliminary Report. Public Health Bulletin No. 306, U.S. Public Health Service. 1949.
4. 1995 Compliance Results, Acid Rain Program, EPA-43 O-R-96-012. Office of Air and Radiation, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC. July 1996.
5. CEMS Submission Instructions for Monitoring Plans, Certification Test Notifications, and Quarterly
Reports, Acid Rain Program , Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. May 1995.
6. E.H. Pechan & Associate, Inc., National Particulates Inventory: Phase II Emission Estimates, Draft
Report, Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. EPA Contract No. 68-D3-0035, Work Assignment No. 1-46. June 1995.
7. Eastern Research Group, Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of Lead and Lead
Compounds, Draft Report, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA Contract No. 68-D2-0160, Work Assignment
No. 74. July 1996.
8. An Emissions Inventory for Assessing Regional Haze on the Colorado Plateau, Grand Canyon Visibility
Transport Commission, Denver, CO. January 1995.
9. Solomon, D.A., R.A. Wayland, and M. Janssen. Development of Base and Future Year Emission
Inputs for OTAG Modeling, presented at the Air & Waste Management Association Specialty
Conference, New Orleans, LA. September 4-6, 1996.
10. Birth, T. User's Guide to the PC Version of the Biogenic Emissions Inventory System (PC-BEIS2),
EPA-600/R-95-091, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1995.
11. Geron, C., A. Guenther, and T. Pierce. An improved model for estimating emissions of volatile organic
compounds from forests in the eastern United States. Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 99, pp.
12773-12791. 1994.
12. Guenther, A., et al. A global model of natural organic compound emissions. Journal of Geophysical
Research, vol. 100, pp. 8873-8892. 1995.
13. Williams, E., A. Guenther, and F. Fehsenfeld. An inventory of nitric oxide emissions from soils in the
United States. Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 97, pp. 7511-7519. 1992.
14. National Toxics Inventory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Version 2.0. June 5, 1996.
15. Volume II. An Inventory of Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions in the United States. Mercury Study
Report to Congress, SAB Review Draft. EPA-452/R-96-001b.
16. Internet e-mail from Libby Greenwood, Pollution Data Branch, Environment Canada, Hull Quebec to
Sharon Nizich, EFIG, OAQPS, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1996.
36 References
-------
Appendix A National Emissions (1970 to 1995)
by Subcategory
Appendix A - National Emissions (1970 to 1995) by Subcategory A-l
-------
Table A-1. Carbon Monoxide Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Source Cateqorv
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
Oil
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
ethylene dichloride
maleic anhydride
cyclohexanol
other
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
pigments: TiO2 chloride process: reactor
other
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
carbon black mfg
carbon black furnace: fugitives
other
1970
237
106
41
90
NA
770
100
44
462
164
NA
3,625
12
27
24
NA
2,932
686
2,246
630
3,397
340
11
73
36
220
190
18
172
NA
NA
NA
2,866
2, 866
NA
NA
1975
276
134
69
73
NA
763
67
49
463
184
NA
3,441
17
23
25
NA
3,114
729
2,385
262
2,204
483
12
147
39
286
153
22
131
NA
NA
NA
1,567
1,567
NA
NA
1980
322
188
48
85
NA
750
58
35
418
239
NA
6,230
13
21
26
NA
5,992
1,402
4,590
178
2,151
543
17
103
37
386
191
34
157
NA
NA
NA
1,417
1,417
NA
NA
1985
292
208
18
56
10
670
86
47
257
167
113
7,525
14
18
42
57
7,232
NA
NA
162
1,845
251
0
16
5
230
89
77
12
19
16
0
1,471
1,078
155
238
1986
291
208
24
48
11
650
87
46
242
172
103
6,607
14
18
42
60
6,316
NA
NA
157
1,853
261
0
16
5
240
94
82
12
19
16
0
1,463
1,068
165
231
1987
300
217
20
53
10
649
85
46
252
171
96
6,011
14
19
43
59
5,719
NA
NA
157
1,798
260
0
15
5
240
89
77
11
18
16
0
1,415
1,034
161
219
1988
313
229
25
48
11
669
87
46
265
173
98
6,390
15
18
47
55
6,086
NA
NA
168
1,917
278
0
16
6
256
95
83
12
18
17
0
1,509
1,098
185
226
1989
319
231
26
51
11
672
87
46
271
173
96
6,450
15
17
49
55
6,161
NA
NA
153
1,925
285
0
16
6
264
95
84
12
18
17
0
1,510
1,112
180
219
1990
314
233
20
51
11
677
86
46
276
171
98
4,072
15
16
50
52
3,781
NA
NA
158
1,940
286
0
16
6
264
95
83
12
19
17
0
1,522
1,126
179
218
1991
315
233
19
51
12
667
72
52
274
170
99
4,373
15
16
50
52
4,090
NA
NA
151
1,944
284
0
16
6
262
95
83
12
19
18
0
1,529
1,131
184
214
1992
313
235
15
51
11
672
80
47
276
170
99
4,616
15
17
50
52
4,332
NA
NA
150
1,964
288
0
16
6
266
96
84
12
19
18
0
1,542
1,142
185
215
1993
322
245
16
49
12
670
77
47
276
170
99
3,961
15
17
51
52
3,679
NA
NA
149
1,998
289
0
16
6
268
96
84
12
19
18
0
1,574
1,170
190
214
1994
325
246
15
53
12
671
80
50
273
170
98
3,888
15
17
51
52
3,607
NA
NA
147
2,048
293
0
16
6
271
98
85
13
20
19
0
1,619
1,207
196
216
1995
324
248
10
55
11
672
81
49
273
170
98
2,964
14
17
51
52
2,683
NA
NA
146
2,237
302
0
16
6
280
100
88
12
21
17
0
1,796
1,362
216
218
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995 I A-2
-------
Table A-1. Carbon Monoxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
aluminum anode baking
prebake aluminum cell
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
basic oxygen furnace
carbon steel electric arc furnace
coke oven charging
gray iron cupola
iron ore sinter plant windbox
other
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
fee units
other
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
sulfate pulping: rec. furnace/evaporator
sulfate (kraft) pulping: lime kiln
other
Rubbers Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOL VENT UTILIZA TION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
1970
3,644
652
326
326
NA
2,991
440
181
62
1,203
1,025
81
NA
2,179
NA
2,168
1,820
348
11
620
NA
NA
610
NA
610
NA
NA
10
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1975
2,496
636
318
318
NA
1,859
125
204
53
649
759
70
NA
2,211
NA
2,211
2,032
179
0
630
NA
NA
602
NA
602
NA
NA
27
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1980
2,246
842
421
421
NA
1,404
80
280
43
340
600
61
NA
1,723
NA
1,723
1,680
44
0
830
NA
NA
798
NA
798
NA
NA
32
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1985
2,223
694
41
257
396
1,523
694
19
9
302
304
194
6
462
11
449
403
46
2
694
0
0
627
475
740
12
0
43
0
18
0
6
2
1
0
0
0
1986
2,079
650
40
243
367
1,423
640
17
9
294
280
184
6
451
9
440
398
41
2
715
0
0
647
491
145
12
0
44
0
18
0
5
2
1
0
0
0
1987
1,984
614
38
232
344
1,365
677
17
8
281
266
176
6
455
8
445
408
37
2
713
0
0
646
489
144
13
0
44
0
18
0
5
2
1
0
0
0
1988
2,101
656
40
248
368
1,439
650
18
9
288
287
188
6
441
8
431
393
38
2
711
0
0
649
491
145
13
0
44
0
13
0
5
2
1
0
1
0
1989
2,132
677
41
254
382
1,449
662
18
9
280
293
187
6
436
8
427
390
37
2
716
0
0
655
497
746
13
0
43
0
12
0
5
2
1
0
1
0
1990
2,080
681
41
255
384
1,394
642
17
8
262
283
181
6
435
8
425
389
36
2
717
0
0
657
498
146
13
0
43
0
12
0
5
2
1
0
1
0
1991
1,992
653
40
245
368
1,333
675
76
8
249
271
174
5
412
8
403
367
36
2
710
0
0
652
495
745
73
0
41
0
11
0
5
2
1
0
1
0
1992
2,044
665
47
257
373
1,373
634
77
8
254
280
180
6
410
8
400
364
36
2
719
0
0
661
502
746
73
0
42
0
11
0
5
2
1
0
1
0
1993
2,091
676
42
256
378
1,410
657
77
8
261
287
185
6
398
8
388
352
36
2
732
0
0
672
570
749
73
0
44
0
11
0
5
2
1
0
1
0
1994
2,166
695
43
264
389
1,465
677
18
9
271
298
192
6
390
8
380
344
36
2
751
0
0
689
523
752
73
0
46
0
11
0
5
2
1
0
1
0
1995
2,223
735
46
281
409
1,483
686
18
9
271
302
196
6
379
8
369
334
35
2
767
0
0
704
534
756
74
0
47
0
11
0
5
2
1
0
1
0
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1995 1,4-3
-------
Table A-1. Carbon Monoxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
STORAGES TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Organic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
conical wood burner
municipal incinerator
industrial
commmercial/institutional
residential
other
Open Burning
industrial
commmercial/institutional
residential
Landfills
Other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
light-duty diesel trucks
light-duty diesel vehicles
NON-ROAD SOURCES
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
1970
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,059
2,979
1,431
333
NA
108
1,107
NA
4,080
1,932
2,148
NA
NA
NA
88,034
64,031
63,846
185
16,570
10,102
6,468
6,712
721
721
NA
NA
10,605
9,478
268
250
732
4,679
1975
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3,230
1,764
579
23
NA
68
1,094
NA
1,466
1,254
212
NA
NA
NA
83, 134
59,281
59,061
220
15,767
9,611
6,156
7,140
945
915
0
30
11,462
10,145
283
274
803
5,017
1980
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2,300
1,246
228
13
NA
60
945
NA
1,054
1,007
47
NA
NA
NA
78,049
53,561
53,342
219
16,137
10,395
5,742
7,189
1,161
1,139
4
19
12,681
1 1 ,004
299
368
970
5,366
1985
49
0
0
0
42
0
6
1,941
958
17
34
9
32
865
2
982
20
4
958
0
0
77,387
49,451
49,273
178
18,960
11,834
7,126
7,716
1,261
7,235
4
22
13,706
11,815
372
421
1,104
5,685
1986
51
0
0
0
45
0
5
1,916
949
18
35
9
33
852
2
966
21
4
941
0
0
73,347
46,698
46,522
775
17,789
10, 795
6,995
7,601
1,259
7,232
4
23
13,984
12,057
374
476
7,737
5,749
1987
50
0
0
0
44
0
5
1,850
920
18
34
9
35
822
2
930
27
4
905
0
0
71,250
45,340
45, 767
779
17,274
10,187
7,087
7,347
1,289
7,260
5
24
14,131
12,286
376
402
7,764
5,808
1988
56
0
0
0
51
0
5
1,806
903
79
35
70
38
800
2
903
27
4
877
0
0
71,081
45,553
45,367
186
17,133
9,890
7,244
7,072
1,322
7,290
5
26
14,500
12,465
318
401
1,207
5,866
1989
55
0
0
0
49
0
5
1,747
876
79
35
9
39
773
2
870
27
5
845
0
0
66,050
42,234
42,047
187
15,940
9,034
6,906
6,506
1,369
7,336
6
28
14,518
12,538
327
398
1,227
5,929
1990
55
0
0
0
49
0
5
1,686
849
18
35
9
40
745
2
836
27
5
811
0
0
62,858
40,502
40,376
187
15,084
8,511
6,573
5,930
1,342
7,307
6
29
14,642
12,655
324
395
1,228
6,001
1991
54
0
0
0
48
0
5
1,701
857
18
35
9
40
753
2
844
20
5
819
0
0
62,074
40,267
40,089
177
15,014
8,450
6,565
5,459
1,334
1,298
6
30
14,601
12,641
327
376
7,797
6,075
1992
55
0
0
0
49
0
5
1,717
864
18
35
9
40
759
2
852
27
5
826
0
0
59,859
39,370
39, 790
180
14,567
8,161
6,407
4,569
1,352
7,375
6
37
14,900
12,883
330
395
7,234
6,743
1993
56
0
0
0
50
0
5
1,732
872
18
35
9
41
766
2
859
22
5
833
0
0
60,202
39,163
38,973
190
15,196
8,430
6,766
4,476
1,367
1,328
7
33
15,269
13,162
333
423
1,285
6,212
1994
58
0
0
0
52
0
5
1,746
879
18
35
10
42
772
2
867
23
5
839
0
0
61,833
37,507
37,372
795
17,350
9,534
7,815
5,525
1,451
7,477
8
32
15,657
13,452
336
453
7,340
6,276
1995
65
0
0
0
58
0
6
1,766
890
18
35
10
42
783
2
876
22
5
849
0
0
58,624
35,981
35, 786
195
16,292
8,980
7,312
4,883
1,468
7,427
8
33
15,622
13,506
347
406
7,309
6,384
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995 I A-4
-------
Table A-1. Carbon Monoxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
NON-ROAD SOURCES (continued)
Non-Road Gasoline (continued)
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
recreational marine vessels
other
Non-Road Diesel
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
structural fires
agricultural fires
slash/prescribed burning
forest wildfires
other
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1970
46
2,437
9
80
976
1
543
0
336
33
3
127
10
1
33
506
14
2
12
0
65
7,909
7,909
101
873
1,146
5,620
169
128,079
1975
60
2,554
21
94
1,037
1
623
0
362
35
3
170
11
2
39
600
17
2
14
0
77
5,263
5,263
258
539
2,268
2,165
34
115,110
1980
77
2,680
25
116
1,102
2
801
0
479
43
3
214
11
2
48
743
37
4
32
1
96
8,344
8,344
217
501
2,226
5,396
4
115,625
1985
84
2,894
28
129
1,157
2
910
0
553
49
3
237
12
2
54
831
44
5
39
1
106
7,895
7,895
242
396
4,300
2,957
114,690
1986
85
3,028
27
133
1,167
2
912
0
552
50
3
237
13
2
55
858
47
5
41
1
109
7,254
7,254
242
441
4,300
2,271
109,199
1987
47
3,203
33
137
1,175
2
797
0
538
51
3
131
14
3
57
887
50
6
44
1
112
8,820
8,820
242
483
4,300
3,795
108,012
1988
92
3,219
31
144
1,185
2
930
0
538
53
3
259
14
3
60
931
56
6
48
1
118
15,863
15,863
242
612
4,300
10, 709
115,849
1989
63
3,223
33
147
1,195
2
845
0
535
54
3
175
14
3
61
955
59
7
52
1
121
8,121
8,121
242
571
4,300
3,009
103,144
1990
63
3,254
33
149
1,207
2
841
0
528
54
3
176
14
3
62
966
58
6
51
1
122
11,173
11,173
242
552
4,300
6,079
100,650
1991
66
3,198
32
148
1,221
2
818
0
501
53
3
183
14
3
62
962
58
6
51
1
122
8,530
8,530
242
549
4,300
3,439
97,376
1992
68
3,295
33
151
1,233
2
853
0
526
54
4
189
14
3
63
980
60
7
53
1
124
6,774
6,774
242
559
4,300
1,674
94,043
1993
70
3,402
34
157
1,245
2
903
0
564
56
4
196
15
3
65
1,019
62
7
54
1
124
6,700
6,700
242
573
4,300
1,586
94,133
1994
73
3,519
35
163
1,256
2
954
0
603
59
4
203
15
3
68
1,063
63
7
55
1
124
9,245
9,245
242
589
4,300
4,115
98,779
1995
66
3,526
36
161
1,276
2
869
0
539
58
4
183
15
3
67
1,051
65
7
57
1
130
6,454
6,454
242
612
4,300
1,301
92,099
Note(s): NA= not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are
contained in the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
No data was available after 1984 to split the emissions from residential wood burning devices between fireplaces and woodstoves.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1995 1,4-5
-------
Table A-2. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
natural
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
natural
process
other
Other
wood/bark waste
liquid waste
other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
1970
4,900
3,888
2,112
1,041
344
391
1,012
40
972
NA
NA
NA
4,325
771
532
164
75
NA
332
228
104
NA
3,060
3,053
8
NA
162
102
NA
60
NA
836
23
210
1975
5,694
4,828
2,590
1,276
414
548
866
101
765
NA
NA
NA
4,007
520
359
111
51
NA
354
186
112
56
2,983
2,837
5
140
149
108
NA
41
NA
785
33
176
1980
7,024
6,123
3,439
1,694
542
447
901
39
862
NA
NA
NA
3,555
444
306
94
44
NA
286
179
63
44
2,619
2,469
5
745
205
138
NA
67
NA
741
25
155
1985
6,916
6,051
4,438
1,340
272
NA
177
174
4
640
640
48
3,209
608
430
14
33
131
309
191
89
29
1,520
1,282
227
11
118
89
12
17
655
712
37
106
1986
6,909
6,061
4,427
1,290
344
NA
246
242
4
552
552
50
3,065
613
439
14
31
129
300
181
89
30
1,433
7,206
276
10
120
92
12
16
599
694
36
110
1987
7,128
6,278
4,529
1,411
337
NA
204
200
4
599
599
48
3,063
596
435
14
27
119
292
172
89
31
1,505
1,285
210
10
119
92
12
15
552
706
37
121
1988
7,530
6,668
4,623
1,659
387
NA
260
257
4
551
557
50
3,187
617
447
75
29
726
296
775
97
37
1,584
7,360
274
70
121
93
72
76
569
740
39
117
1989
7,607
6,708
4,665
7,650
392
NA
272
269
4
578
578
49
3,209
615
446
74
30
724
294
776
88
29
1,625
7,405
209
70
120
92
72
76
556
736
38
106
1990
7,516
6,698
4,600
7,692
406
NA
210
207
3
558
558
50
3,256
613
445
74
30
724
297
777
90
30
1,656
7,436
277
70
119
97
72
76
570
712
39
99
1991
7,488
6,662
4,522
7,732
408
NA
201
198
3
569
569
56
3,175
512
377
72
25
703
338
205
704
28
1,641
7,425
206
9
117
97
72
75
567
719
39
98
1992
7,475
6,694
4,564
7,707
423
NA
160
158
3
568
568
52
3,216
571
474
73
28
115
305
184
93
28
1,651
7,437
205
9
118
97
72
75
571
730
38
101
1993
7,773
7,008
4,535
2,054
418
NA
169
766
3
543
543
53
3,197
550
399
73
27
777
306
185
94
27
1,650
7,440
202
9
118
97
72
75
572
726
38
102
1994
7,698
6,915
4,477
2,709
394
NA
153
749
4
576
576
55
3,206
568
472
73
28
115
318
794
99
26
1,634
7,427
799
9
118
97
72
75
567
727
38
102
1995
6,233
5,556
4,000
1,286
270
NA
87
84
3
549
549
42
3,137
562
404
74
28
117
302
180
97
25
1,610
7,474
188
9
116
89
12
14
547
707
36
98
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995 I A-6
-------
Table A-2. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. OTHER (continued)
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
distillate oil
natural gas
other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELA TED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing
Products
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
cement mfg
glass mfg
other
1970
120
NA
44
439
118
242
79
271
70
201
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
77
NA
77
NA
240
NA
240
NA
187
NA
NA
18
NA
169
97
48
24
1975
125
NA
39
412
113
246
54
238
53
168
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
73
NA
73
NA
63
NA
63
NA
182
NA
NA
18
NA
164
89
53
23
1980
131
NA
74
356
85
238
33
216
54
159
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
65
NA
65
NA
72
NA
72
NA
205
NA
NA
24
NA
181
98
60
23
1985
145
11
88
326
75
248
3
262
37
22
22
143
0
0
38
87
16
58
13
124
69
55
1
327
5
0
73
0
239
137
48
54
1986
139
12
77
320
76
241
3
264
38
19
22
145
0
0
38
80
15
53
13
109
55
53
1
328
5
0
76
0
238
136
48
54
1987
144
11
69
323
79
241
3
255
38
17
22
141
0
0
37
75
14
48
13
101
48
52
1
320
5
0
76
0
230
130
47
53
1988
157
11
74
343
80
259
3
274
42
18
23
151
0
0
40
82
15
53
13
100
48
51
1
315
5
0
76
0
225
126
46
53
1989
159
11
75
347
78
267
3
273
42
18
23
152
0
0
39
83
15
54
14
97
47
49
1
311
5
0
77
0
220
124
45
51
1990
164
11
46
352
81
269
3
276
42
19
23
154
0
0
38
81
15
53
13
100
50
50
1
306
5
0
77
0
216
121
44
51
1991
164
11
50
358
83
272
2
278
42
19
23
156
0
0
38
78
14
51
12
97
49
47
1
297
5
0
76
0
208
116
42
49
1992
166
11
53
361
85
274
2
284
43
19
24
161
0
0
38
80
15
53
12
96
48
47
1
305
5
0
78
0
214
119
44
50
1993
167
11
45
363
86
275
2
286
43
19
24
162
0
0
39
81
15
54
13
95
48
46
1
315
5
0
79
0
222
124
46
52
1994
168
11
44
364
86
276
2
291
44
19
25
164
0
0
39
84
15
56
13
95
49
45
1
328
5
0
81
0
234
131
48
55
1995
166
10
33
364
85
277
2
283
45
20
26
154
0
0
39
84
16
55
13
91
48
43
1
323
5
0
83
0
226
128
44
54
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1995 IA-1
-------
Table A-2. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (continued)
Machinery Products
Transportation Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOLVENT UTILIZA TION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
STORAGES TRANSPORT
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Organic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
Open Burning
Landfills
Other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
light-duty diesel trucks
light-duty diesel vehicles
1970
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
440
110
330
NA
NA
7,390
4,158
4,156
2
1,278
725
553
278
1,676
1,676
NA
NA
1975
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
159
56
103
NA
NA
8,645
4,725
4,722
3
1,461
819
642
319
2,141
2,118
0
23
1980
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
111
37
74
NA
NA
8,621
4,421
4,416
5
1,408
864
544
300
2,493
2,463
5
25
1985
2
0
8
2
0
0
2
0
2
1
0
1
0
0
87
27
59
0
0
8,089
3,806
3,797
9
1,530
926
603
330
2,423
2,389
6
28
1986
2
0
8
3
0
0
2
0
2
1
0
1
0
0
87
29
58
0
0
7,773
3,602
3,592
10
1,457
867
590
332
2,383
2,347
6
29
1987
2
0
7
3
0
0
2
0
2
1
0
1
0
0
85
29
56
0
0
7,651
3,492
3,482
10
1,436
842
594
332
2,390
2,352
6
31
1988
2
0
7
3
0
0
2
0
2
1
0
1
0
1
85
31
54
0
0
7,661
3,500
3,489
11
1,419
824
595
336
2,406
2,366
7
33
1989
2
0
7
3
0
0
2
0
2
1
0
1
0
1
84
31
52
0
0
7,682
3,494
3,483
11
1,386
803
584
343
2,458
2,476
7
35
1990
2
0
7
2
0
0
2
0
2
1
0
1
0
1
82
32
50
0
0
7,488
3,437
3,425
12
1,341
780
561
335
2,375
2,332
7
36
1991
2
0
7
2
0
0
2
0
2
1
0
1
0
1
83
32
51
0
0
7,373
3,464
3,453
11
1,339
782
557
326
2,244
2,199
8
37
1992
2
0
7
3
0
0
2
0
3
1
0
1
0
1
83
32
51
0
0
7,440
3,614
3,602
12
1,356
792
564
308
2,163
2,116
a
39
1993
2
0
7
3
0
0
2
0
3
1
0
1
0
1
84
32
52
0
0
7,510
3,680
3,668
12
1,420
828
592
315
2,094
2,047
8
39
1994
2
0
7
3
0
0
2
0
3
1
0
1
0
1
85
32
52
0
0
7,672
3,573
3,560
13
1,657
960
697
351
2,091
2,043
?0
3S
1995
2
0
7
3
0
0
2
0
3
1
0
1
0
1
85
32
53
0
0
7,605
3,611
3,59S
«
1,624
946
678
347
2,022
1,974
10
39
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995 I A - ,
-------
Table A-2. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
NON-ROAD SOURCES
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
recreational marine vessels
other
Non-Road Diesel
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1970
1,628
81
1
2
46
5
0
3
0
2
16
6
941
0
599
75
4
166
17
2
78
72
40
0
34
6
495
330
330
20,625
1975
1,879
88
1
2
51
6
1
4
0
2
17
6
1,068
0
647
82
4
220
18
4
92
85
48
0
41
7
589
165
165
21,889
1980
2,423
102
1
3
61
6
1
4
0
2
18
6
1,374
0
854
99
5
280
18
5
113
106
110
0
93
17
731
248
248
23,281
1985
2,734
113
1
4
70
6
1
4
0
3
19
7
1,562
0
986
112
5
309
20
5
125
119
131
0
110
20
808
309
309
22,860
1986
2,777
116
1
3
72
6
1
4
0
3
19
7
1,569
0
984
116
5
309
21
5
129
123
140
0
118
22
829
257
257
22,348
1987
2,664
118
1
3
74
6
0
4
0
3
19
7
1,416
0
959
119
5
172
22
6
133
128
149
0
125
24
854
351
351
22,403
1988
2,914
122
1
3
76
7
1
4
0
3
19
7
1,597
0
961
123
5
340
22
6
140
134
165
0
138
26
897
726
726
23,618
1989
2,844
123
1
3
78
7
1
4
0
3
19
7
1,485
0
955
125
5
228
22
7
143
138
175
0
147
28
923
292
292
23,222
1990
2,843
124
1
3
78
7
1
4
0
3
20
7
1,478
0
944
125
5
230
22
7
144
139
173
0
145
27
929
373
373
23,038
1991
2,796
122
1
3
76
7
1
4
0
3
20
7
1,433
0
894
122
6
239
22
6
144
139
174
0
146
27
929
283
283
22,672
1992
2,885
125
1
3
78
7
1
5
0
3
20
7
1,494
0
939
126
6
248
23
7
146
141
179
0
151
28
946
249
249
22,847
1993
2,985
129
1
4
81
7
1
5
0
3
20
7
1,582
0
1,007
131
6
256
23
7
152
147
183
0
154
29
945
219
219
23,276
1994
3,095
133
1
4
85
7
1
5
0
3
20
7
1,673
0
1,076
136
6
265
24
7
159
153
188
0
158
30
947
374
374
23,661
1995
2,996
132
1
3
83
7
1
5
0
3
21
7
1,530
0
964
133
6
239
24
7
157
152
193
0
162
30
990
228
228
21,779
Note(s): NA= not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are
contained in the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1995 IA-9
-------
Table A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
Oil
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
ethylene oxide mfg
phenol mfg
terephthalic acid mfg
ethylene mfg
charcoal mfg
socmi reactor
socmi distillation
socmi air oxidation processes
socmi fugitives
other
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
Polymer & Resin Mfg
polypropylene mfg
polyethylene mfg
polystyrene resins
1970
30
18
7
5
NA
150
4
4
77
65
NA
541
1
4
6
NA
460
107
353
70
1,341
629
a
NA
29
70
48
81
NA
NA
194
199
65
271
0
17
10
1975
40
22
14
4
NA
150
3
5
71
71
NA
470
1
3
7
NA
420
98
322
38
1,351
751
9
NA
46
79
29
96
NA
NA
235
257
78
299
0
18
11
1980
45
31
9
5
NA
157
3
3
62
89
NA
848
1
3
7
NA
809
189
620
28
1,595
884
10
NA
60
111
40
118
NA
NA
254
291
93
384
1
22
15
1985
32
24
5
2
1
134
7
17
57
35
18
1,403
1
4
6
4
1,372
NA
NA
16
1,358
492
2
0
51
41
39
100
10
2
203
43
34
415
13
80
7
1986
34
24
7
2
1
133
7
16
57
36
16
1,230
1
4
6
4
1,199
NA
NA
16
1,412
512
3
0
54
43
41
106
11
2
208
45
36
436
14
83
8
1987
34
25
6
2
1
131
7
16
57
36
15
1,117
1
4
6
4
1,085
NA
NA
16
1,410
505
2
0
53
42
42
104
10
2
205
44
35
449
13
81
a
1988
37
27
7
2
1
136
7
16
61
36
15
1,188
1
4
6
4
1,155
NA
NA
17
1,513
552
3
0
57
48
45
116
11
2
221
49
39
473
15
90
a
1989
37
27
7
2
1
134
7
16
61
36
15
1,200
1
4
7
4
1,169
NA
NA
15
1,506
551
3
0
57
47
46
115
11
2
220
48
38
469
15
88
a
1990
36
27
6
2
1
135
7
16
61
35
15
749
1
4
7
4
718
AM
NA
15
1,526
554
3
0
5S
47
46
117
12
2
222
48
38
477
15
89
a
1991
36
27
5
2
1
135
6
18
61
36
15
807
1
4
7
4
776
NA
NA
15
1,533
557
3
0
5S
48
46
116
11
2
223
49
40
482
15
91
a
1992
35
27
4
2
1
135
7
16
61
35
15
853
1
4
7
4
822
NA
NA
15
1,546
561
3
0
5S
49
46
118
12
2
223
50
40
486
15
93
8
1993
36
29
5
2
1
134
7
16
61
35
15
729
1
4
7
4
698
AM
AM
14
1,557
562
3
0
5S
49
47
118
12
2
224
50
40
492
16
95
a
1994
36
29
4
2
1
135
7
17
61
36
15
715
1
4
7
4
684
AM
AM
14
1,577
567
3
0
59
50
47
120
12
2
224
51
41
500
16
98
9
1995
35
29
3
2
1
135
7
16
61
36
15
539
1
4
7
4
509
AM
AM
14
1,617
581
3
0
61
52
50
123
12
2
225
52
42
513
17
101
9
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995 I A-10
-------
Table A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG (continued)
Polymer & Resin Mfg (continued)
synthetic fiber
styrene/butadiene rubber
other
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
paint & varnish mfg
other
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
carbon black mfg
printing ink mfg
fugitives unclassified
carbon black furnace: fugitives
other
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
coke oven door & topside leaks
coke oven by-product plants
other
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELA TED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
vaccuum distillation
cracking units
process unit turnarounds
petroleum refinery fugitives
other
Asphalt Manufacturing
1970
112
77
55
NA
61
61
NA
40
275
275
NA
NA
NA
NA
394
NA
394
216
NA
177
NA
1,194
411
773
24
27
NA
NA
721
11
1975
149
68
54
NA
66
66
NA
55
102
102
NA
NA
NA
NA
336
NA
336
187
NA
149
NA
1,342
378
951
31
27
NA
NA
893
13
1980
199
70
77
NA
65
65
NA
77
92
92
NA
NA
NA
NA
273
NA
273
152
NA
121
NA
1,440
379
1,045
32
21
NA
NA
992
16
1985
217
59
38
22
10
10
0
55
330
26
13
16
4
271
76
18
57
12
3
41
1
703
107
592
15
34
15
76
454
3
1986
23 1
61
40
23
10
10
0
57
339
25
13
17
4
279
73
18
54
12
3
39
1
666
79
584
14
33
14
71
452
3
1987
248
60
39
23
10
10
0
58
331
24
13
16
4
273
70
18
51
11
3
37
1
655
70
582
14
33
14
69
452
3
1988
250
66
44
25
11
11
0
61
352
26
13
18
5
290
74
19
54
12
3
39
1
645
71
571
13
32
13
66
447
3
1989
250
65
43
25
11
11
0
61
352
26
13
18
5
290
74
19
54
12
3
39
1
639
68
568
13
31
13
65
446
3
1990
257
65
43
25
11
11
0
62
357
27
13
18
5
295
72
19
52
11
3
38
1
643
72
568
13
31
14
66
444
3
1991
257
66
45
26
11
11
0
62
356
27
13
18
5
293
69
19
50
10
3
37
1
634
69
562
12
30
13
66
442
3
1992
257
67
45
27
11
11
0
62
359
27
14
18
5
295
72
19
51
11
3
38
1
638
68
566
12
29
13
66
447
3
1993
258
69
46
27
11
11
0
63
361
28
14
18
5
296
74
20
53
11
3
39
1
631
69
560
11
28
12
65
443
3
1994
259
71
48
28
11
11
0
64
366
29
14
18
5
300
77
21
55
11
3
40
1
630
70
557
11
28
12
64
442
3
1995
261
75
49
26
12
12
0
62
383
33
16
19
6
309
77
21
55
12
3
41
1
628
66
559
11
27
12
64
446
3
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1995 1.4-11
-------
Table A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
vegetable oil mfg
whiskey fermentation: aging
bakeries
other
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
rubber tire mfg
green tire spray
other
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOLVENT UTILIZA TION
Degreasing
open top
conveyorized
cold cleaning
other
Graphic Arts
letterpress
flexographic
lithographic
gravure
other
Dry Cleaning
perchloroethylene
petroleum solvent
other
1970
270
208
59
105
45
NA
NA
NA
60
60
NA
NA
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,174
707
NA
NA
NA
707
319
NA
NA
NA
NA
319
263
NA
NA
263
1975
235
182
61
77
44
NA
NA
NA
51
51
NA
NA
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
5,651
448
NA
NA
NA
448
254
NA
NA
NA
NA
254
229
NA
NA
229
1980
237
191
81
64
46
NA
NA
NA
44
44
NA
NA
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
6,584
513
NA
NA
NA
513
373
NA
NA
NA
NA
373
320
NA
NA
320
1985
390
169
46
24
51
49
10
42
41
10
5
26
15
4
0
1
108
5,699
756
28
5
31
691
317
2
18
4
131
162
169
85
84
0
1986
395
171
47
24
52
50
10
44
43
10
5
28
15
4
0
1
108
5,626
634
28
5
33
568
325
2
19
4
138
163
217
111
106
0
1987
394
175
49
24
51
51
10
44
43
10
5
28
15
4
0
1
103
5,743
681
28
5
31
618
340
2
19
4
140
174
216
110
106
0
1988
408
177
50
24
52
52
10
44
46
11
6
29
14
4
0
0
112
5,945
754
29
5
34
687
362
2
20
4
148
188
216
109
106
0
1989
403
175
49
23
51
52
10
44
46
11
6
29
14
4
0
0
109
5,964
757
29
4
35
689
363
2
20
4
150
187
212
107
105
0
1990
401
177
50
23
51
52
10
44
46
11
6
29
14
3
0
0
106
5,975
757
28
4
34
690
363
2
20
4
151
186
209
105
104
0
1991
398
176
50
23
50
52
10
44
45
11
6
29
14
3
0
0
106
5,918
728
28
4
34
662
362
2
20
4
149
187
211
106
105
0
1992
403
179
52
24
50
53
10
44
45
11
6
29
14
3
0
0
106
6,031
745
28
4
34
678
368
2
21
4
151
191
216
109
107
0
1993
406
180
52
24
51
54
10
45
46
11
6
29
14
3
0
0
106
6,156
762
28
4
34
695
381
2
21
5
156
198
218
110
108
0
1994
411
183
53
24
51
55
10
46
46
11
6
30
15
4
0
0
106
6,313
785
29
4
35
717
396
2
22
5
163
205
221
111
109
0
1995
422
192
58
25
52
58
10
48
46
11
6
30
15
4
0
0
106
6,394
803
30
4
35
734
411
2
23
5
166
216
223
112
110
0
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995 I A-12
-------
Table A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
SOLVENT UTILIZA TION (continued)
Surface Coating
industrial adhesives
fabrics
paper
large appliances
magnet wire
autos & light trucks
metal cans
metal coil
wood furniture
metal furniture
flatwood products
plastic parts
large ships
aircraft
misc. metal parts
architectural
traffic markings
maintenance coatings
railroad
auto refinishing
machinery
electronic & other electrical
general
miscellaneous
thinning solvents
other
Other Industrial
miscellaneous
rubber & plastics mfg
other
Nonindustrial
cutback asphalt
pesticide application
1970
3,570
52
161
652
49
7
165
49
18
211
35
64
17
21
1
NA
442
NA
108
5
83
39
NA
79
942
NA
372
640
39
309
292
1,674
1,045
241
1975
2,977
41
177
548
43
6
204
57
19
231
42
76
18
20
1
NA
407
NA
125
7
143
51
NA
61
392
NA
309
499
30
245
224
1,243
723
195
1980
3,685
55
186
626
36
5
165
73
21
231
52
82
25
20
2
NA
477
NA
106
9
186
62
NA
52
799
NA
415
690
44
327
319
1,002
323
241
1985
2,549
381
34
106
22
0
85
97
50
132
41
4
11
15
27
14
473
100
79
4
111
37
79
146
104
90
306
125
NA
25
100
1,783
191
212
1986
2,602
353
34
109
19
0
86
96
50
140
44
4
11
16
29
14
502
106
80
3
132
28
79
147
109
92
317
131
NA
29
102
1,717
175
263
1987
2,606
353
35
110
19
0
88
95
49
142
44
4
11
15
26
14
503
106
80
3
132
28
79
148
108
94
318
132
NA
29
103
1,768
186
262
1988
2,646
366
35
114
19
0
87
96
50
143
44
4
11
16
31
14
504
107
80
3
133
29
80
158
105
97
320
133
NA
29
104
1,834
199
262
1989
2,635
375
35
114
18
0
87
95
50
140
44
4
11
15
34
14
500
106
80
3
132
28
79
154
103
96
317
131
NA
29
102
1,867
199
260
1990
2,619
383
35
114
18
0
86
95
49
138
43
4
11
15
33
14
495
105
79
3
130
28
78
153
98
95
315
126
NA
28
98
1,900
199
258
1991
2,568
366
34
112
17
0
79
91
47
133
42
4
10
15
33
13
500
106
76
3
132
26
75
154
98
94
307
124
NA
28
96
1,925
202
264
1992
2,623
378
35
114
18
0
80
93
48
138
43
4
10
15
33
13
505
107
78
3
137
26
77
157
98
96
315
126
NA
28
97
1,952
207
272
1993
2,687
392
36
117
18
0
80
94
50
148
46
5
10
15
33
14
510
108
81
3
140
27
80
160
98
98
324
126
NA
29
97
1,982
214
280
1994
2,773
412
36
121
19
0
81
97
52
159
50
5
11
16
34
15
515
109
85
4
144
27
85
163
98
100
336
127
NA
31
97
2,011
221
289
1995
2,779
407
36
121
18
0
82
102
53
155
48
5
11
13
33
16
522
111
84
4
142
25
85
167
98
103
337
129
NA
31
98
2,048
227
299
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1995 1,4-13
-------
Table A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
SOLVENT UTILIZA TION (continued)
Nonindustrial (continued)
adhesives
consumer solvents
other
STORAGES TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
fixed roof
floating roof
variable vapor space
underground tanks
area source: gasoline
other
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
fixed roof gasoline
fixed roof crude
floating roof gasoline
floating roof crude
efr /seal gasoline
efr / seal crude
ifr / seal gasoline
ifr / seal crude
variable vapor space gasoline
other
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
gasoline loading: normal /splash
gasoline loading: balanced / submerged
gasoline loading: normal / submerged
gasoline loading: clean /submerged
marine vessel loading: gasoline & crude
other
Service Stations: Stage 1
Service Stations: Stage II
Service Stations: Breathing & Emptying
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
1970
NA
NA
387
1,954
599
14
45
1
NA
509
30
300
47
135
49
32
3
1
1
2
3
25
92
3
20
39
2
26
2
416
521
NA
26
NA
1975
NA
NA
325
2,181
668
15
50
1
0
569
33
315
52
141
54
34
4
2
2
2
3
22
84
2
13
26
1
38
4
481
602
NA
31
NA
1980
NA
NA
437
1,975
517
12
39
1
0
440
26
306
43
148
45
36
3
2
1
2
3
23
61
0
2
3
0
50
6
461
583
NA
46
NA
1985
345
1,035
NA
1,747
606
14
46
1
0
512
32
223
26
26
27
5
2
0
1
0
1
133
126
3
21
41
2
24
35
207
485
49
34
17
1986
332
947
NA
1,673
620
14
47
1
0
526
32
217
25
24
26
5
2
0
1
0
1
132
123
3
20
41
2
23
34
213
400
48
35
17
1987
332
988
NA
1,801
632
14
48
1
0
537
32
214
25
22
26
5
2
0
1
0
1
131
123
3
21
40
2
23
34
219
511
51
34
16
1988
345
1,030
NA
1,842
652
15
50
1
0
554
33
215
24
21
25
5
2
0
1
0
1
135
125
3
21
41
2
23
35
223
522
52
37
16
1989
353
1,056
NA
1,753
651
15
50
1
0
553
33
210
23
21
24
5
2
0
1
0
2
132
125
3
22
42
2
22
35
223
441
52
36
15
1990
361
1,083
NA
1,759
658
15
49
1
0
560
33
212
24
21
25
5
2
0
1
0
2
133
125
3
21
42
2
22
35
230
428
53
36
16
1991
365
1,095
NA
1,720
629
15
49
1
0
532
33
213
24
21
25
5
2
0
1
0
2
134
126
3
21
42
2
23
35
226
420
53
37
16
1992
368
1,105
NA
1,745
626
15
49
1
0
527
33
216
24
21
25
5
2
0
1
0
2
136
128
3
21
43
2
23
35
233
434
54
37
16
1993
372
1,116
NA
1,757
614
16
51
1
0
512
34
215
24
21
25
5
2
0
1
0
2
135
131
3
22
45
2
24
36
240
446
56
38
16
1994
375
1,126
NA
1,773
606
16
53
1
0
501
36
216
24
21
25
5
2
0
1
0
2
136
134
3
22
46
2
24
36
247
458
57
38
16
1995
380
1,142
NA
1,803
599
16
52
1
0
494
35
218
25
22
25
5
2
0
1
0
2
137
137
3
23
47
2
25
37
257
476
59
39
17
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995 I A-14
-------
Table A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
STORAGES TRANSPORT (continued)
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
Open Burning
industrial
commmercial/institutional
residential
other
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
light-duty diesel trucks
light-duty diesel vehicles
NON-ROAD SOURCES
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
1970
NA
NA
NA
1,984
548
1,424
NA
NA
NA
1,424
NA
NA
NA
NA
11
12,972
9,193
9,133
60
2,770
1,564
1,206
743
266
266
NA
NA
1,542
1,284
138
22
46
574
4
142
1975
NA
NA
NA
984
453
517
NA
NA
NA
517
NA
NA
NA
NA
14
10,545
7,248
7,177
71
2,289
1,251
1,038
657
351
335
0
15
1,676
1,373
145
24
50
614
6
151
1980
NA
NA
NA
758
366
372
NA
NA
NA
372
NA
NA
NA
NA
20
8,979
5,907
5,843
64
2,059
1,229
830
611
402
392
2
8
1,869
1,474
151
32
61
655
7
158
1985
0
0
0
2,310
64
309
6
1
302
NA
10
1
1,925
0
0
9,376
5,864
5,810
54
2,425
1,437
988
716
370
360
2
8
2,008
1,561
156
37
69
691
8
171
1986
0
0
0
2,293
63
304
6
1
297
NA
11
2
1,913
0
0
8,874
5,537
5,483
54
2,279
1,316
963
700
357
346
2
9
2,039
1,582
157
37
71
699
8
178
1987
0
0
0
2,256
61
292
6
1
285
NA
11
1
1,890
0
0
8,477
5,281
5,227
53
2,185
1,227
958
662
350
338
2
9
2,038
1,601
158
36
73
706
4
188
1988
0
0
0
2,310
60
284
6
2
277
NA
11
2
1,953
0
0
8,290
5,189
5,136
53
2,129
1,173
956
626
345
332
2
10
2,106
1,620
159
35
75
713
9
189
1989
0
0
0
2,290
59
274
6
2
266
NA
11
2
1,945
0
0
7,192
4,462
4,412
50
1,867
1,018
849
517
346
332
3
11
2,103
1,631
160
35
77
720
6
190
1990
0
0
0
2,262
57
263
6
2
256
NA
11
2
1,929
0
0
6,854
4,285
4,234
51
1,769
960
809
470
330
376
3
12
2,120
1,646
161
35
77
728
6
191
1991
0
0
0
2,265
57
265
6
2
258
NA
11
2
1,929
0
0
6,499
4,069
4,033
37
1,688
906
781
423
319
304
3
12
2,122
1,654
763
33
75
737
6
188
1992
0
0
0
2,268
58
268
6
2
260
NA
11
2
1,929
0
0
6,072
3,832
3,799
33
1,588
849
739
334
318
302
3
13
2,159
1,677
764
35
77
745
7
194
1993
0
0
0
2,271
58
270
6
2
262
NA
11
2
1,929
0
0
6,103
3,812
3,777
34
1,647
875
772
326
318
307
3
73
2,206
1,704
766
37
80
753
7
200
1994
0
0
0
2,273
59
272
6
2
264
NA
11
2
1,929
0
0
6,401
3,748
3,777
37
1,909
7,003
906
414
331
373
4
73
2,255
1,730
767
40
84
761
7
207
1995
0
0
0
2,411
60
275
6
2
267
NA
11
2
2,063
0
0
6,104
3,621
3,584
37
1,783
943
840
375
326
308
4
14
2,252
1,746
769
36
82
774
6
207
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1995 1/4-15
-------
Table A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
NON-ROAD SOURCES (continued)
Non-Road Gasoline (continued)
logging
airport sen/ice
recreational marine vessels
other
Non-Road Diesel
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport sen/ice
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
structural fires
agricultural fires
slash/prescribed burning
forest wildfires
other
Health Services
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1970
3
4
350
1
129
75
9
1
33
3
0
9
97
9
0
8
1
22
1,101
1,101
19
131
147
770
34
NA
30,646
1975
6
5
372
1
149
81
10
1
44
3
0
11
116
11
0
10
1
27
716
716
47
75
290
297
7
NA
25,677
1980
7
6
395
1
191
106
12
1
56
3
0
13
146
25
0
23
2
33
1,134
1,134
40
70
285
739
1
NA
25,893
1985
8
6
413
1
216
123
13
1
61
3
0
15
165
30
1
28
2
37
562
562
44
55
179
283
NA
0
25,798
1986
8
7
416
1
217
122
14
1
62
3
0
15
170
32
1
29
2
38
544
543
44
61
179
259
NA
1
24,991
1987
10
7
419
1
188
119
14
1
34
3
0
15
176
34
1
31
2
39
652
651
44
67
179
361
NA
0
24,778
1988
9
7
422
1
223
120
14
1
67
3
0
16
185
38
1
35
2
41
1,227
1,226
44
85
179
918
NA
1
25,719
1989
10
7
425
1
200
119
15
1
45
3
1
17
190
40
1
37
3
42
639
638
44
79
179
335
NA
1
23,935
1990
10
7
429
1
200
118
15
1
46
3
1
17
192
39
1
36
3
42
1,069
1,068
44
77
179
768
NA
1
23,599
1991
9
7
434
1
195
111
14
1
48
3
0
17
192
40
1
37
3
42
741
740
44
76
179
440
NA
1
22,877
1992
10
7
438
1
203
117
15
1
49
4
1
17
195
41
1
38
3
43
466
465
44
78
179
164
NA
1
22,420
1993
10
8
442
1
214
125
15
1
51
4
1
18
203
42
1
38
3
43
516
515
44
79
179
212
NA
1
22,575
1994
10
8
446
1
226
134
16
1
53
4
1
18
212
43
1
39
3
43
685
684
44
82
179
379
NA
1
23,281
1995
11
8
453
1
207
120
16
1
48
4
1
18
210
44
1
41
3
45
446
445
44
85
179
137
NA
1
22,865
Note(s): NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are
contained in the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
No data was available after 1984 to split the emissions from residential wood burning devices between fireplaces and woodstoves.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995 I A-16
-------
Table A-4. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Source Cateqorv
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
distillate oil
bituminous/subbituminous coal
other
1970
17,398
15,799
9,574
4,716
1,509
1,598
1,578
20
1
NA
4,568
3,129
2,171
669
289
NA
1,229
956
98
175
140
70
NA
1,490
109
883
1
NA
6
492
212
260
20
1975
18,268
16,756
10,161
5,005
1,590
1,511
1,462
49
1
NA
3,310
1,870
1,297
399
174
NA
1,139
825
144
171
263
38
NA
1,082
147
638
1
NA
7
290
196
76
18
1980
17,469
16,073
NA
NA
NA
1,395
NA
NA
1
NA
2,951
1,527
1,058
326
144
NA
1,065
851
85
129
299
60
NA
971
110
637
1
NA
13
211
157
43
11
1985
16,273
15,630
14,029
1,292
309
612
604
a
1
30
3,169
1,818
1,347
28
90
353
862
671
111
80
397
86
7
579
158
239
2
1
13
167
128
29
10
1986
15,701
14,860
13,454
1,048
357
811
799
12
1
30
3,116
1,828
7,375
29
82
341
828
637
109
82
370
84
6
611
161
267
2
1
11
169
129
30
10
1987
15,715
15,034
13,513
1,182
338
651
640
11
1
29
3,068
1,817
7,374
29
73
341
807
677
706
84
356
82
6
662
164
310
2
1
10
175
734
32
10
1988
15,990
15,224
73,546
7,377
368
734
722
12
1
31
3,111
1,856
7,395
29
79
353
806
674
108
84
360
83
6
660
172
295
2
1
11
180
737
33
70
1989
16,218
15,408
73,576
7,423
409
779
765
74
1
30
3,086
1,840
1,384
29
79
348
812
625
707
80
346
82
6
624
169
274
2
1
11
167
732
27
8
1990
15,898
15,227
73,365
7,425
438
639
629
70
1
31
3,106
1,843
1,382
29
81
351
823
633
108
82
352
82
6
595
176
233
2
1
7
175
737
30
9
1991
15,788
15,101
73,203
1,381
517
652
642
70
1
35
2,915
1,547
7,762
24
67
293
935
733
725
77
348
79
6
592
175
232
2
1
7
176
747
26
8
1992
15,418
14,840
72,900
7,456
484
546
537
9
1
32
3,002
1,722
7,294
27
75
327
845
656
772
76
348
81
6
599
173
238
2
1
8
177
744
26
8
1993
15,191
14,546
72, 799
7,796
557
612
602
70
1
32
2,942
1,661
1,248
26
72
315
848
662
773
73
346
80
6
599
171
241
2
1
6
178
745
25
8
1994
14,792
14,236
77,763
1,988
484
522
572
70
1
34
3,029
1,715
1,289
26
75
325
882
692
118
71
345
80
6
599
169
242
2
1
6
177
745
25
8
1995
12,013
1 1 ,561
8,970
1,951
640
412
405
7
8
31
3,046
1,743
7,370
27
76
330
873
686
118
68
343
81
6
599
168
248
2
1
5
176
744
24
8
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1995 1.4-17
-------
Table A-4. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Cateqorv
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
sulfur compounds
other
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
lead
aluminum
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
natural gas
other
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
fluid catalytic cracking units
other
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubbers Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
cement mfg
other
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
1970
591
NA
591
59 1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4,775
4,060
3,507
77
80
396
715
NA
881
111
111
NA
770
480
290
NA
846
NA
NA
169
NA
677
618
59
NA
NA
NA
1975
367
NA
358
358
NA
NA
NA
NA
8
2,849
2,165
1,946
34
72
113
684
NA
727
173
173
NA
554
318
236
NA
740
NA
NA
168
NA
571
511
60
NA
NA
NA
1980
280
NA
271
271
NA
NA
NA
NA
10
1,842
1,279
1,080
34
95
71
562
NA
734
157
157
NA
577
330
247
NA
918
NA
NA
223
NA
694
630
64
NA
NA
NA
1985
456
16
354
346
8
7
4
0
76
1,042
853
655
121
62
14
172
18
505
204
202
2
300
212
88
1
425
3
0
131
1
286
192
95
0
0
3
1986
432
16
329
320
8
7
4
0
77
888
710
525
112
59
13
161
17
469
176
175
1
291
207
84
1
427
3
0
135
1
285
190
95
0
0
3
1987
425
17
322
314
8
6
4
0
75
648
479
298
111
57
13
153
15
445
155
154
1
289
207
82
1
418
3
0
135
1
276
183
93
0
0
3
1988
449
19
341
333
8
7
4
0
78
707
529
343
113
59
14
162
16
443
159
157
1
283
202
81
1
411
3
0
135
1
268
177
91
0
0
3
1989
440
17
334
326
8
7
4
0
77
695
513
327
113
60
13
165
17
429
156
155
1
272
195
77
1
405
3
0
136
1
261
172
89
0
0
3
1990
440
17
333
325
9
7
4
0
79
663
486
300
112
60
13
160
17
440
164
163
1
274
196
78
1
401
3
0
137
1
257
169
87
0
0
3
1991
440
17
333
325
8
7
4
0
79
633
463
285
108
58
12
153
17
422
159
157
1
262
185
77
1
391
3
0
137
1
247
163
84
0
0
3
1992
447
18
338
330
9
7
4
0
80
650
476
292
111
59
13
158
17
417
156
154
1
260
183
77
1
401
3
0
139
1
254
169
86
0
0
3
1993
450
18
341
332
9
7
4
0
81
667
488
300
114
60
13
162
17
409
155
154
1
253
177
76
1
413
3
0
141
1
265
176
89
0
0
3
1994
457
18
345
336
9
7
4
0
82
692
506
312
119
62
13
168
18
406
158
156
1
248
172
75
1
431
3
0
145
1
279
186
93
0
0
3
1995
471
19
354
345
9
8
4
0
88
720
532
324
128
66
14
171
18
385
141
140
1
243
168
75
1
438
4
0
149
1
282
189
93
0
0
3
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995 I A-18
-------
Table A-4. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
SOL VENT UTILIZA TION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
STORAGES TRANSPORT
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Organic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
industrial
other
Open Burning
industrial
other
Landfills
industrial
other
Other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
light-duty diesel trucks
light-duty diesel vehicles
1970
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
8
4
NA
4
4
NA
4
NA
NA
NA
NA
411
132
132
0
40
26
13
8
231
23 1
NA
NA
1975
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
46
29
NA
29
17
NA
17
NA
NA
NA
NA
503
158
158
0
48
32
16
9
288
277
NA
11
1980
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
33
21
NA
21
12
NA
12
NA
NA
NA
NA
521
159
158
0
50
33
16
10
303
29 1
2
10
1985
1
0
0
1
0
4
0
1
1
0
0
1
34
25
10
15
9
0
8
0
0
0
0
522
146
145
0
55
36
19
11
311
298
2
11
1986
1
0
0
1
0
4
0
1
1
0
0
2
35
26
10
16
8
0
8
0
0
0
0
527
143
143
0
55
36
19
11
318
305
2
11
1987
1
0
0
1
0
4
0
1
1
0
0
2
35
26
10
16
8
0
8
0
0
0
0
538
142
142
0
56
36
20
11
328
314
2
11
1988
1
0
0
1
0
5
0
1
1
0
0
2
36
28
«
17
8
0
s
0
0
0
0
553
144
744
0
58
37
21
11
340
325
3
12
1989
1
0
0
1
0
5
0
1
1
0
0
2
36
28
?0
18
8
0
7
0
0
0
0
570
145
145
0
58
3S
21
11
356
34 1
3
12
1990
1
0
0
1
0
5
0
1
1
0
0
2
36
29
10
18
7
0
7
0
0
0
0
571
144
744
0
58
38
21
11
358
342
3
13
1991
1
0
0
1
0
5
0
1
1
0
0
2
36
28
10
18
7
0
7
0
0
0
0
570
143
142
0
59
38
21
10
358
342
3
73
1992
1
0
0
1
0
5
0
1
1
0
0
2
37
29
70
7s
7
0
7
0
0
0
0
578
146
746
0
59
3S
21
10
363
347
3
73
1993
1
0
0
1
0
5
0
1
1
0
0
2
37
29
70
19
7
0
7
0
0
0
0
517
147
146
0
61
39
22
11
299
286
2
11
1994
1
0
0
1
0
5
0
1
1
0
0
2
37
29
10
19
7
0
7
0
0
0
0
301
141
140
0
70
45
25
12
79
75
1
3
1995
1
0
0
1
0
5
0
1
1
0
0
2
37
29
10
19
8
0
7
0
0
0
0
304
142
141
0
71
46
25
12
80
76
1
3
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1995 1.4-19
-------
Table A-4. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
NON-ROAD SOURCES
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1970
83
4
43
36
110
110
31,161
1975
99
4
52
43
20
20
28,011
1980
175
6
117
53
11
11
25,905
1985
208
6
143
59
11
11
23,230
1986
221
6
154
60
9
9
22,442
1987
233
7
164
62
13
13
22,204
1988
253
7
181
65
27
27
22,647
1989
267
7
193
67
10
10
22,785
1990
265
7
190
68
14
14
22,433
1991
266
7
191
68
10
10
22,068
1992
273
7
197
69
9
9
21,836
1993
278
8
201
69
8
8
21,517
1994
283
8
206
69
«
14
21,047
1995
292
8
212
72
8
8
18,319
Note(s): NA= not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are
contained in the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995 I A - 20
-------
Table A-5. Participate Matter (PM-10) Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
natural
process
other
Other
wood/bark waste
liquid waste
other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
1970
1,775
1,680
1,041
513
126
NA
89
85
3
7
NA
641
83
52
16
15
NA
89
83
6
0
27
24
4
NA
441
415
NA
26
NA
455
13
52
4
NA
1975
1,191
1,091
661
326
104
NA
93
87
6
6
NA
564
23
14
4
4
NA
69
62
7
0
25
22
3
NA
447
444
NA
3
NA
492
10
34
4
NA
1980
879
796
483
238
75
NA
76
74
2
7
NA
679
18
12
4
2
NA
67
63
4
0
23
20
3
NA
571
566
NA
5
NA
887
8
30
4
NA
1985
284
272
219
36
17
0
8
8
0
1
3
247
71
48
1
7
15
52
43
5
4
47
24
22
1
75
67
1
6
3
1,009
13
12
4
3
1986
288
273
219
34
20
0
11
11
0
1
3
244
71
48
1
6
15
49
40
5
4
45
23
21
1
77
69
1
6
3
889
13
14
4
3
1987
284
271
214
35
21
0
9
9
0
1
3
239
67
48
1
6
13
48
38
5
4
44
23
20
1
78
70
1
6
3
812
13
16
4
3
1988
279
264
191
50
23
0
10
10
0
1
3
244
70
49
r
6
14
48
3S
5
4
45
24
20
1
79
71
1
6
3
862
14
15
5
3
1989
273
258
194
40
24
0
11
11
0
1
3
243
70
49
1
6
14
48
39
5
4
44
24
20
1
78
71
1
6
3
869
13
13
5
3
1990
282
269
7S7
40
42
0
9
9
0
1
3
241
69
4S
r
e
«
48
39
5
4
45
24
20
1
77
69
1
6
3
553
14
12
5
3
1991
248
234
168
40
25
0
10
10
0
1
4
236
57
40
1
5
11
55
45
6
4
44
24
20
1
77
69
1
6
3
594
14
12
5
3
1992
247
236
167
44
24
0
8
8
0
1
3
237
64
45
1
6
12
49
40
6
4
44
24
19
1
77
69
1
6
3
626
14
12
5
3
1993
268
255
184
46
23
0
9
9
0
1
3
235
62
43
1
6
12
50
41
6
3
44
24
19
1
77
69
1
6
3
540
14
12
5
3
1994
262
248
182
45
21
0
9
9
0
1
3
238
64
45
1
6
12
52
42
6
3
43
24
19
0
77
69
1
6
3
530
13
12
5
3
1995
258
248
183
43
22
0
5
5
0
1
3
239
65
45
1
6
13
51
42
6
3
43
24
19
0
77
69
1
6
3
408
13
12
5
3
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1995 1,4-21
-------
Table A-5. Participate Matter (PM-10) Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. OTHER (continued)
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
lead
zinc
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
primary
secondary
other
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
fluid catalytic cracking units
other
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
country elevators
terminal elevators
feed mills
soybean mills
1970
384
90
294
3
235
43
61
NA
46
NA
NA
86
1,316
593
343
53
20
177
198
31
167
NA
525
286
NA
69
69
NA
217
5,832
485
257
147
5
25
1975
407
95
312
37
127
21
31
NA
38
NA
NA
37
825
229
66
31
11
121
275
198
77
NA
321
179
NA
56
56
NA
123
2,572
429
247
111
3
27
1980
818
191
626
27
148
19
25
NA
61
NA
NA
42
622
130
32
18
3
77
322
271
51
NA
170
138
NA
41
41
NA
97
1,846
402
258
86
3
22
1985
959
NA
NA
18
58
19
7
4
9
0
0
18
142
46
3
4
3
36
91
70
21
0
5
33
0
28
24
4
4
382
28
3
1
2
7
1986
837
NA
NA
18
59
20
7
4
9
0
0
18
132
44
3
3
2
35
83
63
20
0
5
31
0
27
23
4
4
390
29
3
1
3
7
1987
758
NA
NA
18
58
20
7
4
9
0
0
17
126
42
3
3
2
33
80
60
20
0
4
31
0
26
23
4
4
384
29
3
1
3
7
1988
807
NA
NA
19
62
21
8
5
9
0
0
18
136
45
3
3
3
36
86
65
21
0
5
30
0
25
22
4
4
386
30
3
1
3
7
1989
817
NA
NA
18
63
22
8
5
10
0
0
18
137
45
3
3
3
36
88
67
21
0
5
29
0
24
21
3
4
378
30
3
1
3
7
1990
501
NA
NA
18
63
22
8
5
10
0
0
19
136
45
3
3
3
36
86
66
20
0
4
29
0
24
21
3
4
374
30
3
1
3
7
1991
542
NA
NA
18
62
22
7
5
10
0
0
18
130
43
3
3
2
34
83
63
19
0
4
28
0
23
20
3
4
362
30
3
?
3
7
1992
574
AM
NA
18
64
22
8
5
10
0
0
18
133
44
3
3
3
35
85
65
20
0
4
28
0
23
20
3
4
368
31
3
1
3
8
1993
488
NA
NA
18
64
22
8
5
10
0
0
18
136
45
3
3
3
35
87
ee
20
0
4
27
0
23
79
3
4
377
31
3
?
3
S
1994
478
NA
NA
18
65
23
8
5
10
1
0
19
141
46
3
3
3
36
90
69
21
0
5
27
0
22
79
3
4
391
32
3
r
3
s
1995
356
NA
NA
18
66
24
8
5
10
1
0
19
145
49
4
4
3
39
91
71
21
0
5
26
0
22
18
3
4
393
34
4
1
3
8
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995 I A - 22
-------
Table A-5. Participate Matter (PM-10) Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (continued)
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products (continued)
wheat mills
other grain mills
other
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
sulfate (kraft) pulping
other
Rubbers Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
cement mfg
surface mining
stone quarrying/processing
other
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOL VENT UTILIZA TION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
STORAGES TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Bulk Materials Storage
storage
transfer
combined
Bulk Materials Transport
1970
5
9
38
NA
727
668
59
NA
4,620
1,731
134
957
1,798
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1975
1
8
32
NA
274
228
46
NA
1,869
703
111
508
547
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1980
1
6
26
NA
183
142
41
NA
1,261
417
127
421
296
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1985
0
6
9
0
99
67
32
4
224
36
22
80
86
3
1
0
22
2
0
0
0
2
0
59
0
0
0
1
0
0
58
20
37
1
0
1986
0
6
9
0
103
69
34
4
228
36
21
85
87
3
1
0
22
2
0
0
0
2
0
58
0
0
0
1
0
0
56
21
35
1
0
1987
0
7
9
1
104
69
35
4
222
34
18
84
85
3
1
0
20
2
0
0
0
2
0
56
0
0
0
1
0
0
54
20
34
1
0
1988
0
7
9
1
106
69
37
4
221
33
17
87
84
3
1
0
19
2
0
0
0
2
0
56
0
0
0
1
0
0
55
20
34
1
0
1989
0
7
9
0
105
70
35
4
215
32
16
84
82
4
1
0
19
2
0
0
0
2
0
56
0
0
0
1
0
0
54
19
35
1
0
1990
0
7
9
0
104
69
35
4
212
32
17
84
80
4
1
0
18
2
0
0
0
2
0
57
0
0
0
1
0
0
55
19
35
1
0
1991
0
7
9
0
103
69
34
4
202
30
16
79
77
4
1
0
18
2
0
0
0
2
0
55
0
0
0
1
0
0
53
18
34
1
0
1992
0
7
9
0
105
70
35
4
205
31
16
79
79
4
1
0
18
2
0
0
0
2
0
56
0
0
0
1
0
0
54
18
35
1
0
1993
0
7
9
0
107
71
36
4
212
33
17
80
82
4
1
0
18
2
0
0
0
2
0
57
0
0
0
1
0
0
55
19
36
1
0
1994
0
7
9
0
111
73
38
4
220
35
17
83
86
4
1
0
18
2
0
0
0
2
0
59
0
0
0
1
0
0
57
20
37
1
0
1995
0
8
10
0
116
76
40
4
215
35
17
78
84
4
1
0
18
2
0
0
0
2
0
60
0
0
0
1
0
0
58
20
38
1
0
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1995 1.4-23
-------
Table A-5. Participate Matter (PM-10) Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
residential
other
Open Burning
residential
other
Industrial Waste Water
Landfills
Other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
light-duty diesel trucks
light-duty diesel vehicles
NON-ROAD SOURCES
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
other
1970
999
229
51
178
770
770
NA
NA
NA
NA
443
225
224
1
70
41
29
13
136
136
0
0
223
35
3
0
0
10
0
1
0
0
21
1975
371
95
49
46
276
276
NA
NA
NA
NA
471
207
206
1
72
39
34
15
177
166
0
10
256
38
3
0
0
11
0
1
0
0
23
1980
273
75
42
32
198
198
NA
NA
NA
NA
397
120
119
1
55
25
29
15
208
194
2
12
329
41
3
0
0
11
0
1
0
0
24
1985
278
52
39
13
225
221
4
0
0
0
363
77
77
0
43
19
24
14
229
219
1
8
368
43
3
0
0
12
0
1
0
0
25
1986
274
52
38
14
222
217
4
0
0
0
356
69
69
0
39
17
22
13
236
226
1
8
372
43
3
0
0
12
0
1
0
0
25
1987
265
51
37
14
214
209
4
0
0
0
360
66
65
0
37
17
21
12
245
235
2
8
350
44
3
0
0
12
0
1
0
0
26
1988
259
51
36
15
208
203
5
0
0
0
369
66
66
0
37
16
20
12
254
244
2
9
387
44
3
0
0
13
0
1
0
0
26
1989
251
50
35
15
200
195
5
0
0
0
367
65
64
0
34
16
19
11
257
247
2
9
372
44
3
0
0
13
0
1
0
0
26
1990
242
49
34
16
192
188
5
0
0
0
357
64
63
0
32
15
17
11
250
240
2
9
372
45
3
0
0
13
0
1
0
0
26
1991
244
50
34
16
194
189
4
0
0
0
349
63
63
0
32
15
17
10
245
234
2
9
367
45
3
0
0
13
0
1
0
0
26
1992
246
50
34
16
196
191
5
0
0
0
343
64
63
0
31
15
17
9
239
228
2
9
379
46
3
0
0
13
0
1
0
0
27
1993
248
51
35
16
197
193
5
0
0
0
321
65
64
0
31
15
16
10
215
205
2
8
395
46
3
0
0
13
0
1
0
0
27
1994
251
51
35
16
199
194
5
0
0
0
320
62
61
0
35
17
18
10
213
204
2
8
411
47
3
1
1
13
0
1
0
0
27
1995
253
52
35
16
201
196
5
0
0
0
304
62
61
0
32
17
15
10
200
190
2
8
393
47
3
0
1
14
0
1
0
0
28
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995 I A - 24
-------
Table A-5. Participate Matter (PM-10) Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
NON-ROAD SOURCES (continued)
Non-Road Diesel
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
Railroads
NATURAL
Geogenic
wind erosion
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
agricultural crops
agricultural livestock
Other Combustion
wildfires
managed burning
other
Fugitive Dust
wind erosion
unpaved roads
paved roads
other
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1970
135
0
85
11
1
29
2
0
8
21
6
1
4
2
25
NA
NA
NA
839
NA
NA
NA
839
385
390
64
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
13,044
1975
155
0
93
12
1
38
2
1
10
26
7
1
4
2
30
NA
NA
NA
569
NA
NA
NA
569
206
325
37
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,414
1980
202
0
123
14
1
49
2
1
12
33
17
2
10
5
37
NA
NA
NA
852
NA
NA
NA
852
514
315
23
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,050
1985
227
0
141
16
1
53
2
1
13
37
20
2
12
6
41
4,047
4,047
4,047
37,715
7,108
6,833
275
873
308
506
59
29,734
0
11,644
5,080
13,009
44,986
1986
227
0
139
16
1
54
3
1
14
38
21
2
13
6
42
10,324
10,324
10, 324
37,056
7,183
6,899
285
798
226
513
59
29,075
0
11,673
5,262
12,139
50,476
1987
200
0
134
17
1
30
3
1
14
40
23
3
13
7
43
1,577
1,577
1,577
37,432
7,326
6,996
330
967
389
519
59
29,139
0
11,110
5,530
12,499
41,976
1988
231
0
134
17
1
59
3
1
15
42
25
3
15
7
45
18,110
18,110
18,110
39,423
7,453
7,077
376
1,683
1,086
538
59
30,287
0
12,379
5,900
12,008
60,605
1989
211
0
134
18
1
40
3
1
15
43
27
3
16
8
47
12,101
12,101
12,101
37,440
7,320
6,923
396
891
300
532
59
29,229
0
11,798
5,769
11,662
52,581
1990
211
0
133
18
1
40
3
1
15
44
26
3
16
a
47
4,362
4,362
4,362
36,267
7,364
6,983
381
1,178
590
529
59
27,725
0
11,338
5,992
10,396
43,337
1991
205
0
127
17
1
42
3
1
15
44
26
3
16
a
47
10,095
10,095
10,095
36,136
7,332
6,952
380
921
333
529
59
27,883
0
11,873
5,969
10,042
48,908
1992
214
0
133
18
1
43
3
1
16
44
27
3
16
a
48
4,626
4,626
4,626
36,367
7,223
6,838
386
760
171
530
59
28,384
0
77,540
5,942
10,901
43,721
1993
227
0
142
18
1
45
3
1
16
46
28
3
16
a
48
1,978
1,978
1,978
37,905
7,231
6,837
394
743
152
532
59
29,930
0
12,482
6,095
11,353
42,552
1994
240
0
152
19
1
46
3
1
17
48
29
3
17
8
48
2,593
2,593
2,593
39,332
7,121
6,776
405
1,017
424
535
59
31,194
0
72,043
6,380
12, 771
44,621
1995
219
0
137
19
1
42
3
1
17
48
29
3
17
9
50
2,163
2,163
2,763
37,925
8,389
7,957
432
727
730
538
59
28,809
0
77,997
6,468
10,343
42,636
Note(s): NA= not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are contained in the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
No data was available after 1984 to split the emissions from residential wood burning devices between fireplaces and woodstoves.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1995 1/4-25
-------
Table A-6. Lead Emissions
(short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite, lignite
Commercial/Institutional Oil
residual
distillate
other
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
lead oxide and pigments
1970
327
300
181
89
30
28
27
0
237
218
146
45
27
19
17
1
10,052
1
1
NA
NA
4
3
NA
1
10,000
47
103
103
103
1975
230
189
114
56
19
41
40
1
75
60
40
12
7
16
14
1
10,042
16
6
2
7
11
10
1
0
10,000
16
120
120
120
1980
129
95
57
28
9
34
34
0
60
45
31
10
4
14
14
1
4,111
12
6
2
4
10
9
1
NA
4,080
9
104
104
104
1985
64
51
31
15
5
13
13
0
30
22
15
5
2
8
7
1
421
6
4
1
1
4
3
1
NA
400
11
118
118
118
1986
69
50
30
15
5
19
19
0
25
17
12
4
2
8
7
1
422
6
4
1
1
5
4
1
NA
400
11
108
108
108
1987
64
48
29
14
5
16
16
0
22
14
10
3
1
8
7
1
425
5
3
1
1
5
4
1
NA
400
14
123
123
123
1988
66
46
28
14
4
20
20
0
19
14
10
3
1
5
5
1
426
5
3
1
1
5
4
1
NA
400
16
136
136
136
1989
67
46
28
14
4
21
21
0
18
14
TO
3
1
4
3
?
420
4
3
?
?
4
3
?
AM
400
12
136
136
«e
1990
64
46
28
14
4
18
18
0
18
14
TO
3
r
3
3
r
418
4
3
?
0
4
3
?
AM
400
10
136
136
«e
1991
61
46
2S
74
4
15
15
0
18
15
10
3
1
3
2
1
416
3
2
1
0
4
3
?
AM
400
9
132
132
«2
1992
59
47
28
14
4
12
12
0
18
14
10
3
1
4
3
?
4«
4
2
1
0
4
3
?
NA
400
7
93
93
93
1993
61
49
30
15
5
12
12
0
19
14
TO
3
?
5
4
1
415
4
2
1
1
3
3
1
NA
400
8
92
92
92
1994
61
49
30
?5
5
12
12
0
18
14
TO
3
1
4
4
r
475
3
2
1
0
3
3
?
AM
400
8
96
96
96
1995
63
49
30
15
5
14
14
0
17
14
TO
3
r
3
2
1
413
3
2
1
0
4
3
?
NA
400
6
80
80
SO
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995 I A - 26
-------
Table A-6. Lead Emissions (continued)
(short tons)
Source Category
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
primary lead production
primary copper production
primary zinc production
secondary lead production
secondary copper production
lead battery manufacture
lead cable coating
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
coke manufacturing
ferroalloy production
iron production
steel production
gray iron production
Metals Processing NEC
metal mining
other
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Mineral Products
cement manufacturing
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
municipal waste
other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
NON-ROAD SOURCES
Non-Road Gasoline
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1970
24,224
15,869
12, 134
242
1,019
1,894
374
41
127
38
7,395
11
219
266
3,125
3,773
960
353
606
2,028
540
540
1,488
2,200
2,200
581
1,619
171,961
142,918
22,683
6,361
8,340
8,340
219,471
1975
9,923
7,192
5,640
171
224
821
200
49
55
32
2,196
a
104
93
1,082
910
535
268
268
1,337
217
217
1,120
1,595
1,595
396
1,199
130,206
106,868
19,440
3,898
5,012
5,012
158,541
1980
3,026
1,826
7,075
20
24
481
116
50
37
24
911
6
13
38
481
373
289
207
82
808
93
93
715
1,210
1,210
161
1,049
62,189
48,501
1 1 ,996
1,692
3,320
3,320
74,956
1985
2,097
1,376
874
19
16
288
70
65
43
3
577
3
7
21
209
336
144
141
3
316
43
43
273
871
871
79
792
15,978
12,070
3,595
313
229
229
20,124
1986
1,820
1,161
660
16
11
296
63
66
47
2
553
3
13
16
200
320
107
roe
1
199
25
25
174
844
844
52
792
3,589
2,689
841
59
219
219
7,296
1987
1,835
1,204
673
16
7
347
31
73
56
1
499
3
14
17
128
337
132
131
1
202
28
28
174
844
844
52
792
3,121
2,325
748
48
222
222
6,857
1988
1,965
1,248
684
17
8
353
61
73
50
1
554
4
14
18
157
361
164
763
1
172
23
23
149
817
817
49
768
2,700
2,018
637
44
211
211
6,513
1989
2,088
1,337
775
19
9
433
37
74
50
1
582
4
20
19
138
401
169
769
7
173
23
23
150
765
765
45
720
2,161
1,614
512
36
207
207
6,034
1990
2,169
1,409
728
19
9
449
75
78
50
1
576
4
18
18
138
397
184
184
1
169
26
26
143
804
804
67
738
1,690
1,263
400
28
197
197
5,666
1991
1,975
1,258
623
79
77
474
65
77
48
1
517
3
74
76
745
339
199
198
1
167
24
24
143
807
807
70
738
1,519
1,134
364
20
186
186
5,280
1992
1,773
1,111
550
20
77
336
73
77
44
7
461
3
74
77
739
288
201
207
7
56
26
26
30
812
812
68
744
1,444
1,078
346
19
193
193
4,862
1993
1,899
1,211
637
27
73
347
70
81
47
1
495
2
12
18
145
319
193
793
7
54
27
27
28
824
824
69
756
1,401
1,046
336
19
179
179
4,945
1994
1,979
1,239
633
22
12
357
76
94
44
1
540
0
73
18
160
349
200
799
7
53
28
28
26
829
829
68
762
1,388
1,037
333
19
189
189
5,028
1995
1,937
1,238
658
22
13
333
79
89
44
1
492
0
72
79
754
307
207
206
7
55
28
28
26
842
842
75
768
1,387
1,036
332
19
191
191
4,986
Note(s): NA = not available. "Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
In order to convert emissions to megagrams (metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 -1995 IA - 27
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Table A-7. United States 1990 Ammonia Emissions by Environmental Protection Agency Region
(short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
Oil
Gas
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Oil
Gas
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Ferrous Metals Processing
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
POTW
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Veh. & Motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
NONROAD ENGINES & EQUIPMENT
Marine Vessels
Railroads
AGRICULTURE & FORESTRY
Fertilizer Application
Animal Husbandry
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
Region I Region II Region III Region IV Region V Region VI Region VII Region VIM Region IX Region X
22
0
19
3
399
0
294
105
1,362
0
375
26
961
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5,540
5,540
10,065
8,433
1,599
20
13
44
11
33
19,725
546
19,180
37,157
75
0
18
57
845
1
574
270
1,804
0
637
79
1,089
0
0
43
43
0
0
0
0
0
10,176
10,176
15,645
13,159
2,438
29
19
119
69
50
43,076
370
42,705
71,783
22
0
11
11
934
2
322
610
1,347
0
324
61
962
4,277
4,277
1,154
1,154
2,176
2,176
2
0
2
8,421
8,421
19,640
16,352
3,218
42
29
249
117
132
192,594
9,780
182,814
230,816
67
0
26
40
1,926
4
832
1,091
827
0
369
68
390
48,478
48,478
338
338
1,498
1,498
17
0
17
11,566
11,566
39,258
32,633
6,480
85
59
451
170
281
633,536
64,346
569,190
737,961
36
0
8
28
2,062
6
385
1,671
1,263
1
184
189
889
10,193
10,193
4,060
4,060
8,689
8,689
3,113
0
3,113
20,675
20,675
36,488
30,416
5,942
76
53
348
31
317
830,200
114,564
715,635
917,128
4,758
19
195
4,544
5,370
2
1,088
4,280
405
0
181
78
145
73,825
73,825
0
0
19,195
19,195
22,929
0
22,929
7,032
7,032
24,609
20,513
4,009
52
35
684
365
319
794,897
63,957
730,941
953,703
4
0
1
4
452
1
54
397
213
0
39
50
125
41,477
41 ,477
9
9
934
934
6,899
0
6,899
3,677
3,677
10,165
8,413
1,712
23
16
219
20
199
1,065,173
111,811
953,362
1,129,223
2
0
0
2
407
1
89
317
171
0
50
32
90
52
52
288
288
1,739
1,739
2
0
2
2,501
2,501
6,327
5,238
1,065
15
10
152
0
152
643,068
26,219
616,848
654,711
46
0
8
38
4,045
0
528
3,516
388
0
153
79
156
3,319
3,319
0
0
8,007
8,007
1,088
0
1,088
9,479
9,479
28,761
24,203
4,470
53
35
480
285
195
252,207
25,291
226,916
307,822
1
0
0
0
830
0
127
703
193
0
72
16
104
954
954
0
0
607
607
3,524
2,079
1,445
2,694
2,694
7,522
6,254
1,240
16
11
179
71
108
158,565
2,860
155,705
175,067
National
Total
5,033
19
286
4,727
17,271
18
4,292
12,960
7,973
2
2,384
677
4,910
182,574
182,574
5,893
5,893
42,845
42,845
37,574
2,079
35,495
81,761
81 ,761
198,479
165,614
32,173
411
281
2,926
1,139
1,788
4,633,041
419,744
4,213,297
5,215,370
Note(s): NA= not available.
"Residential Other" is residential combustion of all fuels except wood.
Zero values represent less than 0.5 short tons/year.
In order to convert emissions to megagrams (metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995 I A - 28
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-454/R-96-007
2.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1995
7. AUTHOR(S)
Sharon V. Nizich, David Misenheimer, Thomas Pierce,
Anne Pope, Patty Carlson
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Mail Drop 14
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Office of Air and Radiation
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Traingle Park, NC 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5. REPORT DATE October 1 996
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMAING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-D3-0035
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Technical - 1900-1995
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/200/04
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This report presents the latest estimates of national emissions for criteria air pollutants: carbon monoxide,
lead, nitrogen oxides, fine particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and volatile organic
compounds. Estimates are presented for the years 1940 to 1995, with greater detail in more recent years.
This report also includes sections on state emissions, air toxics, biogenics, and emission for Canada.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
Air Emission Trends Nitrogen Oxides
Air Pollution Ozone
Ammonia Particulate Matter
Biogenics Sulfur Dioxide
Canada Total Suspended
Carbon Monoxide Particulates
Lead Volatile Organic
Nitrogen Dioxide Compounds
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Air Pollution Control
Air Pollution Research
Air Pollution Trends
19. SECURITY CLASS (Report)
Unclassified
20. SECURITY CLASS (Page)
Unclassified
c. COSATI Field/Group
21. NO. OF PAGES
74
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION IS OBSOLETE
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