United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Solid Waste
and Emergency Response
Washington, DC 20460
EPA.530-SW-87-028B
October 1987
c/EPA
Solid Waste
Characterization of MWC Ashes
and Leachates from MSW Landfills,
Monofills, and Co-Disposal Sites
Volume II of VII
Leachate Baseline Report:
Determination of Municipal
Landfill Leachate
Characteristics
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0-33-10-6-17
LEACHATE BASELINE REPORT:
DETERMINATION OF MUNICIPAL
LANDFILL LEACHATE CHARACTERISTICS
VOLUME II OF VII
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF SOLID WASTE
WASHINGTON, D.C
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-7310
WORK ASSIGNMENT NO. 04
EPA Project Officer EPA Task Manager
Jon R. Perry Gerry Dorian
Prepared by
NUS CORPORATION
••' ! •'!('! ,',' '*»/•'*,'
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION PAGE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1 PURPOSE 1-1
1.2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1-1
1.3 REPORT ORGANIZATION 1-2
2.0 LITERATURE REFERENCES 2-1
2.1 INTRODUCTION 2-1
2.2 WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES SPECIAL
REPORT 2-1
2.3 SOBOTKA & CO. REPORT 2-2
2.4 TEXAS A & M UNIVERSITY REPORT 2-3
2.5 LITERATURE LIMITATIONS 2-4
3.0 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEACHATE IN
MUNICIPAL SOUD WASTE LANDFILLS 3-1
3.1 INTRODUCTION 3-1
3.2 INDICATOR PARAMETER OBSERVATIONS 3-6
3.2.1 Dissolved Solids 3-6
3.2.2 Suspended Solids 3-7
3.2.3 Organic* 3-8
3.2.4 pH 3-9
3.2.5 Alkalinity 3-10
3.2.6 ' Hardness 3-11
3.3 MAJOR CONTAMINANTS 3-12
3.3.1 Nitrogen 3-12
3.3.2 Phosphorus 3-13
3.3.3 Chloride 3-13
3.3.4 Sulfur 3-13
3.3.5 Calcium 3-14
3.3.6 Magnesium 3-14
3.3.7 Sodium 3-15
3.3.8 Potassium 3-15
3.3.9 Iron 3-16
3.3.10 Manganese 3-16
3.4 INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS 3-17
3.4.1 Primary Drinking Water Standards 3-17
3.4.1.1 Arsenic 3-19
3.4.1.2 Barium 3-19
3.4.1.3 Cadmium 3-20
3.4.1.4 Chromium 3-20
3.4.1.5 Lead 3-21
3.4.1.6 Mercury 3-22
3.4.1.7 Selenium 3-22
3.4.1.8 Silver ' 3-22
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
34.1.9 Fluoride 3-23
3.4.2 Other Priority Pollutant Inorganics 3-23
3A2.1 Antimony 3-23
3.4.2.2 Beryllium 3-23
3.4.2.3 Copper 3-25
3.4.2.4 Cyanide 3-25
3.4.2.5 Nickel 3-26
3.4.2.6 Thallium 3-26
3.4.2.7 Zinc 3-27
3.4.2.8 Asbestos 3-27
3.4.3 Other Inorganic Contaminants 3-27
3.4.3.1 Aluminum 3-28
3.4.3.2 Boron 3-28
3.4.3.3 Molybdenum 3-30
3.4.3.4 Cobalt and Vanadium 3-30
3.4.3.5 Tin, Titanium, and Yttrium 3-31
3.4.4 Sobotka Literature Data 3-31
3.5 - TRACE ORGANICS 3-31
3.5.1 Introduction 3-31
3.5.2 Halogenated Ethers and Aliphatics 3-43
3.5.3 Phthalate Esters 3-45
3.5.4 Phenols 3-45
3.5.5 Monocyclic and Polycyclic Aromatics 3-46
3.5.6 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 3-47
3.5.7 Pesticides and Herbicides 3-47
3.5.8 Sobotka Organic Literature Data 3-48
3.5.9 Texas A & M Organic Literature Data 3-48
3.6 SUMMARY 3-48
REFERENCES R-1
APPENDICES
A Range Graphs and Median Frequency of Occurrence A-1
Histograms
B Wisconsin Case History Information B-1
in
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TABLES
NUMBER
PAGE
3-1 Wisconsin Landfills with Leachate Analysis Results Included
In This Report 3-2
3-2 Contaminant Concentration Ranges in Leachate Reported In
The Literature 3-4
3-3 Numerical Standards for Primary Drinking
Water Standards 3-18
3-4 Numerical Standards for Other Priority Pollutant Inorganics 3-24
3-5 Summary of Results for Other Inorganic Contaminants 3-29
3-6 Sobotka Report: Inorganic Data 3-32
3-7 Analytical Results of Priority Pollutant Organic Compounds
Detected In Wisconsin Leacnates 3-41
3-8 Sobotka Report: Organic Data from 44 Case Studies 3-49
3-9 Concentration of Selected Organic Compounds Identified
In Municipal Landfill Leachate or Groundwater Plume 3-58
3-10 Contaminant Concentration from Leachate of Three
Municipal Landfills 3-63
3-11 Overall Summary from the Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste
Leachates in Wisconsin 3-64
3-12 Comparison of Leachate Concentrations with Drinking
Water Standards • 3-66
3-13 Sobotka Report: Data Summary of Organic MSW
Leachate Concentrations 3-69
3-14 Sobotka Report: Data Summary of Inorganic MSW
Leachate Concentrations 3-70
FIGURES
NUMBER
3-1
PAGE
Municipal Solid Waste Landfills Included In This Report
and Their Locations
3-3
IV
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ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS
BNA
BOD
CAS
CB
CERCLA
COD
Codisposal
CP
DWE
EP
EPA
ESP
HSWA
HWC
LF
MCL
Monofill
MSW
MW
MWC
MWEP
ND
NPDES
PAHs
PCBs
Base-neutral and Acid Extractables
Biological Oxygen Demand
Chemical Abstract Service
Chlorobiphenyl
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Disposal together of municipal solid wastes and municipal solid waste
combustion ashes
Chlorinated Phenols
Deionized Water Extraction Test Method
Extraction Procedure
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Electrostatic Precipitator
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments
Hazardous Waste Combustion
Landfill
Maximum Contaminant Level
A landfill that contains only solid waste combustion ashes and
residues
Municipal Solid Waste
Monitoring Well
Municipal Waste Combustion
Monofilled Waste Extraction Procedure, also known as SW-924
Not Detected
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
-------
ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS
PAGE TWO
PCDDs
PCDFs
POTW
RCRA
RDF
RPD
SS
SW-924
TCLP
TDS
TEF
TNK
TOC
TSCA
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
Polychlorinated dibenzofurans
Publically Owned Treatment Works
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Refuse Derived Fuel
Relative Percent Difference
Suspended Solids
Deionized Water Extraction Test Method
Toxic Characteristics Leaching Procedure Test Method
Total Dissolved Solids
Toxic Equivalency Factors
Total Nitrogen Kjeldahl
Total Organic Carbon
Toxic Substances Control Act
VI
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE
This baseline report on municipal landfill leachate characteristics was written to
provide support to the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's)
study of the Subtitle D Program. The principal objective of this Phase I leachate
baseline report, prepared by NUS Corporation (NUS), is to assist the EPA in
developing data to evaluate the potential health and environmental effects of
leachate from municipal landfills. This report summarizes existing leachate
characteristic data supplied by the EPA, including concentrations of organic and
inorganic parameters.
1.2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
In 1979, EPA promulgated criteria for determining which Subtitle D (nonhazardous
waste) disposal facilities pose a reasonable probability of adverse effects upon
human health and the environment and therefore should be classified as "open
dumps."
The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA), enacted in 1984, require of
the EPA the following actions: (1)to submit a report to Congress by
Novembers, 1987, addressing whether the Subtitle D criteria authorized by RCRA
Sections 1008(a) and 4004 Criteria (40 CFR Part 257) are adequate to protect human
health and the environment from groundwater contamination; (2) to recommend
whether additional authorities are needed to enforce the criteria; and (3) to revise
the criteria by March 31,1988, for facilities that may receive hazardous household
waste or wastes from small-quantity generators of hazardous waste.
Since 1984, concerns were raised regarding the chemical composition of leachate
generated from municipal waste landfills. These concerns center on the detection
of certain toxic metals and organics, and on the lack of available data for a
comprehensive and defensible evaluation of the effects of leachates on human
health and the environment.
1-1
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1.3 REPORT ORGANIZATION
Section 2.0 discusses the literature sources used to prepare this report and their
limitations. Section 3.0 contains the literature findings for organic and inorganic
constituents. Appendix A contains range graphs and median frequency-of-
occurrence histograms for the pollutants discussed in Section 3.0. Also included in
Appendix A are three tables. Appendix B is a case-by-case list of the Wisconsin sites
identified in this report. Appendix B also provides a summary of the information
available regarding these sites, as obtained from the Wisconsin Department of
Natural Resources Special Report.
1-2
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2.0 LITERATURE REFERENCES
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The following literature references were used to compile this report.
• McGinley, P.M., and P. Kmet. Formation. Characteristics. Treatment, and
Disposal of Leachate from Municipal Solid Waste Landfills. Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources Special Report, August 1,1987.
• Sobotka & Co., Inc. Case history data compiled and reported in a July 1986
report to the U.S. EPA's Economic Analysis Branch of the Office of Solid
Waste.
• Brown, K.W., and K.C Donnelly. The Occurrence and Concentration of
Organic Chemicals in Hazardous and Municipal Waste Landfill Leachate.
Texas A&M University, Soil and Crop Sciences Department, College
Station, Texas.
2.2 WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES SPECIAL REPORT
The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources report, which is the result of a
3-year effort, provides chemical characteristics of municipal solid waste leachate
from 20 active Wisconsin landfills. Of significance is the fact that 14 out of
20 Wisconsin landfills sampled reported receiving industrial wastes. Some also
reported receiving hazardous wastes.
According to the Wisconsin report, these 20 active landfills represent a wide variety
of site designs, sizes, and operations. The report data were collected with the intent
that the landfill contaminants could be identified; the range of these contaminants
could be defined; and the impacts of time, site design, and site operation on
leachate quality could be observed. By summarizing data from only leachate
collection systems and leachate headwells, the report focused on the composition of
leachate that could be leaving the base of the refuse in a full-scale, operating
landfill.
2-1
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The chemical results were obtained primarily from samples collected by the landfill
owners, their consultants, or treatment plants treating the leachate. Occasionally,
samples collected or results reported by other parties were available. Variability in
results may be attributed to the fact that these samples were collected by different
individuals, using different sampling and analytical procedures.
The way in which a sample was handled after collection may have a substantial
impact on its chemical composition. The environment at the base of the refuse may
have been considerably different from the surface, and the exposure to the
atmosphere may have changed the redox potential, pH, color, and turbidity of the
sample.
2.3 SOBOTKA & CO. REPORT
The information contained in the Sobotka study was to be used by the EPA's
Economic Analysis Branch, a subdivision of the Office of Solid Waste. Several
months of gathering literature of municipal leachate resulted in the information
presented in the Sobotka report. The objectives of the Sobotka report were to
gather active municipal landfill leachate data, primarily organics; characterize the
releases; calculate the associated risks; and predict the cost of compliance that
municipal landfill facilities may face. Data regarding municipal leachate were
gathered over a period of several months from literature sources, such as the
Wisconsin report, and from various state records. Data pertaining to 44 landfills
were obtained. This information was collected from reference material and state
records from 10 states, including the sites referenced in the Wisconsin report. The
landfill locations, grouped by states, are as follows:
Eastern Alameda, California Central, Delaware
Pigeon Point, Delaware
Coffin Butte, Colorado
RPS Inc., Colorado Perdido, Florida
South Dade, Florida
Litchfield, Connecticut West Palm Beach, Florida
Shelton, Connecticut Unknown Site, Florida
2-2
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Am Hoist, Minnesota
Bethel, Minnesota
Duluth, Minnesota
Koochiching, Minnesota
Lyon, Minnesota
Meeker, Minnesota
Pine Bend, Minnesota
Rochester, Minnesota
Hamm's Landfill, New Jersey
Landfill and Development, New Jersey
Ocean County Landfill, New Jersey
Killingsworth, Oregon
Riverbend, Oregon
Roseburg, Oregon
Short Mountain, Oregon
2.4 TEXAS A & M UNIVERSITY REPORT
Tillamook, Washington
Dane, Wisconsin
Delafield, Wisconsin
Fond du Lac, Wisconsin
Green Bay (E), Wisconsin
Green Bay (W), Wisconsin
Janesville, Wisconsin
Marathon, Wisconsin
Muskego, Wisconsin
Omega Hills, Wisconsin
Outagamie, Wisconsin
Pheasant Run, Wisconsin
Polk, Wisconsin
Ridgeview, Wisconsin
Seven Mile Creek, Wisconsin
Superior, Wisconsin
Tork, Wisconsin
Winnebago, Wisconsin
The TexasA&M University study was conducted by the Soil and Crop Sciences
Department. This report was undertaken to compile chemical constituent and
concentration data and to compare the risks associated with exposure to organic
pollutants found in leachate from industrial and municipal waste landfills. The
study focused on the organic constituents of landfill leachate from various sources.
The data were combined to identify minimum and maximum concentrations of
specific constituents found in leachate from municipal and industrial waste landfills.
Data presented in this report included TexasA&M University data on three
municipal landfills: Lyon Municipal Landfill, Meeker Municipal Landfill, and
Rochester Landfill. Landfill locations were not given.
2-3
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2.5 LITERATURE LIMITATIONS
The data contained in this baseline report have several limitations. The unknowns
included sampling and handling procedures employed, analytical methods, and
landfill conditions. For example, a landfill identified as receiving only municipal
waste may have knowingly or unknowingly accepted industrial or hazardous waste.
The ages of the landfills are also unknown. The Wisconsin report indicates that the
landfills sampled were relatively young, but the other two sources do not identify
the various landfill ages. The landfill design and refuse depths are also unknown.
The Wisconsin report mentions that concentrations exhibited seasonal fluctuations.
However, dates sampled are not given.
These three reports also do not indict whether the leachates were pure or had been
diluted by natural resources prior to sampling. Leachate freshness is also not
mentioned.
The major concern in using the data from Wisconsin report regarding municipal
solid waste landfill leachate is the fact that 14 out of the 20 landfills reported
receiving industrial waste material.
Because of these limitations, a comparison of these literature sources has not been
done. The data have been presented for reference and to provide a baseline report.
2-4
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3.0 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEACHATE IN
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILLS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The information provided in this section regarding the chemical characteristics of
leachate in municipal solid waste landfills was obtained from studies conducted by
the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Sobotka & Co., Inc., and
Texas A & M University, as detailed in Section 2.0. Since the Wisconsin study was the
most extensive of the three studies, the majority of information in this section is
based on the Wisconsin report.
The Wisconsin report contains numerous references to the landfills in Wisconsin
from which leachate data were obtained. Table 3-1 summarizes landfill site data
and identifies, by site identification number and name, the site references used
throughout the text. Figure 3-1 illustrates the locations of these sites.
Table 3-2, excerpted from the Wisconsin report, lists contaminant concentration
ranges in leachate as reported in various literature sources (George, 1972; Chian
and DeWalle, 1977; Metry and Cross, 1977; and Cameron, 1978) from the
early 1970s to July 1986. Also included are values obtained from the Sobotka & Co.
report. These data are a summary of ranges developed from the analyses of
leachate seeps, contaminated surface waters, contaminated groundwaters, and
from test Iysimeters.
Although Table 3-2 illustrates that a fair amount of data are reported in the
literature, the extreme variability of these values limits its usefulness. The values
from this table are included in the various upcoming sections.
The Wisconsin study also contains numerous range graphs and median
frequency-of-occurrence histograms. These figures are included in Appendix A and
are referenced throughout this report.
3-1
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Table 3-1 Wisconsin Landfills with Leachate Analysis Results Included
in this Report.
Site Name
Number
11 WMI-Lauer I
307 WHI-Polk
572 Land Reclamation
611 Winnebago Co.
652 Tork
719 Delafield
1099 WMI-Metro
1678 WMI-Omega Hills
1739 WMI-Pheasant Run
2358 Fond du Lac Co.
2484 Outagamie Co.
2568 Brown Co. West
2569 Brown Co. East
2575 WMI-Ridgeview
2627 City of Superior
2680 Dane Co.
2821 Eau Claire Co.
2822 City of Janesville
2892 Marathon Co.
2895 WMI-Muskego
Site
Type
ZS
CL
ZS
ZS
R
CL
ZS
ZS
ZS
ZS
ZS
ZS
CL
NA
ZS
NA
CL
CL
CL
CL
Total Design Principal Date Site
Volume Waste Types Filling Size
(million Began (acres)
cubic yards)
0.5
9.5
5.5
1.5
1.0
9.0
15.0
1.6
0.5
3.2
4.0
6.0
0.8
0.6
1.5
1.2
0.7
1.5
1.3
MSW.IND pre-1960
MSW 1970
MSW.IND.HAZ pre-1970
MSW.IND pre-1970
MSW.IND 1970
MSW 1975
MSW.IND.HAZ pre-1970
MSW.IND.HAZ 1971
MSW.IND pre-1967
MSW.IND 1978
MSW.IND 1975
MSW.IND 1977
MSW 1976
MSW.IND 1976
MSW.IND 1976
MSW 1977
MSW 1978
MSW.IND 1978
MSW.IND 1980
MSW 1980
38
9
82
94
38
13
96
166
35
16
47
50
30
17
20
49
24
13
10
29
Abbreviations:
Site Types
NA: Natural Attenuation
CL: Clay Lined
Principal Waste Types
MSW: Municipal Solid Waste
IND: Industrial Waste
ZS: Zone-of-saturation
R: Retrofit
HAZ: Hazardous Waste
Source: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Report
3-2
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SAMPLE SOURCES
• COLLECTION SYSTEM
A WELLS IN REFUSE
COLLECTION SYSTEM AND WELLS
$719 911
A 2680 2895
• 2822
Figure 3-1 Municipal Solid Waste Landfills Included in this
Report and their Locations.
Source: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Report
3-3
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TABLE 3-2
CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATION RANGES IN LEACHATE REPORTED IN THE UTERATURE
[All Concentrations in mg/l (ppm)]
PH
Alkalinity
Total Solids
TDS
Total Suspended Solids
Specific Conductanct
BOO
COO
TOC
Bicarbonate
Hardness
Chlorides
Fluorides
Sulfates
Sulfide
Total-K-Nrtrogen
NHj-Nitrogen
Organic Nitrogen
NO3-Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Ortho-Phosphorus
Aluminum
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Total Chromium
Copper
Georgt
(1972)
3.7-8.5
0-20,350
0-42.276
6-2.685
9-54.610
0-89,520
0-22.800
34-2,800
1-1.826
0-1.416
0-1,106
0-1.300
1-154
5-4,080
0-9.9
Chian/
DeWalle
(1977)
3.7-8.5
0-20.850
0-59.200
584-44,900
10-700
2.810-16.800
81-33.360
40-89.520
256-28.000
0-22.800
4.7-2,467
1-1,558
0-1,106
0.2-10.29
0-130
6.5-85
0.03-17
60-7,200
0-9.9
Metry/Cross
(1975)
3.7-8.5
310-9.500
100-51,000
13-26.500
100-1,200
2.200-720,000
800-750.000
3.260-5.730
35-8.700
. 47-2.350
20-1,370
0.2-845
2.4-550
4.5-18
0.3-136
240-2,570
Cameron
(1978)
3.7-8.5
0-20,900
0-42400
9-55,000
0-9,000
0-22.800
34-2.800
0-2.13
0-1.826
0-0.13
0-1,106
0-154
0-122
0-11.6
0-5.4
0-0.3
0.3-73
0-0.19
5-4,000
0-33.4
0-10
Wisconsin
Report
(20 sites)
54.9
NO-1 5.050
584-50.430
2-140.900
480-72.500
NO-1 95,000
6.6-97.900
NO-30,500
52-225,000
2-11,375
0-0.74
NO-1 ,850
2-3,320
10-1,200
10-250
ND-234
NO-85
ND-70.2
ND-12.5
NO-0.36
0.867-13
NO-. 04
200-2.500
ND-5.6
NO-4.06
Sobotka
Report
(44 sites)
5.4-8.0
0-7.375
1,900-25,873
1,400-16,120
28-2.835
7-21,600
440-50.450
5-6,384
0.8-9,380
120-5,475
0.12-0.790
8-500
47.3-938
11.3-1,200
4.5-78.2
0-50.95
0.010-5.07
0-0.08
0.01-10
0.001-0.01
0-01
95.5-2.100
0.001-1.0
0.003-0.32
3-4
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TABLE 3-2
CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATION RANGES
IN LEACHATE REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE
[All Concentrations in mg/l (ppm)]
PAGE TWO
Cyanide
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Sodium
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
George
(1972)
0.2-5,300
0-5.0
16.5-15,600
0.06-1,400
2.8-3.770
0-7,700
0-1.000
Chian/
DeWalle
(1977)
0-2.820
<0.10-2.0
17-15.600
0.09-125
28-3,770
0-7,700
0-370
Metry/Cross
(1975)
0.12-1,700
64-547
13
28-3.800
85-3.800
0.03-135
Cameron
(1978)
0-0.11
0.2-5.500
0-5.0
16.5-15,600
0.06-1,400
0-0.064
0-0.52
0.01-0.8
2.8-3.770
0-7,700
0-5.0
0-1.4
0-1.000
Wisconsin
Report
(20 sites)
NO-6
ND-1,500
0-14.2
NO-780
ND-31.1
NO-0.01
0.01-1.43
ND-7.5
NO-2.800
12-6.010
<0.01
0.01
ND-731
Sobotka
Report
(44 sites)
0-4.0
0.22-1,400
0.001-1.11
76-927
0.03-43
0-0.02
0.01-1.25
30-1,375
0.01-67
All concentrations in mg/1 except pH (std units) and Sp. Cond. (ymhos/cm).
NO » Not detected
Source: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Report
3-5
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3.2 INDICATOR PARAMETER OBSERVATIONS
3.2.1 Dissolved Solids
Dissolved solids can be measured directly as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) or as specific
conductance. There is a direct correlation between these two measurements.
Occasionally, only the in-situ measurement specific conductance is reported.
Factors affecting specific conductance values of leachate include
• Runoff of water into the collection system
• Landfill operational values
• Contact of leachate with the lower layers of refuse
• Groundwater dilution
• Age of landfill
Specific conductance ranges and median values from leachate samples from
18 Wisconsin municipal waste landfills are displayed in Figure A-1, Appendix A.
These relatively high specific-conductance values for leachate reflect the highly
mineralized nature of municipal solid waste leachate.
The wide variation in specific conductance of leachate between the different
Wisconsin sites and even within an individual site sampled at different times reflects
the tremendous variability in the overall leachate strength. This variation makes it
difficult to define a typical concentration range, but emphasizes the importance of
identifying the variables that affect leachate quality.
No significant reduction in specific conductance has been observed at Wisconsin
landfills with time, although this is not expected, since they are still active and
relatively young.
The dissolved solids content of Wisconsin leachates puts them in the high-hazard
classification for irrigation waters (EPA, 1973).
3-6
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Comparison of Published Values
for Ranges of Specific Conductance (umhos/cm)
Chian, DeWalle 2,810-16,800
Metry, Cross 100-1,200
Wisconsin 480-72,500
3.2.2 Suspended Solids
Factors affecting leachate suspended solid values include the following:
• The degree of well development and the filtering action of the gravel pack
• Filters in leachate collection pipes
• Surface water runoff
Suspended solids analyses from 14 Wisconsin landfills are summarized in Figure A-2,
Appendix A. The ranges are quite broad and reflect variability at most sites.
The suspended solids concentrations found in Wisconsin municipal solid waste
(MSW) leachates are comparable to those reported in the literature for other
leachates (Table 3-2).
Comparison of Published Values in mg/l (ppm)
Total Solids (mg/l)
Chian, OeWalle 0-59,200
Sobotka 1,900-25,873
Total Dissolved Solids in mg/l (ppm)
George 0-42,276
Chian, OeWaile 584-44,900
Metry, Cross 100-51,000
Cameron 0-42,300
Wisconsin 584-50,430
Sobotka 1,400-16,120
Total Suspended Solids in mg/l (ppm)
George 6-2,685
Chian, DeWalle 10-700
Metry, Cross 13-26,500
Wisconsin 2-140,900
Sobotka 28-2,835
3-7
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This great variation in values indicates that reporting of data in "averages" or
"means" is meaningless and that data should be reported in ranges.
3.2.3 Oroanics
Factors affecting leachate organic concentration noted by the Wisconsin report
include the following:
• Site age -The leachate's biological oxygen demand (BOD) decreases faster
than the chemical oxygen demand (COD).
• A landfill's methanogenic bacterial community-This results in the
depletion of easily degraded compounds, while refractory organics remain
relatively inert and make the COD more resistant to change.
• Oxygen demand concentration patterns over time-This reflects some of
the influences of site design and operational variations.
• BOD values - High values are usually found in the spring or summer.
• Dilution of leachate by surface water and rainwater.
• Variability overtime.
The leachate BOD concentrations from 16Wisconsin landfills are presented in
Appendix A in Figure A-3. The number of samples per site ranged from 5 to
1,060,_and the results were primarily reported by treatment plants that accepted
the leachate. The COD ranges are presented in Figure A-4, although less extensive
than the number of BOD samples. COD samples were obtained from 19 sites and
were represented with 1 to 188 samples per site.
BOD values ranged from undetected to 195,000 mg/l (ppm). COD values ranged
from less than 50 to 100,000 mg/l (ppm).
3-8
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Comparison of Literature Values for BOD in mg/l (ppm)
George 9-54,610
Chian, DeWalle 81-33,360
Metry, Cross 2,200-720,000
Cameron 9-55,000
Wisconsin ND-195,000
Sobotka 7-21,600
Comparison of Literature Values for COO in mg/l (ppm)
George 0-89,520
Chian, DeWalle 40-89,520
Metry, Cross 800-750,000
Cameron 0-9,000
Wisconsin 6.6-97,900
Sobotka 440-50,450
Comparison of Literature Values for TOC in mg/l (ppm)
Chian, DeWalle 256-28,000
Wisconsin ' ND-30,500
Sobotka 5-6,884
ND - Not Detected
The extreme ranges of these parameters within each individual site and within
different sites indicate the need to report these values in "ranges" rather than as
"averages" or "means." Calculation of statistical parameters may also be
meaningless.
3.2.4 £H
The following factors may affect leachate pH concentrations.
• Site conditions (nature of local soils).
• Surface water dilution/infiltrating groundwater.
3-9
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• Refuse stability -Leachate pH generally rises from a low of about 5 to
neutrality as the refuse stabilizes.
• Decreasing BOD - As the BOD decreases, the pH rises; this change reflects
the reduction in organic acid concentration.
Figure A-5, in Appendix A, depicts the pH values of the monitored sites in Wisconsin.
Evaluation of these data indicates that the overall range for pH is from 5 to 9.
The pH values reported for leachates at Wisconsin landfills were closer to neutral
than pH 3.7, the value reported in the literature.
Comparison of Literature Values for pH (pH Units)
George 3.7-8.5
Chian, DeWalle 3.7-8.5
Metry, Cross 3.7-8.5
Cameron 3.7-8.5
Wisconsin 5-8.9
Sobotka 5.4-8.0
3.2.5 Alkalinity
Factors affecting leachate alkalinity concentrations include the following:
• Leachate from older stabilized fills with lower COD values had alkalinities
largely attributable to the carbonate-bicarbonate system.
• Stronger COD leachates from younger fills had alkalinities derived from
organic acids.
• As the refuse stabilizes and the concentrations of other parameters are
reduced, the alkalinities are also expected to decrease.
The total alkalinity results from UWisconsin landfills are presented in Appendix A,
Figure A-6. The reported alkalinity concentrations in Wisconsin landfill leachates
are well within the ranges reported as typical municipal landfill leachate.
3-10
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Comparison of Literature Values for Alkalinity in mg/l (ppm)
George 0-20,850
Chian, DeWalle 0-20,850
Metry, Cross 310-9,500
Cameron 0-20,900
Wisconsin ND-15,050
Sobotka 0-7,375
ND - Not Detected
Again, the extreme variation in values indicates the need to report data in ranges
rather than as averages or means.
3.2.6 Hardness
Calcium and magnesium are the principal contributors to hardness, but iron,
manganese, and possibly zinc are contributors. A plot of the range and median
values for hardness from 14 Wisconsin landfills is shown in Appendix A, Figure A-7.
This figure presents 404 values from collection systems and headwells.
The hardness values were much higher in leachates reported in the Wisconsin study
than in published data, as were the pH values. These increased values result from
the strata on which the Wisconsin sites are located.
Comparison of Literature Values for Hardness in mg/l (ppm)
George 0-22,800
Chian, DeWalle 0-22,800
Metry, Cross 35-8,700
Cameron 0-22,800
Wisconsin 52-225,000
Sobotka 0.8-9,380
3-11
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3.3 MAJOR CONTAMINANTS
3.3.1 Nitrogen
The following factors affect leachate nitrogen concentration values:
• Newer sites and sites with dilute leachate have lower nitrogen
concentrations.
• Deeper refuse sites tend to have higher nitrogen concentrations.
The analysis results for total-Kjeldahl-nitrogen and ammonia-nitrogen in Wisconsin
landfill leachate are graphically depicted in Figures A-8 and A-9 in Appendix A.
These figures show the ranges and median values for 9 and 11 sites, respectively.
The values reported for total-Kjeldahl-nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen, and nitrate-
nitrite-nitrogen are comparable to those reported for typical municipal solid waste
leachate. Figure A-10 shows the range and median value for leachate nitrate
nitrogen for the Wisconsin landfills,
Comparison of Literature Values in mg/l (ppm)
Total-Kjeidahl-Nitrogen
George 0-1,416
Wisconsin 2-3,320
Sobotka 47.3-938
Ammonia-Nitrogen
George 0-1,106
Chian, DeWalle 0-1,106
Metry, Cross 0.2-845
Cameron 0-1,106
Sobotka 11.3-1,200
Wisconsin 10-1,200
Organic-Nitrogen
Metry, Cross 2.4-550
Sobotka 4.5-78.2
Nitrate-Nitrogen
George 0-1,300
Chian, DeWalle 0.2-10.29
Metry, Cross 4.5-18
Sobotka 0-50.95
Wisconsin 0-250
3-12
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3.3.2 Phosphorus
Figure A-11, in Appendix A, shows the range and median values for total
phosphorus concentrations at 11 Wisconsin landfills. The ranges of phosphorus
concentrations show that Wisconsin municipal waste leachates are generally
comparable to other sites.
Comparison of Literature Values
for Total Phosphorus in mg/l (ppm)
George 1-154
Chian, OeWalle 0-130
Wisconsin ND-234
NO - Not Detected
3.3.3 Chloride
Chloride is a common constituent of solid waste and can be found in high
concentrations in landfill leachate. The ranges and median values for leachate
chloride concentrations from 15 Wisconsin landfills are presented in Figure A-12,
Appendix A. For most sites the concentrations are below 2,500 mg/l (ppm), and the
variation within a site is generally less than a range of 1,500 mg/l (ppm).
3.3.4 Sulfur
These factors affect leachate sulfur concentrations.
• The powerful precipitating ability of sulfides probably precludes the
movement of sulfide out of the landfill in leachate.
Sulfate concentrations in Wisconsin landfill leachates ranged from less than 1 to
more than 1,850 mg/l (ppm). Site median values fall within a relatively narrow
range of 100 to 500 mg/l (ppm). The upper end of the leachate sulfate
concentration range at most Wisconsin landfills exceeded 1,000 mg/l (ppm), and
many values exceeded the Secondary Drinking Water Standard of 250 mg/l (ppm).
The range of sulfate concentrations from 11 Wisconsin landfills is presented in
Figure A-13 in Appendix A.
3-13
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3.3.5 Calcium
Calcium concentrations of municipal solid waste (MSW) leachates in Wisconsin were
available from 7 sites, with a total of 9 values. The concentrations reported ranged
from 200 to 2,500 mg/l (ppm), and six of the nine values were evenly distributed
between 200 and 700 mg/l (ppm). The overall concentration range is in general
agreement with that reported in the literature for other MSW leachates, although
the literature-reported extremes of 4,000-7,000 mg/l (ppm) were never reported at
Wisconsin sites.
No drinking water standard exists for calcium. Wisconsin leachates are considered
very hard, based on the calcium content alone.
Comparison of Literature Values for Calcium in mg/l (ppm)
George 5-4,080
Chian, DeWalle 60-7,200
Metry, Cross 240-2,570
Cameron 5-4,000
Wisconsin 200-2,500
Sobotka 95.5-2,100
3.3.6 Magnesium
In nine samples from seven landfills, the concentration of magnesium in Wisconsin
MSW leachates ranged from 120 to 780 mg/l (ppm). Most of the magnesium
concentrations of leachates reported in the literature were below 1,000 mg/l (ppm),
although the overall range of 17-15,600 mg/l (ppm) (Table 3-2) showed extreme
values considerably in excess of leachate concentrations found in Wisconsin.
No drinking water standard has been established for magnesium, but Wisconsin
leachates generally exceed environmental concentrations (aquifers and surface
water).
3-14
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Comparison of Literature Values for Magnesium in mg/l) (ppm)
George 16.5-15,600
Chian, DeWalle 17-15,600
Metry, Cross 64-547
Cameron 16.5-15,600
Wisconsin ND-780
Sobotka 76-927
ND - Not Detected
3.3.7 Sodium
Concentrations for sodium in Wisconsin landfills are reported in Figure A-14 in
Appendix A. Sodium is the most commonly analyzed cation in Wisconsin municipal
landfill leachate. Leachate concentrations ranged from 12 to 6,010 mg/l (ppm).
Leachates exceeded the natural sodium concentrations in groundwater [range
0.0-107 mg/l (ppm), median 3.3 mg/l (ppm)] and surface waters [Wolf River: 2 mg/l
(ppm), Lake Michigan: 4.5 mg/l (ppm)]. Primary Drinking Water Standards for
sodium, based on dietary restrictions, were also exceeded 270 mg/l (ppm)
(USEPA, 1976).
Comparison of Literature Values for Sodium in mg/l (ppm)
George 0-7,700
Chian, DeWalle 0-7,700
Metry, Cross 85-3,800
Cameron 0-7,700
Wisconsin 12-6,010
3.3.8 Potassium
Wisconsin leachate potassium concentrations were well in excess of the
concentrations found naturally in state waters. The leachate range was from less
than 20 to 2,800 mg/l (ppm).
3-15
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Comparison of Literature Values for Potassium in mg/l (ppm)
George 2.8-3,770
Chian, DeWalle 28-3,770
Metry, Cross 28-3,800
Cameron 2.8-3,770
Wisconsin ND-2,800
Sobotka 30-1,375
NO - Not Detected
3.3.9 Iron
The concentrations of iron found in leachates from Wisconsin landfills were usually
in excess of the Secondary Drinking Water Standard of 0.3 mg/l (ppm). Many values
were 100 to 1,000 times greater than this. They also exceed the typically
encountered concentrations of iron in natural waters. Leachate iron concentrations
were available from 17 Wisconsin landfills. Presented in Figure A-15 in Appendix A
are 416 analysis results with 1 to 86 samples from each landfill.
Comparison of Literature Values for Iron in mg/l (ppm)
George ' 0.2-5,500
Chian, DeWalle 0-2,820
Metry, Cross 0.12-1,700
Cameron 0.2-5,500
Wisconsin ND-1,500
Sobotka 0.22-1,400
ND-Not Detected
3.3.10 Manganese
Data on manganese concentrations in Wisconsin leachates are available from
11 landfills with 67 analysis results. The ranges and median histogram for these
values are presented in Figure A-16.
The overall range was from undetected to 31 mg/l (ppm), although most values
were between 2 and 10 mg/l (ppm). Nearly all the leachates analyzed exceeded the
Secondary Drinking Water Standard of 0.05 mg/l (ppm).
3-16
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Comparison of Literature Values for Manganese in mg/l (ppm)
George 0.06-1,400
Chian, DeWalle 0.09-125
Metry, Cross 13
Cameron 0.06-1,400
Wisconsin ND-31.1
Sobotka 0.03-43
ND - Not Detected
3.4 INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
Inorganic contaminants are broken into the following categories:
• Primary Drinking Water Standards
• Other Priority Pollutants
• Other Inorganics
It is also important to refer to the maximum concentration values established by the
EPA indicating characteristics of EP toxicity. If these values are exceeded, the waste
material is classified as hazardous. The values are as follows:
Arsenic 5.0 mg/l (ppm)
Barium 100.0 mg/r(ppm)
Cadmium 1.0 mg/l (ppm)
Chromium 5.0 mg/l (ppm)
Lead 5.0 mg/l (ppm)
Mercury 0.2 mg/l (ppm)
Selenium 1.0 mg/l (ppm)
Silver 5.0 mg/l (ppm)
3.4.1 Primary Drinking Water Standards
The Primary Drinking Water Standards were established by the EPA (and adopted by
the State of Wisconsin), based on health considerations. The inorganic parameters
for which primary drinking water standards have been established are listed in
Table 3-3, along with pertinent environmental criteria. These parameters include
arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, silver, and fluoride.
Analysis for these parameters in leachate has varied, and routine analysis is more
3-17
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TABLE 3-3
NUMERICAL STANDARDS FOR PRIMARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
[All Concentrations in mg/l (ppm)]
Parameter
Arsenic (As)
Barium (Ba)
Cadmium (Cd)
Chromium (Cr)
Lead (Pb)
Mercury (Hg)
Selenium (Se)
Silver (Ag)
Fluoride (F)
Nitrate (NO3')
Drinking
Water
Standard (D
0.05
1
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.002
0.01
0.05
1.4-2.4
10
USEPA 1980
Criteria for
Human Health W
0.0000022
0.01
170( + 3)
0.05
0.000144
0.01
0.05
Wisconsin Water
Quality Criteria
(daily maximum) (3)
1.5
0.07
11.7
1.07
0.002
1.03
0.008
Maximum
Concentration
for Characteristic
of EP Toxicity
5.0
100.0
1.0
5.0
5.0
0.2
1.0
5.0
Sources:
(1): U.S. Public Health Service, 1962.
(2): USEPA, 1980, criteria based on both water and organism ingestion.
(3): DNR files, 1984, for protection of Wisconsin warm-water fish and aquatic life
(water hardness 100 mg/l-CaCOs)
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Report
3-18
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the exception than the rule. The following subsections discuss the results available.
The only other inorganic primary drinking water standard is for nitrate, which is
examined in Section 3.3.1.
3.4.1.1 Arsenic
Precipitation and absorption of ions may be a significant mechanism controlling the
presence of arsenic in landfill leachate.
In Figure A-17, Appendix A, 112 arsenic analysis results from 13 Wisconsin landfills
are presented. Of the 13 sites, 3 (1099, 1678, and 1739) had values that exceeded
the Primary Drinking Water Standard of 0.05 mg/l (ppm). All of these sites accepted
municipal solid waste and industrial waste. Two also accepted hazardous waste
material. All other sites had median leachate arsenic concentrations below
0.02 mg/l (ppm). The concentration of arsenic found in Wisconsin leachates is
generally equal to or lower than the few concentrations reported in the literature
for other sites.
Comparison of Literature Values for Arsenic in mg/l (ppm)
Cameron 0-11.6
Wisconsin ND-70.2
Sobotka 0-0.08
ND - Not Detected
3.4.1.2 Barium
Barium concentrations in Wisconsin landfill leachates exceeded the detection limits
at 8 of the 11 sites where barium was analyzed. Two of the sites, where barium was
not detected, had detection limits within the commonly detected range. Overall,
barium concentrations found in Wisconsin landfill leachates ranged from
nondetected to 12.5 mg/l (ppm), based on the analysis of 73 leachate samples. The
range for each site is shown in Figure A-18.
Leachate barium concentrations exceeded the Primary Drinking Water Standard of
1 mg/l (ppm) at Sites 11, 1099, 1678, 1739, 2822, and 2895. Site 2895 accepted only
municipal solid waste. All others reported accepting industrial waste, with two sites
3-19
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also accepting hazardous waste (see Table 3-1 for site descriptions and Figure 3-1
for site locations).
Comparison of Literature Values for Barium in mg/l (ppm)
Cameron 0-5.4
Wisconsin ND-12.5
Sobotka 0.01-10
ND - Not Detected
3.4.1.3 Cadmium
The cadmium analysis results of leachates from 16 Wisconsin landfills are presented
in Figure A-19, where the ranges and median values are indicated. Results from
158 analyses were available, ranging from 1 to 31 results at each site.
Leachates from most sites exceeded the Primary Drinking Water Standard of
0.01 mg/l (ppm). Most leachates analyzed were within the range of 0.01 to 0.1 mg/l
(ppm).
Comparison of Literature Values for Cadmium in mg/l (ppm)
Chian, DeWalle 0.03-17
Cameron 0-0.19
Wisconsin ND-0.4
Sobotka 0-0.1
ND - Not Detected
3.4.1.4 Chromium
In Figure A-20, the ranges and medians for leachate total chromium analysis from
16 Wisconsin landfills are presented.
The overall concentrations of chromium in the leachates ranged from undetected to
5.6 mg/l (ppm). The majority of these values were above the Primary Drinking
Water Standard of 0.05 mg/l (ppm). Leachates exceed the typical waste water
concentration of 0.125 mg/l (ppm). Leachates also exceed typical Wisconsin
groundwater levels.
3-20
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Comparison of Literature Values for Chromium in mg/l (ppm)
Cameron 0-33.4
Wisconsin ND-5.6
Sobotka .001-1.0
ND - Not Detected
3.4.1.5 Lead
The results of 142 Wisconsin landfill leachate lead analyses from 15 sites were
reported and are presented in Figure A-21.
The leachate lead concentrations ranged from nondetectable to 12.6 mg/l (ppm).
These concentrations are considerably in excess of concentrations typically found in
the environment. The Primary Drinking Water Standard is 0.05 mg/l (ppm).
The median lead concentrations are arranged in a frequency-of-occurrence
histogram in Figure A-21. It is apparent that new sites (2892) and sites with
relatively weak leachates (0011) have lead concentrations typically less than 0.1 mg/l
(ppm). Newer sites with medium-strength leachates (2895) may have lead
concentrations from 0.1 -0.3 mg/l (ppm), and sites with high-strength leachates and
a history of industrial waste co-disposal (1678) may have leachate lead
concentrations typically greater than 0.3 mg/l (ppm) and potentially as high as
10 mg/l (ppm). Table 3-1 lists site descriptions and Figure 3-1 depicts their location.
Typical municipal wastewaters, according to the Wisconsin Report, have lead
concentrations of 0.050 to 0.100 mg/l (ppm). Landfill leachates in Wisconsin have
5 to 10 times this amount.
Comparison of Literature Values for Lead in mg/l (ppm)
George 0-5.0
Chian, DeWalle <0.10-2.0
Cameron 0-5.0
Wisconsin 0-14.2
Sobotka 0.001-1.11
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3.4.1.6 Mercury
Although mercury typically has the lowest concentrations of any Primary Drinking
Water Standard in leachate, its great toxicity makes its evaluation important.
The concentration ranges of mercury in Wisconsin landfill leachate are presented as
ranges and medians in Figure A-22. The Primary Drinking Water Standard for
mercury is 0.002 mg/l (ppm), and this level was exceeded or attained at least once by
leachates from six sites.
Site median values show that although mercury concentrations can exceed the
Primary Drinking Water Standard, typical concentrations, ranging from 0.0001 to
0.001 mg/l (ppm), are below this standard.
Comparison of Literature Values for Mercury in mg/l (ppm)
Cameron 0-0.064
Wisconsin ND-0.01
Sobotka 0-0.02
ND - Not Detected
3.4.1.7 Selenium
Selenium analysis results for Wisconsin landfill leachates are presented in
Figure A-23. Analysis of leachate for selenium was performed on 121 samples from
nine landfills in Wisconsin.
Concentration ranges extended to 1.85 mg/l (ppm). It is apparent that selenium
concentrations do not typically exceed the Primary Drinking Water Standard of
0.01 mg/l (ppm). Two sites whose medians did were 572 and 1739 (Table 3-1;
Figure 3-1). Both of these sites are older and accepted industrial waste material.
Site 572 also accepted hazardous wastes. Because selenium is more soluble as the
pH increases, most soils containing selenium are alkaline.
3.4.1.8 Silver
The concentrations of silver found in Wisconsin landfill leachates are presented in
Figure A-24. The overall concentrations detected ranged to 0.196 mg/l (ppm), and
3-22
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three sites had values at or above the Primary Drinking Water Standard of 0.05 mg/l
(ppm).
3.4.1.9 Fluoride
Leachate fluoride concentrations for the Wisconsin landfills ranged from
nondetectable to 0.74 mg/l (ppm). These leachate fluoride concentrations never
exceeded the Primary Drinking Water Standard of 1.4-2.4 mg/l (ppm).
3.4.2 Other Priority Pollutant Inorganics
The inorganic compounds on the priority pollutant list include eight constituents in
addition to those previously described. These eight are antimony, beryllium,
copper, cyanide, nickel, thallium, zinc, and asbestos. Although these compounds
are recognized as toxic, many of their environmental impacts are still being
evaluated.
Table 3-4 provides a summary of these parameters. Concentrations of the
parameters in environmental criteria and treatment systems are shown. A
discussion of each contaminant follows.
3.4.2.1 Antimony
Antimony analysis of MSW leachates was available for six Wisconsin sites with
1-21 values each site, for a total of 76 analyses. They ranged from nondetected to
3.19 mg/l (ppm), as shown in Figure A-25. The individual values were distributed
throughout this range, with site medians ranging from nondetected to 0.56 mg/l
(ppm).
The USEPA (1979) has proposed a maximum concentration in water of 0.146 mg/l
(ppm) for protection of human health. Where detected, all antimony
concentrations exceeded this level.
3.4.2.2 Beryllium
The overall range encountered at the Wisconsin landfills was from nondetected to
0.36 mg/l (ppm), as shown in Figure A-26.
3-23
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TABLE 3-4
NUMERICAL STANDARDS FOR OTHER PRIORITY POLLUTANT INORGANICS
[All Concentrations in mg/l (ppm)]
Parameter
Antimony (Sb)
Beryllium (Be)
Copper (Cu)
Cyanide (Cn)
Nickel (Ni)
Thallium (Tl)
Zinc (Zn)
Secondary Drinking
Water Standard 0>
1
5
USEPA 1980 Criteria
for Human Health <2)
0.146
0.0000068
1
0.2
0.0134
0.013
5
Wisconsin Water
Quality Criteria
(daily maximum) (3)
13
1.7
0.026
0.095
2.7
1.41
0.46
Sources:
(1): U.S. Public Health Service, 1962
(2): USEPA, 1980, criteria based on both water and organism ingestion
(3): Department of Natural Resources (DNR) files, 1984, for protection of Wisconsin
warm-water fish and aquatic life (water hardness 100 mg/l-CaCOa)
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Report
3-24
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The median beryllium concentrations in leachates from all sites were below
0.005 mg/l (ppm). The proposed drinking water standard for beryllium is
0.000087 mg/l (ppm).
Comparison of Literature Values for Beryllium in mg/l (ppm)
Cameron 0-0.3
Wisconsin ND-0.36
Sobotka 0.001-0.01
NO - Not Detected
3.4.2.3 Copper
Copper analyses are available for 17 Wisconsin sites with 1-25 values each. The
138 values are plotted in range and median graphs in Figure A-27. Overall copper
concentrations detected ranged from less than 0.01 mg/l (ppm) to 4.06 mg/l (ppm).
Copper values in Wisconsin aquifers range from 0.0-2.4 mg/l (ppm).
Comparison of Literature Values for Copper in mg/l (ppm)
George 0-9.9
Chian, DeWalle 0-9.9
Cameron 0-10
Wisconsin ND-4.06
Sobotka 0.003-0.32
ND - Not Detected
3.4.2.4 Cyanide
Cyanide analyses of MSW leachates were reported for eight Wisconsin sites. A total
of 86 values were reported, with the number of values ranging from 1-17 per site.
The values varied from less than 0.001 to 0.99 mg/l (ppm) (Figure A-28). The median
cyanide concentrations are shown in a frequency-of-occurrence histogram in
Figure A-28. Site 572 had a median concentration of 0.25 mg/l, and the other sites
all had median concentrations below 0.1 mg/l (ppm). Site 572 (Table 3-1; Figure 3-1)
is an older site and has reported accepting municipal, industrial, and hazardous
wastes. Two sites exceeded the maximum allowable cyanide concentration in
drinking water of 0.2 mg/l (ppm).
3-25
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Comparison of Literature Values for Cyanide in mg/l (ppm)
Cameron 0-0.11
Wisconsin ND-6
Sobotka 0-4.0
ND - Not Detected
3.4.2.5 Nickel
Leachate nickel analysis results were available for 16 Wisconsin landfills with 1 to
24 values each, for a total of 133 analyses. The overall range detected was from less
than 0.01 to 7.5 mg/l (ppm). Leachates that contained maximum concentrations of
nickel exceeding 1 mg/l (ppm) came from three codisposal sites, (572,1099, 1678)
and from a site containing primarily municipal refuse (2575). Table 3-1 lists
important details about these sites and Figure 3-1 shows their location. The ranges
of leachate nickel are shown in Figure A-29.
The U.S. EPA (1980) has proposed a water quality standard of 0.013 mg/l (ppm) for
nickel. Nearly all leachate analyses exceeded this level.
Comparison of Literature Values for Nickel in mg/l (ppm)
Cameron 0.01-0.8
Wisconsin ND-7.5
Sobotka 0.01-1.25
ND - Not Detected
3.4.2.6 Thallium
Thallium analyses of municipal solid waste leachates were available for
six Wisconsin sites with 1-19 values each, for a total of 70 values. The overall range
encountered was from less than 0.001 to 0.78 mg/l (ppm), with individual analyses
widely spread throughout this range (Figure A-30).
The USEPA (1979) proposed a drinking water standard for thallium of 0.013 mg/l
(ppm). Several leachates exceed this value.
3-26
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3.4.2.7 Zinc
Zinc analysis results of Wisconsin leachates were available for 17 sites with
1-30 values each for a total of 158 values. The overall range detected was from less
than 0.01 to 731 mg/l (ppm). The individual site ranges and median values have
been plotted in Figure A-31.
The Secondary Drinking Water Standard is 5 mg/l (ppm). Leachate zinc
concentrations frequently exceed the Secondary Drinking Water Standard and
always exceed the aquatic life criterion [0.07 mg/l (ppm)].
Comparison of Literature Values for Zinc in mg/l (ppm)
George 0-1,000
Chian, DeWalle 0-370
Metry, Cross 0.03-135
Cameron 0-1,000
Wisconsin ND-731
Sobotka 0.01-67
ND - Not Detected
3.4.2.8 Asbestos
Results of the one leachate analysis for asbestos fibers at Site 2822 revealed
nondetectable concentrations (1.03 x 106 fibers per liter).
3.4.3 Other Inorganic Contaminants
In addition to the parameters previously discussed, several municipal solid waste
leachates in Wisconsin have been analyzed on a nonroutine basis for a wide variety
of other potential contaminants. Some parameters have only been analyzed at
one site on a one-time basis, whereas others may have been analyzed several times.
Considering the variability demonstrated by other parameters for which there are
considerably more data, the probable variability of these contaminants in different
leachates is high.
3-27
-------
A summary of the test results for all parameters discussed in this section is presented
in Table 3-5 along with comparative information from the literature. A brief
discussion of each contaminant follows.
3.4.3.1 Aluminum
Aluminum analysis of leachates was performed at five Wisconsin landfills on a total
of nine samples. Three Wisconsin landfills, 572, 2569, and 2822 (Table 3-1;
Figure 3-1), reported Ieachate aluminum concentrations below 1 mg/l (ppm).
Site 2569 reports accepting only municipal waste; Site 2822 reports accepting
municipal and industrial wastes; and Site 572 reports accepting municipal,
industrial, and hazardous wastes. Another site, 307, reported Ieachate aluminum
concentrations of 4.5 and 5.6 mg/l (ppm); and a third site, 1099, reported a
concentration of 85 mg/l (ppm). This site accepted municipal, industrial, and
hazardous wastes.
These Ieachate aluminum concentrations at Wisconsin landfills are comparable to
the Ieachate aluminum concentration range of 0-122 mg/l (ppm) reported by
Cameron (1978).
Comparison of Literature Values for Aluminum in mg/l (ppm)
Cameron 0-122
Wisconsin ND-85
Sobotka 0.010-5.07
ND - Not Detected
A maximum aluminum concentration in drinking water supplies has not been
established, but a 5 mg/l (ppm) limit has been recommended by the EPA (1973) for
livestock and irrigation waters. Only one Ieachate substantially exceeded this
limit-the report for Site 1099 [85 mg/l (ppm)]. Site 1099 data (Table 3-1) indicates
this site accepted municipal, industrial, and hazardous wastes.
3.4.3.2 Boron
Seven landfills in Wisconsin have analyzed Ieachate for boron, and a total of
15 analytical results are available. Overall boron concentrations ranged from
3-28
-------
TABLE 3-5
SUMMARY OF RESULTS FOR OTHER INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS
[All Concentrations in mg/l (ppm)]
Parameter
Aluminum (Al)
Boron (B)
Cobalt (Co)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Tin (Sn)
Titanium (Ti)
Vanadium (V)
Yttrium (Y)
Wisconsin Landfill Leachates
Number of Samples
9
15
1
7
3
1
1
1
Range of
Concentrations
0.01-85
0.867-13
<0.25
0.01-1.43
0-0.08
<0.01
0.01
<0.017
Range in Other
Leachates
0-122
0.3-73
0.004-0.07
0-0.52
0
0-5
0-1.4
Source: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Report
3-29
-------
nondetected to 13mg/l (ppm). Site maximums were commonly from 4to 8 mg/l
(ppm).
A drinking water standard has not been proposed for boron, but the EPA (1973) has
recommended a maximum boron content in livestock waters of 5 mg/l (ppm) and
in irrigation waters of 0.75 mg/l (ppm). The two leachates tested were at the
livestock limit and were well in excess of the irrigation limit.
3.4.3.3 Molybdenum
Molybdenum analysis was performed on leachates from three Wisconsin landfills.
Five results from Site 1678 (which accepted municipal, industrial, and hazardous
wastes, as indicated in Table 3-1) and one each from Sites 11 (accepted municipal
and industrial wastes) and 572 (accepted municipal, industrial, and hazardous
wastes) are available. The overall range of molybdenum concentrations in these
leachates was from 0.01 to 1.43 mg/l (ppm). This concentration range is similar to,
although somewhat larger than, the range reported by Cameron (1978) for
leachates of 0 to 0,52 mg/l (ppm).
The concentrations exceeded the recommended levels for short-term irrigation
waters of 0.05 mg/l (ppm) (EPA, 1973).
Comparison of Literature Values for Molybdenum in mg/l (ppm)
Cameron 0-0.52
Wisconsin 0.01-1.43
3.4.3.4 Cobalt and Vanadium
The values detected for these elements in a one-time analysis of leachate from a
Wisconsin site were less than 0.25 mg/l (ppm) for cobalt and 0.01 mg/l (ppm) for
vanadium. These elements are considered moderately mobile in soils.
Comparison of Literature Values for Vanadium in mg/l (ppm)
Cameron 0-1.4
Wisconsin 0.01
3-30
-------
3.4.3.5 Tin,Titanium, and Yttrium
Three analytical results for tin and one each for titanium and yttrium were available
from Wisconsin municipal solid waste landfill leachates. Of these elements, only tin
was present above detection limits. No data on other municipal solid waste
leachates or municipal wastewaters was available with which to compare these
results.
Comparison of Literature Values for Titanium in mg/l (ppm)
Cameron 0-5.0
Wisconsin <0.01
3.4.4 Sobotka Literature Data
Table 3-6 summarizes the inorganic leachate concentration values
Sobotka & Co., Inc., obtained through its literature search. The sites are listed in
Section 2.3.
* - -
3.5 TRACE ORGANICS
3.5.1 Introduction
Leachate samples from nine Wisconsin landfills were analyzed for priority pollutant
organic compounds. In Table 3-7, the priority pollutant organics detected in
Wisconsin leachates are listed. The analytical results for these sites and the
frequency of detection in leachates from other states is also shown.
From Table 3-7 it is apparent that approximately one half of the priority pollutant
organic compounds were present in leachates and wastewaters. Generally, the
volatiles, aromatic solvents, phenols, and phthalate esters were present. Few of the
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and none of the nitrosamines were detected.
Pesticides and PCBs were also not commonly detected.
Within each of the major classes of organic compounds, the physical properties and
nature of the toxicities can be similar. The results of the organic analyses have been
divided into major classes reflecting these similarities. These groups are
3-31
-------
T»bl« 3-6 Sobotka Report: Inorganic Data From 44 Case Studies
(all concentrations 1nmg/l)
«3l: 1s
TatJl
PtCGECN POINT
OS
7.i:
51.53
4741
117.23
1110
DE
4.:
310
LITWELO
CT
4.4
CT
1*08
T»e
41''.
E.ASTSSN
4UHEDH
CA
TSUI :':m: c!':f
V.il t.jllJftl «ttr:}»r
-•Ji "• ••>*"*
;«;=;;;
V.vitl
I':.!!:!,
:.»-.:»
isr-.r
?5". .J
:>:•;.*
r:ti '."'•:;;.»
C::5r
i'r
.ui
'!•:!••«
^•tury
Hi: '-it
|,l.v...
;.-:
Mj-J-sts
':)!|!i"'
sl-lr1"'
S;i;'?«tT
Mitrits * Nitrite
Cajilt
«4* S50 -5
<:5
. f • w
l) ^ A %('j T ,\ •, 1
0.34 •).: 3.s 0.2 •'.::
*a ^
3..
•'' 30C U; *3''
<\w* « -•.}•..:
M: ').)! o -;.-:
0.29 0.3 \:
<.:•'••: ••.
O.li ' -.19 O.Ots O.:0: -:/•:
v.i; 'i.o; o.o:: -•.<:
9.i3 3?o ::o 2*.* '.;;
0.-:9 O.I O.Js " •}.•)! -;.;•?:
•).49 ).«: *.:
0.0004 !!.;'X4 0.005 -?..':•:•
.\S» 0.04 -j.lt
v.c-1 o.y-: o.o: -.;.-/•:
0.08 :7 i;.i; 11.4: -,.}!
•1, «
• »T "! '"
o.o: ?.o2 0.03: •'•.•)!
3937 7840 2700 2SOO
O.H4
t ctirodiui
Source: Sobotka Report
Neqitiv* vilucs indicits Jtt»ct:on huts »:r C3»pountis lot
Blanks Indicate no analysis was performed
3-32
-------
Table 3-6 continued
CCX£TI7JENT
:H
T.JH1 solids
Total saioind'd solids
Total dissolved solids
C>
-------
Table 3-6 continued
C3«TITUEI»T
jrt
Total solids
Total tusnenftd sal ids
Total dissolved solids
Tital alkalinity
Biclsqical a»v
-------
Table 3-6 continued
CONSTITUENT
Total sslidi
Tatil impended solid*
Total dmalvtd lolids
Total alkalinity •
New Jersey
TILLAHOCK -
MA -
7.2 -
W0031128
OCEAN COUNTY
LANDFILL
IU
5.4
W005344"
HARfl S
LANDFILL
NJ
LANDFILL 4
DEVELOP^
3.J
W08
8ioloqi:al sc/qen dewd
Chtfi:al sivqen deiand
Total orqanic carSon
Tital t.'eldahl nitriseR
Tatil nitrsqen
Alien i a
1i trite
"it'at!
flf,.m, r .. k..*..
.r ^aHt . ni .. . ^ en
:ul'at!
CMriie
«...., „
" ieni c
3a* . ue
'.•ir.it
V.al CSiratsai
Cocc*r .
LHd
^"H!
Mercury
li:kel
SilriM
Soami
line
tatil slosphate
^arsness
CiUiua
tatiaanv
Strytliui
Silver
Thalhui
Conductivity
litnte » Nitrite
9oron
Catalt
Hetavalent chroniua
9044 :;:o
15820 U?00
-
-
-
152 224
-
-
-
™ W '
l4' " .}]:
.-» ). >9
0.34 - • • M.I:;
0,')2 - 0.04
0.05 - 0.02
0.1!
0.14 - 0.04
0.57 - '.4
0.0007 - 0.3w8
0.2
0.01 - 0.01 0.01
871 - 344
1.8 - 0.43 3.35
2.13
343 -
-
.
0.003
0.01 - 0.03
0.08
-
0.12 -
-
-
-
Ncqative values indicate detection htits for ceipounds not detected
3-35
-------
Table 3-6 continued
Wisconsin
CONSTITUENT
pH
ratal solids
Total suspended solids
Total dissolved solids
Total alkalinity
Biological oxygen Ittand
CJietical oiygtn deiand
Tatal orqani; carson
Total kjelJahl nitnqm
Tatal nitrogen
town a
MI trite
H'.rate
Cr^anic nitrogen
Sulfate
Mwr.di
Chloride
C-Mntdc
AUiinui
Arsenic
Cadini
Tatal CHrsiiM
Ccjaer
Ir:n
Ltad
lUanesim
lanqaness
Hercury
tick.l
Selenim
Sod in*
Zinc
Tatal phosphate
"ardness
Cilciui
htisstui
Afltnony
Berylhui
Silver
2484
CL'TAGARIE
MI
7.18
268
7676
6380
16*5
2113'
486
30'
336
-0.1
233
1400
-0.01
-2
-0.03
1
0.1
13.35
0.3
200
1.4
-0.00 I
0.13
-0.03
2
1.08
2240
321
560
-0.03
2368 2369
6REEN BAY SREEN BAY
KEST EAST 2373
(OECASTER) (DECLEENE) RIDGEVIEH
HI HI tl
6.4 6.43 6.3
5360
156 650
4178 9300
1504 2770
3048 8236 12000
3365 8530
223
0
340 10*0
-i
-1
-0.05 ' 0.04
-o.t o.«
-0.1 0.1
4 ' 29.5 333
-0.3 -0.5
210.3
2.37
-O.I 1.25
321 308
0.42 10
1.31 4.6
1823 3670
423
46.3 31
2i,;7
SUPER I IS
VI
7.1
*!ftO
1390
!220
233
:o?
•'\2
*" , to
•"."I
•'!, Ml?
; , ', 5
''.12
).:s
OJ'iO:
).l
3.11
Thilhui
Conductivity
Nitrite » Nitriti
Beran
Cobalt
Hexmltnt chrotiui
15485
4390
7633
-0.05
Ntqitivt values indicate detection lints for caipounds not detected
3-36
-------
Table 3-6 continued
Wisconsin
CONSTITUENT
pH
Total solids
Total suspended solids
Total dissolved solids
Total alkalinity
iiolooicil ar/qen ieiand
Chetical atysen deund
Total organic ciraon
Total kjeldaM nt'aqsn
Total nitrsqen
Attonia
Nitrite
Nitrate
Crqanic nitraqen
Sulfate
Flouride
Chloride
Cvaniie-
AUiinui
Arsenic
JiriM
Cii«iui
Total Chraiui
Capaer
Iran
Lead
1ao.nesiui
*ingjn«s*
Kereury
Nickel
Stltfiiui
Sodiui
line
Tatal phosphate
Hardness
Caluui
Patissiui
Afltucny
Bsrylhui
Sliver
Thill i«i
Conductivity
Nitrite + Nitrite
Boron
307
POU
HI
3.7
14780
1410
16120
3330
21600
30430-
1.38
133
885
3.07
0.3
0.33
>). 32
339
347
25.9
1198
34
4160
1970
1375
8183
7.13
621
NINNE3A60
Ml
6.3
28
2180
2630
740
3320
427
34
1.4
330
-).0l
-0,i)l
-0.06
-0.04
2.1
-0.01
120
0.03
-0.001
-0.07
-0.01
0.32
1481
200
75
3340
632
TOPK
«
6.32
140
«30
1136
0.003
0.002
0.013
0.06
0.03
O.I
0.0006
0.14
-0.02
0.13
3390
0.36
0.008
0.009
0.1
3804
719
OEUFIEL3
MI
7.21
10730
363
124*4
5730
3860
73"7Q
710
317
0.112
0.21
4.3
300
3SO
-0.01
-0.01
244
3.1
o.:
12
1.4
2.19
10130
17S»
PHEASANT RiJM
«
b.3
1303
2«30
333.5
23^0
'!'
».->•
2.5'
0.0!
o.::
0.3
la'
1.11
-0.0002
o.:
0.09
47.7
1.31
1030
-0.05
3000
Cobalt
Hemalent cbraiiui
-0.003
values indicate detection lints for cstoounds net ditectid
3-37
-------
Table 3-6 continued
Wisconsin
CONSTITUENT
PH
Total solids
Total suspended solids
Total dissolved solids
Total altalinit/
Biological oxygen deiand
CSesical oxygen ieeand
Total orqanic caraon
rstal kjeldahl mtraqio
Total nitrogen
Aoonia
Hi trite -
•dtrate
Organic nitrogen
Sul'iit
FIcuridi
CMsride
Cyanide'
Alueiiui
Arsem:
Banui
Cadiiua
Total CJiroam
Copper
r 0mm
Lead
"ag^esiut
lanqanese
nercury
Michel
Selenui
Sod:ui
Zuc
Total ghesahate
Hardness
Calciui
Potaisiui
Antieony
Beryl Hue
Silver
Thalliui
Conductivity
nitrate » Hi trite
Boron
2821
2680 SEVEN NILE
DANE CREEK
VI VI
5.4 5.9
5400
4290 2000
33500- 15500
170
210
1770 700
-0.02
-10
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
500 1400
-0.5
'30 ;!0
22
H3.02
-0.1
-0.02
1200 570
2.4
'380 3*00
2100 350
400 160
-0.05
15100 78CO
5.1
2822
JANESVILLE
VI
i.15
21873
2825
3300
9520
200
300
0.08!
0.01
0.001
5
0.07
0.05
0.09
150
0.07
1.35
0.02
0.84
-0.002
-0.01
0.31
9250
2892
MPATHQN
VI
6.68
?60
1150
2973
»8.it
26.08
0.75
HO
130
-0.005
-0.0 1
-0.01
0.01
•us
66.2
0.015
-0.0005
-0.01
0.03
1790
2840
28'T
1USKES3
«!
273
2T40
26*0
*7?,5
. «io
-0.01
0.14
0,02
0.015
0.4
).•)!!
0.13
0. ?!3
o.i:
\.i
A .V- t
O.Z7
o.o-:
i.«?
11M3
10?.?
0.00*
0.001
0.008
0.004
*.os
Cobalt
Hc:avaltnt chrjiiua
Ntqativi values indicate detection lints for c:ipcunds not detected
3-38
-------
«;3i;i; ;sii spunodic:
oct:i
00101
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63 >
soooi
0:1
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800 '0
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ZOOO'O
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'"(, - £0'0
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oit - iifi:
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imu»i»s
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inisju.m
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J»3i53
•nitoj^ it;ci
•n>t?»3
nuig
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ipuneij
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•>i-;«
tlbMtf
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puHip uibxio inibojcig
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13IU36
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BS2Z
IH
-------
Table 3-6 continued
CONSTITUENT
9*
Total jot Us
Total suspended solids
Totil dissolved solids
Total alkalinity
Btoloqical oxyqen detand
CtiMicil aivqtn detand
Totil
Totil kje'dahl
Total
Cobalt
Hesavalent chroiiut
Minnesota
PINE BEN9
NN
,1£CXER
IN
HN
6.3
4K HCIST
HN
J«onu
Mitrate
SuHate
Flour i de
Chloride
C /an lie
Arsenic 0.012
c'iiui ").0t
Tctal CJiMiiui i), 013
Cwper 0.0!
Iron 47!
Lead 0.12
.laqnesiui
Nnqanese O.It
lercury
Nickel 0.')6
Seleniui
Sodiut
Zinc 0.13
Total phosphate
Hardness
Calcui
Potassiui
4nt;iony
Seryllui
Silver
ThalUui
Conductivity
Xitrate » Nitrite
Boron
43.J TOO
17
HO 9SO
•),oco: is.o;
0.0" 0.13
44 2:0
0.004
t "ft
0.47
o.ia 3*
"0
5*00
0.04
0.43
Neqitivc vtluts indicate dttKtion lints for csipounds tot detacttd
3-40
-------
Table 3-7 Analytical Results of Priority Pollutant Organic Compounds Detected
in Wisconsin Landfills
Wisconsin
4114 10 II II 472 611 tOW IOM ION lt>7« 1671 16)1 1671 167* 1671 1671 IH» 2461 24i» 2122 21914 2*44 2894 2*34 2Mb 2Mb ij«.i»
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tononu.llun* In p«ti |»i ltilliwit«ctitpl Ml Ok I (.ittvc
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• Halogenated ethers and aliphatics
• Ph thai ate esters
• Phenols
• Monocyclic and polycyclic aromatics
• Polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs)
• Pesticides and herbicides
The emphasis in the following sections is on those chemicals detected in leachates
from the Wisconsin landfills.
3.5.2 Haloaenated Ethers and Aliphatics
Of the organic compounds on the priority pollutant list, 33 are chlorinated or
brominated ethers and short-chain hydrocarbons. Most of these compounds are
volatile, persistent, and nonaccumulative and many are carcinogenic. Nearly
two-thirds, or 21, of these compounds have been identified in the leachates from
Wisconsin landfills.
Methylene chloride was the most commonly identified of these compounds,
detected in 19 of 24 leachate samples. Typical concentrations of methylene chloride
were 50-5,000 mg/l (ppm). Methylene chloride is a known laboratory contaminant
and, since data were not validated, one must use caution when drawing conclusions
regarding the presence of this contaminant in leachate.
At Site 1099 (Table 3-1), the methylene chloride value was 20,000 mg/l (ppm). This is
an older site where municipal, industrial, and hazardous materials were disposed.
Methyl chloride, methyl bromide, and chloroform were detected in several
Wisconsin leachates. These compounds may also be carcinogenic and hence have
exceeded the human health criterion, where discovered.
Another commonly detected halogenated aliphatic in both Wisconsin and literature
leachates is 1,1-dichloroethane. Thirteen of the twenty-three leachate samples had
detectable concentrations of 1,1-dichloroethane. Concentrations ranged from
nondetectable to 6,300 mg/l (ppm) in Wisconsin leachates. The high value of
3-43
-------
6,300 mg/l (ppm) was in a leachate from Site 572 (Table 3-1). Typical concentrations,
where detected, were from 100-750 mg/l (ppm).
The 1,2 isomer of dichloroethane was detected in only three Wisconsin leachates.
The high concentration was 11,000 mg/l (ppm). 1,2-dichloroethane is a suspected
carcinogen and, as such, any detectable concentration exceeds the ambient-water-
quality criteria level. The concentration associated with a 10-6 risk is less than 1 mg/l
(ppm), a concentration level exceeded in the three leachates. The high value of
11,000 mg/l (ppm) was obtained from Site 2822, which is an industrial and municipal
waste landfill (Table 3-1).
Several other chlorinated, two-carbon, organic compounds were frequently
detected in Wisconsin landfill leachates. 1,2-Trans-dichloroethylene,
trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene were detected in 13 of 22,11 of 23, and
9 of 23 leachate samples, respectively. All of these compounds are suspected
carcinogens, and as such, they exceed the ambient criterion concentration for
human consumption. EPA's 10-6 factors were also exceeded where these
compounds were detected, and where they were not found, the EPA risk
concentration was below the reported detection limit. The maximum
concentrations of these compounds found in Wisconsin leachates ranged from
2,760 mg/l (ppm) for trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and 1,120 mg/l (ppm) for
trichloroethylene, to 620 mg/l (ppm) for tetrachloroethylene.
Several other halogenated aliphatics were found in nearly a third of the leachate
samples from Wisconsin landfills. These compounds, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and
1,2-dichloropropane, were also both found in Minnesota leachates, and
trichloroethane was found in one of three Oregon leachates (Table 3-7).
The concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloroethane ranged from nondetectable to
24,000 mg/l (ppm), but that was the only analysis above 700 mg/l (ppm).
1,2-Dichloropropane was found at concentrations ranging to 86 mg/l (ppm) and in
several of the samples where it was detected at concentrations below the detection
limit of 10 mg/l (ppm).
The other chlorinated aliphatics and ethers detected in at least one Wisconsin
leachate are shown in Table 3-7 with their concentration ranges and a comparison
to other leachates. Where detected, these compounds are found in concentrations
3-44
-------
that do not exceed the ambient water quality criterion for noncarcinogenic effects.
In instances where the compound is carcinogenic, it exceeds the criterion level of
zero, where detected.
3.5.3 Phthalate Esters
Five of the six phthalate esters on the EPA priority pollutant list were detected in
leachates from Wisconsin landfills. One of these phthalates, diethyl phthalate, was
detected in 16 of 23 leachate samples. Three other commonly detected phthalates,
bis(2-ethylhexyl), di-n-butyl, and butyl benzyl, were detected in 6 of 23,4 of 23, and
3 of 23 leachate samples, respectively.
Phthalates are common laboratory contaminants, and since the data evaluated here
were not validated, use of these data should be made with caution.
The concentrations of phthalate esters found in Wisconsin leachates never exceeded
the ambient water quality criteria established to prevent toxic effects in humans.
Water quality criterion levels were typically 100 to 1,000 times the concentrations
found in Wisconsin leachates.
3.5.4 Phenols
The priority pollutant analysis of leachates from Wisconsin landfills has identified
four of the 11 phenols and cresols on the list in Wisconsin leachates. Chloro-, nitro-,
and methylphenols were identified in several leachates, whereas phenol itself was
found in 16 of 23 leachate samples. The substituted phenols were never found at
concentrations in excess of 500 mg/l (ppm) and were always less than the EPA
criteria for human health. The concentrations of phenol itself in Wisconsin
leachates ranged as high as 11,300 mg/l (ppm), a concentration level exceeding the
EPA Tuman health criterion. Higher values of phenol in leachate were found at
Site 1678 (Table 3-1), the industrial waste codisposal site. At Site 2895 (Table 3-1), a
municipal waste landfill, phenol concentrations from 39 to 350 mg/l (ppm) were
detected.
In addition to the priority pollutant analysis for specific phenols, total phenols were
determined in leachates from eight landfills in Wisconsin. These data are presented
3-45
-------
in Table A-1. Overall the total phenol concentration ranged from nondetected to
234 mg/l (ppm), although typical values ranged from 1 to 20 mg/l (ppm).
3.5.5 Monocvdic and Polvcvciic Aromatics
Of the 33 aromatic compounds on the priority pollutant list, ten were detected in
leachates from Wisconsin. Most of these were monocyciic aromatics, and the only
polycyclic aromatics detected were napthalene and chloronapthalene.
Aromatic compounds detected in at least one fourth of the leachates analyzed were
benzene, chlorobenzene, 1,4-dichiorobenzene, isophorone, and toluene. Table 3-7
shows the analytical results of leachates from Wisconsin landfills, including both the
range of concentrations and frequency of detection of all these compounds.
Toluene, benzene, and isophorone were commonly detected aromatic compounds.
Benzene, a carcinogen, exceeded the ambient water quality standard wherever it
was detected.
The other aromatic compounds in Wisconsin leachates that exceeded the ambient
water quality criterion were ethylbenzene and the rarely found nitrobenzene.
Napthalene, the only polycyclic aromatic compound detected frequently in
Wisconsin leachates, was found in 7 of 23 leachate samples. There is no information
on napthalene concentrations in other states' leachates, although the
concentrations in Wisconsin leachates ranged to 68 mg/l (ppm). Several sites in
Wisconsin detected napthalene but at concentrations less than the detection limit.
The apparent concentrations are shown in Table 3-7.
The more common aromatic solvents found in leachates from Wisconsin were those
commonly detected in several leachates (Table 3-7). In addition, xylenes were
detected frequently in leachates from landfills in Minnesota and Oregon. Little
information on xylene concentrations in Wisconsin leachates was available,
although xylene was found in leachates from Sites 2568 (municipal and industrial
wastes; Table 3-1) and 2569 (municipal waste only), the only sites for which it was
analyzed.
The maximum concentrations of priority pollutant aromatic compounds in
Wisconsin leachates usually exceeded the maximums found in other states, a fact
3-46
-------
which may be due to the very contaminated leachate at several sites and the
availability of more data.
3.5.6 Polvchlorinated Biphenvls
In Table A-2, the results of PCB analysis for Wisconsin leachates are shown. Seven
PCB isomers are on the priority pollutant list, and total PCB analysis has been
reported by several other landfills not in conjunction with a priority pollutant
examination.
Only one Wisconsin leachate (Site 1099, which accepted municipal, industrial, and
hazardous waste materials; Table 3-1) revealed a detectable concentration of a PCB
isomer of 2.8 mg/l (ppm) for PCB-1016.
Because aqueous transport is the primary means of movement of leachate out of
landfilled refuse, the low aqueous solubility and strong absorption onto sediments
would be expected to minimize the movement of PCBs. That, in conjunction with
the lack of abundance of PCBs, is probably the primary mechanism controlling its
concentration in the leachate.
3.5.7 Pesticides and Herbicides
The results of leachate analysis for pesticides and herbicides are broken into three
categories, which reflect similarities in the composition of these compounds. The
major classifications are chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, organ-phosphorus
insecticides, and chlorophenoxy herbicides. Table A-2 shows these groupings and
the members of these groups for which leachate analysis results are available.
Pesticides were never detected in Wisconsin leachates except for one analysis from
Site 2822, which accepted municipal and industrial waste (Table 3-1) and which
showed 4.6 mg/l (ppm) of delta-BHC. The herbicide 2,4-D was found in two leachate
samples from Sites 572 and 1099-both of which accepted municipal, industrial, and
hazardous waste material-at concentrations of 7 and 1,800 mg/l (ppm),
respectively.
3-47
-------
3.5.8 Sobotka Organic Literature Data
Table 3-8 summarizes the organic leachate concentration data Sobotka & Co., Inc.,
obtained through its literature search. As indicated in Section 2.3, data were
obtained from 44 sites in 10 states.
3.5.9 Texas A & M Organic Literature Data
Tables 3-9 and 3-10 summarize the data obtained from the Texas A & M University
study. These data provide a comparison of the types and quantities of organic
chemicals detected in three municipal landfill leachates.
The main site pollutants for each individual site were as follows:
• Lyon Municipal Landfill: Ethanol and 1-butanol
• Meeker Municipal Landfill: Methyl ethyl ketone and 1,1 -dichloroethane
• Rochester Municipal Landfill: Ethanol, butanol, methyl ethyl ketone, and
2-propanol
The locations of these landfills were not identified. Table 3-9 identifies and lists the
concentrations of numerous organic compounds identified in municipal leachate or
groundwater plume. Table 3-10 summarizes organic contaminant concentrations
from the leachate of three municipal landfills.
3.6 SUMMARY
An examination of leachate quality from 20 Wisconsin landfills has shown, in
agreement with reported findings in the literature, that municipal landfill leachate
is contaminated with highly variable concentrations of a wide variety of inorganic
and organic constituents.
In Table 3-11, the range of contaminants found in Wisconsin landfill leachates is
shown in the order of detected concentration. It is apparent from this list that
leachates are highly mineralized with common salts and can also contain trace
quantities of many metals and other contaminants of environmental significance.
Leachates from municipal refuse can also contain large quantities of organic
materials because of the large quantities of organic material in refuse.
3-48
-------
Table 3-8 Sobotka Report: Organic Data from 44 Case Studies
(all concentrations 1n parts per billion)
PIME3N POINT
DC
CENTRAL
OE
UTCHFIELD
CT
CT
4LWEDA
CA
En:«it
1,2 Oic
V«t:a«
twtutvl ketj
26
12.7
two
too
-5
3300
-2
-5
•t5
::3 1,2
'.10
t
.«
j
_«
• r'-
iis
Brci:«tt'<
-------
Table 3-8 continued
KEST PALfl
CONSTITUENT BEACH SOUTH OADE PS93ISO SITE »PS INC.
N-* FLA 'LA FLA CO
Uton
Hetty 1 -.sobutyl ketone
Pttencl
V.rahvdrafuran
Toluene
?eniene 4.3
Chlcrofari
1,2 Dichloroethane -o.OJ
Et!)vl 5«n:eni
t-lvlwt
:,» Dichlorotieniene
l.l Skll-methane
trins 1,2 3ichisr3etRene
1.1,1 Tnchlaroefane 0.0*
1,1,2 T
1,1.2.2 Tetr
» N;tr:phenal
bis (
On'.hyl jhthilite
Oi-fl-outyl
Dnethyl phthalate
Naphthalene
TitracMorotfien* 94.;;
Tnctlsroetlene
Brctoietlane
Carbon tetrachlondi 397,1
bis (2-Clilorotthexy) icthaae
Isophorone
Nitrobenzene
Oibrceoiethane
2 Pnpanol
Ethyl acetate
1 9utanol
p-Iylene » o-Iylene
Endrin
Tgxaohene
Delta BHC
Negative values indicate detection litits for caipounds not Jetectid
3-50
-------
Table 3-8 continued
CONSTITUENT
COFFDI BUTTE
CO
KIILIN6S-
WRTH
OR
RIVE9-
3E»»0
OR
RCSEBURS
OR
SHORT
A[N
2R
icstont
Bei:i"t
CMarofara
1,2 Jichtaraetiiane
SiohlaroMthane
••*.l»l ethyl Itetsne
Yl uaoutyl
Etl»l ben tent
t-Iyltnt
1.2 Bsc
1,1,1
c:s 1.2 OjcMsrcetdtnt
rt 1 *p*M*'h ma
«ii t w'^if ^rvinf
ChlcroiWant
SicMaradifluor.:t«tn«nt
1*^-1
* I i l»«*
t litrsphencl
vin/; :
un'.hyl phthalatf
Di-n-Sutyl a^tf!*late
Napttfalene
TttrachUrocthene
Triclloraetfune
Er:taaethant
CirScn tetraeMoride
its C-CMoraitfi:iyt atthane
Issphoront
Nitrobenzene
2 Propanol
Ethyl acetate
1 But anal
p-lylene + o-
-------
Table 3-d continued
CWSTPJE1T
TILLAMJGK
HA
JERSEY SITES
IU003H28
COUNTY
LANDFILL
W
HAWS
LANDFILL
MJ
LANDFILL \
DEVELOPMENT
Binzeni
CXarafcn
1,2 Oic&lsrsetiani .
OicMcrsMtliarse
•istlyl ethyl ketsne
»it!wl uafcutvl kstan
Plrel
Tetrahvdr3furaii
1030
:38
-------
Table 3-8 continued
WISCONSIN SITES
CSJISTITUEXT
107
POLK
MI
611
MINNEBA60
III
432
TOR*
MI
719
OEUFIELO
MI
PHEASANT SUN
8er:ir*
CMarofare
1,: OicMorsethane .
Oicllsratetliane
*e*.V/l ettivl ketsne
"•tiyl ijadutvl ketons
14.3
106
Et»vl bwrwe
i-I/Uni
trins 1,2 Otchlanfthint
'.,!,! Trichlsrott.lint
:i5 1,2
CMirotthiiie
I,!,2 Trichloroititnc
I,!,;, 2 TftricMcrstthint
» 1itraph»«ol
3hthiliti
Di-n-a«tvl jhtl!*Uts
DiMthvl phth«Ut>
Ciriot
bis (2-CMoro«tiio
-------
Table 3-8 continued
WISCONSIN SITES
2921
2680 SEVEN NILE
CMSTITUBIT DANE CREEX
MI *I
Acttont
Benzene
CMorafare
1,2 Dichlsraetlune
OicfiloroMtlunt
"ethyl ethyl kttane
Methyl isobutyl ketant
Phenol
Tetrihvdrafurtn
Talu*ne
Ethyl Dentine
i-lyltnt
TnchlarafluwotetSjr.s
1,1 Oichlaraetlsane
trans 1,2 Oichlaraet*eie
1,1,1 TricMsroethane
1,2 StcMarasnpjr.e
CMarsbenijre
1
ChlsriNfiine
CMsraettune
DicMarsiiHaarsietfune
1,1,2 Tr-.crilaratthine
1,1,2.2 Tetr»cMorott!u.i»
4 Nitroph«iol
Ptntic'ilarsshc'ial
Vinyl cMoride
bis (2-£t1xlhtxyl) phtti*lit«
Di ethyl pnthilatt
Di-n-butyl shthaUte
Diuthyl phthiUte
Naphthalene
Tetnchlaroethene
Trichlsraethene
Br;ioiethin«
Carbon tetrtcMondc
bis '2-Ch!or3tthoxy) eethane
Iiophorane
Kitrobentene
Oibraeoiefiine
2 Propinal
Ethyl icitate
I Sutinol
p-Iylene » a-Iylene
Endrin
Tauphene
Delta BHC
2322 2892
JANEaVILLE HflPATHQN
MI VI
-100
1300
11000
2500
-10
230
100
-20
-100
370
-100
-100
-100
-100
-100
MO
210
17
•10
-100
110
-20
-to
-20
-10
-100
-I '10
-too
-10
-10
-20
-1
-1
4.6
2?°!
WSK'ESO
MO
-to
•iO
1000
Z'T .
rer
» - v
. 1 1\
r *
•I1;
5!
-:o
-i;
-t ;
" 1 V
-;;
-;
" i
-I
-1)
-;T
-;;
. t •_
-10
*-
-10
-1)
i
-'..)
-' t*!
•I.)
:«
8!
•1)
-0.2
-5
-0.05
i viluts indkiti detection lints for cstoounds not dettctil
3-54
-------
Table 3-8 continued
KISCQNSIN SITES
BINNESOTA SITES
CSNSTtTUEXT
Acetone
Benzene
CMarafort
1.2 DuMaraetlune
OictilaraMthane
netxyl etfiyl ketane
Kethyl iscautyl ketane
Phencl
Tetraiwdrofuran
Taluene
Eth»l benzene
i-Nlene
1.4 Otc'ilarabenzs-e
Tr*/M orsf luarsictnafic
1,1 JicMaraettane
trim 1.2 SicV.aroethene
1,1,1 TncMaraettiane
1,2 OicV.sroprsaane
CMaratentene
ci5 1.2 DicManetnent
CM 3-:if thine
CMaraefiane
OicnlcradiflucroHthane
1,1.: Tncilonethant
1,:,:.2 Tetnclilaroethine
4 litrophtnol
PsiticMorophgnol
Vinyl cnlonde
bis i2-EthylhexvU phthalati
Juttiyl pnthalite
Oi-n-butyl phthalite
DiMthyl phthaiate
Najnthilene
TetricMaraithene
TncMaroethene
Broiceetnane
Caraon titrichlaride
bis <2-Chtgraetnoty) eethane
Isoghorane
Nitrobenzene
Dibrcioeethane
2 Propanol
Ethyl uetate
1 Buttnol
p-lylene » 9-Jylene
Endrin
Touphene
Delta BHC
572 2358 -
LR F3HO DU LAC -
lit 11 -
-
71
13
2300
221 - "-
1400
230
-10
1!
4*00
1300
2400
34
-10
•
170
1*0
180
-10
-10
-25
-23
41
34
43
12
55
19
24
-
170
-10
-10
-10
40
.
-
-
-
-
-0.05
-0.1
-0.01
BETHEL K3CCHICHIN6 ROCHEJ'EH
;:oo 11000
-4
-4
240
8300 :3vC-:i
2*0 SoO
240 -?
52 II'.'
T8 ISO
21 "'
-*."
-4
1 ?
1 .'
-4
-4
-I1)
-'.')
-4
-4
-40
-40
1.2
-4
-10
10000 69''»i
42 -TO
320 TcO
18 ;0
Neqitive yaluei indicate detection lints hr coapaunds not 4et«c'.3i
3-55
-------
Table 3-8 continued
SITES
CSWTITIOT
PINE BENS
UN
KEEKER
UN
UCM
UN
UUiTH
tIN
ketoni
twiwt
Mvtiart
1,2 Otcfilorstthant •
OieMorMttlUPt
!**tHYl itlTl kstcnt
!»«thyl isaiuivl ketoni
Phinol
r!i[wf
Ethyl bt«:fflt
•-lylim
TrichloraHuarootlian*
1,1 OicManithane
trani 1,2 Oicllaroitfunt
1,1,1 TricJilaroithwe
1,2 Oichlonprjpani
CMor5!ni:wt
CM 1,2 Oichlorsithtnt
-10 -2
-10
64 200
-10 IT
33 «d
17 3.3
-10 7.4
13
60 -5
190
i'V
110
to
13
7.5
i:
26
OuliloroiifluoraMthini
1,1,2 Tricliloraithuit
1,1,2,2
* N
Vinyl chlondf
bu (2-Eihyliicxyt) phthiUti
Oitthyl ahttnUtt
-10
-100
Di-fl-butyl pfttluUtt
OiHtfiyl
•100
43
Carbon titracttlaridt
bit (2-Chioroithoxy) ifthue
Isophorant
Nitrabtnzinf
-20
43
-5
Dibratoitt!unt
2 Propinol
Ethyl Kitatt
1 Butinol
p-Jylifl« » o-Iylmt
Er.drin
Tottphtni
BHC
-
25
94
-5
-50
12
valu» iidicati dctiction huts for csioounis not dets:'.aj
3-56
-------
Table 3-8 Continued
•ISCONSIN SITU
CJWJTtTOOT
PK
Total wlid»
Total tuspoiioo* lotids
Total diiioivotfl solids
Total alkalinity
llOiOflCai WyO,W 300MC
Chtfieai aiyfoii dooart
Tata! ST^MIC caraon
Total kjoliahi iitnqoti
Total nitroftn
AOMOU
Nitritt
Nttrato
Criaiuc nitraqon
Svlfatf
Floor! to
Chi an do
Cvuitfo
MUM nut
AriMic
SariiM
Cadoiu*
Tatal Chrsaiu
Capo«f
Irsn
Liad
fi^neiiuo
nanqantw
ftrcary
Kickol
Sol Mi u
Sodiu
Zinc
Total phosphate
HartfuMS
Calciua
Potaisiua
AntiMOf
Borylliu
Si Ivor
Thiilitt
CMdoctirity
Nitritf » iitrit*
laroi
CokaU
Hoi«f«loit ckrofiM*
2*l>
QUTA6M1C
HI
7.11
241
7474
43M
1445
21 tr
484
10*
134
-0.1
235
1400
HJ.Ot
•2
-0.03
1
0.1
13.35
0.3
200
1.4
-0.001
0.11
-0.09
2
t.M
2249
321
34*
-0.03
13419
BMEIMf
KST
(OCCMTO)
HI
4.4
4178
1344
T049
1345
940
4
321
1825
43*
•tfatiTt Ttlm iitlei
9KQIMT
EAST
(K£L£SO
•I
4.45
3840
134
9300
2770
8234
8530
.
229
-
0
1040
-1
-0.05
-0.1
-0.1
2«.3
-0.5
210.3
2.87
-O.I
309
0.42
1.31
3470
425
44.3
7439
iti fttictloi lioits for ei
2375
HMEVIQI
Hf
4.3
430
12900
-a
0.04
0.4
O.I
385
-0.3
1.25
10
4.4
31
-0.09
•povoli act Ittictort
2627
SUPCXICI
HI
7.1
9300
4390
!220
213
:o»
-().2
-v.2
-.)..)!
•). ;o«
•Ma
•}.12
J.23
O.OW3
O.I
3.13
5300
3-57
-------
Table 3-9 Concentration of Selected Organic Compounds Identified in Municipal Landfill Leachate
or Groundwater Plume.
Chemical
Concentration Range (mg L"1)1
Municipal Landfill
Acetic Acid
Acetone
C 5- Ac id
u>
•
in
oo
Acrolein
Aldrin
Aniline
Benzene
Benzendicarboxylic acid
Benzene hexachloride
Biphenyl napthalene
Bis(chloromethy1 ) ether
Bis(2 ethylhexyl)phthalate
Bis-2-hydroxypropyl ether
Bromodichloromethane
B romoe thane
Bromoforni
2-Butanol
Butoxyethanol
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Butyl carbobutoxymethyl phthalate
Butyric acid
Camphor
Caproic acid
Caprylic acid
Carbon tetrachloride
o-chloroaniline
Chlorobenzene
Chlorodibromoethane
Chloroform
Chloromethane
DT
3.4-1300
140
82
170
.01-.870
.004-1300
.06
4.6
12.4-250
34-150
DT
170
.0002
.120-46
DT
DT
DT
1.5
0.9
.0011
.0006
.140
.0046-60
.0011-1300
170
-------
Table 3-9 continued
Concentration Range (mg
Chemical Municipal Landfill
4-chloro-3-nitrobenzamide 4.2
Chloronitrobenzene .720
Chioronitroltoluene .120
2-chlorophenol .003
Cis-l,2,dichloroethylene .19
p-Cresol .014-15
Cyanide
Cyclohexane carboxylic acid .0028
Cyclohexanol .001
Diacetone alcohol . .011
«** Dibromochloromethane .0039
2 Dibutylphthalate 12-150
2,6-dichlorobenzamine .89-30
Dichlorobenzene .014-16
Dichloroethane .0021-1,100
1,2-Dichloroethane .015
1,2-dichloroethene 190-.470
1,1-dichloroethylene DT
Dichloromethane .015-20,000
2,4-dichlorophenol
Dichloropropane .002-54
Dichloropropene
Dicyclohexyl phthalate .0002
1,2-diethylbenzene
N,N-diethylformamide DT
Diethylphthalate .004-300
Dimethyl phenol 30-55
Di-n-butyl phthalate DT
Dioctyl phthalate .002
Diphenylamine .190
2,4-dinitrophenol .099
-------
Table 3-9 continued
Chemical
2,6-Di-t-butylbenzonquinone
Ethanol
2-ethoxy-ethanol
1-ethoxy-propane
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl benzene
Ethyl carbamate
1-ethyl-2,4,-dimethyl benzene
1-ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene
2-ethyl hexanal
2-ethyl hexanol
2-ethyl -hexanoic acid
N-ethyl-o-toluene sulfonamide
N-ethyl-p-toluene sulfonamide
Fluorene
Freon
Heptachlor
Heptanoic acid
Heptanone
Hexachlorobutadlene
Hexachlorocyclohexane
Hexane
2-Hexanone
Isobutyric acid
Isophorone
Isovaleric acid
Methanol
Methyl acetone
2-methyl-2-butanol
Methyl chloride
3-methylcyclopentane-1,2-diol
Concentration Range (rag L'1)1
Municipal Landfill
DT
23-110,000
.018-.290
.003-820
DT
2.6
22.0
.0042
DT
0.1
.0012
.001
600-800
5-900
0.148
49
4,000-6000
.0007
160
160
.064-1.3
DT
-------
Table 3-9 continued
Concentration Range (mg
Chemical Municipal Landfill
Methyl ethyl ketone 0.47-27,000
Methyl isobutyl ketone 0.176-200
Methyl naphthalene .033
4-methyl-2-pentanol
4-methyl-2-pentanone
Methylpyridine DT
Naphthalene .110-19
o-nitroaniline 180
p-nitroaniline 37
Nitrobenzene .25
o-nitrophenol 11
w Palmitic acid .042
^ Pentane 640
-* Pentanol 11.7
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol .46-5790
Polycholorinated biphenyls 2.8
1-propanol 1.9-3400
2-propanol
Propionic acid
Stearic acid .009
Tetrachloroethane 210
Tetrachloroethylene .017-.24
Tetrahydrofuran .14-.430
Tetramethylthiourea .019
Toluene .059-1,600
p-Toluenesulfonamide DT
Toxaphene
Trans-l,2,-dichlorothylene .004-.088
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane .0042-.0056
1,1,2-Trichloroethane .39-.87
-------
Table 3-9 continued
Concentration Range (mg L~l)l
Chemical Municipal Landfill
Trichloroethane .005-35
Trichloroethene .125
Trichloroethylene 2.1
Trichlorof1uoroethane
Trichlorofluoromethane 15
Trichloromethane
Tributly phosphate .0012
Triethyl phosphate .0003-.015
Tri-n-butyl phosphate 1.7
Trimethylbenzene .22
Valeric acid .0011
Vinyl chloride 0.02-61
Xylene .029-170
Concentration range: DT=detected but concentration not determined.
Source: Texas A & H University Report
-------
TABLE 3-10
CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATION FROM LEACHATE OF THREE MUNICIPAL LANDFILLS
[Concentrations in mg/l (ppm)]
Parameter
Benzene<«>
ButanoK*)
Chlorob«nzene
Cis-1 ,2-Dichloroethylene
1 , 1 -Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane<»>
1 ,2-Dichioropropan«
EthanolU)
Ethyl Acetate
Ethyl Benzene
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
1-PropanoK»>
2-Propanol<*)
Tetrachloroethylene<«>
Tetrahydrofuran
Toluene<»>
Trans- 1 ,2-Dichloroethyiene<«)
Trichloroethane<»>
Trichloroethylene<»>
Xylene<»>
Lyon
Municipal
Landfill
0.036
25
0.046
0.019
0.200
0.002
110.
0.290
0.015
0.650
0.087
37.
41.
0.280
0.180
0.0038
0.0076
0.043
0.092
Meeker Municipal
Landfill
0.270
0.120
0.060
0.190
0.035
0.032
0.064
0.013
0.018
0.820
9.8
0.410
0.076
1.9
0.140
0.390
0.017
0.043
0.32
Rochester
Municipal Landfill
0.54
10.
0.47
0.026
0.006
0.010
0.014
1.3
0.081
23.
0.130
0.250
27.
0.710
11.
26.
0.250
0.430
0.6
0.088
0.125
0.198
Source: Texas A&M University Report
(a) a potential carcinogens
3-63
-------
Table 3-11 Overall Summary from the Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Leacnates
in uiiscansin
Overall Range
Parameter
TOS
Specific Conductance
Total Susp Solids
BOO
COO
roc
PH
Total Alkalinity(CaC03)
Hardness(CaC03)
•Chloride
Calcium
Sodium
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Iron
Potassium
""agnesium
Ammonia-Nitrogen
Suifate
Aluminum
Zinc
Manganese
Total Phosphorus
Soron
Barium
Nickel
Citrate-Nitrogen
Lead
Chromium
Antimony
Cooper
Thallium
-,anide
Arsenic
^ol/Cdenum
Tin
Nitrite-Nitrogen
Seisnium
Cadmium
Silver
Beryllium
Mercury
(1)
584-50430
480-72500
2-140900
NO -195000
6.5-97900
NO-30500
5-8.9
NO-1 5050
52-225000
2-11375
200-2500
12-6010
2-3320
NO -1500
NO-2SOO
120-780
NO-1 200
MO -1850
NO-85
NO-731
NO-31.1
NO-234
0.87-13
NO-12.5
MO-7.5
ND-250
IMO-14.2
NO-S.6
NO-3.19
NO-4 . 06
NO-0.78
NO-6
NO-70.2
O.G1-1.43
ND-0.16
NO-1. 46
NO- 1.85
NO-0.4
NO-1.S6
NO-0.36
NO-0.01
Typical Range Number of
(range of
site medians)
(1)
2180-25873
2840-15485
28-2835
101-29200
1120-50450
427-5890
5.4-7.2
960-6845
1050-9380
180-2S5T
200-2100
12-1630
47-1470
2.1-1400
NO-1 375
120-730
26-557
a. 4-500
NO-85
NO-54
O.C3-25.9
Q. 3-117
1.19-12.3
NO-5
MO-1.55
NO-1 .4
NO-1. 11
NO-1.0
NO-0.56
NO-0.32
NO-0.31
NO-0.25
NO-0.225
0.034-0.193
0.16
NO-0.11
ND-0.09
NO-0.07
NO-O.Q24
NO-0.008
NO-0.001
Analyses
172
1167
2700
2905
467
52
1900
328
404
303
9
192
156
416
19
9
253
154
9
158
57
454
15
73
133
38
142
138
76
138
70
35
112
7
3
20
121
158
106
76
111
(1): All concentrations in mg/l except pH(std. units) and sp. cond.(umhos/cm)
Source: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Report
3-64
-------
The wide variation in leachate quality at Wisconsin landfills can, in part, be
attributed to strength-controlling factors. Shallower depths of refuse and dilution
by surface water, for instance, will result in lower leachate parameter
concentrations. Correlations shown between specific conductance and the
concentrations of major leachate contaminants indicate that a general model of
contamination is possible. Such a model reflects the uniformity of municipal solid
waste and the similarities in Wisconsin sites. As these sites age and the
contaminants respond differently to the changing landfill environment, these ratios
are expected to change.
The similarities in Wisconsin sites and waste composition allow an order of
magnitude approximation to the concentrations found in leachate to be made. In
Table A-3, these ranges are summarized for many leachate contaminants.
A perspective on the magnitude of the concentrations of contaminants found in
Wisconsin leachates can be obtained from the results shown in Table 3-12. This
table compares the median and maximum concentrations in Wisconsin leachates to
the Primary Drinking Water Standards and enables the leachate concentrations to
be described as multipliers of the standards. From Table 3-12, where data are
available, it can be seen that the median leachate concentrations exceed the
Primary Drinking Water Standards routinely for cadmium, chromium, and lead; less
frequently for arsenic, barium, and selenium; and never for nitrates and silver.
The maximum leachate concentrations exceeded all of the Primary Drinking Water
Standards in at least one instance. Very high multipliers of the drinking water
standards were encountered at some sites, particularly at the larger sites and those
with a history of industrial waste codisposal.
Leachate median and maximum concentrations have also been expressed as
multipliers of the Secondary Drinking Water Standards in Table 3-12. The secondary
standards were commonly exceeded for chloride, iron, manganese, and total
dissolved solids (approximated by specific conductance). The secondary drinking
water multipliers are highest for iron.
3-65
-------
Table 3-12 Comparison of Leachate Concentrations with Drinking
Water Standards
Primary Drinking Water Standards
Arsenic
(O.OSmg/l)
Sice
Number
11
307
572
611
652
719
1099
1678
1739
2358
2484
2568
25SO.
2575
2627
2680
2821
2322
2892
2895
Sice
Number
11
307
572
611
652
719
1099
1678
1739
2358
2484
2563
2569
23"5
2627
2630
2821
2322
2892
2395
*»j. Cor
*vg. for
Median
<«f/l)
0.009
0.002
NO
0.002
0.015
0.225
0.07
ND
NO
.10
0.001
NO
0.015
Max
(«t/l)
O.OIS
0.03
NO
0.014
J3.059
"70.2
1.29
SO
ID
ND
0.001
ND
0.04
Medians
Maximum
Times
DWS
0
0
0
0
0
5
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Times
OWS
0
1
0
0
1
1-04
26
0
0
0
0
0
1
0.5
110:2
Sari urn
U.O mg/l)
Medlar,
("H/D
0.84
0.30
0.225
1.3
1.3
2.69
NO
NO
5.0
NO
0.6
Max
(mg/l)
2.1
0.44
0.75
2.12
11.5
12.5
ID
10
5.0
.10
1.25
Times
DWS
I
0
0
1
1
3
0
0
5
0
1
Times
OWS
2
0
I
2
12
13
0
0
5
0
I
l.l
3.2
Cadmium
(O.Olmg/l)
Median
(mg/l)
0.006
0.05
ND
0.015
NO
0.021
0.039
0.05
NO
NO
0.06
0.009
NO
0.07
NO
0.013
Max
(mg/l)
O.OIS
0.4
NO
0.060
NO
0.100
0.16
0.17
NO
ND
0.2
0.009
NO
0.09
NO
0.3
Time*
OWS
1
5
0
2
0
2
4
5
0
0
6
1
0
7
0
2
Times
OWS
2
40
0
6
0
10
16
17
0
0
20
I
0
9
0
30
2.1
9.4
Chromium l.ca'1
.(0.05mg/l) ;0.0'>mg/'i;
Montdn
(ms/l)
0.03
0.528
0.64
ID
0.059
0.31
0.34
0.23
1
in
0.4
0.06
NO
O.O'i
0.01
0.18
M*»
(mg/l)
0.06
0.368
5.6
•40
0.180
2.560
1.85
2.01
1
ND
0.7
0.06
NO
0.26
0.02
0.53
Times
OWS
1
II
13
0
I
6
7
3
20
- 0
*
\
0
1
0
4
Times
DWS
I
11
112
0
4
51
37
40
20
0
14
1
0
5
0
11
4.3
19.2
MedUin
(<•«/!)
0.069
0.03
ND
C.I
n.29
3.46
1 11
3.3
ND
SD
3.25
NO
0.07
0.015
U.13
Max
(mg/l)
0.2
0.44
10
0.3-0
1.200
I . **
*14.2
0.3
ND
I
0.25
10
0.07
0.03
0.43
Times
OWS
1
1
0
;
6
9
22
6
0
0
"j
0
1
0
3
Times
DWS
•4
9
0
7
24
2S
234
6
0
20
5
0
1
1
9
3.8
26.5
Mercury
(0.002mg/l)
Median
(mg/l)
0.0001
0.0002
10
0.0006
0.3003
0.0006
NO
.10
0.0003
NO
NO
0.001
Max
(*g/n
0.0023
0.002
ND
0.0084
0.0100
0.0076
0.0004
NO
0.0003
NO
NO
0.0042
Times
DWS
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Times
DWS
1
1
0
4
5
4
0
0
0
0
0
2
O.I
1.5
Selenium
(O.Olmg/l)
Median
(mg/l)
0.001
0.02
NO
0.001
0.006
0.09
NO
NO
0.002
Max
(mg/l)
0.003
0.032
0.033
0.035
0.054
*1.35
10
SO
0.034
Times
OWS
0
2
0
0
I
9
0
0
0
Times
DWS
I
3
3
4
5
185
0
0
3
1.3
22.7
Stiver
(0.05mg/l)
Median
(mg/l)
0.0075
0.0008
0.009
0.013
0.024
NO
ND
NO
0.008
Max
(mg/l)
0.02
0.01
0.050
0.029
0.083
0.07
ND
ND
0.196
Times
OWS
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Times
DWS
0
0
1
I
2
1
0
0
4
0.1
1.0
*Value exceeds U.S. EPA Maximum Concentration of Contaminants for Characteristic
of EP Toxicity
3-66
-------
Table 3-12 continued
Sic*
Secondary Drinking Water Standards
Site
Nuaber
11
307
572
611
612
719
1099
1678
1739
2358
2434
2568
2 "69
2575
2627
2680
2821
2822
2892
2893
Chloride
(230 mg/l)
Medlen Tln*»
(mt/l) DWS
385
923
350
980
2651
2270
739
795
1400
940
1040
1770
700
300
180
4
4
1
4
11
9
3
3
6
3
4
7
3
1
1
Copper
(1.0 mH/l)
Median Tinas
(n»A) OWS
0.02
0.321
0.17
NO
0.029
NO
0.049
0.09
0.3
0.1
NO
0.1
0.12
NO
0.09
0.05
0.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Iron
(0.3 ng/O
Medlnn Time*
(••/I) BWS
10.3
359
211
2.1
246
6.12
113
169
46.65
13.85
4
20.-.
383
5CO
1400
150
66.2
34
1197
703
7
820
20
377
563
156
">3
13
08
1283
1667
4667
500
221
Manganese
(0.01 «»/l)
Median Tine*
(«H/l) DWS
23.9
0.5
0.03
3.1
1.45
2.33
1.4
2.M7
22
1.35
1.795
518
10
1
62
29
57
28
57
440
27
36
Sulfatc
(230 n|/l)
Median Tine*
(«l/l) DWS
155
3.4
112
500
271.5
200
108
255
210
200
140
1
0
0
2
1
I
0
1
1
I
1
TOS
(500 n«/l)
Mrdtan Times
(»I/1) DWS
9000
8183
10005
3540
5804
10150
10600
13750
5000
6375
15485
4390
7635
6800
15100
7800
9250
2840
18
16
20
7
12
20
21
28
10
13
31
9
15
14
30
16
19
6
Zinc
(5.0 mg/l)
Median Time*
(ng/n ous
0.152
54.0
22
NO
0.153
1.6
1.65
28.9
47. 7
2
0.42
10
3.13
2.4
0.84
0.03
1.96
0
11
4
0
0
0
0
6
10
0
0
T
1
0
0
0
0
Max Tines
Sic* TOX lines Max Tine* Mn> Times Max Times Mnx Tinea Max Times Max Times
Number (mg/l) DWS (mg/l) DWS (mg/l) DWS (mg/l) DWS (mg/l) OWS (mg/l) DWS (m(/l) OVIS
11
307
572
611
652
719
1099
1678
1739
2358
2484
2568
2369
2575
2627
2680
2321
2822
2892
2895
Avg. (or
*»g. for
1275
1876
1440
2200
11375
5700
1600
1630
1500
1600
2520
2310
1100
540
625
Medians
Maximum
5
a
6
9
46
23
6
7
6
7
10
9
4
2
3
4.2
10.0
0.04
0.399
0.56
.10
0.122
NO
0.270
0.26
4.06
0.1
NO
0. 15
0.12
NO
0.16
0.06
0.181
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.1
0.4
10.3
626
1500
670
1240
788
1050
879
269
210.0
62.6
322
610
860
1500
400
432
34
2087
5000
2233
4133
2627
3500
2030
397
700
209
1073
2033
2867
5000
1333
1440
728.2
2241.0
30.5
9.8
0.03
19
31.1
26.7
1.4
2.93
22
1.35
2.35
610
196
1
380
622
534
23
59
440
27
47
115.0
267.6
1400
200
911
750
1850
1670
108
411
720
300
747
6
I
4
3
7
7
0
2
3
I
3
0.8
3.3
9000
11080
17500
22300
16320
72500
32000
28000
17200
10800
19400
14000
24500
6800
19100
11500
12200
8700
18
22
35
45
33
145
64
56
34
22
39
23
49
14
38
23
24
17
16.9
39.2
0.34
69.4
42.3
NO
13.1
1.6
162
72.5
731
2
0.82
22
3.13
3.4
0.94
0.03
26.4
0
14
8
0
3
0
32
15
U6
0
0
u
1
1
0
0
5
2.1
13.5
Source: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Report
3-67
-------
Table 3-12 also illustrates how the maximum value for arsenic at Site 1678
(Table 3-1) exceeded the EPA maximum concentration limit of 5.0 mg/l (ppm). This
indicates the leachate would be classified as a hazardous waste because of its value
of 70.2 mg/l (ppm). The EPA maximum concentration limits are listed below.
Contaminant
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Endrin
Lindane
Methoxychlor
Toxaphene
2,4-D
2,4,5-TP Silvex
Maximum
Concentration (mg/l)
5.0
100.0
1.0
5.0
5.0
0.2
1.0
5.0
0.02
0.4
10.0
0.5
10.0
1.0
Table 3-12 also illustrates that Site 1739 (Table 3-1) exceeded the EPA maximum
concentration limit for lead, which is 5.0 mg/l (ppm). Site 1739 had a maximum
value of 14.2 mg/l (ppm). Site 1739 on Table 3-12 also shows a maximum value of
1.85 mg/l (ppm) for selenium. The EPA maximum concentration limit of selenium is
1.0 mg/l (ppm). Either one of these two parameters would classify the leachate as
hazardous waste. Site 1678 reports accepting municipal, industrial, and hazardous
wastes, whereas Site 1739 reports accepting municipal and industrial wastes.
Appendix B, Table B-1 summarizes each Wisconsin site regarding parameters and
site characteristics that were discussed in the Wisconsin report.
Tables 3-13 and 3-14 are Sobotka tables that provide a summary of municipal
leachate concentrations. They list minimum, maximum, and median values for
3-68
-------
Table 3-13 Sobotka Report: Data Summary of Organic
MSW Leachate Concentrations
(All values In ppm)
CONSTITUENT MIN MAX MEDIAN
Ac«Con«
B«nzene
Chlorofom
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Dlchloromethane
Methyl ethyl Icetone
Methyl Isobutyl ketone
Phenol
Tetrahydrofuran
To luene
Ethyl Benzene
_«-Xylene
I , 4- Dlchloro benzene
Trichlorofluoroaethane
I , l-Dlchloroethane
trans •1,2-Oichloroethene
I , 1 , l-Trlchloroethane
I ,2-Oiehloropropane
Chloro benzene
cis-1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Ch lor owe thane
Chlo roe thane
Olchlorodlf luorouethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1 , I ,2 ,2-Tetrachloroethane
4 Nitrophenol
Pentachlorophenol
Vinyl chloride
bis (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate
Dlethyl jjhthalate
Dl-n-butyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Naphthalene
Tetrachloroethene
Trlchloroethene
Bromome thane
Carbon tetrachlorlde
bls(2-Chloroethoxy) methane
Isophorone
Nitrobenzene
Dlbromome thane
2-Propanol
Ethyl acetate
1-Butanol
p-Xylene •»• o-xylene
Endrln
Toxaphene
Delta BHC
0.140
0.002
0.002
0.000
0.002
0.110
0.010
0.010
0.005
0.002
0.005
0.021
0.002
0.004
0.002
0.004
0.000
0.002
0.002
0.004
0.010
0.005
0.010
0.002
0.007
0.017
0.003
0.000
0.006
0.002
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.002
0.001
0.010
0.002
0.002
0.010
0.002
0.005
0.094
0.005
0.050
0.012
0.000
0.000
0.000
11.000
0.410
1.300
11.000
3.300
28.000
0.660
23.300
0.260
1.600
0.580
0.079
0.020
0.100
6.300
1.300
2.400
0.100
0.237
0.190
0.170
0.170
0.369
0.500
0.210
0.040
0.025
0.100
O.I 10
0.045
0.012
0.055
0.019
0.100
0.043
0.170
0.398
0.014
0.085
0.040
0.025
10.000
0.050
0.360
0.050
0.001
0.005
0.005
7.500
0.017
0.010
0.0075
0.230
8.300
0.270
0.257
0.018
0.166
0.038
0.026
0.0077
0.0125
0.0655
0.010
0.0 10
0.010
0.0 10
0.097
0.055
0.0075
0.095
0.010
0.020
0.025
0.003
0.010
0.022
0.0315
0.010
0.015
0.008
0.040
0.0035
0.055
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.015
0.010
6.900
0.042
0.220
0.018
0.0001
0.001
0.008
Source: Sobotka Report
3-69
-------
Table 3-14 Sobotka Report: Data Summary on Inorganic MSW Leachate Concentration
(All values in ppm)
CONSTITUENT
MIN
MAX
MEDIAN
pH
TS
TSS
TDS
Tot alkalinity
BOO
COD
TOC
TK.N
NH^
N02
NO}
Organic N
Sulface
Fluoride
Chloride
Cyanide
Al
A3
Ba
Cd
Cr (cocal)
Cu
Fe
Pb
Mg
Mn
Hg
Ni
N
Zn
Tot Phosphate
Hardness
Ca
K
Sb
Be
Ag
5.4
1900.0
28.0
uoo.o
0.0
7.0
440.0
5.0
47.3
11.3
0.007
0.000
4.5
8.0
0.120
120.0
0.000
0.010
0.000
0.010
0.000
0.001
0.003
0.22
0.001
76.0
0.030
0.000
0.010
12.0
0.010
0.00
0.8
95.5
30.0
0.002
0.001
0.008
8.0
25873.0
2835.0
16120.0
7375.0
21600.0
50450.0
6384.0
938.0
1200.0
0.20
50.950
78.2
500.0
0.790
5475.0
4.000
5.070
0.080
10.000
0.100
1. 000
0.320
1400.00
1. 110
927.0
43.00
0.020
1.250
1200.3
67.000
117.18
9380.0
2100.0
1375.0
1.100
0.010
0.050
6.690
10040.0
301.0
6453.3
2430.0
2330.0
3387.5
558.0
309.0
200.0
0.020
0.340
62.5
108.0
0.400
695.0
0.020
0.655
0.010
0.383
0.015
0.060
0.070
66.20
0.080
143.0
1.60
0.0006
0.160
539.0
1.350
1.72
1845.0
336.0
48.0
0.470
0.0065
0.020
Source: Sobotka Report
3-70
-------
inorganic and organic constituents respectively. This information is also presented
in Table 3-2, which provides a comparison of literature values to the concentration
values presented in the Wisconsin and Sobotka studies.
Comparing the endrin and toxaphene values in Table 3-13 to the maximum EPA
concentration values for EP toxicity (Subtitle D), neither substance exceeded the
limit. Endrin must not exceed 0.02 mg/l (ppm) and toxaphene must not exceed
0.5 mg/l (ppm). In both of these comparisons, the leachate should be considered
hazardous for these specific parameters, since the EPA's EP toxicity limits dictate
whether a substance would be classified as a hazardous waste.
Comparing the arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, and silver
values in Table 3-14 to maximum EPA concentration values for EP toxicity, indicates
that the limits were not exceeded.
In the Wisconsin report data, endrin and toxaphene were not detected (limit
< 10 ppb) in one Wisconsin leachate sample.
Also listed in the EP toxicity maximum concentrations are 2,4-D,
(2-4-Dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid) and 2,4,5-TP Silvex (2,4,5-Trichloro-
phenoxypropionic acid). Detected in two leachate analysis (limit F10 ppb) was 2,4-0.
See Table A-2 for values.
3-71
-------
REFERENCES
Cameron, R. D., 1978. "The Effects of Solid Waste Landfill Leachates on Receiving
Waters." Journal of the American Waterworks Association, pp. 173-176, March.
Chian, E. S., and F. B. DeWalle, 1977. Evaluation of Leachate Treatment:
Volume I-Characterization of Leachate and Volume II-Biological and Physical-
Chemical Processes. EPA-600/2-77-186aand 1866.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1973. Water Quality Criteria, 1972.
EPA/R-73-033.
George, J. A., 1972. Sanitary Landfill-Gas and Leachate Control. The National
Perspective. USEPA, Office of Solid Waste Management Programs.
Metry, A. A., and F. L Cross, 1975. Leachate Control and Treatment. Volume 7,
Environmental Monograph Series, Technomic Publishing Company, Westport,
Connecticut.
R-1
-------
APPENDIX A
RANGE GRAPHS AND MEDIAN
FREQUENCY-OF-OCCURRENCE HISTOGRAMS
-------
SITE(SflflPL£S)
0011( 1 ) -
0307( 2 ) -
0572( 20 ) -
0611( 33 ) -
rvmilfv* \
(JO3f\ 'JO 1 *
0719( 18 ) -
1099( 33 ) -
1678( 58 ) -
1739( 25 ) -
23SSf 18 )
ft JWD\ ' 9 J •
2568( 57 ) .
25B9f 84 )
a>WW9\ w^ / •
2575( ) .
2B27( 1 ) .
268Q( 14 ) .
2821 ( 12 )
2822( 11 ) .
2892 ( 40 ) .
289S( ) .
Q less than ft> mir
i « median x avg
I
>H»
_
_
i
> _
» M
•
^
•
•1
HM
-4
-W4
4
i i MUM
4 max
10 100 1000 10000
CONCENTRATION (mq/1)
100000 1000000
«•
SITE
INDIANS
till THIN
RANGE
a
T
.
a
4
J
1
1
NNVf
^
^
kvxxVsx'
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.25 log ng/1 rangn)
Figure A-l Range Graph( above) and Median Frequency-of-occurrence
Histograni( below) for Laacaate Specific Conductance.
-------
SITE(SAWPL£5) a l«ss than » min « radian x awq *
0011 ( 93 ) -
0307( 3 ) -
nc1?^ 1 "5QT1 \ -
nee^/ ^AQ >
1099(172 ) -
1678(993 )
2358( ) -
2S68( ) -
2S69( U }
2627( ) •
2680( ) -
2821 ( ) -
2B22( 2 \ -
2892( ) -
2995 ( 383 )
1
^ ..
.0 10 100 1000 10000 100000
CONCENTRATION (ng/X)
4-
SITE
fCOIANS ,.
WITHIN
RANGE *'
_
^
P5^P5P5 Rl
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.2S log ng/1 ranges)
Figure A-2 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of-occurrence
Histogram(below) for Leachace Total Suspended Solids
Concentrations.
-------
SITE(SAWPLES) Q L«w than » min « mwlian x avg 4 max
nm i i QA ^
0307( 9 ) -
ne75(2B6 \
HR1 1 f 27 1
UO 1 IV * ' 1 '
0652(229 ]
H71 3(219 i
1 ClQOt 1 74 1
1 K7H^ 1 QBQ1
1 739( 24 )
23S8( ) .
2686(188 )
2S68( 0 ) .
7cea( 73 i
2575( 49 )
2827( ) .
2680( ) .
2821 ( ) .
2822( 5 )
2892( 31 ) .
2895(394 ) 4
»
» <
10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
CONCENTRATION (rog/1)
SITE
INDIANS
WITHIN
RANGE
»•
*"
.
I
\
\
-
\\\\\Vs\\XXV
.
~
1
I
\
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.25 log mg/1 ranges)
Figure A-3 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of-occurrence
Histogram(below) for Leachace Biochemical Oxygen
Demand(BOD).
-------
SITE(SAflPLES) a less than > nun o median x avg 4 max
oon( 1 ) -
0307( 3 } -
0572( 30 ) -
nsn( 11 )
0652( 31 ) -
071 9f 13 )
1099( 12 ) -
1678( 65 ) -
1739( 25 ) .
2358( 17 ) -
2«84( 5 } .
2568( 58 ) .
2S69( 88 ) .
2575( ) -
2627( 1 ) .
2680( 14 ) .
2821 ( 12 ) .
2822( 12 } .
2892( 40 ) .
2B95( 2 ) .
•
•
««
^~~
10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
SITE
HEOIANS
WITHIN
RANGE
7 •
a -
* -
a -
* -
t -
I
pq
'/
f\\\\\\\V
ra
1
\
I
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.2S log mg/1 ranges)
Figure A-4 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of-occurrence
Histogram(below) for Leachate Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD)
-------
SIT£(SAnPL£S) o less than > win o median x awq 4 max
001 1( 1 ) -
0307( 11 ) -
0572(309 ) -
0611( 33 ) -
0652(737 ) -
0719(229 ) -
1099( 33 ) -
1678( 61 ) -
1739( 25 ) -
7tca( 1O \
2*84(173 ) -
2568( 57 ) -
2569( 86 ) -
2575( 49 ) -
2627( 1 ) -
2680( 13 ) -
2821 ( 12 ) -
2822( 12 ) J
2892( 40 ) -
2895( ) -
(
— *— 4
t> 01
•
—*
m
5678
pH
SITE
INDIANS
WITHIN
RANGE
4 -
3 -
a -
i -
a
P3P3P3P3
0HHH
n ryir>^r>nr^
^
/
t
ft
x\\\\\\
i
^
w
1
^
1
^
J/
pH (0.25 pH unit ranges)
Figure A-5 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of—occurrence
Kistogram(below) for Leachate pH.
-------
SITE(SAflPLES) a Ins than » win « median x awg 4
0011( ) .
0307( 4 ) .
0572 ( 20 )
0611 ( 13 ) .
0652( ) -
0719( 15 ) .
1099( 18 ) .
1678( 44 )
1739( 25 ) .
2358( ) .
2 .
2892( 39 ) .
2895( ) .
»
we
o* «
•
•
»
-------
SITE(SAPPLES) 0 l«ss than » min « nudian x avg 4 max
0011( ) -
0307( 7 ) -
0572( 20 ) -
061 1( 30 ) -
0652( ) -
0719( 16 ) -
« /*AQ/ M \
1099( 01 I
1678( 54 ) -
1739( 25 } -
2358( 12 ) -
7A Ott 1 A \
€**Q4I ™ / -
2S68( 56 ) -
25S9f S3 ) .
4»WU4\ OW / ™
257S( ) -
2627( ) .
268Q( 13 ) -
2821 ( 13 ) -
2822( ) .
2892 ( 40 ) .
&99«*\ ^** / «
2995( ) .
fc
t
»— 4M
* _
__ _^
I U
01 '<
^^
M
^
4
10 100 1000 10000 100000
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
1000000
SITE
MEDIANS
WITHIN
RANGE
a -
4 -
a -
a -
i -
1
7
^
^
f
I
f^
^
^
/
I
W
UOC CONCENTRATION (0.2S log ma/1 ranges)
Figure A-7 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of-occurrence
Histogram(below) for Leachace Hardness.
-------
SI TE( SAMPLES) a IMS th«n » min « radian x avg 4
0011 ( 10 ) -
0307( ) -
0572( 2 ) -
0611( ) -
0652( ) -
071 9( 51
U * 1 3\ ** /
1 naaf fi 1 _
1 U99\ 9 j "•
ifiTBf 92 i
1 w ' w \ 3* / *
2358( ) -
2484( 2 ) -
2568( ) -
2S69( ) -
2S7S( ) -
2S27( 1 ) .
2680( ) -
2821 ( ) .
2822( ) .
2892 ( 36 ) .
2895( 2 ) .
«
^
^
•
»-«M
•
1.0 10 100 1000 10000 100000
CONCENTRATION (rug/1)
SITE
I*COIMS ,
WITHIN
RANGE *
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.2S log mg/1 rangas)
Figure A-8 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of-occurrence
• Histogram(below) for Leachate Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen.
-------
SITE(SAMPLES) a !•»» than » min « Mdian x »vq 4 mx
nm i f 5 \ •
UU I i v * /
0307( ) -
OS72( ) -
0611( 1 ) -
0652( ) -
CYHQMQR \ .
U r 1 5J\ I 3D 7
1099( 2 ) -
icTas i^ ^
lO'Oi u /
1739( ) -
2358( ) -
2568( ) -
2569( 8 )
2575( ) -
2627( 1 ) -
2680( 1 ) -
2821 ( ) .
2822( ) .
2892( 36 )
•
•
Ml
"
•
•
0.1 1.0 10 100 1000
CONCENTRATION (mq/1)
10000
» -
SITE
MEDIANS 3 .
WITHIN
RANGE «•
i -
o -
%
%
\xxxxxx
?
I
£
0
>xxxxxx
A^-
?
/
^
^
^
^
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.2S log «g/l ranqw)
Figure-A-9 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of-occurrence
Histogram(below) for Leachate Ammonia Nitrogen.
-------
SITE(SAFR£S) a Ins than fc min « median x avq 4 max
0011( 2 ) -
0307( 6 ) -
0572( 2 ) -
0611( 1 ) -
0652 ( ) -
0719( 15 ) -
1099( 7 ) -
1678( 13 ) -
1739( ) -
2S68( ) .
2S69( 2 } .
2575( ) .
2627( 1 ) .
2680( ) .
2821 ( ) .
2822( ) .
2892( 36 ) .
2B95( 2 ) .
i
P—
I
I
1
m-<
^
i
l
•
•
-
•
0.01 0.1 1.3 10 100
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
1000
SITE
MEDIANS 9 .
WITHIN
RANGE «•
i •
o -
»
^
^
yf
"/
'/
XXXXXXXV
^
n
xxxxxxxv
^
II
n
xxxxxxxv
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.25 log mq/l tangn)
Figure A-10 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of-occurrence
Histograa(below) for Leachate Nitrate Nitrogen.
-------
SITE(5AfW£S) Q IMS than > min « madian X *vq 4 max
0011 ( 10 ) -
0307( ) -
0572(287 1 -
U^*^\fcB* j ^
061 1( 23 ) -
0652( ) -
0719( 2 ) -
1Q99( 3 ) -
1678( 86 ) -
1739( 25 } -
2358( ) -
2484( 2 )
2S68( ) .
2S69( 13 ) .
2S7S( ) .
2627( 1 } .
2680( ) .
2821 ( ) .
2822( ) .
2892( ) .
289S( 2 ) .
• ww\ • / ••
0
.01 0.
^_
tt
^
1 1
M«
«--»
^.,
•
.0 10 100 1000
CONCENTRATION (ng/I)
SITE
WEOIANS a a
WITHIN
RANGE »-
u
rx /, t
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.2S log mg/1 ranges)
Figure A-11 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of-occurrence
Histogram(below) for Leachate Total Phosphorus.
-------
SITE(S/*W-£S) Q Ins than > min « radian x avg 4 max
ann ) -
0307( 8 ) -
D572( IS ) -
ngiW ?S ]
0652 ( ) -
071 9f IS \
1678( 33 ) -
23S8( 17 ) -
2484( 3 ) •
2568( 19 ) -
2S69( 32 } -
2575( ) -
2527( ) -
2680( 14 ) -
2921 ( 13 )
2822( 11 ) .
2892 ( 40 ) -
289S( ) -
t.
fc
e
M
ft— *
i m i 4
A
m
H- «
MM
1.0 10 100 1000 10000 100000
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
SITE
WITHIN
RANGE
T-
• -
«-
« -
J -
t -
\
^/J
^^A
-,
^
^
^
^
/;
/
•KNNxNNX?
cri
1
I
t a 3
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.25 log
rangn)
Figure A-12 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of -occurrence
Histogram( below) for Leachate Chloride.
-------
SITE(SAWR.£S) a lass than » nin « madian x avg 4 max
0011 ( } -
mfl7/ 7 \ —
nci i / ic) -
06S2( ) -
rV7io/ 7 \ ..
i noo/ ^n 1 w
1739( ) •
2358( 1 ) •
2S68( ) -
2569( ) -
2S75( ) -
2«27( ) -
2680( ) •
2922( 10 ) -
2892 f 35 J
2B95( ) «
^
-^^^^
>-
^* -
1
X «
1.0 10 100 1000 10000 100000
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
•J «
SITE
ItOIAW
WITHIN a -
RANGE
a -
i -
a -
ft
w
7
1
^
^
y
J
^
1
^
^
y
0
H
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.25 log wj/1 ranoas)
Figure A-13 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of-occurrence
Histogram(below) for Leachate Sulfate.
-------
SITE(SAflPLES) a loss than » win « radian x awg «
0011( ) -
0307( 2 } -
0572( 5 ) -
0611( ) -
0652( ) -
0719( 1 ) -
10S9( 1 ) -
1679f 19 1
1 U f Q\ *9 / -
1739( ) -
77COf 1ft 1
£www\ *v / •
248*( ) •
jcf.at 58 )
£wwO^ ^9 /
25B9f 86 ) -
fc WWw \ WW / *
2S75( ) .
2627( ) -
2680( 1 ) •
2821 ( 1 ) -
2822( ) -
2892( ) .
289S( ) .
•
e
Ml
•
M
<4
•
•
1.0 10 100 1000 10000 100000
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
« -
SITE
J *
WITHIN
RANGE »•
• .
%
/,
/
j
y
\
1
^
_
J'
^
/
\
i
^
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.2S log nq/l
Figure A-14 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of-occurrence
Hiscogram(below) for Leachate Sodium.
-------
SITE(SAflPlES) a less than » min « Mdian x avg 4 max
0011( 1 ) -
0307( 4 ) -
OS72( 20 }
QB11( 20 i
0652( ) -
0719( 12 ) •
1(B9f 31 )-
1878f 5fl 1
1739f 25 i
2S68( SB ) -
2S69( 86 )
2S75( 14 ) -
2S27( ) -
268Q( 13 ) -
2821 ( 3 ) -
2822( 11 ) -
2892 ( 38 ) -
289S( ) -
^_
0.1 1
_
1
^
»~»~l
D
•m
.0 10 100 1000 10000
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
SITE
nEOIANS , .
WITHIN
RANGE «'
i -
PJ
/,
/
>
mm.
^ ^
/ ^
'/TX',
> J >
^ ^ /
f f f
\w*
1
-1 0 1 » 3 4
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.25 log mg/L ranges)
Figure A-15 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of-occurrence
Histogram(below) for Leachate Iron.
-------
SITC(SMPl£5) 0 less than fr min « iMdian * nq 4 MJI
0011 ( ) -
0307( 2 ) '
0572( 5 ) "
0611( 1 ) '
06S2( ) -
.-.m- -. / a \ •
0719( 8 )
1099( 18 ) '
1678( 28 ) '
1739( ) '
235fl( ) -
2S68( ) *
2S69( 2 ) -
2575( ) -
2627( ) -
2680( } •
2821( 1 ) -
2822( 1 ) •
2892( ) -
2895( 2 ) -
.
•
•
»*4
*~
m ,
0.01
0.1
1.0 10
100
1000
SITE
INDIANS a -
WITHIN
RANGE
3 •
a •
i •
1 1
//
\
SNxYxys
/
\
•KXXXXXXXXXI
LOC CONCENTRATION (0.2S log mg/1 cangn)
Figure A- 16 Range Graph( above) and Median Frequency-of-occurrence
Histograa( below) for Leachace Manganese.
-------
SITE(SAWLES) 0 l«a than » win « median x avq 4
0011( 10 ) -
0307( ) -
OS72( 4 ) "
0611( 1 ) -
06S2( 15 ) -
0719( ) -
4 f^OO/ 4 C )
1099( 15 )
1678( 21 ) -
4 *no/ ?c )
17J9( 25 )
23S8( ) -
J/,QA( 1 \ •
a»"Q*i\ i /
2568( ) -
2569( ) -
2575( ) -
2627( 1 ) -
2680( ) -
2821 ( 1 ) -
2B22( 1 ) 4
2892( 2 ) -i
2895( 15 ) -
> K
i
i
i
i
i
9—
— «
^
i
.
i
I
•
01 J
.
0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 IOC
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
SITE
flEOIANS 3 .
WITHIN
RANGE "•
1 •
i
*
t
t
t
t
/
^ ft '''
', '', ''
'< ^ '>
* ''<
'<'*. :
M
/
/
/
y
i>
/
/
/
''ft
'$
m % %
','
-------
O IMS than » win «median xawg 4max
00tl( 8 ) -
0307( 2 ) -
0572( 4 ) -
W"rf « fc\ •» /
0611( ) -
0652( ) -
0719( ) -
1099( 9 ) -
1678( 11 ) -
1739( 25 ) -
2358( ) -
2*84( 1 ) -
2568( ) -
2569( ) -
257S( ) -
2627( ) -
2680( ) -
2921 ( 1 ) -
2322( 1 ) -
2892( 2 ) -
2S9S( 9 ) -
I
1
ft— 9
— «-r
t>«-
— ^
•
I
•
^
I
0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
10
100
SITE
MEDIANS
WITHIN
RANGE
1
I
\
\
\
\
•
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.25 log mg/1 ranges)
Figure A-18 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of-occurrence
Histogram(below) for Leachate Bariua.
-------
SI TE( SAMPLES) O lass than » win » iwdian x avg
0011( 10 ) -
0307( ) -
0572( 7 ) -
0611( 1 ) -
0652( 31 ) -
0719( 1 ) -
1099( 19 ) -
1678( 23 ) -
1739( 25 ) -
2358( ) -
2S68( ) -
2S69( 2 ) -
2S75( 13 ) -
2S27( 1 ) -
2680( ) .
2821 ( 1 ) -
2822( 6 } .
2892( 2 ) .
289S( 15 ) .
<
I
1
•
•
I
'
1
1
•
>-0-l
i
MM
1
.
1
— «
1
*
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
10
SITE
ItOIANS
WITHIN
RANGE
4 -
a -
a -
i -
1
I
1
K\\X\\X\\v\XX\\SN
i
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.2S log mg/1 ranges)
Figure A-19 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of-occurrence
Histogram(below) for Leachace Cadmium.
-------
SITE(SAflPUS) QIMS than » min «median xavg «ux
nm 1 1 i n )
uu * * \ ' w /
03Q7( 2 ) -
___y _ .
0611( 1 ) -
071 9( )
inga{ 18 )
1 w39\ • " /
1fi78f 73 )
1 U ' "\ a»v / *
1739( 25 ) -
1 ( iJw\ fc W / *
2358( ) -
2S68( ) -
2569( 2 ) -
2575( 14 ) -
2627( 1 ) .
2680( ) .
2821 ( 1 ) -
2822( 7 ) .
2892( 2 ) .
2895( 15 ) .
1
-
^
I
•
i
h-4
m
1
«w
I
i^ ^
I
0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
100
SITE
TCOIANS
WITHIN
RANGE
a -
4 -
a-
a •
i •
flR
7!
/•
r
r
X
/
V
r
I
\
\
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.2S log ng/1 ranges)
Figure A-20 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of—occurrence
Histogram(below) for Leachate Total Chromium.
-------
SITE(SAfWjES) O IMS than > win • madlan x awg 4 max
nmif 10 \ -
UU* 1 \ 1 U | "
0307< ) -
rtc^5i 7 i «
U9 '£\ * /
0611( 1 ) -
nee^f 1«5 1
UD3*\ * 3 / *
071 9( ) -
inoQ/ 9n ) •
1 U99\ £U /
1 739f 2S 1 «
2358( ) -
^/. QA/ t \ _
a»**O**\ ' /
2568( ) •
2569( 2 ) -
257S( 14 )
2627( 1 ) -
2680( ) •
2821( 1 ) -
2822( 8 ) -
2892( 2 ) .
2895( 15 ) -
1
—
M
!• «
*. ^M
•
^^
.
. •
0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10
CONCENTRATION (ng/1)
100
a -
«-
SITE
MEDIANS 3 .
WITHIN
RANGE *'
t -
a-
H^n
WV
v\\Vs\\\S\N>
^
^
ra
R
1
^
4
\
^
''<
n
fy
-a
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.25 log rag/1 rangn)
Figure A-21 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of-occurrence
Histogram(below) for Leachate Lead.
-------
Olsas than » win • mdian »awq
001 1( 10 ) i
UW • I \ * ** / <
0307( ) -
0572( 4 ) -
WW • fc\ -* /
0611( 1 ) -
06S2( 8 ) -
ww<*&\ w / —
071 9( ) -
1099( 21 ) -
• W«w\ * * / ™
1678( 23 ) -
1739( 24 ) .
235B( ) -
2S68( ) .
2569( ) -
2575( ) .
2627( 1 ) .
2680( ) .
2821 ( 1 ) .
2822( ) .
2892( 2 ) .
2895( IS ) .
.
1
»-,
i
•
1
•
0.00001 0.0X1 0.001 0.01
CONCENTRATION (mq/1)
0.1
1.0
• •
SITE
A
MEDIANS
WITHIN , .
RANGE
a -
t-
o -
1
&J ^^A
V^\ \^\
PpP>}
S
',
'/
/
/
/
^
'/
y
V
/
'/
^
y
^
v
f
'<
^^A
\S\
VA
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.2S loq mg/1 rangta)
Figure A-22 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of-occurrence
Hiscogram(below) for Leachate Mercury.
-------
SITE(SAWLES) 0 loss than fr min «radian x avg «ma«
0011( 10 ) -
0307( ) -
0572( 3 ) -
0611( ) -
nftMf vi \ -
UD311 JU )
071 9( ) •
inaaf i*% \ -
1 Uaa\ 13 /
1 tv?a/ "51 ^
1O'O\ *' /
17-iq/ 55 ^
1 f J3V *3 /
2358( ) -
2568( ) -
2S69( ) -
2575( ) -
2627( ) -
2680( ) -
2821 ( 1 ) -
2822( ) -
2892( ) -
2895( 15 } -
1
10 <
•—
_
_
• >o «
^
•
^
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
1.0
10
• «
SITE
nEOIANS , .
UITHIN
RANGE •'
i -
«-
Rl
^
^
^0 ^
w%
fy
*?
?
1
1
1
\
»••«••
00
m
-t
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.25 log mg/1 ranges)
Figure A-23 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of-occurrence
Histogram(below) for Leachace Selenium.
-------
SITE(SAMPLES) O leas than * min « radian X awg 4max
0011 ( 10 ) -
03Q7( ) -
061 1( ) -
nec?/ 1^ \ -*
Ub3«l 1 3 /
071 9( ) •
1099( 15 ) •
1678( 21 ) -
1739( 25 ) -
2358( ) •
2568( ) -
2569( ) -
2575( )' -
2627( ) -
2680( } -
2821 ( 1 ) -
2822( ) -
2892( ) .
2895( 15 } -
I
»*-
— *
*^
B
•
^^
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
1.0
10
SITE
INDIANS
UII THIN
RANGE
i .
i -
1
\\X\NNX\\V
1
I
I
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.2S log mg/l rangw)
Figure A-2^ Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of-occurrence
Histogram(below) for Leachate Silver.
-------
5ITE(SA«PL£5) a Ins than » win • median xawg
noi 1 f 1 Q \
uu * ' \ • » /
0307( ) -
OS72( ) -
Q611( ) -
0652 ( 14 )
Ww«J*t\ * ^ /
071 9{ ) -
inggf 15 )
i uaay i w | ™
1878( 21 ) -
1739( ) -
2358( ) -
248*( } -
2568( } -
2569( ) -
257S( ) -
2527( ) -
2680( ) -
2821( ) -
2822( 1 ) .
2892( ) .
2895( 15 ) -
•
-
^
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
1.0
10
SITE
INDIANS a
WITHIN
RANGE >
-t
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.2S log mg/1 rangn)
Figure A-25 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of-oceurrence
, Hiscogran(below) for Leachate Antimony.
-------
SITE(SAMPLES) O Ins than
min
mrtian
avg «IMX
nfM if i o ^ -
UUl I v * *• /
OS72( 1 ) -
0611( ) -
071 9( ) -
1 naa t i <5 ^ «
iLjyy^ 13 /
ifiTfl/ ^n 1 *
1 u f O\ «U /
1739( ) •
2358( ) -
248A( ) -
2S68( } -
2S69( ) -
2S7S( ) -
2827( ) -
2680( ) -
2821 ( ).-
2822( 1 ) -
2692( ) -
2895( 15 ) •
J
1
.
L
1
[ n
I
^
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
CONCENTRATION (wj/l)
1.0
10
SITE
MEDIANS
WITHIN
RANGE
i -
I
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.2S log
)
Figure A-26 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of-occurrence
Histogram(below) for Leachate Beryllium.
-------
SITE(SWW-ES) O less than »> min # median x avg * max
0011 ( 10 ) -
0307( 2 ) -
OS72( 5 ) -
0611 ( 1 ) -
0652( 1S ) -
0719( 1 ) -
1099( 17 ) -
1678( 23 ) -
1739( 25 ) -
2358( ) -
2( 1 ) •
2568( ) -
2S69( 2 ) -
2575( U ) -
2627( 1 ) .
2680 ( ) -
2821 ( 1 ) -
2S22( 3 1 -,
fcUfc&\ •• / ^
2892( 2 ) -
289S( 15 ) -
r
.
_^
•
I
A «_<
^
1
1
a
i
*M
^
MM
CM— *
1
^
1
-4
•
I
^
_.
•
.
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
CONCENTRATION (mq/1)
1.0
10
SITE
MEDIANS
WITHIN
RANGE
• J
T-l
,.
a -
4 •
a -
a -
£
^
X
|
1
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.25 log mg/1 ranges)
Figure A-27 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequ«ncy-of-occurrence
Histogram(below) for Leachate Copper.
-------
SITE(SAfPLES) O leas than » min •median xav/q 4max
0011 ( 9 ) -
0307( ) -
0572( 2 ) -
0611( ) -
0652( 15 ) -
071 9( ) -
« no/at i T 1 •
1Q99V *J I
1678( 17 ) -
1739( ) -
23S8( ) -
2568( ) -
2S69( ) -
2575( U ) -
2B27( } -
2680( ) -
2821 ( ) -
2822( 1 } -
2892( ) -
289S( 15 ) -
«—
I
-4
1
•
ON
• • «
4
_ -.
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
1.0
10
SITE
PEOIANS
UITHW
RANGE
*'
LK CONCENTRATION (0.25 log ng/1 ranges)
Figure A-28 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of-occurrence
Hiscogram(below) for Leachate Cyanide.
-------
SITE(SAWUS) Oltas than mtin • iwdian xavg «nax
0011( 10 ) -
0307( ) -
0572( 5 } -
0611 ( 1 } -
0652( 15 ) -
0719( 1 ) -
1099( 17 ) -
1678( 23 ) -
1739( 24 )
2358( ) -
2S68( ) -
2S69( 2 ) -
2S7Sf 14 1
£W'«J\ /
2627( 1 ) .
2680( ) -
2821 ( 1 ) -
2822( 1 ) .
2892( 2 ) .
289S( 15 ) -
I
•
•
1
,
1
•
>— »
•
^ ^
^
M
0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
100
SITE
INDIANS
WITHIN
RANGE
* "
t -
t -
1 1
/
y
1
?
ft
fxxxxxx
y.
s
/
*s
^
i
KXXXXXX
a
XXXXXVI
-*
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.25 log nq/1 ranges)
Figure A-29 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of-occurrence
Histogram(below) for Leachate Nickel.
-------
SITE(5AflPLE5) OIMS than •> min • macjian xavg
0011 ( 9 ) -
Q307( ) -
0572( } -
0611( ) -
06S2( 15 ) -
0719( ) -
1099( 13 ) -
1678( 19 ) -
1739( ) -
2358( ) -
2484 ( ) -
2568( ) -
2569( ) -
2575( ) -
2627( ) -
2seo( ) -
2821 ( ) -
2822( 1 ) •
2892( ) -
289S( 13 ) -
1
J
f 1
^
•
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
10
SITE
flEOIANS
WITHIN
RANGE
3 •
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.2S log mg/1 rangas)
Figure A-30 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of-occurrence
Histogram(below) for Leachate Thallium.
-------
SITC(S4flPL£5) 0 IMS than > win « median x avg « man
0011 ( 10 ) -
0307( 2 ) -
0572( 5 ) •
0611( 1 ) -I
0652( 30 ) •
0719( 1 ) •
inQQ/ 51 \ m
1 U99\ «• I /
1678( 23 ) -
1739f 25 ^
1 ( J3^ £^ / ™
2358( ) -
2S68( ) -
2S69( 2 } -
257S( 13 ) -
2627( 1 ) -
2680( ) -
2821 ( 4 ) -
2822( 2 ) -
2992( 2 ) 4
289S( IS ) -
b
1
i • 1
OH «
|
»
>—
•
_.
•
^
» i
•
>• <
D-M
t^^l
•— *
0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100
CONCENTRATION (mq/1)
1000
SITE
flEDIANS
WITHIN
RANGE
4 -
a -
i -
n
I
•
I
J
X
XXXXXXXXXXN
I
kXXxXXXXXXl
I
-a
LOG CONCENTRATION (0.2S log mg/1 ranges)
Figure A-31 Range Graph(above) and Median Frequency-of-occurrence
Hi3togram(below) for Leachate Zinc.
-------
Table A-l Total Leachate Phenol Analysis Results
iite 10
0011
0011
0572
0572
0572
0572
0552
0552
0652
0652
0652
0652
0652
0652
0652
0652
0652 .
0652
0652
0652
0652
1099
1099
1099
1678
1678
1678
1678
1678
1678
1678
1678
2627
2822
2895
2895
2895
Sample
Source
(D
cs(n3)
cs(n3)
cs(«)
HU(812)
HW(B20)
HU(B21)
CS{!t)
cs
-------
Table A-2 Leachata Analysis Results for PolycMorinatad Biphenyls, Pesticides and
Herbicides
Compound
Pol/chlorinated Biphenyls
1242
1254
1221
1232
1248
1260
1016
Unspecific
Number of
Leaehata
Analysis
18
18
18
15
18
18
18
27
Number of Samples
with a Detectable
Concentration
(det limit OOppb)
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
Sites where
Detected
(cone range)
(ppb)
1099(2.3
1739(6.9-310
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides
Aldrin 21
Alpha-BHC 18
Beta-BHC 18
Camma-BHC 21
Oelta-BHC 18
BHC 3
Chlordane 20
DOT 21
DOE 21
000 21
Oieldrin 21
£ndosulfan(a and b) 20
Endosulfan Sulfate 19
Endrin 23
Endrin Aldehyde 20
Heptachlor 21
Heptachlor Epoxide 21
Toxaphene 22
Plethoxychlor 1
Wirex 1
Organophosphorus Insecticides
Ptethylparathion 1
Ethylparathion 1
Chlorophenoxy Herbicides
2,4-0 2
2,4,5-TP 2
2,3,7,8-TCOO 1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
2822(4.6)
572(7), 1099(1800)
Includes data from sitast 11,572,719,1099,1878,1739,2568,2569,2627,2822,2895.
Source: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Report
-------
Table A-3 Typical Orders-of-Magnitude Concentration Ranges Of
Contaminants In Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachates In Wlscon
mo/1 Range Parameters
1,000 - 100,000 BOO, COO, Alkalinity, Hardness, TDS
100 - 1,000 TSS, Total-N, Chlorides, Sultates, Sodium, Iron
10 - 100 21nc
1.0 - 10 Manganese, Total-P, Barium
0.1 - 1.0 N1trate-N, Chromium, Lead, Copper
0.01 - 0.1 Arsenic, Cadmium, Selenium, Silver, Antimony, Cy<
Nickel, Thallium
0.001 - 0.01 Beryllium
0.0001 - 0.001 Mercury
Source: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Report
-------
APPENDIX B
WISCONSIN CASE HISTORY INFORMATION
-------
TABLE B-1
WISCONSIN CASE HISTORY INFORMATION
Site Number: 0011
Site Name: WMI-Lauer I, Wt
Site Type: Zone-of-saturation
Total Design Volume (million cubic yards): Not available
Principal Waste Types: MSW, IND
Date Filling Began: pre-1960
Site Size (Acres): 38
• Leachate barium concentrations exceeded the drinking water standard of 1 mg/l
Site Number: 0307
Site Name: WMI-Polk, Wl
Site Type: Clay Lined
Total Design Volume (million cubic yards): 0.5
Principal Waste Types: MSW
Date Riling Began: 1970
Site Size (Acres): 9
e Older site - lower and more consistent suspended solids concentrations.
e Leachate oxygen demand medians greater than 20,000 mg/l.
e Median chronium concentrations above 0.2 mg/l.
e Aluminum concentrations of 4.5 and 5.6 mg/l.
Site Number: 0572
Site Name: Land Reclamation, Wl
Site Type: Zone-of-saturation
Total Design Volume (million cubic yards): 9.5
Principal Waste Types: MSW, IND, HA2
Date Filling Began: pre-1970
Site Size (Acres): 82
• Patterns of leachate oxygen demand over time, complicated by operational conditions.
e Chromium concentration above 1.5 mg/t.
• Median selenium concentrations exceed drinking water standard.
e Median cyanide concentration of 0.25 mg/l (maximum cyanide concentration in drinking
water is 0.2 mg/l).
• Leachate nickel concentrations exceeded 1 mg/l.
• Leachate aluminum concentration below 1 mg/l.
B-1
-------
• The 1,2 isomer of dichloroethane was detected.
• Halogenated ethers and aliphatics detected more frequently than the other landfills.
• Herbicide 2,4-0 detected: 7 pg/t - Primary drinking water standard is 100 pg/l.
• 42% of the suspended solids were volatile.
Site Number: 0611
Site Name: Winnebago Co., Winnebago, Wl
Site Type: Zone»of-saturation
Total Design Volume (million cubic yards): 5.5
Principal Waste Types: M5W, IND
Date Filling Began: pre-1970
Site Size (Acres): 94
e Site with one of the lower leachate nitrogen (200-500 mg/l) concentrations.
e Weakest leachate for specific conductance.
Site Number: 0652
Site Name: Tork.WI
Site Type: Retrofit
Total Design Volume (million cubic yards): 1.5
Principal Waste Types: MSW, IND
Date Filling Began: 1970
Site Size (Acres): 38
e More dilute leachate - lower and more consistent suspended solids concentrations.
e Leachate silver concentration of 0.05 mg/l (high).
Site Number: 0719
Site Name: Delafield, Delafield, Wl
Site Type: Clay lined
Total Design Volume (million cubic yards): 1.0
Principal Waste Types: MSW
Date Filling Began: 1975
Site Size (Acres): 13
e Highest total kjeldahl and ammonia nitrogen concentrations (over 1,000 mg/l)
e Refuse up to 50 feet deep
B-2
-------
Sita Number: 1099
Site Name: WMI-Metro, Wl
Site Type: Zone-of-saturation
Total Design Volume (million cubic yards): 9.0
Principal Waste Types: MSW, IND, HAZ
Date Filling Began: pre-1970
Site Size (Acres): 96
e Leachate chloride concentrations in excess of 4,000 mg/I (possibly due to refuse depth).
• Arsenic analysis exceeded drinking water standard of 0.05 mg/I (maximum concentration
of 0.059 mg/I).
• Leachate barium concentrations exceeded the drinking water standard of 1 mg/I.
• Chromium concentrations above 1.5 mg/I.
e Leachate nickel concentration exceeded 1 mg/I.
• Leachate aluminum concentration of 85 mg/I.
• Methylene chloride concentration of 20,000 mg/I exceeded the ambient water quality
standard for the noncarcinogenic effects of methylene chloride which is 12,400 mg/I.
e Detectable concentration of PCB-1016 was found-2.8 ng/l.
e Herbicide 2,4-D was found -1,800 ug/1-Primary drinking water standard is 100pg/l.
e Maximum leachate concentrations exceeded all the primary drinking water standards in at
least one instance.
Site Number: 1678
Site Name: WMI-Omega Hills, Wl
Site Type: Zone-of-saturation
Total Design Volume (million cubic yards): 15.0
Principal Waste Types: MSW, INO, HAZ
Date Filling Began: 1971
Site Size (Acres): 166
e Large co-disposal site.
e Leachate oxygen demand medians greater than 20,000 mg/I.
• Highest total kjeldahl and ammonia nitrogen concentrations (over 1,000 mg/I).
e Leachate chloride concentrations in excess of 4,000 mg/I (possibly due to refuse depth.
• Highest chloride concentration of 11,375 mg/I.
• Leachate sulfide range of < 1 to 7.2 mg/I.
• Arsenic analysis exceeded drinking water standard of 0.05 mg/I one value of 70.2 mg/I,
next highest 1.05 mg/I).
B-3
-------
e Pile records indicate pesticides were disposed of here.
• Leachate barrium concentrations exceeded the drinking water standard of 1 mg/l.
• Chromium concentrations above 1.5 mg/l.
e Leachate lead concentrations typically greater than 0.3 mg/l and potentially as high as 10
mg/l.
e Leachate silver concentration of 0.083 mg/l (high).
• Highest beryllium concentration.
e Leachate nickel concentrations exceeded 1 mg/l.
e Halogenated ethers and aliphatics detected more frequently than the other sites.
• Higher values of phenol.
e The maximum leachate concentrations exceeded all of the primary drinking water
standards in at least one instance.
Site Number: 1739
Site Name: MWI - Pheasant Run, Wl
Site Type: Zone-of-saturation
Total Design Volume (million cubic yards): 1.6
Principal Waste Types: MSW, (NO
Date Filling Began: pre-1967
Site Size (Acres): 35
e Arsenic analysis exceeded drinking water standard of 0.05 mg/l (maximum concentration:
1.29 mg/l).
e Chromium concentrations above 1.5 mg/l.
e Leachate lead concentration in excess of 2 mg/l.
• Leachate selenium concentrations exceeded 0.1 mg/l (high value of 1.85 mg/l).
e Leachate silver concentration of 0.07 mg/l (high).
e Copper concentrations exceeded drinking water standard of 1 mg/l.
e Maximum leachate concentrations exceeded all of the primary drinking water standards
in at least one instance.
B-4
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Site Number: 2358
Site Name: Fond du Lac Co., Wl
Site Type: Zone-of-saturation
Total Design Volume (million cubic yards): 0.5
Principal Waste Types: MSWJND
Date Filling Began: 1978
Site Size (Acres): 16
e Wide variability in leachate specific conductance over time
Site Number: 2484
Site Name: Outagamie Co., Wl
Site Type: Zone-of-saturation
Total Design Volume (million cubic yards): 3.2
Principal Waste Types: MSW, IND
Date Filling Began: 1975
Site Size (Acres): 47
• Reduction in initially high BODs of 6,000-8,000 mg/l to highs typically less than 5,000 mg/l.
e High BOD values each year in the spring or summer.
e Patterns of leachate oxygen demand complicated by operational conditions.
e Median chromium concentrations above 0.2 mg/l.
Site Number: 2568
Site Name: Brown Co. West, Green Bay West, Wl
Site Type: Zone-of-saturation
Total Design Volume (million cubic yards): 4.0
Principal Waste Types: MSW, IND
Date Filling Began: 1977
Site Size (Acres): 50
e Had detectable concentration of 1,1 -dichloroethane.
e The 1,2 isomer of dichloroethane was detected.
e Xylene detected (one of 2 sites tested).
B-5
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Site Number: 2569
Site Name: Brown Co. East, Green Bay East, Wl
Site Type: Clay lined
Total Design Volume (million cubic yards): 6.0
Principal Waste Types: MSW
Date Filling Began: 1976
Site Size (Acres): 30
• Leachate aluminum concentration below 1 mg/l
• Detectable concentration of 1,1-dichloroethane
e Xylene detected (one of 2 sites that were tested)
Site Number: 2575
Site Name: WMI-Ridgeview, Wl
Site Type: Natural Attenuation
Total Design Volume (million cubic yards): 0.8
Principal Waste Types: MSW, IND
Date Filling Began: 1976
Site Size (Acres): 17
9 Median chromium concentrations above 0.2 mg/l
Site Number: 2627
Site Name: City of Superior, Wl
Site Type: Zone-of*saturation
Total Design Volume (million cubic yards): 0.6
Principle Waste Types: MSW, IND
Date Filling Began: 1976
Site Size (Acres): 20
Site Number: 2680
Site Name: Dane Co., Wl
Site Type: Natural Attenuation
Total Design Volume (million cubic yards): 1.5
Principal Waste Types: MSW
Date Filling Began: 1977
Site Size (Acres): 49
e Specific conductance can be as high as 19,000 umhos/cm.
e Di ssol ved sol i ds - strongest I eachate, from headwel I.
e Leachate oxygen demand medians greater than 20,000 mg/l.
• Leachate headwell in 20 feet of refuse.
• The well is a source of undiluted leachate since the leachate is not collected, it remains in
contact with waste for a long time. The leachate strength is therefore slowly increasing,
and leachate is very contaminated.
B-6
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Sit* Number: 2821
Site Name: Eau Claire Co., Seven Mile Creek, Wl
Site Type: Clay lined
Total Design Volume (million cubic yards): 1.2
Principal Waste Types: MSW
Date Filling Began: 1978
Site Size (Acres): 24
e Wide variability in leachate specific conductance over time
Sit* Number: 2822
Site Name: City of janesville, Janesville, Wl
Site Type: Clay lined
Total Design Volume (million cubic yards): 0.7
Principal Waste Types: MSW, IND
Date Filling Began: 1978
Site Size (Acres): 18
e increase in concentration of oxygen-demanding material in leachate over years.
e Leachate barium concentrations exceeded the drinking water standard of 1 mg/1.
e Leachate aluminum concentration below 1 mg/l.
e The 1,2 isomer of dichloroethane was detected.
e Pesticides detected: 4.6ug/lof delta-BHC.
Site Number: 2892
Site Name: Marathon Co., Marathon, Wl
Site Type: Clay lined
Total Design Volume (million cubic yards): 1.5
Principal Waste Types: MSW, IND
Date Filling Began: 1980
Site Size (Acres): 10
e Increase in the concentration of oxygen-demanding material in leachate over the years.
e Site with one of the lowest leachate nitrogen (200-500 mg/l).
e Higher % levels of organic nitrogen.
B-7
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Sit» Number. 2895
Site Name: WMI - Muskego, Wl
Site Type: Gay Lined
Total Design Volume (million cubic yards): 1.3
Principal Waste Types: MSW
Date Filling Began: 1980
Site Size (Acres): 29
• Leachate barium concentrations exceeded the drinking water standard of 1 mg/l.
e Highest concentration of silver.
• Detectable concentration of 1 ,l-dichloroethane.
• Phenol values from 39 to 350 pg/l were detected.
3-S
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