United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park. NC 27711
EPA-454/B-92-008
October 1992
7ST
& EPA
USER'S MANUAL
FOR THE
PLUME VISIBILITY MODEL,
PLUVUE II
(REVISED)
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EPA-454/B-92-008
USER'S MANUAL
FOR THE
PLUME VISIBILITY MODEL,
PLUVUE II
(REVISED)
Office Of Air Quality Planning And Standards
Office Of Air And Radiation
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
October 1992
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This report has been reviewed by the Office Of Air Quality Planning And Standards, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, and has been approved for publication. Any mention of trade names or commercial
products is not intended to constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
EPA-454/B-92-008
u
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Table of Contents
Page
List of Tables v
List of Figures vi
Acknowledgements vii
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Limitations of the System 2
1.3 User's Guide Organization 3
2.0 Technical Overview 5
2.1 PLUVUE II 5
2.1.1 Pollutant Transport, Diffusion, and Removal 6
2.1.2 Atmospheric Chemistry 12
2.1.3 Aerosol Size Distribution 17
2.1.4 Atmospheric Optics 18
2.1.5 Geometry of Plume, Observer, and Sun 24
2.1.6 Quantifying Visibility Impairment 28
2.1.7 Code Modifications 31
2.1.8 Input Data 33
2.2 PLUIN2 47
2.3 MffiTBL 48
2.3.1 Scattering Theory 48
2.3.2 Mie Calculations 51
2.3.3 Accuracy of the Interpolated Results of
Mie Calculations 53
2.4 Comparison of Revised PLUVUE II with Original
PLUVUE II 54
3.0 User Instructions 57
3.1 Computer Requirements 57
3.2 Operating Instructions for RUNPLUVU 57
iii
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Table of Contents (Continued)
3.3 Level-3 Visibility Modeling Example 69
3.3.1 Overview 69
3.3.2 Site Location and Receptors 71
3.3.3 Model Inputs and Assumptions 71
3.3.4 Model Results 75
4.0 References 105
Appendix A Comparison of the Original Version of PLUVUE II with the Revised
Version
IV
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List of Tables
Table . Page
1 Data Requirements for PLUVUE II 34
2 Default Aerosol Properties for PLUVUE II 55
3 Emissions Used as PLUVUE II Input for the Three Phases of
Construction (tons/day) 73
4 Sensitivity of Plume Visual Impact to Emitted Species 77
5 Summary of Maximum Calculated AE Values Associated with the ESF
for Each of the PLUVUE II Model Runs for Observer #1 98
6 Summary of Maximum Calculated AE Values for Each of the PLUVUE II
Runs for Observers #2 and #3 99
7 Maximum Plume AE Values for Each Observer Location and Phase
of Repository Construction and Operation 100
8 Cumulative Frequency of Worst-Case Morning AE Values for Observers
#1, #2, and #3 in the National Park 102
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List of Figures
Figure - Page
1 Gaussian plume visual impact model: observer-plume geometry 10
2 Schematic representation of the plume radiance calculations 22
3 Geometries for plume-based calculations with a sky background 25
4 Geometries for plume-based calculations for viewing white, gray, and black objects
for horizontal views perpendicular to the plume 26
5 Geometries for plume-based calculations for horizontal views along the axis of the
plume 27
6 Geometry used for observer-based calculations for nonhorizontal views through the
plume for clear-sky backgrounds . 29
7 Plan view of geometry for observer-based calculations for views along the
plume 30
8 Size parameter a as a function of wavelength of the incident radiation and particle
radius 49
9 Scattering area coefficient K as a function of size parameter a for refractive indices
of 1.330 and 1.486 50
10 Example PLUVUE II input file 78
11 Example PLUVUE H output file 79
VI
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
Sources of air pollution located near Class I areas such as national parks and
wilderness areas are required by the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA)
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) and Visibility regulations to evaluate the impact
of their facility on such Class I areas. The Workbook for Plume Visual Impact Screening and
Analysis (Revised) (EPA, 1992) recommends the use of a plume visual impact screening
model (VISCREEN) for two successive levels of screening (Levels 1 and 2). A detailed
plume visual impact analysis (Level 3) is conducted using the more sophisticated plume
visibility model, PLUVUE II.
The PLUVUE II model described in this document refers to a restructured and revised
version of the original PLUVUE II model described in the User's Manual for the Plume
Visibility Model (PLUVUE II) (EPA, 1984a and EPA, 1984b). The model was restructured in
order to improve the user interface and computing requirements and revised to remove several
errors in the original PLUVUE II code. The PLUVUE II algorithm is basically the same
algorithm as developed in 1984, except for some changes to correct computer coding errors
and to use "lookup" tables for the calculation of the phase functions. Also, a program has
been designed to assist the user with the application of the PLUVUE II visibility model on a
personal computer by allowing the user to prepare an input file, select or create a library of
Mie calculations to reduce computational time, and run the PLUVUE II model. This program
is referred to as the RUNPLUVU visibility modeling system. In addition, this user's guide,
which duplicates many of the sections contained in the original (EPA, 1984a) user's guide,
has been transferred to WordPerfect 5.1 for easy downloading from the EPA's Technology
Transfer SCRAM bulletin board.
The objective of the PLUVUE II model is to calculate visual range reduction and
atmospheric discoloration caused by plumes consisting of primary particles, nitrogen oxides,
and sulfur oxides emitted by a single emission source. Primary emissions of sulfur dioxide
(SO2) and nitric oxide (NO) do not scatter or absorb light and therefore do not cause visibility
impairment. However, these emissions are converted in the atmosphere to secondary species
that do scatter or absorb light and thus have the potential to cause visibility impairment. SO2
emissions are converted to sulfate (SO4=) aerosols. These aerosols are generally formed or
grow to a size (0.1 to 1.0 um) that is effective in scattering light. NO emissions are
converted to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas, which is effective in absorbing light. In turn, NO2 is
converted to nitric acid vapor (HNO3), which in turn neither absorbs nor scatters light. In
some situations, nitric acid may form ammonium nitrate or organic nitrate aerosol, which
scatters light. However, in many nonurban plumes, nitrate probably remains as HNO3 vapor
without visual effects. Eventually, all primary particles, secondary aerosols, and gases in a
plume are removed from the atmosphere as a result of surface deposition and precipitation
1
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scavenging. PLUVUE II is designed to predict the transport, atmospheric diffusion, chemical
conversion, optical effects, and surface deposition of point and area source emissions.
The PLUVUE II model uses a Gaussian formulation for transport and dispersion. The
spectral radiance I(X) (i.e., the intensity of light) at 39 visible wavelengths (0.36 < A, < 0.75
pm) is calculated for views with and without the plume. The changes in the spectrum are
used to calculate various parameters that predict the perceptibility of the plume and contrast
reduction caused by the plume (Larimer et al., 1978). The four key perception parameters for
predicting visual impact are:
reduction in visual range;
contrast of the plume against a viewing background at the 0.55 pm wavelength;
blue-red ratio of the plume; and
color change perception parameter AE(L*aV).
1.2 Limitations of the System
The plume visibility model PLUVUE H was evaluated with the 1981 VISTTA data
base which was collected in the vicinity of the Kincaid Generating Station near Springfield,
Illinois, and the Magma Copper Smelter near San Manuel, Arizona. Details of the model
evaluation results are given in Seigneur et al. (1983).
For applications to distant Class I areas (more than 50 km from the emission source),
the model is less accurate because of mesoscale wind speed, wind direction, and stability
variations. Thus, the use of a Gaussian-based model for downwind distances greater than 50
km to predict visual effects is probably a conservative approach; however, this has not yet
been demonstrated conclusively. Visual impacts for horizontal lines of sight are inversely
proportional to the vertical extent of plume mixing. This vertical extent of plume mixing is
defined by the vertical plume dispersion parameter (oz) and, at farther distances downwind,
by the mixing depth. Thus, errors in predicting vertical plume dimensions will carry
throughout the calculations of plume visibility impacts. However, until field measurements of
mesoscale plume transport and diffusion are carried out, and until better models based on
these data are developed and verified, the EPA does not know of a better approach to model
plume dispersion for the purposes of plume visual impact analysis.
Other limitations are basic to the chemical mechanism used in PLUVUE II to predict
the conversion of sulfur and nitrogen oxides. Although this mechanism is a reasonable
approximation for most applications in nonurban areas, it is not valid for applications in
photochemical (urban) atmospheres or for sources of significant quantities of reactive
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hydrocarbons. For such applications, photochemical plume models or regional models should
be used.
Other approximations are used in the atmospheric optics calculations and are discussed
in Latimer et al. (1978). These approximations probably do not introduce significant errors in
most situations; however, this has not yet been demonstrated. Terrain viewing backgrounds
are idealized as white, gray, and black objects. The background atmosphere is treated as two
layers; a homogeneous, surface mixed layer and a relatively clean upper-atmosphere layer.
Diffusion radiation is calculated by integrating an angle-dependent radiance field according to
the algorithm of Isaacs (1981). Errors in predicting diffuse-radiation intensities may
adversely affect the accuracy of spectral radiance calculations, but not necessarily the
accuracy of calculations of plume contrast, color differences, and reduction in visual range.
In PLUVUE II, the calculated visual impact of a plume is quantified using coloration, color
difference, and contrast parameters that are related to human visual perception.
1.3 User's Guide Organization
A technical overview of PLUVUE II, PLUIN2 (algorithm which allows the user to
edit PLUVUE II input files), and MIETBL (algorithm which allows the user to create Mie
library files as input to PLUVUE II) is presented in Section 2.0. Detailed RUNPLUVU user
instructions including the basic computer requirements, detailed operating instructions, and a
Level-3 plume visibility example are presented in Section 3.0. The references are given in
Section 4.0.
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2.0 TECHNICAL OVERVIEW
The PLUVUE II visibility modeling system combines three different algorithms:
PLUVUE II, PLUIN2, and MEETBL into one algorithm called RUNPLUVU. The user of
RUNPLUVU may edit PLUVUE II input files (PLUIN2 portion of RUNPLUVU), select or
create Mie library files as input to PLUVUE II (MIETBL portion of RUNPLUVU), and run
the PLUVUE II visibility algorithm:
RUNPLUVU
PLUIN2
MIETBL
PLUVUE II
This section gives a detailed overview of the technical aspects of each routine. The PLUVUE
II technical discussion is derived primarily from EPA (1984a). Section 2.1 presents in detail
the PLUVUE II pollutant transport, diffusion, and removal processes; atmospheric chemistry;
aerosol size distribution; atmospheric optics; geometry of the plume, observer, and sun; and
how visibility impairment is quantified. Section 2.1 also discusses the most recent
modifications made to the PLUVUE-II algorithm and the required input data. A description
of PLUIN2 is provided in Section 2.2. Section 2.3 presents in detail a description of
MffiTBL including a discussion of Mie scattering theory, how Mie calculations are performed
within MIETBL, and the accuracy of the Mie calculation methodology. A comparison of the
revised PLUVUE II with the original PLUVUE II algorithm is given in Section 2.4 and the
Appendix.
2.1 PLUVUE II
The modeling of visibility impairment requires mathematical descriptions for the
following physical and chemical atmospheric processes in succession:
Emissions;
Atmospheric transport, diffusion, and removal;
Chemical and physical reactions and transformations of precursors in the atmosphere;
5
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Light scattering and absorption characteristics of the resultant aerosol; and
Radiative transfer through the aerosol along different lines of sight.
2.1.1 Pollutant Transport, Diffusion, and Removal
There are two scales that are of interest in visibility impairment calculations. They
require two different types of models:
A near-source plume model designed to predict the incremental impact of one
emission source (such as a power plant or smelter).
-A regional model designed to predict, over time periods of several days, the impacts
of several emissions sources within a region whose spatial scale is in the range of
1000 km.
Calculation of near-source visual impacts, which is the design objective of
PLUVUE II, requires a basic model that accurately predicts the spatial distribution of
pollutants and the chemical conversion of NO to NO2 and SOX and NOX to sulfates and
nitrates. The plume model must be capable of handling the spatial scale from emissions at
the source to at least 100 km downwind. Because the regional-scale problem may be caused
by the long-range transport of pollutants over a spatial scale of 1000 km, an air quality model
is needed that can account for multiple sources and for temporal variations in mixing heights,
dispersion parameters, emission rates, reaction rates, and wind speed and direction. This
second type of model, a regional visibility model, is beyond the scope of this user's manual.
PLUVUE II is a near-source plume visibility model.
Initial Dilution in a Buoyant Plume
Modeling of the initial dilution of a plume from the top of the stack to the point of final
plume rise is important when modeling the conversion of nitric oxide (NO) to nitrogen
dioxide (NO2) in a power plant plume because of the quick quenching of the thermal oxidant
of NO. The rate of this reaction is second order with respect to NO concentrations; therefore,
the rate is fastest in the initial stages of plume dilution. It is also important to account for the
initial dilution of buoyant releases because the rate of dilution caused by the turbulent
entrainment of ambient air by a rising plume parcel can be considerably greater than that
indicated by diffusion coefficients based on measurements for nonbuoyant releases (e.g.,
Pasquill-Gifford o\, az). Thus, initial plume dilution during plume rise should be taken into
account to calculate accurately both plume dilution and atmospheric chemistry.
Briggs (1969) suggested that the characteristic plume radius (Rp) increases linearly with
the height of the plume above the stack and can be represented as follows:
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Rp = 0.5 (A/t) .
Briggs described the plume rise (Ah), as a function of downwind distance (the "2/3 power
law"), as follows:
A/I = 1.6 F^x^u'1 , <2)
where F is the buoyancy flux, x is the downwind distance, and u is the wind speed. For
initial dilution, we can assume that the plume is circular in cross section and has a Gaussian
profile. We can also assume that the radius of the plume is the distance from the plume
centerline to the point at which the plume concentration is 10 percent of the centerline
concentrations. Thus, we have
Rp = 2.15 oy = 2.15 oz , (3)
where ay is the horizontal dispersion coefficient and az is the vertical dispersion coefficient. .
The concentration (x) of a given species at the centerline of the plume can be calculated by a
modified Gaussian model that can be represented as
(4)
where V is the velocity of the parcel, which has a horizontal component (the wind speed u)
and a vertical component w, which can be calculated by differentiating Equation (2). Thus
w = * = 1 L6 Fi/3tt-i/3f-i/3 (5)
dt 3
where t is the time traveled. With this formulation, time-dependent plume temperature and
NO concentrations can be calculated for accurately predicting the thermal oxidation of NO
during plume rise.
Combining Equations (1), (3), and (4), the initial dilution of plume material, after the
plume has reached its final height, is calculated as follows:
2.94 Q /Ax
X = - :r » W
(A/t)2w
where Q is the emission rate.
Thus, plume material is assumed to be at least as dilute as that shown by Equation (6).
For emissions sources having more than one stack, it is assumed that there is an overlap of
plumes from individual stacks. For cases in which the initial dilution during plume rise is
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greater than the standard Gaussian formula would predict at the downwind distance of final
plume rise, a virtual point-source offset is introduced so that dilution at this distance is at
least as much as that shown in Equation (6).
Plume Rise
The final plume rise in PLUVUE II is calculated using the modified plume rise formulas
of Briggs (1969, 1971, 1972) defined as follows:
For unstable or neutral atmospheric conditions, the downwind distance of final plume rise is
xf = 3.5 x*, where
. J14F5/8, i/F<55mV3 (7)
"^F2/5, ifF>55m*s-3 '
The final plume rise under these conditions is
A/I = 1.6 F1/3(3.5 x^/V1 . W
For stable atmospheric conditions, the downwind distance of final plume rise is xf = n u s"1/2,
where the stability parameter s is defined as follows:
, (9)
where g is the gravitational acceleration, 86/5z is the potential temperature gradient, and T is
the temperature.
The plume rise for stable atmospheric conditions is
. 00)
The buoyancy flux (F) in the above equations is calculated on the basis of the flue gas
volumetric flow rate per stack (V), flue gas and ambient temperature in degrees Kelvin (Tswck,
gravitational acceleration, as follows:
(U)
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Gaussian Plume Diffusion
After the plume has achieved its final height (about 1 km downwind), plume
concentrations for uniform wind fields can be adequately predicted using a Gaussian model if
the wind speed u at plume height H (or hs + Ah, where hs is the stack height) and the rate of
diffusion are known for the particular situation so that diffusion coefficients (ay, az) can be
selected:
X =
2710
exp
exp
exp
(12)
Equation (12) is appropriate for a conservative species and can be modified to be appropriate
for a nonconservative species by changing the source term Q.
It is necessary for calculating plume visual impact to integrate, along the line of sight,
the plume extinction coefficient, the magnitude of which depends on primary and secondary
paniculate and nitrogen dioxide concentrations. Equation (12) can be integrated (Ensor et al.,
1973) in the cross-wind direction y, from y = -«> to y = +00, to obtain the optical thickness of
the plume:
'(*)
(2-K)lt2<3tU
exp
exp
(13)
where beju is the incremental increase in extinction coefficient in the plume and Q' is the flux
of the plume extinction coefficient over the entire plume cross section at downwind distance
x. In the vertical direction z, from z = 0 to z = +<», the plume optical thickness is
(27t)1/20y«
exp
2 o,,
(14)
Observer-Plume Orientation
The magnitude of the visual impact of a plume depends on the orientation of the
observer with respect to the plume because the plume optical thickness will vary depending
on this orientation. Figure 1 shows plan and elevation views of an observer and a plume and
indicates that the sight path distance through the constituents of the plume is a function of
angles a and p\ The optical thickness for most combinations of angles a and |3 can be
approximated as follows:
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PLUME
OBSERVER
(A) PLAN VIEW
PLUME
CROSS-SECTION
OBSERVER
''//////////""^^^^^
(B) ELEVATION VIEW
Figure 1. Gaussian plume visual impact model: observer-plume geometry.
10
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sin a
cos
211/2
(15)
Figure 1 suggests that plume optical thickness is greater for horizontal sight paths than
vertical ones, particularly during stable conditions when the plume cross section is flattened.
Limited Mixing
When vertical diffusion is limited by a stable capping layer, Equation (12) is no longer
valid, and a Gaussian formulation, with terms for reflection from the top of the mixed layer
(at altitude HJ, is used. Let H' be the height of the virtual source positioned above the top
of the mixed layer: H' = 2 H,,, - H .
The Gaussian formulation for limited mixing is
X =
u
llH + z
2 o.
+ exp
i a-i
*nr.
(16)
-ft
+ exp
In this instance of limited mixing, the plume material eventually becomes uniformly mixed in
the vertical direction for 0 < z < H,,,. In the limit, the concentration is expressed as follows:
X =
exp
-1 JL
2 01
(17)
The calculation of plume optical thickness in the y-direction becomes simply
(18)
Surface Deposition
Surface deposition is calculated by integrating the plume concentrations at the ground
and multiplying by a deposition velocity, Vd, that characterizes gas and paniculate surface
depletion:
11
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-f -K
Since nocturnal ground-based stable layers shield a plume from the ground at night,
surface deposition is effectively zero at night. This is handled in the model using a flag
keyed to the time of day at which the plume parcel is at a given downwind distance.
Power Law Wind Profile Extrapolation of Surface Winds
PLUVUE II is designed to use either wind speed aloft or surface wind speed (commonly
measured at 10 m above the surface). The power law extrapolation presented in the User's
Manual for a Single-Source (CRSTER) Model (EPA, 1977) is used. The surface wind speed
is extrapolated to stack height for the plume rise calculation, and the surface wind speed is
extrapolated to the final plume height for Gaussian concentration calculations*. The power
law extrapolation is as follows:
u = M0(z/10y , (20)
where u = wind speed at altitude z (ms"1) and UQ = surface wind speed (ms"1). The profile
exponent p is a function of stability and has the following values for urban classification*:
Pasquill Stability Class Wind Speed Profile Exponent (p)
A Extremely unstable 0.10
B Moderately unstable 0.15
C Slightly unstable 0.20
D Neutral 0.25
E Slightly stable 0.30
" F Moderately stable 0.30
2.1.2 Atmospheric Chemistry
The conversion of emission of nitric oxide (NO) and sulfur dioxide (SOj) to nitrogen
dioxide (NO2) gas and sulfate (SO4) aerosol, species responsible for visual effects, must be
calculated in the visibility model.
This is not consistent with current EPA regulatory models. The PLUVUE n algorithm
was not modified because of the potential effect on the model performance.
12
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The rate of chemical conversion of these primary emissions to secondary species
responsible for visual impact is dependent on the concentration of the reacting species and
ultraviolet (UV) solar flux. Thus, conversion rates are dependent on both plume dilution and
time of day. A plume parcel at a given downwind distance has a specific gas, time of
emission, and history of UV irradiation, which can affect the amount of NO2 and SO4 in the
plume at a given time. Thus, the chemical conversion in each plume parcel must be treated
separately, taking into account these factors.
PLUVUE II is structured to take a "snapshot" of a plume at a given time. In PLUVUE
II, the chemical conversion is calculated for each plume parcel, observed at a given distance,
in a Lagrangian manner, i.e., the reaction rates are calculated at each of several discrete
downwind distances and times from the point of emission to the downwind distance at which
the plume parcel is observed. Thus, the age of a plume parcel observed at downwind
distance x^ is xobs/u, where u is the wind speed. The time (t) at which a plume parcel is at a
given downwind distance (x) related to the time of observation (tobs) is as follows:
The UV flux is calculated as a function of time that a plume parcel is at a given
downwind distance x from the solar zenith angle (i.e., the angle between direct solar rays and
the normal to the earth's surface). The zenith angle is calculated on the basis of the latitude,
longitude, date, and time using a subroutine developed by Schere and Demerjian (1977).
The rate of chemical conversion is also dependent on the location of the plume parcel
within the plume. PLUVUE II makes calculations at the following altitudes within the plume
(y = 0): at the plume centerline (z = H) and at z = H ± n az, where n = 1 and 2.
Conversion of NO to NO7
Nitrogen dioxide gas can cause a yellow-brown discoloration of the atmosphere.
Although some discoloration is a result of wavelength-dependent light scattering caused by
submicron aerosol, the dominant colorant of power plant plumes is NO2, which causes a
yellow-brown discoloration that may be apparent at significant distances downwind of large
coal-fired power plants, particularly in areas where the background visual range is excellent.
Very little NO2 is emitted directly from combustion sources. However, colorless nitric
oxide is formed by the thermal oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen at the high temperatures
experienced in the combustion zone (the boiler in a power plant) and the oxidation of
nitrogen that may be present in the fuel. Chemical reactions in the atmosphere can form
sufficient NO2 from NO to cause atmospheric discoloration. Available measurements of NO
13
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and NO2 concentrations in power plant plumes in non-urban areas suggest that the conversion
of NO to NO2 can be calculated from a simple set of three reactions.*
The first of these is the thermal oxidation of NO to NO2:
2NO + O2 - 2NO2 . (22)
The reaction is termolecular, but bimolecular with respect to NO; it is therefore very fast at
high concentrations of NO .but slow at the lower concentrations that exist in the atmosphere
or in a plume. The reaction rate for Equation (22), based on Baulch et al. (1973) is
dt
4.015 x 10"12 exp f-^J [NO]2[O2] (in ppmfs) , (23)
\ RT )\
where R is the universal gas constant and T is the absolute temperature.
The reaction with ozone also affects the conversion of NO to NO2:
Kr (24)
NO + O3 -* NO2 t O2 .
The reaction is fast, with a rate (Leighton, 1961; Davis et al., 1974; Niki, 1974) at 25°C of
4#O,] ~«
- = 0.44 [M?][03] (in ppmfs) . (25>
dt
This reaction time accounts for the ozone depletion measured within power plant plumes and
is important because ozone concentrations can be high even in nonurban regions. Measured
ozone concentrations in nonurban areas of the western United States range from 0.02 to
0.08 ppm.
Whereas the thermal oxidation rate in the reaction shown in Equation (23) decreases as
the plume mixes (because the NO concentration decreases), the formation of nitrogen dioxide
via Equation (24) is enhanced as the plume mixes because additional ozone from the
atmosphere is mixed into the plume, allowing Equation (24) to proceed. When there are no
reactions converting NO2 to NO (e.g., at night), Equation (24) proceeds until all of the NO in
the plume is converted to NO2 or until the ozone concentration in the plume drops to zero.
Therefore, the rate of conversion of NO to NO2 via Equation (24) is limited by the rate of the
plume mixing that provides the necessary atmospheric ozone.
In urban areas, a complete photochemical mechanism should be applied to calculate NO2
concentrations. Also, it should be noted that NO2 is destroyed by reaction with the
hydroxyl radical (OH-), as discussed in the next subsection.
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To complete the set of chemical reaction mechanisms, we must consider the photolysis
of NO2. When sunlight illuminates a plume containing nitrogen dioxide, short wavelength
light and ultraviolet radiation are absorbed by the NO2. As noted above, absorption of the
shorter wavelength light produces the characteristic yellow-brown color associated with NO2.
Absorption of the more energetic ultraviolet light (UV) results in dissociation of the NO2
molecule:
NO2 + hv -* NO + O
(26)
O + 02 - 03 . (27)
Leighton (1961) gave the rate of the reaction presented in Equation (26) as
d\NO~]
-±£ = -Kd [N02] (in ppmls) ,
at
where Kd depends on the amount of light incident on the nitrogen dioxide. Davis et al.
(1974) gave the following expression for Kd as a function of the solar zenith angle Zs:
Kd=\x ID"2 exp - -- (in s"1) . (29)
I cos Z
With this set of chemical reactions, the chemical conversion of NO to NO2 in the
atmosphere can be calculated from background pollutant concentrations and from plume NOX
increments using the technique suggested by Latimer and Samuelsen (1975) and White
(1977). Making the steady-state approximation, we have
[N02] = [N0\[03] , . (30)
where
[NO] = [NOX] - [NO2] (3D
and
- [N02]t - [N02]b ) . (32)
t signifies the concentration of NO2 formed via the termolecular reaction presented in
Equation (22) and [NOjJb signifies background concentrations. Substituting Equations (31)
and (32) into Equation (30) we can solve for the concentration of NO2 using the standard
quadratic equation in the form of (y = (-6 ± \{b2 -4oc ) / 2a) where y = [NOJ. The positive
root of the quadratic was found to be physically unreasonable; therefore, the quadratic was
solved using the negative root as follows:
15
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[N02] = 0.5 [NOX] + [03}b + [N02]t
, + [NO2]b\
Conversion of SO, to SO/
It is critical to calculate the conversion of SO2 emissions to sulfate (SO4=) aerosol,
because the latter can effectively scatter light and cause reductions in visual range. The usual
approach is to assume that sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas is converted to sulfate (SO4=) aerosol at
some constant rate; this approach employs a user-input value of a pseudo-first-order rate
constant whose value is empirically determined.
There is considerable variation, however, in such measured SO2-to-SO4= conversion rates,
which range from a few tenths of a percent to several percent per hour. Much of this
variance in SO2-to-SO4= conversion observed in the field measurement programs in recent
years can be explained using a model that accounts for the reactions of plume SO2 and NO2
with the hydroxyl (OH-) radical. This chemical mechanism is incorporated in PLUVUE II.
In clean background areas, the gas-phase oxidation of SO2 and NO2 to sulfate aerosol and
nitrate (nitric acid vapor) is due primarily to the reaction of these species with OH-. Previous
assessments of homogeneous (gas-phase) oxidation of SO2 to sulfate estimated the proportion
assignable to the reaction with hydroxyl between about 75 percent in clean atmospheres
(Calvert et al., 1978; Altshuller, 1979) and as low as 40 percent in polluted urban air (Isaksen
et al., 1978), but more recent estimates place these values much higher. Kinetic models
forming the basis of the early estimates used the value of 1.3 x"10"12 cm3mor1s"1 for the rate
constant of reaction for HO2 and CH3O2 with NO. More recently, however, this rate has been
measured at 8.1 x 10"12 cm3mol~1s"1 (Hampson and Garvin, 1978). This larger rate constant
lowers the expected concentration of these peroxy radicals by a factor of 6 and, in turn,
greatly reduces the SO2 conversion resulting from reactions with these radicals. When
recalculated using the new rate constant, the fraction of SO2-to-sulfate conversion that results
from reaction with the hydroxyl radical is approximately 95 percent for clean atmospheres
and 70 percent for the extremely polluted case.
These estimates are supported by the work of Miller (1978), who found that the SO2
oxidation rate was not dependent on the absolute concentrations of hydrocarbons and nitrogen
oxides but on the ratio of nonmethane hydrocarbon to nitrogen oxides.
The rate of sulfate (and nitric acid) formation can be estimated by calculating the steady-
state concentration of OH- within a plume. This steady-state plume OH- concentration is
calculated by balancing the rate of OH- production with the rate of OH- destruction.
16
-------
With the assumption of steady-state concentrations of O(TJ>) and OH- in the plume,
plume pseudo-first-order SO2-to-SO4 and NO2-to-HNO3 conversion rates can be calculated as
follows:*
, (34)
[SO2] dt
).l
(35)
where K37 = 2.0 x 106 ppm"1 min'1 and K38 = 1.4 x 104 ppm"1 min"1.
Plume OH- concentrations are reduced below background tropospheric values for two
reasons:
Plume ozone (O3) concentrations are reduced below background values because of the
reaction NO + O3 -> NO2 + O2 (Eq. 24).
Plume concentration of NO2 and SO2 are high, thus reducing steady-state OH-
concentrations.
It should be pointed out that at night there is no production of OH- from ozone photolysis;
also, in early morning and later afternoon and in winter, OH- production is diminished
because ultraviolet flux decreases as solar zenith angles approach 90°. Thus, sulfate and
nitrate are not formed at night and are formed only very slowly in concentrated plumes.
Nitrate is expected to remain as HNO3 vapor and without visual effects until it is eventually
deposited. Ammonium nitrate could exist in aerosol form; however, sulfate competes for
available atmospheric ammonia.
2.1.3 Aerosol Size Distribution
The aerosol size distribution is characterized by a series of aerosol modes, each having a
log-normal distribution of mass (or volume). Each of the following modes is treated
separately in PLUVUE II:
The user is given the option in PLUVUE H of supplementing the SO2-to-SO4= conversion
rate calculated on the basis of steady-state plume OH- concentrations with a user-input
pseudo-first-order rate constant, which >can be varied as a function of downwind distance.
17
-------
Background accumulation mode (submicron) aerosol (typically having a mass median
diameter of about 0.3 pm and a geometric standard deviation of 2).
Background coarse mode (> 1 pm) aerosol (typically having a mass median diameter
of about 6 pm and a geometric standard deviation of 2).
Background carbonaceous aerosol (typically having a mass median diameter of about
0.1 pm and a geometric standard deviation of 2).
Plume primary paniculate aerosol (e.g., fly ash emissions).
Plume secondary sulfate (SO4=) aerosol (typically having a mass median diameter of
0.1 to 0.3 pm and a geometric standard deviation of 2).
Plume carbonaceous aerosol (typically having a mass median diameter of 0.1 pm and a
geometric standard deviation of 2).
The expression developed by Winkler (1973) is used to calculate the amount of liquid
water associated with submicron background .and plume sulfate aerosol as a function of
relative humidity.
Secondary aerosol is assumed to form in the submicron plume secondary aerosol mode.
A time delay equal to the time between successive downwind distances is introduced to
account for coagulation and condensation time delays.
2.1.4 Atmospheric Optics
- In the atmospheric optics component of the plume visibility model, the light scattering
and absorption properties of the aerosol and the resultant light intensity (spectral radiance) for
various illumination and viewing situations are computed.
Calculation of the Scattering and Absorption Properties
After the concentrations of the pollutants are specified by the transport and chemistry
subroutines, their radiative properties must be determined. For NO2, the absorption at a
particular wavelength is a tabulated function (Nixon, 1940) multiplied by the concentration.
For aerosols, however, the procedure is more complicated.
In general, a particle's ability to scatter and absorb radiation at a particular frequency is
a function of size, composition, shape, and relative humidity. The flexibility to specify the
size distribution of both primary and secondary particles was desired. Therefore, the effect of
particle size on the wavelength dependence of the extinction coefficient and the phase
18
-------
function, the solution of Maxwell's equations for scattering by a sphere, and the so-called Mie
equations were used in PLUVUE II. These calculations are appropriate for atmospheric
aerosol; comparisons of Mie calculations, with empirical correlations of scattering-to-mass,
indicate substantial agreement. The Mie calculations are input to the PLUVUE II model
using the MIETBL algorithm which is discussed in detail in Section 2.3.
Calculation of Light Intensity
The light intensity, or radiance (watts/m2/steradian) at a particular location in the
atmosphere is a function of the direction of observation Q and the wavelength X. Calculation
of the light intensity in a medium follows from the radiative transfer equation. This equation
is a conservation of energy statement that accounts for the light added to the line of sight by
scattering and the light lost because of absorption and scattering. Approximations and
solution techniques applicable to planetary atmospheres have been discussed by Hansen and
Travis (1974) and Irvine (1975).
To compute the spectral light intensity at the observer, we sum (integrate) the scattered
and absorbed light over the path, r, associated with the line of sight Q. The resultant general
expression for the background sky intensity at a particular wavelength is
7 (fl) f ȣ> f 7(fl',tO P(Q> -. Q,T>) dQ' e-*' dt' , (36)
where
t = the optical depth (t = |0r bext dr, where bext is the extinction coefficient),
co = the albedo for single scattering (co = bsca/bext where bscat is the scattering
coefficient),
p(Q' -> Q) = the scattering distribution function for the angle Q' -» Q, and
I . = the spectral intensity at if from direct and diffuse solar radiation.
The intensity seen by an observer in direction Q of a background viewing object of
intensity I0 at distance R is
f ^ f 7(Q',T)
J 4it
0 Q'=4n
Equations (36) and (37) then completely describe the spectral intensity of the sky and a
background object. Once these two quantities are known, the visual effects of the intervening
atmosphere can be quantified. In evaluating Equations (36) and (37), we encounter two main
19
-------
difficulties: first, the quantity in the integral is a fairly complicated function, and accurate
specification is tedious. Second, the atmosphere is inherently inhomogeneous; thus, the
radiative properties of CO and p are somewhat complicated functions of r and Q. The
following approximations are therefore made in PLUVUE II:
Plane parallel atmosphere
Two homogeneous layers
Average solar flux approximation
The equation for the background intensity at the surface becomes, for a given viewing
direction:
T.
', - Q.T') e^'fc'
(38)
J Ait J
The radiance impinging on the top of the planetary boundary layer, Isky(£2), is calculated
from average properties of the upper atmospheric layer:
^__ T
^-«-*'*' 09)
where oL and 7(0S) are average albedo and phase functions, respectively, and TL is the optical
depth of the planetary boundary layer. The atmosphere is then assumed to be composed of
two layers of homogeneous properties, i.e., an upper atmospheric layer and a planetary
boundary layer.
In Equation (38), the first term represents the light that travels directly from the object to
the observer, the second term is integrated along the line of sight and represents the light that
has been scattered once from the sunlight's angle of incidence into the line of sight (single-
scattering term), and the third term represents the light that has been scattered at least once
before being scattered into the line of sight (multiple-scattering term).
The first term is calculated from the values of the background object radiance or sky
radiance at the top of the boundary layer and extinction coefficient. The background object
radiance, I0(Q), is calculated from the optical depth and from the molecular and aerosol
scattering phase functions. Since the sky radiance, Isky(Q) is given by Equation (39), it
depends on the aerosol concentration, the size distributions, and the scattering angle.
20
-------
For the second term, one assumes spatially averaged albedo 0) and phase functions P(0S)
for the planetary boundary layer. Equation (37) may be rewritten as follows:
_ T*
~** + - ~^' ~*' ' + (40)
where 0S is the single-scattering angle and G(fl,TR) is the multiple- scattering term. The
second term is calculated from the values of the extinction coefficient along the line of sight.
Similarly, Equation (38) is rewritten as follows:
_
'Ti + F, - P(0,)
The radiance of a plume with a background object is calculated in three steps, as shown
schematically in Figure 2. First, the background radiance incident on the plume, Ii(fi), is
calculated according to Equation (42):
_
F -^ P(Q) f e ^' e "' dt' + G(Qf
J
where tt is the optical depth between the background object and the observer.
The radiance leaving the plume, I2(Q), is calculated from It(Q) and the scattering and
absorption of light in the plume:
T
7a(Q) = /jC '
where tp is the optical depth of the plume along the line of sight, and cop is the plume albedo.
These variables are calculated from the plume gas and particle scattering and absorption
coefficients. The integration of these coefficients is carried out by assuming that
the plume is Gaussian (Larimer and Samuelsen, 1978).
The plume radiance at the observer location, Ip(Q), is then calculated from
according to Equation (44):
21
-------
PLUME-
LINE OF SIGHT (n)-
OBSERVER
I0^nV BACKGROUI
OBJECT
Figure 2. Schematic representation of the plume radiance calculations.
22
-------
(Q) = 72(Q) *-T> + Fs -- P(QS) ' «"'
-------
2.1.5 Geometry of Plume, Observer, and Sun
For performing as many as four different types of optics calculations at selected points
along the plume trajectory, PLUVUE has two modes: plume-based and observer-based
calculations. The calculations for plume transport, diffusion, and chemistry are identical for
calculations in both modes. The major difference between the two types of calculations is the
orientation of the position of the viewer to the source and the plume.
Plume-based calculations are repeated for several combinations of plume-observer-sun
geometries. Because of the repetitions, these plume-based calculations are more time
consuming and produce more printed output than the observer-based calculations, which are
performed for only the specific line-of-sight orientations corresponding to the given observer
position, the portions of the plume being observed, and the specific position of the sun
relative to these lines of sight.
There are four types of optics calculations: (1) horizontal views through the plume with
a sky viewing background; (2) nonhorizontal views through the plume with a sky viewing
background; (3) horizontal views through the plume with white, gray, and black viewing
backgrounds; and (4) horizontal views along the axis of the plume with a sky viewing
background.
Figure 3 illustrates the geometry of the plume-based optics calculations of horizontal
views through the plume. This figure depicts schematically the variety of distances from the
observer to the plume and the variety of horizontal azimuthal angles between the line of sight
and the plume trajectory.* Calculations for all these geometries are repeated for up to six
different scattering angles.
Figure 4 shows the geometry for the optics calculation for horizontal views perpendicular
to the plume with white, gray, and black viewing backgrounds. For each point on the plume
trajectory and each scattering angle, the calculations are executed for a range of distances
from the observer to the background object, starting at the plume centerline and ending at 80
percent of the background visual range. The distances, from the observer to the plume, range
from 2 percent to 80 percent of the background visual range.
Figure 5 illustrates the configuration used for the plume-based calculation for views
along the axis of the plume. The calculations are made from the second through the final
downwind distances. At each point, the observer is looking toward the emissions source with
a sky background. The calculations are made for views through plume segments defined by
the particular point of analysis, as well as successive analysis points upwind. The
These azimuthal angles are measured from the plume centerline to the line of sight such
that the angles range from 0° to 90°.
24
-------
PLUME CENTERLINE
OUTLINE OF
PLUME POSITION
SOURCE
POINTS FOR
OPTICAL ANALYSIS
\
\
OBSERVER POSITIONS ON EACH
LINE OF SIGHT CORRESPONDING
TO VARIOUS PLUME-OBSERVEK
DISTANCES (rp)
HORIZONTAL LINES OF SIGHT AT
FOUR AZIMUTHAL ANGLES (a)
RELATIVE TO PLUME CENTERLINL
\
(A) HORIZONTAL VIEWS
Figure 3. Geometries for plume-based calculations with a sky background.
-------
-VARIOUS BACKGROUND OBJECT
POSITIONS (NOT TO SCALE)
VARIOUS OBSERVER POSITIONS
(NOT TO SCALE)
Figure 4. Geometries for plume-based calculations for viewing of white, gray, and black
objects for horizontal views perpendicular to the plume.
-------
FOURTH POINT FOR OPTICS
ANALYSIS (THE REFERENCE
POINT FOR THIS FIGURE)
FIRST TWO OBSERVER
POSITIONS
POINTS ON PLUME TRAJECTORY
FOR OPTICS ANALYSIS
Figure 5. Geometries for plume-based calculations for horizontal views along the axis of
the plume.
-------
calculations are repeated for observer positions at a range of distances from the downwind
point at which the plume segment is assumed to end.
The observer-based geometry used for views through the plume center with a clear sky
background is shown in Figure 6. At each point of analysis along the plume trajectory, the
optics calculation is made for only one scattering angle, one plume-observer distance, and one
azimuthal angle specific for the source position, observer position, wind direction, date, and
time of day used as input. For calculations with white, gray, and black viewing
backgrounds, the geometries are the same as those for horizontal views with a sky
background (Figure 7), with the addition of the specific background object distance, along
each line of sight, from the observer through the points on the plume trajectory.
Figure 7 is a plan view of the geometry for an observer-based calculation for views
along the plume. At each analysis point along the plume trajectory, the centerline
concentration is integrated along a segment on the line of sight that would correspond to a
Gaussian distribution. The line of sight is always horizontal. The calculation is performed
for a clear sky background and for white, gray, and black viewing objects at the specific
distance for each line of sight.
It should be noted that if the distance (rp) and azimuthal angle (a) are such that the
observer is within the plume, the total plume optical thickness along the line of sight is
reduced accordingly. The calculated distance rp is the distance between the observer and the
centroid of plume material viewed by the observer.
2.1.6 Quantifying Visibility Impairment
Visibility impairment may be quantified once the spectral light intensity or radiance
has been calculated for the specific lines of sight of an observer at a given location in an
atmosphere with known aerosol and pollutant concentrations. Visibility impairment--
including reduction in visual range, the perceptibility of plumes and haze layers, and
atmospheric discolorationis caused by changes in light intensity as a result of light scattering
and absorption in the atmosphere.
Some parameters which may be used to characterize the visibility effects of the plume
are listed:
Visual Range Reduction
This parameter is the percentage reduction in visual range (the farthest distance one
can see a large, black object) caused by the plume material. This parameter can be
interpreted to indicate the haziness or loss of contrast of viewed landscape features
caused by plume material.
28
-------
K)
VO
SPECIFIED SOURCE
LOCATION
SOLAR POSITION SPECIFIED
BY SOURCE LOCATION.
TIME AND DATE
SPECIFIED OBSERVE!
LOCATION
Figure 6. Geometry used for observer-based calculations for nonhorizontal views through
the plume for clear-sky backgrounds.
-------
U)
O
SECOND POINT ON
TRAJECTORY FOR
OPTfCS ANALYSIS
SPECIFIED WIND
DIRECTION
SPECIFIED SOURCE
LOCATION
SPECIFIED
OBSFRVCR
Figure 7. Plan view of geometry for observer-based calculations for views along the
plume.
-------
Plume Contrast
This parameter is the relative brightness of a plume compared to a viewing
background. A contrast that is positive indicates a relatively bright plume and a
negative contrast indicates a dark plume. Contrasts with absolute values greater than
0.02 are generally perceptible. A two percent contrast is used to define visual range.
Plume contrast calculations in PLUVUE II are done at one wavelength, 0.55 urn,
which is a green color in the middle of the visible spectrum, which extends from 0.4
urn (blue) to 0.7 um (red).
Blue-Red Ratio
This parameter indicates the relative coloration of a plume relative to its viewing
background. Blue-red ratios less than one indicate relatively yellow, red, or brown
plumes. Blue-red ratios greater than one indicate plumes that are whiter, grayer, or
bluer than the viewing background. Blue-red ratios less than 0.9 or greater than 1.1
would be indicative of perceptible plumes.
Color Contrast Parameter (AE)
The color contrast parameter or AE is probably the best single indicator of the
perceptibility of a plume due both to its contrast and its color with respect to a
viewing background. AE is calculated for the entire visible spectrum and indicates
how different the brightness and color of plume and background are. The larger the
value of AE, the greater the perceptibility of the plume. Under ideal viewing
conditions, when the viewing background is uniform and the plume is sharp-edged, a
just perceptible AE would be one; for cases of plumes with diffuse edges, a just
perceptible AE threshold would be greater than one, perhaps two (EPA, 1988).
2.1.7 Code Modifications
In 1989 (SAI, 1989), the PLUVUE II model was revised to include an interpolated
scheme to calculate the phase functions which significantly decreased the execution time of
the PLUVUE II computer code. The development of an interpolative scheme to calculate
phase functions needed in the visibility model was performed by Richards and Hammarstrand
(1988). The phase function calculation uses "lookup" tables which contain the phase
functions for different particle size distributions. Further details concerning the phase
function calculations are given in Section 2.3.
Details concerning the most recent modifications to the PLUVUE II algorithm are as
follows:
31
-------
Under Pasquill-Gifford stability class A conditions, PLUVUE II was found to produce
numerical overflows. Diagnostic checks indicated that the interpolation formula based
on a series of logarithms to calculate ay and oz in PLUVUE II have a relatively large
degree of error (especially for values of az). In order to avoid the numerical
overflows caused by the logarithmic equations, the subroutines used to calculate ay
and oz in ISC2 (EPA, 1992) were substituted for the original PLUVUE II subroutines.
The optical depth (called TAUP3) in subroutine PLMOBJ becomes negative and
produces light amplification rather than attenuation along a line of sight when the
observer and the object lies close to the plume. Initially PLUVUE II insures that the
plume lies in the foreground of an object for the case where the azimuthal angle for
the plume line of sight is 90°. However, this check was not conducted by PLUVUE II
for angles other than 90° when the plume moves away from the observer and the
distance to the object remains the same. As a result, the plume-observer distance (RP)
exceeded the observer-object distance (RO). When this occurs, a negative optical
depth (TAUP3) is estimated, which in turns results in light being amplified along the
line of sight rather than being attenuated. Code has been added to PLUVUE n to
check if RO is less than RP. If this occurs, then the following message is printed
"You have placed the plume behind the background - stopped processing" and the
program stops.
When the scattering angle approaches the solar zenith angle near 45°, a PLUVUE II
code check to avoid an inverse cosine argument outside the range (-1, 1) terminated
many of the optical computations. Due to the conversion from radians to degrees plus
other numerical manipulations, the distance calculations produce slight numerical
arguments greater than 1.0 to the inverse cosine function. The numerical excesses
were found to be of the order of less than one percent (-1.01, 1.01). As a result, for
excesses less than two percent (1.000000 to 1.020000), the argument is now truncated
to 1.00000 so that the estimates continue to be made. For excesses greater than two
percent, should they occur, the optical estimations are stopped.
The stability class supplied for intermediate distances seemed to be ignored by
PLUVUE II. It was decided that the ability to change stability class with downwind
distance should not be allowed; therefore, the option was disabled in PLUVUE II by
setting NXSTAB to NX2+1 and INEW to I. NXSTAB (the index for downwind
distance where stability changes from I (stability index) to INEW (secondary stability
index)) and INEW are no longer input to PLUVUE n.
-------
In addition to the code modifications listed above, a number of cosmetic changes have
been made to the code. Headers have been added to all subroutines. Unused variables and
arrays, along with commented out statements, have been eliminated.
2.1.8 Input Data
The input data needed to run PLUVUE II are contained in one file of 80 byte, card-
image records. As is discussed in Sections 2.2 and 3.2, the RUNPLUVU visibility modeling
system allows the user to interactively edit the PLUVUE II input file. The PLUVUE II input
data include the following parameters:
Wind speed aloft or at the 10-m level
Stability category
Lapse rate
Height of the planetary boundary layer (mixing depth)
- Relative humidity
SO2, NOX, and particulate emissions rates
Flue gas flow rate, exit velocity, and exit temperature
Flue gas oxygen content
Ambient air temperature at stack height
Ambient background NOX NO2, O3, and SO2 concentrations
Properties (including density, mass median radius, and geometric standard deviation)
of background and emitted aerosols in accumulation (0.1-1.0 urn), coarse (1.0-10.0
pm), and carbonaceous aerosol size modes
Coarse mode background aerosol concentration
Background visual range or background sulfate and nitrate concentration
Deposition velocities for SO2, NOX, coarse mode aerosol, and accumulation mode
aerosol
UTM coordinates of the source location
Elevation of the source location
UTM coordinates and elevation of the observer location for an observer-based analysis
UTM zone for the site and observer locations
Time, day, month, year, and time zone for the time and date of the simulation
For an observer-based run, terrain elevation at the points along the plume trajectory at
which the analysis will be performed
For an observer-based run with white, gray, and black viewing backgrounds, the
distances from the observer to the terrain that will be observed behind the plume
For an observer-based run, the wind direction
The input data file also has numerous switches or flags to allow the user to select the
particular subset of the complete model that is required. Table 1 lists the input parameters
with formats, summary descriptions, and suggested values for some of the input parameters.
33
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TABLE 1
DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR PLUVUE
Card No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Format
A40
A40
A40
6A4
F5.1
15
F5.2
12
F10.0
F10.0
F10.1
F10.3
15
Variables
FILE1
FDLE2
FILES
PLANT
U
r
ALAPSE
IUSFC
YINITL*
ZINITL*
HPBLM
RH
IDIS*
Description
Mie library filename
Binary output file #1
Binary output file #2
Name of source
Wind speed (mph)
Stability index
Ambient temperature lapse rate (°F/1000 ft)
Index for height for U (=1 for 7 m, 0 for effective stack
height)
Initial plume y-dimension for area source (m)
Initial plume z-dimension for area source (m)
Mixing depth (m)
Relative humidity (percent)
Flag indicating diffusion parameters to be used for stability
11
12
12
12
12
12
index I ("1" for TV A, "0" for Pasquill-Gifford-Turner
values, "9" for user input values)
IFLGT Flag for optics calculation of horizontal views with sky
background*
IFLG2* Flag for optics calculation with nonhonzontal views and sky
background*
IFLG3* Flag for optics calculation for white, gray, and black
background*
IFLG4* Flag for optics calculation along the plume centerline*
NX2 Index indicating the number of downwind distances desired
(2 < NX2 < 16)
34
-------
Card No.
Format
TABLE 1 (Continued)
DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR PLUVUE II
Variables Description
12
13
14
15
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
8F10.0
8F10.0
F10.2
F10.2
NTT Starting index for the scattering angles used in the generic
calculation (set to 1 when executing only observed-based
calculations)
NT2+ Ending index for the scattering angles used in the plume-
based calculation (set to 7 when executing only observer-
based calculations)
NZF Index for the number of altitudes for visual impact
calculations: "1" for plume centerline only, "2" for plume
centerline and ground level downwind
NX3 Number of downwind points selected for optical size
calculations (Recommended value is 0)
NX4 Number of downwind points selected for optical size
calculations (Recommended value is 0)
NX5 Number of downwind points selected for optical size
calculations (Recommended value is 0)
IDILU* Switch for printout of table for initial plume rise data
I1HFAU Number of hundred points to use in generating vertical scans
(Recommended value is 0)
I1DFAU Number of tens and units of points to use in generating
vertical scans (Recommended value is 0)
I2FAU Stepping interval for printout of vertical scan
(Recommended value is 0)
I3FAU Option to select individual channel plots (Recommended
value is 0)
I4FAU FORTRAN output unit number (Recommended value is 0)
DIST(1)+ Downwind distances for visibility impact
1=1, NX2 calculations (2 < NX2 < 16) (2 cards for NX2 > 8)
DIST(l)(conl.)
QSO2 Total SO2 emissions rate from all stacks in tons per day
QNOX Total ISO, emissions rate from all stacks in tons per day
35
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR PLUVUE H
Card No.
16
17
18
19
20
Format
F10.2
F10.1
F10.1
F10.1
F10.2
F5.1
F5.1
F10.1
F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
Variables
QPART
FLOW
FGTEMP
FGO2
. WMAX
UNITS
HSTACK
TAMB
AMBNOX
AMBNO2
03AMB
AMBSO2
ROVA
Description
Total primary particulate emissions rates from all stacks in
tons per day
Flue gas flow rate (cfm) per stack
Flue gas exit temperature (°F)
Flue gas oxygen concentration (mole percent) [3]*"
Rue gas stack exit velocity (m/s)
Number of stacks
Stack height (feet)
Ambient temperature (°F)
Ambient [NOJ in ppm [0]
Ambient [NOJ in ppm [0]
Ambient [03] in ppm [0.04]
Ambient [SOJ in ppm [0]
Mass median radius (um) for background accumulation
F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
ROVC
ROVS
ROVP
mode aerosol [0.16]
Mass median radius (pm) for background coarse mode
aerosol [3.0]
Mass median radius (pm) for plume
secondary aerosol [0.10]
Mass median radius (pm) of emitted primary particulate
[1.0]
36
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR PLUVUE H
Card No.
21
22
23
Format
F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
Variables
SIGA
SIGC
SIGS
SIGP
DENA
DENC
DENS
DENP
ROVCAR
SIGCAR
Description
Geometric standard deviation of background accumulation
mode aerosol radius [2.0]
Geometric standard deviation of background coarse mode
aerosol radius [2.2]
Geometric standard deviation of plume secondary aerosol
radius [2.0]
Geometric standard deviation of plume primary aerosol
radius [2.0]
Particle density (g/cm3) of background accumulation mode
aerosol [1.5]
Particle density (g/cm3) of background coarse mode aerosol
[2.5]
Particle density (g/cm3) of plume secondary aerosol [1.5]
Particle density (g/cm3) of emitted primary paniculate [2.5]
Mass median radius (urn) for carbonaceous aerosol [0.05]
Geometric standard deviation of carbonaceous aerosol radius
24
F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
[2.0]
DENCAR Particle density (g/cm3) of carbonaceous aerosol [2.0]
FRACTC Carbonaceous aerosol fraction of plume primary aerosol
[0.0]
AMBCAR Background atmospheric carbonaceous aerosol (pg/m3) [0.0]
RFRSO4 Real part of index of refraction for accumulation mode
aerosol [1.5]
RFISO4 Imaginary part of index of refraction for accumulation mode
aerosol [0.0]
RFRCOR Real part of index of refraction for background coarse mode
aerosol [1.5]
37
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR PLUVUE E
Card No.
25
26
27
28a (INTYP=1)
28b(INTYP*l)
29
Format
F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
15
F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
F5.2
F5.2
F5.2
F5.2
Variables
RFICOR
RFRPRM
RFIPRM
RFRCAR
RFICAR
CORAMB
INTYF
AMBSO4
AMBNO3
RVAMB
VDSO2
VDNOX
VDCOR
VDSUB
Description
Imaginary part of index of refraction for background coarse
mode aerosol [0.0]
Real part of index of refraction for emitted primary aerosol
[1.5]
Imaginary part of index of refraction for emitted primary
aerosol [0.0]
Real part of index or refraction for carbonaceous aerosol
[2.0]
Imaginary part of index of refraction for carbonaceous
aerosol [1.0]
Ambient coarse mode aerosol concentration (ug/m3)
Switch for next card (=1 for AMBSO4 and AMBNO3, * 1
for RVAMB)
Ambient background sulfate mass concentration (pg/m3)
Ambient background nitrate mass concentration (pg/m3)
Ambient background visual range (km)
SO2 deposition velocity (cm/sec) [1]
NO, deposition velocity (cm/sec) [1]
Coarse mode aerosol deposition velocity (cm/sec) [0.1]
Accumulation mode aerosol deposition velocity (cm/sec)
30
15
31
F10.7
ICON*
RSO2C
[0.1]
Index for SO2-to-SO4" conversion rate added to rate
predicted from OH chemistry. ICON = 0 for conversion
rate, set constant with distance from source. ICON = 1 for
separate values for each point of analysis downwind of the
source [0]
Rate constant for SO2-to-SO4= conversion to be added to
prediction from OH chemistry (%/hr) [0.0]
38
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR PLUVUE II
Card No.
Format
Variables
Description
A-l" 8F10.7
(If ICON = 1)
A-2" 8F10.7
(continuation of A-l)
32
15
15
612
(If NC1=1)
A-3"
(If NC2=2)
F10.1
F10.1
F10.1
RSO2(NX)+
NX=1,8
RSO2(NX),+
NX=9,NX2
Ncr
NC2*
NPP*
NAP*
NTF
NZP*
I01P*
EPF
XOBS
YOBS
ZOBS
SO2-to-SO4= conversion rates to be added to predictions from
OH chemistry at each point of analysis on plume (%/hr)
(Continuation as needed)
Index to control type of calculations. NC1=1 for plume-
based calculations, 2 for observer based calculations only
Index to control calculations NC2=1 for plume-based
calculations only, 2 for observer-based calculations
Indices for controlling the subset of results (from
plume-based calculations of horizontal views with sky,
white, gray and black backgrounds) to be written to a file
for later use by the VISPLOT program for generating plots.
NPP controls the distance from the observer to the plume for
sky background [3]
Index for selecting the horizontal azimuthal angle a between
the line of sight and the plume trajectory for plots of results
for sky backgrounds [4]
Index for selecting the scattering angle of plume-based data
to be plotted
Index for selecting the level of the line of sight through the
plume for plume-based data to be plotted [3]
Index for selecting the distance from the observer to the
background object for the plume-based data to be plotted
Index for selecting the distance from the observer to the.
plume for plume-based plot data with background object
views
UTM x-coordinate of observer position (km) for
observer-based calculations
UTM y-coordinate of observer position (km)
Elevation (ft MSL) of observer position
39
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR PLUVUE H
Card No.
33
34
A-4"
(If NC2=2)
A-5"
(If NC2=2)
A-6"
(If NC2=2)
A-7"
(continuation
A-8"
(continuation
A-9"
(If NC2=2)
A-10"
(If IDIS=9)
Format
F10.1
F10.1
F10.1
15
15
15
F5.0
F5.0
15
8F10.1
8F10.1
8F10.1
8F10.1
of A-4)
8F10.1
of A-5)
F10.1
F5.1
Variables
XSTACK
YSTACK
ZSTACK
IZONE
IMO
IDAY
TIME
TZONE+
IYEAR
TER(NX),+
NX=1,8
TER (NX),
NX=9,NX2
ROBJCT(NAZ),
NAZ=1,8+
ROBJCT(NAZ),
NAZ=9,16
ROBJCT(NAZ),
NAZ=17,24
WIND*
SY+
Description
UTM x-coordinate of source (km)
UTM y-coordinate of source (km)
Elevation of source location (ft MSL)
UTM grid zone number within which source is located
Number of month for date of simulation
Day of month for date of simulation
Time of day (24-hr clock)
Time zone number
Year for date of simulation
Elevation of terrain at the selected points
downwind of the source along the plume trajectory (ft MSL)
(for observer-based calculation)
(Continuation as needed)
Distances in kilometers from observer to
background terrain for observer azimuths of 15°, 30°, 45°,
60°, 75°, 90°, 105°, 120°
Distances for azimuths of 135°, 150°, 165°, 180°,
195°, 210°, 225°, 240°
Distances for azimuths of 255°, 270°, 285°, 300°,
315°, 330°, 345°, 360°
Wind direction azimuth (degrees from North)
Dispersion parameters in meters,
40
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR PLUVUE II
Card No. Format Variables Description
(to A-10" F5.1 SZ+ one card for each distance
+ NX2)
"0" if table is not desired, "1" if desired.
"A-n" refers to cards that are optional. They are inserted only when values of prior flags or indices are
set to require additional input data, e.g., when ICON=1, cards A-1 and A-2 are required.
Suggested values for some of the input parameters are shown in brackets.
More details given in Section 2.1.8.
41
-------
Some of the options listed in Table 1 are further described below:
The parameter IUSFC is simply a flag to allow the wind speed to be input at the
effective stack height (IUSFC = 0) or at the common 10-m instrument height (IUSFC = 1).
IFLG1 is a flag that allows the user to select or skip the calculation of visibility
impairment of the plume for horizontal views with a clear sky background. IFLG2 allows the
user to select or skip the calculation of visibility impairment for nonhorizontal views and
clear sky background. IFLG3 allows the user to select or skip the calculation of visibility
impairment calculations of the plume as seen in front of white, gray, and black backgrounds.
IFLG4 allows the user to select or skip the visibility impairment calculation for an observer
looking straight down the centerline of various segments of the plume or for an observer
looking across the plume at a small acute angle to the plume centerline. For all of these, a
value of 1 executes the calculations and a value of 0 branches around them.
NZF is a switch that indicates whether the visibility impairment calculations will be
made for the plume centerline altitude only (NZF = 1) or for both the plume centerline and
ground level (NZF = 2).
IDILU is a switch that controls the printing of the table of initial plume rise data. If
IDILU = 0, the table is not printed, and if IDILU = 1, it is printed.
INTYP is a switch that allows the user to calculate the background visual range (INTYP
= 1) from user-input background coarse mode aerosol concentrations and background sulfate
and nitrate concentrations. If INTYP * 1, the user inputs the background visual range and the
background coarse mode aerosol concentration, and the model computes the background
accumulation mode aerosol concentration that would be needed to cause the given visual
range.
ICON is a switch that allows the user to select the conversion rate of SO2 to SO4=, in
addition to the rate calculated by the OH- model, as a constant with distance from the source
(ICON = 0) or as a separate value for each point of analysis downwind from the source
(ICON = 1). These conversion rates are in units of percent per hour. RSO2C gives the
constant conversion rate for all points on the plume trajectory, while RSO2 gives the
downwind-distance-dependent conversion rates for each point of analysis.
The parameters NCI and NC2 are used to control whether the visibility impairment
calculations are done for a plume-based scheme, an observer-based scheme, or both. NCI set
to 1 executes the plume-based calculations and NC2 set to 2 calculates the observer-based
calculations. If NCI is set to 1 and NC2 is set to 2, both types of calculations will be made.
If NCI is set to 1 and NC2 is set to 1, only the plume-based calculations will be made.
Finally, if NCI is set to 2 and NC2 is set to 2, only the observer-based calculations will be
made.
42
-------
The stability index I specifies the stability category for the plume dispersion parameters:
I = 1 for stability A, I = 2 for stability B, I = 3 for stability C, etc.
NT1 and NT2 assign the starting and ending indices for the scattering angle array used
for the plume-based visibility impairment calculations. With NT1 = 1 and NT2 = 7, the
default scattering angles (22°, 45°, 90°, 135°, 158°, and 180°) are used. These angles are
taken from the array TT, which has 0°, 22°, 45°, 90°, 135°, 158°, and 180° as its first seven
elements. NT1 is one less than the actual starting index of TT, while NT2 corresponds to the
actual ending index of TT. For a run with calculations for 90° only, set NT1 to 3 and NT2 to
4. For a run with calculations for 90° 135°, 158°, and 180°, set NT1 to 3 and NT2 to 7.
The index NX2 defines the number of points downwind along the plume trajectory
where visibility impairment calculations will be made. The value of NX2 should be at least
2, but not greater than 16.
The array DIST specifies the distance downwind from the source along the plume
trajectory of each point where visibility impairment calculations will be made. The units for
this array are kilometers. For accurate prediction of the oxidation of NOX to NO2, it is
important to use downwind distances that are close together and near the source. The first
downwind distance must be 1 km; 2.5 km, 5 km, and 10 km are recommended for the
succeeding three distances. The user is free to select the remaining points according to the
needs of the situation.
YINITL and ZINITL are used for area sources and define the initial lateral and vertical
dimensions of the plume. For emissions from stacks, both YINITL and ZINITL should be set
to zero. The units for these two variables are meters.
When plume-based calculations are complete, a subset of the results must be selected for
output to a binary file which may be used for further analysis such as plotting. The six
indices listed on card A-3 determine the subset of results that will be written to the binary
file. NPP selects the distance from the observer to the plume in the following manner:
Distance from Observer to Plume
NPP (fraction of background visual range)
1 0.02
2 0.05
3 0.10
4 0.20
5 0.50
6 . 0.80
43
-------
NAP determines the horizontal azimuthal angle alpha between the plume centerline and the
line of sight for a sky background:
Alpha
NAP (degrees)
1 30°
2 45°
3 60°
4 90°
NTP selects the scattering angle between the direct solar beam and the line of sight from the
point of analysis to the observer. The value of NTP must be greater than or equal to NT1
and less than or equal to (NT2-1). The values of NTP for each of the six scattering angles
are shown below:
Scattering Angle
NTP (degrees)
1 22°
2 45°
3 90°
4 135°
5 158°
6 180°
NZP selects the results for calculations of views through the center of the plume or views at
ground level across the plume trajectory. The values of NZP are limited by the value of NZF
(card no. 8). If NZF = 1, the calculations are done only for views through the plume
centerline, and NZP must be set to 3. If NZF = 2, NZP may be set to 3 for values from
calculations for views through the plume centerline, or NZP may be set to 6 for values from
calculations for views at the surface through the plume trajectory. The index IPP selects the
distance from the observer to the plume for plotting results of the calculations for views with
white, gray, and black objects behind the plume. The values of IPP correspond to the
distances shown below:
Distance from Observer to Plume
IPP (fraction of background visual range)
1 0.02
2 0.05
. 3 0.10
4 0.20
5 0.50
6 0.80
44
-------
IO1P is used to select the distance from the observer through the plume to the white, gray,
and black background objects behind the plume. The value of IO1P is limited by the value of
IPP because the object background can be no farther than a distance equivalent to 80 percent
of the background visual range from the observer. If IPP = 1, the range of values of IO1P is
shown below:
Distance from Observer to Object
IQ1P (fraction of background visual range)
1 0.02
2 0.05
3 0.10
4 0.20
5 0.50
6 0.80
When IPP = 2, the values IO1P available are as follows:
IO1P Distance from Observer to Object
1 0.05
2 0.10
3 0.20
4 0.50
5 0.80
When IPP = 3, IO1P is limited to one of the following values:
IO1P Distance
1 0.10
2 0.20
3 0.50
4 0.80
When IPP = 4, IO1P is limited to these three values:
45.
-------
IQ1P Distance
1 0.20
2 0.50
3 0.80
When IPP = 5, IO1P is limited to only two values:
IQ1P Distance
1 0.50
2 0.80
When IPP = 6, IO1P must be set to 1, which corresponds to a distance from the observer to
the background object of 0.80 of the background visual range. These six indices do not place
any restrictions on the calculations made by PLUVUE II, but they provide a means of
selecting the desired subset of results to be saved for plotting.
The UTM coordinates and elevations for observer and source locations and the UTM
grid zone numbers are taken from standard USGS maps. TZONE is the number of the time
zone, with the Greenwich Meridian defined as 0. Values of TZONE are shown below:
Standard Daylight
Time Zone Time Time
Eastern 5 4
Central 6 5
Mountain 7 6
Pacific 8 7
The array TER gives the elevation of terrain at each point downwind for the visibility
analysis. For the purpose of calculating plume-observer-sun geometry only, the plume
centerline is assumed to rise above any terrain higher than the source elevation in order to
maintain the same effective height above the terrain for all points downwind. If the terrain is
flat or if it is desirable to maintain the same plume elevation at all points, use zero for all
TER values. The model will then set all terrain elevations to the elevation of the source
location.
The ROBJT array allows the user to define the distances from the observer to the
background terrain. These distances are read in for observer azimuths of from 15° to 360° in
46
-------
15° increments. The distances are measured in kilometers by creating a terrain profile for
each azimuth and determining the point at which the line of sight intersects the terrain. The
observer-based calculations can be performed without measuring these values by setting all
elements of the ROBJT array to zero. The background object distance will then be set to the
observer-to-plume distance for each line of sight. WIND is the direction from which the
wind is blowing, expressed in degrees.
For user-defined values of plume dispersion parameters (IDIS = 9), SY and SZ are read
for each downwind distance. SY is the plume concentration horizontal standard deviation and
SZ is the plume concentration vertical standard deviation in meters.
2.2 PLUIN2
The PLUIN2 computer algorithm (Richards and Hammarstrand, 1988) prepares data files
of the format required for input to the revised PLUVUE II visibility model. PLUIN2 is
designed to be "user friendly" and has the purpose of simplifying and speeding up the process
of preparing input files to PLUVUE II. PLUIN2 is useful for both the user new to PLUVUE
II, who desires assistance understanding the required inputs and does not wish to learn the
details of the required data formats, as well as the experienced user who frequently prepares
PLUVUE II input files and finds that PLUIN2 can shorten the time required for the work.
PLUIN2 is executed within RUNPLUVU when the user wishes to modify an existing
PLUVUE II input file. As is discussed in Section 3.2, the user must supply the name of an
existing input data file. This file can be either one which was previously prepared and is to
be modified, or the data file (TEST.INP) supplied with the RUNPLUVU system diskette.
The user will be asked the filename which contains the revisions (the filename can be the
same as the input filename) which will then automatically be used as the input file to
PLUVUE II. While modifying a file using the PLUIN2 portion of RUNPLUVU, the user will
be issued a series of prompts describing the information represented by each quantity in the
input data file and its current value. If the current value is satisfactory, it can be accepted
with a carriage return. If not, a new value may be entered. If only a few data values in the
input file are to be changed, it is possible to branch to the location of the data to be changed,
enter the new values, and then branch to the end of the PLUIN2 portion of RUNPLUVU. It
is possible to branch to any input data at any time while modifying a data file, so it is easy to
review and alter data. Further details concerning branching and the use of PLUIN2 within
RUNPLUVU are given in Section 3.2.
47
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2.3 MDETBL
2.3.1 Scattering Theory
The following general discussion of scattering of solar radiation is primarily from
Wallace and Hobbs (1977). The fraction of parallel beam radiation that is scattered when
passing downward through a layer of infinitesimal thickness dz is described as
dE,
,
,
ds, = - = KAsec $ dz (46)
where K is a dimensionless coefficient, A is the cross-sectional area that the particles in a
unit volume present to the beam of incident radiation, and $ is the zenith angle. If all the
particles which the beam encounters in its passage through the differential layer were
projected onto a plane perpendicular to the incident beam, the product A sec
-------
10 -
10 -
RAINDROPS
DRIZZLE
CLOUD DROPLETS
SMOKE.DUST.HAZE
AIR MOLECULES
m
Figure 8. Size parameter a as a function of wavelength of the incident radiation and
particle radius (Wallace and Hobbs, 1977).
49
-------
4
3
2
1
0
r
1
1
1
\7
10
15
20 25
30
35
40
45
a
Figure 9. Scattering area coefficient K as a function of size parameter a for refractive
indices of 1.330 ( ) and 1.486 (- - -) (Wallace and Hobbs, 1977).
50
-------
with forward scattering predominating over back scattering. The scattering of sunlight by
particles of haze, smoke, smog, and dust usually falls within the Mie regime. If the particles
are rather uniform in size, the scattered sunlight may be either bluish or reddish in hue,
depending upon whether 8K/5a is positive or negative a the wavelengths of visible light.
Usually such particles exhibit a spectrum of sizes wide enough to span several maxima and
minima in the plot of K(oc), thus rendering the scattered light neutral or whitish in color.
2.3.2 Mie Calculations
There are only two quantities which need to be known about an isotropic, homogeneous
sphere in order to calculate all of its light scattering properties: the relative index of
refraction (m-ik), where m is the real and ik is the imaginary portion of the index of
refraction, and the size parameter (a). The relative index of refraction is the index of
refraction of the particle divided by the (real) index of refraction m,, of the medium in which
it is imbedded. Since the index of refraction of the particle may have a real part, which, for
example, describes the bending of light at its surface, and an imaginary part, which describes
the absorption, the relative index of refraction will, in general, be complex. It is possible for
m to be less than unity; and when there is no absorption, k is equal to zero.
The size parameter a is given by
a-l^,2*""' , (47)
where r is the particle radius, A. is the wavelength of light in the medium, and A0 is the
wavelength of light in a vacuum.
Let I0 be the- irradiance of collimated light falling on the sphere (measured in units of
energy per area), and I be the irradiance of scattered light measured in units at a large
distance b from the sphere. In general, the directions of the incident and scattered light
define a plane. If the incident light is plane polarized so that the electric vector is
perpendicular to this plane, all of the scattered light will also be plane polarized with the
electric vector perpendicular to the plane. The relation between the intensities is given by
(48)
where ij is a dimensionless quantity calculated from the Mie equations, and k = 2rc/A. Here
the subscript r specifies the polarization, and is the last letter of perpendicular. The angle 6
through which the light has been scattered does not appear in Equation (48), but ij is a
functipn of this angle. It is customary to choose 6 = 0° for the unscattered beam, and 9 =
180° for light which is scattered directly backwards. As mentioned earlier, it also depends on
the relative refractive index and a, but on no other variables.
51
-------
If the incident light is polarized parallel with the plane, all of the scattered light is also
polarized parallel, and a similar relation is written
(49)
where the subscript 1 is the last letter of parallel. If the incident light is unpolarized, then v/e
may regard it as being made up of equal parts of the above two polarizations and obtain
/ = AlA I . (50)
Since it and i2 are in general not equal and the scattered light of the two polarizations
have various phase differences, the scattered light is, in general, elliptically polarized. For
most work, the three relations just given provide all the information on intensities and
polarization that is desired. However, the MIETBL algorithm also calculates the phase
difference 8 between the parallel and perpendicular scattered radiation, where 8 is positive if
the parallel electric field lags the perpendicular field. Anyone interested in this phase
difference should refer to page 36 of van de Hulst (1957).
In general, four numbers are necessary and sufficient to specify the polarization of a
beam of light, and the four Stokes parameters are convenient for this purpose. Chandrasekhar
(1950) gives an excellent introduction to these parameters and their properties (see pages 24
to 36), and it is recommended that anyone interested in more than unpolarized light should
read these pages.
The irradiance of the scattered light is strictly proportional to the intensity of the incident
light Therefore, the total amount of energy scattered can be represented as a constant times
the intensity of the incident light. This constant, which is called the scattering cross section,
has the dimensions of area, and can be thought of as the area which would intercept a
quantity of light equal to that which is scattered.
Since Equation (50) gives the intensity of light scattered in any direction, it is possible to
integrate it over all directions and find the total amount of light scattered, and hence the
scattered cross section Csca. The result is
52
-------
n
7T
in e
A dimensionless quantity 0,,., can be obtained by dividing 0^ by the cross section of the
sphere
cu--^ . - (52)
TC r2
and this quantity is sometimes called an efficiency factor. In practice, the computer programs
are always set up to calculate Q^ directly. The quantities it and i2 are calculated separately if
they are desired.
In a similar way, we can define the absorption cross section C4bs as the total amount of
light absorbed divided by the incident light irradiance, and the absorption efficiency is
The total amount of light both scattered and absorbed is given by the extinction cross section
C«r = C«a + Cal* (54)
Also
«* = -^ = Qsca ^ote ' (55)
7t r2
The MIETBL algorithm calculates QeX, and Q^ from the Mie equations, then evaluates Qabs
by taking the difference. Therefore, in practice, it is possible for Qabs to have negative values
about the size of the round off error of the computer.
The book by Kerker (1969) gives an overview of light scattering by particles.
2.3.3 Accuracy of the Interpolated Results of Mie Calculations
One problem that had to be overcome to permit the separation of the Mie calculations
from PLUVUE II is that the strength of the aerosol light scattering must be determined at
each of the various scattering angles required by each of the sun-plume-observer geometries.
53
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In MIETBL, the strength of the aerosol light scattering at the desired angles is determined by
linear interpolation using data tabulated every 2°.
To calculate the light scattering properties of a log-normal size distribution of aerosol
particles, it is necessary to perform Mie calculations for a number of different particle sizes in
the size range of interest. These results are then averaged using weighting factors derived
from the relative numbers of particles of each size in the log-normal particle size distribution.
For large particles, averaging over particle sizes is important because the angular
distribution of light scattered by a single size of particles shows many peaks and valleys.
When results for only a few sizes of particles are averaged, some of these peaks and valleys
persist. However, when calculated results for many different particle sizes are weighted
according to a log-normal distribution and averaged, the angular distribution of scattered light
becomes quite smooth.
The default aerosol properties for PLUVUE II which are contained in the Mie default
library are listed in Table 2. The data were obtained from a listing of input parameters
presented in an earlier version of the PLUVUE II User's Manual (Seigneur et al., 1983).
These six aerosol size distributions provide a compact data set that may be used when no
better aerosol size distribution data are available. When using this default library, the only
choice to be made is aerosol diameter (D) = 0.2 um for the plume secondary aerosol in
polluted or humid areas (e.g., east of the Mississippi) or D = 0.1 um in clean or dry areas
(e.g., the clean areas in the west or Alaska).
2.4 Comparison of Revised PLUVUE II with Original PLUVUE II
A comparison of the original version of PLUVUE II with the revised version for
different stability classes is presented in Table A-l in the Appendix. The example used is the
same as that provided with the original version of the PLUVUE II User's Manual. The
calculations are made at a downwind distance of 9 km. Four different visibility parameters:
visual range reduction, blue-red ratio, plume contrast, and AE are compared for six different
stability classes (SC = A, B, C, D, E, and F). Four different backgrounds are examined: sky,
white, gray, and black. As shown in Table A-l, the differences between the two versions of
PLUVUE II are minimal and are primarily due to the changes in the methods for calculating
ay and oz (see explanation in Section 2.1.7). Due to numerical underflows associated with the
calculation of ay and az, the original version of the model did not run for a number of
attempted tests.
54
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TABLE 2
DEFAULT AEROSOL PROPERTIES FOR PLUVUE II
Particle
Type
Background
Accumulation
Mode
Background
Coarse Mode
Plume
Secondary
Plume
Primary
Carbonaceous
Radius
(um)
0.15
3.0
0.1
1.0
0.05
Size Parameters
Diameter Sigma
(um)
0.3 2.0
6.0 2.2
0.2 2.0
2.0 2.0
0.1 2.0
Density
(g/cm3)
1.5
2.5
1.5
2.5
2.0
Index
Real
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
2.0
of Refraction
Imaginary
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
55
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3.0 USER INSTRUCTIONS
This section describes the basic computer requirements which are necessary to use the
RUNPLUVU system, detailed operating instructions, and a Level-3 plume visibility example.
3.1 Computer Requirements
The basic computer requirements for using the RUNPLUVU software are as follows:
80386 or higher processor
> 1 MB of RAM
Hard Disk with sufficient storage space to handle the executable file, input data
files, and output files (file sizes will vary depending on application)
o -
Math coprocessor (80 x 87 chip)
The amount of memory available on any particular PC will depend on the machine
configuration including the amount of memory used by the operating system, memory used by
any special device drivers, and any utility programs resident in memory. The amount of
memory needed to actually run the software will be somewhat larger than 1 MB because
additional memory is needed for buffers when the program opens files.
RUNPLUVU is compiled using Lahey F77L-EM/32 Version 5.0. This is the extended
memory version for 32-bit computers. This will only run on 386 or higher PCs with more
than 640K memory.
3.2 Operating Instructions for RUNPLUVU
In this section, shaded text denotes what will appear on the computer screen during the
RUNPLUVU session. All the data files on the RUNPLUVU diskette should be loaded onto
your personal computer's hard drive. It is recommended that a separate working directing be
used. While using RUNPLUVU, you have the option of aborting the program at any time by
pressing the control (Ctrl) and "C" key (e.g., Ctrl-C) at the same time.
To start a session, the user simply types RUNPLUVU:
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RUNPLUVU
The following brief description of the run command system will immediately appear
on the screen:
PLUVUE II Run Command System
A program designed to assist the user with the application
of the PLUVUE II visibility model by allowing the user to:
1) Prepare an input file or to specify a previously prepared file,
2) Select or create a library of Mie calculations for input to PLUVUE II,
3) Run PLUVUE II
Press ENTER to Continue
After the user presses the ENTER key, the following prompt will appear:
Do you wish to modify an existing PLUVUE II input file (Y or N)?
If the user responds no (using "N" or "n"), then the user will be prompted to enter the name
of an existing PLUVUE H input file:
Do you wish to use an existing PLUVUE II input file (Y or N)?
If the user responds yes (using "Y" or "y"), then the user will be prompted for the name of a
PLUVUE II input file to modify:
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Enter the PLUVUE II input file name (up to 24 characters):
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX = 24 characters
The software will check to make sure the file exists. If the file does not exist, then the
following message will appear:
Error opening file. File does not exist. Try again.
and the user will then be prompted again for the PLUVUE n input file name. Use the
CONTROL-C command to abort the program if the file cannot be located.
If the user responds yes (using "Y") to the prompt concerning whether or not an
existing PLUVUE II input file needs to be modified, then the code enters into the PLUIN2
section of RUNPLUVU. The following messages will appear on the screen:
08:39:12 09/15/92
PLUIN2
A program to assist in the preparation of input
data files for PLUVUE II.
Based on PLUIN1, Written by J.A. McDonald and L. W. Richards
for WEST Associates.
PLUIN2 written by R. G. M. Hammarstrand and L. W, Richards
for use on PC compatible computers.
Funding provided by the NPS and the EPA.
Enter drive and path where data files are located.
(Carriage return to select default directory).
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
= 50 characters maximum.
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Once the user has typed the full path name (e.g., C:\A248\RUNPLUVU) of where the data
files are located, a listing of the files in that directory will appear as follows:
Volume in drive C is VQL1
Volume Serial Number is 0180-FC67
Directory of C:\A248\RUNPLUVU
l:58p
l:58p
4:33p
5:27p
5;29p
8:40a
ll:54a
8:40a
8;41a
8:27a
4:31p
8:40a
5;29p
5:29p
4:25p
8:25a
5:07p
9:26a
8:40a
(continuing C:\A248\RUNPLUVU)
SCRATCH2 65 09-15-92 8:40a
TEST3 INP 1011 08-07-92 ll:13a
TEST3 OUT 11479 08-07-92 ll:14a
TEST4 INP 1084 09-08-92 4:33p
23 file(s) 1665334 bytes
58511360 bytes free
DEFAULT MIE
DEFAULTM LST
TEST
TEST1 INP
TEST1 OUT
TEST2 INP
F77L3 EER
LIST OUT
LIST2 OUT
MIETBL EXE
PLUIN2 EXE
PLUVUE INP
PLUVUE OUT
PLUVUE7 BIN
PLUVUE 8 BIN
PV2NEW EXE
README
RUNPLUVU EXE
SCRATCH
Press any key
43891
605
11479
1084
11479
1084
40584
9198
0
281152
297708
3218
11479
1049
1
685076
449
252044
115
07-29-92
07-29-92
09-08-92
09-14-92
09-14-92
09-15-92
05-29-92
09-15-92
09-15-92
08-13-92
09-08-92
09-15-92
09-14-92
09-14-92
09-0.8-92
08-13-92
08-13-92
08-13-92
09-15-92
to continue . , .
If there are more than 18 files in the directory, the user must press any key to continue listing
the files. Once all the files in the directory have been listed, the user must then select the
PLUVUE II input file to be modified and an output file which will contain the modifications.
This output file will be the PLUVUE II input file which will later be used by RUNPLUVU.
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Enter input filename, 12 characters maximum.
XXXXXXXX.XXX
Enter filename which contains revisions. 12 characters maximum.
(The filename can be the same as the input filename listed above,)
XXXXXXXX.XXX
If the name entered for the output file is already in use, the user is warned. If the user
responds with "y" for yes in response to the warning, the new output file will overwrite the
existing file. It is possible to use the same name for the both the input and output files, so it
is possible to correct a minor error in an input file without the necessity of changing the file
name.
The user will then be notified that a new file is being opened. The user is now ready
to modify the file:
Opening new file c:\a248Nrunpluvu\test3.inp
NOTES:
A accepts the current value.
Entering "goto n" or "GOTO n" instead of any data value will cause
a branch to ENTRY CODE n.
Each entry code corresponds to a line in the data file,
but options in the input parameters make it so the nth
entry code may not generate the nth line of data.
Press ENTER to continue ...
Once the user presses the enter key, each entry code of the PLUVUE n input file will appear,
for example, as follows:
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ENTRY CODE 1
Plant Name (up to 24 characters): Test Case
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX = 24 characters
ENTRY CODE 2
Wind speed: 10.0 mph
Stability index: 6.
For Pasquill-Gifford stability classes, use 1. for class A,
2. = B, 3. = C, 4. =D, 5. = E, 6. = F, AND 1, = G
Ambient temp, lapse rate:-4.00 deg F per 1000 ft.
Each line of data in the PLUVUE II input data file is identified with an entry code. It
is possible to branch to any of these lines at any time during the modification of a file by
typing GOTO nn where nn is the entry code number of the desired line. The values of the
entry codes are summarized as follows:
Entry Code Input Data Summary
1 Plant name
2 Wind speed, stability, lapse rate
3 Wind speed measurement height flag
4 Initial plume dimensions
5 Mixing height
6 Relative humidity
7 Diffusion parameter flag
8 Calculation flags
9 Print out flags
10 Downwind distances
11 Emission rates
12 Stack parameters
13 Stack height
14 Ambient air temperature
15 Ambient pollutant concentrations
16 Mass mean radii for aerosol size distributions
17 Geometric standard deviation of aerosol size distributions
18 Density of aerosol material
19 Carbonaceous aerosol information
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Entry Code Input Data Summary
20 Indices of refraction for background aerosol
21 Indices of refraction for primary and carbonaceous aerosols
22 Background coarse mode aerosol concentration
23 Background sulfate/nitrate flag
24 Ambient background visual range
25 Not in use
26 Deposition velocities
27 Sulfur dioxide to sulfate conversion flag
28 Rate of sulfur dioxide to sulfate conversion
29 Not in use
30 Calculation flag
31 Not in use
32 Observer coordinates
33 Stack coordinates
34 Time zone
35 Terrain elevation
36 Background object distances
37 Wind direction
38 Not in use
39 Save current values
Various options in PLUVUE II cause the number of lines in the input file to vary.
Therefore, entry code 15 may not write the 15th line in the input file. The system will accept
several formats for the GOTO nn command. The GOTO can be in either upper or lower
case, but must not have a space between GO and TO. The number for the entry code can be
entered with or without a decimal, but should be preceded by only one space. The entry code
for the end of the program is 39. The system will branch to the end of the modification
portion of the system for any value of nn equal to or greater than 39. Also, it is possible to
branch to the end of the program, write the output file, then branch to an earlier entry code
for continued data entry. This makes it possible to save intermediate stages of the data to
guard against data loss. The new user may wish to enter GOTO 1 at the final prompt. This
makes it possible to review all values to be written to the output file by entering a succession
of carriage returns. Finally, the system will accept data entries with or without a decimal
point, regardless of whether the variables are floating point numbers or integers in the input
to PLUVUE II. The use of a decimal point is required only when there are digits following a
decimal point.
As an example, if the user only wished to change the wind speed, then the user would:
(1) type GOTO 2, (2) enter the new wind speed followed by the ENTER key, and (3) GOTO
39 to exit. The user is then notified that the PLUIN2 output file (which is the PLUVUE II
input file) is being saved:
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Writing output file.
Current values saved to output file
c:\a248\runpluvu\test3.inp
Carriage return to exit
or enter "goto n" to return to entry code n.
Program PLUIN2 terminating.
After the user has supplied the PLUVUE II input file name or has modified an
existing PLUVUE II input file, the user will then be prompted regarding the use or creation
of a Mie library file:
The default Mie library as input to PLUVUE II contains the following:
Radius Sigma Index of Refraction Number of Phase
real imag Wavelengths angles
0.1500
3.0000
0.1000
0.0500
1.0000
0.0500
2.0000
2.2000
2.0000
2.0000
2.0000
2.0000
1.5000
1.5000
1.5000
1.5000
1.5000
2.0000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
LOOOOOO
9
9
9
9
9
9
91
91
91
91
91
91
If the user wishes to use the default Mie library, then the following question should be
answered as yes ("Y" or "y"):
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Do you wish to use the default Mie library (Y or N)?
and the program will then proceed to the PLUVUE II portion of the run system. The default
Mie library should be sufficient for the majority of visibility analyses. The use of other
values for the sigma, radius, and indices of refraction should be approved by the local EPA
regional office.
If the user wishes to supply a Mie library file, then the following question should be
answered in the affirmative ("Y" or "y"):
Do you wish to supply a Mie library file (Y or N)?
and then the user will be prompted to enter the Mie library file name:
Enter the Mie library file name (up to 24 characters):
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX = 24 characters
Make sure to supply the full path name of the file, if the file resides in a directory other than
the one you are working in.
If the user does not wish to use the default Mie library nor wishes to supply a Mie
library file, then the final option is to create a Mie library file:
Do you wish to create a Mie library file (Y or N)?
If the user wishes to create a Mie library file, then the run command system will enter the
MEETBL portion of the code. The following message will first appear:
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CAUTION: The creation of a Mie Library file can take hours depending upon
the computer being used.
Mie calculations for large particles take much longer
than for small particles.
Therefore, the time required for the calculations for the first
particle sizes in a given histogram are much shorter than
for the last ones.
Press ENTER to Continue
After the user presses ENTER to continue, the user will be prompted for the output filename
which will contain the Mie library data:
Enter output filename. Include drive and path.
30 characters maximum allowed.
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX = 30 characters
The user will be notified that a new file is being opened. The user will be asked to enter the
geometric mean radius by volume (ROG) and the geometric standard deviation (SIGMA) of
the log-normal aerosol. Then values of the real and imaginary part of the index of refraction
(m and k) are requested:
Opening new file testmie
Enter geometric mean radius (by volume) ROG
and geometric standard deviation SIGMA.
Separate the numbers by a blank space.
(A negative ROG terminates execution,):
Enter m and k for the index of refraction = m-i*k.
Separate the numbers by a blank space:
The input data are then echoed back_to the screen and the screen will then display the
progress of the calculations. The following is a sample run using a geometric mean radius of
0.16, a standard deviation of 1.5, and a m and k of 1.5 and 0.0:
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ROG = 0.1600 SIGMA = 1.5000 m = 1.5000 k =0.000
Wavelength = 0.35 Size no. 1
Wavelength = 0.35 Size no. 2
Wavelength = 0.35 Size no. 101
Wave- Cross sections for Average
length Extinction Scattering Absorption cosine
0.35 12.40863 12.40863 0.00000 0.69446
Wavelength = 0.75 Size no. 1
Wavelength = 0.75 Size no. 2
Wavelength » 0.75 Size no. 101
Wave- Cross sections for Average
length Extinction Scattering Absorption cosine
0.75 3.01184 3.01184 0.00000 0.52909
To terminate the MIETBL calculations, the user must enter a negative value for the geometric
mean radius when the following message appears:
Enter geometric mean radius (by volume) ROG
and geometric standard deviation SIGMA.
Separate the numbers by a blank space.
(A negative ROG terminates execution.):
Mie calculations for large particles take much longer than for small particles. Therefore, the
time required for the calculations for the first particle sizes in a given histogram are much
shorter than for the last ones.
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The user is then asked if he or she would like to run PLUVUE II:
Do you wish to run PLUVUE II (Y or N)?
If the user responds in the affirmative ("Y" or "y"), then the PLUVUE II portion of the run
command system is entered. The user is told that the algorithm is now running PLUVUE II:
Running PLUVUE II...
When PLUVUE II is finished running, the user will be prompted for the name of the
PLUVUE II output file:
Enter PLUVUE II output filename:
The user is warned if the output file is about to be overwritten with an existing file of the
same name. Finally, the user is asked if he or she wishes to make another run:
Do you wish to make another run (Y or N)?
If the user answers in the affirmative ("Y" or "y"), then the user is prompted for a new input
file or the name of a file to modify. Otherwise, the program terminates with the following
message:
Exiting PLUVUE II Run Command System
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3.3 Level-3 Visibility Modeling Example
This example is provided only for instructional purposes regarding the Level-3
visibility modeling methodology. Each visibility modeling study is different; therefore, the
approach used must be discussed before the start of any study with the appropriate EPA
regional office, state permitting agency, and/or Federal Land Manager.
3.3.1 Overview
This example outlines the steps performed in a Level 3 visibility analysis to analyze
the visual impacts associated with the exploration, construction, and operation of a nuclear
waste repository site at a canyon location near a national park. The PLUVUE-II model was
applied to calculate the magnitude of plume visual effects, including visual range reduction,
plume contrast, plume coloration, and plume perceptibility, associated with various
orientations of the plume with respect to potential observers, the sun, and terrain viewing
backgrounds. The visual impact magnitudes were then combined with frequency distributions
of meteorological conditions to assess the frequency distribution of plume visual impact using
the Level-3 analysis guidance in EPA's Workbook for Plume Visual Impact Screening and
Analysis (Revised) (EPA, 1992).
The Level-1 and -2 screening criteria were exceeded, suggesting that the possibility of
adverse visibility impairment could not be ruled out without more detailed analysis. As
opposed to the more cursory and conservative assessment of potential, worst-case visual
impacts performed for Level-1 and -2 visibility screening analyses, the Level-3 analysis is a
more detailed assessment of plume visual impacts. The Level-3 analysis uses the more
sophisticated plume visibility model, PLUVUE II, to calculate the magnitude of plume
visibility impacts for a variety of meteorological conditions that might be encountered in a
year. These magnitudes of impact are then combined with the frequency of occurrence of
corresponding conditions to estimate the frequency of occurrence of plume visual impacts.
Because computer software has not yet been developed to iterate through the hourly
meteorological conditions encountered in a year, the Level-3 analysis is performed by
sampling a variety of possible plume transport conditions.
This example is complex for the following reasons:
1) The potential emissions source, a proposed nuclear waste repository site, is to
be located less than 2 km from the nearest Federal Class I PSD area for which
visibility is an important value.
2) ' The emission source consists of emissions that are not continuous and that vary
considerably (1) diurnally, due to variations in activity throughout the day, with
maximum activities during daylight hours, (2) monthly due to different activity
levels, and (3) over longer time frames corresponding to the exploratory shaft
69.
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facility (ESF) construction, repository construction (RC), and repository
operation (RO). Because the emissions are considerably less at night, the
opportunity for significant impacts resulting from long transport during
nocturnal, stable, drainage flows is considerably less than for continuous
emission sources such as power plants.
3) The emission source is not a point source, but is an area source, distributed
over many acres with the areas changing depending on the phase of operation
(ESF, RC, RO). Thus, emissions are initially diluted over a significant vertical
and horizontal area.
4) A significant fraction of the emissions from the source are diesel exhaust
emissions which are largely fine organic paniculate (soot) which has a
significant light absorbing effect. The Level-1 and -2 screening techniques are
not capable of addressing this component; thus, the more sophisticated
PLUVUE-II model was applied.
5) The area is characterized by very complex terrain. The emission source will be
located in a canyon. All observation points in the national park are located
either well above the location of the canyon site or at locations where the
plume would need to travel a circuitous route, either up and over or around
significant terrain obstacles such as ridges, canyon walls, and mountains. Such
a complex terrain setting (1) limits the distance an observer can see in certain
directions, (2) creates a viewing background of terrain (which can be snow
covered, sunlit, or in shadow), (3) enhances dispersion due to mechanical
mixing effects, and (4) blocks flows, particularly stable flows, in certain
directions.
6) There is interest in the visual impact not only at the closest park boundary, as
analyzed in the Level-1 and -2 screening calculations, but also at more distant,
but more frequently visited, locations farther in the park.
The user needs to review a full range of possible conditions (i.e., time of day, season,
meteorological conditions, and observer locations). Therefore, for this example, over 250
PLUVUE-II runs have been made to attempt to characterize the variety of plume visual
impacts that might occur. For each of the over 250 PLUVUE-TI runs, visual impact
calculations were made for several azimuths of view corresponding to different distances of
the plume downwind from the source. In addition, an attempt was made to model the effect
of viewing background, that is, whether it is a sky or white, gray, or black terrain object.
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3.3.2 Site Location and Receptors
The location of the proposed nuclear waste repository site is in a canyon near the
eastern boundary of a national park. The repository site is located approximately 1.9 km east
of the eastern park boundary at an elevation of approximately 5160 ft MSL. Three observer
locations are used in this study. Observer #1 was selected to represent the impact at the
closest park boundary to the repository site. This observer location is likely to have the worst
visual impacts because it is only 1.9 km from the center of the proposed site and it has a
relatively unobstructed view down the canyon toward the site. Although this site is likely to
have the worst magnitude and frequency of visual impacts, in reality the site may rarely, if
ever, be visited. Observer #2 was chosen at a location that is visited by 4 percent of the
national park visitors. The site is approximately 4 km from Observer #1 and 6 km from the
canyon site. Finally, the third observer (#3) is immediately adjacent to the ranger station on
the entrance road to the national park. This site was chosen because, although it is further
from the canyon site (approximately 9 km), it is visited quite often and has a relatively
unobstructed view in several directions. This area is visited by 12 percent of the park visitors
and more visitors drive past this location.
3.3.3 Model Inputs and Assumptions
Emissions
The three phases of construction and operation of the proposed nuclear waste
repository include the following:
Exploratory Shaft Facility (ESF) Construction
Repository Construction (RC)
Repository Operation (RO)
The emissions data encompass all stationary and mobile emission sources used at the site
during these three phases. Emissions data do not include estimates of natural wind-blown
dust; thus, such natural dust sources are not considered in this visibility impact analysis. It
may be likely that the construction and operation activities will disturb the natural soil
conditions of the area, thereby increasing the quantity of wind-blown dust. However, as will
be shown later, the maximum impacts estimated in this analysis occur with light winds (less
than 3 m/s) which are not likely to be strong enough to raise wind-blown dust. To the extent
wind-blown dust is added to the line of sight in which the sight emissions are located, visual
impacts may be diminished due to the obscuring effect of the dust. Therefore, it is believed
that the exclusion of wind-blown dust is a conservative assumption for this analysis.
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The species of emissions include nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and
particulate. There are two categories of paniculate considered: (1) diesel engine exhaust and
(2) fugitive dust. Because the SO2 emissions are minute and because SO2 requires several
hours before it is converted to sulfate aerosol which interacts with light (thus potentially
impairing visibility), this species was not modeled for this example. The particulate emission
classes were modeled separately as two distinct aerosol modes. The diesel exhaust was
assumed to be elemental carbon, which is an effective light absorber. The mass median
diameter of the emitted elemental carbon (soot) from diesel engines was calculated from
California Air Resources Board (CARB) emission factors to be at a mass median diameter of
0.4 um, which is near the most effective size range for both light scattering and absorption.
Fugitive dust emissions were also sized using CARB's emission factors with a mass median
diameter of 5.2 pm, which is consistent with other estimates of coarse mode aerosol size
distribution.
These emissions vary both diurnally (with maximum emissions generally during the
daylight hours) and on a month-to-month basis during any given phase. Daily emission
values for the month with highest emissions in the particular year of the given phase of
operation with the highest emissions were used as the starting point for emissions
calculations. The specific emissions used as PLUVUE II input for each of the three phases
are listed in Table 3. Emissions are greatest during the repository construction phase, with
NOX emissions of 2.75 tons per day, diesel exhaust emissions of 0.28 tons per day, and
fugitive dust emissions of 0.61 tons per day. These emission rates are more than three times
the emissions during the ESF construction, the phase with the next highest emissions.
Emissions during the repository operation are the lowest.
For this example, emissions are treated as area sources. ESF construction emissions
were distributed over 60 acres and repository construction and operation emissions were
distributed over the entire 400 acres of the site.
Terrain
The complex terrain surrounding the canyon site and the three observation sites
selected for analysis in this study complicates the realistic analysis of the visual impacts in
the following ways:
1) Complex terrain will tend to dramatically effect the transport and dispersion of
emissions. Elevated terrain will block and channel the airflow, especially
during stable conditions. Also, elevated, rugged terrain tends to enhance
diffusion because of mechanical mixing effects and because plume parcels are
more easily torn apart and transported in different directions.
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TABLE 3
EMISSIONS USED AS PLUVUE II INPUT FOR THE
THREE PHASES OF CONSTRUCTION (TONS/DAY)
Diesel Fugitive
Phase NOX Exhaust Dust
ESF Construction 0.86 0.06 0.15
Repository Construction 2.75 0.28 0.61
Repository Operation 0.58 0.01 0.24
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2) Complex terrain will limit the direction and distance an observer can see in a
given direction. Terrain obstacles may prevent an observer from seeing plumes
that would be readily visible to an observer located on flat terrain or on an
elevated vantage point.
3) Complex terrain will become the viewing background for many plumes.
Terrain is either a viewing obstruction or a viewing background depending on
whether the plume material is in front of or behind a given terrain object.
Observer #1 has a direct view of the canyon site, unobstructed by intervening terrain.
Observer #2's view is obstructed by elevated terrain at approximately 4 km, and Observer
#3's view is obstructed by terrain approximately 9 km from the observer. Terrain
obstructions in all directions from the three observer locations were considered in this
analysis. If a plume would be located in a position that would be obstructed from view by
intervening terrain, its visual impact was assigned to zero.
Meteorological Conditions
Since meteorological data were not available for the canyon site or for any of the three
observer locations used in this example, meteorological data from the closest monitoring site
was used to characterize the frequency of occurrence of various meteorological conditions.
The worst year of the available annual meteorological data were used to calculate tables of
joint frequency of wind direction and speed and atmospheric stability for specific time periods
of interest. The worst-case dispersion conditions were ranked in order of decreasing severity
and the frequency of occurrence of these conditions associated with the wind direction that
could transport emissions toward the Class I area. Dispersion conditions were ranked by
evaluating the product oya2u, where ay and az are the Pasquill-Gifford horizontal and vertical
dispersion coefficients for the given stability class and downwind distance x along the stable
plume trajectory, and u is the maximum wind speed for the given wind speed category in the
joint frequency table. The frequency of occurrence analysis was conducted for the following
worst-case meteorological conditions:
Pasquill-Gifford Wind
Stability Class Speed (m/s)
F 1,2,3
E 1,2,3,4,5
D 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
The dispersion conditions were ranked in ascending order of the value cyazu. The joint-
frequency tables were prepared for each observer location at three different downwind
distances. The transport time from the emissions source to each observer location was
calculated along the minimum trajectory distance based on the midpoint value of wind speed
74
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for each wind speed category. For example, for the wind speed category 0-1 m/s, a wind
speed of 0.5 m/s was used to evaluate the transport time.
It is unlikely that steady-state plume conditions will persist for more than 12 hours.
Thus, if a transit time of more than 12 hours is required to transport a plume parcel from the
emissions source to the observer locations for a given dispersion condition, it was assumed
that plume material is more dispersed than a standard Gaussian plume model would predict.
The frequencies associated with transport times longer than 12 hours were not included in the
cumulative frequency summations.
To obtain the worst-case meteorological conditions, it was necessary to determine the
dispersion condition (a given wind speed and stability class associated with the wind direction
that would transport emissions toward the observer locations) that has a oyazu product with a
cumulative probability of one percent. In other words, the dispersion condition was selected
such that the sum of all frequencies of occurrence of conditions worse than this condition
totals one percent (i.e., about four days per year). The one-percentile meteorology is assumed
to be indicative of worst-day plume visual impacts when the probability of worst-case
meteorological conditions is coupled with the probability of other factors being ideal for
maximizing plume visual impacts. Dispersion conditions associated with transport times of
more than 12 hours were not considered in this cumulative frequency for the reasons stated
above.
Emissions due to repository construction and operation principally occur during
daylight hours, thus nighttime dispersion conditions are irrelevant for this study. (This would
not be the case for a continuous emission source whose nighttime emissions could be caught
in very stable flows and transported intact to long distances, as occurs with power plant
emissions, for example.) For this example, emissions from daytime activities start at 0800 so
the daylight hours were divided into three-hour periods starting at 0800 for cumulative
frequency calculations. The poorest daylight dispersion conditions were found to occur in the
morning for the first 3-hour period (0800-1100). Therefore, the analysis of the frequency of
impacts were conducted for the morning (0800-1 TOO) period.
3.3.4 Model Results
Over 250 PLUVUE-II model calculations of plume visual impact were performed to
attempt to characterize the ranges of potential visual impacts for a variety of times of
day/season, observer positions, and meteorological and emissions conditions. PLUVUE II
calculates a number of parameters that quantify the visual effect of a plume of given
dimensions, position (relative to the observer, the sun, and viewing backgrounds), and
concentration. These parameters are calculated for each downwind distance considered in the
model. In this example, downwind distances of 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 15 km were considered.
Visual impacts were calculated from the separate perspectives associated with the three
observers. The four parameters used to characterize the visibility effects of the plume
75
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included: visual range reduction, plume contrast, blue-red ratio, and AE. The importance of
these parameters was discussed in Section 1.
Table 4 summarizes the results of the first PLUVUE-n calculations that were
performed to determine which of the emitted species (NOX, diesel exhaust, or fugitive dust)
caused the most impact. This determination was made by first modeling all emissions and
then modeling separately the impacts of each emitted species alone. As expected, the base
case (with all emitted species considered) produced the maximum visual impacts. Visual
range was reduced 15%, plume contrast was most negative (-0.016), blue-red ratio was the
lowest (0.987), and, as a result of the contrast and color change, the plume AE was highest
(0.641). The values of these parameters indicate that for this particular condition the plume
would not be visible since AE is less than 1 but that it would be slightly darker (negative
contrast) and yellower (blue-red ratio less than 1) than the assumed sky background.
Diesel exhaust considered alone caused the next largest impact, nearly as great as all
species combined. The values of the parameters suggest a darkening effect of the plume.
This is not surprising considering that diesel exhaust paniculate is elemental carbon (soot)
which is a very effective light absorber.
Nitrogen oxide (NOJ emissions caused nearly as large an impact as the diesel exhaust,
again a darkening effect due to the light absorbing nature of the nitrogen dioxide molecule.
Fugitive dust had a much lower impact than either diesel exhaust particulates or NO,
because the paniculate is relatively large and therefore not an effective light scatterer.
Fugitive dust, which acts to scatter light both into and out of the line of sight, when present
with the light absorbing soot and NOX, may actually tend to mask some of the effect of the
other emitted species. Thus, for this example, we conclude that the diesel exhaust paniculate
(largely soot) and NOX from the construction and operation activities at the site are the
principal causes of plume visual impacts calculated in this study. However, it should be
noted that visual impacts of fugitive dust would be most noticeable against a dark terrain
viewing background (e.g., a terrain feature in shadow) in which case the paniculate,
especially when the sun is in front of the observer, would scatter light into the line of sight
thereby appearing brighter than the terrain.
As discussed, over 250 PLUVUE-n runs were made. For each run, plume visual
effects were made for the particular vantage point of one of the three observers in the national
park. Each run was based on a particular plume position appropriate for the given wind
direction. Calculations were performed for six downwind distances. An input file for one of
the many runs is shown in Figure 10. The corresponding output is shown in Figure 11. In
this example, Observer #1 would observe the indicated plume visual effect as the plume was
scanned from the closest downwind distance to the most distant. Thus, the indicated effects
at given distances along the plume can also be interpreted as effects for various azimuths of
view.
76
-------
TABLE 4
SENSITIVITY OF PLUME VISUAL IMPACT TO EMITTED SPECIES
Scenario
Base Case
Diesel Exhaust Only
NOX Only
Fugitive Dust Only
Visual Range
Reduction (%)
15.2
9.8
5.7
1.7
Blue-Red
Ratio
0.987
0.988
0.998
0.996
Plume
Contrast
-0.016
-0.015
-0.011
-0.005
AE(L*aV)
0.641
0.586
0.497
0.175
Run Description:
Spring 0800 AM
Wind Direction = 90°
Wind Speed = 2 m/s
Stability = D
Observer #1
Emissions: ESF Construction
Downwind Distance = 3 km
77
-------
all .mie
pluvue7 .bin
pluvueS .bin
Test Case
4
0
1
0
1
1.
0.
.5 4
64.
10000.0
56.000
0
0106
0000
1.0
0.01
10.0
.0 0.0
72.7
0.000
0.150
2.000
1.500
0.050
1.500
1.500
10.000
2
170.000
00 1.00
0
0000000
2 2
-1.9
0.0
12 4
0.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
225.0
0.00
5.
171000
0
3.0
0.86
80.0
0.000
3.000
2.200
2.500
2.000
0.000
0.000
0.10 0.10
0.0
0.0
1 800.
0.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
5.0
0.21
0.0
0.040
0.100
2.000
1.500
2.000
1.500
2.000
5400.0
5200.0
7. 1988
0.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
7.0
0.10
0.000
1.000
2.000
2.500
0.000
0.000
1.000
0.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
10.0 15.0
0.000
0.0 0.0
50.0 50.0 50.0
50.0 50.0 50.0
50.0 50.0 50.0
0.0
c.o
0.0
Figure 10.
Sample PLUVUE II input file.
78
-------
PLUVUE II (VERSION 92243)
AN AIR QUALITY DISPERSION MODEL IN
SECTION 2. NON-GUIDELINE MODELS
SOURCE: FILE 13 ON UNAMAP MAGNETIC TAPE FROM NTIS.
VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR Test Case
EMISSIONS SOURCE DATA
ELEVATION OF SITE = 5200.' FEET MSL
1585. METERS MSL
NO. OF UNITS = I.
STACK HEIGHT = 0. FEET
0. METERS
FLUE GAS FLOW RATE = 10. CU FT/MIN
0.00 CU M/SEC
FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE = 80. F
300. K
FLUE GAS OXYGEN CONTENT = 0.0 MOL PERCENT
SO2 EMISSION RATE (TOTAL) = 0.01 TONS/DAY
1.050E-G1 G/SEC
NOX EMISSION RATE (TOTAL, AS N02) = 0.86 TONS/DAY
9.030E+00 G/SEC
PARTICULATE EMISSION RATE (TOTAL) = 0.21 TONS/DAY
2.205E+00 G/SEC
Figure 11. Example PLUVUE II output file.
-------
METEOROLOGICAL AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY DATA
WINDSPEED = 4.5 MILES/HR
2.0 M/SEC
PASQUILL-GIFFORD-TURNER STABILITY CATEGORY D
LAPSE RATE = 0.00 F/1000 FT
O.OOOE+00 K/M
POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE LAPSE RATE = 9.800E-03 K/M
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE = 72.7 F
295.8 K
RELATIVE HUMIDITY = 56.0 %
MIXING DEPTH = 10000.0 M
AMBIENT PRESSURE = 0.83 ATM
BACKGROUND NOX CONCENTRATION = 0.000 PPM
BACKGROUND N02 CONCENTRATION = 0.000 PPM
BACKGROUND OZONE CONCENTRATION = 0.040 PPM
BACKGROUND S02 CONCENTRATION = 0.000 PPM
00 ROG = O.lbOO SIGMA = 2.0000 REFRACTIVE INDEX = 1.5000 + 0.000000
<) LOG-NORMAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION (101 POINT HISTOGRAM)
ROG = 3.0000 SIGMA = 2.2000 REFRACTIVE INDEX = 1.5000 + 0 000000
LOG-NORMAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION (101 POINT HISTOGRAM)
ROG = 1.0000 SIGMA = 2.0000 REFRACTIVE INDEX = 1.5000 + 0 000000
LOG-NORMAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION (101 POINT HISTOGRAM)
ROG = 0.0500 SIGMA = 2.0000 REFRACTIVE INDEX = 2.0000 + 1.000000
LOG-NORMAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION (101 POINT HISTOGRAM)
BACKGROUND COARSE MODE CONCENTRATION = 10.0 UG/M3
BACKGROUND SULFATE CONCENTRATION = 2.2 UG/M3
BACKGROUND NITRATE CONCENTRATION = 0.0 UG/M3
BACKGROUND VISUAL RANGE = 170.0 KILOMETERS
S02 DEPOSITION VELOCITY = 1.00 CM/SEC
NOX DEPOSITION VELOCITY = 1.00 CM/SEC
COARSE PARTICULATE DEPOSITION VELOCITY = 0.10 CM/SEC
SUBMICRON PARTICULATE DEPOSITION VELOCITY = 0.10 CM/SEC
Figure 11. Example PLUVUE II output file (continued).
-------
AEROSOL STATISTICS
BACKGROUND PLUME
ACCUMULATION COARSE ACCUMULATION COARSE
MASS MEDIAN MODE MODE MODE MODE
RADIUS
MICROMETERS 0.150 3.000 0.100 1.000
GEOMETRIC
STANDARD
DEVIATION 2.000 2.200 2.000 2.000
PARTICLE
DENSITY
G/(CM**3) 1.500 2.500 1.500 2.500
CARBONACEOUS
AEROSOLS
0.050
2.000
2.000
GO
CARBONACEOUS FRACTION OF FARTICLATE MASS EMISSIONS = 0.000
BACKGROUND ATMOSPHERIC ELEMENTAL CARBON = 0.000 UG/M**3
GEOMETRY OF USER-SPECIFIED PLUME-OBSERVER-SUN ORIENTATION
WIND DIRECTION (DEGREES) =225.0
SIMULATION IS FOR 800. HOURS ON 4/ 1
SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE (DEGREES) =61.5
SOLAR AZIMUTH ANGLE (DEGREES) = 95.5
GEOMETRIES FOR LINES-OF-SIGHT THROUGH PLUME PARCELS AT GIVEN DOWNWIND DISTANCES (X)
X (KM)
1.0 '
3.0
5.0
7.0
10.0
15.0
AZIMUTH
74.8
62.2
57.0
54.1
51.8
49.7
RP
2.7
4.5
6.5
8.5
11.4
16.4
ALPHA
29.8
17.2
12.0
9.1
6.8
4.7
BETA
-1.3
-0.7
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
THETA
35.7
43.2
46.9
49.0
50.8
52.3
Figure 11. Example PLUVUE II output file (continued).
-------
BACKGROUND CONDITIONS
ACCUMULATION MODE
MASS RADIUS SIGMA BSCAT. 55/MASS
0.1500E+00 0.2000E+01 0.5215E-02
COARSE PARTICLE MODE
MASS RADIUS SIGMA BSCAT.55/MASS
0.3000E+01 0.2200E+01 0.3219E-03
PRIMARY PARTICLE MODE
MASS RADIUS SIGMA BSCAT.55/MASS
0.1000E+01 0.2000E+01 0.1045E-02
REFRACTION INDEXES
ACCUMULATION MODE
COARSE MODE
PRIMARY AEROSOLS
CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS =
0.1500E+01 + I
0.1500E+01 + I
0.1500E+01 + I
0.2000E+01 + I
O.OOOOE+00
O.OOOOE+00
O.OOOOE+00
0.1000E+01
BTARAY =0.9885E-02
COEFFICIENTS AT 0.55 MICROMETERS , 1./KM
BTAAER =0.1457E-01 ABSN02 =O.OOOOE+00 BTABAC =0.2301E-01
OO
Figure 11. Example PLUVTJE II output file (continued).
-------
CONCENTRATIONS OF AEROSOL AND GASES CONTRIBUTED BY
00
DOWNWIND DISTANCE (KM) =
PLUME ALTITUDE (M)
SIGMA Y (M)
SIGMA Z (M)
S02-S04 CONVERSION RATE=
NOX-N03 CONVERSION RATE=
ALTITUDE
H+2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H+1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H-1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H-2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
NOX
(PPM)
0.043
0.043
0.202
0.202
0.350
0.350
0.351
0.351
0.351
0.351
0.351
0.351
Test Case
1.0
2.
78.
33.
0.0000 PERCENT/HR
0.0000 PERCENT/HR
N02
(PPM)
0.025
0.025
0.037
0.037
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.039-
0.039
N03- NO2/NTOT NO3-/NTOT
(PPM) (MOLE %) (MOLE %)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
57.178
57.178
18.521
18.521
11'. Oil
11.011
10.996
10.996
10.996
10.996
10.996
10.996
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
S02
(PPM)
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
S04=
(UG/M3)
0.000
2.176
0.000
2.176
0.000
2.176
0.000
2.176
0.000
2.176
0.000
2.176
SO4=/STOT
(MOLE %)
0.000
60.737
0.000
24.740
0.000
15.920
0.000
15.901
0.000
15.901
0.000
15.901
03
(PPM)
-0.025
0.015
-0.037
0.003
-0.039
0.001
-0.039
0.001
-0.039
0.001
-0.039
0.001
PRIMAR'
(UG/M3)
19.695
31.872
92.685
104.861
160.910
173.087
161.138
173.314
161.138
173.314
161.138
173.314
(10-4 M-l)
0.206
0.352
0.969
1.115
1.682
1.828
1.684
1.830
1.684
1.830
1.684
1.830
BSPSN/BSP
0.000
32.283
0.000
10.183
0.000
6.210
0.000
6.202
0.000
6.202
0.000
6.202
CUMULATIVE SURFACE DEPOSITION (MOLE FRACTIONOF INITIAL FLUX
S02: 0.0000
NOX: 0.0000
PRIMARY PARTICULATE: 0.0000
SO4: 0.0000
N03: 0.0000
Figure 11. Example PLUVUE II output file (continued).
-------
VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZONTAL SIGHT PATHS
Test Case
DOWNWIND DISTANCE (KM) = 1.0
PLUME ALTITUDE (M) = 2.
PLUME-OBSERVER DISTANCE (KM) = 2.7
AZIMUTH OF LINE-OF-SIGHT = 74.8
ELEVATION ANGLE OF LINE-OF-SIGHT = -1.'3
SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE = 61.5 AT 800. ON
SIGHT PATH IS THROUGH PLUME CENTER
4/
THETA ALPHA RP/RVO
36.
RV %REDUCED
YCAP
30.
0.02
167.0
1.79 102.10 100.81 0.3370
Y DELYCAP
0.3497 -0.52
DELL C(550) BRATIO DELX DELY E(LUV) E(LAB)
-0.20 -0.0050 0.9602 0.0023 0.0022 2.0998 1.3615
PLUME VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZONTAL VIEWS
OF THE PLUME OF WHITE, GRAY, AND BLACK OBJECTS
FOR SPECIFIC OBSERVER-PLUME AND OBSERVER-OBJECT DISTANCES
Test Case
OO
DOWNWIND DISTANCE (KM) = 1.0
PLUME-OBSERVER DISTANCE (KM) = 2.7
AZIMUTH OF LINE-OF-SIGHT = 74.8
ELEVATION ANGLE OF LINE-OF-SIGHT = -1.3
SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE = 61.5 AT 800. ON
THETA = 36.
REFLECT RP/RVO RO/RVO
1.0
0.3
0.0
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.29
0.29
0.29
YCAP
93.27
77.86
71.26
4/
Y DELYCAP
97.34
90.73
87.62
0.3328
0.3190
0.3116
0.3453
0.3352
0.3298
0.15
1.34
1.85
DELL C(550) BRATIO
0.06
0.61
0.90
0.0018
0.0171
0.0257
0.9544
0.9270
0.9074
DELX
0.0027
0.0040
0.0048
DELY E(LUV) E (LAB)
0.0026
0.0038
0.0045
2.4100
3.4004
3.9892
1.5431
2.1555
2.5334
Figure 11. Example PLUVUE II output file (continued).
-------
CONCENTRATIONS OF AEROSOL AND GASES CONTRIBUTED BY
oo
DOWNWIND DISTANCE (KM) =
PLUME ALTITUDE (M)
SIGMA Y (M)
SIGMA Z (M)
S02-SO4 CONVERSION RATE=
NOX-N03 CONVERSION RATE=
ALTITUDE
H+2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H+1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H-1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H-2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
NOX
(PPM)
0.009
0.009
0.042
0.042
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.070
0.070
Test Case
3.0
2.
195.
66.
0.0019 PERCENT/HR
0.0135 PERCENT/HR
N02 N03- NO2/NTOT N03-/NTOT
(PPM) (PPM) (MOLE %) (MOLE %)
0.007 0.000 74.135 0.037
0.007 0.000 74.135 0.037
0.024 0.000 57.897 0.001
0.024 0.000 57.897 0.001
0.031 0.000 44.018 0.000
0.031 0.000 44.018 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
74.135
74.135
57.897
57.897
44.018
44.018
44.018
44.018
44.018
44.018
44.018
44.018
0.031 0.000 44.018 0.000
0.031 0.000 44.018 0.000
0.031 0.000 44.018 0.000
0.031 0.000 44.018 0.000
0.031 0.000 44.018 0.000
0.031 0.000 44.018 0.000
S02
(PPM)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
S04=
(UG/M3)
o.doo
2.176
0.000
2.176
0.000
2.176
0.000
2.176
0.000
2.176
0.000
2.176
S04=/STOT
(MOLE %)
0.009
87.995
0.001
61.454
0.001
48.507
0.001
48.507
0.001
48.507
0.001
48.507
03
(PPM)
-0.007
0.033
-0.024
0.016
-0.031
0.009'
-0.031
0.009
-0.031
0.009
-0.031
0.009
PRIMAR'
(UG/M3)
4.157
16.333
19.110
31.287
32.343
44.520
32.343
44.520
32.343
44.520
32.343
44.520
(10-4 M-l)
0.043
0.189
0.200
0.345
0.338
0.484
0.338
0.484
0.338
0.484
0.338
0.484
BSPSN/BSP
0.003
60.007
0.000
32.855
0.000
23.460
0.000
23.460
0.000
23.460
0.000
23.460
CUMULATIVE SURFACE DEPOSITION (MOLE FRACTIONOF INITIAL FLUX
S02: 0.0000
NOX: 0.0000
PRIMARY PARTICULATE: 0.0000
S04: 0.0000
N03: 0.0000
Figure 11. Example PLUVUE II output file (continued).
-------
VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZONTAL SIGHT PATHS
Test Case
DOWNWIND DISTANCE (KM) = 3.0
PLUME ALTITUDE (M) = 2.
PLUME-OBSERVER DISTANCE (KM) = 4.5
AZIMUTH OF LINE-OF-SIGHT = 62.2
ELEVATION ANGLE OF LINE-OF-SIGHT -0.7
SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE = 61.5 AT 800. ON 4/ 1
SIGHT PATH IS THROUGH PLUME CENTER
THETA ALPHA RP/RVO RV %REDUCED YCAP L X Y DELYCAP DELL C (550) BRATIO DELX DELY E (LUV) E(LAB)
43.
17. 0.03 167.5 1.48 82.54 92.82 0.3356 0.3481 -1.54 -0.67 -0.0176 0.9235 0.0047 0.0049 4.1465 2.7541
PLUME VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZONTAL VIEWS
OF THE PLUME OF WHITE, GRAY, AND BLACK OBJECTS
FOR SPECIFIC OBSERVER-PLUME AND OBSERVER-OBJECT DISTANCES
Test Case
DOWNWIND DISTANCE (KM) = 3.0
PLUME-OBSERVER DISTANCE (KM) = 4.5
AZIMUTH OF LINE-OF-SIGHT =62.2
ELEVATION ANGLE OF LINE-OF-SIGHT -0.7
SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE - 61.5 AT 800. ON 4/ 1
00 THETA = 43.
O\
REFLECT RP/RVO RO/RVO YCAP L X Y DELYCAP DELL C(550) BRATIO DELX DELY E(LUV) E(LAB)
1.0 0.03 0.29 79.27 91.36 0.3355 0.3467 -1.29 -0.58 -0.0151 0.9243 0.0047 0.0049 4 1169 2 7320
0.3 0.03 0.29 63.86 83.91 0.3188 0.3344 -0.11 -0.06 -0.0009 0.9022 0.0057 0.0061 4 8232 3 0601
0-0 0.03 0.29 57.25 80.34 0.3094 0.3275 0.40 0.22 0.0076 0.8842 0.0065 0.0069 5 2911 3 3115
Figure 11. Example PLUVUE II output file (continued).
-------
CONCENTRATIONS OF AEROSOL AND GASES CONTRIBUTED BY
Test Case
DOWNWIND DISTANCE (KM) =
PLUME ALTITUDE (M)
SIGMA Y (M)
SIGMA Z (M)
S02-S04 CONVERSION RATE=
NOX-N03 CONVERSION RATE=
5.0
2.
303.
89.
0.0154 PERCENT/HR
0.1077 PERCENT/HR
00
-J
ALTITUDE
H+2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H+1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H-1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H-2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
0
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
NOX
(PPM)
0.004
0.004
0.020
0.020
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
NO2
(PPM)
0.003
0.003
0.014
0.014
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
NO3- N02/NTOT NO3-/NTOT
(PPM) (MOLE %) (MOLE %)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
75.685
75.685
69.324
69.324
62.371
62.371
62.371
62.371
62.371
62.371
62.371
62.371
0.400
0.400
0.040
0.040
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
S02
(PPM)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
S04=
(UG/M3)
0.000
2.176
0.000
2.176
0.000
2.176
0.000
2.176
0.000
2.176
0.000
2.176
S04=/STOT
(MOLE %)
0.078
93.851
0.010
76.953
0.005
66.513
0.005
66.513
0.005
66.513
0.005
66.513
03
(PPM)
-0.003
0.037
-0.014
0.026
-0.021
0.019
-0.021
0.019
-0.021
0.019
-0.021
0.019
PRIMAR'
(UG/M3)
1.998
14.174
9.126
21.302
15.340
27.516
15.340
27.516
15.340
27.516
15.340
27.516
(10-4 M-l)
0.021
0.167
0.095
0.241
0.160
0.306
0.160
0.306
0.160
0.306
0.160
0.306
BSPSN/BSP
0.028
68.138
0.004
47.079
0.002
37.086
0.002
37.086
0.002
37.086
0.002
37.086
CUMULATIVE SURFACE DEPOSITION (MOLE FRACTIONOF INITIAL FLUX
SO2: 0.0000
NOX: 0.0000
PRIMARY PARTICULATE: 0.0000
SO4: 0.0000
N03: 0.0000
Figure 11. Example PLUVUE II output file (continued).
-------
VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZONTAL SIGHT PATHS
Test Case
DOWNWIND DISTANCE (KM) = 5.0
PLUME ALTITUDE (M) = 2.
PLUME-OBSERVER DISTANCE (KM) = 6.5
AZIMUTH OF LINE-OF-SIGHT = 57.0
ELEVATION ANGLE OF LINE-OF-SIGHT = -0.5
SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE = 61.5 AT 800. ON
SIGHT PATH IS THROUGH PLUME CENTER
4/
THETA ALPHA RP/RVO
47.
RV %REDUCED
YCAP
12.
0.04
167.3
1.57 75.13 89.46 0.3342
Y DELYCAP
0.3474 -1.82
DELL C(550) BRATIO DELX DELY E (LUV) E (LAB)
-0.84 -0.0227 0.9117 0.0056 0.0058 4.7989 3.1967
PLUME VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZONTAL VIEWS
OF THE PLUME OF WHITE, GRAY, AND BLACK OBJECTS
FOR SPECIFIC OBSERVER-PLUME AND OBSERVER-OBJECT DISTANCES
Test Case
OO
00
DOWNWIND DISTANCE (KM) = 5.0
PLUME-OBSERVER DISTANCE (KM) = 6.5
AZIMUTH OF LINE-OF-SIGHT = 57.0
ELEVATION ANGLE OF LINE-OF-SIGHT = -0.5
SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE = 61.5 AT 800. ON 4/
THETA = 47.
REFLECT RP/RVO RO/RVO
1.0
0.3
0.0
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.29
0.29
0.29
YCAP
74.02
58.73
52."18
88.94
81.16
77.41
0.3364
0.3183
0.3079
Y DELYCAP
0.3474 -1.71
0.3341 -0.41
0.3265 0.15
DELL C(550) BRATIO
-0.80 -0.0214
-0.22 -0.0056
0.09 0.0041
0.9152
0.8927
0.8732
DELX
0.0055
0.0065
0.0073
DELY E(LUV) E(LAB)
0.0057
0.0070
0.0078
4.6587
5.3316
5.8078
3.1248
3.4032
3.6480
Figure 11. Example PLUVUE n output file (continued).
-------
CONCENTRATIONS OF AEROSOL AND GASES CONTRIBUTED BY
OO
DOWNWIND DISTANCE (KM) =
PLUME ALTITUDE (M)
SIGMA Y (M)
SIGMA Z (M)
S02-SO4 CONVERSION RATE=
NOX-NO3 CONVERSION RATE=
ALTITUDE
H+2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H+1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H-1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H-2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
NOX
(PPM)
0.003
0.003
0.012
0.012
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
Test Case
7.0
2.
406.
110.
0.0483 PERCENT/HR
0.3382 PERCENT/HR
NO2
(PPM)
0.002
0.002
0.009
0.009
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
N03-
(PPM)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
N02/NTO
(MOLE %)
75.710
75.710
72.758
72.758
69.078
69.078
69.078
69.078
69.078
69.078
69.078
69.078
N03-/NTOT S02
(MOLE %) (PPM)
1.166
1.166
0.164
0.164
0.068
0.068
0.068
0.068
0.068
0.068
0.068
0.068
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
S04=
(UG/M3)
0.000
2.176
0.000
2.176
0.000
2.176
0.000
2.176
0.000
2.176
0.000
2.176
SO4=/STOT
(MOLE %)
0.221
96.137
0.035
84.514
C
0.017
76.511
0.017
. 76.511
0.017
76.511
0.017
76.511
03
(PPM)
-0.002
0.038
-0.009
0.031
-0.014
0.026
-0.014
0.026
-0.014
0.026
-0.014
0.026
PRIMAR'
(UG/M3)
1.227
13.403
5.585
17.761
9.355
21.532
9.355
21.532
9.355
21.532
9.355
21.532
' BSP-TOTAL BSPSN/BSP
(10-4 M-l) (%)
0.013
0.159
0.058
0.204
0.098
0.243
0.098
0.243
0.098
0.243
0.098
0.243
0.079
71.603
0.012
55.618
0.006
46.616
0.006
46.616
0.006
46.616
0.006
46.616
CUMULATIVE SURFACE DEPOSITION (MOLE FRACTIONOF INITIAL FLUX
S02: 0.0000
NOX: 0.0000
PRIMARY PARTICULATE: 0.0000
SO4: 0.0000
N03: 0.0000
Figure 11. Example PLUVUE II output file (continued).
-------
VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZONTAL SIGHT PATHS
Test Case
DOWNWIND DISTANCE (KM) = 7.0
PLUME ALTITUDE (M) = 2.
PLUME-OBSERVER DISTANCE (KM) = 8.5
AZIMUTH OF LINE-OF-SIGHT = 54.1
ELEVATION ANGLE OF LINE-OF-SIGHT = -0.4
SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE = 61.5 AT 800. ON
SIGHT PATH IS THROUGH PLUME CENTER
4/
THETA ALPHA RP/RVO
49.
RV %REDUCED
YCAP
9.
0.05
167.1
1.70 71.32 87.65 0.3332
Y DELYCAP
0.3462 -1.89
DELL C(550) BRATIO DELX DELY E(LUV) E(LAB)
-0.90 -0.0248 0.9112 0.0059 0.0060 4.9299 3.2771
PLUME VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZONTAL VIEWS
OF THE PLUME OF WHITE, GRAY, AND BLACK OBJECTS
FOR SPECIFIC OBSERVER-PLUME AND OBSERVER-OBJECT DISTANCES
Test Case
DOWNWIND DISTANCE (KM) = 7.0
PLUME-OBSERVER DISTANCE (KM) = 8.5
AZIMUTH OF LINE-OF-SIGHT = 54.1
ELEVATION ANGLE OF LINE-OF-SIGHT = -0.4
SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE = 61.5 AT 800. ON
THETA = 49.'
REFLECT RP/RVO RO/RVO
1.0
0.3
0.0
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.29
0.29
0.29
YCAP
71.34
56.15
49.65
4/
87.66
79.72
75.87
0.3367,
0.3178
0.3069
Y DELYCAP
0.3472 -1.87
0.3333 -0.46
0.3252 0.14
DELL C(550) BRATIO
-0.90 -0.0244
-0.26 -0.0069
0.09 0.0041
0.9164
0.8929
0.8717
DELX
0.0057
0.0067
0.0075
DELY E(LUV) E (LAB)
0.0058
0.0071
0.0080
4.7217
5.3901
5.8887
3.1747
3.4358
3.6924
Figure 11. Example PLUVUE II output file (continued).
-------
DOWNWIND DISTANCE (KM) =
PLUME ALTITUDE (M)
SIGMA Y (M)
SIGMA Z (M)
SO2-SO4 CONVERSION RATE=
NOX-NO3 CONVERSION RATE=
CONCENTRATIONS OF AEROSOL AND GASES CONTRIBUTED BY
Test Case
10.0
2.
554.
136.
0.0966 PERCENT/HR
0.6763 PERCENT/HR
ALTITUDE
H+2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H+1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H
INCREMENT :
TOTAL AMB:
H-1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H-2S
INCREMENT :
TOTAL AMB:
0
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
CUMULATIVE
NOX
(PPM)
0.002
0.002
0.007
0.007
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
N02
(PPM)
0.001
0.001
0.005
0.005
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
SURFACE DEPOSITION
SO2:
NOX:
PRIMARY PARTICULATE:
SO4:
NO3:
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
N03-
(PPM)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
N02/NTOT N03-/NTOT
(MOLE %) (MOLE %)
74.635
74.635
74.527
74.527
72.760
72.760
72.760
72.760
72.760
72.760
72.760
72.760
(MOLE FRACTIONOF INITIAL
3.061
3.061
0.514
0.514
0.245
0.245
0.245
0.245
0.245
0.245
0.245
0.245
FLUX
SO2
(PPM)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
SO4 =
(UG/M3)
0.000
2.177
0.000
2.176
0.000
2.176
0.000
2.176
0.000
2.176
0.000
2.176
SO4=/STOT
(MOLE %)
0.572
97.675
0.102
90.206
0.052
84.645
0.052
84.645
0.052
84.645
0.052
84.645
03
(PPM)
-0.001
0.039
-0.005
0.035
-0.009
0.031
-0.009
0.031
-0.009
0.031
-0.009
0.031
PRIMARY BSP-TOTAL BSPSN/B:
(UG/M3) (10-4 M-l) (%)
0.730
12.906
3.312
15.488
5.530
17.707
5.530
17.707
5.530
17.707
5.530
17.707
0.008
0.153
0.035
0.180
0.058
0.204
0.058
0.204
0.058
0.204
0.058
0.204
0.203
74.032
0.03-6
62.950
0.019
55.775
0.019
55.775
0.019
55.775
0.019
55.775
Figure 11. Example PLUVUE II output file (continued).
-------
VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZONTAL SIGHT PATHS
Test Case
DOWNWIND DISTANCE (KM) = 10.0
PLUME ALTITUDE (M) = 2.
PLUME-OBSERVER DISTANCE (KM) = 11.4
AZIMUTH OF LINE-OF-SIGHT = 51.8
ELEVATION ANGLE OF LINE-OF-SIGHT = -0.3
SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE = 61.5 AT 800. ON
SIGHT PATH IS THROUGH PLUME CENTER
4/
THETA ALPHA RP/RVO
51.
RV %REDUCED
YCAP
7.
0.07
166.8
1.90 68.44 86.24 0.3321 0.3452 -1.90
Y DELYCAP DELL C(550) BRATIO DELX DELY E (LUV) E(LAB)
-0.94 -0.0263 0.9163 0.0059 0.0058 4.8116 3.1852
PLUME VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZONTAL VIEWS
OF THE PLUME OF WHITE, GRAY, AND BLACK OBJECTS
FOR SPECIFIC OBSERVER-PLUME AND OBSERVER-OBJECT DISTANCES
Test Case
N)
DOWNWIND DISTANCE (KM) = 10.0
PLUME-OBSERVER DISTANCE (KM) = 11.4
AZIMUTH OF LINE-OF-SIGHT = 51.8
ELEVATION ANGLE OF LINE-OF-SIGHT = -0.3
SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE = 61.5 AT 800. ON 4/ 1
THETA = 51.
REFLECT RP/RVO RO/RVO
1.0
0.3
0.0
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.29
0.29
0.29
YCAP
69.29
54.24
47.79
86.66
78.62
74.72
0.3367
0.3171
0.3058
Y DELYCAP
0.3468 -1.97
0.3323 -0.43
0.3239 0.23
DELL C(550) BRATIO
-0.96 -0.0267
-0.25 -0.0067
0.15 0.0059
0.9234
0.8981
0.8745
DELX
0.0056
0.0066
0.0075
DELY E(LUV) E(LAB)
0.0055
0.0068
0.0078
4.5419
5.2072
5.7388
3.0571
3.3035
3.5839
Figure 11. Example PLUVUE II output file (continued).
-------
CONCENTRATIONS OF AEROSOL AND GASES CONTRIBUTED BY
Test Case
VO
US
DOWNWIND DISTANCE (KM) =
PLUME ALTITUDE (M)
SIGMA Y (M)
SIGMA Z (M)
S02-SO4 CONVERSION RATE=
NOX-NO3 CONVERSION RATE=
ALTITUDE
H+2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H+1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H-1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H-2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
0
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
NOX
(PPM)
0.001
0.001
0.004
0.004
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
15.0
2.
789.
170.
0.1868 PERCENT/HR
1.3077 PERCENT/HR
N02 N03- N02/NTOT NO3-/NTOT
(PPM) (PPM) (MOLE %) (MOLE %)
0.001 0.000 72.217 6.498
0.001 0.000 72.217 6.498
0.003 0.000 74.943 1.550
0.003 0.000 74.943 1.550
0.005 0.000 74.499 0.814
0.005 0.000 74.499 0.814
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000 "
0.000
72.217
72.217
74.943
74.943
74.499
74.499
74.499
74.499
74.499
74.499
74.499
74.499
0.005 0.000 74.499 0.814
0.005 0.000 74.499 0.814
0.005 0.000 74.499 0.814
0.005 0.000 74.499 0.814
0.005 0.000 " 74.499 0.814
0.005 0.000 74.499 0.814
S02
(PPM)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
S04 =
(UG/M3)
0.000
2.177
0.000
2.177
0.000
2.177
0.000
2.177
0.000
2.177
0.000
2.177
S04=/STOT
(MOLE %)
1.208
98.690
0.296
94.281
0.161
90.811
0.161
90.811
0.161
90.811
0.161
90.811
03
(PPM)
-0.001
0.039
-0.003
0.037
-0.005
0.035
-0.005
0.035
-0.005
0.035
-0.005
0.035
PRIMAR-
(UG/M3)
0.410
12.586
1.854
14.030
3.088
15.264
3.088
15.264
3.088
15.264
3.088
15.264
(10-4 M-l)
0.004
0.150
0.019
0.165
0.032
0.178
0.032
0.178
0.032
0.178
0.032
0.178
BSPSN/BSP
0.429
75.684
0.105
68.762
0.057
63.777
0.057
63.777
0.057
63.777
0.057
63.777
CUMULATIVE SURFACE DEPOSITION (MOLE FRACTIONOF INITIAL FLUX
S02: 0.0000
NOX: 0.0000
PRIMARY PARTICULATE: 0.0000
S04: 0.0000
N03: 0.0000
Figure 11. Example PLUVUE n output file (continued).
-------
VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZONTAL SIGHT PATHS
Test Case
DOWNWIND DISTANCE (KM) = 15.0
PLUME ALTITUDE (M) = 2.
PLUME-OBSERVER DISTANCE (KM) = 16.4
AZIMUTH OF LINE-OF-SIGHT = 49.7
ELEVATION ANGLE OF LINE-OF-SIGHT = -0.2
SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE = 61.5 AT 800. ON 4/ 1
SIGHT PATH IS THROUGH PLUME CENTER
THETA ALPHA RP/RVO
52.
5.
RV %REDUCED YCAP L X Y DELYCAP DELL C(550) BRATIO DELX DELY E(LUV) E(LAB)
0.10 166.4 2.11 66.41 85.22 0.3306 0.3432 -1.72 -0.86 -0.0248 0.9366 0.0049 0.0045 3.9218 2.5805
PLUME VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZONTAL VIEWS
OF THE PLUME OF WHITE, GRAY, AND BLACK OBJECTS
FOR SPECIFIC OBSERVER-PLUME AND OBSERVER-OBJECT DISTANCES
Test Case
DOWNWIND DISTANCE (KM) = 15.0
PLUME-OBSERVER DISTANCE (KM) = 16.4
AZIMUTH OF LINE-OF-SIGHT = 49.7
ELEVATION ANGLE OF LINE-OF-SIGHT = -0.2
SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE = 61.5 AT 800. ON 4/ 1
THETA = 52.
REFLECT RP/RVO RO/RVO YCAP
Y DELYCAP DELL C(550) BRATIO DELX DELY E(LUV) E(LAB)
1.0
0.3
0.0
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.29
0.29
0.29
67.90
52.95
46.55
85.97 0.3359 0-.3454 -1.86
77.87 0.3158 0.3305 -0.21
73.92 0.3041 0.3217 0.49
PARCEL
AGE
(HR)
LOCAL
TIME
HISTORY OF PLUME PARCEL AT DOWNWIND DISTANCE = 1.0 KM
S02-T0-S04= CONVERSION RATE (%/HR)
H+2S H+1S H H-1S H-2S 0
0.1 700 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
HISTORY OF PLUME PARCEL AT DOWNWIND DISTANCE = 3.0 KM
S02-T0-S04= CONVERSION RATE (%/HR)
H+2S H+1S H H-1S H-2S 0
PARCEL
AGE
(HR)
LOCAL
TIME
0.1 643 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.4 700 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-0.92 -0.0260 0.0045 0.0045 0.0042 3.6034 2.4296
-0.13 -0.0034 0.9190 0.0055 0.0054 4.2062 2.6373
0.32 0.0110 0.8930 0.0064 0.0064 4.7546 3.9513
NOX-TO-HN03 CONVERSION RATE (%/HR)
H+2S H+1S H H-1S H-2S 0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
NOX-TO-HN03 CONVERSION RATE (%/HR)
H+2S H+1S H H-1S H-2S 0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0,00
0.23 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Figure 11.
Example PLUVUE II output file (continued).
-------
HISTORY OF PLUME PARCEL AT DOWNWIND DISTANCE
5.0 KM
VO
PARCEL
AGE
(HR)
0.1
0.4
0.7
HISTORY OF
PARCEL
AGE
(HR)
0.1
0.4
0.7
1.0
HISTORY OF
PARCEL
AGE
(HR)
0.1
0.4
0.7
1.0
1.4
HISTORY OF
PARCEL
AGE
(HR)
0.1
0.4
0.7
1.0
1.4
2.1
LOCAL
TIME
626
643
700
PLUME PARCEL
LOCAL
TIME
610
626
643
700
PLUME PARCEL
LOCAL
TIME
545
602
618
635
700
PLUME PARCEL
LOCAL
TIME
504
520
537
553
618
700
S02-TO-SO4=
H+2S
0.00
0.02
0.26
H+1S
0.00
0.00
0.03
CONVERSION
H
0.00
0.00
0.02
H-1S
0.00
0.00
0.02
AT DOWNWIND DISTANCE =
S02-T0-S04=
H+2S
0.00
0.02
0.20
0.58
H+1S
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.10
CONVERSION
H
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.05
H-1S
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.05
AT DOWNWIND DISTANCE =
S02-TO-S04=
H+2S
0.00
0.01
0.14
0.45
0.98
H+1S
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.08
0.18
CONVERSION
H
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.10
H-1S
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.10
AT DOWNWIND DISTANCE =
S02-T0-S04=
H+2S
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.26
0.64
1.24
H+1S
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.12
0.34
CONVERSION
H
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.19
H-1S
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.19
RATE
H-2S
0.00
0.00
0.02
(%/HR)
0
0.00
0.00
0.02
7.0 KM
RATE
H-2S
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.05
(%/HR)
0
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.05
10.0 KM
RATE
H-2S
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.10
(%/HR)
0
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.10
15.0 KM
RATE
H-2S
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.19
(%/HR)
0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.19
NOX-TO-HN03 CONVERSION RATE (%/HR)
H+2S H+1S H H-1S H-2S 0
0.00 0.00
0.17 0.02
1.82 0.24
0.00
0.01
0.11
0.00
0.01
0.11
0.00 0.00
0.01 0.01
0.11 0.11
NOX-TO-HN03 CONVERSION RATE (%/HR)
H+2S H+1S H H-1S H-2S 0
0.00 0.00
0.11 0.01
1.39 0.18
4.09 0.70
0.00
0.01
0.08
0.34
0.00
0.01
0.08
0.34
0.00 0.00
0.01 0.01
0.08 0.08
0.34 0.34
NOX-TO-HN03 CONVERSION RATE (%/HR)
H+2S H+1S H H-lS H-2S 0
0.00
0.07
0.99
3.13
0.00
0.01
0.12
0.53
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.25
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.25
6.88 1.29 0.68 0.68
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.25
0.68
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.25
0.68
NOX-TO-HN03 CONVERSION RATE (%/HR)
H+2S H+1S H H-lS H-2S 0
0.00
0.03
0.42
80
51
8.67
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.29
0.84
2.36
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.14
0.43
1.31
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.14
0.43
1.31
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.14
0.43
1.31
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.14
0.43
1.31
Figure 11. Example PLUVUE n output file (continued).
-------
PLOT FILE VERIFICATION
OBSERVER-BASED DATA
SKY BACKGROUND
NX 123456
DISTANCE (KM) 1. 3. 5. 7. 10. 15.
REDUCTION OF VISUAL
RANGE (%) 1.793 1.476 1.567 1.698 1.895 2.111
BLUE-RED RATIO
0.960 0.923 0.912 0.911 0.916 0.937
PLUME CONTRAST AT
0.55 MICRONS -0.005 -0.018 -0.023 -0.025 -0.026 -0.025
PLUME PERCEPTIBILITY
DELTA E(L*A*B*) 1.362 2.754 3.197 3.277 3.185 2.581
WHITE BACKGROUND
NX 123456
DISTANCE (KM) 1. 3. 5. 7. 10. 15.
REDUCTION OF VISUAL
RANGE (%) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
BLUE-RED RATIO
0.954 0.924 0.915 0.916 0.923 0.946
PLUME CONTRAST AT
0.55 MICRONS 0.002 -0.015 -0.021 -0.024 -0.027 -0.026
PLUME PERCEPTIBILITY
DELTA E(L*A*B*) 1.543 2.732 3.125 3.175 3.057 2.430
GRAY BACKGROUND
NX 123456
DISTANCE (KM) 1. 3. 5. 7. 10. 15.
REDUCTION OF VISUAL
RANGE (%) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
BLUE-RED RATIO
0.927 0.902 0.893 0.893 0.898 0.919
PLUME CONTRAST AT
0.55 MICRONS 0.017 -0.001 -0.006 -0.007 -0.007 -0.003
PLUME PERCEPTIBILITY
DELTA E(L*A*B*) 2.155 3.060 3.403 3.436 3.303 2.637
BLACK BACKGROUND
NX 123456
DISTANCE (KM) 1. 3. 5. 7. 10. 15.
REDUCTION OF VISUAL
RANGE (%) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
BLUE-RED RATIO
0.907 0.884 0.873 0.872 0.875 0.893
PLUME CONTRAST AT
0.55 MICRONS 0.026 0.008 0.004 0.004 0.006 0.011
PLUME PERCEPTIBILITY
DELTA E(L*A*B*) 2.533 3.311 3.648 3.692 3.584 2.951
Figure 11, Example PLUVUE II output file (continued).
-------
After the PLUVUE II runs were completed, a check was made to determine whether
elevated terrain existed between the observer and the location of the plume. If the plume
would not have been visible due to intervening terrain, visual effects were set to zero. Tables
5 and 6 summarize the maximum AE values for each of the PLUVUE II runs for Observers
#1, #2, and #3. In Table 5, the first series of runs, shown by the matrix of calculations
running across the top of the table, was done to determine the sensitivity of visual effects to
sun angle (i.e., time of day and season). This sensitivity analysis indicated that visual impacts
are not strong functions of sun angle; however, slightly higher magnitudes of effects were
noted for the winter morning sun angle. Therefore, subsequent runs were performed for this
time of day/year. The next set of runs were performed to test the sensitivity to atmospheric
stability and wind speed. Because of the distributed nature of the area sources in this
example, plume visual effects were relatively insensitive to stability. This is because the
plume AE values occurred generally at the closest downwind distance where plume
dimensions were defined by the initial dilution of the area source. However, visual effects
were found to be sensitive to wind speed, with AE decreasing with increasing wind speed.
The final set of calculations sampled the visual effects associated with various wind
directions, wind speeds, and emissions corresponding to the three phases of operation:
exploratory shaft facility construction (ESF), repository construction (RC), and repository
operation (RO).
Table 6 shows the results of PLUVUE II runs performed to characterize the visual
effects observed from the vantage points of Observers #2 and #3. For this example,
calculations were performed for neutral (Stability Class D) conditions only because it is
believed that elevated terrain would block the transport of stable plumes within view of these
observers and, if stable flow did occur, mechanically induced turbulence caused by the flow
over the rugged, elevated terrain would produce the equivalent of D stability conditions.
Calculations were also performed for the winter morning (0800) sun angle, for a range of
wind speeds and directions, and for each of the three phases of construction and operation.
Table 7 displays in descending order the calculated maximum plume AE values for
each observer position and each phase of repository construction and operation. Generally,
the maximum visual impact occurs when the winds are most light and the plume is carried to
the observer.
The magnitudes of the plume visual impact, as characterized by the plume AE, were
combined with meteorological data to estimate the frequency of occurrence of worst-case
impacts for each of the three observers. This compilation is summarized in Table 8. For
each of the three observers, the maximum and average (across all azimuths of view) plume
visual impacts are summarized for five meteorological conditions and for each of the three
phases. The five meteorological conditions for each observer were selected from the larger
sample of meteorological conditions, as discussed in the meteorology discussion in Section
3.3.3, to provide a range of AE values and cumulative frequencies. All combinations of wind
speed and wind direction that yielded AE values greater than the indicated values were
summed to assign a cumulative frequency for each meteorological condition. The cumulative
97
-------
TABLE 5
SUMMARY OF MAXIMUM CALCULATED AE VALUES ASSOCIATED WITH THE ESF
FOR EACH OF THE PLUVUE U MODEL RUNS FOR OBSERVER #1
Wind Wind
Stability Speed Dir.
(m/s)
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
E
E
E
E
F
F
F
D
D
D
E
E
E
E
F
F
F
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
3.0
5.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
5.0
2.0
3.0
5.0
1.0
3.0
5.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
5.0
2.0
3.0
5.0
E
WSW
W
ENE
WNW
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
ENE
ENE
ENE
ENE
ENE
ENE
ENE
ENE
ENE
ENE
Winter Spring
8 AM Noon 4 PM 8 AM Noon 4 PM 8
1.2 0.9 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.0
3.1 2.3 3.0 2.7 2.2 2.5
3.2 2.3 3.0 2.2 2.5
1.3 0.9 1.2 0.9 1.0
1.1 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.9
5.0
2.4
1.6
4.9
3.0
2.3
1.6
4.0
3.0
2.1
2.1
1.0
0.7
1.9
1.2
0.9
0.7
1.4
1.1
0.8
Summer
AM Noon 4PM
0.9 0.9
2.1 2.3
2.1 2.3
0.9
0.7 0.8
98
A
-------
TABLE 6
SUMMARY OF MAXIMUM CALCULATED AE VALUES FOR EACH
OF THE PLUVUE II RUNS FOR OBSERVERS #2 AND #3
Stability
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Wind Wind
Speed Direction
(m/s)
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
5.0
5.0
5.0 '
5.0
5.0
5.0
1.0
NNW
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
NNW
NNE
SE
NNE
E
ESE
NNW
ENE
SE
NNE
E
ESE
NNW
ENE
SE
NNE
E
ESE
ENE
Observer #2
ESF RC
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.5
1.0
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.7
5.4
3.2
0.3
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.1 .
1.0
2.1
0.9
1.6
17.1
1.1
1.7
7.9
0.6
2.0
1.2
24.8
RO
0.5
0.2
0.4
17.3
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.4
1.6
1.0
25.2
Observer #3
ESF RC
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.7
4.4
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.6
3.3
10.0
0.3
0.5
3.3
0.2
0.4
2.3
6.6
1.2
18.0
27.3
0.6
1.0
5.3
0.4
1.2
3.9
RO
0.2
0.4
2.7
0.3
18.2
28.5
0.2
0.4
2.1
0.1
1.0
3.0
99
-------
TABLE 7
MAXIMUM PLUME AE VALUES FOR EACH OBSERVER LOCATION AND PHASE
OF REPOSITORY CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION
OBSERVER #1:
SC WS WD
D
E
F
D
D
F
E
D
E
F
D
E
E
D
F
D
D
E
F
D
D
E
F
D
E
1
1
2
2
2
3
2
3
3
5
1
1
5
5
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
3
5
5
5
W
W
W
W
wsw
W
W
W
W
W
ENE
ENE
W
W
ENE
ENE
E
ENE
ENE
WNW
ENE
ENE
ENE
ENE
ENE
ESF
5.0
4.9
4.0
3.2
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.4
2.3
2.1
2.1
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.7
SC
_D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
WS
1
1
2
2
3
3
1
1
1
5
5
2
2
2
3
3
3
5
5
5
WD
W
WSW
W
WSW
W
WSW
WSW
ENE
E
W
WSW
WNW
ENE
E
ENE
WNW
E
ENE
WNW
E
RC
8.4
8.2
5.9
5.7
4.6
4.5
3.9
3.8
3.6
3.3
3.3
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.4
1.4
1.3
SC
D
D
. D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
WS
1
1
2
2
3
3
1
1
1
5
5
2
2
2
3
3
3
5
5
5
WD
WSW
W
WSW
W
W
WSW
WNW
E
ENE
WSW
W
WNW
E
ENE
WNW
E
ENE
ENE
E
- WNW
RO
2.0
2.0
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
Note:
SC = Stability Class
WS = Wind Speed (m/s)
WD = Wind Direction
ESF = Exploratory Shaft Facility Construction
RC = Repository Construction
RO = Repository Operation
100
-------
TABLE 7 (CONTINUED)
MAXIMUM PLUME AE VALUES FOR EACH OBSERVER LOCATION AND PHASE
OF REPOSITORY CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION
OBSERVER #2:
SC
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
WS
1
1
2
1
3
2
5
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
5
2
2
5
OBSEKVbK
SC
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
WS
1
2
3
1
5
2
1
2
2
3
5
2
2
2
2
3
2
5
2
WD
NNE
SE
ENE
NNW
ENE
NE
ENE
NNW
ESE
N
NNE
NNW
S
SE
NNW
SSE
SE
SE
#3:
WD
ESE
ESE
ESE
E
ESE
E
NNE
SE
NNW
E
E
NE
NNE
ENE
N
NNE
SSE
NNE
S
ESF
5.4
3.2
1.0
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
ESF
10.0
4.4
3.3
3.3
2.3
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
SC
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
SC
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
WS
1
1
5
5
3
2
3
3
1
5
2
WS
1
1
2
3
5
5
1
3
3
5
WD
ENE
SE
ENE
SE
NNW
ENE
ENE
SE
NNW
NNW
SE
WD
ESE
E
ESE
ESE
ESE
E
NNE
E
NNE
NNE
RC
25.2
17.3
1.5
1.0
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
RC
27.3
18.0
6.6
5.3 '
3.9
1.2
1.2
1.0
0.6
0.4
SC
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
SC
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
WS
1
1
3
2
5
3
1
5
3
2
2
5
WS
1
1
5
2
3
5
3
2
1
3
2
5
WD
ENE
SE
SE
ENE
ENE
ENE
NNW
SE
NNW
NNW
SE
NNW
WD
ESE
E
ESE
ESE
ESE
E
E
E
NNE
NNE
NNE
NNE
RO
24.8
17.1
7.9
2.1
2.0
1.7
1.6
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.6
RO
28.5
18.2
3.0
2.7
2.1
1.0
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
101
-------
TABLE 8
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY OF WORST-CASE MORNING AE VALUES
FOR OBSERVERS #1, #2, AND #3 IN THE NATIONAL PARK
o
to
Wind
Speed
(m/s)
OBSERVER
]
1
2
3
5
OBSERVER
1
1
2
3
5
OBSERVER
1
1
2
3
5
Wind
Direction
#1:
WSW,W,NNW
NE...SE
NE...SE
NE...SE
NE...SE
#2:
ENE,E,ESE
NE...SE
NNE...SSE
NNE...SSE
NNE...SSE
#3:
SE,ESE,SSE
NE...SSE
NNE...S
NNE...S
NNE...S
ESF
Max. Avg.
5.0
4.9
3.0
1.0
0.7
5.4
3.2
1.0
0.7
0.5
10.0
4.4
3.3
0.5
0.2
4.8
4.7
2.8
0.9
0.6
1.5
0.9
0.2
0.2
0.1
3.9
1.5
1.0
0.2
0.2
RC
Max. Avg.
8.2
3.6
2.4
1.9
1.3
'24.8
17.1
7.9
2.2
1.2
27.3
18.0
6.6
0.6
0.4
8.0
3.6
2.4
1.9
1.3
5.4
4.2
1.9
1.2
0.5
8.1
4.0
3.0
0.5
0.4
RO
Max.
2.0
0.8
0.5
0.4
0.3
25.2
17.3
1.6
1.0
0.4
28.5
18.2
2.7
0.2
0.1
Avg.
1.9
0.8
0.5
0.4
0.3
4.5
3.6
0.4
0.3
0.2
6.1
3.3
1.0
0.2
0.1
Cumulative
Ann. Win.
9.8
31.4
65.0
77.8
86.1
1.0
2.2
14.2
17.4
19.0
2.3
3.2
18.3
22.2
24.0
17.6
49.6
80.3
84.0
86.9
0.8
2.4
11.1
15.1
15.5
2.5
2.6
12.8
14.0
15.2
Frequency (%)
Spr. Sum.
3.4
12.9
42.5
60.3
74.3
0.0
0.4
9.8
14.3
16.3
1.1
1.1
12.4
17.3
19.2
3.7
15.4
59.8
80.8
93.0
1.4
2.3
23.8
29.9
34.1
2.3
4.7
29.0
36.9
41.1
Fall
13.6
45.9
77.4
87.0
91.4
1.9
2.9
5.8
16.3
16.3
3.3
4.1
20.3
22.2
22.5
-------
frequencies were determined separately for each season as well as for the annual period. The
cumulative frequency values shown in Table 8 are percentages of morning hours (0800-1100)
, which were found to be worst-case for this example.
For Observer #1 the maximum and azimuth-average plume visual impacts are
essentially the same, because this observer's line of sight is limited to just the first few
downwind distances modeled. Maximum plume AE values of about 8 occur nearly 10 percent
of the morning hours from this vantage point during repository construction. During ESF
construction and repository operation, impacts are much lower -- about 5 and 2, respectively.
Nearly a third of the morning AE values of approximately 4 are calculated to occur from the
Observer #1 vantage point during the construction of the ESF and the repository. During the
repository operation, the plume AE values would be greater than 1 less than a third of the
morning hours. If we use the range of AE between 1 and 4 as the approximate threshold of
plume perceptibility, these results suggest that the plume would be visible from the vantage
point of Observer #1 between a third and two-thirds of the mornings in the year. However,
these impacts may not be perceptible this often if the viewing background is dark and/or
nonuniform. Essentially all of these observations of plume impact would be of emissions
located outside the park boundary while observed within the park boundary. Impacts vary
with season with most frequent impacts occurring during the winter and least frequent impacts
during the more' windy spring and summer seasons. Impacts are much less frequent in the
afternoon hours than in the morning for Observer #1. Values of AE greater than 8 occur only
one percent of the afternoon hours (as opposed to 10 percent of the morning hours). Values
of AE greater than 4 occur 8 percent of the afternoons as opposed to a third of the mornings.
For Observer #2, predicted frequencies of visible impacts are lower than for Observer
#1, which is not surprising considering that this vantage point does not have a direct view of
and is farther away from the canyon site. Somewhat more surprising, however, is the fact
that for certain azimuths of view, maximum plume visual impacts are larger than maximum
impacts for Observer #1. This results from the fact that this vantage point offers relatively
unobstructed lines of sight along which the plume from the repository site can be seen. The
maximum plume impacts occur when the wind carries the plume relatively close to the
observer and when the observer is looking obliquely through the plume centerline. Unlike the
case for Observer #1, the average plume impact, averaged over all azimuths of view for
which the plume is unobstructed by intervening terrain, is considerably lower than the plume
impact for the worst-case azimuth of view. Azimuth-averaged plume AE values are roughly a
factor of five lower than the azimuth-maximum values. These calculations suggest that
during repository construction and operation, about one percent of the mornings in a year may
have maximum plume AE values as large or larger than 25, indicating a very dark, perceptible
plume. These maximum impacts would be about five times larger than the average over all
visible directions of view, which is a AE of about 5, still above the perceptibility threshold
range of 1 to 4. Impacts during ESF construction are projected to be considerably lower. For
about two percent of the morning hours, impacts would be greater than or equal to 17
(azimuth-maximum) and 4 (azimuth-average). During repository construction, maximum
plume visual impacts would be greater than the just perceptible threshold range of 1 to 4
103
-------
between 15 and 20 percent of the morning hours in the year. For this observation point,
summer impacts would be almost twice as frequent as annual-average impacts due to the
increased probability of transport winds of the right magnitude and direction.
Impacts for Observer #3 are somewhat similar to those for Observer #2, both in
magnitude and frequency. Maximum impacts plume AE values of about 28 are
calculated to occur about two percent of the mornings, while impacts above the perceptibility
threshold are calculated to occur about 20 percent of the mornings. Again, impacts from the
vantage point of Observer #3 are much more frequent in summer than in any other season.
For example, above-threshold impacts occur nearly 30 percent of the summer mornings.
104
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4.0 REFERENCES
Altshuller, A.P., 1979: Model Predictions of the Rates of Homogeneous Oxidation of Sulfur
Dioxide to Sulfate in the Troposphere. Atmos. Environ., 13:1653-1661.
Baulch, D.L., D.D. Drysdale, and D.G. Home, 1973: Evaluated Kinetic Data for High
Temperature Reactions, Volume 2 -- Homogeneous Gas Phase Reactions of the H2-N2-O2
System. CRC Press, Cleveland, OH.
Briggs, G.A., 1969: Plume Rise. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Critical Review Series, TID-
25075, NTIS, Springfield, VA.
Briggs, G.A., 1971: Some Recent Analyses of Plume Rise Observations. Proc. of 2nd Int. Clean
Air Congress, H.M. Englund and W.T. Berry, eds. Academic Press, New York, NY,
1029-1032.
Briggs, G.A., 1972: Discussion of Chimney Plumes in Neutral and Stable Surroundings. Atmos.
Environ., 6:507-610.
Calvert, J.G., F. Su, J.W. Bottenheim, and O.P. Strausz, 1978: Mechanism of the Homogeneous
Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide in the Troposphere. Atmos. Environ., 12:197-226.
Chandrasekhar, S., 1960: Radiative Transfer. Dover Publications, New York, NY.
Davis, D.D., D.G. Smith, and J. Klauber, 1974: Trace Gas Analysis of Power Plant Plumes Via
Aircraft Measurements: O3, NOX, and SO2 Chemistry. Science, 186:733-736.
Ensor, D.S., L.E. Sparks, and M.J. Pilat, 1973: Light Transmittance across Smoke Plumes
Downwind from Point" Sources of Aerosol Emissions. Atmos. Environ., 7:1267-1277.
EPA, 1977: User's Manual for a Single-Source (CRSTER) Model. EPA-450/2-77-013. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
EPA, 1984a: User's Manual for the Plume Visibility Model (PLUVUE). EPA-450/4-80-032.
NTIS PB84-158302. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
EPA, 1984b: Addenda to the User's Manual for the Plume Visibility Model (PLUVUE II).
EPA-600/8-84-005. NTIS PB84-158302. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC.
EPA, 1992: Workbook for Plume Visual Impact Screening and Analysis (Revised). EPA-454/R-
92-023. U,S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
105
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Hampson, R.F. Jr. and D. Garvin, 1978: Reaction Rate and Photochemical Data for Atmospheric
Chemistry-1977. NBS Special Pub. 513, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.
Hanson, J.E. and L.D. Travis, 1974: Light Scattering in Planetary Atmospheres. Space Science
Reviews, 16:527-610.
Irvine, W.M., 1975: Multiple Scattering in Planetary Atmospheres Icarus, 25:175-204.
Isaacs, R.G., 1981: The Role of Radiative Transfer Theory in Visibility Modeling: Efficient
Approximate Techniques. Atmos. Environ., 15:1827-1833.
Isaksen, I., A., Hesstredt, and O. Hov, 1978: A Chemical Model for Urban Plumes: Test for
Ozone and Particulate Sulfur Formation in St. Louis Urban Plume. Atmos. Environ.,
12:599-604.
Kerker, M., 1969: The Scattering of Light and Other Electromagnetic Radiation. Academic
Press, New York, NY.
Latimer, D.A. and G.S. Samuelsen, 1975: Visual Impact of Plumes from Power Plants. UCI-
ARTR-75-3. UCI Air Quality Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of
California, Irvine, CA.
Latimer, D.A. and G.S. Samuelsen, 1978: Visual Impact of Plumes from Power Plants. Atmos.
Environ., 12:1455-1465.
Latimer, D.A., R.W. Bergstrom, S.R. Hayes, M.K. Liu, J.H. Seinfeld, G.Z. Whitten, M.A.
Wojcik, and M.J. Hillyer, 1978: The Development of Mathematical Models for the
Prediction of Anthropogenic Visibility Impairment. EPA-450/3-78-110a,b,c. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Leighton, P.A., 1961: Photochemistry of Air Pollution. Academic Press, New York, NY.
Miller, D.F., 1978: Precursor Effects on SO2 Oxidation. Atmos. Environ., 12:273-280.
Niki, H., 1974: Reaction Kinetics Involving O and N Compounds. Can. J. Chem., 52:1397-
1404.
Nixon, J.K., 1940: Absorption Coefficient of Nitrogen Dioxide in the Visible Spectrum. J.
Chem. Phys., 8:157-160.
Richards, L.W. and R.G.M. Hammarstrand, 1988: User's Manual for Running PLUVUE and
Performing Mie Calculations on a Personal Computer. Sonoma Technology Inc., Santa
Rosa, CA.
106
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SAI, 1989: Addenda User's Manual for the Plume Visibility Model (PLUVUE II). SYSAPP-
89/045. Systems Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA.
Schere, K.L. and K.L Demerjian, 1977: Calculation of Selected Photolytic Rate Constants over
a Diurnal Range. EPA-600/4-77-015. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC.
Seigneur, C., R.W. Bergstrom, C.D. Johnson, and L.W. Richards, 1983: Measurements and
Simulations of the Visual Effects of Particulate Plumes. Systems Applications, Inc., San
Rafael, CA.
van de Hulst, H.C., 1957: Light Scattering by Small Panicles. John Wiley & Sons, New York,
NY.
Wallace, J.M. and P.V. Hobbs, 1977: Atmospheric Science. Academic Press, New York, NY.
White, W.H., 1977: NOX-O3 Photochemistry in Power Plant Plumes: Comparison of Theory with
Observation. Environ. Sci. Technol, 11:995-1000.
Winkler, P., 1973: The Growth of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles as a Function of the Relative
HumidityII. An Improved Concept of Mixed Nuclei. Aerosol Sci., 4:373-387.
107
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Appendix
Comparison of the Original Version of PLUVUE II
with the Revised Version
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TABLE A-l
COMPARISON OF THE ORIGINAL VERSION OF PLUVUE II WITH THE REVISED
VERSION FOR DIFFERENT STABILITY CLASSES
Visibility SC = A SC = B SC = C SC = D SC = E SC = F
Parameter Old New Old New Old New Old New Old New Old New
Sky Background:
Visual Range Reduction .008 .008 .045 .046 .100 .102 .215 .222 .347 .359 .537 .547
Blue-Red Ratio 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .999 .999 .999 .999 .999 .998 .999 .999
Plume Contrast .000 .000 -.001 -.001 -.001 -.001 -.003 -.003 -.004 -.005 -.006 -.006
AE .004 .004 .025 .026 .055 .058 .114 .122 .174 .187 .226 .235
White Background:
Visual Range Reduction .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
Blue-Red Ratio 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.001 1.001 1.002 1.002 1.005 1.004
Plume Contrast .000 .000 -.001 -.001 -.002 -.002 -.004 -.004 -.006 -.006 -.009 -.009
AE .004 .004 .027 .028 .060 .063 .127 .134 .197 .209 .280 .287
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TABLE A-l (Continued)
COMPARISON OF THE ORIGINAL VERSION OF PLUVUE II WITH THE REVISED
VERSION FOR DIFFERENT STABILITY CLASSES
Visibility SC = A SC = B SC = C SC = D SC = E SC = F
Parameter Old New Old New Old New Old New Old New Old New
Gray Background:
Visual Range Reduction .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
Blue-Red Ratio 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .999 .999 .998 .998 .998 .998 .997 .997
Plume Contrast .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 -.001 -.001 -.001 -.001 -.001 -.002
AE .002 .002 .014 .015 .032 .034 .067 .072 .102 .110 .130 .136
Black Background:
Visual Range Reduction .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
Blue-Red Ratio 1.000 1.000 .999 .999 .997 .997 .994 .994 .991 .990 .985 .985
Plume Contrast .000 .000 .000 .000 .001 .001 .001 .001 .002 .002 .004 .004
AE .003 .003 .021 .022 .048 .049 .102 .105 .164 .170 .251 .256
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completingi
1. REPORT NO.
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
User's Manual for the Plume Visibility Model
(PLUVUE II) (Revised)
5. REPORT DATE
Ofrt-nber 1992
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Sigma Research Corporation
196 Baker Avenue
Concord, MA 01742
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA Contract No. 68 D90067
Work Assignment 3-3
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Technical Support Division
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Report
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Work Assignment Manager: Jawad S. Touma
16. ABSTRACT
This document provides a description for the restructured and revised version
of the Plume Visibility Model (PLUVUE II) . The model was restructured in order
to improve the user interface and computing requirements and revised to, remove
several errors in the original code. The objective of the PLUVUE II model is
to calculate visual range reduction and atmospheric discoloration caused by
plumes consisting of primary particles, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides
emitted by a single emission source.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COS AT I Field/Group
Air Pollution
Meteorology
Air Quality Dispersion Model
Visibility
Aerosols
Nitrogen Dioxide
New Source Review
Air Pollution Control
13B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
114
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispagej
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 22201 (Rev. 477) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
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