EPA-540/1-86-032
Off'ce of Research and Development
Office of Health and Environmental
Assessment
Environmental Criteria and
Assessment Office
Cincinnati OH 45268
Superfund
vvEPA
HEALTH EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
FOR 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
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EPA/540/1-86-032
September 1984
HEALTH EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
FOR 1.1.2.2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office
Cincinnati, OH 45268
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
Washington, DC 20460
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been funded wholly or In part by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency under Contract No. 68-03-3112 to Syracuse
Research Corporation. It has been subject to the Agency's peer and adminis-
trative review, and It has been approved for publication as an EPA document.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorse-
ment or recommendation for use.
11
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PREFACE
This report summarizes and evaluates Information relevant to a prelimi-
nary Interim assessment of adverse health effects assocVated with 1,1,2,2-
tetrachloroethane. All estimates of acceptable Intakes and carcinogenic
potency presented 1n this document should be considered as preliminary and
reflect limited resources allocated to this project. Pertinent toxlcologlc
and environmental data were located through on-Hne literature searches of
the Chemical Abstracts, TOXLINE, CANCERLINE and the CHEMFATE/DATALOG data
bases. The basic literature searched supporting this document 1s current up
to September, 1984. Secondary sources of Information have also been relied
upon 1n the preparation of this report and represent large-scale health
assessment efforts that entail extensive peer and Agency review. The fol-
lowing Office of Health and Environmental Assessment (OHEA) sources have
been extensively utilized:
U.S. EPA. 1980a. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chlorinated
Ethanes. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati,
OH. EPA 440/5-80-029. NTIS PB 81-117400.
U.S. EPA. 1982a. Revision and update of Hazard profile on
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. Prepared by the Environmental Criteria
and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH, OHEA for the Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC.
U.S. EPA. 1982b. Review of Toxlcologlc Data 1n Support of Evalua-
tion for Carcinogenic Potential of 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane. Pre-
pared by the Carcinogen Assessment Group, OHEA, Washington, DC for
the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC.
U.S. EPA. 1983b. Health and Environmental Effects Profile for
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane. Prepared by the Envlornmental Criteria
and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH, OHEA for the Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC.
The Intent 1n these assessments 1s to suggest acceptable exposure levels
whenever sufficient data were available. Values were not derived or larger
uncertainty factors were employed when the variable data were limited In
scope tending to generate conservative (I.e., protective) estimates. Never-
theless, the Interim values presented reflect the relative degree of hazard
associated with exposure or risk to the chemlcal(s) addressed.
Whenever possible, two categories of values have been estimated for sys-
temic toxicants (toxicants for which cancer is not the endpolnt of concern).
The first, the AIS or acceptable intake subchronic, 1s an estimate of an
exposure level that would not be expected to cause adverse effects when
exposure occurs during a limited time Interval (I.e., for an Interval that
does not constitute a significant portion of the lifespan). This type of
exposure estimate has not been extensively used or rigorously defined, as
previous risk assessment efforts have been primarily directed towards
111
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exposures from toxicants 1n ambient air or water where lifetime exposure 1s
assumed. Animal data used for AIS estimates generally Include exposures
with durations of 30-90 days. Subchronlc human data are rarely available.
Reported exposures are usually from chronic occupational exposure situations
or from reports of acute accidental exposure.
The AIC, acceptable Intake chronic, 1s similar 1n concept to the ADI
(acceptable dally Intake). It 1s an estimate of an exposure level that
would not be expected to cause adverse effects when exposure occurs for a
significant portion of the Hfespan [see U.S. EPA (1980b) for a discussion
of this concept]. The AIC 1s route specific and estimates acceptable
exposure for a given route with the Implicit assumption that exposure by
other routes 1s Insignificant.
Composite scores (CSs) for noncardnogens have also been calculated
where data permitted. These values are used for ranking reportable quanti-
ties; the methodology for their development 1s explained 1n U.S. EPA (1983).
For compounds for which there 1s sufficient evidence of cardnogenldty,
AIS and AIC values are not derived. For a discussion of risk assessment
methodology for carcinogens refer to U.S. EPA (1980b). Since cancer 1s a
process that 1s not characterized by a threshold, any exposure contributes
an Increment of risk. Consequently, derivation of AIS and AIC values would
be Inappropriate. For carcinogens, q-j*s have been computed based on oral
and Inhalation data 1f available.
1v
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ABSTRACT
In order to place the risk assessment evaluation 1n proper context,
refer to the preface of this document. The preface outlines limitations
applicable to all documents of this series as well as the appropriate Inter-
pretation and use of the quantitative estimates presented.
The Issue of primary concern 1s the carcinogenic potential of 1,1,2,2-
tetrachloroethane. Human data addressing this Issue are not available.
Limited in vitro mutagenldty data are positive. Only one cancer bloassay
has been conducted. In this study 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane was not car-
cinogenic 1n rats, but was carcinogenic 1n mice by oral exposure. Exposure
resulted 1n an Increased Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Using the
mouse data, a human q-|* of 0.20 (mg/kg/day)"1 was computed. Data are
not available that would allow assessment of the carcinogenic potential of
this compound by Inhalation exposure.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Initial draft of this report was prepared by Syracuse Research
Corporation under Contract No. 68-03-3112 for EPA's Environmental Criteria
and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH. Dr. Christopher DeRosa and Karen
Blackburn were the Technical Project Honltors and Helen Ball was»the Project
Officer. The final documents 1n this series were prepared for the Office of
Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC.
Scientists from the following U.S. EPA offices provided review comments
for this document series:
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH
Carcinogen Assessment Group
Office of A1r Quality Planning and Standards
Office of Solid Waste
Office of Toxic Substances
Office of Drinking Water
Editorial review for the document series was provided by:
Judith Olsen and Erma Durden
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office
Cincinnati, OH
Technical support services for the document series was provided by:
Bette Zwayer, Pat Daunt, Karen Mann and Jacky Bohanon
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office
Cincinnati, OH
v1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND FATE 1
2. ABSORPTION FACTORS IN HUMANS AND EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS 3
2.1. ORAL 3
2.2. INHALATION 3
3. TOXICITY IN HUMANS AND EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS 4
3.1. SUBCHRONIC 4
3.1.1. Oral 4
3.1.2. Inhalation 4
3.2. CHRONIC 5
3.2.1. Oral 5
3.2.2. Inhalation 5
3.3. TERATOGENICITY AND OTHER REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS 5
4.
5.
3.4.
3.3.1. Oral
3.3.2. Inhalation
TOXICANT INTERACTIONS
CARCINOGENICITY
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
HUMAN DATA
4.1.1. Oral
4.1.2. Inhalation
BIOASSAYS
4.2.1. Oral
4.2.2. Inhalation
OTHER RELEVANT DATA
WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE
REGULATORY STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
5
7
7
8
8
8
8
, 8
8
8
, 8
10
11
V11
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)
Page
6. RISK ASSESSMENT 12
6.1. ACCEPTABLE INTAKE SUBCHRONIC (AIS) 12
6.2. ACCEPTABLE INTAKE CHRONIC (AIC) 12
6.3. CARCINOGENIC POTENCY (q^) 12
6.3.1. Oral 12
6.3.2. Inhalation 12
7. REFERENCES 13
APPENDIX A: Summary Table for 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 18
APPENDIX B: Cancer Data Sheet for Derivation of q-|* 19
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LIST OF TABLES
No. Title -Page
1-1 Selected Physical and Chemical Properties and Half-Lives
for 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 2
3-1 Percentage of Individuals with Hand Tremors with Respect
to 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Exposure 1n Four Different
Factories
4-1 Incidence of Tumors 1n Mice Exposed to >90% Pure
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane (in corn oil) by Gavage . . . ,
1x
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ACTH Adrenocort1cotrop1c hormone
ADI Acceptable dally Intake
AIC Acceptable Intake chronic
AIS Acceptable Intake subchronlc
bw Body weight
CAS Chemical Abstract Service
CS Composite score
DNA Oeoxyr1bonucle1c add
ppm Parts per million
rpm Revolutions per minute
STEL Short-term exposure limit
TLV Threshold limit value
TWA Time-weighted average
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1. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND FATE
The relevant physical and chemical properties and environmental fate of
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (CAS No. 79-34-5) are given 1n Table 1-1.
The half-life for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane In the atmosphere (Table
1-1) 1s based on Us Interaction with OH radicals. Although no estimate of
half-life 1s available, the removal of this compound by wet precipitation
may play an Important role In removing the compound from air (Callahan et
al., 1979). The estimate of half-life for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 1n
aquatic media Is based on the estimated half-life of evaporation of this
compound when stirred at 200 rpm 1n still air at 25°C (D1ll1ng, 1977) and
the consideration that, In natural aquatic media containing partlculate
matter and sediments, an Increase 1n evaporation half-life 1s expected.
The half-life of this compound 1n soil could not be located In the
available literature. However, by analogy with aquatic media, evaporation
1s expected to be the predominant loss mechanism from the soil surface. In
subsurface soil, 1n the absence of significant blodegradatlon (on the basis
of lack of blodegradatlon 1n aquatic media) (Tabak et al., 1981), the com-
pound Is likely to leach from soil to groundwater (Page, 1981).
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TABLE 1-1
Selected Physical and Chemical Properties and Half-Lives for
1,1,2,2,-Tetrachloroethane
Properties
Values
Reference
Chemical class:
Molecular weight:
Vapor pressure:
Water solubility:
Octanol/water partition
coefficient:
BCF:
Half-lives 1n
A1r:
Water:
halogenated aliphatic
hydrocarbon
167.86
5 mm Hg at 20°C
2900 rng/8. at 20°C
245
8 for blueglll
(Lepomls macrochlrus)
1.6 years
>1 hour (estimated)
NA
Verschueren, 1983
Verschueren, 1983
Verschueren, 1983
Banerjee et a!., 1980
U.S. EPA, 1980a
Singh et al., 1981
NA
NA = Not applicable
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2. ABSORPTION FACTORS IN HUMANS AND EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
2.1. ORAL
Pertinent data regarding the absorption of orally administered 1,1,2,2-
tetrachloroethane could not be located 1n the available literature.
2.2. INHALATION
Lehmann and Hasegawa (1910) administered 9.1 mg/m3 1,1,2,2-tetra-
chloroethane by Inhalation to one rabbit for a period of 3 hours. During
this period, 258.3 mg of the 883.3 mg administered was absorbed.
Human volunteers absorbed 97% of a single 2.5 mg dose of 1,1,2,2-tetra-
chloroethane vapor (Morgan et al., 1970, 1972). One hour later, 3-6% of the
administered dose was exhaled.
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3. TOXICITY IN HUMANS AND EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
3.1. SUBCHRONIC
3.1.1. Oral. Pertinent data regarding the toxldty of orally admin-
istered 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane could not be located 1n the available
literature.
3.1.2. Inhalation. Schmidt et al. (1972) exposed 105 male rats to 1.94
ppm (13.32 mg/m3) 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane vapors for 4 hours/day for 265
days. Multiplying 13.32 mg/m3 by the product of 4/24 hours, 7/7 days and
the average Inhalation rate for a rat (0.26 mVday), and then dividing by
the average weight of a rat (0.35 kg), the exposure level 1s adjusted to a
dose of 1.65 mg/kg bw/day. Control rats were exposed only to air. Effects
associated with exposure to 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane Included Increased
white blood cell count, pituitary ACTH and total fat content of the liver,
and decreased body weight.
Navrotskly et al. (1971) exposed unspecified numbers of rabbits to
either 0.3, 1.46 or 14.6 ppm (2.06, 10.03 and 100.25 mg/m3) 1,1,2,2-tetra-
chloroethane for 3-4 hours/day for 7-11 months. At 14.6 ppm, liver and
kidney degeneration, "altered" blood chemistry and suppressed hemaglutlnin
production were observed. Decreased hematocrU, decreased hemoglobin con-
tent of red cells, and suppressed hemaglutlnin production were observed at
1.46 ppm, while no effects were seen at 0.3 ppm.
Hor1uch1 et al. (1962) exposed a single monkey to 1000-4000 ppm
(13,734-27,468 mg/m3) 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane for 2 hours/day, 6 days/
week for a total of 190 days. Multiplying 27,468 mg/m3 by the product of
2/24 hours, 6/7 days and the average Inhalation rate for a monkey (1.4
mVday), and then dividing by the average weight of a monkey (3.5 kg), the
4000 ppm exposure level 1s equivalent to a dose of 756 mg/kg bw/day. These
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Investigators reported signs of'weakness after the seventh exposure, diar-
rhea and anorexia after the twelfth exposure, and anesthesia after the
fifteenth exposure. Other symptoms reported Include marked vacuollzatlon of
the liver and fluctuations In hematocrlt, white blood cell count and red
cell hemoglobin content.
3.2. CHRONIC
3.2.1. Oral. Pertinent data regarding the chronic toxldty of orally
administered 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane could not be located 1n the available
literature.
3.2.2. Inhalation. The effects associated with occupational exposure to
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane by Inhalation or dermal routes are primarily
neurological. Grimm et al. (1914) reported that workers who were exposed to
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane In a German aircraft factory experienced pain,
tremors, headaches, numbness, excessive perspiration and the sensation of
"pins and needles" 1n the extremities. Women exposed to 1,1,2,2-tetra-
chloroethane 1n a factory that produced artificial pearls experienced
paralysis of the Interosseous muscles of the hands and feet, and paralysis
of muscles of the eye and jaw (Ler1 and Breltel, 1922). Workers 1n India's
bangle Industry were exposed to 9-98 ppm 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane and had
tremors (35%), vertigo (30.5%), headache (26.6%), abdominal pain (23.7%) and
anorexia (22.6%) (Lobo-Mendonca, 1963). As summarized 1n Table 3-1, the
percentage of Individuals having hand tremors was correlated to the level of
exposure to 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 1n four different plants.
3.3. TERATOGENICITY AND OTHER REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS
3.3.1. Oral. Pertinent data regarding the teratogenldty of orally
administered 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane could not be located 1n the available
literature.
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TABLE 3-1
Percentage of Individuals with Hand Tremors with Respect
to 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Exposure 1n Four Different Factories3
Percent 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethaneb (ppm)
50 65 and 98
40 50 and 61
33 ' 40 and 74
14 9 and 17
aSource: Lobo-Mendonca, 1963
^Values are averages of unspecified numbers of samples
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3.3.2. Inhalation. Pertinent data regarding the teratogenldty of
Inhaled 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane could not be located 1n the available
literature.
3.4. TOXICANT INTERACTIONS
Pertinent data regarding the Interactions of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
with other toxicants could not be located 1n the available literature.
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4. CARCINOGENICITY
4.1. HUMAN DATA
4.1.1. Oral. Pertinent data regarding the cardnogenldty of Ingested
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane could not be located 1n the available literature.
4.1.2. Inhalation. Pertinent data regarding the cardnogenldty of
Inhaled 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane could not be located 1n the available
literature.
4.2. BIOASSAYS
4.2.1. Oral. An NCI (1978) bloassay reported that 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-
ethane was carcinogenic In B6C3F, mice but not 1n Osborne-Mendel rats.
Groups of 50 males and 50 females of each species were exposed to 1,1,2,2-
tetrachloroethane 1n corn oil by gavage for 5 days/week for 78 weeks, and
then observed for 12 weeks. No significant Increase 1n any tumor type or
total tumors was observed 1n rats exposed by gavage to 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-
ethane at TWA doses of 0, 62 and 108 mg/kg or 0, 43 and 76 mg/kg/males and
females, respectively. The results 1n mice are summarized 1n Table 4-1.
4.2.2. Inhalation. Pertinent data regarding the cardnogenldty of
Inhaled 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane could not be located In the available
literature.
4.3. OTHER RELEVANT DATA
Brem et al. (1974) reported that 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane was mutagenlc
to h1st1d1ne-requ1r1ng strains of Salmonella typhlmurlum and preferentially
Inhibited the growth of a DNA polymerase-def 1dent strain of Escher1ch1a
coll. Callahan et al. (1979) observed mltotlc gene conversion 1n Saccharo-
myces cerevlslae strain D7.
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TABLE 4-1
Incidence of Tumors 1n Mice Exposed to >90% Pure 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane (In corn oil) by Gavage3
Sex
H
M
M
Y* F
F
F
Doseb
(mg/kg/day)
203
101
0
203
101
0
Duration
of Treatment
78 weeks
78 weeks
78 weeks
78 weeks
78 weeks
78 weeks
Duration
of Study
90 weeks
90 weeks
91 weeks
90 weeks
90 weeks
91 weeks
Tumor Type
hepatocellular carcinoma
hepatocellular carcinoma
hepatocellular carcinoma
hepatocellular carcinoma
hepatocellular carcinoma
hepatocellular carcinoma
Tumor Incidence
(p Value)c
44/49 (p<0.001)
13/50 (NR)d
1/18 (p<0.001)
43/47 (p<0.001)
30/48 (p<0.001)
0/20 (p<0.001)
^Source: NCI, 1978
bTWA dose reflecting 5/7 days per week treatment
cp levels for the Fisher Exact test and Cochran-Armltage tests are given when <0.05
dp = 0.033 when compared with pooled vehicle controls
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4.4. WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE
Pertinent data regarding the cardnogenlcHy of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-
ethane 1n humans could not be located 1n the available literature. In the
NCI (1978) bloassay, the chemical was found to be associated with hepato-
cellular carcinoma 1n mice, but the validity of liver tumors In mice as an
Indicator of the potential of a chemical to cause human cancer Is not
universally accepted. The evidence, therefore, that 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-
ethane 1s an animal carcinogen 1s best considered to be limited. Applying
the criteria proposed by the Carcinogen Assessment Group of the U.S. EPA
(Federal Register, 1984) for the overall weight of evidence for human car-
dnogenlcHy, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 1s most appropriately classified In
Group C - Possible Human Carcinogen.
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5. REGULATORY STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
The OSHA standard for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 1n the workplace Is 5
ppm (35 mg/m3) with the designation that dermal exposure may be a signifi-
cant route of absorption (Code of Federal Regulations, 1981). However,
NIOSH (1976) and AC6IH (1983) recommend a TWA of 1 ppm (7 mg/m3) for
occupational exposure to 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. ACGIH (1983) also
recommends a STEL of 5 ppm (35 mg/m3). The ACGIH values were established
to prevent "serious intoxication and nervous, hepatic, and gastrointestinal
effects" (ACGIH, 1980).
Hygenlc standards for permissible levels of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane in
the working environment of various countries are 7 mg/m3 in the Federal
Republic of Germany, 10 mg/m3 1n the Democratic Republic of Germany and 5
mg/m3 (maximum permissible concentration) in the USSR (U.S. EPA, 1983b).
For ingestlon of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, the U.S. EPA (1980a) recom-
mends a criterion of 1.7 yg/8. for drinking water. This value was based
on the NCI (1978) cancer data, using the linear multistage model to estimate
the level of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane associated with a 10~5 risk of
cancer.
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6. RISK ASSESSMENT
6.1. ACCEPTABLE INTAKE SUBCHRONIC (AIS)
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1s a chemical for which there 1s limited evi-
dence for cardnogenldty In animals but for which data are sufficient for
computing a q,*. It 1s, therefore, Inappropriate to calculate an oral or
Inhalation AIS for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane.
6.2. ACCEPTABLE INTAKE CHRONIC (AIC)
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Is a chemical for which there 1s limited evi-
dence for cardnogenldty 1n animals but for which data are sufficient for
computing a q *. It Is, therefore, Inappropriate to calculate an oral or
Inhalation AIC for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane.
6.3. CARCINOGENIC POTENCY (q^)
6.3.1. Oral. Using the data on female mice from the NCI (1978) bloassay,
U.S. EPA (1980a) derived a carcinogenic potency factor, q * of 0.20
(mg/kg/day)"1. The data base used 1n the computation of this q * 1s
presented 1n Appendix B.
6.3.2. Inhalation. The lack of data regarding the cardnogenldty of
Inhaled 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane precludes assessment of carcinogenic risk.
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8. REFERENCES
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hyg1en1sts). 1980.
Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values, 4th ed. (Includes Supplemental
Documentation, 1981, 1982, 1983). Cincinnati, OH. p. 390.
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hyglenlsts). 1983.
Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agencts 1n the
Workroom Environment with Intended. Changes for 1983-84. Cincinnati, OH.
p. 32.
Banerjee, S., S.H. Yalkowsky and S.C. Valvan. 1980. Water solubility and
octanol/water partition coefficients of organlcs. Limitations of the solu-
bility partition coefficient correlation. Environ. Sc1. Technol. 14:
1227-1229.
Brem, H., et al. 1974. The mutagenlcHy and DNA-mod1fy1ng effect of halo-
alkanes. Cancer Res. 34: 2576. (Cited 1n U.S. EPA, 1982a)
Callahan, M.A., M.W. SUmak, N.W. Gabel, et al. 1979. Water-Related Envi-
ronmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants. Vol. II. Office of Water Plan-
ning and Standards, Office of Water and Waste Management, U.S. EPA, Wash-
ington, DC. EPA-440/4-79-029b. (Cited 1n U.S. EPA, 1982a)
Code of Federal Regulations. 1981. OSHA Safety and Health Standards. (29
CFR 1910.1000).
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Dining, W.L. 1977. Interphase transfer processes. II. Evaporation rates
of chloromethanes, ethanes, ethylenes, propanes, and propylenes from dilute
aqueous solutions. Comparison with theoretical predictions. Environ. Scl.
Techno!. 11: 405-409.
Federal Register. 1984. Environmental Protection Agency. Proposed
guidelines for carcinogenic risk assessment. Federal Register
49:46294-46299.
Grimm, V., A. Heffter and G. Joachimoglu. 1914. Industrial Intoxication 1n
airplane manufacturing. Vierteljahresschr Gerichtl. Med. Oeff. Sani-
taetswes. 48: 161-204. (Ger.) (Cited 1n NIOSH, 1976)
Horiuchi, K., S. Horiguchi, K. Hashimoto, K. Kadowakl, K. Aratake. 1962.
Studies on the Industrial tetrachloroethane poisoning (2). Osaka City Med.
J. 8: 29-38. (Cited in NIOSH, 1976)
Lehmann, K.B. and Hasegawa. 1910. Absorption on chlorinated hydrocarbon
compounds from air in animals and man. Chloroform, carbon tetrachloride,
tetrachloroethane. Arch. Hyg. 72: 327-342. (Cited 1n NIOSH, 1976)
Ler1, A. and Breltel. 1922. Chronic polyneurltls. Tetrachloroethane
induced polyneurltls in pearl workers. Bull. Mem. Soc. Med. Hosp. Paris.
46: 1406-1412. (Cited in NIOSH, 1976)
Lobo-Mendonca, R. 1963. Tetrachloroethane - A survey. Br. J. Ind. Med.
20: 50-56. (Cited in NIOSH, 1976)
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Morgan, A., et al. 1970. The excretion 1n breath of some aliphatic halo-
genated hydrocarbons following administration by Inhalation. Ann. Occup.
Hyg. 13: 219. (CHed In U.S. EPA, 1980a)
Morgan, A., et al. 1972. Absorption of halogenated hydrocarbons and their
excretion 1n breath using chlor1ne-38 tracer techniques. Ann. Occup. Hyg.
15: 273. (Cited 1n U.S. EPA, 1980a)
Navrotskly, V.K., L.M. Kashln, I.L. Kullnskaya, et al. 1971. Comparative
assessment of the toxldty of a number of Industrial poisons when Inhaled 1n
low concentrations for prolonged periods. Trudy S'ezda Glgenlstov Ukranl-
so1. 8: 224-226. (Rus.) (CHed 1n NIOSH, 1976)
NCI (National Cancer Institute). 1978. Bloassay of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-
ethane for possible cardnogenlclty. NCI Cardnogenesls Tech. Rep. Ser.
No. 27. p. 45. [Also'publ. as DHHS (NIH) PB-277-453]. (CHed In U.S. EPA,
1982b)
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I
CO
APPENDIX A
Summary Table for 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Carcinogenic
Potency
Inhalation
Oral
Species
female
B6C3F-| mice
Experimental
Dose/Exposure
1 vg/mVday
Effect
hepatocellular
carcinoma
qi*
ND
0.20
(mg/kg/day) a
Reference
NCI, 1978;
U.S. EPA, 1980a
ND = Not derived
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APPENDIX B
Cancer Data Sheet for
Derivation of q-|*
Compound: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Reference: NCI, 1978
Species, Strain, Sex: Mice, B6C3F-|, F
Body weight: 0.030 kg (measured)
Length of exposure (le) = 546 days
Length of experiment {Le) = 637 days
Llfespan of animal (L) = 637 days
Tumor site and type: Hver, hepatocellular carcinoma
Route, vehicle: oral, gavage
Experimental Doses
or Exposures
(mg/kg/day)
0
101
203
Transformed Dose
(mg/kg/day )t
0
86.571
174.000
Incidence
No. Responding/No.
or Examined
0/20
30/48
43/47
Tested
"•"Adjusted to reflect treatment on 5 days/week and exposure for 546 days
of 637 day experimental period.
Unadjusted q-|* from study = 1.5181003xlO~2 (mg/kg/day)~l
Human q-j* = 0.20 (mg/kg/day)'1
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