United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office Of Air Quality
Planning And Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
EPA^»54/N-94-028
Volume V, No 4
Fall 1994
r/EFft THE CHIEF
NEWSLETTER
— THE CLEARINGHOUSE FOR INVENTORIES AND EMISSION FACTORS —
This May Be Your LAST ISSUE! see page n for details.
UNECE TASK FORCE ON EMISSION INVENTORIES
The Task Force On Emission Inventories, chartered un-
der the United Nations Economic Commission For Europe
(UNECE), met in Regensburg, Germany, May 31 through
June 3. J. David Mobley, Chief of the Emission Inventory
Branch, represented the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA). The meeting was attended by 85 people represent-
ing 22 countries and 6 international organizations.
The meeting was led very effectively by Harald Dovland
of Norway and Gordon Mclnnes of the European Environ-
ment Agency. The primary purpose of the meeting was to
review the status of the Guidebook For Developing Emis-
sion Inventories In The UNECE. The review, as well as the
preparation of the Guidebook' was accomplished by nine ex-
pert panels which addressed the following topics: strategic
overview; volatile organic compounds; persistent organic
compounds and heavy metals; ammonia; mobile sources;
power plants and industrial sources; marine sources; verifi-
cation; and emission projections.
Long-term action items for the Verification Expert Panel
intended to redraft the Verification Chapter of the Guide-
book by the end of the summer and to finalize both it and the
companion report by the end of the year. In addition to defi-
nition issues, another activity will be to review and evaluate
the various qualitative indicators of uncertainty and to pro-
pose one or more indicators for use in the Guidebook. The
EPA concept on the Data Attributes Rating System was re-
ceived with some interest but also with concern about its
complexity.
The Projections Expert Panel was incorporated into the
Task Force for the first time at this meeting. This blend
should be beneficial to all parties, as the activities between
the group are closely linked under the UNECE. However,
the emission inventory community tends to be technology-
based, whereas the projections community tends to be based
on economic indicators. The complexity and necessity of
dealing with both approaches were recognized, which should
facilitate resolution.
3
The Organization For Economic Cooperation And Devel-
opment (OECD) and the Intergovernmental Panel On Climate
Control (IPCC) have issued a workbook series on Greenhouse
Gas Emission Inventories. Harmonizing UNECE and OECD/
IPCC approaches will be a major difficulty over the next year.
Since EPA has significant input and influence in both groups,
it is assumed that our procedures and results will be compat-
ible, but this issue is likely to grow bigger and bigger in the
future as EPA, UNECE, and IPCC methods are all refined si-
multaneously.
The next meeting is tentatively scheduled for Oslo, Nor-
way the week of June 12, 1995, in hopes of completing the
Guidebook and other Task Force activities. Overall, the meet-
ing was productive and has proven that this cooperative effort
in devising guidelines for emission inventories is worthwhile
both to the Europeans and to the United States.
The Emission Inventory:
Applications And Improvement
International Conference And Courses
— Raleigh, NC —
Conference: November 1-3, 1994
Courses: October 31, 1994
Sponsored by:
Air & Waste Management Association and
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
For more information,
contact the A&WMA Registrar
at (412) 232-3444.
Recycled/Recyclable
Primed with Soy/Canola Ink on paper thai
contains at least 50% post-consumer recycled fiber
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PUBLIC/PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS — A NEW WAY OF DOING BUSINESS
Historically, AP-42 emission factors have been developed
almost completely within EPA. This development can best be
characterized as an information scavenging process. Indi-
viduals responsible for AP-42 emission factor development
would keep track of EPA emission testing activities. The data
generated would then be massaged into a form that allowed
for the generation of an emission factor.
In most cases, an emission factor for a source category
was developed following the development of a New Source
Performance Standard or a National Emission Standard For
Hazardous Air Pollutants for that source category. Other ac-
tivities which led to factor development included research and
development of improved emissions control equipment. There
was a good possibility that the test data which were gathered
was biased toward the better controlled facilities, or at least
toward those facilities which controlled their emission most
effectively. Also, the interval between the emission tests and
when the revised factor was developed could exceed five years.
In a few cases, even after standard development activity, there
was no usable emissions information with which to develop
scientifically based emission factors. This was because the
supporting information for the compliance method for the stan-
dard had been visible emissions, an equipment standard, or
some other non-emissions based protocol.
In some cases, EPA undertook a test program specifically
to develop emission factors. For the most part, such were
exceptions since these test programs consume a lot of resources
(personnel time and agency money). As an exception, much
of the particulate size distribution in the current AP-42 is be-
cause of this type of test program. More recently, such a spe-
cific program was undertaken for the development of emis-
sion factors for a number of sources in the wood products in-
dustry. Emission factors for a broad range of pollutants from
this industry will soon be appearing in AP-42.
For a number of reasons, the climate between industry
and government is changing. The 1990 Clean Air Act
Amendments (CAAA) have changed the landscape such that
high or low emission estimations can have adverse effects on
industry. A complete review and update of AP-42, required
by the CAAA periodically, precipitates the need for continuous
evaluation and improvement of the new and existing factors
in AP-42.
This improved climate between EPA and industry has led
to a number of partnerships with a primary goal being the
development of good scientifically based information. This
new information becomes the basis of better emission factors,
which are trusted by both the members of industry and mem-
bers of federal, state and local air pollution control agencies.
There are already several examples of successful public/pri-
vate partnerships which have produced new and substantially
revised AP-42 sections for source categories.
Hot Mix Asphalt
In 1991, the Emission Inventory Branch (EIB) began dis-
cussions with members of the National Asphalt Pavement As-
sociation (NAPA) concerning the development of revised emis-
sion factors for certain groups of pollutants believed to be
emitted from Hot Mix Asphalt Plants (previously called As-
phalt Concrete Plants). Criteria pollutants included CO, SO2,
NOX, hydrocarbons, and the condensible and PM-10 portions
of particulate matter. Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in-
cluded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, formaldehyde, ben-
zene, toluene, xylene, and ethyl benzene. The technical com-
mittee of NAPA met often with EPA's Emission Factor And
Methodologies Section (EFMS) to discuss both the pollutants
to be quantified and the facilities to be tested for these pollut-
ants. As a result, nine facilities were selected for emission
testing. Two facilities were tested by EFMS for a more com-
prehensive range of pollutants, and seven facilities were tested
by NAPA for a more focused list of pollutants. EFMS evalu-
ated all of the test reports and compiled the information into a
revised AP-42 section, with a background report. The section
draft was made available to NAPA and others for review.
NAPA provided comments on the section's descriptions of fa-
cility types and as a result, the entire process description was
rewritten to give a clearer, more extensive picture of the vari-
ety among the processes used in this industry. The new AP-
42 section has been placed on the CHIEFBulletin Board Sys-
tem (BBS) and it will be included in the first supplement of
the AP-42 Fifth Edition. Almost 200 emission factors are
included in the 25-page section covering three process types,
multiple control technology, and many criteria and noncriteria
pollutants. Contrast this to the fewer than 30 emission factors
in the previous 18-page section that it replaced.
Stone
Also in 1991, we renewed discussions with the National
Stone Association concerning the estimates of PM, PM-10
and TSP emission factors for the Crushed Stone Processing
industry. The industry was concerned that data used in the
past to estimate crushed stone processing emissions were de-
rived from atypical processes using old and now questionable
test methods. Meetings were held to discuss collecting emis-
sion information with refined testing procedures, and at fa-
cilities that truly represented the industry. A series of test
programs was designed to quantify emissions from crushing,
screening, and conveyor transfer points. EFMS sponsored
and paid for four emission tests and NSA sponsored eight
emission tests with EPA oversight and quality assurance.
The tests covered the crushing of granite and limestone (the
two major rock types processed), the screening of these two
rock types and the conveyor transfer points. The twelve
(Cont. on p. 3)
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CONSOLIDATED EMISSION
REPORTING RULE
EPA issued two drafts of a Consolidated Emissions Re-
porting Rule (CERR) in October 1993 and January 1994. This
rule incorporated the requirements for three emissions report-
ing programs into a single rule. The three progiams are emis-
sion statements, the periodic emission inventory, and the an-
nual statewide emissions reporting requirement.
Comments on the drafts indicated that the reviewers felt
EPA was requiring too much information to support EPA's
emissions data needs. EPA management decided the rule
should be revised to reflect more closely EPA's needs and uses
for emissions information
In response, the Agency is developing an options paper
with several alternatives for reporting emissions information.
The options are tied directly to several key programs that EPA
identified as primary users of emissions data. These programs
include policy analysis, review of the National Ambient Air
Quality Standards, air quality modeling, and response to
questions to EPA.
Four or five emissions data reporting options are being
identified to support the Agency's emissions information
needs. The variables in the different options include reporting
frequency (e. g., annual, every 3 years, every 6 years), point
source cutoffs, amount of supporting emissions information
(such as control efficiency, stack information, operating
schedule, etc.), reporting level (e. g., SCC, plant, or county),
type of pollutant (criteria and/or toxic), and geographic
coverage (nonattainment and/or attainment areas).
These emissions data reporting alternatives will be
incorporated into the options paper, which will then be
reviewed within EPA and distributed for comment to groups
outside the Agency such as the work group, the Standing Air
And Emissions Work Group (SAEWG), the State And
Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators/Association
Of Local Air Pollution Control Officials (STAAPA/ALAPCO),
the Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP), etc.
The option that best meets EPA's need for emissions
information, with modifications to accommodate reviewers'
concerns, will be incorporated into a revised draft of the rule.
The target date for the draft CERR is Summer 1995.
Call
Info CHIEF
at
(919) 541 - 5285
(Cont. from p. 2)
tests were analyzed and a revised final AP-42 section was
placed on the CHIEF BBS in June and will appear in the
Fifth Edition. There are now about 30 emission factors in
this revised section compared to the four factors that were in
its' predecessor. We are continuing discussions to develop
more emission data on material transfer (pile formation),
haul roads and other crushing and screening operations.
Bricks
In 1992, we met with the brick manufacturing industry
about their concerns over the AP-42 emission factors for fluo-
ride from kilns and paniculate from raw material processing.
EPA was also concerned with the lack of PM-10 emission fac-
tors, since it appeared that this source category might be a
significant source of total paniculate in PM-10 nonattainment
areas. Testing priorities were determined, and EFMS then
sponsored three comprehensive test programs at facilities rep-
resenting the major kiln types used in the industry. The in-
dustry sponsored eight additional tests for hydrogen fluoride
emissions and developed a methodology to perform a mass
balance on fluoride to produce conservative estimates of hy-
drogen fluoride emissions. The emission tests are being as-
sembled for further evaluation and development of a revised
AP-42 section, expected to be available for the first supple-
ment to the Fifth Edition of AP-42.
Fiberglass & Mineral Wool
In 1992, another example of production partnership oc-
curred when the North American Insulation Manufacturers
Association (NAIMA), representing the Wool Fiberglass and
Mineral Wool source categories, were concerned about the age
of emission factors in AP-42, given that their industry had
undergone changes in technology. They were also concerned
about the tests that supported the formaldehyde factors, be-
cause of issues raised over the old test method. In addition,
this industry was one of the first selected for regulatory de-
velopment under Title III of the CAAA. Our discussions with
this industry focused on not only pollutants to be quantified
but also test methods and control technology suitable to the
best controlled facilities. EPA sponsored three tests to char-
acterize mineral wool manufacturing and wool fiberglass
manufacturing, and the industry sponsored six focused tests
on both typical facilities and facilities with the better control
technology. The test data will be available to EPA for emis-
sion factor development over the next year.
Other industries with which EPA is working include pe-
troleum refining, oil and gas production, plastics manufactur-
ing, rubber production, wood products, several food and agri-
cultural categories, among others. These examples illustrate
what good can happen when industry and government work
together to obtain unbiased scientifically based information
on emissions. EPA is developing a public participation plan
(see p. 5) that includes general guidance to industry and state
and local agencies, providing information upon which emis-
sion factors can be developed or revised.
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WHAT CAN THE CHIEF BULLETIN BOARD Do FOR ME?
Using a modem for the first time can be somewhat vexa-
tious, if not intimidating, but your effort can lead to astonish-
ing sources of information. The CHIEF Bulletin Board Sys-
tem (BBS) contains a good variety of resources available to
anyone with a modem, a phone line, and some communica-
tion software.
Here's what you can get:
1. Documents.
• AP-42 in draft form, final version, and even background
reports.
• L & E (Locating And Estimating Air Emissions From
Sources Of...) documents. Currently, there are L & E docu-
ments for Mercury, MEK, Toluene, Xylene, etc. waiting for
you to download and print.
• Inventory guidance memos and documents
• Office Of Research And Development documents
• The CHIEF Newsletter (current and previous copies)
• Many others
2. Software:
' Calculation programs: TANKS, SIMS, and PM-10.
• FIRE (Factor Information Retrieval System) This is a
software program you may download and install on your com-
puter. It allows you to determine SCCs and retrieve toxic and
criteria emission factors related to those codes.
• Mobile4 & 5
• Many others
3. E-mail. You may communicate privately or publicly with
anyone else who is registered on the Transfer Technology Net-
work (TTN). Public messages have been used to locate mate-
rial, get help with programs, and clarify information. These
files may also be transferred to another user.
4. Upcoming events and errata'. Keep informed about emis-
sion-related events and changes made to AP-42 after publica-
tion.
Here's how you get it:
1. Dial (919) 541-5742 from your communication package.
(Before this step you will need to set your software to commu-
nicate with our software. This involves setting the parameters
to 8-1-N, full duplex, with modem speeds up to 14.4 baud.
You will also need to check which protocols your software can
use.)
2. Choose "R" to register, as soon as you have the opportu-
nity. Even though this is a public service bulletin board (your
only charges are for telecommunication lines), you are consid-
ered a "guest" until you register and will be allowed only 30
minutes on line.
3. Take the time to browse the utilities on the main menu.
4. Choose "T" to get to the bulletin board areas. Notice that
the CHIEF BBS is only one of many related boards.
5. Choose "D" to get to the CHIEFBBS. You will encounter
a series of "Alerts" concerning news about CHIEF before
getting to the main CHIEFBBS menu.
6. As an example, download the installation file for the FIRE
program.
a. Choose "F" for "AP-42/E F Guidance"
b. Choose "5" for "FIRE"
c. Choose "d" for "download"
d. Type "Install.bat" when asked for the file name.
e. Choose a protocol. (This is why you need to know
ahead of time which one your software can use). Hint: use
ZMODEM if you can, because it is the fastest available on the
CHIEFBBS.
f. The screen will display the message "Awaiting start
signal". At this point you are on your own. The "start signal"
comes from you or your software. If you are using Windows
or a program with pull-down menus, you need to find some-
thing that resembles "receive binary file". This usually re-
sides in a menu called "Transfers". If you are using a "com-
mand-type" program you will probably need to consult your
documentation. Some common "start signals" are the "Page
down" key; simultaneously pressing the Ctrl key with some
other key; the F10 key; Sometimes software (such as
Crosstalk™) presents a "command line" at the bottom of the
page with hints. You may be required to type something like
"RX C:\Windows\Fireinst.bat", which means "Receive the
file indicated using the XMODEM protocol, put it in my Win-
dows directory and call it 'Fireinst.bat'".
7. Call Info CHIEF Help Desk, (919) 541-4565. We can
help with several communication packages. (Your best help
may come from the person who had your computer before you!)
Another source of information about the TTN bulletin boards
and how to use them is the TTN Help Desk (919) 541-5384.
O"
TTN is also available on Internet:
TELNET ttnbns.rtpnc.epa.«ov
SV'GfiKSTION: Some of our users have expe-
rienced problems \vith missing graphics or have
had trouble printing graphics. Try getting the
section containing the graphics from fax
CHIEF A (919) 541-5626 or -0548.
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SOURCE CLASSIFICATION CODES
LOW-COST GPS RECEIVERS
Source Classification Codes (SCC) have long been used
by EPA as a way of categorizing air pollutant emission source
types. Emission factors provided in AP-42 and in AIRS are
tied to an 8-digit SCC and its accompanying description, and
emission inventories are often summarized by combinations
of SCCs. The only SCCs accepted by the AIRS mainframe
are those which appear on the AIRS SCC look-up table. Until
recently, a user's only access to an up-to-date listing of the
SCCs was through the AIRS mainframe. Now, however, the
list for point sources (AIRSAFS) is available via the CHIEF
BBS by choosing from the main CHIEF menu. Also,
the list can be downloaded in ASCII or dBase™ format for use
in PC or mainframe software. The list can also be conve-
niently searched on line by typing in a text or numeric string.
At this time, only the numeric code, its associated descrip-
tion, and the standard AIRS throughput measurement units
for the code are available in the file.
The EPA default emission factors associated with the
SCCs are not currently included in the on line look-up file,
but they are available elsewhere on the BBS as part of the
FIRE PC data base system. Another "questioning" tool has
been placed on the CHIEF BBS in the upper right quadrant
under menu item "Q." The user may select to query the list
on line or download the files in either of two formats: "DBF",
for inclusion in a data base program or "TXT", for importing
in a word processing program. Three-, six- and eight-digit
SCC lists are available.
EPA adds new SCCs to the system regularly at the re-
quest of users, and is currently considering a proposal from
the Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP) to re-
vamp the system. Check item on the CHIEF BBS for
recent news and proposals, and send any comments to Ron
Ryan via the CHIEF BBS e-mail, via phone at (919) 541-
4330, or via mail at US EPA, MD-14, RTP, NC.
EDUCATED BUT ERRONEOUS
GUESSES
The new introduction to AP-42 discusses some of the
limitations of emission factor applications. Emission esti-
mate fallibility and the consequences of misuse were covered
in a report in the August 1994 Pollution Engineering maga-
zine. One company used estimates which later proved by
testing to be greatly in error and this ended up costing the
company $1.2 Million. Be careful in your choice of emission
estimation methods and factors, if that is the route you take.
In many critical situations, it may be less expensive in the
long run to test under the appropriate conditions, methods,
and procedures from the start.
.00
The cost of hand-held Global Positioning System (GPS)
receivers has dropped considerably over the past two years,
according to the June 20, 1994 issue of Federal Computer
Week. Units that sold for $1,000 and up just a year ago, and
$2,000 or more two years ago, are now being offered at the
$400 to $500 price range from at least three manufacturers.
GPS receivers access positioning and location informa-
tion broadcast by a fleet of 24 Defense Department satellites.
These units are used by many industries and agencies to lo-
cate emission sources for permit and inventory purposes.
While this information may be useful to many agencies and
industries, EPA does not endorse or recommend specific equip-
ment.
Today's receivers not only cost less, but they weigh half
as much and require less power than earlier systems. The
(It)
Trailblazer GPS receiver, produced by Magellan System Cor-
poration, is reported soon to be available at a price of about
$400. Lowrance Electronics Inc. sells the AccuNav Sport
for $499, and they also plan to introduce an even more pow-
erful unit with a moving map display for less than $500. In-
dustry sources indicate that Garmin Industries Inc. is expected
to introduce a hand-held GPS receiver with a moving map
display for under $400.
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
Section 130 of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments re-
quires the EPA to allow any person to demonstrate improved
emissions estimating techniques, and to authorize their use
upon approval and after appropriate public participation. This
summer, EPA drafted a document entitled Public Participa-
tion Procedures For Emissions Estimation Guidance Ma-
terials available for comment via our CHIEF BBS and our
Fax CHIEF service. The comment period has now ended,
and the final Procedures will be made available shortly by
the same sources.
As drafted, Procedures describes how the public can
participate in the development of emissions estimation guid-
ance both by submitting data for review and by reviewing
materials submitted by others. In addition to revisions to
EPA's venerable Compilation Of Air Pollutant Emission Fac-
tors (AP-42), the Procedures would allow the public a means
to propose revisions to the SPECIATE and FIRE data bases
and to various emission estimation guidance memoranda and
documents. Information could be submitted for new or re-
vised factors for any air pollutant.
Look for the final Procedures on the CHIEF BBS this
Fall. We look forward to receiving your proposals on the
CHIEFBBS for improved emissions estimations and to pub-
licizing them for use by others.
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INFO CHIEFs MOST FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
AP-42 SECTIONS
Here are some hot topics with information on each.
VOICE MAIL
Q: Is the AP-42 section that I downloaded from the "Pro-
posed 5th Edition" menu on the CHIEF BBS marked
"DRAFT" really "final"?
A: Anything found in the "Proposed Fifth Edition" menu is
final. Also, any other new and revised sections becoming "fi-
nal" will appear in the menu item "Final Sections Not Pub-
lished". Anything in the "Draft Sections Under Review" is
truly a draft. The purpose of the draft menu items is to solicit
your comments on those AP-42 sections being revised. Please
note that the Fifth Edition consists of extensive revision in
section numbers and editorial format.
Q: If I find an emission factor in AP-42 that differs from
one in FIRE, which should I use?
A: Ideally, we make them agree, but if there is a conflict, AP-
42 generally takes precedence. However, there may be L & E
updates or FIRE releases which take precedence because they
are dated later than the AP-42 section in question. If you find
a disagreement in the factors, call or write the Emission In-
ventory Branch.
Q: If the section I need was revised in Supplement F, can
I just order that supplement from GPO and have all I need?
A: Usually, that strategy is successful, but in some cases the
"revision" may have been a minor editorial correction, possi-
bly to only a few pages, in which case you may not get the
entire section. A call to Info CHIEF can help determine
how to proceed. Also, you can check the CHIEFBES or Fax
CHIEF to be sure as they always have the latest information.
Q: When I call Info CHIEF, I always get voice mail. Do
you have a direct line?
A: We get dozens of calls each day, so please leave us a mes-
sage. Although we are staffed from 7:30 until 5:30 Eastern
time, we have a small staff that stay busy helping each of you
with your individual requests. Leaving a short message re-
garding the nature of your problem often allows us to return
your call and leave possible solutions on your voice mail.
TANKS
Q: I am using TANKS2 to estimate emissions from a large
number of tanks. Is there some way I can copy the data
from one tank to another?
A: The TANKS2 program allows you to create a "profile"
which contains all the identical data. You may then retrieve
the saved file and add the remaining data such as tank ID,
throughput, etc.
MODEMS
Q: I would like to use the CHIEF BBS to download sev-
eral files, but my modem speed is 2400 baud and it would
take forever.
A: We are only too aware of this problem. The cost of a very
fast (14.4) fax/modem is under $150. Which will soon be
paid for in long distance savings if not in personnel hours.
Using H7NDO WS Terminal or similar communication pack-
ages allows you to use the ZMODEM protocol to considerably
decrease your on line time.
The Info CHIEF help desk number is (919) 541-5285.
— More Q & A in the next issue! —
MARTINEZ RETIRES
Emerico (Marty) Martinez has retired. He was Chief of
the Inventory Guidance And Evaluation Section of EIB since
its formation and was instrumental in the planning for the
Branch, which was formed to support the enhanced role of
emission inventories after the 1990 Clean Air Act Amend-
ments. Marty was intimately involved in the emission inven-
tory and factor area since 1977. Before then, he was a meteo-
rologist assigned to EPA from the National Oceanic And At-
mospheric Administration (NOAA) where he served for a
number of years.
Marry has roots in Texas and California. In a significant
assignment just before his retirement, he made use of his Span-
ish-speaking abilities while on a six-month detail in Mexico
City, assisting the authorities there in establishing an emis-
sion inventory program.
Marty is married to Angie and lives in Raleigh, NC. He re-
cently was on a personal high with the delivery of his first
grandchild. He will be using his free time (if there is such a
thing) to do some consulting work and to sharpen up his ten-
nis game. We will miss Marty, but we wish him the best in his
new endeavors.
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CHIEF'S CORNER
It has been a long while. Since I last wrote an article for the newsletter, I have been on a successful and enjoyable
rotation with the state of North Carolina's Air Quality Section, and on a three-week working journey to Volgograd,
Russia, and the Fifth Edition of AP-42 has moved a lot closer to publication. Many thanks to Bill Lamason, who
shepherded the priorities here at EFMS while I was away. Bill did a great job!
The AP-42 Fifth Edition is currently undergoing complete reformatting and editing before going to print. Sev-
eral new sections will be included. All sections that are revised in this new edition are available on the CHIEFBBS
in the "proposed" file. The editing will change the appearance of some of these sections, but their emission factors
should not change unless they were typographical errors. The Fifth Edition work is to be completed in October and
should be ready for distribution on paper in December. Also, both OUT Air CHIEFCD-RQM and FIRE, our emission
factor data base, will be updated with the same new and revised material. These will be released in the same time
frame, or maybe a little sooner. We already have a backlog of new and revised sections for the first supplement to the
Fifth Edition; so please consult the CHIEF BBS or Fax CHIEF for these.
Be sure to note that there is a greatly expanded Introduction to AP-42 with much further elaboration on the
recommendations for and the limitations on emission factors, pollutant definitions, and other topics. The Introduc-
tion would be worthwhile reading for even the most experienced user. Also, please note that we are in the process of
finalizing our Public Participation Plan, required by the Clean Air Act which spells out a means for "outsiders" to
propose and to have us adopt and recommend emission factors which we did not develop or initiate.
Our client "family" continues to grow and to demand more of our tools and other products. We have a steady
pace of about 4000 sign-on events on CHIEFeach month, 400 fax operations on Fox CHIEF (until it broke — IT IS
FIXED and RUNNING NOW!), and an ever increasing number of calls to the Info CHIEF information line and our
technical staff. Data to be used in permitting continue to be highly sought after, requiring a lot of staff time for proper
response. Public/Private partnership opportunities continue to arise, in which we could work with emitters to moni-
tor testing and to devise better emission factors. However, EFMS has lost positions that won't be replaced and may be
further disrupted by the impending reorganization of OAQPS. We (and perhaps new leadership) hope to come up
with ways to do more with less, but we are going to need your patience and assistance. Do not be surprised if some of
our activities and services get revamped or fall by the wayside entirely. Please be "proactive", and let us know what
we are doing that is of most assistance to you and what we do that you could best do without.
Our distribution on this newsletter has grown to nearly 6,000 copies. While we wish to serve all of our legitimate
clients in the best way possible, we need to determine that our mail key is reflective of folks who have current interests
and those who are not satisfactorily served by reading it from the CHIEF BBS. Please note that, if you do not respond
and return the mail key update sheet, we will assume that you are no longer interested in the newsletter or are served
satisfactorily by the electronic route. By striking the unnecessary addresses from the list, we hope to save a tree.
— Jim Southerland
Chief, Emission Factor And Methodology Section
The CHIEF Newsletter is produced quarterly by the Emission Inventory Branch,
Technical Support Division, of EPA's Office Of Air Quality Planning And Standards. Its
purpose is to enhance communication within the emission factor and inventory community
by providing new and useful information and by allowing for the exchange of information
between and among its readers. Comments on the Newsletter and articles for inclusion
in it are welcome and should be directed to Emission Inventory Branch (MD 14), US
EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; telephone (919) 541-5493.
The contents o/The CHIEF Newsletter do not necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the Agency, neither does the mention of trade names or commercial products
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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RELEASE OF FIRE VERSION 3.0
The 1994 version of FIRE (Factor Information Retrieval
System) has been released. FIRE contains EPA's unique rated
criteria and toxic air emission estimation factors, with easy
access to criteria air pollutant emission factors from AP-42
and hazardous air pollutant (HAP) emission factors derived
from source tests, XATEF (the Crosswalk/Air Toxic Emis-
sion Factor data base management system, and the literature.
FIRE contains only the best available emission factors, re-
viewed and rated by EPA.
FIRE is a user-friendly, menu-driven system with a user-
interface patterned after Microsoft® Windows™. The emis-
sion factor data in FIRE are organized in modules. The pro-
gram is designed to operate on one module of data at a time,
but the features of the program allow one to browse, edit, print
or export data contained in a selected data module. The two
main modules of data distributed with the system are EPA
rated emission factors: one module for criteria pollutants and
one for HAPs. Users can also create a module of emission
factors they have collected themselves, or a module of factors
specified for a selected set of pollutants 01 sources. Users can
browse through the records in the data base or choose specific
emission factors by using filters.
An important feature of FIRE is the user's ability of users
to enter his or her own factors into the distribution system and
submit their data to EPA for evaluation and inclusion in the
repository system. Once in the repository system, the data
will be evaluated by EPA toward revising EIB. This feature is
very important to the goal of improving emission factors.
Without new source test data, EPA is rated factors in the dis-
tribution system. Users can submit data through the CHIEF
BBS or by mailing diskettes to hampered in such time-sensi-
tive activities as permit preparation and evaluation, and sub-
mission of emission inventories required under the 1990 Clean
Air Act Amendments. It is vital that EPA receive data from
other agencies, trade association, industry, and elsewhere if
we are to develop more accurate emission factors.
FIRE requires an IBM® PC or compatible with a Micro-
soft Disk Operating System™ (MS DOS), Version 3.3 or later,
and a VGA color monitor. MS DOS 5.0 or later and a mouse
are recommended. Users' PCs should have at least 520 KB of
available random access memory (RAM), and the hard disk
should have at least 10 MB of available disk storage space.
The user's manual is included on the diskette.
The next version of FIRE (1995) will be available in a
Windows™ format and will be the last year that DOS files
will be available on the O//EFBBS for FIRE No further
enhancements will be made to the DOS executable files dur-
ing the coming year. After the Windows® upgrade for FIRE
is distributed in 1995, Info CHIEFwill support only the Win-
dows9 version. FIRE is available on the Air CHIEF CD-
ROM and the CHIEFBBS, as well as from the National Tech-
nical Information Service (NTIS) at (800) 553-6847.
B Personnel Notes....
Bryan Fricke has joined the Emission Factor And Methodologies Section for a few months under the co-op student hiring
program. He will be working under the direction of Ron Ryan investigating ways to improve the consistency of the Source
Classification Code assignment process.
Bryan has a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration from the University Of North Carolina in Chapel Hill, and he
is pursuing an environmental and civil engineering degree from NC State University. In the century-old rivalry between these
universities, he confesses lingering loyalties to the sky-blue Tar Heels. Kernersville, NC is Bryan's home town, amidst the
Triad of Greensboro, Winston-Salem and High Point.
Other than work and school, Bryan enjoys music in several forms. He's learning piano and guitar, and he likes to sing,
recently with the Varsity Men's Glee Club at NC State. His listening proclivities are mostly orchestral and classical in nature.
Watching Carolina football and basketball are fun for Bryan, as is a good one-to-one conversation over a good meal. He looks
forward to meeting many people during his term with EPA.
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RAPIDS Toxics INVENTORY DEVELOPMENT
The eight Great Lakes States, under sponsorship from
the Great Lakes Commission (GLC) and EPA, are designing
a data management system that will assist in developing and
tracking air toxic emission inventories for a twelve-county
region near Southwest Lake Michigan. This system is known
as Regional Air Pollutant Inventory Development System
(RAPIDS) and is designed to help the states implement the
procedures outlined in a common methods protocol for pre-
paring their respective portions of the inventory. Each state
will prepare its portion of the regional inventory and will also
perform quality assurance on their emission estimates before
to adding to the regional inventory. RAPIDS is based on a
data model which provides flexibility in the types and volume
of data that can be stored. The data model breaks down into
related modules organized for individual access through the
user interface.
RAPIDS is a relational data management system
which uses an Oracle 7™ back-end data base as the regional
repository located at EPA's Great Lakes National Program
Office (GLNPO). The state air agencies are using GLIN
Internet access to provide information to the RAPIDS reposi-
tory, which will be accessible on line to regional, government,
or academic researchers. This approach to regional data shar-
ing is expected to form the basis for comprehensive analysis
of the complex ecosystem in the Great Lakes region.
For more information on RAPIDS, contact Pranas
Pranckevicius at EPA GLNPO in Chicago, phone (312) 353-
3437 or fax (312) 353-2018.
STATUS OF 1990 BASE YEAR EMISSION INVENTORY DATA IN AIRS
The CAAA of 1990 requires that state and local agen-
cies with ozone and/or carbon monoxide (CO) nonattainment
areas prepare and submit emission inventories for base year
1990. The final O3 and CO base year inventories were due to
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on November 15,
1992. The inventory components expected are point, area,
mobile, and biogenic (for O3 areas) source data and documen-
tation, and the computerized data submittals to the Aerometric
Information Retrieval System (AIRS). Many States are still
responding to review comments received by EPA and from
public hearings, and as a result, may be preparing revised fi-
nal inventories for submittal with the final State Implementa-
tion Plans (SIP) due by November 15, 1994.
The EIB prepares a quarterly Data Comparison Re-
port that summarizes the emission inventory data submitted
by the states in hard copy to those data which the states have
entered into AIRS. The purpose of the Data Comparison Re-
port is to emission data submitted in hard copy find reports
that do not match emissions reported to AIRS. A copy of the
latest report is available on the CHIEFEBS in the File Transfer
section under "Emission Inventory Guidance". A lot of data
have been entered into AIRS but for many states there are
large differences between the data in AIRS and those that have
been submitted in hard copy. In addition, the data that does
reside in AIRS are largely inaccessible, because the states are
not releasing them for approval and access. This has created
an awkward situation for both EPA and those states that had
anticipated using the base year inventory data by now.
The CAAA require many states to perform urban scale mod-
eling analyses to demonstrate that proposed control strategies
are sufficient to attain the National Ambient Air Quality Stan-
dard (NAAQS) for ozone. EPA compiles a National Inven-
tory to use in the Regional Oxidant Model (ROM) to provide
boundary conditions regarding the pollution transport into
the states urban modeling domains. As part of its basic role
in modeling for attainment demonstrations, the Agency's Na-
tional Inventory will also be used to analyze regulatory policy
to ensure progress in pollution reduction as well as to assess
the possible effects of changing the NAAQS for ozone, stan-
dard now under review.
To ensure that the National Inventory contains the
best and most recent emission data available, it should incor-
porate the states approved 1990 emissions inventory data for
nonattainment areas. Continued progress by State and local
agencies in entering their emissions inventory data into AIRS
can help the inventory process in the many ways described
above and will also result in providing an accessible data base
for the 1990 O3/CO SIP inventories.
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WORKBOOK FOR GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION ESTIMATES
In 1992, EPA's Climate Change Division (State And Lo-
cal Outreach Program) prepared a workbook to assist states in
estimating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for inventory
purposes. The original workbook is being revised to include
the latest information from the Intergovernmental Panel On
Climate Change (IPCC) meetings of this summer. It comple-
ments the activities under way in states as a result of both the
1990 CAAA and the President's Climate Change Action Plan.
The revised workbook is expected to be completed by Fall
1994.
The workbook is divided into two major sections. The
first recommends a methodology for calculating emissions from
a particular source (e. g., methane from landfills or carbon
dioxide from fossil fuel combustion). The second contains
chapters that provide more detailed information on the rec-
ommended methodology, as well as on alternative methods
for estimating emissions. The workbook covers major gases
(CO2, CH4, N2O) as well as suggested data sources.
This workbook is part of the Outreach Program's "tool
box" for states interested in determining baseline GHG emis-
sions, identifying the vulnerabilities from climate change, and
developing mitigation and adaptation policies. Several states
have completed their inventories and are entering the policy
analysis phase of the program. Other states are conducting
demonstration projects designed to reduce GHG emissions.
The Outreach Program provides limited financial assistance
to states to complete the inventories, action plans, and dem-
onstration projects.
Both hard and electronic copies of the workbook are avail-
able. Contact Info CHIEF, (919) 541-5285 for more infor-
mation. To learn more about the State And Local Outreach
Program, contact Katherine Sibold at (202) 260-4314.
EIB PUBLICATIONS
The Emission Inventory Branch (EIB) produces many
guidance and resource publications geared toward industries,
state and local agencies, and academic researchers. EIB pub-
lishes general emission inventory guidance documents, as well
as documents covering specific air pollutants such as ozone,
carbon monoxide, PM-10, and air toxics. The Locating And
Estimating (L & E) series compiles available information on
the emission of specific toxic substances to assist groups in
inventorying these emissions. Some of the substances which
L & E documents address are: Toluene, Methyl Chloroform,
Cyanide, Styrene, Benzene, Mercury and Mercury Compounds,
and many more. EIB also produces several factor and inven-
tcayaaSwaaEpnixlsfcarBM ® or compatible PCs which can
be used to assist in the emission inventory and factoring pro-
cesses.
Many of these publications are available from the Info
CHIEF help desk at (919) 541-5285 while others are avail-
able from the Government Printing Office (GPO) or the Na-
tional Technical Information Service (NTIS). A list of EIB
publications can be obtained from the CHIEF BBS at (919)
541-5742 or Fax CHIEF at (919) 541-0548 or -5626.
The OAQPS Technology Transfer Network (TIN):
Your gateway to US EPA air quality information,
with eighteen different bulletin boards!
Dial in via modem at (919) 541-5742 or
TELNET via Internet at ttnbbs.rtpnc.epa.gov
UPCOMING PUBLICATIONS AND
PRODUCTS FROM EIB
FIRE data base, Version 3.0 — Fall 1994
Air CHIEF CD, Version 4.0 — November 1994
AP-42, Fifth Edition — December 1994
TANKS for Windows®, Version 3.0 — Summer 1995
A&WMA WORKSHOPS
The Air And Waste Management Association
(A&WMA), in cooperation with EIB, is sponsoring an
ongoing series of workshops on preparing emission estimates.
A&WMA faculty will present information on (1) reporting
emission estimates to meet regulatory requirements, (2) uses
of the data for permitting strategies, and (3) compliance and
business planning. The workshops will help affected
operations meet regulatory requirements on content and
timeliness, achieving better quality emission inventories, and
increasing consistency in emission inventories.
Upcoming workshops are in: Atlanta, December 5-6,
1994; Dallas, February 13-14, 1995; Denver; January 9-10,
1995; and Chicago; March 6-7,1995. Subsequent workshops
in this series will be announced in the calendar portion of
future CHIEF Newsletters. For more information, call the
A&WMA meeting registrar at (412) 232-3444, ext. 3142.
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