C''                 OCLC 11859254
  ENUIRONMENT
                SWITZERLAND
           Office of International Activities
        *^* Environmental Protection Agency
                       March W77

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                                  Office of International Activities
                                  EnT. - ronmental Protection Agency
                                  March 1977
FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY

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                                        PREFACE


             This  is  a brief  report on  the organization  and management of  environmental
   activities on the  national level in  Switzerland.  Reports  on  Japan, Luxemburg, Belgium,
   Great  Britain,  the Netherlands, Spain, Australia, Federal  Republic of Germany and
-^ Sweden have already been distributed.  Similar reports on  other countries will be
 *  available  soon.  These  reports, which are background  papers for EPA staff involved
"J  in international activities,  are not for distribution outside the Agency.

 ,            Emphasis is on policy and  regulatory functions of national environmental
<  agencies as well as on  legal  instruments for environmental control.  Research and
.   development, often under the  auspices of other departments, for example, science and
^ technology, are not covered .in these reports.
•v
^           Source documents for the reports,  received  under the International Documents
•T^ Exchange,  are available in the EPA Headquarters Library.   English summaries of the
^-v foreign  documents  are published in the monthly bulletin "Summaries of Foreign Govern-
   ment Reports."
                                            ii

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                                   TABLE OF CONTENTS




                                                                        Page



  I.  National Organization for Environmental Control                     1




 II.  Environmental Laws                                                  7




III.  Standards                                                          lg




 IV.  Enforcement Procedures                                             21




  V.  Interrelationships Between Government and Industry                 25




      Seference Notes                                                    28




      Appendix. •  Environmental Laws and Regulations                      31
                                          iii

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  E.N.VI.ROiNME_NTiAIt   £ .0 .3. Z £ °. It   L E   JL ^'i 1 ^. 1. £ ll A H 2

I.     National Organization for Eavironmental Control
       overall government structure
       i   The Swiss Confederation, composed of 25 cantons and half-cantons, hasj
a republican federal constitution.  A bicameral parliament (the Federal Assem-
bly), consisting of the National Council and the Council of States, is the
supreme governing body of the Confederation.  Here resides the constitutional
authority to make all federal laws, to appoint members of other federal bodies
and to supervise their work.  Executive authority is vested in the Federal Coun-
cil, a collegiate body of seven members.  Each member, individually elected by
a joint session of parliament, acts as minister or head to one of the seven de-
         L*
partments  under which the executive branch is organized.  Once a year the
Federal Assembly elects one member of the Federal Council to serve as president
of the Confederation and a second to serve as vice president.  Because of the  I
growing complexity of governmental affairs, the Federal Assembly has delegated
to the Federal Council a great deal of discretion in the administration of
federal law.  For example, legislation enacted by the Federal Assembly will
ordinarily state the general intent of the law and grant the Federal Council
the power to determine the details of execution and to issue the necessary rules
and regulations.  The Federal Council has also assumed the position of director
                                                »
of the Swiss legislative process by originating the bulk of all new legislation.
          Legislatively initiated amendments to the constitution must be sub-
mitted to popular vote for approval in a national referendum and require the
consent of a majority of the voters and the cantons.' Other legislation is sub-
                           2
ject to optional referenda.
*A11 reference notes will be found beginning on page 28.
                                      -1-

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       national environmental agency

          The referendum of June 6, 1971 approved by an overwhelming majority  !

the introduction of Article 24 septie into the federal constitution, delegating

to the Confederation the authority to "legislate on the protection of man and

his natural environment against harmful or troublesome influences to which

they are subjected."  In order to fulfill its new responsibilities, the Federal

Council, on May 26, 1971, created, within the Federal Department of the In-    |

terior, an Office of Environmental Protection.  Article 2 of the Federal Council

'decree assigns to the new office the following functions:

       1) drafting federal laws and orders concerning the protection of the
          natural environment and, in particular, the protection of waters,
          fishing, the preservation of clean air and noise control;

       2) enforcing such laws and orders where the cantons are not competent
          to do so under the federal constitution or the law;

       3) supervising the implementation of federal laws and orders by the
          cantons;

       4) cooperating with the federal and cantonal departments which deal
          with problems relating to the protection of the natural environment,
          and coordinating the work of these bodies in accordance with a uni-
          form policy;

       5) taking emergency measures;

       6) publishing technical instructions and formulating principles and
          guidelines in agreement with the federal services concerned;

       7) advising federal services, cantons, municipalities and organizations on
          questions relating to the protection of the natural environment;

       8) informing the public on the need for and significance and organiza-
          tion of protection of the natural environment;

       9) assisting in the drafting and implementation of international agree-
          ments on the protection of the natural environment;

      10) helping to ensure that Switzerland participates in the work of
          international organizations dealing with the protection of the
          natural environment;


                                      -2-

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        11)  commissioning research and cooperating with Swiss  and foreign scien-
            tific institutions in fundamental and applied research;

        12)  encouraging all efforts aimed at the  protection  of the natural environ-
            ment.

          The  Office  of Environmental Protection is  made up of two principal

 divisions and  one section:   the  Main  Division of the Protection of Waters;

 the Main Division for the Protection  from Nuisances; and the  Administrative

 Section.  The  latter  handles such functions  as personnel, accounting and organi-

 zation  and  administration.

          The  Main Division for  the Protection of Waters  is divided into three

 elements:   the Wastewater and Solid Wastes Division; the Hydrocarbon Section;

 and the Natural  Sciences  and Fishery  Division.   The  Main Division for the Pro-

 tection from Nuisances has  two elements:  the  Air Protection Division and the

 Division,to Combat Noise.

          Also reporting  to  the  Office of the  Director are  staff elements which

 include a secretariat, a  legal section,  and  three  service groups dealing with

 economic questions, international organizations  and  information services.  (See

 organizational chart, p 3a.)

          A staff  of  72 has  thus far been maintained at the federal, level.

 This has been  made possible by the nature of the Office's relationship with

 cantonal authorities, which have retained many independent responsibilities

 and continue to oversee the execution of all federal laws.

          The Office of Environmental Protection is assisted on the national

level by five permanent advisory commissions established within the Department

of the Interior to oversee different areas of environmental concern.   These are:
                                                     •.
the Federal Commission for the Protection of Waters; the Federal Commission for

the Testing of Reservoirs; the Federal Commission for Waste Problems;  the

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                                 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF THE OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
            SECRETARIAT
            LEGAL SECTION
            ECONOMICS SERVICE
            INTERNATIONAL
            ORGANIZATIONS SERVICE
            INFORMATION SERVICES
                                                     OFFICE OF THE
                                                       DIRECTOR
ADMINISTRATION SECTION
   PERSONNEL
                   MAIN DIVISION FOR THE
                   PROTECTION OF WATERS
   ACCOUNTING
   ADMINISTRATION
        AND
   ORGANIZATION
                             r
WASTEWATER AND SOLID
WASTE DIVISION
                                               HYDROCARBON
                                                 SECTION
NATURAL SCIENCES AND
FISHERY DIVISION
  PLANNING SECTION
                         TECHNICAL PROCEDURES
                         SECTION  -
                         SECTION FOR THE
                         PROTECTION OF
                         WATERS
                         CONSTRUCTION AND
                         MANAGEMENT SECTION
                           EASTERN SWISS
                           SERVICE
                           CENTRAL AND NORTH
                           SWISS  SERVICE
                                         ECOLOGY AND
                                         TOXICOLOGY
                                         SECTION
                                         SURFACE WATER
                                         SECTION
                                                                GROUNDWATER
                                                                SECTION
                                                                CHEMISTRY AND
                                                                BIOLOGY  SECTION
                                                                FISHERY  SECTION
                           WESTERN AND
                           SOUTHERN SWISS
                           SERVICE
                                                                FEDERAL COMMISSION FOR THE~|
                                                                PROTECTION OF WATERS
                                                                                                                 _J
                                                                                       FEDERAL COMMISSION FOR THE"1
                                                                                       TESTING OF RESERVOIRS      !
                                                                FEDERAL COMMISSION FOR
                                                                WASTE PROBLEMS
                                                                FEDERAL COMMISSION TO
                                                                COMBAT NOISE
                                                                                                             ~l
                                                                                       FEDERAL COMMISSION FOR1
                                                                                      |_AIR_ PROTECTION	j
                                                                                            MAIN DIVISION FOR THE
                                                                                          PROTECTION FROM NUISANCES
AIR PROTECTION
   DIVISION
DIVISION TO
COMBAT NOISE
                             EXHAUST GASES
                             SECTION
                             HEATING AND
                             FURNACES
                             SECTION
                                                                    INDUSTRY AND
                                                                    HANDICRAFTS
                                                                    SECTION
                    MOTORS AND
                    MACHINES SECTION
                                                                                                             CONSTRUCTION
                                                                                                             SECTION

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Federal Commission to Combat Noise; and the Federal Commission for Air Protection.




          Important roles in the control and prevention of air pollution are also




played by two other federal ministries.  The Department of Public Economics, under




ordinances pursuant to the 1964 Labor Law, is authorized to issue permits restrict-




ing the Ideation of and emissions from industrial heating facilities, while the




Department of Justice and Police is involved in regulating automobile exhaust




emissions under the 1958 Road Traffic Law.




          Other relevant bodies operating outside the aegis of the Department of




the Interior include:  the Federal Institute for the Management, Treatment and




Protection of Waters (EAWAG); the Commission for the Control of Fuel Quality; and




the Laboratory for the Testing of Materials and Research in Industry, Construction




and Trade.



          The EAWAG, affiliated with the Federal Institute of Technology of Zurich,




functions primarily as an advisory body, conducting research in the areas of general




biology, technical and chemical aspects of water management, and solid waste disposal.




          The Commission for the Control of Fuel Quality, created in 1973, is




responsible for administering the sulfur content quality controls imposed on imported




heating fuels and registering those content declarations which exceed presently




recommended concentrations.




          The Laboratory for the Testing of Materials, and Research in Industry,




Construction and Trade has three sections which concern themselves with air pollu-




tion.  The problem areas studied by these sections are:  1) air pollutants and heat-




ing installations, 2) motor vehicles,  and 3) fuels.




          Meteorology is increasingly being called upon to apply its know-how to




the service of air protection, as reflected in the establishment of a special sec-




tion of the Swiss Institute of Meteorology in Payerne (VD) to study air quality pro-




tection problems.  In addition, the Institute established a National Forecast Center

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in November Of 1974, in Zurich, to provide assistance both in the protection of


the environment and in land use planning.


       national-local relationships

          The federal constitution establishes two sovereignties in Switzerland:


one is federal, exercised by the Confederation, and the second is contonal,


belonging to the 25 cantons and half-cantons.  Although national policy is the


prerogative of the federal government, considerable power is vested in the can-


tons, each of which has its own written constitution and government.  The cantons,


in turn, are subdivided into municipalities (communes) which grant primary


citizenship and administer such matters as public utilities, roads and education.


Within most cantons, groups of municipalities are organized into districts under


a prefect who represents the cantonal government.


          The Swiss federal constitution accords to the cantons the authority to


legislate on any matter not specifically conferred on the central government.


Accordingly, environmental protection originated as an exclusive concern of the


cantons.  When it became evident, however, that the separate forces of the cantons


were inadequate to effectively combat the growing sources of pollution, a series


of constitutional and statutory amendments were enacted to provide for the develop--


ment of federal environmental legislation, culminating in the general environmental


protection amendment to the constitution, which extended the central government's

                                                   ;
scope of action without, however, granting it exclusive legal jurisdiction.  The


cantons continue to legislate in this area but may do so only to the extent permitted


by federal law; furthermore, any legislation enacted by cantons to supplement and


enforce federal legislation is subject to the approval of the Federal Council.


          The task of implementing federal environmental legislation is principally


in the hands of cantonal authorities.  Although at least one canton, Thurgau, has


established an environmental protection agency with competence in both air and water


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 pollution  control,  most  cantons, in response  to the 1971 Law on Water Protection,




 have  assigned water protection responsibilities to water protection offices or




 commissions or  to submits of other cantonal  offices.  In Geneva, for example, a




 cantonal implementing regulation of January 24, 1973 to the 1971 Law designates




 the Department  of Public Works as the competent implementing authority and at the




 same  time establishes a  cantonal Water Protection Commission to advise the Depart-




 ment, perform research,  and prepare technical directives and cantonal prescriptions.




          Implementation of air pollution control measures is to a large extent




 assigned by cantons to industrial and factory inspectorates.  Basel has, however,




 established an  Air  Quality Office, and a few other cantons have established environ-




 mental protection offices concerned chiefly with air pollution control.




          Cantonal  responsibilities in implementing federal environmental law are




 generally carried out under the supervision of central authorities and with the




 assistance of technical  and legal instructions or directives from the central author-




 ities.  The federal government may in fact intervene to force action if cantonal




 authorities are remiss in performing their functions.




          Municipal governments also have important environmental functions.   They




bear the chief  responsibility for the construction and operation of installations




used in the removal and  treatment of wastewater and, in the performance of these




 functions,  frequently join together to form wastewater disposal corporations.
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II.    Environmental Laws


       legislative system


          The Swiss legislature is composed of two separate bodies, the Council


of States and the National Council, elected on a cantonal and national basis


respectively.  As a general rule, both chambers have the same rights and duties,


with neither being inferior 'to the other.  Although the constitution grants the


right to introduce a bill to both the National Council and the Council of States,


to any member of either chamber, to each canton and half-canton, and to the Federal


Council, it is the Federal Council which, in practice, has taken upon itself the


responsibility for introducing bills into the Swiss federal legislature.  Neither


chamber has priority in the consideration of a bill.  Consequently, at the first


session of the legislature, the Federal Council submits its bills to the presi-


dents of both chambers, who decide between themselves which house will be the


first to discuss" each piece of business.  As in the United States, a bill can


become a law only after it has been passed by both chambers; however, there is


no executive veto power.  When a bill has been passed in identical form in both


chambers, the Federal Chancellery prepares an official text which is signed by


the presidents and secretaries of both bodies.  The text is then submitted to the


Federal Council  for publication and execution.  Laws come into effect on the date


fixed in the legislation or,  if no date is mentioned, within five days after publica-


tion.                                              '-•
                                                  >•

          The federal constitution makes all  federal laws  (lois/Gesetze) and uni-


versally binding federal decrees  (arrtt^s/Beschllisse) subject to a popular referen-


dum on  the demand  of 30,000  Swiss  voters or of eight cantons.  Opposition to the


1974 Land Use Planning Law,  for example, led  to a referendum in which  the Law was


rejected.    Federal  decrees  may escape  the referendum, however, if  declared urgent


or not  universally binding.   Since decrees of  the Federal  Council  are  never subject


                                         -7-

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 to the referendum, Federal Laws tend to delegate extensive subsidiary legislative


 power to the Federal Council, thereby avoiding the threat of referendum.


           Legislation applying to matters falling under the competence of  the


 cantons  is produced by individual cantonal legislative  bodies.   As  mentioned


 above (see page 5) the cantons have  a limited but important constitutional compe-


 tence to legislate in the area of environmental  protection.   In  the case of water


 legislation, for example, cantonal legislation is required to fill  in the  frame-


 work provided by the federal  law.


       highlights of water legislation"


           The October 8,  1971 Federal  Law on  the Protection of Waters Against


 Pollution (Law  on Water Protection)  is one of  the few examples of federal  environ-


 mental legislation encompassing an entire  sector of the environment  in one unified


 text.  This  framework law was  first  adopted in 1955 as the  result of  a constitu-


 tional amendment  empowering the Confederation to  legislate on the protection of


waters and was  revised in 1971  to  the version currently in  force.  Consistent with


 the  federal  tradition,  the  present law, consisting of 47 articles, establishes


 a  clearly defined organization of official duties on the federal, cantonal and


municipal levels.


          The law requires  the protection of all types of water against pollution—


 "publicly and privately owned surface waters and groundwater, whether natural or


artificial,  including  springs"—and it provides various  measures  for both making
                    m                             >

and keeping  these waters clean.  It prohibits the introduction or deposit (directly


or indirectly) into water of any solids, liquids  or gases liable  to'pollute it.   The


disposal of  pollutants by allowing them to seep into the subsoil  is  also prohibited.


Discharges of wastewaters from domestic, industrial or'agricultural  sources are


similarly prohibited unless they are treated in accordance with cantonal legislation.


Duly treated discharges are made subject to prior authorization by the competent


                                        -3-

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cantonal authority.  The cantons are further given the responsibility for establish-



                                                                                 9
ing public drainage systems in accordance with canton-wide master sewerage plans.




Cantons which engage municipalities to undertake the construction and operation of




installations for the removal and treatment of wastewaters are also required to




supervise the implementation of such measure? and the execution of the work.  In




areas served by such sewerage systems, the Law makes mandatory the discharge of




all wastewaters into the public drains.  The Law further requires cantonal licens-




ing for the deposit of solid wastes in or near bodies of water.  Provisions for the




protection of ground-water require the "cantors to adopt the necessary measures for




the protection of usable groundwater strata and to establish special protection




zones around groundwater catchment points.  Koreover, cantons must ensure that all




methods of wastewater disposal be adapted to .romply with such requirements or be




discarded within"ten years of the entry into force of the Law on Water Protection.




Federal subsidies for the construction of municipal sewerage systems and wastewater




purification facilities are to be made available.




          To accompany and supplement this lax-% the Federal Council also issued




three implementing ordinances which entered :• 'to force with the Law on July 1,




1972.  These are:




       1) the General Ordinance of June 19, 1.972 cm Water. Protection;




       2) the Ordinance of June 19, 1972 on t..:i Protection of Waters From    j




       Pollution by Water-Endangering Liquids: arid '-                      _      I




       3) the Ordinance of June 19, 1972 on the Degradability of Washing and




       Cleansing Products.




          The General Ordinance contains organizational provisions regarding the




duties of the federal administration and the :antons.  It also presents specifi-




cations for cantonal plans for the enhancement of water quality and states princi-




ples to be observed in regard to wastewater ci".-charges from buildings and installa-




                                        -9-

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  tions  not  connected  to  central  treatment plants.




            The  Ordinance on  the  Protection of Waters From Pollution by Water-




  Endangering  Liquids  applies particularly to liquid fuels and liquid chemical




  products and contains general prescriptions regarding the construction, equipment,




  operation  and  maintenance of installations intended a) for the storage, trans-




  shipment and transport  and the manufacture, processing, utilization, and conver-




  sions  of such  liquids,  and b) for the elimination of their residues.  The Ordinance




  establishes  a  four-zone system based on the degree of need for water protection




  and topographical conditions.  This system is to be followed by cantons in taking




 measures regarding harmful liquids and, among other things,  requires cantons to




.  form a service designed to intervene effectively in the case of accidents involving



 such liquids.




           The Ordinance on the Degradability of Washing and  Cleansing Products




 stipulates that detergents intended for domestic or industrial  consumption may




 not contain organic substances which are not readily degradable.   Manufacturers




 and importers of detergents  are  required to  apply for approval  from the Federal




 Laboratory for the Testing of Materials  and  Research  in  Industry,  Construction




 and Trade for all such products  intended for utilization in  Switzerland.   If an




 examination shows the products fail  to meet  required standards, they will not  be




 permitted to  be placed on the market.  The criteria employed in the determination




 of degradability are  to  be established by the Department of  the Interior.




           Cantonal legislation has been  passed  to ensure the implementation  of




 the federal water protection  law on  the  cantonal level.  The Geneva regulation




 issued  on January 24,  1973,  for  example, assigns competence for implementation of




 the law; sets up  a cantonal Water Protection Commission; deals with approval of




 the canton's  general water quality enhancement plan, master sewerage plan and water




protection  map;  and lays down the authorization conditions for construction both




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within and outside of the area covered-by the cantonal master sewerage plan as well




as within special groundwater protection zones.  Other cantons have issued similar




legislation in implementation of the 1971 Law.




       highlights of air pollution legislation




         , The legal means to combat air pollution in Switzerland are still being




developed, existing provisions being found in a series of federal laws which only




peripherally concern environmental protection.




          Although a provision proscribing the "smoke or soot emissions, trouble-




some exhalations, noises and vibrations' having harmful effects or exceeding the




tolerable limits respected between neighbors with regard to local usage, location




and nature of the buildings" is contained in the Swiss Civil Code, this provision



                                                                                     12
has rarely been  resorted to, since it requires the filing of an individual complaint.




:          More significant and more easily applicable to the problems of air pollu-




tion are the provisions contained in the Federal Labor Law and the Federal Soad




Traffic Law.




          Article 6 of the March 3, 1964 Labor Law obliges employers "to protect




the life and health of employees, and to shelter neighboring areas from the noxious




or disagreeable  effects of the enterprise by the adoption of all precautions that




the state of technology permits, given the circumstances of the particular opera-




tion."    Federal control of industrial heating installations is derived from .this




provision, which has been interpreted to apply to industrial heating installations




insofar as they  constitute operational elements of an enterprise.




          Regulations in execution of the 1964 Labor Law are set forth in Imple-




menting Ordinance I of January 14, 1966, Articles 23 and 24 of which stipulate




that plans for industrial enterprises which are submitted to the Federal Department




of Public Economics for approval designate the location of heating facilities and




specify the nature and amount of all substances being emitted to the outside.




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 Articles 27 and 29 of this  ordinance  empower the  licensing  authority  (the Federal




 Department of Public Economics)  to  require  the  adoption  of  additional precautions




 in the event that defects become evident  after  the start of operations.14




           Implementing Ordinance 3  of March 26, 1969, on hygiene  and accident




 prevention in industry,  contains further  provisions regarding the protection of




 neighboring areas from air  pollution  and  authorizes the Federal Department of




 Public Economics  to  issue emission  control  regulations.  Regulations regarding the




 temporary  suspension of  operations  for safety purposes are  also contained among



 these  provisions.




           The  legal  basis for federal regulation of automobile exhaust emissions




 is provided by the December 19,  1958 Road Traffic Law, which authorizes the Federal




 Council  to  issue  directives with regard to  traffic safety and the prevention of




 noise, smoke,  odor,  and  other noxious effects.  The technical requirements govern-




 ing motor vehicle exhaust emissions are set forth in the August 27, 1969 Ordinance




 on the Construction  and  Equipment of Automobiles,  as amended on November 26, 1973,




 which  requires  the recycling of crankcase fumes through a closed circuit blow-by




 S3/stem and  prescribes a  carbon monoxide emission threshold of 4.5  percent.




          Also  instrumental in the development of  air pollution control measures




has been the 1906 Federal Law on Food Products,  which enabled the  Federal Council,




 in 1971, to limit the lead content of regular gasoline to 0.54  grams per liter.   A




 further adjustment, effective as of January 1975,  reduced the permissible lead




content of  regular gasoline to 0.4  grams  per liter.16




          Cantonal legislation also provides an  important basis  for air pollution




control.  The Zurich Public Health  Law, in conjunction with  implementing ordinances,




for example, contains provisions for the  control of  air pollution  which,  among other




things, allow municipalities to close  industrial operations  incapable of  sufficiently




controlling dangerous or annoying emissions.  Furthermore, provisions of  the Zurich




                                       -12-

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 Planning and Construction Law,  in effect since April  1976,  require  owners  and opera-  !


 tors of industrial enterprises  to ensure that  their plants  do  not have  an  unduly


 negative effect on the surrounding environment.^


           An environmental bill containing  provisions  for more comprehensive envi-


 ronmental control,  especially with regard to air and noise  pollution, was  introduced


 on November 18,  1973  for consideration by the  Federal  Assembly.  This bill stipulated


 a number of protective measures which the federal authorities  might adopt  to ensure


 environmental protection,  including:  the establishment of,  maximum admissible emis-


 sion limits;  a mandatory authorization'system  for establishments» installations and


 materials  which  are liable to generate harmful or annoying  effects; and the sur-


 veillance  and monitoring of such industrial establishments  and activities.  The


 bill also  required  the  periodic preparation of  environmental impact reports by opera-


 tors of  polluting establishments.   Finally, the bill clarified the obligations of


 the Confederation and  cantons,  specifying their respective  responsibilities in the


 defense  of the natural  environment.


           The  opposition to this  Bill, evinced at the time of its submission for


 consultation  to  the Cantons and  environmental interest groups, precluded its enact-


 ment  into  law.   The Federal Environmental Protection Office subsequently prepared a


 report focusing  on the major problem areas identified in the responses to question-


naires submitted for comment.  On the basis of this  report,  the Department of the


 Interior has directed the Federal Office to establish working groups of experts  to
                                                  ••

 redraft the legislation on a section by section basis, incorporating the suggestions


presented in the responses.  Consequently, 1977 has  been projected  as  the earliest


possible date for even a partial entry into force  of the law.18


       other program areas:  pesticides  and toxic  substances,  radiation,  noise,  land use


          Pesticides and other auxiliary  agricultural  products  were  first subjected


to controls by the October 30, 1951 Law  on Agriculture.  The February  4,  1955  Ordi-


                                        -13-

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 nance  on Trade  in Auxiliary Agricultural Products, issued in pursuance of  the  1951




 Law, deals with:  procedures  for product marketing; the responsibilities of  the




 Federal  Agricultural  Testing  Station in this domain; and the preparation of  an




 auxiliary products  inventory  designating those products and their compounds  which




 are exempt from such  licensing.  An inventory update is contained in the February 7,




 1961 Ordinance  of the Federal Department of Public Economics Amending the Manual




 of Products  for the Protection of Plants.  Additional revisions of the provisions




 are contained in the  May 26,  1972 Amendment to the Ordinance on Trade in Auxiliary




 Agricultural Products.  Further pesticide control measures appear in legislation




 more generally  aimed  at controlling toxic substances, such as the March 21,  1969




 Federal  Law on  Trade  in Toxic Substances, which establishes a system of classifi-




 cation for these substances on the basis of the hazard which they present and which




 prescribes a series of measures for the protection of life and health.   The December




 23, 1971  Ordinance on the Implementation of the Toxic Substances Law elaborates on




 the form and content  of the substances' list; protective measures to be adopted;




 and the  role of the cantonal  authorities, the Public Health Service and the Interior




 Department in the implementation process.  The December 23,  1971 Ordinance on Prohi-




 bited Toxic Substances specifies the conditions under which the use of  certain sub-




 stances  is prohibited.  Among the substances cited are:  arsenic, lead,  mercury,




 benzene,  methyl bromide, thallium,  strychnine,  ODD, DDE, DDT,  and polychlorinated



biphenyls (PCB's)..                           -      1




          Legislation on radiation control  is contained in  the December 23, 1959




 Federal Law on the Peaceful Uses of Atonic  Energy and on Radiation Protection.




More specific provisions have since been enacted in pursuance  of this law by the




 Federal Council.  These can be found in the June 30,  1976 Radiation Protection




 Ordinance, which encompasses all activities involving radiation hazards  and which




provides  for:  the  licensing system governing the use  of such  substances;  inspec-




                                        -14-

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tion procedures; maximum exposure levels for both occupationally exposed persons



and the general public; and the classification of radioactive substances, according



to radiotoxicity, into nine categories.   This Ordinance also concerns the storage




and handling of radioactive wastes.



         .Noise pollution, like air pollution,, has been indirectly controlled in j



Switzerland through the regulation of its sources.  Existing provisions applicable



to motor vehicles, aircraft, construction sites, and industrial activities can be



found in the Road Traffic Law, the Air Navigation Law, the Law on the Construction



and Equipment of Road Vehicles, and police prescriptions.



          Federal-level provisions for dealing with the rational use of land and



providing, among other things, for the designation of protected areas, are con-



tained in the March 17, 1972 Federal Order on Emergency Measures in the Area of



Land Use Planning and in the implementing ordinance issued on March 29, 1972.



These meas.ures, originally scheduled to be valid only to the end of 1975, were to be



replaced by the Federal Land Use Planning Law, which was passed by the federal



legislature in 1974 and subjected to public referendum in June 1976.  The resulting



rejection of that law has led to an extension of the 1972 Order until an acceptable


                                    19
revision of the law can be prepared.



       promulgation



          The federal laws of Switzerland appears in the official legal gazette,



published in French as Recueil des lois federales and in German as Sammlung der




eidgenflssischen Gesetze.
                                        -15-

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III.   Standards




       water pollution standards




          Until recently the only binding -federal standards to be issued in pursu-




ance of the 1971 Law on Water Protection concerned the biodegradability of deter-




gents and^were embodied in the Ordinance of June 19, 1972 on the Biodegradability




of Washing and Cleansing Products.  This ordinance stipulates that only those




products whose microbiological degradation is guaranteed either by the receiving




waters or by treatment in a biological plant be allowed to reach the market.  (Pro-




visions governing admissible phosphate contents of detergents are also expected



to be issued by the Federal Council.)




          Since January 1, 1976, however, federal effluent standards have also




been in effect in Switzerland.   These standards, which reflect the results of a




ten year national water quality study with 1966 provisional effluent quality guide-




lines, were enacted to supplant the 1966 Directives,  which had been issued by the




Federal Department of the Interior for the canton's  use in the implementation of




water pollution legislation.   These mandatory standards,  contained in the Ordinance




of December 9, 1975 on the Discharge of Wastewaters,  pertain to both discharges




and ambient waters.  Set forth in the ordinance are  provisions concerning quality




objectives to be attained by receiving water bodies;  conditions of wastewater dis-




charges as well as cantonal responsibilities in this  .domain; and special discharge




conditions under which the cantons in cooperation with the Federal Environmental




Protection Office may specify either more or less s'tringent precautionary measures.




          A three-columned appendix presents requirements  for:   1)  ambient water




quality objectives; 2)  discharges effectuated into various bodies  of water; and




3) discharges effectuated'into  public sewerage systems.' These  requirements concern:




general parameters such as  temperature and  color; inorganic substances  such as lead,




arsenic,  cadmium,  chrome III and VT, copper,  mercury  and zinc;  total organic




                                        -16-

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parameters such as BOD^, dissolved organic carbon (DOC)  and total organic carbon



(TOG); and organic substances such as fats and phenols.   For some parameters,  it




is left to the cantons to establish standards as the need arises.  This applies,




for example, to:  discharges into water bodies and public sewerage systems of




ammonia, ammonium, and chloride; discharges into water bodies and public sewerage




systems of organic substances such as aromatic amines, and organic chlorinated




pesticides; and several of the total organic parameters of discharges into water




bodies and public sewerage systems.




       air pollution standards



          Switzerland has no binding federal air standards, criteria for both




ambient air quality and emissions existing only in the form of recommended guide-




lines issued by central government authorities for the use of local authorities




in establishing binding standards on the cantonal or municipal levels.




          The only current ambient air quality guidelines are contained in the




Federal Clean Air Commission's 1964 Directives for the Evaluation of Sulfur


                                                                                Q

Dioxide.  They establish a long term sulfur dioxide threshold value of 0.75 mg/mj


                                                           o

over a 24-hour period during the winter months and 0.5 mg/m  during the summer


       "9O
months. ^u



          Federal recommended emission limits for stationary sources are embodied



in the February 7, 1972 Directives on Emission Limits for Domestic and Industrial



Furnaces, which apply to furnaces employing liquid,i gaseous or solid fuels in  the



                                                    21
production of heat, steam, hot water or electricity".    The guidelines identify



five classes of furnaces based on type of fuel used and fuel burning capacity, and




state specifications with regard to each type of furnace.  For example, domestic




oil burners of a capacity of up to 200 kg/h are to employ light oil with a sulfur




content of 0.3Z by weight and an ash content of 0.01% by weight.  Dust and soot




content of emissions from such burners is not to exceed 2 on the Bacharach scale



                                        —17—

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 for burners  already in operation  and 1  for new burners, while the minimum content




 value  for  carbon  dioxide is stated as:  8% for burners consuming fuels at less




 than 3 kg/h; 10%  for  those consuming 3  to 9.9 kg/h; and 12% for those consuming




 10  kg/h or more.  These guidelines have been adhered to in the standards established




 by  the Canton of  Zurich in the April 12, 1972 Ordinance on Furnace Emissions.22




           Further guidelines regarding stationary sources are found in the February




 7,  1972 Guidelines on Emission Limits for Refuse Incinerators,23 which apply princi-




 pally  to installations for the incinerations of domestic wastes, as well as in the




 February 7, 1972  Directives on Emission-Limits for^Fireplaces,24 which stipulate,




 among  other things, that only dry wood or charcoal may be burnt in domestic fire-



 places.




          With regard to emissions from motor vehicles, Switzerland has conformed,




 since  1973, to the standards of the United Nations'  Economic Commission for Europe,




 which  the European Community has in turn adopted for ratification by its member




 states.  In accordance with the amended version of these standards, which entered




 into force on December 11, 1974 in Switzerland,  motor vehicles are to be so con--   .




 structed that emission of air polluting gases is limited to the extent allowable by




 the current state of technology.  Specific standards apply to carbon monoxide and




hydrocarbon emissions from motor vehicles with positive-ignition engines tested




 under  three different conditions.  Test I involves vehicles under 3500 kg in weight




 capable of achieving 50 kilometers per hour on a windless straight stretch of road.




 Such vehicles are to conform to the following emission standards in simulated heavy




 traffic operational conditions during type testing:   carbon monoxide emissions per




 test are not to exceed values ranging from 80 to 162 grams for vehicles weighing




more than 2150 kg; hydrocarbon emissions per test range from 6.8 to 10.3 grams for




vehicles weighing up to 2150 kg and 10.9 grams for vehicles weighing more than




2150 kg.  During Test II,  which is to  take place at  idling speed,  emissions  of




                                        -18-

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carbon moaoxide in exhaust gas are not to exceed 4.5 percent per volume.  Test III
involves the measurement of gaseous emissions from the crankcase; during this test,
hydrocarbons emitted from the crankcase and not recycled by the engine must represent
less than 0.15 percent of the fuel quantity consumed by the engine.
         i Recent Federal Council proposals submitted to the Federal Council indicate
that Swiss automobile emission standards are to become increasingly more demanding;
by 1982 permissible carbon snnoxide and hydrocarbon emissions are expected to equal
no more than 20 percent of 1974 ECE standards, while nitrogen oxide is to be limited
                           25
to 0.6 grams per kilometer.
          Fuel regulations formulated pursuant to the 1906 Federal Law on Food
Products provide lead and sulfur content threshold values.  The January 1975 per-
missible lead content set by the Federal Council for gasoline is 0.4 grams per liter,
                                                              26
while sulfur content of gasoline is restricted to 0.5 percent.
       pesticides standards
          Standards pertaining to maximum permissible concentrations, on marketed
food products, of pesticides, herbicides and other auxiliary agricultural agents
are set forth in the May 19, 1969 Federal Interior Ministry Ordinance on Residues
of Pesticides and Preservatives.
       future of standards
          The rejection of the Environmental Protection Bill has temporarily arrested
planned developments in the area of standards.  The-Bill had been expected to bring
about innovations in this area since it would have granted the Federal Council the
power to formulate emission regulations with regard to various establishments,
installations, and activities and would have made the Federal Council responsible
for the enactment of federal standards stating maximum admissible nuisance levels.
It is not known at this time if these particular provisions are to be retained in
the version of the Bill that is now being'prepared.
                                        -19-

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       promulgation of standards




          Standards established by the Federal Council or Department of the Interior




can be found in the official legal gazette (Recueil des lois fe'derales/Sammlong




der eidgenbssischen Gesetze). while guidelines appear in the official government




bulletin,* published in both German (Bundesblatt) and French (Feuille federale) .
                                        -20-

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IV.     Enforcement Procedures


       court system


          The only major Swiss judicial authority on the federal level is the


Federal Tribunal (Bundesgericht/Tribunal fe
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 1971 Law on Water Protection  include inspection  and surveillance systems and



 licensing systems.




           The  cantonal  agencies  responsible for  the enforcement of the Law are




 empowered to conduct  inquiries in connection with water protection and, when




 necessary, in the  pursuance of such duties, are entitled to free access to the




 installations  and sites concerned.  Cantonal services are similarly authorized




 to periodically monitor the operations of was tewater_ treatment facilities.  The  I




 pollution prevention  measures and devices required in the manufacture, process-




 ing,  transshipment, transport and storage of liquid fuels liable to cause pollu-




 tion  are  also  subjected to regular inspections.  Each canton is required by law




 to establish a technical water protection service to supervise the control of




water protection  and  to ensure permanent surveillance through the analysis of




water quality  as  a means of furnishing evidence for enforcement proceedings.




           Competent cantonal  authorities are responsible for the issuance of




licenses prerequisite to the  construction, conversion or extension of storage




installations  for the handling of materials liable to cause deterioration of




water quality.  Cantonal licenses are also required for the depositing of solids




in or near bodies of water as well as for the construction or conversion of instal-




lations or for the performance of operations which could prove especially dangerous




to groundwater strata.  In this regard, cantonal  laws,  such as the 1974 Zurich law




implementing the 1971 Federal Law on Water Protection,  establish  groundwater pro-




tection zones and specify the types of activities which may be carried on in the ~


               27
various" zones.




          Legislation dealing with the prevention of  air pollution also establishes




mechanisms for the enforcement of environmental provisions.   Article  679  of the




Federal Civil Code allows civil suits  to  be brought by  injured or  aggrieved parties




against proprietors who  have exceeded  their ownership rights  with  respect to




                                       -22-

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troublesome or harmful emissions.  Furthermore, under provisions of the Labor Law,




permission from cantonal authorities is required in cases where either the construc-




tion or alteration of an installation might result in harmful effects to the area




in which the installation is located.  Labor Law violations which entail major      j




environmental repercussions can provoke a temporary shutdown of ..an installation by  j




cantonal authorities. |




          Enforcement functions regarding both air and noise pollution are assigned




to municipal authorities under cantonal legislation such as the Zurich Ordinance of




March 20, 1967 on General and Domestic Sanitation.  This ordinance, which grants to




municipalities broad powers in both preventing and removing dangers to health and




welfare, not only permits municipal authorities to monitor both air and noise pollu-




tion but also allows them to completely or partially close industrial and commercial




operations as well as other annoying installations if noise and air pollution cannot




be sufficiently controlled by technical means or if the operators are remiss in




instituting proper control measures. °  Furthermore, following the passage of the




1972 Directives on Heating Installations both municipalities and cantons have organ-




ized campaigns concerned with or directed at the systematic inspection and monitoring




of heating facilities.    In general, however, the lack of binding standards regard-




ing both noise and air pollution makes it difficult for municipalities to carry out




these functions effectively.




       penalties




          The Law on Water Protection provides for rigorous penal sanctions.  Inten-




tional infractions are punishable by up to three years imprisonment or fines of up




to 40,000 francs.  Violations arising from negligence can result in fines of up to




20,000 francs or prison sentences of up to six months.




          No federally specified penalties for offenses against air pollution legis-




lation have been established.  However, those offenses against the air pollution




                                         -23-

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provisions of the Labor Law which result in endangerment to human life  or health




are subject to prosecution leading to either fines  or imprisonment.
                                       -24-

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V.     Interrelationship Between Government and Industry
       industry and pollution
          Switzerland has no heavy industry capable of adversely affecting large
areas of the country, and until recent decades domestic sewage was almost exclu-
sively responsible for water pollution, while air pollution in most areas of the
        i
country can still be attributed chiefly to the burning of fossil fuels for domestic
heating and automobile emissions.  The contribution of both industry and agricul-
ture to water and air pollution has, however, been constantly increasing, major
industrial contributors to pollution being the food-processing industry, the chemi-
cal industry, and the metal-working and machine industry.
       industrial antipollution efforts and government-industry cooperation
          Swiss industry has worked both on its own and in conjunction with govern-
ment officials to control pollution.  For example, many Swiss firms have appointed
environmental officers whose functions cover all aspects of environmental protection
within the firm.  Such environmental officers are, in most cases, designated as the
firm's official contact with public pollution control officials, with cantonal water
protection officers where water pollution is concerned and with air quality officers,
health department officials or industrial offices in the case of air pollution.
          Cooperation between industry and government has been particularly prevalent
in wastewater purification, an area funded by public-and industrial contributions.
Such cooperative efforts involving the paper, sugar, chemical and metallurgical
industries have been directed primarily toward the" development of raw material
                                                                                   32
recovery methods and the efficient treatment and recycling of industrial effluents.
          Some branches of Swiss industry have worked alone or in conjunction with
government agencies in developing norms and standards.'-  The cement industry, for
example, in the absence of official standards, has established norms for dust emis-
sions and has set up its own inspectorate to ascertain if the norms are being followed.
                                       -25-

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 The detergent industry provides another example.  When it became evident that some


 action would be needed to reduce pollution problems caused by the extensive use of

 detergents, the Swiss detergent industry worked closely with public officials in


 developing easily degradable detergents.  In this way Swiss detergent manufacturers


 were producing degradafale detergents even before their use was legally required by

 the 1972 Law.33


           A significant example of industrial efforts to control pollution is pro-

 vided by the BWL (Boden-Wasser-Luft/Soil-Water-Air) Group formed by the four large


 Basel chemical firms.  This Group,jwhose various working groups  are "concerned with

. air monitoring,  disposal of chemical wastes and the development  of guidelines for

 the storage of chemicals, among other things, works in cooperation with many organi-


 zations and government offices, including the Water Protection Commission of Basel

 City, the Joint  Air Quality Commission of Basel City and Basel Land,  and the Board

 of Directors of  the Water Purification Installation of both Basel City and Basel


 Land.   BWL Group members are also involved in the construction of water purifica-

 tion installations;  in one instance, the BWL Group supervised  the construction of


 a water purification installation which upon completion became the property of the

 canton and was designated for the joint use of industry and neighboring municipal-

 ities.   The BWL  Group also has  a member on the Swiss delegation  to the European

 Communities working group concerned  with environmental pollution control.3^

           Conflicts  between government and industry over present or potential
                                                  ¥
 pollution have,  however,  occurred.   One instance involved the  Monteforno Corpora-


 tion's  plant in  Valnoesa, which was  releasing intolerable levels of pollutants

 during its- production of  silicon.  When no solution could be reached,  the govern-


 ment of the Canton  of Ticinio,  one of  the  two cantons 'affected,  initiated actions

 against the corporation  in conjunction with federal authorities.   Representatives

 of the  Federal Environmental Protection Office and  of  the concerned cantons  then


                                        -26-

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met with Monteforno officials to develop feasible measures of pollution abate-


     35

ment.




          Another case involved an office furniture factory in Unterentfelden,




which was shut down in May 1974.  This case, although somewhat exceptional, has




come to be looked upon as significant, since the basis for the shutdown was the
        f



factory's incompatability with the surrounding residential environment.




       polluter pays principle




          The concept of the causal responsibility for pollution has been gaining




political support in Switzerland.  Cantonal laws such as the Geneva 1961 Regula-




tion on Contributions for the Purification and Drainage of Waters set _forth methods




to be used for calculating fees for effluents issuing from domestic premises,




businesses, and public buildings.  The federal government has, moreover, drafted




the polluter pays principle into the Environmental Protection Bill, now undergoing




revision.  Article 41 of the original 1974 bill had authorized the Confederation




to tax polluters for their use of offending processes and materials.
                                       -27-

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  Reference Notes


  Numbers in brackets following entries are the identification numbers assigned
  to documents which have been abstracted for the Foreign Exchange Documents
  Program of the E.P.A.  Office of International Activities.   Copias of documents
  are filed under these  numbers at the  E.P.A. Headquarters Library in Washington,
  \J • Vj*

  1.  These seven departments  Are:  Foreign Affairs  Dept., Dept.  of the Interior,
        Dept.  of Justice and Police, Military Dept., Dept.  of Finance and Customs,
        Dept.  of Public  Economics, Dept.  of Transportation,  Communications and Energy.

  2.  See discussion on  page 7.

  3.  May 26,  1971 Decree of the Federal  Council Creating an Office of the Protection
        of the Environment in  the Federal Department of  the  Interior.   [ID #00372A]

  4.  United Nations.  Economic Commission for Europe, Organizational Structures
        for Environmental Protection and  Improvement in  ECE  Countries,  (Geneva
        September 2,  1974),  pp  1-103.   [ID #02368A]

  5. Urs Balinger,  "Taches  et  organisation de  I1Office  federal de  la protection   j
        de 1'environnement," Protection  de 1'environnement  en Suisse.  (Bern,  1974)
        p 101.   [ID  #02349A]

  6.  J.  Stvan,  ed. ,  Environnement suisse 1974:   Retrospective et  confrontation
        (Geneva,  1975),  p 125.                         	——	»

  7.  "Informationen  aus Bund und Kantonen,"  Jahrbuch fllr Umweltschutz  1973:
        Fachbuch. fUr  alle Bereiche des Umweltschutzes .• (Lucerne   1973)  J^TlsS-i 
-------
15.  ibid., p 79.

16.  La protection de I'environnement en Suisse, op.  cit_. , p 23; by an amendment
       contained in the "May 30, 1973 Decree on Prohibited Toxic Substances,"
       provisions concerning leaded gasoline were removed from the "Ordinance on
       Food Products" and inserted into the "December 23, 1971 Ordinance on
       Prohibited Toxic Substances."

17.  Weber, op. cit., p 52.
          f

18.  Stvan, op. cit., p 27.

19.  "Provisional Regulation of Land Use Planning," op. cit., pp 23, 24.

20.  Werner Martin and Arthur C. Stern, The Collection, Tabulation, Codification
       and Analysis of the World's Air Quality Management Standards, Vol. 1.
       The World, (Chapel Hill, N.C., October, 1974), p 68.

21.  "February 7, 1972 Guidelines on Emission Limits for Domestic and Industrial
       Furnaces," Bundesblatt, No. 15 (1972),. p 1089-94.  [ID #01319A]

22.  Hans-Ulrich Mliller-Stahel, ed.  Schweizerisches Umweltschutzrecht,   |
       (Zurich, 1973), p 343.

23.  "February 7, 1972 Guidelines on Emission Limits for Incinerators,"
       Bundesblatt, No. 15 (1972), pp 1096-98.  [ID #01317A]

24.  "February 7, 1972 Guidelines on Emission Limits for Fireplaces,"
       Bundesblatt, No. 15 (1972), p 1099.  [ID #01318A]

25.  "Intensification of Exhaust and Noise Provisions," Neue Zuercher Zeitung,
       January 14, 1975, p 33.  [ID #02831A]; Stvan, op_. cit., p 124.

26.  Werner and Stern, op. cit., p 158.

27.  Weber, op. cit., p 52.

28.  "March 20, 1967 Ordinance on General and Domestic Sanitation,"
       Qffizielle Sammlung der seit 10. Marz 1931 erlassenen Gesetze, Beschldsse
       und Verordnungen des Eidgenc3ssischen Standes Zurich, vol. 42  (1965-1967) ,
       pp 666-679.                                  v

29.  Stvan, op. cit., p 129.

30.  Weber, op. cit., p 52.

31.  E- Iselin, "Coordination of Environmental Protection Efforts in Various
       Sectors of Industry," Jahrbuch flir Umweltschutz 1973:  Fachbuch fttr alle
       Bereiche des Dmweltschutzes, (Lucerne, 1973), pp 88-89.  [ID 7/02389A]

32.  Stvan, op. cit., p 174.

33.  Iselin, op. cit., pp 89-90.

                                         -29-

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34.  ibid.. pp 90-91.

35.  Stvan, op. cit., p 173.

36.  ibid.

37.  Switzerland.   Departement federal de 1'interieur.   Report on the Work of
       the Commission and on the Federal Preliminary Draft Law for the Protection
       of the Environment. (Bern. 1973). pp 1-113.   FID #Q26qQA]~
                                        -30-

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                                    APPENDIX

               ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS INCLUDED IN, OR

                            RELEVANT TO, THIS REPORT

                                     GENERAL

May 26, 1971 Federal Decree Creating an Office for the Protection of the
   Environment	• 00372A

                                       AIR

December 19, 1958 Federal Law on Highway Traffic ....... 	 01361A

March 13, 1964 Federal Labor Law	01362A

August 27, 1969 Decree on the Construction and Equipment of Road
   Vehicles	--J- .  . . 01361B

December 10, 1970 Swiss Civil Code [pertinent articles no. 684 & 679],  . . 01363A

February 7, 1972 Guidelines on Emission Limits for Incinerators  	 01317A

February 7, 1972 Guidelines on Emission Limits for Fireplaces  	 01318A

February 7, 1972 Guidelines on Emission Limits for Domestic and
   Industrial Furnaces 	 	 01319A

March 21, 1973 Federal Decree for the Implementation of the Agreement
   on Motor Vehicle Equipment and Parts  	 03367A

July 11, 1974 Amendments 01 to Regulations No. 15 on Vehicle Approval   . . 03367B

                                    LAND USE

March 17,-1972 Federal Decree Instituting Emergency Measures Pertaining
   to Land Use Planning	.' . 04225A

March 29, 1972 Ordinance -Implementing the Federal Decree Instituting
   Emergency Measures Pertaining to Land Use Planning, As Amended   .... 04225B

October 8, 1976 Federal Decree Extending for a Limited Time Period  the
   Validity of Measures Pertaining to Land Use Planning	04225C

                                      NOISE

December 21, 1948 Federal Air Navigation Law	01364A

December 10, 1970 Swiss Civil Coda  [Pertinent Articles No. 684 & 679].  .  . OL363A

July 16, 1971 Federal Ordinance on the  Control of Aircraft Noise at the
   Source	01364C

                                        -31-

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 December 17,  1971 Federal Law Amending the Air Navigation Law	01364E
November  23,  1973 Federal Decree on Noise Zones of Airports Operated by


                                    RADIATION
Virtue of a License  	      03366A
December 23, 1959 Federal Law on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy and
   on Radiation Protection	01316A

June 30, 1976 Ordinance on Radiation Protection	03857A

                                  SOLID WASTE

Guidelines Regarding General Requirements for Location, Establishment,
   Operation and Monitoring of Controlled Dumps [March 1976]	 . 03691A

                         TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND PESTICIDES

October 30, 1951 Federal Law on Agriculture

February 4, 1955 Ordinance on Trade in Auxiliary Agricultural Products  . r~03396A

March 21, 1969 Federal Law on Trade in Toxic Substances .  .  |	01321A

December 23, 1971 Decree on Prohibited Toxic Substances .  .(	 01321B

December 23, 1971 Decree Implementing the Federal Law on Trade in
   Toxic Substances . J ,	01321C

May 30, 1973 Decree on Prohibited Toxic Substances  	 01321G

                                      WATER

October 8, 1971 Federal Law on the Protection of Water Against Pollution  . 00362A

June 19, 1972-General Ordinance on Water Protection 	 00362C

June 19, 1972 Ordinance on the Protection of Waters From Pollution by
   Water-Endangering Liquids	;.	00362B
                                                  r,
June 19, 1972 Ordinance on the Degradability of Washing and  Cleansing
   Products	 00362D

November 8, 1972 Ordinance on Applications for Funding in  the Area of
   Water Protection 	 00362F

November 6, 1974 Amendment to the General Ordinance on Water Protection .  . 00362J

December 8, 1975 Ordinance on the Discharge of Wastewaters	00362L
                                      -32-

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