United States Office of Air Quality EPA-454/R-00-002
Environmental Protection Planning and Standards March 2000
Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
AIR
NATIONAL AIR POLLUTANT
EMISSION TRENDS,
1900 - 1998
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U. S. EPA and the States -
Working Together for Cleaner Air!
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Disclaimer
THIS REPORT HAS BEEN REVIEWED BY THE OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND
STANDARDS. MENTION OF TRADE NAMES OR COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS DOES NOT
CONSTITUTE ENDORSEMENT OR RECOMMENDATION FOR USE.
ii # Disclaimer
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Foreword
This document presents the most recent estimates of national emissions of the criteria air pollutants. The emissions of each
pollutant are estimated for many different source categories, which collectively account for all anthropogenic emissions. The
report presents the total emissions from all 50 States and from each EPA region in the country. These estimates are updated
annually.
This report tracks changes in national emissions since passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The emission
trends are the net effect of many factors, including changes in the nation's economy and in industrial activity, technology,
consumption of fuels, traffic, and other activities that cause air pollution. The trends also reflect changes in emissions as a result
of air pollution regulations and emission controls. These reports will serve as a measure of our nation's progress in reducing air
pollution emissions as a result of mandatory and voluntary controls and of continuous changes in national activity.
In addition to the extensive coverage of criteria air pollutant emissions from anthropogenic sources in the United States, this
year's report continues to provide limited coverage of State-derived biogenic, greenhouse gas, and air toxic emissions, and
emissions for Canada and Europe. Preliminary estimates are presented for the years 1990 through 1998. Final estimates
(including refinements to the data used to estimate emissions) will be presented in future reports.
Foreword # iii
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Contents
Tables viii
Figures x
Acronyms and Abbreviations xii
Acknowledgement xv
Executive Summary ES-1
ES.l WHAT INFORMATION IS PRESENTED IN THIS REPORT? ES-1
ES.2 WHAT ARE THE CURRENT EMISSION LEVELS? ES-1
ES.3 WHAT ARE THE TRENDS IN POLLUTANT EMISSIONS? ES-1
ES.4 REFERENCES ES-2
1.0 Introduction 1-1
1.1 WHAT INFORMATION IS PRESENTED IN THIS REPORT? 1-1
1.2 WHAT ARE THE HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF CRITERIA POLLUTANTS? 1-1
1.3 WHAT ENHANCEMENTS HAVE BEEN MADE TO THE REPORT? 1-2
1.4 HOWIS THEREPORT STRUCTURED? 1-3
1.5 REFERENCES 1-5
2.0 1998 Emissions 2-1
2.1 WHAT EMISSIONS DATA ARE PRESENTED IN THIS CHAPTER? 2-1
2.2 HOW HAVE EMISSION ESTIMATES CHANGED FROM 1996 TO 1998 AND WHY? 2-1
2.2.1 What Sources Are the Main Contributors to 1998 CO Emissions? 2-1
2.2.2 What Sources Are the Main Contributors to 1998 NOX Emissions? 2-2
2.2.3 What Sources Are the Main Contributors to 1998 VOC Emissions? 2-2
2.2.4 What Sources Are the Main Contributors to 1998 SO2 Emissions? 2-2
2.2.5 What Sources Are the Main Contributors to 1998 Paniculate Matter (PM10 and PM25) Emissions? ... 2-3
2.2.6 What Sources Are the Main Contributors to 1998 Pb Emissions? 2-3
2.2.7 What Sources Are the Main Contributors to 1998 NH3 Emissions? 2-3
2.3 HOW DOES EPA ESTIMATE AND REPORT SPATIAL EMISSIONS? 2-4
2.3.1 How Does My State Compare in Rank to Other States? 2-4
2.4 WHAT ARE THE LARGEST POINT SOURCES IN THE INVENTORY? 2-4
2.5 REFERENCES 2-5
3.0 National Emissions Trends, 1900 to 1998 3-1
3.1 WHAT DATA ARE PRESENTED INTHIS CHAPTER? 3-1
3.2 WHEN DID AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EFFORTS BEGIN AND HOW HAVE THEY EVOLVED? 3-1
3.3 WHAT ARE THE GENERAL HISTORICAL EMISSIONS TRENDS? 3-2
3.3.1 How Have CO Emissions Changed? 3-2
3.3.2 How Have NOX and VOC Emissions Changed? 3-3
3.3.3 How Have SO2 Emissions Changed? 3-3
Contents # v
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
3.3.4 How Have PM10 Emissions Changed? 3-3
3.3.5 How Have PM25 Emissions Changed? 3-3
3.3.6 How Have Pb Emissions Changed? 3-3
3.3.7 How Have NH3 Emissions Changed? 3-3
3.4 HOW HAVE EMISSIONS IN THE MAJOR SOURCE CATEGORIES CHANGED? 3-3
3.4.1 How Have Emissions in the Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Categories Changed? 3-4
3.4.2 How Have Emissions in the Industrial Process Categories Changed? 3-5
3.4.3 How Have Emissions in the On-road Vehicle Categories Changed? 3-6
3.4.4 How Have Emissions in the Non-road Engines and Vehicle Categories Changed? 3-7
3.4.5 How Have Emissions in the Miscellaneous Categories Changed? 3-8
3.5 HOW HAVE EMISSIONS IN THE FUGITIVE DUST CATEGORIES CHANGED? 3-8
3.6 REFERENCES 3-8
4.0 Section 406 of the Clean Air Act Amendments: Industrial SO2 Emissions 4-1
4.1 WHY A SEPARATE CHAPTER FOR INDUSTRIAL SO2 EMISSIONS? 4-1
4.1.1 What Source Categories Are Industrial Sources? 4-1
4.2 WHY USE 1996 AS THE BASE YEAR? 4-2
4.3 HOW DID EPA PROJECT EMISSIONS? 4-3
4.4 WHAT IS THE TREND IN INDUSTRIAL SO2 EMISSIONS? 4-3
4.4.1 Will the Cap Be Exceeded? 4-3
4.5 WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS FROM DESULFURIZATION OF DIESEL FUELS? 4-3
4.5.1 Why Are Current 1993 Emissions Without Desulfurization Higher Than the Values Presented in the 1995
Report to Congress? 4-4
4.6 REFERENCES 4-4
5.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodologies 5-1
5.1 WHAT INFORMATION IS PRESENTED IN THIS CHAPTER? 5-1
5.2 WHERE DO I GET INFORMATION ON THE METHODS USED TO ESTIMATE EMISSIONS FOR SOURCES
WHOSE METHODS DID NOT CHANGE? 5-1
5.3 WHAT OTHER THINGS SHOULD I KNOW ABOUT THE TRENDS ESTIMATION METHODS? 5-1
5.4 WHAT SOURCE CATEGORIES ARE ESTIMATED USING METHODS THAT DIFFER FROM THE
PREVIOUS REPORT? 5-2
5.5 HOW WERE EMISSIONS FROM NON-ROAD SOURCES ESTIMATED? 5-2
5.5.1 What Types of Sources are Included in the NONROAD Model? 5-2
5.5.2 What Years Were Estimated? 5-2
5.5.3 Were There Differences in the Methods Used to Calculate Non-road Emissions for Different Years? .. 5-2
5.5.4 Were There Non-road Emission Sources That Were Not Estimated Using the NONROAD Model? . . . 5-3
5.5.5 How Were Emissions Estimated for Categories Discussed in Section 5.5.4 Above? 5-3
5.5.6 Were Any Pollutant Estimates Prepared Differently for Non-road Sources? 5-4
5.6 WHAT CHANGES WERE MADE IN THE METHOD USED TO ESTIMATE NONUTILITY POINT AND AREA
SOURCE EMISSIONS? 5-5
5.6.1 What Steps Were Required to Incorporate State PEI Data Into the NET? 5-5
5.6.2 How Many States Submitted Data for the 1996 PEI Effort? 5-5
5.6.3 Were Any State-Supplied Data Rejected in the QC Phase? 5-6
5.6.4 What Types of Data Were Augmented in the Data Augmentation Step? 5-6
5.6.5 What Quality Assurance Steps Were Taken to Ensure That the State Data Were Incorporated
Correctly? 5-6
5.6.6 What Did EPA Do With Comments Received by the States? 5-6
5.6.7 Was There Any Additional Data Augmentation? 5-7
5.6.8 Were There Emissions From Any Sources Submitted by the States That Were Not Incorporated into the
NET? 5-7
5.6.9 How Were Nonutility Point and Area Sources for 1997 and 1998 Developed? 5-7
5.7 WHAT OTHER METHODOLOGY CHANGES WERE THERE? 5-8
5.7.1 What Changes Were Made in How Agricultural Livestock Emissions Were Calculated? 5-8
5.7.2 What Changes Were Made in How Structural Fire Emissions Were Calculated? 5-9
vi # Contents
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
5.7.3 What Changes Were Made in How Prescribed Burning Emissions Were Calculated? 5-9
5.7.4 How Did EPA Account for Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines that Used the NOX Defeat
Device? 5-9
5.9 REFERENCES 5-10
6.0 Biogenic Emissions 6-
6.1 WHAT EMISSIONS DATA DOES EPA PRESENT IN THIS CHAPTER? 6-
6.2 HOW WERE THESE EMISSIONS GENERATED? 6-
6.3 WHY DO THESE EMISSIONS VARY? 6-
6.4 HOW DOES TEMPERATURE AFFECT EMISSIONS? 6-
6.5 HOW DOES LAND USE AFFECT EMISSIONS? 6-
6.6 WHAT IS THE UNCERTAINTY ASSOCIATED WITH THESE ESTIMATES? 6-
6.7 REFERENCES 6-
7.0 Hazardous Air Pollutants 7-
7.1 WHAT INFORMATION IS PRESENTED IN THIS CHAPTER? 7-
7.2 WHAT ARE THE HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF HAPs? 7-
7.3 WHY ARE AIR TOXICS INVENTORIES NEEDED? 7-
7.3.1 Which EPA Regulatory Activities Use HAP Emission Inventories? 7-
7.4 WHAT IS EPA'S PLAN TO GATHER THE NECESSARY TOXICS DATA? 7-2
7.5 WHAT IS THE NTI? 7-3
7.5.1 How was the NTI Developed? 7-3
7.5.2 What are the NTI Base Years? 7-3
7.5.3 How are Emissions Allocated to Source Types and Counties? 7-4
7.5.4 What are Urban/Rural Allocations? 7-4
7.5.5 What Changes Have Been Made Since the Last Trends Report? 7-5
7.6 HOW ARE THE EMISSIONS SUMMARIZED? 7-5
7.6.1 What Individual Pollutant Detail is Given? 7-5
7.7 REFERENCES 7-6
8.0 National Greenhouse Gas Emissions 8-1
8.1 WHAT INFORMATION IS PRESENTED IN THIS CHAPTER? 8-1
8.2 WHAT ARE THE RECENT TRENDS IN U.S. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS? 8-1
8.3 WAS A MORE DETAILED ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS CONDUCTED? 8-2
8.3.1 What Data Were Used in this Analysis? 8-2
8.3.2 What are the Results? 8-3
8.3.3 What Methodologies were Utilized? 8-3
8.4 REFERENCES 8-4
9.0 International Emissions 9-1
9.1 WHAT DATA ARE PRESENTED INTHIS CHAPTER? 9-1
9.2 WHAT EUROPEAN EMISSIONS ARE PRESENTED? 9-1
9.3 WHAT CANADIAN EMISSIONS ARE PRESENTED? 9-1
9.4 REFERENCES 9-2
Appendix A National Emissions (1970 to 1998) by Tier 3 Source Category and Pollutant A-l
Index Index-1
Contents # vii
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Tables
ES-l. 1997 and 1998 National Annual Emission Estimates for Criteria Air Pollutants ES-3
ES-2. 1998 National Annual Emission Estimates for PM2 5, Ammonia, and 1990-1993 Hazardous Air Pollutants . . . ES-3
ES-3. Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates for Canada (1995) and Europe (1996) ES-3
ES-4. Percentage Change in National Emissions ES-4
1-1. Major Source Categories 1-6
2-1. 1998 National Point and Area Emissions by Source Category and Pollutant 2-6
2-2. Anthropogenic 1998 State-level Emissions and Rank for CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, PM10, PM2 5, and NH3 2-8
3-1. Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1940 through 1998 3-9
3-2. Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1940 through 1998 3-10
3-3. Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1940 through 1998 3-11
3-4. Total National Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide, 1940 through 1998 3-12
3-5. Total National Emissions of Directly Emitted Paniculate Matter (PM10), 1940 through 1998 3-13
3-6. Total National Emissions of Directly Emitted Paniculate Matter (PM25), 1990 through 1998 3-14
3-7. Total National Emissions of Lead, 1970 through 1998 3-15
3-8. Total National Emissions of Ammonia, 1990 through 1998 3-16
3-9. Carbon Monoxide Federal Emission Standards, 1970 to 1991 3-17
3-10. Nitrogen Oxide and Volatile Organic Compound Federal Emission Limits for Light-Duty Vehicles, 1972 to 199B-17
3-11. Nitrogen Oxide and Volatile Organic Compound Federal Emission Limits for Light-Duty Trucks, 1972 to 1991 3-18
3-12. Federal Test Procedure Exhaust Emissions Standards and Schedule for Light-Duty Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks,
1992 to 1998 3-18
3-13. Total National Emissions by Pollutant and Year 3-19
4-1. Industrial SO2 Tier Source Categories 4-5
4-2. Industrial SO2 Point and Area Data Source Submittals by States 4-6
4-3. Industrial SO2 Projected Emissions by Selected Source Categories 4-7
5-1. Emission Estimation Methods That Have Changed Since the Last Report 5-11
5-2. Point and Area Source Data Submitted 5-12
5-3. Utility Boiler Emissions Data Sources for NOX and SO2 by Year 5-14
6-1. Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by State 6-2
6-2. Biogenic Nitric Oxide Emissions by State 6-3
6-3. Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound Seasonal Allocation, 1988 to 1996 6-4
6-4. Biogenic Nitric Oxide Seasonal Allocation, 1988 to 1996 6-4
7-1. Hazardous Air Pollutants Included in the Baseline NTI (version 9901) 7-7
7-2. List of Urban HAPS for the Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy ("Urban HAPS List") 7-10
7-3. Baseline NTI Emissions for Urban, Rural, and Major Source Categories by HAP 7-11
7-4. Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993) 188 HAPS by Urban and Rural Designation and Source Sector (Point, Area, On-road,
and Non-road) 7-15
7-5. Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993) 188 HAPs by State (Point, Area, On-road, and Non-road) 7-23
7-6. Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993) 33 HAPs by State (Point, Area, On-road, and Non-road) 7-24
7-7. Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993) 33 HAPs by Tier 1 7-25
7-8. Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993) 3 3 HAPs by Tier land Tier 2 7-27
8-1. Recent Trends in U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (MMTCE) 8-5
8-2. Annual Percent Change in CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion for Selected Sectors and Fuels 8-6
8-3. Carbon Coefficients, MMTCE/QBtu 8-6
8-4. CarbonDioxide Emissions in the U.S., 1994 (MMTCE) 8-7
viii # Tables
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
9-1. 1996 Emission Estimates for Europe by Country and Pollutant 9-3
9-2. 1996 Emission Estimates for Austria and the Czech Republic by CORINAIR/EMEP Source Category and
Pollutant 9-4
9-3. 1996 Emission Estimates for Denmark and Finland by CORINAIR/EMEP Source Category and Pollutant .... 9-5
9-4. 1996 Emission Estimates for France and Germany by CORINAIR/EMEP Source Category and Pollutant 9-6
9-5. 1996 Emission Estimates for Greece and Ireland by CORINAIR/EMEP Source Category and Pollutant 9-7
9-6. 1996 Emission Estimates for Luxembourg and the Netherlands by CORINAIR/EMEP Source Category and
Pollutant 9-8
9-7. 1996 Emission Estimates for Norway and Slovenia by CORINAIR/EMEP Source Category and Pollutant 9-9
9-8. 1996 Emission Estimates for the United Kingdom by CORINAIR/EMEP Source Category and Pollutant 9-10
9-9. 1996 Emission Estimates for Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, and Denmark by EEA Source Category and
Pollutant 9-11
9-10. 1996 Emission Estimates for Estonia, Finland, France, and Germany by EEA Source Category and Pollutant 9-12
9-11. 1996 Emission Estimates for Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg, and Netherlands by EEA Source Category and
Pollutant 9-13
9-12. 1996 Emission Estimates for Norway, the Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden by EEA Source Category and Pollutant 9-14
9-13. 1996 Emission Estimates for the United Kingdom by EEA Source Category and Pollutant 9-15
9-14. 1995 Emissions for Canada by Major Source Category 9-15
9-15. 1995 Emissions for Canada by Province 9-15
A-l. Carbon Monoxide Emissions A-2
A-2. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions A-7
A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions A-ll
A-4. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions A-19
A-5. Directly Emitted Paniculate Matter (PM10) Emissions A-23
A-6. Directly Emitted Paniculate Matter (PM2 5) Emissions A-29
A-7. Lead Emissions A-34
A-8. Ammonia (NH3) Emissions A-37
Tables # ix
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Figures
ES-l. Trend in National Emissions, NITROGEN OXIDES, VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, SULFUR DIOXIDE
(1900 to 1998), and Directly Emitted PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10 [nonfugitive dust sources];
1940 to 1998) ES-5
ES-2. Trend in National Emissions, CARBON MONOXIDE (1940 to 1998), and LEAD (1970 to 1998) ES-6
2-1. 1998 National CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions by Principal Source Categories 2-9
2-2. 1998 National NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions by Principal Source Categories 2-10
2-3. 1998 National VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by Principal Source Categories 2-11
2-4. 1998 National SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions by Principal Source Categories 2-12
2-5. 1998 Directly Emitted National PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10) Emissions by Principal Source Categories for
Nonfugitive Dust Sources 2-13
2-6. 1998 Directly Emitted National PARTICULATE MATTER (PM25) Emissions by Principal Source Categories for
Nonfugitive Dust Sources 2-14
2-7. 1998 National LEAD Emissions by Principal Source Categories 2-15
2-8. 1998 National AMMONIA Emissions by Principal Source Categories 2-16
2-9. Density Map of 1998 CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions by County 2-17
2-10. Density Map of 1998 NITROGEN OXIDES Emissions by County 2-18
2-11. Density Map of 1998 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by County 2-19
2-12. Density Map of 1998 SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions by County 2-20
2-13. Density Map of 1998 PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10) Emissions by County 2-21
2-14. Density Map of 1998 PARTICULATE MATTER (PM25) Emissions by County 2-22
2-15. Density Map of 1998 AMMONIA Emissions by County 2-23
3-1. Trend in Gross Domestic Product, Population, Vehicle Miles Traveled, Total Fuel Consumption, Combined
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND and NITROGEN OXIDES Emissions, and SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions,
1970 to 1998 3-21
3-2. Trend in CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions, 1940to 1998 3-22
3-3. Trend inNITROGEN OXIDE Emissions, 1940 to 1998 3-23
3-4. Trend in VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions, 1940 to 1998 3-24
3-5. Trend in SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions, 1940to 1998 3-25
3-6. Trend in Directly Emitted PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10) Emissions Excluding Fugitive Dust Sources, 1940 to
1998 3-26
3-7. Trend in Directly Emitted PARTICULATE MATTER (PM2 5) Emissions Excluding Fugitive Dust Sources, 1990 to
1998 3-27
3-8. Trend inLEAD Emissions, 1970 to 1998 3-28
3-9. Trend in AMMONIA Emissions, 1990 to 1998 3-29
4-1. SO2 Emissions by Major Industrial Source Category, 1996 4-8
4-2. Industrial SO2 Emissions (1900 to 2020) 4-9
4-3. SO2 Emissions by Major Industrial Source Category, 2020 4-10
4-4. On-Road Emissions With and Without Desulfurization, 1993-1998 4-11
5-1. States Submitting Point and/or Area Source Data for the 1996 PEI 5-15
6-1. Density Map of NITROGEN OXIDES 1997 Biogenic Emissions by County 6-5
6-2. Density Map of VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND 1997 Biogenic Emissions by County 6-6
7-1. 1996 NTI State Data Summary 7-42
7-2. U.S. Counties by Urban and Rural Designation 7-43
7-3. Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993) National Emissions by Urban vs. Rural 7-44
x # Figures
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
7-4. Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993) National Emissions of 188 HAPs by Urban vs. Rural 7-45
7-5. Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993) National Emissions of 33 HAPs by Urban vs. Rural 7-46
7-6. Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993) 188 HAP Emissions by State and Source Sector 7-47
7-7. Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993) 33 HAP Emissions by State and Source Sector 7-48
7-8. Summed Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993) Emissions of 188 HAPs per Square Mile for U.S. Counties 7-49
7-9. SummedBaselineNTI(1990tol993)Emissionsof33HAPsperSquareMileforU.S. Counties 7-50
7-10. Summary Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993) of 33 HAPs National Emissions Percentage by Source Sector 7-51
8-1. U.S. CarbonDioxide Emissions by Sector (1994) 8-8
8-2. U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Industry (1994) 8-9
8-3. U.S. CarbonDioxide Emissions by End-Use Sector (1994) 8-10
Figures # xi
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
AIRS
AIRS/AFS
ARD
BACT
BEA
BEIS2
BTS
Btu
CAA
CAAA
CEM
CFCs
CH4
CHIEF
CNG
CO
C02
CORINAIR
DOE
DOT
EEA
EFIG
EGAS
EIA
EIIP
EMEP
EPA
ES
ETC/AEM
ETS
FAA
FIPS
FIRE
FR
FTP
GACT
GCVTC
GDP
gPg
Aerometric Information Retrieval System
AIRS Facility Subsystem
Acid Rain Division
best available control technology
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis
Biogenic Emission Inventory System version 2
U.S. DOT, Bureau of Transportation
British thermal unit
Clean Air Act
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
continuous emission monitor(ing)
chloroflurocarbons
methane
Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emission Factors
compressed natural gas
carbon monoxide
carbon dioxide
Coordination of Environmental Air
Department of Energy
Department of Transportation
European Environment Agency
EPA, OAQPS, Emission Factor and Inventory Group
Economic Growth Analysis System
U.S. DOE, Energy Information Administration
Emission Inventory Improvement Program
Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long Range Transmission of Air
Pollutants in Europe
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Executive Summary
European Topic Center on Air Emissions
Emissions Tracking System
Federal Aviation Adminstration
Federal Information Processing Standards
Factor Information Retrieval
Federal Register
Federal Test Procedure
generally achievable control technology
Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission
gross domestic product
grams per gallon
xii # Acronyms and Abbreviations
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
gpm
GSP
HAPs
HCFC
HDDV
HDGV
MFCs
ID
IPCC
LDDT
LDDV
LDGT
LDGV
LOT
LDV
LPG
MACT
MECs
MMTCE
MW
N2O
NAA
NAAQS
NADB
NAPAP
NEC
NET
NH3
NMVOC
NO
NO2
NOX
NPI
NSPS
NTI
03
OAQPS
QMS
OTAQ
OTAG
Pb
PCB
PEI
PFC
PM
PM10
PM25
POM
ppm
grains per mile
gross State product
hazardous air pollutants
hydrochloroflurocarbon
heavy-duty diesel vehicle
heavy-duty gasoline vehicle
hydroflurocarbons
identification (code)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
light-duty diesel truck
light-duty diesel vehicle
light-duty gasoline truck
light-duty gasoline vehicle
light-duty truck
light-duty vehicle
liquefied petroleum gas
maximum available control technology
Manufacturing Consumption of Energy
million metric tons carbon-equivalent
megawatts
nitrous oxide
nonattainment area
National Ambient Air Quality Standard
National Allowance Data Base
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
not elsewhere classified
National Emissions Trends (inventory)
ammonia
nonmethane volatile organic compounds
nitric oxide
nitrogen dioxide
nitrogen oxides
National Particulates Inventory
New Source Performance Standards
National Toxics Inventory
ozone
EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
EPA, Office of Mobile Sources
EPA's Office of Transportation and Air Quality
Ozone Transport Assessment Group
lead
polychlorinated biphenyl
periodic emission inventory
perfluorocarbon
paniculate matter
paniculate matter less than 10 microns in diameter
paniculate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter
polycyclic organic matter
parts per million
Acronyms and Abbreviations # xiii
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
psi
QA
QC
RACT
REMI
RFC
RSD
RVP
SCC
SEDS
SF6
SIC
SIP
SO2
SUV
TP
tpy
TRENDS
TRI
TSDF
TSP
TTN
UNFCCC
U.S.
USDA
USFS
VMT
voc
pounds per square inch
quality assurance
quality control
reasonably available control technology
Regional Economic Models, Inc.
reformulated gasoline
Regulatory Support Document
Reid vapor pressure
source classification code
State Energy Data System
sulfur hexafluoride
Standard Industrial Classification (code)
State Implementation Plan
sulfur dioxide
sport utility vehicle
total particulates
tons per year
The Representative Emissions National Data System
Toxic Release Inventory
hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facility
total suspended paniculate matter
Technology Transfer Network
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
United States
U.S. Department of Agriculture
USDA Forest Service
vehicle miles traveled
volatile organic compound(s)
xiv # Acronyms and Abbreviations
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Acknowledgement
This report was prepared with the help of many people. The EPA wishes to acknowledge the assistance of the Emission
Inventory Trends Team of the Emission Factor and Inventory Group, the National Toxics Inventory Teamof the Emission Factor
and Inventory Group, the Utilities Emissions Representatives of the Clean Air Markets Division; the Nonroad Teamof the Office
of Transportation and Air Quality; and the Annual Reporting of Green House Gases Report Team of the Climate Policy and
Programs Division; The agency also wishes to acknowledge the data and information that was provided by numerous people
from Government agencies and private institutions and organizations. This final document was prepared under Contract Number
68D-70067.
Acknowledgement xv
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Executive Summary
ES.l WHAT INFORMATION IS
PRESENTED IN THIS REPORT?
ES.2 WHAT ARE THE CURRENT
EMISSION LEVELS?
This report presents the United States (U.S.)
Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) latest estimates of
national emissions for criteria air pollutants: carbon
monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), volatile organic
compounds (VOC), sulfur dioxide (SO2), paniculate matter
(PM) less than 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter (PM10),
paniculate matter less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic
diameter (PM25), and lead (Pb). In addition, estimates of
ammonia (NH3), an important precursor for secondarily
formed particles, are also presented. Estimates are presented
for the years 1900 to 1998. Estimates for three criteria
pollutants, NOX, SO2, and VOC, have been extrapolated back
to 1900. Criteria pollutants are those for which ambient air
standards have been set, based on established criteria for risk
to human health and/or environmental degradation.
Data on emissions of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), or
air toxics, greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide [CO2], methane
[CH4], nitrous oxide [N2O], hydrofluorocarbons {HFCs],
perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride [SF6]), and
biogenic sources are also included in this report for the United
States. As a point of comparison, data for Canada for 1995
and for Europe for 1996 are presented for the criteria air
pollutants.
Figures ES-1 and ES-2 present the long-term trends in
the criteria air pollutant emissions from 1900 through 1998.
Most of the criteria air pollutant emission levels peaked
around 1970. PM10 emissions peaked earlier (around 1950)
since smoke and particulates were the first pollutants to be
regulated. Between 1970 and 1998 emissions for all criteria
pollutants have generally declined (except for NOX), even
though vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and gross domestic
product (GDP) increased. For the last 2 years, SO2 has shown
a small increase in emissions. These air pollution decreases
are attributable to the Clean Air Act (CAA) regulations
beginning in 1970 and continuing into the 1990s.
(Intermittent economic recession and improved
manufacturing practices have also played a role.) Although
not shown in these figures, the trend in PM2 5 mirrors that of
PM10 over the period that estimates have been made for PM2 5
(1990-1998). NH3 has shown a modest increase over this
same time period.
Tables ES-1 and ES-2 present the most current emission
estimates for the criteria and other air pollutants in the United
States. U.S. criteria pollutant emissions decreased for CO,
VOC, and NOX, and increased for Pb, SO2, and PM10 from the
previous year. The increase in SO2 emission estimates is a
result of a modest increase in emissions in the electric utility
and industrial process sectors, probably fueled by the strong
economy. The reduction in CO and VOC emissions results
from a sharp decrease in emissions from forest wildfires, as
well as a decrease in mobile source emissions as a result of
the use of new fuels (reformulated gasoline, oxygenated fuels,
and lower Reid vapor pressures [RVP]). Paniculate fugitive
dust emissions from construction sources, paved roads, and
unpaved roads increased due to the increases in construction
and VMT. The most recent available Canadian data for 1995
and Europe for 1996 are summarized in Table ES-3.
A description of those source categories whose methods
used for estimating CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, PM10, PM2 5, NH3,
and Pb changed during the last year can be found in Chapter
5 of this report, while information on methods that did not
change can be found in the National Air Pollutant Emission
Trends Procedures Document.1
ES.3 WHAT ARE THE TRENDS IN
POLLUTANT EMISSIONS?
The level and composition of economic activity in the
nation, demographic influences, meteorological conditions,
and regulatory efforts to control emissions affect the trends in
criteria air pollutant emissions. The emissions resulting from
these economic, demographic, and regulatory influences are
presented in Figures ES-1 and ES-2. The changes in
emissions are presented in Table ES-4 for several time
periods. Up until the 1950s, the greatest influence on
emissions were economic and demographic. Emissions grew
as the economy and population increased; emissions declined
in periods of economic recession. Dramatic declines in
emissions in the 1930s were due to the Great Depression.
More recent recession in the mid/late-1970s (largely a result
from disruptions in the world oil markets) and early 1990s
also led to decreases in emissions.
Executive Summary # ES-1
-------
Emissions also increase as a result of a shift in the
demand for various products. For example, the tremendous
increase in demand for refined petroleum products, especially
motor gasoline after World War II, increased emissions
associated with petroleum refining and on-road vehicles.
Increased economic production as a result of World War II
raised emissions to levels higher than those of the
pre-Depression Era. The declines in the 1940s through 1970s
in residential wood combustion resulted from the abundant
supply, low relative prices, and convenience of fossil
fuel-generated electricity.
In the 1950s the States issued air pollution statutes
generally targeted toward smoke and paniculate emissions.
It was not until passage of the CAA as amended in 1970
(Congress passed the original CAA in 1963) that major
strides were made in reducing air pollution. The 1970
Amendments created the EPA and charged it with three
major tasks: 1) set National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS); 2) develop motor vehicle emission standards; and
3) set new source performance standards (NSPS). As a result
of these standards, CO, VOC, SO2, and Pb emissions were
reduced in the mid-1970s.
The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) are
beginning to effect emission levels. For some source
categories (such as non-road engines), standards began in
1996, but some significant emission reductions are not
expected until after the year 2000. The robust U.S. economy
in the late 1990s has provided a slight increase in emissions
in some source sectors, although the influence of these
increases has been largely offset by regulatory programs.
Some emission sources such as wildfires and fugitive dust
have been influenced more by meteorological conditions than
economic forces. Controls to reduce fugitive dust emissions
resulting from the CAAA are beginning to take effect, but are
only applied in the PM nonattainment areas (NAAs). The
amount of land burned in wildfires varies greatly from
year-to-year. Overall emission reductions from wildfires are
a result of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA)
Forest Service support of state efforts in fire prevention and
early control. For example, in the year 1910, 5,201 fires
burned approximately 5 million acres of land, whereas in the
year 1990, 11,950 fires burned only one-third of a million
acres of land.
More details on the effects of economic, demographic,
and regulatory forces on emission levels are explained in
Chapters.
ES.4 REFERENCES
1. "National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Procedures Document, 1900-1996," EPA-454/R-98-008, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. May 1998.
2. "Historic Emissions of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides in the United States from 1900 to 1980," EPA-600/7-85-009a and
b, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. April 1985.
3. "Historic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds in the United States from 1900 to 1985," EPA-600/7-88-008a,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. May 1988.
ES-2 # Executive Summary
-------
Table ES-1. 1997 and 1998 National
Annual Emission Estimates for
Criteria Air Pollutants
(million short tons)
Pollutant
Anthropogenic Emissions
Carbon Monoxide
Lead (thousand short tons)
Nitrogen Oxides
Particulate Matter (PM10)
Miscellaneous and Fugitive
dust
Nonfugitive dust
Sulfur Dioxide
Volatile Organic Compounds
Biogenic Emissions
Volatile Organic Compounds
Nitric Oxide
Emissions
1997 1998
94.41
3.95
24.82
34.23
30.08
4.15
19.62
18.88
28.19
1.53
89.45
3.97
24.45
34.74
30.90
3.84
19.65
17.92
NA
NA
Table ES-2. 1998 National Annual
Emission Estimates for PM2 5, Ammonia,
and 1990-1993 Hazardous Air Pollutants
(million short tons)
Pollutant
Participate Matter (PM25)
Miscellaneous and
Fugitive dust
Nonfugitive dust
Ammonia
Hazardous Air Pollutants
Emissions
8.38
5.46
2.92
4.94
5.92
Table ES-3. Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates
for Canada (1995) and Europe (1996)
(million short tons)
Pollutant
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Oxides
Total Particulate Matter
Sulfur Dioxide
Volatile Organic Compounds
Canada
18.89
2.72
17.29
2.93
3.94
Europe
55.53
15.31
NA
18.53
16.09
Executive Summary # ES-3
-------
Table ES-4. Percentage Change in National Emissions
Year
1900 to
1998
1940 to
1998
1970 to
1998
1988 to
1998****
1990 to
1998
1997 to
1998
Carbon
Monoxide
NA***
5
31
25
9
5
Nitrogen
Oxides
-840
-232
-17
-1
-2
2
Volatile
Organic
Compounds
-111
-4
42
26
14
5
Sulfur
Dioxide
-97
2
37
15
17
0
Particulate
Matter
(PM10)*
NA
76
71
26
15
7
Miscellaneous
and
Fugitive
Dust**
NA
NA
NA
45
-26
-3
Lead
NA
NA
98
44
20
-1
Note(s): * PM10 emissions excluding miscellaneous and fugitive dust sources.
** Miscellaneous sources include agriculture and forestry, fugitive dust includes roads and construction, and natural sources include
primarily geogenic wind erosion.
*** NA denotes not available. Negative percent change indicates an increase in emissions.
**** There are significant changes in fugitive dust emission methodology between the years 1989 and 1990.
ES-4 # Executive Summary
-------
Figure ES-1. Trend in National Emissions, NITROGEN OXIDES,
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, SULFUR DIOXIDE (1900 to 1998),
and Directly Emitted PARTICULATE MATTER
(PM10 [nonfugitive dust sources]; 1940 to 1998)
40
~ 30
V)
c
o
E 20
c
o
'55
(/>
E
LLI
10
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
Year
-------
Figure ES-2. Trend in National Emissions, CARBON MONOXIDE
150
(0
c
o
'
(0
(0
.H' C
E 5
LU £
g O
'x
-------
Chapter 1.0 Introduction
1.1 WHAT INFORMATION IS
PRESENTED IN THIS REPORT?
This report presents the United States (U.S.)
Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) latest estimates of
national emissions for criteria air pollutants: carbon
monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), volatile organic
compounds (VOCs [excludes certain nonreactive organic
compounds]), sulfur dioxide (SO2), paniculate matter less
than 10 microns (PM10), paniculate matter less than 2.5
microns (PM25), and lead (Pb). Although not a criteria
pollutant, emission estimates for ammonia (NH3), a
compound that plays an important role in the secondary
formation of particles, are also presented. The Clean Air Act
(CAA) requires that the EPA Administrator publish a list of
pollutants that have adverse effects on public health or
welfare, and are emitted from numerous and diverse
stationary or mobile sources. For each pollutant, the
Administrator must compile and publish a "criteria"
document. The criteria documents are scientific compendia of
the studies documenting adverse effects of specific pollutants
at various concentrations in the ambient air. For each
pollutant, National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
are set at levels that, based on the criteria, protect the public
health and the public welfare from any known or anticipated
adverse effects. These regulated pollutants are therefore
called "criteria pollutants." We describe some of the health
effects in section 1.2.
Summaries of ambient air quality measurements
collected by federal, State, and local agencies, and the status
of compliance with the NAAQS, can be found in the series of
annual air quality trends reports, the most recent of which is
the National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1998
(EPA-454/R-00-003).
Graphs of national emission estimates, beginning in 1900
forNOx, VOC, and SO2, aggregated by majorsource category,
are presented in Chapter 3. We provide more detail for these
pollutants, and CO and PM10 beginning with 1940.
Information related to PM25 and NH3 starts with 1990, the
first year EPA developed estimates for these pollutants. We
include additional detail for the current year. This report also
contains information on estimation methods that we have
updated during the past year. Revised international emissions
from Europe and Canada, air toxic emissions, greenhouse gas
emissions, and biogenic emissions are also presented.
1.2 WHAT ARE THE HEALTH AND
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF
CRITERIA POLLUTANTS?
CO enters the bloodstream and reduces the delivery of
oxygen to the body's organs and tissues. The health threat
from CO is most serious for those who suffer from
cardiovascular disease, particularly those with angina or
peripheral vascular disease. It affects healthy individuals also
but only at higher concentration levels. Exposure to elevated
CO levels is associated with impairment of visual perception,
work capacity, manual dexterity, learning ability and
performance of complex tasks.1 Prolonged exposure to high
levels can lead to death.
Nitric oxide (NO) is the principal oxide of nitrogen
produced in combustion processes; it is readily oxidized in the
atmosphere to nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Collectively, NO and
NO2 are referred to as NOX. NO2 can irritate the lungs and
lower resistance to respiratory infection (such as influenza).
Nitrogen oxides are an important precursor both to ozone (O3)
and to acidic deposition and may affect both terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystems. Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen
(nitrate, NOX, other compounds derived from NOX) leads to
excess nutrient enrichment problems (eutrophication);
prominent examples are: Chesapeake Bay and several other
nationally important estuaries along the East and Gulf
Coasts.2 Eutrophication can produce multiple adverse effects
on water quality and the aquatic environment, including
increased nuisance and toxic algal blooms, excessive
phytoplankton growth, low or no dissolved oxygen in bottom
waters, and reduced sunlight causing losses in submerged
aquatic vegetation critical for healthy estuarine ecosystems.
Nitrogen oxides are a precursor to the formation of nitrate
paniculate matter (PM) in the atmosphere; this effect is most
important in western areas.3 NO2 and airborne nitrate also
contribute to pollutant haze, which impairs visibility and can
reduce residential property values and revenues from tourism.
VOCs are a principal component in the chemical and
physical atmospheric reactions that form O3 and other
photochemical oxidants. The reactivity of O3 causes health
problems because it damages biological tissues and cells. O3
is also responsible each year for agricultural crop yield loss in
the United States of several billion dollars and causes
noticeable foliar damage in many crops and species of trees.
1.0 Introduction # 1-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Forest and ecosystem studies show that damage is resulting
from current ambient O3 levels plus excess nutrient
enrichment and, in certain high-elevation areas,
acidification.3
SO2 is a precursor to the formation of sulfate PM,
including acid and nonacid aerosols, in the atmosphere.
Sulfate aerosols make up the largest single component of fine
paniculate matter in most locations in the eastern United
States.4 The major health effects of concern associated with
exposures to high concentrations of SO2, sulfate aerosols, and
PM, include effects on breathing, respiratory illness and
symptoms, alterations in the lung's defenses, aggravation of
existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease, andmortality.
Children and the elderly may be particularly sensitive. Also,
SO2 can produce foliar damage on trees and agricultural
crops.
Together NOX and SO2 are the major precursors to acidic
deposition (acid rain), which is associated with several
environmental and human health effects. These effects
include acidification of lakes and streams, impacts on forest
soils, accelerated corrosion of buildings and monuments, and
visibility impairment plus respiratory effects on humans
associated with fine sulfate and nitrate particles.
Based on studies of human populations exposed to
ambient particle pollution (sometimes in the presence of SO2),
and laboratory studies of animals and humans, the major
effects of concern for human health include effects on
breathing and respiratory symptoms, aggravation of existing
respiratory and cardiovascular disease, alterations in the
body's defense systems against foreign materials, damage to
lung tissue, carcinogenesis, and premature mortality.
Paniculate matter causes damage to materials and soiling; it
is a major cause of substantial visibility impairment in many
parts of the United States.4
Fine particles (PM25) are of health concern because they
easily reach the deepest recesses of the lungs. Batteries of
scientific studies have linked fine particles (alone or in
combination with other air pollutants), with a series of
significant health problems, including:
Premature death
Respiratory related hospital admissions and
emergency room visits
Aggravated asthma
Acute respiratory symptoms, including aggravated
coughing and difficult or painful breathing
Chronic bronchitis
Decreased lung function that can be experienced
as shortness of breath
Work and school absences5
Exposure to Pb can occur through multiple pathways,
including inhalation of air, diet and ingestion of Pb in food,
water, soil, or dust. Pb accumulates in the body in blood,
bone, and soft tissue. Because it is not readily excreted, Pb
also affects the kidneys, liver, nervous system, and blood-
forming organs. Excessive exposure to Pb may cause
neurological impairments such as seizures, mental retardation
and/or behavioral disorders. Even at low doses, Pb exposure
is associated with changes in fundamental enzymatic, energy
transfer and homeostatic mechanisms in the body. Fetuses,
infants, and children are especially susceptible to low doses
of Pb, often suffering central nervous system damage. Recent
studies have also shown that Pb may be a factor in high blood
pressure and subsequent heart disease in middle-aged
Caucasian males.6
NH3, in the presence of water in the atmosphere reacts
with sulfates and nitrates to create ammonium sulfate and
ammonium nitrate, both of which are particles. Particles
formed via chemical reactions in the atmosphere are known
as secondarily formed particles and play an important role in
the overall PM2 5 particle budget.
1.3 WHAT ENHANCEMENTS HAVE
BEEN MADE TO THE REPORT?
Since 1973, EPA has prepared estimates of annual
national emissions in order to assess historic trends in criteria
pollutant emissions. While these estimates were prepared
using consistent methodologies and were useful for evaluating
emission changes from year to year, they did not provide an
absolute indication of emissions for any given year.
Beginning with the 1993 Emission Trends Report (containing
data through 1992), EPA established a goal of preparing
emission trends that would also incorporate the best available
annual estimates of emissions.8
The EPA'sEmissionFactorandInventory Group (EFIG)
has developed procedures and criteria for replacing Trends
data with emissions data submitted by States as part of a
variety of ongoing programs (such as O3 State
Implementation Plan [SIP] submitted data). This report
contains data obtained from several States through the 1996
periodic emission inventory (PEI) data submittals.
Information related to how these data were incorporated into
the National Emission Trends (NET) data base is given in
Chapter 5.
The EFIG is also developing a data management and
reporting system for emissions data. When the system is
complete, the EFIG can extract the most current State
inventories of emissions and supplement the gaps with EPA-
generated attainment area emission inventories. The EFIG
has already made several changes to the Trends methodology
to make the transition smoother.
In this report, there are five distinct time periods: 1900
to 1939, 1940 to 1984, 1985 to 1989, 1990 to 1996, and 1996
forward. Since the accuracy and availability of historical data
is limited, we have not generally made revisions to estimates
before 1984 (with some exceptions, discussed in Chapter 5).
1-2 # 1.0 Introduction
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
However, many changes in current year totals have been
incorporated into the reported estimates using State data.
Please note that methodologies within a given time
period (especially more recent periods) will also
vary, as we include more accurate data in the
Trends data base.
Although there are many changes to the Trends
methodology, some aspects have remained constant. For
example, the 1900 through 1939 NOX, VOC, and SO2
estimates are extracted from the National Acid Precipitation
Assessment Program (NAPAP) historical emissions report.7'8
In addition, Pb estimates (1970 to present), and all CO, NOX,
VOC, SO2, and PM10 estimates from 1940 to 1984 reported in
Trends are based upon the previous national "top-down"
methodology. Continuous emission monitoring (CEM) data
reported by electric utilities to the Acid Rain Program's
Emission Tracking System (ETS) were used, whenever
available and complete, for NOX, SO2, and heat input values
for the years 1996 and 1997. (These data apply to steam
generated fossil-fuel units with nameplate capacity of at least
25 megawatts [MW].) These are some of the most accurate
data collected by EPA because they represent actual
monitored, instead of estimated, emissions.5
As has been stated in the past several Emission Trends
Reports, EPA plans to incorporate as much State-derived data
as possible into the Trends estimates. This report reflects the
use of State data, specifically those data submitted by various
States as part of the 1996 PEI reporting effort.
When data were not available, were deemed
inappropriate for use in presenting emission Trends, or when
EPA felt that we had a more robust mechanism for estimating
emissions from a particular source sector, EPA relied on
nationally derived estimates. We describe changes made to
estimation techniques for this year in Chapter 5 of this report.
Methods used for other source categories that we did not
change for this year's report are detailed in the National Air
Pollutant Emission Trends, Procedures Document, 1900-
1996.9 In general we updated the 1996 inventory with State
data and then projected estimates for 1997 and 1998 based on
economic or other types of growth indicators (such as the
State Energy Data System (SEDS) fuel consumption
estimates) to develop estimates for 1997 and 1998. We also
applied reductions resulting from the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) to the 1997 and 1998
estimates. Throughout the report we have indicated when the
changes in emissions are due mainly to methodological
changes.
We have made two other significant enhancements to the
report. First, the discussions of emission estimates and
emission trends are oriented around types of sources rather
than around pollutants. EPA has found that in questions
related to emissions and emission trends, most requesters
want information related to how much of a pollutant is
emitted by a particular source, rather than the total emissions
of a pollutant no matter the source. While there are still
sections that discuss overall emissions by pollutant, there are
larger sections of the report that we have oriented around the
following five categories:
combustion;
industrial;
on-road;
non-road; and
miscellaneous.
In particular, these five broader categories are used to
provide additional clarity for information presented
graphically. When these broader categories are used, they
represent emissions from the following Tier categories (see
section 1.4 and Table 1-1 for Tier category descriptions):
Category
Combustion
Industrial
On-road
Non-road
Miscellaneous
Tier 1 Categories
1,2 and 3
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and
11
12
13 and 14
Included
10
Some figures also show an "all other" category. The all other
category represents the sum of all other Tier category
emissions that are not specifically shown in the figure.
The second major change in the document is the usage of
"plain language." In June 1998, President Clinton issued a
memorandum instructing all government agencies to use
plain language in new documents developed after October 1,
1998. Plain language is designed to produce documents that
have logical organization, easy-to-read design features, and
use common, everyday words (except necessary technical
terms), "you" and other pronouns, the active voice (where
possible), and short sentences (where possible). More
information about the plain language initiative can be found
at:
http://www.plainlanguage.gov/
1.4 HOW IS THE REPORT
STRUCTURED?
Changes made in the format of the October 199510 report,
intended to make the report more comprehensible and
informative, within the framework of the plain language
initiative, are maintained for this report. The executive
1.0 Introduction # 1-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
summary presents a brief overview of each chapter of the
report. In this introduction, Chapter 1, we inform the reader
of changes to the report, the health effects of criteria air
pollutants, and the structure of the report. A detailed account
of the current year emissions by pollutant, source category,
State, nonattainment area (NAA), county, and season and by
a listing of top-emitting facilities is given in Chapter 2.
National trends in emissions from 1900 (where available) to
the current year and demographic, economic, and regulatory
influences on emission trends are discussed in Chapter 3.
Information on SO2 emissions from industrial sources is
presented in Chapter 4. An explanation of new methods of
estimating pollutant emissions started during the past year is
found in Chapter 5. Biogenic NOX and VOC emissions are
presented in Chapter 6. Emissions from sources, noncriteria
pollutants, or countries not traditionally part of the Trends
report are displayed in Chapters 7, 8, and 9. The EPA and
other governmental agencies developed these emissions. In
each chapter, numeric superscripts represent references and
alphabetic superscripts represent endnotes.
As in last year's report, all emissions reported in tables
and figures in the body of the report are in units of thousand
short tons, except Pb.b The pollutants are presented in the
order of CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, PM10, PM25, Pb, and NH3
throughout this report. We developed emissions at the county
and Source Classification Code (SCC) level for the years
1985 to 1998 for most source categories. We then summed
these emissions to the national Tier level. There are four
levels in the tier categorization. The first and second level,
respectively called Tier 1 and Tier 2, are the same for each of
the six criteria pollutants. [NOTE: Tier 2 in this context
should not be confused with the recently announced Tier II
motor vehicle control standards] The third level, Tier 3, is
unique for each pollutant. The fourth level, Tier 4, is the
SCC level. The match-up between SCC and all three tier
levels can be obtained by contacting EFIG (see Note at the
bottom of Table 1-1). Table 1-1 lists the Tier 1 and Tier 2
categories used in Chapters 1 through 5 to present the criteria
air pollutant emission estimates. Tables and figures appear at
the end of each chapter in the order in which we have
discussed them within the chapter. Appendix A contains
tables listing emissions for each of the criteria pollutants by
Tier 3 source categories. If emissions are reported as zero, the
emissions are
less than 0.5 thousand tons (or 0.5 tons for Pb). "NA"
indicates that the apportionment of the historic emissions to
these subcategories is not possible. If a tier category does not
appear, then emissions are not currently estimated for that
category (either EPA estimates the emissions as zero or does
not currently estimate the emissions due to time or resource
limitations).
Throughout this report, emission estimates of PM10 and
PM25 are presented by source category as total from all
sources, including fugitive dust sources, and nonfugitive dust
sources. Fugitive dust sources are included in the following
tier categories.
Tier 1 Tier 1 Name Tier 2 Tier 2 Name
13 Natural
Sources
14 Miscellaneous 01
07
02 Geogenic (wind erosion)
Agriculture and Forestry (agricultural
crops or tilling and feedlots)
Fugitive Dust (paved and unpaved
roads; unpaved airstrips; construction;
mining and quarrying; wind erosion -
industrial; point source - haul roads)
Emissions of NOX are expressed as weight-equivalent
NO2. Thus, we have inflated the actual tons of NO emitted to
report them as if they were NO2. You should therefore
assume that the molecular weight was that of NO2 when using
numbers in this report.0
We report the VOC emissions as the actual weight of
many different compounds. The relative amounts of the
individual compounds emitted will determine the average
molecular weight of a given source category's emissions.
Therefore, no equivalent molecular weight standard exists for
VOC. The VOC emissions referred to in this report exclude
those organic compounds considered negligibly
photochemically reactive, according to the EPA definition of
VOC in the Code of Federal Regulations (40CFR51.100).11
Thus, we have not included methane, ethane, and certain
other organic compounds in the VOC totals.
1-4 # 1.0 Introduction
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
1.5 REFERENCES
1. "Air Quality Criteria for Carbon Monoxide," EPA/600/8-90/045F (NTIS PB93-167492), Office of Health and
Environment Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. 1991.
2. "Air Quality Criteria for Oxides of Nitrogen," EPA/600/8-9 !/049aF-cF.3v, Office of Health and Environment
Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. 1993.
3. "Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants," Volume I of III, EPA/600/8-93/004aF, Office of
Health and Environment Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. July 1996.
4. "Air Quality Criteria for Paniculate Matter and Sulfur Oxides," EPA/600/8-82/029aF-cF.3v (NTIS PB84-156777).
Office of Health and Environment Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1991.
5. "Health and Environmental Effects of Paniculate Matter," Fact Sheet, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. July 17, 1997.
6. "Air Quality Criteria for Lead," EPA/600/8-83/028aF-dF.4v (NTIS PB87-142378), Office of Health and Environment
Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. 1991.
7. "Historic Emissions of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides in the United States from 1900 to 1980," EPA-600/7-85-009a and b,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. April 1985.
8. "Historic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds in the United States from 1900 to 1985," EPA-600/7-88-008a,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1988.
9. "National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Procedures Document, 1900-1996," EPA-454/R-98-008, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. May 1998.
10. "National Air Pollutant Emissions Trends, 1900-1994," EPA-454/R-95-011, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1995.
11. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Volume 2, Parts 50 and 51 (40CFR51.100), pages 131-136, U.S. Government
Printing Office. Revised July 1, 1999.
a. The great majority of all emission data necessarily are estimates. Exhaustive, on-site quantification, source by source, is a practical, and an economic,
impossibility.
b. Lead emissions are measured in short tons. Short tons can be converted to metric tons by dividing the emissions by a factor of 1.1023.
c. The term nitrogen oxides (NOX) encompasses emissions of both nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitric oxide (NO).
1.0 Introduction # 1-5
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 1-1. Major Source Categories
Tier 1 Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 2 Tier 1 Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 2
CODE* NAME CODE NAME CODE NAME CODE NAME
01 FUEL COMBUSTION-ELECTRIC UTILITIES 09 STORAGE & TRANSPORT
01 Coal 01 Bulk Terminals & Plants
02 Oil 02 Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
03 Gas 03 Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
04 Other External Combustion 04 Service Stations: Stage I
05 Internal Combustion 05 Service Stations: Stage II
02 FUEL COMBUSTION-INDUSTRIAL 06 Service Stations: Breathing & Emptying
01 Coal 07 Organic Chemical Storage
02 Oil 08 Organic Chemical Transport
03 Gas 09 Inorganic Chemical Storage
04 Other External Combustion 10 Inorganic Chemical Transport
05 Internal Combustion 11 Bulk Materials Storage
03 FUEL COMBUSTION-OTHER 12 Bulk Materials Transport
01 Commercial / Institutional Coal 10 WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
02 Commercial / Institutional Oil 01 Incineration
03 Commercial / Institutional Gas 02 Open Burning
04 Misc. Fuel Combustion (except residential) 03 Publicly Owned Treatment Works
05 Residential Wood 04 Industrial Waste Water
06 Residential Other 05 Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility
04 CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG. 06 Landfills
01 Organic Chemical Mfg. 07 Other
02 Inorganic Chemical Mfg. 11 ON-ROAD VEHICLES
03 Polymer & Resin Mfg. 01 Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles & Motorcycles
04 Agricultural Chemical Mfg. 02 Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks
05 Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg. 03 Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles
06 Pharmaceutical Mfg. 04 Diesels
07 Other Chemical Mfg. 12 NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VESSELS
05 METALS PROCESSING 01 Non-road Gasoline Engines
01 Nonferrous 02 Non-road Diesel Engines
02 Ferrous 03 Aircraft
03 Metals Processing (not elsewhere classified 04 Marine Vessels
[NEC]) 05 Railroads
06 PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES 13 NATURAL SOURCES
01 Oil & Gas Production 01 Biogenic
02 Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries 02 Geogenic (wind erosion)
03 Asphalt Manufacturing 03 Miscellaneous (lightning/freshwater/saltwater)
07 OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 14 MISCELLANEOUS
01 Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products 01 Agriculture & Forestry
02 Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products 02 Other Combustion (wildfires)
03 Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products 03 Catastrophic / Accidental Releases
04 Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products 04 Repair Shops
05 Mineral Products 05 Health Services
06 Machinery Products 06 Cooling Towers
07 Electronic Equipment 07 Fugitive Dust
08 Transportation Equipment
09 Construction
10 Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
08 SOLVENT UTILIZATION
01 Degreasing
02 Graphic Arts
03 Dry Cleaning
04 Surface Coating
05 Other Industrial
06 Nonindustrial
07 Solvent Utilization (NEC)
Note(s): * Code numbers are presented for The Representative Emissions National Data System (TRENDS) user.
The Source Classification Code (SCC) definitions and assignment to Tier category are available on the Technology Transfer Network's
(919-541-1000) Emission Inventories/Emission Factors Information (CHIEF) Technical Information Area, or on the Internet
(www.epa.gov/ttn/chief).
1-6 # 1.0 Introduction
-------
Chapter 2.0 1998 Emissions
2.1 WHAT EMISSIONS DATA ARE
PRESENTED IN THIS CHAPTER?
This chapter describes the carbon monoxide (CO),
nitrogen oxides (NOX), volatile organic compound (VOC),
sulfur dioxide (SO2), paniculate matter less than 10 microns
(PM10), paniculate matter less than 2.5 microns (PM25), lead
(Pb), and ammonia (NH3) emission estimates for 1998. Any
notable trends from 1996 levels are discussed.
2.2 HOW HAVE EMISSION ESTIMATES
CHANGED FROM 1996 TO 1998 AND
WHY?
Tables A-l through A-7 provide detailed emission
summaries for all pollutants at 5-year intervals from 1970
through 1985 and yearly for the period 1988 through 1998.
Exact percentage changes from year to year for specific source
categories can be calculated from those tables. In particular
the tables show that between 1996 and 1998, overall
emissions levels for CO and VOC decreased, NOX remained
essentially level, while emissions for SO2, PM10, and PM2 5,
and Pb increased. Specifically,
...for utilities
SO2 emissions from point sources increased
primarily due to coal-fired and oil-fired electric
utilities. Increased burning of bituminous and
anthracite coal by utilities created an increase of
approximately 0.5 million tons/year of SO2.'
...for on-road vehicles
Reductions due to fleet turnover (implementation of
Tier I standards),2 reformulated gasoline require-
ments, oxygenated fuel, and fuels with lower Reid
vapor pressure resulted in the decrease in on-road
CO, NOX, VOC, PM10, and PM2 5 emissions despite
the higher vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in 1998.
Higher VMT caused an increase in SO2 and NH3
on-road emissions.
Changes to 1990-1998 NOX emissions from heavy-
duty diesel vehicles (HDDV) due to adjustments in
emissions due to the diesel defeat device (see section
5.7.4).
...for non-road vehicles
1998 emissions decreased slightly for CO, NOX, and
VOC, remained steady forPb, and increased slightly
for NOX, SO2, PM10, and PM25 due to variations in
fuel consumption by non-road engines3 (gasoline
and diesel) and vehicles (airplanes, locomotives, and
marine vessels).
...for miscellaneous sources
1998 miscellaneous emissions decreased from 1996
levels for all pollutants except PM10, PM25, andNH3.
Increases in paniculate emissions were primarily the
result of increased VMT on paved and unpaved
roads, as well as growth in the construction sector
due to the strong economy. Increases in NH3 were
primarily an inventory artifact resulting from
improved activity data related to agricultural
livestock operations.4
2.2.1 What Sources Are the Main
Contributors to 1998 CO Emissions?
Figure 2-1 is a pie chart showing 1998 CO emissions by
source category. As the figure shows:
On-road vehicles are major contributors to CO
emissions, representing 57 percent of total national
CO emissions. Of this 57 percent, just over half
comes from light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs
[primarily cars]) and motorcycles.
Non-road vehicles and engines contribute slightly
more than 20 percent of total CO emissions. These
emissions come primarily from gasoline
consumption by lawn and garden, industrial, and
recreational marine engines.
2.0 1998 Emissions # 2-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Solvent utilization, storage and transport, and
electric utility fuel combustion (three Tier 1 source
categories) contribute slightly more thanO.5 percent
to total national CO emissions. These source
categories are combined with petroleum and related
industries, industrial fuel combustion, other
industrial processes, waste disposal and recycling,
and chemical and allied product manufacturing, to
create the "all other" grouping in Figure 2-1.
Table 2-1 presents the point and area split of the Tier 1
source categories. Area source emissions, including
transportation sources and some minor point sources,
comprise over 95 percent of total 1998 CO emissions.
2.2.2 What Sources Are the Main
Contributors to 1998 NOX Emissions?
Figure 2-2 is a pie chart showing 1998 NOX emissions by
source category. As the figure shows:
On-road vehicles account for 31 percent of total
national NOX emissions. LDGVs are a major
contributor (approximately 37 percent) to the 1998
on-road vehicle NOX emissions.
Electric utilities represent 25 percent of total
national NOX emissions in 1998. Coal combustion
represents almost 90 percent of these emissions, with
two-thirds of the coal combustion emissions coming
from bituminous coal combustion.
Solvent utilization, storage and transport, waste
disposal and recycling, and metals processing (four
Tier 1 source categories) constitute less that 1
percent of total national NOX emissions. The United
States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) includes these sources in the "all other"
grouping in Figure 2-2, along with chemical and
allied product manufacturing, other industrial
processes, miscellaneous, and petroleum and related
industries.
Table 2-1 presents the point and area split of the Tier 1
source categories. Area source emissions, including
transportation sources, comprise 62 percent of total 1998 NOX
emissions. On-road and non-road sources contribute 53
percent of the total NOX.
2.2.3 What Sources Are the Main
Contributors to 1998 VOC Emissions?
Figure 2-3 shows 1998 VOC emissions by source
category. As the figure indicates:
Solvent utilization represents 30 percent of the total
1998 VOC emissions. Surface coating constitutes
just over 40 percent of the solvent utilization
emissions. The 26 specific subcategories of surface
coating estimated by EPA are presented in Table
A-3. Table A-3 also shows the effects of control
programs on these sources. For example, co-control
of VOCs related to maximum achievable control
technology (MACT) controls can be seen for 1998
emissions from industrial adhesive surface coating
operations. A MACT standard for that source
category went into effect in 1998, reducing
emissions by over 50 percent relative to 1996 and
1997 values.5
On-road vehicles represented 29 percent of total
national VOC emissions. LDGVs account for just
over half of total national on-road vehicle VOC
emissions.
Electric utility fuel combustion and metals
processing (two Tier 1 source categories) contribute
slightly less than 3 percent of total national VOC
emissions. EPA combines electric utility fuel
combustion, metals processing, chemical and allied
product manufacturing, petroleum and related
industries, miscellaneous, other industrial processes
and fuel combustion (industrial, other) into an "all
other" grouping of Figure 2-3. This "all other"
grouping contributed 21 percent to the total 1998
VOC emissions.
Table 2-1 presents the point and area source split of the
Tier 1 source categories. Area source emissions, including
transportation sources, make up 86 percent of total 1998 VOC
emissions.
2.2.4 What Sources Are the Main
Contributors to 1998 SO2 Emissions?
Figure 2-4 is a pie chart showing 1998 SO2 emissions by
source category. As the figure shows:
Electric utilities contribute the majority of SO2
emissions, representing over two-thirds (68 percent)
of total national SO2 emissions in 1998. Well over
90 percent of these emissions come from coal
combustion. Bituminous coal combustion accounts
three-fourths of the electric utility coal combustion
emissions.
Industrial coal combustion produced 15 percent of
the 1998 SO2 emissions.
2-2 # 2.0 1998 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Solvent utilization, storage and transport, waste
disposal and recycling, on-road sources, and
miscellaneous (five Tier 1 source categories) account
for 2 percent of total national SO2 emissions. These
sources, along with non-road sources, petroleum and
related industries, and other industrial processes,
comprise EPA's "all other" grouping.
Table 2-1 presents the point and area split of the Tier 1
source categories. Area source emissions, including
transportation sources, make up 14 percent of total 1998 SO2
emissions, while point sources make up the remainder.
2.2.5 What Sources Are the Main
Contributors to 1998 Particulate Matter
(PM10 and PM2 5) Emissions?
Figures 2-5 and 2-6 are pie charts showing 1998 PM10
and PM25 emissions by source category. They depict the
nonfugitive dust sources of PM10 and PM2 5. As the figures
show:
Fuel combustion processes (utilities, industrial,
commercial, and institutional boilers, and area
source combustion) contribute the most to the
nonfugitive dust portions of PM. Mobile sources,
both on-road and non-road, are the next largest
category of emitters. Industrial processes
collectively comprise only about 10 percent of the
nonfugitive dust sources, but they could have a
significant effect on air quality in their vicinity.
Wildfire PM10 and PM25 emissions for 1998
decreased significantly relative to 1996 and 1997
levels due to a dramatic reduction in the number of
acres burned. Managed burning and wildfires
comprise most of the area source combustion
contributions in Figures 2-5 and 2-6.
Although the NET inventory shows that fugitive dust
contributes a large percentage to the total PM emissions, a
report by the Desert Research Institute found that about 75%
of these emissions are within 2 m of the ground at the point
they are measured. Thus, most of them are likely to be
removed or deposited within a few km of their release,
depending on atmospheric turbulence, temperature, soil
moisture, availability of horizontal and vertical surfaces for
impaction and initial suspension energy. This is consistent
with the generally small amount of crustal materials found on
speciated ambient samples.6
For a complete understanding of PM2 5 emissions, one
should also consider the emissions of SO2, NOX, and NH3.
These gases react in the atmosphere to form ammonium
sulfate and ammonium nitrate fine particles; also, some
organic particles are formed from VOCs. These "secondary"
fine particles (in contrast to the directly emitted particles from
combustion and fugitive dust) can comprise as much as half
the PM2 5 measured in the U.S.7 Source apportionment studies
exist to help elucidate the role of primary PM (reflected in the
NET) and secondary PM.
Table 2-1 presents the point and area split of the Tier 1
source categories. Area source emissions, including
transportation sources, make up 96 percent of total 1998 PM10
emissions. Methods and related data sources for several area
source categories are currently being reviewed. These include
unpaved roads, open burning, and construction.
Note that some emission estimates have not been
updated. For example, wind erosion paniculate emissions
have been maintained at a constant value since 1996. Also,
annual estimates of wind erosion emissions are difficult to
interpret, owing to the extremely short duration of most wind
events.
2.2.6 What Sources Are the Main
Contributors to 1998 Pb Emissions?
Figure 2-7 is a pie chart showing 1998 Pb emissions by
source category. As the figure shows:
Metals processing contributes 53 percent to total
national Pb emissions. Nonferrous metal processing
represents 65 percent of the 1998 metals processing
emissions. Primary and secondary Pb products
represent 46 and 37 percent, respectively, of the
nonferrous metals in 1998.
On-road emissions account for less than 0.5 percent
of total national Pb emissions.
EPA does not estimate Pb emissions for the
following 5 Tier 1 source categories because Pb
emissions from these sources are thought to be
negligible: solvent utilization, storage and transport,
petroleum and related industries, natural sources,
and miscellaneous. Figure 2-7 shows the percentage
contribution from the remaining 9 Tier 1 categories.
The "all other" grouping includes chemical and
allied product manufacturing, other industrial
processes, and fuel combustion (electric utility and
industrial).
2.2.7 What Sources Are the Main
Contributors to 1998 NH3 Emissions?
Figure 2-8 is a pie chart showing 1998 NH3 emissions by
source category. As the figure shows, livestock agriculture
contributes the largest amount of NH3 emissions. Livestock
agriculture and fertilizer application combined comprise 86
2.0 1998 Emissions # 2-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
percent of total national NH3 emissions in 1998. Currently,
the USDA and EPA are working to refine the NH3 inventory
for all source categories, including some natural and biogenic
categories that are not in the current inventory. As mentioned
above (section 2.2.5), NH3 is involved in the formation of
ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate particles. The NH3
inventory is important to perform modeling simulations to
understand the formation of these particles in the atmosphere
using transport and transformation models.
2.3 HOW DOES EPA ESTIMATE AND
REPORT SPATIAL EMISSIONS?
EPA estimates emissions at the county level and then
sums them to the state level for all criteria pollutants except
Pb and for all source categories except fugitive dust sources
and wildfires (whose emissions are estimated at the State level
and are allocated to the county level using spatial surrogates).
Figures 2-9 through 2-15 present the broad geographic
distributions of 1998 emissions based on each county's
tonnage per square mile. Specifically,
Figure 2-9 shows that (on an emission density basis)
the eastern third of the United States and the west
coast emit more CO than the western two-thirds of
the continental United States.
Figures 2-10 through 2-12 show that the eastern half
of the United States and the west coast emit more
NOX, VOC, and SO2 than the western half of the
continental United States.
Fugitive dust emissions, which predominate in rural
and agricultural areas, comprise the major
component of PM10 and PM25 emissions. NH3
emissions follow a similar pattern, although they are
primarily associated with agricultural and fertilizer
sources rather than fugitive dust.
2.3.1 How Does My State Compare in Rank
to Other States?
To understand how a particular State ranks relative to
magnitude of emissions, refer to Table 2-2, which presents
the total state-level emissions and state rankings for all
pollutants.
EPA summed the county-level emissions to produce
the state-level emissions.
The estimates for Alaska and Hawaii include only
on-road vehicle, point source, residential wood
combustion, and wildfire emissions. PM10 and PM2 5
estimates also include some fugitive dust estimates
for Alaska and Hawaii. (A base year inventory
similar to National Acid Precipitation Assessment
Program (NAPAP) was not available for these
states.)
2.4 WHAT ARE THE LARGEST POINT
SOURCES IN THE INVENTORY?
Refer to Table 2-1 to understand which categories
contain the largest amount of point sources. Historically,
steel mills, smelters, utility plants, and petroleum refining
produce the largest point source emissions. We usually
provide point source top 50 lists in this report; however, this
year new periodic emission inventory (PEI) point source data
was received and was still being quality assured at press time.
Once the State data is deemed accurate, EPA intends to post
top 50 lists by pollutant on EPA's Emission Factor and
Inventory Group's (EFIG) web site (expected later in 2000).
The internet address for the EFIG is:
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/
2-4 # 2.0 1998 Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
2.5 REFERENCES
1. http ://www.epa.gov/acidrain/cems/cemlng.html
2. Federal Register as 56 FR 25724, June 5, 1991.
3. http://www.epa.gov/otaq/nonrdmdl.htm
4. 1997 Census of Agriculture: Geographic Area Series, Volume 1, 1A, IB, 1C [machine-readable data file] / United
States Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service. Washington, D.C.: The Service [producer and
distributor], 1999.
5. Listing of MACT rules may be found at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/eparules.html
6. Watson, John G. and Judith C. Chow, "Reconciling Urban Fugitive Dust Emissions Inventory and Ambient Source
Contribution Estimates: Summary of Current Knowledge and Recent Research" DRAFT, Desert Research Institute
Document No. 61104dD2, Reno, NV, September 3, 1999. (This document may be found at:
http//www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42pdf/fugitive.pdf).
7. "National Air Quality and Emission Trends Report, 1997", EPA-454/R-98-016, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Pages 42-45, December 1998.
8. "National Air Pollutant Emissions Trends, 1900-1996," EPA-454/R-97-011, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1997.
9. Bollman, A.D. and G. Stella, "Status and Future Plans for the Economic Growth Analysis System (EGAS)."
Proceedings of the Air & Waste Management Association Emission Inventory Specialty Conference, New Orleans, LA,
December 8-10, 1998.
2.0 1998 Emissions # 2-5
-------
Table 2-1. 1998 National Point and Area Emissions by Source Category and Pollutant
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
NATURAL SOURCES
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL
Point
413
908
83
1,129
1,494
365
629
2
80
31
0
0
0
0
5,134
CO
Area
4
206
3,760
0
1
3
3
0
0
1,123
50,386
19,914
0
8,920
84,319
Total
417
1,114
3,843
1,129
1,495
368
632
2
80
1,154
50,386
19,914
0
8,920
89,454
Point
6,095
2,142
142
152
88
122
402
2
7
38
0
0
0
1
9,190
NOX
Area
8
827
975
0
0
16
6
0
0
59
7,765
5,280
0
327
15,264
Total
6,103
2,969
1,117
152
88
138
408
2
7
97
7,765
5,280
0
328
24,454
Point
54
144
12
312
75
223
388
639
298
27
0
0
0
2
2,174
VOC
Area
0
17
666
84
0
273
62
4,640
1,025
406
5,325
2,461
14
770
15,743
Total
54
161
678
396
76
496
450
5,278
1,324
433
5,325
2,461
14
772
17,917
Point
13,217
2,075
191
299
444
344
366
1
3
19
0
0
0
0
16,960
S02
Area Total
0 13,217
820 2,895
41 8 609
0 299
0 444
0 345
3 370
0 1
0 3
24 42
326 326
1 ,084 1 ,084
0 0
12 12
2,688 19,647
Emissions (percent)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
NATURAL SOURCES
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL
Point
8
18
2
22
29
7
12
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
100
CO
Area
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
60
24
0
11
100
Total
0
1
4
1
2
0
1
0
0
1
56
22
0
10
100
Point
66
23
2
2
1
1
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
NOX
Area
0
5
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
51
35
0
2
100
Total
25
12
5
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
32
22
0
1
100
Point
2
6
0
12
18
9
15
25
12
1
0
0
0
0
100
VOC
Area
0
0
4
1
0
2
0
29
7
3
34
16
0
5
100
Total
0
1
4
2
2
3
2
29
7
2
29
13
0
4
100
Point
78
12
1
2
3
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
S02
Area Total
0 67
31 15
16 3
0 2
0 2
0 2
0 2
0 0
0 0
1 0
12 2
40 6
0 0
0 0
100 100
-------
Table 2-1 (continued)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
NATURAL SOURCES
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL
Point
302
201
18
65
170
31
299
6
94
13
0
0
0
34
1,232
PM10
Area
0
45
526
0
0
1
40
0
0
297
257
461
5,307
26,576
33,509
Total
302
245
544
65
171
32
339
6
94
310
257
461
5,307
26,609
34,741
Point
165
147
11
39
112
18
168
5
32
9
0
0
0
22
729
PM2.5
Area
0
13
455
0
0
0
19
0
0
230
197
413
796
5,527
7,650
Total
165
160
466
39
112
18
187
5
32
238
197
413
796
5,549
8,379
Point
8
40
0
165
5
35
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
259
NH3
Area
0
7
6
0
0
0
40
0
0
86
250
10
34
4,244
4,677
Total
8
47
6
165
5
35
44
0
1
86
250
10
34
4,244
4,936
Emissions (percent)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
NATURAL SOURCES
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL
Point
25
16
1
5
14
3
24
0
8
1
0
0
0
3
100
PM10
Area
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
16
79
100
Total
1
1
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
15
77
100
Point
23
20
2
5
15
2
23
1
4
1
0
0
0
3
100
PM2.5
Area
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
5
10
72
100
Total
2
2
6
0
1
0
2
0
0
3
2
5
10
66
100
Point
3
16
0
64
2
14
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
NH3
Area
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
5
0
1
91
100
Total
0
1
0
3
0
1
1
0
0
2
5
0
1
86
100
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 2-2. Anthropogenic 1998 State-level Emissions and Rank for
CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, PM10, PM25, and NH3
(thousand short tons)
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
DC
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
Rank
12
13
27
31
1
29
37
51
50
3
4
47
34
9
11
33
28
26
14
42
32
30
7
22
25
19
39
40
41
45
24
36
6
10
43
5
23
18
8
49
20
46
16
2
35
48
15
17
38
21
44
CO;
2,361 :
2,249!
1,370 1
1,147!
8,072 1
1,200:
793J
100:
216!
5,203:
3,998 1
321 :
956 1
2,890 :
2,526 1
1,045:
1,230 1
1,389:
2,184!
488:
1,107!
1,188:
3,309 1
1,552:
1,414!
1,816:
703 1
681 :
520 1
355:
1,454!
855:
3,337!
2,773:
380 1
3,934:
1,518!
1,988:
2,909 1
221 :
1,638 1
333:
2,037 1
5,644:
942 1
240 :
2,1 49 1
2,035:
721 I
1,600!
361 I
89.454:
Rank
15
44
23
35
2
25
41
51
47
5
12
48
43
4
7
30
20
14
9
45
29
31
6
21
28
16
39
36
40
46
22
32
13
11
37
3
24
33
8
50
26
42
10
1
38
49
17
27
18
19
34
NOj
619:
99:
450 1
267:
1,456 1
400!
153!
23:
77J
1,059:
730 1
59:
116!
1,076!
848 1
343:
479J
682:
825 1
94:
344J
304:
880 1
476:
353J
546:
176!
239!
157!
82!
466 1
279:
723 1
745:
235 1
1,193:
440 1
271 :
840 1
35:
367 1
119:
761 I
2,140!
233 1
45:
532 1
364:
500 1
480 :
270 1
24.454:
Rank
16
14
26
32
2
27
35
51
48
3
9
47
39
6
12
31
30
23
15
40
33
29
4
19
24
20
42
36
43
45
17
38
5
8
41
7
25
28
10
49
22
44
11
1
34
50
13
21
37
18
46
VOC;
419:
457:
281 I
223!
1,215!
274:
156!
22:
51 I
891 !
576 1
53:
115!
748!
518!
239!
257 1
330 :
425 1
109:
183!
264!
765 1
381 :
304 1
360 :
105!
154!
98 1
74!
408 1
140!
753J
605!
105!
706!
295 1
272:
575J
49:
334J
73:
528 1
1,388:
161 I
44!
471 I
347!
141 I
400 :
68!
17.917:
Rank
9
50
26
36
28
35
41
51
37
6
13
47
46
4
3
23
30
10
16
44
19
24
14
31
21
15
42
38
40
34
25
27
12
11
20
1
32
43
2
49
22
45
7
5
39
48
18
33
8
17
29
so2;
764:
12:
225 1
125:
182!
137!
66 1
11 !
96 1
1,008!
660 1
35:
39J
1,153:
1,164!
283:
163!
753!
405 1
53:
339J
264:
628 1
162:
305 1
482:
60 1
94!
66 1
148!
257 1
199:
688 1
729:
327 1
1 ,921 :
157!
ss:
1 ,221 I
12:
290 1
53:
789 1
1,096:
79J
15:
373J
155:
787 1
378:
179!
19.647:
Rank
19
39
36
23
3
24
45
51
48
11
7
49
14
9
17
20
4
35
27
42
41
38
21
10
26
5
6
18
44
47
37
1
12
25
29
16
8
13
22
50
30
34
33
2
40
46
31
28
43
32
15
PMin!
619:
274:
336 1
529:
1,973!
518:
119!
6!
39J
822:
1,103!
35:
678 1
1,028!
641 I
602:
1,570 1
345!
441 I
158:
227 1
290 :
569 1
1,011 :
458 1
1,286:
1,137!
632:
143!
54!
313!
4,987!
767 1
501 :
430 1
ess:
1,033 1
686:
547J
25:
410J
349:
375J
3,655:
238 1
75:
409 1
430 :
152!
391 !
663:
34.741 :
Rank
15
19
24
25
3
29
45
51
48
7
4
49
17
6
20
27
5
35
23
36
42
40
21
10
26
8
12
30
44
47
37
1
11
16
38
13
14
9
18
50
34
39
28
2
41
46
32
22
43
33
31
PM,.5I
184:
155:
145;
132:
535J
125:
30 1
2!
14!
260 :
320 1
11 :
161 I
261 :
154;
130!
299 1
103:
149!
102:
57J
72:
153!
222!
130!
252!
216!
125!
39J
17:
96 1
781 !
222J
172:
92 1
195!
193!
224!
156!
8!
112J
73:
130!
733!
69 1
18!
118!
149!
50 1
112!
122:
8.379:
Rank
24
51
36
10
7
15
45
50
43
22
17
47
27
11
18
2
4
21
13
46
38
42
29
8
23
6
19
3
40
48
41
34
30
9
26
16
5
31
20
49
37
12
25
1
35
44
28
32
39
14
33
NH3
88
1
35
161
211
111
8
2
12
94
106
7
78
148
104
305
232
95
130
8
28
14
70
198
91
221
96
241
17
3
15
49
69
183
79
111
222
65
96
2
33
132
83
511
36
10
73
59
19
124
53
4.935
Note(s): The sums of States may not equal National totals due to rounding.
2-8 # 2.0 1998 Emissions
-------
Figure 2-1. 1998 National CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions
by Principal Source Categories
On-Road and
Non-Road Engines
and Vehicles
00
W
3
M iscellaneous
All Other
Fuel Combustion
Other
Metals Processing
*
-------
o
*
00
W
Figure 2-2. 1998 National NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions
by Principal Source Categories
Fue\ Combustion -
Electric Utility
On-Road and
Non-Road Engines
and Vehicles
Fuel Combustion
Other
Fuel Combustion
Industrial
All Other
-------
Figure 2-3. 1998 National VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions
by Principal Source Categories
All Other
On-Road and
Non-Road Engines
and Vehicles
Solvent Utilization
Storage and
Transport
00
W
*
I-J
-------
IN)
i
h-1
ks>
00
W
Figure 2-4. 1998 National SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions
by Principal Source Categories
Fuel Combustion -
Electrical Utility
Fuel Combustion -
Industrial
Fuel Combustioi
Other
Metals Process!
On-Road and
Non-Road Engines
and Vehicles
All Other
-------
Figure 2-5. 1998 Directly Emitted National PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10)
Emissions by Principal Source Categories for Nonfugitive Dust Sources
Other Industrial
Processes
On-Road and Non-
Road Engines and
Vehicles
Fuel Combustion -
Industrial
Fuel Combustion -
Electrical Utility
Fuel Combustion -
Other
Area Source
Combustion
00
W
All Other
For a complete understanding of PM25 emissions, one should also consider the emissions of SO2, NOX, and NH3. These gases react in the atmosphere to form ammonium sulfate and
ammonium nitrate fine particles; also, some organic particles are formed from VOCs. These "secondary" fine particles (in contrast to the directly emitted particles from combustion and fugitive
dust) can comprise as much as half the PM2 5 measured in the United States.7 Source apportionment studies exist to help elucidate the role of primary PM (reflected in the NET) and secondary
PM. Note that emissions from fugitive dust sources are not included in the figure.
*
-------
00
W
Figure 2-6. 1998 Directly Emitted National PARTICULATE MATTER (PM25)
Emissions by Principal Source Categories for Nonfugitive Dust Sources
Fuel Combustion
Other
Other Industrial
Processes
Fuel Combustion -
Industrial
Fuel Combustion -
Electrical Utility
All Other
On-Road and Non-
Road Engines and
Vehicles
Area Source
Combustion
For a complete understanding of PM25 emissions, one should also consider the emissions of SO2, NOX, and NH3. These gases react in the atmosphere to form ammonium sulfate and
ammonium nitrate fine particles; also, some organic particles are formed from VOCs. These "secondary" fine particles (in contrast to the directly emitted particles from combustion and fugitive
dust) can comprise as much as half the PM25 measured in the United States.7 Source apportionment studies exist to help elucidate the role of primary PM (reflected in the NET) and secondary
PM. Note that emissions from fugitive dust sources are not included in the figure.
-------
Figure 2-7. 1998 National LEAD Emissions
by Principal Source Categories
Waste Disposal
and Recycling
Metals Processing
On-Road and
Non-Road Engines
and Vehicles
AMOther
Fuel Combustion-
Other
Chemical and
Allied Product
Manufacturing
00
W
*
I-J
-------
IN)
i
h-1
ON
00
M
Figure 2-3. 1998 National AMMONIA Emissions
by Principal Source Categories
On-Road and
Non-Road Engines
and Vehicles
M\ Other
Chemical & Allied
Product Mfg.
Waste Disposal &
Recycling
M iscellaneous
(includes
livestock and
fertilizer)
-------
Figure 2-9. Density Map of 1998 CARBON MONOXIDE
Emissions by County
00
W
3
C-K
tq
*
-------
I-J
I
h^
X
*
w
Figure 2-10. Density Map of 1998 NITROGEN OXIDE
Emissions by County
i
I
-------
Figure 2-11. Density Map of 1998 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
Emissions by County
3
C-K
tq
-------
I-J
o
*
W
Figure 2-12. Density Map of 1998 SULFUR DIOXIDE
Emissions by County
i
I
-------
Figure 2-13. Density Map of 1998 PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10)
Emissions by County
00
W
o
B
I
3'
3
T3
O
-------
00
W
Figure 2-14. Density Map of 1998 PARTICULATE MATTER (PM25)
Emissions by County
a
3
I
-------
Figure 2-15. Density Map of 1998 AMMONIA Emissions by County
h3
1=
I
1=
1*0
Id
fe
1*0
IS
-------
Chapter 3.0
National Emissions Trends,
1900 to 1998
3.1 WHAT DATA ARE PRESENTED IN
THIS CHAPTER?
This chapter presents historical trends in air pollutant
emissions [carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO,,),
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), sulfur dioxide (SO2),
paniculate matter less than 10 microns (PM10), paniculate
matter less than 2.5 microns (PM2 5), and lead (Pb). Although
not a criteria pollutant, emission estimates for ammonia
(NH3)] for the period 1900 through 1998 (where available).
The source categories discussed in this chapter include: fuel
combustion, industrial processes (chemical and allied
products, metals processing, petroleum and related industries,
other industrial processes, solvent utilization, storage and
transport, and waste disposal and recycling), on-road vehicles,
non-road engines and vehicles, and miscellaneous. This
chapter also describes the effects that national economic
activity and regulatory efforts have had on air pollutant
emissions trends.
In this chapter, values representing changing emissions or
the percentage change in emissions over various time periods
are presented. It is important for the reader to realize that all
values are estimates only and possess a large degree of
uncertainty. Uncertainty analyses are ongoing at the United
States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and
will be reported in the FY2001 report.
3.2 WHEN DID AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL EFFORTS BEGIN AND HOW
HAVE THEY EVOLVED?
In 1881, the cities of Chicago and Cincinnati, in an effort
to control smoke and soot primarily from furnaces and
locomotives, passed the first air pollution statutes in the
United States. By the early 1900s, county governments began
to pass their own pollution control laws. In 1952, Oregon
became the first state to legislatively control air pollution, and
other states soon followed, enacting air pollution statutes
generally aimed at controlling smoke and particulates.
The Federal Governmentbecame involved in air pollution
control in 1955 with the passage of the Air Pollution Control
Act. This law limited Federal involvement in air pollution
control to providing funding assistance for the States' air
pollution research and training efforts. The shift by the
Federal Government toward greater involvement in air
pollution control began with the passage of the original Clean
Air Act (CAA) in 1963. This act provided permanent Federal
support for air pollution research, continued and increased
Federal assistance to states for developing their air pollution
control agencies, and a mechanism through which the Federal
Government could assist states with cross-boundary air
pollution problems. In 1965, Congress amended the CAAfor
the first time, directing the Secretary of Health, Education,
and Welfare to set the first Federal emissions standards for
mo tor vehicles.
In 1967, Congress passed the Air Quality Act, which
required that states establish air quality control regions and
that Health, Education, and Welfare, through the National Air
Pollution Control Administration, conduct research on the
effects of air pollution, operate a monitoring network, and
promulgate criteria to serve as the basis for setting emission
standards. States would then use the HEW information to set
air quality standards. In addition, the Air Quality Act directed
HEW to identify control technologies for states to use to attain
the air quality standards that each state was to have
established.
Several problems undermined this early period of federal
air pollution control. The HEW belatedly issued guidance
documents detailing the adverse health effects associated with
common air pollutants; where guidance documents had been
prepared, states either failed to set air quality standards or
failed to develop implementation plans in a timely manner. In
addition, the initial exhaust emission standards set by HEW in
1968 resulted only in relatively small reductions in automobile
pollutants.
1970 marked the beginning of several major changes to
federal air pollution control efforts. First, the Federal
Government created a new federal agency, the EPA, on
December 2, 1970, and charged it with the responsibility of
setting National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).
Second, EPA was given the authority to develop national
emissions standards for cars, trucks, and buses. Finally,
Congress gave EPA the power to set emissions performance
standards [known as new source performance standards
(NSPS)] for all new sources of the common air pollutants.
Under the CAA, the only major responsibility that states
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends « 3-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
retained was that of determining how to control existing
sources.
In response to its mandate, the EPA promulgated primary
and secondary NAAQS in 1971 for photochemical oxidants,
SO2, total suspended paniculate (TSP), CO, and
hydrocarbons. To comply with each of the NAAQS by a 1975
deadline, states had to develop and implement State
Implementation Plans (SIPs) that would demonstrate how
existing sources would be controlled. In 1977, Congress made
additional modifications to the CAA, laying the groundwork
for more significant changes to occur with the passage of the
CAA Amendments (CAAA).
The photochemical oxidants standard formulated by EPA
in 1971 set an hourly average level that was not to be
exceeded more than once peryear. In 1979, EPA changed the
chemical designation of the NAAQS from photochemical
oxidants to ozone (O3). In 1979, EPA revised the O3 standard
from 0.08 parts per million (ppm) of O3 to 0.12 ppm of O3
measured over a 1-hour period, not to be exceeded more than
three times in a 3-year period. In July 1997, EPA once again
revised the O3 standard, returning it to 0.08 ppm of O3 but
measured over an 8-hour period, where a formal exceedance
was triggered by the fourth highest concentration over a 3 -year
period. The District of Columbia Circuit Court remanded this
revision in May of 1999, placing the status of the new 8-hour
O3 NAAQS in question.
The regulatory discussion in this report is not
comprehensive; instead, it emphasizes some of the regulatory
efforts that have targeted the major source categories for each
air pollutant. An example is the national Acid Rain Program
authorized by Title IV of the 1990 CAAA. The initial phase
of its innovative market-based SO2 reduction program began
in 1995 and, during the first year of compliance, utilities cut
SO2 emissions from their Phase I (Table A) units by
approximately 40 percent. Phase I of the Acid Rain NOX
reduction program, a more conventional rate-based control
program for coal-fired utility boilers, began in 1996 and
contributed to the general decline in NOX emissions in the late
1990s.
However, the lack of detail available for all of the data
precludes the possibility of analyzing some of the stationary
source control measures [for example, state-specific
regulations such as reasonably available control technology
(RACT) provisions]. As a point of reference, Figure 3-1
presents the trends in gross domestic product (GDP),
population, vehicle miles traveled (VMT), and total fuel
consumption (that is, total fuel consumed by industrial,
residential, commercial, and transportation sectors) from 1970
to 1998.
In the fall of 1998, EPA issued a new regulation requiring
22 states and the District of Columbia to submit SIPs to
diminish the regional transport of ground-level O3 through
reductions in NOX. This regulation is commonly known as the
NOX SIP call. By reducing NOX emissions, this rule aims to
reduce the transport of ground-level ozone across state
boundaries in the eastern half of the United States. The rule
requires NOX emission reduction measures to be in place by
May 1, 2003. While EPA does not mandate which sources
must reduce pollution, EPA expects utilities and large
non-utility point sources to be the most likely sources of NOX
emissions reductions. The rule also establishes a NOX Budget
Trading Program which should enable states to achieve over
90 percent of the required emissions reductions in a highly
cost-effective manner. EPA projects that full implementation
of the NOX SIP call would reduce NOX emissions in the
eastern United States by 25 percent, or approximately 1.142
million tons, beginning in the year 2003. Timing is uncertain
due to litigation.
3.3 WHAT ARE THE GENERAL
HISTORICAL EMISSIONS TRENDS?
Tables 3-1 through 3-8 present emissions trends for the
period 1940 through 1998 for CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, PM10,
PM25, Pb, and NH3. Appendix Tables A-l through A-7
present detailed emissions for the years 1970 through 1998,
"where available." CO, VOC, SO2, andPb emissions peaked
in or around 1970, with a general downward trend during the
1970 to 1998 time frame. PM10 emission levels peaked
around 1950, steadily declined until the mid-1980s, and since
then have remained relatively stable. NOX emissions steadily
increased through the mid-1970s to 24.4 milliontons in 1980,
declined slightly during the early 1980s, and then climbed
again, exceeding 25 million tons in 1994. Total NOX
emissions have since declined slightly. From 1990 to 1998,
NH3 emissions rose by 14 percent, while PM25 emissions
remained relatively stable. Figures 3-2 through 3-9 depict
emission estimates for each source category from 1940 to
1998 (where available).
3.3.1 How Have CO Emissions Changed?
Table 3.1 shows historical trends in CO emissions by
principal source categories. Total CO emissions peaked in
1970 and decreased rather steadily thereafter. A significant
decrease in CO emissions occurred between 1973 and 1975 as
a result of disruptions in world oil markets and a subsequent
recession in the United States. (NOX and VOC emissions
trends also showed similar short-term decreases from 1973 to
1975 forthe same reasons.) The fluctuations of CO emissions
in the late 1980s is due to the variation in wildfire activity
from year-to-year.
3-2 « 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
3.3.2 How Have NOX and VOC Emissions
Changed?
This report often considers NOX and VOC together
because they comprise the principal components in the
chemical and physical atmospheric reactions that form O3 and
other photochemical oxidants. Although an ambient air
quality standard does not exist for VOC, VOC emissions are
an important category from the standpoint of modeling O3
formation.
With regard to NOX, total national emissions increased
233 percent between 1940 and 1998. Changes in emissions
over this time period are shown in Table 3-2. From 1970 to
1997, NOX emissions increased by approximately 19 percent,
followed by a slight decline in 1998.
Table 3 -3 presents the trend in VOC emissions from 1940
through 1998. Total national VOC emissions rose
significantly from 1940 to 1970, but then declined almost as
significantly from 1970 to 1998. In fact, 1998 levels exceed
1940 VOC emission levels by less than one million tons.
When calculating VOC emissions, EPA includes those
emissions of VOC species that primarily contribute to the
formation of O3 in total VOC emissions but excludes
emissions of methane (CH4), a nonreactive compound. EPA
makes no adjustments to include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
or to exclude ethane and other VOCs with negligible
photochemical reactivity, and it estimates on-road vehicle
emissions as nonmethane hydrocarbons. Chapter 6 discusses
emissions of organic compounds frombiogenic sources such
as trees and other vegetation. According to recent research,
natural sources emit almost the same level of VOC emissions
as anthropogenic sources, but the extent to which biogenic
VOC emissions contribute to oxidant formation has not been
determined.
3.3.3 How Have SO2 Emissions Changed?
Table 3-4 presents the trend in SO2 emissions between
1940 and 1998. National SO2 emissions rose 56 percent from
1940 to 1970 and have since declined, primarily because of
regulatory actions, especially those that targeted utility
sources.
3.3.4 How Have PM10 Emissions Changed?
Table 3-5 presents the 1940 to 1998 trend in PM10
emissions. EPA divides PM10 sources into two categories:
fugitive dust sources and nonfugitive dust sources. PM10
fugitive dust sources include natural sources (geogenic - wind
erosion) and some miscellaneous sources. These
miscellaneous sources include agriculture and forestry fugitive
dust sources. The PM10 nonfugitive dust sources include all
other PM10 sources. For 1998, EPA estimates that total
national fugitive dust PM10 emissions are approximately 8
times greater than total emissions from nonfugitive dust
sources. Since 1990, emissions from fugitive dust sources
have increased slightly, primarily as the result of increases in
unpaved road and construction emissions.
3.3.5 How Have PM2 5 Emissions Changed?
This most recent Trends report includes data on PM2 5
emission trends since 1990. EPA originally developed
emissions estimates for PM2 5 under the National Paniculate
Inventory (NPI). This study consisted of a 1990 air
emissions inventory for the United States (excluding Alaska
and Hawaii), Canada, and Mexico. For the 1998 Trends
report, EPA uses State paniculate data where available to
developPM25 estimates. AscanbeseeninTable 3-6, overall
PM2 5 emissions remain relatively constant from 1990 to 1998,
while emissions from residential wood combustion decline
significantly and emissions from natural sources fluctuate.
3.3.6 How Have Pb Emissions Changed?
Table 3-7 provides data on Pb emissions from 1970
through 1998. The promulgation of a national ambient air
quality standard for Pb in October 1978 has been the primary
force behind the dramatic decrease in Pb emissions from
220,869 tons in 1970 to 3,973 tons in 1998.
3.3.7 How Have NH3 Emissions Changed?
This Trends report also includes data on NH3 emission
trends since 1990. Table 3-8 presents the emissions data for
NH3 since 1990. Fuel combustion-industrial, on-road
vehicles, and miscellaneous sources saw the greatest growth
in emissions during the 1990s, while chemical and allied
product manufacturing and petroleum and related industries
saw the greatest declines in emissions during that same period.
3.4 HOW HAVE EMISSIONS IN THE
MAJOR SOURCE CATEGORIES
CHANGED?
This section discusses the trends in emissions from a
source category perspective rather than a pollutant
perspective. While each pollutant is discussed relative to the
source category being considered, the main emphasis is on the
changes that have occurred in that source category. In
addition, this section occasionally discusses long term trends
in emissions. As a point of reference, Table 3-13 presents
total national (but not source category specific) emission
estimates for each pollutant for each year available from 1900
to 1998.
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends « 3-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
3.4.1 How Have Emissions in the Stationary
Source Fuel Combustion Categories
Changed?
The three stationary source fuel combustion categories are
fuel combustion - electric utility, fuel combustion - industrial,
and fuel combustion - other. Fuel combustion - other includes
commercial/institutional coal, commercial/institutional oil,
commercial/institutional gas, miscellaneous fuel combustion
(except residential), residential wood and residential other.
Figures 3-2 through 3-9, present trends in CO, NOX, VOC,
PM, PM25, Pb, and NH3 emissions from fuel combustion
sources from as early as 1940 in most cases, to 1998.
Emissions of SO2 from fuel combustion sources peaked
in 1973, declined sharply in the mid 1990s, but are rising
again. NOX emissions from fuel combustion sources peaked
a few years later, in 1977, and remained approximately
constant at their peak level through the mid 1990s.
Meanwhile, VOC and PM10 emissions declined steadily from
1940 until the early 1970s. Emissions then rose, but declined
again in the late 1980s. Pb emissions peaked in 1972 and
have since declined significantly. Although overall CO
emissions declined steadily from 1940 until 1970, they
reversed trend after 1970, peaking at 8 million tons in 1985.
PM25 emissions have declined overall between 1990 and
1998. While NH3 emissions from fuel combustion sources
rose slightly since 1990, fuel combustion contributed less than
2 percent to national total NH3 emissions throughout the
1990s.
Historically, residential wood contributes the largest
quantity of fuel combustion CO and VOC emissions.
Therefore, despite a gradual increase in CO and VOC
emissions from electric utilities and industrial sources since
1940, the more substantial decline in emissions from
residential wood consumption since 1985 accounts for the
overall decline from the fuel combustion category since 1985.
CO and VOC emissions from the fuel combustion category
accounted for 16 and 12 percent of total national CO and
VOC emissions in 1940 but only 6 and 5 percent in 1998.
In 1900, emissions from all fuel combustion sources
represented 68 percent of total national VOC emissions, with
residential wood combustion accounting for 90 percent of
those emissions. From 1940 to 1970, residential wood
consumption declined steadily as a result of the abundant
supply, low relative prices, and convenience of fossil fuels
relative to wood for home heating, cooking, and heating water.
This decline halted in the early 1970s because disruptions in
crude oil deliveries and related product markets caused prices
for fossil fuel products to rise. These higher prices led to a
resurgence in the use of wood for home heating and thus to a
corresponding increase in emissions from residential wood
combustion. By 1980, though, prices of fossil fuel products
once again began to decline. As a result, residential wood
consumption once again declined, as did the corresponding
CO and VOC emissions.
With regard to NOX, electric utilities contribute the largest
percentage of NOX emissions from the stationary source fuel
combustion categories. In 1900, electric utilities accounted
for 4 percent of total national 1998 NOX emissions, but by
1998 they accounted for 25 percent of total national NOX
emissions. Coal accounted for 88 percent of the electric
utility NOX emissions in 1998.
Fuel combustion-industrial contributes approximately 12
percent of total national 1998 NOX emissions. While
emissions from this source have generally declined since
1970, they rose slightly from 1992 to 1996 (see Appendix
Table A-2). Meanwhile, NOXemissionsfromfuel combustion
- other generally increased since 1940, although a small
decline has occurred since 1992. Fuel combustion - other
contributed less than 5 percent of total national NOX
emissions in 1998.
As with NOX emissions, electric utilities contributed 4
percent of total national SO2 emissions in 1900. These
emissions increased by a factor of 5 over the period 1900 to
1925, but the onset of the Great Depression put a halt to the
growth in these emissions during the 1930s. As the United
States recovered from the Depression, emissions from electric
utilities once again rose. By 1940, SO2 emissions levels
approximated pre-1930 levels. From 1940 to 1970, SO2
emissions from electric utilities doubled every decade as a
result of increased coal consumption. By 1970, emissions
from coal combustion accounted for more than 90 percent of
total SO2 emissions from electric utilities. With the help of
regulatory controls, SO2 emissions from electric utilities using
all types of energy sources decreased approximately 38
percent from 1970 to 1996 (see Table A-4). Despite this
decrease, electric utilities still accounted for 67 percent of the
total national SO2 emissions in 1998.
In 1940, PM10 emissions from fuel combustion
represented approximately 31 percent of nonfugitive dust
PM10 emissions. Electric utility PM10 emissions derive
primarily from the combustion of coal. Emissions from this
electric utilities increased by approximately 85 percent
between 1940 and 1970, which corresponds to an increase in
electric production using coal as an energy source during the
same time period. Fuel combustion PM10 emissions have
since declined from 1970 levels. In terms of PM2 5, overall
fuel combustion emissions remained fairly steady from 1990
through 1998. Fuel combustion sources contributed 9 percent
of total national 1998 PM25 emissions
Fuel combustion sources accounted for 5 percent of total
national Pb emissions in 1970. Despite a 95 percent decline
since 1970, fuel combustion sources still accounted for 13
percent of total national Pb emissions in 1998. Fuel
combustion's contribution to total NH3 emissions remained
less than 2 percent throughout the 1990 to 1998 time frame.
The overall decline in emissions from fuel combustion
sources since the 1970s canbe attributed to various regulatory
actions. As mentioned previously, SO2 emissions from
electric utilities using all types of energy sources decreased
3-4 « 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
approximately 24 percent from 1970 to 1998. The SO2
NAAQS, promulgated in 1971, served as a primary factor in
reducing SO2 emissions. Another factor was EPA's
development of a NSPS in 1971. This NSPS required that all
new coal-fired power plants emit no more than 1.2 pounds of
SO2 per each million British thermal units (Btus) of electricity
produced. Most new plants chose to meet this NSPS by
shifting to lower-sulfur coals. An amendment to the CAA in
1977 effectively required any new coal-fired power plant not
only to meet the original NSPS, but also to use some form of
scrubbing equipment, even when using low-sulfur coal.
Beginning in December 1976, a NSPS for new, modified, or
reconstructed fossil-fuel-fired steam generators became
effective, further promoting reductions in fuel combustion
emissions. To help reduce PM emissions, EPA promulgated
a TSP NAAQS in 1971. In 1987, EPA revised the TSP
standard to include only PM10.
As aresult of EPA's regulations, SO2 andPM10 emissions
from coal-fired electric power facilities fell by 8 and 85
percent, respectively, between 1970 and 1993, despite the fact
that consumption of coal to produce electricity increased 150
percent during that same period.2
Title IV (Acid Deposition Control) of the CAAA is an
important factor in the decline in SO2 emissions from fuel
combustion sources and has contributed to the general decline
of NOX emissions. Title IV specifies that annual SO2
emissions must decrease by 10 million tons from 1980
emissions levels and suggests, as a guideline, that annual NOX
emissions be reduced by 2 million tons from 1980 levels.
Title IV defines two stages by which SO2 reductions must
occur. Phase I, which affects 263 mostly coal-fired units,
began January 1, 1995. Phase II, which applies to the
remaining affected Title IV units, began January 1, 2000. To
achieve these reductions in a cost effective manner, utilities
may choose from among a variety of possibilities, including
participating in a market-based allowance trading system.3
Many utilities switched to low sulfur coal and some
installed flue gas desulfurization equipment (also known as
scrubbers) for their Phase I units, thereby achieving reductions
in SO2 emissions greater than those required under Title IV.
These changes enabled utilities to reduce SO2 emissions from
their Phase I units from7.4 million tons in 1994 to 4.5 million
tons in 1995, the first year of compliance.
3.4.2 How Have Emissions in the Industrial
Process Categories Changed?
Industrial processes include the following Tier 1
categories: chemical and allied products; metals processing;
petroleum and related industries; other industrial processes;
solvent utilization; storage and transport; and waste disposal
and recycling.
CO, NOX, and VOC emissions from industrial processes
peaked in 1950, 1960, and 1980, respectively. Industrial
processes accounted for 12 percent of total national CO
emissions in 1940 and 13 percent in 1970, but only 5 percent
of total national CO emissions in 1998. With regard to NOX
emissions, industrial processes historically account for only a
small percentage of the national total. Industrial processes
accounted for an increasing share of national VOC emissions
between 1900 and 1970. Although VOC emissions from
industrial process sources declined by 41 percent from 1970
to 1998, they still account for 47 percent of total national
VOC emissions. Emission control devices and process
changes contributed to the decline in actual VOC emissions
since 1970.
CO emissions from petroleum and related industries
increased by a factor of 10 between 1940 and 1970 due to
increases in refinery throughput and in demand for refined
petroleum products. Since 1970, CO emissions from the
petroleum refining industry have decreased by 83 percent due
to the installation of emission control devices such as fluid
catalytic cracking units and the retirement of obsolete high
polluting processes such as the manufacture of carbon black
by channel process. By 1998, petroleum refining accounted
for less than 1 percent of total national CO emissions.
As mentioned previously, industrial processes account for
only a small percentage of the national total NOX emissions.
Within the industrial process category, though, waste disposal
and recycling contributed the highest percentage of NOX
emissions from 1940 to 1970. NOX emissions from the waste
disposal and recycling category increased by 300 percentfrom
1940 to 1970, but then decreased by 78 percent from 1970 to
1998 to less than 1940 levels. After 1970, the other industrial
processes category surpassed waste disposal and recycling as
the biggest contributor of industrial process NOX emissions.
The 34 percent increase in NOX emissions from industrial
processes from 1980 to 1998 occurred partly because of a
change in the methodology used to estimate emissions
between 1984 and 1985.
Emissions of VOCs from petroleum and related industries
and petroleum product storage and marketing operations
increased during the mid-1970s as a result of increased
demand for petroleum products, especially motor gasoline.
After 1980, the emissions from these sources decreased as the
result of product reformulation and the implementation of
pollutant control measures.
Industrial process SO2 emissions peaked in 1970, when
they contributed approximately 23 percent of the total national
SO2 emissions. From 1970 to 1998, emissions decreased by
79 percent, and by 1998 industrial processes only contributed
8 percent of the national total SO2 emissions.
A major reason for the decline in industrial process SO2
emissions since 1970 comes from the decline in metals
processing emissions. Although SO2 emissions from metals
processing increased by 44 percent over the period 1940 to
1970, they decreased by almost 9 Ipercent from 1970 through
1998 due to the increased use of emission control devices. By
1998, metals processing accounted for approximately 2
percent of total national SO2 emissions in 1998, down from 15
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends « 3-5
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
percent in 1970. In addition, SO2 emissions from nonferrous
smelters have fallen significantly. By-product recovery of
sulfuric acid at these smelters has increased since 1970,
resulting in the recovered sulfuric acid not being emitted as
S02.
Historically, copper processing contributed the largest
percentage of metals processing SO2 emissions. To control
copper processing SO2 emissions, EPA issued a NSPS to
regulate SO2 emissions from copper smelters built, modified,
or reconstructed after October 16, 1974. As a result, SO2
emissions from copper production facilities declined almost
97 percent between 1970 and 1998, even though copper
production only declined by 15 percent during the time period
(1970 to 1993).4
Emissions of SO2 from chemical and allied
manufacturing, petroleum and related industries, and other
industrial processes accounted for 4 percent of total SO2
emissions in 1940 and 7 percent in 1970. Since 1970, SO2
emissions from these sources have declined by 56 percent.
The NSPS issued for sulfuric acid manufacturing plants built,
modified, or reconstructed after 1972 is one major factor
contributing to this decline.
PM10 emissions from industrial processes increased from
1940 to 1960, primarily as a result of increased industrial
production. From 1960 to 1970, industrial output continued
to grow, but PM10 emissions began to decline due to the
installation of pollution control equipment mandated by state
and local air pollution control programs. This decline was
very slight, though, because the rise in emissions due to
production increases more than off set the decline in emissions
caused by the control devices.
In 1970, industrial processes contributed 66 percent of
total national nonfugitive dust source PM10 emissions. By
1998, this contribution had decreased to 26 percent, reflecting
the significant progress achieved in reducing emissions from
industrial processes.
PM2 5 emissions from industrial processes have remained
fairly steady throughout the 1990s, although emissions from
all industrial process categories declined slightly between
1995 and 1998.
In 1970, the industrial process group's Pb emissions were
13 percent of almost 221 thousand tons, nationally. Seventy-
eight percent of this national total came from the on-road
vehicles category which, by 1998 had been reduced to a mere
19 tons per year. Thus, while industrial process emissions of
Pb have been reduced by 90 percent by 1998, they now
represent 74 percent of the more dramatically reduced national
total of less than 4 thousand tons per year.
Similar to PM25 emissions, emissions of NH3 from
industrial process remained fairly steady throughout the
1990s. Emissions from all industrial process categories except
other industrial processes declined slightly between 1995 and
1998.
3.4.3 How Have Emissions in the On-road
Vehicle Categories Changed?
Historically, on-road vehicles have contributed significant
amounts to national CO, NOX, VOC, PM (if only nonfugitive
dust emissions are considered), and Pb emissions levels but
only small amounts to national SO2 emission levels. The
increasing popularity of motorized vehicles during the first
half of the 20th century led to a corresponding increase in
emissions from these vehicles.
Motorized vehicles became so popular that by 1970, on-
road vehicles accounted for 3 5 percent of total NOX emissions,
68 percent of total CO emissions, 42 percent of total VOC
emissions, and 78 percent of total Pb emissions.
In an effort to control rising emissions levels, in the early
1970s EPA developed CO, NOX, and VOC emission limits for
on-road vehicles. Table 3-9 lists the CO emission standards,
expressed in grams per mile (gpm), for light-duty vehicles
(LDV) and light-duty trucks (LOT). Table 3-10 and Table
3-11 list the NOX and VOC emissions limits for LDVs and
LDTs, respectively. In addition to these limits, LDTs greater
than 6,000 pounds and heavy-duty trucks must also meet NOX
emissions standards. The Federal CO standards through 1975
applied only to gasoline-powered LDTs, whereas federal
standards for 1976 and later applied to both gasoline and
diesel-powered LDTs. In addition, EPA requires that 1984
and later model years meet a CO standard of 0.50 percent at
idle (effective with the 1988 model year at higher altitudes).
Similar to the NOX standards, other CO standards apply to
LDTs more than 6,000 Ibs, heavy-duty engines and vehicles,
and non-road engines and vehicles.
With regard to additional CO emissions controls, the
CAAA requires cars to meet a standard of 10 gpm at 20
degrees Fahrenheit, starting with the 1996 model year. This
standard helps ensure that vehicular emission control devices
work efficiently at low temperatures.
In general, the emission limits set by EPA resulted in
significant decreases since 1970 in CO and VOC emitted by
on-road vehicles. Since 1970, CO and VOC emissions from
on-road vehicles have declined by almost 43 and 59 percent,
respectively. NOX emissions from on-road vehicles peaked in
the late 1970s but have declined slightly since then.
Although NOX emissions levels from on-road vehicles are
slightly higher than in 1970, VMT has more than doubled
since 1970. The federal NOX emissions standards have
succeeded in keeping emissions growth in check.
To achieve more significant NOX emissions reductions,
EPA issued new federal tailpipe emissions standards in
December 1999 for passenger cars, light trucks, and larger
passenger vehicles. These standards, known as Tier II
standards, should help reduce air pollution. These standards
will take effect beginning in 2004 and will apply to both cars
and light-duty trucks, including sport utility vehicles (SUVs).
3-6 « 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Under the Tier II standards, affected vehicles must meet
a 0.07 gpm standard for NOX, which is a 77 percent reduction
for cars and up to a 95 percent reduction for LDTs and SU Vs.
Vehicles weighing less than 6000 pounds will be phased-in to
the new standard between 2004 and 2007. The heaviest LDTs
will adopt a three-step approach, spanning from 2004 to 2009.
When it issued the Tier II standards, EPA also set new
standards for sulfur levels in gasoline. Gasoline suppliers
must meet an average sulfur level of 30 ppmby 2005, down
from the current average of 300 ppm. The new sulfur levels
will ensure the effectiveness of low emission-control
technologies in vehicles. Auto makers and refiners will be
allowed to meet these standards by averaging across the entire
vehicle fleet and gasoline pool.
Pb emissions from on-road vehicles, which peaked in the
early 1970s, have steadily decreased as the result of a series of
regulatory actions that progressively reduced the Pb content of
all gasoline. EPA mandates reduced the Pb content of
gasoline dramatically, from an average of 1.0 gram per gallon
(gpg)to0.5gpgonJuly 1,1985, and still further to 0.1 gpgon
January 1, 1986. In addition, as part of EPA's overall
automotive emission control program, unleaded gasoline was
introduced in 1975 for use in automobiles equipped with
catalytic control devices, which help reduce CO, VOC, and
NOX emissions. In 1975, unleaded gasoline's share of the total
gasoline market totaled 13 percent. By 1982 this share had
climbed to approximately 50 percent, and by 1996 (due to the
CAAA prohibition on the use of leaded gasoline in highway
vehicles after December 31, 1995) unleaded gasoline
accounted for 100 percent of the total gasoline market.
Table A-6 (see Appendix A) shows that Pb emissions
decreased dramatically between 1990 and 1991. This decrease
is the result of large changes in the values for Pb in gasoline.
Since the prohibition on Pb in gasoline did not officially begin
until January 1, 1996, the reductions calculated for 1991 and
later are primarily the result of limited data on trace Pb levels
in gasoline for these years. Therefore, the full reduction that
begins in 1991 may actually occur several years later.
Pb emissions from on-road vehicles have fallen
significantly since the introduction of these regulations, and
Pb emissions from on-road vehicles now account for less than
1 percent of national Pb emissions, down substantially from
almost 82 percent of national emissions in 1980.
In an effort to reduce SO2 and PM (as sulfate particles)
emissions from on-road vehicles, EPA published a regulation
on August 21, 1990, that governs desulfurization of diesel
motor fuel. This regulation states that as of October 1, 1993,
all diesel fuel that contains a concentration of sulfur in excess
of 0.05 percent by weight or that fails to meet a minimum
cetane index of 40 cannot be used in motor vehicles.5 Since
implementation of these desulfurization regulations, EPA has
found that SO2 emissions from diesel motor vehicles are
reduced by approximately 75 percent.
In 1940, on-road vehicles accounted for just over 1
percent of nonfugitive dust PM10 emissions. Although the
1998 emissions from on-road vehicles represent 9 percent of
the total national PM10 emissions from nonfugitive dust
sources, PM10 emissions from on-road vehicles in!998 are
approximately the same as those in 1940.
Absent regulation, it is reasonable to assume that a
decrease in the price of gasoline will result in greater VMT,
increased fuel use, and greater emissions, all other factors
remaining unchanged. However, overall on-road vehicle
emissions actually declined from 1970 to 1998, despite the
fact that fuel use increased approximately 50 percent, VMT
increased over 100 percent, and real gasoline prices decreased
17 percent during this same time period.1 These trends
indicate the success of regulations in reducing emissions from
on-road vehicles.
3.4.4 How Have Emissions in the Non-road
Engines and Vehicle Categories
Changed?
Unlike emissions trends for on-road vehicles, emissions
of CO, NOX, and VOC from non-road engines and vehicles
increased steadily from 1940 to 1996, with slight reductions
in CO and VOC emissions over the past 2 years. SO2
emissions declined by 97 percent from 1940 to 1970, but have
since risen again, to about one third of 1940 levels. PM10
emissions declined significantly from 1940 to 1960, rose
slightly in the period from 1960 to 1990, and have declined
slightly since 1990. PM2 5 emissions have remained relatively
level for the past 8 years. Pb emissions declined
approximately 91 percent between 1970 and 1985, and they
have continued to decline slightly since 1985. NH3 emissions
from non-road engines and vehicle over the past 9 years are
quite negligible.
Non-road engines and vehicles contributed 9 percent of
total national CO emissions in 1940, with emissions from
railroad locomotives accounting for approximately 51 percent
of this amount. CO emissions from non-road vehicles and
engines have increased 90 percent from 1940 levels and now
account for 22 percent of the national total, but now non-road
gasoline equipment engines are the predominant sources of
non-road CO emissions.
In 1900, non-road engines and vehicles accounted for 4
percent of total national VOC emissions, of which railroad
emissions contributed 99 percent. Railroad VOC emissions
peaked in 1920 at 20 percent of the national total and have
decreased since then to less than 1 percent currently.
Although railroad emissions decreased, emissions from non-
road engines and vehicles increased 216 percent during the
1940 to 1998 period. As a result, emissions from non-road
engines and vehicles as a percentage of the national total
climbed from approximately 5 percent in 1940 to
approximately 14 percent in 1998.
Similarly to on-road vehicle NOX emissions trends,
emissions from non-road engines and vehicles increased over
the period from 1940 to 1998. To help slow this growth in
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends « 3-7
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
emissions, EPA established emission control measures (Tier
I standards) for new non-road diesel engines in certain
horsepower categories. These standards began to take effect
in 1996, with full phase-in for all horsepower categories
scheduled for 2000. These controls should help reduce the
amount of NOX emissions emitted by these sources.
In 1940, SO2and PM10 emissions from non-road vehicles
and engines both accounted for approximately 16 percent,
respectively, of total national emissions for these two
pollutants. Railroads contributed significantly to total 1940
SO2 and PM10 emissions. From 1940 to 1970, SO2 and PM10
emissions from railroads decreased by 99 percent as a result
of the obsolescence of coal-fired locomotives. By 1998, non-
road engines and vehicles represented only 1 percent of the
total 1998 national PM10 emissions (16 percent of nonfugitive
dust sources). While PM10 emissions from non-road engines
and vehicles declined, so did PM10 emissions from most other
nonfugitive dust sources.
3.4.5 How Have Emissions in the
Miscellaneous Categories Changed?
In 1940, CO emissions from "miscellaneous other
combustion - forest wildfires" accounted for 27 percent of
total national CO emissions. Although relatively erratic from
year to year due to the uncontrolled nature of wildfires,
wildfire CO emissions declined from 1940 levels to only 3
percent of total national CO emissions in 1998. Similarly,
annual PM10 emissions from wildfires vary depending upon
the incidence of wildfires and upon weather conditions in
forested areas.
Miscellaneous source emissions accounted for 13 percent
of the total 1940 NOX emissions. In 1998, the total emissions
for the miscellaneous sources accounted for slightly more than
1 percent of national NOX emissions.
In 1900, emissions from the miscellaneous sources
category represented 24 percent of total VOC emissions. By
1998 they accounted for only 4 percent of national VOC
emissions. With regard to SO2 emissions, miscellaneous
sources accounted for less than 3 percent of total national SO2
emissions in 1940. By 1998, they contributed less than 0.1
percent of national SO2 emissions. Pb emissions from other/
3.6 REFERENCES
miscellaneous sources account for a negligible amount of
national Pb emissions. Meanwhile, miscellaneous emissions
account for a substantial percentage of NH3 emissions. From
1990 to 1998, emissions from miscellaneous sources rose 13
percent, and they accounted for 86 percent of total national
NH3 emissions in both 1990 and 1998.
3.5 HOW HAVE EMISSIONS IN THE
FUGITIVE DUST CATEGORIES
CHANGED?
Fugitive dust source emission estimates were first
presented in the 1991 Trends report. At that time, EPA based
its emission estimates upon old emission factors and limited
data. The methods EPA used to produce the estimates relied
on State-level default data for most source categories. In the
1997 Trends report, EPA revised the methods used to produce
post-1989 estimates in order to reflect improved emission
factors, improved activity data, or both.
For several source categories, the methodology for
estimating fugitive dust emissions utilizes meteorological data
such as the number of days with greater than 0.01 inches of
precipitation and average monthly wind speed. These data can
vary significantly from year-to-year, resulting in highly
variable emissions.
PM10 andPM2 5 fugitive dust emissions canbe determined
from Tables 3-5 and 3-6 respectively. The categories that
comprise the fugitive dust emission categories are identified
in Chapter 1, section 1.4. As previously noted, estimates of
PM10 fugitive dust prior to 1989 were based on crude
methodologies and should be strongly discounted. PM10
emissions from fugitive dust sources decreased by 24 percent
from 1985 to 1998 due primarily to the changes in emission
methodologies for several of the fugitive dust sources, but
also due to holding wind erosion constant from 1996 forward.
For 1998, EPA estimates total national fugitive dust PM10
and PM2 5 emissions to be approximately 8 and 2 times higher,
respectively, than total national nonfugitive PM10 and PM2 5
emissions.
1. "Energy Statistics Sourcebook," Ninth Edition, Pennwell Publishing. August 1994.
2. "Electric Power Monthly," Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, various
editions.
3. "1995 Compliance Results," Acid Rain Program, EPA-430/R-96-012, Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC. July 1996.
4. "Cement," Minerals Yearbook, U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington, DC, various years.
5. "Development of an Industrial SO2 Emissions Inventory Baseline and 1995 Report to Congress," U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1994.
3-8 « 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 3-1. Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1940 through 1998
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Residential Wood
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Other Chemical Mfg
carbon black mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
basic oxygen furnace
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
fee units
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
sulfate pulping: rec. furnace/evaporator
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
residential
Open Burning
residential
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
industrial
lawn & garden
light commercial
recreational marine vessels
Non-Road Diesel
construction
farm
Aircraft
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1940
4
435
14,890
1 1 ,279
4,190
4,139
4,139
2,750
36
2,714
NA
221
NA
221
210
114
110
NA
NA
NA
3,630
2,202
716
1,428
NA
30,121
22,237
22,232
3,752
2,694
1,058
4,132
NA
NA
8,051
3,777
780
NA
NA
60
32
20
12
4
4,083
29,210
29,210
93,616
1950
110
549
10,656
7,716
5,844
5,760
5,760
2,910
118
2,792
NA
2,651
NA
2,651
2,528
231
220
NA
NA
NA
4,717
2,711
824
2,006
NA
45,196
31 ,493
31,472
6,110
4,396
1,714
7,537
54
54
11,610
7,331
1,558
NA
NA
120
53
43
10
934
3,076
18,135
18,135
102,609
1960
110
661
6,250
4,743
3,982
3,775
3,775
2,866
326
2,540
23
3,086
NA
3,086
2,810
342
331
NA
NA
NA
5,597
2,703
972
2,894
NA
64,266
47,679
47,655
7,791
5,591
2,200
8,557
239
239
11,575
8,753
1,379
NA
NA
518
65
40
17
1,764
332
11,010
11,010
109,745
1970
237
770
3,625
2,932
3,397
2,866
2,866
3,644
652
2,991
440
2,179
NA
2,168
1,820
620
610
NA
NA
NA
7,059
2,979
1,107
4,080
NA
88,034
64,031
63,846
16,570
10,102
6,468
6,712
721
727
11,970
10,946
535
5,899
1,905
1,763
430
254
16
506
65
7,909
7,909
129,444
1980
322
750
6,230
5,992
2,151
1,417
1,417
2,246
842
1,404
80
1,723
NA
1,723
1,680
830
798
NA
NA
NA
2,300
1,246
945
1,054
NA
78,049
53,561
53,342
16,137
10,395
5,742
7,189
1,161
1,139
14,489
12,760
709
6,764
2,095
1,990
829
479
174
743
96
8,344
8,344
117,434
1990
363
879
4,269
3,781
1,183
854
798
2,640
436
2,163
594
333
38
291
284
537
473
370
5
76
1,079
372
294
706
509
57,848
37,407
37,198
13,816
8,415
5,402
5,360
1,265
7,229
18,191
15,394
723
8,237
2,877
2,117
1,098
662
166
904
121
11,122
11,122
98,523
1996
391
1,155
4,603
4,200
1,100
870
841
1,429
442
944
117
356
26
322
311
600
391
305
2
78
1,127
404
330
717
575
53,262
28,732
28,543
19,271
11,060
8,211
3,766
1,493
1,453
20,232
17,074
592
9,305
3,514
2,142
1,282
794
776
949
112
11,144
11,144
95,480
1998
417
1,115
3,843
3,452
1,129
893
863
1,495
446
1,006
726
368
27
334
322
632
416
325
2
80
1,154
413
336
735
524
50,386
27,039
26,848
18,726
70,826
7,900
3,067
1,554
7,574
19,914
16,812
563
9,024
3,566
2,156
1,180
728
763
955
115
8,920
8,919
89,455
Note(s): NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more
detailed level but are contained in the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends « 3-9
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 3-2. Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1940 through 1998
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
natural
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Oil
Gas
natural
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Residential Other
natural gas
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Mineral Products
cement mfg
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
Non-Road Diesel
construction
farm
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1940
660
467
255
193
6
187
NA
NA
2,543
2,012
122
365
337
NA
529
7
177
20
6
4
105
107
105
32
NA
NA
110
1,330
970
970
204
132
73
155
NA
NA
991
122
103
70
33
NA
109
657
990
7,374
1950
1,316
1,118
584
198
23
775
NA
NA
3,192
1,076
237
1,756
1,692
NA
647
18
227
50
63
110
110
93
89
55
NA
NA
215
2,143
1,415
1,415
339
219
120
296
93
93
1,538
249
187
158
29
2
108
992
665
10,093
1960
2,536
2,038
1,154
498
8
490
NA
NA
4,075
782
239
2,954
2,846
NA
760
55
362
148
110
110
220
131
123
78
NA
NA
331
3,982
2,607
2,606
525
339
186
363
487
487
1,443
312
247
157
50
4
108
772
441
14,140
1970
4,900
3,888
2,112
1,012
40
972
NA
NA
4,325
771
332
3,060
3,053
NA
836
120
439
242
271
77
240
187
169
97
NA
NA
440
7,390
4,158
4,156
1,278
725
553
278
1,676
1,676
1,931
85
1,109
436
350
72
171
495
330
20,928
1980
7,024
6,123
3,439
901
39
862
NA
NA
3,555
444
286
2,619
2,469
NA
741
131
356
238
213
65
72
205
181
98
NA
NA
111
8,621
4,421
4,416
1,408
864
544
300
2,493
2,463
3,529
101
2,125
843
926
106
467
731
248
24,384
1990
6,663
5,642
4,532
221
207
14
565
565
3,035
585
265
1,182
967
874
1,196
200
780
449
168
97
153
378
270
151
1
3
91
7,089
3,220
3,208
1,256
784
472
326
2,287
2,240
4,804
120
2,513
1,102
898
158
943
929
369
24,049
1996
6,057
5,542
3,748
103
101
2
265
264
3,072
567
231
1,184
978
967
1,224
238
783
481
146
83
134
386
286
172
2
7
95
7,848
2,979
2,967
1,950
1,156
794
329
2,591
2,544
5,167
132
2,786
1,218
1,001
167
985
922
452
24,676
1998
6,103
5,395
3,622
208
206
2
344
342
2,969
548
216
1,154
943
932
1,117
234
700
410
152
88
138
408
303
182
2
7
97
7,765
2,849
2,837
1,917
1,132
785
323
2,676
2,630
5,280
159
2,809
1,230
999
168
1,008
947
328
24,454
Note(s): NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more
detailed level but are contained in the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
3-10 « 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 3-3. Total National Emissions
1940 through
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Residential Wood
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
petroleum solvent
Surface Coating
industrial adhesives
architectural
Nonindustrial
cutback asphalt
pesticide application
adhesives
consumer solvents
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
area source: gasoline
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage I
Service Stations: Stage II
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
lawn & garden
recreational marine vessels
Non-Road Diesel
construction
farm
Aircraft
NATURAL SOURCES
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
Note(s): NA = not available. For several source
1940
2
108
1,867
1,410
884
325
571
130
1,971
168
114
42
NA
1,058
14
284
490
328
73
NA
NA
639
185
158
148
57
117
130
990
4,817
3,647
3,646
672
498
NA
778
208
NA
16
12
6
6
3
NA
4,079
4,079
17,161
categories,
of Volatile Organic Compounds,
1998 (thousand short tons)
1950
9
98
1,336
970
1,324
442
548
184
3,679
592
310
153
NA
2,187
41
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,218
361
307
218
100
251
283
1,104
7,251
5,220
5,274
1,101
908
22
1,213
423
NA
32
20
15
5
110
NA
2,530
2,530
20,936
emissions
1960
9
106
768
563
991
342
1,034
202
4,403
438
199
126
NA
2,128
29
412
1,189
789
193
NA
NA
1,762
528
449
304
115
365
437
1,546
10,506
8,058
8,050
1,433
926
89
1,215
526
NA
124
23
13
8
220
NA
1,573
1,573
24,459
either prior to
1970
30
150
541
460
1,341
394
1,194
270
7,174
707
319
263
NA
3,570
52
442
1,674
7,045
247
NA
NA
1,954
599
509
300
92
416
521
1,984
12,972
9,193
9,733
2,770
743
266
1,878
1,564
577
736
187
94
39
97
NA
1,101
1,101
1980
45
157
848
809
1,595
273
1,440
237
6,584
513
373
320
NA
3,685
55
477
1,002
323
247
NA
NA
1,975
517
440
306
61
461
583
758
8,979
5,907
5,843
2,059
611
402
2,312
1,787
583
830
327
735
738
146
NA
1,134
1,134
30,982 26,336
or beginning
with 1985
1990
47
182
776
718
634
122
612
401
5,750
744
274
215
704
2,523
390
495
1,900
799
258
367
7,083
1,495
359
282
157
151
300
433
986
6,313
3,947
3,885
1,622
432
312
2,545
1,889
700
784
390
787
726
180
14
1,059
1,049
20,936
are not
1996
49
166
821
759
388
72
488
428
5,506
606
296
157
92
2,389
356
484
1,957
735
386
307
7,087
1,286
211
763
172
118
312
397
423
5,490
2,875
2,839
2,060
293
263
2,664
1,982
777
777
422
206
720
177
14
940
891
18,736
available at
1998
54
161
678
620
396
75
496
450
5,278
457
311
169
99
2,224
760
497
2,012
744
405
373
7,099
1,324
217
767
178
122
320
409
433
5,325
2,832
2,793
2,015
257
222
2,461
1,794
638
780
405
799
777
177
14
772
721
17,917
the more
detailed level but are contained in the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends « 3-11
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 3-4. Total National Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide, 1940 through 1998
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
Oil
residual
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Residential Other
bituminous/subbituminous coal
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
sulfur compounds
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
lead
Ferrous Metals Processing
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
natural gas
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
fluid catalytic cracking units
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Mineral Products
cement mfg
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
Diesels
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Marine Vessels
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
Fugitive Dust
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1940
2,427
2,276
1,359
668
249
151
146
6,060
5,188
3,473
554
397
9
145
3,642
695
407
2,517
2,267
215
215
215
3,309
2,760
2,292
80
550
224
NA
NA
224
220
334
NA
334
318
NA
NA
3
3
NA
NA
3,190
215
2,975
545
545
19,952
1950
4,515
4,056
2,427
1,196
433
459
453
5,725
4,423
2,945
972
727
49
180
3,964
1,212
658
2,079
1,758
427
427
427
3,747
3,092
2,369
95
655
340
14
14
326
242
596
43
553
522
NA
NA
3
103
NA
NA
2,392
215
2,174
545
545
22,357
1960
9,263
8,883
5,367
2,642
873
380
375
3,864
2,703
1,858
922
663
42
189
2,319
154
905
1,250
868
447
447
447
3,986
3,322
2,772
57
664
676
114
114
562
383
671
114
557
524
NA
NA
10
114
NA
NA
321
105
215
554
554
22,227
1970
17,398
15,799
9,574
4,716
1,509
1,598
1,578
4,568
3,129
2,171
1,229
956
98
140
1,490
109
883
492
260
591
591
591
4,775
4,060
3,507
77
715
881
111
111
770
480
846
169
677
618
NA
NA
8
411
132
231
83
43
36
110
110
NA
31,161
1980
17,469
16,073
NA
NA
NA
1,395
NA
2,951
1,527
1,058
1,065
851
85
299
971
110
637
211
43
280
271
271
1,842
1,279
1,080
34
562
734
157
157
577
330
918
223
694
630
NA
NA
33
521
159
303
175
117
53
11
11
NA
25,905
1990
15,909
15,220
13,371
1,415
434
639
629
3,550
1,914
1,050
927
687
198
543
831
212
425
175
30
297
214
211
726
517
323
129
186
430
122
120
304
183
399
116
275
181
0
7
42
542
138
337
916
251
122
12
12
0
23,660
1996
12,631
12,137
8,931
2,630
576
436
430
3,022
1,465
1,031
844
637
187
556
667
177
338
131
17
291
204
202
429
283
114
111
128
337
95
95
234
153
350
102
230
147
1
3
41
316
127
83
1,016
237
111
17
17
0
19,121
1998
13,217
12,426
9,368
2,440
618
730
726
2,895
1,415
1,000
773
568
184
558
609
194
275
121
18
299
210
208
444
288
119
110
139
345
96
95
241
158
370
108
243
156
1
3
42
326
130
85
1,084
261
114
12
12
0
19,647
Note(s): NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more
detailed level but are contained in the more aggregate estimate. Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
The 1985 fuel combustion, electric utility category is based on the National Allowance Data Base Version 2.11, Acid Rain Division, U.S.
EPA, released March 23,1993. Allocations at the Tier 3 levels are approximations only and are based on the methodology described
in section 6.0, paragraph 6.2.1.1.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
3-12 « 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 3-5. Total National Emissions of Directly Emitted Particulate Matter (PM10),
1940 through 1998 (thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Other
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Residential Wood
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
Ferrous Metals Processing
primary
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
country elevators
terminal elevators
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
sulfate (kraft) pulping
Mineral Products
cement mfg
stone quarrying/processing
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Open Burning
residential
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Diesel
construction
farm
Railroads
NATURAL SOURCES
Geogenic - wind erosion*
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
agricultural crops**
agricultural livestock**
Other Combustion
Fugitive Dust
unpaved roads**
paved roads**
construction**
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
Note(s): NA = not available. For several source categories,
1940
962
954
573
708
549
120
2,338
1,716
330
1,208
588
217
246
86
366
3,996
784
299
351
511
470
2,701
7,363
482
NA
NA
NA
392
220
220
210
NA
NA
2,480
1
0
0
2,464
NA
NA
2,968
NA
NA
NA
2,968
NA
NA
NA
15,957
emissions
1950
1,467
1,439
865
604
365
160
1,674
1,128
455
1,027
346
105
427
98
412
6,954
696
307
258
798
729
5,460
7,998
663
NA
NA
NA
505
333
333
314
9
9
1,788
16
12
4
1,742
NA
NA
1,934
NA
NA
NA
1,934
NA
NA
NA
17,133
1960
2,117
2,092
7,288
331
146
103
1,113
850
309
1,026
375
722
214
57
689
7,211
691
343
224
958
886
5,563
2,074
7,039
NA
NA
NA
764
544
544
554
15
75
201
22
72
7
110
NA
NA
1,244
NA
NA
NA
1,244
NA
NA
NA
15,558
1970
1,775
1,680
7,047
641
83
441
455
384
235
1,316
593
343
198
37
286
5,832
485
257
747
727
668
4,620
7,737
957
NA
NA
NA
999
770
770
443
136
736
220
281
702
740
25
NA
NA
839
NA
NA
NA
839
NA
NA
NA
NA
13,042
either prior to or beginning with
1980
879
796
483
679
18
571
887
818
148
622
130
32
322
277
138
1,846
402
258
86
183
742
1,261
477
427
NA
NA
NA
273
198
798
397
208
794
398
439
748
239
37
NA
NA
852
NA
NA
NA
852
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,119
1985
1990
295
265
788
270
84
87
631
501
77
214
50
74
155
728
55
583
73
9
6
105
73
367
790
54
4
102
100
271
206
795
336
235
224
489
301
749
78
53
2,092
2,092
24,542
5,292
4,745
547
1,181
18,069
77,234
2,248
4,249
29,962
1996
287
264
795
255
77
77
632
503
63
164
35
7
108
86
32
327
61
6
2
78
43
156
27
24
6
90
87
304
211
794
282
177
768
457
297
747
72
27
5,307
5,307
24,836
4,905
4,328
577
1,254
18,675
72,059
2,390
3,578
33,041
are not available at
1998
302
273
200
245
74
74
544
411
65
171
37
7
112
97
32
339
61
6
2
82
45
162
22
24
6
94
91
310
215
797
257
152
744
461
301
750
69
27
5,307
5,307
26,609
4,970
4,366
603
1,018
20,619
72,668
2,678
4,545
34,741
the more
detailed level but are contained in the more aggregate estimate. Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
* Although geogenic wind erosion emissions are included in this summary table, it is very difficult to interpret annual estimates of PM
emissions from this source category in a meaningful way, owing to the highly episodic nature of the events that contribute to these
emissions.
** These are the main source categories of PM crustal material emissions. A report by the Desert Research Institute found that about
75% of these emissions are within 2 m of the ground at the point they are measured. Thus, most of them are likely to be removed or
deposited within a few km of their release, depending on atmospheric turbulence, temperature, soil moisture, availability of horizontal
and vertical surfaces for impaction and initial suspension energy. This is consistent with the generally small amount of crustal materials
found on speciated ambient samples. (See reference 6 in Chapter 2.)
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends « 3-13
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 3-6. Total National Emissions of Directly Emitted Participate Matter (PM2 5),
1990 through 1998 (thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Other
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Residential Wood
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
METALS PROCESSING
Ferrous Metals Processing
primary
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Mineral Products
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Open Burning
residential
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Diesels
hddv
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Diesel
construction
farm
NATURAL SOURCES
Geogenic - wind erosion*
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
agricultural crops**
agricultural livestock**
Other Combustion
Fugitive Dust
unpaved roads**
paved roads**
construction**
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1990
121
97
59
177
73
611
501
47
157
121
103
27
284
77
144
4
42
234
187
777
275
212
203
432
277
137
71
314
314
5,234
1,031
949
82
1,037
3,166
7,687
562
850
7,958
1991
105
85
53
151
58
638
535
43
197
89
72
24
264
61
134
4
42
238
190
179
286
221
272
432
275
136
71
312
312
5,004
1,019
937
83
807
3,178
1,684
600
818
7,739
1992
106
87
53
159
59
662
558
45
198
83
66
24
259
59
135
5
50
239
192
181
280
216
206
433
273
136
70
334
334
4,854
976
893
83
666
3,213
1,642
606
892
7,648
1993
112
90
57
172
69
568
464
41
125
86
68
22
260
59
136
6
46
288
195
183
257
192
783
427
273
735
69
76
76
4,926
887
803
84
693
3,346
7,778
676
930
7,327
1994
108
86
54
183
60
550
446
49
125
86
68
22
256
57
133
6
43
271
196
184
256
190
782
424
272
134
68
324
324
5,360
941
856
85
913
3,506
7,709
634
7,049
7,975
1995
107
86
52
203
59
589
484
42
134
92
74
22
256
60
134
5
42
247
197
785
231
169
767
403
272
734
67
172
172
4,725
952
867
85
734
3,038
7,559
585
777
7,179
1996
156
133
88
166
62
537
433
38
108
69
53
18
178
54
83
5
31
234
186
776
221
157
749
410
274
735
66
796
796
5,298
952
866
87
1,040
3,304
7,879
598
750
8,194
1997
160
135
89
161
60
466
358
39
113
72
56
18
184
56
87
5
32
236
188
177
211
147
740
411
275
736
65
796
796
5,652
964
875
90
1,150
3,535
7,892
635
857
8,483
1998
165
138
97
160
60
466
357
39
112
72
56
18
187
57
88
5
32
238
190
779
197
134
727
413
277
738
63
796
796
5,549
964
873
97
882
3,701
7,972
655
968
8,379
Note(s): NA = not available. Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
* Although geogenic wind erosion emissions are included in this summary table, it is very difficult to interpret annual estimates of PM
emissions from this source category in a meaningful way, owing to the highly episodic nature of the events that contribute to these
emissions.
* These are the main source categories of PM crustal material emissions. A report by the Desert Research Institute found that about
75% of these emissions are within 2 m of the ground at the point they are measured. Thus, most of them are likely to be removed or
deposited within a few km of their release, depending on atmospheric turbulence, temperature, soil moisture, initial suspension energy
and availability of horizontal and vertical surfaces for impaction. This is consistent with the generally small amount of crustal materials
found on speciated ambient samples. (See reference 6 in Chapter 2.)
Fora complete understanding of PM25 emissions, one should also consider the emissions of SO2, NOX, and NH3. These gases react
in the atmosphere to form ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate fine particles; also, some organic particles are formed from VOCs.
These "secondary" fine particles (in contrast to the directly emitted particles from combustion and fugitive dust) can comprise as much
as half the PM2 5 measured in the United States.7 Source apportionment studies exist to help elucidate the role of primary PM (reflected
in the NET) and secondary PM.
3-14 « 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 3-7. Total National Emissions of Lead, 1970 through 1998
(short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
Oil
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
Oil
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
lead oxide and pigments
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
primary lead production
primary copper production
primary zinc production
secondary lead production
secondary copper production
lead battery manufacture
lead cable coating
Ferrous Metals Processing
coke manufacturing
ferroalloy production
iron production
steel production
gray iron production
Metals Processing NEC
metal mining
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Mineral Products
cement manufacturing
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
municipal waste
other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
Aircraft
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
Note(s): NA = not available. For several source catf
1970
327
300
181
28
237
218
146
19
10,052
10,000
103
103
103
24,224
15,869
12, 134
242
1,019
1,894
374
41
127
7,395
11
219
266
3,125
3,773
960
353
2,028
540
540
1,488
2,200
2,200
581
1,619
171,961
142,918
22,683
6,361
9,737
8,340
1,397
220,869
1975
230
189
114
41
75
60
40
16
10,042
10,000
120
120
120
9,923
7,192
5,640
171
224
821
200
49
55
2,196
8
104
93
1,082
910
535
268
1,337
217
217
1,120
1,595
1,595
396
1,199
130,206
106,868
19,440
3,898
6,130
5,012
1,118
159,659
sgories, emissions either pr
1980
129
95
57
34
60
45
31
14
4,111
4,080
104
104
104
3,026
1,826
1,075
20
24
481
116
50
37
911
6
13
38
481
373
289
207
808
93
93
715
1,210
1,210
161
1,049
60,501
47,184
11,671
1,646
4,205
3,320
885
74,153
ior to or beg
1985
64
51
31
13
30
22
15
8
421
400
118
118
118
2,097
1,376
874
19
16
288
70
65
43
577
3
7
21
209
336
144
141
316
43
43
273
871
871
79
792
18,052
13,637
4,061
354
921
229
692
22,890
inning with
1990
64
46
28
18
18
14
10
3
418
400
136
136
136
2,170
1,409
728
19
9
449
75
78
50
576
4
18
18
138
397
185
184
169
26
26
143
804
804
67
738
421
314
100
7
776
158
619
4,975
1985 are not
1996
61
53
32
8
16
13
9
3
415
400
167
167
767
2,055
1,333
588
22
13
514
76
103
16
529
0
8
18
160
343
193
192
51
29
29
22
609
609
76
534
19
12
7
0
505
0
505
3,899
available at
1998
68
54
33
14
19
13
9
5
416
400
175
175
175
2,098
1,371
628
23
13
505
83
117
1
542
0
4
19
173
345
186
186
54
31
31
23
620
620
75
546
19
12
7
0
503
0
503
3,973
the more
detailed level but are contained in the more aggregate estimate. Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends « 3-15
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 3-8. Total National Emissions of Ammonia, 1990 through 1998
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
NATURAL SOURCES
Biogenic
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
livestock agriculture
fertilizer application
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1990
0
17
8
183
6
43
38
0
0
82
192
6
30
30
3,727
3,727
3,307
420
4,331
1991
0
17
8
183
6
43
38
0
0
86
205
7
29
29
3,770
3,770
3,324
446
4,390
1992
0
17
8
183
6
43
39
0
0
89
217
7
28
28
3,814
3,814
3,341
473
4,449
1993
0
18
8
183
6
43
39
0
0
93
227
7
29
29
3,869
3,869
3,370
499
4,521
1994
0
18
8
183
6
43
40
0
0
93
239
7
30
30
3,924
3,924
3,399
525
4,589
1995
0
18
8
183
6
43
40
0
0
93
259
7
31
31
3,979
3,979
3,427
551
4,665
1996
6
49
7
158
5
34
43
0
1
84
231
9
32
32
4,113
4,113
3,456
657
4,772
1997
7
48
7
160
5
35
44
0
1
84
240
10
33
33
4,163
4,163
3,485
678
4,837
1998
8
47
6
165
5
35
44
0
1
86
250
10
34
34
4,244
4,244
3,520
724
4,935
Note(s): NA = not available. Zero values
Categories displayed below Tier
In order to convert emissions to
represent less than 500 short tons/year.
1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
3-16 « 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 3-9. Carbon Monoxide Federal Emission Standards, 1970 to 1991
Emission Limit
(grams of CO per mile)
Light-duty Trucks
Model year
1970-1971
1972-1974
1975-1979
1980-1991
Note(s): 1 Standard
Light-duty Vehicles
23
39
15
3.42
applies for 1975-1978 model years.
(0 to 6,000 Ibs.)
39
201
183,104
per mile from model years 1980-1984.
3 Standard applies for 1979-1983 model years.
4 Standard applies for 1984-1991 model years.
The first vehicle standards were implemented by the Federal government in 1968 and
were concentration based (ppm of exhaust for hydrocarbons and CO). The first mass
based standards (g/mile) were in 1972.
Table 3-10. Nitrogen Oxide and Volatile Organic Compound Federal
Emission Limits for Light-Duty Vehicles, 1972 to 1991
Emission Limit
(grams per mile)
Model Year
1972-1974
1975-1979
1980-1991
NOX
3.02
3.13, 2.04
1.05
voc1
3.4
1.5
0.41
Note(s): 1 These are exhaust emission standards for VOC.
2 Standard applies for 1973-1974 model years.
3 Standard applies for 1975-1976 model years.
4 Standard applies for 1977-1980 model years.
5 Standard applies for 1981 -1991 model years.
The first vehicle standards were implemented by the Federal government in 1968 and
were concentration based (ppm of exhaust for hydrocarbons and CO). The first mass
based standards (g/mile) were in 1972.
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends « 3-17
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 3-11. Nitrogen Oxide and Volatile Organic Compound Federal
Emission Limits for Light-Duty Trucks, 1972 to 1991
Emission Limit
(grams per mile)
Model Year
1972-1974
1975-1978
1979-1984
1985-1991
NOX
3.02
3.13
2.34
125,6
VOC1
3.4
2.0
1.7
0.8
Note(s): 1 These are exhaust emission standards for VOC.
2 Standard applies for 1 973-1 974 model years.
3 .Qtanrlarrl annlloc fnr 1 Q7^_1 Q7R mnrlol voarc
4 Standard applies for 1979-1987 model years.
5 Standard applies for 1988-1993 model years.
6 Light-duty trucks with a loaded-vehicle weight more than 3,750 pounds are
subject to a 1.7 grams per mile standard for these model years.
The first vehicle standards were implemented by the Federal government in 1968 and
were concentration based (ppm of exhaust for hydrocarbons and CO). The first mass
based standards (g/mile) were in 1972.
Table 3-12. Federal Test Procedure Exhaust Emissions Standards and Schedule
for Light-Duty Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks, 1992 to 1998
Vehicle Useful Life (grams/mile)
5 Years/50,1 00 Miles
Vehicle Emission
Type Category Year2 THC3 NMHC4 CO NOX PM10
LDV
LDV
LDGTIa5
LDGTIa
LDGTIb6
LDGTIb
LDGT2a7
LDGT2a
LDGT2b8
LDGT2b
Notes: 1
2
TierO
Tier I
TierO
Tier I
TierO
Tier I
TierO
Tier I
TierO
Tier I
LDGT2:
Va=r Qt^
1992 0.41 0.34 3.4 1.0 0.20
1996 0.41 0.25 3.4 0.4 0.08
1992
1996 0.25 3.4 0.4 0.08
1992
1996 0.32 4.4 0.7 0.08
1992
1997 0.32 4.4 0.7
1992
1997 0.39 5.0 1.1
11 years/1 20, 000 miles
10 Years/100,100 Miles1
THC
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
NMHC
0.31
0.67
0.31
0.67
0.40
0.67
0.46
0.67
0.56
CO
4.2
10
4.2
10
5.5
10
6.4
10
7.3
NOX
0.6
1.2
0.6
1.7
0.97
1.7
1.0
1.7
1.53
PM10
0.10
0.26
0.10
0.13
0.10
0.26
0.10
0.13
0.12
3 Total hydrocarbons
4 Nonmethane Hydrocarbon
5 Any light light-duty truck up through 3,750 Ibs loaded vehicle weight.
6 Any light light-duty truck greater than 3,750 Ibs loaded vehicle weight.
7 Any heavy light-duty truck up through 5,750 Ibs adjusted loaded vehicle weight.
8 Any heavy light-duty truck greater than 5,750 Ibs adjusted loaded vehicle weight.
The first vehicle standards were implemented by the Federal government in 1968 and were concentration based (ppm of exhaust for
hydrocarbons and CO). The first mass based standards (g/mile) were in 1972.
Source: U.S. EPA Office of Mobile Sources, EPA-420-B-98-001
3-18 « 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 3-13. Total National Emissions by Pollutant and Year
Year
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
CO
93,616
91,657
92,449
93,241
94,033
94,825
95,617
96,409
97,202
97,993
102,609
99,285
99,784
100,283
100,782
101,281
101,780
102,279
102,778
103,278
109,745
106,207
108,637
111,067
113,498
115,928
118,358
120,788
123,219
125,649
129,444
129,491
128,779
125,935
119,978
116,757
120,963
120,868
122,150
118,475
117,434
114,396
112,260
117,675
116,533
117,013
111,688
110,798
118,729
106,439
NOX
7,374
8,262
8,389
8,972
9,455
9,548
9,993
10,470
9,985
10,247
10,093
10,535
11,056
11,104
11,663
11,563
11,867
12,248
13,012
13,486
14,140
13,809
14,408
15,100
15,871
16,579
17,390
17,635
18,372
18,847
20,928
21,559
22,740
23,529
22,915
22,632
24,051
24,808
25,070
24,716
24,384
24,211
23,785
23,639
24,322
23,198
22,808
23,068
24,124
23,893
voc
17,161
17,235
16,358
16,323
16,539
17,308
20,549
19,507
19,349
19,720
20,936
20,398
20,208
21,258
21,232
21,973
22,902
22,784
21,846
22,703
24,459
24,584
25,036
27,062
26,948
27,630
27,827
28,209
26,568
26,764
30,982
30,039
30,297
29,873
28,042
26,079
26,991
27,426
27,655
27,161
26,336
24,956
23,866
25,078
26,015
24,428
23,617
23,470
24,306
22,513
SO2
19,952
22,857
24,541
26,846
27,092
26,007
23,297
26,298
24,284
20,801
22,357
21,477
20,826
20,920
20,181
20,883
21,039
21,272
22,634
22,654
22,227
22,142
22,955
24,133
25,301
26,750
28,849
28,493
30,263
30,961
31,161
29,686
30,390
31,754
30,032
28,011
28,435
28,623
26,877
26,941
25,905
24,612
23,319
22,807
23,816
23,658
22,892
22,675
23,135
23,293
PM10
15,957
16,074
16,192
16,309
16,427
16,545
16,663
16,780
16,898
17,016
17,133
16,976
16,818
16,661
16,503
16,345
16,188
16,031
15,873
15,715
15,558
15,286
15,014
14,742
14,470
14,198
13,926
13,654
13,382
13,110
13,042
11,335
10,734
10,237
9,636
7,671
7,906
7,739
7,865
7,571
7,119
6,605
5,274
6,021
6,281
45,445
51,137
42,533
61,072
53,064
PM2.5
Pb
220,869
243,415
255,555
223,686
178,693
159,659
165,349
152,467
137,964
116,786
74,153
58,884
57,666
49,232
42,217
22,890
7,296
6,840
7,053
5,468
NH3
3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends « 3-19
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 3-13 (continued)
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
CO
98,523
100,872
97,630
98,160
102,643
93,353
95,479
94,410
89,454
NOX
24,049
24,249
24,596
24,961
25,372
24,921
24,676
24,824
24,454
voc
20,936
21,102
20,659
20,868
21,535
20,817
18,736
18,876
17,917
SO2
23,660
23,041
22,806
22,466
21,870
19,181
19,121
19,622
19,647
PM10
29,962
29,560
29,472
28,006
30,913
27,070
33,041
34,226
34,741
PM2.5
7,958
7,739
7,648
7,327
7,975
7,179
8,194
8,483
8,379
Pb
4,975
4,169
3,810
3,916
4,047
3,929
3,899
3,952
3,973
NH3
4,331
4,390
4,449
4,521
4,589
4,665
4,772
4,837
4,935
3-20 « 3.0 Summary of National Emissions Trends
-------
GO
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Figure 3-1. Trend in Gross Domestic Product, Population, Vehicle Miles
Traveled, Total Fuel Consumption, combined VOLATILE ORGANIC
COMPOUND and NITROGEN OXIDES Emissions, and SULFUR DIOXIDE
Emissions, 1970 to 1998
250
200
o
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Figure 3-2. Trend in CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions,
1940 to 1998
140
1940 1945 1950 1955 1960
1965 1970
Year
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
D Fuel Combustion D Industrial Processing DOn-road D Non-road D Miscellaneous
Note: Some fluctuations in the years before 1970 are the result of different methodologies
-------
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3
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Figure 3-3. Trend in NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions,
1940 to 1998
1940 1945 1950 1955 1960
1965 1970
Year
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
D Fuel Combustion D Industrial Processing DOn-road D Non-road D Miscellaneous
Note: Some fluctuations in the years before 1970 are the result of different methodologies
-------
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w
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a.
Figure 3-4. Trend in VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
Emissions, 1940 to 1998
1940 1945 1950 1955 1960
1965 1970
Year
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
D Fuel Combustion
D Non-road
Industrial Processing D Solvent Utilization D On-road
D Miscellaneous
Note: some fluctuations in the years before 1970 are the result of different methodologies
-------
Figure 3-5. Trend in SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions, 1940 to 1998
GO
§
w
o
I
1940 1945 1950 1955 1960
1965 1970
Year
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Fuel Combustion D Industrial Processing DOn-road D Non-road D Miscellaneous
Note: Some fluctuations in the years before 1970 are the result of different methodologies
-------
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a.
Figure 3-6. Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 10)
Emissions Excluding Fugitive Dust Sources, 1940 to 1998
1940 1945 1950 1955 1960
1965 1970
Year
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Fuel Combustion D Industrial Processing DOn-road D Non-road Miscellaneous
Note: Some fluctuations in the years before 1970 are the result of different methodologies
-------
Figure 3-7. Trend in Directly Emitted PARTICULATE MATTER (PM2 5)
Emissions Excluding Fugitive Dust Sources, 1990 to 1998
OJ
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1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Year
1995
1996
1997
1998
s
55
S
bq
o
I5
D Fuel Combustion D Industrial Processing DOn-road D Non-road D Miscellaneous
-------
to
ac
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Figure 3-8. Trend in LEAD Emissions,
1970 to 1998
300
1970
1975
1980
1985
Year
1990
1995
D Fuel Combustion D Industrial Processing DOn-road D Non-road D Miscellaneous
-------
Figure 3-9. Trend in AMMONIA Emissions,
1990 to 1998
0)
c
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c
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c
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LU
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1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Year
1995
1996
1997
1998
Fuel Combustion Industrial Processing DOn-road Non-road D Miscellaneous D Natural Sources
-------
Chapter 4.0
Section 406 of the Clean Air Act
Amendments: Industrial SO2
Emissions
This chapter discusses the impact of industrial sulfur
dioxide (SO2) emissions, the source categories comprising
industrial emissions, base year emissions development,
projected emissions methodology, long-term emission trends,
and desulfurization of diesel fuel benefits.
4.1 WHY A SEPARATE CHAPTER FOR
INDUSTRIAL SO2 EMISSIONS?
The major health effects associated with high exposures
to SO2 in the ambient air include problems in breathing,
respiratory illness, alterations in the lung's defenses, and
aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease.
People most sensitive to SO2 include asthmatics and
individuals with chronic lung disease (such as bronchitis or
emphysema) or cardiovascular disease. Children and the
elderly may also be sensitive.
SO2 also produces foliar damage on trees and agricultural
crops. SO2 and nitrogen oxides (NOX) in the air cause acidic
deposition, commonly known as acid rain. Acid rain is
associated with a number of effects including acidification of
lakes and streams, damage to high-elevation forests, and
accelerated corrosion of buildings and monuments. SO2 and
NOX emissions also form sulfates and nitrates in the
atmosphere that can significantly impair visibility.
This chapterprovides information required under section
406 of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 (42
U.S.C. 7651 note), which deals with SO2 emissions from
industrial sources. Section 406(a) states that:
Not later than January 1, 1995 and every 5 years
thereafter, the Administrator of the Environmental
Protection Agency shall transmit to the Congress a
report containing an inventory of national annual
sulfur dioxide emissions from industrial sources (as
defined in title IV of the Act), including units subject
to section 405(g) (6) of the Clean Air Act, for all
years for which data are available, as well as the
likely trend in such emissions over the following 20-
year period. The reports shall also contain estimates
of the actual emission reduction in each year
resulting from promulgation of the diesel fuel
desulfurization regulations under section 214.
As discussed below, the United States (U.S.) Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) intends this chapter to provide the
information required in section 406(a).
4.1.1 What Source Categories Are Industrial
Sources?
Several provisions of the CAA and the CAAA address
what source categories are industrial sources. Section 402(24)
of the CAA defines industrial sources. An industrial source is:
a unit that does not serve a generator that produces
electricity, a "nonutility unit" as defined in this
section, or a process source as defined in section
410(e).
Further, section 406(a) of the CAAA of 1990 states that
"industrial sources" include units subject to section 405(g)(6)
of the CAA. (EPA believes that the reference in section
406(b) to section 405(g)(5) is erroneous and reads if as
referring to section 405(g)(6).) Section 405(g)(6) of the CAA
excludes from the Acid Rain Program under Title IV of the
CAA certain "qualifying small power production facilities],"
"qualifying cogenerationfacilit[ies]," and "independent power
production facilities]."
In order to determine the scope of the term "industrial
source," it is necessary to consider several other statutory and
regulatory definitions and provisions. Section 402( 15) of the
CAA defines "unit" as a "fossil fuel-fired combustion device."
Section 72.2 of the regulations implementing Title IV of the
CAA defines "fossil-fuel fired" as combusting "fossil fuel or
any derivative of fossil fuel alone or in combination with any
other fuel, independent of the percentage of fossil fuel
consumed in any calendar year." Section 402(17)(A) of the
CAA provides that a "utility unit" is, with certain exceptions
(e.g., for certain cogenerationunitsundersection402(17)(C)),
Section 406 of the CAAA: Industrial SO, Emissions # 4-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
any unit that "serves a generator in any State that produces
electricity for sale" or that, "during 1985, served a generator
in any State that produced electricity for sale."
The categories of "industrial sources" referred to in
section 406(a) of the CAAA of 1990 must be considered in
light of these definitions and provisions. With regard to the
category of "nonutility units," section 402(25) of the CAA
defines a "nonutility unit" as "a unit other than a utility unit."
This category comprises all stationary combustion devices that
burn any fossil fuel and that are not affected units under the
Acid Rain Program in Title IV of the CAA. Because the
definition of this category excludes units that are utility units
and, except for nonutility units that opt into the Acid Rain
Program under section 410 of the CAA, only utility units are
affected units, the category does not generally include any
affected units.
For similar reasons, the next category of industrial
sources, i.e., "units that do not serve a generator that produces
electricity," excludes all utility units and thus generally
excludes all affected units under the Acid Rain Program in
Title IV of the CAA. However, there are some units that are
not affected units under the Acid Rain Program (e.g., units in
Alaska and Hawaii and certain cogeneration units under
section 402( 17)(C)) but that do serve a generator that produces
electricity. Therefore, this category of industrial sources is
smaller than the "nonutility unit" category and excludes some
stationary fossil-fuel fired combustion devices that are not
affected units.
Another category of industrial sources (i.e., "process
sources") is not defined in Title IV of the CAA. Section
410(d) refers to "process sources" but does not define the term.
For the purposes of this chapter, a process source is any source
that emits SO2 as the result of a production or manufacturing
process and not as the result of any type of fuel combustion.
The last category of industrial sources comprises units
that are utility units but that are exempt from the Acid Rain
Program under section 405(g)(6) of the CAA. This includes
certain "qualifying small power production facilities" or
"qualifying cogeneration facilities" under section 3 (17)(C) or
3(18)(B) of the Federal Power Act and certain "independent
power production facilities" under section 416(a)(2)(A), (B),
and (D) of the CAA. These terms are defined in section 72.2
of the regulations implementing the Acid Rain Program.
Finally, for purposes of applying the 5.60 million ton
annual cap for SO2 emissions from industrial sources, which
is specified in section 406(b) of the CAAA of 1990,
commercial/institutional/residential sources are excluded.
This is because the 5.60 million ton cap was developed using
emissions in the 1985 National Acid Precipitation Assessment
Program NAPAP1 inventory that cover sources involving
industrial combustionandindustrial/manufacturingprocesses
and do notcovercommercial/institutional/residential sources.
Commercial/institutional/residential sources encompass
combustion sources, such as those located at hospitals,
universities, or residences, that are not related to the
production of physical products.
In summary, industrial sources covered by the 5.60
million ton annual cap include: all stationary fossil-fuel fired
combustion devices, except for affected utility units under the
Acid Rain Program and except for commercial/institutional/
residential sources; and all process sources.
Table 4.1 presents the source categories defined as
industrial sources.
4.2 WHY USE 1996 AS THE BASE YEAR?
Section 406 of the CAAA of 1990 specifies a 5.60
million ton cap on SO2 emissions from industrial sources.
Congress derived the cap from industrial source emission
estimates developed as part of the 1985 NAPAP inventory.
The 1990 National Emission Trends inventory (now called the
"NET inventory"), developed from the 1985 NAPAP
inventory, served as the baseline for the previous industrial
SO2 emission projections presented in the report "National
Annual Industrial Sulfur Dioxide Emission Trends, 1995-
2015: Report to Congress."2 Since that report, EPA, along
with State and local agencies, revised the emission inventory
for two separate time periods for different purposes. The most
recent effort by EPA was the incorporation of 1996 Periodic
Emission Inventories (PEI) into the NET inventory. (Refer
to Section 5.6 for discussions on the PEI).
Since the 1996 NET inventory contains the most recent
comprehensive emissions inventory, EPA chose it for the
baseline for the industrial SO2 emission estimates in this
chapter. Table 4.2 presents the source of base year data for
each of the 48 contiguous States. Thirty states provided 1996
point source emission inventories to the EPA, and 12 states
provided acceptable 1996 area source emission inventories.
The emissions for Oregon are from the Grand Canyon
Visibility Transport Commission (GCVTC) 1990 inventory.
The point source emissions for 7 other States and the area
source emissions for 16 other States are estimated from the
Ozone Transport Assessment Group (OTAG) 1990 inventory.
The emission estimates for Alaska and Hawaii point sources
are from multi-y ear Aerometric Information Retrieval System/
AIRS Facility Subsystem (AIRS/AFS) retrievals, and EPA has
never sent these estimates to these States for review. EPA
estimated the area source emissions for Alaska and Hawaii.
The remaining emissions are from the 1985 NAPAP
inventory.
For States that did not provide EPA with a 1996 complete
inventory, EPA estimated their emissions for 1996 using
Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) growth factors. EPA did
not assume any new controls nor plant retirements for these
sources. More details on the methodology to estimate 1985 to
1996 emissions canbe found in the NET inventory procedures
document.3
4-2 # 4.0 Section 406 of the CAAA: Industrial SO, Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Figure 4.1 presents the SO2 industrial source emissions by
major source categories for the year 1996. Fuel combustion
sources are the largest contributors to industrial SO2
emissions.
4.3 HOW DID EPA PROJECT EMISSIONS?
In addition to a national inventory of SO2 emissions,
section 406 of the CAAA of 1990 also calls for presentation of
the likely trend in such emissions over the following 20-year
period. Thus, Congress requires EPA to estimate future
industrial source SO2 emissions under section 406. Although
section 406 calls for development of the likely trend in
emission for a 20-year period, EPA developed emission
estimates from 1996 (the base year) to 2020 since 2020
represents 20 years from the completion date of this report.
EPA considered fuel switching, energy efficiency (the
amount of energy saved from the use of more efficient
processes through time), and economic growth in the
development of these projections. In general, less fuel will be
needed to provide the same amount of energy (in the form of
steam) to an industrial process and the amount of energy
needed per unit output will also decrease as processes become
more efficient. Fuel switching and energy efficiency are
reflected in energy correction factors based on information
obtained from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
publication Annual Energy Outlook 1997. Economic growth
factors were derived from the 1995 BEA Gross State Product
(GSP) projections by 2-digit Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) code. These were applied to estimate changes in
activity between 1996 and 2030.4 For the purposes of
satisfying section 406 requirements, a value was needed on
3-year intervals through 2020. Therefore, projections were
calculated by applying growth ratios among existing sources
to their base year emissions (1996). Interpolated factors were
then applied to these same categories to estimate the every
3-year trend.
Further analysis of the 20-year projection is currently
underway at EPA and results will be reported in the next
Trends Report (planned for January 2001 publication).
4.4 WHAT IS THE TREND IN INDUSTRIAL
SO2 EMISSIONS?
Figure 4.2 presents the estimated trends in industrial
source SO2 emissions from 1900 to 2020. Table 4.3 presents
the emissions by source category for every 3 years starting
with 1996. The year 2007 is also displayed. The
subcategories for solvent utilization and storage and transport
are not displayed since these emissions are very small.
The emission estimates for the base year 1996 are 4.4
million short tons. The emission estimates show the industrial
SO2 emissions increasing steadily with the 20-year rate at
approximately 8 percent. Fuel combustion sources continue
to be the largest contributor to industrial SO2 emissions. The
emission estimates show the fuel combustion emissions
declining through the years, primarily from the result of
energy efficiency factors. The largest increase in SO2 can be
seen in chemical and allied manufacturing, which is projected
to rise 30 percent in the 20-year period. Total industrial
source SO2 emissions are currently projected to be
approximately 4.7 million tons in 2020. Refer to Figure 4-3
for a graphical presentation of each category's 2020
contribution.
4.4.1 Will the Cap Be Exceeded?
Section 406(b) of the CAAA of 1990 states:
Whenever the inventory required by this section indicates
that sulfur dioxide emissions from industrial sources,
including units subject to section 405 (g) (6) of the [CAA],
may reasonably be expected to reach levels greater than
5.60 million tons per year, the Administrator of the
[EPA] shall take such actions under the [CAA] as may
be appropriate to ensure that such emissions do not
exceed 5.60 million tons per year. Such actions may
include the promulgation of new and revised standards of
performance for new sources, including units subject to
section 405(g)(6) of the [CAA], under section lll(b) of
the [CAA], as well as promulgation of standards of
performance for existing sources, including units subject
to section 405 (g) (5) of the [CAA], under authority of this
section.
(As noted above, the reference to section 405(g)(5) should be
to section 405(g)(6).)
The current emission estimates indicate that emissions of
SO2 from industrial sources will not exceed the 5.6 million
tons per year cap through the year 2020. As stated earlier,
more refinement of these estimates is ongoing and a revised
projection will be released with the publication of the next
Trends report.
4.5 WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS FROM
DESULFURIZATION OF DIESEL
FUELS?
Section 406(a) of the CAAA of 1990 also requires that
EPA provide to Congress a report that contains estimates of
the actual emission reduction in each year resulting from
promulgation of the diesel fuel desulfurization regulations
under section 214. As a result of the regulation, industry
reduced the sulfur content of diesel fuel 0.25 to 0.05 percent
as of October 1, 1993. Figure 4.4 displays the emissions for
on-road sources with and without desulfurization. As shown,
emission reductions in the year 1993 are smaller than the
other years since industry lowered the sulfur content of the
Section 406 of the CAAA: Industrial SO, Emissions # 4-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
fuel in October of that year. Forthe years 1994 through 1998,
Figure 4.4 shows a 51 percent decrease in total vehicle
emissions and a 400 percent decrease in diesel vehicle
emissions, relative to what emissions would be without the
fuel desulfurization program.
4.5.1 Why Are Current 1993 Emissions
Without Desulfurization Higher Than
the Values Presented in the 1995 Report
to Congress?
The 1993 emissions for on-road vehicles without
desulfurization differs from similar values presented in the
"National Annual Industrial SulfurDioxide Emission Trends,
1995-2015: Report to Congress." EPA generated the values
in the previous report prior to the release of its PARTS
emissions model, which EPA currently uses to generate SO2
emissions from on-road sources.
For all estimates prior to October 1, 1993, the previous
calculation assumed a sulfur content of 0.20 instead of 0.25
percent, since the 0.20 value was the default value listed in
EPA's AP-42 Emission Factor document.5 When PART5 was
released, the default value was changed to 0.25. However,
past October 1, 1993, the default value was changed to 0.05,
since 0.05 is the regulatory value:
Sulfur Content
0.20 (1995 Report)
0.25 (This Report)
0.05 (This Report)
Year reflected in data
Pre October 1, 1993
Pre October 1, 1993
All years after October 1, 1993
4.6 REFERENCES
1. "The 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory (Version 2): Development of the Annual Data and Modelers' Tapes." EPA-
600/7-89-012a, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC 27711.
2. "National Annual Industrial Sulfur Dioxide Emission Trends, 1995-2015: Report to Congress." EPA-454/R-95-001.
Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. June 1995.
3. "National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Procedures Document, 1900-1996." EPA-454/R-98-008. Officeof Air
Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1998.
4. "Procedures for Developing Base Year and Future Year Mass and Modeling Inventories for the Tier 2 Final
Rulemaking," EPA-420-R-99-034, September, 1999 (found on the web at: http://www.epa.gov/otaq/tr2home.htmttsd).
5. "Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources," 4th Edition,
Supplement D through 5th Edition, Supplement B, AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park,NC. 1997.
4-4 # 4.0 Section 406 of the CAAA: Industrial SO, Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 4-1. Industrial SO2 Tier Source Categories
Description
Tier! Tier2 TierS
Description
Tier! Tier2 TierS
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite and lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
sulfur compounds
other
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Non-Ferrous Metals Processing
copper
lead
aluminum
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
natural gas
other
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
fluid catalytic cracking units
other
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
cement mfg
other
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Construction
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
Nonindustrial
Solvent Utilization NEC
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage I
Service Stations: Stage II
Service Stations: Breathing & Emptying
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
Bulk Materials Transport
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
industrial
Open Burning
industrial
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
industrial
Landfills
industrial
Section 406 of the CAAA: Industrial SO, Emissions # 4-5
-------
4-
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State
Alabama 1
Arizona
Arkansas 2
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia 1
Idaho2
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri 1
Montana
NOTE(S):1: Only
1996
PEI
Point
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Table 4-2. Industrial SO2 Point and
1996 1990 1990 1985 1985
PEI OTAG OTAG NAPAP NAPAP
Area Point Area Point Area
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
Area Data Source
State
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon 3
Pennsylvania 1'2
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah2
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Submittals by States
1996 1996 1990 1990 1985 1985
PEI PEI OTAG OTAG NAPAP NAPAP
Point Area Point Area Point Area
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
Partial State. See Tables 5.2 and 5.3 for more details.
2: PEI data submitted
3: Data
obtained from
but not incorporated into NET inventory due to programming or timing difficulties. Data to be incorporated in FY 2000.
1990 Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission
1
1
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X
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8"
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-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 4-3. Industrial SO2 Projected Emissions by Selected Source Categories
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
PolymerS Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Non-Ferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubbers Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
Open Burning
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
All Industrial SO2 Emissions
1996
3,022
1,465
844
556
140
17
291
4
204
1
1
0
0
81
428
283
128
17
337
95
234
8
349
4
0
102
0
230
0
0
0
13
1
3
6
6
0
0
0
0
4,437
1999
3,023
1,476
832
555
142
17
301
4
212
1
1
0
0
83
438
295
125
18
340
91
241
8
354
4
0
104
0
232
0
0
0
14
1
3
6
6
0
0
0
0
4,466
2002
3,024
1,487
819
555
145
17
312
5
220
1
1
0
0
85
447
306
122
19
343
87
247
9
359
4
0
107
0
234
0
0
0
15
1
3
7
7
0
0
0
0
4,496
2005
3,024
1,498
807
554
147
18
322
5
227
1
1
0
0
87
457
318
120
19
346
84
254
9
364
5
0
109
0
235
0
0
0
16
1
3
7
7
0
0
0
0
4,526
2007
3,025
1,506
799
554
149
18
329
5
233
1
1
0
0
89
463
325
118
20
348
81
258
9
368
5
0
111
0
236
0
0
0
16
1
3
7
7
0
0
0
0
4,545
2008
3,022
1,504
796
555
149
18
333
5
236
1
1
0
0
90
467
329
118
20
351
80
261
9
370
5
0
111
0
238
0
0
0
16
1
3
7
7
0
0
0
0
4,554
2011
3,012
1,499
788
558
149
18
344
5
245
1
1
0
0
92
478
340
117
21
358
78
270
10
376
5
0
113
0
241
0
0
0
17
1
4
8
8
0
0
0
0
4,582
2014
3,002
1,494
780
562
149
18
356
6
254
1
1
0
0
94
490
351
117
22
365
76
279
10
383
5
0
115
0
244
0
0
0
18
1
4
8
8
0
0
0
0
4,609
2017
2,993
1,489
771
565
149
18
368
6
263
1
1
0
0
97
501
362
116
23
372
73
289
11
389
5
0
118
0
248
0
0
0
19
1
4
9
9
0
0
0
0
4,638
2020
2,983
1,484
763
568
149
18
379
6
272
1
1
0
0
99
513
374
116
23
380
71
298
11
395
5
0
120
0
251
0
0
0
19
1
4
9
9
0
0
0
0
4,665
Section 406 of the CAAA: Industrial SO, Emissions # 4-7
-------
*>.
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Figure 4-1. SO2 Emissions by Major Industrial Source Category, 1996
c/i
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ALL OTHER
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CHEMICAL &
ALLIED
PRODUCT MFC
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32%
= mi = mi = mi = mi = mi = mi = nii =
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FUEL
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-------
Figure 4-2. Industrial SO2 Emissions
(1900 to 2020)
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1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
YEAR
D FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
D CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
D ALL OTHER INDUSTRIAL
D METALS PROCESSING
D PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
- SECTION 406 CAP (5.6 million tons/year)
Note: Apparent spike in 1990 emissions is due to a methodology shift and should not be interpreted as a 1-year increase in industrial emissions.
-------
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Figure 4-3. SO2 Emissions by Major Industrial Source Category, 2020
ALL OTHER
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PETROLEUM &
RELATED
INDUSTRIES
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ALLIED
PRODUCT MFC
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METALS
PROCESSING
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-------
Figure 4-4. SO2 On-Road Emissions With and Without Desulfurization,
1993-1998
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f
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-------
Chapter 5.0
National Criteria Pollutant
Estimation Methodologies
5.1 WHAT INFORMATION IS
PRESENTED IN THIS CHAPTER?
This chapter provides a list of the source categories in the
National Emission Trends (NET) data base whose emission
estimation methods have changed since the December 1997
Trends report and the years that were affected by the
methodology changes. It also provides a brief description of
the revised methods used to estimate emissions from these
sources.
5.2 WHERE DO I GET INFORMATION
ON THE METHODS USED TO
ESTIMATE EMISSIONS FOR
SOURCES WHOSE METHODS DID
NOT CHANGE?
To obtain information on how emissions were estimated
for sources not listed in this chapter, you should look in the
Trends Procedures Document.1 The Trends Procedures
Document canbe obtained on the Internet using the following
website address:
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ei_data.html#ETDP
In addition to the Trends Procedures Document, you
should also look at the chapter entitled "Methodologies That
Are New" and Appendix B of the Trends update document.2
Methods used to estimate emissions for several source
categories were changed last year, and descriptions of the
changes are found in the "Methodologies That Are New"
chapter of that report. The Trends update document can be
found on the Internet using the following website address:
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends98/emtrnd.html
Table 5-1 provides an overview of all sources whose
emission estimation methodologies have changed since
publication of the Trends Procedures Document.
5.3 WHAT OTHER THINGS SHOULD I
KNOW ABOUT THE TRENDS
ESTIMATION METHODS?
Each year, the United States (U.S.) Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) compiles emission estimates used
in assessing trends in the amounts of criteria pollutants
discharged into the air. Prior to 1993, the main purpose of
the published trends was to portray relative progress in the
control of air pollutant emissions nationally. Those estimates
were based on standardized emission inventory procedures
using aggregate national economic and demographic data.
As interest in, and the need for emission figures for
individual States and metropolitan areas increased, it was
obvious those techniques lacked the precision needed to
provide the detailed data, representative of diverse economic
and geographic areas, that could realistically assess emission
reduction efforts at these smaller scales.
In recent years, the preparation and presentation of
national emission estimates has evolved toward meeting the
need for more detailed and more accurate inventories. To
achieve this goal, revised methodologies have been developed
that support the incorporation of detailed State
Implementation Plan (SIP) inventories and/or other regional
inventories where available (e.g., Ozone Transport
Assessment Group [OTAG], Grand Canyon Visibility
Transport Commission [GCVTC], periodic emission
inventories [PEI]). In addition to presenting national
progress in reducing air emissions, local trends in emissions
are now presented when possible.
Because of these changes in methodologies,
comparison of values with previous Trends reports
is not a valid exercise. You should use caution when
comparing estimates for the years 1985 to 1997 from
this report with values in any previous report.
Table 5-2 provides a general overview of where emission
values were obtained for each State, for both point and area
sources. Mobile source emissions are estimated by EPA for
all States using the MOBILE model. EPA also prepares
utility emission estimates. Table 5-3 indicates the source of
5.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodologies # 5-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
data for the two most important pollutants emitted by utilities
(nitrogen oxides [NOX] and sulfur dioxide [SO2]).
5.4 WHAT SOURCE CATEGORIES ARE
ESTIMATED USING METHODS
THAT DIFFER FROM THE
PREVIOUS REPORT?
Table 5-1 provides a synopsis of the sources whose
methods have changed since the publication of the last Trends
report.1 Some of the sources listed in Table 5-1 were updated
during the preparation of emissions for the Trends update2
and were described in the "Methodologies That Are New"
chapter and Appendix B of that report. The shaded rows in
Table 5-1 indicate source categories that were modified this
year and are described in the sections of this chapter that
follow.
5.5 HOW WERE EMISSIONS FROM
NON-ROAD SOURCES ESTIMATED?
One of the major changes in the methods used to estimate
emissions this year was for non-road sources. EPA's Office
of Transportation and Air Quality (OTAQ, formerly the
Office of Mobile Sources [OMS]) has been working on a
model that estimates the emissions from these sources for
several years. The April 1999 draft version of the
NONROAD model was available for use this year in
estimating emissions from this source category
(http://www.epa.gov/otaq/nonrdmdl.htm).
In large part, emission estimates for volatile organic
compounds (VOC), NOX, carbon monoxide (CO), SO2,
paniculate matter (PM) less than 10 microns (PM10), and PM
less than 2.5 microns (PM25) were calculated using the draft
version of the NONROAD model, for all gasoline, diesel,
compressed natural gas (CNG), and liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG) nonroad equipment types at the 10-digit Source
Classification Code (SCC) level. There were a few categories
that were not calculated using the NONROAD model. The
methods used to calculate emissions for those non-road
sources are described in section 5.5.4 and 5.5.5. In addition,
the NONROAD model does not contain emission factors to
calculate ammonia (NH3) emissions. As a result, NH3
emissions were calculated outside the model using fuel
consumption estimates that were generated from the
NONROAD model. The methods used to calculate other
pollutants that are not included in the NONROAD model are
described in section 5.5.6.
5.5.1 What Types of Sources are Included in
the NONROAD Model?
The NONROAD model includes the following general
categories:
agricultural;
airport support;
light commercial;
construction and mining;
industrial;
lawn and garden;
logging;
pleasure craft;
railroad; and
recreational equipment.
The model generates emissions at subcategory levels lower
than the general categories listed above. The subcategories
are equivalent to 10-digit SCC levels.
5.5.2 What Years Were Estimated?
County-level criteria pollutant estimates for non-road
sources were prepared for all years from 1985-1998 inclusive.
National emission estimates were calculated for 1970, 1975,
and 1980.
5.5.3 Were There Differences in the Methods
Used to Calculate Non-road Emissions
for Different Years?
Yes. EPA calculated county-level emissions differently
for the periods 1985-1995, 1996, and 1997-1998. The
methods used to calculate county-level emissions for 1985-
1995 and 1997-1998 were identical. Two different methods
were used due to time and budget constraints.
EPA calculated criteria pollutant emission estimates for
1996 using the draft NONROAD model adapted to run on a
DEC Alpha UNIX workstation. A set of 385 input files was
prepared in order to produce an annual county-level non-road
emissions inventory for 1996. These input files included a
default input file for each State that accounted for average
statewide temperatures and seasonal (summer, fall, winter,
and spring) Reid vapor pressures (RVP). Emissions for all
counties in the United States were calculated using the default
State input files. In some cases however, the estimates for
particular counties were replaced with county-specific
estimates, if those counties had significant differences in their
RVP, fuel characteristics due to reformulated gasoline (RFG)
and oxygenated fuel requirements, and Stage II controls.
For areas subject to Phase 1 of the Federal RFG
program, separate RVP values were modeled in the 1996
NONROAD inputs for May through September. Oxygenated
5-2 # 5.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodologies
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
fuel was modeled in the areas participating in this program in
1996. Four seasonal emissions files for each run were then
added together, and the records for each State were combined
to produce a database of annual and daily emissions.
Ozone season daily emissions were also estimated.
Weekday or weekend day emissions must be specified
separately when running the NONROAD model (i.e., annual
and daily emissions cannot be generated during the same
runs). Because of the time involved in preparing county-level
estimates forthe whole nation, daily emissions were estimated
by using the summer season emissions generated by the
NONROAD model, divided by 92 days rather than
performing an additional set of calculations for weekday or
weekend day emissions.
Emissions for 1985-1995 and 1997-1998 were calculated
differently than 1996 emissions. The NONROAD model was
run at the national level for all relevant inventory years. Each
national run included three seasonal (i.e., summer, winter,
fall/spring combined) NONROAD model runs per year to
estimate annual criteria pollutant emissions. Seasonal runs
were performed to account for differences in average seasonal
temperature, as well as RVP. Fall and spring were combined
since the average seasonal temperature for those seasons is
generally equivalent.
Using the results of the national-level runs, we calculated
a ratio by dividing national 10-digit SCC-level emission
estimates for each year by their equivalent 1996 national
values. County-level emissions were estimated for each year
by multiplying each ratio times the 1996 county-level, SCC-
level emissions. This approach ensures that the sum of all
county-level emissions for any year are equivalent to the
national-level estimates, but are distributed to the counties
according to the 1996 distribution. This approach was
utilized due to time and resource constraints.
Because the NONROAD model estimates growth in local
equipment populations using one national average growth
rate, the effects of growth should be reflected in the national-
level runs for each alternate year aside from the base year
1996. The effects of federal non-road emission standards in
future years (e.g., years beyond 1996) would also be
accounted for. Because the model uses one average growth
rate for the whole nation, the approach of using the 1996
county-level inventory as a basis for geographically allocating
national inventories for other years was assumed to be
reasonable. However, temperature and fuel inputs to reflect
local conditions cannot be accounted for when doing a
national-level run for a specified year.
As a quality assurance step, category-level emissions
generated from the 1996 county-level NONROAD model
UNIX runs and summed to the national level were compared
with emissions resulting from 3 national, seasonal runs
(summer, winter, fall/spring combined). Fall and spring
seasonal runs were combined to save resources, since the
temperatures forthese two seasons are generally similar. This
was also done to test the viability of the proposed approach for
other years, which rely on national-level runs geographically
allocated to the county-level using the 1996 county
distribution. If a large disparity existed in the results
obtained when running the model at the county-level versus
the national level, it could also potentially result in a
discontinuity in the emissions data from 1996 to 1997, or
from 1995 to 1996. The results of these two separate runs
are, in fact, reasonably comparable.
Revised emission estimates were also calculated for 1970,
1975, and 1980. Only national estimates are available for
these years. We determined source category-specific ratios of
the updated 1985 estimates to the previous Trends values.
We then multiplied that ratio times the previous national
Trends non-road value for each year to develop revised
estimates.
5.5.4 Were There Non-road Emission Sources
That Were Not Estimated Using the
NONROAD Model?
Yes. Emissions for recreational gasoline powered
equipment, aircraft, commercial marine vessels, and
locomotives were estimated using other methods. EPA has
determined that the draft version of the NONROAD model
over estimates the equipment population for recreational
gasoline powered equipment, so emissions for that category
were estimated using the Trends methods used before
introduction of the NONROAD model. For the other non-
road emission sources, the NONROAD model does not
currently include estimation methods for these categories, so
the current Trends method found in the Trends Procedures
Document was used to develop the emission estimates.1
5.5.5 How Were Emissions Estimated for
Categories Discussed in Section 5.5.4
Above?
As indicated above, the NONROAD model is still in
draft form, and emission estimates for certain categories are
still undergoing review. For example, large populations are
reported for recreational gasoline equipment. This results in
emission estimates that are significantly higher than prior
year estimates. For this reason, EPA requested that emission
estimates from the existing Trends data base be used in place
of the NONROAD model estimates for this category.
Commercial aircraft and general aviation estimates for
1997 and 1998 were developed from 1996 values using
updated landing-takeoff operations data from the Federal
Aviation Administration (FAA) as growth factors. Military
aircraft, unpaved airstrips, and aircraft refueling emissions
were grown from 1996 using growth factors consistent with
the current draft version of the Economic Growth Analysis
System (EGAS).3 Information on how the 1996 emission
5.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodologies # 5-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
estimates forthese sources were developed can be found in the
Trends Procedures Document.1
EPA's OTAQ prepared 1995-1998 VOC, NOX, CO, and
total PM national emission estimates for commercial marine
diesel engines. PM10 was assumed to be equivalent to PM,
and PM2 5 was estimated by multiplying PM10 emissions by a
factor of 0.92. These new national estimates were distributed
to counties using the geographic distribution in the existing
1996 NET data base [i.e., the National Acid Precipitation
Assessment Program (NAPAP) distribution, or the State-
supplied distribution, if a State had submitted data under
OTAG for these categories]. Commercial marine emissions
were not reported under the same SCC for all States in the
data base. For example, some States reported commercial
marine diesel emissions under the SCC 2280000000, which
could potentially include other fuel types (e.g., residual,
gasoline). Therefore, a distribution was established based on
emissions for all commercial marine SCCs. Because the
OTAQ estimates included emissions from residual-fueled
vessels, emissions corresponding to this SCC were removed,
as well as emissions from the general SCC 2280000000.
Sulfur dioxide emissions reported for residual-fueled vessels
were not removed, however, since OTAQ did not supply
revised emissions for this pollutant.
In addition, records for several States had emissions for
some pollutants, including SO2 and PM10, but no VOC, NOX,
or CO emissions. We estimated the emissions for these
pollutants, by using a national average ratio of VOC/PM10,
NOX/PM10, and CO/PM10 which were calculated from the
available inventory data. These ratios were then applied to
the PM10 emissions to estimate the missing VOC, NOX, and
CO emissions.
For the years 1985-1994, we calculated the ratio of the
1995 revised OTAQ commercial marine emissions to the
previous 1995 Trends emissions values for each pollutant.
This ratio was then applied to emission estimates for the
following SCCs: commercial marine diesel (2280002),
commercial marine residual (2280003), and commercial
marine unspecified fuel (2280000). This method was used to
avoid a large disparity between existing Trends estimates and
revised OTAQ estimates (which were only available back to
1995). We did not perform any additional data augmentation
for these years.
1997 and 1998 emission estimates for commercial
gasoline, commercial coal, and military marine vessels were
grown from 1996 using growth factor values that were
consistent with the current draft version of EGAS.
5.5.6 Were Any Pollutant Estimates Prepared
Differently for Non-road Sources?
Yes, lead (Pb) and NH3. Pb was estimated using methods
described in section 5.18 of the Trends Procedures
Document.1 For NONROAD model categories, NH3
emissions were calculated for the years 1990-1998, based on
county-level fuel consumption estimates obtained from
NONROAD model runs. Fuel consumption estimates were
not available forLPG and CNG-fueled equipment. Emission
factors provided by EPA's OTAQ were then applied to these
activity data to estimate NH3 emissions for gasoline
equipment (without catalysts) and diesel-fueled equipment.
The emission factors were derived primarily from light-duty
on-road vehicle emission measurements, and extrapolated to
nonroad engines on a fuel consumption basis.
As indicated above, emission estimates for recreational
gasoline equipment were maintained from the previous
version of the NET. However, recreational gasoline NH3
emissions were calculated differently. Recreational gasoline
equipment NH3 emissions were calculated based on the
NONROAD model fuel consumption estimates. These
estimates were then redistributed to existing NET records.
This was done to avoid having records in the inventory that
only contained NH3 estimates, since many of the SCCs
reported in the NONROAD model for this category were not
present in the existing Trends inventory. In addition, many
States had previously reported these emissions under the
general SCCs 2260001000 (all 2-stroke gasoline recreational
vehicles) and 2265001000 (all 4-stroke gasoline recreational
vehicles), instead of the more specific recreational equipment
types.
For aircraft, commercial marine, and locomotive
categories, national fuel consumption estimates for 1996 were
obtained from various sources. Jet fuel and aviation gasoline
consumption for general aviation and commercial aircraft
were obtained from the "FAA Aviation Forecasts Fiscal
Years, 1998-2009."4 For aircraft categories, NH3 emission
factors developed for diesel engines were applied to all fuel
consumption estimates, since aviation gasoline consumption
was determined to be relatively small compared to jet fuel,
and the aircraft SCCs are not defined by fuel type. Diesel
consumption estimates for locomotives were obtained from
"Locomotive Emission Standards - Regulatory Support
Document (RSD)."5 For commercial marine, data for
distillate and residual fuel oil were reported in "Fuel Oil and
Kerosene Sales."6
To develop NH3 emissions for 1997 and 1998,1996 base
year NH3 emissions for these categories were projected for
these categories using growth factors. SO2 emissions were
not supplied by OTAQ for commercial marine and
locomotives, and estimates for this pollutant were projected
using growth factors as well. NH3 emissions were reported
in the NET database for commercial marine and locomotive
categories for historic years (i.e., 1990-1995); no changes
were made to these historic estimates. Historic NH3
emissions were not available for aircraft, so there is a
disparity between 1995 and 1996 for NH3 emissions for this
category.
Once annual NH3 emissions were calculated, summer
season daily emissions were estimated using seasonal profiles
5-4 # 5.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodologies
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
available from the 1985 NAPAP study. SCC-specific summer
seasonal fractions were applied to the annual emissions to
generate summer season emissions, which were then divided
by 92 days to estimate summer season daily emissions.
5.6 WHAT CHANGES WERE MADE IN
THE METHOD USED TO ESTIMATE
NONUTILITY POINT AND AREA
SOURCE EMISSIONS?
EPA has tried over the last several years to ensure that
the NET database reflects State developed emission estimates
whenever feasible. For example, 1990 NET emission
estimates include State-developed data from OTAG and
GCVTC inventories. Emissions for years following 1990
were supplemented with data from the Aerometric
Information Retrieval System (AIRS). PEI and annual
submission of emissions data for major point sources are
required under the CAAA. As part of the PEI requirements,
States containing nonattainment areas (NAAs) needed to
submit a PEI for 1996. Consequently, one of EPA's goals
was to include data developed by the States as part of the
1996 PEI effort in the NET. While the CAAA only requires
submittal of ozone pollutant data for the PEI requirements,
annual point source reporting is designed to cover all
pollutants. Additionally, in the guidance provided to the
States on the PEI submittal process, EPA encouraged States
to submit emission estimates for all pollutants, since the NET
contains estimates for all criteria pollutants and is to be the
ultimate repository of the State data. To reduce the burden of
preparing this inventory, EPA gave each State a copy of the
1996 NET inventory as a starting point in preparing their
1996 PEI.
In the past, EPA has estimated emissions for this group
of sources by growing emissions using growth factors derived
from the U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic
Analysis (BEA). As mentioned above, some data derived
from AIRS was also used to supplement the emissions in
certain years.
5.6.1 What Steps Were Required to
Incorporate State PEI Data Into the
NET?
The incorporation of the 1996 State/Local emission
inventory data is a five step process:
Data Collection;
Quality Control (QC);
Data Augmentation;
Quality Assurance (QA); and
Data Loading.
In the data collection step, EPA solicited PEI and annual
point source data from the States. There were four acceptable
formats States could use to submit their data: 1) the NET
Input Format, 2) through AIRS/AIRS Facility Subsystem
(AFS), 3) the Electronic Data Interchange X.12 format, and
4) the NET Overwrite Format.
In the QC step, EPA evaluated the data received to
ensure that States had correctly characterized, on the 1996
Emission Inventory Submittal Form, the data they submitted
(e.g., geographic coverage, pollutants, SCCs, annual and
daily emissions), that the data were formatted correctly; that
mandatory data elements were included, and the priority
SCCs needed to incorporate the data were present (e.g.,
nonutility point and stationary area source SCCs). Any
problems found were followed-up by a phone call to the
State/local agency for review and resolution. If basic
problems could not be resolved, the data were not included in
this version of the NET. Data not included in this version of
the NET will be incorporated in FY 2000.
In the data augmentation step, data elements required for
the regional scale modeling or this report, that were not
supplied in the State data set, were added to the NET. EPA
needs a complete inventory containing VOC, NOX, CO, SO2,
PM10, PM25, and NH3. We added emission estimates to the
NET for any of these pollutants if they were not included in
the State submitted data. Each data element was
characterized as "mandatory submission" or "data can be
augmented." As part of the QC step, all data received was
checked to ensure that data elements classified as mandatory
submission were included in the data supplied by the States.
In the QA step, data were checked for reasonableness.
QA reports highlighting questionable data were developed
and sent to the States for review. Questionable data were
either confirmed by the State as correct, corrected by the
State, or in the case where the State did not respond, replaced
using the data augmentation methods. The QA reports that
were sent to States for review included:
Tier 2 Summary;
Top 20 Plants for Each Pollutant with Comparison
to Current Data;
NET Plants Not in the State Data;
Geographic Coordinate Exceptions;
Stack Parameter Exceptions; and
Large Sources Without Emission Controls.
In the data loading step, EPA loaded State data that met
the QA criteria, or was resolved during the QA step, into the
NET data base. This resulted in a fully revised 1996 point
and area source file.
5.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodologies # 5-5
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
5.6.2 How Many States Submitted Data for
the 1996 PEI Effort?
Point source data for 34 States and area source data for
13 States was received as part of the PEI data incorporation
effort. Figure 5-1 is a map of the United States that indicates
which States provided 1) point source data that were utilized,
2) point source data that were not utilized at this time due to
data quality problems, 3) point and area source data that were
utilized, and 4) no data.
For the majority of States, the PEI point source submittals
were made to the AFS. Some States submitted data in
alternative formats, primarily using the NET Input Format.
5.6.3 Were Any State-Supplied Data Rejected
in the QC Phase?
Yes. A few States' data were rejected either due to
problems with data completeness, data format, or both. EPA
is working to resolve these problems with the individual
States and hopes to include data from these States in the next
release of the NET. These States are indicated in Figure 5-1
as States whose data will be processed in 2000.
5.6.4 What Types of Data Were Augmented
in the Data Augmentation Step?
As mentioned above, the NET contains emission
estimates for all criteria pollutants (except Pb). Thus data
elements and/or pollutant emissions that were missing in the
State provided data needed to be augmented. The data
augmentation procedure included augmenting information
related to stack parameters (height, diameter, velocity, flow,
temperature), location information (latitude and longitude),
operating schedule (hours per day, days per week, hours per
year, seasonal throughput), and emission estimates for
pollutants not included in the State submittals. A detailed list
of the items augmented in the data augmentation phase and
the individual steps taken to augment the various data
elements is provided in Barnard et. al.7 and in the draft
Trends Procedures Document currently being revised.8
5.6.5 What Quality Assurance Steps Were
Taken to Ensure That the State Data
Were Incorporated Correctly?
Quality assurance was an essential element of the data
incorporation process. Extensive internal review of the data
was performed to ensure that the data were retrieved and
formatted correctly and that the data augmentation process
was performed correctly. On-going reviews were made of the
data to ensure that there were not duplicate records, that
emissions values were not "out of range", and that the values
for stack parameters were within normal operational values.
The most important part of the QA program was State
review of the retrieved and augmented data. EPA prepared
a review package for each State submitting data. The review
package consisted of a number of reports and tables showing
a variety of information about the preliminary data set.
In the past, QA of the NET inventory focused almost
exclusively on the emission estimates. Due to the NET's
change in focus to a modeling inventory, QA of the NET was
expanded to cover additional data elements including stack
parameters, geographic coordinates, emission control data,
and operating schedule data.
To QA stack parameters, upper and lower limits were
developed for each stack parameter carried in the NET. The
Stack Exception Report in the Q A package listed stacks in the
NET where one or more of the parameters was above the
upper bound or below the lower bound. High and low values
not corrected by the States were replaced with the
corresponding upper or lower bound value. The acceptable
ranges for each stack parameter are listed below:
Height
Diameter
Temperature
Velocity
Oft to 1,250ft
Oft to 50 ft
32°Fto2,250°F
0 ft/sec to 650 ft/see
To QA geographic coordinates, maps were generated for
each State showing any facilities that were located outside of
their State borders when plotted using the geographic
coordinates supplied by the State. Coordinates not corrected
by the States were replaced with the coordinates for the
county centroid based on the State and county codes provided
by the State.
5.6.6 What Did EPA Do With Comments
Received by the States?
In the early review of the data, several States indicated
that the emissions for their ozone precursor pollutants were
not correct. The original downloads from AFS were designed
to retrieve the default emissions value. However, several
States indicated that they typically stored emissions data in
one of the alternative emission fields. As a consequence,
EPA surveyed the States that submitted data to determine
which States submitted emissions data in something other
than the default emissions field. Data for those States was
retrieved a second time and augmented as required. The
emissions for those States were re-summarized and sent back
to the States for a final review.
Once comments from all of the review packages were
received, modifications to the emissions or process data were
made based on the State comments. Modification to the AFS
PEI data were made to reflect either new data from the
5-6 # 5.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodologies
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
additional downloads, modifications based on the review
packages sent out to the States, or based on data that
remained anomalous (e.g., stack flow rates).
One portion of the State review package was a list of
plants not included in the PEI submittals that were in the
version of the 1996 NET provided to the States as a starting
point for PEI preparation. Several States provided comments
on that table indicating that 1) some or all of these facilities
should be maintained, and 2) indicating that while they
should be maintained, the emissions should be modified to
reflect more accurate State-supplied values. The data for
these plants were extracted from the NET and maintained in
a separate file. Since the review packages only provided plant
totals, ratios of old to new plant emissions were used to adjust
the values of each segment's emissions and then the data were
updated in the file.
5.6.7 Was There Any Additional Data
Augmentation?
Yes. In addition to criteria pollutants, the NET also
houses estimates of NH3 emissions. None of the States
submitting PEI data submitted NH3 emissions. As a
consequence, the NH3 emissions from the 1996 NET needed
to be added back into the revised data base. Two steps were
taken to perform this augmentation. First, plant-level total
NOX emissions were calculated for the PEI data submitted by
the States. Then plant-level summaries of NH3 from the NET
were developed. Where a match could be made using the
State Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) code,
county FIPS code, and plant identification (ID) code,
segment-level emissions for NH3 were calculated using the
following equation:
NH3seg =
* NH3plant
where:
NH3seg
NOxseg
NH3plant
segment-level NH3 emissions
PEI segment-level NOX emissions
PEI plant-level NOX emissions
NET plant-level NH3 emissions
In order to maintain the NH3 totals currently in the NET,
NH3-only plant/segment-level records were added for those
facilities that did not match plants in the PEI submitted data.
5.6.8 Were There Emissions From Any
Sources Submitted by the States That
Were Not Incorporated into the NET?
A few source categories were not updated using State-
supplied PEI data. These source categories were not updated
because EPA feels that the consistent methodology and the
quality of the data involved in the calculation of emissions
from these categories is at or above that provided by the
States. For point sources, State-supplied utility emissions
data for segments with SCCs beginning with 101 were not
retained. For area sources, the categories not included from
State data were on-road mobile and non-road. This approach
will be revised in 2000, as data issues are resolved between
the States and EPA for the utility and mobile categories.
5.6.9 How Were Nonutility Point and Area
Sources for 1997 and 1998 Developed?
The PEI data incorporation effort was only for 1996
emissions. Thus, EPA had to develop 1997 and 1998
emissions internally. Emissions for nonutility point sources
and many area sources were developed using growth factors.
To develop 1997 and 1998 emission estimates, EPA
compiled a set of emission growth factors to apply to the 1996
NET inventory. For the most part, these growth factors were
developed using procedures that are similar to those used by
EGAS.3 The current, publically available version of EGAS is
version 3.0. Because EGAS version 3.0 was released in 1995,
EPA has recently been working to develop an EGAS Version
4.0. The growth factors used for developing 1997 and 1998
estimates were developed using the draft version of EGAS
4.0. As part of the EGAS version 4.0 development effort,
EPA has obtained more recent data/models and updated some
of the underlying EGAS files. Two of the major changes that
EPA has been performing are: (1) incorporating new
economic models from Regional Economic Models, Inc.
(REMI); and (2) revising the EGAS 3.0 crosswalk that is used
to assign REMI model-derived growth factors to SCCs. The
REMI models, which included 72 modeling regions in EGAS
3.0, cover the continental United States. While many
modeling regions cover an entire State, some States have
separate models for ozone NAAs and rest-of-state areas. For
this effort, updated REMI models were available that provide
historical (through 1996) and forecast (through 2035)
socioeconomic data for each of 75 modeling regions in the
United States (three new modeling regions were added in
North Carolina).9 As part of the revisions to the EGAS 3.0
crosswalk, EPA reviewed each of the previous SCC
assignments and incorporated new assignments for over
2,600 additional SCCs.
The EPA applied REMI model-derived growth factors to
point sources at the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)
code-level whenever SIC code information was available in
the inventory. Because REMFs models provide output for
172 economic sectors, which are roughly equivalent to 3-digit
SIC codes, REMI output was first directly matched to the SIC
code information available from the point source component
of the NET inventory. For some point source records, SIC
code information was missing, available at less than a 3-digit
SIC code level, or invalid (did not represent a valid SIC
5.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodologies # 5-7
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
code). For these point source records, EPA assigned REMI
model-derived growth factors to SCCs using the revised
EGAS crosswalk. Because the REMI models do not include
Alaska and Hawaii, it was necessary to utilize a different
source of projections dataforthese States. The BEA released
a set of gross State product (GSP) projections in 1995.10
These projections, which are generally available at a 2-digit
SIC code level, were used to develop growth factors for
Alaska and Hawaii. The BEA-derived growth factors were
first matched with point sources in the inventory at the 2-digit
SIC code level. For point sources with missing/invalid SIC
code information, and for all area sources, EPA matched BEA
data with emission sources using an updated EGAS 3.0
crosswalk matching BEA sectors with SCCs.
EGAS 3.0 includes a number of models that project
energy consumption by sector and fuel type (e.g., residential
natural gas consumption). The revisions to the energy
consumption modules in EGAS 3.0 have not yet been
completed. Because these updates are expected to include the
use of Department of Energy (DOE) energy projections data,
EPA compiled the DOE's forecast data for use in adjusting
the REMI/BEA data for projected changes in energy
intensity.11 Specifically, the EPA calculated the following
national energy intensity factors for 1996, 1997, and 1998:
Residential fuel combustion - projected delivered
energy by fuel type divided by projected residential
floor space;
Commercial/institutional fuel combustion - proj ected
delivered energy by fuel type divided by projected
commercial floor space; and
Industrial fuel combustion - projected delivered
energy by fuel type for both specific industries (e.g.,
refining industry) and for total industrial fuel use
divided by proj ected constant dollar industrial output
(specific industry or total industrial output).
Next, EPA calculated the ratios of national 1996 energy
intensity to both the national 1997 and 1998 energy intensity
for each sector/fuel type. For residential natural gas
consumption, for example, EPA developed 1996:1997 and
1996:1998 ratios of residential natural gas consumption per
square foot of residential floor space. These ratios were then
used to adjust the EGAS modeling region-specific
REMI/BEA population-based residential fuel consumption
growth factors.
Finally, for VOC emissions, controls were implemented
for several maximum achievable control technology (MACT)
sources. If a source category was subject to MACT in either
1997 or 1998, the 1996 control efficiency for that source was
compared with the control efficiency that the MACT control
would have on VOC. If the 1996 control efficiency was
greater than or equal to the MACT control efficiency then the
data was maintained at the 1996 level. If the 1996 control
efficiency was lower than the MACT standard, then
uncontrolled emissions were back-calculated using the 1996
control efficiency and then controlled emissions were
calculated from the uncontrolled levels using the MACT
control efficiency. The MACT control efficiency value was
also inserted into the data base field for control efficiency. It
was assumed that the MACT controls operated for the entire
year, even if they were not scheduled to come on-line until the
middle to latter part of the year.
5.7 WHAT OTHER METHODOLOGY
CHANGES WERE THERE?
Methodology changes or changes in the underlying data
used to calculate emissions were made for agricultural
livestock, structural fire, and prescribed burning emissions.
In addition, corrections were made in how on-road mobile
NOX emissions were calculated to account for the heavy-duty
NOX defeat device on heavy-duty diesel engines. (See Section
5.7.4.)
5.7.1 What Changes Were Made in How
Agricultural Livestock Emissions Were
Calculated?
EPA had calculated PM and NH3 emissions from
agricultural livestock sources using U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA) Census of Agriculture data on animal
populations. The Census of Agriculture is conducted every 5
years. Thus, we had been required to develop a methodology
that could be used to estimate emissions in years between the
publication of the Census of Agriculture data. EPA used
BEA State-level farm sector growth factors to estimate
emissions for the years between Census of Agriculture
publications. For the time period that EPA had estimated
emissions from this source category (1990-1997) only one
Census of Agriculture publication had been prepared (1992).
The 1997 Census of Agriculture was released in the spring of
1999. An evaluation of the actual statistics on livestock
populations following release of the 1997 Census of
Agriculture indicated that the livestock population data for
1997 was very similar to the 1992 data. However, the NET
inventory had shown approximately a 25 percent drop in total
NH3 emissions from 1992 to 1997 which was due almost
entirely to an approximately 40 percent drop in emissions in
the livestock category. Apparently agricultural commodity
prices dropped between 1992 and 1997, but livestock
populations stayed more or less stable. Since the BEA
statistics use commodity prices rather than animal population
data, the post-1992 inventories would be underestimated.
Thus EPA decided that the emission estimates for this
source category should be revised using more appropriate data
5-8 # 5.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodologies
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
on animal populations. The 1987 Census of Agriculture data
were obtained and in conjunction with the 1992 and 1997
data a linear estimation method was developed to predict
animal populations for intermediate years and to project to
1998. The linear estimates developed were State and animal
specific. In some cases, development of the linear regression
used to estimate animal populations resulted in negative
values. In those cases, the animal population was set to zero.
Using the revised animal population data with the current
emission factors1, revised estimates were developed. The
changes only affected NH3 and PM emission estimates.
5.7.2 What Changes Were Made in How
Structural Fire Emissions Were
Calculated?
EPA has an on-going program to improve the quality of
emission estimates. That program, the Emission Inventory
Improvement Program (EIIP) routinely evaluates the methods
used to estimate emissions from various sources. Recent work
by the EIIP had identified a revision to the loading factor used
to estimate emissions from structural fires. The revised value
for the loading factor was obtained from the California Air
Resources Board.12
Using the revised loading factor, emission estimates were
revised starting with 1990. Since several States submitted
data for this source during the OTAG data collection process,
revised and updated 1990 emission estimates for this source
were developed by EPA only for non-OTAG States. Once the
1990 estimates were revised, 1991-1995 estimates were
calculated by using a growth factor developed for the on-
going revision to EGAS. The growth factor for the revised
version of EGAS was developed using a regression equation
that relates national population to the amount of material
burned in structural fires. State-level population is then used
as an input to predict the amount of material burned in each
State, using the regression equation. Both OTAG and non-
OTAG estimates were grown.
Estimates for 1996 were developed using updated activity
data and the California Air Resources Board's loading factor
for non-OTAG states. OTAG States were grown using the
EGAS growth factors. Then, as part of the 1996 PEI data
incorporation effort, 1996 emissions were replaced by State-
supplied data obtained during the PEI effort.
Estimates for 1997 and 1998 were developed identically
to how the base 1996 data were developed, except that there
was no replacement with State-supplied data, since there was
no equivalent to the PEI data for those years.
5.7.3 What Changes Were Made in How
Prescribed Burning Emissions Were
Calculated?
EPA updated prescribed burning emissions estimates to
better reflect data now available with which to calculate
growth in this sector. In earlier versions of the NET,
emissions for prescribed burning were grown using
population as a surrogate. EPA felt that population was not
an appropriate growth surrogate for prescribed burning. A
method developed for the Section 812 Prospective13 study
which held private land acreage constant, but develops a
growth index for public lands based on national statistics for
acres burned, was initiated this year. The technique uses
1990 estimates as a base year, since values for 1990 include
actual data for a number of States, especially those in the
GCVTC inventory.
EPA used information on the fraction of public including
State-owned and private land from the Section 812
Prospective study to allocate a portion of the emissions to
each of these components. Then, a national ratio of acres
burned on public lands was developed using U.S. Forest
Service data.14 Growth factors were then developed by
calculating a ratio for the year of interest relative to 1990 (the
base year). The growth factor was then multiplied by the
fraction of emissions attributable to public lands. This value
was then added back to the remaining emissions (i.e., those
attributable to private lands) to obtain the emissions for each
year. This is a rough estimate. The actual number of acres
burned each year varies greatly and is a function of fuel
moisture, fuel density, meteorology, and other factors.
5.7.4 How Did EPA Account for Emissions
from Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines that
Used the NOX Defeat Device?
On October 22, 1998, EPA reached a settlement
agreement with seven manufacturers of diesel truck engines.
EPA had found that the engines in as many as 1.3 million
trucks built over the last 10 years had devices that defeated
pollution controls. Those allegations were related to excessive
NOX emissions during highway driving that were not
occurring during engine certification testing. The engine
electronic control module would switch to those fuel-efficient,
but high NOX, operation modes during highway driving.
Federal officials considered such engine control software
"defeat devices", which are illegal under the federal laws.
For purposes of this report, a defeat device is a vehicle
component or software which allows excess emissions to be
produced during operating modes which are not explicitly
covered by a certification test while still controlling emissions
duringthe certification test. In the case of the heavy-duty NOX
defeat device, the device was active (shut off emission control
5.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodologies # 5-9
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
systems) during steady-state operating modes such as cruising
down the freeway, but was mostly inactive during transient
operation. It was built into heavy-duty diesel vehicles
(HDDVs) beginning in the 1988 model year, and completely
removed by the 2000 model year. In the late 1980's and early
1990's the defeat device was being phased into the fleet and
was mostly confined to the heavy end of the heavy-duty
diesels (8a and 8b vehicles). However, by the mid to late
1990's it was widespread on virtually all of the heavy end
engines and most of the medium and light end heavy-duty
diesels.
EPA's MOBILE model used to calculate emissions from
on-road vehicles is designed based on engine certification
testing. Thus, the use of the defeat devices by HDDVs caused
the emission factors calculated by those models to
underestimate emissions from these vehicles. In order to
determine that actual emissions arising from the use of these
5.9 REFERENCES
devices, EPA developed a series of spreadsheet models to
provide corrected emission factors for heavy-duty vehicles
that would account for the underestimated emissions.15
EPA's OTAQ spreadsheets contain multiplicative factors
representing the ratio of HDDV NOX emissions with the
defeat devices to the HDDV NOX emissions without the defeat
devices. These factors differ by calendar year, roadway type,
and vehicle speed. The HDDV NOX emissions, calculated
using the MOBILESb HDDV NOX emission factors, were
revised by multiplying the appropriate factor at the State/
county/roadway type level of detail for the years 1990 through
1998. Additional details on the spreadsheet models can be
found at the following website address:
http://www.epa.gov/OMSWWW/m6.htm
1. "National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Procedures Document, 1900-1996," EPA-454/R-98-008. Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1998.
2. "National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Update, 1970-1997," EPA-454/E-98-007, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1998.
3. "Economic Growth Analysis System: Version 3.0," software, reference manual, and user's guide, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Available for download from http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ei_data.html#EGAS. August 1995
4. "FAA Aviation Forecasts Fiscal Years, 1998-2009," Office of Aviation Policy and Plans, Federal Aviation
Administration. March 1998.
5. "Locomotive Emission Standards - Regulatory Support Document (RSD)," Office of Mobile Sources, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI. April 1997.
6. "Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales," DOE/EIA-0380, Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy,
Washington, DC. 1996.
7. Barnard, W.R., C. Walvoord, S. Nizich, R.L. Tooly, and D. Solomon, "Incorporation of State Emissions Data into the
National Emission Trends Data Base," presented at the Air & Waste Management Association Specialty Conference,
The Emission Inventory: Regional Strategies for the Future, Raleigh, NC. October 1999.
8. "National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Procedures Document, Current Methods for Historic and Projection Year
Emission Estimates," Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. Draft, in preparation.
9. "EPA EGAS EDFS-14 Multi-Region County Models," Nine DOS Models Covering the U.S., Last History Year 1996,
Regional Economic Models, Inc., CD-ROM. February 18, 1999.
10. "Regional Projections to 2045," Volumes 1, 2, and 3, Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington DC. July 1995.
11. "Annual Energy Outlook 1999, with Projections through 2020," DOE/EIA-0383(99), Office of Integrated Analysis and
Forecasting, Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy. December 1998.
12. "Emission Inventory Procedural Manual, Volume III: Methods for Assessing Area Source Emissions," California
EPA: Air Resources Board. 1994.
13. "The Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Act 1990 to 2010," EPA Report to Congress, EPA-410-R-99-001, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1999.
14. "Forest Statistics of the United States, 1987," USFS publication, PNW-RB-168, U.S. Forest Service. September 1989.
15. "Development and Use of Heavy-Duty NOX Defeat Device Emission Effects for MOBILES and MOBILE 6," EPA420-
P-99-030, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. October 1999.
5-10 # 5.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodologies
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 5-1. Emission Estimation Methods That Have Changed Since the Last Report
Year of Inventory
1990
1990
1991-1995
1990
1990
1985-1989
1985-1994
1994-1998
1996
1997-1998
1970,1975,1980
1985-1998
1985-1998
1990-1998
1990-1998
1989-1998
1990-1998
1990-1998
1990-1998
Pollutant
CO, VOC, NOX
PM10, PM25, S02
All but Pb
All but Pb
All but Pb
All but Pb
NOX
NOX, S02
All but Pb
All but Pb
All but Pb
All but Pb
All but Pb
All but Pb
PM
PM
PM
PM
All but Pb
Category
Primarily nonutility point
sources and 1 7 states
worth of area sources
As above
Primarily nonutility point
sources and 1 7 states
worth of area sources
on-road mobile
on-road mobile
chemical and allied
utilities
utilities
nonutility point (35 states)
and area sources (1 4
states)
nonutility point and area
sources
non-road sources
non-road sources
non-road sources
Miscellaneous-agric.
forestry
Miscellaneous -agric.
crops
Miscellaneous-managed
burning
Miscellaneous
-construction
paved roads
structural fires
Methodology Change*
A combination of Ozone Transport Assessment Group (OTAG), Grand
Canyon Visibility Transport Commission Inventory (GCVTC), and Aerometric
Information Retrieval System (AIRS) data was added to inventory, replacing
some units but primarily just adding more units. (Ozone season daily data
received was developed into annual data).
State data received as above was augmented with PM and SO2 data through
an SO2 and PM to NOX uncontrolled emission factor ratio.
NAPAP, AIRS data, GCVTC and Grand Canyon projections from the 1990
inventory using Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) growth indicators.
1990, 1995, 1996 use state-supplied MOBILE model inputs where
applicable. See Reference 1 for a list of States supplying model inputs.
Used state supplied vehicle miles traveled (VMT) where applicable. See
Reference 1 for a list of States providing VMT.
Removed rule effectiveness from pre-1 990 chemical and allied product
emissions.
Used NOX emission rates from Acid Rain Division (ARD) instead of AP-42
emission factors.
Based Phase I units on CEM data from ARD, remaining units are from
DOE767 survey data (small amount of units).
Added state-supplied data directly received from states or retrieved from
AIRS as part of the PEI inventory effort, as directed by the states.
5 State submittals were select cities only.
Projected through 1998 based on the 1996 PEI enhanced database using
EGAS derived growth factors and BEA growth factors where applicable.
Generated national-level nonroad emission estimates based on category-
specific ratios of 1 996 NONROAD model outputs to previous year national
estimates.
Ran the beta version of the NONROAD model for all counties in U.S. for
1996. Used the NONROAD model to calculate national emissions for the
other years and then used SCC-specific ratios for the other years relative to
1 996 (year in question/1 996) to determine county-level estimates.
For commercial marine diesel, EPA's OTAQ provided revised national VOC,
NOX, CO, and PM emission estimates for commercial marine diesel engines.
National estimates were distributed to counties using the geographic
distribution in the existing NET.
Revised allocation of Census of Agriculture activity data between the 1990
and 1997 census: used agricultural surrogates instead of economic
surrogates.
Began using tillage activity data using the Conservation Technology
Information Center, Purdue University, data, and also changed silt value
methodology from 1 990 onward.
Based on USDA Forest Service inventory of PM from prescribed burning.
Public percentage of acres burned projected from 1 990 using national-level
growth factor developed from total U.S. acres burned, while private portion
held constant.
Changed the emission factor in 1990: changed from using a former AP-42
value to using latest AP-42 findings report: "Improvement of Specific
Emission Factors" - change occurred in Trends year 1 997.
The rain correction factor in the paved road equation was reduced by 50
percent for the years 1 990 onward due to uncertainty associated with the
actual reduction in emissions due to precipitation on paved road surfaces.
For non-OTAG States, revised 1 990 and 1 996 emissions based on new
loading factor value. Projected all States using EGAS regression equations,
which relate State-level population to the amount of material burned in
structure fires.
' For a list of specific data sources used for each State, please see Section 4.1 of reference 8.
5.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodologies # 5-11
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 5-2. Point and Area Source Data Submitted
State
Alabama
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Point Sources
Source Adjustments to Point Source Data
PEI
OTAG Backcastto 1990 using BEA. Average
Summer Day estimated using
methodology described.
NAPAP
OTAG Average Summer Day estimated using
default temporal factors.
PEI
PEI
PEI
PEI
PEI
PEI Only Atlanta not statewide
OTAG Average Summer Day estimated using
default temporal factors.
NAPAP PEI data submitted but not incorporated
into NET inventory.
PEI
PEI
NAPAP
PEI
PEI
PEI
PEI
PEI
PEI
PEI
OTAG Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
NAPAP
PEI Only partial state.
OTAG Backcastto 1990 using BEA. Average
Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
PEI
PEI
NAPAP
PEI
OTAG
NAPAP
OTAG
PEI
PEI
OTAG Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Area Sources
Source Adjustments to Area Source Data
PEI Birmingham NAA Only
NAPAP
NAPAP
NAPAP
PEI
NAPAP
PEI
PEI
OTAG Added Non-road emissions estimates
Int. Inventory to Jacksonville (Duval
County).
PEI Only Atlanta not statewide
OTAG
from
NAPAP PEI data submitted but not incorporated
into NET inventory.
OTAG
PEI
NAPAP
NAPAP
OTAG
PEI
OTAG
PEI
NAPAP
OTAG
NAPAP
NAPAP
PEI St. Louis NAA Only
NAPAP
NAPAP
NAPAP
OTAG
OTAG
NAPAP
OTAG
OTAG Average Summer Day estimated using
default temporal factors.
NAPAP
OTAG Assigned SCCs and converted from kgs to
tons. NOX and CO from Int. Inventory
added
to Canton, Dayton and Toledo counties.
5-12 # 5.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodologies
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 5-2 (continued)
State
Point Sources
Area Sources
Source Adjustments to Point Source Data
Source Adjustments to Area Source Data
Oklahoma PEI
Oregon GCVTC
Pennsylvania PEI Allegheny and Philadelphia Counties
Only
Pennsylvania OTAG
PEI
GCVTC
PEI Allegheny and Philadelphia Counties Only
OTAG Non-road emissions submitted were county
totals. Non-road emissions distributed to
specific SCCs based on Int. Inventory
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
OTAG
PEI
PEI
OTAG
PEI
NAPAP
PEI
PEI
PEI
PEI
PEI
NAPAP
Average Summer Day estimated using
default temporal factors.
OTAG
NAPAP
NAPAP
OTAG
PEI
NAPAP
OTAG
PEI
PEI
OTAG
OTAG
NAPAP
No non-road data submitted. Non-road
emissions added from Int. Inventory.
NAAs Only (Houston, Beaumont, Dallas, El
Paso)
NOTE(S): Year of Inventory is 1996 for PEI, 1990 for OTAG and GCVTC, and 1985 for NAPAP
5.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodologies # 5-13
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 5-3. Utility Boiler Emissions Data Sources for NOX and SO2 by Year
Year
NOV
SO,
1985 Overlaid Acid Rain Division (ARD) coal NOX
rate calculations when possible
1986 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1987 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1988 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1989 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1990 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1991 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1992 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1993 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1994 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible; overlaid ETS/CEM data
when possible
1995 Overlaid ETS/CEM data when possible
1996 Overlaid ETS/CEM data when possible
1997 Overlaid ETS/CEM data when possible
1998 Grew from 1997 data and overlaid ETS/CEM
data when possible
NADBV311 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Overlaid ETS/CEM data when possible
Overlaid ETS/CEM data when possible
Overlaid ETS/CEM data when possible
Grew from 1997 data and overlaid
ETS/CEM data when possible
5-14 # 5.0 National Criteria Pollutant Estimation Methodologies
-------
Figure 5-1. States Submitting Point and/or Area Source Data
forthe1996PEI
W
o
CO
o
a-
o_
£T
03
'
I Point/Area Received
n Point Received
] To Be Processed FY2000
Allegheny and Philadelphia Counties Processed
I
5'
s
a
s
a
s
bq
o
s
3s
s
Oo
-------
Chapter 6.0 Biogenic Emissions
6.1 WHAT EMISSIONS DATA DOES
EPA PRESENT IN THIS CHAPTER?
6.4 HOW DOES TEMPERATURE
AFFECT EMISSIONS?
This chapter presents preliminary biogenic volatile
organic compound (VOC) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions for
1988, 1990,1991,1995,1996, and 1997. Estimates for 1998
are not available because the United States (U.S.)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) did not have the
resources to develop biogenic estimates for that year. The
1998 estimates will be included in the 1999 Trends report.
Tables 6-1 and 6-2 show VOC and NO emissions,
respectively. Tables 2-1, A-2, and A-3 do not contain the
biogenic emission estimates because EPA only tracks
anthropogenic emissions for regulatory purposes.
6.2 HOW WERE THESE EMISSIONS
GENERATED?
EPA calculated the biogenic emissions for 1988, 1991,
1995,1996, and 1997 using the Biogenic Emissions Inventory
System - Version 2 (BEIS2).1'2'3 EPA used a slightly different
version of BEIS2 to generate the 1990 estimates.
6.3 WHY DO THESE EMISSIONS
VARY?
Differences in climatology (i.e., temperature and cloud
cover) and land use strongly affect biogenic emissions.
Annual emissions correlate very strongly with changes in
annual temperature patterns. The highest emissions levels
occur in the summer when temperatures rise the highest. An
increase of 10 °C can cause over a two-fold increase in VOC
and NO emissions. Tables 6-3 and 6-4 show the seasonal
allocation of VOC and NO emissions, respectively.
6.5 HOW DOES LAND USE AFFECT
EMISSIONS?
Variations in land use can greatly affect spatial variation
in biogenic emissions densities. In the southern United States
and Missouri, large areas of oak trees show high VOC
densities, while in the midwestern United States, areas of
fertilized crop lands show relatively high densities of NO.
Figures 6-1 and 6-2 show the spatial variation in biogenic
emission densities across the United States.
6.6 WHAT IS THE UNCERTAINTY
ASSOCIATED WITH THESE
ESTIMATES?
These estimates have an uncertainty factor of a maximum
of two. However, biogenic emissions research continues to be
quite active, and EPA expects improvements in these
emission estimates in the next few years.
6.7 REFERENCES
1. Birth, T., "User's Guide to the PC Version of the Biogenic Emissions Inventory System (PC-BEIS2)," EPA-600/R-95-091,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1995.
2. Geron, C., A. Guenther, and T. Pierce, "An Improved Model for Estimating Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds
from Forests in the Eastern United States," Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 99, pp. 12773-12791. 1994.
3. Williams, E., A. Guenther, and F. Fehsenfeld, "An Inventory of Nitric Oxide Emissions from Soils in the United States,"
Journal of Geophysical research, vol. 97, pp. 7511-7519. 1992.
6.0 Biogenic Emissions # 6-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 6-1. Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by State
(thousand short tons)
State
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
1988
1,826
535
1,837
1,815
889
81
25
1
1,352
1,666
854
283
237
141
154
677
1,291
599
164
140
581
729
1,662
1,472
912
95
152
168
130
505
350
1,072
69
270
1,013
1,066
594
24
738
142
1,063
2,711
407
102
911
685
510
648
505
33.852
1990
2,114
542
1,852
1,778
748
68
19
1
1,513
1,958
810
227
185
95
140
575
1,403
567
132
107
422
519
1,801
1,222
729
79
140
147
115
533
303
1,194
49
211
1,016
1,118
510
18
886
103
1,022
2,864
374
91
886
780
420
450
387
33,224
1991
1,852
517
1,476
1,711
817
74
24
1
1,246
1,609
764
257
227
103
133
648
1,043
621
155
129
548
612
1,450
1,298
781
81
142
163
124
499
328
1,002
51
243
864
1,002
560
21
652
113
1,010
2,244
353
100
850
650
473
516
397
30,536
1995
1,937
548
1,741
1,794
826
81
26
1
1,436
1,721
706
244
218
112
118
636
1,367
622
169
140
533
636
1,642
1,267
666
78
135
171
132
531
361
1,110
48
259
887
1,114
642
24
755
104
997
2,649
345
106
917
801
492
541
358
32,742
1996
1,597
591
1,472
2,125
878
63
20
0
1,255
1,454
726
191
165
89
116
496
1,125
531
127
109
394
533
1,402
1,056
716
72
158
137
103
544
280
908
46
197
836
1,087
460
18
626
102
817
2,481
410
88
728
735
383
412
396
29,254
1997
1,579
545
1,517
1,623
786
68
21
1
1,307
1,405
726
187
157
93
119
464
1,187
453
135
119
408
502
1,419
1,045
680
77
126
286
107
440
290
882
50
183
811
1,075
473
20
632
102
781
2,431
324
90
714
763
368
398
223
28,194
NOTE: The sums of States may not equal National total due to rounding.
6-2 # 6.0 Biogenic Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 6-2. Biogenic Nitric Oxide Emissions by State
(thousand short tons)
State
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
1988
14
55
19
42
39
1
2
0
22
19
25
90
49
93
91
19
19
3
6
1
25
58
19
44
60
91
46
1
2
62
17
21
51
36
35
24
19
0
10
62
17
199
28
2
10
15
4
36
39
1,638
1990
19
51
21
40
35
1
2
0
29
29
23
84
48
82
87
20
20
3
6
1
25
52
22
42
49
83
38
1
2
59
19
26
42
36
37
22
21
0
16
53
18
203
25
2
12
15
4
34
40
1,596
1991
14
53
19
42
38
1
2
0
22
20
24
90
51
90
91
20
19
3
6
1
26
56
19
44
57
90
44
1
2
61
18
22
48
37
35
23
20
0
11
60
18
199
27
2
10
14
4
35
36
1,628
1995
14
55
19
42
38
1
2
0
22
20
24
86
49
87
85
19
19
3
6
1
25
54
19
42
53
86
44
1
2
64
18
21
44
35
34
23
20
0
11
56
17
202
28
2
10
15
4
35
35
1,591
1996
14
58
18
44
39
1
2
0
22
19
24
81
46
81
83
18
19
2
6
1
23
50
19
40
52
80
47
1
2
65
17
20
43
33
34
23
18
0
10
52
16
206
29
2
9
15
3
32
35
1,553
1997
14
55
18
41
35
1
2
0
22
19
24
82
46
85
85
18
19
2
6
1
24
53
18
40
50
85
41
2
2
56
17
20
47
33
33
23
19
0
10
56
16
195
23
2
9
15
3
33
28
1,529
NOTE: The sums of States may not equal National total due to rounding.
6.0 Biogenic Emissions # 6-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 6-3. Biogenic Volatile Organic Table 6-4. Biogenic Nitric Oxide Seasonal
Compound Seasonal Allocation, Allocation, 1988 to 1996
1988 to 1996 (percentages) (percentages)
Year Winter Spring Summer Autumn Year Winter Spring Summer Autumn
1988 3 18 61 18 1988 11 23 42 24
1990 4 17 57 22 1990 15 21 39 25
1991 3 21 62 14 1991 12 24 40 23
1995 3 18 59 19 1995 12 22 41 24
1996 3 19 58 20 1996 12 23 41 24
6-4 # 6.0 Biogenic Emissions
-------
Figure 6-1. Density Map of NITROGEN OXIDES 1997
Biogenic Emissions by County
o
td
o'
OQ
W
Emission Density
tons/sq mile
3
C-K
tq
-------
Figure 6-2. Density Map of VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND 1997
Biogenic Emissions by County
I
I
Emission Density
tons/sq mile
-------
Chapter 7.0 Hazardous Air Pollutants
7.1 WHAT INFORMATION IS
PRESENTED IN THIS CHAPTER?
This chapter discusses hazardous air pollutants (HAPs).
HAPs are commonly referred to as "air toxics" or "toxic air
pollutants." They are pollutants known to cause or suspected
of causing cancer or other serious human health effects or
ecosystem damage. Section 112 of the Clean Air Act (CAA)
now lists 188 pollutants or chemical groups as HAPs and
targets stationary sources of these pollutants for regulation.1
Examples of air toxics include heavy metals like mercury and
chromium; organic chemicals like benzene, 1,3-butadiene,
perchloroethylene, dioxins, and polycyclic organic matter.
HAPs are emitted from literally thousands of sources
including: point sources (such as electric power utilities or
industrial manufacturers), smaller area sources (such as
neighborhood dry cleaners or service stations), and mobile
sources (such as automobiles or airplanes). Adverse effects to
human health and the environment due to HAPs can result
from exposure to air toxics from individual facilities,
exposure to mixtures of pollutants found in urban settings, or
exposure to pollutants emitted from distant sources that are
transported through the atmosphere over regional, national or
even global airsheds. In addition to breathing air
contaminated with air toxics, people can also be exposed to
some HAPs through other pathways such as through the
ingestion of contaminated food from waters polluted from the
deposition of HAPs from the air to water bodies (e.g. fish
contaminated with mercury).
7.2 WHAT ARE THE HEALTH AND
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF
HAPs?
Most of the information on potential health effects of
HAPs is derived from experimental animal data and studies
of exposed workers. The different health effects which may
be caused by HAPs include cancer, neurological,
cardiovascular, and respiratory effects, effects on the liver,
kidney, immune system, and reproductive system, and effects
on fetal and child development. More than half of the 188
HAPs have been classified by the United States (U.S.) (EPA)
as "known," "probable," or "possible" human carcinogens.
Known human carcinogens are those that have been
demonstrated to cause cancer in humans. Probable and
possible human carcinogens include chemicals that we are
less certain cause cancer in people, yet for which laboratory
animal testing or limited human data indicates carcinogenic
effects.
Some HAPs pose particular hazards to people of a certain
age or stage in life (e.g., young children, adolescents, adults,
or elderly people). Available data suggest that about a third
of HAPs (e.g., mercury) may be developmental or
reproductive toxicants in humans. This means that exposure
during the development of a fetus or young child may prevent
normal development into a healthy adult. Other such critical
exposures may affect the ability to conceive or give birth to a
healthy child. Toxic air pollutants can have a variety of
environmental impacts in addition to the threats they pose to
human health. Animals, like humans, may experience health
problems if they breathe sufficient concentrations of HAPs
over time, or ingest HAPs through contaminated food (e.g.
fish).
7.3 WHY ARE AIR TOXICS
INVENTORIES NEEDED?
Section 112 of the CAA added a new approach to the
regulation of HAPs, consisting of two phases. The first
requires the development of technology-based emissions
standards for sources emitting the 188 HAPs. The second
phase requires the evaluation of any remaining problems or
risks, and development of additional regulations to address
sources of those problems, as needed. In implementing the
Section 112 provisions, EPA has collected information that
helps characterize air toxics emissions. Emission inventories
are a key component of this characterization process and also
provide important information with which to monitor
progress towards meeting the emission reduction goals.
7.3.1 Which EPA Regulatory Activities Use
HAP Emission Inventories?
Phase One:
Under Section 112 of the CAA, the first phase of
requirements is comprised of the technology-based standards,
known as maximum achievable control technology (MACT)
and generally achievable control technology (GACT)
Hazardous Air Pollutants # 7-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
regulations. All large stationary sources, or "major" sources,
of the 188 HAPs must be addressed by such regulations, as
well as the smaller, "area" stationary sources found to
produce significant risk or emit priority pollutants such as
those identified under Section 112(c)(6) or the Integrated
Urban Air Toxics Strategy described below. Some
combustion sources, such as municipal waste combustors, and
medical waste incinerators are regulated under equivalent
requirements in Section 129. The purpose of this
technology-based approach is to use available control
technologies, changes in work practices, or pollution
prevention methods to get emission reductions for as many of
the HAPs as possible. It is expected that the MACT and
GACT standards will reduce a majority of the HAP emissions
and, in turn, reduce risks from regulated sources. This initial
phase has generated emissions data for several industries as
they are studied in the MACT and GACT regulatory
development process as well as other CAA provisions that
require EPA to evaluate emissions of utility industry HAP
emissions, mercury, and other specific air toxics. These
requirements are summarized below.
Utility Study, Section 112(n)(l)(A) requires a report to
Congress on the "hazards to public health reasonably
anticipated to occur as a result of the emissions of electric
utility steam generating units."
Mercury Study, Section 112(n)(l)(B) requires a report
to Congress regarding emissions of mercury that "shall
consider the rate and mass of such emissions, the health
and environmental effects of such emissions..."
Specific Pollutants, Section 112(c)(6) requires a "list of
categories and subcategories of sources assuring that
sources accounting for not less that 90 percent of the
aggregate emissions of each pollutant are subject to
standards." This provision applies to seven specific
HAPs: alky lated lead (Pb) compounds, mercury, dioxins,
polycyclic organic matter (POM), hexachlorobenzene,
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and furans.
Area Source Program, Section 112(c)(3) requires that
the "emissions of the 30 hazardous air pollutants that
present the greatest threat to public health in the largest
number of urban areas are subject to regulation."
Implementation of Section 112 through Title V of the
CAA requires the Administrator to perform an oversight
role with respect to State issued permits, including
permits issued to major sources of HAP emissions. In
order to determine whether that program is being
appropriately and lawfully administrated by the States
with respect to major HAP sources, a HAP emission
inventory is necessary. States are developing programs
to regulate HAPs and their Title V programs must
include permits for all HAP sources emitting major
quantities of HAPs (10 tons of one HAP or 25 tons of
multiple HAPs per year). Thus the Administrator
believes maintaining an inventory of such sources is
necessary and appropriate.
Phase Two:
After applicationof these technology-based standards and
studies, in the second phase, the CAA requires strategies and
programs for evaluating remaining risks and effects and
ensuring that the overall program has achieved sufficient
improvement. This phase will be implemented through
programs that evaluate these remaining risk and effects. Such
programs are described below.
Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy responds to the
requirements of Sections 112(k) and 112(c)(3) of the
CAA, and also reflects activities to control mobile source
emissions required under section 202(1). The goals of the
Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy consist of the
following: 1) attain a 75-percent reduction in incidence
of cancer attributable to exposure to HAPs emitted by
stationary sources; 2) attain a substantial reduction in
public health risks posed by HAP emissions from area
sources; and 3) address disproportionate impacts of air
toxics hazards across urban areas. The Integrated Urban
Air Toxics Strategy was finalized in July 19, 1999
Federal Register.2
Residual Risk, Section 112(f) requires an assessment of
the residual risk after certain Section 112 standards are
implemented. Residual risk standards are to be
developed as determined necessary eight years after
promulgation of these standards.
The Great Waters Program, Section 112(m) requires
EPA to identify "the extent of atmospheric deposition of
hazardous air pollutants" to specified water bodies,
"evaluate any adverse effects to pubic health or the
environment caused by such deposition," and determine
whether additional regulations are warranted.
Inventories play a crucial role in each of these programs
as the inventory information is used to evaluate current
emissions, emissions reductions achieved, and identify the
numerous source categories which emit specific pollutants.
Inventories are an important tool in evaluating the risk
reductions goals for the Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy.
In addition, EPA is also using information from inventories
to plan what future work might need to be done. For more
information on Section 112 programs refer to the EPA's
website at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw.html.
7-2 # Hazardous Air Pollutants
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
7.4 WHAT IS EPA'S PLAN TO GATHER
THE NECESSARY TOXICS DATA?
As the EPA began working to meet the air toxics
requirements of the CAA, it became clear that there was a
strong need for a central source of air toxics emissions and
inventory data from which to conduct the analyses required by
the CAA, and to have a place to centrally store and share the
data being generated through various programs. The
increased availability of air toxics emissions data will assist
EPA program offices and other agencies that use emissions
data to evaluate state, local, or tribal air pollution related
issues. Air toxics data needs vary from national estimates of
emissions to regional estimates, county-level estimates, and
facility-specific estimates, and even down to process-specific
estimates. Thus, in 1993, EPA began development of a
national air toxics inventory data base now referred to as the
National Toxics Inventory (NTI).
7.5 WHAT IS THE NTI?
The NTI is a central repository of estimated emissions for
the 188 HAPs for all anthropogenic (manmade) sources.
7.5.1 How was the NTI Developed?
The national estimates of the HAPs included in the NTI
to date were calculated using existing information; no source
testing or industry surveys were conducted specifically for the
purposes of generating the NTI. Existing emission inventory
data were obtained from a variety of state and local data bases
and EPA programs (such as the Toxics Release Inventory
(TRI), standards development programs, and other studies
required by the CAA such as the Utility Study). Sometimes
emissions information is available from direct measurement
of emissions at a given source. However, for logistical and
financial reasons direct measurement, or stack testing, cannot
be performed at every source and instead, most inventory data
are developed via various estimation techniques.
Many of the national emissions estimates in the NTI
(primarily for area and mobile sources) were developed by
applying an emission factor, which is an emissions estimate
based on test data and correlated to some other process
activity. For example an emissions factor could be expressed
in terms of grams emitted per ton of coal burned or per
vehicle mile traveled. To estimate emissions, these factors
were combined with information about the activity levels of
a source, such as the production levels at the facility, the
number of hours of operation, or the amount of fuel
consumed.
Because there are multiple programs investigating HAP
emissions in the United States, emissions data and source
activity data are continually changing and improving. Since
estimating emissions requires making various assumptions,
the estimates are applicable for a specific time period and may
not necessarily agree with other published estimates due to
differences in base years, emission factors and activity data,
and calculation assumptions. It should be recognized that
some of the data presented in the NTI for a given base year is
likely to change as more information and improved
estimation approaches are developed.
EPA established a hierarchy of emissions estimation
methods in order to prepare the inventory. The hierarchy is
used to sort through overlapping data sources of varying
quality or reliability. EPA prefers to use existing inventories
that are final, and whose estimates are judged to be
acceptable.
The hierarchy is (with data sources listed by preference):
1. Data developed by State and local air agencies;
2. Data from EPA's Emissions Standards Division,
collected and developed for standards development;
3. Data from existing EPA inventories, such as those
developed to support requirements of CAA Sections
112(k)4andll2(c)(6);5and
4. Emissions reported in the TRI data base,6 and
emissions that EPA generated using emission factors
and activity factors.
If emissions data were not available for certain source
categories through these references (1-4 above), emissions
factors and activity data were used to estimate emissions.
Emission factors used were evaluated for their currency,
completeness, representativeness, and overall quality. The
emission factors generally came from EPA's AP-42
document,7 EPA's Locating and Estimating Document
Series,8 or the Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) system.9
Most of the activity data were obtained from sources such as
the Energy Information Administration (fuel consumption
reports), the Forest Service (fires and burned acreage), and
other EPA offices (waste disposal reports). Industry trade
publications, commercially published business directories,
and journals were also sources of activity data.
The EPA's Office of Transportation and Air Quality
(OTAQ) assisted in the development of the mobile source
emissions estimates. Mobile sources include "on-road"
vehicles, such as cars, trucks, and motorcycles, as well as
"nonroad" vehicles and equipment, such as airplanes, boats,
or lawnmowers. For many of the HAPs emitted from mobile
sources, details on the emission estimation procedures are
provided in the Section 112(k) inventory report.3
Hazardous Air Pollutants # 7-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
7.5.2 What are the NTI Base Years?
The Baseline NTI (1990 -1993)
The first iteration of the NTI, referred to as the Baseline
NTI, provides a composite of emissions estimates
intended to represent the 1990 to 1993 time frame.
Much of the baseline NTI data are for 1990, because a
large portion of the national emissions data in the NTI
was developed under the Section 112(c)(6) and Section
112(k) programs which targeted a 1990 base year. The
TRI data and state and local data included for California,
Houston, and Phoenix are for a 1993 base year.
Emissions for the MACT source category portion of the
NTI are annual emissions ranging from 1990 to 1993,
and represent emissions from these sources before
MACT standards were implemented. The estimates in
the Baseline inventory are aggregated to the county level
and cover the 50 United States. The emissions
summaries and graphics provided in this report are based
exclusively on the Baseline NTI.
The 1996 NTI
EPA has recently completed the 1996 NTI. The 1996
version differs significantly from the Baseline NTI.
Unlike the Baseline NTI which has emissions estimates
from all counties by source category and pollutant, the
1996 NTI contains facility- and location-specific
information making it suitable for input to computer air
quality models (computer models used to for dispersion
calculations which predict resultant ambient air
concentrations). Methods for mobile source emissions
estimates were significantly improved in the 1996 NTI
also. The 1996 NTI data set contains estimates for all 50
United States and for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
It has been compiled in cooperation with State and local
agencies which have submitted data they have gathered
during facility permitting and other regulatory activities.
The 1996 NTI contains data and/or comments supplied
by 46 States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Figure
7-1 highlights the state and local agencies that
contributed data to the 1996 NTI. Subsequent base year
NTIs will contain this same level of model-ready detail
and will be compiled every 3 years (1999, 2002, etc.).
The 1996 NTI was completed in January 2000, but the
results could not be summarized for comparison to Baseline
NTI emissions in time to be printed in this document. Thus,
because only one data set is summarized here, this report does
not show an emissions trend over time. Instead, it provides
the baseline from which trends can be measured in future
reports.
7.5.3 How are Emissions Allocated to Source
Types and Counties?
For purposes of the Baseline NTI, the emission estimates
were further refined in two ways. First, the emissions were
allocated by source type including major sources, area sources
and mobile sources. Then the emissions were spatially
allocated. The sections below describe these analyses.
Major/Area Source Allocation
The national emission estimates for stationary source
categories were allocated according to whether the emitting
source category was classified as "major," "area," or could be
classified partially as both. According to Title I,
Section 112(a) of the CAA, a "major source" is any stationary
source (including all emission points and units located within
a contiguous area and under common control) of air pollution
that has the potential to emit, considering controls, 10 tons or
more per year of any HAP or 25 tons or more per year of any
combination of HAPs. An "area source" is any stationary
source of HAPs that does not qualify as a major source.
Major sources may include co-located sources which can have
components that emit less that 10 tons per year of an
individual HAP or 25 tons or more per year of any
combination of HAP.
Spatial Allocation
Emissions were assigned to counties by a number of
methods. In some cases, where actual locations were not
known, emissions were assigned to individual counties using
surrogate approaches. Some examples of surrogate
approaches include proportioning national emissions to
counties based on population, proportioning emissions from
some industrial sectors to counties based on 1990 Standard
Industrial Classification (SIC) code employment estimates,
and assigning emissions from forest fires to counties based on
forested acres.
7.5.4 What are Urban/Rural Allocations?
The emission estimates were also spatially allocated on
an urban and rural basis in order to meet some of the
requirements of the Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy. To
do this, U.S. Census Bureau statistical data were used.9 The
Census Bureau has designated the portion of every county in
the United States that is considered urban. The criteria used
include population density and total population. Using
population data and urban designations, every county in the
United States was classified as one of the following
categories:
7-4 # Hazardous Air Pollutants
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Urban-1 (Ul) counties are included in a
metropolitan statistical area with a population
greater than 250,000;
Urban-2 (U2) counties in which the Census Bureau
designates more than 50 percent of the county
population as urban; and
Rural (R) counties in which the Census Bureau
designates less than 50 percent of the county
population as urban.
In the summary of 1993 NTI emissions and graphics that
follow, "urban" has been designated to be the sum of Ul plus
U2 counties. Figure 7-2 identifies the urban/rural counties
in the 50 United States using the Integrated Urban Air Toxics
Strategy definition described above. Note that these urban/
rural designations have been derived exclusively for inventory
purposes and do not indicate regulatory applicability.
7.5.5 What Changes Have Been Made Since
the Last Trends Report?
Emission inventories are dynamic, with enhancements
being made on an ongoing basis. Many revisions were made
in the Baseline NTI since what was reported in the last
Trends document. Public review of the compilation of the
Section 112(k) Urban Air Toxics inventory and new
information that became available through the MACT/GACT
program led to most of these changes. Some errors in the
earlier data base were also corrected. These changes led to a
significant decrease in the estimates of emissions from
stationary sources.
7.6 HOW ARE THE EMISSIONS
SUMMARIZED?
The emissions summarized in the following pages
represents the most recent version of the Baseline NTI. (This
version is the "9901" version of the inventory and, as stated
previously, represents a composite of emissions estimates
from the 1990 to 1993 time period.) Because of the volume
of data, much of the emissions information shown here
involves the summary of emissions across pollutants. This
cross-pollutant summary is done primarily for the sake of
comparison to show the mass of all HAP emissions across
source sectors (major, area, mobile), tier groups (industry
sectors), populations centers (urban and rural), and
geographic regions (national and state).
Any evaluation of exposure or resultant risk posed by
these emissions would depend on the presence, exposure,
and toxicity of individual pollutants, and cannot be
surmised from the data provided here.
The sum of Baseline NTI emissions from all sources and
from the 50 United States is 5.9 million tons. This version
(9901) of the NTI includes emission estimates for 169 of the
188 individual and group (e.g., metal compound groups)
HAPs. A list of the H APs included is presented in Table 7-1.
Approximately 580,000 tons of HAP emissions that could not
be speciated into individual chemical species. These
"unspeciated HAP" emissions come primarily from the
synthetic organic chemicals industry MACT data. These
emissions are primarily volatile organic compounds. A small
subset (approximately 64 tons) of these emissions are metals
and other paniculate matter. It should be noted that this will
Pb to the undercounting of individual HAP species from these
sources, for example, benzene emissions. The Baseline NTI
includes estimates for approximately 960 source categories.
7.6.1 What Individual Pollutant Detail is
Given?
As part of the Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy, EPA
identified a list of the 33 air toxics that present the greatest
threat to public health in the largest number of urban areas
(see Table 7-2 for list of urban air toxics). In identifying the
list of "urban air toxics" pollutants EPA looked at pollutants
regardless of the source sector (major, area, or mobile), from
which they were emitted. Thus, EPA looked at pollutants that
pose a health threat in urban areas in the aggregate, from
stationary area, stationary major and mobile sources.
However, the CAA requires that EPA identify at least 30
HAPs that "result from area sources." Thus, of these 33
urban air toxics, EPA identified the 30 with the greatest
contribution from smaller commercial and industrial
operations or so-called "area" sources. These 30 are
important for establishing a list of area source categories for
regulation as required by section 112(k). However, in
addition to the requirement to list area source categories, the
Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy contains the three risk
reduction goals discussed earlier. It is important to remember
that in looking at the risk reduction goals the Integrated
Urban Air Toxics Strategy states EPA will look at the risk
from all 188 HAPs, not just that associated with the 33 urban
air toxics. The 33 urban air toxics represent those pollutants
that are a priority on a national scale. However, on the local
scale other HAPs may be play a more important role in local
health risks. The emissions data that follows highlights the
emissions of these 33 priority HAPs in comparison to all of
the 188 HAPs. For additional background information on the
Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy, visit EPA's website at
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/urban/urbanpg.html.
As explained previously, because the Integrated Urban
Air Toxics Strategy is designed to focus on emissions from
urban areas, all emissions in the NTI are flagged accordingly
to indicate whether the county from which the emissions
come meets the urban definition. Figures 7-3 through Figure
7-5 indicate the percentages of national emissions totals that
are from rural and urban counties and attributable to the
Hazardous Air Pollutants # 7-5
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
major, area, on-road, and nonroad source sectors. Figures 7-6
and 7-7 show the summed emissions of the 188 HAPs and 33
HAPs, respectively, by state and source sector. Figures 7-8
and 7-9 present a map graphic portraying the percentiles of
the summed emissions densities in tons per square mile.
Figure 7-10 shows national emissions percentage of each of
the 33 HAPs divided among source sectors (major, area, on-
road, nonroad).
The Baseline NTI emissions are further summarized in
several ways. Table 7-3 includes all 188 HAPs summed by
total, urban, and rural allocations and by point, area, and
mobile (on-road and nonroad) contributions. Table 7-4
repeats this information with more detail about how the point,
area, and mobile sectors exist in urban and rural counties.
Tables 7-5 and 7-6 indicate the summed 188 and 33 HAPs,
respectively, by State and point, area, on-road, and nonroad
emissions. Tables 7-7 and 7-8 summarize the 33 HAPs by
source tier groups. Tiering is a method of broadly
categorizing industry sectors. Tier 1 provides the most
general classification (e.g., fuel combustion) with Tier 2
supplying more detail (e.g., fuel combustion by coal, oil, gas,
and other fuel types). Although currently criteria pollutant
and HAP emission inventories are compiled separately, and
therefore the Tier groups could not be matched exactly, every
7.7 REFERENCES
effort has been made to match Tier groups as much as
possible. Table 7-7 indicates Tier 1 groups and Table 7-8,
Tier 1 along with Tier 2.
Within the Tier 2 groupings, emissions in the NTI are
flagged according to whether they come from source
categories being reviewed for MACT/GACT regulations. The
MACT source emissions that are flagged in the Baseline NTI
data set reflect source categories for which EPA has
developed emissions estimates as part of ongoing regulatory
develop-ment. Although utility emissions have a "MACT
flag," no determination has been made as yet regarding
whether these sources will be subject to MACT standards.
Combustion sources being reviewed under section 129 are
also flagged. The source categories and pollutants that are
MACT flagged indicate those considered in the Integrated
Urban Strategy analyses (used to determine the list of priority
HAPs) prior to publication of the Strategy. That analysis
resulted in an additional listing of source categories,
published in the July 19, 1999 Federal Register? These
newly listed source categories do not yet have MACT flags in
the NTI; once standards have been initiated to the point that
emissions covered by new standards can be identified, the
inventory will reflect them.
1. This list originally included 189 chemicals. The CAA allows EPA to modify this list if new scientific information
becomes available that indicates a change should be made. Using this authority, the Agency modified the list to remove
caprolactam in 1996, reducing the list to 188 pollutants (Hazardous Air Pollutant List; Modification, 61 FR 30816,
June 18, 1996).
2. "National Air Toxics Program: The Integrated Urban Strategy;" Notice, Federal Register 64:38705, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. July 19, 1999.
3. "EPA Strategic Plan," EPA-190/R-97-002, Office of the Chief Financial Officer, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 1997.
4. "1990 Emissions Inventory of Forty Potential Section 112(k) Pollutants," Supporting Data for EPA's Section 112(k)
Regulatory Strategy, Final Report, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Research Triangle Park, NC. 1999.
5. "1990 Emissions Inventory of Section 112(c)(6) Pollutants: Polycyclic Organic Matter (POM), 2,3,7,8-
Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (TCDD)/2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF), Poly chlorinated Biphenyl Compounds
(PCBs), Hexachlorobenzene, Mercury, and Alkylated Lead," Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1999.
6. "Toxics Release Inventory 1987-1995 CD ROM," EPA 749-C-96-003, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. 1996a.
7. "Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fifth Edition and Supplements," AP-42, Volume I: Stationary Point
and Area Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1996.
8. "Air Chief Compact Disc," Version 7, EPA 454/C-99-004, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. November 1999.
9. "Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) System Database," Version 5. la, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. 1995.
10. "1990 Summary Tape File 1A, 1990 Decennial Census of Population and Housing," U.S. Census Bureau, Washington,
DC. 1990.
7-6 # Hazardous Air Pollutants
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 7-1. Hazardous Air Pollutants Included in the Baseline NTI (version 9901)
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
1,2-Epoxybutane
1,2-Propylenimine (2-Methylaziridine)
1,3-Butadiene
1,3-Dichloropropene
1,3-Propane sultone
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
1,4-Dioxane (1,4-Diethyleneoxide)
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid)(including salts
and esters)
2,4-Dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,4-Toluene diisocyanate
2-Chloroacetophenone
2-Nitropropane
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidene
3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine
3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine
4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)
4,4'-Methylenedianiline
4,4'-Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol (including salts)
4-Aminobiphenyl
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
4-Nitrobiphenyl
4-Nitrophenol
Acetaldehyde
Acetamide
Acetonitrile
Acetophenone
Acrolein
Acrylamide
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile
Allyl chloride
Aniline
Antimony Compounds
Arsenic Compounds(inorganic including arsine)
Asbestos
Benzene (including benzene from gasoline)
Benzidine
Benzotrichloride
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium Compounds
Biphenyl
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)
Bis(chloromethyl) ether
Bromoform
Cadmium Compounds
Calcium cyanamide
Captan
Carbaryl
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Carbonyl sulfide
Catechol
Chlordane
Chlorine
Chloroacetic acid
Chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzilate
Chloroform
Chloromethyl methyl ether
Chloroprene
Chromium Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Coke Oven Emissions
Cresol/Cresylic acid (mixed isomers)
Cumene
Hazardous Air Pollutants # 7-7
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 7-1 (continued)
Cyanide Compounds
Dibutyl phthalate
Dichloroethyl ether (Bis[2-chloroethyl]ether)
Dichlorvos
Diethanolamine
Diethyl sulfate
Dimethyl phthalate
Dimethyl sulfate
Epichlorohydrin (l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane)
Ethyl Chloride
Ethyl acrylate
Ethyl carbamate (Urethane) chloride (Chloroethane)
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene dibromide (Dibromoethane)
Ethylene dichloride (1,2-Dichloroethane)
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene oxide
Ethylene thiourea
Ethylidene dichloride (1,1-Dichloroethane)
Fine mineral fibers
Formaldehyde
Glycol ethers
Heptachlor
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroethane
Hexamethylene diisocyanate
Hexane
Hydrazine
Hydrochloric acid (Hydrogen chloride [gas only])
Hydrogen fluoride (Hydrofluoric acid)
Hydroquinone
Isophorone
Lead Compounds
Maleic anhydride
Manganese Compounds
Mercury Compounds
Methoxychlor
Methyl bromide (Bromomethane)
Methyl chloride (Chloromethane)
Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methyl ethyl ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl iodide (lodomethane)
Methyl isobutyl ketone (Hexone)
Methyl isocyanate
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Methylene chloride (Dichloromethane)
Methylhydrazine
N,N-Dimethylaniline
N,N-Dimethylformamide
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
N-Nitrosomorpholine
Nickel Compounds
Nitrobenzene
Parathion
Pentachloronitrobenzene (Quintobenzene)
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Phosgene
Phosphine
Phosphorus Compounds
Phthalic anhydride
Polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclors)
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Propionaldehyde
Propoxur (Baygon)
Propylene dichloride (1,2-Dichloropropane)
Propylene oxide
Quinoline
Quinone (p-Benzoquinone)
Radionuclides (including radon)
Selenium Compounds
Styrene
Styrene oxide
7-8 # Hazardous Air Pollutants
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 7-1 (continued)
Methanol
Titanium tetrachloride
Toluene
Total Unspeciated HAPS
Total Unspeciated METALS
Trichloroethylene
Triethylamine
Trifluralin
Unspeciated Particulate HAPs, Chromium and Cobalt
Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene)
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl bromide
Vinyl chloride
Vinylidene chloride (1,1-Dichloroethylene)
Xylenes (mixed isomers)
o-Anisidine
o-Toluidine
p-Phenylenediamine
Hazardous Air Pollutants # 7-9
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 7-2. List of Urban HAPS for the Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy
("Urban HAPS List")
HAP
acetaldehyde
acrolein
acrylonitrile
arsenic compounds
benzene
beryllium compounds
1,3-butadiene
cadmium compounds
carbon tetrachloride
chloroform
chromium compounds
coke oven emissions
1,2-dibromoethane
1,2-dichloropropane (propylene dichloride)
1,3-dichloropropene
ethylene dichloride
(1,2-dichloroethane)
ethylene oxide
CAS No. +
75070
107028
107131
71432
106990
56235
67663
8007452
106934
78875
542756
107062
75218
HAP
formaldehyde
hexachlorobenzene
hydrazine
lead compounds
manganese compounds
mercury compounds
methylene chloride (dichloromethane)
nickel compounds
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
polycyclic organic matter (POM)
quinoline
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (&
congeners & TCDF congeners)
1 ,1 ,2,2-tetrachloroethane
tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene)
trichloroethylene
vinyl chloride
CAS No. +
50000
118741
302012
75092
1336363
91225
1746016
79345
127184
79016
75014
h Chemical Abstracts System number.
7-10 # Hazardous Air Pollutants
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 7-3.
188 HAP Name
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1 ,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
1 ,2-Epoxybutane
1 ,2-Propylenimine (2-Methylaziridine)
1,3-Butadiene
1,3-Dichloropropene
1,3-Propanesultone
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,4-Dioxane (1 ,4-Diethyleneoxide)
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic
Acid)(including salts and esters)
2,4-Dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,4-Toluene diisocyanate
2-Chloroacetophenone
2-Nitropropane
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidene
3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine
3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine
4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)
4,4-Methylenedianiline
4,4-Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol (including salts)
4-Aminobiphenyl
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
4-Nitrobiphenyl
4-Nitrophenol
Acetaldehyde
Acetamide
Acetonitrile
Acetophenone
Acrolein
Acrylamide
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile
Allyl chloride
Aniline
Antimony Compounds
Arsenic Compoundsjinorganic including arsine)
Asbestos
Benzene (including benzene from gasoline)
Benzidine
Benzotrichloride
Benzyl chloride
Baseline NTI Emissions for Urban, Rural, and
Major Source Categories by HAP
Total National
Emissions
(tpy)
248.56834
761.36164
0.58484
5,865.94500
14.93700
38.05489
0.41950
71,523.56768
19,927.87000
0.00072
5,225.64801
855.24718
29,627.36202
0.00264
0.52300
0.59785
7,681.23909
7.74550
3.50850
67.40469
0.02800
55.46246
0.51705
0.87700
0.31600
0.92945
3.97348
244.24576
0.58850
0.18200
0.30800
0.37300
1.54100
137,166.15337
0.02806
1,450.60505
291.09852
62,660.26492
35.44595
537.18231
2,543.60095
111.88139
477.45592
103.37891
288.43199
8.50164
389,347.91615
0.40000
10.23650
33.55681
Total URBAN
209.64691
511.34897
0.57639
3,072.21190
11.17880
37.15589
0.40444
42,590.06162
16,652.12824
0.00072
4,228.57842
716.54579
25,490.36625
0.00221
0.39141
0.46601
2,503.84525
7.08346
2.88957
54.59477
0.02096
52.15140
0.38807
0.65634
0.23649
0.61097
3.61660
117.53081
0.44471
0.13621
0.23051
0.27915
1.17946
78,064.33352
0.02425
1,241.98190
229.79161
28,916.89707
33.50764
497.56824
2,240.67795
100.70670
397.74288
79.04959
203.83865
6.49092
258,044.08078
0.30137
7.92716
28.15413
Total RURAL
38.92143
250.01267
0.00845
2,793.73310
3.75820
0.89900
0.01506
28,933.50606
3,275.74176
0.00000
997.06959
138.70139
4,136.99577
0.00043
0.13159
0.13184
5,177.39385
0.66204
0.61893
12.80992
0.00704
3.31106
0.12897
0.22066
0.07951
0.31848
0.35689
126.71495
0.14379
0.04579
0.07749
0.09385
0.36154
59,101.81986
0.00381
208.62315
61.30691
33,743.36785
1.93831
39.61407
302.92301
11.17469
79.71305
24.32932
84.59334
2.01072
131,303.83537
0.09863
2.30934
5.40268
Total Point
50.21984
754.41778
0.58313
5,849.83966
14.78763
36.61370
0.41043
3,937.92968
30.48629
0.00072
750.16231
832.48441
23,821.53979
0.00170
0.51777
0.59017
0.64196
7.72507
0.59401
64.68525
0.02772
54.21458
0.51189
0.86823
0.31284
0.91624
3.83849
195.79506
0.58262
0.18018
0.30492
0.36927
1.52561
21,337.93570
0.01080
1,393.62584
284.07511
757.25478
34.59024
523.19176
2,072.52780
109.10577
463.54493
96.76993
230.28133
7.22413
36,440.67051
0.39578
10.02818
31.98701
Total Area
198.34850
6.94386
0.00170
16.10534
0.14937
1.44120
0.00907
20,040.53479
19,897.38371
0.00000
4,475.48569
22.76276
5,803.52238
0.00084
0.00523
0.00768
7,680.59714
0.02044
2.91450
2.71945
0.00028
1.24787
0.00515
0.00877
0.00316
0.01321
0.13500
48.45070
0.00588
0.00182
0.00308
0.00373
0.01539
50,533.50105
0.01726
56.97922
7.02341
49,632.35798
0.85571
13.99055
471.07315
2.77563
13.91100
6.60794
55.36306
1.27752
73,236.15328
0.00422
0.20832
1.56979
Mobile:
On road
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
36,657.97824
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
1.81653
0.00009
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
27,963.87210
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
5,541.61622
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00092
1.74759
0.00000
207,259.79811
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
Mobile:
Nonroad
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
10,887.12496
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.48333
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
37,330.84452
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
6,729.03594
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00012
1.04001
0.00000
72,411.29424
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
Hazardous Air Pollutants # 7-11
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 7-3 (continued)
188 HAP Name
Beryllium Compounds
Biphenyl
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)
Bis(chloromethyl) ether
Bromoform
Cadmium Compounds
Calcium cyanamide
Captan
Carbaryl
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Carbonyl sulfide
Catechol
Chlordane
Chlorine
Chloroacetic acid
Chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzilate
Chloroform
Chloromethyl methyl ether
Chloroprene
Chromium Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Coke Oven Emissions
Cresol/Cresylic acid (mixed isomers)
Cumene
Cyanide Compounds
Dibutyl phthalate
Dichloroethyl ether (Bis[2-chloroethyl]ether)
Dichlorvos
Diethanolamine
Diethyl sulfate
Dimethyl phthalate
Dimethyl sulfate
Epichlorohydrin (l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane)
Ethyl Chloride
Ethyl acrylate
Ethyl carbamate (Urethane) chloride
(Chloroethane)
Ethyl benzene
Ethylene dibromide (Dibromoethane)
Ethylene dichloride (1,2-Dichloroethane)
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene oxide
Ethylene thiourea
Ethylidene dichloride (1,1-Dichloroethane)
Fine mineral fibers
Formaldehyde
Glycol ethers
Heptachlor
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Total National
Emissions
(tpy)
12.39344
863.26496
859.69315
0.43589
8.47200
199.12086
6.31000
2.16500
1.91825
130,279.58604
5,040.51156
12,244.95793
12.72200
0.05100
77,392.29466
40.85950
11,900.28694
2.01430
22,735.28325
6.18450
1,050.82941
897.15022
65.69997
1,763.69000
11,327.03156
11,418.27801
2,405.32835
132.83833
7.05000
0.25750
86.25437
3.11950
153.74479
3.84856
339.73705
2,187.89548
159.97414
9.05249
150,602.95817
57.53988
4,198.60429
12,310.94365
2,761.74987
1.68367
273.34234
0.44862
347,326.51381
68,264.06943
0.03100
1.58467
15.09100
Total URBAN
8.52101
557.22057
634.86878
0.40250
6.34042
161.96437
6.31000
1.88151
0.80109
73,572.05191
2,948.70650
10,303.97508
12.72108
0.04766
71,653.78964
31.16850
8,919.49726
2.01430
13,243.25231
5.73760
1,014.07621
727.40183
50.39620
1,702.87310
6,194.55986
7,232.35156
2,279.03686
109.90941
3.68018
0.11363
78.38355
2.79060
29.25621
2.23144
301.08182
1,724.48321
151.47688
7.73941
108,128.60788
37.63972
3,018.35098
9,807.54261
2,340.11324
1.68367
227.28584
0.44862
199,513.35769
57,179.63996
0.02897
1.29928
11.08324
Total RURAL
3.87243
306.04439
224.82437
0.03339
2.13158
37.15649
0.00000
0.28349
1.11716
56,707.53414
2,091.80506
1,940.98285
0.00092
0.00334
5,738.50501
9.69100
2,980.78968
0.00000
9,492.03094
0.44690
36.75320
169.74840
15.30377
60.81690
5,132.47171
4,185.92645
126.29149
22.92892
3.36982
0.14387
7.87081
0.32890
124.48857
1.61712
38.65523
463.41227
8.49726
1.31309
42,474.35029
19.90017
1,180.25331
2,503.40104
421.63663
0.00000
46.05650
0.00000
147,813.15612
11,084.42947
0.00203
0.28539
4.00776
Total Point
9.75393
832.45108
814.37464
0.42541
8.38728
158.93650
3.55821
2.14356
0.01337
129,372.03640
4,941.43259
10,028.32515
10.39509
0.04894
74,484.06927
39.51657
2,827.48748
2.01430
22,158.72255
6.02049
1,039.40976
573.79284
60.20699
1,763.69000
11,316.14891
11,260.55879
1,318.00259
126.25370
6.20388
0.25334
85.24043
3.04919
147.67810
3.31418
328.80845
2,023.60286
153.58316
8.49508
15,993.92246
53.93372
4,095.94988
11,396.21899
1,423.16536
1.68367
33.16484
0.44862
30,493.37702
56,932.15300
0.02975
1.01845
14.89069
Total Area
2.61950
30.79378
45.31851
0.01048
0.08472
39.87356
2.75179
0.02144
1.90489
907.54965
99.07897
2,216.63278
2.32692
0.00206
2,908.11374
1.34293
9,072.79946
0.00000
576.56070
0.16401
11.41966
269.62666
5.49278
0.00000
10.88266
157.71921
1,087.32577
6.58464
0.84612
0.00417
1.01393
0.07031
6.06669
0.53437
10.92860
164.29262
6.39099
0.55742
3,698.17652
3.60617
102.65441
914.72465
1,338.58451
0.00000
240.17751
0.00000
140,611.16651
11,331.91643
0.00125
0.56622
0.20031
Mobile:
On road
0.00000
0.01470
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00068
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.08699
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
27.93068
0.00017
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
93,074.62992
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
96,816.50995
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
Mobile:
Nonroad
0.02000
0.00539
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.31011
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.02465
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
25.80005
0.00003
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
37,836.22926
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
79,405.46035
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
7-12 # Hazardous Air Pollutants
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 7-3 (continued)
188 HAP Name
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroethane
Hexamethylene diisocyanate
Hexane
Hydrazine
Hydrochloric acid (Hydrogen chloride [gas only])
Hydrogen fluoride (Hydrofluoric acid)
Hydroquinone
Isophorone
Lead Compounds
Maleic anhydride
Manganese Compounds
Mercury Compounds
Methanol
Methoxychlor
Methyl bromide (Bromomethane)
Methyl chloride (Chloromethane)
Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methyl ethyl ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl iodide (lodomethane)
Methyl isobutyl ketone (Hexone)
Methyl isocyanate
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Methylene chloride (Dichloromethane)
Methylhydrazine
N.N-Dimethylaniline
N.N-Dimethylformamide
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
N-Nitrosomorpholine
Nickel Compounds
Nitrobenzene
Parathion
Pentachloronitrobenzene (Quintobenzene)
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Phosgene
Phosphine
Phosphorus Compounds
Phthalic anhydride
Polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclors)
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Propionaldehyde
Propoxur (Baygon)
Propylene dichloride (1,2-Dichloropropane)
Propylene oxide
Quinoline
Quinone (p-Benzoquinone)
Radionuclides (including radon)
Selenium Compounds
Styrene
Styrene oxide
Total National
Emissions
(tpy)
4.07400
25.54000
0.13974
188,727.94715
20.46295
339,677.12607
33,883.94892
90.38896
402.62448
3,307.14259
215.24860
2,908.92074
205.95234
385,706.55818
0.04800
30,984.83370
6,448.11666
214,949.10156
207,791.18347
36.85000
35,693.57825
5.48950
1,844.52803
14,433.46646
124,285.50179
0.01300
22.57050
3,284.93673
19.86900
0.63000
1,329.52989
48.57008
0.61000
2.45669
6.20350
11,514.93212
4.57351
3.13436
161.98552
468.36056
0.04958
17,535.29518
14,187.80399
0.00500
654.98931
3,257.81786
26.02550
8.05050
7.80214
355.37407
56,139.36148
0.17600
Total URBAN
3.32985
24.54020
0.13974
142,971.89168
13.27919
249,698.74905
21,979.39136
68.97085
290.36651
2,738.84886
191.48367
2,007.63778
163.65582
253,285.37433
0.04800
24,978.61034
5,420.61004
185,432.31956
183,446.29278
33.98526
29,212.34520
4.93401
1,502.97025
10,632.91143
100,615.53602
0.01136
18.95418
3,063.75202
18.39534
0.47149
1,195.97140
44.84957
0.60750
1.73269
2.57703
7,935.49774
3.91680
3.13436
146.90031
425.68662
0.03845
13,232.81263
10,363.07906
0.00500
541.79724
2,939.97556
24.02860
6.99636
7.72292
257.83442
41,332.13409
0.17548
Total RURAL
0.74415
0.99980
0.00000
45,756.05548
7.18377
89,978.37702
11,904.55757
21.41811
112.25797
568.29373
23.76493
901.28296
42.29652
132,421.18385
0.00000
6,006.22336
1,027.50662
29,516.78200
24,344.89069
2.86474
6,481.23304
0.55549
341.55778
3,800.55502
23,669.96577
0.00164
3.61632
221.18470
1.47367
0.15851
133.55850
3.72051
0.00250
0.72400
3.62647
3,579.43438
0.65671
0.00000
15.08522
42.67394
0.01114
4,302.48255
3,824.72492
0.00000
113.19208
317.84229
1.99690
1.05414
0.07922
97.53965
14,807.22739
0.00052
Total Point
3.85667
6.19737
0.13974
60,034.41637
19.06044
298,750.97695
31,841.65853
89.44520
281.70725
1,690.88478
212.31816
2,349.91056
123.36402
294,128.87245
0.04648
3,144.75726
6,278.24335
137,397.75765
188,650.74773
35.83947
31,062.51426
5.31432
1,662.50712
5,258.32154
87,900.64802
0.01284
3.08854
3,175.27412
19.28712
0.62370
916.23402
47.33858
0.59066
2.40955
2.69357
11,165.60703
4.43914
2.85807
124.97520
437.88687
0.02430
7,585.71388
2,461.84192
0.00478
611.35524
2,923.70035
25.52454
7.97080
7.80214
335.16779
32,326.89290
0.17242
Total Area
0.21734
19.34263
0.00000
23,237.08544
1.40251
40,926.14911
2,042.29040
0.94376
120.91723
419.99999
2.93044
506.98243
70.69372
91,577.65111
0.00152
27,840.07644
169.87331
77,551.34391
19,140.23388
1.01053
4,631.06400
0.17517
182.02091
9,175.14492
36,384.85376
0.00016
19.48195
109.66261
0.58189
0.00630
318.41674
1.23150
0.01934
0.04715
3.50993
349.32157
0.13437
0.27629
37.01033
30.47368
0.02528
9,839.12904
6.07369
0.00022
43.63406
334.11751
0.50096
0.07970
0.00000
19.66621
3,811.43977
0.00359
Mobile:
On road
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
80,624.60109
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
418.01335
0.00000
21.68763
4.96458
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.18848
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
15.54908
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
76.98431
5,283.05624
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00006
17,777.70916
0.00000
Mobile:
Nonroad
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
24,831.84425
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
778.24448
0.00000
30.34011
6.93002
0.03462
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.01338
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
79.33005
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00352
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
33.46794
6,436.83213
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.54001
2,223.31966
0.00000
Hazardous Air Pollutants # 7-13
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 7-3 (continued)
188 HAP Name
Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene)
Titanium tetrachloride
Toluene
Total Unspeciated HAPs
Total Unspeciated METALS
Trichloroethylene
Triethylamine
Trifluralin
Unspeciated Particulate HAPs, Chromium and
Cobalt
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl bromide
Vinyl chloride
Vinylidene chloride (1,1-Dichloroethylene)
Xylenes (mixed isomers)
o-Anisidine
o-Toluidine
p-Phenylenediamine
Total National
Emissions
(tpy)
128,000.71200
6.24600
1,108,201.65839
580,281.00000
64.31000
71,998.64943
443.52550
10.15027
0.43000
3,864.49624
1.43700
2,712.08592
223.89224
702,577.76064
0.82360
9.30050
2.13950
Total URBAN
105,308.90354
5.71788
792,801.42530
508,817.13009
54.17513
63,351.74653
403.50053
9.08566
0.37840
3,281.14888
1.32001
2,389.81085
208.88484
509,581.85529
0.67164
8.73017
1.84372
Total RURAL
22,691.80846
0.52812
315,400.23308
71,463.86991
10.13487
8,646.90290
40.02497
1.06461
0.05160
583.34736
0.11699
322.27507
15.00740
192,995.90535
0.15196
0.57033
0.29578
Total Point
22,960.63954
6.12960
195,867.77842
575,265.21000
63.66690
58,240.01715
328.89055
9.82151
0.31820
3,730.06177
1.42743
2,142.66959
176.57818
130,837.39623
0.81440
8.72284
2.11602
Total Area
105,040.07247
0.11640
129,771.36341
5,015.79000
0.64310
13,758.63228
114.63494
0.32876
0.11180
134.43448
0.00958
569.41633
47.31406
65,901.91643
0.00921
0.57765
0.02348
Mobile:
On road
0.00000
0.00000
631,796.16151
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
355,204.93935
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
Mobile:
Nonroad
0.00000
0.00000
150,766.35504
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
150,633.50864
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
Note(s): The estimates included in these tables have uncertainties and will improve/change as better data and estimation techniques become available over time.
7-14 # Hazardous Air Pollutants
-------
Table 7-4. Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993)
188 HAPS by Urban and Rural Designation and Source Sector (Point, Area
On-road, and Non-road)
Urban (U1+U2) Emissions (tpv)
188 HAP Name
1 ,1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1 ,1 ,2-Trichloroethane
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1 ,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
1 ,2-Epoxybutane
1 ,2-Propylenimine (2-Methylaziridine)
1,3-Butadiene
1 ,3-Dichloropropene
1 ,3-Propane sultone
1 ,4-Dichloro benzene
1 ,4-Dioxane (1 ,4-Diethyleneoxide)
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid) (including salts and esters)
2,4-Dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,4-Toluene diisocyanate
2-Chloroacetophenone
2-Nitropropane
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidene
3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine
3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine
4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)
4,4'-Methylenedianiline
4,4'-Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol (including salts)
4-Aminobiphenyl
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
4-Nitrobiphenyl
4-Nitrophenol
Acetaldehyde
Acetamide
Acetonitrile
Acetophenone
Acrolein
Acrylamide
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile
Allyl chloride
Aniline
Antimony Compounds
Arsenic Compounds(inorganic including arsine)
Asbestos
Benzene (including benzene from gasoline)
Total Emissions (tpv)
248.56834
761.36164
0.58484
5,865.94500
14.93700
38.05489
0.41950
71,523.56768
19,927.87000
0.00072
5,225.64801
855.24718
29,627.36202
0.00264
0.52300
0.59785
7,681.23909
7.74550
3.50850
67.40469
0.02800
55.46246
0.51705
0.87700
0.31600
0.92945
3.97348
244.24576
0.58850
0.18200
0.30800
0.37300
1.54100
137,166.15337
0.02806
1 ,450.60505
291 .09852
62,660.26492
35.44595
537.18231
2,543.60095
111.88139
477.45592
103.37891
288.43199
8.50164
389,347.91615
Total URBAN
209.64691
51 1 .34897
0.57639
3,072.21190
11.17880
37.15589
0.40444
42,590.06162
16,652.12824
0.00072
4,228.57842
716.54579
25,490.36625
0.00221
0.39141
0.46601
2,503.84525
7.08346
2.88957
54.59477
0.02096
52.15140
0.38807
0.65634
0.23649
0.61097
3.61660
117.53081
0.44471
0.13621
0.23051
0.27915
1.17946
78,064.33352
0.02425
1,241.98190
229.79161
28,916.89707
33.50764
497.56824
2,240.67795
100.70670
397.74288
79.04959
203.83865
6.49092
258,044.08078
POINT
44.33364
506.50926
0.57477
3,062.42987
11.06701
35.77124
0.39552
3,608.52001
29.63065
0.00072
480.06567
698.59597
21,623.70597
0.00147
0.38750
0.45965
0.50638
7.06763
0.45520
52.81209
0.02075
51 .02966
0.38421
0.64978
0.23413
0.60523
3.48515
93.81110
0.44027
0.13485
0.22820
0.27636
1.16769
13,784.58594
0.00983
1,192.97265
223.45004
602.87233
32.70125
484.64749
1,834.51554
98.24759
386.58855
73.86863
171.26981
5.72894
31,478.71629
AREA
165.31327
4.83971
0.00162
9.78203
0.11179
1 .38466
0.00892
5,505.33549
16,622.49758
0.00000
3,748.51275
17.94981
3,864.36043
0.00068
0.00391
0.00636
2,503.33887
0.01584
2.43438
1 .78268
0.00021
1.12174
0.00386
0.00656
0.00236
0.00574
0.13145
23.71971
0.00444
0.00136
0.00231
0.00279
0.01178
14,311.14936
0.01442
49.00925
6.34157
18,900.59786
0.80639
12.92076
406.16240
2.45912
11.15433
5.17992
30.55316
0.76198
28,699.07455
Total MOBILE
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
33,476.20612
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
2.29985
0.00006
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
49,968.59822
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
9,413.42688
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00104
2.01568
0.00000
197,866.28994
MOBILE:
On-Road
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
24,272.22230
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
1.81653
0.00006
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
18,515.76338
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
3,669.25674
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00092
1.15715
0.00000
137,232.63757
MOBILE:
Non-Road
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
9,203.98382
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.48333
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
31,452.83484
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
5,744.17014
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00012
0.85853
0.00000
60,633.65237
-------
Table 7-4 (continued)
Urban (U1+U2) Emissions (tpv)
188 HAP Name
Benzidine
Benzotrichloride
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium Compounds
Biphenyl
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)
Bis(chloromethyl) ether
Bromoform
Cadmium Compounds
Calcium cyanamide
Captan
Carbaryl
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrach bride
Carbonyl sulfide
Catechol
Chlordane
Chlorine
Chloroacetic acid
Chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzilate
Chloroform
Chloromethyl methyl ether
Chloroprene
Chromium Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Coke Oven Emissions
Cresol/Cresylic acid (mixed isomers)
Cumene
Cyanide Compounds
Dibutyl phthalate
Dichloroethyl ether (Bis[2-chloroethyl]ether)
Dichlorvos
Diethanolamine
Diethyl sulfate
Dimethyl phthalate
Dimethyl sulfate
Epichlorohydrin (l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane)
Ethyl Chloride
Ethyl acrylate
Ethyl carbamate (Urethane) chloride (Chloroethane)
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene dibromide (Dibromoethane)
Ethylene dichloride (1 ,2-Dichloroethane)
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene oxide
Ethylene thiourea
Ethylidene dichloride (1,1-Dichloroethane)
Fine mineral fibers
Total Emissions (tpv)
0.40000
10.23650
33.55681
12.39344
863.26496
859.69315
0.43589
8.47200
199.12086
6.31000
2.16500
1.91825
130,279.58604
5,040.51156
12,244.95793
12.72200
0.05100
77,392.29466
40.85950
1 1 ,900.28694
2.01430
22,735.28325
6.18450
1,050.82941
897.15022
65.69997
1 ,763.69000
11,327.03156
11,418.27801
2,405.32835
132.83833
7.05000
0.25750
86.25437
3.11950
153.74479
3.84856
339.73705
2,187.89548
159.97414
9.05249
150,602.95817
57.53988
4,198.60429
12,310.94365
2,761.74987
1 .68367
273.34234
0.44862
Total URBAN
0.30137
7.92716
28.15413
8.52101
557.22057
634.86878
0.40250
6.34042
161.96437
6.31000
1.88151
0.80109
73,572.05191
2,948.70650
10,303.97508
12.72108
0.04766
71,653.78964
31.16850
8,919.49726
2.01430
13,243.25231
5.73760
1,014.07621
727.40183
50.39620
1,702.87310
6,194.55986
7,232.35156
2,279.03686
109.90941
3.68018
0.11363
78.38355
2.79060
29.25621
2.23144
301.08182
1,724.48321
151.47688
7.73941
108,128.60788
37.63972
3,018.35098
9,807.54261
2,340.11324
1 .68367
227.28584
0.44862
POINT
0.29814
7.76807
26.96487
6.27767
542.28797
600.25010
0.39235
6.27701
128.85511
3.55821
1 .86288
0.01162
72,783.21274
2,865.86375
8,547.65521
10.39418
0.04563
69,139.00077
30.26007
1,378.18167
2.01430
12,767.56836
5.58114
1 ,003.25388
457.83085
45.86676
1,702.87310
6,184.60431
7,107.77751
1,194.96817
104.84784
3.25543
0.11245
77.43954
2.72365
25.11576
2.07993
291.06777
1 ,603.93568
145.70058
7.28704
1 1 ,925.90343
34.72217
2,935.91438
9,054.23043
1,214.83105
1 .68367
27.06962
0.44862
AREA
0.00323
0.15909
1.18925
2.22682
14.91250
34.61868
0.01015
0.06340
32.85255
2.75179
0.01863
0.78948
788.83917
82.84275
1,756.31987
2.32691
0.00203
2,514.67723
0.90843
7,541.31559
0.00000
475.68395
0.15646
10.82233
229.53022
4.52924
0.00000
9.95555
124.57404
1 ,084.06869
5.06157
0.42475
0.00119
0.94401
0.06695
4.14045
0.15151
10.01405
120.54753
5.77631
0.45237
2,948.60218
2.91755
82.43660
753.31217
1,125.28219
0.00000
200.21622
0.00000
Total MOBILE
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.01651
0.02010
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.25670
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.11164
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
40.04075
0.00020
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
93,254.10227
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
MOBILE:
On-Road
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.01470
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00068
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.08699
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
18.49374
0.00017
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
61,627.41776
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
MOBILE:
Non-Road
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.01651
0.00539
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.25602
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.02465
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
21.54702
0.00003
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
31,626.68451
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
-------
Table 7-4 (continued)
Urban (U1+U2) Emissions (tpv)
188 HAP Name
Formaldehyde
Glycol ethers
Heptachlor
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroethane
Hexamethylene diisocyanate
Hexane
Hydrazine
Hydrochloric acid (Hydrogen chloride [gas only])
Hydrogen fluoride (Hydrofluoric acid)
Hydroquinone
Isophorone
Lead Compounds
Maleic anhydride
Manganese Compounds
Mercury Compounds
Methanol
Methoxychlor
Methyl bromide (Bromomethane)
Methyl chloride (Chloromethane)
Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methyl ethyl ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl iodide (lodomethane)
Methyl isobutyl ketone (Hexone)
Methyl isocyanate
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Methylene chloride (Dichloromethane)
Methylhydrazine
N,N-Dimethylaniline
N,N-Dimethylformamide
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
N-Nitrosomorpholine
Nickel Compounds
Nitrobenzene
Parathion
Pentachloronitrobenzene (Quintobenzene)
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Phosgene
Phosphine
Phosphorus Compounds
Phthalic anhydride
Polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclors)
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Propionaldehyde
Propoxur (Baygon)
Total Emissions (tpv)
347,326.51381
68,264.06943
0.03100
1 .58467
15.09100
4.07400
25.54000
0.13974
188,727.94715
20.46295
339,677.12607
33,883.94892
90.38896
402.62448
3,307.14259
215.24860
2,908.92074
205.95234
385,706.55818
0.04800
30,984.83370
6,448.11666
214,949.10156
207,791.18347
36.85000
35,693.57825
5.48950
1 ,844.52803
14,433.46646
124,285.50179
0.01300
22.57050
3,284.93673
19.86900
0.63000
1 ,329.52989
48.57008
0.61000
2.45669
6.20350
11,514.93212
4.57351
3.13436
161.98552
468.36056
0.04958
17,535.29518
14,187.80399
0.00500
Total URBAN
199,513.35769
57,179.63996
0.02897
1 .29928
1 1 .08324
3.32985
24.54020
0.13974
142,971.89168
13.27919
249,698.74905
21,979.39136
68.97085
290.36651
2,738.84886
191.48367
2,007.63778
163.65582
253,285.37433
0.04800
24,978.61034
5,420.61004
185,432.31956
183,446.29278
33.98526
29,212.34520
4.93401
1,502.97025
10,632.91143
100,615.53602
0.01136
18.95418
3,063.75202
18.39534
0.47149
1,195.97140
44.84957
0.60750
1 .73269
2.57703
7,935.49774
3.91680
3.13436
146.90031
425.68662
0.03845
13,232.81263
10,363.07906
0.00500
POINT
22,742.15468
47,775.17147
0.02774
0.88776
10.93131
3.19730
5.25519
0.13974
51,380.70857
12.67403
214,323.46626
20,545.94986
68.24125
189.34483
1 ,375.86698
188.84454
1 ,576.48735
94.13728
178,080.03925
0.04648
1,742.82637
5,276.90685
120,009.49179
167,350.92145
33.10483
25,470.12833
4.76831
1,352.70287
4,732.01411
77,763.81818
0.01122
2.67727
2,961.41867
17.85409
0.46677
828.33228
43.71915
0.58824
1 .70098
1.50718
7,669.30455
3.80795
2.85807
113.58462
400.25739
0.01779
6,437.01690
1,437.47115
0.00478
AREA
45,464.09014
9,404.46849
0.00123
0.41152
0.15193
0.13256
19.28501
0.00000
17,464.30677
0.60516
35,375.28279
1,433.44150
0.72960
101.02168
353.35750
2.63913
391 .46620
60.44284
75,205.30046
0.00152
23,235.78397
143.70319
65,422.82777
16,095.16947
0.88043
3,742.21688
0.16570
150.26738
5,900.89733
22,851.71784
0.00014
16.27690
102.33336
0.54125
0.00471
291.72860
1.13042
0.01926
0.03172
1 .06985
266.18967
0.10885
0.27629
33.31569
25.42922
0.02065
6,715.67805
5.35368
0.00022
Total MOBILE
131,307.11287
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
74,126.87633
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
1 ,009.62438
0.00000
39.68422
9.07570
0.03462
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.20186
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
75.91051
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00352
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
80.11768
8,920.25423
0.00000
MOBILE:
On-Road
64,105.41152
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
53,384.78318
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
276.77789
0.00000
14.36083
3.28720
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.18848
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
10.29552
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
51.51161
3,498.05810
0.00000
MOBILE:
Non-Road
67,201.70136
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
20,742.09315
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
732.84649
0.00000
25.32339
5.78850
0.03462
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.01338
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
65.61499
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00352
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
28.60606
5,422.19613
0.00000
-------
1
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0
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£T
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Table 7-4 (continued)
Urban (U1+U2) Emissions (tpv)
188 HAP Name
Propylene dichloride (1 ,2-Dichloropropane)
Propylene oxide
Quinoline
Quinone (p-Benzoquinone)
Radionuclides (including radon)
Selenium Compounds
Styrene
Styrene oxide
Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene)
Titanium tetrachloride
Toluene
Total Unspeciated HAPs
Total Unspeciated METALS
Trichloroethylene
Triethylamine
Trifluralin
Unspeciated Particulate HAPs, Chromium and Cobalt
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl bromide
Vinyl chloride
Vinylidene chloride (1,1-Dichloroethylene)
Xylenes (mixed isomers)
o-Anisidine
o-Toluidine
p-Phenylenediamine
Note: EPA uses a data base to store these emissions.
true precision of large values.
Total Emissions (tpv)
654.98931
3,257.81786
26.02550
8.05050
7.80214
355.37407
56,139.36148
0.17600
128,000.71200
6.24600
1,108,201.65839
580,281 .00000
64.31000
71 ,998.64943
443.52550
10.15027
0.43000
3,864.49624
1 .43700
2,712.08592
223.89224
702,577.76064
0.82360
9.30050
2.13950
Total URBAN
541.79724
2,939.97556
24.02860
6.99636
7.72292
257.83442
41,332.13409
0.17548
105,308.90354
5.71788
792,801.42530
508,817.13009
54.17513
63,351.74653
403.50053
9.08566
0.37840
3,281.14888
1.32001
2,389.81085
208.88484
509,581 .85529
0.67164
8.73017
1 .84372
Since the data base stores very large and very small amounts
POINT
503.05067
2,633.35279
23.60395
6.92709
7.72292
241.35026
24,795.36012
0.17190
20,600.63841
5.60694
161,051.20601
504,495.12844
53.63338
51,322.24782
306.74315
8.78653
0.28002
3,167.48735
1.31169
1,908.33131
169.26497
102,875.68299
0.66396
8.19512
1.82318
AREA
38.74656
306.62277
0.42465
0.06926
0.00000
16.03832
2,886.49054
0.00358
84,708.26514
0.11093
87,363.08919
4,322.00165
0.54175
12,029.49871
96.75737
0.29913
0.09838
113.66154
0.00833
481 .47954
39.61987
45,608.90358
0.00769
0.53504
0.02054
Total MOBILE
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.44585
13,650.28344
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
544,387.13010
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
361,097.26872
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
MOBILE:
On-Road
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00006
11,771.21670
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
418,330.57430
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
235,191.52059
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
MOBILE:
Non-Road
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.44578
1 ,879.06674
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
126,056.55580
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
125,905.74814
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
the number of decimal places displayed are an artifact of that storage and are not intended to suggest
1
S'
3
S.
fe
^a
£.
5"
2*
1
S
3
bT
§
?
3
to*
">
§
£
v§
00
-------
Table 7-4 (continued)
Rural Emissions (tpv)
188 HAP Name
1 ,1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1 ,1 ,2-Trichloroethane
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1 ,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
1 ,2-Epoxybutane
1 ,2-Propylenimine (2-Methylaziridine)
1,3-Butadiene
1 ,3-Dichloropropene
1 ,3-Propane sultone
1 ,4-Dichloro benzene
1 ,4-Dioxane (1 ,4-Diethyleneoxide)
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid)(including salts and esters)
2,4-Dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,4-Toluene diisocyanate
2-Chloroacetophenone
2-Nitropropane
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidene
3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine
3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine
4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)
4,4'-Methylenedianiline
4,4'-Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol (including salts)
4-Aminobiphenyl
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
4-Nitrobiphenyl
4-Nitrophenol
Acetaldehyde
Acetamide
Acetonitrile
Acetophenone
Acrolein
Acrylamide
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile
Allyl chloride
Aniline
Antimony Compounds
Arsenic Compounds(inorganic including arsine)
Asbestos
Benzene (including benzene from gasoline)
Benzidine
Benzotrichloride
Total Emissions (tpv)
248.56834
761.36164
0.58484
5,865.94500
14.93700
38.05489
0.41950
71,523.56768
19,927.87000
0.00072
5,225.64801
855.24718
29,627.36202
0.00264
0.52300
0.59785
7,681.23909
7.74550
3.50850
67.40469
0.02800
55.46246
0.51705
0.87700
0.31600
0.92945
3.97348
244.24576
0.58850
0.18200
0.30800
0.37300
1.54100
137,166.15337
0.02806
1 ,450.60505
291 .09852
62,660.26492
35.44595
537.18231
2,543.60095
111.88139
477.45592
103.37891
288.43199
8.50164
389,347.91615
0.40000
10.23650
Total RURAL
38.92143
250.01267
0.00845
2,793.73310
3.75820
0.89900
0.01506
28,933.50606
3,275.74176
0.00000
997.06959
138.70139
4,136.99577
0.00043
0.13159
0.13184
5,177.39385
0.66204
0.61893
12.80992
0.00704
3.31106
0.12897
0.22066
0.07951
0.31848
0.35689
126.71495
0.14379
0.04579
0.07749
0.09385
0.36154
59,101.81986
0.00381
208.62315
61.30691
33,743.36785
1 .93831
39.61407
302.92301
11.17469
79.71305
24.32932
84.59334
2.01072
131,303.83537
0.09863
2.30934
POINT
5.88620
247.90852
0.00836
2,787.40979
3.72062
0.84246
0.01491
329.40967
0.85564
0.00000
270.09664
133.88844
2,197.83382
0.00023
0.13027
0.13052
0.13558
0.65744
0.13881
11.87316
0.00697
3.18492
0.12768
0.21845
0.07871
0.31101
0.35334
101.98396
0.14235
0.04533
0.07672
0.09291
0.35792
7,553.34976
0.00097
200.65319
60.62507
154.38245
1 .88899
38.54427
238.01226
10.85818
76.95638
22.90130
59.01152
1.49519
4,961.95422
0.09764
2.26011
AREA
33.03523
2.10415
0.00008
6.32331
0.03758
0.05654
0.00015
14,535.19930
3,274.88613
0.00000
726.97294
4.81295
1,939.16195
0.00016
0.00132
0.00132
5,177.25827
0.00460
0.48012
0.93677
0.00007
0.12613
0.00129
0.00221
0.00080
0.00747
0.00355
24.73099
0.00144
0.00046
0.00077
0.00094
0.00361
36,222.35169
0.00284
7.96997
0.68184
30,731.76012
0.04932
1 .06979
64.91075
0.31651
2.75667
1 .42802
24.80990
0.51554
44,537.07873
0.00099
0.04923
Total MOBILE
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
14,068.89709
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00003
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
15,326.11840
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
2,857.22529
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.77191
0.00000
81,804.80241
0.00000
0.00000
MOBILE:
On-Road
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
12,385.75594
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00003
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
9,448.10872
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
1,872.35948
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.59044
0.00000
70,027.16054
0.00000
0.00000
MOBILE:
Non-Road
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
1,683.14114
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
5,878.00968
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
984.86580
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.18148
0.00000
11,777.64187
0.00000
0.00000
-------
Table 7-4 (continued)
Rural Emissions (tpv)
188 HAP Name
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium Compounds
Biphenyl
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)
Bis(chloromethyl) ether
Bromoform
Cadmium Compounds
Calcium cyanamide
Captan
Carbaryl
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrach bride
Carbonyl sulfide
Catechol
Chlordane
Chlorine
Chloroacetic acid
Chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzilate
Chloroform
Chloromethyl methyl ether
Chloroprene
Chromium Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
Coke Oven Emissions
Cresol/Cresylic acid (mixed isomers)
Cumene
Cyanide Compounds
Dibutyl phthalate
Dichloroethyl ether (Bis[2-chloroethyl]ether)
Dichlorvos
Diethanolamine
Diethyl sulfate
Dimethyl phthalate
Dimethyl sulfate
Epichlorohydrin (l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane)
Ethyl Chloride
Ethyl acrylate
Ethyl carbamate (Urethane) chloride (Chloroethane)
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene dibromide (Dibromoethane)
Ethylene dichloride (1 ,2-Dichloroethane)
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene oxide
Ethylene thiourea
Ethylidene dichloride (1,1-Dichloroethane)
Fine mineral fibers
Formaldehyde
Glycol ethers
Total Emissions (tpv)
33.55681
12.39344
863.26496
859.69315
0.43589
8.47200
199.12086
6.31000
2.16500
1.91825
130,279.58604
5,040.51156
12,244.95793
12.72200
0.05100
77,392.29466
40.85950
1 1 ,900.28694
2.01430
22,735.28325
6.18450
1,050.82941
897.15022
65.69997
1 ,763.69000
11,327.03156
11,418.27801
2,405.32835
132.83833
7.05000
0.25750
86.25437
3.11950
153.74479
3.84856
339.73705
2,187.89548
159.97414
9.05249
150,602.95817
57.53988
4,198.60429
12,310.94365
2,761.74987
1 .68367
273.34234
0.44862
347,326.51381
68,264.06943
Total RURAL
5.40268
3.87243
306.04439
224.82437
0.03339
2.13158
37.15649
0.00000
0.28349
1.11716
56,707.53414
2,091.80506
1 ,940.98285
0.00092
0.00334
5,738.50501
9.69100
2,980.78968
0.00000
9,492.03094
0.44690
36.75320
169.74840
15.30377
60.81690
5,132.47171
4,185.92645
126.29149
22.92892
3.36982
0.14387
7.87081
0.32890
124.48857
1.61712
38.65523
463.41227
8.49726
1.31309
42,474.35029
19.90017
1,180.25331
2,503.40104
421.63663
0.00000
46.05650
0.00000
147,813.15612
1 1 ,084.42947
POINT
5.02214
3.47626
290.16311
214.12454
0.03306
2.11027
30.08139
0.00000
0.28068
0.00175
56,588.82366
2,075.56884
1 ,480.66994
0.00091
0.00331
5,345.06850
9.25650
1 ,449.30581
0.00000
9,391.15419
0.43935
36.15588
115.96199
14.34023
60.81690
5,131.54460
4,152.78128
123.03442
21.40586
2.94845
0.14089
7.80089
0.32554
122.56234
1 .23425
37.74068
419.66718
7.88258
1 .20804
4,068.01903
19.21155
1,160.03550
2,341.98856
208.33431
0.00000
6.09522
0.00000
7,751.22234
9,156.98153
AREA
0.38054
0.39268
15.88128
10.69983
0.00033
0.02132
7.02101
0.00000
0.00281
1.11541
118.71048
16.23622
460.31291
0.00001
0.00003
393.43651
0.43450
1 ,531 .48387
0.00000
100.87675
0.00755
0.59733
40.09644
0.96354
0.00000
0.92711
33.14517
3.25708
1 .52307
0.42137
0.00298
0.06992
0.00336
1 .92624
0.38286
0.91455
43.74509
0.61468
0.10505
749.57434
0.68862
20.21781
161.41248
213.30232
0.00000
39.96129
0.00000
95,147.07637
1,927.44794
Total MOBILE
0.00000
0.00349
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.05409
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
13.68997
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
37,656.75692
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
44,914.85742
0.00000
MOBILE:
On-Road
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
9.43694
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
31,447.21216
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
32,711.09843
0.00000
MOBILE:
Non-Road
0.00000
0.00349
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.05409
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
4.25303
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
6,209.54475
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
12,203.75899
0.00000
-------
Table 7-4 (continued)
Rural Emissions (tpv)
188 HAP Name
Heptachlor
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroethane
Hexamethylene diisocyanate
Hexane
Hydrazine
Hydrochloric acid (Hydrogen chloride [gas only])
Hydrogen fluoride (Hydrofluoric acid)
Hydroquinone
Isophorone
Lead Compounds
Maleic anhydride
Manganese Compounds
Mercury Compounds
Methanol
Methoxychlor
Methyl bromide (Bromomethane)
Methyl chloride (Chloromethane)
Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Methyl ethyl ketone (2-Butanone)
Methyl iodide (lodomethane)
Methyl isobutyl ketone (Hexone)
Methyl isocyanate
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Methylene chloride (Dichloromethane)
Methylhydrazine
N,N-Dimethylaniline
N,N-Dimethylformamide
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
N-Nitrosomorpholine
Nickel Compounds
Nitrobenzene
Parathion
Pentachloronitrobenzene (Quintobenzene)
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Phosgene
Phosphine
Phosphorus Compounds
Phthalic anhydride
Polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclors)
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Propionaldehyde
Propoxur (Baygon)
Propylene dichloride (1 ,2-Dichloropropane)
Propylene oxide
Total Emissions (tpv)
0.03100
1 .58467
15.09100
4.07400
25.54000
0.13974
188,727.94715
20.46295
339,677.12607
33,883.94892
90.38896
402.62448
3,307.14259
215.24860
2,908.92074
205.95234
385,706.55818
0.04800
30,984.83370
6,448.11666
214,949.10156
207,791.18347
36.85000
35,693.57825
5.48950
1 ,844.52803
14,433.46646
124,285.50179
0.01300
22.57050
3,284.93673
19.86900
0.63000
1 ,329.52989
48.57008
0.61000
2.45669
6.20350
11,514.93212
4.57351
3.13436
161.98552
468.36056
0.04958
17,535.29518
14,187.80399
0.00500
654.98931
3,257.81786
Total RURAL
0.00203
0.28539
4.00776
0.74415
0.99980
0.00000
45,756.05548
7.18377
89,978.37702
1 1 ,904.55757
21.41811
112.25797
568.29373
23.76493
901.28296
42.29652
132,421.18385
0.00000
6,006.22336
1 ,027.50662
29,516.78200
24,344.89069
2.86474
6,481.23304
0.55549
341.55778
3,800.55502
23,669.96577
0.00164
3.61632
221.18470
1 .47367
0.15851
133.55850
3.72051
0.00250
0.72400
3.62647
3,579.43438
0.65671
0.00000
15.08522
42.67394
0.01114
4,302.48255
3,824.72492
0.00000
113.19208
317.84229
POINT
0.00201
0.13069
3.95938
0.65937
0.94218
0.00000
8,653.70780
6.38641
84,427.51069
11,295.70867
21.20395
92.36242
315.01780
23.47362
773.42321
29.22674
116,048.83320
0.00000
1 ,401 .93089
1 ,001 .33650
17,388.26586
21,299.82628
2.73464
5,592.38593
0.54601
309.80425
526.30743
10,136.82984
0.00162
0.41127
213.85545
1 .43303
0.15693
87.90174
3.61943
0.00242
0.70857
1.18639
3,496.30248
0.63119
0.00000
1 1 .39058
37.62948
0.00651
1,148.69698
1,024.37077
0.00000
108.30457
290.34756
AREA
0.00002
0.15470
0.04838
0.08478
0.05762
0.00000
5,772.77867
0.79735
5,550.86632
608.84890
0.21416
19.89555
66.64249
0.29131
115.51623
10.25088
16,372.35065
0.00000
4,604.29247
26.17012
12,128.51614
3,045.06441
0.13010
888.84712
0.00947
31 .75353
3,274.24759
13,533.13592
0.00002
3.20505
7.32925
0.04064
0.00159
26.68814
0.10108
0.00008
0.01543
2.44008
83.13190
0.02552
0.00000
3.69464
5.04446
0.00463
3,123.45099
0.72001
0.00000
4.88750
27.49474
Total MOBILE
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
31,329.56901
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
186.63345
0.00000
12.34352
2.81890
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
18.96861
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
30.33458
2,799.63414
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
MOBILE:
On-Road
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
27,239.81791
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
141.23546
0.00000
7.32680
1 .67738
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
5.25356
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
25.47270
1,784.99814
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
MOBILE:
Non-Road
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
4,089.75110
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
45.39799
0.00000
5.01672
1.14152
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
13.71506
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
4.86188
1,014.63600
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
-------
£
*
0
ffi
P
N
P
a
o
"
??
'-a
o
£'
P
t/3
Table 7-4 (continued)
Rural Emissions (tpv)
188 HAP Name
Quinoline
Quinone (p-Benzoquinone)
Radionuclides (including radon)
Selenium Compounds
Styrene
Styrene oxide
Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene)
Titanium tetrachloride
Toluene
Total Unspeciated HAPs
Total Unspeciated METALS
Trichloroethylene
Triethylamine
Trifluralin
Unspeciated Particulate HAPs, Chromium and Cobalt
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl bromide
Vinyl chloride
Vinylidene chloride (1,1-Dichloroethylene)
Xylenes (mixed isomers)
o-Anisidine
o-Toluidine
p-Phenylenediamine
Note(s): EPA uses a data base to store these emissions.
suggest true precision of large values.
Total Emissions (tpv)
26.02550
8.05050
7.80214
355.37407
56,139.36148
0.17600
128,000.71200
6.24600
1,108,201.65839
580,281 .00000
64.31000
71 ,998.64943
443.52550
10.15027
0.43000
3,864.49624
1 .43700
2,712.08592
223.89224
702,577.76064
0.82360
9.30050
2.13950
Since the data base stores very
Total RURAL
1 .99690
1.05414
0.07922
97.53965
14,807.22739
0.00052
22,691.80846
0.52812
315,400.23308
71,463.86991
10.13487
8,646.90290
40.02497
1 .06461
0.05160
583.34736
0.11699
322.27507
15.00740
192,995.90535
0.15196
0.57033
0.29578
POINT
1 .92059
1.04371
0.07922
93.81753
7,531.53278
0.00052
2,360.00113
0.52266
34,816.57241
70,770.08156
10.03352
6,917.76933
22.14740
1 .03498
0.03818
562.57442
0.11574
234.33828
7.31321
27,961.71324
0.15044
0.52772
0.29284
AREA Total MOBILE
0.07631
0.01044
0.00000
3.62789
924.94923
0.00001
20,331.80733
0.00547
42,408.27422
693.78835
0.10135
1,729.13357
17.87757
0.02963
0.01342
20.77294
0.00125
87.93679
7.69419
20,293.01285
0.00152
0.04261
0.00294
large and very small amounts, the number of decimal places displayec
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.09423
6,350.74537
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
238,175.38645
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
144,741.17926
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
MOBILE:
On-Road
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
6,006.49246
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
213,465.58721
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
120,013.41876
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
MOBILE:
Non-Road
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.09423
344.25292
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
24,709.79924
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
24,727.76050
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
are an artifact of that storage and are not intended to
The estimates included in these tables have uncertainties and will improve/change as better data and estimation techniques become available over time.
1
S'
3
S.
fe
^a
o
5"
2*
1
S
3
bT
§
?
3
S4
1
§
£
S
00
-------
DRAFT - Do not quote, cite, or distribute.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1998
Table 7-5. Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993)
188 HAPs by State (Point, Area, On-road, and Non-road)
188-List HAP Emissions (tpv)
MOBILE: MOBILE:
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Note(s): The estimates included
available overtime.
Total
163,292
101,454
51,295
83,581
491,166
66,905
76,732
17,274
6,583
200,415
173,341
14,850
29,366
245,986
157,964
71,294
72,201
118,633
166,927
45,066
70,763
84,371
214,078
94,113
88,063
135,396
31,037
34,778
19,118
24,909
172,543
35,493
267,090
173,488
16,738
256,532
73,465
74,757
227,812
17,562
107,593
15,272
195,631
506,367
104,117
11,928
148,893
133,232
84,607
125,329
16,350
POINT
102,129
2,740
18,029
41,423
183,989
20,295
46,829
10,174
693
57,177
74,634
1,886
3,522
114,079
82,172
28,967
34,186
57,740
111,097
22,696
21,631
28,126
100,887
29,861
39,737
59,561
6,186
10,816
4,130
9,869
106,049
7,027
94,383
77,075
4,860
125,774
23,377
27,695
102,692
6,718
60,878
2,659
126,355
285,785
77,457
1,371
63,274
67,143
52,172
57,360
3,960
AREA On-Road Non-Road
21,852
91,932
11,692
14,407
86,077
19,672
10,488
1,985
1,530
40,473
28,060
3,315
13,154
37,523
23,024
10,676
10,949
17,522
18,764
10,507
13,297
17,990
35,290
21,731
15,853
22,888
14,938
6,242
4,549
5,327
21,108
10,637
52,425
28,089
4,545
38,453
15,709
21,023
39,771
3,134
15,381
3,649
21,835
67,534
11,191
3,307
25,209
23,960
10,838
21,349
6,547
30,049
5,310
13,157
22,292
151,809
19,078
11,887
3,590
2,981
72,504
55,426
6,803
10,317
67,656
39,949
25,274
21,327
34,715
27,307
8,967
24,745
24,140
56,267
32,260
26,576
40,733
8,027
14,041
7,497
7,135
27,488
14,276
78,483
52,870
5,837
67,255
27,110
19,305
57,595
5,367
23,315
7,344
36,132
113,157
11,391
5,928
45,815
30,509
17,478
35,349
4,747
9,261
1,473
8,418
5,459
69,292
7,859
7,528
1,525
1,379
30,261
15,221
2,845
2,372
26,728
12,818
6,377
5,739
8,656
9,759
2,896
11,089
14,116
21,635
10,260
5,898
12,214
1,887
3,679
2,941
2,578
17,897
3,552
41,798
15,453
1,497
25,049
7,269
6,734
27,755
2,342
8,019
1,619
11,309
39,891
4,078
1,321
14,595
11,620
4,118
11,271
1,096
in these tables have uncertainties and will improve/change as better data and estimation techniques become
Hazardous Air Pollutants # 7-23
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
DRAFT - Do not quote, cite, or distribute.
Table 7-6. Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993)
33 HAPs by State (Point, Area, On-road, and Non-road)
33 Urban HAP Emissions (tpv)
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
31,634
69,102
14,933
20,631
125,546
23,384
15,178
3,138
1,932
53,073
43,658
4,577
14,209
51,251
35,442
15,161
16,293
25,314
28,369
14,483
17,841
23,015
49,053
25,884
22,873
31,750
14,775
7,442
5,733
7,489
27,161
11,931
71,368
41,541
3,292
54,289
20,979
25,797
54,091
3,996
22,818
3,936
29,904
95,759
12,322
4,439
35,320
36,234
15,959
29,971
7,145
POINT AREA
9,694
610
2,290
4,594
29,954
3,083
5,973
1,065
257
8,233
10,016
378
636
12,365
12,577
3,065
5,500
4,826
9,740
3,196
3,013
5,122
11,437
4,095
5,476
6,778
800
836
553
1,639
7,282
904
17,392
8,996
394
15,569
4,260
4,361
14,288
646
6,825
233
7,110
28,265
2,273
247
6,153
10,519
3,873
7,156
290
Note(s): The estimates included in these tables have uncertainties and will improve/change
available overtime.
11,482
66,610
6,525
8,736
34,308
12,817
3,719
684
480
16,531
14,807
1,432
10,231
13,003
8,769
3,779
3,659
9,026
8,624
8,086
4,931
6,985
16,397
10,349
8,958
10,661
11,366
1,929
2,253
3,215
6,910
6,316
20,171
14,293
960
13,721
7,644
14,346
15,979
1,220
7,571
1,358
10,096
25,913
5,821
2,288
12,852
14,123
6,443
10,355
5,325
as better data
MOBILE:
On -Road
7,226
1,277
3,163
5,361
36,507
4,588
2,859
863
717
17,436
13,329
1,636
2,481
16,270
9,607
6,078
5,129
8,348
6,567
2,157
5,951
5,805
13,531
7,758
6,391
9,796
1,930
3,377
1,803
1,716
6,610
3,433
18,874
12,714
1,404
16,174
6,520
4,643
13,850
1,291
5,607
1,766
8,689
27,212
2,739
1,426
11,018
7,337
4,203
8,501
1,141
MOBILE:
Non-Road
3,231
606
2,955
1,940
24,777
2,896
2,627
526
477
10,873
5,507
1,131
861
9,612
4,490
2,240
2,004
3,114
3,438
1,045
3,946
5,103
7,688
3,682
2,048
4,515
680
1,300
1,124
919
6,358
1,278
14,932
5,537
534
8,825
2,556
2,448
9,974
839
2,815
580
4,009
14,369
1,488
479
5,297
4,255
1,441
3,959
389
and estimation techniques become
7-24 # Hazardous Air Pollutants
-------
DRAFT - Do not quote, cite, or distribute.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1998
Table 7-7. Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993)
33 HAPs by Tier 1
Emissions (tpy) for Tier 1 Reporting Levels
NTI Pollutant Description
1 ,1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Ethylene Bichloride
Propylene Bichloride
1 ,3-Butadiene
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Arsenic & Compounds
(inorganic including arsine)
Benzene
Beryllium & Compounds
Cadmium & Compounds
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Chromium & Compounds
Coke Oven Emissions
Ethylene Dibromide
Ethylene Oxide
Formaldehyde
Hexachlorobenzene
Hydrazine
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
Methylene chloride
Nickel & Compounds
Polychlorinated biphenyls
16-PAH
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl chloride
1 ,3-Dichloropropene
Quinoline
2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ
Note(s): EPA uses a data base to
01
FUEL
COMB.
ELEC.
UTIL.
0.00000
27.02126
0.00000
0.51750
65.84379
28.55861
0.00042
61 .48658
37.84816
7.17599
4.00910
0.00613
0.00540
76.64199
0.00000
0.00314
0.00000
198.76632
0.00000
0.00000
87.08918
192.16294
53.28055
119.63081
450.48274
0.00001
8.81088
27.50444
0.19297
0.08442
0.00000
0.00000
0.0001 1
02
FUEL
COMB.
INDUSTRIAL
0.00000
0.81934
0.00001
48.74947
2,300.74122
8.71325
0.00000
13.52304
1,037.31036
0.78875
2.80706
0.01472
0.03079
14.50598
0.00000
0.00345
0.00000
26,223.73958
0.00010
0.00000
30.14759
547.20368
2.92661
9.09658
125.73762
0.00499
218.44557
1 .29597
7.53408
0.68360
0.00000
0.00000
0.00009
store these emissions. Since the
03
FUEL
COMB.
OTHER
0.00000
0.13473
0.00000
0.94777
33.14230
1 .33634
0.00000
7.44388
32.46966
2.10119
3.10371
0.00032
0.00986
7.02827
0.00000
0.00014
0.00000
685.19718
0.00002
0.10511
17.83845
245.54949
3.13193
1 .39897
120.67300
0.00000
73.99793
0.38331
0.73649
0.05934
0.00000
0.00000
0.00004
04
CHEMICAL
& ALLIED
PRODUCT
MFC
17.78800
2,898.72120
428.43400
3,277.96648
6,657.73027
397.40819
2,054.03964
3.06196
5,079.51076
0.00056
9.22847
637.27465
1,746.31005
68.45539
0.00000
28.80755
949.76887
3,285.17222
1 .43850
15.51250
181.47978
222.08554
13.41729
45,291 .70359
20.22190
0.00000
865.61650
668.97825
383.98201
2,154.41688
30.29300
12.49950
0.00000
data base stores very large and
05
METALS
PROCESSING
0.51700
0.00190
0.00000
530.13000
2.80059
11.10208
0.62600
106.28059
2,771.11883
0.91142
131.77837
0.00000
0.32800
137.89791
826.73000
0.00007
0.00000
134.38944
0.00000
0.50250
839.68597
1,187.28718
3.45209
217.60550
88.27336
0.00000
1,947.12400
396.59375
952.72172
0.00000
0.78700
9.06150
0.00020
06
PETROLEUM
& RELATED
INDUSTRIES
0.01850
91.81822
0.66500
152.43093
61 .96659
2.17710
46.36117
40.55300
25,830.05279
0.26163
6.60694
48.48671
1 .78696
42.98149
0.00000
11.14484
9.11563
753.11352
0.00000
3.28905
47.17316
50.00145
1 .46299
29.39032
111.05618
0.00000
1,317.14250
17.88168
67.64605
4.65101
0.00000
4.37950
0.00000
07
OTHER
INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES
11.32150
1,105.11616
201 .84800
1 1 .48258
13,321.32602
308.81792
24.34623
44.21509
2,076.41741
0.90331
15.72217
4,282.45080
20,444.24719
431 .04281
0.00000
7.38021
585.64322
9,829.56747
0.00001
0.63904
552.67951
357.28506
10.53589
34,111.13747
253.55360
0.00943
1 ,288.75071
6,857.57749
12,332.57601
16.80269
0.00000
0.08500
0.00007
very small amounts, the number of decimal places
displayed are an artifact of that storage and are not intended to suggest true precision of large values.
The estimates included in these tables have uncertainties and will improve/change as better data and estimation techniques become available
overtime.
Hazardous Air Pollutants # 7-25
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
DRAFT - Do not quote, cite, or distribute.
Table 7-7 (continued)
Emissions (tpy) for Tier 1 Reporting Levels
NTI Pollutant Description
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Ethylene Bichloride
Propylene Bichloride
1 ,3-Butadiene
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Arsenic & Compounds (inorganic
including arsine)
Benzene
Beryllium & Compounds
Cadmium & Compounds
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Chromium & Compounds
Coke Oven Emissions
Ethylene Dibromide
Ethylene Oxide
Formaldehyde
Hexachlorobenzene
Hydrazine
Lead & Compounds
Manganese & Compounds
Mercury & Compounds
Methylene chloride
Nickel & Compounds
Polychlorinated biphenyls
16-PAH
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl chloride
1 ,3-Dichloropropene
Quinoline
2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ
08
SOLVENT
UTILIZATION
0.00000
16.42611
0.00000
0.04703
6.82552
1.01533
2.26141
0.01758
278.28297
0.00463
0.91489
0.43361
7.04926
51.91006
0.00000
4.97356
12.93591
733.66738
0.00000
0.31678
76.84471
29.59095
0.01422
37,708.01972
35.68361
0.00014
2,038.45400
115,418.70645
57,683.51050
0.61149
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
09 10
WASTE
STORAGE & DISPOSAL &
TRANSPORT RECYCLING
0.00000
7.48812
0.00000
24.35674
0.05892
0.01852
0.07673
0.5741 1
1 1 ,967.59638
0.00435
0.08872
1 .68034
1 .76505
0.11269
0.00000
1 .79958
0.03810
4.94350
0.00000
0.09795
4.82841
5.58907
0.05540
18.39548
0.14186
0.00102
729.08450
17.23776
3.69705
0.00001
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
218.92334
50.46048
24.04231
4.43295
20.97927
24.12055
415.88935
7.78977
629.87446
0.17002
24.37846
70.03906
409.65664
12.39676
0.00000
3.42732
13.95000
27.75885
0.00004
0.00002
270.92826
1 1 .72747
103.12032
2,125.70399
28.06791
0.03399
97.94350
1 ,000.83989
455.64005
534.77648
0.00000
0.00000
0.00194
11
HIGHWAY
VEHICLES
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
36,657.97824
27,963.87210
5,541.61622
0.00000
1 .74759
207,259.7981 1
0.00000
0.02668
0.00000
0.00000
27.93068
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
96,816.50994
0.00000
0.00000
418.03935
21 .68763
4.96458
0.00000
15.54908
0.00000
75.93000
9.50000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00009
12 13
OFF- NATURAL
HIGHWAY SOURCES
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
10,887.12866
37,330.86678
6,729.03608
0.00000
1 .04001
72,41 1 .29730
0.02000
0.31011
0.00000
0.00000
25.83012
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
79,405.52602
0.00000
0.00000
778.25807
30.34058
6.93002
16.90000
79.33141
0.00000
33.29000
77.40000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00001
0.00000
0.00000
0.00003
0.00000
0.00000
0.00038
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00019
0.00210
1 .30002
0.00000
0.0001 1
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
14
MISC.
0.00000
0.59675
0.00000
19,927.39934
49,400.00000
49,606.34473
0.00000
0.69877
59,936.33896
0.05160
0.14613
0.12523
124.09405
0.41570
936.96000
0.00000
1,190.29814
129,228.16239
0.14600
0.00000
2.14997
8.40762
1 .36043
4,636.51936
0.75751
0.00000
8,570.59160
3,506.81301
110.41250
0.00000
19,896.79000
0.00000
0.00009
Note(s): EPA uses a data base to store these emissions. Since the data base stores very large and very small amounts, the number of decimal places
displayed are an artifact of that storage and are not intended to suggest true precision of large values.
The estimates included in these tables have uncertainties and will improve/change as better data and estimation techniques become available
overtime.
7-26 # Hazardous Air Pollutants
-------
Table 7-8. Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993) 33 HAPs by Tier 1 and Tier 2
Tier
Level
Number
01
01.00
01.03
01.04
01.05
02
02.00
02.01
02.02
02.03
02.04
02.05
03
03.00
03.02
03.03
03.04
03.05
03.06
04
04.00
04.01
04.02
04.03
04.04
04.05
04.06
04.07
05
05.00
05.01
05.02
05.03
06
06.00
06.01
06.02
06.03
07
07.00
07.01
07.02
Tier Level Description
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
MACT Categories (Utility Study)
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
MACT Categories
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
MACT Categories
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
MACT Categories
Organic Chemicals
Inorganic Chemicals
Polymers & Resins
Agricultural Chemicals
Paints, Varnishs, Lacquers, Enamels
Pharmaceuticals
Other Chemicals
METALS PROCESSING
MACT Categories
Nonferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
MACT Categories
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
MACT Categories
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Acetaldehvde
65.84379
64.19462
0.25463
0.30662
1 .08792
2,300.74122
2,292.04293
0.03517
0.87134
4.87255
0.00476
2.91446
33.14230
16.18344
0.55004
0.43899
0.38104
0.00179
15.58700
6,657.73027
4,120.66428
2,444.75350
88.69400
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.33099
2.80059
2.80045
0.00004
0.00009
0.00000
61 .96659
0.79533
0.16854
60.98623
0.01650
13,321.32602
13,071.79777
82.71730
0.00027
Acrolein
28.55861
28.30971
0.07648
0.02835
0.14408
8.71325
7.71711
0.00042
0.12241
0.02470
0.00005
0.84857
1 .33634
0.68760
0.01505
0.09828
0.14941
0.00000
0.38600
397.40819
2.73422
394.54742
0.12500
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00055
11.10208
11.10203
0.00002
0.00003
0.00000
2.17710
0.00001
0.01195
2.16514
0.00000
308.81792
307.42416
0.00152
0.00006
Emissions
(tpy) for 33 Urban HAPs
Arsenic
Acrvlonitrile Compounds
0.00042
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00042
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
2,054.03964
1,615.45564
107.70650
25.39300
0.00000
297.75000
1 .74400
0.00000
2.39500
0.62600
0.62600
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
46.36117
0.00000
0.00000
46.36117
0.00000
24.34623
22.06650
0.00000
0.00000
61 .48658
60.46005
0.00000
0.00195
1 .02458
13.52304
13.26288
0.01053
0.22640
0.01464
0.00533
0.00327
7.44388
3.70769
0.00763
0.01961
0.04603
1 .42692
2.23600
3.06196
0.13388
0.00100
0.69012
0.00000
1 .92950
0.00000
0.00000
0.30746
106.28059
102.53965
3.49073
0.25000
0.00021
40.55300
40.54177
0.00002
0.00111
0.01010
44.21509
14.34869
14.38074
0.00022
Beryllium
Benzene Compounds
37.84816
29.14657
0.04787
2.20616
6.44756
1,037.31036
1 ,002.55945
9.05455
0.81561
21 .07944
0.51241
3.28891
32.46966
7.55116
0.41253
1.71404
6.56889
2.03548
14.18756
5,079.51076
2,687.86522
2,252.66142
4.14883
0.01550
7.37080
9.57115
0.00000
110.85833
2,771.11883
2,186.37923
0.98044
583.45590
0.30325
25,830.05279
23,970.32152
73.37076
1 ,785.93468
0.42583
2,076.41741
1 ,666.42971
0.19494
0.01947
7.17599
7.12285
0.00000
0.00005
0.05309
0.78875
0.75371
0.00048
0.03195
0.00095
0.00089
0.00076
2.10119
0.78977
0.00531
0.00019
0.00792
0.00000
1 .29799
0.00056
0.00050
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00006
0.91142
0.35030
0.55887
0.00200
0.00025
0.26163
0.25052
0.00010
0.00167
0.00935
0.90331
0.61632
0.00828
0.00001
,3-Butadiene
0.51750
0.36014
0.00000
0.00000
0.15736
48.74947
1 .98873
0.00000
0.10793
46.53071
0.06030
0.06180
0.94777
0.24371
0.07661
0.00286
0.62089
0.00370
0.00000
3,277.96648
2,096.47393
953.03592
8.35850
0.00000
105.85500
0.00000
0.00000
113.14814
530.13000
530.13000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
152.43093
0.11581
0.26000
152.05268
0.00243
1 1 .48258
8.39130
0.25020
0.00000
-------
Table 7-8 (continued)
Emissions (tpy) for 33 Urban HAPs
Tier
Level
Number Tier Level Description
07.03
07.04
07.05
07.06
07.07
07.08
07.09
07.10
08
08.00
08.01
08.02
08.03
08.04
08.05
08.06
09
09.00
09.01
09.02
09.03
09.04
09.05
09.06
09.07
09.08
09.09
09.11
10
10.00
10.01
10.02
10.04
10.05
10.06
10.07
11
12
13
13.02
14
14.01
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Construction
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
MACT Categories
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
Nonindustrial
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
MACT Categories
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage I
Service Stations: Stage II
Service Stations: Breathing & Emptying
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
MACT Categories
Incineration
Open Burning
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
NATURAL SOURCES
Geogenic
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
Acetaldehvde
45.41750
27.05000
12.31814
0.00000
0.00000
0.00365
0.00000
82.02139
6.82552
6.08343
0.00800
0.00000
0.00000
0.73410
0.00000
0.00000
0.05892
0.00000
0.00000
0.05826
0.00026
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00040
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
20.97927
20.03628
0.00306
0.00000
0.92953
0.00385
0.00195
0.00461
27,963.87210
37,330.86678
0.00000
0.00000
49,400.00000
0.00000
Arsenic
Acrolein Acrvlonitrile Compounds
0.00000
0.00000
0.02760
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
1 .36458
1.01533
1.01487
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00046
0.00000
0.00000
0.01852
0.00000
0.00000
0.01850
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00003
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
24.12055
24.11002
0.00000
0.00000
0.00316
0.00382
0.00020
0.00335
5,541.61622
6,729.03608
0.00000
0.00000
49,606.34473
0.00000
0.00000
0.37500
0.00350
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
1.90123
2.26141
2.24426
0.01699
0.00000
0.00000
0.00016
0.00000
0.00000
0.07673
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.07672
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00001
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
415.88935
415.88237
0.00000
0.00000
0.00316
0.00382
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
3.43368
0.00500
2.17758
0.03523
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
9.83394
0.01758
0.01670
0.00000
0.00088
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.5741 1
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00003
0.57408
7.78977
7.76883
0.00060
0.00003
0.00000
0.02007
0.00000
0.00025
1 .74759
1 .04001
0.00001
0.00001
0.69877
0.00021
Beryllium
Benzene Compounds
89.15750
0.00000
1 1 .43984
0.16965
0.00000
3.54225
7.12500
298.33905
278.28297
262.83717
0.32632
0.15300
0.041 1 1
11.94199
2.84619
0.13719
1 1 ,967.59638
6,121.48618
66.76307
133.92712
120.33242
0.08668
5,479.85855
0.00444
27.35357
12.09961
1 .24260
4.44213
629.87446
602.34905
0.01759
0.00006
22.46651
0.36839
4.5601 1
0.11274
207,259.7981 1
72,41 1 .29730
0.00000
0.00000
59,936.33896
0.00000
0.00115
0.00000
0.02974
0.00018
0.00050
0.00000
0.00000
0.24714
0.00463
0.00290
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00164
0.00010
0.00000
0.00435
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00435
0.17002
0.16974
0.00017
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00010
0.00000
0.02000
0.00000
0.00000
0.05160
0.00000
1,3-Butadiene
0.00000
0.00000
0.01567
0.01000
0.00000
0.12500
0.00000
2.69041
0.04703
0.04703
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
24.35674
0.00000
0.00002
0.65293
19.98118
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.37401
3.34860
0.00000
0.00000
4.43295
1 .58000
0.00000
0.00000
2.84880
0.00000
0.00000
0.00415
36,657.97824
10,887.12866
0.00000
0.00000
19,927.39934
0.00000
-------
Tier
Level
Number
14.02
14.03
14.04
14.05
14.06
14.07
14.21
14.40
14.70
14.98
Note(s):
Table
Tier Level Description Acetaldehvde
Other Combustion 49,400.00000
Catastrophic/Accidental Releases 0.00000
Repair Shops 0.00000
Health Services 0.00000
Cooling Towers 0.00000
Fugitive Dust 0.00000
Consumer Products Usage 0.00000
Transportation & Public Utilities 0.00000
Services 0.00000
Miscellaneous Categories 0.00000
EPA uses a data base to store these emissions. Since the data base stores very
not intended to suggest true precision of large values.
7-8 (continued)
Emissions (tpv) for 33 Urban HAPs
Arsenic
Acrolein Acrvlonitrile Compounds Benzene
49,606.34472 0.00000 0.00937 55,617.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 4,250.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.01153
0.00000 0.00000 0.67413 19.31538
0.00000 0.00000 0.01507 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.58695
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 49.30000
0.00001 0.00000 0.00000 0.12510
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
Beryllium
Compounds 1,3-Butadiene
0.00000 19,927.39534
0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000
0.05131 0.00000
0.00029 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00400
0.00000 0.00000
large and very small amounts, the number of decimal places displayed are an artifact of that storage and are
The estimates included in these tables have uncertainties and will improve/change as better data and estimation techniques become available over time.
-------
Table 7-8 (continued)
Tier
Level
Number
01
01.00
01.03
01.04
01.05
02
02.00
02.01
02.02
02.03
02.04
02.05
03
03.00
03.02
03.03
03.04
03.05
03.06
04
04.00
04.01
04.02
04.03
04.04
04.05
04.06
04.07
05
05.00
05.01
05.02
05.03
06
06.00
06.01
06.02
06.03
07
07.00
07.01
07.02
Tier Level Description
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
MACT Categories (Utility Study)
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
MACT Categories
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
MACT Categories
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
MACT Categories
Organic Chemicals
Inorganic Chemicals
Polymers & Resins
Agricultural Chemicals
Paints, Varnishs, Lacquers, Enamels
Pharmaceuticals
Other Chemicals
METALS PROCESSING
MACT Categories
Nonferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
MACT Categories
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
MACT Categories
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Cadmium Carbon
Compounds Tetrachloride
4.00910
3.73452
0.00000
0.01217
0.26241
2.80706
2.74781
0.00603
0.03053
0.01150
0.01015
0.00104
3.10371
1 .36492
0.00847
0.00117
0.03937
0.35188
1 .33790
9.22847
0.26310
0.37550
8.24250
0.00001
0.00000
0.25620
0.00000
0.08616
131.77837
120.54338
4.96640
1 .33703
4.93157
6.60694
6.57559
0.00003
0.02455
0.00678
15.72217
3.58286
0.06623
0.00000
0.00613
0.00004
0.00000
0.00000
0.00609
0.01472
0.01405
0.00000
0.00000
0.00053
0.00014
0.00000
0.00032
0.00000
0.00000
0.00029
0.00002
0.00000
0.00000
637.27465
443.39652
113.94050
33.02151
0.00000
40.36550
0.00900
0.00000
1.50213
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
48.48671
0.00000
0.00000
48.48671
0.00000
4,282.45080
4,278.88550
0.00024
0.00250
Emissions
(tpy) for 33 Urban
HAPs
Chromium Coke Oven Ethylene
Chloroform Compounds Emissions Dibromide
0.00540
0.00008
0.00000
0.00000
0.00533
0.03079
0.02335
0.00000
0.00161
0.00573
0.0001 1
0.00000
0.00986
0.00000
0.00000
0.00354
0.00631
0.00000
0.00000
1,746.31005
744.27522
944.79440
1 1 .74955
0.00000
37.59400
0.00000
0.06250
6.43189
0.32800
0.32800
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
1 .78696
0.00000
0.00435
1 .75661
0.02600
20,444.24719
18,511.93969
29.33677
0.00247
76.64199
74.86615
0.00000
0.00125
1 .77459
14.50598
14.17409
0.00651
0.02665
0.00461
0.00059
0.00353
7.02827
2.56996
0.00682
0.00044
0.13484
2.70000
1.61620
68.45539
14.02728
3.56250
18.55200
0.00001
1 .65550
9.71791
0.00000
1 1 .44269
137.89791
74.89745
2.56650
54.76793
5.66603
42.98149
35.70247
0.02446
7.24354
0.01102
431 .04281
224.65670
0.27248
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
826.73000
826.73000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00314
0.00027
0.00000
0.00185
0.00103
0.00345
0.00345
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00014
0.00000
0.00000
0.00014
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
28.80755
13.49750
1 1 .86000
3.45000
0.00000
0.00005
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00007
0.00007
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
11.14484
0.00000
0.00068
11.14216
0.00200
7.38021
6.88424
0.00000
0.00000
Propylene
Bichloride
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00001
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00001
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
428.43400
120.09200
102.37600
0.00000
0.00000
0.02600
0.00000
0.00000
66.50000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.66500
0.00000
0.00000
0.66500
0.00000
201 .84800
6.84800
0.00000
0.00000
-------
Tier
Level
Number Tier Level Description
07.03
07.04
07.05
07.06
07.07
07.08
07.09
07.10
08
08.00
08.01
08.02
08.03
08.04
08.05
08.06
09
09.00
09.01
09.02
09.03
09.04
09.05
09.06
09.07
09.08
09.09
09.11
10
10.00
10.01
10.02
10.04
10.05
10.06
10.07
11
12
13
13.02
14
14.01
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Construction
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
MACT Categories
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
Nonindustrial
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
MACT Categories
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage I
Service Stations: Stage II
Service Stations: Breathing & Emptying
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
MACT Categories
Incineration
Open Burning
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
NATURAL SOURCES
Geogenic
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
Table
7-8 (continued)
Cadmium Carbon
Compounds Tetrachloride
0.00852
0.13351
5.32566
0.03468
0.01236
0.50250
0.00000
6.05586
0.91489
0.76562
0.00050
0.12571
0.00000
0.00592
0.01713
0.00000
0.08872
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.08872
24.37846
24.37706
0.00102
0.00004
0.00000
0.00019
0.00000
0.00015
0.02668
0.31011
0.00003
0.00003
0.14613
0.00057
0.00000
0.00002
0.21177
0.00000
0.00000
0.01614
0.00000
3.33463
0.43361
0.10310
0.02528
0.00000
0.00000
0.30522
0.00000
0.00000
1 .68034
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.10966
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.01919
0.00000
1.45150
0.00000
70.03906
68.90418
0.00014
0.00000
0.00351
0.00382
1.12741
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.12523
0.00000
Emissions
(tpy) for 33 Urban
HAPs
Chromium Coke Oven Ethylene
Chloroform Compounds Emissions Dibromide
1 ,883.80450
1 .07700
0.11261
0.12200
0.00602
0.24048
0.00000
17.60568
7.04926
3.49434
2.35826
0.00000
0.00000
0.15515
1.04151
0.00000
1 .76505
0.00000
0.09500
0.02051
0.41000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.74355
0.34600
0.00000
0.00000
409.65664
408.02951
0.00000
0.00000
0.42605
0.22886
0.95488
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
124.09405
0.00000
16.97406
5.61051
1 .77837
16.94066
0.67051
8.73300
0.12500
155.28152
51.91006
50.82879
0.00134
0.00414
0.00000
1 .03479
0.04100
0.00000
0.11269
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00003
0.00000
0.00000
0.11267
12.39676
1 1 .89049
0.00036
0.00202
0.00000
0.00383
0.00000
0.50007
27.93068
25.83012
0.00038
0.00038
0.41570
0.00317
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
936.96000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.42622
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.06975
4.97356
4.97356
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
1 .79958
0.00000
0.00182
0.03503
0.06822
0.00001
0.00001
0.00000
0.01450
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
3.42732
0.03851
0.00000
0.00000
0.00347
0.00382
3.38152
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
Propylene
Bichloride
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
195.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
24.04231
24.04227
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00003
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
-------
a-
o
>
Tier
Level
Number
14.02
14.03
14.04
14.05
14.06
14.07
14.21
14.40
14.70
14.98
Note(s):
Table
Cadmium
7-8 (continued) |
S'
Emissions (tpv) for 33 Urban HAPs ~
Carbon Chromium Coke Oven Ethylene Propylene ^
Tier Level Description Compounds Tetrachloride Chloroform Compounds Emissions Dibromide Dichloride as
Other Combustion 0.00000
Catastrophic/Accidental Releases 0.00000
Repair Shops 0.00000
Health Services 0.00000
Cooling Towers 0.01072
Fugitive Dust 0.00779
Consumer Products Usage 0.00000
Transportation & Public Utilities 0.00000
Services 0.12705
Miscellaneous Categories 0.00000
EPA uses a data base to store these emissions. Since the data base stores very
not intended to suggest true precision of large values.
0.00000 0.00000 0.13824 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 £
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 936.96000 0.00000 0.00000 *
hn
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 3
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1'
0.00000 0.34926 0.03563 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 §'
0.00000 0.00000 0.10209 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ^
0.00005 123.23574 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 §
0.00000 0.00776 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 -^
0.12518 0.12786 0.13407 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ^
0.00000 0.37342 0.00250 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 §
large and very small amounts, the number of decimal places displayed are an artifact of that storage and are ^
Oo
The estimates included in these tables have uncertainties and will improve/change as better data and estimation techniques become available over time.
-------
Table 7-8 (continued)
Emissions (tpy) for 33 Urban HAPs
Tier
Level
Number
01
01.00
01.03
01.04
01.05
02
02.00
02.01
02.02
02.03
02.04
02.05
03
03.00
03.02
03.03
03.04
03.05
03.06
04
04.00
04.01
04.02
04.03
04.04
04.05
04.06
04.07
05
05.00
05.01
05.02
05.03
06
06.00
06.01
06.02
06.03
07
07.00
07.01
07.02
Tier Level Description
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
MACT Categories (Utility Study)
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
MACT Categories
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
MACT Categories
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
MACT Categories
Organic Chemicals
Inorganic Chemicals
Polymers & Resins
Agricultural Chemicals
Paints, Varnishs, Lacquers, Enamels
Pharmaceuticals
Other Chemicals
METALS PROCESSING
MACT Categories
Nonferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
MACT Categories
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
MACT Categories
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
1,3-
Dichloropropene
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
30.29300
5.54750
22.75000
1 .56500
0.00000
0.43050
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.78700
0.78700
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
Ethylene
Dichloride
27.02126
27.01860
0.00000
0.00000
0.00266
0.81934
0.81934
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.13473
0.08146
0.00000
0.00007
0.00000
0.00000
0.05320
2,898.72120
1 ,680.60753
1,092.08619
0.00100
0.00000
92.70850
0.00031
0.01500
24.30418
0.00190
0.00190
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
91.81822
0.00004
0.00426
91 .80292
0.01100
1,105.11616
477.59950
0.00024
0.00247
Ethylene Lead
Oxide Formaldehyde Hexachlorobenzene Hydrazine Compounds
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
949.76887
454.24307
329.40205
90.79500
0.00000
0.01750
0.00000
0.00000
54.90425
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
9.11563
0.00000
0.00713
9.10850
0.00000
585.64322
304.90950
37.80576
0.00000
198.76632
184.03877
3.94117
2.45448
8.33191
26,223.73958
26,180.75588
0.63555
1.62310
15.75798
0.20191
24.76516
685.19718
222.79075
1.51566
20.38024
24.44219
137.75778
278.31056
3,285.17222
2,398.51766
781 .28034
16.75771
1 .55751
32.60120
5.15854
0.00000
24.33877
134.38944
113.89825
1.69118
17.80012
0.99990
753.11352
641 .86998
13.59667
96.72015
0.92671
9,829.56747
8,274.44728
6.67127
14.69051
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00010
0.00001
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00010
0.00000
0.00002
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00002
0.00000
0.00000
1 .43850
0.16700
0.27550
0.00000
0.00000
0.41500
0.00000
0.00000
0.58100
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00001
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.10511
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.10511
0.00000
0.00000
15.51250
5.61400
3.16350
6.32250
0.00000
0.39950
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.50250
0.00000
0.00000
0.00250
0.50000
3.28905
0.00000
0.00355
3.28550
0.00000
0.63904
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
87.08918
84.79815
0.00000
0.02569
2.26534
30.14759
29.95608
0.09787
0.05826
0.01571
0.01264
0.00702
17.83845
5.80823
0.01901
0.00052
0.10084
7.54084
4.36900
181.47978
6.97896
1 .35850
151.78850
0.00270
1 .63300
16.37704
0.00000
2.17059
839.68597
608.49312
117.67273
1 1 1 .43993
2.08020
47.17316
19.75903
0.00063
24.15977
3.25372
552.67951
166.22812
0.19792
0.25021
-------
Table 7-8 (continued)
Emissions (tpy) for 33 Urban HAPs
Tier
Level
Number
07.03
07.04
07.05
07.06
07.07
07.08
07.09
07.10
08
08.00
08.01
08.02
08.03
08.04
08.05
08.06
09
09.00
09.01
09.02
09.03
09.04
09.05
09.06
09.07
09.08
09.09
09.11
10
10.00
10.01
10.02
10.04
10.05
10.06
10.07
11
12
13
13.02
14
14.01
Tier Level Description
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Construction
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
MACT Categories
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
Nonindustrial
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
MACT Categories
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage I
Service Stations: Stage II
Service Stations: Breathing & Emptying
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
MACT Categories
Incineration
Open Burning
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
NATURAL SOURCES
Geogenic
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
1,3-
Dichloropropene
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
19,896.79000
0.00000
Ethylene
Dichloride
0.00027
30.15000
0.35566
552.45550
0.00000
0.07281
0.00000
44.47970
16.42611
16.10075
0.03292
0.00000
0.00000
0.14259
0.14985
0.00000
7.48812
2.57000
0.01531
0.05158
0.20591
0.00005
4.63016
0.00000
0.01511
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
50.46048
47.08843
0.00002
0.00000
2.50549
0.00001
0.86653
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.59675
0.00000
Ethylene
Oxide
0.00000
72.69750
0.00000
41.50155
20.31450
0.00000
0.00000
108.41441
12.93591
12.91973
0.00735
0.00000
0.00000
0.00850
0.00033
0.00000
0.03810
0.00000
0.00000
0.00400
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.03410
0.00000
13.95000
13.95000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
1,190.29814
0.00000
Lead
Formaldehyde Hexachlorobenzene Hydrazine Compounds
656.72680
27.31086
349.80365
30.70440
19.67500
0.13040
0.00000
449.40730
733.66738
720.39133
0.64807
1 .55492
0.00000
6.94803
4.12502
0.00000
4.94350
0.00000
0.00000
3.17495
0.08388
0.00008
0.00000
0.00000
0.98994
0.00104
0.00000
0.67362
27.75885
26.13004
0.03558
0.00000
1.51330
0.01628
0.05385
0.00979
96,816.50994
79,405.52602
0.00000
0.00000
129,228.16239
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00001
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00004
0.00000
0.00004
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.14600
0.14600
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.63904
0.31678
0.31678
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.09795
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.09795
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00002
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00002
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.09095
11.10871
1 .97079
4.04335
6.28861
6.04817
0.00000
356.45269
76.84471
29.53012
0.03044
0.47462
0.00000
46.72702
0.08250
0.00000
4.82841
0.13451
0.00052
0.00024
0.52733
0.00000
0.03917
0.00000
0.00073
0.00000
0.00025
4.12566
270.92826
270.90760
0.00959
0.00847
0.00000
0.00171
0.00000
0.00089
418.03935
778.25807
0.00019
0.00019
2.14997
0.00166
-------
Table 7-8 (continued)
Tier
Level
Number
14.02
14.03
14.04
14.05
14.06
14.07
14.21
14.40
14.70
14.98
Note(s):
Tier Level Description
Other Combustion
Catastrophic/Accidental Releases
Repair Shops
Health Services
Cooling Towers
Fugitive Dust
Consumer Products Usage
Transportation & Public Utilities
Services
Miscellaneous Categories
Emissions (tpv) for 33 Urban HAPs
1,3- Ethylene Ethylene
Dichloropropene Dichloride Oxide Formaldehyde Hexachlorobenzene
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 129,070.85857 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.01600 1,190.27814 0.00260 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00880 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
19,896.79000 0.57825 0.00000 156.68722 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.02000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00250 0.00000 0.47769 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.12750 0.00000
Lead
Hydrazine Compounds
0.00000 0.01649
0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00313
0.00000 1 .68964
0.00000 0.15206
0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.28700
0.00000 0.00000
EPA uses a data base to store these emissions. Since the data base stores very large and very small amounts, the number of decimal places displayed are an artifact of that storage and are
not intended to suggest true precision of large values.
The estimates included in these tables have uncertainties and will improve/change as better data and estimation techniques become available over time.
-------
Tier
Level
Number
01
01.00
01.03
01.04
01.05
02
02.00
02.01
02.02
02.03
02.04
02.05
03
03.00
03.02
03.03
03.04
03.05
03.06
04
04.00
04.01
04.02
04.03
04.04
04.05
04.06
04.07
05
05.00
05.01
05.02
05.03
06
06.00
06.01
06.02
06.03
07
07.00
07.01
07.02
Tier Level Description
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
MACT Categories (Utility Study)
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
MACT Categories
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
MACT Categories
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
MACT Categories
Organic Chemicals
Inorganic Chemicals
Polymers & Resins
Agricultural Chemicals
Paints, Varnishs, Lacquers, Enamels
Pharmaceuticals
Other Chemicals
METALS PROCESSING
MACT Categories
Nonferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
MACT Categories
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
MACT Categories
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Table
7-8 (continued)
Manganese Mercury
Compounds Compounds
192.16294
190.99779
0.00000
0.29501
0.87014
547.20368
536.69908
0.01076
5.28795
4.91574
0.03269
0.00247
245.54949
26.25095
0.01545
0.00101
0.03569
216.05439
3.19200
222.08554
33.48464
3.92300
161.43550
0.00000
13.04350
0.14700
0.00000
0.12340
1,187.28718
897.44454
9.39394
268.921 1 1
1 1 .52759
50.00145
44.95142
0.00109
1.71606
3.33288
357.28506
134.49120
17.83476
0.12202
53.28055
52.08865
0.00000
0.00919
1.18271
2.92661
2.38456
0.12113
0.36289
0.05066
0.00668
0.00070
3.13193
1 .65077
0.00107
0.00002
0.01245
0.08712
1 .38050
13.41729
13.04158
0.02000
0.25500
0.00000
0.00000
0.01286
0.00000
0.08785
3.45209
2.08314
1.11895
0.25000
0.00000
1 .46299
1.41880
0.0001 1
0.01759
0.02649
10.53589
6.11607
0.01790
0.00006
Emissions
(tpy) for 33 Urban HAPs
Methylene Nickel Polychlorinated Polycyclic
Chloride Compounds Biphenvls Organic Matter Quinoline
119.63081
110.15984
0.00000
0.00000
9.46816
9.09658
7.03388
0.00000
0.00000
2.06270
0.00000
0.00000
1 .39897
0.59591
0.00000
0.41637
0.00068
0.00000
0.38600
45,291 .70359
42,792.32555
1,120.04803
290.61901
0.02568
176.04545
230.10029
5.67350
437.91909
217.60550
132.13300
1 .07500
77.59500
6.80250
29.39032
0.44280
0.52404
28.42349
0.00000
34,111.13747
19,993.04737
157.27200
161.60232
450.48274
448.74027
0.00000
0.01400
1 .72825
125.73762
93.90579
0.01991
31 .20463
0.32189
0.00954
0.01837
120.67300
118.09507
0.03374
0.08466
0.46466
0.35187
1 .64300
20.22190
2.45846
2.16100
13.08670
0.00000
0.26000
0.53149
0.00000
0.51325
88.27336
27.06591
24.85529
29.78217
6.56999
111.05618
96.25919
0.01669
14.71855
0.06174
253.55360
18.84583
0.33123
0.62105
0.00001
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00001
0.00499
0.00499
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00943
0.00002
0.00000
0.00000
8.81088
8.81088
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
218.44557
218.44557
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
73.99793
9.84268
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
59.20000
4.95525
865.61650
449.01850
328.47250
15.68550
0.00000
5.95800
30.72450
0.00000
19.54550
1,947.12400
1,897.91050
4.55000
44.66350
0.00000
1,317.14250
1,183.30000
0.00000
133.84250
0.00000
1 ,288.75071
839.55500
0.00500
4.49500
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
12.49950
12.49950
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
9.06150
9.01600
0.00000
0.04550
0.00000
4.37950
0.00000
0.00000
4.37950
0.00000
0.08500
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
-------
Tier
Level
Number Tier Level Description
07.03
07.04
07.05
07.06
07.07
07.08
07.09
07.10
08
08.00
08.01
08.02
08.03
08.04
08.05
08.06
09
09.00
09.01
09.02
09.03
09.04
09.05
09.06
09.07
09.08
09.09
09.11
10
10.00
10.01
10.02
10.04
10.05
10.06
10.07
11
12
13
13.02
14
14.01
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Construction
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
MACT Categories
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
Nonindustrial
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
MACT Categories
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage I
Service Stations: Stage II
Service Stations: Breathing & Emptying
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
MACT Categories
Incineration
Open Burning
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
NATURAL SOURCES
Geogenic
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
Table
7-8 (continued)
Manganese Mercury
Compounds Compounds
1 .48555
0.89752
4.94522
63.38068
4.45400
9.05351
0.12500
120.49558
29.59095
29.38422
0.09402
0.00001
0.00000
0.11269
0.00000
0.00000
5.58907
0.00000
0.00000
0.00023
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
5.58884
1 1 .72747
1 1 .60955
0.02441
0.00254
0.00000
0.08076
0.00000
0.01020
21 .68763
30.34058
0.00210
0.00210
8.40762
0.01889
0.01646
0.12750
1 .36707
0.00972
0.88200
0.00000
0.00000
1 .9991 1
0.01422
0.01307
0.00004
0.00088
0.00000
0.00018
0.00005
0.00000
0.05540
0.00000
0.00000
0.00003
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00005
0.00000
0.00000
0.05533
103.12032
101.54027
0.07402
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
1 .50602
4.96458
6.93002
1 .30002
1 .30002
1 .36043
0.00021
Emissions
(tpy) for 33 Urban HAPs
Methylene Nickel Polychlorinated Polycyclic
Chloride Compounds Biphenvls Organic Matter Quinoline
156.30500
1 ,933.79475
29.40403
367.61153
1 ,556.83564
610.56981
0.00000
9,144.69502
37,708.01972
37,194.84156
116.62344
80.93048
5.61650
261 .54303
48.19188
0.27283
18.39548
0.00000
0.00000
0.00310
1 1 .33791
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
4.02173
1 .42274
0.00000
0.00000
2,125.70399
2,087.15277
0.00060
0.00000
0.19973
0.01694
38.33363
0.00001
0.00000
16.90000
0.00000
0.00000
4,636.51936
0.00000
1.60210
0.53050
0.92923
26.45347
2.93605
10.48501
0.12500
190.69414
35.68361
35.23238
0.00194
0.00000
0.00000
0.44923
0.00006
0.00000
0.14186
0.00000
0.00001
0.01319
0.00398
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.12468
28.06791
27.55146
0.00630
0.00159
0.00000
0.00809
0.00000
0.50047
15.54908
79.33141
0.0001 1
0.0001 1
0.75751
0.00104
0.00000
0.00000
0.00360
0.00000
0.00000
0.00031
0.00000
0.00550
0.00014
0.00000
0.00000
0.00014
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00102
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00102
0.03399
0.03339
0.00060
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
97.07463
153.94500
2.83300
1 .03250
0.00000
14.21400
0.00000
175.59658
2,038.45400
2,028.02600
0.00000
10.42800
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
729.08450
354.51000
0.57450
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
374.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
97.94350
97.94350
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
75.93000
33.29000
0.00000
0.00000
8,570.59160
0.00000
0.08500
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
-------
X
^
0
w
p
a
o
w
>
^
0_
B*
P
c^
Table
7-8 (continued)
Emissions (tpv) for 33 Urban HAPs
Tier
Level
Number
14.02
14.03
14.04
14.05
14.06
14.07
14.21
14.40
14.70
14.98
Note(s):
Tier Level Description
Other Combustion
Catastrophic/Accidental Releases
Repair Shops
Health Services
Cooling Towers
Fugitive Dust
Consumer Products Usage
Transportation & Public Utilities
Services
Miscellaneous Categories
Manganese
Mercury
Compounds Compounds
0.00236
0.00000
0.00000
0.12500
7.51104
0.73113
0.00000
0.00000
0.01670
0.00250
EPA uses a data base to store these emissions. Since the data base stores very
not intended to suggest true precision of large values.
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.30045
0.00498
0.00000
0.00000
1 .05479
0.00000
Methylene
Chloride
0.00000
0.00000
7.50000
0.13550
0.00000
0.00000
4,562.11623
17.00000
40.23963
9.52800
large and very small amounts, the
The estimates included in these tables have uncertainties and will improve/change as better data
Nickel Polychlorinated
Compounds Biphenvls
0.12900 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000
0.07012 0.00000
0.04692 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000
0.25792 0.00000
0.25250 0.00000
Polycyclic
Organic Matter Quinoline
2,837.82500 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000
5,732.76260 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000
0.00400 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000
number of decimal places displayed are an artifact of that storage and are
and estimation techniques become available overtime.
1
S"
Ci
hts.
Q)
si
<"*
1
bT
§
y
3
.<>
5>
d
d
^
00
-------
Table 7-8 (continued)
Emissions (tpy) for 33 Urban HAPs
Tier
Level
Number
01
01.00
01.03
01.04
01.05
02
02.00
02.01
02.02
02.03
02.04
02.05
03
03.00
03.02
03.03
03.04
03.05
03.06
04
04.00
04.01
04.02
04.03
04.04
04.05
04.06
04.07
05
05.00
05.01
05.02
05.03
06
06.00
06.01
06.02
06.03
07
07.00
07.01
07.02
2,3,7,8-
Tetrachlorodibenzo-p- 1,1,2,2-
Tier Level Description dioxin Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethvlene
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
MACT Categories (Utility Study)
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
MACT Categories
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
MACT Categories
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
MACT Categories
Organic Chemicals
Inorganic Chemicals
Polymers & Resins
Agricultural Chemicals
Paints, Varnishs, Lacquers, Enamels
Pharmaceuticals
Other Chemicals
METALS PROCESSING
MACT Categories
Nonferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
MACT Categories
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
MACT Categories
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
0.0001 1
0.0001 1
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00009
0.00009
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00004
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00004
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00020
0.00001
0.00019
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00007
0.00004
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
17.78800
0.82850
16.95450
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.51700
0.51700
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.01850
0.00000
0.00000
0.01850
0.00000
11.32150
6.32050
0.00000
0.00000
27.50444
27.0231 1
0.00000
0.00000
0.48133
1 .29597
0.82278
0.00000
0.00000
0.47306
0.00012
0.00000
0.38331
0.08760
0.00000
0.23748
0.00104
0.00000
0.05720
668.97825
136.77345
401 .75783
1 .90333
0.00000
61.15000
1.77812
0.00000
43.31002
396.59375
184.25175
153.54200
16.20450
42.59550
17.88168
0.00000
0.56970
17.31199
0.00000
6,857.57749
1 ,092.73435
0.00000
23.70500
Trichloroethvlene
0.19297
0.00073
0.00000
0.00000
0.19224
7.53408
1.11300
0.00000
0.00000
0.15108
0.00000
0.00000
0.73649
0.00000
0.00012
0.06542
0.67095
0.00000
0.00000
383.98201
239.14615
136.12234
0.59952
0.00000
1 .03650
1.01450
0.00000
3.77800
952.72172
243.57250
98.80000
456.24000
154.10923
67.64605
1 .27500
19.59000
46.78105
0.00000
12,332.57601
1,195.33839
0.00000
30.17000
Vinyl Chloride
0.08442
0.00169
0.00000
0.00000
0.08274
0.68360
0.56920
0.00000
0.00000
0.11437
0.00003
0.00000
0.05934
0.00000
0.00000
0.05933
0.00001
0.00000
0.00000
2,154.41688
2,034.06416
92.97800
0.00000
0.00000
0.65650
0.00002
0.00000
0.00519
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
4.65101
0.00000
0.00000
4.65101
0.00000
16.80269
9.50675
0.00097
0.00000
-------
Table 7-8 (continued)
Emissions (tpy) for 33 Urban HAPs
Tier
Level
Number
07.03
07.04
07.05
07.06
07.07
07.08
07.09
07.10
08
08.00
08.01
08.02
08.03
08.04
08.05
08.06
09
09.00
09.01
09.02
09.03
09.04
09.05
09.06
09.07
09.08
09.09
09.11
10
10.00
10.01
10.02
10.04
10.05
10.06
10.07
11
12
13
13.02
14
14.01
2,3,7,8-
Tetrachlorodibenzo-p- 1,1,2,2-
Tier Level Description dioxin Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethvlene
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Construction
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
MACT Categories
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
Nonindustrial
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
MACT Categories
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage I
Service Stations: Stage II
Service Stations: Breathing & Emptying
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
MACT Categories
Incineration
Open Burning
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
NATURAL SOURCES
Geogenic
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
0.00003
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00194
0.00194
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00009
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00009
0.00000
0.00000
5.00000
0.00100
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
218.92334
218.92334
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
25.21850
364.65219
0.40136
396.10185
466.42138
517.04844
0.00000
3,971 .29441
115,418.70645
112,832.57270
22.53234
75.97817
2,172.05504
314.75481
0.81338
0.00000
17.23776
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
4.88874
2.62625
0.00000
0.00000
0.68403
9.03874
0.00000
0.00000
1 ,000.83989
980.95980
0.00001
0.00000
0.09646
0.16628
19.61733
0.00000
9.50000
77.40000
0.00000
0.00000
3,506.81301
0.00000
Trichloroethvlene
39.92000
377.30614
475.31225
310.68200
895.17700
695.87868
0.00000
8,312.79155
57,683.51050
57,541.69178
2.02712
27.26150
0.00002
111.53614
0.99394
0.00000
3.69705
0.00000
0.00000
0.00580
2.17649
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
1 .29631
0.16845
0.00000
0.00000
455.64005
446.59199
0.00000
0.00000
0.00850
0.09501
8.94453
0.00001
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
110.41250
0.00000
Vinyl Chloride
0.00000
7.20065
0.00013
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.09419
0.61149
0.60908
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00241
0.00000
0.00000
0.00001
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00001
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
534.77648
527.89334
0.00001
0.00000
0.00055
0.00000
6.88258
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
-------
Table 7-8
(continued)
Emissions (tpy) for 33 Urban HAPs
Tier
Level
Number
14.02
14.03
14.04
14.05
14.06
14.07
14.21
14.40
14.70
14.98
Note(s):
Tier Level Description
Other Combustion
Catastrophic/Accidental Releases
Repair Shops
Health Services
Cooling Towers
Fugitive Dust
Consumer Products Usage
Transportation & Public Utilities
Services
Miscellaneous Categories
2,3,7,8-
Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-
dioxin
0.00009
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
1,1,2,2-
Tetrachloroethane
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
EPA uses a data base to store these emissions. Since the data base stores very large and very small amounts,
not intended to suggest true precision of large values.
Tetrachloroethvlene Trichloroethvlene
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
3,506.80921
0.00380
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
60.43650
0.00150
38.42500
1 1 .54950
Vinyl Chloride
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
the number of decimal places displayed are an artifact of that storage and are
The estimates included in these tables have uncertainties and will improve/change as better data and estimation techniques become available over time.
-------
Figure 7-1. 1996 NTI State Data Summary
Green - states who submitted HAP inventory data
X - states who submitted revisions by 9/1/99
* - local agencies who submitted revisions by 9/1/99
-------
Figure 7-2. U.S. Counties by Urban and Rural Designation
Alaska
Hawaii
Urban
Rural
Note: These urban/rural designations have been derived
exclusively for inventory purposes and do not indicate
regulatory applicability.
-------
4-
*
Figure 7-3. Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993)
National Emissions by Urban vs. Rural
o-
O
Urban
188HAPS
Rural
33 HAPs
-------
Figure 7-4. Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993)
National Emissions of 188 HAPs by Urban vs. Rural
Major
Area
Nonroad
On Road
Urban
Rural
ffi
§
Total urban emissions are - 4,330,000 tons
73% of the total
Total rural emissions are -1,580,000
27% of the total
-------
ON
*
o-
O
Figure 7-5. Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993)
National Emissions of 33 HAPs by Urban vs. Rural
Point
Area
Urban
Nonroad
On Road
Rural
Total urban emissions are - 943,000 tons Total rural emissions are - 480,000 tons
66% of the total 34% of the total
-------
Figure 7-6. Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993)
188 HAP Emissions by State and Source Sector
Major
Area
Nonroad
On Road
I
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Figure 7-7. Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993)
33 HAP Emissions by State and Source Sector
a-
o
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150
100
I
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-------
Figure 7-8. Summed Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993) Emissions of
188 HAPs per Square Mile for U.S. Counties
Percentiles
(tons/sq. mi.in parentheses)
Alaska
*
Hawaii
o
196-100(16.9-1026.6)
191 -95(7.3-16.9)
I 76 - 90 (2.7 - 7.3)
]51 -75(1.0-2.7)
] 26 - 50 (0.5 - 1.0)
] 0 - 25 (0.0 - 0.5)
Source:
USEPA/OAQPS
-------
Figure 7-9. Summed Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993) Emissions of
33 HAPs per Square Mile for U.S. Counties
Alaska
Hawaii
Percentiles
(tons/sq. mi.in parentheses)
B
96-100(3.3-185.1)
91 - 95 (1.4 - 3.3)
76 - 90 (0.6 -1.4)
51 - 75 (0.3 - 0.6)
26 - 50 (0.2 - 0.3)
0 - 25 (0.0 - 0.2)
Source:
USEPA/OAQPS
-------
Figure 7-10. Summary Baseline NTI (1990 to 1993) of 33 HAPs
National Emissions Percentage by Source Sector
Major
Area
Nonroad
Onroad
100
90
80
70
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-------
Chapter 8.0
National Greenhouse Gas
Emissions
8.1 WHAT INFORMATION IS
PRESENTED IN THIS CHAPTER?
This chapter summarizes the latest information on
anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in the United States
from 1990 through 1997. Fora more detailed discussion, the
reader is referred to the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas
Emissions and Sinks: 1990-1991, April 1999, United States
(U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), EPA 236-R-
99-003. This report is produced annually and submitted by
the U.S. Government to the United Nations as part of our
commitments under the Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC). Readers interested in the international
efforts to address the problem of climate change through
negotiation are referred to the home page of the UNFCCC at
http://www.unfccc.de. Readers interested in more
background on the science of climate change, global warming
or greenhouse gases are referred to the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) via their website at
http://www.ipcc.ch.
To ensure that the U.S. greenhouse gas emissions
inventory meets the reporting requirements of the UNFCCC,
the estimates were calculated using methodologies consistent
with those recommended in the Revised 1996 IPCC
Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories1. For
most source categories the IPCC default methodologies were
expanded in order to incorporate emission factors and data
specific to the United States, resulting in a more
comprehensive and detailed estimate of U.S. emissions. (See
Section 8.3.3.)
8.2 WHAT ARE THE RECENT TRENDS
IN U.S. GREENHOUSE GAS
EMISSIONS?
Naturally occurring greenhouse gases include water
vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide
(N2O), and ozone (O3). Several classes of halogenated
substances that contain fluorine, chlorine, or bromine are also
greenhouse gases, but they are, for the most part, solely a
product of industrial activities. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are halocarbons that
contain chlorine, while halocarbons that contain bromine are
referred to as halons. Other fluorine containing halogenated
substances include hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).
Total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions rose in 1997 to
1,813.6 million metric tons of carbon equivalents (MMTCE).
The single year increase in emissions from 1996 to 1997 was
1.3 percent (23.1 MMTCE), down from the previous year's
increase of 3.3 percent. Overall, emissions of greenhouse
gases have increased 11 percent above 1990 levels. Table 8-1
provides a detailed summary of U.S. greenhouse gas
emissions and sinks for 1990 through 1997.
In 1997, the primary greenhouse gas emitted by human
activities was CO2. The largest source of CO2 and of overall
greenhouse gas emissions in the United States was fossil fuel
combustion. CH4 emissions resulted primarily from
decomposition of wastes in landfills, manure and enteric
fermentation associated with domestic livestock, natural gas
systems, and coal mining. Emissions of N20 were dominated
by agricultural soil management and mobile source fossil fuel
combustion. The substitution of O3 depleting substances and
emissions of HFC-23 during the production of HCFC-22 were
the primary contributors to aggregate HFC emissions. PFC
emissions came mainly from primary aluminum production,
while electrical transmission and distribution systems emitted
the majority of SF6.
As the largest source of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions,
CO2 from fossil fuel combustion accounted for 81 percent of
emissions in 1997 when each gas is weighted by its Global
Warming Potential (see Figure 8-1 in the Inventory of U.S.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1900-1997 for a
discussion of global warming potentials). Emissions from
fossil fuel combustion grew by 11 percent (138.8 MMTCE)
over the 8-year period and were responsible for over three-
quarters of the increase in national emissions. The annual
increase in CO2 emissions from this source was 1.3 percent in
1997, down from the previous year when emissions increased
by 3.6 percent.
The dramatic increase in fossil fuel combustion related
CO2 emissions in 1996 was primarily a function of two
factors: 1) fuel switching by electric utilities from natural gas
to more carbon intensive coal as gas prices rose sharply due
8.0 National Greenhouse Gas Emissions # 8-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
to weather conditions, which drove up residential
consumption of natural gas for heating; and 2) higher
petroleum consumption for transportation. In 1997, by
comparison, electric utility natural gas consumption rose to
regain much of the previous year's decline as the supply
available rose due to lower residential consumption. Despite
this increase in natural gas consumption by utilities and
relatively stagnant U.S. electricity consumption, coal
consumption rose in 1997 to offset the temporary shut-down
of several nuclear power plants. Petroleum consumption for
transportation activities in 1997 also grew by less than a
percent, compared to almost 4 percent the previous year (see
Table 8-2).
Overall, from 1990 to 1997, total emissions of CO2, CH4,
and N2O increased by 143.5 (11 percent), 9.7 (6 percent), and
13.4 MMTCE (14 percent), respectively. During the same
period, weighted emissions of HFCs, PFCs, and SF6 rose by
14.9 MMTCE (67 percent). Despite being emitted in smaller
quantities, emissions of HFCs, PFCs, and SF6 are significant
because of their extremely high global warming potentials
and, in the cases of PFCs and SF6, long atmospheric lifetimes.
Conversely, U.S. greenhouse gas emissions were partly offset
by carbon sequestration in forests, which was estimated to be
11 percent of total emissions.
Other significant trends in emissions from other source
categories over the 8-year period of 1990 through 1997
included:
Aggregate HFC and PFC emissions resulting from
the substitution of ozone depleting substances (e.g.,
CFCs) increased dramatically (by 14.4 MMTCE).
This increase was partly offset, however, by
reductions in PFC emissions from aluminum
production (41 percent) and HFC emissions from
HCFC-22 production (14 percent), both as a result of
voluntary industry emission reduction efforts and, in
the former case, from falling domestic aluminum
production.
Combined N2O and CH4 emissions from mobile
source fossil fuel combustion rose 3.9 MMTCE (26
percent), primarily due to increased rates of N2O
generation in highway vehicles.
CH4 emissions from the decomposition of waste in
municipal and industrial landfills rose by 10.5
MMTCE (19 percent) as the amount of organic
matter in landfills steadily accumulated.
Emissions from coal mining dropped by 5.2
MMTCE (21 percent) as the use of CH4 from
degasification systems increased significantly.
N2O emissions from agricultural soil management
increased by 8.8 MMTCE (13 percent) as fertilizer
8.3
consumption and cultivation of nitrogen fixing crops
rose.
An additional domestic adipic acid plant installed
emission control systems in 1997, which was
estimated to have resulted in a 1.4 MMTCE (27
percent) decline in emissions from 1996 to 1997
despite an increase in production.
WAS A MORE DETAILED
ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL
EMISSIONS CONDUCTED?
Yes. An analysis of the industrial sector was conducted
to provide greater resolution on the greenhouse gas emissions
and energy consumption trends in the industrial end-use
sector.
Figures 8-1 through 8-3 present CO2 emissions data by
industry end-use sector for the entire United States in the
year 1994.
8.3.1 What Data Were Used in this Analysis?
This analysis was based on data contained in several EPA
and Energy Information Administration (ElA) reports: the
Manufacturing Consumption of Energy 1994, DOE/EIA-
0512(94);2 The Annual Energy Review 1997, DOE/EIA-
0384(97);3 Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United
States 1997, DOE/EIA-0573(97);4 and the Inventory of U.S.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-1996, EPA 236-
R-98-006.5
The Annual Energy Review, EIA and the Emissions of
Greenhouse Gases, EPA were used to develop national
estimates of CO2 for the year 1994. Both of these inventories
report data on CO2 emissions caused by both fuel combustion
and industrial processes, and both were included in this
analysis. Typically, fossil fuel combustion represents 81
percent of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and 99 percent
of total U.S. CO2 emissions, although there is some year-to-
year variance. Cement manufacture is the largest remaining
source of industrial CO2 emissions, and has been estimated to
contribute about 10 MMTCE to annual U.S. emissions. For
more information on industrial sources of CO2 or other
greenhouse gas emission data, the reader is referred to the
EPA inventory document or web site at www.epa.gov/
globalwarming/inventory.
The Manufacturing Consumption of Energy (MECS)
data were used to develop the detailed estimates for the
industry sector. The MECS data are prepared once every 4
years, thus 1994 is presented as the most recent year for
which the MECS data are available. The MECS data contain
rich detail on manufacturing industries, but no information
on the non-manufacturing industries, such as agricultural
activity, mining, and construction. The MECS data were
8-2 # 8.0 National Greenhouse Gas Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
merged with estimates of total industrial energy use to
develop these results. Emission estimates were developed
using carbon coefficients for various fuel types, and for a
quality assurance check, were compared with national
inventory data. Refer to Annex A of the EPA Inventory
document for more detail on carbon coefficients for fuel types.
Table 8-3 presents the actual carbon coefficients used in this
analysis.
8.3.2 What are the Results?
The results of this analysis show that the majority of CO2
emissions can be attributed to a few major end-use sectors.
The utility sector, which represents 36 percent of total
CO2 emissions in 1994, supplies energy to industry.
Emissions resulting from electricity production can thus be
prorated to industry on the basis of electricity consumption.
Ideally, this would be done on a regional basis in order to best
capture the complexity of our nation's energy supply system
and to account for variations in carbon emissions per kilowatt
hour. However, this analysis uses national averages to develop
the carbon emissions embedded in electricity consumption
and attributes these emissions to the industries on the basis of
their electricity demand.
Figure 8.1 shows total U.S. CO2 emissions in 1994.
Utilities contribute 36 percent of that total, with
transportation the second largest sector at 30 percent of total
CO2 emissions. Emissions from utilities were estimated at 492
MMTCE in 1994, with 87 percent of that total resulting from
coal consumption, 9 percent from natural gas, and 4 percent
from petroleum fuel consumption.
Figure 8.2 presents all industrial emissions of CO2 - both
manufacturing and non-manufacturing - and the graph was
developed to account for both "on-site" and "off-site"
emissions. In this case, on-site emissions are process-related
emissions such as CO2 flux from lime calcination, and off-site
emissions refer to the emissions that result from fossil fuel
consumption at power plants supplying electricity to industry.
Figure 8.3 presents CO2 emissions for the entire United
States, and differs from Figure 8.1 in that utility sector has
been "mapped" into the various end-use sectors that consume
the electricity generated at utilities. Table 8.4 presents the
CO2 emissions data in tabular form.
8.3.3 What Methodologies were Utilized?
Emissions of greenhouse gases from various sources have
been estimated using methodologies that are consistent with
the Revised 1996IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse
Gas Inventories.1 To the extent possible, the present U.S.
inventory relies on published activity and emission factor
data. Depending on the emission source category, activity
data can include fuel consumption or deliveries, vehicle-miles
traveled, raw material processed, etc.; emission factors are
factors that relate quantities of emissions to an activity. For
some sources, IPCC default methodologies and emission
factors have been employed. However, for emission sources
considered to be significant sources in the United States, the
IPCC default methodologies were expanded and more
comprehensive methods were applied. The Annexes of the
Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks:
1990-1997 contain additional detail and documentation on
the calculations and assumptions used to obtain these
estimates. This report can be found online at www.epa.gov/
globalwarming/inventory.
Inventory emission estimates from energy consumption
and production activities are based primarily on the latest
official fuel consumption data from the EIA/DOE. CO2
emissions from fuel combusted in ships or aircraft engaged in
the international transport of passengers or cargo are not
included in U.S. totals, but are reported separately as
international bunkers in accordance with IPCC reporting
guidelines.' CO2 emissions from fuel combusted within U.S.
territories, however, are included in U.S. totals.
Data on fuel consumption for the United States and its
territories, carbon content of fuels, and percent of carbon
sequestered in non-energy uses were obtained directly from
the EIA/DOE. Fuel consumption data were obtained
primarily from the Monthly Energy Review6 and various EIA
databases. U.S. marine bunker fuel consumption data for
distillate and residual fuel oil was taken from Fuel Oil and
Kerosene Sales? Marine bunker fuel consumption in U.S.
territories was collected from internal EIA databases8 used to
prepare the International Energy Annual? Jet fuel
consumption for aviation international bunkers was taken
from Fuel Cost and Consumption,10 which are monthly data
releases by the Department of Transportation's Bureau of
Transportation Statistics (DOT/BTS), and unpublished data
from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA).11 The data
collected by DOT/BTS includes fuel consumed for
international commercial flights both originating and
terminating in the United States. One-half of this value was
assumed to have been purchased in the United States."
IPCC1 provided combustion efficiency rates forpetroleum
and natural gas. Bechtel1' provided the combustion efficiency
rates for coal. Vehicle type fuel consumption data for the
allocation of transportation sector emissions were primarily
taken from the Transportation Energy Databook12 prepared
by the Center for Transportation Analysis at Oak Ridge
National Laboratory (DOE 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997,
1998). All jet fuel and aviation gasoline were assumed to
have been consumed in aircraft.
8.0 National Greenhouse Gas Emissions # 8-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
8.4 REFERENCES
1. "Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories," Paris: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change, United Nations Environment Programme, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development,
International Energy Agency. 1997.
2. "Manufacturing Consumption of Energy 1994," DOE/EIA-0512(94), Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washingotn, DC. 1994.
3. "Annual Energy Review 1997," DOE/EIA- 0384(97)-annual, Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of
Energy, Washington, DC. July 1998.
4. "Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1997," DOE/EIA-0573(97), Energy Information Administration,
U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. 1997.
5. "Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-1997," EPA 236-R-99-003, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. April 1999.
6. "Monthly Energy Review," DOE/EIA- 0035(98)-monthly, Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of
Energy, Washington, DC. July 1998.
7. "Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1997," DOE/EIA-0535(97)-annual, Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. 1998.
8. "Report of Bunker Fuel Oil Laden on Vessels Cleared for Foreign Countries," unpublished, Form-563, Foreign Trade
Division, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce. 1998.
9. "International Energy Annual 1996," DOE/EIA-0219(96)-annual, Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. 1998.
10. "Fuel Cost and Consumption," monthly reports, DAI-10, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. BTS, Department of
Transportation, Washington, DC. 1998.
11. " Survey of Current Business," Bureau of Economic Analysis, Department of Commerce, Table 2A, p. 152, August
1998. http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea.dnl.htm
12. DOE (1993-1998) "Transportation Energy Databook," (1993-1998), prepared by the Center for Transportation
Analysis at Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, IL.
a. See section titled International Bunker Fuels for a more detailed discussion.
8-4 # 8.0 National Greenhouse Gas Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 8-1. Recent Trends in U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (MMTCE)
Gas/Source
CO2
Fossil Fuel Combustion
Natural Gas Flaring
Cement Manufacture
Lime Manufacture
Limestone and Dolomite Use
Soda Ash Manufacture and Consumption
Carbon Dioxide Consumption
Land-Use Change and Forestry (Sink)3
International Bunker Fuels"
CH4
Stationary Sources
Mobile Sources
Coal Mining
Natural Gas Systems
Petroleum Systems
Petrochemical Production
Silicon Carbide Production
Enteric Fermentation
Manure Management
Rice Cultivation
Agricultural Residue Burning
Landfills
Wastewater Treatment
International Bunker Fuelsb
N2O
Stationary Sources
Mobile Sources
Adipic Acid
Nitric Acid
Manure Management
Agricultural Soil Management
Agricultural Residue Burning
Human Sewage
Waste Combustion
International Bunker Fuelsb
MFCs, PFCs, and SF6
Substitution of Ozone Depleting Substances
Aluminum Production
HCFC-22 Production
Semiconductor Manufacture
Electrical Transmission and Distribution
Magnesium Production and Processing
Total Emissions
Net Emissions (Sources and Sinks)
+ Does not exceed 0.05 MMTCE
1990
1,344.3
1,327.2
2.3
8.9
3.3
1.4
1.1
0.2
(311.5)
27.1
169.9
2.3
1.4
24.0
32.9
1.6
0.3
+
32.7
14.9
2.5
0.2
56.2
0.9
+
95.7
3.8
13.6
4.7
3.3
2.6
65.3
0.1
2.1
0.1
0.2
22.2
0.3
4.9
9.5
0.2
5.6
1.7
1,632.1
1,320.6
1991
1,329
1,312,
2
8
3,
1
1
0,
(311.
27,
171
2
1
22
33
1
0,
32
15,
2
0,
57,
0,
97
3,
14,
4,
3,
2
66
0,
2
0,
0,
21
0,
4,
8
0,
5,
2
1,620
1,308
.8
.6
.6
.7
.2
.3
.1
.2
5)
.8
.0
.4
.4
.8
.3
.6
.3
+
.8
.4
.5
.2
.6
.9
+
.6
.8
.2
.9
.3
.8
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.6
.2
.7
.4
.4
.9
.0
.0
.5
1992
1,349,
1,332.
2.
8.
3.
1.
1.
0.
(311.
29.
172,
2.
1.
22.
33.
1.
0.
33.
16.
2.
0.
57.
0.
100,
3.
15.
4.
3.
2.
68.
0.
2.
0.
0.
23
0.
4.
9.
0.
6.
2.
1,645,
1,333,
.6
,4
,6
8
3
2
1
2
5)
,0
.5
,4
,4
,0
,9
,6
3
+
2
0
8
2
8
9
+
.1
,9
2
,6
,4
8
0
1
2
1
2
.0
,4
1
5
,6
2
2
.2
.7
a Sinks are only included in net emissions total. Estimates of net carbon sequestration due to
forest soils, and are based partially upon projections of forest carbon stocks.
b Emissions from International Bunker Fuels are not included in totals.
Note: Totals may not sum due to independent rounding.
1993
1,379.2
1,360.6
3.5
9.3
3.4
1.1
1.1
0.2
(208.6)
29.9
172.0
2.4
1.4
19.2
34.1
1.6
0.4
+
33.6
16.1
2.5
0.2
59.7
0.9
+
100.4
3.9
15.9
4.9
3.5
2.9
67.0
0.1
2.2
0.1
0.3
23.4
1.4
3.5
8.7
0.8
6.4
2.5
1,675.0
1,466.5
land-use
1994
1,403.5
1,383.9
3.6
9.6
3.5
1.5
1.1
0.2
(208.6)
27.4
175.5
2.4
1.4
19.4
33.5
1.6
0.4
+
34.5
16.7
3.0
0.2
61.6
0.9
+
108.3
4.0
16.7
5.2
3.7
2.9
73.4
0.1
2.2
0.1
0.2
25.9
4.0
2.8
8.6
1.0
6.7
2.7
1,713.2
1,504.7
1995
1,419.2
1,397.8
4.5
9.9
3.7
1.9
1.2
0.3
(208.6)
25.4
178.6
2.5
1.4
20.3
33.2
1.6
0.4
+
34.9
16.9
2.8
0.2
63.6
0.9
+
105.4
4.0
17.0
5.2
3.7
2.9
70.2
0.1
2.3
0.1
0.2
30.8
9.5
2.7
7.4
1.2
7.0
3.0
1,733.9
1,525.4
1996
1,469
1,447,
4,
9,
3,
2
1
0,
(208.
25
178
2
1
18,
33
1
0,
34
16,
2
0,
65,
0,
108
4,
17,
5,
3,
3,
72,
0,
2
0,
0,
34
11
2
8
1
7,
3,
1,790
1,582
.3
.7
.3
.9
.8
.0
.2
.3
6)
.4
.3
.5
.4
.9
.7
.5
.4
+
.5
.6
.5
.2
.1
.9
+
.2
.1
.4
.4
.9
.0
.0
.1
.3
.1
.2
.7
.9
.9
.5
.4
.0
.0
.5
.0
1997
1,487.9
1,466.0
4.2
10.2
3.9
2.1
1.2
0.3
(208.6)
26.6
179.6
2.2
1.4
18.8
33.5
1.6
0.4
+
34.1
17.0
2.7
0.2
66.7
0.9
+
109.0
4.1
17.5
3.9
3.8
3.0
74.1
0.1
2.3
0.1
0.2
37.1
14.7
2.9
8.2
1.3
7.0
3.0
1,813.6
1,605.0
change and forestry activities exclude non-
8.0 National Greenhouse Gas Emissions # 8-5
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 8-2. Annual Percent Change in CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel
Combustion for Selected Sectors and Fuels
Sector
Electric Utility
Electric Utility
Residential
Transportation*
Fuel Type
Coal
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
Petroleum
1995 to 1996
5.7%
-14.6%
8.1%
3.4%
1996 to 1997
2.9%
8.7%
-4.4%
0.3%
* Excludes emissions from International Bunker Fuels
Table 8-3. Carbon Coefficients, MMTCE/QBtu (Q=E15)
Year
1994
1995
Electricity
50
50
Residual Oil
21.49
21.49
Distillate Oil
19.95
19.95
NG
14
14
LPG
17.01
16.99
Coal
25
25
Coke
25
25
Still Gas
20.19
20.23
8-6 # 8.0 National Greenhouse Gas Emissions
-------
Table 8-4. Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the U.S., 1994 (MMTCE)
Sector/Source Category
Agriculture
Mining & construction
Food Products
Tobacco Products
Textile Products
Apparel
Lumber & wood
Furniture & fixtures
Paper
Printing
Chemicals
Petroleum-Refining
Rubber
Leather
Stone, clay & glass
Primary metal
Fabricated metal
Industrial machinery
Electronic equip
Transportation equip
Instruments
Misc manufacturing
Industry Total
Transportation
Commercial
Residential
Territories
Total
Electricity Petroleum
9.
17.
9.
0.
5.
1.
3.
1.
11.
3.
30.
10.
7.
0.
6.
28.
5.
5.
5.
,6
2
,9
2
,6
,3
,4
1
2
,0
1
2
,5
2
2
8
8
,5
,7
6.6
2.
1.
172.
0.
153.
166.
0.
491.
,3
,0
,0
,0
,0
,9
,0
,9
14.0
15.4
1.1
0.0
0.4
0.0
0.4
0.0
3.9
0.0
1.5
2.7
0.3
0.0
0.7
1.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.1
0.0
43.4
411.2
14.9
25.3
0.0
506.0
NG
0.0
42.8
8.8
0.0
1.6
0.3
0.7
0.3
8.0
0.7
26.4
0.0
1.5
0.0
6.0
11.2
3.1
1.5
1.2
2.1
0.0
0.3
128.3
10.2
42.9
71.8
0.0
253.2
Still Gas,
Coke,
Coal Other
0.0
13.4
4.1
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
7.6
0.0
6.4
0.0
0.1
0.0
6.8
1.3
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.7
0.6
0.0
43.1
0.0
2.1
1.4
0.0
46.6
0.0
0.0
2.7
0.0
0.3
0.0
1.2
0.3
0.0
0.0
8.8
41.9
0.1
0.0
1.7
24.8
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.4
0.0
0.0
83.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
83.4
Process
CO2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
16.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
16.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
16.0
%of
Industrial
CO2
Total Emissions
23.6
88.7
26.6
0.2
9.1
1.8
5.9
1.8
30.7
3.8
73.3
73.3
9.5
0.2
37.3
67.3
9.5
7.6
7.8
10.4
4.3
1.6
486.2
422.1
214.1
268.6
0.0
1405.0
5%
18%
5%
0%
2%
0%
1%
0%
6%
1%
15%
15%
2%
0%
8%
14%
2%
2%
2%
2%
1%
0%
102%
% of Total
% of Total Greenhouse
CO2 Gas
Emissions Emissions
2%
6%
2%
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
2%
0%
5%
5%
1%
0%
3%
5%
1%
1%
1%
1%
0%
0%
35%
30%
15%
19%
0%
100%
1%
5%
2%
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
2%
0%
4%
4%
1%
0%
2%
4%
1%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
28%
25%
12%
16%
0%
82%
-------
00
00
Figure 8-1. U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Sector (1994)
'
p
ff
H{
f5°
o_
0*
I
W
P!
r4-
5'
£
CO
o
a.
o"
Ctq
Residential
7%
Commercial
4%
Utility
36%
\^_ Transportation
30%
Industrial
23%
D Residential
Commercial
D Industrial
D Transportation
D Utility
-------
Figure 8-2. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Industry (1994)
W
o
CO
o
a-
o_
£T
03
'
Electronic equip
2%
Industrial machinery
2%
Fabricated metal
2%
Primary metal
15%
Transportation equip
Stone, clay & glass
8%
Leather
0%
Instruments
1%
Rubber
2%
Petroleum-Refining
16%
Chemicals
16%
Misc manufacturing
0%
Mining & construction
19%
Food Products
5%
Tobacco Products
0%
Textile Products
2%
Apparel
0%
Lumber & wood
1%
Furniture & fixtures
0%
Printing
1%
-------
'
p
ff
^
f5°
o_
0*
I
W
?3
r4-
o'
CO
o
a.
o_
2T
Ctq
Figure 8-3. U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions by
End-Use Sector in 1994
Residential
19%
Transportation _A
30% /
I
o'
s
a
o
s
Is
Oo
Commercial
15%
D Residential D Commercial D Industrial D Transportation
-------
Chapter 9.0 International Emissions
9.1 WHAT DATA ARE PRESENTED IN
THIS CHAPTER?
This chapter presents the 1996 European emission
estimates for the pollutants carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen
oxides (NOX), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nonmethane volatile
organic compounds (NMVOCs), methane (CH4), carbon
dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ammonia (NH3), and
the 1995 Canadian emission estimates for the pollutants CO,
NOX, volatile organic compounds (VOC), SO2, total
paniculate (TP), paniculate matter (PM) less than 10 microns
in diameter (PM10), andPMlessthan2.5 microns in diameter
(PM25).
9.2 WHAT EUROPEAN EMISSIONS ARE
PRESENTED?
In 1993, the European Union launched the European
Environment Agency (EEA) with a mandate to orchestrate,
cross-check, and put to strategic use information relevant to
protecting and improving Europe's environment.1
CORINAIR (Coordination of Environmental Air) is the air
emission inventory for Europe The CORINAIR project is
part of the work program of the EEA. The EEA designated
the European Topic Center on Air Emissions (ETC/AEM) to
perform the CORINAIR project by assisting participating
countries to report their national inventories as required under
international obligations. Based on these reports the
ETC/AEM prepares the European air emission inventory and
database.2
The countries that submitted 1996 data on emissions of
ozone precursors and acidifying pollutants to CORINAIR
include Austria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia, and the United Kingdom. In
addition, the following countries submitted 1996 data on
emissions of greenhouse gases to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC):
Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the
United Kingdom.
Table 9-1 shows European national total emissions for
1996 for the following pollutants: SO2, NOX, NMVOC, CH4,
CO, CO2 and NH3. Tables 9-2 through 9-8 present 1996
country-level summary data by CORINAIR/EMEP
(Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of
the Long Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe)
source category for SO2, NOX, NMVOC, CO, and NH3. The
CORINAIR/EMEP source categories include:
Combustion in energy and transformation industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/geothermal
energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock
change
Nature
Because some countries included estimates of NMVOC and
CO2 emissions in the Nature and the Agriculture categories,
these tables include a "Comparable Total" line, omitting these
two categories for each country.
Tables 9-9 to 9-13 present 1996 country-level summary
data by EEA source category for CH4, CO2, and N2O. The
EEA source categories include Energy, Industry, Transport,
Agriculture, Waste, and Other.
9.3 WHAT CANADIAN EMISSIONS ARE
PRESENTED?
The criteria air pollutant annual emissions data for
Canada were provided by Environment Canada3 for 1995.
Emissions were provided for CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, TP, PM10,
and PM25. Table 9-14 presents the emission estimates for
Canada by major source category. Table 9-15 presents the
emissions for Canada by Province.
9.0 International Emissions # 9-1
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
9.4 REFERENCES
1. European Environment Agency, at http://org.eea.eu.int/. January 2000.
2. "ETC/Air Emissions" (Database version 2.2, 10/25/99), at http://warehouse.eea.eu.int/, European Topic Centre on
Air Emissions, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark. October 1999.
3. Environment Canada, at http://www.ec.gc.ca. August 1999.
4. "Population for the Countries of the World: 1996," at gopher://gopher.undp.org, United Nations Population Division.
August 1999.
5. "World Emissions Tables," at http://projects.dnmi.no/%7emep/emis_tables/, Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-
West, EMEP. July 1999.
9-2 # 9.0 International Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 9-1. 1996 Emission Estimates for Europe by Country and Pollutant
(thousand short tons; except CO2 [million short tons])
Population
Country (million)
Armenia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Russian Federation
Slovakia
Slovenia
Sweden
Switzerland
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Yugoslavia
Total
3.6
8.1
10.3
10.1
8.4
4.5
0.8
10.2
5.2
5.1
58.3
81.9
10.4
10.0
3.6
2.5
3.7
0.4
15.6
4.3
38.6
148.1
5.3
1.9
8.8
7.2
51.6
58.1
10.3
586.9
S02
2
57
271
265
1,565
64
51
1,043
205
116
1,136
1,701
599
742
162
65
103
9
149
37
2,610
2,960
250
121
91
33
1,425
2,223
478
18,533
NOX
12
180
191
368
285
74
23
476
317
294
1,809
2,080
412
216
133
39
72
24
552
246
1,272
2,719
143
77
333
143
515
2,237
63
15,305
NMVOC
20
288
362
357
162
87
NA
313
150
191
2,833
2,069
451
165
114
45
96
20
399
407
844
2,840
116
NA
492
224
791
2,255
NA
16,091
CH4
NA
493
NA
NA
546
148
NA
632
468
281
3,142
3,939
504
NA
811
103
314
25
1,359
535
2,016
3,457
330
NA
327
259
NA
4,094
NA
23,783
CO
138
1,125
1,339
1,369
676
413
NA
977
658
474
9,755
7,404
1,470
801
338
194
344
114
995
794
5,332
10,265
381
105
1,193
535
2,830
5,511
NA
55,530
C02
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
20
7
142
80
73
366
1,013
101
74
40
12
21
8
209
45
NA
1,653
50
17
69
NA
NA
654
NA
4,654
NH3
0
84
4
107
91
25
NA
89
109
39
736
715
NA
86
141
NA
40
8
161
29
408
826
55
NA
67
78
NA
352
NA
4,250
Note(s): NA = not available. Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding.
Source of population data: United Nations Population Division4
Source of emission data: EMEP, Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-West5
9.0 International Emissions # 9-3
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 9-2. 1996 Emission Estimates for Austria and the Czech Republic by
CORINAIR/EMEP Source Category and Pollutant
(thousand short tons)
Austria
Combustion in energy and transformation industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
S02
9
18
10
15
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
57
57
NOX
11
22
17
21
0
0
93
8
0
7
1
180
178
NMVOC
0
46
1
25
4
147
58
3
1
3
181
469
285
CO
1
478
6
291
0
0
335
8
5
2
0
1,126
1,126
NH3
0
1
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
80
1
85
84
Czech Republic
Combustion in energy and transformation industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
S02
715
186
130
2
0
0
6
3
0
0
0
1,043
1,043
NOX
131
49
45
1
0
0
191
59
1
0
0
476
476
NMVOC
5
48
10
31
3
131
72
13
0
0
45
358
313
CO
17
366
271
1
0
0
263
59
0
0
0
977
977
NH3
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
87
1
90
89
Note(s): NA = not available. Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding. Negative
emissions represent a sink for greenhouse gas.
Source: ETC/Air Emissions (Database version 2.2, 10/25/99)2
9-4 # 9.0 International Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 9-3. 1996 Emission Estimates
for Denmark and
CORINAIR/EMEP Source Category and
(thousand short
Denmark
Combustion in energy and transformation industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
tons)
S02
160
13
13
3
0
0
2
8
0
0
0
198
198
Finland
by
Pollutant
NOX
142
8
16
1
0
0
87
62
2
0
0
318
318
NMVOC
2
13
1
12
8
23
67
13
1
1
10
150
139
CO
12
133
7
0
48
0
391
66
1
0
0
659
659
NH3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
108
0
109
109
Finland
Combustion in energy and transformation industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
S02
48
15
27
23
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
116
116
NOX
48
15
36
8
0
0
189
0
0
0
0
297
297
NMVOC
0
35
0
12
10
35
75
20
2
0
0
190
190
CO
8
73
47
11
0
0
331
3
0
0
0
473
473
NH3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
37
0
39
39
Note(s): NA = not available. Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding.
Source: ETC/Air Emissions (Database version 2.2, 10/25/99)2
9.0 International Emissions # 9-5
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 9-4. 1996 Emission Estimates for France and Germany
CORINAIR/EMEP Source Category and Pollutant
(thousand short tons)
France
Combustion in energy and transformation industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
S02
394
95
295
80
15
0
129
18
18
0
0
1,044
1,044
NOX
140
118
170
19
0
0
988
410
25
0
3
1,873
1,870
NMVOC
4
237
12
95
110
634
985
158
31
20
413
2,700
2,266
by
CO
18
2,044
615
638
0
0
4,980
466
256
0
84
9,100
9,017
NH3
0
0
0
31
0
0
8
0
4
848
0
891
891
Germany
Combustion in energy and transformation industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
S02
931
323
315
68
17
0
34
13
0
0
0
1,702
1,702
NOX
377
179
247
14
0
0
999
265
0
0
0
2,080
2,080
NMVOC
8
97
9
139
46
1,113
600
57
0
0
425
2,495
2,069
CO
129
1,737
742
649
0
0
3,954
193
0
0
0
7,404
7,404
NH3
3
0
1
9
0
1
35
0
0
666
0
715
715
Note(s): NA = not available. Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding.
Source: ETC/Air Emissions (Database version 2.2, 10/25/99)2
9-6 # 9.0 International Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 9-5. 1996 Emission Estimates
for Greece and
CORINAIR/EMEP Source Category and
Ireland
by
Pollutant
(thousand short tons)
Greece
Combustion in energy and transformation industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
S02
435
16
88
18
0
0
10
28
0
0
0
596
596
NOX
91
9
26
37
0
0
114
110
2
5
0
394
394
NMVOC
4
11
8
20
18
64
208
19
9
53
0
414
362
CO
8
156
17
23
0
0
1,038
144
13
127
0
1,527
1,527
NH3
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
85
0
87
87
Ireland
Combustion in energy and transformation industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
S02
102
31
36
0
0
0
6
2
0
0
0
178
178
NOX
46
9
11
0
0
0
51
10
0
0
0
127
127
NMVOC
0
6
0
1
4
24
65
2
0
93
0
196
103
CO
4
62
2
0
0
0
262
6
1
0
0
337
337
NH3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
136
0
137
137
Note(s): NA = not available. Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding.
Source: ETC/Air Emissions (Database version 2.2, 10/25/99)2
9.0 International Emissions # 9-7
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 9-6. 1996 Emission Estimates for Luxembourg and the Netherlands
by CORINAIR/EMEP Source Category and Pollutant
(thousand short tons)
Luxembourg
Combustion in energy and transformation industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
S02
0
1
7
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
9
9
NOX
0
1
8
0
0
0
11
1
0
0
0
22
22
NMVOC
0
1
0
1
2
4
9
1
0
1
1
20
18
CO
0
9
44
9
0
0
45
3
0
0
0
111
111
NH3
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
8
8
Netherlands
Combustion in energy and transformation industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
S02
53
3
34
26
0
0
12
19
1
0
0
149
149
NOX
71
52
61
18
0
0
233
100
2
17
1
554
553
NMVOC
2
13
8
78
31
94
148
13
7
3
0
399
395
CO
20
115
72
184
0
0
536
41
9
19
9
1,005
996
NH3
0
0
0
4
0
1
0
0
0
155
7
167
161
Note(s): NA = not available. Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding.
Source: ETC/Air Emissions (Database version 2.2, 10/25/99)2
9-8 # 9.0 International Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 9-7. 1996 Emission Estimates for Norway and Slovenia by
CORINAIR/EMEP Source Category and Pollutant
(thousand short tons)
Norway
Combustion in energy and transformation industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
S02
1
2
6
23
0
0
2
3
0
0
0
37
37
NOX
32
3
9
10
0
0
72
109
7
0
0
243
243
NMVOC
2
11
1
20
232
52
68
19
1
0
0
406
406
CO
7
153
8
44
0
0
488
65
1
0
0
766
766
NH3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
28
0
29
29
Slovenia
Combustion in energy and transformation industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
S02
105
8
6
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
121
121
NOX
18
3
3
0
0
0
51
3
0
0
0
77
77
NMVOC
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NA
CO
1
4
0
0
0
0
97
2
0
0
0
105
105
NH3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NA
Note(s): NA = not available. Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding.
Source: ETC/Air Emissions (Database version 2.2, 10/25/99)2
9.0 International Emissions # 9-9
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 9-8. 1996 Emission Estimates for the United Kingdom
CORINAIR/EMEP Source Category and Pollutant
(thousand short tons)
United Kingdom
Combustion in energy and transformation industries
Nonindustrial combustion plants
Combustion in manufacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/geothermal energy
Solvent and other product use
Road transport
Other mobile sources and machinery
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture and forestry, land use and Woodstock change
Nature
Total
Comparable Total
S02
1,598
141
287
109
8
0
41
50
1
0
0
2,235
2,235
NOX
613
126
186
5
1
0
1,065
267
8
0
0
2,271
2,271
NMVOC
9
37
8
201
323
666
699
132
51
88
0
2,215
2,127
by
CO
228
258
37
50
4
0
3,637
879
27
0
0
5,121
5,121
NH3
5
0
0
0
0
0
11
0
12
329
0
357
357
Note(s): NA = not available. Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding.
Source: ETC/Air Emissions (Database version 2.2, 10/25/99)2
9-10 # 9.0 International Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 9-9.
Austria
Energy
Industry
Transport
Agriculture
Waste
Other
Total
1996 Emission Estimates for Austria, Belgium, Czech
and Denmark by EEA Source Category and Pollutant
(thousand short tons; except CO2 [million short tons])
CH4
0
0
2
227
241
22
492
Republic,
C02
13
21
17
0
0
4
54
N20
0
1
2
4
0
2
8
Belgium
Energy
Industry
Transport
Agriculture
Waste
Other
Total
CH4
0
3
4
389
212
51
658
C02
34
45
25
0
0
37
141
N20
2
18
1
12
0
7
41
Czech Republic
Energy
Industry
Transport
Agriculture
Waste
Other
Total
CH4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
C02
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
N20
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Denmark
Energy
Industry
Transport
Agriculture
Waste
Other
Total
CH4
2
1
3
354
81
28
469
C02
49
8
13
0
0
10
80
N20
2
0
1
33
0
1
37
Note(s): NA = not available. Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding. Negative
emissions represent a sink for greenhouse gas.
Source: ETC/Air Emissions (Database version 2.2, 10/25/99)2
9.0 International Emissions # 9-11
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 9-10. 1996 Emission Estimates for Estonia, Finland, France, and
Germany by EEA Source Category and Pollutant
(thousand short tons; except CO2 [million short tons])
Estonia
Energy
Industry
Transport
Agriculture
Waste
Other
Total
CH4
0
0
0
33
34
2
70
C02
22
0
2
0
0
-3
20
N20
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Finland
Energy
Industry
Transport
Agriculture
Waste
Other
Total
CH4
2
7
3
90
176
18
298
C02
30
16
12
0
0
15
73
N20
3
5
2
10
0
1
20
France
Energy
Industry
Transport
Agriculture
Waste
Other
Total
CH4
2
9
21
1,725
675
565
2,997
C02
66
109
149
0
4
48
376
N20
2
91
9
193
4
27
326
Germany
Energy
Industry
Transport
Agriculture
Waste
Other
Total
CH4
8
9
32
1,712
873
1,305
3,939
C02
398
182
192
2
0
204
976
N20
14
99
23
94
4
12
247
Note(s): NA = not available. Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding. Negative
emissions represent a sink for greenhouse gas.
Source: ETC/Air Emissions (Database version 2.2, 10/25/99)2
9-12 # 9.0 International Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 9-11. 1996 Emission Estimates for Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg, and
Greece
Energy
Industry
Transport
Agriculture
Waste
Other
Total
Netherlands by EEA Source Category and Pollutant
(thousand short tons; except CO2 [million short tons])
CH4
0
3
7
309
125
64
505
C02
50
21
19
0
0
11
101
N20
3
3
1
22
0
2
33
Ireland
Energy
Industry
Transport
Agriculture
Waste
Other
Total
CH4
0
0
2
722
112
45
881
C02
15
6
7
0
0
3
31
N20
2
3
1
21
0
2
29
Luxembourg
Energy
Industry
Transport
Agriculture
Waste
Other
Total
CH4
0
0
0
19
4
3
26
C02
1
4
1
0
0
1
7
N20
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
Netherlands
Energy
Industry
Transport
Agriculture
Waste
Other
Total
CH4
6
8
7
512
526
242
1302
C02
63
50
37
0
2
51
204
N20
0
35
8
30
1
5
79
Note(s): NA = not available. Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding. Negative
emissions represent a sink for greenhouse gas.
Source: ETC/Air Emissions (Database version 2.2, 10/25/99)2
9.0 International Emissions # 9-13
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 9-12.
Norway
Energy
Industry
Transport
Agriculture
Waste
Other
Total
1996 Emission Estimates for Norway, the Slovenia,
Sweden by EEA Source Category and Pollutant
(thousand short tons; except CO2 [million short tons])
CH4
3
1
3
119
214
39
380
Spain, and
C02
11
13
16
0
0
-14
26
N20
0
6
1
10
0
0
18
Slovenia
Energy
Industry
Transport
Agriculture
Waste
Other
Total
CH4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
C02
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
N20
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Spain
Energy
Industry
Transport
Agriculture
Waste
Other
Total
CH4
13
7
12
1,128
903
783
2,846
C02
78
70
72
0
0
0
220
N20
11
15
4
66
0
3
99
Sweden
Energy
Industry
Transport
Agriculture
Waste
Other
Total
CH4
2
6
21
180
67
12
288
C02
16
20
22
0
0
-22
35
N20
2
7
2
18
0
1
29
Note(s): NA = not available. Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding. Negative
emissions represent a sink for greenhouse gas.
Source: ETC/Air Emissions (Database version 2.2, 10/25/99)2
9-14 # 9.0 International Emissions
-------
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
Table 9-13.
United Kingdom
Energy
Industry
Transport
Agriculture
Waste
Other
Total
1996 Emission Estimates for the United Kingdom by EEA
Source Category and Pollutant
(thousand short tons; except CO2 [million short tons])
CH4 CO2
19 220
14 116
25 135
1,120 0
999 0
924 170
3,101 642
N2O
7
78
11
106
1
2
206
Note(s): NA = not available. Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding. Negative
emissions represent a sink for greenhouse gas.
Source: ETC/Air Emissions (Database version 2.2, 10/25/99)2
Table 9-14. 1995 Emissions for Canada by Major Source Category
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
Industrial Sources
Nonindustrial Fuel Combustion
Transportation
Incineration
Miscellaneous
Open Sources
Total
CO
2,400
1,189
7,394
51
16
7,380
18,880
NO,
684
367
1,422
3
1
239
2,716
VOC
1,037
449
810
7
606
1,033
3,941
SO,
2,149
624
150
1
0
1
2,925
TP
685
248
108
3
24
16,222
17,289
PMln
317
197
105
2
16
5,920
5,920
PM,5
189
173
92
1
10
1,209
1,675
Note(s): Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding.
Source: Environment Canada3
Table 9-15. 1995 Emissions for Canada by Province
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
Alberta
British Columbia
Manitoba
New Brunswick
Newfoundland
Northwest Territories
Nova Scotia
Ontario
Prince Edward Island
Quebec
Saskatchewan
Yukon
Total
CO
2,206
1,904
1,718
357
262
2680
349
4,186
59
2,728
2,173
259
18,880
NO,
720
291
120
69
47
95
81
613
9
422
236
13
2,716
VOC
841
290
262
72
58
382
87
906
11
537
459
36
3,941
SO2
670
194
403
127
72
17
184
697
3
412
145
0
2,925
TP
5,573
713
1,085
501
368
359
459
3,867
100
2,375
1,812
77
17,289
PMln
1,742
334
449
137
113
283
127
1,151
27
713
209
36
5,920
PM,5
296
193
147
39
34
228
38
287
5
195
190
22
1,675
Source: Environment Canada3
9.0 International Emissions # 9-15
-------
Appendix A National Emissions (1970 to
1998) by Tier 3 Source Category
and Pollutant
Appendix A National Emissions (1970 to 1998) A-l
-------
Table A-1. Carbon Monoxide Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
Oil
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
other
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
ethylene dichloride
maleic anhydride
cyclohexanol
other
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
pigments; TiO2 chloride process:
reactor
other
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
carbon black mfg
carbon black furnace: fugitives
other
1970
237
106
41
90
NA
770
100
44
462
164
NA
3,625
12
27
24
NA
2,932
2,932
NA
NA
630
3,397
340
11
73
36
220
190
18
172
NA
NA
NA
NA
2,866
2,866
NA
NA
1975
276
134
69
73
NA
763
67
49
463
184
NA
3,441
17
23
25
NA
3,114
3,114
NA
NA
262
2,204
483
12
147
39
286
153
22
131
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,567
1,567
NA
NA
1980
322
188
48
85
NA
750
58
35
418
239
NA
6,230
13
21
26
NA
5,992
5,992
NA
NA
178
2,151
543
17
103
37
386
191
34
157
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,417
1,417
NA
NA
1985
297
207
18
56
10
670
86
47
257
167
113
7,525
14
18
42
57
7,232
7,232
NA
NA
162
1,845
251
0
16
5
230
89
77
12
19
16
NA
0
1,471
1,078
155
238
1988
374
230
25
48
11
669
87
46
265
173
98
6,390
15
18
47
55
6,086
6,086
NA
NA
168
7,977
278
0
16
6
256
95
83
12
18
17
NA
0
1,509
1,098
185
226
1989
327
233
26
51
11
672
87
46
271
173
96
6,450
15
17
49
55
6,161
6,161
NA
NA
153
7,925
285
0
16
6
264
95
84
12
18
17
NA
0
1,510
1,112
180
219
1990
363
234
20
51
57
879
105
74
226
279
195
4,269
14
18
44
149
3,781
3,781
NA
NA
262
7,783
149
0
3
0
146
133
119
14
3
44
0
0
854
798
17
39
1991
349
234
19
51
45
920
101
60
284
267
208
4,587
14
17
44
141
4,090
4,090
NA
NA
281
7,727
128
0
3
0
125
129
119
11
6
19
0
0
844
756
54
35
1992
350
236
15
51
47
955
102
64
300
264
227
4,849
15
18
51
141
4,332
4,332
NA
NA
292
7,772
131
0
4
0
127
130
119
12
5
19
0
0
827
736
57
34
1993
363
246
16
49
51
7,043
101
66
322
286
268
4,787
15
18
53
143
3,679
3,679
NA
NA
274
7,093
132
0
4
0
128
131
119
13
5
18
0
0
805
715
60
30
1994
370
247
15
53
55
7,047
100
66
337
287
251
4,708
15
18
54
147
3,607
3,607
NA
NA
268
7,777
130
0
4
1
125
135
119
16
5
17
0
0
885
793
63
30
1995
372
250
10
55
58
7,056
98
71
345
297
245
4,506
15
19
54
145
3,999
3,999
NA
NA
273
7,223
127
0
4
1
123
134
119
15
5
17
0
0
939
845
65
29
1996
397
248
11
79
54
7,754
108
60
335
349
301
4,603
12
19
58
54
4,200
3,598
301
301
260
7,700
91
0
0
0
91
122
119
3
5
12
0
0
870
841
4
26
1997
405
254
12
83
56
7,726
106
58
334
333
295
3,892
12
19
59
57
3,487
2,906
291
291
257
7,779
92
0
0
0
92
123
120
3
5
12
0
0
886
857
4
26
1998
477
254
17
89
57
7,774
104
56
330
335
289
3,843
13
15
57
58
3,452
2,906
273
274
247
7,729
93
0
0
0
93
126
722
3
5
12
0
0
893
863
4
26
-------
Table A-1. Carbon Monoxide Emissions (continued)
Source Category
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
aluminum anode baking
prebake aluminum cell
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
basic oxygen furnace
carbon steel electric arc furnace
coke oven charging
gray iron cupola
iron ore sinter plant windbox
other
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
fee units
other
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing
Products
sulfate pulping: rec. furnace/evaporator
sulfate (kraft) pulping: lime kiln
other
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
Nonindustrial
Solvent Utilization NEC
1970
3,644
652
326
326
NA
2,991
440
181
62
1,203
1,025
81
NA
2,179
NA
2,168
1,820
348
11
620
NA
NA
610
NA
610
NA
NA
10
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1975
2,496
636
318
318
NA
1,859
125
204
53
649
759
70
NA
2,211
NA
2,211
2,032
179
NA
630
NA
NA
602
NA
602
NA
NA
27
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1980
2,246
842
421
421
NA
1,404
80
280
43
340
600
61
NA
1,723
NA
1,723
1,680
44
NA
830
NA
NA
798
NA
798
NA
NA
32
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1985
2,223
694
41
257
396
1,523
694
19
9
302
304
194
6
462
11
449
403
46
2
694
0
0
627
475
140
12
0
43
0
18
0
6
2
1
0
NA
0
0
NA
NA
1988
2,707
656
40
248
368
1,439
650
18
9
288
287
188
6
447
8
431
393
38
2
777
0
0
649
491
145
13
0
44
0
13
0
5
2
1
0
NA
1
0
NA
NA
1989
2,732
677
41
254
382
1,449
662
18
9
280
293
187
6
436
8
427
390
37
2
776
0
0
655
497
146
13
0
43
0
12
0
5
2
1
0
NA
1
0
NA
NA
1990
2,640
436
41
260
135
2,163
594
45
14
124
211
1,174
40
333
38
291
284
7
3
537
3
0
473
370
87
16
0
54
0
2
0
5
5
0
0
0
0
4
0
NA
1991
2,577
438
47
260
131
2,108
737
54
16
118
211
979
25
345
18
324
315
9
4
548
3
0
461
360
81
21
0
77
0
2
0
5
5
0
0
0
1
4
0
NA
1992
2,496
432
41
260
131
2,038
767
49
17
114
211
880
26
377
21
345
333
13
5
544
3
0
449
348
75
25
0
85
0
2
0
6
5
0
0
0
1
4
0
NA
1993
2,536
423
41
260
122
2,089
768
58
7
121
211
924
25
377
22
344
328
17
5
594
3
0
453
350
78
24
0
131
0
2
0
4
5
0
0
0
1
4
0
NA
1994
2,475
421
41
260
120
2,029
677
61
7
128
211
945
25
338
35
299
286
13
5
600
2
0
461
355
76
30
0
131
0
2
0
4
5
0
0
1
1
4
0
NA
1995
2,380
424
41
260
123
1,930
561
65
8
120
211
966
25
348
34
309
299
10
5
624
6
0
484
370
82
32
0
127
0
2
0
4
6
0
0
1
1
4
0
NA
1996
7,429
442
22
261
158
944
117
48
5
121
48
606
42
356
26
322
311
11
8
600
4
0
391
305
55
31
0
184
1
2
0
19
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1997
7,570
456
23
271
162
1,009
126
52
5
125
52
650
45
369
27
335
323
12
8
623
4
0
407
318
57
32
0
189
1
2
0
19
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1998
7,495
446
23
265
158
1,006
126
52
5
120
52
650
43
368
27
334
322
12
8
632
4
0
416
325
59
32
0
189
1
2
0
19
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
-------
Table A-1. Carbon Monoxide Emissions (continued)
Source Category
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage I
Service Stations: Stage II
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
conical wood burner
municipal incinerator
industrial
commmercial/institutional
residential
other
Open Burning
industrial
commmercial/institutional
residential
other
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
light-duty diesel trucks
light-duty diesel vehicles
1970
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,059
2,979
1,431
333
NA
108
1,107
NA
4,080
7,932
2,148
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
88,034
64,031
63,846
185
16,570
10, 102
6,468
6,712
721
721
NA
NA
1975
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3,230
1,764
579
23
NA
68
1,094
NA
1,466
1,254
212
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
83,134
59,281
59,061
220
15,767
9,611
6,156
7,140
945
915
NA
30
1980
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2,300
1,246
228
13
NA
60
945
NA
1,054
1,007
47
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
78,049
53,561
53,342
219
16,137
10,395
5,742
7,189
1,161
1,139
4
19
1985
49
0
0
0
NA
NA
42
NA
0
6
1,941
958
17
34
9
32
865
2
982
20
4
958
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
0
77,387
49,451
49,273
178
18,960
11,834
7,126
7,716
1,261
7,235
4
22
1988
56
0
0
0
NA
NA
51
NA
0
5
1,806
903
19
35
10
38
800
2
903
21
4
877
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
0
71,081
45,553
45,367
186
17,133
9,890
7,244
7,072
1,322
1,290
5
26
1989
55
0
0
0
NA
NA
49
NA
0
5
1,747
876
19
35
9
39
773
2
870
21
5
845
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
0
66,050
42,234
42,047
187
15,940
9,034
6,906
6,506
1,369
1,336
6
28
1990
76
0
0
0
NA
NA
74
0
0
1
1,079
372
6
16
9
19
294
27
706
14
46
509
137
0
0
0
1
0
57,848
37,407
37,198
209
13,816
8,415
5,402
5,360
1,265
7,229
5
31
1991
28
2
12
0
NA
NA
13
0
0
1
1,116
392
7
17
10
20
312
26
722
14
48
516
144
0
0
0
1
0
62,074
40,267
40,089
177
15,014
8,450
6,565
5,459
1,334
1,298
6
30
1992
77
0
0
0
NA
NA
13
0
0
3
1,138
404
6
15
10
21
324
28
731
15
50
523
144
0
0
0
2
0
59,859
39,370
39,190
180
14,567
8,161
6,407
4,569
1,352
1,315
6
31
1993
57
4
32
0
NA
NA
13
0
0
2
7,248
497
6
14
87
21
340
29
749
15
52
529
153
0
0
0
2
1
60,202
39,163
38,973
190
15,196
8,430
6,766
4,476
1,367
1,328
7
33
1994
24
4
4
0
NA
0
13
0
0
3
7,225
467
6
14
48
21
347
30
755
15
54
533
153
0
0
0
2
1
67,833
37,507
37,312
195
17,350
9,534
7,815
5,525
1,451
1,411
8
32
1995
25
4
4
0
NA
0
13
0
0
3
7,785
432
6
15
10
21
351
29
750
15
52
536
147
0
0
0
2
1
54,706
33,701
33,500
200
14,829
8,415
6,414
4,123
1,453
1,412
8
33
1996
78
4
4
0
0
0
68
0
0
2
7,727
404
4
7
9
23
330
31
717
15
87
515
101
0
0
0
5
1
53,262
28,732
28,543
189
19,271
11,060
8,211
3,766
1,493
1,453
11
29
1997
80
4
4
0
0
0
69
0
0
2
7,747
408
4
7
9
24
333
31
727
16
90
519
101
0
0
0
5
1
57,666
27,743
27,555
188
18,943
10,917
8,027
3,443
1,537
1,497
11
29
1998
80
4
4
0
0
0
70
0
0
2
7,754
413
4
8
9
24
336
31
735
16
93
524
102
0
0
0
5
1
50,386
27,039
26,848
190
18,726
10,826
7,900
3,067
1,554
1,514
11
30
-------
Table A-1. Carbon Monoxide Emissions (continued)
Source Category
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
railway maintenance
recreational marine vessels
Non-Road Diesel
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
railway maintenance
recreational marine vessels
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
gasoline
other
Railroads
Non-Road Other
liquified petroleum gas
compressed natural gas
1970
77,970
10,946
268
358
535
5,899
202
1,905
10
6
NA
1,763
430
1
254
88
6
16
20
43
1
UA
UA
506
23
2
21
0
NA
NA
65
0
NA
NA
1975
73,709
1 1 ,754
283
393
586
6,324
267
1,997
23
8
NA
1,873
650
2
362
69
12
138
27
38
1
UA
UA
600
28
2
25
0
NA
NA
77
0
NA
NA
1980
74,489
12,760
299
527
709
6,764
338
2,095
28
9
NA
1,990
829
2
479
83
13
174
28
49
1
UA
UA
743
62
4
57
1
NA
NA
96
0
NA
NA
1985
75,999
13,659
372
603
807
7,166
372
2,263
31
10
5
2,090
900
3
534
105
14
142
34
61
2
1
3
831
73
5
67
1
NA
NA
106
430
288
142
1988
77,346
14,680
318
603
757
7,808
398
2,631
43
10
6
2,106
1,025
3
611
119
23
160
42
59
3
2
4
931
92
6
84
2
NA
NA
118
499
354
145
1989
77,779
15,021
321
603
740
8,023
407
2,754
47
10
6
2,112
1,062
3
637
121
26
163
44
58
3
2
4
955
98
7
90
2
NA
NA
121
522
376
146
1990
78,797
15,394
355
603
723
8,237
416
2,877
50
10
6
2,117
1,098
3
662
124
29
166
46
58
4
2
4
904
129
4
80
11
2
31
121
545
398
147
1991
78,585
15,738
361
602
707
8,451
424
3,000
54
10
6
2,122
1,134
3
688
127
32
168
48
58
4
2
4
888
136
4
83
11
2
36
120
568
420
148
1992
78,999
16,081
366
602
690
8,665
433
3,123
58
9
6
2,128
1,169
3
714
130
34
170
49
57
5
2
4
901
132
4
79
12
2
35
125
591
442
149
1993
79,397
16,424
371
602
674
8,880
442
3,246
62
9
6
2,133
1,204
3
739
134
37
172
51
57
5
2
4
905
126
4
75
12
2
33
120
614
464
150
1994
79,796
16,765
374
602
657
9,094
450
3,369
66
9
6
2,138
1,238
3
763
138
39
174
52
56
5
3
4
915
127
5
76
12
2
33
114
637
486
151
1995
20,224
17,112
382
602
640
9,308
459
3,491
69
9
7
2,144
1,269
3
785
142
42
175
54
55
6
3
5
942
127
4
77
10
2
34
114
660
508
152
1996
20,232
17,074
386
582
592
9,305
466
3,514
73
9
7
2,142
1,282
3
794
144
44
176
55
52
6
3
5
949
134
4
128
0
2
NA
112
681
530
151
1997
20,374
17,163
387
568
583
9,319
469
3,593
74
9
7
2,154
1,254
3
776
143
46
171
55
46
6
3
5
946
136
4
130
0
2
NA
116
699
545
154
1998
79,974
16,812
388
557
563
9,024
469
3,566
75
8
6
2,156
1,180
3
728
133
47
163
53
39
6
3
5
955
138
4
131
0
2
NA
115
714
561
153
-------
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MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
Other Combustion
Health Services
Cooling Towers
Fugitive Dust
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
Note(s): NA = not available.
aggregate estimate
"Other" categories
Table
1970 1975
A-1. Carbon Monoxide Emissions (continued)
1980 1985 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
7,909 5,263 8,344 7,927 75,895 8,753 77,722 8,678 6,934 7,082
NA NA
7,909 5,263
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
129,444 116,757
NANANANANANA NANA
8,344 7,927 15,895 8,153 11,122 8,618 6,934 7,082
NANANANA ONANANA
NANANANANAO ONA
NANANANA 00 0 0
117,434 117,013 118,729 106,439 98,523 100,87 97,630 98,160
2
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
9,656 7,298 77,744 72,764 8,920
NA NA 1 1 1
9,656 7,298 11,144 12,164 8,919
NA NA NA NA NA
0000 0
0000 0
102,643 93,353 95,479 94,410 89,454
For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are contained in the ore
may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand
metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
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-------
Table A-2. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Source Cateaorv
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
natural
process
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
natural
process
other
Other
wood/bark waste
liquid waste
other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
distillate oil
natural gas
other
1970
4,900
3,888
2,112
1,041
344
391
1,012
40
972
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4,325
771
532
164
75
NA
332
228
104
NA
3,060
3,053
8
NA
162
102
NA
60
NA
836
23
210
120
NA
44
439
118
242
79
1975
5,694
4,828
2,590
1,276
414
548
866
101
765
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4,007
520
359
111
51
NA
354
186
112
56
2,983
2,837
5
140
149
108
NA
41
NA
785
33
176
125
NA
39
412
113
246
54
1980
7,024
6,123
3,439
1,694
542
447
901
39
862
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3,555
444
306
94
44
NA
286
179
63
44
2,619
2,469
5
145
205
138
NA
67
NA
741
25
155
131
NA
74
356
85
238
33
1985
6,127
5,240
4,378
668
194
NA
193
178
15
NA
646
646
NA
48
3,209
608
430
14
33
131
309
191
89
29
1,520
7,282
227
11
118
89
12
17
655
712
37
106
145
11
88
326
75
248
3
1988
6,545
5,666
4,542
867
256
NA
273
256
16
NA
557
557
NA
50
3,187
617
447
15
29
126
296
175
91
31
1,584
1,360
214
10
121
93
12
16
569
740
39
117
157
11
74
343
80
259
3
1989
6,593
5,676
4,595
837
245
NA
285
268
17
NA
582
582
NA
49
3,209
615
446
14
30
124
294
176
88
29
1,625
1,405
209
10
120
92
12
16
556
736
38
106
159
11
75
347
78
267
3
1990
6,663
5,642
4,532
857
254
NA
221
207
14
0
565
565
NA
235
3,035
585
399
18
26
141
265
180
71
14
1,182
967
211
3
131
89
8
34
874
1,196
40
97
200
34
46
780
209
449
121
1991
6,519
5,559
4,435
874
250
NA
212
198
14
NA
580
580
NA
168
2,979
570
387
20
26
137
237
146
73
18
1,250
1,025
222
3
129
82
11
36
793
1,281
36
88
210
32
50
865
211
469
185
1992
6,504
5,579
4,456
868
255
NA
170
158
13
NA
579
579
NA
175
3,071
574
405
21
26
122
244
154
73
17
1,301
1,068
230
3
126
82
10
34
825
1,353
38
93
225
28
53
916
210
489
218
1993
6,651
5,744
4,403
1,087
255
NA
180
166
14
NA
551
551
NA
176
3,151
589
413
28
26
122
245
153
75
17
1,330
1,095
233
2
124
83
11
30
863
1,308
40
93
232
31
45
867
210
513
144
1994
6,565
5,636
4,207
1,167
262
NA
163
149
14
NA
591
591
NA
175
3,147
602
420
38
27
117
241
149
76
17
1,333
1,103
228
2
124
83
11
30
846
1,303
40
95
237
31
44
857
210
516
131
1995
6,384
5,579
3,830
1,475
273
NA
96
94
2
NA
562
562
NA
148
3,144
597
412
46
26
112
247
156
73
17
1,324
1,102
220
2
123
84
11
28
854
1,298
38
103
231
30
49
847
210
519
118
1996
6,057
5,542
3,748
1,565
229
NA
103
101
2
UA
265
264
2
147
3,072
567
398
46
19
104
231
134
86
11
1,184
978
203
2
124
89
8
26
967
1,224
33
92
238
26
51
783
194
481
108
1997
6,191
5,609
3,798
1,586
225
NA
129
127
2
UA
299
297
2
154
3,019
561
394
46
19
103
223
124
88
12
1,168
956
209
3
119
85
8
26
948
1,193
34
94
243
27
43
752
190
448
114
1998
6,103
5,395
3,622
1,550
222
NA
208
206
2
UA
344
342
2
156
2,969
548
386
45
18
100
216
120
85
11
1,154
943
208
3
119
86
8
25
932
1,117
36
77
234
28
42
700
173
410
117
-------
Table A-2.
Source Category
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
cement mfg
glass mfg
other
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
Nonindustrial
Solvent Utilization NEC
1970
277
70
201
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
77
NA
77
NA
240
NA
240
NA
187
NA
NA
18
NA
169
97
48
24
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1975
227
53
168
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
73
NA
73
NA
63
NA
63
NA
782
NA
NA
18
NA
164
89
53
23
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (continued)
1980
273
54
159
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
65
NA
65
NA
72
NA
72
NA
205
NA
NA
24
NA
181
98
60
23
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1985
262
37
22
22
143
0
0
38
87
16
58
13
724
69
55
1
327
5
0
73
0
239
137
48
54
2
NA
0
8
2
0
0
NA
2
0
NA
NA
1988
274
42
18
23
151
0
0
40
82
15
53
13
700
48
51
1
375
5
0
76
0
225
126
46
53
2
NA
0
7
3
0
0
NA
2
0
NA
NA
1989
273
42
18
23
152
0
0
39
83
15
54
14
97
47
49
1
377
5
0
77
0
220
124
45
51
2
NA
0
7
3
0
0
NA
2
0
NA
NA
1990
768
18
12
6
80
0
0
52
97
14
78
6
753
104
47
3
378
3
0
91
0
270
151
59
61
3
0
0
10
7
0
0
0
1
0
0
NA
1991
765
22
12
6
77
0
0
48
76
15
56
5
727
65
52
4
352
3
0
88
0
249
131
59
59
2
0
0
10
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
NA
1992
763
22
10
6
76
0
0
50
87
13
62
6
748
68
76
4
367
3
0
86
0
259
139
61
60
2
0
0
10
3
0
1
0
2
0
0
NA
1993
755
19
5
5
74
0
0
51
83
12
67
4
723
70
49
5
370
4
0
86
0
267
143
64
60
3
0
0
9
3
0
1
0
2
0
0
NA
1994
760
20
6
5
76
0
0
54
97
12
75
4
777
63
49
5
389
3
0
89
0
281
150
66
64
6
0
0
9
3
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
1995
758
20
7
4
74
0
0
54
98
12
83
4
770
58
48
5
399
6
0
89
0
287
153
67
66
7
0
0
10
3
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
1996
746
20
5
2
69
0
0
50
83
10
70
3
734
85
42
7
386
4
1
80
0
286
772
58
56
2
0
0
12
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
1997
749
20
5
2
70
0
0
51
88
11
74
3
738
88
44
7
404
5
1
83
0
300
181
62
58
3
0
0
13
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
1998
752
20
5
2
72
0
0
52
88
11
74
3
738
88
43
7
408
5
1
84
0
303
182
63
58
3
0
0
13
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
-------
Table A-2.
Source Category
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage 1
Service Stations: Stage II
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
Open Burning
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
light-duty diesel trucks
light-duty diesel vehicles
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
railway maintenance
recreational marine vessels
1970
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
440
110
330
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,390
4,158
4,156
2
1,278
725
553
278
1,676
7,676
NA
NA
1,931
85
1
2
10
26
3
10
0
0
NA
34
1975
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
159
56
103
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
8,645
4,725
4,722
3
1,461
819
642
319
2,141
2,118
NA
23
2,638
92
1
3
10
28
3
10
0
0
NA
36
Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (continued)
1980
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
111
37
74
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
8,621
4,421
4,416
5
1,408
864
544
300
2,493
2,463
5
25
3,529
101
1
4
13
29
5
11
0
0
NA
38
1985
2
NA
1
0
NA
NA
1
NA
0
0
87
27
59
NA
NA
NA
0
0
8,089
3,806
3,797
9
1,530
926
603
330
2,423
2,389
6
28
3,859
108
1
4
14
31
5
12
0
0
0
40
1988
2
NA
1
0
NA
NA
1
NA
0
1
85
31
54
NA
NA
NA
0
0
7,661
3,500
3,489
11
1,419
824
595
336
2,406
2,366
7
33
4,404
112
1
4
13
34
5
14
0
0
0
41
1989
2
NA
1
0
NA
NA
1
NA
0
1
84
31
52
NA
NA
NA
0
0
7,682
3,494
3,483
11
1,386
803
584
343
2,458
2,416
7
35
4,528
114
1
4
13
35
5
14
0
0
0
41
1990
3
0
2
0
NA
NA
0
0
0
0
91
49
42
0
0
0
0
0
7,089
3,220
3,208
12
1,256
784
472
326
2,287
2,240
7
39
4,804
120
6
4
12
36
6
15
0
0
0
41
1991
6
1
2
0
NA
NA
2
0
0
0
95
51
43
0
0
0
0
1
7,469
3,464
3,453
11
1,339
782
557
326
2,339
2,294
8
37
4,900
121
6
4
12
37
6
16
0
0
0
41
1992
5
1
0
0
NA
NA
3
0
0
0
96
51
43
0
0
0
1
1
7,622
3,614
3,602
12
1,356
792
564
308
2,345
2,298
8
39
4,934
123
6
4
12
38
6
16
0
0
0
41
1993
5
1
0
0
NA
NA
3
0
0
0
123
74
44
0
0
0
1
4
7,806
3,680
3,668
12
1,420
828
592
315
2,390
2,343
8
39
4,942
124
6
4
11
39
6
17
0
0
0
41
1994
5
1
0
0
NA
0
3
0
0
0
114
65
44
0
0
0
1
3
8,075
3,573
3,560
13
1,657
960
697
351
2,494
2,446
10
38
5,015
126
6
4
11
40
6
18
0
0
0
41
1995
6
1
0
0
NA
0
4
0
0
1
99
53
44
0
0
0
1
1
7,826
3,444
3,431
13
1,520
902
617
332
2,531
2,482
10
39
5,128
127
6
4
11
41
6
18
0
0
0
41
1996
7
1
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
2
95
50
43
0
0
0
1
1
7,848
2,979
2,967
12
1,950
1,156
794
329
2,591
2,544
13
35
5,167
132
6
4
10
42
6
19
0
0
0
43
1997
7
1
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
2
96
50
43
0
0
0
1
1
7,875
2,930
2,918
12
1,955
1,155
800
332
2,658
2,611
12
34
5,251
146
6
5
11
52
7
24
0
0
0
42
1998
7
1
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
2
97
51
44
0
0
0
1
1
7,765
2,849
2,837
12
1,917
1,132
785
323
2,676
2,630
12
34
5,280
159
6
5
11
60
7
27
0
0
0
42
-------
Table A-2. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (continued)
Source Category
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Diesel
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
railway maintenance
recreational marine vessels
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
gasoline
other
Railroads
Non-Road Other
liquified petroleum gas
compressed natural gas
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture and Forestry
agricultural livestock
Other Combustion
Health Services
Cooling Towers
Fugitive Dust
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
Note(s): NA = not available. For several
aggregate estimate.
1970 1975 1980 1985
(continued)
1,109 1,666 2,125 2,155
0222
436 639 843 943
217 160 193 244
9 18 19 22
350 728 926 755
31 43 44 54
65 74 94 118
2223
UA UA UA 2
UA UA UA 13
72 85 106 119
171 207 467 557
0000
744 175 396 469
26 31 71 87
NA NA NA NA
NA NA NA NA
495 589 731 808
0 0 0 112
NA NA NA 75
NA NA NA 37
330 165 248 310
NA NA NA NA
NA NA NA NA
330 165 248 310
NA NA NA NA
NA NA NA NA
NA NA NA NA
20,928 22,632 24,384 23,198
1988 1989
2,429 2,472
2 3
7,063 7,083
272 270
36 40
856 877
68 72
709 707
6 6
3 3
75 76
134 138
701 747
0 0
590 628
777 778
NA NA
NA NA
897 923
129 135
92 98
38 38
727 293
NA NA
NA NA
727 293
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
24,124 23,893
1990
2,513
3
7,702
268
45
898
77
94
7
3
77
158
943
0
630
774
70
790
929
141
703
38
369
NA
NA
368
NA
NA
1
24,049
source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not
1991
2,552
3
7,720
265
50
977
82
88
7
4
77
155
995
0
649
775
70
227
929
147
709
38
286
NA
NA
285
NA
NA
1
24,249
available
1992
2,595
3
7,738
265
54
936
87
82
8
4
78
156
961
0
627
776
9
274
946
153
775
39
255
NA
NA
253
0
0
1
24,596
1993
2,640
3
7,756
268
59
953
97
79
8
4
79
156
917
0
593
774
9
207
945
159
720
39
241
NA
NA
240
0
NA
1
1994
2,687
3
7,774
270
64
970
96
77
9
4
79
161
929
0
604
775
9
207
947
165
726
39
390
NA
NA
388
0
0
1
24,961 25,372
at the more detailec
level
1995
2,739
3
7,798
274
69
987
707
75
9
4
20
165
936
0
675
705
70
206
990
171
732
39
267
NA
NA
265
0
0
1
24,921
1996
2,786
3
7,278
277
73
7,007
706
73
9
4
27
167
985
0
975
0
70
NA
922
177
738
39
452
3
3
448
0
0
1
24,676
but are contained
1997
2,806
3
7,228
287
78
7,002
770
70
9
4
27
166
998
0
987
0
70
NA
952
183
743
40
411
3
3
407
0
0
1
24,824
n the more
1998
2,809
3
7,230
280
82
999
773
66
9
4
22
168
1,008
0
997
0
77
NA
947
189
749
40
328
4
4
324
0
0
1
24,454
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the
above values by 0.9072.
-------
Table A-3.
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
Oil
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
other
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
ethylene oxide mfg
phenol mfg
terephthalic acid mfg
ethylene mfg
charcoal mfg
socmi reactor
socmi distillation
socmi air oxidation processes
socmi fugitives
other
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
Polymer & Resin Mfg
polypropylene mfg
polyethylene mfg
polystyrene resins
1970
30
18
7
5
NA
150
4
4
77
65
NA
541
1
4
6
NA
460
460
NA
NA
70
1,341
629
8
NA
29
70
48
81
NA
NA
194
199
65
271
0
17
10
1975
40
22
14
4
NA
150
3
5
71
71
NA
470
1
3
7
NA
420
420
NA
NA
38
1,351
751
9
NA
46
79
29
96
NA
NA
235
257
78
299
0
18
11
Volatile Organic Compound
(thousand short tons)
1980
45
31
9
5
NA
157
3
3
62
89
NA
848
1
3
7
NA
809
809
NA
NA
28
1,595
884
10
NA
60
111
40
118
NA
NA
254
291
93
384
1
22
15
1985
32
24
5
2
1
134
7
17
57
35
18
1,403
1
4
6
4
1,372
7,372
NA
NA
16
881
349
2
0
24
28
37
43
7
0
179
27
3
343
12
51
6
1988
37
27
7
2
1
136
7
16
61
36
15
1,188
1
4
6
4
1,155
1,155
NA
NA
17
982
387
2
0
26
33
43
49
7
1
194
31
3
392
13
58
7
1989
37
27
7
2
1
134
7
16
61
36
15
1,200
1
4
7
4
1,169
1,169
NA
NA
15
980
387
2
0
27
33
45
49
7
7
793
30
3
389
73
57
7
1990
47
27
6
2
12
182
7
12
58
51
54
776
1
3
8
8
718
718
NA
NA
38
634
192
0
4
20
9
33
26
8
2
67
29
2
242
2
39
4
Emissions
1991
44
27
5
2
10
196
6
11
60
51
68
835
1
3
8
8
776
776
NA
NA
39
710
216
7
4
23
77
33
30
9
2
67
38
3
268
2
44
5
1992
44
27
4
2
10
187
7
12
52
49
66
884
1
3
10
8
822
822
NA
NA
40
715
211
7
4
77
70
33
30
8
2
69
37
3
283
2
45
5
1993
45
29
4
2
10
186
6
12
51
51
66
762
1
3
11
9
698
698
NA
NA
40
701
215
7
4
79
70
33
32
8
2
70
36
2
269
2
46
5
1994
45
29
4
2
10
196
8
12
63
50
64
748
1
3
11
9
684
684
NA
NA
40
691
217
7
4
27
9
34
33
8
2
70
35
2
257
2
46
5
1995
44
29
3
2
10
206
6
12
73
50
65
823
1
3
11
8
759
759
NA
NA
41
660
210
7
2
77
70
33
33
8
2
70
34
3
222
2
35
5
1996
49
28
3
8
10
166
6
8
49
40
62
821
1
3
13
8
759
684
38
38
37
388
133
0
2
77
5
37
26
4
7
42
72
3
126
2
76
4
1997
57
29
3
8
11
162
6
8
49
38
61
686
1
3
13
8
624
557
37
36
36
390
135
0
2
77
5
32
26
4
7
43
72
3
123
2
76
2
1998
54
29
5
9
11
161
6
8
49
38
60
678
1
3
12
9
620
557
34
34
34
396
137
0
2
77
5
32
27
4
7
44
72
3
125
2
76
2
-------
1 I
IsS
fT Source Category
Table A-3.
1970
Volatile Organic
1975
1980 1985
Compound
1988
1989
Emissions
1990 1991
(continued)
1992
1993 1994
1995 1996
1997
S"
a
1998 ^
*% CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG (continued) ^
o^ Polymer & Resin Mfg (continued)
x synthetic fiber
^ styrene/butadiene rubber
₯, other
ff. Agricultural Chemical Mfg
0 Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
^ paint & varnish mfg
g other
£' Pharmaceutical Mfg
§ Other Chemical Mfg
§ carbon black mfg
^ printing ink mfg
-------
Table A-3.
Source Category
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
vegetable oil mfg
whiskey fermentation: aging
bakeries
other
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
rubber tire mfg
green tire spray
other
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Construction
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
open top
conveyorized
cold cleaning
other
Graphic Arts
letterpress
flexographic
lithographic
gravure
other
Dry Cleaning
perchloroethylene
petroleum solvent
other
1970
270
208
59
105
45
NA
NA
NA
60
60
NA
NA
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,174
707
NA
NA
NA
707
319
NA
NA
NA
NA
319
263
NA
NA
263
Volatile Organic Compound
1975
235
182
61
77
44
NA
NA
NA
51
51
NA
NA
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
5,651
448
NA
NA
NA
448
254
NA
NA
NA
NA
254
229
NA
NA
229
1980
237
191
81
64
46
NA
NA
NA
44
44
NA
NA
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
6,584
513
NA
NA
NA
513
373
NA
NA
NA
NA
373
320
NA
NA
320
1985
390
169
46
24
51
49
10
42
41
10
5
26
15
4
0
1
NA
108
5,699
756
28
5
31
691
317
2
18
4
131
162
169
85
84
0
1988
408
177
50
24
52
52
10
44
46
11
6
29
14
4
0
0
NA
112
5,945
754
29
5
34
687
362
2
20
4
148
188
216
109
106
0
1989
403
175
49
23
51
52
10
44
46
11
6
29
14
4
0
0
NA
109
5,964
757
29
4
35
689
363
2
20
4
150
187
212
107
105
0
Emissions (continued)
1990
401
138
16
24
43
55
20
96
58
5
3
50
18
7
2
2
0
59
5,750
744
18
5
30
691
274
4
20
14
75
162
215
110
104
0
1991
391
130
18
16
44
52
18
92
59
5
4
50
17
8
2
2
0
62
5,782
718
25
6
23
664
301
8
24
17
82
171
218
112
106
0
1992
414
127
19
12
44
51
19
101
64
5
3
55
27
10
3
2
0
62
5,901
737
26
6
24
680
308
8
26
18
81
175
224
115
109
0
1993
442
146
19
24
46
58
19
112
62
5
3
53
28
8
3
3
0
62
6,016
753
26
6
24
697
322
8
26
21
87
180
225
116
110
0
1994
438
145
16
24
46
58
19
105
61
6
3
52
30
11
3
3
0
62
6,162
775
27
6
22
719
333
8
25
22
93
185
228
117
111
0
1995
450
147
16
25
47
60
19
122
60
6
3
51
31
11
2
2
0
57
6,183
789
24
5
23
737
339
8
24
20
91
196
230
118
112
1
1996
428
120
15
15
40
50
14
140
49
6
2
41
30
11
2
4
0
59
5,506
606
8
4
23
571
296
6
20
13
55
203
157
60
92
5
1997
444
124
15
16
42
51
15
145
51
7
2
42
31
12
2
4
0
60
5,654
628
9
4
24
591
303
6
20
13
56
208
166
64
97
5
1998
450
125
15
16
42
52
15
148
52
6
2
43
31
12
2
4
0
61
5,278
457
8
4
24
421
311
6
20
13
58
213
169
65
99
5
-------
Source Category
SOLVENT UTILIZATION (continued)
Surface Coating
industrial adhesives
fabrics
paper
large appliances
magnet wire
autos & light trucks
metal cans
metal coil
wood furniture
metal furniture
flatwood products
plastic parts
large ships
aircraft
misc. metal parts
steel drums
architectural
traffic markings
maintenance coatings
railroad
auto refinishing
machinery
electronic & other electrical
general
miscellaneous
thinning solvents
other
Other Industrial
miscellaneous
rubber & plastics mfg
other
Table A-3.
1970
3,570
52
161
652
49
7
165
49
18
211
35
64
17
21
1
NA
NA
442
NA
108
5
83
39
NA
79
942
NA
372
640
39
309
292
Volatile Organic Compound
1975
2,977
41
177
548
43
6
204
57
19
231
42
76
18
20
1
NA
NA
407
NA
125
7
143
51
NA
61
392
NA
309
499
30
245
224
1980
3,685
55
186
626
36
5
165
73
21
231
52
82
25
20
2
NA
NA
477
NA
106
9
186
62
NA
52
799
NA
415
690
44
327
319
1985
2,549
381
34
106
22
0
85
97
50
132
41
4
11
15
27
14
NA
473
100
79
4
111
37
79
146
104
90
306
125
NA
25
100
1988
2,646
366
35
114
19
0
87
96
50
143
44
4
11
16
31
14
NA
504
107
80
3
133
29
80
158
105
97
320
133
NA
29
104
1989
2,635
375
35
114
18
0
87
95
50
140
44
4
11
15
34
14
NA
500
106
80
3
132
28
79
154
103
96
317
131
NA
29
102
Emissions (continued)
1990
2,523
390
14
75
21
1
92
94
45
158
48
9
27
15
7
59
3
495
105
79
3
130
28
78
121
32
96
297
94
NA
28
66
1991
2,521
374
14
64
20
1
90
91
49
154
47
10
22
14
7
87
3
500
106
76
3
132
26
75
127
37
97
295
98
NA
28
71
1992
2,577
386
16
61
20
1
93
93
47
159
49
10
23
15
7
90
3
505
107
78
3
137
26
77
129
42
100
302
102
NA
28
74
1993
2,632
400
16
59
21
1
92
96
49
171
52
11
22
15
7
92
3
510
108
81
3
140
27
80
133
39
94
310
102
NA
29
73
1994
2,716
419
15
59
22
1
96
98
48
185
56
12
22
15
7
93
4
515
109
85
4
144
27
85
140
38
96
321
99
NA
31
68
1995
2,681
410
15
52
21
1
96
102
47
179
53
13
18
13
6
92
4
522
111
84
4
142
25
85
138
35
99
314
96
NA
31
64
1996
2,389
356
11
49
23
2
97
99
46
177
52
14
16
16
11
38
3
484
94
80
3
160
25
79
98
31
50
276
99
NA
39
60
1997
2,472
372
11
50
24
2
103
106
48
187
55
15
16
17
11
39
4
489
95
83
3
161
25
83
103
33
52
283
103
NA
40
63
1998
2,224
160
11
51
23
2
106
109
49
136
57
15
17
18
12
40
4
491
95
84
4
161
23
83
104
33
53
285
104
NA
40
64
-------
Table A-3.
Source Category
SOLVENT UTILIZATION (continued)
Nonindustrial
cutback asphalt
other asphalt
pesticide application
adhesives
consumer solvents
other
Other
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
fixed roof
floating roof
variable vapor space
efr with seals
ifr with seals
underground tanks
area source: gasoline
other
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
fixed roof gasoline
fixed roof crude
floating roof gasoline
floating roof crude
efr/ seal gasoline
efr / seal crude
ifr /seal gasoline
ifr /seal crude
variable vapor space gasoline
area source: crude
other
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
gasoline loading: normal / splash
gasoline loading: balanced / submerged
gasoline loading: normal / submerged
gasoline loading: clean /submerged
marine vessel loading: gasoline & crude
other
1970
1,674
1,045
NA
241
NA
NA
387
NA
1,954
599
14
45
1
NA
NA
NA
509
30
300
47
135
49
32
3
1
1
2
3
NA
25
92
3
20
39
2
26
2
Volatile Organic Compound
1975
1,243
723
NA
195
NA
NA
325
NA
2,181
668
15
50
1
NA
NA
0
569
33
315
52
141
54
34
4
2
2
2
3
NA
22
84
2
13
26
1
38
4
1980
1,002
323
NA
241
NA
NA
437
NA
1,975
517
12
39
1
NA
NA
0
440
26
306
43
148
45
36
3
2
1
2
3
NA
23
61
0
2
3
0
50
6
1985
1,783
191
NA
212
345
1,035
NA
NA
1,747
606
14
46
1
NA
NA
0
512
32
223
26
26
27
5
2
0
1
0
1
NA
133
126
3
21
41
2
24
35
1988
1,834
199
NA
262
345
1,030
NA
NA
1,842
652
15
50
1
NA
NA
0
554
33
215
24
21
25
5
2
0
1
0
1
NA
135
125
3
21
41
2
23
35
1989
1,867
199
NA
260
353
1,056
NA
NA
1,753
651
15
50
1
NA
NA
0
553
33
210
23
21
24
5
2
0
1
0
2
NA
132
125
3
22
42
2
22
35
Emissions (continued)
1990
1,900
199
NA
258
361
1,083
NA
0
1,495
359
9
26
2
2
2
1
282
36
157
13
21
15
2
7
3
1
0
1
0
92
151
3
15
26
0
31
76
1991
1,925
202
NA
264
365
1,095
NA
NA
1,532
369
11
29
2
3
2
2
281
40
195
17
25
25
7
11
3
2
0
2
0
102
146
2
17
25
0
30
73
1992
1,952
207
NA
272
368
1,105
NA
NA
1,583
384
12
30
1
3
3
2
292
42
204
17
26
24
7
13
3
2
0
5
0
106
149
2
15
26
0
30
75
1993
1,982
214
NA
280
372
1,116
NA
0
1,600
395
13
34
1
4
5
2
292
44
205
16
28
24
8
14
3
2
0
6
0
103
142
2
13
24
0
29
73
1994
2,011
227
NA
289
375
1,126
NA
0
1,629
403
16
29
1
4
3
2
305
43
194
16
24
22
6
14
3
2
0
3
0
103
139
3
11
25
0
28
72
1995
2,048
227
NA
299
380
1,142
NA
0
1,652
406
16
19
0
3
3
2
322
41
191
16
21
22
6
15
2
2
0
0
0
106
134
2
10
23
0
29
70
1996
1,957
135
42
386
307
1,081
6
3
1,286
211
7
12
0
3
3
2
163
22
172
10
26
16
5
9
3
2
1
0
0
100
118
3
8
13
0
30
64
1997
1,980
140
44
391
310
1,090
6
3
1,324
218
8
12
0
3
3
2
167
23
178
11
27
16
5
9
3
2
1
0
0
103
122
3
9
13
0
31
65
1998
2,012
144
45
405
313
1,099
6
3
1,324
217
7
12
0
3
3
2
167
22
178
11
26
16
5
9
3
2
1
0
0
104
122
3
9
13
0
31
65
-------
Table A-3.
Source Category
STORAGE & TRANSPORT (continued)
Service Stations: Stage 1
Service Stations: Stage II
Service Stations: Breathing & Emptying
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
Bulk Materials Transport
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
Open Burning
industrial
commmercial/institutional
residential
other
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
light-duty diesel trucks
light-duty diesel vehicles
1970
416
521
NA
26
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,984
548
1,424
NA
NA
NA
1,424
NA
NA
NA
NA
11
12,972
9,193
9,733
60
2,770
1,564
1,206
743
266
266
NA
NA
Volatile Organic Compound
1975
481
602
NA
31
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
984
453
517
NA
NA
NA
517
NA
NA
NA
NA
14
10,545
7,248
7,777
71
2,289
7,257
7,038
657
351
335
NA
15
1980
461
583
NA
46
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
758
366
372
NA
NA
NA
372
NA
NA
NA
NA
20
8,979
5,907
5,843
64
2,059
7,229
830
611
402
392
2
8
1985
207
485
49
34
17
0
0
0
NA
979
64
309
6
7
302
NA
10
1
594
0
0
9,376
5,864
5,870
54
2,425
1,437
988
716
370
360
2
8
1988
223
522
52
37
16
0
0
0
NA
959
60
284
6
2
277
NA
11
2
602
0
0
8,290
5,189
5,736
53
2,129
7,773
956
626
345
332
2
70
1989
223
441
52
36
15
0
0
0
NA
941
59
274
6
2
266
NA
11
2
595
0
0
7,192
4,462
4,412
50
1,867
7,078
849
517
346
332
3
77
Emissions (continued)
1990
300
433
52
30
10
0
0
2
NA
986
48
196
4
9
165
19
49
14
589
64
26
6,313
3,947
3,885
62
1,622
960
662
432
312
297
3
73
1991
295
430
51
35
8
1
0
2
NA
999
50
200
4
9
167
20
47
18
591
66
28
6,499
4,069
4,033
37
1,688
906
787
423
319
304
3
72
1992
303
442
52
38
8
1
0
2
NA
1,010
51
203
4
10
169
20
48
19
589
69
31
6,072
3,832
3,799
33
1,588
849
739
334
318
302
3
73
1993
309
449
53
39
7
1
0
1
NA
1,046
76
207
5
70
777
27
50
19
588
74
33
6,103
3,812
3,777
34
1,647
875
772
326
318
307
3
73
1994
322
467
55
39
7
1
0
1
NA
1,046
65
208
5
70
772
27
52
19
587
80
35
6,401
3,748
3,777
37
1,909
7,003
906
414
331
373
4
73
1995
334
484
57
37
7
1
0
1
NA
1,067
54
208
5
70
773
20
51
16
628
75
36
5,701
3,426
3,385
47
1,629
895
735
327
319
302
4
74
1996
312
397
43
26
5
1
0
1
0
423
51
200
5
79
767
9
49
19
42
32
29
5,490
2,875
2,839
36
2,060
7,743
977
293
263
245
5
72
1997
320
409
44
26
5
1
0
1
0
427
52
203
5
20
768
70
49
19
42
32
29
5,330
2,796
2,767
36
2,017
7,728
889
272
244
227
5
72
1998
320
409
44
26
5
1
0
1
0
433
52
205
5
20
770
70
50
20
43
33
30
5,325
2,832
2,793
39
2,015
7,738
877
257
222
205
5
72
-------
Table A-3.
Source Category
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
railway maintenance
recreational marine vessels
Non-Road Diesel
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
railway maintenance
recreational marine vessels
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
gasoline
other
Railroads
Non-Road Other
liquified petroleum gas
compressed natural gas
1970
1,878
1,564
138
27
25
511
10
115
2
0
NA
736
187
0
94
38
3
39
7
6
0
UA
UA
97
7
0
6
0
NA
NA
22
0
NA
NA
Volatile Organic Compound
1975
2,078
1,669
145
29
27
547
14
121
4
0
NA
782
257
1
103
23
4
109
8
9
0
UA
UA
116
8
0
8
1
NA
NA
27
0
NA
NA
1980
2,312
1,787
151
39
33
583
17
127
5
1
NA
830
327
1
135
28
4
138
8
11
0
UA
UA
146
19
0
17
1
NA
NA
33
0
NA
NA
1985
2,442
1,886
156
45
37
616
19
137
5
1
0
869
332
1
151
36
5
113
10
14
1
1
2
165
22
1
20
1
NA
NA
37
0
0
0
1988
2,572
1,942
159
45
35
669
20
159
7
1
0
847
377
1
171
40
8
126
12
14
1
1
2
185
28
1
26
2
NA
NA
41
0
0
0
1989
2,552
1,907
160
44
33
682
20
164
8
1
0
793
384
1
176
40
9
127
13
14
1
1
3
190
30
1
27
2
NA
NA
42
0
0
0
Emissions (continued)
1990
2,545
1,889
128
44
33
700
20
171
9
1
0
784
390
1
181
40
10
126
13
14
1
1
3
180
32
0
21
3
1
7
52
0
0
0
1991
2,581
1,920
130
44
32
718
21
179
9
1
0
787
397
1
185
41
11
126
14
15
1
1
3
177
34
0
22
3
1
8
52
0
0
0
1992
2,594
1,925
132
44
31
734
21
185
10
1
0
768
403
1
190
41
12
125
14
15
2
1
3
179
33
0
21
3
1
8
54
0
0
0
1993
2,624
1,957
133
44
30
752
21
192
11
1
0
772
408
1
194
42
13
124
15
15
2
1
3
176
32
0
20
3
1
8
52
0
0
0
1994
2,672
1,991
135
44
29
771
22
200
11
1
0
778
414
1
199
42
14
123
16
14
2
1
3
176
43
1
27
4
1
11
49
0
0
0
1995
2,699
2,021
138
44
28
789
22
207
12
1
0
779
420
1
204
43
14
121
16
14
2
1
3
178
32
0
20
3
1
8
49
0
0
0
1996
2,664
1,982
135
40
25
771
22
199
13
0
0
777
422
1
206
44
15
120
17
14
2
1
3
177
34
0
32
0
1
NA
48
0
0
0
1997
2,572
1,895
135
34
23
712
22
177
13
0
0
781
416
1
205
44
16
116
17
12
2
1
3
176
34
0
33
0
1
NA
50
0
0
0
1998
2,461
1,794
135
30
21
638
21
155
13
0
0
780
405
1
199
43
17
111
17
11
2
1
3
177
35
0
33
0
1
NA
50
0
0
0
-------
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Table A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
Source Category
NATURAL SOURCES
Geogenic
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
Other Combustion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
NA NA NA NA NA NA 14 14 14 14 14
NA NA NA NA NA NA 14 14 14 14 14
1,101 716 1,134 566 1,230 642 1,059 756 486 556 720
NANANANANANA 5 6 6 6 6
1,101 716 1,134 565 1,230 641 1,049 743 474 544 707
Catastrophic/Accidental Releases NANANANANANA 4 4 4 4 4
Health Services
Cooling Towers
Fugitive Dust
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
NA NA NA 0 1 1 1 01 1 1
NANANANANANA 0 2 2 1 2
NANANANANANA 0 0 0 0 0
30,982 26,079 26,336 24,428 24,306 22,513 20,936 21,102 20,659 20,868 21,535
Note(s): NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level
1995 1996 1997 1998
14 14 14 14
14 14 14 14
551 940 1,249 772
7 42 43 44
537 891 1,199 721
4555
1011
2111
0000
20,817 18,736 18,876 17,917
but are contained in the more
aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent
No data was available
less than 500 short tons/year.
after 1984 to weigh the emissions from residential wood burning devices.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
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-------
Table A-4. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
distillate oil
bituminous/subbituminous coal
other
1970
17,398
15,799
9,574
4,716
1,509
1,598
1,578
20
1
NA
4,568
3,129
2,171
669
289
NA
1,229
956
98
175
140
70
NA
1,490
109
883
1
NA
6
492
212
260
20
1975
78,268
16,756
10,161
5,005
1,590
1,511
1,462
49
1
NA
3,310
1,870
1,297
399
174
NA
1,139
825
144
171
263
38
NA
1,082
147
638
1
NA
7
290
796
76
18
1980
77,469
16,073
NA
NA
NA
1,395
NA
NA
1
NA
2,957
1,527
1,058
326
144
NA
1,065
851
85
129
299
60
NA
977
110
637
1
NA
13
211
157
43
11
1985
76,272
15,630
14,029
1,292
309
612
604
8
1
30
3,769
1,818
1,347
28
90
353
862
677
111
80
397
86
7
579
158
239
2
1
13
167
728
29
10
1988
75,987
15,221
13,548
1,310
364
734
722
12
1
31
3,111
1,856
1,395
29
79
353
806
614
108
84
360
83
6
660
172
295
2
1
11
180
737
33
10
1989
76,275
15,404
73,579
7,422
404
779
765
14
1
30
3,086
1,840
1,384
29
79
348
812
625
107
80
346
82
6
624
169
274
2
1
11
167
732
27
8
1990
75,909
15,220
13,371
1,415
434
639
629
10
1
49
3,550
1,914
7,050
50
67
746
927
687
798
42
543
158
9
837
212
425
7
6
7
175
737
30
9
1991
75,784
15,087
13,215
1,381
491
652
642
70
1
45
3,256
1,805
949
53
68
735
779
550
790
39
516
142
14
755
184
376
7
6
7
176
747
26
8
1992
75,476
14,824
12,914
1,455
455
546
537
9
1
46
3,292
1,783
7,005
60
67
650
801
597
797
20
552
140
16
784
190
396
7
6
8
177
744
26
8
1993
75,789
14,527
12,212
1,796
519
612
607
70
1
49
3,284
1,763
997
67
68
636
809
597
793
20
555
140
17
772
193
381
8
6
6
178
745
25
8
1994
74,889
14,313
11,841
1,988
484
522
572
70
1
53
3,278
1,740
988
77
68
606
111
564
193
20
542
141
19
780
192
391
8
6
6
177
745
25
8
1995
72,080
11,603
8,609
2,345
649
413
408
5
9
55
3,357
1,728
7,003
87
68
576
912
707
797
20
548
147
23
793
200
397
8
5
7
176
744
24
8
1996
72,637
12,137
8,937
2,630
576
436
430
6
3
56
3,022
1,465
7,037
64
59
372
844
637
787
20
556
140
17
667
177
338
10
4
7
131
708
77
6
1997
73,090
12,542
9,446
2,488
608
488
484
4
1
59
2,964
1,450
1,022
63
59
306
801
588
790
22
563
134
16
677
183
345
10
4
6
130
706
78
6
1998
73,277
12,426
9,368
2,440
618
730
726
4
2
60
2,895
1,415
7,000
62
55
298
773
568
784
27
558
133
16
609
194
275
10
4
6
121
97
78
6
-------
Table A-4
Source Category
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
sulfur compounds
other
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
lead
aluminum
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
natural gas
other
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
fluid catalytic cracking units
other
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
cement mfg
other
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
1970
591
NA
591
591
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4,775
4,060
3,507
77
80
396
715
NA
881
111
111
NA
770
480
290
NA
846
NA
NA
169
NA
677
618
59
NA
NA
NA
1975
367
NA
358
358
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
8
2,849
2,165
1,946
34
72
113
684
NA
727
173
173
NA
554
318
236
NA
740
NA
NA
168
NA
571
511
60
NA
NA
NA
Sulfur Dioxide Emissions (continued)
1980
280
NA
271
277
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
10
1,842
1,279
7,080
34
95
71
562
NA
734
157
157
NA
577
330
247
NA
918
NA
NA
223
NA
694
630
64
NA
NA
NA
1985
456
16
354
346
8
7
4
NA
0
76
1,042
853
655
121
62
14
172
18
505
204
202
2
300
272
88
1
425
3
0
131
1
286
792
95
0
0
3
1988
449
19
341
333
8
7
4
NA
0
78
707
529
343
773
59
74
162
16
443
159
757
7
283
202
87
1
411
3
0
135
1
268
177
91
0
0
3
1989
440
17
334
326
8
7
4
NA
0
77
695
513
327
773
60
73
165
17
429
156
755
7
272
795
77
1
405
3
0
136
1
261
772
89
0
0
3
1990
297
10
214
277
2
1
5
NA
0
67
726
517
323
729
60
4
186
22
430
122
720
2
304
783
727
4
399
3
0
116
0
275
181
94
0
0
5
1991
280
9
208
205
3
1
4
NA
0
57
612
435
234
735
67
5
159
18
378
98
96
2
274
782
92
7
396
3
0
123
0
267
165
102
0
0
3
1992
278
9
203
799
4
1
4
NA
0
60
615
438
247
737
55
5
158
18
416
93
92
2
315
785
730
7
396
3
0
119
0
270
168
102
1
0
3
1993
269
9
191
787
4
1
4
0
0
64
603
431
250
722
53
6
153
19
383
98
96
2
278
783
95
7
392
3
0
113
0
272
170
102
0
0
3
1994
275
8
194
789
4
1
4
0
0
68
562
391
206
728
57
6
153
19
379
95
93
2
276
788
88
8
398
3
0
109
0
282
167
114
1
0
3
1995
286
8
199
795
4
0
5
0
0
74
530
361
177
126
53
6
151
18
369
89
88
7
271
788
83
9
403
3
0
114
0
282
171
111
1
0
4
1996
291
4
204
202
2
1
1
0
0
81
429
283
774
777
54
5
128
17
337
95
95
7
234
753
87
8
350
4
0
102
0
230
147
83
0
0
0
13
1997
296
4
208
206
2
1
1
0
0
82
450
294
720
773
56
5
138
18
346
96
96
7
242
759
83
8
365
4
0
106
0
241
155
87
0
0
0
13
1998
299
4
210
208
2
1
1
0
0
82
444
288
779
770
54
5
139
17
345
96
95
7
241
758
83
8
370
4
0
108
0
243
156
87
0
0
0
13
-------
Table A-4.
Source Category
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage II
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
industrial
other
Open Burning
industrial
other
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
industrial
other
Other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
1970
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
8
4
NA
4
4
NA
4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
411
132
132
0
40
26
13
8
231
1975
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
46
29
NA
29
17
NA
17
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
503
158
158
0
48
32
16
9
288
Sulfur Dioxide Emissions (continued)
1980
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
33
21
NA
21
12
NA
12
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
521
159
158
0
50
33
16
10
303
1985
1
0
0
NA
1
0
4
NA
0
1
NA
1
NA
0
0
1
34
25
10
15
9
0
8
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
0
522
146
145
0
55
36
19
11
311
1988
1
0
0
NA
1
0
5
NA
0
1
NA
1
NA
0
0
2
36
28
11
17
8
0
8
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
0
553
144
144
0
58
37
21
11
340
1989
1
0
0
NA
1
0
5
NA
0
1
NA
1
NA
0
0
2
36
28
10
18
8
0
7
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
0
570
145
145
0
58
38
21
11
356
1990
0
0
0
NA
0
0
7
0
5
0
NA
0
0
0
0
1
42
32
5
26
11
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
542
138
NA
NA
57
NA
NA
11
337
1991
0
0
0
NA
0
0
10
1
7
0
NA
0
0
0
0
1
44
32
4
28
11
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
570
143
NA
NA
59
NA
NA
10
358
1992
1
0
0
0
0
0
9
1
0
0
NA
0
0
0
0
7
44
32
5
27
11
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
578
146
NA
NA
59
NA
NA
10
363
1993
1
0
0
NA
0
0
5
0
0
0
NA
0
0
0
0
4
71
51
25
26
11
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
517
147
NA
NA
60
NA
NA
11
299
1994
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
60
42
17
26
11
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
301
141
NA
NA
70
NA
NA
12
79
1995
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
47
35
8
27
11
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
304
143
NA
NA
71
NA
NA
11
80
1996
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
41
29
6
23
11
0
11
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
316
127
727
0
95
62
33
11
83
1997
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
42
29
6
23
11
0
11
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
322
128
127
0
97
64
34
11
85
1998
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
42
30
6
24
11
0
11
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
326
130
130
0
99
65
34
11
85
-------
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Table A-4. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions (continued)
Source Category 1970 1975 1980 1985 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES 83 99 175 637 744 779 916 944 968 972
Non-Road Gasoline NA NA NA 20 21 22 22 22 22 23
Non-Road Diesel NA NA NA 407 468 488 509 529 549 570
Aircraft 4 4 6 6 7 7 11 11 11 11
Marine Vessels 43 52 117 143 181 193 251 259 258 249
Railroads 36 43 53 59 65 67 122 120 125 117
Non-Road Other NANANA 1222222
MISCELLANEOUS 110 20 11 11 27 11 12 11 10 10
Agriculture & Forestry NANANANANANANANANANA
Other Combustion 110 20 11 11 27 11 12 11 99
Fugitive Dust NANANANANANA 0 0 0 1
TOTAL ALL SOURCES 31,161 28,011 25,905 23,658 23,135 23,293 23,660 23,041 22,806 22,466
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
990 999 1,016 1,050 1,084
23 23 23 23 23
590 610 631 651 671
11 11 11 11 11
252 239 237 247 261
113 113 111 115 114
22223
15 10 17 16 12
NA NA 0 0 0
15 10 17 15 12
00000
21,870 19,181 19,121 19,622 19,647
Note(s): NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are contained in the more
aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
The 1985 fuel combustion, electric utility category is based on the National Allowance Data Base Version 2.1 1 , Acid Rain Division, U.S
Allocations at the Tier 3 levels are approximations only and are based on the methodology described in section 6.0, paragraph 6.2.1 .1
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
EPA, released March 23, 1993.
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Table A-5.
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
natural
process
other
Other
wood/bark waste
liquid waste
other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
other
Residential Other
1970
1,775
1,680
1,041
513
126
NA
89
85
3
7
NA
641
83
52
16
15
NA
89
83
6
0
27
24
4
NA
441
415
NA
26
NA
455
13
52
4
NA
384
384
NA
NA
3
Directly Emitted Particulate Matter (PM10)
(thousand short tons)
1975
1,191
1,091
661
326
104
NA
93
87
6
6
NA
564
23
14
4
4
NA
69
62
7
0
25
22
3
NA
447
444
NA
3
NA
492
10
34
4
NA
407
407
NA
NA
37
1980
879
796
483
238
75
NA
76
74
2
7
NA
679
18
12
4
2
NA
67
63
4
0
23
20
3
NA
571
566
NA
5
NA
887
8
30
4
NA
818
818
NA
NA
27
1985
280
268
277
35
16
0
8
8
0
1
3
247
71
48
1
7
15
52
43
5
4
47
24
22
1
75
67
1
6
3
1,009
13
12
4
3
959
959
NA
NA
18
1988
276
261
190
49
22
0
11
10
0
1
3
244
70
49
1
6
14
48
38
5
4
45
24
20
1
79
71
1
6
3
862
14
15
5
3
807
807
NA
NA
19
1989
271
255
193
39
22
0
12
11
0
1
3
243
70
49
1
6
14
48
39
5
4
44
24
20
1
78
71
1
6
3
869
13
13
5
3
817
817
NA
NA
18
1990
295
265
188
37
41
NA
9
9
0
1
20
270
84
59
5
2
19
52
44
6
2
41
30
11
0
87
80
1
6
6
631
15
13
5
79
501
501
NA
NA
18
1991
257
232
169
39
23
NA
10
10
0
1
15
233
72
48
3
1
19
44
36
6
2
34
24
10
0
72
67
1
5
10
657
14
11
6
73
535
535
NA
NA
18
Emissions
1992
257
234
167
43
23
NA
7
7
0
0
16
243
74
53
3
1
17
45
37
6
1
40
26
13
0
74
67
1
6
11
683
15
12
6
73
558
558
NA
NA
18
1993
279
253
185
46
22
NA
9
9
0
1
17
257
71
51
3
1
16
45
38
6
1
43
29
13
0
86
71
1
14
12
588
15
11
6
72
464
464
NA
NA
18
1994
273
246
181
44
21
NA
8
8
0
1
17
270
70
49
5
1
16
44
37
6
1
43
30
14
0
74
68
1
6
38
570
15
12
7
73
446
446
NA
NA
18
1995
268
244
174
48
21
NA
5
5
0
1
18
302
70
49
5
1
15
49
42
6
1
45
30
15
0
73
68
1
5
64
610
16
12
6
73
484
484
NA
NA
18
1996
287
264
195
50
19
NA
5
5
0
1
18
255
74
44
5
1
24
46
38
6
1
43
28
15
0
77
70
1
6
16
632
15
11
8
72
503
429
38
37
23
1997
293
268
196
51
21
NA
6
6
0
1
18
249
74
44
5
1
23
43
35
7
1
42
27
15
0
73
67
1
6
16
548
16
12
8
75
415
344
36
35
22
1998
302
273
200
52
21
NA
9
9
0
1
19
245
72
43
5
1
23
42
34
6
1
42
27
15
0
74
68
1
6
15
544
17
10
8
78
411
344
34
33
21
-------
Table A-5. Directly Emitted Particulate Matter (PM10)
Source Category
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
lead
zinc
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
primary
secondary
other
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
fluid catalytic cracking units
other
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
country elevators
terminal elevators
feed mills
soybean mills
wheat mills
other grain mills
other
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
1970
235
43
61
NA
46
NA
NA
86
1,316
593
343
53
20
177
198
31
167
NA
525
286
NA
69
69
NA
217
5,832
485
257
147
5
25
5
9
38
NA
1975
127
21
31
NA
38
NA
NA
37
825
229
66
31
11
121
275
198
77
NA
321
179
NA
56
56
NA
123
2,572
429
247
111
3
27
1
8
32
NA
1980
148
19
25
NA
61
NA
NA
42
622
130
32
18
3
77
322
277
51
NA
170
138
NA
41
41
NA
97
1,846
402
258
86
3
22
1
6
26
NA
1985
58
19
7
4
9
0
0
18
220
46
3
4
3
36
164
136
26
2
10
63
0
28
24
4
35
611
68
7
6
6
13
3
7
25
0
1988
62
21
8
5
9
0
0
18
208
45
3
3
3
36
153
126
26
2
10
60
0
25
22
4
35
601
73
9
6
7
14
4
8
26
0
1989
63
22
8
5
10
0
0
18
211
45
3
3
3
36
156
129
26
2
10
58
0
24
21
3
34
591
72
9
6
7
14
3
8
25
0
1990
77
26
19
5
11
1
1
14
214
50
14
3
6
27
155
128
25
2
9
55
2
20
17
3
33
583
73
9
6
7
14
3
8
25
0
Emissions (continued)
1991
68
28
4
4
11
1
0
20
251
46
14
2
6
23
123
99
24
0
82
43
2
20
17
3
21
520
80
10
7
4
15
4
6
34
0
1992
71
28
5
5
11
1
0
20
250
47
15
2
6
23
115
92
23
0
88
43
2
21
18
3
20
506
69
10
8
5
11
4
5
26
0
1993
66
28
5
4
11
1
0
18
181
40
12
2
1
25
121
97
24
0
20
38
2
20
17
3
17
501
73
10
8
5
12
4
6
28
0
1994
76
29
5
4
10
1
0
27
184
39
11
2
2
25
125
100
25
0
20
38
2
19
16
3
17
495
73
9
7
5
12
4
6
30
0
1995
67
29
5
4
10
1
0
18
212
41
12
3
2
25
149
123
26
0
22
40
2
20
18
3
18
511
80
9
7
5
12
4
7
37
0
1996
63
29
4
3
9
1
0
18
164
35
7
1
1
26
108
86
21
0
21
32
1
17
12
5
13
327
61
6
2
4
6
1
6
36
1
1997
64
29
4
3
9
1
0
18
171
37
7
1
1
27
113
91
22
0
22
32
1
18
12
5
13
337
63
6
2
4
7
2
6
36
1
1998
65
30
4
3
10
1
0
18
171
37
7
1
1
27
112
91
21
0
22
32
1
18
12
5
13
339
61
6
2
4
7
2
6
34
1
-------
Table A-5.
Source Category
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (continued)
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
sulfate (kraft) pulping
other
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
cement mfg
surface mining
stone quarrying/processing
other
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Construction
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
Nonindustrial
Solvent Utilization NEC
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage II
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
storage
transfer
combined
other
Bulk Materials Transport
Directly Emitted Particulate Matter (PM10)
1970
727
668
59
NA
4,620
1,731
134
957
1,798
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1975
274
228
46
NA
1,869
703
111
508
547
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1980
183
142
41
NA
1,261
417
127
421
296
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1985
101
71
30
3
401
213
20
52
116
8
0
2
NA
28
2
0
0
0
2
0
NA
NA
107
0
0
0
NA
1
0
0
NA
105
33
72
1
NA
0
1988
108
73
34
4
382
198
16
56
113
9
0
2
NA
24
2
0
0
0
2
0
NA
NA
101
0
0
0
NA
1
0
0
NA
99
32
66
1
NA
0
1989
106
74
33
4
374
193
15
54
111
9
0
2
NA
23
2
0
0
0
2
0
NA
NA
101
0
0
0
NA
1
0
0
NA
99
31
67
1
NA
0
1990
105
73
32
4
367
190
15
54
108
9
0
2
0
23
4
0
0
0
3
1
NA
NA
102
0
0
0
NA
1
0
1
0
100
31
69
1
NA
1
Emissions (continued)
1991
81
53
27
4
320
147
14
59
99
8
0
2
0
25
5
0
0
0
4
1
NA
NA
101
0
1
0
NA
1
0
1
0
99
27
71
0
0
0
1992
79
50
29
4
318
145
15
60
98
9
0
2
0
24
5
0
0
0
4
1
NA
NA
117
0
1
0
NA
1
0
1
0
115
30
85
0
0
0
1993
78
49
29
3
316
140
17
60
99
7
0
0
0
22
6
0
0
0
5
1
NA
NA
114
0
1
0
NA
1
0
1
0
111
32
79
0
NA
0
1994
76
50
26
3
313
139
17
58
100
7
0
0
0
22
6
0
0
0
5
1
NA
NA
106
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
104
31
73
0
0
0
1995
81
53
28
3
317
140
17
58
102
7
0
0
0
23
6
0
0
0
5
1
NA
NA
109
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
107
30
76
0
0
0
1996
78
43
35
4
156
21
14
24
97
8
0
0
0
20
6
0
1
0
4
0
0
0
90
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
87
25
62
0
0
0
1997
81
44
36
4
161
22
15
24
100
8
0
0
0
20
6
0
1
0
5
0
0
0
93
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
90
25
65
0
0
0
1998
82
45
37
4
162
22
15
24
101
8
0
0
0
21
6
0
1
0
5
0
0
0
94
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
91
25
65
0
0
0
-------
Table A-5. Directly Emitted Particulate Matter (PM10)
Source Category
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
residential
other
Open Burning
residential
other
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
light-duty diesel trucks
light-duty diesel vehicles
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
railway maintenance
recreational marine vessels (other)
1970
999
229
51
178
770
770
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
443
225
224
1
70
41
29
13
136
136
NA
NA
220
12
3
0
0
8
0
1
0
0
NA
UA
1975
371
95
49
46
276
276
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
471
207
206
1
72
39
34
15
177
766
NA
10
310
39
3
1
0
8
0
1
0
0
NA
26
1980
273
75
42
32
198
198
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
397
120
119
1
55
25
29
15
208
194
2
12
398
42
3
1
0
9
0
1
0
0
NA
28
1985
278
52
39
13
225
221
4
NA
0
NA
0
0
363
77
77
0
43
19
24
14
229
219
1
8
424
44
3
1
0
9
0
1
0
0
0
29
1988
259
51
36
15
208
203
5
NA
0
NA
0
0
369
66
66
0
37
16
20
12
254
244
2
9
473
46
3
1
0
10
0
1
0
0
0
30
1989
251
50
35
15
200
195
5
NA
0
NA
0
0
367
65
64
0
34
16
19
11
257
247
2
9
477
46
3
1
0
10
0
2
0
0
0
30
1990
271
65
39
26
206
195
11
0
NA
0
0
0
336
61
61
0
30
16
14
10
235
224
1
9
489
47
3
1
0
11
0
2
0
0
0
30
Emissions (continued)
1991
276
66
41
25
209
197
12
0
0
0
0
0
349
63
63
0
32
15
17
10
245
234
2
9
489
47
3
1
0
11
0
2
0
0
0
30
1992
278
65
43
23
211
199
12
0
0
0
1
0
343
64
63
0
31
15
17
9
239
228
2
9
490
48
3
1
0
11
0
2
0
0
0
30
1993
334
119
44
74
214
202
13
0
0
0
1
0
321
65
64
0
31
15
16
10
215
205
2
8
483
48
3
1
0
12
0
2
0
0
0
30
1994
313
96
45
52
216
203
13
0
0
0
1
1
320
62
61
0
35
17
18
10
213
204
2
8
480
48
3
1
0
12
0
2
0
0
0
30
1995
287
69
45
25
217
204
13
0
0
0
0
1
293
62
62
0
32
17
14
9
190
181
2
8
456
49
3
1
0
12
0
2
0
0
0
30
1996
304
89
62
27
211
194
17
0
0
0
2
1
282
55
55
0
41
23
18
9
177
168
2
7
457
49
3
1
0
12
0
2
1
0
0
30
1997
307
90
63
28
213
195
18
0
0
0
2
1
272
56
55
0
41
23
17
9
167
158
2
6
458
49
3
1
0
12
0
2
1
0
0
30
1998
310
91
63
28
215
197
18
0
0
0
3
1
257
56
56
0
40
24
17
8
152
144
2
6
461
48
3
1
0
11
0
2
1
0
0
30
-------
Table A-5. Directly Emitted Particulate Matter
Source Category
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES (continued)
Non-Road Diesel
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
railway maintenance
recreational marine vessels
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
gasoline
Railroads
Non-Road Other
liquified petroleum gas
compressed natural gas
NATURAL SOURCES
Geogenic
wind erosion*
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
agricultural crops**
agricultural livestock**
Other Combustion
Cooling Towers
1970
154
0
75
36
3
16
6
17
0
NA
NA
21
9
1
5
3
NA
25
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
839
NA
NA
NA
839
NA
1975
204
0
92
23
3
66
7
12
0
UA
UA
26
10
1
6
3
NA
30
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
569
NA
NA
NA
569
NA
1980
263
0
123
27
4
85
7
16
0
UA
UA
33
23
2
15
7
NA
37
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
852
NA
NA
NA
852
NA
1985
272
1
134
35
4
70
9
19
0
0
1
37
28
2
17
9
NA
41
1
1
0
4,047
4,047
4,047
37,736
7,108
6,833
275
894
NA
1988
303
1
149
39
7
78
11
17
1
1
1
42
35
3
22
11
NA
45
1
1
0
18,110
18,110
18,110
39,444
7,453
7,077
376
1,704
NA
1989
302
1
149
38
8
78
11
15
1
1
1
43
38
3
23
12
NA
47
1
1
0
12,101
12,101
12,101
37,461
7,320
6,923
396
912
NA
(PM10
1990
301
1
149
38
8
78
12
13
1
1
1
44
44
3
27
14
1
53
1
1
0
2,092
2,092
2,092
24,542
5,292
4,745
547
1,181
0
i Emissions
1991
299
1
148
37
9
77
12
11
1
1
1
44
46
3
28
14
1
53
1
1
0
2,077
2,077
2,077
24,234
5,234
4,684
550
924
0
1992
297
1
147
37
10
76
12
10
1
1
1
45
45
3
27
14
1
54
1
1
0
2,227
2,227
2,227
23,959
5,017
4,464
553
770
0
(continued)
1993
296
1
147
38
11
75
13
9
1
1
1
43
43
3
26
14
1
52
1
1
0
509
509
509
24,329
4,575
4,016
558
801
0
1994
296
1
146
38
11
74
13
9
1
1
2
41
44
3
26
14
1
50
1
1
0
2,160
2,160
2,160
25,620
4,845
4,281
564
1,053
0
1995
296
1
146
38
12
73
14
8
1
1
2
40
43
3
26
13
1
27
1
1
0
1,146
1,146
1,146
22,766
4,902
4,334
569
850
1
1996
297
1
147
39
13
72
14
8
1
1
2
40
43
3
40
0
1
27
1
1
0
5,307
5,307
5,307
24,836
4,905
4,328
577
1,254
2
1997
299
1
148
40
14
70
14
8
1
1
2
39
44
3
40
0
1
27
1
1
0
5,307
5,307
5,307
26,089
4,971
4,373
598
1,313
2
1998
301
1
150
41
14
69
15
8
1
1
2
39
44
3
41
0
1
27
1
1
0
5,307
5,307
5,307
26,609
4,970
4,366
603
1,018
2
-------
IsS
GC
"Z,
M
3
CD
CD
CD
00
Table A-5. Directly Emitted Particulate Matter (PM10) Emissions (continued)
Source Category
1970 1975 1980 1985 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
1998
MISCELLANEOUS (continued)
Fugitive Dust
unpaved roads**
paved roads**
construction**
other
NA NA NA 29,734 30,287 29,229 18,069 18,076 18,171 18,954 19,722 17,013 18,675 19,804 20,619
NA NA NA 11,644 12,379 11,798 11,234 11,206 10,918 11,430 11,370 10,362 12,059 12,530 12,668
NA NA NA 5,080 5,900 5,769 2,248 2,399 2,423 2,462 2,538 2,409 2,390 2,538 2,618
NA NA NA 12,670 11,662 11,269 4,249 4,092 4,460 4,651 5,245 3,654 3,578 4,022 4,545
NA NA NA 339 346 392 336 377 369 409 569 586 646 713 788
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
13,042 7,671 7,119 45,445 61,072 53,064 29,962 29,560 29,472 28,006 30,913 27,070 33,041 34,226 34,741
5"
TO
a.
to
Oo
Note(s): NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are contained in the more
aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
No data was available after 1984 to weigh the emissions from residential wood burning devices.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
* Although geogenic wind erosion emissions are included in this summary table, it is very difficult to interpret annual estimates of PM emissions from this source category in a
meaningful way, owing to the highly episodic nature of the events that contribute to these emissions.
** These are the main source categories of PM crustal material emissions. A report by the Desert Research Institute found that about 75% of these emissions are within 2 m of
the ground at the point they are measured. Thus, most of them are likely to be removed or deposited within a few km of their release, depending on atmospheric turbulence,
temperature, soil moisture, availability of horizontal and vertical surfaces for impaction and initial suspension energy. This is consistent with the generally small amount of crustal
materials found on speciated ambient samples. (See reference 6 in Chapter 2.)
-------
Table A-6. Directly Emitted Participate Matter (PM2.5) Emissions
(tnousana snort tons)
SOURCE CATEGORY
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
Oil
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
natural
process
other
Other
wood/bark waste
liquid waste
other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
Residential Other
1990
727
97
59
14
23
5
NA
20
777
29
23
2
1
3
31
26
4
1
39
29
11
0
73
68
1
4
5
677
6
5
5
78
501
501
NA
15
1991
705
85
53
16
16
5
NA
15
757
23
18
1
1
3
26
22
3
1
34
23
10
0
58
55
0
3
10
638
6
5
5
73
535
535
NA
15
1992
706
87
53
18
16
4
NA
16
759
25
20
1
0
3
26
22
3
1
39
26
13
0
59
54
0
4
10
662
6
5
6
72
558
558
NA
15
1993
772
90
57
18
15
5
NA
17
772
24
20
2
0
3
27
23
4
1
41
28
13
0
69
58
1
10
11
568
6
5
6
72
464
464
NA
15
1994
708
86
54
17
15
5
NA
17
783
25
19
3
0
2
26
22
4
1
42
29
14
0
60
55
0
4
29
550
6
5
6
72
446
446
NA
15
1995
707
86
52
20
15
3
NA
18
203
25
19
3
1
2
28
24
4
1
44
29
15
0
59
55
0
3
48
589
6
5
6
73
484
484
NA
15
1996
756
133
88
32
13
4
1
18
766
24
19
3
0
2
26
22
4
0
39
25
14
0
62
57
0
5
14
537
6
5
7
71
433
418
15
15
1997
760
135
89
31
15
5
1
18
767
24
19
3
0
2
24
20
4
1
39
25
14
0
60
55
0
5
14
466
6
5
7
75
358
344
14
14
1998
765
138
91
32
15
8
1
19
760
24
18
3
0
2
23
19
4
0
39
25
14
0
60
55
0
5
14
466
7
4
7
78
357
344
13
13
-------
Table A-6. Directly Emitted Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Emissions (continued)
SOURCE CATEGORY
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
lead
zinc
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
primary
secondary
other
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
fluid catalytic cracking units
other
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
country elevators
terminal elevators
feed mills
soybean mills
wheat mills
other grain mills
other
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
sulfate (kraft) pulping
other
1990
47
10
12
4
8
0
0
13
157
31
9
2
5
14
121
103
17
1
5
27
2
13
11
2
12
284
39
6
3
2
5
1
4
17
0
77
57
21
1991
43
10
3
3
8
0
0
17
197
29
9
2
5
13
89
72
16
0
80
24
2
14
12
2
9
264
46
6
3
2
4
1
3
26
0
61
40
21
1992
45
11
4
4
8
0
0
17
198
29
9
2
5
13
83
66
16
0
85
24
2
14
12
2
8
259
40
7
4
2
4
1
3
19
0
59
38
21
1993
41
10
4
3
8
0
0
15
125
25
8
2
1
14
86
68
17
0
14
22
2
13
11
2
7
260
44
6
5
2
5
1
3
21
0
59
38
21
1994
49
11
4
3
8
0
0
23
125
25
8
2
1
14
86
68
18
0
14
22
2
13
11
2
7
256
43
6
4
2
5
1
3
22
0
57
38
19
1995
42
11
3
3
8
0
0
16
134
25
8
2
1
14
92
74
19
0
16
22
2
13
11
2
8
256
40
6
4
2
5
1
3
20
0
60
40
20
1996
38
11
3
2
6
0
0
16
108
24
6
1
1
16
69
53
16
0
15
18
1
11
8
4
6
178
21
1
0
1
2
1
3
14
1
54
34
21
1997
39
11
3
2
6
0
0
16
113
25
6
1
1
16
72
56
16
0
16
18
1
12
8
4
6
184
22
1
0
1
3
1
3
14
1
56
35
21
1998
39
12
3
2
7
0
0
16
112
25
6
1
1
16
72
56
16
0
16
18
1
12
8
4
5
187
22
1
0
1
3
1
3
14
1
57
35
22
-------
Table A-6. Directly Emitted Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Emissions (continued)
SOURCE CATEGORY
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (continued)
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
cement mfg
surface mining
stone quarrying/processing
other
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Construction
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
Nonindustrial
Solvent Utilization NEC
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage II
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
storage
transfer
combined
other
Bulk Materials Transport
1990
3
144
54
6
24
61
3
0
1
0
16
4
0
0
0
3
1
NA
NA
42
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
41
13
28
0
NA
0
1991
3
134
40
6
28
60
3
0
1
0
16
4
0
0
0
3
1
NA
NA
42
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
41
11
29
0
0
0
1992
3
135
39
7
28
61
3
0
1
0
17
5
0
0
0
4
1
NA
NA
50
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
48
12
36
0
0
0
1993
3
136
38
7
28
62
3
0
0
0
15
6
0
0
0
4
1
NA
NA
46
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
44
13
31
0
NA
0
1994
3
133
38
7
26
63
3
0
0
0
16
6
0
0
0
4
1
NA
NA
43
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
41
13
28
0
0
0
1995
3
134
38
6
26
63
3
0
0
0
16
5
0
0
0
4
1
NA
NA
42
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
41
12
29
0
0
0
1996
2
83
9
6
9
60
3
0
0
0
13
5
0
1
0
4
0
0
0
31
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
29
10
19
0
0
0
1997
2
87
10
6
9
62
3
0
0
0
13
5
0
1
0
4
0
0
0
32
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
30
10
20
0
0
0
1998
2
88
10
6
9
63
3
0
0
0
14
5
0
1
0
4
0
0
0
32
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
30
10
20
0
0
0
-------
Table A-6. Directly Emitted Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Emissions (continued)
SOURCE CATEGORY
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
residential
other
Open Burning
residential
other
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
Idgv
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Idgtl
Idgt2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
hddv
Iddt
Iddv
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
railway maintenance
recreational marine vessels
1990
234
46
27
19
187
777
10
0
0
0
0
0
275
37
37
0
19
10
9
7
212
203
1
8
432
43
2
1
0
10
0
1
0
0
0
27
1991
238
47
28
18
190
179
11
0
0
0
0
0
286
38
38
0
21
10
11
6
221
212
1
8
432
43
3
1
0
10
0
2
0
0
0
27
1992
239
46
30
16
192
181
11
0
0
0
1
0
280
38
37
0
20
9
11
6
216
206
2
8
433
43
3
1
0
10
0
2
0
0
0
27
1993
288
93
31
62
195
183
11
0
0
0
1
0
257
38
38
0
20
9
10
7
192
183
1
7
427
44
3
1
0
11
0
2
0
0
0
28
1994
271
73
31
42
196
184
12
0
0
0
1
1
256
36
36
0
23
11
12
7
190
182
2
7
424
44
3
1
0
11
0
2
0
0
0
28
1995
247
50
31
19
197
185
11
0
0
0
0
0
231
36
36
0
20
11
9
6
169
161
2
7
403
45
3
1
0
11
0
2
0
0
0
28
1996
234
45
30
15
186
176
10
0
0
0
2
1
221
32
32
0
25
14
11
6
157
149
2
6
410
45
3
1
0
11
0
2
0
0
0
28
1997
236
46
30
15
188
177
11
0
0
0
2
1
211
32
32
0
25
14
11
6
147
140
2
6
411
44
3
1
0
11
0
2
0
0
0
28
1998
238
46
30
16
190
179
11
0
0
0
2
1
197
33
32
0
25
15
11
5
134
127
2
5
413
44
3
1
0
10
0
2
1
0
0
28
-------
Table A-6. Directly Emitted Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Emissions (continued)
SOURCE CATEGORY
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES (continued)
Non-Road Diesel 277 275 273 273 272 272 274 275 277
recreational 11111111 1
construction 137 136 136 135 134 134 135 136 138
industrial 35 34 34 35 35 35 36 37 38
lawn & garden 8 8 9 10 11 11 12 13 13
farm 71 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 63
light commercial 11 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 13
logging 12 10 9 8 8 8 7 7 7
airport service 11111111 1
railway maintenance 11111111 1
recreational marine vessels 111111222
Aircraft 31 31 32 30 29 28 28 27 27
Marine Vessels 32 34 33 31 32 31 38 38 39
coal 11111111 1
diesel 25 26 25 24 24 24 36 37 37
residual oil 66666600 0
gasoline 00000000 0
Railroads 49 48 50 48 46 25 24 25 25
Non-Road Other 11111111 1
liquified petroleum gas 11111111 1
compressed natural gas 00000000 0
NATURAL SOURCES 314 312 334 76 324 172 796 796 796
Geogenic - wind erosion* 314 312 334 76 324 172 796 796 796
MISCELLANEOUS 5,234 5,004 4,854 4,926 5,360 4,725 5,298 5,652 5,549
Agriculture & Forestry 1,031 1,019 976 887 941 952 952 964 964
agricultural crops"" 949 937 893 803 856 867 866 875 873
agricultural livestock"" 82 83 83 84 85 85 87 90 91
Other Combustion 1,037 807 666 693 913 734 1,040 1,150 882
Cooling Towers 000001 22 2
Fugitive Dust 3,166 3,178 3,213 3,346 3,506 3,038 3,304 3,535 3,701
unpaved roads"" 1,687 1,684 1,642 1,718 1,709 1,559 1,819 1,892 1,912
paved roads"" 562 600 606 616 634 585 598 635 655
construction"" 850 818 892 930 1,049 777 750 857 968
other 67 75 73 81 113 117 137 151 166
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
7,958
7,739
7,648
7,327
7,975
7,179
8,194
8,483
8,379
Note(s): NA = not available.
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
* Although geogenic wind erosion emissions are included in this summary table, it is very difficult to interpret annual estimates of PM emissions from this source category in a
meaningful way, owing to the highly episodic nature of the events that contribute to these emissions.
** These are the main source categories of PM crustal material emissions. A report by the Desert Research Institute found that about 75% of these emissions are within 2 m of
the ground at the point they are measured. Thus, most of them are likely to be removed or deposited within a few km of their release, depending on atmospheric turbulence,
temperature, soil moisture, initial suspension energy and availability of horizontal and vertical surfaces for impaction. This is consistent with the generally small amount of crustal
materials found on speciated ambient samples. (See reference 6 in Chapter 2.)
-------
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite, lignite
Commercial/Institutional Oil
residual
distillate
other
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
lead oxide and pigments
1970
327
300
181
89
30
28
27
0
237
218
146
45
27
19
17
1
10,052
1
1
NA
NA
4
3
NA
1
10,000
47
103
103
103
1975
230
189
114
56
19
41
40
1
75
60
40
12
7
16
14
1
10,042
16
6
2
7
11
10
1
NA
10,000
16
120
120
120
Table
1980
129
95
57
28
9
34
34
0
60
45
31
10
4
14
14
1
4,111
12
6
2
4
10
9
1
NA
4,080
9
104
104
104
A-7. Lead Emissions
(short tons)
1985
64
51
31
15
5
13
13
0
30
22
15
5
2
8
7
1
421
6
4
1
1
4
3
1
NA
400
11
118
118
118
1988
66
46
28
14
4
20
20
0
19
14
10
3
1
5
5
1
426
5
3
1
1
5
4
1
NA
400
16
136
136
136
1989
67
46
28
14
4
21
21
0
18
14
10
3
1
4
3
1
420
4
3
1
1
4
3
1
NA
400
12
136
136
136
1990
64
46
28
14
4
18
18
0
18
14
10
3
1
3
3
1
418
4
3
1
0
4
3
1
NA
400
10
136
136
136
1991
61
46
28
14
4
15
15
0
18
15
10
3
1
3
2
1
416
3
2
1
0
4
3
1
NA
400
9
132
132
132
1992
59
47
28
14
4
12
12
0
18
14
10
3
1
4
3
1
414
4
2
1
0
4
3
1
NA
400
7
93
93
93
1993
62
50
30
15
5
12
12
0
19
14
10
3
1
5
4
1
416
4
2
1
1
4
3
1
NA
400
8
92
92
92
1994
62
50
30
15
5
12
12
0
19
14
10
3
1
5
4
1
415
3
2
1
0
4
3
1
NA
400
8
96
96
96
1995
57
50
30
15
5
7
7
0
18
14
10
3
1
4
3
1
415
4
2
1
1
3
2
1
NA
400
8
163
163
163
1996
61
53
32
16
5
8
8
0
16
13
9
3
1
3
2
1
415
5
3
1
1
3
2
1
NA
400
7
167
167
167
1997
64
54
33
16
5
10
10
0
16
14
9
3
1
2
2
1
413
5
3
1
1
2
2
1
0
400
6
188
188
188
1998
68
54
33
16
5
14
14
0
19
13
9
3
1
5
5
0
416
5
3
1
2
4
4
1
0
400
6
175
175
175
-------
Source Category
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
primary lead production
primary copper production
primary zinc production
secondary lead production
secondary copper production
lead battery manufacture
lead cable coating
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
coke manufacturing
ferroalloy production
iron production
steel production
gray iron production
Metals Processing NEC
metal mining
other
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Mineral Products
cement manufacturing
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
municipal waste
other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
1970
24,224
15,869
12, 134
242
1,019
1,894
374
41
127
38
7,395
11
219
266
3,125
3,773
960
353
606
2,028
540
540
1,488
2,200
2,200
581
1,619
171,961
142,918
22,683
6,361
Table
1975
9,923
7,192
5,640
171
224
821
200
49
55
32
2,196
8
104
93
1,082
910
535
268
268
1,337
217
277
1,120
1,595
1,595
396
1,199
130,206
106,868
19,440
3,898
A-7.
1980
3,026
1,826
1,075
20
24
481
116
50
37
24
911
6
13
38
481
373
289
207
82
808
93
93
715
1,210
1,210
161
1,049
60,501
47,184
11,671
1,646
Lead Emissions (continued)
1985
2,097
1,376
874
19
16
288
70
65
43
3
577
3
7
21
209
336
144
141
3
316
43
43
273
871
871
79
792
18,052
13,637
4,061
354
1988
1,965
1,248
684
17
8
353
61
73
50
1
554
4
14
18
157
361
164
163
1
172
23
23
149
817
817
49
768
2,566
1,919
605
42
1989
2,088
1,337
715
19
9
433
37
74
50
1
582
4
20
19
138
401
170
169
1
173
23
23
150
765
765
45
720
982
733
232
16
1990
2,170
1,409
728
19
9
449
75
78
50
1
576
4
18
18
138
397
185
184
1
169
26
26
143
804
804
67
738
421
314
100
7
1991
1,974
1,258
623
19
11
414
65
77
48
1
517
3
14
16
145
339
199
198
1
167
24
24
143
808
808
70
738
18
13
4
0
1992
1,774
1,112
550
20
11
336
73
77
44
1
461
3
14
17
139
288
202
201
1
56
26
26
30
812
812
68
744
18
14
4
0
1993
1,900
1,210
637
21
13
341
70
81
47
1
496
2
12
18
145
319
194
193
1
55
27
27
28
825
825
69
756
19
14
5
0
1994
2,027
1,287
633
22
12
405
76
94
44
1
540
0
13
18
160
349
200
199
1
54
28
28
26
830
830
68
762
19
14
5
0
1995
2,049
1,337
674
21
12
432
79
102
16
1
528
0
8
19
159
342
184
183
1
59
29
29
30
604
604
70
534
19
14
5
0
1996
2,055
1,333
588
22
13
514
76
103
16
1
529
0
8
18
160
343
193
192
1
51
29
29
22
609
609
76
534
19
12
7
0
1997
2,080
1,341
619
23
13
484
82
107
14
1
538
0
8
18
165
348
201
200
1
54
30
30
25
615
615
75
540
20
13
7
0
1998
2,098
1,371
628
23
13
505
83
117
1
1
542
0
4
19
173
345
186
186
1
54
31
31
23
620
620
75
546
19
12
7
0
-------
W
O
&
CD
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>
2
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o'
ts
M
3.
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o
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Table
Source Category 1970 1975
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES 9,737 6,130
Non-Road Gasoline 8,340 5,012
Aircraft 1,397 1,118
TOTAL ALL SOURCES 220,869 159,659
Note(s): NA=not available
A-7. Lead Emissions (continued)
1980 1985 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
4,205 921 885 820 776 574 565 529 525 544 505 503 503
3,320 229 211 166 158 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
885 692 674 655 619 574 565 528 525 544 505 503 503
74,153 22,890 7,053 5,468 4,975 4,169 3,810 3,916 4,047 3,929 3,899 3,952 3,973
In order to convert emissions to megagrams (metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
s
5"
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-------
Table A-8. Ammonia (NH3) Emissions
(thousand short tons)
SOURCE CATEGORY
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
Oil
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemicals
ammonium nitrate/urea mfg.
other
Other Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related
Industries
catalytic cracking
other
1990
0
NA
NA
NA
0
17
0
4
13
0
0
8
0
2
1
NA
5
183
NA
NA
NA
183
111
71
NA
6
0
6
0
43
0
43
43
0
1991
0
NA
NA
NA
0
17
0
4
13
0
0
8
0
2
1
NA
5
183
NA
NA
NA
183
111
71
NA
6
0
6
0
43
0
43
43
0
1992
0
NA
NA
NA
0
17
0
4
13
0
0
8
0
2
1
NA
5
183
NA
NA
NA
183
111
71
NA
6
0
6
0
43
0
43
43
0
1993
0
NA
NA
NA
0
18
0
4
14
0
0
8
0
2
1
NA
5
183
NA
NA
NA
183
111
71
NA
6
0
6
0
43
0
43
43
0
1994
0
NA
NA
NA
0
18
0
4
14
0
0
8
0
2
1
NA
5
183
NA
NA
NA
183
111
71
NA
6
0
6
0
43
0
43
43
0
1995
0
NA
NA
NA
0
18
0
4
13
0
0
8
0
2
1
NA
5
183
NA
NA
NA
183
111
71
NA
6
0
6
0
43
0
43
43
0
1996
6
0
2
4
0
49
0
4
39
1
5
7
0
2
1
0
5
158
0
0
0
157
72
85
0
5
0
5
0
34
0
34
33
0
1997
7
0
2
4
0
48
0
4
38
1
4
7
0
2
1
0
5
160
0
0
0
160
73
87
0
5
0
5
0
35
0
35
35
0
1998
8
0
3
4
0
47
0
4
38
1
4
6
0
2
1
0
4
165
0
0
0
165
76
89
0
5
0
5
0
35
0
35
35
0
-------
Table A-8. Ammonia (NH3) Emissions (continued)
SOURCE CATEGORY
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing
Products
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic
Products
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product
Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product
Transport
Organic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
Open Burning
POTW
wastewater treatment
other
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles &
Motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
1990
38
2
NA
NA
NA
0
NA
NA
35
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
82
NA
NA
82
82
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
192
159
32
0
0
1991
38
2
NA
NA
NA
0
NA
NA
35
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
86
NA
NA
86
86
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
205
171
34
0
0
1992
39
3
NA
NA
NA
0
NA
NA
36
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
89
NA
NA
89
89
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
217
181
35
1
0
1993
39
3
NA
NA
NA
0
NA
NA
37
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
93
NA
NA
93
93
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
227
188
39
1
0
1994
40
2
NA
NA
NA
0
NA
NA
38
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
93
NA
NA
93
93
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
239
190
48
1
0
1995
40
2
NA
NA
NA
0
NA
NA
38
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
93
NA
NA
93
93
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
259
204
54
1
0
1996
43
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
39
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
84
0
0
84
84
0
0
0
0
0
231
156
69
3
4
1997
44
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
84
0
0
84
84
0
0
0
0
0
240
159
73
3
4
1998
44
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
86
0
0
86
86
0
0
0
0
0
250
164
78
3
5
-------
Table A-8. Ammonia (NH3) Emissions (continued)
SOURCE CATEGORY
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
Non-Road Diesel
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
Railroads
NATURAL SOURCES
Biogenic
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
livestock agriculture
fertilizer application
Fugitive Dust
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1990
6
1
2
NA
1
2
30
30
3,727
3,727
3,307
420
0
4,331
1991
7
1
3
NA
1
2
29
29
3,770
3,770
3,324
446
0
4,390
1992
7
1
3
NA
1
2
28
28
3,814
3,814
3,341
473
0
4,449
1993
7
1
3
NA
1
2
29
29
3,869
3,869
3,370
499
0
4,521
1994
7
1
3
NA
1
2
30
30
3,924
3,924
3,399
525
0
4,589
1995
7
1
3
NA
1
2
31
31
3,979
3,979
3,427
557
0
4,665
1996
9
1
3
3
1
1
32
32
4,113
4,113
3,456
657
0
4,772
1997
10
1
3
3
1
1
33
33
4,163
4,163
3,485
678
0
4,837
1998
10
1
3
3
1
1
34
34
4,244
4,244
3,520
724
0
4,935
Note(s): NA = not available.
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
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Index
Acid Deposition Control 3-5
acid rain 1-2, 4-1
Acid Rain Program 1-3, 3-2, 3-8, 4-2
Aerometric Information Retrieval System 5-5, 5-11
aerosol 1-2
AFS 5-5, 5-6
airtoxic emissions ES-1, 1-1, 7-1, 7-2, 7-3, 7-5
AIRS 5-5,5-11
AIRS Facility Subsystem 5-5
all other 1-3, 2-2, 2-3
ammonia . . . ES-1, ES-3, 1-1, 2-1, 2-3, 2-16, 2-23, 3-1, 3-16, 3-29, 5-2, 9-1,
A-37
ammonium nitrate 1-2, 2-3, 2-4, 3-14, A-37
ammonium sulfate 1-2, 2-3, 2-4, 3-14
anthropogenic ES-3, 2-8, 3-3, 6-1, 7-3, 8-1
AP-42 4-4, 5-11, 7-3, 7-6
area source . 2-2, 2-3, 2-6, 3-11, 4-6, 5-1, 5-5, 5-6, 5-7, 5-8, 5-10, 5-11, 5-12,
5-15, 7-1, 7-2, 7-3, 7-4, 7-5, 7-6, 7-15, 7-23, 7-24, 7-45, 7-46,
7-47,7-48,7-51
BEA 4-2, 4-3, 5-5, 5-7, 5-8, 5-11, 5-12, 8-3, 8-4
BEIS2 6-1
biogenic ES-1, 1-6, 2-4, 3-3, 3-16, 6-4, A-39
biogenic emissions ES-3, 1-1, 1-4, 6-1, 6-2, 6-3, 6-5, 6-6
Biogenic Emissions Inventory System 6-1
bituminous coal .... 2-1, 2-2, 3-10, 3-12, 3-13, 3-14, 3-15, A-7, A-19, A-23,
A-29, A-34
Budget Trading Program 3-2
Bureau of Economic Analysis 4-2, 5-5, 5-10, 5-11, 8-3, 8-4
CAA ES-1, ES-2, 1-1, 3-1, 3-2, 3-5, 4-2, 7-1, 7-2, 7-3, 7-4, 7-5, 7-6
CAAA ES-2, 1-3, 3-2, 3-5, 3-6, 3-7, 4-1, 4-3, 5-5
California Air Resources Board 5-9
carbon dioxide ES-1, 8-1, 8-5, 8-8, 8-9, 8-10, 9-1
carbon monoxide . ES-1, ES-3, ES-4, ES-6, 1-1, 1-5, 2-1, 2-9, 2-17, 3-1, 3-2,
3-9, 3-17, 5-2, 9-1, A-2
carcinogen 7-1
carcinogenesis 1-2
cardiovascular disease 1-1, 1-2, 7-1
CEM 1-3, 5-11, 5-14
Census Bureau 7-4, 7-6
Census of Agriculture 2-5, 5-8, 5-11
CFCs 3-3, 8-1, 8-2
CH4 ES-1, 3-3, 8-1, 8-2, 8-5, 9-1, 9-3, 9-11, 9-12, 9-13, 9-14, 9-15
chemical and allied product manufacturing . . 1-6, 2-2, 2-3, 2-6, 2-7, 3-1, 3-3,
3-5, 3-6, 3-9, 3-10, 3-11, 3-12, 3-13, 3-14, 3-15, 3-16, 4-3, 4-5,
4-7,5-11
chlorofluorocarbons 3-3, 8-1
Clean Air Act ES-1, 1-1,3-1,4-1,7-1
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 ES-2, 1-3, 3-2, 4-1
CNG 5-2, 5-4
CO ... ES-1, ES-2, ES-6, 1-1, 1-3, 1-4, 2-1, 2-2, 2-4, 2-6, 2-8, 3-1, 3-2, 3-4,
3-5, 3-6, 3-7, 3-8, 3-9, 3-17, 3-18, 3-19, 5-2, 5-3, 5-4, 5-5, 5-11,
5-12, 9-1, 9-4, 9-5, 9-6, 9-7, 9-8, 9-9, 9-10, 9-15, A-2
C02 ES-1, 8-1, 8-2, 8-3, 8-5, 8-6, 9-1, 9-3, 9-11, 9-12, 9-13, 9-14, 9-15
Code of Federal Regulations 1-4, 1-5
compressed natural gas 5-2
continuous emission monitoring 1-3
CORINAIR 9-1, 9-4
criteria pollutant. . ES-1, ES-3, 1-1, 1-3, 1-4, 2-4, 3-1, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3, 5-5, 5-6,
5-7,7-6,9-1
Department of Agriculture ES-2, 5-8
Department of Energy 3-8, 4-3, 5-8, 5-10, 8-4
desulfurization 3-5, 3-7, 4-1, 4-3, 4-4, 4-11
DOE 4-3, 5-8, 5-10, 5-11, 8-2, 8-3, 8-4
Economic Growth Analysis System 2-5, 5-3, 5-10
EEA 9-1, 9-11, 9-12, 9-13, 9-14, 9-15
EFIG 1-2, 1-4
EGAS 2-5, 5-3, 5-4, 5-7, 5-8, 5-9, 5-10, 5-11
EIIP 5-9
electric utility ES-1, 1-3, 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 3-4, 7-1, 7-2, 8-1, 8-2
EMEP 9-1, 9-4
Emission Factor and Inventory Group 1-2, 2-4
Emission Inventory Improvement Program 5-9
Emission Tracking System 1-3
Emission Trends Report 1-2, 1-3, 2-5
environmental impacts 7-1
Environmental Protection Agency ES-1, 1-1, 2-2, 3-1, 4-1, 5-1, 6-1, 7-1,
8-1
EPA . ES-2, 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 3-1, 3-3, 3-5, 3-6, 3-7, 3-8, 4-1,
4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 5-1, 5-4, 5-5, 5-6, 5-8, 5-9, 5-10, 6-1, 7-1, 7-2, 7-3,
7-4, 7-5, 7-6, 8-1, 8-2, 8-3
ETC/AEM 9-1
ethane 1-4, 3-3
ETS 1-3, 5-14
European Environment Agency 5-10, 9-1, 9-2
eutrophication 1-1
FAA 5-3, 5-4
Factor Information Retrieval 7-3, 7-6
Federal Aviation Administration 5-3, 5-10, 8-4
Federal Government 3-1, 3-17, 3-18
Federal Information Processing Standards 5-7
Federal Power Act 4-2
FIPS 5-7
FIRE 7-3, 7-6
fossil fuel . ES-2, 1-3, 3-4, 3-5, 4-1, 4-2, 8-1, 8-2, 8-3, 8-5, 8-6, 9-1, 9-4, 9-5,
9-6,9-7,9-8,9-9,9-10
Framework Convention on Climate Change 8-1
fuel combustion 1-6, 2-3, 3-1, 3-4, 3-5, 4-3, 5-8, 7-6, 8-2, 9-15
electric utility 1-6, 2-2, 2-3, 2-6, 2-7, 3-4, 3-9, 3-10, 3-11, 3-12, 3-13,
3-14, 3-15, 3-16, 8-6, A-22
industrial 1-6, 2-2, 2-3, 2-6, 2-7, 3-3, 3-4, 3-9, 3-10, 3-11, 3-12, 3-13,
3-14,3-15,3-16,4-5,4-7
other . 1-6, 2-2, 2-6, 2-7, 3-4, 3-9, 3-10, 3-11, 3-12, 3-13, 3-14, 3-15,
3-16
fugitive dust ES-1, ES-2, ES-3, ES-4, 1-4, 1-6, 2-4, 2-5, 3-3, 3-8, 3-12,
3-13,3-14,3-26,3-27,7-29
GACT 7-1, 7-2, 7-5, 7-6
GCVTC 4-2, 5-1, 5-5, 5-9, 5-11, 5-13
GDP ES-1, 3-2
generally achievable control technology 7-1
geogenic ES-4, 1-4, 1-6, 3-3, 3-13, 3-14, 7-28, 7-31, 7-34, 7-37, 7-40,
A-18, A-27, A-33
geothermal energy 9-1, 9-4, 9-5, 9-6, 9-7, 9-8, 9-9, 9-10
Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission 4-2, 5-1, 5-11
electric utility 4-6
Great Depression ES-1, 3-4
greenhouse gas emissions . . . ES-1, 1-1, 8-1, 8-2, 8-3, 8-4, 8-5, 8-7, 8-8, 9-1,
9-4,9-11,9-12,9-13,9-14,9-15
gross domestic product ES-1, 3-2, 3-21
Index # 1
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
gross state product 5-7 nitrate 1-1, 1-2
growth factor 5-3, 5-4, 5-5, 5-7, 5-8, 5-9, 5-11 nitric oxide ES-3, 1-1, 1-4, 6-1, 6-3, 6-4
GSP 5-7 nitrogen dioxide 1-1,1-4
HAPs . . . ES-1, 7-1, 7-2, 7-3, 7-4, 7-5, 7-6, 7-7, 7-9, 7-10, 7-14, 7-15, 7-18, nitrogen oxides . . ES-1, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, 1-1, 1-4, 2-1, 2-2, 2-10, 2-18, 3-1,
7-22, 7-23, 7-24, 7-25, 7-27, 7-30, 7-33, 7-36, 7-39, 7-45, 7-46, 3-10, 3-17, 3-18, 3-21, 3-23, 4-1, 5-2, 6-5, 9-1, A-7
7-47; 7.48, 7-49, 7-50, 7-51 nitrous oxide ES-1, 8-1, 8-8, 9-1
hazardous air pollutants ES-1, ES-3, 7-1, 7-2, 7-7 NMVOCs 9-1, 9-3, 9-4, 9-5, 9-6, 9-7, 9-8, 9-9, 9-10
HCFCs 8-1, 8-2, 8-5 NO 1-1, 1-4, 6-1
HDDV 2-1, 3-14, 5-9, 5-10, A-32 NO2 1-1, 1-4
Health, Education, and Welfare 3-1 non-road engines and vehicles ES-2, 1-3, 1-6, 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-6, 2-7, 3-1,
heavy-duty truck 3-6 3-6, 3-7, 3-8, 3-9, 3-10, 3-11, 3-12, 3-13, 3-14, 3-15, 3-16, 5-2,
heavy-duty vehicle 5-9, 5-10 5-3, 5-4, 5-7, 5-11, 5-12, 5-13, 7-3, 7-15, 7-23, 7-24, A-5, A-9,
HFCs ES-1, 8-1, 8-2, 8-5 A-17, A-22, A-26, A-32, A-36, A-39
historic emissions ES-2, 1-4, 1-5, 3-1, 3-2 nonattainment area ES-2, 1-4, 5-5
hydrocarbon 3-2, 3-3, 3-17, 3-18 nonfugitive dust .... ES-3, ES-5, 1-4, 2-3, 2-13, 2-14, 3-3, 3-4, 3-6, 3-7, 3-8
hydrochlorofluorocarbons 8-1 nonmethane 3-3, 3-18
hydrofluorocarbons ES-1, 8-1 nonmethane volatile organic compounds 9-1
industrial 1-3, 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 3-4, 3-5 nonreactive organic compounds 1-1
industrial processes ES-1, 2-3, 3-1, 3-5, 3-6, 8-2 NONROAD model 5-2, 5-3, 5-4, 5-11
industrial SO2 4-5, 4-6, 4-7 NOX .... ES-1, ES-5, 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-6, 2-8, 3-1, 3-2,
Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy 7-2, 7-4, 7-5, 7-6, 7-10 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, 3-7, 3-8, 3-14, 3-17, 3-18, 3-19, 4-1, 5-2, 5-3,
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 8-1 5-4, 5-5, 5-7, 5-8, 5-9, 5-10, 5-11, 5-12, 5-14, 9-1, 9-3, 9-4, 9-5,
international emissions 1-1, 9-1 9-6, 9-7, 9-8, 9-9, 9-10, 9-15
IPCC 8-1, 8-3, 8-4 NPI 3-3
landing-takeoff operations 5-3 NSPS ES-2, 3-2, 3-5, 3-6
LDGVs 2-1, 2-2, A-32 NTI. . . 7-3, 7-4, 7-5, 7-6, 7-7, 7-11, 7-15, 7-23, 7-24, 7-25, 7-27, 7-42, 7-44,
LOT 3-6, 3-17, 3-18 7-45, 7-46, 7-47, 7-48, 7-49, 7-50, 7-51
LDV 3-6, 3-17 O3 1-1, 1-2, 3-2, 3-3, 8-1
lead . . . ES-1, ES-3, ES-4, ES-6, 1-1, 1-2, 2-1, 2-3, 2-15, 3-1, 3-12, 3-15, 5-4, Office of Mobile Sources 3-18, 5-2, 5-10
7-2, 7-8, 7-10 Office of Transportation and Air Quality 5-2, 7-3
light-duty gasoline vehicle 1-6, 2-1, 2-2 QMS 5-2, 5-10
light-duty truck 3-6, 3-17, 3-18 on-road vehicles . . . ES-2, 1-3, 1-6, 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-6, 2-7, 3-1, 3-3, 3-6,
light-duty vehicle 3-6, 3-17 3-7, 3-9, 3-10, 3-11, 3-12, 3-13, 3-14, 3-15, 3-16, 4-3, 4-4, 4-11,
liquefied petroleum gas 5-2, A-5, A-10, A-17, A-27, A-33 5-4, 5-7, 5-8, 5-9, 5-11, 7-3, 7-5, A-4, A-9, A-16, A-21, A-26,
LPG 5-2, 5-4, 8-6 A-32, A-35, A-38
MACT 2-2, 2-5, 5-8, 7-1, 7-2, 7-4, 7-5, 7-6 organic compounds 1-4, 3-3
major source .... 1-1, 3-2, 4-3, 4-8, 4-10, 7-1, 7-2, 7-4, 7-5, 7-11, 7-45, 7-47, OTAG 4-2, 4-6, 5-1, 5-4, 5-5, 5-9, 5-11, 5-12, 5-13
7-48, 7-51, 9-1, 9-15 OTAQ 5-2, 5-3, 5-4, 5-10, 5-11, 7-3
Manufacturing Consumption of Energy 8-2 other industrial processes .... 1-6, 2-2, 2-3, 2-6, 2-7, 3-1, 3-5, 3-6, 3-9, 3-10,
maximum achievable control technology 2-2,5-8,7-1 3-11, 3-12, 3-13, 3-14, 3-15, 3-16, 4-5, 4-7, 7-25, A-3, A-8, A-13,
metals processing .... 1-6, 2-2, 2-3, 2-6, 2-7, 3-1, 3-5, 3-9, 3-10, 3-11, 3-12, A-20, A-24, A-30, A-35, A-38
3-13, 3-14, 3-15, 3-16, 4-5, 4-7 oxygen 1-1
methane ES-1, 1-4, 3-3, 8-1, 9-1 oxygenated fuel ES-1, 2-1, 5-2
methodology ES-4, 1-2, 1-3, 3-5, 4-1, 5-7, 8-1, 8-3 ozone 1-1, 1-2, 3-2, 5-5, 8-1
metropolitan statistical area 7-4 Ozone Transport Assessment Group 4-2, 5-1,5-11
miscellaneous . . ES-4, 1-3, 1-4, 1-6, 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-6, 2-7, 3-1, 3-3, 3-8, 3-9, PARTS 4-4
3-10, 3-11, 3-12, 3-13, 3-14, 3-16 particulate matter .... ES-1, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, 1-1, 1-2, 2-1, 2-3, 2-13, 2-14,
MOBILE model 5-1, 5-9, 5-10, 5-11 3-1, 5-2
mobile sources ES-1, 1-1, 5-1, 7-1, 7-2, 7-3, 7-4, 7-5, 7-15, 7-23, 7-24, parts per million 3-2
7-45; 7.46, 7-47, 7-48, 7-51 Pb . ES-1, ES-2, ES-6, 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 2-1, 2-3, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-6, 3-7,
molecular weight 1-4 3-8, 5-4, 5-6, 5-11, 7-2
N2O ES-1, 8-1, 8-2, 9-1 PEI 1-2, 1-3, 2-4, 4-6, 5-1, 5-5, 5-6, 5-7, 5-9, 5-11, 5-12, 5-13, 5-15
NAA ES-2, 1-4, 5-5, 5-7 perfluorocarbon ES-1, 8-1
NAAQS ES-2, 1-1, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-5 periodic emission inventory 1-2, 2-4, 5-1
NAPAP 1-3,2-4,4-2,4-6,5-4,5-11,5-12,5-13 petroleum and related industries ... 1-6,2-2,2-3,2-6,2-7,3-1,3-3,3-5,3-6,
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program 1-3, 2-4, 4-2, 5-4 3-9, 3-10, 3-11, 3-12, 3-13, 3-14, 3-16, 4-5, 4-7, 7-25, 7-27, 7-30,
National Air Pollution Control Administration 3-1 7-33, 7-36, 7-39, A-3, A-8, A-12, A-20, A-24, A-30, A-37
National Ambient Air Quality Standards ES-2, 1-1, 3-1 PFCs ES-1, 8-1
National Emission Trends 1-2, 3-1, 4-2, 5-1 photochemical oxidants 1-1, 1-5, 3-2, 3-3
national emissions . . ES-4, ES-5, ES-6, 1-2, 3-1, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-7, 3-8, 7-44, plain language 1-3
7-45; 7.46, 7-51 PM ES-1, ES-2, 1-1, 1-2, 3-5, 3-6, 5-2, 5-3, 5-8, 9-1
National Particulate Study 3-3 PM10 .... ES-1, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, 1-1, 1-3, 1-4, 2-1, 2-3, 2-4, 2-7, 2-8, 2-13,
National Toxics Inventory 7-3 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, 3-7, 3-8, 3-13, 3-18, 3-19, 3-26, 5-2,
natural gas .... 3-10, 3-12, 5-2, 5-8, 8-1, 8-2, 8-3, 8-5, 8-6, A-5, A-7, A-10, 5-3, 5-4, 5-5, 5-11, 9-1, 9-15, A-23
A-17, A-20, A-27, A-33 PM25.... ES-1, ES-3, 1-1, 1-2, 1-4, 2-1, 2-3, 2-4, 2-7, 2-8, 2-14, 2-21, 2-22,
natural sources .... ES-4, 1-4, 1-6, 2-3, 2-6, 2-7, 3-3, 3-11, 3-13, 3-14, 3-16 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-6, 3-7, 3-8, 3-14, 3-19, 3-27, 5-2, 5-3, 5-5,
NET .... 1-2, 2-3, 3-14, 4-2, 4-6, 5-1, 5-4, 5-5, 5-6, 5-7, 5-8, 5-9, 5-11, 5-12 5-11, 9-1, 9-15, A-29
neurological impairments 1-2, 7-1 point source 1-4, 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-6, 3-2, 4-6, 5-1, 5-5, 5-6, 5-7, 5-8,
new source performance standards ES-2, 3-2 5-11, 5-12, 5-15, 7-1, 7-15, 7-23, 7-24, 7-46
NH3 . ES-1, 1-1, 1-2, 1-4, 2-1, 2-3, 2-4, 2-7, 2-8, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-6, 3-7, ppm 3-2, 3-7, 3-17, 3-18
3-8, 3-14, 3-19, 5-2, 5-4, 5-5, 5-7, 5-8, 9-1, 9-3, 9-4, 9-5, 9-6, 9-7, precursor ES-1, 1-1, 1-2, 5-6, 9-1
9-8, 9-9, 9-10, A-37 President Clinton 1-3
2 # Index
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900 - 1998
RACT 3-2
reasonably available control technology 3-2
reformulated gasoline ES-1, 2-1, 5-2
Regional Economic Models, Inc 5-7, 5-10
Regulatory Support Document 5-4
Reid vapor pressure ES-1, 2-1, 5-2
REMI 5-7, 5-8
residential wood combustion . . ES-2, 1-6, 2-4, 3-3, 3-4, 3-9, 3-11, 3-13, 3-14,
7-27
respiratory illness 1-1, 1-2, 7-1
REG 5-2
RSD 5-4, 5-10
rural 2-4, 7-4, 7-5, 7-11, 7-15, 7-43, 7-44, 7-45, 7-46
RVP ES-1, 5-2, 5-3
SCC 1-4, 1-6, 5-2, 5-3, 5-4, 5-5, 5-7, 5-8, 5-11, 5-12
section 406 4-1, 4-3
SEDS 1-3
SF6 ES-1, 8-1, 8-2, 8-5
short tons . ES-3, ES-5, ES-6, 1-4, 2-6, 2-8, 3-9, 3-10, 3-11, 3-12, 3-13, 3-14,
3-15,3-16,4-3,4-7,6-2,6-3
SIC 4-3, 5-7, 5-8, 7-4
SIP 1-2, 3-2, 5-1
SO2 . . . ES-1, ES-2, ES-5, 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-6, 2-8, 3-1,
3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, 3-7, 3-8, 3-14, 3-19, 4-3, 4-4, 4-7, 5-2, 5-4,
5-5, 5-11, 5-14, 9-1, 9-3, 9-4, 9-5, 9-6, 9-7, 9-8, 9-9, 9-10, 9-15
solvent utilization .... 1-6, 2-2, 2-3, 2-6, 2-7, 3-1, 3-5, 3-9, 3-10, 3-11, 3-12,
3-13, 3-14, 3-16, 4-3, 4-5, 4-7, A-3, A-8, A-13, A-21, A-25, A-31,
A-38
source category . . . ES-1, 1-1, 1-4, 1-6, 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-6, 3-2, 3-8, 4-7, 5-2,
5-8,7-4,7-5,7-6,9-14,9-15
Source Classification Code 1-4, 5-2
spatial emissions 2-4, 6-1, 7-4
sport utility vehicle 3-6
Standard Industrial Classification 4-3, 7-4
Standard Industrial Classification code 5-7
State Energy Data System 1-3
State Implementation Plan 1-2, 3-2, 5-1
stationary sources 1-1, 3-2, 3-4, 7-1, 7-2, 7-4, 7-5, 8-5
storage and transport . 1-6, 2-2, 2-3, 2-6, 2-7, 3-1, 3-5, 3-9, 3-10, 3-11, 3-12,
3-13,3-14,3-16,4-3,4-5,4-7
sulfate 1-2, 3-7
sulfate aerosols 1-2
sulfur 3-7
sulfur dioxide . . . ES-1, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, 1-1, 2-1, 2-2, 2-12, 2-20, 3-1, 3-7,
4-1,5-2,9-1
sulfur hexafluoride ES-1, 8-1
SUV 3-6
Tier 1 .... 1-3, 1-4, 1-6, 2-2, 2-3, 3-5, 3-13, 3-14, 3-15, 3-16, 4-5, 7-6, 7-25,
7-26, 7-27
Tier 2 1-4, 1-6, 4-5, 5-5, 7-6, 7-27
Tier 3 1-4, 3-12, 4-5, A-l, A-22
Tier 4 1-4
Tier I standards 2-1,3-8
Tier II standards 1-4, 3-6, 3-7
Tier level 1-4
Title IV 3-2, 3-5, 4-1, 4-2
total particulate 9-1
total suspended particulate 3-2
toxic air pollutants 7-1
Toxics Release Inventory 7-3
TRI 7-3
TSP 3-2, 3-5
UNFCCC 8-1
unleaded gasoline 3-7
urban .... 7-1, 7-2, 7-4, 7-5, 7-10, 7-11, 7-15, 7-24, 7-27, 7-43, 7-44, 7-45,
7-46
USDA ES-2, 5-8, 5-11
utilities 2-1
vehicle miles traveled ES-1, 2-1, 3-2, 5-11
VMT ES-1, 2-1, 3-2, 3-6, 3-7, 5-11
VOC . . ES-1, ES-2, ES-5, 1-1, 1-3, 1-4, 2-1, 2-2, 2-4, 2-6, 2-8, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3,
3.4, 3.5, 3-6, 3-7, 3-17, 3-18, 5-2, 5-3, 5-4, 5-5, 5-8, 5-11, 6-1,
9-1
ES-1, ES-3, ES-4, ES-5, 1-1, 2-1, 2-11, 2-19,
3-1, 3-17, 3-18, 5-2, 6-1, 6-2, 6-4, 6-6, 9-1
. . 1-6, 2-2, 2-6, 2-7, 3-1, 3-5, 3-9, 3-10, 3-11,
3-12, 3-13, 3-14, 3-15, 3-16, 4-5, 4-7
wind erosion ES-4, 1-4, 1-6, 2-3, 3-8, 3-13, 3-14, A-27, A-33
volatile organic compounds . .
waste disposal and recycling .
Index # 3
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(PLEASE READ INSTRUCTIONS ON THE REVERSE BEFORE COMPLETING)
1. REPORT NO,
EPA-454/R-00-002
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
NATIONAL AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION TRENDS REPORT,
1900-1998
5. REPORT DATE
3/1/2000
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
USEPA/OAQPS/EMAO/EFIG
7. AUTHOR(S)
SHARON V. NIZICH, ANNE A, POPE, LAUREL M. DRIVER (USEPA)
AND PECHAN-AVANTI GROUP
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
EMISSION FACTOR AND INVENTORY GROUP (MD-14)
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC 27711
10, PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-D7-0067
12, SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
DIRECTOR. OFFICE OF MR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
OFFICE OF AIR AND RADIATION
US INVIRONMSHTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE »ARK. NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
TECHNICAL 1900-1998
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/200/04
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ASSTRACT
The Emission Factor and Inventory Group (EFIG) annually produces a publication on the trends in emissions of criteria
pollutants. The emission estimates developed and included in the Emission Trends database have been utilized to
support development of the National Particulates Inventory, in support of recent evaluations of the paniculate matter
and ozone NAAQS, in support of the National Air Toxics Assessment, and to satisfy requirements under CAAA406(g).
Included in this report are criteria, toxics, biogenics, greenhouse gases, and international criteria emission estimates.
KEYWORDS/DESCRIPTORS; CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANT, EMISSIONS TRENDS, GREENHOUSE GASES,
BIOGENICS, AIR TOXICS, INTERNATIONAL EMISSIONS.
1?.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
AIR EMISSION TRENDS
AIR POLLUTION
AMMONIA
BIOQfNICS
CANADA
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
NITROOEN OXIDES
OZONE
SULFUR DIOXIDE
TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICIPATE
TOXIC COMPOUNDS
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPiN ENDED TERMS
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH
AIR POLLUTION TRENDS
c. COSATI FIELD/GROUP
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
UNLIMITED
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
236
22, PRICE
UNCLASSIFIED
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