United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office Of Air Quality
Planning And Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
EPA-454/N-93-026
Volume IV, No. 4
July 1993
EPA THE CHIEF
NEWSLETTER
3
- THE CLEARINGHOUSE FOR INVENTORIES AND
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
THE EMISSION INVENTORY: PERCEPTION AND REALITY
The third annual specialty meeting on THE EMISSION
INVENTORY: PERCEPTION AND REALITY, jointly
sponsored by the California Air Resources Board (CARB)
and the Air & Waste Management Association (AWMA),
with coordination and support from EPA, will take place
October 18-20 in Pasadena, CA. There will be 90 papers
presented in 15 sessions, and a further 14 papers particular to
individualized discussions have been chosen for a special
poster session. Papers are due to the Technical Program
Committee by September 17. This meeting follows, in
subject and focus, those held in 1991 and 1992 in Durham,
NC. It is planned to continue these sessions annually, with
a coastal rotation sequence to encourage broad participation.
Attendance at each previous meeting exceeded 300.
General conference chairs are James D. Boyd of CARB and
James M. Lents of the South Coast AQMD, and William
Rogers Oliver of Radian Corporation heads the Technical
Program Committee. Persons interested in exhibit booths
should contact A. L. Wilson of IES Associates, Irvine CA,
(714)854-1167. t,
FAX CHIEF Is ON LINE!
The Emission Inventory Branch's (EIB) newest service to the emission factor and inventory community, Fax CHIEF, is
ready for business. This new tool, an "integrated facsimile/voice-response system", is a huge-capacity fax machine that can
take your call, tell you how to key in the part(s) of a document you need, and then quickly fax back to you the requested
material. At present, Fax CHIEF contains the entire stationary source volume of Compilation Of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, AP-42. Other documents, including AP-42 Volume II:
Mobile Sources and other reports, will be available soon in this
quick-response medium. Call (919) 541-5626/0548, the
telephone numbers for Fax CHIEF, 24 hours per day, 7 days per
week. All that's needed to use Fax CHIEF is any fax machine with
an attached telephone. Dial one of the above numbers and follow
the instructions you'll hear on keying your specific request. Fax
CHIEF does the rest, quickly transmitting the material back to
your facsimile device. Callers may get up to two items in a single
call.
Give this new item a try. The only charges for using the service
are those of your own machine, paper and telephone call. If you
experience any difficulty trying to use Fax CHIEF, either call EIB's
hotline, the Info CHIEF, at (919) 541-5285, or fax a note to us at
(919) 541-0684. For other information, call Info CHIEF. &
EMISSION INVENTORIES THE KEY IN '93!
Recycled/Recyclable
Printed with Soy/Canda Ink on paper that
contains at least 50% recycled fiber
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UNITED NATIONS TASK FORCE ON EMISSION INVENTORIES
David Mobley recently attended the second meeting of the Task Force On Emission Inventories, which is sanctioned under
the United Nation's Economic Commission For Europe. The Task Force met in Delft, The Netherlands on June 7-9 and was
attended by 71 participants from 23 countries, involving numerous international organizations. The current focus of the Task
Force is on producing an Emission Inventory Guidebook to help standardize emission estimation methods across the different
countries. Contents of the Guidebook are being organized around the eight expert panels of the Task Force:
Strategic Overview VOC Sources
Power Plants/Industry Sources NHs Sources
Mobile Sources Heavy Mejtals/Persjstent Organic Compound Sources?
Marine Sources Verification Techniques - ''< ;»
The Verification Panel, led by David Mobley, has a draft report available for review by interested parties, and a draft (if the
entire Guidebook should be available in several months. The next meeting bf the, Task Force is planned for June 1994 in
Germany. For more information, contact Sherry Russell at the Newsletter, (9i9)54i;6825. A -.< *, , %i>;v'<
CORINAIR90 AN EMISSION INVENTORY FOR EUROPE
The European Community is developing an emission inventory with a base year of 1990, which should provide for a useful
comparison with the 1990 data for the United States and Canada. The inventory effort and its results will be known as the
CORINAIR90 system, and will be part of the air component of CORINE - COoRdination d'INformation Environmentale.
The CORINE program was begun in 1985 by the European Council Of Ministers, to gather, coordinate and ensure
consistency of information on the environment and the natural resources of Europe.
The CORINAIR90 system has already obtained a large amount of emission data, which is now available to 30 countries,
including the 12 members of the European Community, the Baltic states, Russia and other European nations.
CORINAIR90 has produced emission information on more than 260 types of source activity covering eight pollutants:
Sulfur dioxide (SO2> Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOX) Methane
Nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) Nitrous oxide
Ammonia Carbon dioxide
The stated goal of CORINAIR90 is to provide a complete, consistent and transparent air pollutant emission inventory for
Europe for 1990, within a reasonable time scale, to enable widespread use of the inventory for policy, research and other
purposes. Data on the 1985 CORINAIR emission inventory were recently released.
For further information, contact Gordon Mclnnes, EEA-TF, Boulevard de Triomphe 174 (1/10), B1160 Brussels, Belgium
(phone +322 296 8816, fax +322 296 9560); or Remy Bouscaren, CITEPA, Rue Henri Heine 3, 75016 Paris, France (phone
+331 44 30 41 90, fax +331 45 27 31 32). *>
1987-1991 INTERIM REGIONAL EMISSION INVENTORIES
EIB and the Source Receptor Analysis Branch, in a It is planned to use these inventories, in conjunction
cooperative effort, have completed development of the 1987- with state-submitted AIRS data both in developing emission
1991 Interim Regional Emission Inventories. These trends reports and with the Regional Oxidant Modeling
inventories, which were officially released in early June, (ROM) being performed to support State Implementation
contain county-level annual emission estimates for every Plans. The current version of the interim inventories,
county in the United States and three provinces of Canada. Version 1, does not contain any state-specific data. We plan
The data were developed from updated information where to update this inventory periodically with state data as those
available, and from the 1985 NAPAP inventory projections data become available in AIRS. Subsequent versions (2 and
where current data were not available. The data reside on beyond) will reflect the incorporation of these data.
EPA's National Computer Center mainframe and are Questions regarding either the development of these
thoroughly documented in 1987 - 1991 Interim Regional inventories or access to them should be directed to Steve
Emission Inventories, Volume I: Development Bromberg, at the Newsletter, (919) 541-1000, or to Chet
Methodologies and Volume II: Emission Summaries (EPA- Wayland of the Source Receptor Analysis Branch, (919) 541-
454/R-93-021aand021b). 4603. *>
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FROM THE EFMS CHIEF'S CORNER
The Emission Factor & Methodologies Section (EFMS)
has reached several new milestones since the last issue.
We hosted a 5-hour satellite training session to 17
locations on using the various aids in the CHIEF'S "Tool
Box". We also gave a course to 20 "students" from industry,
consulting, and other sectors, in Denver at the Air And
Waste Management Association meeting.
The newest item in the Tool Box is Fax CHIEF, another
medium to give you the best information we can, in a timely
and efficient manner. Fax CHIEF is a fax machine that you
can telephone, tell what AP-42 parts you want, and have
transmit the requested material quickly back to your own fax.
See the article on Fax CHIEF elsewhere in the Newsletter.
Though delayed and a bit smaller than planned (51 revised
or new parts), AP-42 Supplement F should be in print before
the next issue of this Newsletter rolls around. We have also
completed some new Locating & Estimating documents, and
several more are in final review.
The more we get done, though, the more that seems to
need to be done. Our "customer help" services continue to
expand, but the demand always seems to increase faster. Last
month alone, our CHIEF Bulletin Board, the Info CHIEF
help line and other individual contacts with our staff totaled
on the order of 2000. Some of these were pc inquiries and
down loads, and some requested only an information brochure
or the like, but many required significant staff response time.
Our people often get swamped, and frequently, an individual
out of the office for a day has 20-30 calls on her/his voice
mail upon returning. I hope that you, instead of growing
impatient if there's no response within the hour or the day,
will research your inquiries, be specific when calling, and be
patient while we work around to helping you. Our staff is
generally very hardworking and sensitive, so if you'd help me
give them a pat on the back now and then to recognize what
they are trying to do to help, I'd appreciate it. Thanks!
We do have some new faces here, albeit temporarily. Joe
Pinto, an atmospheric chemist in the Atmospheric Research
And Exposure Assessment Lab (AREAL), is on a rotation
tour with EIB, and Joe is doing quality assurance (QA) and
data analysis on the emission inventories we've received. He
has worked on global methane inventories as well as air
pollution problems in several foreign countries. Joe likes to
apply his green thumb around the yard and to work in some
sailing. Bill Benjy, another hand rotating with us, is a
specialist in climatology and microclimates. He started with
graduate field work in Alaska and served with several federal
agencies before joining EPA. Here, he has coordinated, and
sometimes compiled, emission inventories for regional
dispersion models. Recently, Bill has focused on toxic and
pesticide emissions. He also looks after his "mini-orchard"
and is a basso profundo with a Durham choral society.
Also, two bright young students have been making their
contributions here this summer. Kim Melvin, a recent
graduate of Florida State in Mechanical Engineering, is
enjoying her stay in North Carolina and does lots of running
and other outdoor exertions. She also makes jewelry
(beading). With EIB, Kim has shown a strong talent with
sophisticated computer graphics and other accomplishments.
She's now headed for her master's. Ron Mattson, a
Michigan native pursuing a degree in Electrical Engineering
at Michigan State, has been busy performing quality
assurance on heaps of emission data for us. Off duty, he
likes to play tennis, golf, billiards and pinball, and he's
enjoying the night life in some of Raleigh's clubs.
We've been pleased to have Kim and Ron working with
us, and we wish them much luck in the future. A
Jim Southerland
Chief, Emission Factor & Methodologies Section
EMISSION INVENTORY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
The Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP) is a joint effort of the state and local control agencies
(STAPPA/ALAPCO) and EPA to improve the process for collecting and reporting emission inventory data. The program
offers an opportunity for all those individuals interested in emissions data to participate in developing and/or improving
existing procedures for collecting these data.
These subject areas have been identified, and participation is solicited for committee memberships on these topics:
Point Source Methods Biogenic Source Methods
Area Source Methods Data Management
Mobile Source Methods EPA/State/Local Interactions
Quality Assurance
For EIIP to be successful, it must have input from those with experience in the actual collection of emissions data.
Participants working on the committees will have the singular opportunity to influence the various procedures related to
emissions data collection that result from this program.
Anyone interested in becoming an active participant in the Emission Inventory Improvement Program should call Steve
Bromberg at the Newsletter, (919) 541-1000, to receive more information on EIIP and on the Technical Subcommittee
meeting planned for this October or November. A>
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CHIEF Bulletin Board Activities:
Results Of "Idea Week" As many of you know
from the last Newsletter, EIB held "Idea Week" June 7-14,
sort of an open season for suggestions and comments, as a
special opportunity for people in the EPA Regions, state and
local agencies, and the private sector to voice their ideas on
emission inventory issues. The most responses (48%) came
from state agencies, 24% came from US EPA, 19% were
from the private sector, 5% were from local agencies, and 2%
of those responding chose to be anonymous. In summary,
the comments fall into three areas of concern: AP-42 and
Emission Factors, Inventory Development and Submission,
and Information Systems. A good number of you responded
to "Idea Week", but we need more input. We like hearing
from you, and to get you started thinking, the BB now has
an electronic "questionnaire", available in the "General
News" submenu, under "News", in the "Factor And
Inventory Info" section. Download the file, add your ideas
and suggestions, and then E-mail, write or phone them to
Michael Hamlin, CHIEF Bulletin Board Operator, here at the
Newsletter, (919) 541-5232.
Areas where many commenters felt EIB was doing a
notably good job were with the CHIEF Bulletin Board,
XATEF, TANKS, and The CHIEF Newsletter. We are
putting together a detailed discussion of the material we
received and the actions we plan as a result, and we will
distribute this report when it's done. We have already begun
to respond to some of the "ideas" given to us.
Other Business Be sure to read the article above on
the new Fax CHIEFl BB use continues to be brisk, and
more than 1100 registered CHIEF users have logged on over
6000 times since the last Newsletter. After checking the
current "Alerts", remember to review the old ones to make
sure you're up to date. Alerts stay current for at least a
month before they are moved to the "old" list.
Emission Estimation Software For states that
must prepare PM-10 inventories, the PM-10 Controlled
Emission Calculator is now available in the Emission
Estimation Software section. This program will calculate an
overall PM-10 control efficiency for up to two control
devices operating in series on specific processes. It applies
the control efficiency to uncontrolled emissions to estimate
emissions after controls. Installation instructions and a
user's manual are available. The Calculator will be available
on CHIEF until the equivalent functionality is incorporated
into the AIRS Facility Subsystem.
The Area Source Analysis Program (ASAP) is another
new addition to the Emission Estimation Software section.
The program, and its accompanying technical report, present
techniques for analyzing soil gas and soil samples to
estimate air emissions from area sources.
MOBILES A new program to assist in evaluating
MOBILE4.1 and 5a input files is available in the Emission
Estimation Software section, subsection MOBILES. The
MOBILE Input Data Analysis System (MIDAS) beta version
evaluates the major parameters in the MOBILE model and
identifies those variables that are inconsistent with EPA
guidance. A user's manual is available.
As a way to "formalize" some of the guidance for using
MOBILES, a series of documents called MOBILES
Information Sheets has been introduced. These info sheets,
sequentially numbered, contain useful information and
guidance for MOBILES users. The first info sheet and the
introductory memo have been added to the BB in the
Emission Estimation Software section, subsection
MOBILES. Additional sheets will be made available as they
are produced. MOBILES information is available also on the
Mobile Source board of the Technology Transfer Network
that contains the CHIEF BB.
Final Locating & Estimating documents for
styrene and methylene chloride are on the BB. Use the L&E
submenu from the AP-42/EF Guidance menu to download
these files. More L&Es are in the works.
The Document Ordering Module Remember to use the
BB module for quick ordering of any of the L&E series on
toxic substances. You may access this module from the
FACTOR and INVENTORY INFO section of the Main
menu. Your requests will then go directly to our library
services staff for distribution to you. For assistance with
this, or to submit any comments on the module, call the
Info CHIEF at the Newsletter, (919) 541-5285. fc
EMISSION INVENTORY REVIEW PROGRAM
Here is a summary of 161 final Ozone and Carbon Monoxide (CO) emission inventories that have been received and
reviewed by OAQPS:
- All Nonattainmcnt Areas have submitted their inventory to EPA for review.
- All reviews by OAQPS have been returned to the Regional Offices (in either preliminary or final form).
- Of all those reviewed to date, no inventories have been recommended for approval.
OAQPS is available to assist the Regions and states with any corrections/revisions needed in their respective Els to meet
the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment requirements. For more information, or for questions about assistance with inventories,
contact Sharon Nizich at the Newsletter, (919) 541-2825. *»
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EMISSION INVENTORY DIRECT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM
The Emission Inventory Branch has received additional funding to support the Direct Assistance Program for Emission
Inventory Preparation. This program was a huge success last year, but financial support ended before all states could take
advantage of the service. States have been informed of the resumption of the assistance program, and it is well under way.
The assistance now available covers all facets of inventory preparation, from AIRS data upload to area source methodology.
Funds are limited, so they will be directed to serious and ozone nonattainment areas and worse. For more information, please
contact your Regional Office representative or Sharon Nizich at the Newsletter, (919) 541-2825. &
EIB PUBLISHES NEW HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE REPORTS
The Branch is adding several new reports to its Locating And Estimating series on air toxic pollutants. The purpose of this
report scries is to help in locating potential sources of air toxics and then making preliminary estimates of emissions from
these sources. Compounds and source category-specific reports currently being readied for publication include:
Methylene Chloride (EPA-454/R-93-006)
Styrene (EPA-454/R-93-011)
Mercury
Cadmium
Chloroform (update)
Cyanides
Methyl Chloroform
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Chlorobenzenes (update)
Toluene
Xylenes
Dioxins/Furans
Medical Waste Incineration
These reports contain available process descriptions, process variations and release points that may exist within these
sources, as well as emission factors and emission data. Discussion of procedures for sampling and analyzing air toxic
emissions from these sources is also provided. Drafts are on the CHIEF BE.
For a full list of topics covered in the L&E ... series, you can get the EIB brochure TOOLS: For Estimating Criteria And
Toxic Air Pollutant Emissions. This brochure also contains information about other air emissions estimation tools available
from EIB. For more information, call the Info CHIEF, (919) 541-5285. A
THE CHIEF NEWSLETTER is produced quarterly by the Emission
Inventory Branch, Technical Support Division, of EPA's Office Of Air Quality
Planning And Standards. Its purpose is to enhance communication within the
emission factor and inventory community by providing new and useful
information and by allowing for the exchange of information between and among
its readers. Comments on the Newsletter, and articles for inclusion in it, are
welcome and should be directed to Whitmel M. Joyner, Editor, Emission
Inventory Branch (MD 14), US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711;
commercial phone (919)541-5493.
The contents of THE CHIEF do not necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the Agency, neither does the mention of trade names or commercial
products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. #*
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QUIZ
We're supposed to be big time tree buggers, yet not a peep has arisen about the Arbor Day quiz. Come on, you regulars.
George, what happened? As professionals, surely we can't want the quizzes to get easier. Let's get cracking. Hints: Use
AP-42, not AFSEF, because of recent changes in the factors. And where values are equal, give them the same rank (i. e.,
1.2, 1.2, 4.5 should be ranked 1,1,3.
A utility is considering adding a new unit, planning to choose from among the following fuel/boiler combos:
1) Bituminous coal - pulverized dry bottom boiler 2) Bituminous coal - pulverized wet bottom boiler
3) Anthracite coal - stoker fired 4) Lignite - spreader stoker
5) Residual oil, Grade 4 6) Natural gas
The fuels have these characteristics:
Bituminous coal
Anthracite
Lignite
Residual oil, Grade 4
Natural gas
Heating value
13K BTU/lb
12.3K BTU/lb
7.2K BTU/lb
150K BTU/gal
IK BTU/SCF
7o Ash
12.0
11.5
6.2
0.075
Rank the options, uncontrolled, from lowest to highest, by Ib/MM BTU, and tabulate thusly:
Bituminous coal
Anthracite
Lignite
Residual oil, Grade 4
Natural gas
% Sulfur
3.0
0.75
0.7
2.25
Paniculate PM-10 SO2 NOX VOC CO
UPCOMING MEETINGS AND CONFERENCES
South Atlantic Section Annual Meeting, AWMA, emphasizing toxics management, 23-24 September, Charlotte, NC. Contact Cathy Taylor, (804)
281-3745.
Emission Inventory Training Sessions, 27-29 September, Various satellite downlink locations. Registration, contact Betty Abramson, Air Pollution
Training Institute, US EPA, MD 17, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Information: Mary Ann Warner-Selph at the Newsletter, (9
,(919)541-1192
Box
International Symposium On Optical Sensing For Environmental Monitoring, 11-14 October, Atlanta, GA. Contact Gretchen Watson, AWMA,
2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230, (412) 232-3444.
CONEC '93, Conference On Environmental Commerce And Trade Show, 17-20 October, Chattanooga, TN. Contact Charles Waggoner, Box 1146,
Chattanooga, TN 37401; (615) 265-5269
AWMA Specialty Conference, The Emission Inventory: Perception And Reality", 18-20 October, Pasadena, CA. Contact Patricia Ve! ;sco, CA Air
Resources Board, Box 2815, Sacramento, CA 95812, or Kathy Hsiao, South Coast AQMD, 21865 E Copley, Diamond Bar, CA 9176C
Regional Photochemical Measurement And Modeling Studies, 7-12 November, San Diego, CA. Contact AWMA, Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230,
(412)232-3444
1994 EPA/AWMA Title III Workshop Series: MACT Standards, HON Rule, Toxics Permitting, Residual Risk, Monitoring, Interface with other
Sections of the Act, &c. 13-14 Jan, San Francisco, 24-25 Feb, Baton Rouge; 17-18 Mar, Houston; 7-8 Apr, Charlotte; 28-29 Apr, Newark; 19-20 May,
Chicago. Contact Court Gould, AWMA, Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230, (412)232-3444. &
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Special Report
Am AND ENERGY ENGINEERING RESEARCH LABORATORY
(AEERL)
EMISSIONS AND MODELING BRANCH RESEARCH UPDATE
INTRODUCTION FROM THE BRANCH CHIEF
I want to thank the Emission Inventory Branch for the opportunity to include in The CHIEF Newsletter this section on
emission inventory research ongoing in the Emissions and Modeling Branch (EMB). The purpose of this semiannual feature
is twofold. One is to provide an overview of the research underway by AEERL to improve or develop new methods,
emission factors, and software that state and local agencies can use to develop air emission inventories, project future
emissions, and track progress in controlling emissions. The second purpose is to solicit responses from your respective
organizations on research you may be conducting or research you may know of others conducting. The EMB coordinates its
research or conducts joint research projects with non-EPA organizations, and has a continuing interest in expanding its
contacts with other researchers and programs. If you know of related research or have ideas for potential collaboration on any
of the research activities described in this newsletter, send me a note. We welcome your questions and comments.
Larry Jones, Branch Chief
(919)541-7716
(919) 541-7891 (fax)
JeffChappell (919)541-3738 Chris Geron (919)541-4639
Bruce Harris (919)541-7807 Julian Jones (919)541-2489
SueKimbrough (919)541-2612 Chuck Mann (919)541-4593
Chuck Masser (919)541-7586 TedRipberger (919)541-2924
BRANCH HISTORY AND MISSION BACKGROUND
The Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory (AEERL) is one of 12 laboratories operating within EPA's Office of
Research and Development (ORD). Since the early 1970s, AEERL has been in the forefront of air pollution control
technology development. In the last 10 years, AEERL has expanded its efforts to include the fields of stratospheric ozone,
indoor air, radon mitigation, air emission inventory methodologies, and global warming.
In the 1980s, Congress created the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). Many governmental
organizations participated including EPA, the Department of Energy (DOE), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA). As part of NAPAP, AEERL led the effort to develop the emission inventory which would be used
to study the effects of acid rain within the continental United States. During the emission inventory development, it became
apparent that the current available data were inadequate and in some cases obsolete. As the NAPAP effort was ending in the
late 1980s, special quality assurance efforts were invoked to ensure that the emission estimates of the largest facilities
throughout the country were accurate. This situation was further intensified when it became known that Congress would use
the NAPAP emission inventory in the preparation of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA). Special support was given
by AEERL to ensure that the 1985 NAPAP nationwide emission inventory was the best ever produced.
During this intensive air emission inventory effort in 1989, AEERL made resource commitments to support both long and
short term research to improve air emission inventory methodologies. AEERL formed the EMB and the Joint Emissions
Inventory Oversight Group (JEIOG). The JEIOG consists of people throughout EPA who use emission inventories in their
programs. This includes AEERL, the Office of Air and Radiation (OAR), including the Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards (OAQPS) and the Office of Mobile Sources (QMS), and ORD's Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment
Laboratory (AREAL). EMB is a major participant in JEIOG and is responsible for implementing its recommendations.
JEIOG's charter includes four major elements:
- provide a forum to advise on the coordination of AEERL/EMB research plans and the needs of the JEIOG related to the
development and use of emission inventories
- discuss needs and recommend priorities for research work related to the methodologies, procedures, and policies for
preparing emission inventories
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- identify inventory outputs of support by modeling activities and other related needs by other EPA organizations
- foster cooperation and coordination between organizational units involved in developing and using emission inventories
When implementing the JEIOG research program, EMB works in cooperation with federal, state, and local air programs,
industry trade associations, and private industry to develop and improve emission inventory methodologies.
BRANCH ACTIVITIES AND RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHMENTS
EMB conducts source category evaluations to develop databases for emission methodology development activities. These
source category evaluations may be based on available test information in the literature or on field measurements performed
by EMB on facility emission sources and/or on associated source activity levels when data are not available. In-house
research is conducted to evaluate the emissions characteristics of sources under alternate modes of use (e.g., motor vehicles).
EMB is investigating existing inventories of toxic pollutants for selected urban areas and regions of the United States.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions are assessed to identify the component species and produce toxic emission
factors. EMB also performs in-house tests of selected materials to identify toxic species in solvent and other evaporative
emissions sources.
EMB conducts research to evaluate the production of various species of VOC from natural sources. In-house measurements
of collected samples are performed to identify the quantity and species of the natural source emissions.
EMB also develops emission projection and economic growth projection models to determine estimates of future
emissions. EMB prepares and evaluates emission projections based on current and potential increased use of alternate
emission control technologies and growth projections.
EMB is conducting research in the following major areas: mobile sources, stationary sources (including utility boilers,
solvents, and petroleum/gas production systems), biogenic sources, air toxics, and projections. Each of these research areas is
discussed separately below. Additional research projects being performed by EMB are also discussed.
MOBILE SOURCES
Motor vehicle emission factors vary as a function of ambient temperature, vehicle age, speed, and acceleration. To develop
an accurate emissions inventory, data must be obtained on the number of vehicles, their age, their speed, and acceleration for a
given area (e. g., city) at a given time (e. g., 7 to 8 am). In 1991 and 1992, national experts were convened in workshops to
develop ideas for making quantum leap improvements to emission inventory methodologies for highway vehicles. Major
areas of uncertainty in mobile emissions projections were identified. In 1992, on-board equipment was installed on a light
duty vehicle to identify specific modes of vehicle operation producing elevated emissions. In October 1992, the Georgia
Institute Of Technology presented several papers on research they performed for EMB at the AWMA/EPA Emissions
Inventory Specialty Conference in Durham, NC.
For FY93, mobile source research is concentrating on identifying enrichment activity factors, developing activity factors for
truck traffic in urban areas, identifying and quantifying activity factors associated with super-emitters among fleet vehicles,
and developing a new model to estimate mobile emissions which replaces the current activity methodologies. (Ted Ripberger)
STATIONARY SOURCES
Recent EMB research on stationary sources has focused on utility boilers, solvents, and petroleum/gas production systems.
For utility boilers, EMB has issued a report on nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions from coal-fired utility boilers to enhance the
data base available for emission factors in EPA's Compilation Of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, AP-42. (Julian Jones)
DOE has also made available to users the 1991 Form EIA-767, Steam Electric Plant Operation And Design Report, which
contains fuel use, boiler, and control equipment operation data. (Chuck Masser)
In FY 92, EMB identified national and local databases on solvent sales, solvent uses, facility locations, and demographic
information. EMB research identified 74 solvents, representing about 5 million tons (about one quarter) of national VOC
emissions. Many of these solvents have high reactivity and contribute disproportionately to the ozone nonattainment
problem. (Jeff Chappcll)
Also in FY 92, oil/gas well gathering tanks and gas plant glycol dehydrators were identified as major sources of toxic
emissions (greater than 10 tons per year). (Chuck Mann)
EMB's solvent emission estimation methodology development research for FY93 is focusing on producing algorithms that
will estimate solvent emissions on a local basis for a selected source category. This research includes the investigation of
novel or innovative approaches, including the use of expert systems utilizing inference methodologies, artificial intelligence
(such as fuzzy logic and neural networks), and economic and statistical approaches. A national survey and four to six local
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intensive surveys will be initiated to provide a defensible reference baseline for an initial source category that will be used to
investigate the feasibility of these new approaches. The survey will be used to support the development of the methodology
and to provide independent out-of-sample validation for the developed methodology, as well as to compare the performance of
the existing methodology. (Jeff Chappell)
EMB will also conduct research into an improved emission estimation methodology for petroleum and gas production and
distribution systems. This research will also include field testing at petroleum and gas production and distribution systems.
BIOGENIC SOURCES
EMB's recent research in biogenic emissions has focused on two primary areas. In FY 92, EMB initiated a field research
and model evaluation program to improve the understanding of the processes controlling biogenic nonmethane hydrocarbon
(NMHC) emissions, simulate these processes with numerical algorithms, and evaluate the accuracy of estimated emissions.
EMB also initiated a research project on vegetation canopy and land use characterization. In October 1992, EMB staff
presented a paper describing an alternative method for estimating biogenic VOC emissions in EPA Region 1 for the
AWMA/EPA International Conference on Tropospheric Ozone: Nonattainment and Design Value Issues. Conclusions
included a 10 percent drop in overall VOC emissions. This is a result of a 65 percent drop in isoprene emissions and an
increase of 60 percent of other VOC species.
EMB's FY93 biogenic research includes: developing methodologies for estimating emission fluxes from forest fires,
prescribed burning, and agricultural burning; using the Geographic Information Systems (CIS) to spatially analyze U. S.
Department Of Agriculture (USDA) statistics on acreage burned for the different burning types; developing a national model at
1 to 4 km spatial resolution, hourly, daily, monthly, and annual temporal resolution, based on updated forest, agriculture, and
satellite data, and incorporating algorithms for light and temperature effects; developing new emission factors for important
crops and grasslands; validating isoprene and nonterpene emission fluxes and developing seasonal profiles; developing the
Atlanta biogenics inventory to support the Southern Oxidant Study; testing the tree canopy model and scaling assumptions;
investigating the effects of seasonal moisture on biogenic nonmethane organic compounds (NMOC) fluxes related to
photosynthesis and completing an inventory of major compounds; developing initial emission factors for NOX from fertilized
agricultural fields; and developing methodologies to accurately measure soil NOX emissions and aromatic oxygenated
compounds. (Chris Geron)
AIR TOXICS
During FY 92, EMB conducted several air toxics emissions research projects, including (1) a review of hazardous air
pollutant (HAP) emission inventory documents from 16 cities and states, (2) identification of key HAP sources which need
new or improved emission factors, and (3) identification of previously unaccounted sources of HAPs.
Also during FY 92, the following six cities were tentatively selected for inventory development and/or evaluation:
Baltimore, Chicago, Houston, Milwaukee, San Francisco, and Seattle. Several states were also tentatively selected for
inventory development and/or evaluation: California, Louisiana, and the gulf coast of Texas.
EMB air toxics research has also included proposal of system design concepts for a toxic emission data handling system and
discussion of these proposals by the JEIOG Air Toxics Subcommittee. The Geocoded Emissions Modeling and Projections
(GEMAP) system developed for the Lake Michigan Ozone Study and for use by the California Air Resources Board was
reviewed for this application.
EMB continues to work with the Great Lakes Commission and the State of Louisiana to enhance GEMAP for use by states
for toxic emission inventories. EMB air toxics research in FY93 also focuses on the following areas: emission factor
development, including identifying key sources for emission factor development, using state air toxics and other program test
reports to develop improved emission factors, and emission factor testing for styrene from fiberglass coating operations;
emission inventory development, including developing and evaluating emission inventories of air toxics for several cities,
states, and sources; and area source methods development. (Julian Jones)
EMISSION PROJECTIONS
EMB projections research has focused on three areas: 3 percent tracking, the Economic Growth Analysis System (EGAS),
and an industrial sulfur dioxide (SO2) tracking system. In FY 91, EMB completed an initial determination of system
requirements for tracking the 3 percent per year VOC emissions reduction required of ozone nonattainment areas by the
CAAA. In FY 92, EMB instituted initial development activities, such as system design and development of supporting
databases, and completed the "first generation" tracking system.
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FY 91 and FY 92 EGAS research included the determination of system requirements for developing this economic growth
model for extreme, severe, serious, and multi-state moderated ozone nonattainment areas required to project emission
inventories for the purposes of photochemical grid modeling. The "first generation model" of EGAS (i.e., the beta version)
was completed in September 1992.
Also in FY 92, EMB began development of procedures for tracking industrial 862 emissions vis-a-vis the 5.6 million
ton SC>2 emissions cap imposed by Title IV of the CA AA. These procedures will be contained within a personal computer-
based system.
Projections research for FY93 is continuing in all three areas: the 3 percent tracking system, EGAS, and the industrial SC>2
tracking system. Research on the 3 percent tracking system may include documentation of possible system enhancements,
revision of the system based on the enhancements documented, completion of the final version of the system, and system
support and maintenance. The final version of the EGAS model will be completed and a final report submitted.
Research on the industrial SC>2 tracking system will include software development, including the development of a
traditional approach, which may be thought of as using accounting techniques to determine results, and a neural network that
will recognize relationships between data sets, thus avoiding the time consuming development of functional relationships,
equations, algorithms, and software code. (Sue Kimbrough)
OTHER EMB RESEARCH
In addition to the major research areas discussed above, EMB has also performed research on PM-10 issues and an
encyclopedia of emission inventory methods. In October 1992, EMB completed Phase I of testing of antiskid materials
performed near Duluth, MM.
In FY93, EMB research on PM-10 emissions will continue with the completion of the Phase II study of the suspension of
antiskid materials after a storm event. This field testing, in Kansas City, MO, was just completed. Field testing is also
underway at several locations nationwide to study the variability of silt loading on paved roads. In order for states to develop
PM-10 emission inventories, the seasonal and climatology effects of silt loading must be known. (Chuck Masser)
During FY 92, EMB initiated Phase I of the Encyclopedia of Methods project to (1) consolidate the CAAA emissions
inventory requirements into Volume I: Statutory Requirements; (2) establish standard procedures for entry of point source
data for specific source categories into the Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) in Volume II: Point Sources; (3)
begin the development of Volume III: Area Sources; and (4) begin the development of Volume V: QAIQC.
EMB will continue work on the Encyclopedia of Methods, with work continuing on Phases II through V. Phase II of the
project will include (1) identifying and documenting state/local area source methodologies that appear to be more accurate than
or superior to existing EPA methodologies and (2) documenting specific quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) emission
inventory requirements. Under Phase II, EMB will document the EPA recommended/required area source methodology,
document the mobile and nonmobile source emission inventory methodology in Volume IV: Mobile Sources, and complete
Volume VI: Bibliography/Abstracts. Phase IV of the project will be devoted to documenting the EPA recommended/required
projection methodology in Volume VII: Projections, documenting the recommended/required biogenics emission inventory
methodology in Volume VIII: Biogenics and initiating the development of Volume IX, incorporating any new JEIOG
emissions inventory methodologies into the encyclopedia and incorporating information related to air toxics into the
encyclopedia. (Sue Kimbrough)
In FY93, EMB will prepare a report containing results of analysis of emission data with recommendations for a new default
methodology for estimating rule effectiveness for State Implementation Plan (SIP) emission inventory purposes. EMB will
also conduct sensitivity analyses on certain parameters of the Urban Airshed Model (UAM) to determine their influence on
ozone predictions. The results of these assessments will be used to determine the level of accuracy needed by emission
inventories to adequately satisfy UAM requirements. EMB will also collect and evaluate data for improving methods for
temporal allocation of emissions, as required to support photochemical grid and other modeling. (Chuck Mann)
EMB P UBLICATIONS
A list of current EMB publications is on the CHIEF Bulletin Board and a "hard copy" can be obtained by calling the Info
CHIEF, (919) 541-5285. This list will be published in a future number of The CHIEF Newsletter.
10
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HEADQUARTERS INVENTORY CONTACTS
July 1993
EMISSION FACTORS
AP-42 Chapter
1. External Combustion
2. Solid Waste Disposal
3. Internal Combustion
4. Evaporation Loss Sources
5. Chemical Process Industry
Organics
Inorganics
6. Food And Agricultural Industry
7. Metallurgical Industry
8. Mineral Products Industry
9. Petroleum Industry
10. Wood Products Industry
11. Miscellaneous Sources
12. Storage Of Organic Liquids
Other Toxics
Lead
General information, Newsletter,
Bulletin Board, XATEF, SPECIATE,
Air CHIEF CD, Publications
EMISSION INVENTORIES
1990 Oj/CO SIP Inventory Status
Inventory Guidance
PM-10, Lead
OS/GO
AIRS/AFS Emissions Data Quarterly Report
AIRS Area And Mobile Subsystem (AMS)
AIRS Facility Subsystem (AFS)
Biogenic Inventories
Emission Statements
Mobile Sources
Modeling-related Inventories
PM-10/Lead
Quality Assurance
Tracking Reasonable Further Progress
SIP Air Management System (SAMS)
Toxics Inventories
Emission Trends
Other
PM-10 SIPS
OAQPS/AQMD
OAQPS/SSCD
03/COSIPS
OAQPS/AQMD
OAQPS/SSCD
Office Of Mobile Sources
LEAD SIPS
OAQPS/AQMD
Contact Telephone (919) 541-
Joe McSorley 4796
Ron Myers 5407
Michael Hamlin 5232
Ron Ryan 4330
Dennis Beauregard (on rotational assignment) 5512
Ron Myers 5407
Dallas Safriet 5371
Dennis Shipman 5477
Ron Myers 5407
Ron Ryan 4330
Dallas Safriet 5371
Dennis Shipman 5477
Anne Pope 5373
Anne Pope 5373
Dennis Shipman/Ron Myers 5477/5407
Info CHIEF 5285
Sharon Nizich 2825
Bill Kuykendal 5372
David Misenheimer 5473
LeeGabele 5292
LeeGabele 5292
David Misenheimer 5473
Steve Bromberg 1000
Mary Ann Warner-Selph 1192
Mary Ann Warner-Selph 1192
Mary Ann Warner-Selph 1192
Bill Kuykendal 5372
Sharon Nizich 2825
Mary Ann Warner-Selph 1192
David Misenheimer 5473
Anne Pope 5373
David Misenheimer 5473
David Misenheimer 5473
Larry Wallace 0906
Chris Oh (202) 308-8732
Laurel Schultz 5511
Vishnu Katari (202) 308-8717
Mark Wolcott (313) 668^219
Laura McKelvey 5497
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THE EMISSION INVENTORY BRANCH
]. David Mobley, Chief
(919) 541-4676
Sherry Russell, Secy.
EMISSION FACTOR AND
METHODOLOGIES SECTION
Jim Southerland, Chief
(919) 541-5522
Bill Benjy
Dennis Beauregard (on rotational assignment)
Michael Hamlin
Whit Joyner
Joe McSorley
Ron Myers
Anne Pope (7am - 2pm)
Ron Ryan
Dallas Safriet
Dennis Shipman
Mary Taborn, Secy.
INVENTORY GUIDANCE AND
EVALUATION SECTION
David Misenheimer, Acting Chief
(919) 541-0875
Steve Bromberg
LeeGabele
Bill Kuykendal
Tom McMullen
Sharon Nizich
Joe Pinto
Mary Ann Warner-Selph
Susan Curtis, Secy.
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