OCLC18409274
00161
BACTERIAL WATER QUALITY OF THE SOUTHERN
NEARSHORE ZONE OF LAKE ERIE IN 1978 AND 1979
PREPARED FOR
GREAT LAKES NATIONAL PROGRAM OFFICE
U, S, EPA, REGION V
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
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BACTERIAL WATER QUALITY OF THE SOUTHERN
NEARSHORE ZONE OP LAKE ERIE IN 1978 AND 1979
by
Ellen T. Stanford
Water Quality Laboratory
Heidelberg College
Tiffin, Ohio 44883
September 1981
Final Report
Grant No. R005350012
Contract No. 68-01-5857
Robert J. Bowden, Project Officer
Great Lakes National Program Office
U.S. EPA, Region V
Chicago, Illinois
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CONTENTS
Page
TABLES i
FIGURES ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi
PROJECT OBJECTIVES 1
INTRODUCTION 1
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 2
MATERIALS AND METHODS 2
SAMPLE COLLECTION 2
MEDIA AND DILUTION WATER PREPARATION 3
SAMPLE PROCESSING AND COUNTING 3
QUALITY CONTROL 4
VERIFICATION TESTING 6
TREATMENT OF DATA 6
Splits and Replicates 6
Comparison of 1979 Cleveland Stations 81, 83 and 89 with Stations
80 and 88 7
Pearson Correlations 7
FC/FS Ratio 7
Trophic Status Determination 7
Cruise to Cruise Patterns 8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 8
QUALITY CONTROL 8
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS 8
HISTORICAL TRENDS FOR AEROBIC HETEROTROPHS 10
TROPHIC STATUS 10
STATISTICAL ANALYSES 11
Splits and Replicates 11
Pearson Correlations 12
FECAL COLIFORM/FECAL STREPTOCOCCUS RATION (FC/FS) 13
A COMPARISON OF SUSPECTED SEWAGE EFFLUENT STATIONS 81, 83 AND 89
WITH STATIONS 80 AND 88 IN 1979 14
POSSIBLE VIOLATIONS OF WATER QUALITY CRITERIA BASED ON FECAL COLIFORM
CONCENTRATIONS 14
LITERATURE CITED 17
APPENDIX I - QUALITY CONTROL 75
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TABLES
Number Page
1 Media preparation 20
2 Organization of the Central Basin stations used to determine
the cruise-to-cruise patterns for the three bacterial groups . 21
3 Statistical analysis of 1978 aerobic heterotroph splits and
replicates 22
4 Statistical analysis for 1979 aerobic heterotroph splits and
replicates 23
5 Pearson correlation coefficients for 1978 heterotrophs and
selected chemical data 24
6 Pearson correlations for 1979 heterotrophs and selected
chemical data 25
7 Pearson correlations for 1979 Cruise 1 heterotrophs and
selected chemical data 26
8 FC/FS ratios for 1978 samples containing fecal streptococci at
concentrations _> 100/100 ml 27
9 FC/FS ratios for 1979 samples containing fecal streptococci at
concentrations _> 100/100 ml 30
10 Central Basin station rational 32
11 A comparison of stations 81, 83 and 89 with stations 80 and 88
using the t-test and log transformed data from 1979 33
12 1978 stations with concentrations _> fecal coliform/100 ml .... 34
13 1979 stations with concentrations _> 200 fecal coliforms/100 ml . 35
14 Stations exhibiting fecal coliform concentrations of more than
1,000 organisms/100 ml 36
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FIGURES
Number Page
la Location of sampling stations for the Central Basin Nearshore
Zone in 1978 37
Ib Location of sampling stations for the Central Basin Nearshore
Zone in 1979 38
2 Comparison of the split and replicate sampling programs for
1978 and 1979 39
3 Organization of the Central Basin stations used in determining
cruise-to-cruise patterns 40
4a Aerobic heterotroph concentration isopleth map for Cruise 1,
May 1978 41
4b Aerobic heterotroph concentration isopleth map for Cruise 2,
June 1978 41
4c Aerobic heterotroph concentration isopleth map for Cruise 3,
September 1978 42
4d Aerobic heterotroph concentration isopleth map for Cruise 4,
October 1978 42
5a Aerobic heterotroph concentration isopleth map for Cruise 1,
April 1979 43
5b Aerobic heterotroph concentration isopleth map for Cruise 2,
July 1979 43
5c Aerobic heterotroph concentration isopleth map for Cruise 3,
August 1979 44
5d Aerobic heterotroph concentration isopleth map for Cruise 4,
October 1979 44
6a Fecal coliform concentration isopleth map for Cruise 1, May 1978 . 45
6b Fecal coliform concentration isopleth map for Cruise 2, June 1978 45
6c Fecal coliform concentration isopleth map for Cruise 3,
September 1978 46
6d Fecal coliform concentration isopleth map for Cruise 4,
October 1978 46
7a Fecal coliform concentration isopleth map for Cruise 1, April 1979 47
11
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Number Page
7b Fecal coliform concentration isopleth map for Cruise 2, July 1979 47
7c Fecal coliform concentration isopleth map for Cruise 3,
August 1979 48
Id. Fecal coliform concentration isopleth map for Cruise 4,
October 1979 48
8a Fecal streptococcus concentration isopleth map for Cruise 1,
May 1978 49
8b Fecal streptococcus concentration isopleth map for Cruise 2,
June 1978 49
8c Fecal streptococcus concentration isopleth map for Cruise 3,
September 1978 50
8d Fecal streptococcus concentration isopleth map for Cruise 4,
October 1978 50
9a Fecal streptococcus concentration isopleth map for Cruise 1,
April 1979 51
9b Fecal streptococcus concentration isopleth map for Cruise 2,
July 1979 51
9c Fecal streptococcus concentration isopleth map for Cruise 3,
August 1979 52
9d Fecal streptococcus concentration isopleth map for Cruise 4,
October 1979 52
lOa Summary of the 1978 aerobic heterotroph data using geometric means 53
lOb Summary of the 1979 aerobic heterotroph data using geometric means 53
lla Summary of the 1978 fecal coliform data using geometric means . . 54
lib Summary of the 1979 fecal coliform data using geometric means . . 54
12a Summary of the 1978 fecal streptococcus data using geometric . . 55
means
12b Summary of the 1979 fecal streptococcus data using geometric
means 55
13 Cruise to cruise patterns for aerobic heterotrophs 56
14 Cruise to cruise patterns for fecal coliforms 57
15 Cruise to cruise patterns for fecal streptococci 58
111
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Number Page
16 Summary of the 1978 Central Basin trophic status using geometric
means of aerobic heterotroph data 59
17 Summary of the 1979 Central Basin trophic status using geometric
means of aerobic heterotroph data 59
18a Cruise 1, 1979, trophic status isopleth map using aerobic
heterotroph data 60
18b Cruise 2, 1979, trophic status isopleth map using aerobic
heterotroph data 60
18c Cruise 3, 1979, trophic status isopleth map using aerobic
heterotroph data 61
18d Cruise 4, 1979, trophic status isopleth map using aerobic
heterotroph data 61
19a Cruise 1, 1978, trophic status isopleth map using aerobic
heterotroph data 62
19b Cruise 2, 1978, trophic status isopleth map using aerobic
heterotroph data 62
19c Cruise 3, 1978, trophic status isopleth map using aerobic
heterotroph data 63
19d Cruise 4, 1978, trophic status isopleth map using aerobic
heterotroph data 63
20 Relationship between log heterotroph concentrations and cyanide
concentrations 64
21 Relationship between log heterotroph concentrations and ammonia
concentrations 65
22 Relationship between log heterotroph concentrations and TOC
concentrations 66
23 Relationship between log heterotroph concentrations and silicate
concentrations 67
24 Relationship between log heterotroph concentrations and sulfate
concentrations 68
25 Relationship between log heterotroph concentrations and DOC
concentrations 69
26 Application of FC/FS ratio tests to 1978 data 70
IV
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Number Page
27 Application of FC/FS ratio tests to 1979 data 72
28 Stations with elevated fecal coliform counts 74
v
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank Dr. R. Peter Richards for his help in the
statistical portions of this report. Also, Mr. Richard Leslie and Mr. David
Kuder are to be commended for their patience and the long hours of work
involved in generating the necessary computer programs used in the data
analyses. I wish to thank Mr. Paul Flathman for his assistance in the actual
sample processing and the preliminary data preparation. The entire staff of
the Water Quality Laboratory, especially Dr. David Baker, Mr. Jack Kramer, =md
Dr. Kenneth Krieger also deserve mention for their unfailing support,
encouragement, and advice. This study was funded by U.S. EPA grant No.
R005350012 and U.S. EPA contract No. 68-01-5857.
VI
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PROJECT OBJECTIVES
The microbiolog ical -portion of the 1978-1979 Nearshore Studies of the
Lake Erie Central Basin involved the enumeration of aerobic heterotrophs,
fec°l coliforms, fecal streptococci, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1978 only).
The purpose of the study was to assess present bacteriological water quality
and to provide baseline data for future studies.
INTRODUCTION
For the southern nearshore zone of the Lake Erie Central Basin,
bacteriological data for aerobic heterotrophs, fecal coliforms, fecal
streptococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1978 only) were collected during four
cruises each year -- in May, June, September and October in 1978; and in
April, July, August, and October in 1979. Each cruise was intended to provide
data regarding a specific aspect of the yearly changes occurring in the lake
as follows: high flow from the tributaries in the spring; low summer
productivity (and the associated low levels of biomass); the probable period
for anoxia in the Central Basin during the summer; and the extent of recovery
and nutrient regeneration from the sediments in the fall.
Determination of the aerobic heterotroph populations in the water column
has been considered useful in the monitoring and surveillance of water
quality; and In general, has been used as an indicator of pollution (organic
and inorganic) and eutrophication (Rao and Jurkovic 1977, Bowden 1979). In
this study, the aerobic heterotroph data was also used to describe the trophic
status of Lake Erie's Central Basin, based on criteria employed with the
aerobic heterotroph data obtained in the 1976-1977 study of Lake Michigan
(Bowden 1979).
The purpose of determining fecal coliform concentrations is to detect the
presence of fecal pollution, which could also contain Salmonella, Shigella, or
other waterborne pathogens which are present in the fecal material of infected
individuals. Geldreich (1970) conducted a study designed to relate
concentrations of fecal coliforms with that of Salmonella. Although he was
unable to formulate specific relationships between the two, Geldreich1s
results served to underscore the existence of health hazards in water degraded
by fecal contamination.
Fecal streptococcus concentrations were used along with the corresponding
fecal coliform data to determine possible sources of fecal pollution using the
fecal coliform/fecal streptococcus ratio (FC/FS) employed by Geldreich and his
colleagues (Geldreich 1966, Geldreich, et al. 1968, 1969). A ratio of less
than 0.7 implies contamination from domestic animals, whereas a ratio greater
than 4.0 suggests a human source.
Hoadley (1968) indicated the significance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a
pathogen of man and animals, a spoilage organism and a slime former. As a
human pathogen, Ps. aeruginosa is responsible for fatal septicemias in Infants
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and adult patients debilitated by burns, malignancies, or old age. In
addition, it has been implicated as a possible cause of the high incidence of
otitis externa (outer ear infections) during the swimming season (Levin and
Cabelli 1972). Sewage represents the major source of Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
and for this reason its isolation from surface waters suggests the influence
of man.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The following is a summary of the conclusions reached in this study of
the bacteria of the Central Basin of Lake Erie:
1. Using the aerobic heterotroph data, the trophic status of the Central
Basin can be classified as mostly mesotrophic with eutrophic tendencies
near shore, especially in the harbor and river mouth areas.
2. Application of a two-tailed t-test to the aerobic heterotroph split
and replicate data shows that given the methods used in this study, it Is
not possible to measure small scale differences, on the order of meters
horizontally, in the bacterial concentrations in the water column.
^. Correlations significant at p _<_ 0.001 exist between the aerobic
heterotroph data and each of the following chemical parameters: ammonia,
TOC, DOC, silicate and sulfate. These correlations indicate the common
source of the chemical parameters and the aerobic heterotrophs, i.e. the
tributaries of the Central Basin.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
SAMPLE COLLECTION
The eighty-nine sampling stations in the Central Basin (Figure 1) were
divided into five areas of approximately twenty stations, with each area being
sampled on three consecutive days every cruise. The microbiological samples
were collected in evacuated standard 300ml BOD bottles which had been
autoclaved for thirty mirmtes (Standard Methods 1975). A JZ-Bacteriological
Water Sampler was used. In the 1978 study, sodium thiosulfate solution and/or
EDTA were added before evacuation to some sample bottles (100 mg/1 and 372
mg/] of sample, respectively) to remove chlorine and heavy metals,
respectively, from samples suspected to contain high levels of these
substances. However, the levels of chlorine and heavy metals at the sampling
locations were found in 1978 to be low enough to allow the elimination of this
part of the procedure in the 1979 study. The JZ-Bacteriological Sampler
permits the aseptic collection of water samples within the water column, and
the use of messengers allows the placement of several samplers on a cable for
simultaneous collection at various depths. Upon removal from +he sampler
frame, the samples were put in an ice water bath until processed. All samples
were processed within the eight-hour maximum permissible time, but most
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samples were processed within an hour after collection.
Aerobic heterotrophs were sampled at each station on three consecutive
days during each cruise, yielding a total of twelve samples per station per
year. Fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci and Ps. aeruginosa were sampled on
one day out of three for a total of four samples per station per year. These
three groups were also sampled whenever half an inch or more of rain had
fallen in the previous twenty-four hours, in order to observe the effects of
runoff and sewage treatment plant bypassing on fecal coliform, fecal
streptococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa counts.
MEDIA AND DILUTION WATER PREPARATION
The media preparation was carried out as detailed in Standard Methods
(1975) and presented in Table 1. Phosphate buffered dilution water was also
prepared as per the instructions in Standard Methods (1975), but with the
exclusion of magnesium sulfate in 1979. Properly diluted buffer solution was
dispensed into nine liter serum bottles (for use as rinse water) and
autoclaved for 90 minutes; ninety -nine ml dilution bottles were also filled
and autoclaved for thirty minutes for use as dilution blanks. All autoclaving
was carried out as specified in Standard Methods (1975).
SAMPLE PROCESSING AND COUNTING
All samples were filtered on a manifold with Hydrosol filtration units.
Before each day of sampling began, the Hydrosol funnels were wrapped in foil
and autoclaved for thirty minutes.
The samples were processed as detailed in Standard Methods, using
Millipore HA filters for all four bacterial groups in 1978(Millipore HC
filters were used for the fecal colliform samples in 1979). Four or five
sample volumes, differing by a factor of ten, were filtered for aerobic
heterotrophs; and one to six volumes for fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci
and PB. aeruginosa, depending on the expected water conditions at each
sampling location.
Samples from harbor and river mouths with high degrees of turbidity
usually yield higher bacterial concentrations, thus requiring more dilution of
the samples to obtain accurate counts. The sample volumes filtered ranged
from O.OIul to 100ml and were transferred with 1ml or 10ml serological
blow-out pipets, or with 100ml TC graduated cylinders, depending on the volume
to be transferred.
After filtration, the filters were incubated on the appropriate media at
the temperatures specified for each bacterial type in Standard Methods (1975).
The aerobic heterotroph plates were incubated in a growth chamber in the
6-quart food keepers used to store the uninoculated plates, with the addition
of several wet paper towels to supply the recommended high humidity. A
circulating water bath was used to incubate the fecal coliform plates which
were placed in water-tight ¥hirl-Pak bags before submersion, and dry heat
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incubators were used for the fecal streptococcus and Ps. aeruginosa plates.
Plates were selected for enumeration according to Standard Methods
(1975). Counting was accomplished at 15X using a Swift Stereo Ninety
microscope, a fluorescent illuminator, and a hand tally. When counting
aerobic heterotroph colonies, the fluorescent illuminator was placed at a low
angle so that the smaller colonies were made more visible by shadow casting.
The fecal coliform, fecal streptococcus, and Ps. aeruginosa plates were
counted with the illumination nearly perpendicular to the plate. After
counting was completed, the bacterial concentration at each sampling location
was calculated by converting the plate counts to standard recording units
bacteria/ml for aerobic heterotrophs and bacteria/100ml for the other three
groups.
aerobic heterotrophs:
bacteria/ml = (colony plate count)/(ml sampled)
fecal coliform, fecal streptococcus and Ps. aeruginosa:
bacteria/100ml = (colony plate count/ml sampled) x 100.
The sample processing and counting procedures used in the 1979 study were
basically the same as those detailed above for the 1978 study, with some
significant exceptions. First of all, the manifold containing the Hydrosols
was modified to allow the removal for sterilization of both the funnel and
filter receptacle sections of each Hydrosol (instead of just the funnel
section); also, two more spaces for Hydrosols were constructed, allowing the
simultaneous use of 11 Hydrosols. Millipore HA filters were used for the
aerobic heterotroph and fecal streptococcus samples, but Millipore HC filters
were used for the fecal coliform samples. The other major difference
associated with the sample processing involved the pipetting of sample
volumes. ?or the 1979 study, Eppendorf 1000ul (#22 35 080-3) and 100ul (#22
35 050-1) micro pipets with disposable sterile tips (Brinkmann Instruments,
Inc., Westbury, N.Y.) replaced the Corning 1.0ml pipets used in the 1978
study.
QUALITY CONTROL
The quality control procedures utilized in the 1978 and 1979 studies
differed from each other in several respects. Both studies included
verification testing for the fecal bacteria but the rest of the quality
control for 1978 focused on colony-counting accuracy; whereas that of the 1979
study focused on membrane filter contamination. To obtain a measure of
reproducibility in the 1978 study, the same analyst recounted arbitrarily
selected plates. Calculations were then made to determine if the counts were
within 5%. Plates were also randomly chosen and counted by two different
analysts and checked for agreement within 10$. The percent variation of these
colony counts was calculated using the following relationship:
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% variation = (count #2 - count #1 / arithmetic mean) x 100.
Before sampling began each day on the 1979 cruises, an uncovered plate of
Plate Count Agar was set out in the microbiology laboratory for fifteen
minutes as a means of determining the ambient, air quality. At the end of the
time period, the plate was placed in the 35 C incubator for 48 hours before
counting.
The sterility of the rinse water and Hydrosols was tested by analyzing
rinse water samples four times each day—before the first and after the last
samples each day, and twice during the day. The sterility tests were
accomplished by rinsing each Hydrosol twice with sterile rinse water, and then
plating the filters.
Throughout the four cruises in 1979, procedural modifications were made
in an effort to obtain the most accurate means of sterility testing. The
incubation temperature for the sterility plates was changed from 35 C to 20 C
for the Hydrosols used to filter the aerobic heterotrophs and to 44.5 C for
those used for the fecal bacteria, in order to correspond to the temperatures
used for the actual samples. The same reasoning was employed in the decision
to change the plating medium from Plate Count Agar to M-FC agar for the
Hydrosols used to filter the fecal bacteria samples.
In an effort to rid the Hydrosols of residual bacteria from samples with
high bacterial concentrations a Millipore Ultraviolet Sterilizer was used to
irradiate the Hydrosols used for aerobic heterotroph samples. Each Hydrosol
was irradiated for three minutes after approximately every four sample
bottles. The Hydrosols used for fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus
samples were not subjected to irradiation in order to save some time in the
processing procedure. The sterility test results (see Appendix) confirmed the
lack of carryover within these groups. To help keep sample water (and
bacteria) from adhering to the sides of the Hydrosols, the funnels were
sprayed with silicone spray and polished before the start of each cruise.
Another aspect of quality control involved the use of split and replicate
samples as a means of indicating the precision of the sampling and processing
methods. Before the start of each cruise, two stations from each sampling
area were designated as replicate stations. These stations remained the same
for each of the three successive days of an area, but they were changed for
each cruise. For Cruises 1 and 2 in the 1978 study, all sampling depths of
each replicate station were replicated; however, only one depth was replicated
during Cruises 3 and 4 in 1978 and all cruises in 1979.
Split samples were obtained by processing three identical sets of
identical dilution series from a single sample. During the 1978 cruises, the
microbiological samples which were split were different from those that were
replicated, but in the 1979 study, each replicate sample was also split three
ways. Figure 2 shows the relationships between splits and replicates for both
years of the study. Due to the relatively small volume of water collected by
the JZ-Bacteriological Sampler, only aerobic heterotroph samples were
replicated and split; fecal coliform, fecal streptococcus, and Ps. aeruginosa
samples were only replicated.
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VERIFICATION TESTING
Ten percent of the samples from Cruises 1-4 in 1978 and Cruise 1 in 1979
were verified for fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus bacteria, and five
percent from Cruises 2-4 in 1979. Since the Ps. aeruginosa samples were
collected only at industrial stations, most of the colonies were verified.
Several criteria were involved in the selection of stations for
verification. First of all, whenever possible the stations to be verified
were selected from known areas of pollution, such as river mouths, harbor
areas, and sewage outfalls. Also, an attempt was made to verify the same
stations for both fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci, so that a FC/FS
ratio could be calculated and an estimate of the pollution source made.
During each cruise, colonies from the stations selected for verification
were transferred from the membrane filters, after counting, to Nutrient Agar
slants and allowed to grow at ambient temperature for several days, before
refrigeration until the verification testing was performed. The verification
procedures are detailed in Standard Methods (1975) for fecal coliform, fecal
streptococcus, and Ps. aeruginosa bacteria. Percent verification was
calculated as follows:
% verification =
(^positive colonies/#colonies verified) x 100.
The results of the verification testing were used to correct the bacterial
concentrations only for verified samples.
TREATMENT OF DATA
Splits and replicates
The aerobic heterotroph split and replicate data were divided into three
groups based on the average number of bacteria present at each station:
1 . stations with <_ 100 bacteria/ml
2. stations with between 100 and 1000 bacteria/ml and
3. stations with >_ 1000 bacteria/ml.
The absolute value of the difference between the two replicates for each
replicated station was calculated, and in the same way, the differences
between the three pairs of split data were calculated. A two-tailed t-test
was then used to determine whether the mean differences between the replicates
in each group were equal to the mean differences between splits. The results
of the t-test showed if the differences in bacterial concentration in the
water column (measured by the replicates) were large enough to be detected
given the error in the method (measured by split differences).
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Comparison of 1979 Cleveland stations 81, 83 and 89 with stations 80 and 88
In 1978, results from some of the chemistry data suggested that the area
off the western end of the Cleveland breakwall might be the site of an outfall
of some sort (Richards 1980). Further investigation uncovered the existence -
of a sewage outfall in the vicinity — from Cleveland's Westerly Wastewater
Treatment Plant — which led to the relocation of stations 81, 83 and 89
(Figures 1a and 1 b), in order to sample the area affected by this outfall.
A two-tailed t-test was utilized in comparing these three stations with
two reference stations nearby (80 and 88) which were not affected by sewage
effluent. The t-test was used on all three bacterial parameters (fecal
coliforms, fecal streptococci and aerobic heterotrophs) to determine the
similarity of the bacterial concentrations from the two groups of stations.
Pearson Correlations
An SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) computer program
for generating Pearson correlation coefficients (Nie, et al. 1975) was used
with the aerobic heterotroph data to determine any correlations existing
between the heterotroph data and any of the chemical parameters.
FC/FS Ratio
At stations where more than 100 fecal streptococci per 100ml were
detected, fecal coliform/fecal streptococcus (FC/FS) ratios were calculated to
ascertain the source (human vs. nonhuman) of the fecal pollution at these
stations. The following criteria were employed in these source estimations:
(Geldreich 1966)
1. A ratio of less than or equal to 0.7 indicates a nonhuman
source,
2. the source is undetermined for a ratio between 0.7 and 4.0, and
3- a ratio of 4.0 or greater indicates a human source.
Trophic Status Determination
The aerobic heterotroph data was used to determine the trophic status of
Lake Erie's Central Basin by classifying each station in the following manner:
(Bowden 1979)
inshore(bacteria/ml) offshore(bacteria/ml)
eutrophic (E) _>. 200° > 200
mesotrophic (M) 120 ~ M < 2000 20 <~M < 200
oligotrophic (0) < 120 < 20
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Cruise to Cruise Patterns
As a means of graphically demonstrating the cruise to cruise patterns of
aerobic heterotroph, fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus data, the stations
were divided into three groups based on their location:
1. offshore: stations _>. 3.3km from shore.
2. onshore: stations <_ 3-3km from shore and not at a river or harbor
mouth.
3. harbors and river mouths.
Table 2 contains a list of stations falling into each category and the
locations of the stations are shown in Figure 3. For each group of stations
for each cruise, the mean, range and standard error of the log transformed
data for each of the three bacterial groups were determined and plotted. This
procedure was followed for both 1978 and 1979.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
QUALITY CONTROL
Much of the quality control data is not directly relevant to
interpretation of the environmental data. These quality control data are
presented in the Appendix. The results of the split and replicate testing is
presented in the statistical analysis section of this report.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS
For each cruise, the data for aerobic heterotrophs, fecal coliforms and
fecal streptococci were used to construct isopleth maps (Figures 4 to 9) to
show the spatial distribution of each bacterial group. For the aerobic
heterotrophs, where each cruise included three measurements at each station,
geometric means were used. In Figures 10-12 the geometric means of all four
cruises for 1978 and for 1979 were used to plot isopleths.
The cruise to cruise changes at the nearshore, offshore and river mouth
and harbor areas for each bacterial group are shown in Figures 13 - 15. These
plots include the geometric means, the ranges, the numbers of samples and the
standard errors. For aerobic heterotrophs the highest concentrations were
found during the first cruise each year. The second and third cruises had
lower heterotroph concentrations with the first cruise each year showing
increased concentrations over the third cruise. This pattern was present in
all three areas. A similar pattern was present both years for fecal coliform
and in 1979 for fecal streptococci. The fecal streptococci did not show this
pattern in 1978 when only small concentration differences existed between the
cruise.
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The four cruises each year were timed to coincide with the temporal
variations in the lake. The first and last cruises would be expected to
produce high bacterial concentrations due to the spring runoff and fall
nutrient regeneration, respectively. The summer cruises (Cruises 2 and 3)
were scheduled to coincide with the periods of low summer productivity and
associated low levels of biomass.
Aerobic heterotrophs such as Alcaligenes, Caulobacteria, Chromobac terium ,
Flavobacterium , Leptospira, Micrococcus , Proteus, Pseudomonas , and others are
naturally occurring aquatic bacteria (Scarpino 1 971 ) that are important in
aquatic food chains. These bacteria degrade dead algae and organic detritus
with the production of carbon dioxide and inorganic nutrients such as ammonia
and phosphate. A positive correlation is typically found between the average
rates of phytoplankton productivity (i.e. biomass production) and bacterial
numbers and production (Vetzel 1975). Menon and his colleagues (1972) found
in their studies of Lake Erie phytoplankton and bacteria that the
phytoplankton cycle in the Central Basin is of a bimodal structure, with peaks
in early May and late October. The heterotrophic bacterial cycle has peaks
near the ends of the plankton blooms. In this study aerobic heterotroph
concentrations were highest in the spring, with another smaller increase in
the fall (Figure
Although fecal bacteria are not endemic to the lake, their natural
habitat being primarily the intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals including
man, the temporal patterns of the fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci show
bimodal peaks similar to those of the aerobic heterotrophs (Figures 14 and
15). High concentrations of fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci are
expected during the spring runoff and during storm events. During periods of
high flow, many municipal treatment plants must bypass some of their combined
sanitary-stormsewer water, thus dumping untreated sewage into the receiving
waters. In the summer, flows are lower and the treatment plants can
effectively treat their sewage before release; also, for more remote
treatment plants, past treatment discharge must travel much farther. Both of
these conditions serve to substantially reduce the amount of fecal pollution
in the water discharged into the receiving stream or lake.
It is evident from Figures 4 through 15 that the aerobic heterotroph,
fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus bacteria are spatially and temporally
variable. As expected, the spatial distributions of the fecal coliforms and
fecal streptococci are very similar, but slightly different from those of the
aerobic heterotrophs, due to their differences in origin. Fecal coliforms and
fecal streptococci originate in sewage; whereas aerobic heterotrophs are
endemic to water and soil (Scarpino 1971, ReVelle and EeVelle 1974). The
stations with the greatest concentrations for all three groups coincide with
the areas nearest the shoreline, especially near the river mouths. Municipal
discharges contribute dissolved and suspended solids, oxygen- consuming organic
matter, oils, toxic substances, bacteria and nutrients to the tributaries and
to the lake in general. These substances serve as substrates for
heterotrophic bacterial degradation and encourage the growth of these bacteria
in discharge areas. A great number of heterotrophs are also brought into the
lake via agricultural runoff carried into the lake by the tributaries (UC
1971 ).
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The spatial distributions of fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci are
almost identical to each other, with the concentrations of fecal streptococci
usually being less than those of the fecal coliforms by about a factor of ten.
The mouths of the Rocky and Cuyahoga Rivers were the sites of the highest
concentrations (100 to 1000 bacteria/100ml) of the fecal coliform and fecal
streptococcus bacteria; and fecal coliforms were found in the 10 to 100
bacteria/100ml range at the mouths of Euclid Creek and the Chagrin and
Ashtabula Rivers, as well as at station 94, which is the discharge site of a
pipe of unknown contents below a high-rise apartment complex east of the
Cleveland breakwall. Other areas of high concentrations of fecal coliforms
and fecal streptococci (10 to 100 bacteria/100ml) were usually found inside
the Cleveland breakwall and at the mouths of the Vermilion, Black and Grand
Rivers; and sometimes in the vicinity of Arcola, Wheeler and Cowles Creeks.
HISTORICAL TRENDS FOR AEROBIC HETEROTROPHS
Prior to this study, little work had been done with aerobic heterotrophs
in Lake Erie with the exception of two studies by Rao and Burnison (1976) in
1967 and 1970. In their work Rao and Burnison used a standard pour plate
count incubated at 20 C (Menon, et al. 1967) and a membrane filtration count,
also incubated at 20 C, (Van Otterloo, et al. 1968) for the enumeration of
aerobic heterotrophs. Because the methods used by Rao and Burnison are
different from those used in this study, direct comparisons (i.e. numerical
comparisons) with the data collected in this study were not possible.
However, it is possible to compare the aerobic heterotroph distribution
patterns in general.
Rao and Burnison found a decline in heterotrophs in the offshore regions
of the Central Basin from June to October, 1967, and from May to November,
1970. The results from this study show a similar decline from May to August,
1978, and from April to August, 1979 but then an increase from August to
October for both years (Figure 13). The difference in the fall concentrations
may be due to the difference in station locations between the two studies.
The area sampled by Rao and Burnison (1976) was located out in the open lake,
whereas the sampling stations in this study were within five miles of shore.
The studies from all four years (1967, 1968, 1978, 1979) found consistently
high aerobic heterotroph densities in the Central Basin inshore areas,
especially in the vicinity of Cleveland.
TROPHIC STATUS
Figures 16 and 17 summarize the trophic status for 1978 and 1979,
respectively, using data on aerobic heterotrophs. The Central Basin is
mesotrophic offshore with definite eutrophic tendencies near shore. The sets
of individual cruise maps from the two years (Figures 18 and 19) support this
assessment and serve to show the areas of consistent eutrophy in the areas of
the river mouths. The first cruise data from 1979 gives a much more eutrophic
picture due to the spring runoff with its resulting high concentrations for
10
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all three of the bacterial groups sampled.
The division of the stations into two groups by their distance from shore
and the application of different trophic criteria to these groups resulted in
some of the borderline stations being inconsistently classified in relation to
nearby stations. For example, station 77 (Cruise 3, 1979, Figure 19c) is
classified as oligotrophic (< 3-3km from shore and _< 120 bacteria/ml).
However, the other nearby stations 72, 73 and 76 are mesotrophic due to the
fact that they are greater than 3.3km from shore and have concentrations of 20
to 200 bacteria/ml. Similar inconsistencies existed for stations 77, 124 and
130 (Cruise 2, 1978); 100 and 112 (Cruise 2, 1979); and station 112 (Cruise 4,
1979). Aside from the above-mentioned distortion, the Central Basin nearshore
region is mesotrophic with eutrophic areas in the vicinity of the tributary
mouths and/or harbors. This assessment of the Central Basin trophic status
agrees with the overall mesotrophic-eutrophic assessment arrived at by the
International Lake Erie Water Pollution Board (1969) using their categories of
morphometry, transparency, nutrient concentrations, nutrient loading, oxygen
present in the hypolimnion, phytoplankton, zooplankton, bottom fauna and fish
production.
STATISTICAL ANALYSES
Splits and Replicates
Most of the statistical tests commonly used with bacterial data assume a
normal distribution. However, raw bacterial data is often not normally
distributed and must be transformed (Kaper, et al. 1978; Ashby and
Rhodes-Roberts 1976; Palmer, et al. 1976; Pipes, et al. 1977). In this study,
a log transformation was used for the aerobic heterotroph, fecal coliform and
fecal streptococcus data. In addition, 1 was added to all of the fecal
coliform and fecal streptococcus data prior to transformation in order to
eliminate zero values.
Two-tailed t-tests were used to compare differences between splits with
differences between replicates in the aerobic heterotroph data set to
determine if small-scale differences in bacterial concentration in the water
column (measured by replicate differences) were large enough to be detected,
given the error in the method (measured by split differences). The results of
the t-tests are shown in Tables 3 and 4 for all three levels of bacterial
concentration in 1978 (Table 3), the means of the differences between the
replicates are significantly greater than the corresponding means of the
differences of the splits, implying that small-scale variations in the water
column can be detected. Taking into account the increased accuracy of the
microbiological methods employed in 1979, resulting from the refinement of
processing methods in general (such as the substitution of Eppendorf 0.1ml and
0.01ml automatic pipets for the Corning pipets), it would be expected that the
results of the t-tests would show an even larger difference between the
differences of the splits and the differences of the replicates.
11
-------
That this is not so (Table 4) is probably due in part to the fact that
the general sampling techniques were also improved during the 1979 cruises.
Improved accuracy in taking the replicate sample, shown by the much lower
means of the differences of the replicates in 1979 as compared to 1978, more
than balanced the corresponding improvement in the microbiological methods, as
measured by the differences of the splits. This combination of factors is
responsible for the lower values obtained with the 1979 data. In effect, the
1979 sampling program assessed smaller scale differences than the 1978
program. Samples were drawn in 1979 from a water mass small enough to be
considered homogeneous in the statistical sense.
Pearson Correlations
Theoretically there should be some degree of correlation between the
aerobic heterotroph data and some chemical data parameters, especially forms
of nitrogen and phosphorous (i.e. ammonia, nitrate-nitrite, TKN, TP, TSP,
SRP). Tables 5 and 6 indicate the degree of correlation between the 1978 and
1979 aerobic heterotroph data and the corresponding chemical data for the
following parameters: pH, conductivity, alkalinity, turbidity, suspended
solids, chlorophyll, pheophytin, TSP, TP, SRP, TKN, ammonia, nitrate-nitrite,
silicate, chloride, sulfate, cyanide, TOC and DOC. The same calculations were
made using the Cruise 1 data from 1979 (Table 7), in an effort to obtain
better correlation coefficients by removing an extraneous source of
variability (seasonal effects).
The highest correlation coefficients for 1978 data (Table 5) were for
nitrate-nitrite, r=0.1752; DOC, r=0.1271; conductivity, r=0.1157; TP,
r=0.1130; TKN, r=0.1098; pheophytin, and ammonia, r=0.1010. However, these
coefficients are so small that, even though the significance levels (p) are
satisfactory, very little correlation exists. The results with the 1979
heterotroph data were somewhat more meaningful, with the highest coefficients
being: TOC, r=0.4198; ammonia, r=0.4019; sulfate, r=0.3247; silicate,
r=0.3210; TKN, r=0.2888; and chloride, r=0.2818 (Table 6).
Table 7 shows the correlation data for the first cruise in 1979 and the
results were by far the highest of the three data sets (1978, 1979 and Cruise
1, 1979), with the highest r values for cyanide, r=0.8034; ammonia,
r=0.7480; TOC, r=0.6241; silicate, r=0.5382; sulfate, r=0.5276; and DOC,
r=0.3532. To determine the extent of correlation, computer-drawn scatter
plots were generated for these parameters (Figures 20 through 25). From the
scatter plot for cyanides, in Figure 20, it is apparent that there is no real
correlation between cyanide concentrations and aerobic heterotrophs. The
scatter plot shows two outlier points which caused the high r value for
cyanide. This result is as expected due to the fact that cyanide is generally
considered to be detrimental to living organisms. The scatter plots for the
other parameters mentioned above (Figures 20 through 25) show that some
correlation exists. All of these parameters (ammonia, TOC, silicate, sulfate
and DOC) enter the lake via the tributaries, as do a large number of
heterotrophs. Thus it appears that the correlations between the aerobic
heterotroph data and the data for these chemical parameters are primarily the
result of their common sources.
12
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FECAL COLIFORM/FECAL STREPTOCOCCUS RATIO (PC/FS)
When sufficient concentrations of fecal streptococci (_>_ 100/100ml) are
present, the fecal coliform/fecal streptococcus ratio (FC/FS) can be used to
estimate the pollution source. The FC/FS ratio is only an estimate and there
are several precautions which should be taken into consideration when using it
(Bordner, et al. 1978): 1) Samples should be taken as close as possible to
the pollution source in order to minimize the effects of fecal bacteria's low
survival rate outside the intestinal tract, and 2) mixed pollution sources are
very difficult to analyze via the FC/FS ratio.
In this study, the samples were seldom if ever taken close to a pollution
source, and as a result most of them represent mixed pollution sources, which
are very difficult to analyze. In spite of these problems, the FC/FS ratio
was used to give a general idea of the sources of the fecal pollution found at
the stations for which FC/FS ratios could be calculated. Figures 26a and 2?a
show the locations of the samples in 1978 and 1979 with 100 or more fecal
streptococci/100ml, and Tables 8 and 9 give the FC/FS ratio for each of these
samples. In 1978 these stations occurred in seven different groups around the
mouths of each of the major tributaries (see Figure 26a). When the ratios
were calculated, 49% of the samples had a FC/FS ratio _<0.7, implying a
nonhuman origin; 33$ yielded ratios between 0.7 and 4.0, and were therefore of
undetermined origin; and 18$ of the samples gave a ratio 2.4-0 indicating a
probable human pollution source.
In comparison, 53$ of the 1979 samples gave ratios 2.4«0 anc* 16$ gave
ratios £0.7. However, the percent of samples between 4.0 and 0.7 was very
similar for the two years (33$ in 1978 and 31$ in 1979) (Tables 8 and 9). The
1979 samples with more than 100 fecal streptococci/100ml were primarily from
the Cleveland area, especially in the vicinity of the mouth of the Cuyahoga
River. Most of the other stations were located at the other tributary mouths
(see Figure 27a), and a few were located farther from shore. The much larger
percentage of samples with FC/FS ratios of over 4.0 in 1979 was almost
entirely due to samples taken on the first cruise (see Table 8), during which
all of the bacterial counts were higher than for the other 1979 cruises, due
to the spring runoff.
Of the stations with usable ratios (_<0.7 2.4-0), twenty-three have ratios
greater than 4.0 (Figures 26b-d and 27b-d), which implies fecal contamination
of human origin; and forty-two have ratios less than 0.7, implying nonhuman
sources. The rationale for each sampling location (Herdendorf 1978), as given
in Table 10 was used to determine possible sources for the fecal pollution
found at these stations. A number of stations with ratios >_4.0 (Figure 26d
and 27d) are located in the vicinity of discharges from industrial or sewage
outfalls, where one would expect to find high FC/FS values. Also, some of the
stations are designated as problem pollution areas (Table 10); therefore, a
great deal of pollution in general would be expected. Other stations with
high FC/FS ratios were located in close proximity to tributary mouths.
13
-------
Most of the stations with ratios of less than 0.7 (Figures 26b and 27t>)
are in the vicinity of river or creek mouths, thus these samples probably
contain organisms from a variety of locations within the tributaries
themselves, as well as from the lake. This results in a great deal of mixing,
which makes it difficult to determine the source of the pollution. Another
problem involved in the use of the FC/FS ratio is the relative die-off rates
of fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci. McFetter and his colleagues (1974-)
have shown that fecal coliform bacteria as a group tend to die off more
quickly than fecal streptococci, which will affect the FC/FS ratio over time.
More specifically, the survival times decrease in the following manner:
enterococci (streptoccal bacteria from the intestinal material of animals) >
fecal coliforms > Streptococcus bovis and Streptococcus eguinea. Feachem
(1974) has expanded this relationship and drawn conclusions concerning the
change of the FC/FS ratio over time for human and nonhuman sources. When
enterococci are the predominant fecal streptococci, as in human fecal
material, the FC/FS ratio will tend to fall over time; whereas, in fecal
material where S^. bovis and _S. equines are the dominant fecal streptococci, as
in cattle and pig fecal material, the ratio will tend to increase. In
general, the farther from shore a sample is, the lower the FC/FS ratio will
be. In nearshore areas, ratios between 4.0 and 0.7 may still be of human
origin, due to the phenomenon of die-off in fecal bacteria. Despite the
rather substantial limitations of the FC/FS ratio in this particular study, it
can still be useful in drawing very general conclusions concerning the origins
of fecal pollution at the stations sampled.
A COMPARISON OF SUSPECTED SEWAGE EFFLUENT STATIONS 81 , 83 AND 89 WITH STATIONS
80 AND 88 IN 1979.
Stations 81, 83 and 89 in the Cleveland area were moved in 1979 to
positions in the vicinity of a sewage outfall from Cleveland's Westerly
Wastewater Treatment Plant (Figure 1b) in order to monitor the quality of the
water affected by the treatment plant discharge. Two other Cleveland stations
(80 and 88) were chosen for comparison with the three new stations in order to
show statistically that the bacterial concentrations at 81 , 83 and 89 were
from a different source than those at other stations located approximately the
same distance from shore and in the same general area.
Table 11 gives the t-values for comparison of aerobic heterotroph, fecal
coliform and fecal streptococcus concentrations at 81 , 83 and 89 with those at
80 and 88. The t-values are high with achieved significance levels of <
0.001. These results lend statistical validity to the conclusions which can
be drawn from the raw data itself (Figure 10): a 10- to 100-fold difference
exists between the geometric means of the aerobic heterotroph data from
stations 81 , 83 and 89 and those from stations 80 and 88.
POSSIBLE VIOLATIONS OF WATER QUALITY CRITERIA BASED ON FECAL COLIFORM
CONCENTRATIONS
14
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The Ohio EPA has set standards for fecal coliform bacteria in Lake Erie
of no more than 200 bacteria per 100ml of sample based on at least five
samples in a thirty-day period, and not exceeding 400 per 100ml in over 10$ of
the samples (OAC 3745-1). However, certain nearshore areas have been exempted
from this standard, and all of the stations with 2. 200 fecal coliforms per
100ml are located in these exempted areas. For this reason, and because the
stations in this study were not sampled at least five times in a thirty-day
period, it cannot be stated that any of the stations in Tables 12 and 13 are
definitely in violation of water quality standards.
Nevertheless, Tables 12 and 13 and Figure 28 do serve to indicate the
areas of major fecal pollution in the Central Basin of Lake Erie. Table 14
give the stations that showed concentrations of fecal coliforms of over 1,000
per 100ml during one or more of the four cruises each year. The increased
number of stations with over 1,000 fecal coliforms per 100ml of sample in 1979
is due in part to the timing of the first cruise of 1979. The 1978 sampling
season was begun in late May, after most of the spring runoff had already
occurred; however, the 1979 season began about a month earlier, in April, when
the runoff was taking place. Despite these differences between the two years,
Figure 28 shows the same general trouble spots, the most serious of which is
the mouth of the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland Harbor.
15
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Literature Cited
American Public Health Association. Standard Methods for the Examination
of Water and Wastewater, 14th ed. American Public Health Assoc., Inc.,
Washington, D.C., 1975.
Ashby, R. E. and M. E. Rhodes-Roberts. The use of analysis of variance
to examine the variations between samples of marine bacterial popu-
lations. J. Appl. Bact., 41:439-451, 1976.
Brodner, R., J. Winter and P. Scarpino. Microbiological Methods for
Monitoring the Environment — Water and Wastes. EPA—600/8-78-017,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1975. 196 pp.
Bowden, Robert. Private communication, 1979.
Campbell, N. J., J. P. Bruce, J. F. Hendrickson, P. M. Higgins, C.
Pemberton, Jr., W. A. Steggles and J. R. Vallentyne (eds.) Report
to the IJC on the Pollution of Lake Erie, Lake Ontario and the Inter-
national Section of the St. Lawrence River. International Lake Erie
Water Pollution Board and the International Lake Ontario - St. Lawrence
River Water Pollution Board, Vol. 1 and 2, 1969.
Feachem, R. An improved role for faecal coliform to faecal streptococci
ratios in the differentiation between human and non-human pollution
sources. Water Res., 9:689-690, 1975.
Geldreich, E. E. Sanitary Significance of Faecal Coliforms in the En-
vironment. Water Pollut. Control Res. Ser. Publ. No. WP-20-3, U. S.
Department of the Interior, 1966.
Geldreich, E. E. Applying bacteriological parameters to recreational
water quality. J. Am. Water Wks. Assoc., 62:113-120, 1970.
. Fecal Coliform and Fecal Streptococcus Density Relation-
ships in Waste Discharges and Receiving Water. In: CRC Critical Reviews
in Environmental Control, 1976, p. 349.
, L. C. Best, B. A. Kenner and D. J. Van Donsel. J. Water
Pollut. Control Fed., 40:1861-1872. 1968.
Geldreich, E. E. and B. A. Kenner. Concepts of faecal streptococci in
stream pollution. J. WPCF, 41:R336-R352, 1969.
Green, B. L., E. Clausen and W. Litsky. Comparison of the new Millipore
HC with conventional membrane filters for the enumeration of fecal
coliform bacteria. Appl. Microbiol. 30(4):697-699. 1975.
Herdendorf, C. E. Lake Erie Nearshore Surveillance Station Plan for the
United States. CLEAR Tech. Report No. 77, Ohio State University,
Center for Lake Erie Area Research, Columbus, Ohio, 1978.
Hoadley, A. W. On the significance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in surface
waters. New Engl. Water Wks. Assoc., 82:99-111, 1968.
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Literature Cited
International Joint Commission. Pollution of Lake Erie, Lake Ontario
and the International Section of the St. Lawrence River. 1971,
105 pp.
Kaper, J. B., A. L. Mills and R. R. Colwell. Evaluation of the accuracy
and precision of enumerating aerobic heterotrophs in water samples by
the spread plate method. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 35(4):756-761,
1978.
Levin, M. A. and V. J. Cabelli. Membrane filter technique for enumeration
of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl. Microbiol., 24:864-870, 1972.
Lin, S. D. Evaluation of Millipore HA and HC membrane filters for the
enumeration of indicator bacteria. Appl. Microbiol. 32(2)-.300-302,
1976.
McCoy, Elizabeth and Wm. B. Sarles. Bacteria in lakes: populations and
functional relations. In: Eutrophication: causes, consequences,
correctives. Proceedings of a Symposium, National Academy of Sciences,
Washington, D. C., 1969.
McFetters, G. A., G. K. Bissonnette, J. J. Jezeski, C. A. Thomson and
D. G, Stuart. Comparative survival of indicatior bacteria and enteric
pathogens in well-water. Appl. Microbiol., 27(5)823-829, 1974.
Menon, A. S., A. Jurkovic, W. Winter, and B. J. Dutka. Bacteriological
study of Lake Erie conducted for the Advisor Board on Water Pollution,
IJC, MS Rep. No. 67-19, 1967.
Nie, N. H., C. H. Hull, J. G. Jenkins, K. Steinbrenner and D. H. Brent.
SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill,
Inc., New York, 1975. 675 pp.
Ohio EPA Water Quality Standards. Chapter 3745-1 of the Administrative
Code.
Palmer, P. E., R. D. Methot, Jr. and J. T. Staley. Patchiness in the
distribution of planktonic heterotrophic bacteria in lakes. Appl.
Environ. Microbiol., 31 (6):1003-1005, 1976.
Pipes, W. O., P. Ward and S. H. Ann. Frequency distributions for coliform
bacteria in water. J. Amer. Wt. Wks. Assoc., 69:664-668, 1977.
Rao, S. S. and B. K. Burnison. Bacterial distributions in Lake Erie (1967,
1970). J. of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 33:(3)574-580.
1976.
Rao, S. S. and A. A. Jurkovic. Note: Differentiation of the trophic
status of the Great Lakes by means of Bacterial Index Ratio. J. Great
Lakes Res., 3:323-326, 1977.
Reid, G. K. Ecology of Inland Waters and Estuaries. Van Nostrand Rein-
hold Co., New York, 1961. 375 pp.
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ReVelle, Charles and Penelope ReVelle. Sourcebook on the Environment —
The Scientific Prospective. Houghton-Mifflin Co., Boston, Mass., 1974.
Richards, R. P. Personal communication, 1980.
Scarpino, R. V. Bacterial and Viral Analysis of Water and Waste Water.
In: Water and Water Pollution Handbook, Ch. 13, Vol. 2, L. L. Ciarccio,
Ed. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1971.
Sladek, K. J., R. V. Suslairch, B. J. Sohn and F. W. Dawson. Optimum
membrane structures for growth of coliform and fecal coliform organisms.
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Sokal, R. R. and F. J. Rohlf. Biometry — The Principles and Practices of
Statistics in Biological Research. W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco,
1969. 776 pp.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1975. Interim Primary Drinking
Water Standards. Fed. Reg. 40 (51):11990, March 14, 1975.
Van Otterloo, H. R., P. Collins and B. J. Dutka. Bacteriological Study
of Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake Huron and Lake Superior; conducted for
the Advisory Board on Water Pollution, IJC, MS Rep. No. KR-68-3, 1968.
Wetzel, Robert G. Limnology. W. B. Saunders Co., Phila., Pa., 1975.
19
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Table 1. Media Preparation. Except where noted, all media were prepared as
directed on the container.
Bacteria
Year
Medium
Filter
Comments
Aerobic heterotrophs
Fecal coliforms
Fecal streptococci
Ps. aeruginosa
both Plate Count Agar Millipore HA
1978 M-FC broth
1979 M-FC agar
Millipore HA
Millipore HC
both KF Streptococcus
agar
1978 M-PA agar
Millipore HA
Millipore HA
No rosolic
acid*
Synthesized
as per Standard
Methods (1975)
*Rosolic acid was omitted from the M-FC agar in the belief that its presence was
not crucial. Also, this omission permitted the autoclaving of the medium, which
in turn prolonged the storage life of the poured plates.
20
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Table 2. Organization of the Central Basin stations used to determine
the cruise-to-cruise patterns for the three bacterial groups.
Offshore
LV
CW
CE
FP
AS
52
63
67
72
73
74
78
82
93
97
100
101
107
112
125
131
135
Onshore
LV 51
53
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
64
68
69
CW 70
71
77
79
80
88
CE 92
94
95
96
99
102
FP 103
104
106
108
109
110
111
115
116
118
119
120
121
122
AS 124
127
128
129
130
134
136
137
138
139
Harbors and River Mouths
LV 54
55
65
66
CW 75
76
CE 84
85
86
87
90
91
98
FP 105
113
114
117
AS 123
126
132
133
21
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Table 3. Statistical analysis of 1978 aerobic heterotroph splits and
replicates. The data has been log transformed.
Number Mean of Standard Degrees of 2-Tail
of Cases Differences Deviation *T-value Freedom Probability
of Differences
Splits
Replicates
For stations
25 0.1921
34 0.5032
2
with < 10 bacteria/ml
0.222 2.82 44.75
0.588
0.007
2 3
For stations with between 10 and 10 bacteria/ml
Splits
Replicates
Splits
Replicates
39 0.1634
69 0.03925
For stations
35 0.1686
43 0.8863
0.219 3.03 97.15
0.558
with > 10 bacterial/ml
0.258 5.52 52.31
0.803
0.003
<0.001
*SPSS separate variance estimate for use when variances are not equal
(Nie, et al. 1975).
22
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Table 4. Statistical analyses for 1979 aerobic heterotroph splits and
replicates. The data has been login transformed.
Number Mean of Standard Degree of 2-Tail
of Cases Differences Deviation *T-value Freedom Probability
of Differences
Splits
Replicates
For stations
59 0.1320
10 0.1397
2
with < 10 bacteria/ml
0.223 0.12 14.03
0.182
0.907
2 3
For stations with between 10 and 10 bacteria/ml
Splits
Replicates
Splits
Replicates
259 0.1233
62 0.1637
For stations
194 0.1267
39 0.1645
0.144 1.40 74.53
0.215
with >_ 10 bacteria/ml
0.149 0.80 42.18
0.288
0.164
0.428
*SPSS separate variance estimate for use when variances are not equal
(Nie, et al. 1975).
23
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Table 5. Pearson correlation coefficients for 1978 heterotrophs and
selected chemical data.
Chemical Parameter
TKN
NH,,
3
NO-NO.,
2 3
sio2
Cl
so,,
4
TOG
DOC
Conductivity
Alkalinity
Suspended Solids
Chlorophyll
Pheophytin
TSP
TP
SRP
pH
Coefficient (r)
.1098
.1010
.1752
.0709
.0841
.0908
.0290
.1271
.1157
.0979
-0.0046
-0.0195
.1020
.0341
.1130
.0125
-0.0530
Cases
1456
1390
1444
1410
1415
1417
267
269
1462
1438
262
472
471
1461
1461
1443
1462
*Signif icance (p)
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.008
0.002
0.001
0.637
0.037
0.001
0.001
0.941
0.672
0.027
0.192
0.001
0.635
0.043
*The closer p is to 0, the better the correlation between the 2
parameters being considered.
24
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Table 6. Pearson correlations for 1979 heterotrophs and selected
chemical data.
Chemical Parameter
pH
Conductivity
Alkalinity
Turbidity
Suspended Solids
Chlorophyll
Pheophytin
TSP
TP
SRP
TKN
NH
3
N02-N03
SiO
2
Cl
S°4
TOG
DOC
Coefficient (r)
-0.2387
.1082
.1330
.1376
.2151
-0.0041
0.0269
.2324
.2573
.2471
.2888
.4019
.2030
.3210
.2818
.3247
.4198
.3028
Cases
2049
2043
2038
2009
383
1389
1702
2047
2053
2051
2049
2050
2051
2049
2050
2050
396
396
*Significance (p)
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.879
0.268
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
*The closer p is to O, the better the correlation between the 2
parameters being considered.
25
-------
Table 7. Pearson correlations for 1979 Cruise 1 heterotrophs and
selected chemical data.
Chemical Parameter
pH
Conductivity
Alkalinity
Turbidity
Suspended Solids
Chlorophyll
Pheophytin
TSP
TP
SRP
TKN
NH_
3
NO-NO.,
2 3
sio2
Cl
S°4
Cyanide
TOC
DOC
Coefficient (r)
-0.3529
0.2473
0.1701
0.0191
0.0728
-0.0163
-0.0837
0.3362
0.2197
0.3965
0.2223
0.7480
0.0481
0.5382
0.5028
0.5276
0.8034
0.6241
0.3532
Cases
522
516
519
505
96
163
176
518
522
521
520
521
521
520
520
521
25
96
96
Significance (p)
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.334
0.240
0.418
0.135
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.137
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
26
-------
Table 8. FC/FS ratios for 1978 samples containing fecal streptococci at concentrations ^ 100/100 ml.
Station
LV 51
54
60
62
64
65
67
CW 70
74
75
77
78
79
80
81
83
89
CE 85
86
Level
S
S
S
S
B
S
S
S
B
S
S
B
S
S
S
S
B
B
S
M
B
B
S
S
S
B
B
B
S
S
S
Date
780617
780830
780830
781010
780830
780830
780520
780620
780620
780524
780620
780902
780524
780524
780620
780524
780524
780524
780524
780524
780524
780902
780623
780905
781016
780623
780905
781016
780527
780623
781016
Fecal Coliforms
Per 100 ml
54
44
2
72
4
78
1
43
0
15,000
500
8
2
370
45
270
190
1
35
6
0
3
2,700
940
5,600
1,100
780
7,800
700
720
940
Fecal Streptococci
Per 100 ml
190
120
140
160
440
290
130
100
180
22,000
270
120
210
130
130
190
100
150
290
130
160
650
470
100
1,000
130
130
1,100
100
100
330
FC/FS > 4.0
0.28
0.37
0.014
1.1
0.0091
0.27
0.0077
0.43
0
0.68
1.8
0.066
0.0095
2.8
0.35
1.4
1.9
0.0067
0.12
0.046
0
0.0046
5.7 X
9.4 X
5.6 X
8.5 X
6.0 X
7.1 X
7.0 X
7.2 X
2.8
4.0 > FC/FS > 0.7 < 0.7
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
Table 8 continued.
to
oo
Station
CE 86
87
91
94
95
96
98
100
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
111
Level
S
B
B
B
S
B
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
B
S
S
S
B
S
B
S
S
S
B
B
S
B
S
S
B
Date
780623
780905
781016
780527
780527
780527
780623
780623
780905
781016
780527
781016
780527
780623
780905
781016
780527
780905
780905
780623
780908
780908
780908
780626
781019
780908
780908
780908
780626
780908
Fecal Coliforms
Per 100 ml
150
1,400
1,300
250
410
110
49
3,600
710
2,800
70
460
48
20
34
1,400
15
0
0
7
173
195
130
200
0
0
2
50
3
2
Fecal Streptococci
Per 100 ml
100
120
260
120
160
120
180
180
189
200
310
100
120
540
120
180
320
130
220
150
140
240
160
280
540
440
110
480
240
180
FC/FS >_ 4.0
1.5
12 X
5.0 X
2.1
2.6
0.92
0.27
20 X
3.0
14 X
0.23
4.6 X
0.40
0.037
0.28
7.6 X
0.047
0
0
0.047
1.2
0.81
0.81
0.71
0
0
0.018
0.10
0.013
0.011
4.0 > FC/FS > 0.7
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
< 0.7
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
Table 8 continued .
Station
FP 111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
AS 126
128
131
132
133
134
135
138
Level
B
B
S
SR
B
B
B
S
B
B
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
B
B
S
SR
S
B
B
S
B
B
S
B
Date
781019
780908
780626
780626
781019
780530
780626
780908
780908
780626
780908
780626
780908
780626
780530
780911
780602
781022
780911
781022
780602
780602
780911
780602
780911
780911
781022
780911
780911
780911
Fecal Coliforms
Per 100 ml
13
1
460
250
400
2
4
1
28
0
69
3
14
0
0
9
160
120
20
2
780
680
200
300
310
4
0
3
4
1
Fecal Streptococci
Per 100 ml
110
320
860
360
150
470
130
140
140
130
130
310
430
180
250
150
140
790
100
283
140
170
130
130
140
310
130
310
170
170
FC/FS > 4.0
0.12
0.0031
0.54
0.69
2.7
0.0043
0.031
0.0071
0.20
0
0.53
0.010
0.033
0
0
0.060
1.1
0.15
0.20
0.0071
5.6 X
4.0 X
1.5
2.3
2.2
0.019
0
0.010
0.024
0.0059
4.0 > FC/FS > 0.7 < 0.7
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
Table 9. FC/PS ratios for 1979 samples containing fecal streptococci at concentrations _> 100/lOOml
00
o
Station
LV 65
CW 71
* 72
75
76
79
81
82
83
89
CE 84
Level
S
B
BR
S
S
S
S
S
S
SR
B
S
S
B
S
B
S
BR
S
B
S
BR
S
B
S
B
S
B
Date
790425
790425
790425
790422
790422
790422
790829
791015
790422
790422
790422
790422
790422
790422
790829
790829
790422
790422
790422
790422
790829
790829
790422
790422
790829
790829
790825
790825
Fecal Coliforms
Per 100 ml
960
1,100
1,200
6.7
1.3
320
10,000
11,000
13
13
19
3,500
1,900
9,900
5,800
6,900
2.7
6.7
4,800
7,500
1,500
1,600
3,400
6,800
4,400
4,500
3,600
3,600
Fecal Streptococci
Per 100 ml
150
170
130
130
370
180
1,900
150
8,700
6,100
220
680
1,300
9,100
290
260
160
210
3,600
7,600
120
110
2,400
6,200
240
250
150
220
FC/FS
6.4
6.5
9.2
0.05
0.004
1.8
5.3
73.3
0.002
0.002
0.09
5.2
1.5
1.1
20.0
26.5
0.02
0.03
1.3
0.99
12.5
14.5
1.42
1.10
18.3
18.0
24.0
16.4
> 4.0 4.0 > FC/FS > 0.7 <0.7
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
Table 9 continued.
Station
CE 85
86
87
94
95
98
* 100
FP 103
104
105
113
114
117
122
AS 132
Level
S
S
B
B
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
S
S
S
S
B
S
S
S
S
B
S
B
S
B
S
S
S
B
B
Date
790419
790825
790825
791011
790419
790419
791011
781011
790419
790419
790825
791011
790825
790825
791011
790419
790416
790416
790416
790416
790416
791007
791007
791007
791007
790416
790416
790413
790413
790713
Fecal Coliforms
Per 100 ml
34,000
3,900
2,800
1,600
5,800
8,400
1,700
5,400
10,000
5,100
1,200
3,500
1,300
14,000
7,000
0
3,200
8,400
740
580
580
4,800
5,400
3,400
2,100
810
17
1,800
730
1,600
Fecal Streptococci
Per 100 ml
780
290
220
100
260
520
140
190
220
220
500
110
190
1,000
440
140
1,800
1,400
340
250
310
1,800
1,800
230
660
220
580
950
3,000
170
FC/FS
43.6
13.4
12.7
16.0
22.3
16.2
12.1
28.4
45.5
23.2
2.4
31.8
6.84
14.0
15.9
0
1.78
6.0
2.2
2.3
1.9
2.7
3.0
14.8
3.2
3.7
0.03
1.9
0.24
9.4
> 4.0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
4.0 > FC/FS> 0.7 < 0.7
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
* Offshore stations
-------
Table 10. Central Basin Station Rational tadapted -from Herdendorf 19Vfc
Station Rationale Station Rationale
LV 51 BR, HF, NS, ST, TO
52 CF, ND, TN
53 BR, HF, IM, NI
54 DC, DS, HA, MT, NS, PP, TN
55 NI, TO
56 NI, TN
57 ND, TM, TN
58 BR, HF, NS, TO
59 ND, TO
60 BR, NB, NS, TN
61 NI, TO
62 ND, TN
63 HF, IM, NI
64 HF, IM, NI
65 DC, DS, HA, NS, TO
66 DC, DP, HA, NI, TN
67 ND, TM, TN
68 HF, NS, TO
69 ND, TO
CW 70 NB, NS
71 HF, NS, TN
72 IM, NI, TN
73 NI, TN
74 ND, TM, TO
75 DC, HA, MT, NS, PP, TO
76 DC, HA, NI, TO
77 NI, TO
78 ND, TO
79 BR, HF, NS, TO
80 HF, NI, TO
81 ND, TN
82 IM, ML, TM, TO
83 IM, ML, TM, TO
88 ND, TM, TO
89 ND, TM, TO
*81 DS, HF, NI
*83 DS, HF, NI
*89 DS, HF, NI
CE 84 DS, HA, NS, PP
85 DC, DP, HA, MT, NS, PP, TN
86 DC, HA, NI, TO
87 DC, HA, NS, PP, TO
90 DC, HA, NS, PP
91 DC, DP, HA, NS, PP
92 ND, TO
93 ND, TN
CE 94 HF, NS, TO
95 HF, NI, TO
96 ND, TN
97 ND, TO
98 DS, NB, NS, ST, TO
99 NI, TN
100 ND, TO
101 IM, ML, TO
102 NB, NI
FP 103 BR, NB, NS
104 DP, NS, TN
105 BR, DC, HA, MT, NS, WL
106 NI, TM, TO
107 ND, TN
108 NB, NS
109 BR, HF, NS, TO
110 HF, IM, NI, TO
111 HF, NI, TO
112 CF, NS, TO
113 DC, DS, HA, MT, NS, PP, TN
114 DC, DP, HA, NI, TO
115 ND, TN
116 ND, TM, TN
117 DC, HA, NI, PP
118 HF, NI
119 HF, NS, TO
120 ND, TM, TO
121 DP, II, NB
122 IM, NB, NS
AS 123 NS, ST, TO
124 NI, TO
125 ND, TO
126 BR, NB, NS, ST
127 NB, NS
128 BR, HF, NS, TN
129 HE, IM, NI, TN
130 HF, NI, TO
131 ND, TO
132 DC, DS, HA, MT, NS, PP, TN
133 DC, HA, NI, TN
134 ND, TO
135 ML, TM, TN
136 DP, HF, NS
137 NB, NS, TO
138 ND, TO
139 NB, NS
*1979 positions for these stations.
Rationale Code (Herdendorf 1978)
Code
Rationale
BR
CF
DC
DP
DS
HA
HF
II
IM
ML
MT
NB
ND
NI
NS
PP
ST
TM
TN
beach, recreational
commercial fishing grounds
dredged channel
discharge, power plant or industrial
discharge, sewage treatment plant
harbor area
harbor flanks
intake, industrial
intake, municipal
offshore or main lake
major tributary mouth
nearshore, between major harbor areas
nearshore, deep or outer position
nearshore, intermediate depth
nearshore, shallow or inner position
known pollution problems
small tributary mouth
transect, main lake connection
transect, nearshore
32
-------
Table 11. A comparison of stations 81, 83 and 89 with stations 80 and 88
using the t-test and logln transformed data from 1979.
Number of Standard
Cases Mean Deviation *T-value
Heterotrophs
81, 83, 89 115 4.07 0.743 7.14
80, 88 46 3.12 0.774
Fecal Streptococci
81, 83, 89 27 1.66 1.361 3.84
80, 88 16 0.4614 0.672
Fecal Coliforms
81, 83, 89 27 2.67 1.094 5.05
80, 88 16 1.26 0.731
Degrees of 2-Tail
Freedom Probability
80.01 <0.001
40.04 <0.001
40.29 <0.001
*SPSS separate variance estimate for use when variances are not equal
(Nie, et al. 1975).
33
-------
Table 12. 1978 stations with concentrations > 200 fecal coliforms/100 ml
Station
LV
CW
CE
FP
AS
54 S
65 S
75 S
79 S
80 S
84 S
B
85 S
B
86 S
B
87 S
B
90 S
SR
91 S
B
92 B
94 S
95 S
B
98 S
106 BR
113 S
SR
B
114 S
B
132 S
SR
B
Cruise I
15000
370
270
400
210
270
700
590
250
410
310
260
280
780
680
300
Cruise II Cruise III
411
280
500 300
270
2700 940
1100 970
720 1600
1400
390
620
3600 710
200
460
250
200
310
Cruise IV
240
200
5600
7800
940
1300
230
540
580
200
2800
460
710
1400
400
470
34
-------
Table 13.
Station
LV 53 S
54 S
65 S
B
BR
66 S
B
CW 75 S
76 B
79 S
81 S
B
83 S
B
BR
88 S
B
89 S
B
CE 84 S
B
85 S
B
86 S
B
87 S
B
90 S
B
91 S
B
94 S
95 S
B
BR
98 S
99 B
FP 103 S
104 S
105 S
108 S
109 S
111 B
113 S
B
FP 114 S
B
115 B
117 S
AS 123 S
132 S
B
1979 stations
Cruise I
720
960
1100
1200
1200
800
320
3500
1900
9900
4800
7500
300
330
3400
6800
480
550
34000
530
5800
8400
10000
5100
1800
1500
540
200
3200
8400
740
1800
440
580
580
270
280
810
210
1800
730
with concentrations
Cruise II
390
600
300
310
400
240
470
640
310
200
500
1600
Cruise III
240
210
600
10000
5800
6900
1500
1600
1600
4400
4500
3600
3600
3900
2800
3400
810
2200
2700
800
990
550
660
1200
1300
900
510
14000
260
280
coliforms/lOOml
Cruise IV
360
11000
980
240
550
1100
1000
1600
1700
5400
270
300
210
380
3500
7000
460
4800
5400
3400
2100
250
440
260
410
35
-------
Table 14. Stations exhibiting fecal coliform concentrations of more
than 1,000 organisms/lOOml.
1978 Station
CW 75 S
CE 85 S
B
86 S
B
94 S
1979 LV 65 B
BR
66 S
CW 75 S
79 S
81 S
B
83 S
B
BR
89 S
B
CE 84 S
B
85 S
B
86 S
B
87 S
B
90 S
B
94 S
95 S
98 S
FP 103 S
104 S
108 S
113 S
B
114 S
B
AS 132 S
B
Concentrations exhibited
15,000
2700
1100
1600
1400
3600
1100
1200
1200
10,000
3500
1900
9900
4800
7500
1600
3400
6800
3600
3600
34,000
2800
5800
8400
10,000
5100
1800
1500
1200
1300
14,000
3200
8400
1800
4800
5400
3400
2100
1800
1600
5600
7800
1300
2800
11,000
5800
6900
1500
1600
4400
4500
1100
3900 100C
1600
3400 170C
5400
2200
2700
3500
7000
36
-------
Figure la. Location of sampling stations for the Central Basin Nearshore
Zone in 1978.
Rocky River I Lakewood
Cuyahoga R
N
Geneva
The-Lake Ashtabula R
, ,Cowles Cr
Wheeler Cr
Scale in miles
0510
37
-------
Figure Ib. Location of sampling stations for the Central Basin Nearshore
Zone in 1979.
TT1
Rocky River "1 Lakewood
60.
Cuyahoga R
N
,01
Geneva-On-
The-Lake Ashtabula R
Howies Cr
w.
Scale in miles
0 5 10
38
-------
Figure 2. Comparison of the split and replicate sampling programs for 1978 and 1979.
1978
REPLICATES
CRUISES 1 and 2
SPLITS
CRUISES 1-4
*LEVI'.7,
2 STATIONS EACH DAY
BR
*S3 S2
2 STATIONS EACH DAY
MR
CRUISES 3 and 4
*LEVEL THAT WAS SPLIT VARIED.
2 STATIONS EACH DAY
*NUMBER OF LEVELS DEPENDED ON THE DEPTH OF THE PARTICULAR STATION.
**THE LEVEL TO BE REPLICATED WAS SELECTED WHEN THE REPLICATE STATIONS
WERE SELECTED - ONE SURFACE AND ONE BOTTOM REPLICATE EACH DAY
(FOR CRUISES 3 AND 4).
1979 - ALL CRUISES
REPLICATES AND SPLITS
2 STATIONS EACH DAY
*LEVEL
**SR REPLICATE
SPLITS A
*NUMBER OF LEVELS DEPENDED ON THE DEPTH OF THE PARTICULAR STATION.
**THE LEVEL TO BE REPLICATED WAS SELECTED WHEN THE REPLICATE STATIONS WERE
SELECTED — ONE SURFACE AND ONE BOTTOM REPLICATE EACH DAY.
39
-------
Figure 3.
Organization of the Central Basin stations used in determining cruise-to-cruise
patterns
Rocky River 1 Lakewood
Cuy-ihoya R
N
AshMbula R
Geneva-On-
The-lake
Scale in miles
0 h 10
Key:
IS offshore
• onshore
(•) river and harbor mouths
)( not included in this analysis
40
-------
Figure 4a.
Aerobic heterotroph concentration isopleth map for Cruise 1, May, 1978
Figure 4b.
Aerobic heterotroph concentration isopleth map for Cruise 2, June, 1978
,,000
ioga
N
_ — - — -'00
Geneva-On- _
The-Lake AshMbula R
'Giand R Scale in miles
O '. 10
10
-------
Figure 4c.
Aerobic heterotroph concentration isopleth map for Cruise 3, September, 1978
Figure 4d.
Aerobic heterotroph concentration isopleth map for Cruise 4, October, 1978
yahoga R
N
J(3fand R Scale in miles
0510
Cuyahoga R
N
Genevd-On-
The-Lake
_, .Cov/ies
Wheetoi Ci
R Scale in miles
o o 10
-------
Figure 5a.
Aerobic heterotroph concentration isopleth map for Cruise 1, April, 1979
Figure 5b.
Aerobic heterotroph concentration isopleth map for Cruise 2, July, 1979
Cuyahoga R
N
Wheeler Cr
R Scale in miles
0^10
Euclid
Euclid C(
Cuyahoga R
N
''"" i/'
*» ' ,^ .
,'~ 'if-
:^A
*.~^ j^
Geneva-On-
\The-Lake
\ ^.Cowles
s '*
- " ^*°°
" • ,^-
-,•£?£?*
Ashtabula
N ^O
Asntribui>i
Cr
Geneva-On
The-Lake Ashtabuia R
, ,Cowles Cf
Wheeler Cr
'Grand R Scale in miles
0 5 10
-------
Figure 5c.
Aerobic heterotroph concentration isopleth map for Cruise 3, August, 1979
uyahoga R
Geneva-On-
The-Lake Ashtabula R
.Cowles Cr
) Grand R Scale in miles
0 5 10
Figure 5d.
Aerobic heterotroph concentration isopleth map for Cruise 4, October/ 1979
Cuyahoga R
N
Geneva-On
The-Lake Ashtabula R
f Bowles Cr
Wheeler Cf
Harbor C^ Grand R Scale in miles
P^™-^^*—^™^
0 5
(0
' CrMfjnn R
-------
Figure 6a.
Fecal coliform concentration isopleth map for Cruise 1, May, 1978
Figure 6b.
Fecal coliform concentration isopleth map for Cruise 2, June, 1978
Cuy.ihoga R
N
-------
Figure 6c.
Fecal coliform conce tration isopleth map for Cruise 3, September, 1978
Figure 6d.
Fecal coliform concentration isopleth map for Cruise 4, October, 1978
Euclid Cf
Cuy.ilioga R
N
Geneva-On- _
The-Lake Ashidbuia R
Ct
'Grand R Scale in miles
0 5 10
Cuy.ihoga R
N
Geneva-On-
The-Lak» Ashtabula R
Ci
Wheeiei Ci
Grand R Scale in miles
0 ft 10
-------
Figure 7a.
Fecal coliform conce tration isopleth map for Cruise 1, April, 1979
Figure 7b.
Fecal coliform concentration isopleth map for Cruise 2, July, 1979
Geneva-On
The-Lake Ashtabula R
_ ,Cowles Cr
Wheeler Cr
10
N
Cuyahoga R
Geneva-On-
The-Lake Ashtabula R
, ,Cowles Cr
Wheeler Cr
Grand R Scale in miles
fxm=^c^m=3m=
0 5 10
-------
Figure 7c.
Fecal coliform concentration isopleth map for Cruise 3, August, 1979
Figure 7d.
Fecal coliform concentration isopleth map for Cruise 4, October, 1979
Euclid Cr
N
Geneva-On-
The-Lake Asruabula R
Cowles Cr
Grand R Scale in miles
10
Rocky River 1 Lakewood
' ' >Cuyahoga R
Geneva-On-
The-Lake Ashtabula R
, ,Cowles Cr
Wheeter Cr
Grand R Scale in miles
a
0510
-------
Figure 8a.
Fecal streptococcus concentration isopleth map for Cruise 1, May, 1978
Figure 8b.
Fecal streptococcus concentration isopleth map for Cruise 2, June, 1978
Cuy-jiioga R
N
Geneva-On-
The-L«k» Ashtabuia R
Cowtes Or
0»T»
Cuyalioga R
N
Geneva-On-
The-L*k« Ashtabuia R
Cowies Ci
'Grand R Scale in miles
0 5 10
-------
Figure 8c.
Fecal streptococcus concentration isopleth map for Cruise 3, September, 1978
Figure 8d.
Fecal streptococcus concentration isopleth map for Cruise 4, October, 1978
Genewa-On- —
The-Lak« Ashtabula R
Giand R Scale in miles
0 ft 10
N
Cuyahoga R
Geneva-On-
The-Lake Ashtabula R
, ,Cowles Cr
Wheeler O
Arcola Cr
Grand R Scale In miles
10
-------
Figure 9a.
Fecal streptococcus concentration isopleth map for Cruise 1, April 1979
Figure 9b.
Fecal streptococcus concentration isopleth map for Cruise 2, July, 1979
Geneva-On-
The-Lake Ashtnbula R
>Grand R Scale in miles
0510
Cuyahoga R
N
Geneva-On-
The-Lake Asht.ibula R
Cr
Wheeler Cr
'Grand R Scale in miles
0510
-------
Figure 9c.
Fecal streptococcus concentration isopleth map for Cruise 3, August, 1979
Figure 9d.
Fecal streptococcus concentration isopleth map for Cruise 4, October, 1979
Cuyahoga R
'Grand R Scale in miles
0 5 10
Cuyahoga R
N
Geneva-On-
The-Lake Ashtabula R
, Cowles Cr
Wheeler Cr
'Grand R Scale in miles
0510
A/o DATA
-------
Figure 10a.
Summary: Summary of the 1978 aerobic heterotroph data using geometric means
Figure lOb.
Summary: Summary of the 1979 aerobic heterotroph data using geometric means
Cuy-itioga R
N
Geneva-On-
The-Lake AsWabuia R
10
Cuyahoga R
N
'Grand R Scale in mllet
0 5 10
-------
Figure lla.
Summary of the 1978 fecal coliform data using geometric means
Euclid
Euclid Cr
Cuy.ilioga R
N
Geneva-On-
The-Lake Asht.ibula R
R Scale in miles
0 '•> 10
Figure lib.
Summary of 1979 fecal coliform data using geometric means
Cuyahoga R
N
Geneva-On
The-Lake Ashtabula R
„ ,Cowles Cr
Wheeler Cr
'Grand R Scale in miles
0510
-------
Figure 12a.
Summary: Summary of the 1978 fecal streptococcus data using geometric means
Figure 12b.
Summary: Summary of the 1979 fecal streptococcus data using geometric means
Cuyahoga R
Ol
Ul
N
10
Cuyahoga R
N
Geneva-On
The-Lake Ashtabula R
, ,Co\«les Cr
Wheeler Cr
FHarbo? (-^ Grand R Scale in miles
10
-------
Figure 13. Cruise to cruise patterns for aerobic heterotropha.
NEARSHORE STATIONS
7.a_
1 .1
•£
*«
I5i
a-
XHt
i
*
45
*
I-
1.34-
fr
VI*
4
1 1 1 1 1 1 —
t- •«
141
i. *
•-
1
1076.
1878.
YEAR
taea.
OFFSHORE STATIONS
a. a.
G.B.
L
J3.0-
S
J
t . e.
i
}
rf
>•
(«V3 i
^ 4
4.
4j
»•
'**
§.
•• ••
ITJ?"
-------
Figure 14. Cruise to cruise patterns for fecal coliforms.
NEAR8HORE STATIONS
5.1
4.0. .
.0. .
£l.0--
).O_ .
no
14
•E3-
^5
U
ia?e.
i a7a .
YEAR
1880.
C.I
4.0..
1.0. .
OFFSHORE STATIONS
.0.
.0.
•E
}
<•
4
4T 8
•E
1.
f
*
31 *
* *
37
•E
••
}•
35
1 878 . 1 878 . | 880
YEAR
S.I
4.0. .
. 0. .
RIVER MOUTH AND HARBOR STATIONS
35
53
1878.
1878.
YEAR
1880.
57
-------
[•'iquio> 1 rj . I l
G . 0_
4.0-.
S3 . 0_ _
,,,1 .0-.
0.0--
1978.
to cruiie patterns for fecal st rfptococ-ci .
NEARSMORE STATIONS
•7*
1878.
YEAR
t 380 .
5.0__
OFFSHORE STATIONS
4.0..
E3 . 0_ .
o
o
_J
0.0_
i
H
¥S
I
} t
3Q
I -f
r T.
^
I i
J
fo
}
3/7
14--
37 »(.
i i i t i i i
~r~ i » '" T T — i -~i — "-- -T"
1870. 1878.
YEAR
i-
35
1980
RIVER MOUTH AND HARBOR STATIONS
O . Kf—
4.0.
5«3 . 0_
a.
.i
-j.
•ij
3'-e-
0.0_
18"
{
*J
t
31
i r
} t
L
\ i
7
}•
3-fc
'8 1 878 .
YEAR
1
3-
i
r
t
J
33
i I
} L
3t
}
J
31
1980.
58
-------
Figure 16.
Summary of the 1978 Central Basin trophic status using geometric means of
aerobic heterotroph data
o
Figure 17.
Summary of the 1979 Central Basin trophic status using geometric means of
aerobic heterotroph data
Geneva-On
The-Lake Ashtabula R
,,Copies Ci
Wheeler Ci
Grand R Scale in miles
•
0 f> 10
Geneva-On
The-Lake
_ .Cowles Cr
Wheeler Cr
Grand R Scale in miles
•
0510
Trophic status codes, (Bowden 1979)
E = eutrophic: stations < 3.3km from shore, j^ 2000 bacteria/ml;
stations >_ 3.3km from shore, ^ 200 bacteria/ml.
M = mesotrophic: stations < 3.3km from shore, 120 _ 3.3km from shore, 20 < M <200 bacteria/ml.
O = oligotrophic: stations < 3.3km from shore, < 120 bacteria/ml;
stations >^ 3.3km from shore, _< 20 bacteria/ml.
Trophic status codes, (Bowden 1979)
E = eutrophic: stations < 3.3km from shore, j> 2000 bacteria/ml;
stations _>3.3kK from shore, j> 200 bacteria/ml.
M = mesotrophic: stations <3.3k»-from shore, 120 _ 3.3tan from shore, 20 3.3km from shore, < 20 bacteria/ml.
-------
Figure 18a.
Cruise 1, 1979, trophic status isopleth map using aerobic heterotroph data
Figure 18b.
Cruise 2, 1979, trophic status isopleth map using aerobic heterotroph data
Geneva-On-
The-Lake Ashtabula R
Cr
Euclifi Ci
' Grand R Scale in miles
0510
R Scale in miles
0510
Trophic status codes, (Bowden 1979)
E = eutrophic: stations <3.3km from shore, >^ 2000 bacteria/ml;
stations >_ 3.3km from shore, ^ 200 bacteria/ml.
M = mesotrophic: stations <3.3km from shore, 120 < M <2000 bacteria/ml;
stations _>3.3km from shore, 20 < M <200 bacteria/ml.
O = oligotrophic: stations < 3.3km from shore, _< 120 bacteria/ml;
stations > 3.3km from shore, < 20 bacteria/ml.
Trophic status codes, (Bowden 1979)
E = eutrophic: stations < 3.3km from shore, >_ 2000 bacteria/ml;
stations >_ 3.3km from shore, >_ 200 bacteria/ml.
M = mesotrophic: stations < 3.3km from shore, 120 _ 3.3km from shore, 20 < M <200 bacteria/ml.
0 = oligotrophic: stations < 3.3km from shore, _< 120 bacteria/ml;
stations > 3.3km from shore, < 20 ba^toria/ml .
-------
Figure 18c.
Cruise 3, 1979, trophic status isopleth map using aerobic heterotroph data
Figure 18d.
Cruise 4, 1979, tropic status isopleth map using aerobic heterotroph data
Euclid Ci
Cleveland
Cuy.ihoga R
y •
Rocky River 1 Lakewood
Geneva-On-
The-Lake
f ,Cowles Cr
Wheeler Cr
Grand R Scale in miles
10
Geneva-On-
The-Lake Ashtabula R
Cowles Cr
'Grand R Scale in miles
0510
Trophic status codes, (Bowden 1979)
E = eutrophic : stations <3.3km from shore,
stations j> 3.3km from shore,
2000 bacteria/ml;
200 bacteria/ml.
M = mesotrophic: stations <3.3km from shore, 120 < M <2000 bacteria/ml;
stations _>3.3km from shore, 20 < M <200 bacteria/ml.
0 = oligotrophic: stations < 3.3km from shore, < 120 bacteria/ml;
stations^ 3.3km from shor", •' °" vi-.-t-"-i - '-.1
Trophic status codes, (Bowden 1979)
E = eutrophic: stations < 3.3km from shore, > 2000 bacteria/ml;
stations >^ 3.3km from shore, _> 200 bacteria/ml.
M = mesotrophic: stations < 3.3km from shore, 12C< M < 2000 bacteria/ml;
stations _> 3.3km from shore, 20
-------
Figure 19a.
Cruise 1, 1978, trophic status isopleth map using aerobic heterotroph data
Figure 19b.
Cruise 2, 1978, trophic status isopleth map using aerobic heterotroph data
rGrand R Scale in miles
0 5 '0
Trophic status codes, (Bowden 1979)
E = eutrophic: stations <3.3km from shore, ^ 2000 bacteria/ml;
stations >_ 3.3km from shore, >_ 200 bacteria/ml.
M = mesotrophic: stations < 3.3km from shore, 1203.3km from shore, 20 < M <200 bacteria/ml.
0 = oligotrophic: stations < 3.3km from shore, _< 120 bacteria/ml,
stations > 3.3km from shore, < 20 bacteria/ml.
--•---©• ') ««r^ Cleveland
X
Lorain Rocky River 1 Lakewood
Grand R Scale in miles
?
0 f)
Trophic status codes, (Bowden 1979)
E = eutrophic: stations < 3.3km from shore, ^ 2000 bacteria/ml;
stations > 3.3km from shore, > 200 bacteria/ml.
M
mesotrophic: stations < 3.3km from shore, 120 3.3fcm from shore, 20 < M <200 bacteria/ml.
O = oligotrophic: stations < 3.3km from shore, _< 120 bacteria/ml;
stations > 3.3km from shore, < 20 bacteria/ml.
-------
Figure 19c.
Cruise 3, 1978, trophic status isopleth map using aerobic heterotroph data
Figure 19d.
Cruise 4, 1978, trophic status isopleth map using aerobic heterotroph data
0
Geneva-On-
The-Lak» Ashiabula R
Cowies Cr
/Grand R Scale in miles
0 S 10
Trophic status codes, (Bowden 1979)
E = eutrophic: stations <3.3km from shore, >_ 2000 bacteria/ml;
stations _>3.3)on from shore, 2. 200 bacteria/ml.
M = mesotrophic: stations < 3.3km from shore, 120 < M <2000 bacteria/ml;
stations _>3.3km from shore, 20< M <200 bacteria/ml.
O = oligotrophic: stations < 3.3km from shore, _< 120 bacteria/ml;
stations > 3.3km from shore, < 20 bacteria/ml.
Geneva-On
The-Lake Ashtabuia R
_, ,Cowles C
Wheeler C
'Grand R Scale in miles
0 ') 10
Trophic status codes, (Bowden 1979)
E = eutrophic: stations < 3.3km from shore, > 2000 bacteria/ml;
stations >^ 3.3km from shore, _> 200 bacteria/ml.
M = mesotrophic: stations < 3.3km from shore, 120 3.3km from shore, 20 3.3km from shore,< 20 bacteria/ml.
-------
i- '_ T r '- ' 1 - „ i- h i . A I i
(CRIMIGN DATE = 36/24/K. )
i i:;
FILE elCFl
SUBFILE YS2
3CATTEKGPAr OF (DO«N) CYANIDE (ACROSS) LGHETER
1.624C3 2.26796 2.711fc9 3.15583 3.eT-97fc 4.04J69 4.4876? 4
93156
5.3731° 5.81942
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0
0
0
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F I LE bICFIL (CPE.iTIC'f, UATL = 36/24/fc')
SUBFILE YR2
SCATTERGRAH OF (DCW,\> \H3
1.62403 2.267'?o 2.7118?
ACE:
(ACROSS) LGI-FTER
1
1
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.72530
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FILE rJCFIL (CREAT10' CATf = 06/?t/bC)
SUBFILE YH2
f OF (DC.fO TOC
1.824C2 2.26756 2.71189
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6.71EOC
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1.60206 2.01599 2.18593 2.93566 3.37779 3.62173 1.265f6 1.7G°f<; 5.1^352 5.59716 6.01139
Figure 23. Relationship between log heterotroph concentrations and silicate concentrations.
-------
00
FILE EIOFIL 1C RE. 4 T ION uATt = Ot/24/eC)
SUBFILE Y«2
SCATTERGRAM CF (DOWM) S04 (ACROSS) LGHETEP
1.82403 2.26796 2.71189 3.155R3 3.T:997f 4,04369 4.4t7fc2 4.93156 5.27549 5.81942
F 2. 00030
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29.04000
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-------
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F
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JL (CREATION DATE = Cfc/Pt/feC)
SUBFILE YR?
s
CATTERGRA1
7.790CO
7.19600
6.606CO
6. 014CC
5.42200
4.83000
4.23800
3.64600
3.0b400
2.46200
1.870 DC
OF (DOWN) DOC tACPOSS) LGhETfR
1.82403 2.?6796 2.71189 3.15583 3.59976 4.04369 4.4P762 4.93156 5.37549
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J * * * * * *
1 *
4 * * *
I « *
I **
I 2 * * * *
1 ** *
4 *
I »
J * * * * *
I * * * * *
I *
4 * * * *
I * *
I * *
I * *
T *
4 •
1.60206 2.04599 2.46993 2.S33B6 3.37779 3.^2173 4.26566 4.739ir.« 5.15352 5.59'
5,81942
+
1
I
1
1
4
I
I
I
I
4
I
I
I
I
4
I
I
I
I
4
I
I
I
1
+
I
I
I
I
4
I
I
I
I
4
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
4
I
I
I
I
Jtt: t . 0 4 1 0 9
Figure 25. Relationship between log heterotroph concentrations and DOC concentrations.
-------
Figure 26. Application of FC/FS ratio tests to 1978 data.
Stations with a fecal streptococcus concentration >^ 100/lOOml, 1978
tations with a fecal col i form/fecal streptococcus ratio < 0.70,
1978
0
© © •
Lorain
Cuyahoga R
N
©
Geneva-On-
The-Lake Ashtabula R
Cowles Cr
Scale in miles
0 5 10
jhoga R
N
Geneva-On
The-Lake Ashtabula R
, ,Cowles C<
Wheeler Cr
R Scale in miles
0510
-------
Figure 26. Application of FC/FS ratio tests to 1978 data.
Stations with a fecal coliform/fecal streptococcus ratio between 4.0 and 0.70
(4.0> FC/FS > 0.70), 1978
Stations with a fecal coliform/fecal streptococcus ratio > 4.0, 1978
Euclid
.© *. * \Euclid Cr
s
\,
Cleveland
— > ^
Rocky River 1 Lakewood
Cuyahoga R
N
Geneva-On-
The-Lake Ashtabula R
Cowles Cr
'Grand R Scale in miles
0 5 10
Cuyalttga R
N
Geneva-On-
The-Lake Ashtabula R
owtes Cr
Wheeler Cr
'Grand R Scale in mites
0 5 10
-------
Figure 27. Application of FC/FS ratio tests to 1979 data.
a. Stations with a fecal streptococcus concentration > 100/100ml, 1979
b. Stations with a fecal coliform/fecal streptococcus ratio < 0.70, 1979
Cuyahoga R
N
Geneva-On-
The-Lake Ashtabula R
.Cowles Cr
'Grand R Scale in miles
0 5 10
Cuyahoga R
N
Geneva-On-
The-Lake Ashtabula R
.Cowles Cr
Wheeler C<
'Grand R Scale in miles
0 5 10
-------
Figure 27. Application of FC/FS ratio tests to 1979 data.
c. Stations with a fecal colifono/fecal streptococcus ratio between 4.0 and 8.70
(4.0>PC/PS >0.70, 1979)
d. Stations with a fecal coliform/fecal streptococcus ratio > 4.0, 1979
Cuyahoga R
N
Geneva-On
The-Lake Ashtabula R
f ,Cowles Cr
Wheeler Cr
'Grand R Scale in miles
0 5 10
Cuyahoga R
N
Geneva-On
The-Lake Ashtabula R
_, .Cowles Cr
Wheeler Cr
/Grand R Scale in miles
0 5 10
-------
Figure 28. Stations with elevated fecal coliform counts.
a. Stations with a fecal coliform concentration > 200/lOOml, 1978
Stations with a fecal coliform concentration > 200/lOOml, 1979
Cuy.idoga R
N
Geneva-On-
The-lake Ashtabula R
.Cowles Cr
'G'and R Scale in miles
0 r) 10
ffi^ stations >^ 1000 fecal coliforms/lOOml
© stations > 200 fecal coliforms/lOOml
N
Cuyahoga R
Geneva-On
The-Lake Ashtabula R
, ,Cowles Cr
Wheeler Cr
'Arcola Cr
^*
> Grand R Scale in miles
10
<5^ stations >_ 1000 fecal coliforms/lOOml
stations >_ 200 fecal coliforms/lOOml
-------
APPENDIX I
QUALITY CONTROL
75
-------
APPENDIX I - QUALITY CONTROL
Ambient air quality
The results of the ambient air quality test (Table 1 ) show that on 72$ of
the 60 sampling days, the bacterial count was <_ two organisms in 15 minutes,
which indicates that there was very little contamination of the aerobic
heterotroph samples from airborne organisms in the laboratory. The counts on
the other days were between three and eight organisms, with one plate of fifty
due to water being dripped on the plate.
Sterility
Tables 2 through 5 shows the results of the 1979 sterility testing, as
well as the conditions under which the tests were conducted. The best results
were obtained during the last half of Cruise 3 and all of Cruise 4, which
represent the effective standardization of the methods used for this quality
control procedure.
The M-FC agar used for the fecal coliforms is somewhat less selective
than the KF-Streptococcus agar used for the fecal streptococcus samples. The
high counts on the aerobic heterotroph control plates in Cruise 1, as compared
to mostly zero counts for Cruises 3 and 4, clearly indicate the importance of
frequent use of UV sterilization to prevent carryover contamination from one
sample to the next.
HC vs. HA Millipore filters
For the 1979 study, fecal coliforms were processed on Millipore HC
filters, instead of the Millipore HA filters used previously. Sladek and his
colleagues (1975) did a study to determine the optimum membrane structure for
enumerating fecal coliforms, and the Millipore HC filter meets their
specifications. The pores of the HC filter are funnel-shaped, with a 2.4um
surface opening diameter tapering to a pore diameter of 0.7um, which is fecal
coliform retentive. A study of the membrane recovery of six different types
of membrane filters by Green, et al. (1975) supports the findings of Sladek,
et al. (1975) by showing Millipore HC filters to be superior to Gelman,
Johns-Manville, Sartorius, Millipore HA and Schleicher and Schuell filters.
The 2.4um surface opening of the Millipore HC filter seems to be the key
characteristic that improves the recovery of fecal coliforms on these membrane
filters. Sladek and his co-workers (1975) theorized that the larger surface
openings of the HC filters allow bacteria to be held below the level of the
medium, thus preventing the occurrence of a hypertonic solution around the
bacteria (which would result in plasmolysis and death), especially at the
elevated incubation temperature (44.5 degrees G) used for fecal coliforms.
The larger surface opening also allows an increase in the flow rate through
the membrane and an increased diffusion rate of the medium to the membrane
surface. In this study the only disadvantage associated with the use of the
Millipore HC filters was that the plates could not be successfully transported
76
-------
before counting, due to the resultant spreading and smearing of the colonies.
Lin (1976) also found the Millipore HC filter to be superior to the HA
filter for enumeration of fecal coliforms, and he extended his evaluation of
the two types of filters to include total coliforms and fecal streptococci.
The HC filters showed no appreciable increase over the HA filters in recovery
for total coliforms and fecal streptococci; therefore, the Millipore HC
filters were used in this study for only the fecal coliform enumeration, and
HA filters were used for the aerobic heterotroph and fecal streptococcus
analyses.
VERIFICATION TESTING
The results of the fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus verification
testing are presented in Figures 1 through 4 and Tables 6 through 9. The
stations chosen for verification were usually river mouth or harbor stations,
where the likelihood of obtaining the twenty to twenty-five colonies needed
for verification was greatest. These also would be most likely to contain
false positive organisms (both fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci) due to
the substantial amounts of pollution present in these areas.
In 1978, 164 fecal coliform colonies were tested with 94.6$ being
positive for fecal coliforms; of the 1016 colonies tested in 1979, 85.2$ gave
positive results. In 1979 the fecal coliform medium (M-FC agar) was made up
without the addition of rosolic acid, allowing the medium to be autoclaved,
and it is possible that this omission contributed to the much lower percent
verification in 1979, as the purpose of this agent is to inhibit the growth of
non-coliforms.
The percent of the organisms verified which gave positive results for
fecal streptococci in 1978 was 11.2%, considerably lower than that for fecal
coliforms (94.6$); in contrast, the percent verifications for the 1979 fecal
coliform and fecal streptococcus samples were almost equal: 85.2$ for
coliforms and 85.7$ for streptococci). Of the eight samples which did not
verify 100$ in 1978 (Table 8), three had 0$ verification due to the presence
of very small, poorly developed pink colonies which tested negative for fecal
streptococci. These false positive colonies appeared on plates for stations
57, 72 and 73, (bottom, surface and bottom replicate levels, respectively),
from the Vermilion, Cleveland West and Cleveland East areas (see Figure 1 for
station positions). No further work was done to determine the identity of the
small pink colonies, and the only factor all three occurrences seemed to have
in common was their presence at stations away from shore. On the basis of the
verification tests at these three stations, these very small pink colonies
were not counted when they were encountered in other samples.
In 1979 two of the stations verified for fecal streptococci gave 0$
verification, but unlike the 1978 samples with 0$ verification, these 1979
samples had colonies which appeared to be perfectly normal fecal streptococcus
colonies. The two stations where this occurred were 98S (surface samples) at
the mouth of Euclid Creek and 106S at the mouth of the Grand River. There is
a substantial amount of pollution at the mouth of Euclid Creek at station 98,
77
-------
which increases the chances of picking up false positive organisms for fecal
coliforms as well as for fecal streptococci. However, station 106 is some
distance from the mouth of the Grand River, making the above conjecture
unlikely for this station.
PSEUDOMONAS AEBUGINOSA DATA
Samples for Pseudqmqnas aeruginosa were processed in 1978 for each of the
stations designated as "industrial"stations: stations 65, 66, 84, 85, 86,
87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 132 and 133. These stations were located in all sampling
areas where industrial discharges into the lake were present. The Pseudomonas
data were not included in any of the data analysis for two major reasons:1)
The M-PA agar (standard Methods 1975) used for isolation and enumeration was
not selective enough to allow reliable identification of Pseudomonas
aeruginosa colonies and 2) the number of Paeudomonas isolated (even assuming
that all of the Pseudonomas - like colonies were actualy Ps. aeruginosa, was
too small to be significant for purposes of analysis.
78
-------
Figure 1.
Stations verified for fecal coliforms - 1978
Figure 2.
Stations verified for fecal coliforms - 1979
Cuyahoga R
N
Geneva-On-
The-Lake Ashtabula H
owles Cr
Wneeler Cr
Fairport'
Harbor (v^> Grand R Scale in miles
10
Cuyahoga R
N
Geneva-On-
The-Lake Ashtabula R
. jCowles Cr
Wheeler C'
'Grand R Scale in miles
0 5 10
-------
Figure 3.
Stations verified for fecal streptococci - 1978
Figure 4.
Stations verified for fecal streptococci - 1979
Cuyatioga R
N
Qeneva-On
The-Lake Ashtabula R
, ,Cowles Cr
Wheeler Cr
>Grand R Scale in miles
0 5 10
N
Cuyahog«j R
Geneva-On
The-Lake Asht.ihula R
_^ .Ccwles C
Wheeler C
'Grand R Scale in miles
0510
-------
Table 1. 1979 daily ambient air quality test results
Run/Area
1 LV
2 LV
3 LV
1 CW
2 CW
3 CW
1 CE
2 CE
3 CE
1 FP
2 FP
3 FP
1 AS
2 AS
3 AS
1 LV
2 LV
3 LV
1 CW
2 CW
3 CW
1 CE
2 CE
3 CE
1 FP
2 FP
3 FP
1 AS
2 AS
3 AS
Count/15 minutes
Cruise I
0
3
1
1
4
0
1
1
6
0
0
0
1
0
0
Cruise III
2
2
4
2
1
6
3
4
2
8
5
5
1
1
2
Run/Area Count/15 minutes
Cruise II
1 LV
2 LV
3 LV
1 CW
2 CW
3 CW
1 CE
2 CE
3 CE
1 FP
2 FP
3 FP
1 AS
2 AS
3 AS
Cruise IV
1 LV
2 LV
3 LV
1 CW
2 CW
3 CW
1 CE
2 CE
3 CE
1 FP
2 FP
3 FP
1 AS
2 AS
3 AS
1
0
1
1
0
0
2
3
0
50*
0.71**
3
0
0
2
1
5
4
2
0
2
0
2
3
1
1
1
2
0
2
* water dripped on plate.
** length of test = 21 mins.
81
-------
Table 2 Sterility control - Cruise I.
1979.
Funnel #
1
2
3
Day /Area
+UV
-t-UV
+UV
1 AS
2 AS
3 AS
1 FP
2 FP
3 FP
1 CE
2 CE
3CE
1 CW
2 CW
3 CW
1 LV
2 LV
3 LV
0
1
6
1
0
1
2
0
1
23
27
48
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
1
1
21
117
15
1
8
50
100
0
20
5
3
0
0
50
50
5
0
0
0
2
0
0
3
1
3
3
3
3
9
4
4
8
75
3
1
0
33
3
11
0
0
0
1
1
0
4
0
0
5
7
19
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
4
0
26
57
12
0
24
33
100
1
13
0
2
0
0
50
25
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
9
0
1
5
4
0
9
40
21
2
0
0
19
0
23
4
0
0
0
2
1
1
0
0
60
7
13
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
12
36
84
0
14
30
100
0
12
17
5
1
1
50
50
0
9
0
7
1
4
1
0
1
5
1
1
0
7
1
3
35
1
0
1
0
9
6
17
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11
Colonies/Plate
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
7
14
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
3
0
17
27
40
1
6
100
100
0
3
0
3
0
1
23
25
0
1
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
1
3
1
7
40
3
0
1
0
6
2
18
1
0
3
12
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
23
108
51
1
100
100
100
0
10
0
1
0
1
7
12
0
1
0
1
7
50
50
30
0
14
7
50
0
57
14
31
0
15
47
17
1
1
5
25
1
6
3
4
6
0*
7
40
14 25
2 0
4 0
9 1
30 11
75 75
17 100
100 75
0
8
6
29
0
6
50
12
0
4
40
25
0
50
3
4
7
0*
1
15
3
0
2
2
19
75
100
TNTC
0
4
0
13
0
17
51
16
0
3
20
50
5
50
12
30
4
0*
2
40
0
0
1
2
3
TNTC**
TNTC
TNTC
12
25
327
0
14
39
7
4
5
20
50
5
50
12
30
3
TNTC
100
TNTC
f 2°°C Wlth aer°bio "eterotrophs.
1 - 5 sterilized with UV light after approximately every 4 sa-nple bottles.
82
-------
Table 3. Sterility control - Cruise II. 1979.
1
Day /Area
1 AS 0
0
0
0
2 AS 0
1
1
1
3 AS 0
0
1
400
1 FP 0
0
0
0
2 FP 0
0
5
0
3 FP 1
0
0
0
1 CE 1
2
67
0
2 CE 0
1
2
1
3 CE 0
8
0
11
+UV 1 CW 1
0
37*
1
+UV 2 CW o
3
11*
0
+UV 3 CW 0
0
0
0
+UV 1 LV 0
0
1
0
+UV 2 LV 0
0
0
0
+UV 3 LV 0
0
3
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
400
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1*
0
2
45
1
0
10
1
0
0
TNTC**
59
10
1
0
1
0
0
0
100*
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
0
0
0
500
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1*
0
7
29
1
0
3
0
0
0
4
71
8
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Funnel #
456 7 89
Colonies/plate
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
200
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
24
1
0
4
0
0
0
0
18
4
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
00 0 00
25* 20* 0 10* 22*
10* 66* 3* 93 73
50 6 16* 30 50*
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
oo o oo
0 17* 2* 2* 29*
8* 1* 1* 1*
23* 25 4* 9*
36
0
1
13
1
00 0 00
TNTC 11 7 16 50
30 25 20 40
5 TNTC TNTC 100 30
0
0
3
00 0 01
22* 3* 02
40* TNTC 20* 3
7 1
0
oo o oo
0 100 20* 15* 20
200 30* 25* 150
100 4 1 30
0
10
0
3
6*
2
0
30*
5*
28*
0
40
12
50
0
0
25*
17*
0
30
100
19
11
0
2*
1*
1*
0
13
6
100
0
0
34*
45*
0
21
6*
3
Incubation temperature - 20°C.
Medium - plate count agar, Millipore HA filters.
** Too numerous to count.
* Colonies around edge of filter.
+ Hydrosols 1-5 sterilized with UV light after approximately every 4th sample bottle.
83
-------
Table 4. Sterility controls — Cruj.se III. 1979.
1
Day /Area
+ 1 AS 0
0
1
0
2 AS 0
0
0
0
3 AS 0
0
0
0
1 FP 0
0
4*
0
2 FP 0
0
0
0
3 FP 0
0
0
0
1 CE 0
0
2
15
2 CE 2
0
1
1
3 CE 0
0
1
0
1 CW 1
0
16
3
2 CW 0
0
1
10
3 CW 1
116
2
5
1 LV 0
6
6
0
2 LV 0
0
0
0
3 LV 0
0
45
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
4
0
0
0
1
0
75*
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
1
7
1
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
10
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Funnel #
456 7 89
Colonies/plate
0
7 0
0
1
000 0 00
0 50* 24* 2 3 16
0 100 200 1 7
0 40* 100* 1 6
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0 0
001 0 00
0 30 TNTC** 20* 30*
1 — 50 100* 6* 100
0 — TNTC TNTC* 200 50
2
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 0++ 0 00
0 2 2 00
0—0 0 00
o—o o oo
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
300 0 00
100 0 00
0 0 1 00
o — o o oo
0 0
0 0
0 0
2
10 11
0
2
18 0
4 5
0
1 1
15 5
50 50*
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Incubation temperature - 20°C.
Medium - plate count agar, Hillipore HA filters except where otherwise indicated.
** Too numerous to count.
* Colonies around edge of filter.
++ Plates 6-11: H8 filters on M-FC agar incubated at 44.5°C.
+ Hydrosols 1 - 5 UV sterilized for all areas.
84
-------
Table 5
Sterility controls — Cruise IV. 1979.
1
Day/Area
+UV I AS 0
0
0
0
2 AS 0
0
1
0
3 AS 0
0
1
0
1 FP 0
0
5
0
2 FP 0
0
1
0
3 FP 0
3
1
1 CE 0
12*
12*
17*
2 CE 0
8
0
7
3 CE 0
1
0
0
1 CW 0
0
5
12
2 CW 0
0
23
25
3 CW 1
1
0
0
1 LV 0
0
0
0
2 LV 0
0
1
0
3 LV 0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
5
0
1
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
5
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
o
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Funnel #
456 7
Colonies/plate
0 0
1
0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0 0 0++ 0
0 0 0
0—0 0
1—0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0 0
000 0
1 3 0
100 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
0
000 0
0 00
1 21
0 0 10 4
0 0
0 0
0
0
0 1
0
0
0
010 0
0 00
2 00
1 00
0 0
0 0
0
0
000
000 0
0 00
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
0
89 10 11
00 00
00 00
00 00
00 00
00 00
00 00
00 00
0000
0000
0001
1101
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0 0
Colonies around edge of plate
Medium for plates 1-5Q- Plate count agar with Millipore HA filters
Incubation temp. - 20 C
Plates 6-11: Millipore HC filters on M-FC agar incubated at 44.5° C.
Funnels 1-5 UV sterilized after approx. every 4 sample bottles for all areas.
85
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Table 6.
Verification of fecal coliform colonies, 1978.
Station
*LV 54 S
LV 63 B
LV 65 B
LV 68 S
CW 75 S
CW 79 S
*CW 80 B
*CE 85 B
CE 95 S
*CE 98 S
CE 102 B
FP 113 B
*AS 127 SR
AS 128 S
AS 129 B
*AS 135 B
Date
781010
781010
781010
781010
781013
781013
781013
781016
781016
781016
781016
781019
781022
781022
781022
781022
FC/100 ml
8700
37
120
130
200
74
34
7800
460
1370
69
400
28
120
18
18
# of colonies
subjected to ver.
15
10
10
10
10
9
15
8
8
10
10
9
10
10
10
10
% Verification
100
100
100
100
90
89
100
100
75
80
80
100
100
100
100
100
*Fecal streptococci also verified at this station.
86
-------
Table 7.
Verification of 1979 fecal coliform colonies.
Station
Date
FC/100 ml
# Colonies
Subjected to Verification
% Verification
LV 51 S
54 S
65 S
68 S
CW 70 S
75 S
79 S
81 S
CE 85 S
94 S
98 S
FP 103 S
105 S
108 S
113 S
AS 123 S
126 S
132 S
139 S
*+LV 52 S
+ 54 S
65 S
CW 75 S
+ 83 S
CE 85 S
98 S
FP 105 S
113 S
AS 126 S
132 S
LV 65 S
+ 68 S
+ CW 76 S
81 S
CE 85 S
94 S
FP 104 S
113 S
AS 126 S
132 S
LV 54 S
65 S
CW 75 S
89 S
CE 85 S
98 S
FP 113 S
+ 116 S
AS 126 S
132 S
790425
790422
790419
790416
790413
790724
790722
790719
790716
790831
790829
790825
7 9082 3
790819
791017
791015
791011
791007
791004
CRUISE I
67
720
960
19
14
320
3500
1900
34000
140
18
3200
740
1800
580
210
170
1800
24
CRUISE II
84
45
390
190
310
110
9.4
640
6.5
13
500
CRUISE III
600
14
80
5800
3900
12000
92
48
32
260
CRUISE IV
48
360
11000
130
1000
7000
4800
13
55
260
15
10
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
5
17
19
20
20
20
20
20
22
16
24
25
4
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
24
25
25
22
20
21
19
13
25
25
67
80
40
90
80
95
95
90
90
95
85
95
100
100
80
90
90
75
70
100
100
89
80
100
95
20
100
54
94
92
92
100
96
92
88
100
84
88
56
100
83
84
92
91
85
95
95
23
100
88
*Offshore stations; all others are nearshore.
+Not verified for FS.
87
-------
Table 8,
Verification of fecal streptococcus colonies, 1978.
Station
Date
FS/100 ml
# of colonies
subjected to ver.
% verification
*LV 54 S
LV 57 B
LV 62 S
CW 70 S
CW 72 S
*CW 80 B
CE 86 S
CE 100 B
*CE 85 S
CE 93 BR
*CE 98 S
FP 103 S
FP 104 S
FP 105 S
FP 108 S
FP 114 S
FP 121 S
FP 111 B
FP 114 B
*AS 127 SR
*AS 135 B
781010
781010
781010
781013
781013
781013
780905
780905
781016
781016
781016
780908
780908
780908
780908
780908
780908
781019
781019
781022
781022
28
451
155
5
TNTC
28
23
130
1000
TNTC
180
140
240
160
480
69
67
110
98
39
60
15
15
13
10
10
10
3
6
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
100
** 0
85
10
** 0
100
100
67
100
** 0
100
100
100
80
100
80
100
100
100
100
100
** Plate contained numerous, small, poorly-developed pink colonies.
* Fecal coliforms also verified at this station.
TNTC too numerous to count.
88
-------
Table 9.
Verification of 1979 fecal streptococcus colonies.
Station
LV 51 S
54 S
65 S
68 S
CW 70 S
75 S
79 S
81 S
CE 85 S
94 S
98 S
FP 103 S
105 S
108 S
113 S
AS 123 S
126 S
132 S
139 S
+ LV 51 S
65 S
+*CW 73 SR
75 S
CE 85 S
98 S
FP 105 S
+ 106 S
113 S
AS 126 S
132 S
+ LV 54 S
65 S
+ CW 75 S
81 S
CE 85 S
94 S
FP 104 S
113 S
113 SR
AS 126 S
132 S
LV 54 S
65 S
CW 75 S
89 S
CE 85 S
98 S
FP 113 S
+ 118 S
AS 126 S
132 S
Date
790425
790422
790419
790416
790413
790724
790722
790719
790716
790713
790831
790829
790825
790823
790819
791017
791015
791011
791007
791004
FS/100 ml
2.1
88
150
8
8
180
680
1300
780
20
0
1800
340
74
250
79
71
3000
17
7
25
2.7
12
20
2.7
95
0
5
4
23
29
13
1900
290
290
500
31
11
4
27
25
4
24
150
17
91
440
1800
75
35
35
# Colonies
Subjected to Verification
CRUISE I
11
10
25
23
2
22
24
23
25
2
17
24
24
24
22
25
25
25
25
CRUISE II
18
25
23
12
20
8
19
6
3
7
23
CRUISE III
22
19
25
25
20
21
23
16
4
25
23
CRUISE IV
5
25
23
25
25
25
24
25
24
24
% Verification
9.1
80
100
34.8
100
86.4
100
100
100
100
0
100
54.2
91.7
100
92
96
100
92
33
96
4.4
100
100
38
95
0
100
86
96
100
95
100
100
100
100
100
94
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
96
100
"Offshore stations; all others are nearshore.
+Not verified for FC.
89
------- |