United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Solid Waste
and Emergency Response
Washington, DC 20460
EPA.530-SW-87-028
October 1987
&EPA
Solid Watte
Characterization of MWG Ashes
and Leachates from MSW Landfills,
Monofills, and Co-Disposal Sites
Volume IV of VII
Characterization of Muncipal
Waste Combustion Residues
and Their LeachatesA
Literature Review
-------
D-33-5-7-20
FINAL
CHARACTERIZATION OF MUNICIPAL
WASTE COMBUSTION RESIDUES
AND THEIR LEACHATES - A LITERATURE REVIEW
VOLUME IV OF VII
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF SOLID WASTE
WASHINGTON, D.C.
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-7310
WORK ASSIGNMENT NO. 04
EPA Contract Officer EPA Project Officer
Jon R. Perry Gerry Dorian
Prepared by
NUS CORPORATION
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION PAGE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
2.0 CHARACTERIZATION OF ASHES 2-1
2.1 FLY ASH 2-1
2.1.1 FDD, PCDF, and PCB Concentrations 2-1
2.1.2 Organic Concentrations 2-9
2.1.3 Inorganic Constituent Concentrations 2-14
2.2 BOTTOM ASH 2-23
2.2.1 PCDD, PCDF, and PCB Concentrations 2-23
2.2.2 Organic Concentrations 2-27
2.2.3 Inorganic Constituent Concentrations 2-27
2.3 COMBINED BOTTOM AND FLY ASH 2-33
2.3.1 PCDD, PCDF, and PCB Concentrations 2-33
2.3.2 Organic Concentrations 2-33
2.3.3 Inorganic Constituent Concentrations 2-35
3.0 CHARACTERIZATION OF EXTRACTS 3-1
3.1 FLY ASH 3-2
3.1.1 Organic Concentrations 3-2
3.1.2 Inorganic Constituent Concentrations 3-6
3.2 BOTTOM ASH 3-16
3.2.1 Organic Concentrations 3-16
3.2.2 Inorganic Constituent Concentrations 3-18
3.3 COMBINED BOTTOM AND FLY ASH 3-18
3.3.1 Organic Concentrations 3-18
3.3.2 Inorganic Constituent Concentrations 3-22
4.0 CHARACTERIZATION OF LEACHATE FROM FIELD SAMPLES 4-1
4.1 ORGANIC CONCENTRATIONS ..: 4-1
4.2 INORGANIC CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS 4-5
5.0 SUMMARY. CONCLUSIONS. AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5-1
6.0 REFERENCES 6-1
-------
TABLES
NUMBER PAGE
1-1 Materials Disposed into the Municipal Waste Stream .............. 1-3
1-2 Summary of MSW Incinerator Statistics 1-5
2-1 Ranges of Concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs in
Fly Ash from Municipal Waste Incinerators in ng/g (ppb) 2-2
2-2 Concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs in Fly Ash from
Municipal Waste Incinerators in ng/g (ppb) 2-3
2-3 Concentrations of PCBs in Fly Ash from Municipal
Incinerators in ng/g (ppb) 2-7
2-4 Ranges of Concentrations of Organics in Fly Ash
from Municipal Waste Incinerators in ng/g (ppb) 2-10
2-5 Concentrations of Organics in Fly Ash from Municipal
Waste Incinerators in ng/g (ppb) 2-11
2-6 Ranges of Concentrations of Inorganic Constituents in
Fly Ash from Municipal Waste Incinerators in ug/g (ppm) 2-15
2-7 Concentrations of Inorganic Constituents in Fly Ash
from Municipal Wastei Incinerators in ug/g (ppm) 2-17
2-8 Ranges of Concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs in
Bottom Ash from Municipal Waste Incinerators in ng/g (ppb) 2-24
2-9 Concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs in Bottom Ash from
Municipal Waste Incinerators in ng/g (ppb) 2-25
2-10 Concentrations of PCBs in Bottom Ash from Municipal
Waste Incinerators in ng/g (ppb) 2-26
2-11 Ranges of Concentrations of Organics in Bottom Ash from
Municipal Waste Incinerators in ng/g (ppb) 2-28
2-12 Concentrations of Organics in Bottom Ash from
Municipal Waste Incinerators in ng/g (ppb) 2-29
2-13 Ranges of Concentrations of Inorganic Constituents in
Bottom Ash from Municipal Waste Incinerators in ug/g (ppm) 2-30
2-14 Concentrations of Inorganic Constituents in Bottom Ash
from Municipal Waste Incinerators in ug/g (ppm) 2-31
2-15 Ranges of Concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs in
Combined Ash from Municipal Waste Incinerators in ng/g (ppb) ... 2-34
2-16 Ranges of Concentrations of Inorganic Constituents in
Combined Bottom and Fly Ash from Municipal Waste
Incinerators in ug/g (ppm; 2-36
2-17 Concentrations of Inorganic Constituents in Combined Bottom Ash
and Fly Ash from Municipal Waste Incinerators in ug/g (ppm) 2-37
3-1 Ranges of Extract Concentrations of Organic Constituents
from Municipal Waste Incinerator Fly Ash Determined by the
Deionized Water Extraction Procedure in ng/g (ppb) 3-3
3-2 Ranges of Extract Concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs from
Municipal Waste Incinerator Fly Ash Determined by the Toxic
Characteristic Leaching Procedure Test in ng/l (parts per trillion) ... 3-4
3-3 Ranges of Extract Concentrations of Organic Constituents from
Municipal Waste Incinerator Fly Ash for the Three Leading
Extraction Procedures in ug/l (ppb) 3-5
-------
TABLES (CONTINUED)
NUMBER PAGE
3-4 Ranges of Extract Concentrations of Inorganic Constituents
from Municipal Waste Incinerator Fly Ash Determined by the
Deionized Water Extraction Procedure Test in mg/l (ppm) 3-7
3-5 Extract Concentrations of Inorganic Constituents from Municipal
Waste Incinerator Fly Ash Determined by the Deionized Water
Extraction Procedure Test in mg/l (ppm) 3-9
3-6 Ranges of Extract Concentrations or Inorganic Constituents
from Municipal Waste Incinerator Fly Ash Determined by the
Extraction Procedure Test in mg/l (ppm) 3-12
3-7 Extract Concentrations of Inorganic Constituents from
Municipal Waste Incinerator Fly Ash Determined by the
Extraction Procedure Test in mg/l (ppm) 3-14
3-8 Ranges of Extract Concentrations of Inorganic Constituents
from Municipal Waste Incinerator Fly Ash Determined by the
Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure Test in mg/l (ppm) 3-15
3-9 Ranges of Extract Concentrations of Organic Constituents
from Municipal Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash for Three
Leaching Procedures in ug/l (ppb) 3-17
3-10 Extract Concentrations of Inorganic Constituents from MWC
Bottom Ash Determined by the Deionized Water Extraction
Test in mg/l (ppm) 3-19
3-11 Ranges of Extract Concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs from
Municipal Waste Incinerator Combined Fly and Bottom Ash
Determined by the Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure
Test in ng/l (parts per trillion) 3-20
3-12 Ranges of Extract Concentration of Organic Constituents from
Municipal Waste Incinerator Combined Fly and Bottom Ash for
Three Leading Procedures in ug/l (ppb) 3-21
3-13 Ranges of Extract Concentrations of Inorganic Constituents from
Municipal Waste Incinerator Combined Fly Ash and Bottom Ash
Determined by the Deionized Water Extraction Procedure Test
in mg/l (ppm) 3-23
3-14 Extract Concentrations of Inorganic Constituents from
Municipal Waste Incinerator Combined Fly and Bottom Ash
Determined by the Deionized Water Extraction Procedure
Test in mg/l (ppm) 3-25
3-15 Ranges of Extract Concentrations of Inorganic Constituents
from Municipal Waste Incinerator Combined Fly and Bottom Ash
Determined by the Extraction Procedure Test in mg/l (ppm) 3-26
3-16 Extract Concentrations of Inorganic Constituents from Municipal
Waste Incinerator Combined Fly and Bottom Ash Determined
by the Extraction Procedure Test in mg/l (ppm) 3-28
3-17 Ranges of Extract Concentrations of Inorganic Constituents
from Municipal Waste Incinerator Combined Fly and Bottom
Ash Determined by the Toxic Characteristic Leaching
Procedure Test in mg/l (ppm) 3-29
IV
-------
TABLES (CONTINUED)
NUMBER PAGE
4-1 Ranges of Leachate Concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs
from Solid Municipal Waste Incinerator Residues Determined
from Leachate Field Samples in ng/l (parts per trillion) 4-2
4-2 Ranges of Leachate Concentrations of Organics from Municipal
Solid Waste Incinerator Residues Determined from Leachate
Field Samples inyg/l (ppb) 4-3
4-3 Ranges of Leachate Concentrations of Inorganic Constituents
from Municipal Waste Incinerator Residues Determined from
Leachate Field Samples in mg/l (ppm) 4-6
4-4 Leachate Concentations of Inorganic Constituents from
Municipal Waste Incinerator Residues Determined from
Leachate Field Samples in mg/l (ppm) 4-7
FIGURES
NUMBER PAGE
1-1 Gross MSW Disposed, Materials Recovery, Energy
Recovery, and New MSW Disposed, 1960 to 2000 1-2
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ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS
BNA
BOD
CAS
CB
CERCLA
COD
Codisposal
CP
DWE
EP
EPA
ESP
HSWA
HWC
LF
MCL
Monofiil
MSW
MW
MWC
MWEP
ND
NPDES
PAHs
PCBs
Base-neutral and Acid Extractables
Biological Oxygen Demand
Chemical Abstract Service
Chlorobiphenyl
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Disposal together of municipal solid wastes and municipal solid waste
combustion ashes
Chlorinated Phenols
Deionized Water Extraction Test Method
Extraction Procedure
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Electrostatic Precipitator
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments
Hazardous Waste Combustion
Landfill
Maximum Contaminant Level
A landfill/that contains only solid waste combustion ashes.and.
residues
Municipal Solid Waste
Monitoring Well
Municipal Waste Combustion
Monofilled Waste Extraction Procedure, also known as SW-924
Not Detected
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
VI
-------
ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS
PAGE TWO
PCDDs
PCDFs
POTW
RCRA
RDF
RPD
SS
SW-924
TCLP
TDS
TEF
TNK
TOC
TSCA
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
Polychlorinated dibenzofurans
Pubiically Owned Treatment Works
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Refuse Derived Fuel
Relative Percent Difference
Suspended Solids
Deionized Water Extraction Test Method
Toxic Characteristics Leaching Procedure Test Method
Total Dissolved Solids
Toxic Equivalency Factors
Total Nitrogen Kjeldahl
Total Organic Carbon
Toxic Substances Control Act
VII
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
There has been a steady decrease in space available for municipal solid waste (MSW)
disposal in recent years. Therefore, there is an increased concern by local, state, and
Federal governments and the public about identifying and implementing
alternatives for reducing the volume of MSW by means that are compatible with
environmental, economic, and social factors.
Projections indicate that although an increase in MSW generation is anticipated,
the actual volume will not grow, but rather will stabilize. This stabilization results
from the increase of material recovery from MSW and the implementation of
incineration to produce energy and to reduce waste volume. Figure 1-1 illustrates
these projections through the year 2000.
Since incineration is one of the primary means of reducing the volume of MSW, it
becomes necessary to assess the environmental, economic, and social consequences
of this alternative as measured by benefits and costs. The U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), under mandate from the U.S. Congress, is in the process of
performing various studies to provide input for the overall evaluation of MSW
incineration, its benefits, and costs.
This report consists of a review of pertinent literature and the results of research
recently conducted for the EPA. Volume V of this report covers the results of this
research in greater detail. These data address environmental issues associated with
contaminant discharges from MWC residues into environmental media. Specifically,
this report addresses the potential discharges of leachates into soil, groundwater,
and surface water. Leachable residues of concern are fly ash, bottom ash, and
combined ash (fly and bottom mixed). This report describes the chemical
characteristics of fly ash, bottom ash, and combined ashes, as well as the
characteristics of extracts and leachates.
MSW consists of residential, commercial, and institutional wastes. Its composition
varies widely. Table 1-1 illustrates the material composition of disposed MSW and
the projected volume increase by year 2000. The data presented in Table 1-1
1-1
-------
200
180
160
o
*i
s
GROSS NSH DISPOSED
I960 1965 1970 1975 I960
FIGURE 1-1
1990
1995
2000
GROSS MSW DISPOSED, MATERIALS RECOVERY, ENERGY RECOVERY,
AND NEW MSW DISPOSED, 1960 TO 2000
Source: PRC Engineering (Reference 50)
1-2
-------
TABLE 1-1
MATERIALS DISPOSED INTO THE MUNICIPAL WASTE STREAM
(In Millions of Tons and Percent)
Materials
Paper and Paperboard
Glass
Metals
Plastics
Rubber and Leather
Textiles
Wood
Other
Food Wastes
Yard Wastes
Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes
TOTAL
1970
Tons
36.5
12.5
13.5
3.0
3.0
2.2
4.0
12.7
21.0
1.8
110.3
%
33.1
11.3
12.2
2.7
2.7
2.0
3.6
0.1
11.5
19.0
1.6
100.0
1984
Tons
49.4
12.9
12.8
9.6
3.3
2.8
5.1
0.1
10.8
23.8
2.4
133.0
%
37.1
9.7
9.6
7.2
2.5
2.1
3.8
0.1
8.1
17.9
1.8
100.0
2000
Tons
65.1
12.1
14.3
15.5
3.8
3.5
6.1
0.1
10.8
24.4
3.1
158.8
%
41.0
7.6
9.0
9.8
2.4
2.2
3.8
0.1
6.8
15.3
2.0
100.0
Source: PRC Engineering (Reference 50)
1-3
-------
clearly show a high percentage of combustible products, such as paper and
paperboards, a percentage which increases steadily with time. Also shown are
materials that could cause the discharge of hazardous and toxic contaminants
during incomplete combustion. These include plastics, rubber, textiles, and yard
wastes. Table 1-2 is a summary of the MSW incinerator statistics described in this
recent study.
The objective of this study was to review the appropriate literature generated in the
United States, Canada, Japan, and Europe and to provide the following
information:
The range of concentrations of organic and inorganic constituents in fly
ash, bottom ash, and combined ash.
The degree of teachability of organic and inorganic constituents from
ashes, based on simulated leachate studies (EP toxicity, TCLP, and deionized
water- SW-924 test procedures) and on leachate characterization from
landfills that dispose only of MWC ashes.
A total of 65 references were reviewed under this project. Reference 63 contains
the results of a study recently undertaken by Versar for EPA. The Versar Study
appears in its entirety in Volume V of this report. The list of reviewed references is
included in the reference section (Section 6.0).
The data obtained can be evaluated and used in assessing the potential
environmental effects of leachates from disposal ashes. Subsequent mitigating
measures can be developed, if necessary.
Section 2.0, Characterization of Ashes, provides data and information on the
concentration of organic and inorganic constituents in ashes from MSW
incinerators.
1-4
-------
TABLE 1-2
SUMMARY OF MSW INCINERATOR STATISTICS
Total facilities operating number
With heat recovery
Total MSW Managed (Ton/Day)
Total Ash Generated
a. Ash Disposed
b. Dry-weight Basis
c. Bottom Ash as Disposed
d. Ply Ash as Disposed
e. Com bi ned Ash as Di sposed
Number of Facilities
a. Disposal Method
1. Onsite Landfill
2. Offsite Landfill
3. Other/Unknown
b. Type of Landfill
1. Monofill
2. Codisposal
3. Other/Unknown/Not LF
Ash Disposed Of:
a. Disposal Method
1. Onsite Landfill
2. Offsite Landfill
3. Other/Unknown
b. Type of Landfill
1. Monofill
2. Codisposal
3. Other/Unknown/Not LF
Total
102
55
33,541
7,547
5,191
2,930
361
4,255
23
73
6
36
41
25
22.78%
77.22%
0.00%
35.50%
17.45%
46.57%
Modular
51
31
5,296
1,943
965
1,630
143
169
12
36
3
16
19
16
3.37%
96.63%
0.00%
25.97%
46.14%
27.89%
Conventional
48
24
26,018
5,374
4,027
1,175
114
4,085
9
36
3
18
21
9
28.61%
71.39%
.0.00%
38.30%
5.70%
55.32%
RDF
3
NA
2,227
231
199
125
105
0
2
1
0
2
1
0
50.39%
49.61%
0.00%
50.39%
49.61%
0.00%
Source: Engineering Science (Reference 24)
RDF = Refuse Derived Fuel
LF = Landfill
1-5
-------
Section 3.0, Characterization of Extracts, addresses concentrations of organic and
inorganic constituents in leachates using the following techniques:
Deionized Water Extraction (DWE) test method (SW-924)
Extraction Procedure (EP) test method
Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test method
Section 4.0, Characterization of Leachate from Field Samples, provides data and
information on concentrations of organic and inorganic constituents in samples
obtained from field leachates. These leachates were obtained from disposal sites
where only MSW ashes are disposed of (i.e., monofills).
Section 5.0, Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations, highlights the findings
of this, including identification of data gaps, inconsistencies, and the need for
additional data.
1-6
-------
2.0 CHARACTERIZATION OF ASHES
A large number of studies have been conducted to characterize ashes from
municipal solid waste (MWC). Some of these studies date back to the early 1970s,
but most are more recent. Studies conducted in the 1970s and early 1980s in
general addressed only concentrations of inorganic constituents in MWC with
emphasis on metals. They were conducted in parallel with characterization studies
of coal ashes. Recent studies have increased the emphasis of characterizing
concentrations of organic constituents in MWC ashes.
These organic constituents include the following:
Polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins(PCDDs)
Polychlorinated dibenzof urans (PCBFs)
Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Chlorinated phenols (CPs)
Other organics
The recent emphasis on organic constituents is the result of the increased awareness
and concern about their potential health and environmental effects.
This section addresses concentrations of organic and inorganic constituents in ashes
(fly, bottom, and combined). It is* based on information gathered from studies
conducted in the United States and abroad.
2.1 FLY ASH
2.1.1 PDD. PCDF. and PCS Concentrations
Ranges of concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs in fly ash from MSW
incinerators are presented in Table 2-1; Tables 2-2 and 2-3 provide detailed
concentrations for each pertinent reference. The salient features of the data
provided in Tables 2-1 through 2-3 are as follows:
2-1
-------
TABLE 2-1
RANGES OF CONCENTRATIONS OF PCODs, PCDFs, AND PCBs
IN FLY ASH FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS IN ng/g (ppb)
Constituent
MCDD
DCDD
T3CDD
T4CDD
PCDD
HCDD
H7CDD
OCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Total PCDD
MCDF
DCDF
T3CDF
T4CDF
PCDF
HCDF
H7CDF
OCDF
2,3.7,8-TCDF
Total PCDF
Mono CB
DiCB
TriCB
Tetra CB
PentaCB
HexaCB
Hepta CB
OctaCB
Nona CB
Deca CB
Total PCB
Country
Concentration
2.0
0.4-200
1.1-82
ND-250
ND-722
ND-5,565
ND-3,030
ND-3.152
0.1-42
5.23-10,883
41
ND-90
0.7-550
ND-410
ND- 1,800
Tr-2,353
Tr-666
ND-362
0.1-5.4
3.73-3,187
0.29-9.5
0.13-9.9
ND-25
0.5-42
0.87-225
0.45-65
ND-0.1
ND-1.2
ND
ND
ND-250
References
30
30,64
30,64
1,11,13,22,23,30,34,42,53,63,
1,11,22,23,30,34,42,53,63,6.
1,11,13,22,23,30,34,42,53,63,
1, 1 1, 12, 13, 22, 23, 30, 34, 42, 53, 6
1,11,13,22,23,30,34,42,53,63,
26, 30, 62, 63, 64
1 , 1 1 , 22, 23, 26, 30, 34, 42, 53, 62, 6.
30
30,64
30,64
11,30,34,42,53,63,64
30, 34, 42, 53, 63, 64
30, 34, 42, 53, 63, 64
11,30,34,42,53,63,64
11,30,34,42,53,63,64
64
26, 30, 62, 63, 64
30,63
30, 63, 64
30, 63, 64
30, 63, 64
30, 63, 64
30,64
30,64
30,64
30
30
26, 30, 62, 63, 64
USA, Canada, West Germany,
The Netherlands, Japan
64
4
64
3,64
64
3,64
ND = Below detection limit
Tr = 0.01850
(light ash)
002
7384
4-5
1-2
01-03
02
10-20
>aso
(agglomerate
particles)
mttmmmmi^m
002
204)
2-6
25
2-3
82-11
20-30
-------
en
TABLE 2-2
CONCENTRATIONS OF PCDOs AND PCDFs IN FLY ASH FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS IN ng/g (ppb)
PAGE FOUR
Constituent
T«CDD
PCDD
HCDD
H,CDD
OCDD
2,3.7.8 KOD
Total PCDD
T4CDF
PCDF
MCDF
H,CDF
OCOO
2.3.7.8TCDF
Total PCDF
No. of Samples
Sample laken
Country
2343
11-722
185.565
143.030
11 3.152
01139
(4.3 10.883
20-169
7 1 226
142.353
3 8 666
1 4 362
60.2-3.187
20 Samples (com
4 Incinerators
ESP or Cyclone
Separator
Conveyors
USA
Reference 26
42
MOO
1.100
Not given
Not given
Philadelphia. PA.
USA
23
.
46
Not given
Not given
Ontario, Canada
78
13
Not given
Not given
Prince Edward
Island. Canada
Reference 62
5.23 -17.7
3.73-12.2
6
Wet/Dry
Scrubber
Quebec. Canada
40.2-272
28.6 143
4
Dry Scrubber
Quebec. Canada
124-629
128-373
6
Fabric filter dust
collector
Quebec, Canada
ESP = Electrostatic precipitator
Blank = Not reported
-------
TABLE 2-1
CONCENTRATIONS OF PCBS IN FLY ASH FROM MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS INng/g(ppb)
Constituent
Monothlorobiphenyl
)i(hloi obiphenyl
Tnchlor obiphenyl
Teti achlorobiphenyl
Pent achloi obipheny 1
Hexarhlor obiphenyl
Heptac hlof obiphenyl
Oclachlor obiphenyl
Nonathlor obiphenyl
Decarhlotobiph«nyl
Total diloroblphenyl
No ol Samples
Sample Taken
Country
Reference 30
95
9.9
11
38
51
045
0 1
12
ND
NO
4 1
1 cgmpotltet
IHA
Reference 63
0.29-1.46
013 787
0 52 - 7 67
1 02 552
0 87 225
ND 24 77
))tim0i«ilcom4
Imlnefalort
lit*
Reference 26
1 4
Not Chen
OMMlo.
Cmud*
4
Not Given
ribur
IdMlid
hl«i4
(«tad»
Re lei en te 64
Type!
Tr
41 25
\ 2-42
15-130
0.9 -55
NO
NO
12 - 250
1 InclntratOft
TKP«2
09-2.1
IB IB
2J 27
10-12
29-65
ND
NO
63 82
J Inclneislo'S
Type 3
li-09
NO 53
0551
24 18
1.2 12
ND
ND
9.8 - 28
1 Incinerator*
Range
Tl-21
ND 25
05-42
15-130
09-65
ND
ND
98250
Inclneraloit
!*><"
Reference 62
021-071
s
wrulMy
Wlubbn
OnUrlo.
CaniHla
Wtl/Ury
Vrubbrr
0 44 2 64
4
Dry Vrubbti
Ontxlo.
C.rwd.
Oiy 5
-------
PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs are found in MSW incinerator fly ash in varied
concentrations.
The ranges of PCDD, PCDF, and PCB concentrations are quite wide,
covering several orders of magnitude. These wide ranges of concentrations
may be attributed to the following phenomena:
- Differences in sampling, extraction, and analytical techniques
employed, and in the inaccuracies inherent to comparing results at
levels of ng/g (ppb) obtained via such different techniques.
- Varied degrees of QA/QCemployed during sampling and analysis.
- Wide variability in MSW characteristics from incinerator to incinerator.
- Different design and operating characteristics of the sampled MSW
incinerators.
- Varied objectives of the studies. For example, one study objective may
be the characterization of ash while another may be a certain extraction
procedure to determine the performance of chemicals.
The highest concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs were measured in fly ashes
from MSWjncinerators in the USA. However, the highest concentrations of
PCBs (except Hexa CB) were found in fly ashes from Japanese MSW
incinerators.
Several studies02,62) indicate higher PCDD and PCDF concentrations on
smaller particles. This circumstance may be the result of the smaller
particles' having larger surface areas. This may imply that PCDD and PCDF
concentrations in fly-ash particles from fabric filter dust collectors
(baghouses) would be higher than those found on fly-ash particles from
electrostatic precipitators and scrubbers (wet, wet/dry, and dry). Moreover,
the data also imply that these compounds have more affinity for smaller
particles than for larger particles.
2-8
-------
2.1.2 Organic Concentrations
Ranges of concentrations of organics such as PAHs, phthalates, chlorinated
benzenes, and chlorinated phenols (CP) in fly ash from MSW incinerators are
presented in Table 2-4. Detailed concentrations for each pertinent reference are
presented in Table 2-5. The following are salient features of the data presented in
these two tables.
Organics such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates,
chlorinated benzenes, chlorinated phenols (CPs), and naphthalenes are
found in fly ash from MSW incinerators in varied concentrations.
In most cases, the ranges of these concentrations of organics are very wide
and cover several orders of magnitudes. The possible reasons for these
wide ranges have been delineated in Section 2.1.1.
Examples of high concentrations of organics in fly ash are 9,300 ng/g (ppb)
for naphthalene; 5,640 ng/g (ppb) for total PAH; 4,220 ng/g (ppb) for
chlorinated benzene; and 9,630 ng/g (ppb) for CP.
Highest concentrations of these organics were measured in fly ashes in
North American (USA and Canada) MSW incinerators.
2-9
-------
TABLE 2-4
RANGES OF CONCENTRATIONS OF ORGANICS IN FLY ASH
FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS IN ng/g (ppb)
Constituent
Naphthalene
Biphenyi
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Chrysene
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Benzanthrene
Benzo(k)f I uoranthene
Benzo
-------
TABLE 2-5
CONCENTRATIONS OF ORGANICS IN FLY ASH FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS IN ng/g (ppb)
Constituent
Naphthalene
Biphenyl
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
luorene
Phenanthrene
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Butylbenzyl phthalate
Chrysene
Bis(2-ethylhenyl) phthalate
Benzanthrene
Benzo(k)iluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(g
-------
TABLE 2-5
CONCENTRATIONS OF ORGANICS IN
FLY ASH FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS IN ng/g (ppb)
PAGE TWO
ro
i
ro
Constituent
Naphthalene
Biphenyl
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
luorene
Phenanthrene
Din butyl phthalate
Fluoranthene
*yrene
Butylbenzyl phthalate
Chrysene
Bis(2-ethythexyl) phthalate
Benzanthiene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pycene
Benzo(g,h.i)perylene
Chlorobenzenes
Chtorophenols
Total PAH
No. of samples
Country
270
0
1
4
21
3
3
0
0
0
220
520
Not given
Prince Edward
Island, Canada
Reference 2
%
80-280
SO. 1-496
33.1-771
6
Ontario,
Canada
Wet/Dry
Scrubber
597-983
617-1,380
65.3-780
4
Ontario,
Canada, Dry
Scrubber
1,890 - 4.220
2,550-9,630
292 - 5,640
6
Ontario,
Canada
Fabric filter
Dust
Collector
-------
TABLE 2-5
CONCENTRATIONS OF ORGANICS IN
FLY ASH f ROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INaNERATORS IN ng/g (ppb)
PAGE THREE
NJ
i
_^
U)
Constituent
Diethyl phlhalate
Oibutyl phthalate
Biphenyl
Fluorene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Normal alkanes
Total
No. of samples
Country
Reference 12
Average Particle Size (pm)
30
240
690
43
24
16
74
44
14,000
15,000
80
95
S10
35
38
40
51
16
7900
8600
125
150
510
33
35
29
68
13
5200
5900
200
650
680
160
-
29
97
18
5400
7000
550
1200
910
240
69
-
120
9.1
11,000
14,000
>850
(light ash)
3200
2800
700
-
-
ISO
-
5500
12,000
>850
(Agglomerate
particles)
750
330
55
-
-
79
-
900
2000
Total
6300
6400
1300
100
26
570
too
50.000
65,000
2
Canada
-------
2.1.3 Inorganic Constituent Concentrations
Ranges of concentrations of inorganic constituents in fly ash from MSW incinerators
are presented in Table 2-6. Detailed concentrations for each pertinent reference
are presented in Table 2-7. Salient features of the data presented in these tables are
listed below:
Inorganic constituents, including heavy metals, are found in MSW
incinerators fly ash in varied concentrations.
The ranges of concentrations are quite wide, covering, for some of the
constituents, several orders of magnitude. The reasons for the wide
variability are the same as those discussed in Section 2.1.1.
Ranges of concentrations of several of the constituents regulated under
RCRA are 15 to 750 yg/g (ppm) for arsenic, <5to 2,210 yg/g (ppm) for
cadmium, 21 to 1,900 yg/g (ppm) for chromium, 200 to 26,600 yg/g (ppm)
for lead, and 0.9 to 35 ug/g (ppm) for mercury.
»
The larger concentrations of inorganic constituents are found on the
smaller size particulate matter. These data indicate that the inorganic
constituents seem to concentrate on the smaller particles. The more
volatile metals move through the incinerator until the temperature or the
pollution control devices employed by the incinerator condense these
metals out. The smaller particle size means an increase in surface area
available for adsorption. The smaller mass of the smaller particulates also
means smaller mass available for dilution.
2-U
-------
TABLE 2-6
RANGES OF CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
IN FLY ASH FROM MUNIICPAL WASTE INCINERATORS IN jig/g (ppm)
Constituent
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Aluminum
Antimony
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Bromine
Calcium
Cesium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Phosphorus
Potassium
Silicon
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Yttrium
Concentration
15-750
88-9,000
< 5-2,2 10
21-1,900
200-26,600
0.9-35
0.48-15.6
ND-700
5,300-176,000
139-760
<4
36-<100
35-5,654
21-250
13,960-270,000
2,100-12,000
2.3-1,670
187-2,380
900-87,000
7.9-34
2,150-21,000
171-8,500
9.2-700
9.9-1,966
1,770-9,300
11,000-65,800
1,783-266,000
9, 780-49,500
98-1100
300-12,500
< 50-42,000
22-166
2-380
References
26, 29, 36, 45, 63
8, 26, 29, 36, 40, 45
6, 26,29, 36, 40, 45, 62, 63
6, 8, 26, 29, 36, 40, 45, 62, 63
6, 8, 26, 36, 40, 45, 62, 63
6,26,40,45,63
26, 29, 40, 45, 63
8,26,29,40,45
8, 26, 29, 40, 45
26, 29, 40
26, 36, 45
26
26, 45, 62
29
8, 26, 29, 40, 45
29
6, 26, 29, 40, 45, 62
6, 8, 26, 29, 40, 45, 62, 63
8, 26, 29, 36, 40, 45, 63
26, 40, 45
8, 26, 29, 40, 45
8, 26, 29, 40, 45, 63
26,45
6, 8, 26, 29, 36, 40, 45, 62, 63
8,26
8, 26, 40, 45
8,26
8, 26, 29, 40, 45
26, 29, 36, 45
8, 26, 29, 40, 45
8, 26, 29, 45
26, 29, 45
45
2-15
-------
TABLE 2-6
RANGES OF CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
IN FLY ASH FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS IN pg/g (ppm)
PAGE TWO
Constituent
Zinc
Gold
Chloride
Sulfate
Country
Concentration
2,800-152,000
0.16-100
1,160-11,200
3,200-32,800 (sulfur)
References
6, 8, 26, 29, 36, 40, 45, 62, 63
8,29
29
29
USA, Canada
2-16
-------
TABLE 2-7
CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
IN FLY ASH FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS IN vgtg (ppm>
NJ
i
Constituent
Arsenic
lead
Silver
Cobalt
Reference 36
15-750
190 870
2.300 - 26.600
< 0 28 1 0
5.600-33.100
0 37pm
712
2S2
<6
103
as
< 56.000
81
89.000
065 |im
mmmmmtm
1.C19
988
45
30
140
30.000
90
28.000
Reference 61
1 5 ym
1.435
80
<631
41
30
95
17.000
59
28.000
24
1.250
1.000
565
334
<92
166
24
ISO
< 4 1.000
32
119.000
30|lrn
321
<405
177
22
546
< 33.000
24
127.000
Reference 29
94-74
1,070-1.900
14 11
52-140
9.000- U2.OOO
139-760
61-250
33.000 86.000
2.100 12.000
26-54
300-2.000
34,000 - 87.000
Reference 29
55-65
730 - 820
11 13
210 220
13 1.000- 138.000
570 600
21 54
49.000 - 52.000
8.300 -II. BOO
25-29
800-1.200
24.000-26.000
Reference 40
1.160
7.200
09
130
121.000
340
23.000
100
510
24.000
-------
TABLE 2-7
CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
IN FLY ASH FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS IN iig/g (ppm)
PAGE TWO
ro
_»
00
Constituent
ilhiurn
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nkkel
PhotplxHUl
Potassium
Silicon
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
lilamum
V»nad>um
Yttrium
?iiu
Gold
Chloride
Sulfale
No of Samples
Pollution Control
Country
29-270
98 290
3.650 152.000
S from 5
incinerators
Wet scrubbers.
bxjtuHiteftlSP
USA
Reference 61
0.37 urn
n
5,400
1.720
420
<1
600
06S|im
167
11.800
2.250
1.010
4
JO
1 5um
181
11.500
2.000
C40
3
530
24
4.060
190
<20
1,000
1,770 *
11.600
2.910
1.090
00
4
<560
6 um
206
1.000
2.680
910
4
410
2 samples composite
IS Mm
666
1,000
1.470
<310
4
1.420
10 Mm
947
2.500
1.900
-------
TABLE 2-7
CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
IN FLY ASH FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS IN ug/9 (ppm)
PAGETHREE
NJ
i
Constituent
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
lead
Mercuiy
Selenium
ijlvei
Aluminum
Antimony
lei y Ilium
iisrnuth
Bromine
Boion
Calcium
Ceilum
Cobalt
Copper
lion
Lithium
Reference 8
900 - 2.300
500- 1.100
2.500-18.400
100-700
66.800-138.500
41,600-79,200
500 1.400
14.000 45,200
Reference 6
791
399
24.400
124
9
467
Reference 63
16 149
1O7-475
48-105
2.830-14,41)0
0.44 - 35
25-156
4B4 - 2.3BO
S.960 22.300
Reference 62
23-45
530-1.071
1.749-2.286
70 2.270
90-1.670
499-738
Reference 62
26-145
653 1.068
3.250-4.762
474-2.362
66-350
622-721
Reference 62
233 - 354
193-992
5.770-8.297
90 5.654
<2S-I41
412-623
-------
NJ
NJ
O
TABLE 2-7
CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
IN FLY ASH FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS IN ug/g (ppm)
PAGEFOUR
Constituent
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Phosphorus
Sodium
Silicon
iliontium
I in
1 1tanium
Vanadium
Yttnum
2 me
Gold
Chloride
Sulfate
No ol Samples
Pollution Control
Country
Reference 8
7.600 11.900
600-4,000
100-400
11,200 19.200
2.900 7.600
10.900 23.300
128.400-228.800
900 - 4.500
1.JOO 22.500
6.000 - 16.500
too
3.200-31.800
(uilfur)
Not given
Not given
USA
Reference 6
64
40.9SO
Not given
Not given
Canada
Reference 63
120-1.410
S2-24S
8.460 18.800
20 Iron. 4
incineratoil
Machanlcal
tcparatcxi A CSP
USA
Reference 62
654 1.966
4.758-5.900
6
Wet dry scrubber
Canada
Reference 62
2BO-S53
6.7TI 15.150
4
Dry scrubber
Canada
Reference 62
21-189
6.089-19.125
6
Baghouse
Canada
-------
IXJ
TABLE 2-7
CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
IN FLY ASH FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS IN Mg/g (ppm)
PAGE FIVE H»mHf i
Constituent
Barium
Chiomium
lead
Calcium
Cobalt
Coppei
Icon
1 ithium
1.400-2.500
4S-64
730- 1.4)0
4.000 -10.000
OM
95 IJO
111.000-126.000
260 - 340
<4
22.000 40.000
30- 100
445 1.000
22.000-46.000
31-34
Reference 26
3,000 > 9.000
300-900
200-4.000
<300
< 100 > 300
107.900-176.000
.
<100
<200
39.000 52.000
600 900
20,000-30.200
154
68
683
180
8.SJ3
5
10
0
48.033
0
36
ISO
70.167
41
415
12.100
Reference 45
4.1 59
97-9.000
21 1,330
200-10.000
31-677
0.48 O.SO
S.30O- 176.000
010-060
35 257
13.960 270.000
23-100
187-2.305
900-52.000
79-34
-------
TABLE 2-7
CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
IN FLY ASH FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS IN ugtg (pom}
PAGE SIX
NJ
i
NJ
NJ
Constituent
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Phosphorus
Potassium
Silicon
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
Gold
Chloride
Sulfale
No of Samples
Pollution Control
Country
Reference 26
9.500-12.000
1.100-3.400
160-1.800
12.200-14.000
14.000-16.700
210-260
850-1,250
-------
2.2 BOTTOM ASH
2.2.1 PCDD. PCDF, and PCB Concentrations
Ranges of concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs in bottom ash from MSW
incinerators are presented in Table 2-8. Detailed concentrations for each pertinent
reference are presented in Tables 2-9 and 2-10. The salient features of the data
presented in these tables are as follows:
PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs are found in MSW incinerator bottom ash in varied
concentrations.
In most cases, the ranges of PCDD, PCDF, and PCB concentrations are very
wide and cover several orders of magnitude for the same reasons discussed
in Section 2.1.1.
Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in bottom ash samples range from 0.03 to
0.7 ng/g (ppb). Total PCDD and PCDF concentration ranges are
0 to 110 ng/g (ppb) and 0 to 65 ng/g (ppb), respectively. PCB concentrations
range from 0 to 180 ng/g (ppb) in bottom ash.
Overall PCDD, PCDF, and PCB concentrations in bottom ash are much lower
than those found in fly ash, a fact which points again to the concentrating
effect of these constituents on smaller particles.
U.S. studies indicate very low concentrations of PCBs in bottom ashes from
U.S. incinerators compared to concentrations of PCBs in bottom ashes from
Japanese incinerators. This is consistent with the occurrence of higher
concentrations of PCBs in fly ash samples collected from Japanese
incinerators as compared to U.S. incinerators..
The data base for the concentrations of these constituents in bottom ash is
much smaller than the data base for fly ash, a fact which indicates the
expectations for low concentrations in bottom ash.
2-23
-------
TABLE 2-8
RANGES OF CONCENTRATIONS OF PCDDS, PCDFS, AND PCBs
IN BOTTOM ASH FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS IN ng/g (ppb)
Constituent
MCDD
DCDD
T3CDD
T4CDD
PCDD
HCDD
H7CDD
OCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Total PCDD
MCDF
DCDF
T3CDF
T4CDF
PCDF
HCDF
H7CDF
OCDF
2,3,7,8-TCDF
Total PCDF
Mono CB
DiCB
TriCB
Tetra CB
Penta CB
Hexa CB
Hepta CB
OctaCB
Nona CB
Deca CB
Total PCB
Country
Concentration
ND
ND
ND
< 0.04-0.65
ND-3
ND-2.3
ND-6.3
ND-29
< 0.04-0.7
0-110
1.1
0.63
ND
0.15-1.4
0.07-6.2
ND-2.5
ND-6.9
ND-3.7
0.10
ND-65
ND-1.3
ND-5.5
ND-80
ND-47
ND-48
ND-39
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND-180
References
30
30
30
30,63
30,63
30,63
30, 63
30,63
26,63
26, 30, 63
30
30
30
30,63
30,63
30,63
30,63
30, 63
63
26, 30, 63
30,63
30, 63, 64
30, 63, 64
30, 63, 64
30,64
30,64
30,64
30,64
30
30
26, 30, 63, 64
USA, Canada, Japan
ND = Below Detection Limit
CB = Chlorobiphenyl
2-24
-------
TABLE 2-9
CONCENTRATIONS OF PCDDs AND PCDFs IN BOTTOM ASH
FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS IN ng/g (ppb)
Constituent
MCDO
DCDD
T3CDO
T
-------
TABLE 2-10
CONCENTRATIONS OF PCBs IN BOTTOM ASH FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS
INng/g(ppb)
Constituent
Monochlor oblpheny 1
Dichlorobiphenyl
T > ichlorobiphenyl
Tetrathlorobiphenyl
Pentachtorobiphenyl
Hexachlorobiphenyl
Heptachloiobiphenyl
Octachlorobiphenyl
Nonachlorobiphenyl
Decachlorobiphenyl
Total chlor obipheny 1
No of Sample!
Country
Reference 30
i a
NO
012
NO
NO
ND
NO
NO
ND
NO
1 5
1 compoilttt
U*A
Reference 63
NO
NO
NO
ND
NO
NO
5 fiom 1 ln
-------
2.2.2 Organic Concentrations
Ranges of concentrations of organics such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons,
phthalates, chlorinated benzenes, and chlorinated phenols in bottom ash from
MSW incinerators are presented in Table 2-11. Detailed concentrations for each
pertinent reference are presented in Table 2-12. The salient features of the data'
listed in these tables are basically the same as those outlined in Section 2.2.1 with
one exception: semi-volatile compounds seem to be in bottom ash at higher levels
than in fly ash.
2.2.3 Inorganic Constituent Concentrations
Ranges of concentrations of inorganic constituents in bottom ash from MSW
incinerators are presented in Table 2-13. Detailed concentrations for each pertinent
reference are presented in Table 2-14. Salient features of the data given in these
tables are as follows:
Inorganic constituents, including heavy metals, are found in MSW
incinerator bottom ash in varied concentrations.
The ranges of concentrations are quite wide, covering, for some of the
constituents, several orders of magnitude. The reasons for the wide range
of variability are discussed in Section 2.1.1.
Concentrations of several of the constituents regulated under RCRA range
from 13 to 520 ug/g (ppm) for chromium, 110 to 5,000 ug/g (ppm) for lead,
and 1.1 to 46 ug/g (ppm) for cadmium.
Overall concentrations of inorganic constituents in bottom ash are smaller
than those found in fly ash. This fact again indicates the concentrating
effect of these contaminants on the smaller particles of the fly ash.
The data base for bottom-ash inorganic constituents is smaller than the
data base for fly-ash inorganic constituents for the same reasons indicated
in Section 2.2.1. The data available are only from studies conducted in
North America (United States and Canada).
2-27
-------
TABLE 2-11
RANGES OF CONCENTRATIONS OF ORGANICS IN BOTTOM ASH
FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS IN ng/g (ppb)
Constituent
Naphthalene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Chrysene
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
Acenaphthene
Chlorobenzenes
Chlorophenols
Total PAH
Country
Concentration
570-580
37-390
53
ND-150
500-540
360
110-230
150-220
180
ND-37
2,100
ND-51
ND-5
ND
28
17
ND
2 composite
References
26,30
26,30
26
26,30
26,30
30
26,30
26,30
30
26,30
30
26,30
26,30
30
26
26
26
26,30
USA, Canada
ND = Below detection limit
2-28
-------
TABLE 2-12
CONCENTRATIONS OF ORGANICS
IN BOTTOM ASH FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS IN ng/g (ppb)
Constituent
Naphthalene
Acenaphthylene
Fluorene
Phenathrene
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Chrysene
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
Anthracene
Acenaphthene
Chlorobenzenes
Chlorophenols
No. of Samples
Country
Reference 30
570
390
ND
500
360
230
220
180
ND
2,100
ND
ND
ND
2 Composite
USA
Reference 26
580
37
150
540
110
150
37
. 51
5
53
28
17
0
Not given
Prince Edward Island,
Canada
ND = Below detection limit
Blank = Not reported
2-29
-------
TABLE 2-13
RANGES OF CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
IN BOTTOM ASH FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS IN yg/g (ppm)
Constituent
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Aluminum
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Calcium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Phosphorus
Potassium
Silicon
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
Country
Concentration
1.3-24.6
47-2,000
1.1-46
13-520
110-5,000
ND-1.9
ND-2.5
ND-38
5,400-53,400
N0-<0.44
ND
85
5,900-69,500
3-62
80-10,700
1,000-133,500
7-19
880-10,100
50-3,100
29
9-226
3,400-17,800
920-13,133
1,333-188,300
1,800-33,300
81-240
40-800
3,067-11,400
53
200-12,400
References
26, 36, 63
26, 36, 40
6, 26, 36, 40, 63
6, 26, 36, 40, 63
6, 26, 36, 40, 63
6, 26, 40, 63
26,63
26,40
26,40
26,36
26
26
26,40
6, 26, 40
6, 26, 40, 63
26, 36, 40, 63
40
26,40
26, 40, 63
26
6, 26, 36, 40, 63
26,36
26,40
26
26,40
36
26,40
26
26
6, 26, 36, 40, 63
USA, Canada
2-30
-------
TABLE 2-14
CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
IN BOTTOM ASH FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS IN »g/g (ppm)
Constituent
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Aluminum
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Cakiurn
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
lithium
Magnesium
Reference 36
13-11
200-700
19-44
13 50
330 1080
<0 25 - <0.44
3.700 - 24.800
Reference 40
47 - 450
2-22
20-100
110-1.500
0.66-1.9
<3-7
5.400-12.000
5.900 17,000
<3 5
80 900
1.000-3.500
<2-7
880 2.100
Reference 40
\
1.400
41
520
1.700
04
38
49.000
40.000
70
450
16.000
19
12.800
Reference 6
46
139
4.300
Oil
62
2.200
2 2 - 24 6
1 1-43
24 - 105
1.380 3.930
0.12 0.36
25-25
581 10.700
12.000 115.000
Reference 26
2,000 - 2.000
300 400
500 5.000
<300- <300
< 100 < 100
24,700-53.400
66,500 69.500
1,300-3.300
35.100-133.500
6.100-10.100
50
110
*
19.100
1.400
17.000
7
367
24
100
2.635
0
0
0
32.667
0
0
85
54.667
13
304
52.000
8,733
ISJ
I
Ul
-------
TABLE 2-14
CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
IN BOTTOM ASH FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS IN »glg (ppm)
PAGE TWO
Constituent
k/lauganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
'hospliorus
'otassium
Silicon
Sodium
Sti outturn
fin
Titanium
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
Chloride
Sulfate
No of Samples
Pollution Control
Country
Reference 36
19 SB
3.400-17.800
81 240
710-2.0)0
S from 5
incinecatoci
Wet scrubber.
baghouse and
ESP
USA
Reference 40
SO - 240
9-90
920 1.900
1.800-7,400
<20-40
200 2.500
Samples from 6
incinerators
Spray bailie
scrubbers, ESP
USA
Reference 40
3,100
210
6,300
8.200
400
5,500
Not given
Spray bailie
scrubber
USA
Reference 6
226
4.800
Not given
Not given
Canada
430-1,520
17-90
914 12,400
5
Mechanical
separators and
ESP
USA
Reference 26
> 1.000 > 1.000
< 100 < 100
i
CO
INJ
-------
2.3 COMBINED BOTTOM AND FLY ASH
2.3.1 PCDD. PCDF. and PCB Concentrations
Ranges of concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs in combined ash (fly and
bottom) from MSW incinerators are presented in Table 2-15. The following are the
salient features of the data presented in Table 2-15:
PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs are found in combined ash from MSW incinerators
in varied concentrations.
In most cases, the ranges of concentrations for these constituents are quite
wide and cover several orders of magnitude for reasons discussed in
Section 2.1.1.
Overall concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs in combined bottom ash
are smaller than those in fly ash alone and are larger than those of bottom
ash alone. This is a direct result of mixing fly ash and bottom ash.
»
The data base for the concentrations of these constituents in combined ash
consists of only one study, the Versar Study, which is given in its entirety in
Volume V of this report. This data base is the most limited, compared to
the data bases for fly ash and bottom ash. The only study that provided the
data reported here was sponsored by EPA and was conducted to provide
information for the Congress-mandated report.
2.3.2 Organic Concentrations
No data are available in the reviewed literature for organics other than those
discussed in Section 2.3.1.
2-33
-------
TABLE 2-15
RANGES OF CONCENTRATIONS OF PCDDs, PCDFs, AND PCBs IN
COMBINED ASH FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS IN ng/g (ppb)
Constituent
TCDO
PCDD
HCDD
H7CDD
OCDD
2,3,7.8-TCDD
Total PCDD
TCDF
PCDF
HCDF
H7CDF
OCDF
2,3,7,8-TCDF
Total PCDF
MonoCB
DiCB
TriCB
Tetra CB
Penta CB
Total PCB
Concentration
0.14-14
1.9-50
1.4-78
1.4-120
0.84-89
0.02-0.78
6.2-350
2.3-91
1.6-37
1.2-35
0.62-36
0.18-8.4
0.41-12
6.14-153.9
ND
0.126-1.35
0.35-14.3
16.5-16.5
ND
0-32.15
References
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
CB = Chlorobiphenyl
ND s Below detection limit
2-34
-------
2.3.3 Inorganic Constituent Concentrations
Ranges of concentrations of inorganic constituents in combined bottom and fly ash
are presented in Table 2-16. Detailed concentrations for each pertinent reference
are included in Table 2-17. Salient features of the data listed in these tables follow:
Inorganic constituents, including heavy metals, are found in combined
bottom ash from MSW incinerators in varied concentrations.
The ranges of concentrations are quite wide, covering, for some of the
constituents, several orders of magnitude. Reasons for this wide variability
are discussed in Section 2.1.1.
Concentrations of several of the constituents regulated under RCRA range
from 2.9to 50 ug/g (ppm) for arsenic, 0.18to 100 yg/g (ppm) for cadmium,
12 to 1,500 ug/g (ppm) for chromium, 31 to 36, 600 yg/g (ppm) for lead, and
0.05 to 93.4 yg/g (ppm) for silver.
Overall concentrations of inorganic constituents, in combined bottom ash
are smaller than those of fly ash and are larger than those of bottom ash.
This is because of the dilution of the high inorganic concentrations in fly
ash with the low concentrations found in bottom ash.
The data base for inorganic levels in combined bottom ash is about the
same size as the data base for bottom ash, and is smaller than that for fly
ash. The data available for combined-bottom-ash inorganic levels are from
studies conducted in the USA only.
2-35
-------
TABLE 2-16
RANGES OF CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC
CONSTITUENTS IN COMBINED BOTTOM AND FLY ASH
FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATORS IN vg/g (ppm)
Constituent
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Aluminum
Antimony
Beryllium
Boron
Calcium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
Country
Concentration
2.9-50
79-2,700
0.18-100
12-1,500
31-36,600
0.05-17.5
0.10-50
0.05-93.4
5,000-60,000
<120-<260
0.1-2.4
24-174
4,100-85,000
1.7-91 '
40-5,900
690-133,500
6.9-37
700-16,000
14-3,130
2.4-290
13-12,910
290-5,000
290-12,000
1,100-33,300
12-640
13-380
1,000-28,000
13-150
0.55-8.3
92-46,000
References
26, 45, 63
26,45
26, 45, 63
26, 45, 63
26, 45, 63
45,63
26, 45, 63
45
-26, 45
26
26,45
45
26,45
26, 45
26, 45, 63
26, 45, 63
45
26,45
26, 45, 63
26,45
26, 45, 63
26
26,45
26,45
26,45
45
26,45
26,45
45
45,63
USA
2-36
-------
TABLE 2-17
CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
IN COMBINED BOTTOM AND FLY ASH
FROM MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS IN M9/9 (ppm)
Constituent
Arsenic
larium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Aluminum
Antimony
Beryllium
Boron
Calcium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
29-22.8
78-45
12-332
259-13,200
0.11-8.7
0.25-25
193 5,900
2,100-95,100
110-3,130
Reference 26
< 1.200
1,600
<17
230
<470
<7BO
<33
53,000
<2.4
85,000
<24
550
86,000
16.000
1.200
<620
810
<8.9
320
<250
<420
<17
60,000
<140
<1.3
79,000
<19
2,000
58.000
7,700
1,600
< 1.200
1.600
<17
320
<470
<780
<33
54,000
<260
<24
68.000
<9I
650
36.000
8,600
1,000
<560
1,000
<8
1.500
<230
<380
<16
45,000
-------
TABLE 2-17
CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
IN COMBINED BOTTOM AND FLY ASH
FROM MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS IN ng/g (ppm)
PAGE TWO
Constituent
Molybdenum
Nickel
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
Chloride
Sulfate
No. of Samples
Pollution Control
Country
13-5S6
545-46,000
1 5 from three
incinerators
Mechanical
separators and ESP
USA
Reference 26
290
<200
5.000
1 1,000
18,000
270
11.000
36
Not given
ESP
Chicago, IL. USA
170
-------
3.0 CHARACTERIZATION OF EXTRACTS
Simulated leachability studies of ash from MSW incinerators are important in
providing some insight into the potential leachability of organic and inorganic
constituents into environmental media including soil, groundwater, and surface
water. Laboratory batch leachability studies utilize different methods for
extracting constituents from the ash. The most commonly used are
Deionized Water Extraction (DWE) test method (SW-924)
Extract Procedure (EP) test method
Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test methods
Both the EP and TCLP test methods are required as a part of the determination of
hazardousness under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). The EP
test is the currently required test method; the TCLP is currently only proposed as a
test method.
This section addresses concentrations of organic and inorganic constituents in
extracts obtained from laboratory leachability studies on fly, bottom, and combined
ashes. It is based on information gathered from U.S. and Canadian studies. No
leachability data from European or Japanese studies are available in the literature
reviewed.
In contrast to the data available on ash characterization, data on extracts are more
limited. Most of the data available address inorganic constituents, and very little
data address organics. The RCRA requirements for the EP toxicity test include the
analysis for regulated drinking-water-quality parameters only, including selected
metals and pesticides. This is probably the main reason for the limited data base
available.
3-1
-------
3.1 FLY ASH
3.1.1 Organic Concentrations
Ranges of concentrations of organic constituents in extracts determined by the DWE
and TCLP test methods are presented in Tables 3-1 and 3-2. respectively, and in
Table 3-3 for the DWE, EP, and TCLP test methods. The salient features of the data
given in these tables are as follows:
The data base for simulated leachability tests for fly ash is very limited. Of
the references reviewed in this study, only two provide some data on
concentrations of contaminants from fly-ash-extract tests.
Based on the limited data base, it appears that
- Concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, and chlorinated benzenes are
below the instrument detection limits for fly-ash extracts obtained by
the DWE test method.
- Concentrations of PCDD and PCDF homologs are below the instrument
detection limits for fly ash extracts obtained by the TCLP test method,
with concentrations of the least toxic PCDD and PCDF homologs
(H7CDD, OCDD, H7CDF, and OCDF) registering slightly above the
instrument detection limits.
Concentrations of chlorophenols were detected in fly-ash extracts obtained
by the DWE test method from ashes from incinerators equipped with
wet/dry scrubbers and dry scrubbers. No concentrations of these
contaminants were detected in fly ash from an incinerator equipped with
fabric filter dust collectors (baghouses). According to Sawell et al., 1986,
the chlorophenols change chemically to soluble chlorophenate salts in such
incinerators.
No detected concentrations of other organics (see Table 3-3) were found in
fly ash extracts obtained by the DWE, EP, and TCLP test methods except
trace concentrations of methoxy ethane and methoxy ethanol.
3-2
-------
TABLE 3-1
RANGES OF EXTRACT CONCENTRATIONS
OF ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE I NO N ERATO R
FLY ASH DETERMINED BY THE DEIONIZED WATER EXTRACTION
PROCEDURE IN ng/g (ppb)
Constituent
TOTAL PCDD
TOTAL PCDF
TOTAL PCB
Chlorobenzenes
Chlorophenols
No. of Samples
Pollution Control
Country
Reference 62
ND
NO
ND
ND
71 - 675.
6
Wet Dry Scrubber
Canada
ND
ND
ND
ND
149-419
4
Dry Scrubber
Canada
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
6
Baghouse
Canada
ND = Below detection Kmit
3-3
-------
TABLE 3-2
RANGES OF EXTRACT CONCENTRATIONS OF PCDDs
AND PCDFs FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATOR FLY ASH DETERMINED
BY THE TOXIC CHARACTERISTIC LEACHING PROCEDURE TEST IN
ng/l (parts per trillion)
Constituent
TCDD
PCDD
HCDD
H7CDD
OCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Total PCDD
TCDF
PCDF
HCDF
H7CDF
OCDF
2,3,7,8-TCDF
Total PCDF
Number of Samples
Country
Reference 63
<0.056-<0.094
< 0.040- < 0.056
<0.019-<0.027
< 0.038-0. 11
< 0.078-0. 11
<0.056-< 0.094
0-0.188
<0.048-<0.120
< 0.01 6- < 0.026
< 0.01 3-< 0.020
< 0.020-0.063
< 0.0 15-0. 089
<0.048-<0.120
0-0.152
4
USA
3-4
-------
TABLE 3-3
RANGES OF EXTRACT CONCENTRATIONS OF ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATOR FLY ASH
FOR THE THREE LEADING EXTRACTION PROCEDURES IN yg/l (ppb)
Constituents
Naphthalene
Methyl
Naphthalene
Dimethyl Propdiol
Methyoxy Ethane
Methoxy Ethanol
No. of times found
indicated by
measurable value
Country
Reference 63
Dei on i zed Water
Extraction Procedure
First
Extraction
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
none
out of 4
USA
Second
Extraction
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
none
out of 4
USA
Extraction Procedure
Test
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
none out of 4
USA
Toxic Characteristic
Leaching Procedure
ND
ND.
ND
ND-10
ND-10
2 out of 4
USA
ND = Below detection limit
3-5
-------
The limited data indicate the presence of very few, if any, concentrations of
organics such as PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, and naphthalenes in extracts from fly
ash.
Data regarding simulated teachability extraction tests for fly ash originate
from only North American (USA and Canada) studies.
3.1.2 Inorganic Constituent Concentrations
Ranges of concentrations of inorganic constituents in fly-ash extracts determined by
the OWE, EP, and TCLP test methods are given in Tables 3-4, 3-6, and 3-8,
respectively. Detailed concentrations for each pertinent reference are included in
Tables 3-5, and 3-7 for the DWE and EP test methods respectively. The salient
features of the data presented in these tables are listed below:
Inorganic constituents, including heavy metals, are found in MSW
incinerator fly-ash extract in varied concentrations. This conclusion applies
to each of the three leachability test methods employed.
»
The extract concentrations of cadmium, chromium, and lead obtained by
the DWE and EP test methods exceed the EP toxicity maximum allowable
limits by * wide margin. Extract concentrations of cadmium and lead
obtained by the TCLP test method, exceed the EP toxicity maximum
allowable limits by a wide margin.
Occasionally, concentrations of inorganic constituents in extracts obtained
by the DWE test method exceed the corresponding concentrations in
extracts obtained by the EP or the TCLP test methods.
In general, extract concentrations of many of the inorganic constituents
under consideration are comparable for both the EP and the TCLP test
methods.
Extract data for inorganic constituent leachate concentrations from fly ash
were obtained from studies in the USA and from one study in Canada.
3-6
-------
TABLE 3-4
RANGES OF EXTRACT CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC
CONSTITUENTS FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATOR FLY ASH
DETERMINED BY THE DEIONIZED WATER EXTRACTION PROCEDURE
TESTINmg/l(ppm)
Constituent
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Aluminum
Beryllium
Boron
Calcium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Sodium
Strontium
Concentration
0.005-0.005
0.19-1.58
ND-33
0.0025-176
ND-1 50,000
0.00002-0.02
0.0025-0.108
0.02-0.05
0.09-0.25
0.01-0.01
ND-2100
896-4620
ND-0.12
0.0025-1240
0.0025-0.167
0.27-0.38
0.03-37.6
0.0005-0.052
0.22-0.34
ND-420
702-2530
587-971
2.6-17.7
EPTox. Max.
Allowable Limit
5.0
100.0
1.0
5.0
5.0
0.2
1.0
5.0
References
63
45
6, 45, 62, 63
6, 45, 62, 63
6, 45, 62, 63
6,63
63
45
45
45
45,62
45
6, 45, 62
6, 45, 62, 63
45,63
45
45
45,63
45
6, 45, 62, 63
45
45
45
3-7
-------
TABLE 3-4
RANGES OF EXTRACT CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC
CONSTITUENTS FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATOR FLY ASH
DETERMINED BY THE DEIONIZED WATER EXTRACTION PROCEDURE
TEST IN mg/l (ppm)
PAGE TWO
Constituent
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
Country
Concentration
0.09-0.09
0.05-0.05
0.02-0.02
0.05-0.05
0.0015-2,000
EP Tox. Max.
Allowable Limit
References
45
45
45
45
6, 45, 62, 63
USA, Canada
ND
Below detection limit
3-8
-------
TABLE 3-5
EXTRACT CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATOR FLY ASH
DETERMINED BY THE DEIONIZED WATER EXTRACTION PROCEDURE TEST IN mg/l (ppm)
Constituent
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Aluminum
Beryllium
Boron
Calcium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
Chloride
Sulfate
Pollution Control
No. of Samples
Country
Reference 63
0.005-0.005
0.005-0.122
0.0025-0.15
0.025-0.148
0.01-0.02
0.0025-0.108
0.0025-0.089
0.0025-0.167
0.0005-0.052
0-0.022
0.0015-1.22
Mechanical Separators
and ESP
8
USA
Reference 45
0.19-1.68
0.03-0.17
0.04-0.08
0.26-35.0
0.02-0.05
0.09-0.25
0.01-0.01
1.79-3.54
896-4,620
0.03 - 0.03
0.02 - 0.02
0.03-0.03
0.27-0.38
0.03-37.6
0.01-0.01
0.22 - 0.34
0.09-0.09
702 - 2,530
587-971
2.60 - 17.70
0.09-0.09
0.05-0.05
0.02 0.02
0.05 0.05
0.67-4.15
Not Given
2-28
USA
3-9
-------
Ul
I
o
TABLE 9-5
EX1RACT LEACH ATE CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE FLV ASH DETERMINED BV THE DEIONIZED WATER EXTRACTION PROCEDURE TEST IN mg/l (ppm)
Constituent
Aiienic
9anum
Cadmium
Chromium
lead
Mercuiy
Selenium
Silver
Aluminum
Beiyttium
Boron
Calcium
Cobalt
Coppei
Iron
lithium
Magnesium
Reference 6
33
<001
04S
000002
012
1 7
6.0 |im
0395
771
<314
2.4 Mm
134
120
<535
Reference 61
1 5 Mm
S3
283
-------
Ul
I
TABLE 3-5
EXTRACT LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE FLY ASH DETERMINED BY THE DEIONIZED WATER EXTRACTION PROCEDURE TEST IN mg/l (ppm)
PAGE THREE
Constituent
lAanganeie
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
litaniunt
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
PH
Chloride
Sullate
Mo of Sample!
Pollution Control
Country
010
884
62
Not given
USA
Reference 61
60 Vim
243
630
1.920
2.310
110.000
Not given
Not given
USA
2 4 vim
40
2.260
6.700
6.310
25.400
Not given
USA
»5 Jim
740
11.100
29.200
16,000
40.800 '
Not given
USA
OOSllm
119
24.000 .
63.600
33.700
66.200
Not given
USA
0 17 Jim
368
38.000
82.400
64.900
76.000
Not given
USA
Reference 6
0
0 1.400
6
Wet/Dry
Scrubber
Canada
0-420
0-2.000
4
Dry Scrubber
Canada
0
6 .
Baghouse
Canada
-------
TABLE 3-6
RANGES OF EXTRACT CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC
CONSTITUENTS FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATOR FLY ASH
DETERMINED BY THE EXTRACTION PROCEDURE TEST IN mg/l (ppm)
Constituent
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Aluminum
Beryllium
Boron
Calcium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Concentration
0.002-0.05
0.067-22.8
0.025-18
0.0025-0.135
0.019-53.35
ND-0.007
0.003-0.085
0.001-0.051
0.159-18.8
0.005-0.005
1.53-6.53
1,150-5,810
0.025-0. 114
0.033-10.6
0.0025-0.49
0.261-0.455
0.093-149
0.005-8.03
0.10-0.229
0.09-2.9
616-2,170
506-821
3.5-16
0.09-0.09
EPTox.Max.
Allowable Limit
5.0
100.0
1.0
5.0
5.0
0.2
1.0
5.0
References
45,63
45
45,63
45,63
45,63
45,63
45,63
45
45
45
45
45
45
45,63
45,63
45
45
45,63
45
45,63
45
45
45
45
3-12
-------
TABLE 3-6
RANGES OF EXTRACT CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATOR FLY ASH DETERMINED BY THE
EXTRACTION PROCEDURE TEST IN mg/l (ppm)
PAGE TWO
Constituent
Titanium
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
Countries
Concentration
0.05-0.05
0.015-0.015
0.05-0.05
3.36-768
EPTox. Max.
Allowable Limit
References
45
45
45
45,63
USA
NO
Below detection limit
3-13
-------
TABLE 3-7
EXTRACT CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATOR FLY ASH
DETERMINED BY THE EXTRACTION PROCEDURE TEST IN mg/l (ppm)
Constituent
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Aluminum
Beryllium
Boron
Calcium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
Pollution Control
No. of Samples
Country
Reference 63
0.005 - 0.005
6.02-18
0.0025-0.038
4.72 - 25.2
0.004-0.004
0.025-0.025
0.041-1.62
0.0025 - 0.49.
2.71-8.03
0.137-1.92
186-726
Mechanical Separators and
ESP
4
USA
Reference 45
0.002-0.05
0.067 - 22.80
0.025-17.40
0.006-0.135
0.019-53.35
ND - 0.007
0.003-0.085
0.001-0.051
0.159-18.80
0.005-0.005
1.530-6.530
1,150-5,810
0.025-0.114
0.033-10.60
0.189-0.202
0.261-0.455
0.093-149
0.005 - 5.79
0.100-0.229
0.090 - 2.9
616-2,170
506-821
3.5-16
0.09 - 0.09
0.05-0.05
0.015-0.015
0.05-0.05
3.36 - 768
Not Given
2-14
USA
ND = Below detection limit
Blank = Not reported
3-14
-------
TABLE 3-8
RANGES OF EXTRACT CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATOR FLY ASH
DETERMINED BY THE TOXIC CHARACTERISTIC LEACHING PROCEDURE TEST IN mg/l (ppm)
Constituent
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Aluminum
Beryllium
Boron
Calcium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
No. of Samples
Country
Reference 63
0.005-0.111
0.015-17.2
0.0025-0.544
0.025-15.2
0.004-0.004
0.0025-0.025
0.0025-0.201
0.0025-190
0.049-14.7
0.0075-1.52
0.151-746
4
USA
Reference 45
Fluid #1
0.38-1.48
0.03-18.8
0.02-0.12
6.10-26.8
0.02 - 0.07
0.21-16.0
0.01-0.01
1.36-7.3
1,450-5,390
0.03-0.14
0.02-14.70
0.03-0.17
0.25-0.55
0.06-171
0.01-7.19
0.10-0.28
0.09 - 2.48
574-2,390
474-922
3.97-14.6
0.09-0.09
0.05-0.05
0.02-0.02
0.05-0.05
2.27-885
2-3
USA
Fluid #2
0.5-1.86
0.03 - 20.3
0.02 - 0.03
5.3 - 36.6
0.02-0.08
0.09-0.09
0.01-0.01
1.79-5.94
1,210-5,070
0.03-0.06
0.02-1.08
0.03 - 0.03
0.28-0.53
0.04-109.0
0.01-3.28
0.10-0.31
0.09-0.63
708 - 2,780
1,950-2,500
3.4-17.30
0.09-0.09
0.05 - 0.05
0.02 - 0.02
0.05-0.05
384-621
2-3
USA
EPTox. Max.
Allowable Limit
5.0
100.0
1.0
5.0
5.0
0.2
1.0
5.0
Blank = Not reported
3-15
-------
3.2 BOTTOM ASH
3.2.1 Organic Concentrations
Ranges of concentrations of organic constituents in extracts of bottom ash
determined by the three extraction procedures, DWE, EP, and TCLP, are presented in
Table 3-9. The following list provides the salient features of the data in this table.
The data base for simulated leachability tests for bottom ash is very limited.
Of the references reviewed in this study, only one provides some data on
concentrations of contaminants from simulated leachability tests for
bottom ash.
Concentrations of most of the organics analyzed for were below the
detection limit. Several contaminants were detected in minute
concentrations in bottom-ash extracts obtained by the DWE test method
(phenol, for example). Extracts obtained by the EP and the TCLP test
methods resulted in only one contaminant, methoxy'ethane, at minute
concentrations above the instrument detection limits.
The limited data indicate that very few, if any, concentrations of organics
are present in extracts from bottom ash.
There is an indication of the occurrence of some organics in extracts from
bottom ash that do not occur in extracts from fly ash.
The data about simulated leachability extraction tests for bottom ash is
available only from the U.S. studies.
3-16
-------
TABLE 3-9
RANGES OF EXTRACT CONCENTRATIONS OF ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
FROM MUNIQPAL WASTE INCINERATOR BOTTOM ASH
FOR THREE LEACHING PROCEDURES IN yg/l (ppb)
Constituents
Naphthalene
Methyl
Naphthalene
Dimethyl Prodiol1
Methyoxy Ethane*
Phenol
E. Dim Dioxane3
Bis oxy Ethanol4
Oleyl Alcohol 5
Ethoxy Ethanol 6
Cycloocta Decone7
M. Furan Dione8
Benzoic Acid
No. of times found
indicated by
measureable value
Country
Reference 63
Deionized Water
Extraction Procedure
First
Extraction
ND
ND
ND
ND-10
ND-28
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND-150
ND-6
ND-46
1 out of 1
USA
Second
Extraction
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1 out of 1
USA
Extraction
Procedure
ND
ND
ND
ND-12
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1 out of 1
USA
Toxic Characteristic
Leaching Procedure
ND
ND
ND
ND-22
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1 out of 1
USA
ND = Below detection limit
CAS = Chemical Abstract Services
1. 2r2-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediol (CAS 126-30-7)
2. 1 -Methoxy-2-(methoxy methoxy)ethane (9CI)(CAS 74498-88-7)
3. 5-Ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane (9CL)(CAS 25796-26-3)
4. 2,2-[1,2-Ethanediylbis(oxy)]bis-ethanol (CAS 112-27-6)
5. (2)-9-Octadecen-1-OI (CAS 143-28-2)
6. 2-[2-(Etheny!oxy)ethoxy]-ethanol (CAS 929-37-3)
7. 1,4,7,10,13,16-Hexaoxacyclooctadecane (CAS 17455-13-9)
8. 3,4-Dimethyl-2-5-furandione (CAS 766-39-2)
3-17
-------
3.2.2 Inorganic Constituent Concentrations
Ranges of concentrations of inorganic constituents in extractions of bottom ash
determined by the DWE test method are presented in Table 3-10. The salient
features of the data in this table are as follows:
The data base for simulated leachability tests for bottom ash is very limited.
Of the references reviewed in this study, only one provides some data on
inorganic concentrations based on a simulated leachability test for bottom
ash.
Of the few inorganic constituents analyzed, in general, the concentrations
are below the instrument detection limits, or are very low. This is
consistent with the reported low concentrations of inorganic constituents
in bottom ash.
Extract concentrations of inorganic constituents regulated under RCRA are
below the instrument detection limits.
3.3 COMBINED BOTTOM AND FLY ASH
3.3.1 Organic Concentrations
Ranges of concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs in extracts from combined ash
determined by the DWE test method are presented in Table 3-11. Ranges of
concentrations of other organics in extracts from combined ash determined by the
DWE, EP, and TCLP test methods are presented in Table 3-12. The salient features of
the data presented in these tables follow:
The data base for simulated leachability for combined ash is very limited.
Of the references reviewed in this study, only one provides some data on
combined ash extract concentrations.
3-18
-------
TABLE 3-10
EXTRACT CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
FROM MWC BOTTOM ASH DETERMINED BY THE DEIONIZED WATER
EXTRACTION TEST IN mg/l (ppm)
Constituent
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Cobalt
Copper
Nickel
Zinc
pH
No. of Samples
Pollution Control
Country
EP Toxicity Maximum
Allowable Limits
5.0
100.0
1.0
5.0
5.0
0.2
1.0
5.0
Reference 6
<0.01
<0.01
<0.03
NO
<0.02
0.04
- <0.05
' 0.13
8.9
Not given
Not given
Canada
ND = Below detection limit
Blank = Not reported
3-19
-------
TABLE 3-11
RANGES OF EXTRACT CONCENTRATIONS OF PCDOs AND PCDFs FROM MUNICIPAL
WASTE INCINERATOR COMBINED FLY AND BOTTOM ASH DETERMINED BY THE
TOXIC CHARACTERISTIC LEACHING PROCEDURE TEST IN ng/l (parts per trillion)
Constituent
TCDD
PCDD
HCDD
H7CDD
OCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Total PCDD
TCDF
PCDF
HCDF
H7CDF
OCDF
2,3,7,8-TCDF
Total PCDF
Number of Samples
Country
Reference 63
<0.038-<0.230
<0.023-<0.067
< 0.0 15-< 0.044
<0.028-<0.120
< 0.035-0.091
< 0.038- < 0.230
ND-0.091
<0.031-< 0.200
< 0.0 13-< 0.042
<0.008-< 0.025
<0.013-0.043
< 0.060-0.054
<0.031-< 0.200
ND-0.054
4
USA
NO = Below detection limit
3-20
-------
TABLE 3-12
RANGES OF EXTRACT CONCENTRATION OF ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATOR COMBINED FLY AND BOTTOM ASH
FOR THREE LEADING PROCEDURES IN yg/l (ppb)
Constituents
Naphthalene
Methyl Naphthalene
Oleyl Alcohol
Methyoxy Ethane
Methoxy Ethanol
Dimethyl Propdiol
Phenol
Bis oxy Ethanol
Ethoxy Ethanol
Cycloocta Decone
M. Furan dione
E. Dim Dioxane
Benz, Di Carboxy A
No. of times found
indicated bymeasureable
value
Country
Reference 63
Deionized Water
Extraction Procedure
First
Extraction
ND
ND-80
ND-88
ND
ND
ND-160
ND
ND-96
ND-310
ND-580
ND
.ND-510
ND
1 out of 3
USA
Second
Extraction
ND
ND ,
ND
ND
ND-6
ND-140
ND-33
ND-18
ND-390
ND-1200
ND
ND
ND-2
1 out of 3
USA
Extraction
Procedure
Test
ND-8
ND-18
ND
ND
ND
ND-190
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1 out of 3
USA
Toxic Characteristic
Leaching Procedure
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND-13
ND-140
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1 out of 3
USA
ND
Below detection limit
3-21
-------
Based on the limited data base, it appears that
- Concentrations of PCDD and PCDF homologs are below the instrument
detection limits for combined ash extracts obtained by the TCLP test
method except OCDD, HCDF, HyCDF, and OCDF homologs, for which
low extract concentrations were detected.
- The concentrations of other organics such as naphthalene, phenol, and
ethanol are minute or below the instrument detection limits.
- In most cases, when minute concentrations of organics are listed, their
occurrences are lout of3. This means that the number of times
concentrations were not detected exceeded the number of times they
were detected in all cases.
The limited data indicate that very few, if any, organics such as PCDDs,
PCDFs, and naphthalenes are present in extracts from combined ash.
The data regarding simulated leachability extraction tests for combined ash
originate only from U.S. studies.
3.3.2 Inorganic Constituent Concentrations
Ranges of concentrations of inorganic constituents in combined ash extracts
determined by the DWE, EP, and TCLP test methods are given in Table 3-13, 3-15,
and 3-17, respectively. Detailed concentrations for each pertinent reference are
included in Tables 3-14 and 3-16 for the DWE and EP test methods, respectively. The
following are the salient features of the data presented in these tables:
Inorganic constituents, including heavy metals, are found in MSW
incinerator combined ash extracts in varied concentrations. This conclusion
applies to each of the three leachability test methods employed.
3-22
-------
TABLE 3-13
RANGES OF EXTRACT CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS FROM MUNICIPAL
WASTE INCINERATOR COMBINED FLY ASH AND BOTTOM ASH DETERMINED BY THE
DEIONIZED WATER EXTRACTION PROCEDURE TEST IN mg/l (ppm)
Constituent
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Aluminum
Beryllium
Boron
Calcium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Concentration
0.005-0.05
0.15-0.39
0.005-0.03
0.0025-0.02
0.025-2.98
0.01-0.1
0.0025-0.05
ND-0.05
0.17-29.4
ND-0.01
0.1-0.22
122-536
0.01-0.03
0.0025-0.19
0.0025-0.038
0.01-0.05
ND-0.19
ND-0.01
0.07-0.1
0.0075-0.09
85.2-120
68.3-85.3
0.58-3.19
0.02-0.09
EPTox. Max.
Allowable Limit
5.0
100.0
1.0
5.0
5.0
0.2
1.0
5.0
References
45,63
45
45,63
45,63
45,63
45,63
45,63
45
45
45
- 45
45
45
45,63
45,63
45
45
45,63
45
45,63
45
45
45
45
3-23
-------
TABLE 3-13
RANGES OF EXTRACT CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS FROM MUNICIPAL
WASTE INCINERATOR COMBINED FLY ASH AND BOTTOM ASH DETERMINED BY THE
DEIONIZED WATER EXTRACTION PROCEDURE TEST IN mg/l (ppm)
PAGE TWO
Constituent
Titanium
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
Chloride
Sulfate
Country
' Concentration
0.01-0.05
0.02-0.03
0.01-0.05
0.0015-0.96
209-644
156-571
EPTox.Max.
Allowable Limit
References
45
45
45
45,63
45
45
USA
3-24
-------
TABLE 3-14
EXTRACT CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS FROM MUNICIPAL
WASTE INCINERATOR COMBINED FLY AND BOTTOM ASH DETERMINED BY THE
DEIONIZED WATER EXTRACTION PROCEDURE TEST IN mg/l (ppm)
Constituent
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Aluminum
Beryllium
Boron
Calcium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
Chloride
Sulfate
No. of Samples
Country
Reference 63
0.005-0.005
0.005-0.005
0.0025-0.005
0.025-0.063
0.01-0.01
0.0025-0.025
0.0025 - 0.07
0.0025-0.038
0.0005-0.0021
0.0075-0.0075
0.0015-0.067
8
USA
Reference 45
0.05-0.05
0.15-0.39
0.01-0.03
0-0.02
0.05-2.98
0.10-0.10
0.05-0.05
0-0.05
0.17-29.4
0-0.01
0.10-0.22
122-536
0.01-0.03
0.11-0.19
0.03-0.03
0.01-0.05
0-0.19
0-0.01
0.07-0.10
0.02-0.09
85.2-120
68.3-85.3
0.58-3.19
0.02-0.09
0.01-0.05
0.02-0.03
0.01-0.05
0.38-0.96
209-644
156-571
2-28
USA
3-25
-------
TABLE 3-15
RANGES OF EXTRACT CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE I NONERATOR COMBINED FLY AND BOTTOM
ASH DETERMINED BY THE EXTRACTION PROCEDURE TEST IN mg/I (ppm)
Constituent
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Aluminum
Beryllium
Boron
Calcium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickei
Potassium
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Concentration
0.005-0.1
0.027-6.3
0.01-3.94
0.0059-0.46
0.02-34
ND-6.0
0.002-0.10
0.001-0.10
31.9-43.8
0.005-0.005
1.23-2.33
77-1,740
0.050-0.057
0.039-1.19
4.5-143
0.063-0.093
22.8-42.7
3.6-6.24
0.10-0.10
0.241-2.03
10-154
89.9-100
2.45-4.9
0.09-0.09
EPTox.Max.
Allowable Limit
5.0
100.0
1.0
5.0
5.0
0.2
1.0
5.0
References
45,63
45
45,63
45,63
45,63
45,63
45,63
45,63
45
45
45
45
45
45,63
45,63
45
45
45,63
45
45,63
45
45
45
45
3-26
-------
TABLE 3-15
RANGES OF EXTRACT CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATOR COMBINED FLY AND BOTTOM
ASH DETERMINED BY THE EXTRACTION PROCEDURE TEST IN mg/l (ppm)
PAGE TWO
Constituent
Titanium
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
Chloride
Sulfate
Country
Concentration
0.05-0.05
0.015-0.015
0.05-0.05
38.5-726
78-952
85-1,150
EPTox. Max.
Allowable Limit
References
45
45
45
45,63
45
45
USA
3-27
-------
TABLE 3-16
EXTRACT CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATOR COMBINED FLY AND BOTTOM ASH
DETERMINED BY THE EXTRACTION PROCEDURE TEST IN mg/l (ppm)
Constituent
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Aluminum
Beryllium
Boron
Calcium
Cobalt
Copper.
Iron
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
Chloride
Sulfate
No. of Samples
Country
Reference 63
0.005-0.005
0.06 - 0.827
0.0059-0.15
2.09-34
0.004-0.004
0.025-0.025
0.039-1.19
4.5-143
3.6-6.24
0.241-0.415
38.5-726
3
USA
Reference 45
0.002-0.10
0.027 - 6.3
0.010-3.94
0.006-0.46
0.020-21
0-6.0
0.002-0.10
0.001-0.10
31.9-43.80
0.005-0.005
1.23-2.33
77-1,740
0.050-0.057
0.713-0.898
94.3 - 96.5
0.063 - 0.093
22.8-42.7
5.62-6.21
0.10-0.10
0.463 - 2.03
105-154
89.9-100
2.45-4.9
0.09-0.09
0.05-0.05
0.015-0.015
0.05-0.05
64.5-81
78-952
85-1,150
2-66
USA
Blank
Not reported
3-28
-------
TABLE 3-17
RANGES OF EXTRACT CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATOR COMBINED FLY AND BOTTOM ASH
DETERMINED BY THE TOXIC CHARACTERISTIC LEACHING PROCEDURE TEST IN mg/l (ppm)
Constituent
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Aluminum
Beryllium
Boron
Calcium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
Chloride
Sulfate
No. of Samples
Country
Reference 63
0.005-0.037
0.025-3.32
0.025-0.439
0.655-30.1
0.004-0.004
0.0025 - 0.025
0.0025-0.019
0.828-60.6
4.2-11.9
0.346-0.805
23.3-373
USA
Reference 45
Fluid #1
0.01-0.03
0.10-3.2
0.03-1.9
0.2-0.32
0.9-47
0.05-0.06
0.01-0.01
0.02 - 0.04
30.8-32.8
0.01-0.01
2.53 - 2.89
1,930-1,990
0.05-0.05
0.05-0.09
183-230
0.09-0.10
41.7-41.8
7.04-7.47
0.10-0.10
0.33 - 0.41
106-111
103-110
5.34 - 5.47
0.09 - 0.09
0.05-0.08
0.05-0.06
0.05-0.05
72.2 - 83.2
2-7
USA
Fluid #2
0.01-0.10
0.05-0.63
0.01-0.47
0.01-0.16
0.05-6.10
0.00-0.10
0.01-0.05
0.01-0.05
0.09 - 0.09
0.01-0.01
1.75-1.77
362-1,430 '
0.03-O.P3
0.02-0.02
2.18-6.33
0.06-0.06
0.14-27.9
3.22 - 3.34
0.10-0.10
0.09-0.09
86.5-93.9
1,410-1,500
3.94-4.01
0.09 - 0.09
0.05-0.05
0.02-0.02
0.05-0.05
23.5-32
302 - 625
260-1,450
2-34
USA
EP Tox. Max.
Allowable
Limit
5.0
100.0
1.0
5.0
5.0
0.2
1.0
5.0
,
Blank = Not reported
3-29
-------
The extract concentrations of RCRA-regulated inorganic constituents
obtained by the OWE test method are below the EP toxicity maximum
allowable unit. EP extract concentrations of cadmium, lead, and mercury
exceed the EP toxicity maximum allowable limit by a wide margin, and
TCLP extract concentrations of cadmium and lead exceed EP toxicity
maximum allowable unit by a wide margin.
In general, EP and TCLP extract concentrations for combined ash are
comparable for many of the constituents tested.
In general, EP and TCLP extract concentrations for combined ash exceed
those of the DWE extract concentrations for many of the constituents
tested.
In general, concentrations of inorganic constituents in
combined-ash-extracts are lower than those for fly-ash extracts.
Laboratory teachability data for inorganic constituent extract
concentrations from combined ash are based only on U.S. studies.
3-30
-------
4.0 CHARACTERIZATION OF LEACHATE FROM FIELD SAMPLES
Of prime importance are the measured concentrations of organic and inorganic
constituents found in leachates from landfill disposal sites for MSW incinerator
ashes (fly, bottom, and combined) and residues.
This section addresses concentrations of organic and inorganic constituents based
on actual field leachate data collected from landfill disposal sites for MSW
incinerator residues, also known as monofills. The information in this section was
gathered from the U.S. and European leachate data found in the literature
reviewed, as well as from the results of the recently conducted EPA study.
In contrast to data presented in Sections 2.0 and 3.0 on ash characterization and
extract data which addressed constituent concentrations by the type of ashes (fly,
bottom, combined), the actual field data represent leachates from MSW incinerator
residues. In addition to the fly, bottom, and combined ashes,-the residues may
include glass and various types of metals that were removed before or after
combustion of the refuse. Thus, no direct-cor relation can be drawn between the
data presented in this section and the data presented in the previous sections.
This section is divided by the types of contaminants found in leachates rather than
by concentrations in different types of ashes.
4.1 ORGANIC CONCENTRATIONS
Ranges of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs and of other organic concentrations in leachates
are presented in Tables4-1 and 4-2, respectively. The salient features of the data
given in these tables are as follows:
The data base for leachate concentrations of organic constituents is very
limited. Of the references reviewed in the course of this study, only one
study, the EPA-sponsored study conducted by Versar, provides data on
concentrations of organic contaminants from leachate of MSW incinerator
residues. The Versar Study is provided in its entirety in Volume V of this
report.
4-1
-------
TABLE 4-1
RANGES OF LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS OF
PCDDS, PCDFs, AND PCBs FROM SOLID MUNICIPAL WASTE
INCINERATOR RESIDUES DETERMINED FROM LEACHATE FIELD
SAMPLES IN ng/l (parts pertrillium)
Constituent
T4CDD
PCDD
HCDD
H7CDD
OCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Total PCDD
T4CDF
PCDF
HCDF
H7CDF'
OCDF
2,3,7,8-TCDF
Total PCDF
Mono CB
DiCB
TriCB
Tetra CB
Penta CB
Total PCB
No. of Samples
No. of times found PCBs
indicated by measured value
Country
Reference 63
0.025-28
0.015-93
0.01-130
0.009-172
0.06-120
0.025-1.6
0.06-543
0.025-65
0.01-64
0.005-76
0.015-60
0.04-15
0.025-11
0.04-280
ND
ND-2 '
ND-8
ND
ND
ND-8
9 from 3 facilities
1 out of 9
USA
CB = Chlorobiphenyl
ND = Below detection limit
4-2
-------
TABLE 4-2
RANGES OF LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS OF ORGANICS
FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE INCINERATOR RESIDUES
DETERMINED FROM LEACHATE FIELD SAMPLES IN yg/l (ppb)
Constituents
Ethyl Hexyl Phthalatei
Dimethyl Propane Diol2
Biphenyl
Hexa Tiepane3
Thiolane4
Benzaldehyde
Sulfonyl bis Sulfur
No. of Samples
Country
Reference 63
ND-80
ND-120
ND-51
ND-S2
ND-400
ND-8
ND-11
9
USA
Instances Found
4 out of 9
4 out of 9
2 out of 9
1 out of 9
2 out of 9
1 out of 9
1 out of 9
ND s Below Detection Limit
CB = Chlorobiphenyl
1. Bis(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (CAS 117-81-7)
2. 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediol (CAS 126-30-7)
3. Hexathiepane (CAS 17233-71-5)
4. 1,2,4-Trithiolane (CAS 289-16-7)
4-3
-------
Based on the limited available data, it appears that
- PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs are found in leachates from MSW incinerator
residues in varied concentrations. Maximum 2,3,7,8-TCDD and
2,3,7,8-TCDF concentrations are 1.6 and 11ng/l (parts per trillion),
respectively, and the maximum total PCB concentration is 8 ng/l (parts
per trillion).
- The highest measured PCDDs are 130 ng/l (parts per trillion) for HCDD
and 172 ng/l (parts per trillion) for HyCDD; the highest measured PCDFs
are 76 ng/l (parts per trillion) for HCDF and 65 ng/l (parts per trillion) for
T4CDF.
- The ranges of PCDDs and PCDFs concentrations are quite wide and cover
several orders of magnitude.
- Some of the PCB homologs are below the instrument detection limit,
and only the Di- and Tri-CB homologs show concentrations above the
instrument detection limits.
- Concentrations of other organic constituents vary widely and their
occurrence is very low. This means that the number of times organics
were found in field leachate samples was always less than 50 percent of
the sampling times.
No good comparison can be made between simulated and actual
leachability data because of the many limitations in design of the studies
implemented, and because leachate data are based on MSW incinerator
residues whereas extract data are given for each of the MSW incinerator
ashes. However, based on the limited data available, it appears that the
following are true:
- The concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs in leachates exceed those in
extracts. This may indicate that additional factors unaccounted for in
4-4
-------
the extractions are involved in leachate generation (Tables 3-1, 3-2,
3-11, and 4-1).
- The limited data on PCBs in leachates and extracts are more consistent
and reveal very low concentrations of total PCBs (Tables 3-1, and 4-1).
Data regarding field leachate of organics from MSW incinerator residues
found in the literature reviewed in this study are from the USA only.
4.2 INORGANIC CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS
Ranges of inorganic constituent concentrations in field leachates are presented in
Table 4-3. Table 4-4 provides detailed concentrations for each pertinent reference.
The salient features of the data presented in these tables are as follows:
Inorganic constituents, including heavy metals, are found in leachates from
MSW incinerator residues in varied concentrations..
For some of the constituents, the ranges of concentrations are quite wide,
covering several orders of magnitude. The reasons for the wide variability
are similar to those discussed in Section 2.1.1. In addition, dimatological
factors, disposal factors, and characteristics of landfill soils could affect data
variability.
o
The data base for field leachate concentrations of inorganic constituents is
larger than that for organics, but should be considered limited because of
the large number of factors that could affect the leachate concentrations.
Based on the data available, inorganic constituent concentrations in field
leachates are below the EP toxicity maximum allowable limits by a wide
margin. This is in contrast to the extract data, which showed cadmium,
chromium, and lead to exceed the EP toxicity maximum allowable limit by a
wide margin, depending on the leachability extraction method employed
and the type of ash leached.
4-5
-------
TABLE 4-3
RANGES OF LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATOR RESIDUES
DETERMINED FROM LEACHATE FIELD SAMPLES IN mg/l (ppm)
Constituent
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Calcium °
Copper
Iron
Manganese
Nickel
Potassium
Sodium
Zinc
Chloride
Sulfate
pH
TDS
Country
Concentration
0.005-0.218
1.0
ND-0.044
0.006-1.53
0.012-2.92
0.001-0.008
0.0025-0.037
0.04
21
0.022-24
0.168-121
0.103-4.57
ND-0.412
21.5
200-4,000
ND-3.3
1,700-18,500
94
8.04-8.3
11,300-28,900
EP Toxicity Max.
Allowable Limit
5.0
100.0
1.0
5.0
5.0
0.2
1.0
5.0
Primary
Drinking Water
Standards
0.050
1.000
0.010
0.050
0.050
0.002
0.010
0.050
References
63
26
26,63
26, 58, 63
26, 58 ,63
63
63
26
58
26, 58, 63
26, 58, 63
63
26,63
58
26,58
26, 58, 63
26,58
58
58,63
26
USA, Germany
ND = Below detection limit
4-6
-------
TABLE 4-4
LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS FROM
MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATOR RESIDUES DETERMINED FROM
LEACHATE FIELD SAMPLES IN mg/l (ppm)
Constituent
Artenic
lartum
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Meicuty
Selenium
5it»ei
Aluminum
Beiy Ilium
Boron
Calcium
Cobalt
Copper
lion
1 ithium
Magnesium
151
1 16
21
US
495
Reference 26
ND
0012
004
24
NO
025
t
-
1
001
006
005
000}
0006
00))
0022
0166
Reference 6)
00050218
0 0250 044
0.02S-09I4
0.025 2.92
0 001 0 006
00025-00)7
0045257
0 758-121
-------
TABLE 4-4
LEACH ATE CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS FROM
MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATOR RESIDUES DETERMINED FROM
LEACHATE FIELD SAMPLES IN mg/l (ppm)
PAGE TWO
Constituent
Manganete
Molybdenum
Nickel
Polatuum
Sodium
Strontium
lin
lilanium
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
pll
Chloiide
Sulfate
IDS
No of Sample*
Country
21 5
3.350
095
3
1.803
94
Not given
Philadelphia .
PA. USA
NO
"
0025
c
Not given
Vest sit oven,
Germany
NO
4.000
NO
18.500
28.900
Not given
Crobmehring.
Germany
Reference 26
200
1.700
11.100
Not given
lacy St. CA. USA
O.OS
0.39
Not given
Saugus.MA, USA
0047
804
7.500
Not given
Auburn. ME.
USA
Not given
Philadelphia. PA,
USA
Reference 6 J
0 103 4 57
0007S-0412
0 048 3 3
9 from 3
Intlmiatois
USA
00
-------
In general, leachate concentrations of inorganic constituents appear to be
lower than those obtained from extractions, depending on the test method
employed.
Data regarding field leachate of inorganic constituents from MSW
incinerator residues found in the literature reviewed in this study
originates from U.S. and German studies.
4-9
-------
5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This report provides a review of literature pertaining to the characterization of
MSW incinerator residues and, in particular, of organic and inorganic content in test
extracts and actual leachates of the incineration residues. The primary objectives of
this report were to determine ranges of concentration of contaminants and MSW
incinerator residues and the degree of their teachability. Sections 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 of
this report provide detailed information on contaminant concentrations in residues
and leachate from MSW incinerator residues. This section highlights the findings in
previous sections and delineates some data gaps and the need for additional
information before definitive conclusions can be drawn regarding environmental
effects of MSW incinerators residues.
Section 7.0 in Volume I of this report, Characterization of MWC Ashes and Leachates
from MSW Landfills, Monofills, and Codisposal Sites, provides a detailed summary of
this entire report. This section only summarizes the information obtained from the
literature.
Summary and Conclusions
PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, organics, and inorganic constituents are found in MSW
ashes (fly, bottom, and combined ash) in varied concentrations. The
highest concentrations of inorganic constituents, PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs
are found In fly ash followed by combined ashes; the lowest levels are
found in bottom ashes. The combined ashes and bottom ash contain
higher levels of semivolatiles.
PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, organics, and inorganic constituents are found in
extracts of MSW residues (fly, bottom, and combined) and in varied
concentrations.
The TCLP method seems to be more aggressive for certain elements-
arsenic, chromium, manganese, and mercury. One study reported that the
TCLP Fluid #2 extracted mercury levels that did not meet the EP toxicity
maximum allowable limit. Based on concentrations in extracts (not on
5-1
-------
fraction leached), the EP method appears to be slightly more efficient than
the TCLP in extracting lead. The extraction efficiencies for the other metals
were approximately equal for these two extraction methods.
The TCLP was ineffective for extracting organic constituents, including
PCDDs and PCDFs.
In general, the EP and TCLP were more aggressive than the SW-924 method
for extracting metals.
Depending on the test method, extracts obtained from fly ash contained
concentrations of cadmium, chromium, and lead that often exceeded the
EPtoxicity maximum allowable limit.
PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs, organics, and inorganic constituents are found in
leachates of MSW residues in varied concentrations.
In general, PCDD, PCDF, and PCB concentrations are somewhat higher in
leachates then in extracts, perhaps because of microbial activities.
However, inorganic constituted concentrations in leachates are, in
general, lower than those in extracts. Inorganic constituent concentrations
in leachates were always below the EP toxicity maximum allowable unit.
The data base for characterizing MSW incinerator fly ash is quite
substantial. It becomes limited for bottom and combined ashes. The data
base for the extracts and actual leachates is very limited, and any
conclusion drawn on this basis is tentative at best.
The data presented in this report are based on the literature reviewed and
are subject to the following caveats:
- The great difference in the design and operating conditions of the
incinerators involved.
- The great variability in the composition of refuse burnt.
5-2
-------
- The differences in disposal practices of the MSW incinerator refuse.
- The climatological differences from one site to another.
- The differences in sampling and handling techniques, and the analytical
techniques.
- The inherent inaccuracies (both systematic and random) associated with
the sampling, handling, and analytical techniques. One of the
exceptions is the EPA-sponsored study conducted by Versar (Volume V),
which adhered to very stringent QA/QC sampling, handling, and
analytical protocols.
- The limited information in most of the literature reviewed regarding
the analytical techniques and QA/QC procedures employed.
- The different-design objectives of the studies reported in the literature,
including performance evaluation of extraction and analysis techniques,
ash characterization, leachate characterization, determination of
environmental concerns, and assessment of compliance with standards.
Some of these factors could explain the wide variability of the data and, in
some instances, the inconsistencies.
Recommendations
It is apparent that none of the documents reviewed in this study were
intended to perform a full and systematic evaluation of the discharges of
contaminants from each stage of the MSW incineration cycle, and then to
assess the effects of these discharges on various environmental media (soil,
water, and air). The full-cycle study includes characterizing raw refuse,
MSW incinerator discharges into air and water, (quench water, for
example), and leachates from MSW incinerator ashes. Such studies are
needed.
5-3
-------
Reference 47 provides an indication of the possible presence of PCDDs and
PCDFs in raw municipal waste refuse via herbicidal formulations, treated
wood, or PCB-containing products. This type of information could be vital
in evaluating strategies for controlling discharges from MSW residues.
It appears that several systematic studies are necessary to characterize
discharges from the MSW incineration cycle and to expand the existing
data base, in particular, the area of extraction and teachability tests.
In assessing the potential effects of MSW incinerator discharges, it is
important to perform a multimedia environmental assessment rather than
evaluating the effects on one media at a time. This implies, for example,
the need for considering the effects of both leachates and air discharges as
'demonstrated by the following example. Data presented by reference 62
show that the concentration of PCDDs and PCDFs in fly-ash particles
collected by a fabric filter (baghouse) is larger than that found in fly-ash
particles collected by a dry scrubber, and the latter is larger than the
concentration on fly ash particles collected by wet/dry scrubber. Baghouses
are considered as having one of the highest paniculate removal
efficiencies. This ability to collect very fine particles could reduce
discharges of PCDD and PCDF fly-ash particles into the air but could
increase the potential for higher teachability of these contaminants into
surface and groundwater resources.
5-4
-------
6.0 REFERENCES
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of Dioxin From Combustions Sources. ASME, New York, NY.
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Republic of Germany, Berlin.
4. Battelle Columbus Labs-Henry, W. M., R. L. Barbour, R. J. Jakobsen, and
P.M.Schumacher, 1982. Inorganic Compound Identification of Fly Ash
Emissions From Municipal Incinerators. U.S. Environmental Protection
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"Attenuation of Cadmium and Lead Solubility in Municipal Waste Incinerator
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Chemistry. Physics, and Biology as Focused on Environmental Problems.
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Characterization. Beneficiation. and Utilization of Municipal Incinerator Fly
Ash. Technical Report-West Virginia University, Coal Research Bureau.
No. 88.
6-1
-------
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Metal Extraction from Municipal Incinerator Ashes." International Journal of
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"Journal of Chromatoqraphv. Vol. 234, No. 2, pp. 394-405.
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Composition of Extractable Organic Compounds in Fly-ash from Municipal
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The Third International Symposium on Industrial and Hazardous Waste,
Alexandria, Egypt, June 24-27.
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6-2
-------
18. Davies, I. W., R. M. Harrison, R. Perry, D. Ratnayaka, and R. A. Wellings, 1976.
"Municipal Incinerator as Source of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in
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International Conference. Spain.
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Unknowns, Resolving the Issues." Solid Waste Management, pp. 56-57
and 88-89, May.
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from Municipal Incinerators for Trace Organic Compounds." Analytical
Chemistry. Vol. 51. No. 14. pp. 2343-2350.
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Concentrations of Organic Compounds Including Polychlorinated
Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fly Ash from
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Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Other Organic Compounds from Fly
Ash from Municipal Incinerators." Analytical Chemistry. Vol.52, No. 9,
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24. Engineering Science, 1986. Summary of MSW Incinerator Ash Survey.
USEPA/Hazardous Waste Branch, Contract No. 68-02-3888, Work Assignment
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25. Fitzgerald, J.J., 1982. Status of Ash Residue Evaluation. DEQE,
Solid/Hazardous Waste Section, Woburn, MA.
6-3
-------
26. GCA Technology Division, Inc., and E. C. Jordon Co, 1986. Evaluation of the
Land Disposal of Solid Residues from Municipal Waste Combustion Report 1:
Data Summary (FINAL). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D.C., Contract No. 68-01-6871, Work Assignment No. 60,
August.
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pp. 193-198.
28. Greenberg, R. R., G.E.Gordon, and W. H.Zoller, 1978. "Composition of
Particles Emitted from the Nicosia Municipal Incinerator." Environmental
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Emissions of Specific Compounds from a Resource Recovery Municipal
Incinerator. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Report
No. EPA-560/5-84-002,.
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Municipal and Utility Sludges and Ashes. Volume IV: Municipal Incinerator
Residues (FINAL). National Environmental Research Center, Cincinnati, OH.
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(Syracuse University Research Corp.), 1973. Incineration of Plastics Found in
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Analytical Chemistry. Vol. 55, pp. 2,340-2,355.
6-4
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34. Karasek, F. and A. Viau, 1983. "Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric
Analysis of PCDDs and Organic Compounds in High Temperature Fly Ash from
Municipal Incineration." Journal of Chromatoqraphy. Vol. 265, pp. 79-88.
35. Kenahan, C. B., P.M.Sullivan, J.A. Ruppert, and E. F. Spano, 1968.
Composition and Characteristics of Municipal Incinerator Residues (Report
of Investigations). Bureau of Mines: Washington, D. C., Report No. RI-7204,
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